OPINION

No. 04-10-00688-CV

Albert GARCIA,

Appellant

v.

Edward HUERTA and Margarita A. Huerta, Individually and as Next Friends of 

Heather L. Huerta, Edward Timothy Huerta and Danara L. Huerta,

Appellees

From the 229th Judicial District Court, Duval County, Texas

Trial Court No. DC-08-01

Honorable Alex William Gabert, Judge Presiding

Opinion by: Phylis J. Speedlin, Justice

Sitting: Phylis J. Speedlin, Justice

Rebecca Simmons, Justice

Marialyn Barnard, Justice

Delivered and Filed: March 30, 2011

REVERSED and REMANDED

Albert Garcia challenges the trial court’s rendition of an amended order denying him 

arbitration. We reverse the judgment of the trial court, and remand the cause to the trial court for 

further proceedings.

BACKGROUND

The facts underlying this case are summarized in this court’s earlier opinion in In re 

Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 300 S.W.3d 818, 821-23 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2009, orig. 
04-10-00688-CV

- 2 -

proceeding), as follows. The underlying dispute involves allegations that Wells Fargo Bank, 

N.A., America’s Servicing Company, Premiere Asset Services, Langley & Banack, Inc., Robert 

Carl Jones (an attorney employed by the law firm of Langley & Banack), and Albert Garcia

wrongfully foreclosed on Edward and Margarita Huerta’s (“the Huertas”) property. The Huertas 

obtained a home equity loan from Wells Fargo. In connection with this loan, the Huertas and 

Wells Fargo entered into an arbitration agreement. The arbitration agreement provided that:

Any party to this Agreement or to any Loan Document may require that any 

Dispute be resolved by binding arbitration in accordance with the terms of this 

Arbitration Program, administered by the American Arbitration Association (the 

“AAA”) . . . and the Federal Arbitration Act . . . .

A ‘Dispute’ shall include any dispute, claim or controversy of any kind, whether 

in contract or in tort, legal or equitable, now existing or hereafter arising, relating 

in any way to this Note or Loan Documents or any related agreement 

incorporating this Arbitration Program (the “Documents”), or any past, present, or 

future loans, transactions, contracts, agreements, relationships, incidents, or 

injuries of any kind whatsoever relating to or involving consumer lending, 

business banking, community banking, Private Client Services, or any successor 

group or department of Lender . . . . Arbitration may be demanded at any time, 

and may be compelled by summary proceedings in Court.

Subsequently, the Huertas defaulted on the home equity loan; they eventually filed for

bankruptcy and the loan was discharged.

Thereafter, Wells Fargo, through its counsel Langley & Banack, sought a non-judicial 

foreclosure of the home equity loan. The property was purchased by Wells Fargo at the 

foreclosure sale. Wells Fargo and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Premier Asset Services, then 

hired Garcia, a real estate agent, to evict the Huertas and to remove their belongings from their 

home. Premiere asked Garcia to use his best efforts to sell the property, and specifically directed 

him to clean up and repair the property. Following the eviction, the Huertas filed suit against 

Wells Fargo, America’s Servicing Company, Langley & Banack, Jones, Premiere, and Garcia. 
04-10-00688-CV

- 3 -

As to Garcia, the Huertas asserted claims under the Texas Debt Collection Act and alleged that 

he committed trespass, theft, burglary and conversion, and invasion of privacy. 

Thereafter, all defendants, including Garcia, moved to compel arbitration. In response to 

the motions to compel arbitration, the Huertas asserted there was not a valid and binding 

arbitration agreement because, among other reasons, the agreement was only between “Wells 

Fargo Bank Texas, N.A.” and the Huertas, not any of the actual parties to the lawsuit. The trial 

court denied all of the motions to compel arbitration. 

