2

 

REGISTRATION REVIEW

ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT

PROBLEM FORMULATION FOR:

Amitraz

 

N N N

H C3 CH3 H C3 CH3

CH3 

PREPARED BY: 

Brian Anderson, RAPL

Iwona Maher, Chemist

Environmental Risk Branch 1 

APPROVED BY: 

Nancy Andrews, Branch Chief 

Environmental Risk Branch 1 

Environmental Fate and Effects Division 

Office of Pesticide Programs
3

Table of Contents

1. PURPOSE...................................................................................................................................4 

2. NATURE OF RERULATORY ACTION ...........................................................................4 

3. STRESSOR SOURCE AND DISTRIBUTION ..................................................................5 

3.1. Stressor Identification ............................................................................................5 

3.2. Use Characterization ..............................................................................................5 

4. PREVIOUS ECOLOGIAL ASSESSEMNTS .....................................................................9 

5. CHARACTERISTICS OF ECOSYSTEMS POTENTIALLY AT RISK ...........................9 

6. ASSESSMENT ENDPOINTS...........................................................................................10 

7. CONCEPTUAL MODEL..................................................................................................10 

7.1. Risk Hypothesis....................................................................................................10 

7.2. Potential Exposure Pathways ...............................................................................10 

8. ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS ................................................................................................11 

8.1. Summary of Registrant-Submitted Data ..............................................................11 

8.2. Open Literature Data............................................................................................13 

8.3. Incident Reports ...................................................................................................14 

8.4. Endocrine Disruption Potential ............................................................................14 

9. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND EXPOSURE CHARACTERISTICS .........................15 

10. DRINKING WATER ASSESSMENT..............................................................................17 

11. ANALYSIS PLAN ............................................................................................................18

11.1. Stressors of Concern ..........................................................................................18 

11.2. Measures of Exposure........................................................................................18 

11.3. Measures of Effect .............................................................................................19 

11.4. Integration of Exposure and Effects ..................................................................20 

11.5. Endangered Species ...........................................................................................21 

12. ANTICIPATED DATA NEEDS .......................................................................................21 

12.1. Guideline Data Requirements............................................................................21 

12.2. OTHER INFORMATION NEEDS ...................................................................22 
4

1. PURPOSE

The purpose of this problem formulation is to provide the foundation for the ecological risk 

assessment that EPA will conduct on amitraz. As such, it articulates the purpose and objectives 

of the risk assessment, evaluates the nature of the problem, and provides a plan for analyzing the 

data and characterizing risk (EPA, 1998). This problem formulation describes the available data 

relevant to analyzing the environmental fate and ecotoxicity of amitraz. Additionally, it 

identifies data gaps and defines additional studies that must be submitted to the Agency to fulfill 

those gaps. The problem formulation also discusses the Agency’s plan for characterizing the 

environmental fate, assessing the ecological risks, including the potential harm to threatened and 

endangered species, and assessing potential risks to drinking water associated with current 

registered uses of amitraz. Finally, this problem formulation describes uncertainties and 

assumptions that the Agency plans to use to address those uncertainties in the characterization of 

ecological risk associated with the registered uses of amitraz. 

2. NATURE OF REGULATORY ACTION 

The Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 mandated the EPA to implement a new program for 

assessing the risks of pesticides, registration review 

(http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/registration_review/). All pesticides distributed or sold in the 

United States generally must be registered by EPA. The decision to register a pesticide is based 

on the consideration of scientific data and other factors showing that it will not cause 

unreasonable risks to human health, workers, or the environment when used as directed on 

product labeling. The registration review program is intended to ensure that, as the ability to 

assess risk evolves and as policies and practices change, all registered pesticides continue to 

meet the statutory standard of no unreasonable adverse effects to human health and the 

environment. Changes in science, public policy, and pesticide use practices will occur over time. 

Through the new registration review program, the Agency periodically reevaluates pesticides to 

ensure that as change occurs, products in the marketplace can be used safely. 

As part of the implementation of the new Registration Review program pursuant to Section 3(g) 

of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), the Agency is beginning its 

evaluation to determine whether amitraz continues to meet the FIFRA standard for registration. 

The Agency has prepared this problem formulation for inclusion in the initial docket opening, 

which begins the public phase of the review process. 
5

3. STRESSOR SOURCE AND DISTRIBUTION 

3.1. Stressor Identification 

The source of the stressor considered is amitraz [N'-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-N-[[(2,4-

dimethylphenyl)imino]methyl]-N-methylmethanimidamide] insecticide/miticide (PC Code 

106201) and amitraz degradates containing the 2,4-dimethylaniline moiety (2,4-DMA moiety). 

Amitraz was first registered in 1975. The insecticide belongs in the formamidine chemical class. 

It is a contact insecticide. Other chemicals in this class include chlordimeform, chlordimeform 

hydrochloride, and chlormebuform. 

3.2. Use Characterization 

Currently, there are registered uses on beef and dairy cattle, and swine for tick, mite and lice 

management. The amitraz product with these uses is registered to Intervet, Inc., under the trade 

name Taktic® (EC 12.5%). Taktic® can be applied to cattle and swine via spray dip machine or 

low-pressure hand spray wand. In addition, Taktic® may be used to treat the walls and surfaces 

of swine houses. 

Amitraz is also used to treat ticks on dogs via amitraz-impregnated dog collars and amitrazmetaflumizone dog spot-on treatment. Virbac AH, Inc. currently holds the registrations for two 

dog collars: the 18” and 25” Preventic tick collar IFC. Fort Dodge Animal Health holds 

registration for amitraz-metaflumizone ProMeris TM spot-on treatment for dogs. ProMeris 

includes a second active ingredient metaflumizone (14.34% a.i.). 

Details regarding the application methods for cattle, swine, and dogs are included below. 

Information in the Agency’s Label Use and Information System (LUIS) is included in Tables 1A 

and 1B. Additional information included on the product labels is summarized in Table 1C. 

Beef and Dairy Cattle (Taktic® EC 12.5%) 

• Pests 

o TICKS AND LICE 

 Lone Star Tick (Amblyomma americanum), Gulf Coast Tick (A. 

maculatum), Winter Tick (Dermacentor albipictus), Brown Dog Tick 

(Rhipicephalus sanguineus), American Dog Tick (D. variabilis), Rocky 

Mountain Wood Tick (D. andersoni), Spinose Ear Tick (Otobius megnini), 

Black-legged Tick (Ixodes scapularis), Tropical Bont Tick (A. 

variegatum), Cayenne Tick (A. cajennense), Cattle Tick (Boophilus 

annulatus), Southern Cattle Tick (B. microplus), Biting Louse (Damalinia 

bovis), Sucking Lice (Haematopinus eurysternus, Linognathus vituli, 

Solenopotes capillatus) 

o Mites: 

 Scab and Mange Mites (Chorioptes bovis, Psoroptes ovis and Sarcoptes 

scabiei var. bovis) 
6

• Application Method: Spray or spray dip machine 

• Application Rate: Depends on pest 

o Ticks, Lice: Mix one can (760 mL of formula, 95 mL a.i.) in 100 gallons of 

water; spray up to 2 gallons per animal (1.9 mL a.i./animal). 

o Mites: Mix one can (760 mL of formula, 95 mL a.i.) in 50 gallons of water; spray 

up to 2 gallons per animal (3.8 mL a.i./animal). 

• No. of Applications: For control of lice, a second treatment is recommended 10-14 days 

later; to kill lice hatching from eggs, while for control of cattle scabies, two 7-10 days 

apart treatments are recommended. In all instances, it is recommended that the spray 

penetrate to the skin of the animal until run-off. 

Swine (Taktic® EC 12.5%) 

• Pests: Mange Mite and Louse (Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis and Haematopinus suis) 

• Application Method: Spray or spray dip (piglets and weaners) 

• Application Rate: Mix one can (760 mL of formula, 95 mL a.i.) in 50 gallons of water. 

Spray until the solution runs off (no maximum volume is given). All animals should be 

treated at the same time, and walls, floor, and fittings in the pen should all be treated. 

• No. of Applications: Two applications, 7 to 10 days apart are recommended; no more 

than 4 treatments per year. 

Dog Collars (Preventic dog collar, 9% amitraz) 

• Pests: Ticks 

• Application Method: Collar 

• Application Rate: Variable – 18.5 grams per collar (1.67 grams a.i.) for dogs up to 60 

lbs and 27.5 grams (2.5 grams a.i.) for dogs over 60 lbs. 

• No. of Applications: One collar lasts up to 90 days 

Dog Spot on Treatments (ProMeris TM, 14.34% amitraz) 

• Pests: Ticks, lice, mites, and fleas 

• Application Method: Spot on 

• Application Rate: Variable based on body weight

Mass Applied Dog size

0.023 fl oz <11 lbs 

0.045 11 to 22 lbs 

0.113 22 to 55 lbs 

0.180 55 to 88 lbs 

0.225 88 to 110 lbs 

No. of Applications: Once monthly 

All registered uses of amitraz in beehives have been cancelled, along with the voluntary 

cancellation of amitraz agricultural use on cotton and pears in the U.S (May 3, 2006). 

A summary of currently approved amitraz uses is included in Tables 1A, 1B, and 1C. The enduse labels included in Table 1C will be included in this registration review assessment. 
7

Table 1.A. Label Data Report for Amitraz, Current as of date: April 7, 2009. 

Use Group

Indoor Use 

Group Acpt Date %AI

Form 

Code Product Name 

BEEF/RANGE/FEEDER CATTLE (MEAT) FOOD 8/28/2002 12.5 EC TAKTIC E.C. ABEEF/RANGE/FEEDER CATTLE (MEAT) FOOD 8/28/2002 12.5 EC TAKTIC E.C. ADAIRY CATTLE (LACTATING OR UNSPECIFIED) FOOD 8/28/2002 12.5 EC TAKTIC E.C. ADAIRY CATTLE (LACTATING OR UNSPECIFIED) FOOD 8/28/2002 12.5 EC TAKTIC E.C. ADOGS/CANINES (ADULTS/PUPPIES) RESIDENT. 10/23/2007 9 IC/T PREVENTIC ADOGS/CANINES (ADULTS/PUPPIES) RESIDENT. 12/22/2008 14.34 RTU PROMERIS AHOG/PIG/SWINE (MEAT) FOOD 8/28/2002 12.5 EC TAKTIC E.C. AHOG/PIG/SWINE (MEAT) FOOD 8/28/2002 12.5 EC TAKTIC E.C. E

Table 1.B. Continue Label Data Report for Amitraz Current as of date: April 7, 2009. 

Crop/Site

Max App 

Rate Qty

Max App 

Rate Unit / 

Area

Max # Apps 

/ Crop 

Cycle

Max # 

Apps / 

Year

Season. 

Max Dose / 

Year

Min 

Retreat

ment 

BEEF/RANGE/FEEDER CATTLE (MEAT) 0.0075 lb animal 2 NS NS 7 BEEF/RANGE/FEEDER CATTLE (MEAT) 0.0075 lb animal 2 NS NS 10 DAIRY CATTLE (LACTAT. OR UNSP.) 0.0075 lb animal 2 NS NS 7 DAIRY CATTLE (LACTAT. OR UNSP.) 0.0075 lb animal 2 NS NS 10 DOGS/CANINES (ADULTS/PUPPIES) 0.0055 lb animal NS NS NS 90 DOGS/CANINES (ADULTS/PUPPIES) 0.0023 lb animal NS NS NS 30 HOG/PIG/SWINE (MEAT) 0.1882 lb/50 gal 2 4/1 yr NS 7 HOG/PIG/SWINE (MEAT) 0.1882 lb/50 gal 2 4/1 yr NS 7 

According to the label, timing of application is when needed. 
8

Table 1C. Summary of Active Amitraz Labels 

Lable No. Uses Directions Comments 

2382-104 Dog Collar 

-- 

9% amitraz formulation; 18” and 25” 

collars; 18” collars weigh 18.5 grams, 25” 

collars weigh 27.5 grams; label indicates 

that the product is effective for 90 days 

54382-3 Beef and dairy 

cattle, pigs 

Mix one can (760 mL) into 50 to 

100 gallons of water. Apply up to 

2 gallons of diluted mixture per 

animal. A second treatment 7 to 

14 days later is recommended (2 

applications are required for 

control of scabies). 

12.5% amitraz by weight; may be applied 

by hand sprayer or spray dip machine. For 

treatment of pigs, the entire pen is treated, 

and there is no guidance regarding the 

maximum amount of solution needed to 

treat each animal, except that to treat to 

runoff, and not to exceed 2 gallons per a 

fully-grown animal. Pigs cannot be treated 

more than 4 times per year. 

80490-2 Spot treatment 

on dogs 

Apply the following amount of 

formulation for various sized dogs: 

Mass Applied Dog size

0.023 fl oz <11 lbs 

0.045 11 to 22 lbs 

0.113 22 to 55 lbs 

0.180 55 to 88 lbs 

0.225 88 to 110 lbs 

Product is applied monthly 

According to the available USDA NASS data from 1999 to 2006, the use of amitraz on dairy 

cattle potentially increased, and potentially decreased on swine. Table 2 presents USDA NASS 

use data for amitraz. 

Table 2. Amitraz Usage on Livestock, 1999-2006 (USDA NASS1

) 

Livestock Year Total Pounds AI 

Rate per Head 

per Application 

(Pounds)2

Rate per Head 

per Year (Pounds) 2

2001 100 0.003 0.008 Dairy Cattle 2006 400 0.008 0.018 

Swine 1999 12,260 0.004 0.018 

2005 637 0.002 0.005 

Swine Cattle 

Facilities 1999 248 n/a n/a 

1

 - Source: USDA NASS: Agricultural Chemical Usage, Dairy Cattle and Dairy Facilities, 2001 & 2006 

 USDA NASS: Agricultural Chemical Usage, Swine and Swine Facilities, 2000 & 2006 2

 - Note: The rates per head per application and year were converted from grams to pounds 

 

According to Kline & Company, the primary proprietary source for non-agricultural data, there 

are no recent data available for use of amitraz on dogs. However, an old flea and tick study 

(Kline & Company, Inc., 1996-19971

) indicates that 4,000 lb of the active ingredient were used 

in a $66 million flea and tick collar market for dogs. In 2000, the market was down to $49 

million or 25%, so assuming the same relative product use, estimated amitraz use would be about 

 

1

 Kline & Company, Inc. The U.S. Market for Flea and Tick Control Products in Companion Animal Protection. 1996-1997 
9

3,000 lbs of a.i/year. Kline speculates that the number is considerably less now as flea and tick 

collar sales have declined. 

4. PREVIOUS ECOLOGIAL ASSESSEMNTS 

The risk assessment available in the docket, which serves as the basis for this problem 

formulation, includes the following: 

• January 11, 1994 EFED Summary Reregistration Eligibility Document for 

 Amitraz (List A, Case #0234). This assessment evaluated primarily ecological risks from 

agricultural uses, which are no longer labeled uses for amitraz. Current uses (livestock 

and pet collars) were not assessed in the RED and were assumed to pose negligible risks 

relative to other assessed uses. Only agricultural uses were evaluated for potential 

ecological risks. No other ecological risk assessments have been conducted after the 1995 

RED. 

5. CHARACTERISTICS OF ECOSYSTEMS POTENTIALLY AT RISK 

The ecosystems potentially at risk are often extensive in scope; therefore, it may not be possible 

to identify specific ecosystems during the development of a nation-wide ecological risk 

assessment. However, in general terms, terrestrial ecosystems potentially at risk could include 

the treated field and immediately adjacent areas that may receive drift or runoff. However, drift 

is considered to be negligible or non-existent for the current uses of amitraz due to the 

application methods to livestock or pets. Areas adjacent to the treated areas could include 

cultivated fields, fencerows and hedgerows, meadows, fallow fields or grasslands, woodlands, 

riparian habitats, and other uncultivated areas. 

Aquatic ecosystems potentially at risk include water bodies adjacent to, or downstream from, the 

treated areas and might include impounded bodies such as ponds, lakes and reservoirs, or 

flowing waterways such as streams or rivers. For uses in coastal areas, aquatic habitat also 

includes marine ecosystems, including estuaries. Aquatic areas could also include areas where 

treated cattle or pets are present in the water. 

However, current amitraz uses are limited to treatment on dogs, cattle, swine and swine houses. 

Amitraz is not labeled for use to protect any agricultural commodity other than the 

aforementioned animals. Therefore, the ecosystems potentially at risk are somewhat limited to 

areas in close proximity to livestock operations or where amitraz may be removed from pet 

collars or as a result of spot treatment on dogs. 
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6. ASSESSMENT ENDPOINTS 

Assessment endpoints are defined as “explicit expressions of the actual environmental value that 

is to be protected.” Assessment endpoints represent the actual environmental value that is to be 

protected, defined by an ecological entity (species, community, or other entity) and its attribute 

or characteristics (EPA 1998). Ecological entities include terrestrial and aquatic organisms. The 

attributes for each of these entities include growth, reproduction, and survival. Specific 

assessment endpoints for amitraz are reported in Section 6. 

7. CONCEPTUAL MODEL 

For a pesticide to pose an ecological risk, it must reach ecological receptors in biologically 

significant concentrations. An exposure pathway is the means by which a pesticide moves in the 

environment from a source to an ecological receptor. For an ecological pathway to be complete, 

it must have a source, a release mechanism, an environmental transport medium, a point of 

exposure for ecological receptors, and a feasible route of exposure. 

The conceptual model for amitraz provides a written description of the predicted relationships 

between amitraz, potential routes of exposure, and the predicted effects for the assessment 

endpoint. A conceptual model consists of two major components: risk hypothesis and a 

conceptual diagram (USEPA 1998). 

7.1. Risk Hypothesis 

A risk hypothesis describes the predicted relationship among the stressor, exposure, and 

assessment endpoint response along with the rationale for their selection. For amitraz, the 

following ecological risk hypothesis is being employed for this national-level ecological risk 

assessment: 

Amitraz, when used in accordance with current labels may result in adverse effects upon 

the survival, growth, and reproduction of non-target terrestrial and aquatic organisms. 

These nontarget organisms include Federally-listed threatened and endangered species.

7.2. Potential Exposure Pathways 

Amitraz is labeled only for use on domestic animals, livestock, and livestock houses. Therefore, 

potential exposures to non-target organisms are expected to be limited to the following exposure 

routes: 

Aquatic Organisms: 

• Exposure via runoff of overspray material; 
11

• Exposure via runoff of material applied to animals and subsequently either (1) washes off 

the animal onto the ground; or (2) is excreted onto the ground with urine or feces; and 

• Exposure via washoff from treated livestock directly into water; 

• Spray drift is presumably negligible 

Terrestrial organisms 

• Consumption of food items (e.g., grasses, insects) contaminated via direct over spray; 

• Consumption of food items contaminated via urine or feces; and 

• Consumption of target organisms (pests for which amitraz is intended to control) directly 

from the livestock. 

8. ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS 

Effects on receptors will be evaluated using toxicology data derived from laboratory studies 

testing the effects of amitraz and its degradates to animals and plants. Since amitraz readily 

degrades, toxicity data on the degradates will also be considered. Toxicity data will be obtained 

from studies submitted by the pesticide registrant according to the Agency’s test guidelines. 

Data from studies published in the open literature also will be used to supplement data from 

registrant-submitted studies. Open literature data will be used when the registrant-submitted data 

are inadequate and when the data yields lower toxicity endpoints than does comparable 

registrant-submitted data for the same taxa. The Agency’s ECOTOX database 

(http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox) will be used to identify published papers that provide ecotoxicity 

data on amitraz. 

No data have been submitted that evaluated the toxicity of amitraz to aquatic or terrestrial plants. 

These studies are considered data gaps (see Section 12). 

8.1. Summary of Registrant-Submitted Data 

Registrant-submitted studies that the Agency plans to use for the ecological risk assessment are 

summarized in Table 3 below. Additional information on registrant-submitted studies is 

included in Appendix 2. In addition, a number of open literature studies were located that will 

also be considered. Open literature data that met acceptability criteria for ECOTOX are included 

in Appendix 3. 

A number of studies have also been submitted on formulated products and on two degradates of 

concern. Data requirements were also placed on two major degradates (BTS 27271, BTS 27919) of 

amitraz because of their potential increased toxicity when compared to the parent compound. 

Testing was not required for other degradates (i.e. BTS 24868) as the available toxicity data 

demonstrated that they were less toxic than the parent compound. 
12

Table 3. Ecological Effects Data the Agency Plans to Use for Risk Estimation on Amitraz (Other 

Effects Data are Included in Appendix 2 and 3) 

Taxonimic 

Group Type of Effect Species Toxicity Reference Value 

Data Source 

(MRID) Comment 

Acute LD50 Bobwhite 

Quail 

788 mg/kg-bw 00030451 Acceptable study 

Dietary LC50 Japanese 

Quail 

1800 mg/kg-diet 00030453 Acceptable study 

Birds 

Reproduction 

Toxicity 

Bobwhite 

Quail and 

Mallard 

Duck 

NOAEC: 25 mg/kgdiet 42336001, 

and 

42336002 

Acceptable study. The 

NOAEC was 25 mg/kg-diet 

based on reductions in viable 

embryos/eggs set at 50.5 ppm 

ai in bobwhite quail and 

based on growth effects at 

50.5 ppm ai. in mallard ducks. 

Mammals Acute LD50 Rat 515 mg/kg-bw 00041539 Acceptable study 

Reproduction 

NOAEL 

Rat 1.5 mg/kg-bw 00029962 Supplemental data. The 

LOAEL was 4.8 mg/kg-bw. 

Acute LC50 Bluegill 

Sunfish 

Fish 0.34 mg/L 40798001 Acceptable study 

Early Life 

Stage NOAEC 

Fathead 

minnow 

1.5 ug/L 41288702 LOAEC was 2.7 ug/L based 

on reduced length 

Acute EC50 Daphnia 

magna 

35 ug/L RIOAMI01, 

As cited in 

the RED 

Aquatic Acceptable study 

Invertebrates 

Life-cycle 

NOAEC 

Daphnia 

magna 

1.1 ug/L 41288701 An aquatic invertebrate lifecycle test performed with 

Daphnia magna shows a 

significant reduction in growth 

and fecundity at > 2.21 ppb. 

Saltwater Fish Acute LC50 Sheepshead 

Minnow 

>2400 ug/L 40780507 Acceptable study 

Acute LC50 Atlantic 

Oyster 

850 ug/L RIOAMI02, 

as cited in the 

RED 

Saltwater Acceptable study 

Invertebrates 

Acute LC50 Mysid 

shrimp 

480 ug/L 40780510 Study tested a 20% a.i. 

formulated product 

Terrestrial 

Invertebrates 

Acute Contact 

LD50 

Apis 

mellifera

>100 ug/bee 00074486 Several field studies have also 

reported low toxicity 

Studies submitted on degradates of concern are summarized in Table 4. Only studies that showed similar 

or greater toxicity are included in the table. The data indicate that the degradates are typically less 

toxic to non-target organisms than parent amitraz. However, BTS 27271 has been shown to be 

more toxic than parent amitraz to birds. Additional details on registrant-submitted studies and a 

summary of additional studies on degradates are included in Appendix 2. 
13

Table 4. Ecological Effects Data the Agency Plans to Use for Risk Estimation on Amitraz 

Degradates (Other Effects Data are Included in Appendix 2 and 3) 

Taxonimic 

Group 

Type of Effect Species Toxicity 

Reference Value 

Data Source 

(MRID) 

Comment 

Birds Dietary LC50 Bobwhite 1276 mg/kg-diet 42124604 BTS 27271 was tested. 

Reproduction 

NOAEC 

Mallard 

Duck 

5 mg/kg-diet 42797802 BTS 27271 was tested. The 

specific effects noted were 

significant increases at the 25 

ppm test level in the total 

number of eggs cracked and in 

the number of eggs cracked as 

a percentage of eggs laid. 

8.2. Open Literature Data 

The open literature studies are identified through EPA’s ECOTOXicology (ECOTOX) database, 

which employs a literature search engine for locating chemical toxicity data for aquatic life, 

terrestrial plants, and wildlife. ECOTOX was created and is maintained by the USEPA, Office 

of Research and Development, and the National Health and Environmental Effects Research 

Laboratory's Mid-Continent Ecology Division. 

A number of studies were located in the open literature on amitraz and its degradates. These 

studies are identified in Appendix 3. These studies have not yet been reviewed by the Agency. 

However, studies that are considered to be reliable may be used in place of registrant-submitted 

studies to calculate RQs or they may be used to provide further characterization of toxicity such 

as identification of sublethal effects or identification of studies on taxonomic groups not included 

in guideline studies such as amphibians and reptiles. Table 5 below lists studies identified in the 

open literature to date that provide either more sensitive endpoints than registrant-submitted 

studies or that report endpoints on taxonomic groups not included in guideline toxicity studies. 

These studies, along with any other studies identified to be potentially useful in risk assessment, 

will be further evaluated to determine if they are suitable for risk estimation. Other studies may 

also be used to further describe potential risks to non-target organisms. Studies may also be 

identified in the future that may also be considered for use. 

Table 5. Studies identified in the open literature to date that provide either more sensitive 

endpoints than registrant-submitted studies or that report endpoints on taxonomic groups not 

included in guideline toxicity studies 

Ecotox 

No. Author Title Journal Year Potential Use 

65872 

Osano O;Oladimeji 

AA;Kraak 

MHS;Admiraal W; 

Teratogenic Effects of Amitraz, 

2,4-Dimethylaniline, and 

Paraquat on Developing Frog 

(Xenopus) Embryos 

Arch Environ Contam 

Toxicol 43(1): 42-49 2002 

Studied effects on 

amphibians 

64900 

Santiago GP;OteroColina G;Sanchez 

DM;Guzman 

MER;Vandame R; 

Comparing Effects of Three 

Acaricides on Varroa jacobsoni 

(Acari: Varroidae) and Apis 

mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) 

Using Two Application 

Techniques 

Fla Entomol 83(4): 

468-476 2000 

Study may provide 

sensitive endpoint 

on bees 
14

112076 

Jones 

WA;Wolfenbarger 

DA;Kirk AA; 

Response of Adult Parasitoids of 

Bemisia tabaci (Hom.: 

Aleyrodidae) to Leaf Residues of 

Selected Cotton Insecticides 

Entomophaga40(2): 

153-162 1995 

Study may provide 

sensitive endpoint 

on terrestrial 

invertebrates 

8.3. Incident Reports 

The Agency reviews and records all wildlife mortality incidents reported independently or under 

6a2 provisions of FIFRA regarding use of pesticides or pesticide mixtures. These incidents are 

reported to the Agency by a variety of sources including registrants, private organizations and 

local, state, or federal agencies. Incidents are collected and stored in the Ecological Incident 

Information System (EIIS; USEPA 2007c). The EIIS is a database containing data from reported 

incidents of adverse field effect (typically mortality) on non-target organisms where such effects 

have been associated with the use of pesticides. 

No ecological incidents have been reported to the Agency for currently labeled uses as of 

November 16, 2009. However, numerous incidents have been reported on amitraz use in 

apiaries associated with bee mortalities. This use is no longer a labeled use. The lack of 

reported incidents does not necessarily mean that no incidents have occurred, only that none 

have been reported the Agency. 

8.4. Endocrine Disruption Potential 

EPA is required under the FFDCA, as amended by FQPA, to develop a screening program to 

determine whether certain substances (including all pesticide active and other ingredients) “may 

have an effect in humans that is similar to an effect produced by a naturally occurring estrogen, 

or other such endocrine effects as the Administrator may designate.” Following the 

recommendations of its Endocrine Disruptor Screening and Testing Advisory Committee 

(EDSTAC), EPA determined that there were scientific bases for including, as part of the 

program, androgen and thyroid hormone systems, in addition to the estrogen hormone system. 

EPA also adopted EDSTAC’s recommendation that the Program include evaluations of potential 

effects in wildlife. When the appropriate screening and/or testing protocols being considered 

under the Agency’s Endocrine Disrupter Screening Program (EDSP) have been developed and 

vetted, amitraz may be subjected to additional screening and/or testing to better characterize 

effects related to endocrine disruption. For further information on the status of the Endocrine 

Disrupter Screening Program please visit our website: http://www.epa.gov/endo/. 
15

9. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND EXPOSURE CHARACTERISTICS 

Based on supplemental and acceptable environmental fate data, parent amitraz degradation is 

dependent on hydrolysis. The rate of hydrolysis was dependent upon solution pH; the hydrolysis 

rate was inversely related to the pH of the medium. Amitraz hydrolysis was faster in slightly 

acidic environments (t1⁄2 = 2 hours) than in alkaline environments (t1⁄2 = 25.5 hours). In aerobic 

mineral soil, parent amitraz had a half-life of less than one day. The amitraz degradates formed 

during aerobic soil metabolism were as follows: BTS 27271 (13%), BTS 27919 (35%), BTS 

24868 (13%), and CO2 (35%). Similarly, parent amitraz had a field dissipation half-life of less 

than a day. Parent amitraz, therefore, appears to be extremely unstable in terrestrial and aquatic 

ecosystems, while its degradates are more persistent. 

The amitraz degradates, BTS 27271, and BTS 27919, are formed through hydrolytic degradation 

of parent amitraz (Figure 1, Table 1 and 2; Appendix 1). Based on supplemental data, in an 

aerobic aquatic test system parent amitraz rapidly dissipated (t1⁄2 = 1.4-3.2 hours) to form 2,4-

dimethylformanilide (BTS 27919) and N-2,4-dimethylphenyl-N-methylformamidine (BTS 

27271). These degradates were more persistent than parent amitraz; for example, the half-lives of 

BTS 27919 and BTS 27271 were estimated at 9 to 21 days, and 6 to 53 days, respectively. The 

degradates, BTS 27919 and BTS 27271, hydrolyzed to form 2,4-dimethylaniline (BTS 24868) 

and BTS 28037. Thereafter, BTS 24868 and BTS 28037 were slowly mineralized (t1⁄2 = 28 days) 

with subsequent residue incorporation into nonlabile (bound) organic matter. In the field studies, 

the rate of degradate dissipation half-life ranged from 17 to 130 days for BTS 27271 and BTS 

27919. Additionally, there was no evidence of degradate leaching in field dissipation or field 

rotational crop accumulation studies. 

The mobility of amitraz and its degradates can be addressed by product chemistry and 

environmental fate data. Parent amitraz has a high log Kow 5.5 and hence should sorb to soil. In 

contrast, BTS 27919 and BTS 27271 have low log Kow's ( <1.63) and hence should not sorb to 

soil as well as parent amitraz. These degradates, however, are secondary amines. Secondary 

amines have high dissociation constants pKa (9.3 to 14.1) and therefore are protonated, or act as 

a cation, in normal environmental conditions. Therefore, the amitraz degradates, BTS 27271 and 

BTS 27919, may be sorbed to soil by electrostatic attraction. The Hazardous Substances 

Database (HSDB) (http://www.toxnet.nlm.nih.gov ) reported a Koc of 1,000. In addition, HSDB 

summarized Freundlich adsorption coefficients of 1.69 in a Shelby sandy loam soil, 3.01 in a 

Spencer sand, 89.13 in a Terling clay and 16.31 in a Shelford clay. The Estimation Program 

Interface (EPI) (Mylan, 2000) estimated a Koc as high as 64,000. Finally, amitraz has a reported 

pKa of 4.2 (HSDB) which suggest that it will partially exist in the protonated form in the 

environment, which, as a cation, would generally adsorb strongly to soils. 

Aged soil column leaching studies indicate limited mobility of BTS 27919 and BTS 27271; less 

than 1% of the applied amitraz leached below the application zone (15 cm); and less than 5% of 

applied amitraz was detected in leachate samples. The residues in the leachate samples were 

polar compounds. The registrant believes the labeled residue in leachate samples may be 14Ccarbonate ions. In field studies, there were no amitraz residues found deeper than the 0-15 cm 

soil sampling depth. The reported data suggest that amitraz and its degradates should not be 

mobile in soil. 
16

Amitraz is very unstable in aquatic environments, fish accumulation studies indicate parent 

amitraz bioaccumulation factors (BCF's) for the viscera, flesh, carcess, and whole body were 

1821X, 588X, 1838X, 1333X respectively. The accumulated amitraz residues (amitraz, BTS 

27271, BTS 27919, and BTS 24868) were eliminated after a 14 day depuration period. The 

bioaccumulation factor for BTS 27919 and BTS 27271 was estimated using the following 

regression equation: log BCF = 0.76 log Kow -0.23. The predicted bioaccumulation factors for 

BTS 27919 and BTS 27271 were 0.14 and 10.2, respectively. 

Parent amitraz appears not to volatilize from soil surfaces under a range of environmental 

conditions (MRID 40780518), while amitraz degradate, 2,4- dimethylaniline (BTS 24868), is 

shown to be volatile. Chemical and environmental fate properties of amitraz and its degradates 

are presented in the Table 6. The maximum reported amounts of amitraz degradation products 

formation in various studies are provided in Table 2, Appendix 1. 

