2000 STOCK OPTION PLAN

                                       OF

                             SMARTSERV ONLINE, INC.

1.  PURPOSES OF THE PLAN.  This stock  option  plan (the  "Plan") is designed to
provide an incentive to key employees  (including directors and officers who are
key  employees)  and to  consultants  and  directors  who are not  employees  of
SmartServ Online,  Inc., a Delaware  corporation (the "Company"),  or any of its
Subsidiaries (as defined in Paragraph 19), and to offer an additional inducement
in obtaining  the services of such  persons.  The Plan provides for the grant of
nonqualified  stock options which do not qualify as  "incentive  stock  options"
within the  meaning of Section  422 of the  Internal  Revenue  Code of 1986,  as
amended (the "Code").

2. STOCK  SUBJECT TO THE PLAN.  Subject to the  provisions  of Paragraph 12, the
aggregate  number of shares of common  stock,  $.01 par value per share,  of the
Company  ("Common  Stock") for which options may be granted under the Plan shall
not exceed  750,000.  Such shares of Common Stock may, in the  discretion of the
Board of Directors of the Company (the "Board of Directors"),  consist either in
whole or in part of authorized but unissued  shares of Common Stock or shares of
Common Stock held in the treasury of the Company.  Subject to the  provisions of
Paragraph  13, any  shares of Common  Stock  subject  to an option  that for any
reason expires, is canceled or is terminated unexercised or which ceases for any
reason to be  exercisable  shall  again  become  available  for the  granting of
options  under the Plan.  The Company  shall at all times during the term of the
Plan reserve and keep available such number of shares of Common Stock as will be
sufficient to satisfy the requirements of the Plan.

3.  ADMINISTRATION OF THE PLAN. The Plan shall be administered by a committee of
the  Board of  Directors  (the  "Committee")  consisting  of not  less  than two
directors;   provided,  however,  that,  with  respect  to  options  granted  to
Non-Employee  Directors  (as  defined  in  Paragraph  19),  the  Plan  shall  be
administered  by the Board of Directors (any  reference  herein to the Committee
shall refer to Board of Directors  where the context so  requires).  During such
time as the Company has a class of equity securities registered under Section 12
of the Securities  Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Act"),  each member of
the  Committee  shall be a  "non-employee  director"  within the meaning of Rule
16b-3 (as the same may be in effect  and  interpreted  from time to time,  "Rule
16b-3").  A majority of the members of the Committee shall  constitute a quorum,
and the acts of a majority  of the  members  present  at any  meeting at which a
quorum is present,  and any acts  approved  in writing by all members  without a
meeting, shall be the acts of the Committee.

         Subject to the express provisions of the Plan, the Committee shall have
the  authority,  in its sole  discretion:  to determine  those key employees who
shall be granted  options,  the consultants who shall be granted options and the
Non-Employee  Directors  who shall be granted  options;  the times when  options
shall be  granted;  the  number of shares of Common  Stock to be subject to each
option; the term of each option; the date each option shall become  exercisable;
whether an option shall be exercisable in whole, in part or in installments and,
if in  installments,  the number of shares of Common Stock to be subject to each
installment,  whether