Wells Fargo, America’s Servicing Company, Premiere, Langley & Banack, Jones, and 

Garcia then filed a petition for writ of mandamus in this court, seeking to compel the trial court 

to vacate the order denying their motions to compel arbitration. We held that Wells Fargo had 

the right to enforce the arbitration agreement.1

Thereafter, the Huertas negotiated a settlement with Wells Fargo and the remaining 

defendants, except for Garcia. The Settlement Agreement provides for the assignment of Wells 

 Id. at 824. We further held that although the 

remaining defendants, including Garcia, were nonsignatories to the arbitration agreement, they 

acted as agents of Wells Fargo and their allegedly wrongful acts related to their behavior as 

agents of Wells Fargo; therefore, they were also entitled to enforce the arbitration agreement. Id. 

at 825. Finally, we held that none of the defendants had waived their right to compel arbitration 

based on invocation of the judicial process. Id. at 830-31. We conditionally granted mandamus 

and directed the trial court to withdraw its order denying the defendants’ motions to compel 

arbitration. Id. at 832. The trial court complied, and signed an “Amended Order on Motion to 

Compel Arbitration” which granted the defendants’ motions to compel arbitration and stayed the 

district court litigation pending the outcome of the arbitration proceedings. 

 1 We specifically held that Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. established that Wells Fargo Bank Texas, N.A. was consolidated 

and resulted in Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., which had the right to enforce the arbitration agreement. Id. at 824. 
04-10-00688-CV

- 4 -

Fargo’s claims against Garcia to the Huertas and contains a provision requiring the settling 

defendants to execute (1) an assignment of their claims against Garcia to the Huertas and (2) a 

waiver of the defendants’ rights to enforce the arbitration agreement with respect to any claim 

against Garcia:

17. Cooperation. The Parties agree to cooperate with one another to 

execute and file or deliver such other documentation as may be necessary or 

appropriate to accomplish the intent and purpose of this Agreement, including 

papers: (1) to assign any and all claims that Wells Fargo and/or its Affiliates 

might have against Albert Garcia, First Texas Realty, Blue Star Services and/or 

their Affiliates related to or arising from the events made the basis of this 

Lawsuit; (2) to waive any rights to enforce any arbitration agreement as it may 

relate to any claims asserted against Garcia, First Texas Realty, and Blue Star 

Services, as agents for Wells Fargo, whether brought as a result of assignment 

from Wells Fargo or brought independently from such assignment; . . . (4) to 

vacate the order compelling arbitration; . . . 

A month after the Settlement Agreement was executed, the Huertas filed their “Motion to 

Amend the Amended Order on Motions to Compel Arbitration, Motion for Leave to File Fifth 

Amended Petition and Motion to Set Case on Trial Docket and Enter Docket Control Order” 

(“Motion to Amend”). The Motion to Amend asked the trial court to amend its prior amended 

order compelling arbitration, and to deny arbitration as to the Huertas’ claims against Garcia. In 

support of the motion, the Huertas introduced portions of the Settlement Agreement and argued 

that Wells Fargo’s express waiver of its right to arbitrate under the arbitration agreement 

operated as a waiver of Garcia’s right to arbitrate under the same agreement. After a hearing, the 

trial court granted the Motion to Amend, and amended the order compelling arbitration “so as to 

deny arbitration as to Albert Garcia and his assumed names and related companies based on the 

additional evidence of express waiver of the arbitration agreement by the Wells Fargo Parties.” 

Garcia now appeals. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 51.016 (West Supp. 2010) 
04-10-00688-CV

- 5 -

(permitting interlocutory appeal of order denying motion to compel arbitration under the Federal 

Arbitration Act). 

On appeal, Garcia contends the trial court erred in granting the Motion to Amend because 

(1) it conflicts with our prior mandamus opinion ordering the trial court to compel arbitration and 

(2) Wells Fargo was not entitled to waive arbitration on Garcia’s behalf. Garcia alternatively 

argues he is entitled to enforce the arbitration agreement under the doctrine of equitable estoppel.