Table 6. Chemical and environmental fate properties of amitraz and amitraz degradates. 

Chemical/Fate Parameter Value(s) * Source (MRID)

Molecular Formula C19H23N3

Molecular weight (MW) (g/mol) 293.4 

Melting point 86-87 oC 

Vapor pressure (VP) (mm Hg; at 25°C) Amitraz: 2.6 x 10-6

BTS 27271: 9 x 10-4 

BTS 27919: 2.6 x 10-5 

BTS 24868: 0.2

MRID 40780518 

Water solubility (mg/L; at 25°C) 

Amitraz: 0.094 mg/L 

BTS 27271: 99.2 g/L 

BTS 27919: 680 mg/L 

MRID 42124620

Octanol/water partition coefficient ( KOW) 

Amitraz: 3 x 105 (log KOW = 5.5) 

BTS 27271: 0.1472 

BTS 27919: 43.1 

MRID 42124620 

Proton Dissociation Constant (pKa) 

Amitraz: 4.2 

BTS 27271: 9.3 

BTS 27919: 14.1 

MRID 42124620 

Amitraz Hydrolysis half-lives (hours)

2 hrs (pH 5) 

22.1 hrs (pH 7) 

25.5 hrs (pH 9)

MRID 40780512 

BTS 27271 Hydrolysis half-lives (days) 

stable (2800 days; pH 5) 

14 days (pH 7) 

5.1 hrs (pH 9) 

MRID 42124616 

BTS 27919 Hydrolysis half-lives (days) 

stable (2,280 days; pH 5) 

stable (14,500 days; pH 7) 

stable (496 days; pH 9) 

MRID 42124617 

Photodegradation in water half-lives ~ 4 days (95 hrs) 

43 hrs to260 hrs 

MRID 41206703 

MRID 40780513 
17

Soil photolysis half-life < 30 min MRID 40780514 

Aerobic soil metabolism half-life (days; at 

25°C) 

Amitraz < 1 day 

BTS 27271 – 67 and 82 days 

BTS 27919 – 61 and 117 days 

MRIDs: 40798003 and 42124620

Aerobic Aquatic metabolism half-life in total 

system (hrs/days): 

Amitraz ≤ 6 hrs 

BTS 27271 – 6 to 53 days 

BTS 27919 – 9 to 21 days 

BTS 24868 about 28 days 

MRIDs: 42124618, 41444205, 

and 42124622 

Soil-to-water adsorption partition coefficients 

(Kads) (soil texture; 1/n) 

1.69 (Shelby loamy sand; 0.53) 

3.01 (Speyer sand; 0.76) 

89.13 (Terling clay loam; 1.22) 

16.31 (Shelford Field clay; 0.75) 

MRIDs: 41206704 and 40780515

Terrestrial field dissipation half-life (days) 

Amitraz << 1 day 

BTS 27271 – 100 and 110 days 

BTS 27919 – 130 and 150 days 

Total residues – 450 days 

BTS 27271 – 30 days (CA) 

BTS 27919 – 17 days (CA) 

BTS 27271 – 70 days (FL) 

BTS 27919 – 65 days (FL) 

MRID 40798004 (Sandy clay 

loam soil, located in grapefruit 

orchard, treatment with 20% EC, 

Cameron, Texas, USA, 1983/84) 

MRID 41637301 (Following 

application of OVASYN to 

Fresno, CA, and Cantonment, 

FL, cotton, 1986/87) 

Fish bioconcentration (bluegill sunfish) 

588x (flesh) 

1821x (viscera) 

1838x (carcass) 

1333x (whole fish) 

MRID 41444206 

1

 Calculated according to USEPA 2002b by: (VP *MW)÷(760*solubility). 

* unless otherwise specified, all reported values are for parent amitraz 

10. DRINKING WATER ASSESSMENT 

It is unlikely that amitraz will contaminate drinking water due to its short half-life in soil and 

aquatic environment. According to HED, amitraz is not mutagenic, however, it forms a 

mutagenic and carcinogenic metabolite, 2,4 dimethylaniline. Therefore, the residues of concern 

for enforcement purposes are amitraz and its metabolites containing the 2,4-dimethylaniline 

moiety (2,4-DMA moiety). Amitraz degradates containing the 2,4-DMA moiety (BTS 27271, 

BTS BTS 27919, BTS 24818) are more persistent in soil and aquatic environment than the 

parent. Therefore, if needed, the drinking water assessment will incorporate estimates of amitraz 

and its degradates containing the 2,4-DMA moiety, as the total residue, in surface and ground 

water (see Figure 1, Appendix 1). Concentrations in surface water would then be estimated 

using FIRST, or PRZM/EXAMS, if the appropriate IR scenario is available. Concentration of 

amitraz in ground water would be established using SCI-GROW. Exposure estimates of 

drinking water contamination with amitraz and its degradates via different pathways, if 

applicable, would be made using the same assumptions as those identified for the aquatic 

exposures assessment (refer to section 5.2). All modeling input parameters would reflect EFED’s 

current modeling guidance requirements, and the total amitraz residue half-lives would be 

estimated based on the formation and decline curves from the individual laboratory studies. 

Additional mobility studies (batch equilibrium) are needed in order to fully assess the mobility of 

amitraz transformation products in ground and surface water. 
18

The drinking water assessment would also include, if available, surface and ground water 

monitoring data, with consideration of changes in amitraz use pattern as some agricultural uses 

were canceled since the TRED was completed. States are encouraged to submit monitoring data 

for review, if such are available. In addition, comments are requested to provide insight on how 

much amitraz is used on swine and cattle facilities and how the used dip, and rinsate from 

treating the walls and floors of swine houses are disposed of thereafter. 

The latest drinking water assessment was conducted in 2004 (Amitraz: Drinking Water 

Assessment for Tolerance Reassessment Eligibility Decision, dated February, 11 2004 and 

Revised Amitraz Drinking Water Assessment for Tolerance Reassessment Eligibility Decision 

(TRED), dated May 1, 2004). In this assessment, three “what-if” exposure scenarios were 

assessed for estimating drinking water concentrations of amitraz. Those three exposure 

scenarios included a “bounding” estimate of exposure, a “high-end” estimate of exposure, and a 

“typical” estimate of exposure. The peak estimated drinking water concentrations (EDWCs) of 

amitraz ranged from 5 μg/L (the “bounding” scenario) to 0.1 μg/L (the “typical” scenario), and 

the annual average estimated drinking water concentrations of amitraz ranged from 0.04 μg/L 

(the “bounding” scenario) to 0.0006 μg/L (the “typical” scenario) in surface water. The 

estimated concentrations of amitraz in ground water were lower by factor of ten thousands when 

compare to peak surface water concentrations. In this assessment, it was concluded that the 

“typical” scenario may represent the most probable use scenario and would likely exceed 

monitoring data on an annual average basis. Amitraz degradation products were not modeled, 

and the EDWCs of amitraz were not used in the dietary risk assessment. 

11. ANALYSIS PLAN 

11.1. Stressors of Concern 

Amitraz degrades relatively rapidly (hours to days) to several degradates. Two major degradates 

(BTS 27271, BTS 27919) of amitraz have been identified as degradates of concern because of their 

potential increased toxicity when compared to the parent compound. A suite of toxicity studies has 

been submitted on these degradates. Therefore, risks from parent chemical and the two degradates 

of concern will be evaluated. 

11.2. Measures of Exposure 

In order to address the risk hypothesis, the potential for adverse effects on the environment is 

estimated. The use, environmental fate, and ecological effects of amitraz are characterized and 

integrated to assess the risks. This is accomplished using a risk quotient (ratio of exposure 

concentration to effects concentration) approach. Although risk is often defined as the likelihood 

and magnitude of adverse ecological effects, the risk quotient-based approach does not provide a 

quantitative estimate of likelihood and/or magnitude of an adverse effect. However, as outlined 

in the Overview Document (USEPA 2004), the likelihood of effects to individual organisms 

from particular uses of amitraz is estimated using the probit dose-response slope and either the 

level of concern (discussed below) or actual calculated risk quotient value. 
19

This analysis plan will be revisited and may be revised depending upon the information 

submitted by the public in response to the opening of the Registration Review docket for amitraz. 

In Registration Review, pesticide ecological risk assessments normally follow the Agency’s 

Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment, are consistent with the paper titled “Overview of the 

Ecological Risk Assessment Process in the Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency” (“Overview Document”) (January, 2004), and are done in accordance with 

Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act. 

For the labeled amitraz uses, there are no standard procedures for evaluating potential ecological 

risks to non-target organisms. Therefore, standard models such as T-REX may not be applicable 

for amitraz. Therefore, EFED will evaluate potential exposures using assumptions regarding: 

• How much chemical can wash off of treated animals and collars; 

• Density of treated animals located within a given area;

• Amount of overspray occurring at the time of topical application to livestock; and

• How much chemical is excreted from treated animals.

Initial assumptions will be highly conservative. For example, 100% of applied material is 

assumed available to non-target organisms, and a high-end livestock density will be used. If 

these conservative assumptions result in LOC exceedances, then available data will be used to 

refine assumptions as data allow. Studies submitted to the Health Effects Division will be used 

to refine assumptions of dermal penetration and metabolism. However, if available data are not 

sufficient to allow for further refinement, then the initial conservative assumptions will not be 

refined. 

In addition, in the registration review risk assessment, potential outdoor uses of Taktic® product 

and its potential disposal into the surface water may need to be assessed, unless additional 

information are available excluding the possibility of outdoor use and disposal into water bodies. 

The Taktic® label language is not transparent regarding prohibiting outdoor uses for this product, 

and precluding disposal of used dip and remaining spray after treatment of the walls and surfaces 

of swine houses. 

The Taktic® label does not preclude outdoor uses. Commonly insecticide treatment with cattle 

dip and spray would take place outside, while swine treatments would typically be inside. 

A use restrictions section indicating “For indoor and enclosed areas use only” is recommended, 

if the product is not intended for outdoor use. 

11.3. Measures of Effect 

Ecological effects data are used as measures of direct and indirect effects to biological receptors. 

Data were obtained from registrant-submitted studies or from literature studies identified by 

ECOTOX. The ECOTOXicology database (ECOTOX) was searched in order to provide more 

ecological effects data to bridge existing data gaps. ECOTOX is a source for locating single 

chemical toxicity data and potential chemical mixture toxicity data for aquatic life, terrestrial 

plants, and wildlife. ECOTOX was created and is maintained by the USEPA, Office of Research 
20

and Development, and the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory's 

Mid-Continent Ecology Division (USEPA 2007a). 

Information on the potential effects of amitraz on non-target animals is also collected from the 

Ecological Incident Information System (EIIS; USEPA 2007b). The EIIS is a database 

containing adverse effect (typically mortality) reports on non-target organisms where such 

effects have been associated with the use of pesticides. 

Where available, sublethal effects observed in both registrant-submitted and open literature 

studies will be evaluated qualitatively. Such effects have included behavioral changes (e.g., 

lethargy, changes in coloration and effects olfaction). Quantitative assessments of risks, though, 

are limited to those endpoints that can be directly linked to the Agency’s assessment endpoints of 

impaired survival, growth and reproduction. 

The assessment of risk for direct effects to non-target organisms makes the assumption that 

toxicity of amitraz to birds is similar to terrestrial-phase amphibians and reptiles. The same 

assumption is made for fish and aquatic-phase amphibians. 

The acute measures of effect used for animals in this screening-level assessment are the LD50, 

LC50 and EC50. LD stands for "Lethal Dose", and LD50 is the amount of a material, given all at 

once, that is estimated to cause the death of 50% of the test organisms. LC stands for “Lethal 

Concentration” and LC50 is the concentration of a chemical that is estimated to kill 50% of the 

test organisms. EC stands for “Effective Concentration” and the EC50 is the concentration of a 

chemical that is estimated to produce a specific effect in 50% of the test organisms. Endpoints 

for chronic measures of exposure for listed and non-listed animals are the NOAEL/NOAEC and 

NOEC. NOAEL stands for “No Observed-Adverse-Effect-Level” and refers to the highest tested 

dose of a substance that has been reported to have no harmful (adverse) effects on test 

organisms. The NOAEC (i.e., “No-Observed-Adverse-Effect-Concentration”) is the highest test 

concentration at which none of the observed effects were statistically different from the control. 

The NOEC is the No-Observed-Effects-Concentration. For non-listed plants, only acute 

exposures are assessed (i.e., EC25 for terrestrial plants and EC50 for aquatic plants); for listed 

plants, either the NOAEC or EC05 is used. 

In the absence of data for either acute or chronic effects, the conservative assumption will be to 

presume that amitraz is toxic. 

11.4. Integration of Exposure and Effects 

Risk characterization is the integration of exposure and ecological effects characterization to 

determine the potential ecological risk from the registered uses of amitraz, and the likelihood of 

direct and indirect effects to non-target organisms in aquatic and terrestrial habitats. The 

exposure and toxicity effects data are integrated in order to evaluate the risks of adverse 

ecological effects on non-target species. For the assessment of amitraz risks, the risk quotient 

(RQ) method is used to compare exposure and measured toxicity values. EECs are divided by 

acute and chronic toxicity values. The resulting RQs are then compared to the Agency’s levels 
21

of concern (LOCs) (USEPA 2004). These criteria are used to indicate when amitraz uses, as 

directed on the label, have the potential to cause adverse direct or indirect effects to non-target 

organisms. As noted previously, where data are lacking on the toxicity of amitraz, risk will be 

presumed. 

 

The quantitative assessment of risk will primarily depend on the deterministic point-estimate 

based approach described above. An effort will be made to further qualitatively describe risk 

using probabilistic tools that the Agency has developed. These tools have been reviewed by 

FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panels and have been deemed as appropriate means of refining 

assessments where deterministic approaches have identified risks. 

11.5. Endangered Species 

Consistent with the Agency’s responsibility under the Endangered Species Act (ESA), EPA will 

evaluate risks to Federally-listed threatened and/or endangered (listed) species from registered 

uses of amitraz. This assessment will be conducted in accordance with the Overview Document 

(USEPA, 2004), provisions of the ESA, and the Services’ Endangered Species Consultation 

Handbook (USFWS/NMFS, 1998). 

The assessment of effects associated with registrations of amitraz is based on an action area. The 

action area is considered to be the area directly or indirectly affected by the federal action, as 

indicated by the direct or indirect risks identified as exceeding the Agency’s Levels of Concern 

(LOCs). The Agency’s approach to defining the action area under the provisions of the 

Overview Document (USEPA, 2004) considers the results of the risk assessment process to 

establish boundaries for that action area with the understanding that exposures below the 

Agency’s defined LOCs constitute a no-effect threshold. For the purposes of this assessment, 

attention will be focused on the footprint of the action (i.e., the area where amitraz application 

occurs), plus all areas where offsite transport (i.e., spray drift, runoff, long-range atmospheric 

transport, etc.) may result in potential exposure that exceeds the Agency’s LOCs. Specific 

measures of ecological effect that define the action area for listed species include any direct and 

indirect effects and/or potential modification of its critical habitat, including reduction in 

survival, growth, and reproduction as well as the full suite of sublethal effects available in the 

effects literature. Therefore, the action area extends to a point where environmental exposures 

are below any measured lethal or sublethal effect threshold for any biological entity at the whole 

organism, organ, tissue, and cellular level of organization. In situations where it is not possible 

to determine the threshold for an observed effect, the action area is not spatially limited and is 

assumed to be the entire United States. 

12. ANTICIPATED DATA NEEDS 

12.1. Guideline Data Requirements 

All environmental fate (Table 3, Appendix 1) and effects data requirements are fulfilled for 

amitraz; however, additional batch equilibrium data on amitraz degradates BTS 27271 and BTS 
22

BTS 27919 are required to provided more complete quantitative environmental fate and transport 

assessment. 

In addition, several data requirements have been implemented for all outdoor uses since the RED 

was conducted. These studies were not required at the time the RED was conducted, but are 

current data requirements for all outdoor uses: 

• Adsorption/desorption study (on BTS 27271 & BTS 27919) – Guideline 835.1230 

Required for inputs to drinking water exposure models, this data will characterize the 

mobility of amitraz degradates and their distribution in the soil and water compartments. 

 

• Acute Avian Oral, Passerine – Guideline 850.2100

No guideline data showing the acute oral toxicity to a passerine species has been 

submitted to the Agency. This data is now required for all pesticides with outdoor uses 

according to the Code of Federal Regulations 40 (CFR40 2007) Part 158 Subpart D (data 

requirements for pesticides). 

• Seedling Emergence and Vegetative Vigor, Tier 1 – Guidelines 850.4100 and 850.4150

No guideline studies have been submitted to satisfy these data requirements. These 

studies are required for all outdoor uses. 

• Aquatic Plant Toxicity Studies - Guideline 850.5400

No guideline studies have been submitted to satisfy these data requirements. These 

studies are required for all outdoor uses. 

The registrant needs to submit either acceptable studies or acceptable data waivers to satisfy 

these guideline requirements. 

12.2. OTHER INFORMATION NEEDS 

In addition to guideline studies, additional data that will be highly useful to evaluating potential 

exposures to non-target organisms includes the following: 

• Mass of amitraz per unit of volume of products 

• Estimates of how much chemical may wash off of livestock and treated collars after 

treatment 

• Estimates of how much chemical overspray occurs during application 

• Estimates of the maximum number of animals that may be treated at any given time 

• The amount of amitraz used annually in the U.S., including the geographic/regional 

distribution of usage, and information on the amount of site available for treatment, 

amount of site treated (indoors and outdoors), percent of site treated and pounds a.i. 

applied 

• The methods of amitraz used animal dip disposal practices; and 

• Practices of disposal for rinsate from treating the walls and floors of swine houses. 
23

Without these data, the Agency will make highly conservative assumptions to allow for an 

estimation of high-end exposures. 

Guideline Number: 835.1230 (163-1) 

Test Substance: BTS 27271, BTS 27919

Title: Adsorption/desorption study (batch equilibrium)

Rationale for Requiring the Data

The 835.1230 test guideline requires an adsorption and desorption study using batch equilibrium method for 

the active ingredient, however since the active ingredient undergoes rapid hydrolysis forming BTS 27271 and 

BTS 27919; it is prudent to request the batch equilibrium study for those amitraz degradates of concern to 

fully characterize the potential mobility of the major transformation products. 

Practical Utility of the Data

How will the data be used? Additional mobility studies (batch equilibrium) would facilitate a better 

understanding of the mobility of amitraz transformation products in ground and surface water. These data 

would be used to improve the certainty of the risk assessment and to conduct aquatic and drinking water risk 

assessments. 

How could the data impact the Agency’s future decision-making?

If data indicate that amitraz transformation products are mobile in the environment, then environmental 

transport of amitraz degradates may be of a concern, and additional use precautions and/or restrictions may 

be necessary. If these data are not available, the Agency will make conservative assumptions in the risk 

assessment. 

Guideline Number: 850.2100 

Test Substance: Amitraz, BTS 27271, BTS 27919

Title: Avian Acute Oral Toxicity, Passerine

Test Species: A passerine species, to be determined based on consultation with the Agency 

Rationale for Requiring the Data

Acceptable acute avian oral toxicity data were submitted for exposures of bobwhite quail and mallard duck to 

amitraz; however, data are not available for a passerine species, which are now required under the 40 CFR Part 158 

(CFR 40 2007) data requirements for conventional pesticides. The Part 158 data requirements specify that acute 

avian oral toxicity data be submitted for either mallard duck or bobwhite quail AND a passerine species. 

Therefore, an avian oral toxicity test is required for passerine birds, as specified in OPPTS Guideline 850.2100 

(http://www.epa.gov/opptsfrs/publications/OPPTS_Harmonized/850_Ecological_Effects_Test_Guidelines/Drafts/8

50-2100.pdf ). 

A passerine study protocol must be submitted for review by the Agency prior to initiation of this study. 

Practical Utility of the Data

How will the data be used? 

Acute avian oral toxicity data for passerine species will be used to refine the screening-level assessment by 

determining whether there are differences in avian species sensitivity to amitraz between passerines and upland 

game species. Although the currently submitted data indicate that parent amitraz is slightly toxic to mallard ducks 

(and it’s degradates BTS 27271 is moderately toxic to the bobwhite quail and BTS 27919 is slightly toxic to the same 

species), the extent to which toxicity may occur in passerines is unknown. 

Furthermore, these data would be used to improve the certainty of the risk assessment for nonlisted avian species, 

as well as for conducting refined species-specific risk assessments for threatened and endangered passerine species. 

If this oral acute toxicity data are not submitted for passerines, risk will be assumed for all passerine species. 

How could the data impact the Agency’s future decision-making?

Passeriformes (passerine species) is the largest order of birds in North America, including all of the species of 

songbirds. If passerines are more sensitive to amitraz than game birds or waterfowl, these data could change the 

acute risk quotients for birds. 

Therefore, if future endangered species risk assessments are performed without these data (on passerine birds), the 
24

Agency would have to assume that amitraz “may affect” birds directly (and listed species from other taxa 

indirectly), and use of amitraz may need to be restricted in areas where listed species could be exposed. The lack 

of these data will limit the flexibility the Agency and registrants have in coming into compliance with the 

Endangered Species Act and could result in use restrictions for amitraz uses. 

Guideline Number: 850.4100 

Test Substance: Amitraz, BTS 27271, BTS 27919

Title: Seedling Emergence 

Test Species: 10 species as included in the 850.4100 guideline 

Rationale for Requiring the Data

Amitraz toxicity data for terrestrial plants are not available. Based on the 40 CFR Part 158 data requirements, Tier 

I level non-target terrestrial plant data are required for insecticide end-use products at the maximum application 

rate. Therefore, non-target terrestrial plant seedling emergence per OPPTS Guidelines 850.4100 

(http://www.epa.gov/opptsfrs/publications/OPPTS_Harmonized/850_Ecological_Effects_Test_Guidelines/Drafts/8

50-4100.pdf and 

http://www.epa.gov/opptsfrs/publications/OPPTS_Harmonized/850_Ecological_Effects_Test_Guidelines/Drafts/8

50-4150.pdf) are required for amitraz at the Tier I level to fulfill the data requirement. 

Practical Utility of the Data

 How will the data be used? 

Data from Tier I terrestrial plant seedling emergence toxicity studies will be used to estimate potential risks to 

terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants associated with the use of amitraz. The data will reduce uncertainties associated 

with the current risk assessment for terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants and will improve the Agency’s 

understanding of the potential effects of amitraz on terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants. In the absence of Tier I 

data, risks for terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants will be presumed. 

As a result, these data would be used to characterize the range of toxicity of amitraz to various nontarget terrestrial 

plants. These data would be used in the Agency’s quantitative risk assessment. 

How could the data impact the Agency’s future decision-making?

Because terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants form the basis of the food chain for terrestrial habitats, comprise 

riparian habitat which plays a key role in water quality, and significantly contribute to habitat integrity including 

critical habitat for listed species, an understanding of the potential risks to terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants is 

essential for sound environmental risk management decision-making. Without terrestrial plant data for amitraz, the 

Agency cannot determine if the current application rates of amitraz may result in direct adverse effects to terrestrial 

plants and/or indirect effects resulting from reduction in the prey base and/or loss of habitat/cover. Hence, Without 

these data, the Agency’s risk assessment for effects to terrestrial plants would be uncertain because toxicity data 

would be absent. Therefore, the Agency would presume that listed plant species would be at risk from labeled use 

of amitraz and resulting potential exposures to amitraz and its degradates of concern. 

Guideline Number: 850.4150 

Test Substance: Amitraz, BTS 27271, BTS 27919

Title: Vegetative vigor 

Test Species: Soybean, oat, ryegrass, and corn 

Rationale for Requiring the Data

Amitraz toxicity data for terrestrial plants are not available. Based on the 40 CFR Part 158 data requirements, Tier 

I level non-target terrestrial plant data are required for insecticide end-use products at the maximum application 

rate. Therefore, non-target terrestrial plant vegetative vigor data per OPPTS Guidelines 850.4150 

(http://www.epa.gov/opptsfrs/publications/OPPTS_Harmonized/850_Ecological_Effects_Test_Guidelines/Drafts/8

50-4100.pdf and 

http://www.epa.gov/opptsfrs/publications/OPPTS_Harmonized/850_Ecological_Effects_Test_Guidelines/Drafts/8

50-4150.pdf) are required for amitraz at the Tier I level to fulfill the data requirement. 

Practical Utility of the Data

 How will the data be used? 
25

Data from Tier I terrestrial plant seedling emergence toxicity studies will be used to estimate potential risks to 

terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants associated with the use of amitraz. The data will reduce uncertainties associated 

with the current risk assessment for terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants and will improve the Agency’s 

understanding of the potential effects of amitraz on terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants. In the absence of Tier I 

data, risks for terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants will be presumed. 

As a result, these data would be used to characterize the range of toxicity of amitraz to various nontarget terrestrial 

plants. These data would be used in the Agency’s quantitative risk assessment. 

How could the data impact the Agency’s future decision-making?

Because terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants form the basis of the food chain for terrestrial habitats, comprise 

riparian habitat which plays a key role in water quality, and significantly contribute to habitat integrity including 

critical habitat for listed species, an understanding of the potential risks to terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants is 

essential for sound environmental risk management decision-making. Without terrestrial plant data for amitraz, the 

Agency cannot determine if the current application rates of amitraz may result in direct adverse effects to terrestrial 

plants and/or indirect effects resulting from reduction in the prey base and/or loss of habitat/cover. Hence, Without 

these data, the Agency’s risk assessment for effects to terrestrial plants would be uncertain because toxicity data 

would be absent. Therefore, the Agency would presume that listed plant species would be at risk from labeled use 

of amitraz and resulting potential exposures to amitraz and its degradates of concern. 

Guideline Number: 850.5400 

Test Substance: Amitraz, BTS 27271, BTS 27919

Title: Aquatic vascular and non-vascular plant toxicity tests; Tier 1

Test Species: N. pilliculosa, S. capricornutum (or R. subcapitata), S. costatum, and A. flos-aquae 

Rationale for Requiring the Data

Amitraz toxicity data for vascular and non-vascular aquatic plants are not available. Based on the 40 CFR Part 158 

data requirements, Tier I level non-target aquatic plant data are required for all insecticides. Therefore, non-target 

aquatic plant data for algae and vascular plants per OPPTS Guidelines 850.4400 and 850.5400 

(http://www.epa.gov/opptsfrs/publications/OPPTS_Harmonized/850_Ecological_Effects_Test_Guidelines/Drafts/8

50-4400.pdf and 

http://www.epa.gov/opptsfrs/publications/OPPTS_Harmonized/850_Ecological_Effects_Test_Guidelines/Drafts/8

50-5400.pdf) are required for amitraz at the Tier I level. 

Practical Utility of the Data

 How will the data be used? 

Aquatic plant toxicity data will be used to quantitatively estimate the risk of amitraz to aquatic plants and could be 

used to define an action area for endangered species and explore risk mitigation strategies. Data from one species 

of vascular aquatic plant and from four species of algae to predict the range of toxicity expected to all aquatic 

plants. In the absence of this Tier 1 data, risks for both vascular and non-vascular aquatic plants will be presumed. 

How could the data impact the Agency’s future decision-making?

Because aquatic vascular and non-vascular plants form the basis of the food chain for aquatic communities and 

significantly contribute to overall water quality, a solid understanding of the potential risks to aquatic plants is 

essential for sound environmental risk management decision-making. Without aquatic plant data for amitraz, the 

Agency cannot determine if the current application rates of amitraz may result in direct adverse effects to aquatic 

plants and/or indirect effects resulting from reduction in the prey base and/or loss of habitat/cover. 

Therefore, without these toxicity data on aquatic species, potential risks to aquatic plants can not be quantified. As 

a result, it will be assumed that endangered aquatic plants could be affected by labeled amitraz use. 
26

 

APPENDIX 1. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE DATA

Figure 1. 

Hydrolysis of Amitraz in Aqueous Solution
27
28

Table 1 Chemical Names and Structures of Amitraz and its Residues of Concern. 

Company Name Chemical Name Structure 

Amitraz N'-[2,4-dimethylphenyl]-N-[[(2,4-

dimethylphenyl)imino] methyl]]-Nmethyl-methanimidamide 

N N N

H C3 CH3 H C3 CH3

CH3

BTS-27919 N-(2,4-dimethylphenyl) formamide 

NH

H O

H C3 CH3

BTS-27271 N-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-Nmethylmethanimidamide 

N NH

H C3 CH3

CH3

BTS-24868 2,4-Dimethylaniline 

(2,4 Xylidine) 
29

Table 2. Maximum Reported Amounts of Amitraz Degradates Formation in Various Studies. 

Degradate1 Maximum % Applied 

(Postapplication Time) 

Study Type MRID 

BTS 27271 11% 

23% 

1% 

31.1% 

10.4% 

12.9% (3 hrs) 

1.3% (60 days) 

27% (3 days; acidic) 

Hydrolysis (pH 5) 

Hydrolysis (pH 7) 

Hydrolysis (pH 9) 

Photolysis in water2

Photodegradation on soil 

Aerobic soil metabolism 

Anaerobic soil metabolism 

Aerobic aquatic metabolism 

MRID 40780512 

MRID 40780512 

MRID 40780512 

MRID 41206703 

MRID 40780514 

MRID 40798003 

MRID 40798003 

MRID 42124618 

BTS 27919 62% (7.3 hrs) 

38% (49.1 hrs) 

85% (74.4 hrs) 

45.2% 

35.8% 

35.4% (1 day) 

12.9% (30 days) 

56.3% (14 days) 

Hydrolysis (pH 5) 

Hydrolysis (pH 7) 

Hydrolysis (pH 9) 

Photolysis in water2

Photodegradation on soil 

Aerobic soil metabolism 

Anaerobic soil metabolism 

Aerobic aquatic metabolism 

MRID 40780512 

MRID 40780512 

MRID 40780512 

MRID 41206703 

MRID 40780514 

MRID 40798003 

MRID 40798003 

MRID 42124618 

BTS 24868 17% 

17% 

1% 

13.6% (3 hrs) 

5.5% (60 days) 

< 5% (gas traps) 

Hydrolysis (pH 5) 

Hydrolysis (pH 7) 

Hydrolysis (pH 9) 

Aerobic soil metabolism 

Anaerobic soil metabolism 

Aerobic aquatic metabolism 

MRID 40780512 

MRID 40780512 

MRID 40780512 

MRID 40798003 

MRID 40798003 

MRID 42124618 1

 Refer to Figure 1, Appendix 1, for degradates’ name and structures. 

2

 In the irradiated samples. Amitraz degradates BTS 27271 and BTS 27919 accounted for 31.7% and 40.5% of the 

applied in the dark control samples, respectively. 
30

Table 3. Available Environmental Fate Data for Amitraz. 

158 Guideline 

(OPPTS) Description MRID Classification 

40780512 (amitraz) Acceptable

42124616 (BTS 27271) Acceptable 

161-1 

(835.2120) 

Hydrolysis 

42124617 (BTS 27919) Acceptable 

161-2 40780513 Supplemental

(835.2240) 

Photodegradation in water 

41206703 Supplemental 

161-3 40780514 Acceptable

(835.2410) 

Photodegradation in soil 

414442042 Supplemental 

161-4 (835.2370) Photodegradation in air None Not applicable 

162-1 

(835.4100) 

Aerobic soil metabolism 40798003 Acceptable 

162-2 

835.4200 

Anaerobic soil metabolism 40798003 Supplemental 

41444205 

42124622 

162-4 Supplemental 

(835.4300) 

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism 

42124618 Acceptable 

162-3 (835.4400) Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism None Not Applicable 

Acc.# 248318 Scientifically Valid 

00114299 Supplemental 

40931501 Acceptable 

40780516 (BTS 27919) 

40780517 (BTS 27271) 

Supplemental 

Supplemental 

163-1 

(835.1230) 

(835.1240) 

 Leaching and adsorption/ 

desorption 

40780515 

41206704 Supplemental1

163-2 

(835.1410) 

Laboratory Volatility 40780518 Acceptable 

164-1 40798004 Supplemental 

(835.6100) 

Terrestrial Field Dissipation 

41637301 Acceptable

164-2 (835.6200) Aquatic Field Dissipation None Not applicable 

165-2 Field Rotational 40999509 

42637302 Acceptable 

00072503 Supplemental 

40780519 Acceptable 

41444206 Supplemental 

165-4 Bioaccumulation in Fish 

423360053

421246233 Acceptable

None Environmental Fate Assessment 42124620 Not Applicable 

1

- Originally unacceptable, in conjunction with the estimated Kads for parent amitraz, the study satisfied the unaged 

residue portion of the adsorption/desorption-leaching. 2

- Addendum to MRID 40780514. 

3

- Addendum to MRID 42336005. 
31

APPENDIX 2. ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS SUMMARY - Submitted Data

Data included in this appendix are taken directly from the re-registration eligibility decision 

(RED) document. No new ecological toxicity data have been submitted since the RED was 

conducted. 

