Third District Court of Appeal

State of Florida 

Opinion filed November 16, 2022.

Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.

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No. 3D22-1296

Lower Tribunal No. 21-67 AP, Resolution No. Z-34-21

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Save Calusa, Inc., et al.,

Petitioners,

vs.

Miami-Dade County, et al.,

Respondents.

A Writ of Certiorari to the Circuit Court of Miami-Dade County,

Appellate Division, Daryl E. Trawick, Maria de Jesus Santovenia, and 

Marlene Fernandez-Karavetsos, Judges.

David J. Winker, P.A., and David J. Winker, for petitioners.

Geraldine Bonzon-Keenan, Miami-Dade County Attorney, Dennis A. 

Kerbel, Lauren E. Morse, and Cristina Rabionet, Assistant County Attorneys; 

Bilzin Sumberg Baena Price & Axelrod LLP, Eileen Ball Mehta, Brian S. 

Adler, and Liana M. Kozlowski, for respondents.

Before HENDON, MILLER, and LOBREE, JJ. 

MILLER, J.
2

Petitioner, Amanda Prieto, seeks second-tier certiorari review of an 

appellate decision by the circuit court of the Eleventh Judicial Circuit of 

Miami-Dade County denying relief from a zoning resolution.

1 In 2020, the 

Miami-Dade Board of County Commissioners lifted a recorded restriction 

limiting the use of the site of the now-shuttered Calusa Country Golf Club to 

a golf course, club house, and certain ancillary uses. The following year, the 

Commission adopted the challenged resolution, rezoning the property to 

allow for the development of 550 single-family residences on the situs. 

Prieto sought first-tier certiorari review seeking to void the resolution on the 

basis that the County failed to publish notice of the public hearing. The circuit 

court determined Prieto lacked standing and, regardless, notice was 

adequate. Concluding the circuit court departed from the essential 

requirements of law by failing to apply the correct regulatory framework and 

established law, we grant the petition.

BACKGROUND

This dispute traces its origins to the 1960s. In 1967, North Kendall 

Investment, Ltd. obtained a zoning resolution authorizing the development 

1 Save Calusa, Inc. also petitions for relief. Because the public hearing was 

not properly noticed and Prieto has standing, we need not address the 

secondary issue of whether the circuit court departed from the essential 

requirements of law in concluding Save Calusa, Inc. lacked standing. 
3

of the golf course. The resolution contained a ninety-nine-year restrictive 

covenant preventing any other use of the property absent the approval of

seventy-five percent of affected property owners and the County 

Commission. 

Several years later, a successor developer sought to rezone the golf 

course to facilitate the construction of additional homes. Community 

residents and the County consistently resisted further development efforts,

and protracted litigation ensued. See, e.g., Calusa Golf, Inc. v. Dade County, 

426 So. 2d 1165 (Fla. 3d DCA 1983). 

After this court reaffirmed the viability of the restrictive covenant, see

Save Calusa Tr. v. St. Andrews Holdings, Ltd., 193 So. 3d 910, 911 (Fla. 3d 

DCA 2016), respondent, Kendall Associates I, LLLP, an affiliate of GL 

Homes, acquired the property. More than seventy-five percent of affected 

property owners subsequently agreed to eliminate the restrictive covenant, 

and the Commission released the land from the restriction. Kendall 

Associates then filed an application to rezone the property to allow for the 

development of 550 single-family units on the land. 

A public hearing was properly noticed. On the eve of the slated

hearing, however, the Commission expressed concerns regarding the ability 
4

to satisfy a quorum.

2 The hearing was canceled and reset. Notice of the

rescheduled hearing was mailed to residents within one-half mile of the 

subject property, posted at the hearing site and property, and electronically 

transmitted to self-subscribed users of the electronic notification service.

Twelve days before the public hearing was due to convene, counsel 

for petitioners objected and alerted the County to the fact that the notice 

reflected the wrong applicant and had yet to be published in a newspaper of 

general circulation, as required by section 33-310 of the Miami-Dade County 

Code. Despite this objection, the hearing proceeded. 

At the hearing, Prieto was allocated one minute to present her 

objection. She testified that she resides a few hundred feet from the site of 

the now-defunct golf course. Relying upon a staff analysis report, Prieto 

argued that the school her children currently attend, Calusa Elementary, is

at capacity. The addition of hundreds of homes would displace students and 

necessitate busing to neighboring schools. She further testified she had 

submitted extensive documentation as to adverse environmental impacts, 

including potential effects on fish and wildlife. 