<PAGE>

the installments  shall be cumulative,  the date each  installment  shall become
exercisable and the term of each installment;  whether to accelerate the date of
exercise of any option or  installment;  whether  shares of Common  Stock may be
issued upon the  exercise of an option as partly paid and, if so, the dates when
future  installments  of the exercise  price shall become due and the amounts of
such installments; the exercise price of each option; the form of payment of the
exercise price;  whether to restrict the sale or other disposition of the shares
of Common Stock  acquired upon the exercise of an option and, if so,  whether to
waive any such  restriction;  whether  to  subject  the  exercise  of all or any
portion of an option to the  fulfillment  of  contingencies  as specified in the
contract  referred  to in  Paragraph  11  (the  "Contract"),  including  without
limitation,  contingencies  relating to entering  into a covenant not to compete
with the Company,  any of its  Subsidiaries or a Parent (as defined in Paragraph
19), to financial  objectives  for the  Company,  any of its  Subsidiaries  or a
Parent,  a division of any of the foregoing,  a product line or other  category,
and/or the period of continued  employment of the optionee with the Company, any
of its  Subsidiaries or a Parent,  and to determine  whether such  contingencies
have been met; whether an optionee is Disabled (as defined in Paragraph 19); the
amount, if any, necessary to satisfy the Company's  obligation to withhold taxes
or other amounts;  the fair market value of a share of Common Stock; to construe
the  respective  Contracts and the Plan;  with the consent of the  optionee,  to
cancel or modify an option,  provided,  that the modified provision is permitted
to be  included  in an  option  granted  under  the  Plan  on  the  date  of the
modification;  to prescribe, amend and rescind rules and regulations relating to
the Plan; to approve any provision  which under Rule 16b-3 requires  approval by
the Board of Directors of the Company, a committee of Non-Employee  Directors or
the  stockholders  of the Company in order to be exempt under Rule 16b-3 (unless
otherwise  specifically  provided herein);  and to make all other determinations
necessary or advisable for  administering  the Plan.  Any  controversy  or claim
arising out of or relating to the Plan, any option granted under the Plan or any
Contract  shall  be  determined  unilaterally  by  the  Committee  in  its  sole
discretion.  The  determinations  of the Committee on the matters referred to in
this  Paragraph 3 shall be conclusive  and binding on the parties.  No member or
former member of the Committee shall be liable for any action, failure to act or
determination  made  in good  faith  with  respect  to the  Plan  or any  option
hereunder.

4.  ELIGIBILITY;  GRANTS.  The  Committee  may from  time to  time,  in its sole
discretion,  consistent  with the  purposes  of the Plan,  grant  options to key
employees (including officers and directors who are key employees),  consultants
and  Non-Employee  Directors  of the  Company or any of its  Subsidiaries.  Such
options  granted  shall  cover  such  number of  shares  of Common  Stock as the
Committee may determine,  in its sole discretion;  provided,  however,  that the
maximum  number of shares  subject  to  options  that may be  granted to any key
employee  during any calendar year under the Plan (the "162(m)  Maximum")  shall
not exceed 125,000 shares.

5. EXERCISE  PRICE.  The exercise price of the shares of Common Stock under each
option shall be determined by the Committee in its sole discretion.

         The fair  market  value of a share of Common  Stock on any day shall be
(a) if the  principal  market  for the  Common  Stock is a  national  securities
exchange, the average of the highest and lowest sales prices per share of Common
Stock on such day as reported by such exchange or on a composite tape reflecting
transactions on such exchange,  (b) if the principal market for the Common Stock
is not a national  securities  exchange  and the  Common  Stock is

                                      -2-

<PAGE>

quoted on The Nasdaq  Stock  Market  ("Nasdaq"),  and (i) if actual  sales price
information  is available  with respect to the Common Stock,  the average of the
highest and lowest sales prices per share of Common Stock on such day on Nasdaq,
or (ii) if such information is not available, the average of the highest bid and
lowest asked  prices per share of Common Stock on such day on Nasdaq,  or (c) if
the principal market for the Common Stock is not a national  securities exchange
and the Common Stock is not quoted on Nasdaq, the average of the highest bid and
lowest asked prices per share of Common Stock on such day as reported on the OTC
Bulletin  Board  Service or by  National  Quotation  Bureau,  Incorporated  or a
comparable service; provided,  however, that if clauses (a), (b) and (c) of this
Paragraph are all inapplicable,  or if no trades have been made or no quotes are
available  for such day,  the fair  market  value of the Common  Stock  shall be
determined by the Board by any method  consistent  with  applicable  regulations
adopted by the Treasury Department relating to stock options.

6. TERM. The term of each option granted pursuant to the Plan shall be such term
as is established by the Committee, in its sole discretion.

7. EXERCISE.  An option (or any part or installment thereof), to the extent then
exercisable,  shall be exercised by giving  written notice to the Company at its
principal office stating which option is being exercised,  specifying the number
of  shares of  Common  Stock as to which  such  option  is being  exercised  and
accompanied  by payment in full of the aggregate  exercise price therefor (a) in
cash or by  certified  check or (b) if the  applicable  Contract  permits,  with
previously acquired shares of Common Stock having an aggregate fair market value
on the date of exercise (determined in accordance with Paragraph 5) equal to the
aggregate exercise price of all options being exercised, or with any combination
of cash,  certified  check or shares of Common  Stock.  The Company shall not be
required to issue any shares of Common  Stock  pursuant to any such option until
all required payments, including any required withholding, have been made.