A-1. Effects to Non-Target Birds

Guideline studies in birds are summarized in the following table. Data requirements were also 

placed on the two major metabolites (BTS 27271, BTS 27919) of amitraz because of their potential 

increased toxicity when compared to the parent compound. Testing was not required for other 

degradates (i.e. BTS 24868) as the available toxicity data demonstrated that they were less toxic 

than the parent compound. 

Avian Acute and Dietary Studies - Technical

The acceptable acute oral toxicity tests for parent amitraz and its degradates (BTS 27271, BTS 

27919) are listed in the following table: 

Species % A.I. LD50 Author Date ID # Fulfills Gdln 

Mallard Technical 788 mg/kg Fink 1976 00030451 Yes 

Bobwhite BTS 27919 (99% 

a.i.) 

1,827 mg/kg Hakin & 

Rodgers 

 1991 42124603 Yes 

Bobwhite BTS 27271 

(99.1% a.i.) 

 71 mg/kg Hakin & Johnson 1991 42124602 Yes 

The guideline requirement (71-1) for avian acute oral studies with parent amitraz and its degradates 

(BTS 27271, BTS 27919) have been partially satisfied. The existing data demonstrates that parent 

amitraz is slightly toxic to mallard ducks. BTS 27271 is moderately toxic to the bobwhite quail and 

BTS 27919 is slightly toxic to the same species. A new requirement for testing of a passerine 

species was implemented in 2007. Therefore, a guideline study in a passerine species remains a 

data gap. Either an acceptable study or a data waiver needs to be submitted to satisfy this data 

requirement. 

The acceptable subacute dietary toxicity tests for parent amitraz are listed below: 

Species % A.I. LC50 Author Date ID # Fulfills Gdln 

Mallard Technical 7000 ppm Ross & Roberts 1973 00030452 Yes 

Japanese quail Technical 1800 ppm Ross & Roberts 1973 00030453 Partial 

Bobwhite 98.2 3081 ppm Roberts & Hakin 1988 40780501 Yes 
32

The acceptable subacute dietary toxicity tests for amitraz degradates (BTS 27271, BTS 27919) are 

listed below: 

Species % A.I. LC50 Author Date ID # Fulfills Gdln 

Bobwhite BTS 27271 

(99.1% ai) 

 1276 ppm Hakin & Johnson 1991 42124604 Yes 

Mallard BTS 27271 

(99.1% ai) 

>5200 ppm Hakin & Johnson 1991 42124606 Yes 

Mallard BTS 27919 (99% 

ai) 

>5200 ppm Hakin & 

Rodgers 

 1991 42124605 Yes 

Bobwhite BTS 27919 (99% 

ai) 

>5200 ppm Hakin & 

Rodgers 

 1991 42124607 Yes 

The guideline requirements (71-2a,b) for avian subacute dietary toxicity tests with parent amitraz 

and its degradates (BTS 27271, BTS 27919) have been satisfied. The existing data demonstrates 

that parent amitraz is practically nontoxic to the mallard and slightly toxic to the bobwhite quail. 

BTS 27271 is practically nontoxic to the mallard and slightly toxic to the bobwhite quail. BTS 

27919 is practically nontoxic to both the mallard and the bobwhite on a subacute dietary basis. 

Avian Reproduction Studies - Technical 

Avian reproduction studies are required for an end-use product (EP) when birds may be exposed to 

repeated or continuous residues through persistence, bioaccumulation, or multiple applications, or if 

mammalian reproduction tests indicate reproductive hazard. 

Available laboratory and field data indicate that amitraz degradates may persist under certain 

environmental conditions: BTS 27919 t1/2 = 10 to 150 days; BTS 27271 t1/2 = 7 to 110 days. 

The acceptable avian reproductive effects data are listed in the following table: 

Species % A.I. NOEL/LOEL Author Date MRID No. Fulfills Gdln 

Bobwhite Quail Technical ND*/40 ppm1 Fink & Beavers 1980 00072412 Partial 

Mallard Technical ND*/40 ppm2 Fink & Beavers 1980 00072411 Partial 

Bobwhite Quail 97.5 40/160 ppm3 Roberts, Hakin 

& Chanter 

 1988 40840301 Partial 

Bobwhite Quail 98.9 24.6/50.5 ppm4 Beavers 1992 42336001 Yes 

Mallard 98.9 24.6/50.5 ppm5 Beavers 1992 42336002 Partial 
33

1/ The specific impairments noted were increases in eggshell cracking and reduced percentages of three-week embryos that survived to become 

normal hatchlings at 40 ppm. The mean body weights of chicks hatched were significantly affected in the 100 and 250 ppm groups, and egg weights 

and eggshell thickness were significantly reduced at 250 ppm. Study only partially fulfilled guidelines as a NOEL was not determined. 

2/ Numbers of 14-day old survivors produced per week were significantly less than the control at 40 ppm. Reductions in percentage of viable 

embryos that survived to 3 weeks and percentage of 3-week embryos that survived to become normal hatchlings were noted at the 250 ppm level but 

not at 40 and 100 ppm. Study only partially fulfilled guidelines as a NOEL was not determined. 

3/ Dietary concentrations of up to 40 ppm had no effect on adult birds or their reproductive performance. At 160 ppm, the adult birds ate marginally 

less food and the overall mean chick hatching weight was slightly low. However, this study was only partially acceptable due to the high percentage 

of cracked eggs, particularly in the control group. 

4/ The NOEL was determined to be 24.6 ppm ai based upon reductions in viable embryos/eggs set at 50.5 ppm ai. 

5/ The NOEL was determined to be 24.6 ppm ai based upon reduced hatchling weight and increased male body weight (both growth effects) at 50.5 

ppm ai. This study only partially fulfilled guidelines as it failed to detect reproductive effects. 

* ND = Not determined. 

The guideline requirements (71-4 a,b) for avian reproduction studies with parent amitraz have been 

satisfied. The existing data show an effect on avian reproduction at dietary levels of 40 - 50.5 ppm. 

Avian Reproduction Studies - Degradates 

The acceptable avian reproductive effects data with the amitraz degradate BTS 27271 are listed in 

the following table: 

Species % A.I. NOEL/LOEL Author Date MRID No. Fulfills Gdln 

Bobwhite Quail BTS 27271 

97.7-99.1% 

 25/100 ppm1

 Hakin, Johnson 

& Ruckman 

 1993 42797801 Partial 

Mallard BTS 27271 

97.7-99.1% 

 5/25 ppm2 Hakin, Johnson 

& Ruckman 

 1993 42797802 Partial 

1/ The specific impairments noted were significant reductions at the 100 ppm test level in hatchlings as a percentage of eggs set, two-week survivors 

as a percentage of eggs set and two-week survivors as a percentage of eggs laid. 

2/ The specific impairments noted were significant increases at the 25 ppm test level in the total number of eggs cracked and in the number of eggs 

cracked as a percentage of eggs laid. 

The guideline requirements (71-4 a,b) for avian reproduction studies with the amitraz degradate 

BTS 27271 have not been satisfied. The submitted studies may be upgraded to "core" and will 

fulfill guideline requirements upon acceptable review of chemical analyses. The existing data show 

an effect on avian reproduction at dietary levels of 25 (mallard duck) to 100 ppm (bobwhite quail). 
34

Effects on Freshwater Fish 

The minimum data required for establishing the acute toxicity of amitraz to freshwater fish are two 

96-hour studies with the technical product. One study should use a coldwater species (preferably 

the rainbow trout) and the other should use a warmwater species (preferably the bluegill sunfish). 

Acute Studies - Technical 

The acceptable acute freshwater fish toxicity studies with parent amitraz are listed in the following 

table: 

Species % A.I. 96-hr LC50 Author Date MRID No. Fulfill Gdln.

Rainbow trout Technical 2.7 - 4 ppm* Fraser & Jenkins 1972 00030445 Partial 

Bluegill sunfish Technical 1.34 ppm Fraser & Jenkins 1973 00030447 Partial 

Rainbow Trout Technical 0.74 ppm Bentley 1975 00030446 Yes 

Carp Technical 1.17 ppm** Nissan -- 00030444 Partial 

Bluegill sunfish 98.8 0.34 ppm Hill, Harland & 

Caunter 

 1988 40798001 Yes 

Harlequin Fish Technical 3.2 - 4.3 ppm Fraser & Jenkins 1973 00030448 Partial 

* 48-hour test. 

** 120-hour test. 

There is sufficient information to characterize parent amitraz as highly toxic to freshwater fish. 

Acute Studies - Formulated Product 

Formulated product testing on fish may be required when the pesticide is applied directly to water. 

While amitraz does not have such a use pattern, formulated product testing was required as several 

studies suggested that technical amitraz may be more toxic when in a 20% EC formulation than by 

itself. The registrant explained that this probably was the result of some inert ingredient making the 

active ingredient more available to the fish. The acceptable acute freshwater fish toxicity studies 

using a 20% EC formulation of amitraz are listed in the following table: 

Species % A.I. 96-hr LC50 Author Date MRID No. Fulfill Gdln.

Rainbow trout 20% EC 0.2 -0.4 ppm ai* Fraser & Jenkins 1972 00030445 Partial 

Bluegill sunfish 20% EC 3.14 ppm ai Fraser & Jenkins 1973 00030447 Partial 

Rainbow Trout 20% EC 2.20 ppm ai Caunter 1988 40780505 Yes 

Carp 20% EC 0.56 ppm** Nissan -- 00030444 Partial 

Harlequin Fish 20% EC 8.74 ppm ai Fraser & Jenkins 1973 00030448 Partial 
35

* 48-hour test. 

** 120-hour test. 

A 20% EC formulation of amitraz ranged from moderately to very highly toxic to freshwater fish. 

The guideline requirements (72-1 b,d) for acute freshwater fish toxicity tests have been satisfied. 

Acute Studies - Degradates 

Data requirements were placed on the two major metabolites (BTS 27271, BTS 27919) of amitraz 

because of their potential increased toxicity when compared to the parent compound as stated in the 

RED. Testing was not required for other degradates (i.e. BTS 24868) as the available toxicity data 

demonstrated that they were less toxic than the parent compound. 

The acceptable acute freshwater fish toxicity studies with amitraz degradates are listed in the 

following table: 

Species % A.I. 96-hr LC50 Author Date MRID No. Fulfill Gdln.

Rainbow trout Technical BTS 

27271 

 28.4 ppm Schupner 1991 41827203 Yes 

Bluegill sunfish Technical BTS 

27271 

 29.3 ppm Schupner & 

Stachura 

 1991 41827202 Yes 

Rainbow Trout Technical BTS 

27919 

 66.2 ppm Schupner 1991 41827206 Yes 

Bluegill sunfish Technical BTS 

27919 

 >100 ppm Schupner 1991 41827205 Yes 

BTS 27271 and BTS 27919 can be characterized as slightly toxic and slightly to practically 

nontoxic respectively to freshwater fish. The guideline requirements (72-1 a,c) for acute freshwater 

fish toxicity tests with parent amitraz and its degradates have been satisfied. 

Fish Early Life Stage Test 

A fish early life stage test is required when a product is applied directly to water or is expected to be 

transported to aquatic sites and 1) exposure of aquatic organisms will be continual or recurrent; or 2) 

the lowest LC50 is 1 mg/L or less; or 3) the EEC in water is equal to or greater than 0.01 of any 

LC50; or 4) if the EEC is less than any LC50 and the product has reproductive effects on, or 

cumulative effects in, aquatic organisms or has a half-life in water greater than 4 days. 

Fish early life-stage testing was required as amitraz is highly toxic and may be applied repeatedly 

during the season. Furthermore, an estimate of the initial environmental concentration suggested 

that residues could be greater than 0.01 of the fish LC50. 
36

The acceptable fish early life-stage data are listed in the following table: 

Species % A.I. Result Author Date ID # Fulfill Gdln.

Fathead minnow 

(embryo-larvae) 

 98.8% NOEC & MATC 

<3.53 ppb based 

on weight (most 

sensitive 

parameter) 

Hill, Harland, 

Maddock, Riddle 

 1988 40798002 Partial 

Fathead Minnow 

(embryo-larvae) 

 98.8% MATC >1.48 

<2.71 ppb based 

on length 

Hill, Caunter, 

Gillings, Riddle 

 1989 41288702 Yes 

An early life-stage study performed with the fathead minnow shows that length is impaired at 

environmental concentrations of >2.71 ppb. The MATC (Maximum Allowable Toxic 

Concentration) is > 1.48 < 2.71 ppb. 

The requirement for a fish early life-stage study (72-4a) has been satisfied. 

Effects on Freshwater Invertebrates

Six studies in six documents were received and evaluated under this topic. Six were found to be 

acceptable for use in a hazard assessment. 

The minimum data requirements for establishing the acute toxicity of amitraz to aquatic 

invertebrates is the result from one 48-hour acute toxicity test, preferably using first instar Daphnia 

magna or early instar amphipods, stoneflies, mayflies, or midges. 

Acute Studies - Technical 

The acceptable toxicity data are listed in the following table: 

Species % A.I. EC50 Author Date ID # Fulfill Gdln.

Daphnia magna Technical 35 ppb Douglas et al. 1982 RIOAMI01 Yes 

There is sufficient information to characterize amitraz as very highly toxic to aquatic invertebrates. 

The guideline requirement for an aquatic invertebrate EC50 study (72-2a) has been satisfied. 

Acute Studies - Formulated Product

Formulated product testing was required as several fish studies suggested that technical amitraz may 

be more toxic when in a 20% EC formulation than by itself. 
37

The acceptable toxicity data with the formulated product are listed in the following table: 

Species % A.I. EC50 Author Date ID # Fulfill Gdln.

Daphnia magna 20% EC 3.4 ppm Hill, Williams & 

Harland 

 1988 40780506 Yes 

There is sufficient information to characterize the 20% EC formulation of amitraz as moderately 

toxic to aquatic invertebrates. The guideline requirement for an aquatic invertebrate EC50 study 

with a formulated product (72-2b) has been satisfied. 

Acute Studies - Degradates 

Data requirements were placed on the two major metabolites (BTS 27271, BTS 27919) of amitraz 

because of their potential increased toxicity when compared to the parent compound. Testing was 

not required for other degradates (i.e. BTS 24868) as the available toxicity data demonstrated that 

they were less toxic than the parent compound. 

The acceptable toxicity data for amitraz degradates are listed in the following table: 

Species % A.I. 48-hour EC50 Author Date ID # Fulfill Gdln.

Daphnia magna BTS 27271 

Technical 

 2.59 ppm Schupner 1991 41827204 Yes 

Daphnia magna BTS 27919 

Technical 

 >100 ppm Schupner & 

Young 

 1991 41827207 Yes 

BTS 27271 and BTS 27919 can be characterized as moderately toxic and practically nontoxic, 

respectively, to Daphnia magna. The guideline requirements for an aquatic invertebrate EC50 study 

with amitraz degradates have been satisfied. 

Aquatic Invertebrate Life-Cycle Study - Technical 

The acceptable aquatic invertebrate life-cycle data are listed in the following table: 

Species % A.I. Results Author Date ID # Fulfill Gdln.

Daphnia magna 98.8 NOEC <0.02 

ppm based on 

Thompson 1988 40780511 Partial 
38

length 

Daphnia magna 96 NOAEC 1.10 

ppb based on 

length and 

reproduction 

effects 

Smith 1989 41288701 Yes 

An aquatic invertebrate life-cycle test performed with Daphnia magna shows a significant reduction 

in growth and fecundity at > 2.21 ppb. The NOAEC was 1.1 ppb. 

The guideline requirement for an aquatic invertebrate life-cycle test (72-4b) has been satisfied. 

Effects on Marine and Estuarine Organisms

Acute Studies - Technical 

The acceptable acute estuarine and marine studies with parent amitraz are listed in the following 

table: 

Species % A.I. LC50 (ppm) Author Date ID # Fulfill Gdln.

Atlantic Oyster 95% 48-hr TL50 = 0.85 ppm Sleight -- RIOAMI02 Yes 

Grass Shrimp Technical 96-hr EC50 = 65.1 ppm Bentley 1973 00030450 Yes 

Sheepshead 

Minnow 

 98% 96-hr LC50 > 2.4 ppm Hill, Comber & 

Caunter 

 1988 40780507 Partial 

Fiddler Crab Technical >1000 ppm Bentley 1973 00030450 Partial 

There is sufficient information to characterize parent amitraz as highly toxic to oysters, moderately 

toxic to the sheepshead minnow and slightly toxic to grass shrimp. While the sheepshead minnow 

study was of supplemental status, this study combined with other estuarine fish tests can be used to 

satisfy guideline requirements. Therefore, the guideline requirements for estuarine/marine testing 

(72-3 a,b,c) with the technical grade of the active ingredient have been satisfied. 

Acute Studies - Formulated Product 

The acceptable toxicity tests with a formulated product are listed in the following table: 
39

Species % A.I. LC50 (ppm) Author Date ID # Fulfill Gdln.

Eastern Oyster 20% EC 96-hr EC50 = 85 ppb Suprenant 1988 40780509 Yes 

Mysid Shrimp 20% EC 96-hr EC50 = 0.48 

ppm 

Smyth, Comber & 

Hill 

 1988 40780510 Yes 

Sheepshead 

Minnow 

 20% EC 96-hr LC50 > 7.9 ppm Hill & Caunter 1988 40780508 Yes 

Based on the above data, the 20% EC formulation of amitraz is very highly toxic to the eastern 

oyster, highly toxic to the mysid shrimp and slightly toxic to the sheepshead minnow. Guideline 

requirements for estuarine/marine testing (72-3 d,e,f) with the typical end-use product have been 

satisfied. 

Acute Studies - Degradates 

Data requirements were placed on the two major metabolites (BTS 27271, BTS 27919) of amitraz 

because of their potential increased toxicity when compared to the parent compound. Testing was 

not required for other degradates (i.e. BTS 24868) as the available toxicity data demonstrated that 

they were less toxic than the parent compound. 

The acceptable acute estuarine and marine studies with amitraz degradates are listed in the 

following table: 

Species % A.I. LC50 (ppm) Author Date ID # Fulfill Gdln.

Eastern Oyster BTS 27271 99.6% 96-hr EC50 = 13.1 ppm Carr & Ward 1991 42124610 Partial 

Eastern Oyster BTS 27919 99.8% 96-hr EC50 >128 ppm Carr & Ward 1991 42124611 No 

Sheepshead 

Minnow 

BTS 27271 99.6% 96-hr LC50 = 11.5 ppm Ward 1991 42124608 Yes 

Sheepshead 

Minnow 

BTS 27919 99.8% 96-hr LC50 >102 ppm Schupner & 

Stachura 

 1991 42124609 Yes 

Mysid Shrimp BTS 27271 100% 96-hr EC50 = 5.81 ppm Ward 1991 42124612 Yes 

Mysid Shrimp BTS 27919 99.8% 96-hr EC50 = 8.2 ppm Schupner & 

Stachura 

 1991 

42124613 

 Partial 

BTS 27271 can be characterized as slightly toxic to the sheepshead minnow and eastern oyster and 

moderately toxic to the mysid shrimp. BTS 27919 can be characterized as practically nontoxic to 

the sheepshead minnow and eastern oyster and moderately toxic to the mysid shrimp. Although 

several core studies are lacking, EEB has determined that the existing database is sufficient to 

characterize the toxicity of Amitraz degradates to estuarine/marine organisms. Therefore, the 

guideline requirements for estuarine/marine testing (72-3 a,b,c) with amitraz degradates (BTS 

27271, BTS 27919) have been satisfied. 
40

F. Effects on Beneficial Insects 

The submitted tests are presented below: 

 Species % A.I. LD50 Author Date ID Number Fulfills Gdln.

Apis mellifera Technical > 100ug/bee Atkins & Kellum 1980 00074486 Yes 

Apis mellifera 20% EC no mortality or 

repellency in 

field test 

Palmer-Jones & 

Clinch 

 1973 00030455 Yes 

Stethorus 

punctum

 20% EC low toxicity at 

0.375 lb ai/100 

gal 

Colburn & 

Asquith 

 1973 00059461 Yes 

Stethorus 

punctum

 20% EC low toxicity at 6 

oz ai/ 100 gal 

Bender & 

Asquith 

 1972 00052490 Yes 

The guideline requirement (141-1) for acute toxicity testing with honey bees is fulfilled. There is 

sufficient information to characterize amitraz as practically nontoxic to bees. 

Effects on Nontarget Plants

No guideline studies on non-target plants have been submitted. Guideline seedling emergence and 

vegetative vigor studies are required for all out door uses. Therefore, submission of guideline 

studies, or acceptable waivers, need to be submitted to satisfy this data requirement. 
41

Appendix 3. Open Literature Data Accepted by ECOTOX 

Acceptable for EcoTox and OPP

Abu-Basha, E. A., Yibchok-Anun, S., Hopper, D. L., and Hsu, W. H. (1999). Effects of the Pesticide Amitraz and 

Its Metabolite BTS 27271 on Insulin and Glucagon Secretion from the Perfused Rat Pancreas: 

Involvement of alpha2D-Adrenergic Receptors. Metabolism 48: 1461, 1469 (doi: 10.1016/S0026-

0495(99)90160-9). 

EcoReference No.: 112568 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: CEL,BCM 

Al-Thani, R. K., Al-Thani, A. S., Elbetieha, A., and Darmani, H. (2003). Assessment of Reproductive and Fertility 

Effects of Amitraz Pesticide in Male Mice. Toxicol.Lett. 138: 253-260. 

EcoReference No.: 112026 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: BEH,GRO,REP 

Alizadeh, A., Samih, M. A., and Izadi, H. (2007). Compatibility of Verticillium lecani (Zimm.) with Several 

Pesticides. Comm.Appl.Biol.Sci. 72: 1011-1015. 

EcoReference No.: 111816 

Chemical of Concern: IMC,ES,AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP 

Amin, A. E. and Abdalla, G. A. (1995). Effects of Endosulfan and Amitraz on Feedlot Performance, Carcas Yield 

and Meat Quality Characteristics of Nubian Goats. Vet Hum Toxicol 37: 113-115. 

EcoReference No.: 46968 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ,ES; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: GRO 

Bhavani, B. and Rao, P. R. M. (2004). Bioefficacy of Thiamethoxam (Actara 20 WG) Against Rice Planthoppers 

(BPH/WBPH) in Irrigated Field Conditions. Pestology 28: 41-44. 

EcoReference No.: 82552 

Chemical of Concern: FPN,CBF,LCYT,DM,THO,TMX,BPZ,DKGNa,CPY,AMZ,MFZ; Habitat: T; 

Effect Codes: MOR,POP 

Boyes, W. K. and Moser, V. C. (1987). Investigations of Amitraz Neurotoxicity in Rats: II. Effects on Visual 

Evoked Potentials . Fundam.Appl.Toxicol. 9: 140, 153 (doi: 10.1016/0272-0590(87)90161-8). 

EcoReference No.: 112027 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: PHY,GRO 

Brunner, J. F., Dunley, J. E., Doerr, M. D., and Beers, E. H. (2001). Effect of Pesticides on Colpoclypeus florus 

(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Trichogramma platneri (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), Parasitoids 

of Leafrollers in Washington. J.Econ.Entomol. 94: 1075-1084. 

EcoReference No.: 63713 

Chemical of Concern: 

AZ,DZ,DMT,MP,MDT,PSM,OML,CBL,FTT,AMZ,PMR,ES,EFV,IMC,SS,PPG,DFZ,FYC,TUZ,MFZ,AZ

D,CPY,PSM,VCZ,FTTCl; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR,BEH,REP 

Chou, C. P., Lu, S. Y., and Ueng, T. H. (2008). Modulation of Serum Concentrations and Hepatic Metabolism of 

17beta-Estradiol and Testosterone by Amitraz in Rats. Arch.Toxicol. 82: 729-737. 
42

EcoReference No.: 112048 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: BCM 

Clinch, P. G. (1979). Control of Acarapis externus Morgenthaler: Further Tests to Determine the Efficacy of 

Pesticides Fed in Sugar Syrup to Infested Honey Bees. N.Z.J.Agric. 7: 407-409. 

EcoReference No.: 39706 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ,MEM,OMT,DDVP,MVP,CBL,ES,AZ,Captan,DINO,FBOX; Habitat: T; 

Effect Codes: POP,MOR 

Costa, L. G., Gastel, J., and Murphy, S. D. (1991). The Formamidine Pesticides Chlordimeform and Amitraz 

Decrease Hepatic Glutathione in Mice Through an Interaction with alpha2-Adrenoceptors. 

J.Toxicol.Environ.Health 33: 349-358. 

EcoReference No.: 112029 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: BCM 

Costa, L. G., Olibet, G., and Murphy, S. D. (1988). Alpha2-Adrenoceptors as a Target for Formamidine Pesticides: 

In Vitro and In Vivo Studies in Mice. Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol. 93: 319-328. 

EcoReference No.: 109768 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR,PHY,CEL 

Costa, L. G., Olibet, G., Wu, D., and Murphy, S. D. (1989). Acute and Chronic Effects of the Pesticide Amitraz on 

alpha2-Adrenoceptors in the Mouse Brain. Toxicol.Lett. 47: 135-143. 

EcoReference No.: 112028 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: BCM 

Costa, L. G., Wu, D. S., Olibet, G., and Murphy, S. D. (1989). Formamidine Pesticides and alpha(2)-Adrenoceptors: 

Studies with Amitraz and Chlordimeform in Rats and Development of a Radioreceptor Binding Assay. 

Neurotoxicol.Teratol. 11: 405-411 . 

EcoReference No.: 111817 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: PHY,CEL 

Crofton, K. M., Boncek, V. M., and Reiter, L. W. (1989). Acute Effects of Amitraz on the Acoustic Startle Response 

and Motor Activity. Pestic.Sci. 27: 1-11. 

EcoReference No.: 112109 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: BEH,PHY,GRO 

Cullen, L. K. and Reynoldson, J. A. (1990). Central and Peripheral alpha-Adrenoceptor Actions of Amitraz in the 

Dog. J.Vet.Pharmacol.Ther. 13: 86-92. 

EcoReference No.: 112046 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: PHY 

De Maeyer, L., Peeters, D., Wijsmuller, J. M., Cantoni, A., Brueck, E., and Heibges, S. (2002). Spirodiclofen: A 

Broad-Spectrum Acaricide with Insecticidal Properties: Efficacy on Psylla pyri and Scales Lepidosaphes 

ulmi and Quadraspidiotus perniciosus. In: BCPC Conf.- Pests & Diseases, Bayer Crop Science, Brussels 

Belguim 1: 65-72. 

EcoReference No.: 76036 

Chemical of Concern: IMC,CPY,PHSL,SDF,AMZ,TAP; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR 
43

De Oliveira, R. C. and Neves, P. M. O. J. (2004). Compatibility of Beauveria bassiana with Acaricides. 

Neotrop.Entomol. 33: 353-358. 

EcoReference No.: 93047 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ,CFP,CHX,ABM,HTX,DMT,FPY,FBOX; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: 

REP,POP 

Eischen, F. A., Pettis, J. S., and Dietz, A. (1986). Prevention of Acarapis woodi Infestation in Queen Honey Bees 

with Amitraz. Am.Bee J. 126: 498-500. 

EcoReference No.: 114420 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP,MOR,BEH,REP 

Eischen, F. A., Pettis, J. S., and Dietz, A. (1987). A Rapid Method of Evaluating Compounds for the Control of 

Acarapis woodi (Rennie). Am.Bee.J. 127: 99-101. 

EcoReference No.: 101591 

Chemical of Concern: PPA,AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR 

Filazi, A., Sireli, M., and Kalkan, F. (2003). The Influence of Amitraz on Biochemical Parameters in Mice. 

Hum.Exp.Toxicol. 22: 99-101. 

EcoReference No.: 111749 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: BCM 

Florio, J. C., Sakate, M., and Palermo-Neto, J. (1989). Some Behavioral Effects of the Pesticide Amitraz. 

Braz.J.Med.Biol.Res. 22: 1291-1293. 

EcoReference No.: 111964 

Chemical of Concern: STCH,AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: PHY,BEH 

Gilbert, M. E. (1988). Formamidine Pesticides Enhance Susceptibility to Kindled Seizures in Amygdala and 

Hippocampus of the Rat. Neurotoxicol.Teratol. 10: 221, 227 (doi: 10.1016/0892-0362(88)90021-9). 

EcoReference No.: 112075 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: GRO,PHY 

Gilbert, M. E. and Dyer, Robert S. (1988). Increased Hippocampal Excitability Produced by Amitraz. 

Neurotoxicol.Teratol. 10: 229, 235 (doi: 10.1016/0892-0362(88)90022-0). 

EcoReference No.: 112074 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: PHY 

Grilli, S., Ancora, G., Rani, P., Valenti, A. M., Mazzullo, M., and Colacci, A. (1991). In Vivo Unwinding 

Fluorimetric Assay as Evidence of the Damage Induced by Fenarimol and DNOC in Rat Liver DNA. 

J.Toxicol.Environ.Health 34: 485-494. 

EcoReference No.: 94267 

Chemical of Concern: FRM,CHX,CZE,AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: CEL 

Hsu, W. H. and Kakuk, T. J. (1984). Effect of Amitraz and Chlordimeform on Heart Rate and Pupil Diameter in 

Rats: Mediated by Alpha2-Adrenoreceptors. Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol. 73: 411-415. 

EcoReference No.: 37196 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: PHY 
44

Hsu, W. H., Lu, Z. X., and Hembrough, F. B. (1986-). Effect of Amitraz on Heart Rate and Aortic Blood Pressure in 

Conscious Dogs: Influence of Atropine, Prazosin, Tolazoline, and Yohimbine. Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol.

84: 418, 422 (doi: 10.1016/0041-008X(86)90150-X). 

EcoReference No.: 112031 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: PHY 

Hsu, W. H. and McNeel, S. V. (1985). Amitraz-Induced Prolongation of Gastrointestinal Transit and Bradycardia in 

Dogs and Their Antagonism by Yohimbine: Preliminary Study. Drug Chem.Toxicol. 8: 239-253. 

EcoReference No.: 111818 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: PHY,CEL 

Hsu, W. H. and Schaffer, D. D. (1988). Effects of Topical Application of Amitraz on Plasma Glucose and Insulin 

Concentrations in Dogs. Am.J.Vet.Res. 49: 130-131 . 

EcoReference No.: 111813 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: BCM 

Hugnet, C., Buronfosse, F., Pineau, X., Cadore, J. L., Lorgue, G., and Berny, P. J. (1996). Toxicity and Kinetics of 

Amitraz in Dogs. Am.J.Vet.Res. 57: 1506-1510. 

EcoReference No.: 112110 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: BCM,PHY,MOR 

Institoris, L., Banfi, H., Lengyel, Z., Papp, A., and Nagymajtenyi, L. (2007). A Study on Immunotoxicological 

Effects of Subacute Amitraz Exposure in Rats. Hum.Exp.Toxicol. 26: 441-445. 

EcoReference No.: 111750 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: GRO,BCM,MOR,PHY 

Jones, W. A., Wolfenbarger, D. A., and Kirk, A. A. (1995). Response of Adult Parasitoids of Bemisia tabaci (Hom.: 

Aleyrodidae) to Leaf Residues of Selected Cotton Insecticides. Entomophaga 40: 153-162. 

EcoReference No.: 112076 

Chemical of Concern: MP,CYP,BFT,AMZ,AZ,ES,BPZ,TDC; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR 

Kashian, D. R. and Dodson, S. I. (2002). Effects of Common-Use Pesticides on Developmental and Reproductive 

Processes in Daphnia. Toxicol.Ind.Health 18: 225-235. 

EcoReference No.: 93397 

Chemical of Concern: TXP,PHTH,MBZ,MTL,24D,ACO,ACR,AMZ,CSF,CZE,DDT,DFZ,LNR,DQT; 

Habitat: A; Effect Codes: MOR,GRO,REP 

Kaur, B., Kaur, R., and Sandhu, H. S. (2003). Subacute Oral Toxicity of Amitraz in Cross-Bred Cow Calves - Effect 

on Some Haematological Parameters. Toxicol.Int. 10: 51-54. 

EcoReference No.: 111812 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: PHY,CEL,BCM,BEH 

Kim, J. C., Shin, J. Y., Yang, Y. S., Shin, D. H., Moon, C. J., Kim, S. H., Park, S. C., Kim, Y. B., Kim, H. C., and 

Chung, M. K. (2007). Evaluation of Developmental Toxicity of Amitraz in Sprague-Dawley Rats . 

Arch.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 52: 137-144 . 

EcoReference No.: 97358 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: GRO,MOR,REP,POP,PHY,BEH 
45

Kuhn, R., Pattard, M., Pernak, K. D., and Winter, A. (1989). Results of the Harmful Effects of Selected Water 

Pollutants (Anilines, Phenols, Aliphatic Compounds) to Daphnia magna. Water Res. 23: 495-499. 