2 Section 166.041(4), Florida Statutes (2021), provides, in pertinent part: “A 

majority of the members of the governing body shall constitute a quorum. An 

affirmative vote of a majority of a quorum present is necessary to enact any 

ordinance or adopt any resolution.”
5

The Commission adopted the resolution, and Prieto sought first-tier 

certiorari review. The circuit court denied relief. In doing so, it concluded 

Prieto lacked standing because she raised only generalized concerns 

regarding increased traffic and diminished property values, and, 

alternatively, because the County satisfied the regulatory notice 

requirements for the originally scheduled hearing, it was not required to 

publish any further notice. The instant petition ensued. 

STANDARD OF REVIEW

In a second-tier certiorari proceeding concerning the quasi-judicial 

decision of a local governmental entity, “[o]ur ‘inquiry is limited to whether 

the circuit court afforded procedural due process and whether the circuit 

court applied the correct law, or, as otherwise stated, departed from the 

essential requirements of law.’” Fla. Int’l Univ. v. Ramos, 335 So. 3d 1221, 

1224 (Fla. 3d DCA 2021) (quotation marks omitted) (quoting Custer Med. 

Ctr. v. United Auto Ins. Co., 62 So. 3d 1086, 1092 (Fla. 2010)). “Clearly 

established law can be derived not only from case law dealing with the same 

issue of law, but also from ‘an interpretation or application of a statute, a 

procedural rule, or a constitution[al] provision.’” State, Dep’t of Highway

Safety & Motor Vehicles v. Edenfield, 58 So. 3d 904, 906 (Fla. 1st DCA 2011)

(quoting Allstate Ins. Co. v. Kaklamanos, 843 So. 2d 885, 890 (Fla. 2003)).
6

LEGAL ANALYSIS

Notice of the Public Hearing

Chapter 166, Florida Statutes (2021)

Section 166.041, Florida Statutes (2021), codifies the procedures for 

the adoption of ordinances and resolutions. The statute contains certain 

minimum notice requirements and provides:

[A] municipality may specify additional requirements for the 

adoption or enactment of ordinances or resolutions or prescribe 

procedures in greater detail than contained herein. However, a 

municipality shall not have the power or authority to lessen or 

reduce the requirements of this section or other requirements as 

provided by general law.

§ 166.041(6), Fla. Stat. In this context, 

[s]tanding to initiate a challenge to the adoption of an ordinance 

or resolution based on a failure to strictly adhere to the provisions 

contained in this section shall be limited to a person who was 

entitled to actual or constructive notice at the time the ordinance 

or resolution was adopted.

§ 166.041(7), Fla. Stat.

Section 33-310, Code of Miami-Dade County, Florida

Consistent with these provisions, section 33-310 of the Miami-Dade 

County Code, entitled, in part, “Notice and Hearing Prerequisite to Action,” 

sets forth the notice requirements applicable to public hearings on zoning 

applications before the Board of County Commissioners. The Code prohibits 

action on any application “until a public hearing has been held upon notice 
7

of the time, place, and purpose of such hearing.” Miami-Dade County, Fla., 

Code § 33-310(c) (2021). 

The Code envisions four distinct forms of notice.3 Notice must first be 

published in “a newspaper of general circulation in Miami-Dade County.” § 

33-310(c)(1). Notice must then be both mailed to homeowners within a 

specified radius and posted on the affected property, and a courtesy copy 

should then be furnished to the president of certain specified homeowners’ 

associations. § 33-310(c)(2)–(3), (e). Failure to publish, post, or mail notice 

to affected homeowners “renders voidable any hearing held on the 

application.” § 33-310(g).4 

The plain language of the Code makes clear that published notice is 

mandatory and not discretionary. See § 33-310(c)(1)–(3); see also Fla. 

Tallow Corp. v. Bryan, 237 So. 2d 308, 309 (Fla. 4th DCA 1970) (“The word 

‘shall’ when used in a statute or ordinance has, according to its normal 

usage, a mandatory connotation.”); City of Hollywood v. Pettersen, 178 So. 

2d 919, 921 (Fla. 2d DCA 1965) (“In the promulgation of zoning regulations 

there must be strict adherence to the requirements of notice and hearing 

3 Notice must be provided no later than fourteen days prior to the public 

hearing. Id.

4 Conversely, “[t]he failure to provide courtesy notices shall not render a 

hearing voidable.” Id.
8

preliminary to the adoption of such regulations.”). This is consistent with the 

overwhelming weight of modern authority in this arena. See Patricia E. 