         The  Committee  may,  in its sole  discretion,  permit  payment  of the
exercise  price of an option by delivery by the optionee of a properly  executed
notice,  together  with  a copy  of his  irrevocable  instructions  to a  broker
acceptable  to the  Committee  to deliver  promptly to the Company the amount of
sale or loan  proceeds  sufficient  to pay such  exercise  price.  In connection
therewith, the Company may enter into agreements for coordinated procedures with
one or more brokerage firms.

         A person  entitled  to receive  Common  Stock upon the  exercise  of an
option shall not have the rights of a stockholder with respect to such shares of
Common Stock until the date of issuance of a stock  certificate  to him for such
shares;  provided,  however,  that until such stock  certificate is issued,  any
optionee  using  previously  acquired  shares of Common  Stock in  payment of an
option  exercise price shall  continue to have the rights of a stockholder  with
respect to such previously acquired shares.

         In no case may a fraction of a share of Common  Stock be  purchased  or
issued under the Plan.

8. TERMINATION OF RELATIONSHIP. Except as may otherwise be expressly provided in
the applicable  Contract,  any option granted to an employee or consultant whose

                                      -3-

<PAGE>

relationship  with the Company,  its Parent and  Subsidiaries has terminated for
any reason  (other than as a result of the death or  Disability of the optionee)
may  exercise  such  option,  to the  extent  exercisable  on the  date  of such
termination, at any time within three months after the date of termination,  but
not  thereafter  and in no event after the date the option would  otherwise have
expired;  provided,  however, that if such relationship is terminated either (a)
for  cause,  or (b)  without  the  consent of the  Company,  such  option  shall
terminate immediately.

         For the  purposes  of the Plan,  an  employment  relationship  shall be
deemed to exist between an individual  and a corporation  if, at the time of the
determination,  the individual was an employee of such  corporation for purposes
of Section  422(a) of the Code. As a result,  an  individual  on military,  sick
leave or other bona fide leave of absence  shall  continue to be  considered  an
employee  for  purposes of the Plan during such leave if the period of the leave
does not exceed 90 days,  or, if longer,  so long as the  individual's  right to
reemployment with the Company (or a related corporation) is guaranteed either by
statute  or by  contract.  If the  period  of  leave  exceeds  90  days  and the
individual's right to re-employment is not guaranteed by statute or by contract,
the employment  relationship  shall be deemed to have terminated on the 91st day
of such leave.

         Except  as may  otherwise  be  expressly  provided  in  the  applicable
Contract,  options granted to a key employee or consultant  under the Plan shall
not be  affected  by any  change in the  status of the  optionee  so long as the
optionee continues to be an employee of, or a consultant to, the Company, or any
of the  Subsidiaries  or a Parent  (regardless of having changed from one to the
other or having been transferred from one corporation to another).

         Except as otherwise  provided in the  applicable  Contract,  any option
granted to a Non-Employee Director shall not be affected by the optionee ceasing
to be a director of the Company or becoming an employee  of, or  consultant  to,
the Company, any of its Subsidiaries or a Parent; provided, however, that if (a)
he is  terminated  as a director  of the Company  for cause,  such option  shall
terminate immediately,  or (b) he ceases to be a director of the Company because
he is not nominated by the Board of Directors for reelection as a director, such
option  may be  exercised  at any time  within  one year after he ceases to be a
director of the Company,  but not  thereafter and in no event after the date the
option otherwise would have expired.

         Nothing  in the Plan or in any  option  granted  under  the Plan  shall
confer  on any  optionee  any  right  to  continue  in the  employ  of,  or as a
consultant  to,  the  Company,  any of its  Subsidiaries  or a  Parent,  or as a
director of the Company,  or interfere in any way with any right of the Company,
any of its  Subsidiaries  or a Parent  or the  stockholders  of the  Company  to
terminate  the  optionee's  relationship  at any time for any reason  whatsoever
without liability to the Company, any of its Subsidiaries or a Parent.