STANDARD OF REVIEW AND APPLICABLE LAW

Until recently, orders denying motions to compel arbitration in matters subject to the 

Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) were not subject to interlocutory appeal; instead, they were 

reviewed in mandamus proceedings using an abuse of discretion standard. See Jack B. Anglin 

Co. v. Tipps, 842 S.W.2d 266, 272-73 (Tex. 1992). Under that standard, “we defer to the trial 

court’s factual determinations if they are supported by evidence, but we review the trial court’s 

legal determinations de novo.” In re Labatt Food Service, L.P., 279 S.W.3d 640, 643 (Tex.

2009). 

Section 51.016 now permits courts to review such orders by appeal. See TEX. CIV. PRAC.

& REM. CODE ANN. § 51.016; In re 24R, Inc., 324 S.W.3d 564, 566 n.1 (Tex. 2010). This court 

has not addressed the standard of review applicable to such appeals. However, on appeals of 

orders denying arbitration under the Texas Arbitration Act (TAA), we apply a no-evidence 

standard to the trial court’s factual determinations and a de novo standard to legal 

determinations. See MacIvor v. Zuehl Airport Flying Cmty. Owners Assoc., No. 04-10-00053-

CV, 2010 WL 2298906, at *2 (Tex. App.—San Antonio June 9, 2010, no pet.) (mem. op)

(applying de novo review to interlocutory appeal of order denying motion to compel arbitration 

under TAA when order turns on a legal determination); Pony Exp. Courier Corp. v. Morris, 921 
04-10-00688-CV

- 6 -

S.W.2d 817, 820 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1996, no writ) (noting that “no evidence” is the 

appropriate standard when reviewing factual questions concerning an order denying arbitration). 

When a matter involving both factual determinations and legal conclusions is decided by the trial 

court, we generally employ the abuse of discretion standard, in which we defer to the trial court’s 

factual determinations while determining questions of law de novo. Morris, 921 S.W.2d at 820. 

Accordingly, we will apply the abuse of discretion standard of review to interlocutory appeals 

under section 51.016. See Sidley Austin Brown & Wood, LLP v. J.A. Green Dev. Corp., 327 

S.W.3d 859, 862-63 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2010, no pet.) (applying abuse of discretion standard in 

reviewing interlocutory appeal under section 51.016). 

Whether there is a valid and enforceable agreement to arbitrate is a legal question subject 

to de novo review. In re Labatt Food Service, 279 S.W.3d at 643; J.M. Davidson, Inc. v. 

Webster, 128 S.W.3d 223, 227 (Tex. 2003). There is a strong presumption favoring arbitration, 

which arises only after the party seeking to compel arbitration proves a valid arbitration 

agreement exists. Webster, 128 S.W.3d at 227. Under both the FAA and the TAA, we apply 

ordinary state contract law principles in order to decide whether a valid arbitration agreement 

exists. See In re D. Wilson Const. Co., 196 S.W.3d 774, 781 (Tex. 2006) (citing First Options of 

Chicago, Inc. v. Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938, 944 (1995)). Once a valid agreement to arbitrate has 

been established, a presumption attaches favoring arbitration and the burden shifts to the party 

resisting arbitration to establish a defense to enforcing arbitration. See In re AdvancePCS Health 

L.P., 172 S.W.3d 603, 607 (Tex. 2005) (per curiam); In re Hartigan, 107 S.W.3d 684, 687-88 

(Tex. App.—San Antonio 2003, orig. proceeding [mand. denied]).
04-10-00688-CV

- 7 -

DISCUSSION

We first address Garcia’s contention that Wells Fargo’s waiver of arbitration contained in 

the Settlement Agreement did not extend to waive Garcia’s right to arbitration. In our prior 

opinion, we noted that Garcia was an agent of Wells Fargo, and that the Huertas’ claims against 

Garcia related to his behavior as Wells Fargo’s agent. Wells Fargo, 300 S.W.3d at 825; see also

In re Kellogg Brown & Root, Inc., 166 S.W.3d 732, 739 (Tex. 2005) (nonsignatory may be 

bound to arbitration agreement by agency law). We thus held that Garcia was entitled to enforce 

the arbitration agreement as an agent of Wells Fargo. Wells Fargo, 300 S.W.3d at 825; see also