EcoReference No.: 846 

Chemical of Concern: PCP,CPH,NP,PL,24DC,BZD,OPHP,24DMA; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: MOR 

Kumar, A., Sharma, S. D., Kashyap, N. P., Srivastava, S., and Raj, D. (1994). Effect of Amitraz and Fluvalinate on 

Brood and Longevity of Adult Apis mellifera L. Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidiae). Uttar Pradesh J.Zool. 14: 

151-155. 

EcoReference No.: 111814 

Chemical of Concern: FVL,AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP,MOR 

Lengyel, Z., Lukacs, A., Szabo, A., and Institoris, L. (2006). Neurotoxic and General Effects of Combined 

Subchronic Exposure of Rats to Insecticides and Heavy Metals. Acta Biol.Hung. 57: 423-432. 

EcoReference No.: 112068 

Chemical of Concern: Pb,Hg,Cd,DMT,AMZ,CYP; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: PHY,GRO 

Lengyel, Z., Szabo, A., Papp, A., and Nagymajtenyi, L. (2007). Functional Neurotoxic Effects in Rats Acutely 

Exposed to Insecticide Combinations. Pestic.Biochem.Physiol. 87: 94-102. 

EcoReference No.: 108388 

Chemical of Concern: DMT,PPX,CYP,AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: PHY 

M'Diaye, K. and Bounias, M. (1991). Sublethal Effects of the Formamidine Amitraz on Honeybees Gut Lipids, 

Following In Vivo Injections. Biomed.Environ.Sci. 4: 376-383. 

EcoReference No.: 112671 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: GRO,BCM 

Moser, V. C. (1991). Investigations of Amitraz Neurotoxicity in Rats: IV. Assessment of Toxicity Syndrome Using 

a Functional Observational Battery. Fundam.Appl.Toxicol. 17: 7-16. 

EcoReference No.: 95148 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: GRO,BEH,MOR 

Moser, V. C., Boyes, W. K., and MacPhail, R. C. (1987). Investigations of Amitraz Neurotoxicity in Rats: I. 

Effects on Operant Performance. Fundam.Appl.Toxicol. 9: 131, 139 (doi: 10.1016/0272-0590(87)90160-

6). 

EcoReference No.: 112033 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: BEH,PHY,GRO 

Moser, V. C. and MacPhail, R. C. (1986-). Differential Effects of Formamidine Pesticides on Fixed-Interval 

Behavior in Rats. Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol. 84: 315, 324 (doi: 10.1016/0041-008X(86)90139-0). 

EcoReference No.: 112039 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ,FTT; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: BEH 

Moser, V. C. and MacPhail, R. C. (1989). Investigations of Amitraz Neurotoxicity in Rats: III. Effects on Motor 

Activity and Inhibition of Monoamine Oxidase. Fundam.Appl.Toxicol. 12: 12, 22 (doi: 10.1016/0272-

0590(89)90057-2). 

EcoReference No.: 112034 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: BEH,PHY,GRO,MOR 
46

Moser, V. C., McDaniel, K. L., and Phillips, P. M. (1991). Rat Strain and Stock Comparisons Using a Functional 

Observational Battery: Baseline Values and Effects of Amitraz. Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol. 108 : 267-283. 

EcoReference No.: 112035 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: BEH,PHY,GRO 

Osano, O., Admiraal, W., Klamer, H. J. C., Pastor, D., and Bleeker, E. A. J. (2002). Comparative Toxic and 

Genotoxic Effects of Chloroacetanilides, Formamidines and Their Degradation Products on Vibrio fischeri 

and Chironomus riparius. Environ.Pollut. 119: 195-202. 

EcoReference No.: 65836 

Chemical of Concern: ACR,MTL,AMZ,DEAL,DCA,AN,24DMA; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: MOR 

Osano, O., Oladimeji, A. A., Kraak, M. H. S., and Admiraal, W. (2002). Teratogenic Effects of Amitraz, 2,4-

Dimethylaniline, and Paraquat on Developing Frog (Xenopus) Embryos. Arch.Environ.Contam.Toxicol.

43: 42-49. 

EcoReference No.: 65872 

Chemical of Concern: PAQT,AMZ; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: GRO,MOR 

Palermo-Neto, J., Florio, J. C., and Sakate, M. (1994). Developmental and Behavioral Effects of Prenatal Amitraz 

Exposure in Rats. Neurotoxicol.Teratol. 16: 65-70. 

EcoReference No.: 112241 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: REP,GRO,MOR,BEH 

Palermo-Neto, J., Sakate, M., and Florio, J. C. (1997). Developmental and Behavioral Effects of Postnatal Amitraz 

Exposure in Rats. Braz.J.Med.Biol.Res. 30: 989-997 . 

EcoReference No.: 95611 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: PHY,GRO,REP 

Pascoe, A. L. and Reynoldson, J. A. (1986). The Cardiac Effects of Amitraz in the Guinea-Pig In Vivo and In Vitro. 

Comp.Biochem.Physiol.C 83: 413, 417 (doi: 10.1016/0742-8413(86)90145-3). 

EcoReference No.: 112036 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: PHY 

Pass, M. A. and Mogg, T. D. (1991). Effect of Amitraz and Its Metabolites on Intestinal Motility. 

Comp.Biochem.Physiol.C 99: 169-172. 

EcoReference No.: 112037 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: PHY 

Przybojewska, B. (1999). Assessment of Aniline Derivatives-Induced DNA Damage in the Liver Cells of B6C3F1 

Mice Using the Alkaline Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis ("Comet") Assay. Teratog.Carcinogen.Mutagen.

19: 323-327. 

EcoReference No.: 111819 

Chemical of Concern: 24DMA; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: CEL 

Sanchez-Salas, J. A. and Blanco-Montero, C. A. (1993). Insecticide and Acaricide Effects on Mortality of Two 

Parasites of the Citrus Blackfly, 1989. Insectic.Acaric.Tests 18: 368-369 (14L). 

EcoReference No.: 111099 

Chemical of Concern: DCF,DFZ,PPG,OML,AMZ,MLN,ES,ABM,SFR,Zineb,ETN; Habitat: T; Effect 
47

Codes: MOR 

Santiago, G. P., Otero-Colina, G., Sanchez, D. M., Guzman, M. E. R., and Vandame, R. (2000). Comparing Effects 

of Three Acaricides on Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae) and Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) 

Using Two Application Techniques. Fla.Entomol. 83: 468-476. 

EcoReference No.: 64900 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ,FVL; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR 

Scott, G. C., Pickett, J. A., Smith, M. C., Woodcock, C. M., Harris, P. G. W., Hammon, R. P., and Koetecha, H. D. 

(1984). Seed Treatments for Controlling Slugs in Winter Wheat. Br.Crop Prot.Conf.- Pests and Dis. 1: 

133-138. 

EcoReference No.: 79951 

Chemical of Concern: 

DZM,RTN,ADC,MCB,BMN,AMZ,CBF,TMP,BMNO,THO,DM,THM,DNB,NCTN,AV,GER; Habitat: 

T; Effect Codes: MOR,PHY,POP 

Shi, W. B., Jiang, Y., and Feng, M. G. (2005). Compatibility of Ten Acaricides with Beauveria bassiana and 

Enhancement of Fungal Infection to Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Acari: Tetranychidae) Eggs by Sublethal 

Application Rates of Pyridaben. Appl.Entomol.Zool. 40: 659-666. 

EcoReference No.: 99183 

Chemical of Concern: PPG,DCF,CPY,PRB,HTX,AMZ,ABM; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: REP 

Smith, B. E., Hsu, W. H., and Yang, P. C. (1990). Amitraz-Induced Glucose Intolerance in Rats: Antagonism by 

Yohimbine but not by Prazosin. Arch.Toxicol. 64: 680-683 . 

EcoReference No.: 112038 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: BCM 

Tu, C. M. (1995). Effect of Five Insecticides on Microbial and Enzymatic Activities in Sandy Soil. 

J.Environ.Sci.Health Part B 30: 289-306. 

EcoReference No.: 81342 

Chemical of Concern: PBP,IMC,AMZ,NTP,HgCl2,STRP,CYF; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: 

POP,PHY,BCM 

Ueng, T. H., Hung, C. C., Wang, H. W., and Chan, P. K. (2004). Effects of Amitraz on Cytochrome P450-

Dependent Monooxygenases and Estrogenic Activity in MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cells and Immature 

Female Rats. Food Chem.Toxicol. 42: 1785-1794. 

EcoReference No.: 88399 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: GRO,CEL,BCM 

Van der Hoven, C. L., Schoeman, A. S., and Eicker, A. (1988). The Response of the Cultivated Mushroom, 

Agaricus bisporus, to Five Acaricides Applied for the Corrective Control of a Mushroom-Infesting Mite, 

Caloglyphus berlesei. Phytophylactica 20: 287-292. 

EcoReference No.: 112484 

Chemical of Concern: DEM,PPG,FPP,DCF,AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: GRO,POP 

Vandenberg, J. D. and Shimanuki, H. (1990). Effect of Amitraz Treatments on Honey Bees and on the Honey Bee 

Tracheal Mite. Apidologie 21: 243-248. 

EcoReference No.: 111837 
48

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR 

Witherell, P. C. and Bruce, W. A. (1994). Control of Varroa Mites on Caged Honey Bees, 1993. Arthropod 

Manag.Tests 19: 353. 

EcoReference No.: 97924 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ,FVL; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP,MOR 
49

Acceptable for EcoTox but not for OPP

Akashe, V. B., Indi, D. V., Patil, A. J., Gud, M. A., and Ghadge, S. M. (2006). Persistence and Toxicity of Some 

Miticides Against Tetranychus urticae Koch. on Rose Foliage. J.Maharashtra Agric.Univ. 31: 318-320. 

EcoReference No.: 99375 

Chemical of Concern: SFR,CTZ,ABM,AMZ,DEM,ETN,PFF,DCF,NVL; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: 

MOR; Code: NO ENDPOINT(SFR,CTZ,ABM,AMZ,DEM,ETN,PFF,DCF,NVL). 

Ameno, K., Fuke, C., Ameno, S., Kiriu, T., Shinohara, T., and Ijiri, I. (1991). A Rapid and Sensitive Quantitation of 

Amitraz in Plasma by Gas Chromatography with Nitrogen-Phosphorus Detection and Its Application for 

Pharmacokinetics. J.Anal.Toxicol. 15: 116-118. 

EcoReference No.: 112063 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: ACC; Code: NO ENDPOINT(AMZ). 

Applegate, V. C., Howell, J. H., Hall, A. E. Jr., and Smith, M. A. (1957). Toxicity of 4,346 Chemicals to Larval 

Lampreys and Fishes. Spec.Sci.Rep.Fish.No.207, Fish Wildl.Serv., U.S.D.I., Washington, DC 157 p. 

EcoReference No.: 638 

Chemical of Concern: 

24DXY,DZ,HCCH,MLN,MP,ACL,NAA,NYP,CST,Cu,RTN,NaN3,Ni,CuS,PCP,NaPCP,NaCr,CBL,HCCP

,CHD,PPG,DU,OGO,IND,AAH,ATZ,SFZ,Pb,24DMA,PPNOL; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: MOR; Code: 

NO 

ENDPOINT(24DXY,DZ,HCCH,MLN,MP,ACL,NAA,NYP,CST,Cu,RTN,NaN3,Ni,CuS,PCP,NaPCP,NaC

r,CBL,HCCP,CHD,PPG,DU,OGO,IND,AAH,ATZ,SFZ,Pb,24DMA,PPNOL). 

Auer, D. E., Seawright, A. A., Pollitt, C. C., and Williams, G. (1984). Illness in Horses Following Spraying with 

Amitraz. Aust.Vet.J. 61: 257-259. 

EcoReference No.: 111709 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: PHY,BEH,BCM; Code: NO CONTROL,NO 

ENDPOINT(AMZ). 

Batterton, J., Winters, K., and Van Baalen, C. (1978). Anilines: Selective Toxicity to Blue-Green Algae. Science

199: 1068-1070. 

EcoReference No.: 7217 

Chemical of Concern: MTL,24DMA; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: GRO; Code: NO 

ENDPOINT(MTL,24DMA). 

Baxter, J. R., Ibarra, J., Wilson, W. T., Arther, R. G., Kellerby, J. D., and Stewart, J. (1999). Amitraz or Coumaphos 

Efficacy Tests in Guatemala for Control of Varroa jacobsoni in Honey Bees. Southwest.Entomol. 24: 309-

313. 

EcoReference No.: 101140 

Chemical of Concern: CMPH,AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Code: NO 

ENDPOINT(CMPH,AMZ). 

Birner, G. and Neumann, H. G. (1988). Biomonitoring of Aromatic Amines II: Hemoglobin Binding of Some 

Monocyclic Aromatic Amines. Arch.Toxicol. 62: 110-115. 

EcoReference No.: 112052 

Chemical of Concern: NBZ,24DMA; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: BCM; Code: NO CONTROL,NO 

ENDPOINT(24DMA). 
50

Bozsik, A. (1991). Effect of Chemicals on Aphidophagous Insects: Response of Adults of Common Green 

Lacewing Chrysoperla carnea to Pesticides. In: L.Polgar, et al.(Eds.), Behaviour and Impact of 

Aphidophaga, 4th Meet.of the IOBC W.G.Ecology of Ephidophaga, Sept.1990, Godollo, Hungary, SPB 

Acad.Publ.B.V., The Hague, Netherlands 297-304. 

EcoReference No.: 76482 

Chemical of Concern: DM,TCF,CBL,ES,MDT,MLX,EPH,PHSL,AMZ,Captan,DOD,Zineb,FRM,PCZ; 

Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; Code: NO 

CONTROL(DM,TCF,CBL,ES,MDT,MLX,EPH,PHSL,AMZ,Captan,DOD,Zineb,FRM,PCZ). 

Brettell, J. H. (1984). Green Lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) of Cotton Fields in Central Zimbabwe 3. 

Toxicity of Certain Acaricides, Aphicides and Pyrethroids to Larvae of Chrysopa boninensis Okamoto, 

Chrysopa congrua Walker and Chrysopa pudica Navas. Zimbabwe J.Agric.Res 22: 133-139. 

EcoReference No.: 89352 

Chemical of Concern: TDC,PIM,AMZ,FYT,PMR,CYF,DM,FNV; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; 

Code: NO CONTROL(TDC,PIM,AMZ,FYT,PMR,CYF,DM,FNV). 

Bringmann, G. (1975). Determination of the Biologically Harmful Effect of Water Pollutants by Means of the 

Retardation of Cell Proliferation of the Blue Algae Microcystis. Gesund.-Ing. 96: 238-241 (GER) (ENG 

TRANSL). 

EcoReference No.: 10116 

Chemical of Concern: 

BNZ,ATC,CF,CBZ,TOL,CTC,3CE,DCB,Urea,FML,ETHB,NP,MCRE,PL,FUR,NBZ,PHTH,Pb,AN,DNT,

Cd,CuS,HgCl2,NaCr,CN,Cu,CuS,As,AMSV,C8OH,CIT,NaNO3,24DMA,PPNOL,nBUT,AMYOH; 

Habitat: A; Effect Codes: GRO; Code: NO ENDPOINT,NO 

CONTROL(BNZ,ATC,CF,CBZ,TOL,CTC,3CE,DCB,UREA,FML,ETHB,NP,MCRE,PL,FUR,NBZ,PHTH

,Pb,AN,DNT,Cd,CuS,HgCl2,NaCr,CN,Cu,CuS,As,AMSV,C8OH,CIT,NaNO3,24DMA,PPNOL,nBUT,A

MYOH). 

Bringmann, G. (1978). Investigation of Biological Harmful Effects of Chemical Substances Which are Classified as 

Dangerous for Water on Protozoa. Z.Wasser-Abwasser-Forsch. 11: 210, 215 (ENG TRANSL,TR-80-0307, 

13 p.) (OECDG Data File). 

EcoReference No.: 6601 

Chemical of Concern: 

UREA,ATC,24DXYEE,ACL,TOL,PL,Pb,DNT,HgCl2,SFL,Be,Ni,NaCr,CF,HCB,ETHB,4NP,CN,PHTH,D

CB,DEAC,NP,FUR,BNZ,3CE,NBZ,NaCN,CuS,Ag,BZO,As,Se,AMSV,NaBr,Cd,NaID,C8OH,CIT,ACAC,

BRA,Boron,24DMA,ETHN,MOL,PPNOL,nBUT,AMYOH; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: POP; Code: NO 

CONTROL(NP,FUR,PL,PHTH,Be,ZnCl2,CPH,Ni,MCRE,DNT,Pb,Tl,Cd,CN,AN,ATC,UREA,3CE,DGM

E,CTC,NBZ,CBZ,TOL,BNZ,CuS,HgCl2,NaCr,Cu,BZO,As,Ni,Pb,AMSV,APAC,Se,NaID,C8OH,DCB,Bo

ron),NO ENDPOINT,NO 

CONTROL(SFL,CIT,ACAC,BRA,Ag,NaBr,24DMA,ETHN,MOL,PPNOL,nBUT,AMYOH). 

Bringmann, G. and Kuehn, R. (1982). Results of Toxic Action of Water Pollutants on Daphnia magna Straus Tested 

by an Improved Standardized Procedure. Z.Wasser-Abwasser-Forsch. 15: 1-6 (GER) (ENG ABS) 

(OECDG Data File). 

EcoReference No.: 707 

Chemical of Concern: 

Cr,CN,FUR,BZO,As,Ni,Cd,PCP,AMSV,APAC,SCA,PL,NP,DNT,C8OH,DCB,CIT,ACAC,24DMA,ETH

N,MOL,PPNOL,nBUT,AMYOH; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: BEH; Code: LITE EVAL 

CODED(DCB,SCA),NO CONTROL(C80H,CIT,ACAC,24DMA,ETHN,MOL,PPNOL,nBUT,AMYOH). 

Bringmann, G. and Kuhn, R. (1980). Comparison of the Toxicity Thresholds of Water Pollutants to Bacteria, Algae, 
51

and Protozoa in the Cell Multiplication Inhibition Test. Water Res. 14: 231-241 (Author Communication 

Used). 

EcoReference No.: 5303 

Chemical of Concern: 

Be,Cd,Ag,CuS,Ni,SFL,HgCl2,Pb,24DC,PL,MCRE,ETHB,NBZ,DCB,NP,PHTH,3CE,BNZ,CF,AN,UREA,

CTC,ATC,NP,CN,NaCr,FUR,Cu,BZO,As,Se,AMSV,NaBr,NaID,C8OH,SFL,BRA,Boron,24DMA,ETHN,

MOL,PPNOL,nBUT,AMYOH; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: POP; Code: NO 

ENDPOINT(Be,Cd,CuS,Ni,HgCl2,Pb,24DC,PL,MCRE,ETHB,NBZ,DCB,NP,PHTH,3CE,BNZ,CF,AN,U

REA,CTC,ATC,NP,CN,NaCr,FUR,Cu,BZO,As,Se,AMSV,NaBr,NalD,C80H,Boron,),NO ENDPOINT,NO 

CONTROL(SFL,BRA,Ag,NaBr,24DMA,ETHN,MOL,PPNOL,nBUT,AMYOH). 

Bringmann, G. and Kuhn, R. (1979). Comparison of Toxic Limiting Concentrations of Water Contaminants Toward 

Bacteria, Algae and Protozoa in the Cell-Growth Inhibition Test (Vergleich der Toxischen 

Grenzkonzentrationen Wassergefahrdender Stoffe Gegen Bakterien, Algen und Protozoen im 

Zellvermehrungshemmtest). G.I.Haustechnik Bauphysik Umwelttech 100: 249-252 (GER) (OECDG Data 

File) . 

EcoReference No.: 5014 

Chemical of Concern: 

NaCr,CN,FUR,CuS,BZO,As,Ni,Cd,Se,Pb,AMSV,NaBr,Ag,NaID,C8OH,DCB,SFL,CIT,ACAC,Boron,24D

MA,ETHN; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: POP; Code: NO ENDPOINT,NO 

CONTROL(SFL,CIT,ACAC,Ag,NaBr,24DMA,ETHN). 

Bringmann, G. and Kuhn, R. (1980). Determination of the Biological Effect of Water Pollutants in Protozoa. II. 

Bacteriovorous Ciliates (Bestimmung der Biologischen Schadwirkung Wassergefahrdender Stoffe Gegen 

Protozoen. II. Bakterienfressende Ciliaten). Z.Wasser-Abwasser-Forsch. 13 : 26-31 (GER) (ENG ABS). 

EcoReference No.: 6791 

Chemical of Concern: 

NaCr,CN,FUR,Cu,CuS,BZO,As,Ni,Ag,Pb,AMSV,NaBr,ACL,Se,Cd,NaID,C8OH,DCB,SFL,CIT,ACAC,B

RA,Boron,24DMA,ETHN,MOL,PPNOL,nBUT,AMYOH; Habitat: A; Code: NO ENDPOINT,NO 

CONTROL(SFL,CIT,ACAC,BRA,Ag,NaBr,24DMA,ETHN,MOL,PPNOL,nBUT,AMYOH). 

Bringmann, G. and Kuhn, R. (1977). Limiting Values for the Damaging Action of Water Pollutants to Bacteria 

(Pseudomonas putida) and Green Algae (Scenedesmus quadricauda) in the Cell Multiplication Inhibition 

Test. Z.Wasser-Abwasser-Forsch.10(3/4):87-98 (GER)(ENG ABS) / TR-80-0400, TR-78-0043, Literature 

Res.Co. (ENG TRANSL)(OECD Data File). 

EcoReference No.: 7453 

Chemical of Concern: 

CBL,HCCH,NaCr,CN,FUR,CuS,BZO,As,Ni,Cd,Se,ATZ,Pb,AMSV,NaBr,Ag,NaID,C8OH,DCB,SFL,AC

AC,BRA,Boron,24DMA,ETHN,MOL,PPNOL,nBUT,AMYOH; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: POP; Code: 

LITE EVAL CODED(OW-TRV-Cu),NO ENDPOINT,NO 

CONTROL(SFL,ACAC,BRA,Ag,NaBr,24DMA,ETHN,MOL,PPNOL,nBUT,AMYOH). 

Bringmann, G. and Kuhn, R. (1978). Limiting Values for the Noxious Effects of Water Pollutant Material to Blue 

Algae (Microcystis aeruginosa) and Green Algae (Scenedesmus quadricauda) in Cell Propagation 

Inhibition Tests (Grenzwerte der Schadwirkung Wassergefahrdender Stoffe Gegen Blaualgen (Microcystis 

aeruginosa) und Grunalgen (Scenedesmus quadricauda) im Zellvermehrungshemmtest). Vom Wasser 50: 

45-60 (GER) (ENG ABS) (ENG TRANSL) (OECDG). 

EcoReference No.: 19121 

Chemical of Concern: 

ATZ,CBL,HCCH,NaCr,CN,FUR,CuS,BZO,As,Ni,Zn,Ag,Cd,Pb,AMSV,NaBr,Se,NaID,C8OH,DCB,SFL,C

IT,ACAC,BRA,Boron,24DMA,ETHN,MOL,PPNOL,nBUT,AMYOH; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: POP; 
52

Code: NO ENDPOINT,NO CONTROL(ALL CHEMS),NO 

CONTROL(SFL,CIT,ACAC,ATZ,BRA,Ag,NaBr,24DMA,ETHN,MOL,PPNOL,nBUT,AMYOH) . 

Bringmann, G. and Kuhn, R. (1977). Results of the Damaging Effect of Water Pollutants on Daphnia magna 

(Befunde der Schadwirkung Wassergefahrdender Stoffe Gegen Daphnia magna). Z.Wasser-AbwasserForsch. 10: 161-166(ENG TRANSL)(OECDG Data File)(GER)(ENG ABS). 

EcoReference No.: 5718 

Chemical of Concern: 

NP,FUR,PL,PHTH,Be,ZnCl2,CPH,Ni,MCRE,DNT,Pb,Tl,Cd,CN,AN,ATC,Urea,3CE,DGME,CTC,NBZ,C

BZ,TOL,BNZ,CuS,HgCl2,Ag,NaCr,Cu,BZO,As,Ni,Ag,Pb,AMSV,NaBr,APAC,Se,NaID,C8OH,DCB,CIT,

BRA,Boron,24DMA,ETHN,MOL,PPNOL,nBUT,AMYOH; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: MOR; Code: NO 

CONTROL(NP,FUR,PL,PHTH,Be,ZnCl2,CPH,Ni,MCRE,DNT,Pb,Tl,Cd,CN,AN,ATC,Urea,3CE,DGME,

CTC,NBZ,CBZ,TOL,BNZ,CuS,HgCl2,Ag,NaCr,Cu,BZO,As,Ni,Ag,Pb,AMSV,NaBr,APAC,Se,NaID,C8O

H,DCB,CIT,BRA,Boron,24DMA,ETHN,MOL,PPNOL,nBUT,AMYOH). 

Bringmann, G. and Kuhn, R. (1978). Testing of Substances for Their Toxicity Threshold: Model Organisms 

Microcystis (Diplocystis) aeruginosa and Scenedesmus quadricauda. Mitt.Int.Ver.Theor.Angew.Limnol. 21: 

275-284 (Author Communication Used). 

EcoReference No.: 15134 

Chemical of Concern: 

Be,Cd,Ag,CuS,Ni,SFL,HgCl2,ATZ,LNR,Pb,CN,DNT,24DC,FRN,PL,CBZ,MCRE,ETHB,FUR,NBZ,PHT

H,3CE,NP,AN,CBL,CF,HCCH,ATC,Urea,CTC,NaCr,Cu,BZO,As,Se,AMSV,NaBr,NaID,C8OH,DCB,AC

AC,BRA,Boron,24DMA,ETHN,MOL,PPNOL,nBUT,AMYOH; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: POP; Code: 

NO 

ENDPOINT(Be,Cd,CuS,Ni,SFL,HgCl2,LNR,Pb,CN,DNT,24DC,FRN,PL,CBZ,MCRE,ETHB,FUR,NBZ,P

HTH,3CE,NP,AN,CBL,CF,HCCH,ATC,UREA,CTC,NaCr,Cu,BZO,As,Se,AMSV,NaID,C8OH,DCB,Boro

n),NO ENDPOINT,NO 

CONTROL(SFL,ACAC,ATZ,BRA,Ag,NaBr,24DMA,ETHN,MOL,PPNOL,nBUT,AMYOH). 

Bringmann, G., Kuhn, R., and Winter, A. (1980). Determination of the Biological Effect From Water Pollutants to 

Protozoa. III. Saprozoic Flagellates (Bestimmung der Biologischen Schadwirkung Wassergefahrdender 

Stoffe Gegen Protozoen III. Saprozoische Flagellaten). Z.Wasser-Abwasser-Forsch. 13: 170-173 (GER) 

(ENG ABS) (OECDG Data File). 

EcoReference No.: 5719 

Chemical of Concern: 

CTC,UREA,ATC,AN,NP,BZO,PPN,CF,BNZ,3CE,HCB,DCB,FUR,NBZ,ETHB,ACL,DXN,24DC,DNT,C

N,MCRE,TOL,PL,DEAC,Pb,FRN,HgCl2,SFL,Ni,CuS,Ag,Cd,Be,NaCr,As,Ni,Ag,Cd,Se,Pb,AMSV,NaBr,

NaID,C8OH,ACAC,BRA,Boron,24DMA,ETHN,MOL,PPNOL,nBUT,AMYOH; Habitat: A; Effect 

Codes: POP; Code: NO ENDPOINT,NO 

CONTROL(SFL,ACAC,BRA,Ag,NaBr,24DMA,ETHN,MOL,PPNOL,nBUT,AMYOH). 

Brown, T. M., Bryson, P. K., and Payne, G. T. (1996). Synergism by Propynyl Aryl Ethers in Permethrin-Resistant 

Tobacco Budworm Larvae, Heliothis virescens. Pestic.Sci. 43: 323-331. 

EcoReference No.: 63595 

Chemical of Concern: PPB,DDT,ES,PFF,AMZ,SPS,FYT,FNV,FPP,MP,CPY,PMR,CYP; Habitat: T; 

Effect Codes: MOR; Code: LITE EVAL CODED(CPY),NO 

MIXTURE(PPB,AMZ),OK(PMR),TARGET(MP,PFF,SPS,CYP,FPP,FNV,FYT,DDT),NO 

ENDPOINT(ES). 

Burridge, M. J., Peter, T. F., Allan, S. A., and Mahan, S. M. (2002). Evaluation of Safety and Efficacy of Acaricides 

for Control of the African Tortoise Tick (Amblyomma marmoreum) on Leopard Tortoises (Geochelone 

pardalis). J.Zoo Wildl.Med. 33: 52-57. 
53

EcoReference No.: 71543 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ,CBL,CPY,CYF,FPN,HCCH,PMR,PTR; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: 

MOR,BEH; Code: LITE EVAL CODED(CPY),NO ENDPOINT(AMZ,CBL,CYF,PMR). 

Castella, J. and Estrada, A. (1994). Susceptibility of the Brown Dog Tick to Eight Acaricides, 1991. Arthropod 

Manag.Tests 19: 371 (4L). 

EcoReference No.: 106250 

Chemical of Concern: CMPH,DZ,CYP,DM,PMR,AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; Code: NO 

CONTROL(CMPH,DZ,CYP,DM,PMR,AMZ,DM). 

Childers, C. C., Duncan, L. W., Wheaton, T. A., and Timmer, L. W. (1987). Arthropod and Nematode Control with 

Aldicarb on Florida Citrus. J.Econ.Entomol. 80: 1064-1071. 

EcoReference No.: 114319 

Chemical of Concern: CuS,FBOX,ADC,AMZ,MZB,Boron; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Code: 

CROP(ADC),NO MIXTURE(AMZ,MZB). 

Colin, M. E. (1990). Essential Oils of Labiatae for Controlling Honey Bee Varroosis. J.Appl.Entomol. 110: 19-25. 

EcoReference No.: 111792 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP,PHY; Code: NO CONTROL,NO 

ENDPOINT(AMZ). 

Das, S. S. (1996). Effect of a Herbal Compound for Treatment of Sarcoptic Mange Infestations on Dogs. 

Vet.Parasitol. 63: 303, 306 (doi: 10.1016/0304-4017(95)00913-2). 

EcoReference No.: 111820 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR,BEH; Code: NO CONTROL(AMZ). 

De Maeyer, L., Schmidt, H. W., and Peeters, D. (2002). Envidor - A New Acaricide for IPM in Pomefruit Orchards. 

Pflanzenschutz-Nachr.Bayer 55: 211-236. 

EcoReference No.: 75880 

Chemical of Concern: SDF,AZ,AMZ,OMT,CYF,MFZ,TFY,FBOX; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: 

MOR,POP; Code: LITE EVAL CODED(SDF),OK(TFY),NO 

ENDPOINT(MFZ,OMT,AMZ),TARGET(CYF,AZ,FBOX,OMT). 

Drummond, R. O. (1988). Susceptibility of the Gulf Coast Tick (Acari: Ixodidae) to Acaricides. J.Econ.Entomol.

81: 1140-1142. 

EcoReference No.: 114521 

Chemical of Concern: AsTO,TVP,PMR,MLN,PSM,DZ,CPY,CBL,AMZ,CMPH,HCCH,TXP; Habitat: T; 

Effect Codes: REP; Code: NO CONTROL(TVP,PMR,MLN,PSM,DZ,CPY,CBL,AMZ). 

E.I.Du Pont de Nemours & Co. (1994). Department of Transportation Skin Corrosion Test of 2,3;2,4;2,5;3,4-

Xylidine on Rabbit Skin with Cover Letter Dated 05/10/94 (Sanitized). EPA/OTS Doc.#86940000752s 10 

p. (NTIS/OTS 0557162). 

EcoReference No.: 115390 

Chemical of Concern: 24DMA; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: PHY; Code: NO CONTROL,NO 

ENDPOINT(24DMA). 

Fergusson-Kolmes, L. A., Scott, J. G., and Dennehy, T. J. (1991). Dicofol Resistance in Tetranychus urticae (Acari: 

Tetranychidae): Cross-Resistance and Pharmacokinetics. J.Econ.Entomol. 84: 41-48. 
54

EcoReference No.: 112259 

Chemical of Concern: 

PRN,ES,PPG,OML,PHSL,OTQ,MOM,FBOX,FPP,CPY,BFT,AZ,AMZ,FTT,HTX,DCF,DINO,CHX,AV; 

Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; Code: NO 

DURATION(AMZ,AZ,BFT,CPY,FBOX,MOM,OML,FTT,ES,FPP,PPG),NO ENDPOINT(DCF,HTX). 

Gilbert, M. E. and Mack, C. M. (1989). Enhanced Susceptibility to Kindling by Chlordimeform may be Mediated by 

a Local Anesthetic Action. Psychopharmacology 99: 163-167. 

