Air and Radiation EPA420-R-06-005

February 2006

Expanding and Updating 

the Master List of 

Compounds Emitted by 

Mobile Sources - Phase III

Final Report
EPA420-R-06-005

February 2006

Expanding and Updating the Master List of Compounds 

Emitted by Mobile Sources - Phase III

Final Report

Assessment and Strandards Division

Office of Transportation and Air Quality

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

and

ICF, Inc.

Fairfax, VA

Prepared for EPA by

ENVIRON International Corporation

Novato, CA

EPA Contract No. 68-C-01-164

Work Assignment No. 2-4

NOTICE

This technical report does not necessarily represent final EPA decisions or positions.

It is intended to present technical analysis of issues using data that are currently available.

The purpose in the release of such reports is to facilitate the exchange of

technical information and to inform the public of technical developments which

may form the basis for a final EPA decision, position, or regulatory action.
November 2004 

1

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Page 

1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................1 

2. STUDIES REVIEWED ...........................................................................................................1

3. METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................................5 

4. RESULTS .................................................................................................................................9 

APPENDICES 

 

APPENDIX A Notes File For References

APPENDIX B Additional References That Were Not Reviewed 

TABLES 

Table 1. Studies for which data were incorporated into the spreadsheet containing the 

 Master List of Compounds Emitted by Mobile Sources................................................2 

Table 2. Studies not incorporated into the Master List of Compounds 

 Emitted by Mobile Sources, with reasons for omission ................................................4 

Table 3. New compounds that were added to the existing Master List 

 during the review of the literature in the current work. .................................................9 

Table 4. Compounds on the Master List and included in IRIS with 

 health information........................................................................................................18

Table 5. Nonroad references studied by Environ in Phase II and III.........................................20 

1. INTRODUCTION 

In order to build a comprehensive database of the compounds emitted by mobile sources, EPA 

initiated a literature search for studies reporting detailed speciation of mobile source exhaust and 

evaporative emissions. To date, this work has been comprised of three phases. In the first phase, 

46 studies were analyzed by Sierra Research and over 700 specific compounds were identified.1 

These compounds were listed in “The Master List of Compounds Emitted by Mobile Sources 

and Fuels” (Master List) with compound names, CAS numbers, and emissions type and emission 

 

1

 prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Sierra Research, Inc. “A List Of Compounds Emitted 

From On-Road And Non-Road Mobile Sources”, February 5, 2001 
November 2004 

2

rate information. Building on the initial investigation of the literature, Environ subsequently 

reviewed the data reported in 41 additional studies in which mobile source toxic compounds 

were speciated (Phase II of this project) and added this information to the Master List. 

In the work reported here (Phase III) Environ added speciated mobile source emissions data to 

the Master List from four additional references, completed a thorough search for CAS numbers 

for compounds on the Master List and cross-referenced the list of compounds on the Master List 

with EPA’s Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) list of compounds. 

2. STUDIES REVIEWED 

In work by Sierra Research, as noted above, 46 references were analyzed and the compounds 

emitted were used to develop a Master List Spreadsheet. This reference list was expanded in 

Phase II of the project and 41 additional references were examined by Environ. Subsequently, in 

Phase III of the project, four additional references were reviewed by Environ, including one 

reference reporting speciated aircraft emissions. Tables 1 and 2 list all of the references 

reviewed by Environ for inclusion into the Master List in Phases II and III of this project. 

Table 1. Studies reviewed in Phases II and III for which data were incorporated into the Master 

List of Compounds Emitted by Mobile Sources. 

Study 

Code Authors/Title

Onroad/

Off-road Fuel 

47 Nine, Ralph D., Nigel N. Clark, Brian E. Mace and Laila E.lGazzar. 1997. 

“Hydrocarbon Speciation of a Lean Burn Spark Ignited Engine.” SAE 

#972971. 

Off-road CNG

48 Whitney, K. Bailey, B. 1994. “Determination of Combustion Products from 

Alternative Fuels - Part I: LPG and CNG Combustion Products.” SAE 

#941903.

On-road CNG, LPG, 

CA Phase II 

RFG

50 Benson, J.; Koehl, W.; Burns, V.; Hochhauser, A.; Knepper, J.; Leppard, W.; 

Painter, L.; Rapp, L.; Reuter, R.; Rippon, B.; Rutherford, J. 1995. 

“Emissions with E85 and Gasolines in Flexible/ Variable Fuel Vehicles - The 

Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research Program.” SAE #952508.

On-road E85, 

Gasoline

53 Schauer, James J.; Kleeman, Michael J., Cass, Glenn R. and Bernd R.T. 

2002. “Simoneit Measurement of Emissions from Air Pollution Sources. 5. 

C1 - C32 Organic Compounds from Gasoline-Powered Motor Vehicles.” Env. 

Sci & Tech. 36(36), 1169-1180.

On-road Gasoline

61 Kleeman, Michael J.; Schauer, James J. ; and Glen R. 2000. “Cass Size 

and Composition of Fine Particulate Matter Emitted from Motor Vehicles.” 

Env. Sci & Tech. 34(7), 1132-1142.

On-road Gasoline, 

Diesel

62 Schauer, James J.; Kleeman, Michael J., Cass, Glenn R. and Bernd R.T. 

1999. “Simoneit Measurement of Emissions from Air Pollution Sources. 2. 

C1 - C30 Organic Compounds from Medium Duty Diesel Trucks.” Env. Sci & 

Tech. 33(10), 1578-1587.

On-road Diesel

87 Cadle, Steven H.; Mulawa, Patricia A.; Hunsanger, Eric C.; Nelson, Ken; 

Ragazzi, Ronald A.; Barrett, Richard; Gallagher, Gerald L.; Lawson, Douglas 

R.; Knapp, Kenneth T.; and Richard Snow. 1998. “ Measurement of Exhaust 

Particulate Matter Emissions from In-Use Light-Duty Motor Vehicles in the 

Denver, Colorado Area.” CRC E-24-1.

On-road Gasoline, 

Diesel
November 2004 

3

Study 

Code Authors/Title

Onroad/

Off-road Fuel 

92 Ullman, Terry L. Ullman; Lawrence Smith; Joseph W. Anthony; Warren J. 

Slodowske; William M. Trestrail; William Bunn; Charles A. Lapin; Kenneth J. 

Wright; and Charles R. Clark. 2003. “Comparison of Exhaust Emissions, 

Including Toxic Air Contaminants, From School Buses in Compressed 

Natural Gas, Low-Emitting Diesel, and Conventional Diesel Engine 

Configurations.” SAE #2003-01-1381.

On-road Diesel, CNG

95 Lev-On, Miriam; Chuck LeTavec; Ken Kimura; Jim Uihlien; Teresa Alleman; 

Doug Lawson; Keith Vertin; Gregory Thompson; Nigel Clark; Mridul Gautam; 

Scott Wayne; Barbara Zielinska; John Sagebiel; Sougato Chatterjee; Kevin 

Hallstrom; Robert A. Okamoto; Paul Rieger; Gary M. Yee. 2002. 

“Speciation of Organic Compounds From the Exhaust of Trucks and Buses: 

Effect of Fuel and After-Treatment on Vehicle Emission Profiles.” SAE 

#2002-01-2873.

On-road Diesel, CNG

98 Ball, James; Charles A. Lapin; Janet P. Buckingham; Edwin A. Frame; 

Douglas M. Yost; Manuel Gonzalez; Eleanor M. Liney; Mani Natarajan; 

James P. Wallace; John A. Garbak. 2001. “Dimethoxy Methane in Diesel 

Fuel: Part 1. the Effect of Fuels and Engine Operating Modes on Emissions 

of Toxic Air Pollutants and Gas/Solid Phase PAH.” SAE #2001-01-3627.

On-road Diesel, 

FischerTropsch 

Diesel

99 Ball, James; Charles A. Lapin; Janet P. Buckingham; Edwin A. Frame; 

Douglas M. Yost; Manuel Gonzalez; Eleanor M. Liney; Mani Natarajan; 

James P. Wallace; John A. Garbak. 2001. “Dimethoxy Methane in Diesel 

Fuel: Part 2. the Effect of Fuels on Emissions of Toxic Air Pollutants and 

Gas/Solid Phase PAH Using a Composite of Engine Operating Modes.” SAE 

#2001-01-3628.

On-road Diesel, 

FischerTropsch 

Diesel

100 Ball, James; Charles A. Lapin; Janet P. Buckingham; Edwin A. Frame; 

Douglas M. Yost; Manuel Gonzalez; Eleanor M. Liney; Mani Natarajan; 

James P. Wallace; John A. Garbak. 2001. “Dimethoxy Methane in Diesel 

Fuel: Part 3. the Effect of Pilot Injection, Fuels and Engine Operating Modes 

on Emissions of Toxic Air Pollutants and Gas/Solid Phase PAH.” SAE 

#2001-01-3630.

On-road Diesel, 

FischerTropsch 

Diesel

101 Siegl, Walter O.; Travis J. Henney; Mark Guenther. 2000. “Identifying 

Sources of Evaporative Emissions-Using Hydrocarbon Profiles to Identify 

Emission Sources.” SAE #2000-01-1139.

On-road Gasoline

102 Sharp, Chris A.; Steve Howell; Joe Jobe. 2000. “The Effect of Biodiesel 

Fuels on Transient Emissions From Modern Diesel Engines-Part Ii: 

Unregulated Emissions and Chemical Characterization.” SAE #2000-01-

1968.

On-road Diesel, B20, 

Biodiesel

115 Silva, Philip J.; Kimberly A. Prather. 1997. “On-line Characterization of 

Individual Particles from Automobile Emissions.“ Env. Sci & Tech. 31(11), 

3074-3080.

On-road Gasoline

131 Sweeney, Edward G.; John H. Baudino; Carolyn H. Schmidt. 1992. 

“Composition of Gasoline Vehicle Emissions--An Analytical Speciation 

Program.” SAE #922253.

On-road Gasoline

138 Pakko, James D.; Andrew A. Adamczyk; Walter O. Siegl; Robert J. 

Pawlowicz. 1994. “Measurements of Total and Speciated Hydrocarbon 

Removal From Engine Exhaust Using Activated Carbon.” SAE # 941999.

On-road Gasoline

147 Leppard, William R.; Larry A. Rapp; Vaughn R. Burns; Robert A. Gorse, Jr.; 

Jay C. Knepper; William J. Koehl. 1992. “Effects of Gasoline Composition 

on Vehicle Engine-Out and Tailpipe Hydrocarbon Emissions--The Auto/Oil Air 

Quality Improvement Research Program.” SAE #920329. Pp. 435-459

On-road Gasoline

155 Howes, Peter and Greg Rideout. N. “Evaluation of Biodiesel in an Urban 

Transit Bus Powered by a 1988 DDECII6V92 TA Engine.” MSED #95-

26743-1.

On-road Diesel, 

Biodiesel
November 2004 

4

Study 

Code Authors/Title

Onroad/

Off-road Fuel 

166 Gautam, Mridul; Nigel Clark; W. Scott Wayne; Gregory Thompson; Donald 

W. Lyons; Wesley C. Riddle; Ralph D. Nine; Benjie Staggs; V. Andy Williams; 

Timothy Hall; Sairam Thiagarajan. 2003. “Heavy-Duty Vehicle Chassis 

Dynamometer Testing for Emissions Inventory, Air Quality Modeling, Source 

Apportionment and Air Toxics Emissions Inventory.” CRC E-55/E-59.

On-road Diesel

170 Carroll, James N. 1991. “Emission Tests of In-Use Small Utility Engines – 

Task III Report Non-Road Source Emission Factors Improvement.” SwRI 

#3426-006.

Off-road Gasoline

173 Kado, N.Y., P.A. Kuzmicky, K.L. Kiefer, R.L. Maddalena, Tung-Liang Huang, 

R.A. Okamoto. 1998. “Exposure to Emissions from Alternative Fuel 

Combustion: Bioassay and Chemical Analyses of the Particle and SemiVolatile Emissions from Hydrogenated Biodiesel Fuels.” 

On-road Biodiesel

175 Lloyd's Register. 1995. “Lloyd's Register Work in Marine Based Air 

Pollution and Its Relationship to Other Work in the Field.”

Off-road Diesel

177 Norbeck, J., T.D. Durbin, T.J. Truex. 1998. “Characterization of Particulate 

Emissions from Gasoline-Fueled Vehicles.”

On-road Gasoline

180 Sharp, C. A. 1996. “Emissions and Lubricity Evaluation of Rapeseed 

Derived Biodiesel Fuels.” Final Report. SwRI #7507.

On-road Biodiesel

183 Truex, Dr. T.J., Dr. J. M. Norbeck, M.R. Smith, J. Arey, N. Kado, B. Okamoto, 

K.Kiefer, P. Kuzmicky, I. Holcomb. 1998. “Evaluation of Factors that Affect 

Diesel Exhaust Toxicity.”

On-road Diesel

184 White, J., M.N. Ingalls, J.N.Carroll, L. Chan. 1999. “Three-Way Catalyst 

Technology for Off-Road Equipment Powered by Gasoline and LPG 

Engines.”

Off-road Gasoline, 

LPG

187 Fritz, Steven G. 2000. “Diesel Fuel Effects on Locomotive Exhaust 

Emissions.”

Off-road Diesel

188 CARB (Project Engineer: Jerry Ho, Alternate Project Engineer: David Lee). 

“CARB Vehicle Surveillance Program Database, Series 17, Project 2S03C1.”

On-road Gasoline

189 Three SULEV vehicles tested for DOE and EPA at SwRI. “Assignment Title: 

“Characterization of Exhaust Emissions from California-Certified SI SULEVs”. 

2004

On-road Gasoline

190 Gerstle, Thomas; Virage, Peter; Kimm, Maj Larry; Wade, Mark. 1999. 

“Aircraft Engine and Auxiliary Power Unit Emissions Testing: Volume 2, 

Detailed Sampling Approach and Results.” 

Off-road Jet-fuel 

191 Helmer, Kent; Cook, Richard; Volckens, John; Baldauf, Richard; Starr, 

Michael. 2004. “Regulated and Air Toxic Exhaust Emissions from Nonroad 

Diesel Engines and Equipment.” 

Off-road Diesel 

192 Collier, A.; Hillebrand, C.; Kelly, G.; Brett, S.; Elliot, G.; Blair, D.; Sturgeon, K.; 

Tancell, P.; Brogan, M. 2001. “Investigation into Testing and Controlling 

Emissions of Hydrogen Sulfide from Gasoline Vehicles”, SAE paper 2001-01-

3530. 