Salkin, Mandatory Requirements, in American Law of Zoning § 8:3 (5th ed.

2022) (“The procedural steps required by the state zoning enabling statutes 

usually are regarded as mandatory. A failure substantially to comply with 

such requirements renders a zoning ordinance invalid.”); 83 Am. Jur. 2d 

Zoning and Planning § 470 (same). 

Respondents, however, argue that published notice was unnecessary 

because the Commission merely postponed the hearing. This argument 

misses the mark. The original hearing was not convened and recessed. 

Instead, it was canceled the day before it was scheduled to occur. Thus, the 

hearing on the resolution cannot be deemed a mere continuation of a 

properly noticed hearing. See Shaughnessy v. Metropolitan Dade County, 

238 So. 2d 466, 468 (Fla. 3d DCA 1970) (holding zoning appeals board 

abided by statutory notice provisions where board’s consideration of unusual 

or special use application was continuation of previously noticed hearing).

Further, the Code contains no notice exception for canceled and 

rescheduled hearings, and no court in this state has determined that such 

an exception exists. See Forsythe v. Longboat Key Beach Erosion Control 

Dist., 604 So. 2d 452, 454 (Fla. 1992) (“It is a fundamental principle of 
9

statutory construction that where the language of a statute is plain and 

unambiguous there is no occasion for judicial interpretation.”). Instead, in 

closely considering the analogous question of whether the failure to provide 

statutory notice of a rescheduled public hearing is fatal to the viability of a 

subsequently enacted zoning ordinance, this court and others have 

universally concluded that “[s]trict compliance with the notice requirements 

of the state statute is a jurisdictional and mandatory prerequisite to the valid 

enactment of a zoning measure.” Webb v. Town Council of Town of Hilliard, 

766 So. 2d 1241, 1244 (Fla. 1st DCA 2000) (quoting Lady J. Lingerie, Inc. v. 

City of Jacksonville, 973 F. Supp. 1428, 1434 (M.D. Fla. 1997)). This view 

has been applied equally to rescheduled or postponed public hearings. See

Coleman v. City of Key West, 807 So. 2d 84, 85–86 (Fla. 3d DCA 2001) 

(holding ordinance null and void where rescheduled public hearing on 

proposed zoning failed to comply with statutory notice requirements); City of 

Fort Pierce v. Davis, 400 So. 2d 1242, 1245 (Fla. 4th DCA 1981) (holding 

ordinance void for failure to give notice as required by applicable statute 

where public hearing had been rescheduled). 

This interpretation is consistent with the purpose underlying the notice 

requirements. Zoning action notice provisions are designed to:

[P]rotect interested persons, who are thus given the opportunity 

to learn of proposed ordinances; given the time to study the 
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proposals for any negative or positive effects they might have if 

enacted; and given notice so that they can attend the hearings 

and speak out to inform the city commissioners prior to ordinance 

enactment.

Coleman, 807 So. 2d at 85. Notice requirements further ensure that 

unknown individuals with an interest in zoning matters are constructively 

informed of contemplated action and aid the Commission in gathering 

sufficient information to sagaciously discharge their duties. Absent strict 

compliance, these three objectives fail. 

Accordingly, in concluding no published notice of the public hearing 

was required, the circuit court strayed from the plain language of the Code 

and applicable precedent. Gonzalez v. State, 15 So. 3d 37, 39 (Fla. 2d DCA

2009) (“A departure from the essential requirements of law, alternatively 

referred to as a violation of clearly established law, can be shown by a 

misapplication of the plain language in a statute.”); Just. Admin. Comm’n v.

Peterson, 989 So. 2d 663, 665 (Fla. 2d DCA 2008) (“When the circuit court 

does not apply the plain and unambiguous language of the relevant statute, 

it departs from the essential requirements of law.”). 

Standing

Standing to Challenge a Zoning Action

We next examine whether Prieto possessed standing to void the 

Commission’s action. In the seminal case of Renard v. Dade County, 261 
11

So. 2d 832 (Fla. 1972), the Florida Supreme Court articulated the legal 

standing necessary to “challenge the zoning action or inaction” of a 

municipality. Rinker Materials Corp. v. Metropolitan Dade County, 528 So. 