9. DEATH OR  DISABILITY  OF AN  OPTIONEE.  Except as may  otherwise be expressly
provided in the  applicable  Contract,  if an optionee who is an employee of, or
consultant to, the Company,  any of its  Subsidiaries or a Parent dies (a) while
he is such an  employee  or  consultant,  (b)  within  three  months  after  the
termination  of such  relationship  (unless  such  termination  was for cause or
without  the  consent  of the  Company)  or (c) within  one year  following  the
termination of such relationship by reason of his Disability,  his option may be
exercised,  to the extent  exercisable  on the date of his  death,  by his Legal
Representative  (as

                                      -4-

<PAGE>


defined in  Paragraph  19) at any time within one year after his death,  but not
thereafter  and in no event  after  the date the  option  would  otherwise  have
expired.

         Except  as may  otherwise  be  expressly  provided  in  the  applicable
Contract,  any optionee whose  relationship as an employee of, or consultant to,
the  Company,  its  Parent and  Subsidiaries  has  terminated  by reason of such
optionee's  Disability may exercise his option,  to the extent  exercisable upon
the effective date of such  termination,  at any time within one year after such
date,  but not  thereafter  and in no event  after  the date  the  option  would
otherwise have expired.

         The term of an option granted to a  Non-Employee  Director shall not be
affected by the death or Disability of the optionee. If an optionee holding such
an option dies during the term of such  option,  the option may be  exercised at
any time during its term by his Legal Representative.

10.  COMPLIANCE  WITH  SECURITIES  LAWS. The Committee may require,  in its sole
discretion,  as a  condition  to the  exercise  of any option  that either (a) a
Registration  Statement  under  the  Securities  Act of 1933,  as  amended  (the
"Securities  Act"), with respect to the shares of Common Stock to be issued upon
such  exercise  shall be effective  and current at the time of exercise,  or (b)
there  is an  exemption  from  registration  under  the  Securities  Act for the
issuance of the shares of Common Stock upon such exercise.  Nothing herein shall
be construed as requiring the Company to register  shares  subject to any option
under the  Securities  Act or to keep any  Registration  Statement  effective or
current.

         The Committee may require,  in its sole  discretion,  as a condition to
the exercise of any option that the optionee  execute and deliver to the Company
his representations and warranties, in form, substance and scope satisfactory to
the  Committee,  which the Committee  determines  are necessary or convenient to
facilitate the perfection of an exemption from the registration  requirements of
the Securities Act, applicable state securities laws or other legal requirement,
including  without  limitation  that (a) the shares of Common Stock to be issued
upon the  exercise of the option are being  acquired by the optionee for his own
account,  for investment  only and not with a view to the resale or distribution
thereof, and (b) any subsequent resale or distribution of shares of Common Stock
by such  optionee  will be made only  pursuant to (i) a  Registration  Statement
under the  Securities  Act which is  effective  and current  with respect to the
shares of  Common  Stock  being  sold,  or (ii) a  specific  exemption  from the
registration requirements of the Securities Act, but in claiming such exemption,
the  optionee  shall prior to any offer of sale or sale of such shares of Common
Stock  provide  the  Company  with  a  favorable   written  opinion  of  counsel
satisfactory to the Company,  in form,  substance and scope  satisfactory to the
Company,  as to the  applicability  of such  exemption to the  proposed  sale or
distribution.

         In addition, if at any time the Committee shall determine,  in its sole
discretion,  that the  listing or  qualification  of the shares of Common  Stock
subject  to  such  option  on any  securities  exchange,  Nasdaq  or  under  any
applicable law, or the consent or approval of any governmental  regulatory body,
is necessary or desirable as a condition to, or in connection with, the granting
of an option or the issuance of shares of Common Stock  thereunder,  such option
may not be  exercised  in whole or in part unless such  listing,  qualification,
consent or approval  shall have been effected or obtained free of any conditions
not acceptable to the Committee.

                                      -5-

<PAGE>

11. STOCK  OPTION  CONTRACTS.  Each option shall be evidenced by an  appropriate
Contract,  which shall be duly  executed by the  Company and the  optionee,  and
shall contain such terms, provisions and conditions not inconsistent herewith as
may be determined by the Committee.