On-road Gasoline 

193 Graham, Lisa. 2003. “Gaseous and Particulate Matter Emissions from In-Use 

Light Duty Gasoline Motor Vehicles.” Environment Canada , ERMD Report 

#99-67. 

On-road Gasoline 

Table 2. Studies not incorporated into the Master List of compounds emitted by mobile 

sources, with reasons for omission. 

Study 

Code Authors/Title

Onroad/ 

Offroad

Diesel/ 

Gas

Reason for 

Omission

57 Tobias, HJ; Beving, DE; Ziemann, PJ; Sakurai, H; Zuk, M; 

McMurry, PH; Zarling, D; Waytulonis, R; Kittelson, D.B. 2001. 

“Chemical analysis of diesel engine nanoparticles using a nanoDMA/thermal desorption particle beam mass spectrometer.” Env. 

Off-road Diesel no detailed 

compound 

names in data
November 2004 

5

Study 

Code Authors/Title

Onroad/ 

Offroad

Diesel/ 

Gas

Reason for 

Omission

Sci & Tech. 35(11), 2233-2243. 

63 Marr, Linsey C.; Kirchstetter, Thomas W.; Harley, Robert A.; 

Miguel, Antonio H.; Hering, Susanne V.; and S. Katharine. 1999. 

“Hammond Characterization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 

in Motor Vehicle Fuels and Exhaust Emissions.” Env. Sci & Tech. 

33(18), 3091-3099. 

On-road In-use tunnel study 

64 Miguel, Antonio H.; Kirchstetter, Thomas W.; Harley, Robert A.; 

and Susanne V. Hering. 1998. “On-road Emissions of Particulate 

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Black Carbon from 

Gasoline and Diesel Vehicles.” Env. Sci & Tech. 32(4), 450-455. 

On-road Gasoline, 

Diesel 

tunnel study 

74 Cadle, Steven H.; Mulawa, Patricia A.; Hunsanger, Eric C.; 

Nelson, Ken; Ragazzi, Ronald A.; Barrett, Richard; Gallagher, 

Gerald L.; Lawson, Douglas R.; Knapp, Kenneth T.; and Richard 

Snow. 1999. “Composition of Light-Duty Motor Vehicle Exhaust 

Particulate Matter in the Denver, Colorado Area.” Env. Sci & 

Tech. 33(14), 2328-2339. 

On-road Gasoline, 

Diesel 

same data as 

study code 87

104 Lanning, Lisa A.; Kurt W. Smith; Chris J. Tennant. 2000. “A New 

Method for Diesel HC Collection and Speciation.” SAE #2000-01-

2951. 

On-road Diesel no detailed 

compound 

names in data

168 Zielinska, Barbara. 1999. “Changes in Diesel Engine Emissions.” 

HEI Communications 7, 115-132. 

On-road Diesel review, no 

original data 

169 EPA. 2002. “A Comprehensive Analysis of Biodiesel Impacts on 

Exhaust Emissions.” EPA420-P-02-001. 

On-road Diesel, 

Biodiesel 

same data as 

study code 

102 

171 Gertler, A.W.; J.C. Sagebiel; W.A. Dippel; R.J. Farina. 1998. 

“Measurements of Dioxin and Furan Emission Factors from 

Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles.” J. Air & Waste Mngmnt. Assoc., 48, 

march, 276-278. 

On-road Diesel tunnel study 

176 Sharp, C. A. 1998. “Biodiesel: Literature Search and 

Characterization of Exhaust Emissions as Required under Section 

211(b) and 211(e) of the Clean Air Act: Appendix 2 

Characterization of Biodiesel Exhaust Emissions.” 

On-road Biodiesel, 

Diesel 

same data as 

study code102

179 Sharp, C. A. 1998. “Characterization of Biodiesel Exhaust 

Emission for EPA 211 (b) – Final Report.” SwRI #08-1039. 

On-road Biodiesel 

Diesel 

same data as 

study code 

102 

3. METHODOLOGY 

Extracting data from additional references and incorporating into Master List 

The procedure used to extract data from each reference is as follows. First the relevant tables 

were isolated from the paper. If the paper was hard copy only and not already in pdf format, 

then the tables were scanned into pdf. Using the software ScanSoft OmniPage Pro 11.0, the pdf 

file was converted into Word format, and then subsequently imported into Excel. 

A simple directory structure was maintained for each reference. A folder “Ref_xx” was created 

for each paper being examined. Inside each folder three more files were located: (1) 

“Ref_xx.pdf” consisted of either the pdf version of the paper, or a pdf document containing the 

relevant tables from the paper; (2) “Ref_xx_data.doc” was the Microsoft Word document created 
November 2004 

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from the conversion software; and (3) “Ref_xx_tables.xls” contained the Excel file with the data, 

and the final list of compounds (with appropriate names and highlights). This final Excel file 

had the data in the proper format for a macro to incorporate into the Master List (see details 

below). All of the data in these folders for the studies are included on a CD accompanying this 

report along with a ‘read me’ file describing the CD’s contents. 

For each paper, tables were created in which the minimum and maximum emission rates for each 

reported compound were calculated. Compound names were standardized, where necessary, to 

match those already present in the Master List. This may have involved hyphenation or may 

have consisted of finding equivalent names for the compounds (for example chrysene = 

benzo(a)phenanthrene). 

One aim of this work was to obtain the greatest level of detail regarding compound identification 

possible. In some cases authors reported compound classes or general names for compounds for 

which specific isomers exist (e.g., dimethylpenanthrene vs. 1,7-dimethylphenanthrene). The 

compound names as well as isomer names were maintained in the database. Compounds in the 

Master List are presented in the order in which articles reporting them were reviewed. When a 

compound was present in the database (either the specific isomer or the general compound name) 

the new addition to the list was highlighted in blue to help the user identify these similar 

compound groups. In some cases, two organic compounds are listed in the same row of the 

Master List. This result is due to co-elution of organic species during sample analysis. Where 

possible, CAS numbers for the co-eluting species are listed. 

Two macros were developed in order to read the data from each individual reference-specific 

spreadsheet into the Master Table. The first macro, “name_match”, was run on the “Ref_xx” 

worksheet in the final Excel file created for each reference (”Ref_xx_tables.xls”). This macro 

ran through the list of compounds compiled from the study and highlighted any that did not 

match the current list of compounds in the Master List. After checking the potentially new 

compounds for spelling, naming or other inconsistencies with compounds present on the Master 

List, and making the necessary corrections, the macro was run again to end up with a final list 

with all of the new compounds highlighted in yellow. 

The second macro, “add_reference_file”, was run to incorporate the data from each separate 

paper (including compounds and emission rates) into the Master List. This macro was run from 

the Master List spreadsheet; it prompts the user to choose the reference file location (note that 

the file must be set to open up on the appropriate worksheet which contains the data). The macro 

then updates the Master List with the new emission rates from the paper, any new compounds 

that it might have contained, and the reference number is added in the spreadsheet next to each 

appropriate compound. If a compound was already present in the Master List, then just the 

emission rate information was updated, and the reference number was noted. If any new 

compounds were added to the Master List, they were highlighted in yellow (and the new 

compounds in blue for each paper remained highlighted blue when added to the Master List as 

well). 

For this work, the macro, “add_reference_file” was able to process two different unit types – 

“mg/mi” or “mg/hp-hr”. The Master List was expanded to include separate columns for both 

data types, and the macro reported the emission rates in the appropriate column when reading in 

data from each reference. In a few cases compounds were reported by authors as “trace” (which 

the authors verified meant the compound concentration was above the detection limit, but no 
November 2004 

7

emission rate data were provided). For these cases, a function was created so that the macro 

incorporated the compounds into the Master List without any emission rate information. For 

some references, compound names were listed but no emission rate information was given (or it 

was given in non-compatible units). Using the “trace” functionality of the macro, these 

compounds were flagged as “trace” in the “Ref_xx_.data.xls” file in order for only their names to 

be included into the Master List. 

The Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) Registry Numbers for most of the substances on the 

master list were found by searching on www.chemfinder.com. If the CAS number was not 

available on this website, a search was made (for a fee) on the CAS registry’s website 

(stneasy.cas.org). CAS numbers were found for a few of the hopane and sterane molecules from 

online sources. 

In addition to incorporating the compounds into the Master List, other information on testing 

methods, test fuels, test vehicles, and bibliographic information was manually entered into the 

final Master List file (see below for description of worksheets). 

The final Master List file consists of the following worksheets: 

• Master List – List of compounds, CAS numbers (one column includes Sierra’s CAS 

numbers in their initial format of “00000-00-00”, and a second column has these CAS 

numbers with any extra leading zeroes removed), emissions type (i.e. Gas Exhaust), 

Minimum and Maximum emission rates (columns for either of two units – mg/mi or 

mg/hp-hr), a field named “Applicable References” which contains all the numbers of the 

references for which the compound was reported, and columns to indicate if the 

emissions data came from a nonroad or onroad source with a filter to easily sort the data 

(Note: this nonroad/onroad designation was based only on the references that were 

reviewed in phases II and III by Environ, not for studies reviewed by Sierra Research); 

• Bibliography – information on reference title, author, data, author affiliation, sponsor and 

other bibliographic information (e.g., the number assigned to each paper); 

• Testing Methods – Information on mobile source characteristics, test fuel characteristics, 

drive schedule, testing laboratory and measurement technique; 

• Test Fuel – detailed fuel property data; 

• Test Vehicle or Engine – detailed information on tested engine or vehicle (make, model, 

fuel, model year, odometer reading, displacement, fuel system, rated horsepower, torque, 

etc.). 

Appendix A is a detailed notes file on issues about each set of data from each reference. This 

appendix also indicates which tables from the paper were extracted, and the units in which the 

data were reported. 

IRIS data extraction and cross-referencing with Master List 

EPA’s Integrated Risk Information System is a database of human health effects that may result 

from exposure to various substances found in the environment. In early 2004 when accessed by 

Environ, it contained 544 substances. IRIS includes health information on the Reference Dose 

for Chronic Oral Exposure (RfD), Reference Concentration for Chronic Inhalation Exposure 

(RfC), and Carcinogenicity information (e.g., Weight-of-Evidence Characterization, Oral Slope 

Factor, and Inhalation Unit Risk). 
November 2004 

8

To extract these data, as well as the dates each compound and each health benchmark value was 

reviewed, the IRIS compound files (in html format) were first downloaded from the EPA website 

(http://www.epa.gov/iris/stand-al.htm) and were converted to text format using a script written in 

the python programming language (html2text.py). 

Then, using Unix commands including “grep”, the relevant data lines were extracted from these 

text files. The information in the IRIS record in the section titled “STATUS OF DATA” was 

extracted first to determine which of the health values were contained in the database for each 

substance. Subsequently, values for RfC, RfD, weight-of-evidence (WOE), Oral Slope Factor, 

and Inhalation Unit Risk (if any were available) were extracted for each substance and 

transferred into Excel. 

Because the IRIS files were not of a completely consistent format, for less than 15 percent of the 

substances, the files were manually examined to extract the needed information. The other 85 

percent (or more depending on the field extracted) were automatically processed using the Unix 

commands alone. 

The following fields were extracted from IRIS data files: 

• STATUS OF DATA (used to determine if data were available for a particular 

substance) 

• Species # (number in IRIS assigned to each compound) 

• Name of the compound 

• CAS Number 

• Date compound/element was last reviewed 

• Reference Dose for Chronic Oral Exposure (RfD) - (mg/kg-day) 

• Oral RfD Assessment - date last revised 

• Reference Concentration for Chronic Inhalation Exposure (RfC) - (mg/cu.m) 

• Inhalation RfC Assessment - date last revised 

• Carcinogenicity Assessment - date last revised 

• Weight-of-Evidence Characterization for Carcinogenicity 

• Oral Slope Factor (per (mg/kg)/day) 

• Inhalation Unit Risk (per ug/cu.m) 

After the information from the IRIS substance files was extracted and compiled into an Excel 

worksheet, these substances were cross-referenced with those on the Master List by matching 

CAS numbers (note: some compounds on the Master List do not have CAS numbers, but by a 

visual search, it was determined that none of these compounds were contained in the IRIS 

database). 

A worksheet was created that contained only those substances among this cross-reference for 

which IRIS lists an RfC, RfD, and/or a carcinogenicity assessment. 

From 2001-2003, EPA’s Office of Research and Development National Center for Assessment 

(NCEA) conducted a search of health and toxicology literature for all compounds and elements 

on IRIS (except for 86 substances which were being reassessed under the IRIS program). This 

literature search is titled “Summary Report for the Screening-Level Review of Toxicity 
November 2004 

9

Information Contained in the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Database” for Phase I, 

II & III, 20032

. The search was conducted in order to determine if data exist that could be used 

in an updated assessment of any of the compounds listed in IRIS. The following codes developed 

for the NCEA literature search were included in the worksheet containing the compounds in 

common to the IRIS database and the Master List: 

• “C” - The literature published since the IRIS consensus review does not appear to 

contain study data that could potentially produce a change in the IRIS summary. The 

existing IRIS summary is considered current; 

• “N” - New health effects information that could potentially affect the IRIS summary 

was identified; 

• “O” - No toxicity value is available in the existing IRIS file. Potentially relevant 

information was identified during evaluation of the literature compilations or 

literature search results. This information may or may not support the derivation of 

an IRIS toxicity value of WOE designation. The narratives for individual chemicals 

provide further discussions about the nature of this information. 

4. RESULTS 

New Compounds

From the references reviewed by Environ (Phases II and III of this project), many new 

compounds were added to the Master List; these compounds are listed in Table 3 with CAS 

numbers (if found). 

Table 3. New compounds that were added to the Master List during the review of the literature 

in the current work. 