EcoReference No.: 112672; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: PHY; Code: NO COC(AMZ). 

Gregorc, A. and Bowen, I. D. (2000). Histochemical Characterization of Cell Death in Honeybee Larvae Midgut 

After Treatment with Paenibacillus Larvae, Amitraz and Oxytetracycline. Cell Biol.Int. 24: 319-324. 

EcoReference No.: 102455 

Chemical of Concern: OXT,AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: CEL; Code: NO ENDPOINT(OXT,AMZ). 

Grout, T. G., Richards, G. I., and Stephen, P. R. (1997). Further Non-target Effects of Citrus Pesticides on Euseius 

addoensis and Euseius citri (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Exp.Appl.Acarol. 21: 171-177. 

EcoReference No.: 64864 

Chemical of Concern: 

KCB,TBO,MTM,IMC,FMP,CDF,TMP,PYX,OMT,FTT,FVL,FPN,DMT,CYP,ADC,AMZ,CHX,DCF,FZQ

,FBOX,BML,MZB,Cu,FST,CFP,FBOX; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR,REP; Code: NO 

ENDPOINT(KCB,TBO,MTM,IMC,FMP,CDF,TMP,PYX,OMT,FTT,FVL,FPN,DMT,CYP,ADC,AMZ,C

HX,DCF,FZQ,FBOX,BML,MZB,Cu,FST,CFP,FBOX). 

Gunaratnam, P., Wilkinson, G. T., and Seawright, A. A. (1983). A Study of Amitraz Toxicity in Cats. Aust.Vet.J.

60: 278-279. 

EcoReference No.: 111707 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: GRO,BEH,PHY; Code: NO ENDPOINT(AMZ). 

Habtu, F. F. and Samsoe-Petersen, L. (1987). Semi-field Method for Testing Side Effects of Pesticides on Adults of 

the Parasitic Wasp Encarsia formosa (Gahan) (Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae). J.Appl.Entomol. 104: 473-479. 

EcoReference No.: 70460 

Chemical of Concern: 

TYF,Captan,TBA,Maneb,CYP,ACP,AMZ,MOM,IPD,DM,PIRM,DCF,VCZ,RSM,PMR,BRSM,FNV,OM

L,EFV; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Code: NO 

ENDPOINT(TYF,Captan,TBA,Maneb,CYP,ACP,AMZ,MOM,IPD,DM,PIRM,DCF,VCZ,RSM,PMR,BRS

M,FNV,OML,EFV). 

Hassan, S. A., Albert, R., Bigler, F., Blaisinger, P., Bogenschutz, H., Boller, E., Brun, J., Chiverton, P., Edwards, P., 

Englert, W. D., Huang, P., Inglesfield, C., Naton, E., Oomen, P. A., Overmeer, W. P. J., Rieckmann, W., 

Samsoe-Petersen, L., Staubli, A., Tuset, J. J., Viggiani, G., and Vanwetswinkel, G. (1987). Results of the 

Third Joint Pesticide Testing Programme by the IOBC/WPRS-Working Group "Pesticides and Beneficial 

Organisms". J.Appl.Entomol. 103: 92-107. 

EcoReference No.: 59146 

Chemical of Concern: AMTL,ACP,PHMD,AMZ,PMR,SZ,CBL,MOM,MZB,PZM,Captan,CTN,DFZ; 

Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR,POP,PHY; Code: NO CONTROL(SZ,PHMD),NO 

ENDPOINT(AMTL,ACP,AMZ,PMR,CBL,MOM,MZB,PZM,Captan,CTN,DFZ). 

Hiepe, T. (1988). Advances in Control of Ectoparasites in Large Animals. Angew.Parasitol. 29: 201-210. 
55

EcoReference No.: 108085 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ,TCF; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Code: NO ENDPOINT,NO 

CONTROL(AMZ,TCF). 

Iwata, Y., Walker, G. P., O'Neal, J. R., and Barkley, J. H. (1985). Residues of Acephate, Amitraz, Chlorpyrifos and 

Formetanate Hydrochloride on and in Fruits After Low-Volume Applications to Orange Trees. Pestic.Sci.

16: 172-178. 

EcoReference No.: 112336 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ,ACP,CPY,FTT; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: ACC; Code: NO 

ENDPOINT(AMZ,ACP,CPY,FTT). 

Juhnke, I. and Luedemann, D. (1978). Results of the Investigation of 200 Chemical Compounds for Acute Fish 

Toxicity with the Golden Orfe Test (Ergebnisse der Untersuchung von 200 Chemischen Verbindungen auf 

Akute Fischtoxizitat mit dem Goldorfentest). Z.Wasser-Abwasser-Forsch. 11: 161-164 (GER) (ENG 

TRANSL) (OECDG Data File). 

EcoReference No.: 547 

Chemical of Concern: 

ATZ,CBL,HCCH,ACL,FUR,BZO,AMSV,APAC,C8OH,DCB,Se,CIT,ACAC,24DMA,ETHN,MOL,PPNO

L,nBUT,AMYOH; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: MOR; Code: NO 

CONTROL(ATZ,CBL,HCCH,ACL,FUR,BZO,AMSV,APAC,C8OH,DCB,Se,CIT,ACAC,24DMA,ETHN,

MOL,PPNOL,nBUT,AMYOH). 

Kashian, D. R. (2002). Reproduction and Development in Daphnia: The Role of Hormones, Pesticides and 

Detoxification. Ph.D.Thesis, Univ.of Wisconsin, Madison,WI 92 p. (Publ in Part As 73376,75106,93397). 

EcoReference No.: 82722 

Chemical of Concern: CZE,24D,AMZ,MBZ,ACR,ACO,LNR,PPB,TXP,DDT,PHTH,DFZ,MTL; Habitat: 

A; Effect Codes: MOR,REP,GRO,BCM,POP; Code: NO PUBL 

AS(PPB,TXP,24D,LNR,ACR,AMZ,DFZ,DQT,MTL). 

Kaya, B., Yanikoglu, A., Creus, A., and Marcos, R. (2000). Genotoxicity Testing of Five Herbicides in the 

Drosophila Wing Spot Test. Mutat.Res. 465: 77-84. 

EcoReference No.: 82394 

Chemical of Concern: DQTBr,AMTL,MBZ,PMT; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: CEL,GRO; Code: NO 

ENDPOINT(DQTBr,AMZ,MBZ,PMT). 

Knowles, C. O. and Benezet, H. J. (1981). Excretion Balance, Metabolic Fate and Tissue Residues Following 

Treatment of Rats with Amitraz and N'-(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)-N-Methylformamidine. 

J.Environ.Sci.Health Part B 16: 547-555. 

EcoReference No.: 111795 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: ACC; Code: NO CONTROL,NO 

ENDPOINT(AMZ). 

Lodesani, M., Pellacani, A., Bergomi, S., Carpana, E., Rabitti, T., and Lasagni, P. (1992). Residue Determination for 

Some Products Used Against Varroa Infestation in Bees. Apidologie 23: 257-272. 

EcoReference No.: 108603 

Chemical of Concern: TML,AMZ,FVL; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: ACC; Code: NO ENDPOINT,NO 

CONTROL(TML,AMZ). 

Marletto, F., Patetta, A., and Manino, A. (2003). Laboratory Assessment of Pesticide Toxicity to Bumblebees. 
56

Bull.Insectol. 56: 155-158. 

EcoReference No.: 73698 

Chemical of Concern: RTN,PHSL,IMC,LCYT,CYF,DMT,ABM,ACP,CBL,CPYM,MOM; Habitat: T; 

Effect Codes: MOR; Code: LITE EVAL 

CODED(DMT,CPYM,RTN,IMC,MOM),OK(PHSL,LCYT,CYF,ABM,ACP,CBL),NO COC(AMZ). 

Moser, V. C. and MacPhail, R. C. (1985). Yohimbine Attenuates the Delayed Lethality Induced in Mice by Amitraz, 

a Formamidine Pesticide. Toxicol.Lett. 28: 99-104. 

EcoReference No.: 112032 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: PHY,MOR,GRO; Code: NO 

ENDPOINT(AMZ). 

Moss, J. I. (1996). Synergism of Toxicity of N,N-Diethyl-m-Toluamide to German Cockroaches (Orthoptera: 

Blattellidae) by Hydrolytic Enzyme Inhibitors. J.Econ.Entomol. 89: 1151-1155. 

EcoReference No.: 93301 

Chemical of Concern: MLN,CPY,AMZ,PMR,LCYT,PPB,DEET,CBL,TBF; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: 

MOR; Code: NO MIXTURE(PMR,PPB,TBF),NO CONTROL(MLN,CPY,CBL,AMZ). 

Naranjo, S. E., Ellsworth, P. C., and Hagler, J. R. (2004). Conservation of Natural Enemies in Cotton: Role of 

Insect Growth Regulators in Management of Bemisia tabaci. Biol.Control 30: 52-72. 

EcoReference No.: 115253 

Chemical of Concern: BPZ,FPP,ACP,PFF,AMZ,ES,OML; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Code: 

TARGET(OML,ACP),NO MIXTURE(ES,AMZ,PFF,FPP). 

Nishiuchi, Y. (1980). Toxicity of Formulated Pesticides to Fresh Water Organisms LXXII. Suisan Zoshoku 27: 238-

244 (JPN). 

EcoReference No.: 6701 

Chemical of Concern: 

CPYM,AMZ,PPG,TVP,PIM,ES,FLAC,PHSL,NCTN,HPT,RTN,DDT,CHD,DLD,MOM,ACP,Naled,CPY,

TVPM,TDC; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: MOR; Code: NO 

CONTROL(RTN,PPG,CPYM,CPY,Naled,TVPM,ACP,ES,TDC,AMZ). 

Nishiuchi, Y. and Asano, K. (1979). Toxicity of Agricultural Chemicals to Some Freshwater Organisms - LIX. The 

Aquiculture (Suisan Zoshoku) 27: 48-55 (JPN) (ENG TRANSL). 

EcoReference No.: 6954 

Chemical of Concern: 

ACP,ACR,ATZ,BMC,BT,Captan,CPY,CTN,Cu,CuOH,CuS,DDVP,DMT,DU,DZ,Folpet,HCCH,LNR,MA

L,MDT,MLN,MOM,PCP,PEB,PHMD,PMT,PNB,PPG,PQT,PSM,QOC,TBC,TFN,RTN,CuCl,PPZ,Zn,Ni,

As,DCB,CPYM,EPTC,Ziram,TVPM,STRP,SFR,TCF,BMY,PPN,DCF,PPX,DQTBr,TDC,AMZ; Habitat: 

A; Effect Codes: MOR; Code: NO 

CONTROL(RTN,Ziram,EPTC,PPG,LNR,PSM,CPYM,CPY,DMT,MLN,BMC,CTN,QOC,Captan,Folpet,A

TZ,TVPM,DZ,DU,STRP,SFR,ACP,DDVP,TCF,BMY,PPN,DCF,PMT,ACR,PQT,TBC,TFN,PPX,DQTBr,

TDC,BT,AMZ). 

Otsuka, S. (1975). Plant Protection and Pesticide News. Pesticides: Amitoraz EC, Orthobencarb Herbicide, and 

Oxadiazon Combined Fertilizer. Nogyo Oyobi Engei 50: 1171-1172 (JPN) (ENG ABS). 

EcoReference No.: 6290 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: A; Code: NO CONTROL(AMZ) . 
57

Petney, T. N. and Knight, M. M. (1988). The Treatment of Ticks on Tortoises Using Amitraz. J.S.Afr.Vet.Assoc. 59: 

206. 

EcoReference No.: 111797 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP,MOR; Code: NO CONTROL,NO 

ENDPOINT(AMZ). 

Pico, Y., Farre, M., Tokman, N., and Barcelo, D. (2008). Rapid and Sensitive Ultra-High-Pressure Liquid 

Chromatography-Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry for the Quantification of Amitraz and 

Identification of Its Degradation Products in Fruits. J.Chromatogr.A 1203: 36-46. 

EcoReference No.: 111917 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: ACC; Code: NO CONTROL,NO 

ENDPOINT(AMZ). 

Roberts, M. C. and Seawright, A. A. (1979). Amitraz Induced Large Intestinal Impaction in the Horse. Aust.Vet.J.

55: 553-554. 

EcoReference No.: 111723 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: BEH,PHY; Code: NO CONTROL,NO 

ENDPOINT(AMZ). 

Rovesti, L. and Deseo, K. V. (1990). Compatibility of Chemical Pesticides with the Entomopathogenic Nematodes, 

Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser and S.feltiae Filipjev (Nematoda: Steinernematidae). Nematologica 36: 

237-245. 

EcoReference No.: 70083 

Chemical of Concern: 

DM,FMP,PPG,AMZ,AND,MOM,PRT,MTAS,DZ,PRN,PPHD,ES,PAQT,ACR,DOD,CYX,TFN,OXF,PH

MD,LNR,PNB,DFZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: BEH,PHY; Code: NO 

ENDPOINT(DM,FMP,PPG,AMZ,AND,MOM,PRT,MTAS,DZ,PRN,PPHD,ES,PAQT,ACR,DOD,CYX,T

FN,OXF,PHMD,LNR,PNB,DFZ),NO COC(CTN). 

Rovesti, L., Heinzpeter, E. W., Tagliente, F., and Deseo, K. V. (1988). Compatibility of Pesticides with the 

Entomopathogenic Nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae). 

Nematologica 34: 462-476. 

EcoReference No.: 93075 

Chemical of Concern: 

DOD,FRM,AMZ,PCZ,CHX,PPM,FOLPET,MLX,CBF,CBD,MTAS,DCF,Dino,CTN,SFR,CuS,THM,MZB

,PPG,DZ,ES,HCCH,PRN,PRT,TBO,FNF,CPY,ADC,MOM,DFZ,HTX,OXF,ACR,PQT; Habitat: A; 

Effect Codes: MOR, BEH; Code: NO 

ENDPOINT(DOD,FRM,AMZ,PCZ,CHX,PPM,FOLPET,MLX,CBF,CBD,MTAS,DCF,Dino,CTN,SFR,Cu

S,THM,MZB,PPG,DZ,ES,HCCH,PRN,PRT,TBO,FNF,CPY,ADC,MOM,DFZ,HTX,OXF,ACR,PQT). 

Saha, T., Chatterjee, S., Saha, K., Chowdhury, A., Somchoudhury, A. K., and Bhattacharyya, A. (2000). Residues of 

Amitraz, a new Acaricide, on Tea. Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 65: 215-221. 

EcoReference No.: 53802 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: ACC; Code: NO ENDPOINT(AMZ). 

Schafers, C. and Hassink, J. (1996). Experimental Simulation of Pesticide Loading in a Stream Mesocosm. 

Brighton Crop Prot.Conf.: Pests and Diseases 97-102. 

EcoReference No.: 111799 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: A; Effect Codes: ACC; Code: NO ENDPOINT(AMZ). 
58

Sugar, D. and Westigard, P. H. (1993). Over-Tree Irrigation in Pear Orchards Influences Persistence of Foliar 

Residues of Four Pesticides. Hortscience 28: 1020-1021. 

EcoReference No.: 76479 

Chemical of Concern: DOD,AMZ,FTT,FRM; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: ACC; Code: NO 

CONTROL(DOD,AMZ,FTT,FRM). 

Takeuchi, S., Matsuda, T., Kobayashi, S., Takahashi, T., and Kojima, H. (2006). In Vitro Screening of 200 

Pesticides for Agonistic Activity via Mouse Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR)alpha and 

PPARgamma and Quantitative Analysis of In Vivo Induction Pathway. Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol. 217: 

235-244. 

EcoReference No.: 89206 

Chemical of Concern: 

AND,HCCH,Captan,CHD,CTN,DDT,DBN,DCF,DLD,ES,EN,Folpet,HPT,MXC,PCP,ACF,ACFM,DFPM,

FZFB,OXF,ACP,ANL,CPY,CPYM,DZ,DDVP,DMT,DS,ETN,FMP,FNT,FNTH,GYP,IFP,MLN,MTM,M

DT,MP,PRN,PRT,PHSL,PSM,PIRM,PFF,TBO,TVP,TCM,TCF,CYF,CYH,CYP,DM,EFX,FNV,FYT,FVL

,PMR,PYN,TFT,TLM,BDC,BMY,CBL,CBD,CBF,CPP,MCB,MOM,MLT,OML,PHMD,PIM,TBC,THM,

ACR,ASM,FTL,MLX,MTL,PZM,ANZ,ATZ,MBZ,PRO,PMT,SZ,BSF,DFZ,DU,LNR,PPN,AMZ,BPH,BT

N,DZM,EXQ,FRM,ILL,IMC,IPD,MCPA,24DXY,PAQT,PDM,PCZ,SXD,TBAH,TPM,TDF,TFZ,TFN,TF

R,TVMP, VCZ,FTL,FNZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: BCM,CEL; Code: OK(ILL,PYN,DFPM),NO IN 

VITRO(AND,HCCH,Captan,CHD,CTN,DDT,DBN,DCF,DLD,ES,EN,Folpet,HPT,MXC,PCP,ACF,ACF

M,FZFB,OXF,ACP,ANL,CPY,CPYM,DZ,DDVP,DMT,DS,ETN,FMP,FNT,FNTH,GYP,IFP,MLN,MTM,

MDT,MP,PRN,PRT,PHSL,PSM,PIRM,PFF,TBO,TVP,TCM,TCF,CYF,CYH,CYP,DM,EFX,FNV,FYT,F

VL,PMR,TFT,TLM,BDC,BMY,CBL,CBD,CBF,CPP,MCB,MOM,MLT,OML,PHMD,PIM,TBC,THM,AC

R,ASM,FTL,MLX,MTL,PZM,ANZ,ATZ,MBZ,PRO,PMT,SZ,BSF,DFZ,DU,LNR,PPN,AMZ,BPH,BTN,D

ZM,EXQ,FRM,IMC,IPD,MCPA,24DXY,PAQT,PDM,PCZ,SXD,TBAH,TPM,TDF,TFZ,TFN,TFR,TVMP

, VCZ,FTL,FNZ). 

Van Leeuwen, T., Stillatus, V., and Tirry, L. U. C. (2004). Genetic Analysis and Cross-Resistance Spectrum of a 

Laboratory-Selected Chlorfenapyr Resistant Strain of Two-Spotted Spider Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae). 

Exp.Appl.Acarol. 32: 249-261 . 

EcoReference No.: 75967 

Chemical of Concern: DMT,SDF,CFP,AMZ,PPB,BFT,CTZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; Code: NO 

CONTROL(AMZ),TARGET(BFT,CTZ,DMT,SDF,CFP),MIXTURE(PPB). 

Winters, K., Batterton, J. C., and Van Baalen, C. (1977). Phenalene-1-One: Occurrence in a Fuel Oil and Toxicity to 

Microalgae. Environ.Sci.Technol. 11: 270-272. 

EcoReference No.: 7433 

Chemical of Concern: 24DMA; Habitat: A; Code: NO ENDPOINT(24DMA). 

Witherell, P. C. and Herbert, E. W. Jr. (1988). Evaluation of Several Possible Treatments to Control Varroa Mite 

Varroa jacobsoni (Oud.) on Honey Bees in Packages. Am.Bee J. 128: 441-445. 

EcoReference No.: 111793 

Chemical of Concern: FVL,AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP,MOR,BEH; Code: NO 

ENDPOINT(AMZ,FVL). 

Excluded

 Reregistration Eligibility Decision (Red): Amitraz (Includes Red Facts: Amitraz Fact Sheet). Govt reports 

announcements & index (gra&i), issue 08, 2097. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: REVIEW. 
59

 Status Report of Industrial Hygiene Monitoring at the Follansbee, West Virginia Plant With Cover Letter. Epa/ots; 

doc #878220551. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH. 

 Summary Status Report of Industrial Hygiene Monitoring Tar Distillation Plants. Epa/ots; doc #878211619. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH,FATE. 

Abed, T. and Ducos de Lahitte, J. (1993). Determination of Ld Sub(50) of Amitraz and Coumaphos on Varroa 

Jacobsoni Oud by Means of Anti-Varroa) (Schering) and Perizin) (Bayer) Acaricides. Apidologie. Vol. 24, 

no. 2, pp. 121-128. 1993.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NON-ENGLISH. 

Addison, R. F. and Brodie, P. F. (1987). Transfer of Organochlorine Residues From Blubber Through the 

Circulatory System to Milk in the Lactating Grey Seal Halichoerus Grypus_ _. Can.J.Fish.Aquat.Sci. 44: 

782-786. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NO CONC/NO DURATION/SURVEY. 

Ahlers, J. Benzing M., Gies, A., Pauli, W., and Roesick, E. (1988). Yeast as an Unicellular Model System in 

Ecotoxicology and Xenobiochemistry. International workshop on advances in environmental hazard and 

risk assessment 1987, schmallenberg-grafschaft, west germany, september 21-23, 1987. Chemosphere 17: 

1603-1616. 

 Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: YEAST. 

Al-Rifai, J. and Akeel, N. (1997). Determination of Pesticide Residues in Imported and Locally Produced Honey in 

Jordan. Journal of apicultural research 36: 155-161. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code : FOOD,SURVEY. 

Allen, R. and Arnold, D. J. (1990). The Comparative Fate of ( Super(14)C)-Amitraz in Different Sediment/Water 

Types. British crop protection council. Brighton crop protection conference: pests and diseases, 1990, 

vols. 1, 2 and 3; international conference, brighton, england, uk, november 19-22, 1990. Xxii+396p.(Vol. 

1); xxii+482p.(Vol. 2); xxii+386p.(Vol. 3) british crop protection: farnham, england, uk. Illus. Maps. 

Paper. Isbn 0-948404-46-9(vol. 1); isbn 0-948404-47-4(vol. 2); isbn 0-948404-48-8(vol. 3); isbn 0-

948404-45-0(set).; 0 (0). 1990. 1023-1028.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: FATE. 

Altobelli, D., Martire, M., Maurizi, S., and Preziosi, P. (2001). Interaction of Formamidine Pesticides With the 

Presynaptic Alpha -Adrenoceptor Regulating [H]Noradrenaline Release From Rat Hypothalamic 

Synaptosomes. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology [Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.]. Vol. 172, no. 3, pp. 

179-185. 1 May 2001.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: IN VITRO. 

Ang, E. L., Obbard, J. P., and Zhao, H. ( Directed Evolution of Aniline Dioxygenase for Enhanced Bioremediation 

of Aromatic Amines. Appl microbiol biotechnol. 2009, jan; 81(6):1063-70. [Applied microbiology and 

biotechnology]: Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ, 24DMA Code: BACTERIA. 

Ang, E. L., Obbard, J. P., and Zhao, H. ( Probing the Molecular Determinants of Aniline Dioxygenase Substrate 

Specificity by Saturation Mutagenesis. Febs j. 2007, feb; 274(4):928-39. [The febs journal]: FEBS J. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: BACTERIA. 

Anon (1985). Broader Choice of Bee-Safe Pesticides Available. Citrograph 70: 185-186. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NO TOX DATA. 

Anon (1991). Official Plant Protection Agent List With a Plant Protection Device List of the Federal Institute for 

Plant Protection Vienna Austria Status as of October 31 1990. Pflanzenschutz (vienna) 0: 1-78. 
60

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NON-ENGLISH,REVIEW. 

Archibald, S. O. and Winter, C. K. (1990). Pesticides in Our Food Assessing the Risks. Winter, c. K., J. N. Seiber 

and c. F. Nuckton (ed.). Chemicals in the human food chain. Xv+276p. Van nostrand reinhold: florence, 

kentucky, usa London, england, uk. Illus. Maps. Isbn 0-442-00421-4.; 0: 1-50. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: FOOD,HUMAN HEALTH. 

Arzone, A. and Patetta, A. ( Twenty Years of Researches on the Action of Pesticides on Honeybees. APIC MOD; 

81 (3). 1990. 111-116.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NON-ENGLISH. 

Aslan, S., Bilge, F., Aydinli, B., Ocak, T., Uzkeser, M., Erdem, A. F., and Katirci, Y. (2005). Amitraz: an Unusual 

Aetiology of Ogilvie's Syndrome. Human & Experimental Toxicology [Hum. Exp. Toxicol.]. Vol. 24, no. 

9, pp. 481-483. Sep 2005.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH. 

Assan, R. and Larger, E. (1993). The Role of Toxins. Leslie, r. D. G. (Ed.). Causes of diabetes: genetic and 

environmental factors. Xiii+355p. John wiley and sons, inc.: New york, new york, usa Chichester, england, 

uk. Isbn 0-471-94040-2.; 0: 105-123. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: REVIEW,HUMAN HEALTH. 

Auger, J., Birkett, M. A., Coats, J., Cohen, S. Z., Hawkes, T. R., Lucca, P., Narayanan, K. S., Potrykus, I., and 

Robertson, A. (1998). All Specialisations Were Catered for at the Iupac Conference (London, Uk: August, 

1998; Iupac). International pest control 40: 204-207. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: REVIEW. 

Avsarogullari, L., Ikizceli, I., Sungur, M., SÖ, ZÜ, Er, E., Akdur, O., YÜ, and Cei, M. ( Acute 

Amitraz Poisoning in Adults: Clinical Features, Laboratory Findings, and Management. Clin toxicol 

(phila). 2006; 44(1):19-23. [Clinical toxicology (philadelphia, pa.)]: Clin Toxicol (Phila). 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH. 

Aydin, K., Kurtoglu, S., Poyrazoglu, M. H., Uzum, K., Ustunbas, H. B., and Hallac, I. K. (1997). Amitraz Poisoning 

in Children: Clinical and Laboratory Findings of Eight Cases. Human & experimental toxicology 16: 680-

682. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH. 

Aydin, K., Kurtoglu, S., Uzum, K., Poyrazoglu, M. H., and Ustunbas, H. B. (1996). Amitraz Poisoning in 

Childhood: Presentation of Five Cases. Cocuk sagligi ve hastaliklari dergisi 39: 511-515. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NON-ENGLISH,HUMAN HEALTH. 

Badegana, A. and Heungens, A. ( Effectiveness of Some Acaricides in the Control of Tetranychus-Urticae on 

Solanum-Aethiopicum. Meded fac landbouwwet rijksuniv gent; 51 (4). 1986 (recd. 1987). 1407-1412.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NON-ENGLISH. 

Baez, M. E., Rodriguez, M., Lastra, O., and Contreras, P. (1997). Solid Phase Extraction of Organophosphorus, 

Triazine, and Triazole-Derived Pesticides From Water Samples. A Critical Study. Hrc journal of high 

resolution chromatography 20: 591-596. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code : CHEM METHODS. 

Baker, P. B. and Woods, D. R. ( Co-Metabolism of the Ixodicide Amitraz. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 42(2): 187-196 1977.. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: BACTERIA. 

Barratt, M. D., Brantom, P. G., Fentem, J. H., Gerner, I., Walker, A. P., and Worth, A. P. (1998). The Ecvam 

International Validation Study on in Vitro Tests for Skin Corrosivity. 1. Selection and Distribution of the 

Test Chemicals. Toxicology in vitro 12: 471-482. 
61

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH,IN VITRO. 

Basak, S. C. and Grunwald, G. D. (1995). Predicting Mutagenicity of Chemicals Using Topological and Quantum 

Chemical Parameters: a Similarity Based Study. Chemosphere 31: 2529-2546. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: METHODS. 

Bayer, E. and Fleischhauer, G. (1993). Status Report on the Testing Activities According to the German Program for 

Existing Chemicals. Chemosphere 26: 1789-1822. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code : HUMAN HEALTH,REVIEW. 

Beland, F. A., Melchior, W. B Jr, Mourato, L. Lg , Santos, M. A., and Marques, M. M. (1997). Arylamine-Dna 

Adduct Conformation in Relation to Mutagenesis. Mutation research 376: 13-19. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: CHEM METHODS. 

Birner, G. and Neumann, H. G. (1987). Biomonitoring of Aromatic Amines Binding of Substituted Anilines to Rat 

Hemoglobin. 28th spring meeting of the deutsche gesellschaft fuer pharmakologie und toxikologie 

(german society for pharmacology and toxicology), mainz, west germany, march 10-13, 1987. Naunynschmiedeberg's arch pharmacol 335: R19. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: ABSTRACT. 

Bizovi, K., Mcmanus, B., Erickson, T., Vanrooyen, M., Phillips, J., and Dahlman, B. (1995). Human Exposure to 

the Pesticide Amitraz in Kenya. North american congress of clinical toxicology annual meeting, rochester, 

new york, usa, september 16-19, 1995. Journal of toxicology clinical toxicology 33: 525. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH,ABSTRACT. 

Bolt, H. M., Neumann, H. G., and Lewalter, J. (1985). The Problems of Setting Biological Tolerance Values for 

Aromatic Amines. Arbeitsmed sozialmed praeventivmed 20: 197-201. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NON-ENGLISH,HUMAN HEALTH. 

Bornstein, D. A., Scola, J., Rath, A., and Warren, H. B. ( Multimodal Approach to Treatment for Control of Fur 

Mites. J am assoc lab anim sci. 2006, jul; 45(4):29-32. [Journal of the american association for 

laboratory animal science : jaalas]: J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: MIXTURE. 

Branner, B., Kutzer, C., Zwickenpflug, W., Scherer, G., Heller, W. D., and Richter, E. (1998). Haemoglobin 

Adducts From Aromatic Amines and Tabacco-Specific Nitrosamines in Pregnant Smoking and NonSmoking Women. Biomarkers 3: 35-47. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH. 

Bredal, W. P., Vollset, I., and Soli, N. E. (1994). Ectoparasiticides for Dogs and Cats in Norway. Norsk 

veterinaertidsskrift 106: 1043-1055. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NON-ENGLISH,REVIEW. 

Brehm, M. (1992). Examples for Extrapolation of Photolysis Reactions From the Laboratory to the Environment.

204th american chemical society national meeting, washington, d.c., Usa, august 23-28, 1992. Abstr pap 

am chem soc 204: Agro 144. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: ABSTRACT,CHEM METHODS. 

Brimecombe, R. D., Fogel, R., and Limson, J. L. ( Electrochemical Monitoring of the Biodegradation of 2,4-

Dimethylaniline. J agric food chem. 2006, nov 15; 54(23):8799-803. [Journal of agricultural and food 

chemistry]: J Agric Food Chem. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: BACTERIA. 

Brimecombe, R. D. and Limson, J. L. ( Electrochemical Investigation of the Effect of Ph and Solvent on Amitraz 

Stability. J agric food chem. 2006, oct 18; 54(21):8139-43. [Journal of agricultural and food chemistry]: J 
62

Agric Food Chem. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code : CHEM METHODS. 

Brown, T. M. (1991). Reaction of Amitraz With Acephate. 201st acs national meeting of the american chemical 

society, atlanta, georgia, usa, april 14-19, 1991. Abstr pap am chem soc 201: Agro 61. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: ABSTRACT. 

Bryant, M. S., Vineis, P., Skipper, P. L., and Tannenbaum, S. R. (1988 ). Hemoglobin Adducts of Aromatic Amines 

Associations With Smoking Status and Type of Tobacco. Proc natl acad sci u s a 85: 9788-9791. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH. 

Bryant, M. S. Vineis P., Skipper, P. L., and Tannenbaum, S. R. (1988). Hemoglobin Adducts of Aromatic Amines in 

People Exposed to Cigarette Smoke . Bartsch, h., K. Hemminki and i. K. O'neill (ed.). Iarc (international 

agency for research on cancer) scientific publications, no. 89. Methods for detecting dna damaging agents 

in humans: applications in cancer epidemiology and prevention Symposium on detection of dna-damaging 

agents in man, espoo, finland, september 2-4, 1987. Xi+518p. Oxford university press: new york, new york, 

usa; oxford, england, uk; international agency for research on cancer: lyon, france. Illus. Paper. Isbn 92-

832-1189-8.; 0: 133-136. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH. 

Buronfosse, T. and Buronfosse, F. (1995). Intoxication of Domestic Carnivores by Cholinesterase Inhibitors.

Recueil de medecine veterinaire de l'ecole d'alfort 171: 135-141 [135-142]. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH,NON-ENGLISH. 

Bussieras, J. and Chermette, R. (1986). Amitraz and Canine Demodicosis. J am anim hosp assoc 22: 779-782. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH. 

Caldow, M., Fussell, R. J., Smith, F., and Sharman, M. ( Development and Validation of an Analytical Method for 

Total Amitraz in Fruit and Honey With Quantification by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Food 

addit contam. 2007, mar; 24(3):280-4. [Food additives and contaminants]: Food Addit Contam. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: CHEM METHODS. 

Camoni, I., Di Muccio a, Bellisai, M. S., and Citti, P. (1993). Pesticide Residue Control in the Years 1988-1989 in 

Italy. Biomed environ sci 6: 161-171. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: SURVEY,FOOD. 

Campos, A. R. and Gravena, S. ( Insecticides Bacillus-Thuringiensis and Arthropod Predators in the Bollworm and 

Tobacco Budworm Integrated Control. An soc entomol bras; 13 (1). 1984 (recd. 1985). 95-106.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NON-ENGLISH. 