12.  ADJUSTMENTS  UPON  CHANGES  IN  COMMON  STOCK.  Notwithstanding  any  other
provision  of the  Plan,  in the  event of a stock  dividend,  recapitalization,
merger in which the Company is the surviving  corporation,  spin-off,  split-up,
combination  or exchange of shares or the like which  results in a change in the
number or kind of shares of Common Stock which is outstanding  immediately prior
to such event,  the aggregate number and kind of shares subject to the Plan, the
aggregate number and kind of shares subject to each  outstanding  option and the
exercise price thereof,  and the number and kind of shares subject to the 162(m)
Maximum  shall  be  appropriately  adjusted  by the  Board of  Directors,  whose
determination  shall be conclusive and binding on all parties.  Such  adjustment
may provide for the  elimination  of fractional  shares that might  otherwise be
subject to options without payment therefor.

         All outstanding  options shall become  immediately  exercisable in full
upon the  occurrence  of a "Change in Control".  For this  purpose,  a Change in
Control  shall be deemed to have  occurred if (a) there has occurred a change in
control as the term  "control"  is defined in Rule 12b-2  promulgated  under the
Act;  (b) when any  "person"  (as such term is defined in  Sections  3(a)(9) and
13(d)(3) of the Act),  except for an employee stock  ownership  trust (or any of
the trustees thereof),  becomes a beneficial owner,  directly or indirectly,  of
securities  of the  Company  representing  15% or  more  of the  Company's  then
outstanding  securities  having the right to vote on the election of  directors,
unless the transaction in which such person becomes such a beneficial  owner was
approved by a vote of at least  two-thirds of the directors then still in office
who were  directors  before such  transaction  was  consummated;  (c) during any
period of not more than two consecutive years,  individuals who at the beginning
of such period  constitute  the Board of Directors,  and any new director  whose
election by the Board or nomination  for election by the Company's  stockholders
was approved by a vote of at least  two-thirds  of the  directors  then still in
office  who were  either  directors  at the  beginning  of the  period  or whose
election or  nomination  for election  was  previously  approved,  cease for any
reason to constitute  at least 51% of the entire Board of Directors;  (d) when a
majority  of  the  directors  elected  at  any  annual  or  special  meeting  of
stockholders  (or by written  consent in lieu of a meeting) are not  individuals
nominated by the Company's incumbent Board of Directors; (e) if the stockholders
of the Company approve a merger or  consolidation  of the Company with any other
corporation,  other than a merger or  consolidation  which  would  result in the
holders  of voting  securities  of the  Company  outstanding  immediately  prior
thereto  being the  holders  of at least  80% of the  voting  securities  of the
surviving entity outstanding immediately after such merger or consolidation; (f)
if the stockholders of the Company approve a plan of complete liquidation of the
Company;  or (g) if the stockholders of the Company approve an agreement for the
sale or disposition of all or substantially all of the Company's assets.

13. AMENDMENTS AND TERMINATION OF THE PLAN. The Plan was adopted by the Board of
Directors on May 30, 2000. No option may be granted under the Plan after May 29,
2010.  The  Board  of  Directors,  without  further  approval  of the  Company's
stockholders,  may at any time  suspend or  terminate  the Plan,  in whole or in
part, or amend it from time to time in such  respects as it may deem  advisable;
provided,  however,  that no amendment shall be effective

                                      -6-

<PAGE>

without the requisite prior or subsequent  stockholder approval which would make
any change for which applicable law or regulatory authority requires stockholder
approval. No termination, suspension or amendment of the Plan shall, without the
consent of the holder of an existing and outstanding  option  affected  thereby,
adversely  affect his rights  under such option.  The power of the  Committee to
construe  and  administer  any  options  granted  under  the  Plan  prior to the
termination  or suspension of the Plan  nevertheless  shall  continue after such
termination or during such suspension.

14.  NON-TRANSFERABILITY  OF OPTIONS.  No option granted under the Plan shall be
transferable otherwise than by will or the laws of descent and distribution, and
options  may be  exercised,  during the  lifetime of the  optionee,  only by the
optionee  or his Legal  Representatives.  Except to the extent  provided  above,
options may not be assigned,  transferred,  pledged, hypothecated or disposed of
in any way (whether by operation of law or  otherwise)  and shall not be subject
to execution,  attachment or similar process, and any such attempted assignment,
transfer, pledge,  hypothecation or disposition shall be null and void ab initio
and of no force or effect.