Compound Name CAS Number 

(E)-1,3-hexadiene 20237-34-7 

(E)-2,3-dimethyl-3-hexene 

(E)-2-heptenal 18829-55-5 

(E)-3-nonene 20063-92-7 

(E)-4-octene 14850-23-8 

(E)-decalin 493-02-7 

(Z)-1,3-pentadiene 1574-41-0 

(Z)-2,5-dimethyl-3-hexene 10557-44-5 

(Z)-2-methyl-3-hexene 15840-60-5 

(Z)-2-nonene 6434-77-1 

(Z)-3-nonene 20237-46-1 

1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane 811-97-2 

1,1,2-trimethylcyclohexane 7094-26-0 

1,1,4-trimethylcyclohexane 7094-27-1 

1,1'-biphenyl, 3-methyl- 643-93-6 

1,1'-biphenyl, 4-methyl 644-08-6 

1,1'-ethylidenebis-benzene 612-00-0 

1,2,4-trimethylbenzene + 1,2,4-tributylbenzene + 1-decene1 95-63-6;14800-16-9;872-05-9 

1,2,8-trimethylnaphthalene 3876-97-9 

1,2-dimethylcyclohexane 583-57-3 

 

2

 Prepared by Eastern Research Group, Inc. for National Center for Environmental Assessment (NCEA), U.S. EPA. 
November 2004 

10

Compound Name CAS Number 

1,3+1,6+1,7dimethylnaphthalene 575-41-7; 575-43-9; 575-37-1 

1,3-dichlorobenzene 541-73-1 

1,3-dimethyldibenzothiophene 31317-15-4 

1,3-dinitronaphthalene 606-37-1 

1,3-isobenzofurandione 85-44-9 

1,3-pentadiene 504-60-9 

1,4 + 1,2-dimethylcyclopentane X2; 2452-99-5 

1,4,5-trimethylnaphthalene 2131-41-1 

1,4+1,5+2,3-dimethylnaphthalene 571-58-4; 571-61-9; 581-40-8 

1,4-pentadiene 591-93-5 

1,5-dinitronaphthalene 605-71-0 

1,6- + 1,8-dinitropyrene 42397-64-8; 42397-65-9 

1,7-dimethylphenanthrene 483-87-4 

1,8-dimethyl-dibenzothiophene 31317-42-7 

1,8-dimethylnaphthalene 569-41-5 

1,8-dinitronaphthalene 602-38-0 

1,cis-2,trans-3-trimethylcyclopentane 

10-methyl-benzo(b)naphtho(2,1-d)thiophene 

17a(h),18a(h),21b(h)-25,28,30-trisnorhopane 

17a(h),18a(h),21b(h)-28,30-bisnorhopane 

17a(h),21b(h)-22,29,30-trisnorhopane 

17a(H),21b(H)-29-norhopane 

17a(h),21b(h)-30-norhopane 53584-60-4 

17a(h),21b(h)-hopane 13849-96-21 

17a(H)-22,29,30-trisnorhopane 53584-59-1 

17b(h),21a(h)-hopane 1176-44-9 

17b(h),21b(h)-hopane 471-62-5 

18a(h),21b(h)-22,29,30-trisnorhopane 

18a(h),21b(h)-30-norneohopane 

18a(h)-22,29,30-trisnorneohopane 

1-butene + isobutene 106-98-9 & 115-11-7 

1-ethyl-2-methylnaphthalene 17057-93-1 

1-ethylnaphthalene+2-ethylnaphthalene 1127-76-0 & 939-27-5 

1-methyl-3-isopropylbenzene + 1-methyl-4-isopropylbenzene 535-77-3; 99-87-6 

1-methyl-7-isopropylphenanthrene 483-65-8 

1-methylfluorene 1730-37-6 

1-methylindane 767-58-8 

1-methylphenanthrene 832-69-9 

1-methylpyrene 2381-21-7 

2,2,4-trimethylhexane + 1,1-ethyl methylcyclopentane 16747-26-5; X 

2,2,4-trimethylpentane + 1-heptene 540-84-1;592-76-7 

2,2,5-trimethylhexane+t-1,3-ethylmethylcyclopentane 3522-94-9; X 

2,2-dimethylheptane 1071-26-7 

2,2-dimethylhexane + 2,4,4-trimethyl-2-pentene 590-73-8; 107-40-4 

2,3,5-trimethylhexane + cis-1,2-dimethylcyclohexane 1069-53-0; 2207-01-4 

2,3-benzofuran 271-89-6 

2,3-dimethyl-1-hexene 16746-86-4 

2,3-dimethylhexane + 3-ethyl-2-methylpentane 584-94-1;609-26-7 

2,4,5-trimethylnaphthalene 17057-91-9 

2,4-dimethylhexane + 2,2,3-trimethylpentane 589-43-5;564-2-3 

2,4-dimethylpentane + 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene 108-08-7; 563-79-1 

2,4-dinitrophenol 51-28-5 

2,5-dimethylhexane + 2,2,3-trimethylpentane 592-13-2; 564-02-3 

2,5-dimethylhexane + ethylcyclopentane 592-13-2;1640-89-7 
November 2004 

11

Compound Name CAS Number 

2,6,10-trimethyltridecane 3891-99-4 

2,6-dimethylheptane + cis-1,2-dimethylcyclohexane 1072-5-5;2207-1-4 

2,7-dinitrofluorene 5405-53-8 

20R,5a(H),14b(H),17b(H)-cholestane 69483-47-2 

20R+S-5a(H),14b(H),17b(H)-ergostane 

20R+S-5a(H),14b(H),17b(H)-sitostane 

20R-13b(H),17a(H)-diacholestane 

20S-13b(H),17a(H)-diacholestane 

22,29,30-trisnorneohopane 

22r+s,17a(h),21b(H)-30-bishomohopane 

22r+s,17a(H),21b(H)-30-homohopane 

22r-17a(h),21b(h)-30,31,32-trishomohopane 

22r-17a(h),21b(h)-30,31-bishomohopane 

22r-17a(h),21b(h)-30-homohopane 60305-22-8 

22s-17a(h),21b(h)-30,31,32-trisomohopane 

22s-17a(h),21b(h)-30,31-bishomohopane 

22s-17a(h),21b(h)-30-homohopane 60305-23-9 

2-butoxy ethanol 111-76-2 

2-ethyl-1-butene 760-21-4 

2-hexanone 591-78-6 

2-methyl-1-phenyl-1-propene 768-49-0 

2-methyl-3-ethylpentane + 2,5-dimethyl-2-hexene 609-26-7; 3404-78-2 

2-methylanthracene 613-12-7 

2-methyl-benzo(b)naphtho(2,1-d)thiophene 

2-methylbiphenyl 643-58-3 

2-methyl-dibenzothiophene 20928-02-3 

2-methylfluorene 1430-97-3 

2-methylhexane + cyclohexene + 2,3-dimethylpentane 591-76-4; 110-83-8; 565-59-3 

2-methylphenanthrene 2531-84-2 

2-methylphenol 95-48-7 

2-methylpropyl-cyclohexane 1678-98-4 

2-methylundecane 31807-55-3 

2-nitrophenol 88-75-5 

2-propyltoluene 1074-17-5 

3, 3-dimethylhexane + 1-cis-2-trans-4-cis-trimethylcyclopentane 563-16-6; X 

3,3,4,4-tetramethylhexane 5171-84-6 

3,3-dimethyl-1-pentene 3404-73-7 

3,3-dimethylpentane +cyclohexane 562-49-2; 110-82-7 

3,4-dimethylheptane + 4-methyloctane 922-28-1 ;2216-34-4 

3,6-dimethylphenanthrene 1576-67-6 

3-ethyl-cis-2-pentene 816-79-5 

3-ethylheptane 15869-80-4 

3-ethylhexene + t-1,4-dimethylcyclohexane X; 2207-04-7 

3-ethyloctane 5881-17-4 

3-ethylpentane + t-1,2-dimethylcyclopentane 617-78-7; X 

3-ethylpentane + trans-1,3-dimethylcyclopentane 617-78-7;1759-58-6 

3-methylcholanthrene 56-49-5 

3-methyloctane + 3,3-diethylpentane + 3-ethylheptane 2216-33-3; 1067-20-5; 15869-80-4

3-methylpentane + cis-1,3-dimethylcyclohexane 96-14-0; 638-04-0 

3-methylphenanthrene 832-71-3 

3-nitro-1,1'-Biphenyl 2113-58-8 

3-nitrofluorene 5397-37-5 

3-nitrophenanthrene 17024-19-0 
November 2004 

12

Compound Name CAS Number 

3-propyltoluene 1074-43-7 

4,4 + 2,2-dimethylheptane 1068-19-5;1071-26-7 

4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene 1207-12-1 

4-ethylguaiacol 2785-89-9 

4-formyl guaiacol 

4-methyl syringol 6638-05-7 

4-methyl-1-pentene + 3-methyl-1-pentene 691-37-2; 760-20-3 

4-methyl-2-pentene 4461-48-7 

4-methylguaiacol 93-51-6 

4-methylheptane + 3-ethyl-3-methylpentane + 1-methylcyclohexene 589-53-7;1067-08-9;591-49-1 

4-methylheptane + 3-methyl-3-ethylpentane + 3,5,5-trimethyl-1-hexene 589-53-7; 1067-08-9; 4316-65-8 

4-methyloctane + 2-octyne 2216-34-4; 2809-67-8 

4-methylpyrene 3353-12-6 

4-nitrophenanthrene 82064-15-1 

4-nitrophenol 100-02-7 

4-n-propyltoluene + 1,4-diethylbenzene 1074-55-1; 105-05-5 

4-propyltoluene + butyl-1,3-dimethyl-5-ethylbenzene + 1-ethyl-3,5-dimethyl-benzene 1074-55-1;X;934-74-7 

5+6-methylchrysene 3697-24-3 & 1705-85-7 

5-isopropyl-m-xylene 4706-89-2 

5-methyl-benzo(b)naphtho(2,1-d)thiophene 

5-methyl-naphtho(2,1-b)thiophene 

6-methyl-benzo(b)naphtho(2,1-d)thiophene 

7-methylbenz[a]anthracene 2541-69-7 

7-methylbenzo(a)pyrene 63041-77-07 

7-nitrobenzo(a)anthracene 63041-91-8 

8b,13a-dimethyl-14b-[3'-methylbutyl]podocarpane 

8b,13a-dimethyl-14b-n-butylpodocarpane 

8-methyl-benzo(b)naphtho(1,2-d)thiophene 

8-methyl-benzo(b)naphtho(2,3-d)thiophene 24964-07-6 

8-methyl-naphtho(2,1-b)thiophene 

9-anthraldehyde 642-31-9 

9-Fluorenone 486-25-9 

9-methylanthracene 779-02-2 

9-methylphenanthrene 883-20-5 

9-nitrophenanthrene 954-46-1 

abietic acid 514-10-3 

acenaphthenequinone 82-86-0 

acephenanthrylene 201-06-9 

acetic acid 64-19-7 

acetophenone 98-86-2 

acetovanillone 498-02-2 

alpha-pinene 80-56-8 

ammonia 7664-41-7 

ammonium 14798-03-9 

anthanthrene 191-26-4 

anthracene/phenanthrene 120-12-7; 85-01-8 

anthraquinone 84-65-1 

azelaic acid 123-99-9 

benz(a)anthracene-7,12-dione 2498-66-0 

benzene, 1,1'(1-methyl-1,2-ethanediyl)bisbenzo(a)fluorene 238-84-6 

benzo(b)fluorene 243-17-4 

benzo(b+j+k)fluoranthene 205-99-2; 205-82-3; 207-08-9 
November 2004 

13

Compound Name CAS Number 

benzo(j)fluoranthene 205-82-3 

benzoic acid 65-85-0 

benzonaphthothiophene 61523-34-0 

benzyl alcohol 100-51-6 

beta-pinene 127-91-3 

bis[2-ethylhexyl]phthalate 117-81-7 

bishomohopane-1 

bishomohopane-2 

butenyl dimethylbenzene 

butylbenzylphthalate 85-68-7 

butylcyclopentane 2040-95-1 

c21 aaa-sterane 

c21 abb-sterane 

c21 tricyclic terpane 

c22 abb-sterane 

c22 tricyclic terpane 

c23 ab-dimethyl-a-butylpodocarpane 

c24 ab-dimethyl-a-methylbutylpodocarpane 

c25 tricyclic terpane 

c26 tricyclic terpane 

c26 tricyclic triterpane 22r 

c26 tricyclic triterpane 22s 

c27 20r-baa-cholestane 481-20-9 

c27 20s-abb-cholestane 

c27 tetracyclic terpane 22r 

c27 tetracyclic terpane 22s 

c27 trisnorhopane tm 

c27-20r-13a(h),17b(h)-diasterane 

c27-20r-13b(h),17a(h)-diasterane 

c27-20r5a(h),14a(h),17a(h)-cholestane 481-21-0 

c27-20r5a(h),14b(h)-cholestane 

c27-20s-13a(h),17b(h)-diasterane 

c27-20s-13b(h),17a(h)-diasterane 

c27-20s5a(h),14a(h)-cholestane 

c27-20s5a(h),14b(h),17b(h)-cholestane 

c27-tetracyclic terpane 

c28 20r/s?-ba-diasterane 

c28 20r-aaa-methylcholestane 

c28 20r-abb-methylcholestane 71117-90-3 

c28 20r-ba-diasterane 

c28 20s-aaa-methylcholestane 

c28 20s-abb-methylcholestane 

c28-20r5a(h),14a(h),17a(h)-ergostane 

c28-20r5a(h),14b(h),17b(h)-ergostane 

c28-20s-13b(h),17a(h)-diasterane 

c28-20s5a(h),14a(h),17a(h)-ergostane 

c28-tetracyclic terpane 

c29 20r-aaa-ethylcholestane 62446-14-4 

c29 20r-abb-ethylcholestane 71117-92-5 

c29 20s-aaa-ethylcholestane 

c29 20s-abb (20r-baa)-ethylcholestane 

c29 20s-ba-diasterane 

c29 ab-25-norhopane 53584-60-4 

c29 ba-norhopane 3258-87-5 
November 2004 

14

Compound Name CAS Number 

c29-20r-13a(h),17b(h)-diasterane 

c29-20r5a(h),14a(h),17a(h)-stigmastane 

c29-20r5a(h),14b(h),17b(h)-stigmastane 

c29-20s5a(h),14a(h),17a(h)-stigmastane 

c29-20s5a(h),14b(h),17b(h)-stigmastane 

c2-fluorene 

c2-naphthalene 

c30 tricyclic terpane 22r 

c30 tricyclic terpane 22s 

c3-naphthalene 

c4-benzene or c2-benzene 

c4-naphthalene 

carbon disulfide 75-15-0 

carbon tetrachloride 56-23-5 

cerium 7440-45-1 

cholestane-1 

cholestane-2 

cholestane-3 

cis- + trans-3-hexene 7642-09-3;13269-52-8 

cis,cis,cis-1,2,3-trimethylcyclopentane 2613-69-6 

cis-1,2-dichloroethene 156-59-2 

cis-1,2-dimethylcyclopentane + methylcyclohexane 1192-18-3; 108-87-2 

cis-1,3-ethylmethylcyclopentane + 2-ethyl-2-hexene 2613-66-3; X 

cis-cis-trans-1,2,4-trimethylcyclopentane + cis-1,3-dimethylcyclohexane X;638-04-0 