Chatani, Y., Chikamoto, T., Munehisa, M., Adachi, T., and Komatsu, M. (1996). Systematic Determination of 

Pesticide Residues in Citrus Fruits. Journal of the food hygienic society of japan 37: 215-221. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NON ENGLISH,CHEM METHODS. 

Chen, A. C., He, H., and Davey, R. B. ( Mutations in a Putative Octopamine Receptor Gene in Amitraz-Resistant 

Cattle Ticks. Vet parasitol. 2007, sep 30; 148(3-4):379-83. [Veterinary parasitology]: Vet Parasitol. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NO TOXICANT. 

Chen, T. H. and Hsu, W. H. (1994). Inhibition of Insulin Release by a Formamidine Pesticide Amitraz and Its 

Metabolites in a Rat Beta-Cell Line: an Action Mediated by Alpha-2 Adrenoceptors, a Gtp-Binding Protein 

and a Decrease in Cyclic Amp. Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics 271: 1240-1245. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: IN VITRO. 

Chen, Z., Hu, Y., Yang, F., Song, W., and Ye, F. (1994). Study on the Control of Asetacus Cunninghamiae. Forest 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NON-ENGLISH. 

Childers, C. C., Easterbrook, M. A., and Solomon, M. G. (1996). Chemical Control of Eriophyoid Mites. In: 

E.E.Lindquist, M.W.Sabelis, and J.Bruin (Eds.), World Crop Pests, Volume 6, Eriophyoid Mites: Their 

Biology, Natural Enemies and Control, Elsevier Sci.Publ., Amsterdam, Netherlands 6: 695-726. 

Chem Codes: EcoReference No.: 92105 

Chemical of Concern: 

SFR,DCF,OTQ,PPG,ETN,FTT,Zineb,MZB,BMY,FO,HTX,DFZ,ABM,AMZ,CAP,CPY,PYT,CBL,DM,D

CF,ES,FPP,FPY,FCX,PIRM,PRB,TFY,DINO,FRM,TDF,PHSL,PRT,DDT,MDT,Maneb,Folpet,TFR,MLX

,Captan,CHX,EN,DDVP,PPHD,OXD,DMT,OMT,DCTP,DZ,ADC,OML,BFT,FYT,FUL,PPX,MCB,CTZ,

HFR Code: REVIEW. 

Childers, C. C., Easterbrook, M. A., and Solomon, M. G. (1996). Chemical Control of Eriophyoid Mites. In: 

E.E.Lindquist, M.W.Sabelis, and J.Bruin (Eds.), World Crop Pests, Volume 6, Eriophyoid Mites: Their 

Biology, Natural Enemies and Control, Elsevier Sci.Publ., Amsterdam, Netherlands 6: 695-726. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: 

SFR,DCF,OTQ,PPG,ETN,FTT,Zineb,MZB,BMY,FO,HTX,DFZ,ABM,AMZ,CAP,CPY,PYT,CBL,DM,D

CF,ES,FPP,FPY,FCX,PIRM,PRB,TFY,DINO,FRM,TDF,PHSL,PRT,DDT,MDT,Maneb,Folpet,TFR,MLX

,Captan,CHX,EN,DDVP,PPHD,OXD,DMT,OMT,DCTP,DZ,ADC,OML,BFT,FYT,FUL,PPX,MCB,CTZ,

HFR Code: REVIEW. 

Cobey, S. and Lawrence, T. (1988). Varroa Mite: Potential Methods of Control. Am.Bee J. 128: 112-117. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ,FVL Code: REFS CHECKED/REVIEW. 

Cockburn, A., Harvey, P. W., Needham, D., Cass, L. Mr, and Dewland, P. M. (1993). Double Blind Human Single 

Dose Tolerance Study of Amitraz With Evaluation of Autonomic Sensory and Psychomotor Function.

Meeting of the british toxicology society and the british society of toxicological pathologists, canterbury, 

england, uk, april 5-7, 1993. Human & experimental toxicology 12: 571. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH,ABSTRACT. 

Cooper, J. F., Wynn, N. R., Deuse, J. P. L., Coste, C. M., Zheng, S. Q., and Schiffers, B. C. (1997). Impact of 

Insecticides on Wild Fauna: A Proposed Toxicity Index. Meded.Fac.Landbouwkd.Rijksuniv.Race 62: 599-

606. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: 

PRT,PHSL,PPHD,PIM,PIRM,PFF,PTP,PPX,PRB,RTN,SFT,SPS,TFT,TMP,TBO,TMT,TDC,TLM,TCF,H

PT,HFR,IMC,IZF,IFP,LCYT,HCCH,MLN,MTM,MDT,MOM,MTPN,MXC,Naled,OMT,OML,OXD,PRN,

MP,PCB,PMR,CYH,CYP,CHT,CYR,DD,DZM,DDT,DM,DEM,DZ,DDVP,DLD,DFZ,DMT,DS,ES,EFV,

ETN,FNT,FPP,FNTH,FNV,FPN,FCX,FYT,FVL,FNP,ABM,ACP,ADC,AND,ATN,AMZ,AZM,AZ,BDC,

BCY,BFT,BRSM,BPZ,CBL,CBF,CHD,CLP,CPY,CPYM,CMPH,CST,CYF,CYR,SMT Code: REFS 

CHECKED/REVIEW. 

Cooper, J. F., Wynn, N. R., Deuse, J. P. L., Coste, C. M., Zheng, S. Q., and Schiffers, B. C. (1997). Impact of 

Insecticides on Wild Fauna: a Proposed Toxicity Index. Meded.Fac.Landbouwkd.Rijksuniv.Race 62: 599-

606. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: 

PRT,PHSL,PPHD,PIM,PIRM,PFF,PTP,PPX,PRB,RTN,SFT,SPS,TFT,TMP,TBO,TMT,TDC,TLM,TCF,H

PT,HFR,IMC,IZF,IFP,LCYT,HCCH,MLN,MTM,MDT,MOM,MTPN,MXC,Naled,OMT,OML,OXD,PRN,

MP,PCB,PMR,PTR,CYH,CYP,CHT,CYR,DD,DZM,DDT,DM,DEM,DZ,DDVP,DLD,DFZ,DMT,DS,ES,

EFV,ETN,FNT,FPP,FNTH,FNV,FPN,FCX,FYT,FVL,FNP,ABM,ACP,ADC,AND,ATN,AMZ,AZM,AZ,B

DC,BCY,BFT,BRSM,BPZ,CBL,CBF,CHD,CLP,CPY,CPYM,CMPH,CST,CYF,CYR Code: REFS 

CHECKED/REVIEW. 

Cooper, R. L., Goldman, J. M., and Stoker, T. E. (1999). Neuroendocrine and Reproductive Effects of 

Contemporary-Use Pesticides. Toxicology and industrial health 15: 26-36. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: REVIEW. 
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Cordle, M. K. (1988). Usda Regulation of Residues in Meat and Poultry Products. J anim sci 66: 413-433. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: FOOD. 

Corta, E., Bakkali, A., Berrueta, L. A., Gallo, B., and Vicente, F. (1999). Kinetics and Mechanism of Amitraz 

Hydrolysis in Aqueous Media by Hplc and Gc-Ms. Talanta 48: 189-199. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: FATE. 

Csicsaky, M. J. and Rodriguez-Farre, E. (1990). Neurotoxic Substances Also Posing a Cancer Risk a Warning.

Second meeting of the international neurotoxicology association, sitges, spain, may 22-26, 1989. 

Neurotoxicol teratol 12: 677-681. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH. 

Curtis, R. J. (1985). Amitraz in the Control of Non-Ixodide Ectoparasites of Livestock. Xviith international 

congress of entomology, hamburg, west germany, aug. 20-26, 1984. Vet parasitol 18: 251-264. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code : HUMAN HEALTH. 

D'angelo, M. and Rodrigues, M. A Lr (1996). Amitraz Effects on Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Mammalian 

Cells in Vitro. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety 33: 163-167. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: VIRUS. 

Darakchieva, L. (1985). Response of Greenhouse Populations of Tetranychus-Urticae to Acaricides of Slow Lethal 

or Repellent Effect. Pochvozn agrokhim rastit zasht 20: 126-134. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NON-ENGLISH. 

Davenport, A. P., Morton, D. B., and Evans, P. D. (1985). Formamidine Derivatives Increase the Atp Levels in 

Locust Skeletal Muscle. International symposium on neuropharmacology and pesticide action held at 

neurotox '85, bath, england, mar. 31-apr. 4, 1985. Pestic sci 16: 556-558. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code : ABSTRACT. 

Davenport, Anthony P., Morton, David B., and Evans, Peter D. (1985). The action of formamidines on octopamine 

receptors in the locust. 24: 45-52. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: IN VITRO. 

De Lahitte Jd (1987). On Perizin. Sante abeille 0: 54-61. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NON-ENGLISH. 

De Oliveira C Al, Rigotto, E. L., and Da Silva J Rt ( Application of Chemical Products in the Control of Rust Mite 

Phyllocoptruta-Oleivora and Their Effects on Predator Mites in Citrus. An soc entomol bras; 13 (1). 1984 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NON-ENGLISH. 

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Relationship Between Surface Adsorption and the Hydrolysis of Amitraz in Anionic Surfactant Solutions.

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: FATE. 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: CHEM METHODS. 

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Hydrophobicity in Regulating Mutagenicity in the Ames Test: 1. Mutagenicity of Aromatic and 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: BACTERIA. 

Delay, R. L., Lacoste, E., Mezzasalma, T., and Blond-Riou, F. ( Pharmacokinetics of Metaflumizone and Amitraz in 

the Plasma and Hair of Dogs Following Topical Application. Vet parasitol. 2007, dec 15; 150(3):251-7. 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: MIXTURE. 

Demirel, Y., Yilmaz, A., Gursoy, S., Kaygusuz, K., and Mimaroglu, C. ( Acute Amitraz Intoxication: Retrospective 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH. 

Dennehy, T. J. and Williams, L. Iii (1997). Management of Resistance in Bemisia in Arizona Cotton. Pesticide 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: MIXTURE. 

Detry, M. (1985). Trial With a New Compound Against Cattle Psoroptic Mange Amitraz Taktic. Ann med vet 129: 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NON-ENGLISH. 

Dittrich, V., Uk, S., and Ernst, G. H. (1990). Chemical Control and Insecticide Resistance of Whiteflies. Gerling, d. 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: REVIEW. 

Doganay, Z., Aygun, D., Altintop, L., Guven, H., and Bildik, F. (2002). Basic Toxicological Approach Has Been 

Effective in Two Poisoned Patients With Amitraz Ingestion: Case Reports. Human & Experimental 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH. 

Dourson, M. L., Knauf, L. A., and Swartout, J. C. (1992). On Reference Dose (Rfd) and Its Underlying Toxicity 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: REVIEW. 

Dourson, M. L. and Lu, F. C. (1995). Safety/Risk Assessment of Chemicals Compared for Different Expert Groups.

Biomedical and environmental sciences 8: 1-13. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code : METHODS,REVIEW. 

Downer, R. G. H., Gole, J. W. D., and Orr, G. L. (1985). Interaction of Formamidines With Octopamine-, 

Dopamine- and 5-Hydroxytryptamine-Sensitive Adenylate Cyclase in the Nerve Cord of Periplaneta 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: IN VITRO. 

Dujin, T., Jovanovi, V., Stajner, B., Olah, M., Savic, M., and Suvakov, D. (1988). Honeybee Health Care Ii. 

Prevention of Spread of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of Honey Bees in the Province of Vojvodina 

Yugoslavia. Vet glas 42: 739-744. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code : NON-ENGLISH. 

Dureja, P. and Parmar, B. S. ( Mitigation of Environmental Hazards of Agrochemicals the Indian Scenario.

Dhaliwal, g. S., Et al. (Ed.). Ecological agriculture and sustainable development, vols. 1 and 2; 

international conference on ecological agriculture: towards sustainable development, chandigarh, india, 

november 15-17, 1997. Xxv+688p.(Vol. 1); xxiii+712p.(Vol. 2) indian ecological society: ludhiana, india; 

centre for research in rural and industrial development: chandigarh, india. Isbn 81-85835-38-1(vol. 1); 

isbn 81-85835-39-x(vol. 2).; 0 (0). 1998. 521-534.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code : REVIEW. 
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Eagle, D. J., Jones, J. Lo, Jewell, E. J., and Paxton, R. P. (1992). Determination of Pesticides by Gas 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: CHEM METHODS. 

Ebing, W. ( Communications From the Federal Biological Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Berlin-Dahlem No. 

236. Gas Chromatography of Pesticides Tabular Literature Abstracts Series Xv. Ebing, w. Mitteilungen 

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germany. Illus. Paper. Isbn 3-489-23600-9.; 0 (0). 1987. 30p. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NON-ENGLISH,CHEM METHODS. 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH. 

Ellis, J. and Schramm, D. N. (1995). Could a Nearby Supernova Explosion Have Caused a Mass Extinction?

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NO TOX DATA. 

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m. A. Q. Khan, g. Pfister and g. Sandmann. Chemistry of plant protection, vol. 6. Controlled release, 

biochemical effects of pesticides, inhibition of plant pathogenic fungi. Ix+312p. Springer-verlag: berlin, 

west germany New york, new york, usa. Illus. Isbn 3-540-51316-7; isbn 0-387-51316-7.; 0: 65-108. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: REVIEW. 

European Commission DG Environment (2002). Endocrine Disrupters: Study on Gathering Information on 435 

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Chem Codes: EcoReference No.: 110504 

Chemical of Concern: 

CBL,DDT,DM,RSM,FRM,MZB,MEM,MBZ,PCP,FNT,LCYT,BFT,24DB,PCL,PCB,BAP,DMBA,MXC,P

AH,PL,PHTH,EDB,ADC,CBF,FYC,MOM,TFN,OXN,FRN,BMN,MVP,PPHD,Pb,TCF,EFV,FVL,PMR,S

MT,CZE,TDM,PPB,PMT,BMY,FZFB,PDM,Nabam,DFZ,CPY,DDVP,GFS,OXD,TVP,BTN,CPZ,DFC,EC

Z,PCZ,TEZ,CTZ,EFX,FPN,FTF,MLT,MYC,TPZ,Al,Cd.Cu,ABM,OYZ,AMZ,QZFE,ETU,NATL,FGSNH,

DMT,PYN,BMC,FNB,FML,IODN,Pb,Hg,GYP,ILL,AZD, Code: REVIEW. 

Evans, P. D. and Davenport, A. P. ( The Action of Pesticides on Biogenic Amine Receptors and Second Messenger 

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pesticide action; neurotox '85, bath, england, 1985. 512p. Vch publishers, inc.: New york, new york, usa; 

weinheim, west germany; ellis horwood ltd.: Chichester, england (dist. In the usa and canada by vch 

publishers: deerfield beach, florida, usa) illus. Isbn 0-89573-424-9; isbn 3-527-26340-3.; 0 (0). 1986. 315-

341.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code : REVIEW. 

Fan, A. M. and Jackson, R. J. (1989). Pesticides and Food Safety. Regul toxicol pharmacol 9: 158-174. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: REVIEW,FOOD,HUMAN HEALTH. 

Fattore, E., Mueller, L., Davoli, E., Castelli, D., and Benfenati, E. (1998). Industrial Pollutants in Ground Waters 

From Northern Milan. Chemosphere 36: 2007-2017. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: FATE. 
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Faucon, J-P (1987). Amitraz Treatment of Varroa Disease Using Evaporation or Cold Temperatures. Sante abeille

0: 65-67. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code : NON ENGLISH. 

Faucon, J. P., Drajnudel, P., and Fleche, C. (1995). Decrease in Apistan Efficacy Used Against Varroa Disease in 

the Honeybee (Apis Mellifera). Apidologie. Vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 291-296. 1995.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NON-ENGLISH. 

Faucon, J. P. and Fleche-Seban, C. (1988). Varroatosis. Sante abeille 0: 81-89. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code : NON-ENGLISH,REVIEW. 

Fentem, J. H., Archer, G. Eb, Balls, M., Botham, P. A., Curren, R. D., Earl, L. K., Esdaile, D. J., Holzhuetter, H. G., 

and Liebsch, M. ( 1998). The Ecvam International Validation Study on in Vitro Tests for Skin Corrosivity. 

2. Results and Evaluation by the Management Team. Toxicology in vitro 12: 483-524. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: IN VITRO. 

Fernandes, M. D. and Queiroz, M. Ls (1999). Measurement of the Respiratory Burst and Chemotaxis in 

Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes From Anti-Che Insecticides-Exposed Workers. Immunopharmacology and 

immunotoxicology 21: 621-633. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH. 

Fernandez-Alba, A. R., Aguera, A., Contreras, M. , Penuela, G., Ferrer, I., and Barcelo, D. (1998). Comparison of 

Various Sample Handling and Analytical Procedures for the Monitoring of Pesticides and Metabolites in 

Ground Waters. Journal of chromatography a 823: 35-47. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: CHEM METHODS. 

Fernandez-Muino, M. A., Sancho, M. T., Muniategui, S., Huidobro, J. F., and Simal-Lozano, J. (1995). Acaricide 

Residues in Honey: Analytical Methods and Levels Found. Journal of food protection 58: 449-454. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: REVIEW,SURVEY. 

Fernandez Muino Ma, Sancho, M. T., Simal-Gandara, J., Creus-Vidal, J. M., Huidobro, J. F., and Simal-Lozano, J. 

(1997). Acaricide Residues in Honeys From Galicia (N.w. Spain). Journal of food protection 60: 78-80. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: SURVEY,FOOD. 

Filazi, A., Kaya, S., Kum, C., and Settir, S. (1998). Investigation of Amitraz Toxicosis in Mice: 1. Assessment of the 

Oral Acute Lethal Dose-50 Levels and Therapeutic Alternatives in Toxicosis (Farelerde Amitraz 

Zehirlenmesine Iliskin Arastirmalar: 1. Agizdan Akut Oldurucu Dox-50 Miktarinin Belirlenmesi ve 

Zehirlenmelerde Sagaltim Secenekleri). Ankara Univ.Vet.Fak.Derg. 45: 259-265 (TUR) (ENG ABS). 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NON-ENGLISH. 

Filazi, A., Kaya, S., Kum, C., and Settir, S. (1998). Investigation of Amitraz Toxicosis in Mice: 1. Assessment of the 

Oral Acute Lethal Dose-50 Levels and Therapeutic Alternatives in Toxicosis (Farelerde Amitraz 

Zehirlenmesine Iliskin Arastirmalar: 1. Agizdan Akut Oldurucu Dox-50 Miktarinin Belirlenmesi Ve 

Zehirlenmelerde Sagaltim Secenekleri). Ankara Univ.Vet.Fak.Derg. 45: 259-265 (TUR) (ENG ABS). 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NON-ENGLISH. 

Filazi, A., Yarsan, E., Kaya, S., and Kum, C. (1998). Investigation of Amitraz Toxicosis in Mice: 2. Liver 

Malondialdehyde Levels in Acute Poisoning (Farelerde Amitraz Zehirlenmesine Iliskin Arastirmalar: 2. 

Akut Zehirlenmelerde Karaciger Malondialdehid Duzeyleri). Ankara Univ.Vet.Fak.Derg. 45: 267-271 

(TUR) (ENG ABS). 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NON-ENGLISH. 

Filazi, A., Yarsan, E., Kaya, S., and Kum, C. (1998). Investigation of Amitraz Toxicosis in Mice: 2. Liver 

Malondialdehyde Levels in Acute Poisoning (Farelerde Amitraz Zehirlenmesine Iliskin Arastirmalar: 2. 

Akut Zehirlenmelerde Karaciger Malondialdehid Duzeyleri). Ankara Univ.Vet.Fak.Derg. 45: 267-271 
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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NON-ENGLISH. 

First Chemical Corp. (1992). Supplement: Letter from First Chem Corp. Concerning an Acute Dermal Toxicity 

Study with 2,4-Xylidine in Rats and Rabbits with Attachments. EPA/OTS Doc.#89-920000161 12 p. 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: 24DMA Code: NO CONC/NO DURATION. 

Foil, L. D., Coleman, P., Eisler, M., Fragoso-Sanchez, H., Garcia-Vazquez, Z., Guerrero, F. D., Jonsson, N. N., 

Langstaff, I. G., Li, A. Y., Machila, N., Miller, R. J., Morton, J., Pruett, J. H., and Torr, S. (2004-). Factors 

that influence the prevalence of acaricide resistance and tick-borne diseases. 125: 163-181. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: REVIEW. 

Folz, S. D., Kratzer, D. D., Conklin, Jr, Nowakowski, L. H., Kakuk, T. J., and Rector, D. L. (1983). 

Chemotherapeutic treatment of naturally acquired generalized demodicosis. 13: 85-93. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH. 

Folz, S. D., Kratzer, D. D., Nowakowski, L. H., Conklin, R. D Jr, and Rector, D. L. (1985). Evaluation of a Topical 

Treatment Alone and in Combination With a Detergent for Generalized Demodicosis. Vet parasitol

17: 165-172. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH. 

Font, G., Manes, J., Molto, J. C., and Pico, Y. (1993). Solid-Phase Extraction in Multi-Residue Pesticide Analysis of 

Water. J chromatogr 642: 135-161. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: REVIEW,CHEM METHODS. 

Fourie, L. J., Kok, D. J., du Plessis, A., and Rugg, D. (2007-). Efficacy of a novel formulation of metaflumizone 

plus amitraz for the treatment of demodectic mange in dogs. 150: 268-274. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: MIXTURE. 

Fourie, L. J., Kok, D. J., du Plessis, A., and Rugg, D. (2007-). Efficacy of a novel formulation of metaflumizone 

plus amitraz for the treatment of sarcoptic mange in dogs. 150: 275-281. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: MIXTURE. 

Gabriel, A., Van Den Ingh, T. S., Clercx, C., and Peeters, D. ( Suspected Drug-Induced Destructive Cholangitis in a 

Young Dog. J small anim pract. 2006, jun; 47(6):344-8. [The journal of small animal practice]: J Small 

Anim Pract. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: MIXTURE,HUMAN HEALTH. 

Gaggelli, Elena, Gaggelli, Nicola, Valensin, Gianni, and Franchi, Alessandro (1993). 1H and 13C NMR relaxation 

investigation of the copper(II) complex of amitraz, a formamidine pesticide. 12: 2355-2358. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: CHEM METHODS. 

Ganjali, Mohammad Reza, Akbar, Vahideh, Ghorbani, Maryam, Norouzi, Parviz, and Ahmadi, Abbas (2005-). 

Fluoride determination in some mouth wash preparations by a novel La(III) graphite coated membrane 

sensor based on amitraz. 531: 185-191. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: CHEM METHODS,HUMAN HEALTH. 

GarcÍ, A-Reyes, J. F., Jackson, A. U., Molina-DÍ, Az, A., and Cooks, R. G. ( Desorption Electrospray 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: CHEM METHODS,FOOD. 

GarcÍ, A-Reyes, J. F., Molina-DÍ, Az, A., and Fernandez-Alba, A. R. ( Identification of Pesticide 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: CHEM METHODS,FOOD. 

Garcia, M. A., Fernandez, M. I., Herrero, C., and Melgar, M. J. (1996). Acaricide Residue Determination in Honey.

Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 56: 881-887 . 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: CHEM METHODS,FOOD. 

Garcia-Repetto, R., Soria, M. L., Gimenez, M. P. , Menendez, M., and Repetto, M. (1998). Deaths From Pesticide 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH. 

Garris, G. I., Bokma, B. H., Strickland, R. K., and Combs, G. P. (1989 ). Evaluation of the Eradication Program 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: REVIEW . 

Gerson, U., Lensky, Y., Lubinevski, Y., Slabezki, Y., and Stern, Y. (1988). Varroa-Jacobsoni in Israel 1984-1986.

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: REVIEW. 

Ghali, G. Z. ( The Metabolic Basis for the Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Formamidine Pesticides. Diss. Abstr. Int. 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: BACTERIA. 

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Hippocampal Evoked Potentials in the Rat. 16th annual meeting of the society for neuroscience, part 1, 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: ABSTRACT. 

Goldman, L. R. (1997). New Approaches for Assessing the Etiology and Risks of Developmental Abnormalities 

From Chemical Exposure. Reproductive toxicology 11: 443-451. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: REVIEW,HUMAN HEALTH. 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH. 

Graepel, H., Drosihn, G., and Seidel, K. ( The Effect of Mitac Active Ingredient Amitraz on Various Mite and 

Insect Species in Fruit Culture and Their Natural Enemies. Laux, w. Mitteilungen aus der biologischen 

bundesanstalt fuer land- und forstwirtschaft berlin-dahlem, heft 266. 47. Deutsche pflanzenschutz-tagung; 

(communications from the federal biological institute for agriculture and forestry berlin-dahlem, no. 266. 

Forty-seventh german plant protection convention); berlin, germany, october 1-5, 1990. Xxxix+515p. 

Kommissionsverlag paul parey: berlin, germany. Illus. Paper. Isbn 3-489-26600-5.; 0 (0). 1990. 51.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NON-ENGLISH. 

Gray, L. E Jr, Monosson, E., and Kelce, W. R. (1996). Emerging Issues the Effects of Endocrine Disrupters on 
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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: REVIEW. 

Gupta, S. P. (1991). Discriminant Analysis of Carcinogenic Nature of Aromatic Amines. Indian j chem sect b org 

chem incl med chem 30: 122-126. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: CHEM METHODS,MODELING. 

Gursoy, S., Kunt, N., Kaygusuz, K., and Kafali, H. ( Intravenous Amitraz Poisoning. Clin toxicol (phila). 2005; 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH. 

Gyoutoku, Y. and Kasio, T. (1990). Toxicity of Pesticides on the Oligota spp. (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Kyushu 

Byogaichu Kenkyukaiho 36: 155-159. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: 

CTN,MZB,TPM,BMY,FBOX,CHX,DCF,BFZ,llCA,ACP,DDVP,DMT,FPP,PMR,EFX,BFT,CYP,FNV,A

MZ,CPY Code: NON-ENGLISH. 

Hagsten, I., Lauber, J. J., Kanter, S. Y., and Donoghue, A. R. (1995). Point-Guard-T-M Amitraz Ready-to-Use 

Miticide-Insecticide for the Control of Mange Mites and Lice on Swine. 87th annual meeting of the 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: ABSTRACT. 

Hankemeier, T., Van Leeuwen S Pj, Vreuls, R. Jj, and Brinkman, U. At (1998). Use of a Presolvent to Include 

Volatile Organic Analytes in the Application Range of on-Line Solid-Phase Extraction-Gas 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: CHEM METHODS. 

Harbin, T. J. (1991). Electrophysiological Measures in Neurotoxicology. Cooper, r. L., J. M. Goldman and t. J. 

Harbin (ed.). The johns hopkins series in environmental toxicology: aging and environmental toxicology: 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH. 

Harper, F. and Hall, R. (1996). Products Containing Amitraz not for Use on Horses. J.Equine Vet.Sci. 16: 270 (doi: 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NO TOX DATA. 

Hartwig, A., Jedruszuk, A., and Ostrowska, W. ( Winter Control of Varroa Disease. Med weter; 41 (11). 1985 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NON-ENGLISH. 

Harvey, P. W., Cockburn, A., and Davies, W. W. ( 1998). Commentary on 'an Unusual Poisoning With the Unusual 

Pesticide Amitraz' With Respect to the Pharmacology of Amitraz. Human & Experimental Toxicology 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH. 

Havelka, J. and Bartova, P. (1992). Pesticide Toxicity Upon the Aphidophagous Gall-Midge Aphidoletes 

Aphidimyza (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae): a Review. Acta entomol bohemoslov 89: 395-402 . 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: REVIEW. 

Havelka, J. and Bartova, P. (1991). Toxicities of Greenhouse Pesticides to the 3rd Instar Larvae of Aphidophagous 

Gall Midge Aphidoletes Aphidimyza (Rondani) (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae). Sb uvtiz (ustav vedeckotech inf 
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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code : NON-ENGLISH. 

Hawthorne, S. B., Sievers, R. E., and Barkley, R. M. (1985). Organic Emissions From Shale Oil Wastewaters and 

Their Implications for Air Quality. Environ sci technol 19: 992-997. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: FATE. 

Heaney, K. and Lindahl, R. G. ( Safety of a Topically Applied Spot-on Formulation of Metaflumizone Plus Amitraz 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: MIXTURE. 

Heimerdinger, A., Olivo, C. J., Molento, M. B., Agnolin, C. A., Ziech, M. F., Scaravelli, L. F., Skonieski, F. R., 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NON-ENGLISH. 

Hemmerling, C. (1987). The Gas Chromatographic Determination of Amitraz Residues in Honey. Nahrung 31: 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code : NON-ENGLISH,CHEM METHODS,FOOD. 

Hemmerling, C., Augustyniak, B., and Risto, C. ( 1991). Total Amitraz Residues in Bee Honeys. Nahrung 35: 

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 Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NON-ENGLISH,FOOD. 

Hill, F. I., Mckenna, P. B., and Mirams, C. H. ( Demodex Spp. Infestation and Suspected Demodicosis of Alpacas ( 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH . 

Hirahara, Y., Nakamuro, K., and Sayato, Y. (1997). Studies on Behaviors of Decomposition of Pesticides in 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NON-ENGLISH,FATE. 

Hirano, M. (1989). Characteristics of Pyrethroids for Insect Pest Control in Agriculture. Pestic sci 27: 353-360. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: REVIEW. 

Hirashima, A., Shinkai, K., Pan, C., Kuwano, E., Taniguchi, E., and Eto, M. (1999). Quantitative Structure-Activity 

Studies of Octopaminergic Ligands Against Locusta Migratoria and Periplaneta Americana. Pesticide 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: IN VITRO. 

Holbrook, F. R. (1988). Insecticide and Acaricide Tests Vol. 13. Holbrook, f. R. (Ed.). Insecticide and acaricide 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: REVIEW. 

Hollingworth, R. M. ( Chemistry, Biological Activity, and Uses of Formamidine Pesticides. Environ. Health 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: REVIEW. 

Horowitz, A. R. and Ishaaya, I. (1996). Chemical Control of Bemisia Management and Application. Gerling, d. And 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: REVIEW. 

Hsu, W. H. and Hopper, D. L. (1986). Effect of Yohimbine on Amitraz-Induced Central Nervous System 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH. 

Hsu, W. H., Shaw, R. N., Schaffer, D. D., Crump, M. H., and Greer, M. H. (1987). Further Evidence to Support the 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: IN VITRO. 

Huang, W., Liu, G., Zhang, Y., Mu, W., and Zhang, J. (1988). Total Residue Analysis of Amitraz in the Rabbit 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NON-ENGLISH. 

Hugla, J. L., Goffinet, G., Kremers, P., Dubois, M., Lambert, V., Stouvenakers, N., and Thome, J. P. (1996). 

Ultrastructural Modifications in Cultured Fetal Quail Hepatocytes Exposed to Pesticides and Pcbs.

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: IN VITRO. 

Hugnet, C., Buronfosse, T., Keck, G., and Bourdoiseau, G. (1995). Intoxication of Domestic Carnivores by Amitraz.

Recueil de medecine veterinaire de l'ecole d'alfort 171: 143-147. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NON-ENGLISH,HUMAN HEALTH. 

Ikeda, M., Koizumi, A., Kasahara, M., Watanabe, T., Nakatsuka, H., and Sekita, Y. (1987). A Statistical Approach 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: MODELING,FATE. 

Injac, M., Krnjajic, S., and Peric, P. (1992). Amitraz Effects on Psylla Pyri L. Zast bilja 43: 281-292. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NON-ENGLISH. 

Isola, A. (1988). Chemicals Employed in Varroa Control Past Experiences and Future Perspectives. Apic mod 79: 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code : NON-ENGLISH,REVIEW. 

Ito, N., Hagiwara, A., Tamano, S., Futacuchi, M., Imaida, K., and Shirai, T. (1996). Effects of Pesticide Mixtures at 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: MIXTURE. 

Itoyama, T., Sekiguchi, Y., Koiguchi, S., Hirahara, Y., Ohta, M., Kimura, M., Miyoshi, T., Narita, M., Hasegawa, 

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Systemic Determination of Various Pesticides in Brown Rice by Gas Chromatography. Journal of the food 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NON-ENGLISH,FOOD. 

Izawa, H. (1997). Phytotoxic Responses on the Petals of Japanese Pear by Acaricides and Insecticides 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code : NON-ENGLISH. 

Jaeckel, H. and Klein, W. (1991). Prediction of Mammalian Toxicity by Quantitative Structure Activity 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: QSAR. 

Japansocplantprotect ( Presentation of Recently Registered Agricultural ChemicalsöInsecticides and 
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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NON-ENGLISH. 

Jekl, V., Hauptman, K., Jeklova, E., and Knotek, Z. ( Demodicosis in Nine Prairie Dogs (Cynomys Ludovicianus).