15.  WITHHOLDING  TAXES.  The Company may withhold (a) cash,  (b) subject to any
limitations  under Rule 16b-3,  shares of Common Stock to be issued with respect
thereto having an aggregate  fair market value on the exercise date  (determined
in accordance  with Paragraph 5), or (c) any combination  thereof,  in an amount
equal to the amount which the  Committee  determines is necessary to satisfy the
Company's obligation to withhold Federal,  state and local income taxes or other
amounts  incurred  by  reason  of  the  grant  or  exercise  of an  option,  its
disposition,  or the  disposition  of the  underlying  shares of  Common  Stock.
Alternatively,  the Company  may  require the holder to pay to the Company  such
amount, in cash, promptly upon demand.

16. LEGENDS; PAYMENT OF EXPENSES. The Company may endorse such legend or legends
upon the  certificates  for shares of Common  Stock  issued upon  exercise of an
option  under the Plan and may issue such "stop  transfer"  instructions  to its
transfer agent in respect of such shares as it determines, in its discretion, to
be  necessary  or  appropriate  to (a) prevent a violation  of, or to perfect an
exemption  from,  the  registration  requirements  of the Securities Act and any
applicable state securities laws, or (b) implement the provisions of the Plan or
any  agreement  between the Company and the optionee with respect to such shares
of Common Stock.

         The Company  shall pay all issuance  taxes with respect to the issuance
of shares of Common Stock upon the exercise of an option granted under the Plan,
as well as all fees and expenses incurred by the Company in connection with such
issuance.

17. USE OF PROCEEDS.  The cash  proceeds from the sale of shares of Common Stock
pursuant to the exercise of options under the Plan shall be added to the general
funds  of the  Company  and used for such  corporate  purposes  as the  Board of
Directors may determine.

18.   SUBSTITUTIONS   AND   ASSUMPTIONS   OF  OPTIONS  OF  CERTAIN   CONSTITUENT
CORPORATIONS.  Anything in this Plan to the contrary notwithstanding,  the Board
of Directors may, without further approval by the  stockholders,  substitute new
options for

                                      -7-

<PAGE>

prior  options of a  Constituent  Corporation  (as defined in  Paragraph  19) or
assume the prior options of such Constituent Corporation.

19. DEFINITIONS.  For purposes of the Plan, the following terms shall be defined
as set forth below:

            (a)  Constituent  Corporation.  The term  "Constituent  Corporation"
shall  mean  any  corporation  which  engages  with  the  Company,  any  of  its
Subsidiaries  or a Parent in a transaction  to which Section  424(a) of the Code
applies, or any Parent or any Subsidiary of such corporation.

            (b)  Disability.  The term  "Disability"  shall mean a permanent and
total disability within the meaning of Section 22(e)(3) of the Code.

            (c) Legal Representative. The term "Legal Representative" shall mean
the executor,  administrator  or other person who at the time is entitled by law
to exercise the rights of a deceased or  incapacitated  optionee with respect to
an option granted under the Plan.

            (d) Non-Employee  Director.  The term "Non-Employee  Director" shall
mean a  person  who is a  director  of the  Company  but  who is not a  salaried
employee of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries.

            (e) Parent.  The term  "Parent"  shall have the same  definition  as
"parent corporation" in Section 424(e) of the Code.

            (f) Subsidiary. The term "Subsidiary" shall have the same definition
as "subsidiary corporation" in Section 424(f) of the Code.

20.  GOVERNING  LAW;  CONSTRUCTION.  The Plan,  such  options  as may be granted
hereunder  and all  related  matters  shall be  governed  by, and  construed  in
accordance  with, the laws of the State of Delaware,  without regard to conflict
of law provisions.

         Neither the Plan nor any Contract  shall be  construed  or  interpreted
with any  presumption  against the Company by reason of the Company  causing the
Plan  or  Contract  to  be  drafted.   Whenever  from  the  context  it  appears
appropriate,  any term stated in either the singular or plural shall include the
singular and plural,  and any term stated in the  masculine,  feminine or neuter
gender shall include the masculine, feminine and neuter.

21. PARTIAL  INVALIDITY.  The invalidity,  illegality or unenforceability of any
provision in the Plan or any Contract shall not affect the validity, legality or
enforceability  of any other provision,  all of which shall be valid,  legal and
enforceable to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law.

22.  STOCKHOLDER  APPROVAL.  The Plan shall not be subject  to  approval  by the
Company's stockholders.

                                      -8-