cis-decalin 493-01-6 

cis-pinonic acid 473-72-3 

ctc-123-trimethylcyclopentane 

ctc-124-trimethylcyclohexane 

ctt-124-trimethylcyclohexane 

cyanide compounds 

cylcoheptane + 3-ethylhexene-1 + t-1,2-ethylmethylcyclopentane 886-65-7; X; X 

decanal 112-31-2 

decanoic acid 334-48-5 

decylcyclohexane 1795-16-0 

dehydroabietic acid 1740-19-8 

diasterane-1 

diasterane-2 

dibenzofuran 132-64-9 

dibenzothiazole 

diethyl phthalate 84-66-2 

dimethyl dodecane 

dimethyl undecane 79004-83-4 

dimethylbenzaldehyde 

dimethylphenanthrene 29062-98-4 

di-n-butylphthalate 84-74-2 

di-nitropyrene 

docosane 629-97-0 

docosanoic acid 112-85-6 

dodecanal 112-54-9 

dodecene 25378-22-7 

dodecylcyclohexane 1795-17-1 

elaidic acid 112-79-8 

ergostane 25318-39-2 

ethyl dimethyl benzene 
November 2004 

15

Compound Name CAS Number 

ethyl hexanol 104-76-7 

ethylbiphenyl 40529-66-6 

ethylcyclohexane + n-propylcyclopentane 1678-91-7; 2040-96-2 

eugenol 97-53-0 

farnesane 3891-98-3 

fluoride 16984-48-8 

formic acid 64-18-6 

furfural 98-01-1 

glutaric acid 110-94-1 

guaiacol 90-05-1 

henicosane 629-94-7 

henicosanoic acid 2363-71-5 

henicosylcyclohexane 

hepenoic acid, ethyl ester 

heptadecane_pristane 629-78-7; 1921-70-6 

heptadecanoic acid 506-12-7 

heptadecylcyclohexane 19781-73-8 

heptanal 111-71-7 

heptanedioic acid 111-16-0 

heptenoic acid, methyl ester 

heptylcyclohexane 5617-41-4 

hexadecadienoic acid methyl ester 

hexadecane_norpristane 544-76-3; 3892-00-0 

hexadecanoic acid 57-10-3 

hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester 628-97-7 

hexadecene 26952-14-7 

hexadecylcyclohexane 6812-38-0 

hexanedioic acid 124-04-9 

hexanoic acid 142-62-1 

hexyl cyclohexane 4292-75-5 

hexylcyclohexane 4292-75-5 

homohopane-1 

homohopane-2 

hopane-1 

hopane-2 

hopane-3 

hydrogen cyanide 74-90-8 

hydrogen sulfide 7783-06-4 

icosane 112-95-8 

icosanoic acid 506-30-9 

icosene 3452-07-1 

icosylcyclohexane 

indanone 83-33-0 

indeno(1,2,3-cd)fluoranthene 00193-43-1 

isoamylbenzene 2049-94-7 

isobutylbenzene + n-decane 538-93-2; 124-18-5 

isobutylcyclopentane 3788-32-7 

isobutyraldehyde + butyraldehyde 78-84-2 & 123-72-8 

isoeugenol 97-54-1 

isophthalic acid 121-91-5 

isopropylcyclopentane 3875-51-2 

isopropyltoluene 25155-15-1 

lauric acid 143-07-7 

limonene 138-86-3 
November 2004 

16

Compound Name CAS Number 

m- + p-cresol 108-39-4; 106-44-5 

m/p-tolualdehyde 620-23-5 & 104-87-0 

m+p-xylene + 2,3-dimethylheptane 1330-20-7; 3074-71-3 

maleic acid 110-16-7 

malonic acid 141-82-2 

methyl chloride 74-87-3 

methyl dodecane 90454-15-2 

methyl ester undecenoic acid 

methyl ethyl naphthalene 29253-36-9 

methyl propyl benzene 1074-17-5 

methyl tert-amyl ether 994-05-8 

methyl tridecane 

methyl vinyl ketone 78-94-4 

methylbenzoic acid 12167-74-7 

methylbiphenyl 28652-72-4 

methylcyclohexane + cis-1,2-dimethylcyclopentane + 1,1,3-trimethylcyclopentane 108-87-2;1192-18-3;4516-69-2 

methylcyclopentane + trans-3-methyl-2-pentene 96-37-7; 616-12-6 

methylfluorene 26914-17-0 

methylisopropylbenzene 25155-15-1 

methylphenanthrene 28652-81-5 

methylpyrene 2381-21-7 

methylpyrene/methylfluoranthene 2381-21-7; 30997-39-8 

methylpyridine + methylfluorene 1333-41-1; 26914-17-0 

methylsuccinic acid 498-21-5 

Myristic Acid 544-63-8 

naphtho(2,1-b)thiophene 

n-octane + cis-1,4-dimethylcyclohexane+trans-1,3-dimethylcyclohexane 111-65-9; 624-29-3; 2207-03-6 

n-octane + trans-1,2-dimethylcyclohexane 111-65-9;6876-23-9 

nonadecane 629-92-5 

nonadecanedioic acid 6250-70-0 

nonadecanoic acid 646-30-0 

nonadecylcyclohexane 22349-03-7 

nonanal 124-19-6 

nonanoic acid 112-05-0 

nonene 27215-95-8 

nonylcyclohexane 2883-02-5 

norfarnesane 6864-53-5 

norhopane-1 

norhopane-2 

norpristane 3892-00-0 

n-propylcyclopentane + cis,cis,cis-1,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane + ethylcyclohexane 2040-96-2; X;1678-91-7 

n-undecane + 1,2-dimethyl-3-ethylbenzene 1120-21-4;933-98-2 

octadecane 593-45-3 

octadecanedioic acid 871-70-5 

octadecanoic acid 57-11-4 

octadecene 27070-58-2 

octadecenoic acid methyl ester 

octadecylcyclohexane 4445-06-1 

octanal 124-13-0 

octanedioic acid 505-48-6 

octanoic acid (caprylic acid) 124-07-2 

octylcyclohexane 1795-15-9 
November 2004 

17

Compound Name CAS Number 

oleic acid 112-80-1 

o-tolualdehyde 529-20-4 

p-cresol 106-44-5 

pentachlorophenol 87-86-5 

pentadecanoic acid 1002-84-2 

pentadecylcyclohexane 6006-95-7 

pentamethylbenzene 700-12-9 

pentylcyclohexane 38792-89-1 

perinaphthenone 548-39-0 

phenanthro(2,1-b)thiophene 

phenanthro(2,3-b)thiophene 

phenanthro(3,4-b)thiophene 

phenanthro(4,3-b)thiophene 

phenyl ethanone 

phosphates 14265-44-2 

phthalic acid 88-99-3 

phytane 638-36-8 

picolinic acid 98-98-6 

pinacolin 75-97-8 

p-methylstyrene 622-97-9 

pristane 1921-70-6 

propionic acid 79-09-4 

propyltoluene 28729-54-6 

pyrene/fluoranthene 129-00-0; 206-44-0 

sitostane 

sitosterol 83-46-5 

stearic acid 57-11-4 

succinic acid 110-15-6 

sulfates or phosphates 

syringol 91-10-1 

tert-butyl alcohol 75-65-0 

tert-butyl-2-methyl-benzene 

tert-butyl-3,5-dimethyl-benzene 

tert-butyl-4-ethyl-benzene 

tert-butylbenzene + 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene 98-06-6 & 95-63-3 

tetrachloroethylene 127-18-4 

tetradecene 26952-13-6 

tetradecylcyclohexane 1795-18-2 

tetrahydro dimethyl naphthalene 

tetrahydromethylnaphthalene 31291-71-1 

tetralin 119-64-2 

tetramethyl butane 594-82-1 

tetramethyl hexadecane 

tetramethyl pentadecane 

toluene + 2,3,3-trimethylpentane 108-88-3; 560-21-4 

trans-3,4-dimethyl-2-pentene + 1-heptene 4914-92-5; 592-76-7 

trans-hexene-2 + cis-3-hexene + cis-2-hexene + 2-methyl-2-pentene X; 7642-09-3; 7688-21-3; 625-27-4

trichloroethene 79-01-6 

trichlorofluoromethane 75-69-4 

tricosanoic acid 2433-96-7 

tridecanal 10486-19-8 

tridecanoic acid 638-53-9 

tridecylcyclohexane 6006-33-3 

trimethyl dodecane 
November 2004 

18

Compound Name CAS Number 

trimethyl pentadecane 

trimethylacetaldehyde + 3-methyl-2-butanone 630-19-3;563-80-4 

trimethylnaphthalene 28652-77-9 

triphenylene 217-59-4 

trisnorhopane-1 

trisnorhopane-2 

undecanal 112-44-7 

undecanoic acid 112-37-8 

undecylcyclohexane 54105-66-7 

xanthone 90-47-1 

Notes regarding Table 3: 

1

Where more than one chemical species is listed on a row, these compounds could not be separated by the analytical 

technique used. The corresponding CAS numbers are listed in order, respectively. 

2

An ‘X’ denotes a compound for which the CAS number could not be identified. 

The compounds identified in Table 3 as well as the compounds that were already listed in the 

Mater List were cross-referenced with the IRIS file. Compounds in the Master list that are 

included in IRIS with a health benchmark value or cancer hazard identification are listed in 

Table 4. 
November 2004 

19

Table 4. Compounds on the Master List that are included in IRIS with health information. 

Compound Name CAS Number 

1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane 811-97-2 

1,1,1-Trichloroethane 71-55-6 

1,1-Biphenyl 92-52-4 

1,2-Dibromoethane 106-93-4 

1,2-Dichlorobenzene 95-50-1 

1,3-Butadiene 106-99-0 

2,4-Dinitrophenol 51-28-5 

2-Methylnaphthalene 91-57-6 

2-Methylphenol 95-48-7 

4-Methylphenol 106-44-5 

Acenaphthene 83-32-9 

Acetaldehyde 75-07-0 

Acetone 67-64-1 

Acetophenone 98-86-2 

Acrolein 107-02-8 

Ammonia 7664-41-7 

Anthracene 120-12-7 

Antimony 7440-36-0 

Arsenic, inorganic 7440-38-2 

Barium and compounds 7440-39-3 

Benz[a]anthracene 56-55-3 

Benzaldehyde 100-52-7 

Benzene 71-43-2 

Benzo [a] pyrene (BaP) 50-32-8 

Benzo[b]fluoranthene 205-99-2 

Benzo[k]fluoranthene 207-08-9 

Benzoic acid 65-85-0 

Beryllium and compounds 7440-41-7 

Boron (Boron and Borates only) 7440-42-8 

Bromomethane 74-83-9 

Butyl benzyl phthalate 85-68-7 

Cadmium 7440-43-9 

Carbon disulfide 75-15-0 

Carbon tetrachloride 56-23-5 

Chlorine 7782-50-5 

Chlorobenzene 108-90-7 

Chloroform 67-66-3 

Chromium III 16065-83-1 

Chromium VI 18540-29-9 

Chrysene 218-01-9 

Crotonaldehyde 4170-30-3 

Cumene 98-82-8 

Cyclohexane 110-82-7 

Cyclohexanone 108-94-1 

Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) 117-81-7 

Dibenz[a,h]anthracene 53-70-3 

Dibutyl phthalate 84-74-2 

Dichloromethane 75-09-2 

Diesel Exhaust 

Diethyl phthalate 84-66-2 

Dioxins and Furans 

Ethylbenzene 100-41-4 

Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (EGBE)(2-Butoxyethanol) 111-76-2 
November 2004 

20

Compound Name CAS Number 

Fluoranthene 206-44-0 

Fluorene 86-73-7 

Formaldehyde 50-00-0 

Furfural 98-01-1 

Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, mixture (Dioxin/Furans) 19408-74-3 

Hydrogen cyanide 74-90-8 

Hydrogen sulfide 7783-06-4 

Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene 193-39-5 

Lead and compounds (inorganic) 7439-92-1 

Manganese 7439-96-5 

Mercury, elemental 7439-97-6 

Methanol 67-56-1 

Methyl chloride 74-87-3 

Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) 78-93-3 

Methyl isobutyl Ketone (MIBK) 108-10-1 

Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) 1634-04-4 

Molybdenum 7439-98-7 

Naphthalene 91-20-3 

Nickel compounds 

n-Hexane 110-54-3 

Nitrate 14797-55-8 

N-Nitrosodiethylamine 55-18-5 

N-Nitrosodimethylamine 62-75-9 

N-Nitroso-di-n-butylamine 924-16-3 

N-Nitrosodi-N-propylamine 621-64-7 

N-Nitrosopyrrolidine 930-55-2 

Pentachlorophenol 87-86-5 

Phenol 108-95-2 

Phosphorus 7723-14-0 

Phthalic anhydride 85-44-9 

Pyrene 129-00-0 

Selenium and compounds 7782-49-2 

Silver 7440-22-4 

Strontium 7440-24-6 

Styrene 100-42-5 

Tetrachloroethylene 127-18-4 

Toluene 108-88-3 

Trichlorofluoromethane 75-69-4 

Vanadium 1314-62-1 

Xylenes 1330-20-7 

Zinc and compounds 7440-66-6 
November 2004 

21

Nonroad references 

Table 5 lists the seven nonroad references that were reviewed by Environ, and the engines and 

fuels listed in each: 

Table 5. Nonroad references studied by Environ in Phase II and III.