In re Merrill Lynch Trust Co., 123 S.W.3d 549, 556 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2003, orig. 

proceeding), mand. granted, 235 S.W.3d 217 (Tex. 2007) (orig. proceeding) (per curiam) (“The 

scope of an arbitration agreement may be extended to claims against agents of the principal when 

all the agents’ allegedly wrongful acts relate to their behavior as agents of the principal signatory 

company, and those acts were within the scope of the claims covered by the arbitration 

provisions for which the principal would be liable.”). 

Having already established that Garcia is entitled to enforce the arbitration agreement, we 

must now determine whether Wells Fargo’s express waiver of its own right to arbitrate contained 

in the Settlement Agreement operated to deny Garcia his right to enforce the arbitration 

agreement. Whether a party has waived his right to arbitration is a question of law that we 

review de novo, giving no deference to the trial court’s ruling. Wells Fargo, 300 S.W.3d at 830 

(citing Perry Homes v. Cull, 258 S.W.3d 580, 598 (Tex. 2008)). In the arbitration context, the 

majority of cases alleging waiver involve the invocation of the legal process to one party’s 

detriment. See, e.g., In re Citigroup Global Mkts., Inc., 258 S.W.3d 623, 625 (Tex. 2008) (orig. 

proceeding); Perry, 258 S.W.3d at 589-90. The Huertas did not allege waiver based on 
04-10-00688-CV

- 8 -

invocation of the judicial process; rather, they asserted that Wells Fargo’s express waiver 

contained in the Settlement Agreement must be imputed to Garcia because he acted as an agent 

of Wells Fargo, and his right to arbitration was therefore derivative of Wells Fargo’s. The 

Huertas cite no authority for this proposition, and we cannot agree that one party’s waiver of the 

right to arbitration can be imputed to another. 

Waiver is “an intentional relinquishment of a known right or intentional conduct 

inconsistent with claiming that right.” Jernigan v. Langley, 111 S.W.3d 153, 156 (Tex. 2003). 

“There can be no waiver of a right if the person sought to be charged with waiver says or does 

nothing inconsistent with an intent to rely upon such right.” Id. Here, the Huertas did not allege 

that Garcia himself acted in such a way so as to repudiate his right to enforce the arbitration 

agreement, and there is no evidence in the record of a knowing or intentional waiver by Garcia. 

Additionally, the Huertas have not alleged that Garcia did anything inconsistent with an intent to 

rely on the arbitration process. To the contrary, Garcia has consistently invoked his right to 

enforce the arbitration agreement during the entire course of this proceeding, both before and 

after this Court issued its opinion in In re Wells Fargo. The mere fact that Wells Fargo 

subsequently waived “any rights to enforce the arbitration agreement as it . . . relate[s] to any

claims asserted against Garcia” does not mean that Garcia—who relied upon this Court’s holding 

that he had the right to enforce the agreement—also waived his right to enforce the arbitration 

agreement. 

Further, there is a strong presumption against waiver under the FAA, In re D. Wilson,

196 S.W.3d at 783, and any doubts regarding waiver are resolved in favor of arbitration. In re 

Bruce Terminix Co., 988 S.W.2d 702, 705 (Tex. 1998). In light of this presumption, and 

acknowledging the lack of evidence of waiver by Garcia, we cannot conclude that Wells Fargo’s 
04-10-00688-CV

- 9 -

waiver of arbitration was imputed to Garcia. Accordingly, we hold the trial court erred in 

denying arbitration to Garcia on the basis of express waiver by Wells Fargo. We reverse the 

judgment of the trial court, and remand the cause to the trial court with instructions to enter an 

order compelling arbitration as to Garcia and staying all other proceedings pending the outcome 

of arbitration. Based on our resolution, we need not reach Garcia’s arguments relative to the law 

of the case or equitable estoppel. 

Phylis J. Speedlin, Justice