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH. 

Jiang, Y. and Feng, M. ( [Compatibility of Two Fungal Biocontrol Agents Conidia With Commercial Chemical 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NON-ENGLISH. 

Jimenez, J. J., Bernal, J. L., Del Nozal Mj, Toribio, L., and Atienza, J. (1997). Characterization and Monitoring of 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NO EFFECT,FOOD. 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: REVIEW,HUMAN HEALTH. 

Johnson, D. R. and Studebaker, G. (1993). Control of Bollworm on Cotton Using Bacillus-Thuringiensis 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: BACTERIA,ABSTRACT. 

Johnson, T. L. and Knowles, C. O. (1985). Formamidine-Mediated Inhibition of Rat Platelet Aggregation. General 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: IN VITRO. 

Jones, R. D. (1990). Xylene Amitraz a Pharmacologic Review and Profile. Vet hum toxicol 32: 446-448. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: REVIEW,HUMAN HEALTH. 

Jonsson, N. N. and Hope, M. ( Progress in the Epidemiology and Diagnosis of Amitraz Resistance in the Cattle Tick 

Boophilus Microplus. Vet parasitol. 2007, may 31; 146(3-4):193-8. [Veterinary parasitology]: Vet 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: REVIEW. 

Jonsson, N. N., Mayer, D. G., and Green, P. E. ( 2000-). Possible risk factors on Queensland dairy farms for 

acaricide resistance in cattle tick (Boophilus microplus). 88: 79-92. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: MODELING. 

Jorens, P. G., Zandijk, E., Belmans, L., Schepens, P. Jc, and Bossaert, L. L. (1997). An Unusual Poisoning With the 

Unusual Pesticide Amitraz. Human & experimental toxicology 16: 600-601. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH. 

Kadir, H. A. and Knowles, C. O. (1991). Inhibition of ATP Dephosphorylation by Acaricides with Emphasis on the 

Anti-ATPase Activity of the Carbodiimide Metabolite of Diafenthiuron. J.Econ.Entomol. 84: 801-805. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AZ,FTT,BFT,FPP,EN,AMZ,OTQ,CHX,PPG,HTX,CTZ Code: IN 
74

VITRO. 

Kadir, H. A. and Knowles, C. O. (1991). Inhibition of Atp Dephosphorylation by Acaricides With Emphasis on the 

Anti-Atpase Activity of the Carbodiimide Metabolite of Diafenthiuron. J.Econ.Entomol. 84: 801-805. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AZ,FTT,BFT,FPP,EN,AMZ,OTQ,CHX,PPG,HTX,CTZ Code: IN 

VITRO. 

Kadir, H. A. and Knowles, C. O. (1989). Oxidative Deamination and N-Acetylation of Biogenic Amines by 

Homogenates of Bulb Mites (Rhizoglyphus Echinopus). Comp biochem physiol c comp pharmacol toxicol

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: IN VITRO. 

Kadono, F. (1998). Historical Changes in Species of Spider Mites in Deciduous Fruit Orchards and Its Status of 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: REVIEW. 

Kamel, A. and Al-Ghamdi, A. ( Determination of Acaricide Residues in Saudi Arabian Honey and Beeswax Using 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: SURVEY,CHEM METHODS. 

Karpas, Z. (1989). Ion Mobility Spectrometry of Aliphatic and Aromatic Amines. Anal chem 61: 684-689. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: CHEM METHODS. 

Kawasaki, M., Fukuhara, K., and Uchiyama, S. (1994). Gas Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric (Gc) Screening 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code : NON-ENGLISH,CHEM METHODS,FOOD. 

Kazar, J. and Brezina, R. (1991). Control of Rickettsial Diseases. Eur j epidemiol 7: 282-286. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: REVIEW,HUMAN HEALTH. 

Kennel, O., Prince, C., and Garnier, R. (1996). Four Cases of Amitraz Poisoning in Humans. Veterinary and human 

toxicology 38: 28-30. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH. 

Khan, S. J., Roser, D. J., Davies, C. M., Peters, G. M., Stuetz, R. M., Tucker, R., and Ashbolt, N. J. ( Chemical 

Contaminants in Feedlot Wastes: Concentrations, Effects and Attenuation. Environ int. 2008, aug; 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: REVIEW,FATE. 

Kharchevnikova, N. V. and Zholdakova, Z. I. (1997). Structure-Methemoglobin-Forming Activity Relationships in 

the Series of Aromatic Amines. Gigiena i sanitariya 0: 41-44. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NON-ENGLISH. 

Kijima, K., Kataoka, H., and Makita, M. (1996). Determination of Aromatic Amines as Their NDimethylthiophosphoryl Derivatives by Gas Chromatography With Flame Photometric Detection. Journal 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: FATE. 

Kim, S. S., Kim, D. I., and Lee, S. C. (1993). Joint Toxic Action of Acaricide Mixtures to the Field-Collected Strain 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code : NON-ENGLISH,MIXTURE. 

Kimmel, E. C., Casida, J. E., and Ruzo, L. O. (1986). Formamidine Insecticides and Chloracetanilide Herbicides: 
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Disubstituted Anilines and Nitrosobenzenes as Mammalian Metabolites and Bacterial Mutagens. Journal 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: BACTERIA,IN VITRO,NO EFFECT . 

Klassen, W. and Schwartz, P. H Jr (1985). Agricultural Research Service Usa Research Program in Chemical Insect 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: REVIEW. 

Koch, R., Strobel, K., and Nagel, M. (1985). Environmental Pollutants and Their Mutagenic Activity an Analog 

Model for Structure-Effect Relationships. Z gesamte hyg grenzgeb 31: 524-526. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NON-ENGLISH,BACTERIA. 

Koeber, R. and Niessner, R. (1996). Screening of Pesticide-Contaminated Soil by Supercritical Fluid Extraction 

(Sfe) and High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography With Automated Multiple Development (Hptlc).

Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry 354: 464-469. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: CHEM METHODS. 

Koeiman, N. Rl and Hsu, W. H. (1991). Interaction Between Amitraz and Alpha2-Adrenoceptors Inhibits 

Epinephrine-Induced Canine Platelet Aggregation. Arch int pharmacodyn ther 310: 56-65. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: IN VITRO. 

Kojima, H., Katsura, E., Takeuchi, S., Niiyama, K., and Kobayashi, K. (2004). Screening for Estrogen and 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: 

AND,HCCH,Captan,CHD,CTN,DDT,DBN,DCF,DLD,ES,EN,Folpet,HPT,MXC,PCP,ACF,ACFM,DFPM,

FZFB,OXF,ACP,ANL,CPY,CPYM,DZ,DDVP,DMT,DS,ETN,FMP,FNT,FNTH,GYP,IFP,MLN,MTM,M

DT,MP,PRN,PRT,PHSL,PSM,PIRM,PFF,TBO,TVP,TCM,TCF,CYF,CYH,CYP,DM,EFX,FNV,FYT,FVL

,PMR,PYN,TFT,TLM,BCD,BMY,CBL,CBD,CBF,CPP,MCB,MOM,MLT,OML,PHMD,PIM,TBC,THM,

ACR,ASM,FTL,MTX,MTL,PZM,ANZ,ATZ,MBZ,PRO,PMT,SZ,BSFM,DFZ,DU,LNR,PPN,AMZ,BT,BP

H,BTN,DZM,EXQ,FRM,FNZ,ILL,IMC,IPD,MCPA,24D,PAQT,PDM,PCZ,SZD,TBA,TPE,TDF,TFZ,TFN

,TFR,VCZ Code: IN VITRO. 

Kojima, H., Katsura, E., Takeuchi, S., Niiyama, K., and Kobayashi, K. (2004). Screening for Estrogen and 

Androgen Receptor Activities in 200 Pesticides by in Vitro Reporter Gene Assays Using Chinese Hamster 

Ovary Cells. Environ.Health Perspect. 112: 524-531. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: 

AND,HCCH,Captan,CHD,CTN,DDT,DBN,DCF,DLD,ES,EN,Folpet,HPT,MXC,PCP,ACF,ACFM,DFPM,

FZFB,OXF,ACP,ANL,CPY,CPYM,DZ,DDVP,DMT,DS,ETN,FMP,FNT,FNTH,GYP,IFP,MLN,MTM,M

DT,MP,PRN,PRT,PHSL,PSM,PIRM,PFF,TBO,TVP,TCM,TCF,CYF,CYH,CYP,DM,EFX,FNV,FYT,FVL

,PMR,PYN,TFT,TLM,BCD,BMY,CBL,CBD,CBF,CPP,MCB,MOM,MLT,OML,PHMD,PIM,TBC,THM,

ACR,ASM,FTL,MTX,MTL,PZM,ANZ,ATZ,MBZ,PRO,PMT,SZ,BSFM,DFZ,DU,LNR,PPN,AMZ,BT,BP

H,BTN,DZM,EXQ,FRM,FNZ,ILL,IMC,IPD,MCPA,24D,PAQT,PDM,PCZ,SZD,TBA,TPE,TDF,TFZ,TFN

,TFR,VCZ Code: IN VITRO. 

Konjević, D, Janicki, Z., Severin, K., Stanko, M., Zivicnjak, T., Slavica, A., and Staresina, V. ( An Outbreak 

of Tick Paralysis in Free-Ranging Mouflon (Ovis Ammon Musimon). J zoo wildl med. 2007, dec; 

38(4):585-7. [Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the american association of zoo 

veterinarians]: J Zoo Wildl Med. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH. 

Kostecki, R. and Jedruszuk, A. (1988). Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Fumigant Tablets in Controlling 

Varroatosis in 1987. Med weter 44: 359-362. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NON-ENGLISH. 
76

Kostecki, R. and Jedruszuk, A. (1987). Studies on the Usefulness of Cumaphos and Amitraz Applied as Systematic 

Drugs in the Control of Varroasis. Medycyna Weterynaryjna [MED. WETER.]. Vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 230-233. 

1987.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NON-ENGLISH. 

Kostecki, R. and Jelinski, M. (1987). A Study of the Varroacidal Activity of Some Substances. Med weter 43: 280-

283. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NON-ENGLISH. 

Kruk, I. and Bounias, M. (1992). Chemiluminescence From Oxidation of Formamidine Amitraz the Generation of 

Cytotoxic Oxygen Species and Electronically Excited Compounds. Fourth international workshop on 

chemical, biological and ecotoxicological behaviour of pesticides in the soil environment, rome, italy, may 

29-31, 1991. Sci total environ 123-124: 195-203. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NO EFFECT. 

Kubik, M., Nowacki, J., Michalczuk, L., Pidek, A., Warakomska, Z., and Goszczynski, W. (1998). Decay of 

Pesticides Residues in Bee Honey. Journal of fruit and ornamental plant research 6: 73-85. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: MIXTURE. 

Kulincevic, J. ( Varamit Very Successfully Controls Varroasis in Yugoslavia. Apic mod; 76 (5). 1985 (recd. 1986). 

155-160.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code : NON-ENGLISH. 

Labanowska, B. H. (1995). Effectiveness of Apollo 500 Sc and a Mixture of Mitac 200 Ec + Apollo in the Control 

of Twospotted Spider Mite (Tetranychus Urticae Koch) on Black Currant. Journal of fruit and ornamental 

plant research 3: 115-123. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: MIXTURE. 

Larson, R. A. and Zepp, R. G. (1988). Reactivity of the Carbonate Radical With Aniline Derivatives. Environ 

toxicol chem 7: 265-274. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: FATE. 

Last, R. D., Hill, J. M., Matjila, P. T., RÈ, and Me, C. A. ( A Field Trial Evaluation of the Prophylactic 

Efficacy of Amitraz-Impregnated Collars Against Canine Babesiosis (Babesia Canis Rossi) in South 

Africa. J s afr vet assoc. 2007, jun; 78(2):63-5. [Journal of the south african veterinary association]: J S 

Afr Vet Assoc. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH. 

Lau, P., Hill, P. B., RybnÍ, Cek, J., and Steel, L. ( Sarcoptic Mange in Three Alpacas Treated Successfully 

With Amitraz. Vet dermatol. 2007, aug; 18(4):272-7. [Veterinary dermatology]: Vet Dermatol. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH. 

Lebdi, Grissa K. M'sadda K. (1998). Effective Control of Varroatosis in Tunisia Using Amitraz and Fluvalinate. 

Mededelingen faculteit landbouwkundige en toegepaste biologische wetenschappen universiteit gent 63: 1-

6 . 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NON-ENGLISH. 

Lee, M. H. and Ryu, P. D. (1999). Sanitation and Tissue Residue Problems in High Quality Pork. Asianaustralasian journal of animal sciences 12: 233-243. 

 Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: FOOD. 

Leonard, B. R., Burris, E., and Graves, J. B. (1993). Evaluation of Ovasyn Mixtures Against Tobacco Budworm 

and Bollworm 1991. Burditt, a. K. Jr. (Ed.). Insecticide & acaricide tests, vol. 18. Ii+405p. Entomological 

society of america: lanham, maryland, usa. 0: 241. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: MIXTURE. 
77

Less, M., Schmidt, T. C., Von Loew E, and Stork, G. (1998). Gas Chromatographic Determination of Aromatic 

Amines in Water Samples After Solid-Phase Extraction and Derivatization With Iodine: Ii. Enrichment.

Journal of chromatography a 810: 173-182. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code : CHEM METHODS. 

Leung, V. Ks, Chan, T. Yk, and Yeung, V. Tf (1999). Amitraz Poisoning in Humans. Journal of toxicology clinical 

toxicology 37: 513-514. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH. 

Levin, M. D. ( A New Pest Comes to Israel. Am bee j; 125 (6). 1985 (recd. 1986). 445-446.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: REVIEW. 

Li, Y., Koelzow, T., and Siegers, C. P. (1994). Cytotoxicity Testing of 11 Pesticides on Human Keratinocyte 

Monolayer Cultures Using the Neural Red Uptake Assay. 35th spring meeting of the german society for 

experimental and clinical pharmacology and toxicology, mainz, germany, march 15-17, 1994. Naunynschmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 349: R120. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: ABSTRACT,HUMAN HEALTH,IN VITRO. 

Libretto, S. E., Clarke, K. U., and Harrison, I. R. (1985). Penetration and Distribution of Carbon-14 Amitraz Within 

Susceptible and Resistant Strains of the Cattle Tick Boophilus-Microplus. Pesticides group symposium on 

control of ectoparasites of veterinary importance, london, england, nov. 26, 1984. Pestic sci 16: 314-315. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: ABSTRACT. 

Liebisch, G. (1995). Ectoparasitic Infestation of Experimental Animals Etiology Diagnosis and Control. Dtw 

(deutsche tieraerztliche wochenschrift) 102: 373-374. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code : NON-ENGLISH. 

Lienig, K. (1991). Studies of the Effect of Fungicides, Antibiotics and Other Xenobiotics on the Stages of the TwoSpotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus Urticae Koch. Arch phytopathol pflanzenschutz 27: 395-402. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NON-ENGLISH. 

Litovitz, T. L., Schmitz, B. F., Matyunas, N., and Martin, T. G. (1988 ). 1987 Annual Report of the American 

Association of Poison Control Centers National Data Collection System. Am j emerg med 6: 479-515. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH. 

Loglio, G. (1994). A Meeting on New Varroa Control Policies (April 16, 1994, Italy). Apicoltore moderno 85: 67-

69. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NON-ENGLISH,REVIEW. 

Lorenzato, D., Grellmann, E. O., Chouene, E. C., and Meyer-Cachapuz, L. M. (1986). Populational Fluctuation of 

Phytophagous Mites and Their Predators in an Apple Orchard Malus-Domestica Bork and the Effects of 

Chemical and Biological Controls. Agron sulriograndense 22: 215-242. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NON-ENGLISH. 

Losson, B. (1997). Insecticidal and Acaricidal Treatments: Recent Progress and Updating on the Problem of 

Resistance. Annales de medecine veterinaire 141: 71-75. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NON-ENGLISH,REVIEW. 

Luceri, F., Pieraccini, G., Moneti, G., and Dolara, P. (1993). Primary Aromatic Amines From Side-Stream Cigarette 

Smoke Are Common Contaminants of Indoor Air. Toxicol ind health 9: 405-413. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH,FATE. 

Luguru, S. M Kj (1994). Tick Control in Zambia. Insect science and its application 15: 211-213. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: REVIEW. 
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Marques, M. M. and Beland, F. A. (1993). Dna Adducts of Aromatic Amines Present in Tobacco Smoke. 84th 

annual meeting of the american association for cancer research, orlando, florida, usa, may 19-22, 1993. 

Proc am assoc cancer res annu meet 34: 138. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: ABSTRACT,HUMAN HEALTH. 

Marques, M. M., Mourato, L. Lg, Amorim, M. T., Santos, M. A., Melchior, W. B Jr, and Beland, F. A. (1997). 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: BACTERIA. 

Marques, M. M., Mourato, L. Lg, Santos, M. A., and Beland, F. A. (1996 ). Synthesis, Characterization, and 

Conformational Analysis of Dna Adducts From Methylated Anilines Present in Tobacco Smoke. Chemical 

research in toxicology 9: 99-108. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code : CHEM METHODS. 

Martel, A. C. and Zeggane, S. ( Determination of Acaricides in Honey by High-Performance Liquid 

Chromatography With Photodiode Array Detection. J chromatogr a. 2002, apr 19; 954(1-2):173-80. 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code : CHEM METHODS,FOOD. 

Martin, R. J. and Downer, R. Gh (1989). Effects of Potential Inhibitors on N Acetylation of Octopamine by Tissue 

Extracts From Malpighian Tubules and Cerebral Ganglia of Periplaneta-Americana L. Arch insect 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: IN VITRO. 

Maske, D. K., Bhilegaonkar, N. G., and Jangde, C. R. (1996). Control of Goat Lice With Amitraz. Pkv research 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH. 

Matsumura, F. (1995). Mechanism of Action of Dioxin-Type Chemicals, Pesticides, and Other Xenobiotics 

Affecting Nutritional Indexes. American journal of clinical nutrition 61: 695s-701s. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: REVIEW,HUMAN HEALTH,IN VITRO. 

Mazzali, G., Reggiani, C., Boccelli, R., and Capri, E. ( Pesticide Residues on Pears After Integrated Pest 

Management. British crop protection council. International symposium on pesticides application, 

strasbourg, france, september 22-24, 1993. Ix+388p.(Vol. 1); ix+302p.(Vol. 2) british crop protection 

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51-1(vol. 2).; 0 (0). 1993. 437-443.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code : NON-ENGLISH. 

Mineau, P., Boersma, D. C., and Collins, B. (1994). An Analysis of Avian Reproduction Studies Submitted for 

Pesticide Registration. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety 29: 304-329. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: REVIEW. 

Minyard, J. P Jr and Roberts, W. E. (1991). State Findings on Pesticide Residues in Foods: 1988 and 1989. J assoc 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: FOOD. 

Mitoma, C. (1985). Tests for Hepatobiliary Function. Tyson, c. A. And d. S. Sawhney (ed.). Organ function tests in 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: REVIEW,HUMAN HEALTH. 

Miyata, M., Hirahara, Y., Narita, M., Kimura, M., Watanabe, Y., Ito, S., Takeda, H., Kobayashi, A., Tonogai, Y., 
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Nakamura, Y., Tsumura, Y., and Shibata, T. (1996). Comparison for the Simultaneous Determination of 

Pesticides Residues in Foods by Gc and Gc-Ms. Journal of the food hygienic society of japan 37: 158-164. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NON-ENGLISH,FOOD. 

Molia, Sophie, Frebling, Mathieu, Vachiθry, Nathalie, Pinarello, Valθrie, Petitclerc, Martial, Rousteau, Alain, 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: REVIEW,HUMAN HEALTH. 

Mori, H., Sato, T., Nagase, H., Andou, M., Sakai, Y., Yamaguchi, S., and Yamazaki, F. (1996). Rapid Screening 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: CHEM METHODS,HUMAN HEALTH,NONENGLISH. 

Moser, V. C. and Macphail, R. C. (1984). Differential Effects of Formamidine Pesticides on Multiple Fixed-Interval 

Responding in Rats. Abstracts from the 14th annual meeting of the society for neuroscience, part 2, 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code : ABSTRACT. 

Mukerjee, S. K. (1986). Plant Protection Chemicals in 2000-A.d. Seminar on plant protection in the year 2000 ad, 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code : REVIEW. 

Murphy, M. J. (1994). Toxin Exposures in Dogs and Cats Pesticides and Biotoxins. Journal of the american 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: REVIEW,HUMAN HEALTH. 

Nakamura, H., Sekiguchi, Y., and Kobayashi, N. ( Recently Registered New Agricultural Chemicals. Kongetsu no 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NON-ENGLISH. 

Nakamura, Y., Hasegawa, Y., Tonogai, Y., and Ito, Y. (1989). Simultaneous Determination of 8 Kinds of Acaricides 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NON-ENGLISH,SURVEY,FOOD. 

Nehez, M., Boros, P., Ferke, A., Mohos, J., Palotas, M., Vetro, G., Zimanyi, M., and Desi, I. (1988). Cytogenetic 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH. 

Nendza, M. and Seydel, J. (1988). Quantitative Structure-Toxicity Relationships for Ecotoxicologically Relevant 

Biotest Systems and Chemicals. International workshop on advances in environmental hazard and risk 

assessment 1987, schmallenberg-grafschaft, west germany, september 21-23, 1987. Chemosphere 17: 

1585-1602. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: BACTERIA,QSAR. 

Nendza, M. and Seydel, J. K. (1990). Application of Bacterial Growth Kinetics to in Vitro Toxicity Assessment of 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: BACTERIA. 

Nendza, M. and Seydel, J. K. (1988). Multivariate Data Analysis of Various Biological Test Systems Used for the 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: METHODS,QSAR. 
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environmental hazard and risk assessment 1987, schmallenberg-grafschaft, west germany, september 21-

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: REVIEW,QSAR. 

Norval, R. Ai, Yunker, C. E., Duncan, I. M., and Peter, T. (1991). Pheromone/Acaricide Mixtures in the Control of 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: MIXTURE. 

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Multiple Pesticide Residues in Agricultural Products by Gpc Clean-up and Gc-Sim./Growth & 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code : NON-ENGLISH,CHEM METHODS. 

Oglesby, P. A., Joubert, K. E., and Meiring, T. ( Canine Renal Cortical Necrosis and Haemorrhage Following 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: INCIDENT,SURVEY, HUMAN HEALTH. 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code : BACTERIA. 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code : NON-ENGLISH. 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code : CHEM METHODS. 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: 

MOM,CYP,DOD,MTM,MANEB,CTN,Captan,MLN,PSM,EFV,FRM,Ziram,MDT,FBOX,TLM,DFZ,PPX,

AMZ Code: REFS CHECKED/REVIEW. 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: IN VITRO. 

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Chem Codes: EcoReference No.: 109829 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ,PAQT Code: PUBL AS. 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ,PAQT Code: PUBL AS. 

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81

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: IN VITRO. 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code : IN VITRO. 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NON-ENGLISH. 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: YEAST. 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NON-ENGLISH. 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code : NON-ENGLISH. 

Pierpoint, A. C., Hapeman, C. J., and Torrents, A. (1997). Kinetics and Mechanism of Amitraz Hydrolysis. Journal 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: CHEM METHODS. 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: REVIEW. 

Platzek, T., KrÄ, Tke, R., Klein, G., and Schulz, C. ( [Cosmetic Colorants. Toxicology and Regulation].

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NON-ENGLISH,HUMAN HEALTH. 

Pralya, I. I. and Burov, V. N. (1992). Using the Regulators of the Growth and Development of Insects to Control 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code : NON-ENGLISH. 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: CHEM METHODS. 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: REVIEW,HUMAN HEALTH. 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH. 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: REVIEW. 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: IN VITRO. 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: QSAR. 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: NON-ENGLISH,REVIEW. 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: BACTERIA. 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: CHEM METHODS. 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: REVIEW. 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: REVIEW,HUMAN HEALTH. 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: CHX,FNV,DZ,FTT,PSM,OML,AMZ Code: MIXTURE. 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code : BACTERIA,HUMAN HEALTH. 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: REVIEW. 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: IN VITRO. 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH. 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: FOOD,REVIEW. 

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Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: FOOD,HUMAN HEALTH. 

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Formamidine Pesticides. Life sci. 23(25): 2509-2515 1978 (31 references). 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH. 

Yoshimi, N., Sugie, S., Iwata, H., Niwa, K., Mori, H., Hashida, C., and Shimizu, H. (1988). The Genotoxicity of a 
89

Variety of Aniline Derivatives in a Dna Repair Test With Primary Cultured Rat Hepatocytes. Mutat res

206: 183-192. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: IN VITRO. 

Young, F. M., Menadue, M. F., and Lavranos, T. C. ( Effects of the Insecticide Amitraz, an Alpha2-Adrenergic 

Receptor Agonist, on Human Luteinized Granulosa Cells. Hum reprod. 2005, nov; 20(11):3018-25. 

[Human reproduction (oxford, england)]: Hum Reprod. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH,IN VITRO. 

Young, F. M., Phungtamdet, W., and Sanderson, B. J. ( Modification of Mtt Assay Conditions to Examine the 

Cytotoxic Effects of Amitraz on the Human Lymphoblastoid Cell Line, Wil2ns. Toxicol in vitro. 2005, 

dec; 19(8):1051-9. [Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with bibra]: 

Toxicol In Vitro. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: HUMAN HEALTH,IN VITRO. 

Zakaria, M., Mahyudin, A., and Kirton, L. G. (1992). Pests and Diseases of Rattans. Mohd, w. R. W., J. Dransfield 

and n. Manokaran (ed.). Malayan forest record, no. 35. A guide to the cultivation of rattan. Xxiii+293p. 

Forest research institute (malaysia): kepong, malaysia. Isbn 983-9595-10-5. 0: 127-141 . 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: REVIEW. 

Zaranyika, M. F. and Mandizha, N. T. (1998). Adsorption of Amitraz by a River Sediment: Apparent 

Thermodynamic Properties. Journal of environmental science and health part b pesticides food 

contaminants and agricultural wastes 33: 235-251. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: AMZ Code: FATE. 

Zongmao, C. and Xuefen, C. (1990). Chemical Control of Pests and Diseases in Tea Production in China: Progress 

and Strategy. Trop.Agric. 67: 363-367. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: 

BFT,DM,CYP,FNV,PMR,FNT,TCF,DDT,PYN,CuS,RTN,HCCH,DCF,DDVP,PRN,DMT,MLN,PSM,AM

Z,Folpet,TPM,CBD,BMY Code: REFS CHECKED/REVIEW. 

Zongmao, C. and Xuefen, C. (1990). Chemical Control of Pests and Diseases in Tea Production in China: Progress 

and Strategy. Trop.Agric. 67: 363-367. 

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: 

BFT,DM,CYP,FNV,PMR,FNT,TCF,DDT,PYN,CuS,RTN,HCCH,DCF,DDVP,PRN,DMT,MLN,PSM,AM

Z,Folpet,TPM,CBD,BMY Code: REFS CHECKED/REVIEW. 
90

On Order: Potentially Acceptable but Publication has not yet been Received

Al-Qarawi, A. A., Al-Damegh, M. S., and Adam, S. (1999). Effects of Amitraz Given by Different Routes on Rats. 

Vet.Hum.Toxicol. 41: 355-387. 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T 

Herbert, E., Witherell, P. C., Bruce, W. A., and Shimanuki, H. (1989). Evaluation of Six Methods of Detecting 

Varroa Mites in Beehives Including the Experimental Use of Acaricidal Smokes Containing Fluvalinate or 

Amitraz. Am.Bee J. 129: 605-606. 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T 

McDougall, K. W., Heath, A. B., and Black, R. R. (1979). Residues of Amitraz in the Tissues, Milk and Butter of 

Cattle Dipped in Taktic. Aust.J.Exp.Agric.Anim.Husb. 19: 663-665. 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T 

Oglesby, P. A., Joubert, K. E., and Meiring, T. (2006-). Canine Renal Cortical Necrosis and Haemorrhage Following 

Ingestion of an Amitraz-Formulated Insecticide Dip. J.South Afr.Vet.Assoc. 77: 160-163. 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T 

Target: Toxicity of Pesticide on Intended Pest

Archer, T. L., Bynum, E. D. Jr., and Plapp, F. W. Jr. (1994). Chlorpyrifos Resistance in Greenbugs (Homoptera: 

Aphididae): Cross-Resistance and Synergism. J.Econ.Entomol. 87: 1437-1440. 

EcoReference No.: 103314 

Chemical of Concern: MLN,AMZ,PPB,CBF,ACP,TBF,CPY,DMT,EFV,MOM,OXD; Habitat: T; Effect 

Codes: MOR; Code: LITE EVAL 

CODED(CPY),TARGET(EFV,MOM,CBF,AMZ),OK(MLN,PPB,ACP,TBF,DMT,OXD). 

Bagwell, R. D. and Plapp, F. W. Jr. (1992). Synergism of Insecticides Against Susceptible and Pyrethroid-Resistant 

Tobacco Budworms (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by Amitraz. J.Econ.Entomol. 85: 658-663. 

EcoReference No.: 113457 

Chemical of Concern: PPB,PYT,CYP,AMZ,ACP,ES; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR,POP; Code: 

OK(ES),TARGET(ACP,AMZ,CYP,PPB). 

Bandyopadhyay, B. and Sarma, J. S. (1993). Therapeutic Evaluation of Deltamethrin and Amitraz Against 

Organophosphate Resistant Canine Ticks and Fleas. Indian Vet.J. 70: 1053-1054. 

EcoReference No.: 111748 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ,DM; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; Code: TARGET(AMZ,DM). 

Barnard, D. R., Jones, B. G., Rogers, G. D., and Mount, G. A. (1981). Acaricide Susceptibility in the lone Star Tick: 

Assay Techniques and Baseline Data. J.Econ.Entomol. 74: 466-469. 

EcoReference No.: 113406 

Chemical of Concern: MXC,TXP,HCCH,MLN,CMPH,DZ,CBL,CPY,PMR,PSM,AMZ; Habitat: T; 

Effect Codes: MOR; Code: TARGET(AMZ,PSM,PMR,CPY,CBL,DZ,CMPH,MLN). 

Bayoun, I. M., Plapp, F. W. Jr., Gilstrap, F. E., and Michels, G. J. Jr. (1995). Toxicity of Selected Insecticides to 

Diuraphis noxia (Homoptera: Aphididae) and Its Natural Enemies. J.Econ.Entomol. 88: 1177-1185. 
91

EcoReference No.: 39997 

Chemical of Concern: MLN,MP,DZ,PFF,SPS,ACP,PRT,CPY,DMT,PMR,DM,LCYT,MOM,AMZ; 

Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; Code: 

TARGET(PRT,PFF,DZ,CPY,ACP,DMT,MLN,MP,MOM,AMZ). 

Bellows, T. S. Jr. and Morse, J. G. (1993). Toxicity of Insecticides Used in Citrus to Aphytis melinus DeBach 

(Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) and Rhizobius lophanthae (Blaisd.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). 

Can.Entomol. 125: 987-994. 

EcoReference No.: 59334 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ,Naled,TCF,ACP,DMT,MDT,AZ,BFT,EFV,FPP,FVL,CBL,TDC,MVP,MOM; 

Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; Code: LITE EVAL 

CODED(BFT,CBL,FPP,TCF,Naled,AZ,EFV,MOM),TARGET(AMZ,ACP,DMT,MDT,CPY),OK(TDC). 

Berlinger, M. J., Lebiush-Mordechi, S., Dahan, R., and Taylor, R. A. J. (1996). A Rapid Method for Screening 

Insecticides in the Laboratory. Pestic.Sci. 46: 345-353 . 

EcoReference No.: 109832 

Chemical of Concern: 

CYP,CYH,MDT,FPP,DM,FYT,DDVP,DZ,CPY,ACP,FNT,PRN,CPYM,DMT,AMZ,TPZ,THO,BFT; 

Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; Code: EFFICACY(FPP,BFT,AMZ),NO 

ENDPOINT(CYP,DM,DDVP,DZ,CPY,ACP,FNT,CPYM),NO MIXTURE(MDT,DMT). 

Brunner, J. F. and Doerr, M. D. (1995). Bioassay, Effect of Commonly Applied Pesticides on C. florus in North 

Central Washington, 1994. Arthropod Manag.Tests 20: 337-338 (18L). 

EcoReference No.: 110863 

Chemical of Concern: 

DZ,DMT,DMR,DFZ,CPY,MDT,IMC,OML,EFV,AZ,PSM,MP,AMZ,CBL,FTTCl,ES,FBOX; Habitat: T; 

Effect Codes: MOR; Code: 

TARGET(DZ,DMT,DMR,DFZ,CPY,MDT,IMC,OML,EFV,AZ,PSM,MP,AMZ,CBL,FTTCl,ES,FBOX). 