Nonroad 

Reference 

Number 

Mobile Source 

Characteristics Test Fuel Characteristics 

47 Hercules GTA 3.7 L Medium 

Duty CNG Engine 

95.6mol% methane CNG fuel 

170 5 in-use small lawn and garden 

equipment engines 

emissions grade, unleaded, 

certification gasoline 

175 Six marine vessels Fuel Oil and Gas Oil 

184 5 off-road gasoline engines 

tested (out of these, only 2 were 

tested for unregulated 

emissions) 

Phase II Gasoline and LPG 

187 Six Locomotives (3 EMD and 3 

GE engines) and DDC Series 60 

test engine 

4 Diesel Fuels (CARB Fuel, OnHighway Fuel, High Sulfur 

Nonroad, 0.3% Sulfur Nonroad) 

190 16 jet engines, 2 helicopter 

engines, and 2 auxiliary power 

units (APUs) 

military JP-8 jet fuel 

191 fifteen nonroad diesel engines 

were tested (construction, utility 

and agricultural equipment 

applications) 

Certification-grade Type-2D 

diesel fuel, high-sulfur Nonroad2D diesel fuel, California 2D fuel, 

clean emissions control diesel 

(ARCO "ECD" fuel) 

Description of files 

The file “MSAT Master List Template Tables_ENVIRON_PhIII.xls” contains data from the 

literature review from both phases of the work, with the following worksheets (as described in 

the previous section): 

• Master List 

• Bibliography 

• Testing Methods 

• Test Fuel 

• Test Vehicle or Engine 

The file “IRIS_MasterList_xref.xls” contains the data extracted from the IRIS database, and the 

cross reference of this information with the Master List. It contains the following worksheets 

• “IRIS” – all the data extracted from EPA's IRIS database (from html files 

downloaded from http://www.epa.gov/iris/stand-al.htm) 

• “xref” - The cross section of compounds that are listed in the Master List and on 

IRIS, (all IRIS extracted data plus the associated screening level codes from the 

contractor study) 
November 2004 

22

• “xref_2” - A subset of “xref” - only those compound/elements for which IRIS lists an 

RfC, RfD, and/or a compound that is classifiable according to human carcinogenicity 

(all IRIS extracted data plus the associated screening level codes from the NCEA 

study) 

• “All_screen_codes” – the reported values of the screening level codes from the EPA 

ORD NCEA literature search study 

The file “Reference_List_PhI-III.xls” contains a full list of references. This includes studies that 

were analyzed in both phases of the work, as well as a list of references that were not reviewed. 

These references that were not reviewed, but which may contain Mobile Source Air Toxics, are 

listed in Appendix B. 
November 2004 

23

APPENDIX A 

NOTES FILE FOR REFERENCES
November 2004 

24

STUDIES FROM WHICH DATA WERE INCORPORATED INTO THE MASTER LIST 

– PHASE II 

Reference #47

Nine, Ralph D., Nigel N. Clark, Brian E. Mace and Laila E.lGazzar. 1997. AHydrocarbon 

Speciation of a Lean Burn Spark Ignited Engine.@ SAE #972971. 

Included data from tables: Table 4, Table 5, and Table 6 

Units in mg/hp-hr (after conversion) 

$ Ag/mode@ values were converted to Amg/bhp-hr@ values using the data in Table 6 

and 10 and finding conversion factors for each mode. 

Reference #48

Whitney, K. Bailey, B. 1994. ADetermination of Combustion Products from Alternative Fuels - 

Part I: LPG and CNG Combustion Products.@ SAE #941903. 

Included data from tables: Table 6, Appendix Table 2,3,4 

Units in mg/mi 

$ This reference included 3 fuel types (LPG, CNG and RFG) B so only compounds 

were marked (with an X) that were emitted by each particular fuel. 

Reference #50

Benson, J.; Koehl, W.; Burns, V.; Hochhauser, A.; Knepper, J.; Leppard, W.; Painter, L.; Rapp, 

L.; Reuter, R.; Rippon, B.; Rutherford, J. 1995. AEmissions with E85 and Gasolines in 

Flexible/ Variable Fuel Vehicles - The Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research 

Program.@ SAE #952508. 

Included data from tables: Appendix 3,4,5,6 

Units in mg/mi 

$ Appendix 8 contained Hot Soak Evaporative emissions data as g/test values. 

Thus, no emission rate data was included from this Appendix, instead, for these 

compounds, the box for AGas-Evap@ was checked. 

Reference #53 

Schauer, James J.; Kleeman, Michael J., Cass, Glenn R. and Bernd R.T. 2002. ASimoneit 

Measurement of Emissions from Air Pollution Sources. 5. C1 - C32 Organic 

Compounds from Gasoline-Powered Motor Vehicles.@ Env. Sci & Tech. 36(36), 1169-

1180. 

Included data from Table 2, Table 3 

Units in mg/mi 

$ Table 3 had gas phase and particle phase dataB the minimum and maximum 

emission rates for both phases together were calculated for inclusion into the 

master list 
November 2004 

25

$ Only compounds present in exhaust were included - and not ones only present in 

the gasoline itself (i.e. did not include 2,2-dimethyl propane, 2,2,4-

trimethylhexane, 1-butene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, 1,3-butadiene, ethylcyclohexane, 

isopropyl benzene, naphthalenecarboxaldehydes) 

$ For data in Table 2 (fine-particle chemical composition) B only those values that 

were greater than zero by at least 2 standard errors were included into the master 

list (these were labeled in bold in the paper). Data in Table 2 was reported as a 

wt% of fine particle mass, so no emission rates were included 

$ Did not include the following records due to lack of specificity (C1-MW 202 

PAH, C1-MW 226 PAH, C1-MW 228 PAH, C2-MW 178 PAH, C3-MW 178 

PAH 

$ Hopanes and Steranes were listed 

$ General groups (c2-fluorene, c2-naphthalene, c3-naphthalene, c4-naphthalene) 

were included as named

Reference #61 

Kleeman, Michael J.; Schauer, James J. ; and Glen R. 2000. ACass Size and Composition of 

Fine Particulate Matter Emitted from Motor Vehicles.@ Env. Sci & Tech. 34(7), 1132-

1142. 

Included data from Figures 2,3,4,5,6,7 

No emission rate information included 

$ Paper includes testing from a subset of vehicles involved in References 53 and 

62 B but this paper deals with a more specific elemental analysis 

$ From figures 2 through 7, compound names (10 records) were manually copied 

$ Emission rates were not included as they were reported as a % mass of the 

particle 

Reference #62 

Schauer, James J.; Kleeman, Michael J., Cass, Glenn R. and Bernd R.T. 1999. ASimoneit 

Measurement of Emissions from Air Pollution Sources. 2. C1 - C30 Organic 

Compounds from Medium Duty Diesel Trucks.@ Env. Sci & Tech. 33(10), 1578-1587. 

Included data from Tables 1, 2 

Units in mg/mi 

$ For data in Table 1 (fine-particle chemical composition) B only those values that 

were greater than zero by at least 2 standard errors were included into the master 

list (these were in bold in the paper). Data in this table was reported as a wt% of 

fine particle mass, so no emission rates were included. 

$ Table 2 had gas phase and particle phase dataB the minimum and maximum 

emission rates for both phases combined were calculated for inclusion into the 

master list 

$ Only compounds present in exhaust were included - and not ones only present in 

the gasoline itself (i.e. did not include undecane). 

$ Did not include the following records due to lack of specificity (C1-MW 202 

PAH, C1-MW 228 PAH, C2-MW 178 PAH, C3-MW 178 PAH) 

$ Hopanes and Steranes were listed individually 
November 2004 

26

$ General groups (c2-naphthalene, c3-naphthalene, c4-naphthalene) were included 

as named. 

Reference #87 

Cadle, Steven H.; Mulawa, Patricia A.; Hunsanger, Eric C.; Nelson, Ken; Ragazzi, Ronald A.; 

Barrett, Richard; Gallagher, Gerald L.; Lawson, Douglas R.; Knapp, Kenneth T.; and 

Richard Snow. 1998. A Measurement of Exhaust Particulate Matter Emissions from 

In-Use Light-Duty Motor Vehicles in the Denver, Colorado Area.@ CRC E-24-1. 

Included data from Table 1, 6.9, 6.10, 6.18, 6.19, 6.30 and 6.31 

Units in mg/mi 

$ Compounds like AA-methylbiphenyl@ or AG-Trimethylnaphthalene@ B (this 

nomenclature is a general naming convention for fused aromatic compounds) 

were lumped together under a general isomer name (for instance, a- through htrimethylnaphthalene were just called Atrimethylnaphthalene@) 

$ Table 6.29 and 6.30 had data on Hopanes and Steranes Bthese compounds were 

included, but corresponding CAS#=s were not found. 

$ Vehicles were tested using the as-received, on-board fuel. Vehicle fuel samples 

were not collected, however ~16-20 fuel samples were collected from service 

stations in the area and were tested for sulfur content (Table 6.6 and 6.7)B this 

information was not included in the Test Fuel Section.

Reference #92 

Ullman, Terry L. Ullman; Lawrence Smith; Joseph W. Anthony; Warren J. Slodowske; 

William M. Trestrail; William Bunn; Charles A. Lapin; Kenneth J. Wright; and Charles 

R. Clark. 2003. AComparison of Exhaust Emissions, Including Toxic Air 

Contaminants, From School Buses in Compressed Natural Gas, Low-Emitting Diesel, 

and Conventional Diesel Engine Configurations.@ SAE #2003-01-1381. 

Included data from Tables 7,11,13,14 

Units in mg/mi 

$ Table 14 contained data for dioxins and furans Bonly those compounds that were 

detected above the detection limit were included, as well as a group named 

Adioxins and furans@

$ Also included group named Acyanide compounds@
November 2004 

27

Reference #95 

Lev-On, Miriam; Chuck LeTavec; Ken Kimura; Jim Uihlien; Teresa Alleman; Doug Lawson; 

Keith Vertin; Gregory Thompson; Nigel Clark; Mridul Gautam; Scott Wayne; Barbara 

Zielinska; John Sagebiel; Sougato Chatterjee; Kevin Hallstrom; Robert A. Okamoto; 

Paul Rieger; Gary M. Yee. 2002. ASpeciation of Organic Compounds From the 

Exhaust of Trucks and Buses: Effect of Fuel and After-Treatment on Vehicle Emission 

Profiles.@ SAE #2002-01-2873. 

Included data from tables 3-11 

Units in mg/mi 

$ In Table 3 in the paper, a list of all detected 95 NMHC=s is included without 

emission rates. Thus, these compounds were included into the Master List with 

no emission rate info. 

$ The paper refers to a Adata archive being developed for the study@ which contains 

more extensive data and emission rates for all the compounds detected B for this 

project, only the compounds listed in the paper were included. 

$ Dioxins and Furans were tested, but the report states that ANone of the samples 

showed any positive hits above the detection limit@ B so none were included into 

the Master List 

$ In tables, changed A0@ emissions to ANot Detected@

$ In Tables 4 and 5 used ATest-Uncorrected@ Data 

$ Informationon drive cycle, vehicles and fuels obtained from Reference #93 

$ For CNG fuel properties, took average of replicate test results (Table 2, Ref 93) 

Reference #98 

Ball, James; Charles A. Lapin; Janet P. Buckingham; Edwin A. Frame; Douglas M. Yost; 

Manuel Gonzalez; Eleanor M. Liney; Mani Natarajan; James P. Wallace; John A. 

Garbak. 2001. ADimethoxy Methane in Diesel Fuel: Part 1. the Effect of Fuels and 

Engine Operating Modes on Emissions of Toxic Air Pollutants and Gas/Solid Phase 

PAH.@ SAE #2001-01-3627. 

Included data from Tables 6,7,8,10 

Units in mg/hp-hr 

Reference #99 

Ball, James; Charles A. Lapin; Janet P. Buckingham; Edwin A. Frame; Douglas M. Yost; 

Manuel Gonzalez; Eleanor M. Liney; Mani Natarajan; James P. Wallace; John A. 

Garbak. 2001. ADimethoxy Methane in Diesel Fuel: Part 2. the Effect of Fuels on 

Emissions of Toxic Air Pollutants and Gas/Solid Phase PAH Using a Composite of 

Engine Operating Modes.@ SAE #2001-01-3628. 

Included data from Tables 3,4,5,6 

Units in mg/hp-hr 

$ Diesel HC was considered the same as Diesel VOC in this and following papers 
November 2004 

28

Reference #100

Ball, James; Charles A. Lapin; Janet P. Buckingham; Edwin A. Frame; Douglas M. Yost; 

Manuel Gonzalez; Eleanor M. Liney; Mani Natarajan; James P. Wallace; John A. 

Garbak. 2001. ADimethoxy Methane in Diesel Fuel: Part 3. the Effect of Pilot Injection, 

Fuels and Engine Operating Modes on Emissions of Toxic Air Pollutants and Gas/Solid 

Phase PAH.@ SAE #2001-01-3630. 

Included data from Tables 2,3,4,6 

Units in mg/hp-hr 

Reference #101 

Siegl, Walter O.; Travis J. Henney; Mark Guenther. 2000. AIdentifying Sources of Evaporative 

Emissions-Using Hydrocarbon Profiles to Identify Emission Sources.@ SAE #2000-01-

1139. 

Included data from Table 4 

Units were in ppmC, so only names included in master list 

$ The data was in units of ppmC (since it was measurements of diurnal emissions) 

B these were listed in the master list without emission rate 

$ Paper had very detailed Fuel Speciation data B but this was not included into the 

Master List spreadsheet (since no similar fields) 

$ Paper did not have very much information on types and numbers of vehicles 

tested 

Reference #102 

Sharp, Chris A.; Steve Howell; Joe Jobe. 2000. AThe Effect of Biodiesel Fuels on Transient 

Emissions From Modern Diesel Engines-Part Ii: Unregulated Emissions and Chemical 

Characterization.@ SAE #2000-01-1968. 

Included data from tables: Table A1 through A12 

Units in mg/hp-hr 

$ Dealing with Atrace@ B it was decided that anything below the detection limit is 

not entered into the Mater List, and anything reported as trace emissions will be 

listed in the Master List, but without emission rate information. 

$ CAS#s could not be found for all the new compounds to the list, so some were 

left blank 

Reference #115 

Silva, Philip J.; Kimberly A. Prather. 1997. AOn-line Characterization of Individual Particles 

from Automobile Emissions.A Env. Sci & Tech. 31(11), 3074-3080. 

Included data from Table 1 

$ Author assigned MS peaks to various compounds B so some records are listed as 

Asulfates or phosphates@, Aanthracene/phenanthrene@, etc 

$ Emission rates not given in mg/mi, so compounds are listed in master list without 

emission rate information 
November 2004 

29

Reference #131 

Sweeney, Edward G.; John H. Baudino; Carolyn H. Schmidt. 1992. AComposition of Gasoline 

Vehicle Emissions--An Analytical Speciation Program.@ SAE #922253. 

Included data from Appendix A 

No emission rate information reported 

$ Paper references ATable 2@ with emission rate information, and AAppendix B@

with aldehyde/ketone information, but these were not found in the hard copy. 