2d 904, 906 (Fla. 3d DCA 1987). There, the court determined that “[a]n 

aggrieved or adversely affected person having standing to sue is a person 

who has a legally recognizable interest which is or will be affected by the 

action of the zoning authority in question.” Renard, 261 So. 2d at 837. In 

this regard, the aggrieved party must suffer “special damages,” defined as 

“a definite interest exceeding the general interest in community good 

share[d] in common with all citizens.” Id. Critically, a court must consider 

“the proximity of [the party’s] property to the property to be zoned or rezoned, 

the character of the neighborhood, . . . and the type of change proposed.”5 

Id.; see also Rinker, 528 So. 2d at 906. 

Ordinarily, abutting homeowners have standing by virtue of their 

proximity to the proposed area of rezoning. See Paragon Grp, Inc. v. 

Hoeksema, 475 So. 2d 244, 246 (Fla. 2d DCA 1985), review denied, 486 So.

2d 597 (Fla. 1986) (holding owner of single-family home directly across from 

5 Although the court noted that “notice requirements are not controlling on 

the question of who has standing,” it expressly recognized that “[t]he fact that 

a person is among those entitled to receive notice under the zoning 

ordinance is a factor to be considered on the question of standing to 

challenge the proposed zoning action.” Id.
12

rezoned property had standing to challenge proposed rezoning); see also

Elwyn v. City of Miami, 113 So. 2d 849, 851 (Fla. 3d DCA 1959) (“Plaintiffs 

as abutting home owners were entitled to maintain the suit challenging the 

propriety, authority for and validity of the ordinance granting the variance.”). 

Such proximity generally establishes that the homeowners have an interest 

greater than “the general interest in community good share[d] in common 

with all citizens.” Renard, 261 So. 2d at 837. 

Standing to Void an Improperly Noticed Public Hearing

Those seeking to void an improperly noticed public hearing on a land 

use decision bear a slightly lower burden. Renard provides that where there 

is a defect in notice, “[a]ny affected resident, citizen or property owner of the 

governmental unit in question has standing to challenge such an ordinance.” 

Id. at 838; see also Citizens Growth Mgmt. Coal. of W. Palm Beach, Inc. v. 

City of W. Palm Beach, Inc., 450 So. 2d 204, 206 (Fla. 1984) (quoting 

Renard, 261 So. 2d at 834) (“This [c]ourt held that . . . an affected resident, 

citizen, or property owner had standing” to challenge an ordinance “enacted 

without proper notice required under the enabling statute or authority 

creating the zoning power.”).

In the first-tier proceedings, the circuit court acknowledged the location 

of Prieto’s home. However, conflating the concerns she raised with those of 
13

other objecting residents, the court further determined that her complaints 

were limited to traffic congestion and reduced property values, both of which 

it deemed insufficient to confer standing. Casting aside the fact that this 

court has previously determined that an adverse effect on the value of 

property “surely represents a legally recognizable interest,” Rinker, 528 So. 

2d at 906, this reasoning fails to account for the principle that “[a]ny affected 

resident, citizen or property owner . . . has standing to challenge” a zoning 

action effectuated at an improperly noticed public hearing. Renard, 261 So. 

2d at 838. The failure to apply these controlling legal standards constituted 

“a classic departure from the essential requirements of the law.”6 State v. 

Jones, 283 So. 3d 1259, 1266 (Fla. 2d DCA 2019). 

CONCLUSION

The decision to grant or withhold relief by way of second-tier certiorari 

largely depends on our “assessment of the gravity of the error and the 

adequacy of other relief.” Custer, 62 So. 3d at 1092 (quoting Haines City 

6 While the first-tier briefs alluded to traffic congestion, the record of the 

public hearing contains no such reference. “[T]he well[-]established rule 

applicable to . . . certiorari proceeding[s] [is] that the reviewing court’s 

consideration shall be confined strictly and solely to the record of 

proceedings by the agency or board on which the questioned order is 

based.” Dade County v. Marca, S.A., 326 So. 2d 183, 184 (Fla. 1976). “This 

rule controls the determination of the factual basis establishing standing to 

initiate a certiorari proceeding in the circuit court.” City of Fort Myers v. Splitt, 

988 So. 2d 28, 32–33 (Fla. 2d DCA 2008). 
14

Cmty. Dev. v. Heggs, 658 So. 2d 523, 531 n.14 (Fla. 1995)). In the instant 

case, if the legal error is left uncorrected, it will remain unknown whether 

other objectors were foreclosed from the proceedings or Prieto would have 

presented a more developed objection. Allowing the decision to stand 

threatens to compromise the due process the regulatory framework strives 

to afford. Accordingly, we grant the petition for certiorari and quash the order 

under review.

Petition granted; order quashed.