Brunner, J. F. and Doerr, M. D. (1995). Bioassay, Effect of Commonly Applied Pesticides on T. platneri in North 

Central Washington, 1994. Arthropod Manag.Tests 20: 339-340 (19L). 

EcoReference No.: 110866 

Chemical of Concern: 

PSM,OML,MTD,DFZ,IMC,MPO,TCP,MDTO,DZ,AZ,CBL,PMR,EFV,AMZ,FBOX,ES,FTTCl; Habitat: 

T; Effect Codes: MOR; Code: 

TARGET(PSM,OML,MTD,DFZ,IMC,MPO,TCP,MDTO,DZ,AZ,CBL,PMR,EFV,AMZ,FBOX,ES,FTTCl)

. 

Bues, R., Boudinhon, L., Toubon, J. F., and Faivre D'Arcier, F. (1999). Geographic and Seasonal Variability of 

Resistance to Insecticides in Cacopsylla pyri L. (Hom., Psyllidae). J.Appl.Entomol. 123: 289-297. 

EcoReference No.: 72767 

Chemical of Concern: 

AZ,CPY,CYP,PSM,MLN,MP,MOM,AMZ,PRN,PIM,CPYM,FNV,MVP,DM,PSM,EFV; Habitat: T; 

Effect Codes: MOR; Code: TARGET(MOM,MP,FNV,CPYM,PSM,DM,MLN,CYP,AZ,AMZ). 

Burts, E. C. (1985). SN 72129 and Avermectin BI- Two new Pesticides for Control of Pear Psylla - Psylla pyricola 

(Homoptera: Psyllidae). J.Econ.Entomol. 78: 1327-1330. 

EcoReference No.: 112696 

Chemical of Concern: AV,FNV,AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Code: TARGET(FNV,AMZ). 
92

Bynum, E. D. Jr. and Archer, T. L. (2002). Susceptibility of Populations of Banks Grass Mites (Acari: 

Tetranychidae) Suspected of Developing Bifenthrin Resistance from Three Maize Fields. Exp.Appl.Acarol.

27: 303-312. 

EcoReference No.: 103051 

Chemical of Concern: TBF,BFT,DMT,OXD,AMZ,PPB; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; Code: LITE 

EVAL CODED(TBF),OK(OXD),TARGET(DMT,BFT,AMZ),NO COC(PMR). 

Bynum, E. D. Jr., Archer, T. L., and Plapp, F. W. Jr. (1990). Action of Insecticides to Spider Mites (Acari: 

Tetranychidae) on Corn in the Texas High Plains: Toxicity, Resistance, and Synergistic Combinations. 

J.Econ.Entomol. 83: 1236-1242. 

EcoReference No.: 112467 

Chemical of Concern: PPB,PPG,AMZ,OXD,BFT,PMR,FNV,MDT,DS,DZ,PFF,ACP,DMT,PRT; Habitat: 

T; Effect Codes: POP,MOR; Code: NO 

MIXTURE(PPB),TARGET(PPG,AMZ,OXD,BFT,PMR,FNV,MDT,DS,DZ,PFF,ACP,DMT,PRT). 

Bynum, E. D. Jr., Archer, T. L., and Plapp, F. W. Jr. (1997). Comparison of Banks Grass Mite and Twospotted 

Spider Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae): Responses to Insecticides Alone and in Synergistic Combinations. 

J.Econ.Entomol. 90: 1125-1130. 

EcoReference No.: 63628 

Chemical of Concern: OXD,AMZ,BFT,DZ,DMT,EFV,PMR,PPB,TBF; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; 

Code: OK(OXD,BFT,DZ,DMT,PMR),NO MIXTURE(PPB,TBF),TARGET(EFV,AMZ). 

Castle, S. J., Toscano, N. C., Prabhaker, N., Henneberry, T. J., and Palumbo, J. C. (2002). Field Evaluation of 

Different Insecticide Use Strategies as Resistance Management and Control Tactics for Bemisia tabaci 

(Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Bull.Entomol.Res. 92: 449-460. 

EcoReference No.: 81336 

Chemical of Concern: BFT,AMZ,CPY,ES; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP,MOR; Code: LITE EVAL 

CODED(BFT,ES),TARGET(CPY,AMZ). 

Chandrapatya, A. (1991). Bionomics and Chemical Control of Tetranychus hydrangeae Pritchard et Baker. In: 

F.Dusbabek and V.Bukva (Eds.), Modern Acarology, Int.Congr.of Acarol., Aug.6-11, 1990, Ceske 

Budejovice, Czechoslovakia, SPB Acad.Publ., The Haque, Netherlands 505-511. 

EcoReference No.: 97571 

Chemical of Concern: PPG,HTX,DCF,AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; Code: 

TARGET(HTX,PPG,DCF,AMZ). 

Childers, C. C. and Nigg, H. N. (1982). Contact Toxicity of Insecticides to Adults of the Coffee Bean Weevil 

(Coleoptera: Anthribidae). J.Econ.Entomol. 75: 556-559 . 

EcoReference No.: 107388 

Chemical of Concern: 

FNV,FVL,PMR,BDC,OML,AND,ES,ACP,CPY,DZ,ETN,IFP,MLN,MDT,PHSL,SPS,TCF,AMZ; Habitat: 

T; Effect Codes: MOR; Code: LITE EVAL 

CODED(CPY),OK(PMR,ES),TARGET(FNV,FVL,MOM,OML,ACP,AZ,DZ,MLN,MDT,PSM,TCF,AMZ

),NO COC(MOM). 

Chu, C. C., Henneberry, T. J., and Akey, D. H. (1994). Insecticide Control of Sweetpotato Whitefly on Cotton, 

1992. Arthropod Manag.Tests 19: 221 (61F). 

EcoReference No.: 97788 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ,FPP,ES,FYC,BFT,AZD,FSTAl,ADC,ACP,IMC; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: 
93

POP; Code: LITE EVAL 

CODED(FSTAl,AZD,ACP,IMC),EFFICACY(BFT,FYC,ADC,AMZ,FPP),TARGET,CROP(ES). 

Chu, C. C., Henneberry, T. J., and Akey, D. H. (1994). Insecticide Control of Sweetpotato Whitefly on Spring 

Cantaloupe, 1992 . Arthropod Manag.Tests 19: 78-79 (29E). 

EcoReference No.: 97787 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ,FPP,ES,FYC,MTM,BFT,FSTAl; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Code: 

LITE EVAL CODED(FSTAl),OK(MTM),EFFICACY(BFT,FYC,AMZ,FPP),TARGET,CROP(ES). 

Civolani, S., Peretto, R., Caroli, L., Pasqualini, E., Chicca, M., and Leis, M. (2007). Preliminary Resistance 

Screening on Abamectin in Pear Psylla (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in Northern Italy. J.Econ.Entomol. 100: 

1637-1641. 

EcoReference No.: 111643 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ,ABM; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; Code: TARGET(AMZ). 

Coetzee, B. B., Stanford, G. D., and Davis, D. A. T. (1987). The Resistance Spectrum Shown by a FenvalerateResistant Strain of Blue Tick (Boophilus decoloratus) to a Range of Ixodicides. Onderstepoort J.Vet.Res.

54: 79-82. 

EcoReference No.: 72454 

Chemical of Concern: TXP,DDT,CYP,AMZ,CYH,DM,FNV; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; Code: 

TARGET(CYP,FNV,DM,AMZ),NO COC(MTAS,DZ). 

Collison, C. H., Danka, R. G., and Kennell, D. R. (1981). An Evaluation of Permethrin, Carbaryl, and Amitraz for 

the Control of Northern Fowl Mites on Caged Chickens. Poult.Sci. 60: 1812-1817. 

EcoReference No.: 36214 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ,PMR,CBL; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Code: 

EFFICACY(PMR,CBL,AMZ). 

De Souza, K. R., McVeigh, L. J., and Wright, D. J. (1992). Selection of Insecticides for Lure and Kill Studies 

Against Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J.Econ.Entomol. 85: 2100-2106. 

EcoReference No.: 112249 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ,CPY,MLN,DTATN,CYP,MOM,PMR,BDC,LCYT; Habitat: T; Effect 

Codes: MOR,ACC,REP; Code: OK(PMR,CPY),TARGET(CYP,DTATN,MOM,MLN,AMZ). 

Devine, G. J., Barber, M., and Denholm, I. (2001). Incidence and Inheritance of Resistance to METI-Acaricides in 

European Strains of the Two-Spotted Spider Mite (Tetranychus urticae) (Acari: Tetranychidae). Pest 

Manag.Sci. 57: 443-448. 

EcoReference No.: 64424 

Chemical of Concern: DCF,TFY,PRB,FPY,BFT,AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; Code: 

TARGET(DCF,AMZ). 

Drummond, R. O. (1981). Susceptibility of the Cayenne Tick to Acaricides. J.Econ.Entomol. 74: 470-472. 

EcoReference No.: 113468 

Chemical of Concern: DDT,FNTH,TXP,AsTo,PPHD,ETN,HCCH,MLN,DZ,CBL,CMPH,CPY,PSM,AMZ; 

Habitat: T; Effect Codes: REP,MOR; Code: TARGET(AMZ,PSM,CPY,CMPH,CBL,TCF,DZ,MLN). 

Dujin, T., Jovanovic, V., Suvakov, D., and Milkovic, Z. (1991). Effects of Extended Utilisation of Amitraz-Based 

Preparations of Extended on the Formation of Resistant Strains of Varroa jacobsoni. Vet.Glas. 45: 851-

855. 
94

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Code: TARGET (AMZ). 

Durant, J. A. and Moore, R. F. (1989). Ovo-larvicidal Activity of Selected Insecticide Treatments Against Heliothis 

spp. on Cotton. J.Agric.Entomol. 6: 227-232. 

EcoReference No.: 73703 

Chemical of Concern: MOM,CYF,TLM,TDC,PFF,AMZ,CYP,FYC,LCYT; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: 

MOR; Code: TARGET(TDC,CYF,MOM,FYC,PFF,DM,AMZ). 

El-Sayed, G. N. and Knowles, C. O. (1984). Formamidine Synergism of Pyrethroid Toxicity to Twospotted Spider 

Mites (Acari: Tetranychidae). J.Econ.Entomol. 77: 23-30. 

EcoReference No.: 112676 

Chemical of Concern: FVL,FYT,FNV,FPP,CYP,PMR,DM; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; Code: 

LITE EVAL CODED(DM),OK(PMR,CYP,FNV,FVL),TARGET(AMZ,FPP). 

Elzen, G. W. (1996). Evaluation of Beet Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Tolerance to Insecticides and 

Response to IGR's. Southwest.Entomol. 21: 127-133. 

EcoReference No.: 68418 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ,TLM,MOM,ACP,BFT,CPY,SPS,PFF,TDC,FYC,DFZ; Habitat: T; Effect 

Codes: MOR; Code: NO 

ENDPOINT(CPY,DFZ),TARGET(AMZ,TLM,MOM,ACP,BFT,PFF,TDC,FYC). 

Elzen, P. J., Baxter, J. R., Spivak, M., and Wilson, W. T. (2000). Control of Varroa jacobsoni Oud. Resistant to 

Fluvalinate and Amitraz Using Coumaphos. Apidologie 31: 437-441. 

EcoReference No.: 63848 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ,FVL,CMPH; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; Code: LITE EVAL 

CODED(FVL),TARGET(CMPH,AMZ). 

Erler, F. and Cetin, H. (2005). Evaluation of Some Selective Insecticides and Their Combinations with Summer Oil 

for the Control of the Pear Psylla Cacopsylla pyri. Phytoparasitica 33: 169-176. 

EcoReference No.: 111715 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ,PYX,ES,DFZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR,POP; Code: 

TARGET(AMZ,ES,DFZ). 

Erler, F., Yegen, O., and Zeller, W. (2007). Field Evaluation of a Botanical Natural Product Against the Pear Psylla 

(Homoptera: Psyllidae). J.Econ.Entomol. 100: 66-71. 

EcoReference No.: 112030 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: REP,MOR,PHY; Code: TARGET(AMZ). 

Gotoh, T., Kitashima, Y., and Adachi, I. (2004). Geographic Variation of Susceptibility to Acaricides in Two Spider 

Mite Species, Panonychus osmanthi and P. citri (Acari: Tetranychidae) in Japan. Int.J.Acarol. 30: 55-61. 

EcoReference No.: 82397 

Chemical of Concern: DCF,AMZ,MBM,HTX,FPY,EXZ,ACQ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; Code: 

TARGET(HTX,DCF,AMZ). 

Heath, A. C. G., Tenquist, J. D., and Bishop, D. M. (1980). Effects of Pour-on Organophosphate Insecticides and a 

Diamidide Araricide on the Cattle Tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis. N.Z.J.Exp.Agric. 8: 79-87. 

EcoReference No.: 37055 
95

Chemical of Concern: FNTH,TMP,AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Code: TARGET(TMP,AMZ). 

Hopkins, S. W., Hopkins, H. B., Benedict, J. H., and Pickel, S. L. (1988). Ovicide, Larvicide Trials, 1988. 

Insectic.Acaric.Tests 14: 235 (89F). 

EcoReference No.: 105569 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ,CYF; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; Code: TARGET(AMZ,CYF). 

Horowitz, A. R., Toscano, N. C., Youngman, R. R., and Miller, T. A. (1987). Synergistic Activity of Binary 

Mixtures of Insecticides on Tobacco Budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Eggs. J.Econ.Entomol. 80: 333-

337. 

EcoReference No.: 73691 

Chemical of Concern: ACP,CPY,MOM,FNV,TDC,MP,AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; Code: 

LITE EVAL CODED(CPY),TARGET(MOM,FNV,MP,ACP,TDC,AMZ). 

Hull, L. A. (1996). Pear, Seasonal Insecticide Evaluation for Pear Psylla, 1995. Arthropod Manag.Tests 21: 47-49 

(39A). 

EcoReference No.: 98585 

Chemical of Concern: FYC,AMZ,CFP,OTQ,MP,ABM; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Code: NO 

COC(Ziram),TARGET(FYC,MP,AMZ,CFP). 

Kirk, I. W., House, V. S., and Bouse, L. F. (1993). Ovicide Formulation and Aerial Application Parameters 

Influence Control of Tobacco Budworm on Cotton. In: B.N.Divesitty,D.G.Chasin, and P.D.Berger (Eds.), 

ASTM (Am.Soc.Test.and Mater.) Spec.Tech.Publ.No.1146, Pesticide Formulations and Application 

Systems, 12th Vol., 12th Symp., Oct.16-17, 1991, San Diego,CA, ASTM, Philadelphia, PA 319-339. 

EcoReference No.: 89913 

Chemical of Concern: TDC,PFF,AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: PHY,MOR; Code: 

OK(PFF),EFFICACY(TDC,AMZ). 

Knowles, C. O. and El-Sayed, G. N. (1985). Formanilide Enhancement of Acaricide Toxicity to Tetranychus urticae 

Koch (Acari, Tetranychidae). J.Econ.Entomol. 78: 308-310 . 

EcoReference No.: 112001 

Chemical of Concern: 

FYT,CHX,EN,FBOX,PFF,MP,MLN,CPY,AZ,FVL,FNV,FPP,CYP,PMR,AMZ,DM,MOM,ADC; Habitat: 

T; Effect Codes: MOR; Code: LITE EVAL 

CODED(CPY),OK(PMR),TARGET(MOM,ADC,DM,AMZ,CYP,FPP,FNV,FVL,AZ,MLN,MP,PFF,FBO

X). 

Koch, H. G. and Burkwhat, H. E. (1983). Susceptibility of the American Dog Tick (Acari: Ixodidae) to Residues of 

Acaricides: Laboratory Assays. J.Econ.Entomol. 76: 337-339. 

EcoReference No.: 113231 

Chemical of Concern: 

CHD,PYN,MXC,BDC,RTN,RSM,Naled,ATN,AMZ,CMPH,PSM,CBL,CPY,DZ,PPX,MLN; Habitat: T; 

Effect Codes: MOR; Code: 

TARGET(PSM,CBL,CPY,DZ,PPX,MLN,CMPH,AMZ,ATN,Naled,RSM,RTN). 

Koch, H. G. and Burkwhat, H. E. (1984). Susceptibility of the Brown Dog Tick (Acari: Ixodidae) to Fresh Residues 

of Acaricides: Laboratory Assays and Comparison of Susceptibility of Different Life Stages of the Lone 

Star and American Dog Tick. J.Econ.Entomol. 77: 670-674. 

EcoReference No.: 113740 
96

Chemical of Concern: 

CHD,MXC,TXP,MLN,HCCH,ATN,Naled,FNTH,CPY,TCF,DDVP,DZ,TVP,RTN,CMPH,CBL,PYN,PSM

,AMZ,RSM,PMR,BDC,PPX; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; Code: 

TARGET(PPX,PMR,RSM,PSM,CBL,CMPH,RTN,TVP,DZ,DDVP,TCF,CPY,Naled,ATN,MLN,AMZ). 

Koch, H. G., Burkwhat, H. E., and Tuck, M. D. (1985). Field Method for Evaluating the Effectiveness of Acaricides 

Against Lone Star Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) on Domestic Dogs. J.Econ.Entomol. 78: 287-289. 

EcoReference No.: 112752 

Chemical of Concern: HCCH,PYN,CPY,MLN,CBL,PMR,PSM,AMZ,PPX; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: 

MOR; Code: OK(PMR),TARGET(PPX,AMZ,PSM,CBL,MLN,CPY). 

Li, A. Y., Davey, R. B., Miller, R. J., and George, J. E. (2004). Detection and Characterization of Amitraz 

Resistance in the Southern Cattle Tick, Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). J.Med.Entomol. 41: 193-

200. 

EcoReference No.: 88228 

Chemical of Concern: DZ,CMPH,AMZ,PPB,PMR; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; Code: 

TARGET(PMR,DZ,CMPH,AMZ). 

Loera-Gallardo, J., Wolfenbarger, D. A., and Riley, D. G. (1998). Insecticidal Mixture Interactions Against B-Strain 

Sweetpotato Whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). J.Entomol.Sci. 33: 407-411. 

EcoReference No.: 63008 

Chemical of Concern: PPB,MP,ACP,FPP,AMZ,BPZ,AZ,BFT,ES; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; 

Code: OK(ALL CHEMS),NO COC(CTN),TARGET(MP,AZ,ACP,ES,AMZ,FPP). 

Lupo, A. and Gerling, D. ( 1990). A Comparison Between the Efficiency of Summer Treatments Using Formic Acid 

and Taktic Against Varroa jacobsoni in Beehives. Apidologie 21: 261-267. 

EcoReference No.: 114419 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ,FMA; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Code: TARGET(AMZ). 

Maciesiak, A. and Olszak, R. W. (1999). Effectiveness of Acaricide Mixtures in the Control of Phytophagous Mites 

on Apple Trees. J.Fruit Ornam.Plant Res. 7: 91-96. 

EcoReference No.: 97506 

Chemical of Concern: HTX,PPG,CTE,AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Code: LITE EVAL 

CODED(PPG),OK(HTX),TARGET(AMZ). 

Makundi, R. H. and Kashenge, S. (2002). Comparative Efficacy of Neem, Azadirachta indica, Extract Formulations 

and the Synthetic Acaricide, Amitraz (Mitac), Against the Two Spotted Spider Mites, Tetranychus urticae 

(Acari: Tetranychidae), on Tomatoes, Lycopersicum esculentum. Z.Pflanzenkrankh.Pflanzenschutz 109: 

57-63. 

EcoReference No.: 100213 

Chemical of Concern: AZD,NMO,AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP,REP; Code: LITE EVAL 

CODED(AZD,NMO),EFFICACY(AMZ). 

Marcic, D., Peric, P., Ogurlic, I., Prijovic, M., and Andric, G. (2007). Effectiveness of Spirodiclofen in the Control 

of European Red Mite (Panonychus ulmi) on Apple and Pear Psylla (Cacopsylla pyri). Pestic.Fitomed. 22: 

301-309. 

EcoReference No.: 108292 

Chemical of Concern: FZQ,DFZ,AMZ,ABM,BFT,SDF,CTZ,FPY; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Code: 

EFFICACY(FZQ,BFT,SDF,CTZ,DFZ,AMZ). 
97

Marshall, D. B. and Pree, D. J. (1991). Effects of Miticides on the Life Stages of the European Red Mite, 

Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae). Can.Entomol. 123: 77-87. 

EcoReference No.: 114938 

Chemical of Concern: PMR,FPP,AMZ,HTX,FBOX,PPG,FTTCl,DCF,DINO,DIE,CTZ,CHX,OTQ; 

Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; Code: TARGET(DCF,FTTCl,PPG,FBOX,HTX,CTZ,AMZ,FPP,PMR). 

Mohamed, H. A., Bashir, N. H. H., and El-Tayeb, Y. M. (1993). Susceptibilities of Three Insect Pests of Cotton to 

Insecticides and Mixtures. Insect Sci.Appl. 14: 193-197. 

EcoReference No.: 82824 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ,CPY,DMT,ES,FNV; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; Code: LITE EVAL 

CODED(ES),TARGET(AMZ,CPY,DMT,FNV),NO COC(DKGNa). 

Morse, J. G., Bellows, T. S. Jr., Gaston, L. K., and Iwata, Y. (1987). Residual Toxicity of Acaricides to Three 

Beneficial Species on California Citrus. J.Econ.Entomol. 80: 953-960. 

EcoReference No.: 111947 

Chemical of Concern: OTQ,TPH,CHX,AV,DCF,PPG,AMZ; Habitat: T; Code: 

TARGET(AMZ,PPG,DCF). 

Nolan, J., Wilson, J. T., Green, P. E., and Bird, P. E. (1989). Synthetic Pyrethroid Resistance in Field Samples in the 

Cattle Tick (Boophilus microplus). Aust.Vet.J. 66: 179-182. 

EcoReference No.: 72453 

Chemical of Concern: ETN,AMZ,CYH,CYP,DM,DDT; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR,ACC; Code: 

TARGET(DM,AMZ). 

Olszak, R. W. (1999). Influence of Some Pesticides on Mortality and Fecundity of the Aphidophagous Coccinellid 

Adalia bipunctata L. (Col., Coccinellidae). J.Appl.Entomol. 123: 41-45. 

EcoReference No.: 64265 

Chemical of Concern: 

FBOX,DOD,DFC,MEM,TFZ,FUZ,MZB,FRM,TFR,IPD,VCZ,CTZ,AMZ,HTX,PPG,FO,PPX,MXC,ES,FP

P,EFV; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR,REP; Code: LITE EVAL 

CODED(ES,VCZ,IPD),TARGET(FBOX,CTZ,PPG,EFV,AMZ,FPP),OK(TFZ,FUZ,MZB,FRM,HTX),NO 

MIXTURE(PPX,MXC). 

Oomen, P. A., Romeijn, G., and Wiegers, G. L. (1991). Side-Effects of 100 Pesticides on the Predatory Mite 

Phytoseiulus persimilis, Collected and Evaluated According to the EPPO Guideline. 

Bull.Org.Eur.Medit.Prot.Plant 21: 701-712. 

EcoReference No.: 99162 

Chemical of Concern: 

TVP,CTN,FRM,FTF,Folpet,IPD,MZB,Maneb,PCZ,SFR,THM,TFR,VCZ,ATZ,BMC,24D,GFSNH,GYP,S

Z,DCF,ES,FYC,HTX,MLN,MOM,MVP,OML,PMR,TFR,CBL,ACP,AZ,BFT,CPY,CYR,DU,DMT,DCF,D

Z,DM,BMN,FZFB,MTSM,CQTC,ABM,AMZ,BPZ,CHX,CYP,IPD; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: REP; 

Code: NO 

ENDPOINT(TVP,CTN,FRM,Folpet,IPD,MZB,Maneb,PCZ,SFR,THM,VCZ,ATZ,BMC,24D,GFSNH,GYP

,SZ,DCF,ES,DM,DCF, 

ES,FYC,HTX,MLN,MOM,MVP,OML,MP,PMR,TFR,CBL,ACP,AZ,BFT,CPY,CYR,DZ,DMT,DU,ES,FT

F,IPD),TARGET(OML,DCF,AMZ). 

Palumbo, J. C., Mullis, C. H., and Reyes, F. J. (1993). Control of Sweetpotato Whitefly in Cantaloupe with Various 

Pesticides, 1992. Insectic.Acaric.Tests 18: 117 (35E). 
98

EcoReference No.: 98102 

Chemical of Concern: ES,BFT,AMZ,LCYT,FSTAl; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Code: LITE EVAL 

CODED(FSTAl),OK(LCYT),TARGET(BFT,ES,AMZ). 

Peregrine, D. J. and Lemon, R. W. (1986). The Value of Amitraz for Control of Bemista tabaci on Cotton. 

Agric.Ecosyst.Environ. 17: 129-135. 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Code: TARGET(AMZ). 

Pound, J. M., Miller, J. A., and George, J. E. (2000). Efficacy of Amitraz Applied to White-Tailed Deer by the `4-

Poster' Topical Treatment Device in Controlling Free-Living Lone Star Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae). 

J.Med.Entomol. 37: 878-884. 

EcoReference No.: 59610 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Code: TARGET(AMZ). 

Pound, J. M., Miller, J. A., George, J. E., and Lemeilleur, C. A. (2000). The `4-Poster' Passive Topical Treatment 

Device to Apply Acaricide for Controlling Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) Feeding on White-Tailed Deer. 

J.Med.Entomol. 37: 588-594 . 

EcoReference No.: 59611 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Code: TARGET(AMZ). 

Prabhaker, N., Toscano, N. C., and Henneberry, T. J. (1999). Comparison of Neem, Urea, and Amitraz as 

Oviposition Suppressants and Larvicides Against Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). 

J.Econ.Entomol. 92: 40-46. 

EcoReference No.: 63059 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ,AZD,Urea; Habitat: T; Code: TARGET(AZD,AMZ). 

Pridgeon, J. W., Pereira, R. M., Becnel, J. J., Allan, S. A., Clark, G. G., and Linthicum, K. J. (2008). Susceptibility 

of Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus Say, and Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say to 19 Pesticides with 

Different Modes of Action. J.Med.Entomol. 45: 82-87. 

EcoReference No.: 115310 

Chemical of Concern: NP,ABM,SS,IDC,CHX,HMN,FPN,PRM,DZ,IMC,CBL,CFP,PRB,PPG,DCF,AMZ; 

Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; Code: TARGET(AMZ,DCF,PPG,PRB,CFP,CBL,IMC,DZ,PMR,FPN). 

Rao, N. V., Reddy, A. S., and Reddy, P. S. (1990). Relative Efficacy of Some new Insecticides on Insect Pests of 

Cotton. Indian J.Plant Prot. 18: 53-58. 

EcoReference No.: 82101 

Chemical of Concern: ALSV,AZD,ACP,AMZ,CTN,MOIL,CYP,ES,TPZ,DM; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: 

POP; Code: LITE EVAL CODED(ALSV,ES),TARGET(AZD,ACP,AMZ,ETN,CYP,DM). 

Riley, D. G. (1992). Control of the Sweetpotato Whitefly in Cantaloupe with Adjuvants, Endosulfan and Amitraz, 

1991. Insectic.Acaric.Tests 17: 95 (24E). 

EcoReference No.: 104288 

Chemical of Concern: ES,AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Code: TARGET(ES,AMZ). 

Ross, D. C. and Brown, T. M. (1982). Inhibition of Larval Growth in Spodoptera frugiperda by Sublethal Dietary 

Concentrations of Insecticides. J.Agric.Food Chem. 30: 193-196. 

EcoReference No.: 90474 

Chemical of Concern: 
99

FNV,PMR,DDT,ES,TXP,ADC,CBL,MCB,MOM,TDC,CPY,MP,PFF,SPS,TCF,AMZ,DFZ,MTPN,PPB; 

Habitat: T; Effect Codes: GRO,MOR; Code: LITE EVAL 

CODED(CPY),TARGET(FNV,ADC,CBL,MOM,TDC,MP,PFF,TCF,MTPN,PPB,DFZ,AMZ,MCB),OK(P

MR,ES). 

Rudd, J. A. (1997). Effects of Pesticides on Spin Down and Webbing Production by the Two-Spotted Spider Mite, 

Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). Exp.Appl.Acarol. 21: 615-628. 

EcoReference No.: 63481 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ,CHX,CTX,PMR; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: BEH,REP; Code: 

TARGET(AMZ). 

Samsoe-Petersen, L. (1993). Effects of 45 Insecticides, Acaricides and Molluscicides on the Rove Beetle Aleochara 

bilineata (Col.: Staphylinidae) in the Laboratory. Entomophaga 38: 371-382. 

EcoReference No.: 63489 

Chemical of Concern: 

DM,FPP,CYP,CYF,LCYT,FVT,DFZ,BPZ,CYR,CTZ,FYC,HTX,AMZ,MAL,MVP,DMT,MTM,ACP,AZ,F

NT,CPY,DZ,PPHD,PSM,MCB,PIM,CBL,OML; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: REP,MOR; Code: LITE 

EVAL 

CODED(CPY),TARGET(PSM,CYP,CYF,CYR,HTX,DMT,MTM,ACP,AZ,DZ,CBL,FNT,OML,DM,AMZ

,FPP,MCB). 

Samsoe-Petersen, L. (1987). Laboratory Method for Testing Side-Effects of Pesticides on the Rove Beetle 

Aleochara bilineata - Adults. Entomophaga 32: 73-81. 

EcoReference No.: 70278 

Chemical of Concern: ACP,AMZ,AZ,DM,FNT,THM,MZB,BMC,CQTC,CBL,SZ; Habitat: T; Effect 

Codes: MOR,REP; Code: LITE EVAL 

CODED(SZ,CQTC,BMC,MZB),OK(THM),TARGET(ACP,AZ,CBL,FNT,DM,AMZ). 

Schaub, L., Garnier, G., and Bloesch, B. (2002). An Extended Laboratory Method Maximizing Plant Contact Time 

to Study the Side-Effects of Pesticides on Plant-Dwelling Predators. J.Appl.Entomol. 126: 155-158. 

EcoReference No.: 69747 

Chemical of Concern: AMZ,ABM,CYH,MVP,IMC,AZD,DMT; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; Code: 

TARGET(AZD,IMC,DMT,AMZ). 

Scott-Dupree, C. D. and Otis, G. W. (1992). The Efficacy of Four Miticides for the Control of Acarapis woodi 

(Rennie) in a Fall Treatment Program. Apidologie 23: 97-106. 

EcoReference No.: 105783 

Chemical of Concern: MEN,FVL,AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP; Code: 

TARGET(FVL,AMZ),LITE EVAL CODED(MEN). 

Teel, P. D., Fuchs, T. W., Huston, J. E., Longnecker, M. T., and Pickel, S. L. (1990). Effects of Sequential 

Infestations of Dermacentor albipictus and Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) on Overwintering 

Beef Cows in West-Central Texas. J.Med.Entomol. 27: 632-641. 

EcoReference No.: 92598 

Chemical of Concern: FNV,AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP,GRO; Code: 

EFFICACY(FNV,AMZ). 

Usmani, K. A. and Knowles, C. O. (2001). Toxicity of Pyrethroids and Effect of Synergists to Larval and Adult 

Helicoverpa zea, Spodoptera frugiperda, and Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J.Econ.Entomol.

94: 868-873. 
100

EcoReference No.: 63706 

Chemical of Concern: CYP,PMR,PPB,DEF,AMZ; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; Code: 

TARGET(PMR,AMZ),OK(CYP),NO MIXTURE(PPB,DEF). 

Van Steenwyk, R. A., Fouche, C. F., and Havens, D. M. (1988). Control of Mountain Leafhopper on Cherry, 1987. 

Insectic.Acaric.Tests 13: 55 (2B). 

EcoReference No.: 88831 

Chemical of Concern: FNV,CBL,AMZ,DZ,FTTCl,ETN; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: MOR; Code: 

OK(ETN),TARGET(CBL,DZ,FNV,AMZ,FTTCl). 

Wilson, L. J., Bauer, L. R., and Lally, D. A. (1998). Effect of Early Season Insecticide Use on Predators and 

Outbreaks of Spider Mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) in Cotton. Bull.Entomol.Res. 88: 477-488. 

EcoReference No.: 77182 

Chemical of Concern: TDC,MOM,AMZ,ES,DMT; Habitat: T; Effect Codes: POP,PHY; Code: LITE 

EVAL CODED(ES),OK(DMT),TARGET(MOM,TDC),EFFICACY(AMZ). 

Zhao, G., Liu, W., Brown, J. M., and Knowles, C. O. (1995). Insecticide Resistance in Field and Laboratory Strains 

of Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). J.Econ.Entomol. 88: 1164-1170. 

EcoReference No.: 55928 

Chemical of Concern: PPB,PMR,CYP,FNV,MOM,DZ,BDC,AMZ,IMC,DDT,TBF; Habitat: T; Effect 

Codes: MOR; Code: OK(PMR,CYP,FNV,DZ,IMC),NO MIXTURE(PPB,TBF),TARGET(MOM,AMZ).