$ Instead, only names of compounds listed in Appendix A (C3-C12=s) and in the 

text of paper were included, without emission rate information 

$ 27 of the new compounds listed were co-elutes (two or more species that eluted 

together and listed with a A+@ sign) 

$ Note: deleted record for 2,2,4-Trimethylpentene-1 (no such structure existsB due 

to typo in paper) 

Reference #138 

Pakko, James D.; Andrew A. Adamczyk; Walter O. Siegl; Robert J. Pawlowicz. 1994. 

AMeasurements of Total and Speciated Hydrocarbon Removal From Engine Exhaust 

Using Activated Carbon.@ SAE # 941999. 

Included data from Table 1 

Units were in ppmC, so only names included in Master List 

$ Emissions were reported as ppmC, but these were not converted to g/mi. 

Instead, compound names (but no emission rate information) were included into 

the Master List, and compounds with zero reported emissions were not included 

into the Master List 

$ The paper did not have much fuel property data, but did have very detailed GC 

speciation data for the 2 fuels B from this only benzene was included into the 

Master List=s test fuel page (since this was the only compound that was listed as 

ppmC%) 

Reference #147 

Leppard, William R.; Larry A. Rapp; Vaughn R. Burns; Robert A. Gorse, Jr.; Jay C. Knepper; 

William J. Koehl. 1992. AEffects of Gasoline Composition on Vehicle Engine-Out and 

Tailpipe Hydrocarbon Emissions--The Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research 

Program@. SAE #920329. Pp. 435-459. 

Included data from Tables 5,7 and Figures 10,11,12,13 

$ Emissions were listed in Figures 10,11,12 in bar charts only - only names of 

toxic compounds were included in Master List, no emission rate 

$ Names were taken off of bar charts (Fig 10,11,12&13) manually from the 

converted word file 

$ Paper contained detailed fuel speciation data 
November 2004 

30

Reference #155 

Howes, Peter and Greg Rideout. N. AEvaluation of Biodiesel in an Urban Transit Bus Powered 

by a 1988 DDECII6V92 TA Engine.@ MSED #95-26743-1. 

Included data from Tables 6-20 (PM and VOC), and Appendix B (aldehydes and ketones) 

Units in mg/mi 

$ Author Greg Rideout was contacted for electronic data B he replied and stated 

that due to a major server crash, all the electronic data was lost. Because the 

quality of the hard copy and pdf was so poor Bnone of the data in Appendix D: 

Detailed Hydrocarbon Analysis was included. 

$ No detailed test fuel data given 

Reference #166 

Gautam, Mridul; Nigel Clark; W. Scott Wayne; Gregory Thompson; Donald W. Lyons; Wesley 

C. Riddle; Ralph D. Nine; Benjie Staggs; V. Andy Williams; Timothy Hall; Sairam 

Thiagarajan. 2003. AHeavy-Duty Vehicle Chassis Dynamometer Testing for Emissions 

Inventory, Air Quality Modeling, Source Apportionment and Air Toxics Emissions 

Inventory.@ CRC E-55/E-59. 

Included data from Appendix E (and manually from tables 17,18,21-24,26- 28 for HC, PM data) 

Units in mg/mi 

$ Electronic data was obtained from the author, and this contained all the data in 

Appendix E that was needed 

$ Tables 17-28 were manually examined to get Adiesel VOC@ and Adiesel 

particulate matter@ data in mg/mile 

$ Similar to reference 87, isomers such as b-trimethylnaphthalene were named 

simply as Atrimethylnaphthalene@

$ The data included VOC, Carbonyls, Polar Compounds, methane, high alkanes, 

TENAX samples, Hopanes and Steranes, PAH, Nitro PAH, Nitrosoamines, and 

inorganics 

$ Everything but NitroPAH had emissions in mg/mi B for NitroPAH, units were in 

g/cycle, for these no emission rate information was included into the Master List 

$ In the study, only the first three vehicles were analyzed in detail for unregulated 

emissions (toxics)B so just these three vehicles were listed in the ATest Vehicle@

page, and the three fuel samples into the ATest Fuel@ page 

Reference #170

Carroll, James N. 1991. AEmission Tests of In-Use Small Utility Engines B Task III Report 

Non-Road Source Emission Factors Improvement.@ SwRI #3426-006. 

Included data from Table 6,7 

Units in mg/hp-hr 

$ In the Appendix, author had included detailed data by each test mode - but in the 

current analysis only summary tables (table 6,7) were used. 
November 2004 

31

Reference #173 

Kado, N.Y., P.A. Kuzmicky, K.L. Kiefer, R.L. Maddalena, Tung-Liang Huang, R.A. Okamoto. 

1998. AExposure to Emissions from Alternative Fuel Combustion: Bioassay and 

Chemical Analyses of the Particle and Semi-Volatile Emissions from Hydrogenated 

Biodiesel Fuels.@ 

Included data from Table II-1 (particulate phase PAHs), Table III-2 (vapor-phase PAHs) and 

Table III-3 (Nitro-PAHs) 

Units in mg/hp-hr 

$ Minimum and maximum emission rates were calculated using data from both 

phases 

$ In Table III-3 (Nitro-PAHs) B only two compounds were detected above the 

detection limit 

$ No detailed fuel informationgiven (paper states that fuels are specified and 

described in the Caterpillar report on the regulated emissions) 

Reference #175 

Lloyd's Register. 1995. ALloyd's Register Work in Marine Based Air Pollution and Its 

Relationship to Other Work in the Field.@

Included data from Tables 13, 14, 15 

No emission rate information in appropriate units given 

$ Data was given in units of ug/m3 B so no emission rates added to 

$ No detailed fuel or vessel information given 

$ Paper had limited bibliographic information (cited as Lloyd=s Register) 

$ From table 15, ADioxins and Furans@ were reported as group 

$ Emissions type labeled as AOther B Exh@ in master list 

Reference #177 

Norbeck, J., T.D. Durbin, T.J. Truex. 1998. ACharacterization of Particulate Emissions from 

Gasoline-Fueled Vehicles.@

Included data from Table ES-10 and Table 18 

Units in mg/mi 

$ From table ES-10 B only included those compounds that had averages at least 

twice the average uncertainty (marked in bold in the paper) 

$ Note: only used nonzero minimum emission rates (if minimum rate reported was 

less than or equal to zero, used average rate instead) 

$ Compounds such as Aa-methylfluorene@ are named as Amethylfluorene@, etc 

$ For fuel information(from Table 2) B data was averaged between both sets of 

analyses 

$ Vehicle informationwas only listed from those 10 vehicles that had detailed 

speciation data (List from Appendix O and Table ES-9) 
November 2004 

32

Reference #180 

Sharp, C. A. 1996. AEmissions and Lubricity Evaluation of Rapeseed Derived Biodiesel 

Fuels.@ Final Report. SwRI #7507. 

 Included data from Tables 3,6,7, and Appendix B 

Units in mg/hp-hr 

$ Heavy HC data was qualitative only B so no emission rates were included for 

these compounds 

$ For Appendix B (C1-C12 Speciation data)B the tables were manually examined, 

and compounds that had nonzero emissions for at least one test were selected for 

inclusion into Master List B (without emission rate information) 

$ Emissions were marked as ADiesel-Exhaust@ B (all biodiesel data was marked as 

Adiesel@) 

Reference #183

Truex, Dr. T.J., Dr. J. M. Norbeck, M.R. Smith, J. Arey, N. Kado, B. Okamoto, K.Kiefer, P. 

Kuzmicky, I. Holcomb. 1998. AEvaluation of Factors that Affect Diesel Exhaust 

Toxicity.@

Included data from Summary Tables 1-8 

Units in mg/hp-hr 

$ Used weighted total emission rates in summary tables 

$ Dioxins and Furans were detected (p. xx of executive summary) and in Figure 1, 

but no emission rates were given in needed units) B the group Adioxins and 

furans@ was included into the master list with no emission rate. 

$ Fuel informationwas taken from Table 2 B (analysis from Core Labs was used 

since this was the most detailed dataset) 

Reference #184 

White, J., M.N. Ingalls, J.N.Carroll, L. Chan. 1999. AThree-Way Catalyst Technology for OffRoad Equipment Powered by Gasoline and LPG Engines.@

Included data from Appendix B (p.161-164, 175-182,191-198), Appendix C (p.211-214, 219-

222), and Appendix D (p.233-236) 

Units in mg/hp-hr 

$ Data tables (36pgs) were scanned and imported to excel and double-checked for 

importing errors 

$ No vehicle information given (CARB kept manufacturer ID confidential)

Reference #187 

Fritz, Steven G. 2000. ADiesel Fuel Effects on Locomotive Exhaust Emissions.@

Included data from Tables 6,9,12,13,14,15,17,19, & App. K 

Units in mg/hp-hr 

$ Numbered Reference as #187 B this was one of the add-ons to the original list 

$ Tables were directly obtained from author, Steve Fritz 
November 2004 

33

$ There were pages of detailed test data in the appendices, only composite 

emissions data in summary tables were included 

$ Detailed emissions from six locomotive engines, as well as one DDC test engine 

(PM and HC from four test fuels) were included 

$ For metal particulate data B only Chromium was detected B and emission rate 

information was not included into the master list as it was reported in mg/hr 

$ for sulfates data B emissions were reported as Acomposite >wet= sulfate emissions@

where Awet@ Sulfate = Adry@ sulfate x 

$ In Table 14, PAH data Ban emissions value of zero was assumed to mean that the 

compound was Anot detected@

Reference #188 CARB database 

CARB (Project Engineer: Jerry Ho, Alternate Project Engineer: David Lee). ACARB Vehicle 

Surveillance Program Database, Series 17, Project 2S03C1.@

Included data from VEDSDBA_EXH_SPECIES, and VEDSBA_DILUTE 

Units in mg/mi 

$ Reference was numbered as #188 B this was one of the add-ons to the original 

list 

$ Speciation data was obtained from database table AVEDSDBA_EXH_SPECIES@, 

all zero records were removed, and file was saved as 

AVEDSBA_EXH_SPECIES_nonzero.xls@. Methane data from table 

AVEDSBA_DILUTE@ was also included. 

$ Vehicles: The TEST_ID field was obtained from 

theAVEDSDBA_EXH_SPECIES@ table, and this was matched to AVEH_ID@ field 

in the AVEDSDBA_TEST_GEN_INFO@ table. Vehicle data was obtained from 

table AVEDSDBA_VEH_PC@. (As of 7/15/04 - some of the vehicle data was 

missing in the database (vehicles 6000-7000), so all available data was included 

into master list with a comment) 

$ Fuels: The TEST_ID field was obtained from the AVEDSDBA_EXH_SPECIES@

table, this was matched to the AFUEL_TYPE@, ABATCH_ID@ and 

AFUEL_SMP_ID@ fields in the AVEDSDBA_TEST_GEN_INFO@ table. Fuel 

data was taken from AVEDSDBA_FUEL_PROPERTY@

Reference #189 

Three SULEV vehicles tested for DOE and EPA at SwRI. AAssignment Title: ACharacterization 

of Exhaust Emissions from California-Certified SI SULEVs@. 2004 

Included data from files: AFord Focus speciation summary.xls@, AHonda Accord speciation 

summary.xls@, ANissan Sentra speciation summary.xls@, Aspeciation det limits - LA92 UDC.xls@

Units in mg/mi 

Reference was numbered as #189 B this was one of the add-ons to the original list 

$ Assumed methane was detected above the detection limit (as no value was 

specified in the file) 

$ Did not include compounds reported as Aunidentified C5 olefins@ for inclusion 

into the Master List. 

$ Only included those composite emission rates for which at least one bag was 
November 2004 

34

above the detection limit B took Minimum and Maximum of all valid composite 

emission rates 

$ For this data B the GC peak was split equally between co-elutes in the tables, it is 

this value that is included in master list 

STUDIES FROM WHICH DATA WERE INCORPORATED INTO THE MASTER LIST 

– PHASE III 

Ref #190 – 

Gerstle, Thomas; Virage, Peter; Kimm, Maj Larry; Wade, Mark. 1999. 

“Aircraft Engine and Auxiliary Power Unit Emissions Testing: Volume 2, Detailed 

Sampling Approach and Results.” 

• Reference includes emission factors – but these were not included into master list due 

to the difficulty of conversion of the data 

• Paper included compound names and CAS numbers, and these CAS numbers were 

used in matching compounds with the Master List 

• Any data with the following notes were not included into the Master table 

• B: “Compound present in the laboratory blank greater than reporting limit” 

• J: “The associated numerical value is an estimated quantity because the reported 

concentrations were less than the required detection limits or quality control 

criteria were not met.” 

• UJ: “The analyte was not detected above the reported sample quantitation 

limit...” 

• bb: “The sample media blank and/or sample field blank value was two times the 

sample value – sample result should be considered suspect due to 

contamination” 

• If the species was clearly detected above the detection limit in any one test mode (i.e 

idle, approach, etc.), then the species was included in the master list. 

• The file “Ref_190_aircraft_data.xls” contains a chart showing in which modes each 

species was detected for each engine tested 

Ref #191 – 

Helmer, Kent; Cook, Richard; Volckens, John; Baldauf, Richard; Starr, Michael. 2004. 

“Regulated and Air Toxic Exhaust Emissions from Nonroad Diesel Engines and 

Equipment.” 

Included data from Excel files sent by Kent Helmer 

Units in mg/hp-hr 

• this paper referenced three studies: as was noted in the “Bibliography” page of the 

Master List File 

• 1) Starr, M.E., "Transient and Steady-State Emissions Testing of Ten Different 

Nonroad Diesel Engines Using Four Fuels", SwRI # 08.03316, prepared for 

CARB and EPA, 2003 
November 2004 

35

• 2) Starr, M.E., EPA's "Three Engine Program", EPA contract #68-C-98-169, 

work assignments #03-05 and #02-03, "Nonroad Duty Cycle Testing for Toxic 

Emissions" SwRI 08.05004.05, 2004 

• 3) Starr, M.E., EPA's "Four In-Use Engines Program", EPA Contract #68-C-98-

158, work assignment #03-04, 2004. "Air Toxic Emissions from In-Use 

Nonroad Diesel Equipment", SwRI 08.05004.04. 

• Data was obtained in excel format from Kent Helmer 

• for the 10 engine study in "ss10Eng062304.xls" and 

"Transient_3studies_final.xls"; tab "all_eng" (for the 10 engine steady state 

data, only data in g/hp-hr from modes 1-7 was included - mode 8 was not 

included since it was reported as g/hr) 

• for the 3 and 4 engine studies in "SS3&4_brfing.xls" tab "3 & 4 Eng" and 

"Transient_3-04&3-05_final.xls" 

• It was assumed “0” emissions meant not detected 

Ref #192 

Collier, A.; Hillebrand, C.; Kelly, G.; Brett, S.; Elliot, G.; Blair, D.; Sturgeon, K.; Tancell, P.; 

Brogan, M. 2001. “Investigation into Testing and Controlling Emissions of Hydrogen 

Sulfide from Gasoline Vehicles”, SAE paper 2001-01-3530. 

• hydrogen sulfide was the only compound from this paper 

• no emission rates found in paper in units needed for master list 

Ref #193 - 

Graham, Lisa. 2003. “Gaseous and Particulate Matter Emissions from In-Use Light Duty 

Gasoline Motor Vehicles.” Environment Canada , ERMD Report #99-67. 

Included data from Tables 18,19,20,25,26,29-33, 43, 46, 50, and Appendix D 

Units in mg/mi 

• vehicle information was taken from Table 14 in the paper – (Odometer reading was 

converted to miles from km)

Ref #197 - 

Harvey, CA; Garbe RJ; Baines TM; Somers JH; Hellman KH; Carey PM. 1983 A Study of the 

Potential Impact of Some Unregulated Motor Vehicle Emissions. SAE 830987. 

• Emission information for hydrogen cyanide was take from Table 1 in the paper
November 2004 

36

STUDIES NOT INCORPORATED INTO THE MASTER LIST 

Reference #57: 

Tobias, HJ; Beving, DE; Ziemann, PJ; Sakurai, H; Zuk, M; McMurry, PH; Zarling, D; 

Waytulonis, R; Kittelson, D.B. 2001. AChemical analysis of diesel engine nanoparticles 

using a nano-DMA/thermal desorption particle beam mass spectrometer.@ Env. Sci & 

Tech. 35(11), 2233-2243. 
November 2004 

37

Not included into master list due to lack of specific data 

$ From paper B Aa nano-differential mobility analyzer was used to size-select 

nanoparticles from diesel engine exhaust for subsequent chemical analysis by 

thermal desorption particle beam mass spectrometry.@

$ Mass Spectra are given in Figure 3 of the paper, and general assignments are 

given i.e. Athe spectra show an intense series of peaks at m/z 57,71,85Ywhich are 

indicative of normal and branched alkanesY@ 

Reference #63 - omitted since it was a tunnel study

Marr, Linsey C.; Kirchstetter, Thomas W.; Harley, Robert A.; Miguel, Antonio H.; Hering, 

Susanne V.; and S. Katharine. 1999. AHammond Characterization of Polycyclic 

Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Motor Vehicle Fuels and Exhaust Emissions.@ Env. Sci & 

Tech. 33(18), 3091-3099. 

Reference #64 B omitted since it was a tunnel study 

Miguel, Antonio H.; Kirchstetter, Thomas W.; Harley, Robert A.; and Susanne V. Hering. 1998. 

AOn-road Emissions of Particulate Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Black Carbon 

from Gasoline and Diesel Vehicles.@ Env. Sci & Tech. 32(4), 450-455. 

Reference #74 B omitted since it contained the same data as Reference #87 

Cadle, Steven H.; Mulawa, Patricia A.; Hunsanger, Eric C.; Nelson, Ken; Ragazzi, Ronald A.; 

Barrett, Richard; Gallagher, Gerald L.; Lawson, Douglas R.; Knapp, Kenneth T.; and 

Richard Snow. 1999. AComposition of Light-Duty Motor Vehicle Exhaust Particulate 

Matter in the Denver, Colorado Area.@ Env. Sci & Tech. 33(14), 2328-2339. 

Reference #104

Lanning, Lisa A.; Kurt W. Smith; Chris J. Tennant. 2000. AA New Method for Diesel HC 

Collection and Speciation.@ SAE #2000-01-2951. 

Not included into master list due to lack of specific data 

$ In Figure 4, the GC analysis of the diesel exhaust is displayed, but assignments 

are given just as AnC1 and up to nC2@ etcY - no specific compounds were listed.

Reference #168 B omitted since it did not contain any original data

Zielinska, Barbara. 1999. AChanges in Diesel Engine Emissions.@ HEI Communications 7, 

115-132. 

 

Reference #169

EPA. 2002. AA Comprehensive Analysis of Biodiesel Impacts on Exhaust Emissions.@ 

EPA420-P-02-001. 
November 2004 

38

See comments below 

$ Online database lists HC and PM biodiesel emissions, but no toxics are included 

http://www.epa.gov/otaq/models/analysis/biodsl/biodsldb.xls

$ Report references two Sharp Papers (ref 180 and Ref 179), on 

$ On p. 85 of EPA report B AFor the purpose of evaluating biodiesel effects on 

toxics, we focused on mobile source air toxics (MSATs) as defined in a recent 

rulemaking Y 21 MSATs as shown in Table VI-A-1.@ 

$ Per instruction from EPA (email on 5/17/04) Bthis paper will not be formally 

included in the review since it is a subset of the more detailed information 

available in Sharp et al B Ref 102 (Sharp, Chris A.; Steve Howell; Joe Jobe - 

AThe Effect of Biodiesel Fuels on Transient Emissions From Modern Diesel 

Engines-Part II: Unregulated Emissions and Chemical Characterization@, 2000, 

SAE paper 2000-01-1968) 

Reference #171 - omitted since it was a tunnel study 

Gertler, A.W.; J.C. Sagebiel; W.A. Dippel; R.J. Farina. 1998. AMeasurements of Dioxin and 

Furan Emission Factors from Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles.@ J. Air & Waste Mngmnt. 

Assoc., 48, march, 276-278. 

Reference #176 B omitted since it contained the same data as Reference #102 

Sharp, C. A. 1998. ABiodiesel: Literature Search and Characterization of Exhaust Emissions as 

Required under Section 211(b) and 211(e) of the Clean Air Act: Appendix 2 

Characterization of Biodiesel Exhaust Emissions.@

Reference #179 B omitted since it contained the same data as Reference #102 

Sharp, C. A. 1998. ACharacterization of Biodiesel Exhaust Emission for EPA 211 (b) B Final 

Report.@ SwRI #08-1039. 
November 2004 

39

APPENDIX B 

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES 

THAT WERE NOT REVIEWED 
November 2004 

Appendix B lists additional references that might report compounds not listed on the Master List.

Study Code Authors Title ID # Journal/ Title Year Vol Issue Pages Author Affili

49 Bass, E.;Bailey, B.;Jaeger, S. LPG Conversion and HC 

Emissions Speciation of LightDuty Vehicle 

932745 SAE 1993 Southwest Res

Inst.; National Renewable EneLab., Golden, CTexas Railroad Commission 

51 Domingo, Norberto; John 

Storey; Sam Lewis 

Hydrocarbon Speciation for LeanNox Catalyst Analysis 2001 Oak Ridge Nat

Laboratory 

52 Aust, Ann E , James C Ball, 

Autumn A Hu, JoAnn S 

Lighty, Kevin R Smith, Ann M Straccia, John M Veranth, and Willie C Young 

Particle Characteristics Responsible for Effects on Human Lung Epithelial Cells 

HEI 110 2002 Utah State Univ

University of UtUniversity of California DaviFord Motor Com

54 Durbin, Thomas D. and 

Joseph M. Norbeck 

Effects of Biodiesel Blends and 

Arco EC_Diesel on Emissions 

from Light Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles 

Environmental Science & Technology 

2002 36 8 1686-

1691 

CE-CERT, Univof California - Riverside 

55 Zervas, E., Montagne, X. and 

J. Lahaye 

Emission of Alcohols and Carbonyl Compounds from a Spark Ignition Engine. Influence of Fuel and Air/Fuel Equivalence Ratio 

Environmental Science & Technology 

2002 36 11 2414-

2421 

Institut FrancaiPetrole, Institut Chimie des Suet Interfaces 

56 Westerholm, Roger; 

Christensen, Anders; Tornqvist, Margareta; Ehrenberg, Lars; Rannug, Ulf; Sjogren, Michael; Rafter, Joseph; Soontjens, Carol; 

Almen, Jacob; and Kerstin 

Gragg 

Comparison of Exhaust Emissions from Swedish Environmental Classified Diesel Fuel (MK1) and European Program on Emissions, Fuels and Engine Technologies (EPEFE) Reference Fuel: A Chemical and Biological Characterization, with Viewpoints on Cancer Risk 

Environmental Science & Technology 

2001 35 9 1748-

1754 

Stockholm UnivKarolinska InstMTC AB 

58 Molders, N; Schilling, PJ; 

Wong, J; Roos, JW; Smith, IL 

X-ray fluorescence mapping and micro-XANES spectroscopic characterization of exhaust particulates emitted from auto engines burning MMT-Added gasoline 

Environmental Science & Technology 

2001 35 15 3122-

3129 

Louisiana State University, Univof New OrleansLawrence LiverNational LaboraEthyl Corporati
November 2004 

Study Code Authors Title ID # Journal/ Title Year Vol Issue Pages Author Affili

59 Kean, AJ; Grosjean, E; 

Grosjean, D; Harley, RA 

On-road measurement of carbonyls in California light-duty vehicle emissions 

Environmental Science & Technology 

2001 35 21 4198-

4204 

University of California - BerDGA, Inc. 

60 Durbin, Thomas D.; Collins, 

John R.; Norbeck, Joseph M.; and Matthew R. Smith 

Effects of Biodiesel Blends, and a Synthetic Diesel on Emission from Light Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles 

Environmental Science & Technology 

2000 34 3 349-355 CE-CERT, Univ

of California - Riverside 

65 Fraser, Matthew P., Cass, 

Glenn R. and Bernd R.T. Simoneit 

Gas-Phase and Particle-Phase Organic Compounds Emitted from Motor Vehicle Traffic in a Los Angeles Roadway Tunnel 

Environmental Science & Technology 

1998 32 14 2051-

2060 

California InstitTechnology, OState University 

66 Kirchstetter, Thomas W.; 

Singer, Brett C.; Harley, Robert A.; Kendall, Gary R.; and Waymond Chan 

Impact of Oxygenated Gasoline Use on California Light-Duty Vehicle Emissions 

Environmental Science & Technology 

1996 30 2 661-670 University of 

California - BerBay Area Air QManagement D

67 Touaty, M. and B. Bonsang Hydrocarbon emissions in a 

highway tunnel in the Paris Area 

Atmospheric 

Environment 

2000 34 985-996 Laboratoire des 

Sciences du Clde l'Environme

68 Kourtidis, K.A.; Ziomas, I.C.; 

Rappenglueck, B.; Proyou, 

A.; and D. Basilis 

Evaporative traffic hydrocarbon emissions, traffic CO and speciated HC traffic emissions from the city of Athens 

Atmospheric 

Environment 

1999 33 3831-

3842 

Aristotle Univer

Thessaloniki, University of M

69 Weingartner, E.; Burtscher, 

H.; and U. Baltensperger 

Hydroscopic Properties of Carbon and Diesel Soot Particles 

Atmospheric 

Environment 

1997 31 15 2311-

2327 

ETH-Zurich, PaScherrer Institu
November 2004 

Study Code Authors Title ID # Journal/ Title Year Vol Issue Pages Author Affili

70 Magnusson, Roger; Nilsson, 

Calle; and Barbo Andersson 

Emissions of Aldehydes and Ketones from a Two-Stroke Engine Using Ethanol and Ethanol-Blended Gasoline as Fuel 

Environmental Science & Technology 

2002 36 8 1656-

1664 

Swedish Unive

Agricultural Sci

Umea Universi

71 Cardone, Massimo; Prati, 

Maria Vittoria; Rocco, Vittorio; Seggiani, Maurizia; Senatore, Adolfo; and Sandra Vitolo 

Brassica carinata as an 

Alternative Oil Crop for the 

Production of Biodiesel in Italy: Engine Performance and Regulated and Unregulated Exhaust Emissions 

Environmental Science & Technology 

2002 36 21 4656-

4662 

Universita Fededi Napoli, InstitMotori CNR, Universita di R"Tor Vergata", Universita di Pi

72 Bishop, Gary A.; Morris, 

Jerome A.; and Donald H. Stedman 

Snowmobile Contributions to Mobile Source Emissions in Yellowstone National Park 

Environmental Science & Technology 

2001 35 14 2874-

2881 

University of De

73 Baum, Marc M.; Kiyomiya, 

Eileen S.; Kumar, Sasi; Lappas, Anastasios M.; Kapinus, Vadym A.; Harry C. Lord III 

Multicomponent Remote Sensing of Vehicle Exhaust by Dispersive 

Absorption Spectroscopy. 2. 

Direct On-Road Ammonia Measurements 

Environmental 

Science & Technology 

2001 35 18 3735-

3741 

Oak Crest InstiScience, CalifoInstitute of Technology, AiInstruments & Measurements

75 Kirchstetter, Thomas W.; 

Singer, Brett C.; Harley, Robert A.; Kendall, Gary R.; and James M. Hesson 

Impact of California Reformulated Gasoline on Motor Vehicle Emissions. 2. Volatile Organic Compound Speciation and Reactivity 

Environmental Science & Technology 

1999 33 2 329-336 University of 

California - BerBay Area Air QManagement D
November 2004 

Study Code Authors Title ID # Journal/ Title Year Vol Issue Pages Author Affili

76 Zayed, Joseph; Hong, 

Bande; Gilles L'Esperance 

Characterization of ManganeseContaining Particles Collected from the Exhaust Emissions of 

Automobiles Running with MMT Additive 

Environmental Science & Technology 

1999 33 19 3341-

3346 

University of Montreal, Ecole Polytechnique Montreal 

77 Venkataraman, Chandra; 

Lyons, James M.; and Sheldon K. Friedlander 

Size Distribution of Polycyclic 

Aromatic Hydrocarbons and 

Elemental Carbon. 1. Sampling, Measurement Methods, and Source Characterization 

Environmental Science & Technology 

1993 28 4 555-562 UCLA 

78 Sagebiel, John C.; Zielinska, 

Barbara; Pierson, William R.; and Alan W. Gertler 

Real-world Emissions and Calculated Reactivities of Organic Species from Motor Vehicles 

Atmospheric 

Environment 

1996 30 12 2287-

2296 

Desert ResearcInstitute 

79 Gertler, Alan W.; Fujita, Eric 

M.; Pierson, William R.; and David N. Wittorff 

Apportionment of NMHC Tailpipe 

vs. Non-tailpipe Emissions in the Fort McHenry and Tuscarora Mountain Tunnels 

Atmospheric 

Environment 

1996 30 12 2297-

2305 

Desert ResearcInstitute 

80 Tsai, Jium-Horng; Liu, YuYin; Yang, Chang-Yu; 

Chiang, Hung-Lung; and LiPeng Chang 

Volatile Organic Profiles and Photochemical Potentials from Motorcycle Engine Exhaust 

J. Air & Waste Management 

Association 

2003 53 516-522 National Cheng

University, FooInstitute of Technology, U-Technology Co
November 2004 

Study Code Authors Title ID # Journal/ Title Year Vol Issue Pages Author Affili

81 Zielinska, Barbara; Sagebiel, 

John C.; Harshfield, Gregory; Gertler, Alan W.; and William R. Pierson 

Volatile Organic Compounds up to C20 Emitted from Motor Vehicles; Measurement Methods

Atmospheric 

Environment 

1996 30 12 2269-

2286 

Desert ResearcInstitute 

82 Duffy, Bronwyn and Peter F. 

Nelson 

Non-Methane Exhaust Composition in the Sydney Harbour Tunnel: A Focus on Benzene and 1,3-Butadiene 

Atmospheric 

Environment 

1996 30 15 2759-

2768 

CSIRO - DivisioCoal and EnergTechnology 

83 Sjogren, Michael; Li, Hang; 

Rannug, Ulf; and Roger Westerholm 

Multivariate Analysis of Exhaust Emissions from Heavy-Duty Diesel Fuels 

Environmental Science & Technology 

1996 30 1 38-49 Stockholm Univ

84 McLaren, R; Singleton, D.L.; 

Lai, J.Y.K; Khouw, B.; Singer, E.; Wu, Z.; and H. Niki 

Analysis of Motor Vehicle 

Sources and Their Contribution to 

Ambient Hydrocarbon 

Distributions at Urban Sites in Toronto During the Southern Ontario Oxidants Study 

Atmospheric 

Environment 

1996 30 12 2219-

2232 

National ReseaCouncil CanadUniversity 

85 Gertler, Alan W.; Gillies, John 

A.; Pierson, William R.; 

Rogers, C. Fred; Sagebiel, John C.; Abu-Allaban, Mahmoud; Coulombe, William; Tarnay, Leland; and Thomas A. Cahill 

Real-World Particulate Matter and Gaseous Emissions from Motor Vehicles in a Highway Tunnel 

HEI 107 In "Emissions 

from Diesel and Gasoline Engines Measured in Highway Tunnels" 

2002 5-56 Desert Researc

Institute, UniveNevada - RenoUniversity of California - Dav
November 2004 

Study Code Authors Title ID # Journal/ Title Year Vol Issue Pages Author Affili

86 Grosjean, Daniel and Eric 

Grosjean 

Airborne Carbonyls from Motor 

Vehicle Emissions in Two Highway Tunnels 

HEI 107 In "Emissions 

from Diesel and Gasoline Engines Measured in Highway Tunnels" 

2002 57-78 DGA, Inc. 

88 Bagley, Susan T. and Linda 

D. Gratz 

Evaluation of Biodiesel Fuel and a Diesel Oxidation Catalyst in an Underground Metal Mine, Part 3 -Biological and Chemical Characterization 

1998 Michigan 

Technological University 

89 Bagley, Susan T.; Watts, Jr., 

Winthrop F.; Johnson, Jason P.; Kittelson, David B., Johnson, John H. and James J Schauer 

Impact of low-emission diesel engines on underground mine air quality 

2002 Michigan 

Technological University, Univof Minnesota, University of Wisconsin - Ma

90 Bagley, Susan, Linda D. 

Gratz, John.H. Johnson, and Joseph F. McDonald 

Effects of an Oxidation Catalytic converter and a Biodiesel Fuel on the Chemical, Mutagenic, and Particle Size Characteristics of Emissions from a Diesel Engine 

Environmental Science & Technology 

1998 32 9 1183-

1191 

Michigan Technological University, Univof Minnesota 

91 Knapp, Kenneth; Steven H. 

Cadle; Silvestre Tejada; Douglas R. Lawson; Richard Snow; Barbara Zielinska; John Sagebiel; Jacob McDonald 

Central Carolina Vehicle Particulate Emissions Study 

2003-01-0299 SAE 2003 US EPA, Gene

Motors R&D, NRenewable EnLaboratory, CleVehicle TechnoCorp., Desert Research Instit
November 2004 

Study Code Authors Title ID # Journal/ Title Year Vol Issue Pages Author Affili

93 Lev-On, Miriam; Chuck A. 

Letavec; Jim Uihlein; Teresa L. Alleman; Keith D. Vertin; Douglas Lawson; Gregory J. Thompson; Mridul Gautam; Scott Wayne; Barbara Zielinska and John Sagebiel, Sougato Chatterjee; Kevin Hallstrom 

Chemical Speciation of Exhaust Emissions From Trucks and Buses Fueled on Ultra-Low-Sulfur Diesel and Cng 

2002-01-0432 SAE 2002 BP, National 

Renewable EneLaboratory, WeVirginia Univ., DResearch InstitJohnson MatthEngelhard Corp

94 Kean, Andrew J.; Robert F. 

Sawyer; Robert A. Harley; Gary R. Kendall 

Trends in Exhaust Emissions From In-Use California Light-Duty Vehicles, 1994-2001 

2002-01-1713 SAE 2002 Univ. of Califor

Berkeley, Bay A

Air Quality 

Management D

96 Gillies, J.A.; A.W. Gertler; 

J.C. Sagebiel; W.A. Dippel 

On-Road Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10) Emissions in the Sepulveda Tunnel, Los 

Angeles, California 

Environmental Science & Technology 

2001 35 6 1054-

1063 

Desert ResearcInstitute 

97 Pitkänen, Mikko; Keijo 

Torkkell; Anu Jäntti; Sari Laanti;Tuomo Lapinlampi; Esa Elonen 

Cutting the Noxious Emissions in 2-Stroke Engines 

2001-01-3534 SAE 2001 Kemira Metalka

Technical ReseCentre of FinlaFortum Oil & GOulu Regional Occupational HMTT Agrifood Research Finla

103 Saitoh, Katsumi; Koichiro 

Sera; Tadashi Shirai; Tatsuji Sato; Matsuo Odaka 

Determination of Elemental and Ionic Compositions for Diesel Exhaust Particles by Particle Induced X-ray Emission and Ion Chromatography Analysis 

Analytical 

Sciences 

2003 19 525-528 Environmental 

Research & Information Ce

Akita Prefectur

Iwate Mediacal University, TokDylec Co., Ltd.National Traffic Safety and Environment Laboratory 
November 2004 

Study Code Authors Title ID # Journal/ Title Year Vol Issue Pages Author Affili

105 Neumann, K.-H.; D. 

Schurmann; P. Kohoutek; J. Beyersdorf; A. Hartung; C. Nagel; J. Schulze 

Unregulated Exhaust Gas Components of Modern Diesel Passenger Cars 

1999-01-0514 SAE 1999 Volkswagen AG 

106 Reynolds, E. G.; Diane E. 

Hall; F. Kvinge; R. Jorgensen 

Methodology for Hydrocarbon Speciation for Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines Operating Over the European ECE R49 Cycle 

1999-01-1466 SAE 1999 BP Amoco, Sta

107 Lowenthal, Douglas H.; 

Barbara Zielinska; Judith C. Chow; John G. Watson; Mridul Guatam; Donald H. Ferguson; Gary R. Neuroth; Kathy D. Stevens 

Characterization of Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicle Emissions 

Atmospheric 

Environment 

1994 28 4 731-743 Desert Researc

Institute, West Virginia Univ., 

Arizona Dept. o

Environmental 

108 Andrews, G. E.; R. B Ishaq, 

J. R Farrar-Khan, Y. Shen and P.T. Williams 

The Influence of Speciated Diesel Fuel Composition on Speciated Particulate SOF Emissions 

980527 SAE 1998 Univ. of Leeds 

109 Cadle, Steven H.; Patricia A. 

Mulawa; James Ball; Claudia Donase; Arnie Weibel; John C. Sagebiel; Kenneth T. Knapp; Richard Snow 

Particulate Emission Rates from In-Use High-Emitting Vehicles Recruited in Orange County, California 

Environmental Science & Technology 

1997 31 12 3405-

3412 

General Motors Research and Development CFord Motor ComChrysler CorpoDesert ResearcInstitute, US EPMobile Source Emissions BranManTech Environmental Technology 

110 Collier, Anthony R.; Carl A. 

Jemma; Barbara Wedekind; Diane E. Hall; Peter Heinze 

Sampling and Analysis of VaporPhase and Particulate-Bound PAH From Vehicle Exhaust 

982727 SAE 1998 Ricardo, BP Oi

International, LConcawe 

111 Ball, James C.; Ann M. 

Straccia, Willie C. Young, 

Ann E. Aust 

The Formation of Reactive Oxygen Species Catalyzed by Neutral, Aqueous Extracts of NIST Ambient Particulate Matter and Diesel Engine Particles 

J. Air & Waste 

Management 

Association 

2000 50 1897-

1903 

Ford Motor Co.State Univ. 
November 2004 

Study Code Authors Title ID # Journal/ Title Year Vol Issue Pages Author Affili

112 Gertler, Alan W.; John C. 

Sagebiel; William A. Dippel, and Michael O'Connor 

The Impact of California Phase 2 Reformulated Gasoline on RealWorld Vehicle Emissions 

J. Air & Waste Management 

Association 

1999 49 1339-

1346 

Desert ResearcInstitute 

113 Sagebiel, John C.; Barbara 

Zielinska; Patricia A. Walsh; Judith C. Chow; Steven H Cadle; Patricia A. Mulawa; Kenneth T. Knapp; Roy B. Zweidinger; Richard Snow 

PM-10 Exhaust Samples Collected during IM-240 Dynamometer Tests of In-Service Vehicles in Nevada 

Environmental Science & Technology 

1997 31 1 75-83 Desert Researc

Institute, GeneMotors ResearDevelopment CUS EPA Mobile Source EmissioBranch, ManTeEnvironmental Technology 

114 Schmitz, Thomas; Dieter 

Hassel, Franz-Josef Weber 

Determination of VOCcomponents in the exhaust of gasoline and diesel passenger cars 

Atmospheric 

Environment 

2000 34 4639-

4647 

Institut fur Cheder Belasteten 

Atmosphaere, T

Rheinland Sichund UmweltschGmbH 

116 Reisel, John R. ; Tracy A. 

Kellner; Kenneth F. Neusen 

Speciated Hydrocarbon Emissions form Small Utility Engines 

J. Air & Waste Management 

Association 

2000 50 522-528 University of 

Wisconsin-Milw

117 Clark, Nigel N.; Christopher 

M. Atkinson; David L. McKain; Ralph D. Nine; Laila El-Gazzar 

Speciation of Hydrocarbon Emissions From a Medium-Duty Diesel Engine 

960322 SAE 1996 West Virginia U
November 2004 

Study Code Authors Title ID # Journal/ Title Year Vol Issue Pages Author Affili

118 Chen, Kuo Chiang; Wai K. 

Cheng; Doren Jane M. Van; James P. Murphy; Matthew D. Hargus; Sarah A. McSweeney 

Time-Resolved, Speciated Emissions From An SI Engine During Starting and Warm-Up 

961955 SAE 1996 Massachusetts 

Institute of Technology; Coof the Holy Cro

119 Rantanen, Leena; Ari Juva; 

Aapo Niemi; Seppo 

Mikkonen; P\amivi Aakko; Maija Lappi 

Effect of Reformulated Diesel Fuel on Unregulated Emissions of Light-Duty Vehicles 

961970 SAE 1996 Neste Oy; Tech

Research CentFinland 

120 Higinbotham, Erin; Bill Platz; 

Wendy Clark 

Effect of Selected LPG Fuel Components on Speciated Exhaust Emissions 

961990 SAE 1996 Automotive Tes

Laboratories, InPropane VehicCouncil; AutomTesting LaboraInc. 

121 Gautam, Mridul; Deepak 

Gupta; Laila El-Gazzar; Donald W. Lyons; Sriram Popuri 

Speciation of Heavy-Duty Diesel Exhaust Emissions Under Steady-State Operating Conditions 

962159 SAE 1996 West Virginia U
November 2004 

Study Code Authors Title ID # Journal/ Title Year Vol Issue Pages Author Affili

122 Crawford, John G.; James S. 

Wallace 

Engine Operating Parameter Effects on the Speciated 

Aldehyde and Ketone Emissions 

From a Natural Gas Fuelled Engine 

952500 SAE 1995 University of To

123 Poulsen, J. H.; J. S. Wallace Operating Parameter Effects on 

the Speciated Hydrocarbon Emissions From a Natural Gas Fueled Engine 

942007 SAE 1994 University of To

124 Leppard, William R.; William 

J. Koehl; Jack D. Benson; Vaughn R. Burns; Albert M. Hochhauser; Jay C. Knepper; Louis J. Painter; Larry A. Rapp; Brian H. Rippon; Robert M. Reuter; James A. Rutherford 

Effects of Gasoline Properties (TD5D0, TD9D0 and Sulfur) on Exhaust Hydrocarbon Emissions of Current and Future Vehicles: Speciation Analysis--The Auto/Oil 

Air Quality Improvement 

Research Program 

952505 SAE 1995 General Motors 

Research and Development. CMobil TechnoloCo., Chrysler MCorp., Exxon Research and Engineering Co

Amoco Oil Res

and DevelopmeStatistics PLUS

ARCO Product

Ford Motor Co.Texaco, Inc., CResearch and Technology 

125 Siegl, W. O.; M. Zinbo; T. J. 

Korniski; J. F. O. Richert; E. Chladek; M. C. Paputa Peck; J. E. Weir; D. Schuetzle; T. E. Jensen 

Air Toxics: a Comparison of the 

Gas- and Particle-Phase Emissions From a High-Emitter Vehicle With Those From a Normal- Emitter Vehicle 

940581 SAE 1994 Ford Motor Co. 

126 Kaiser, Edward W.; Walter O. 

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Time-Resolved Measurement of Speciated Hydrocarbon Emissions During Cold Start of a Spark-Ignited Engine 

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