# U ni te d S ta te s Co ur t of A pp ea ls For the Eig hth Circu it

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ No. 1 4- 31 51

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ Sara h Kri st in e Tic hi ch

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v.

Ci ty of Bl oo m in gt on ; Ci ty of Can no n F al ls ; Ci ty of Lak ev il le ; Ci ty of Map le Gro ve ; Ci ty of Mar sh al l; Cit y of M in ne ap ol is ; Ci ty of Ram se y ; Ci ty of Ri ch fie ld ; Ci ty of Ro bb in sd al e; Cit y of R os em ou nt ; Ci ty of St . Ant ho ny; Ci ty of W oo db ur y ; Hen ne pi n C ou nt y ; M il le Lacs Co un ty; Mi nn eap ol is Parkan d R ecre at io n B oa rd ; Ram se y Co un ty; Ric e Co un ty; She rb ur ne Co un ty; Wrig ht Co un ty; Mi ch ael Cam pi on , in hi s i nd iv id ua l ca pa ci ty as th e Co m m is si on er o f th e Dep art m en t o f Pu bl ic Safe ty; Ram on a Doh m an , in he r in di vi du al cap aci ty as th e Co m m is si on er of th e Dep art m en t o f Pu bl ic Safe ty; Jo hn an d J an e Doe s, (1 -3 00 ) act in g i n t he ir in di vi du al cap aci ty as su pe rv is or s, o ffi cers , dep ut ie s, s ta ff, in ve st ig at or s,
em pl oyees o r ag en ts of t he ot he r go ve rn m en ta l ag en ci es ; Dep art m en t o f Pu bl ic Safe ty D oe s, (1 -3 0) act in g i n t he ir i nd iv id ua l ca pa ci ty as of fic ers , su pe rv is or s, st aff, em pl oyees, i nd ep en de nt co nt ract or s o r ag en ts of t he Mi nn es ot a Dep art m en t of Pu bl ic Safe ty; Ent it y

Does , (1- 30 ) in cl ud in g c it ie s, co un ti es , m un ic ip al it ie s, an d ot he r en ti ti es si te d i n M in ne so ta

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__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ No. 1 4- 31 88

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ Cynt hya Lou Po rte r

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Ci ty of Bro ok lyn Park ; Ci ty of Cal ed on ia ; Ci ty of Goo dv ie w; Ci ty of Map le woo d; Mar ti n C ou nt y ; Ol m st ed Co un ty; Cit y of S t. Pa ul ; Win on a Co un ty; Dako ta Co un ty; Cit y

of Win on a; Met ro po li ta n Ai rp or ts Co m m is si on ; M ic ha el Cam

pi on , in hi s i nd iv id ua l ca pa ci ty as th e Co m m is si on er o f th e Dep art m en t o f Pu bl ic Safe ty; Ram on a Doh m an , in he r in di vi du al cap aci ty as th e Co m m is si on er o f th e Dep art m en t o f Publ ic Safe ty; Jo hn an d J an e Doe s 1 -6 00 , act in g i n t he ir i nd iv id ua l cap aci ty as su pe rv is or s, o ffi cers , dep ut ie s, s ta ff, in ve st ig at or s, em pl oyees o r ag en ts of th e o th er g ov ern m en ta l ag en ci es ; Dep art m en t o f Pu bl ic Does 1-3 0, ac ti ng in th ei r in di vi du al cap aci ty as of fic ers , su pe rv is or s, s ta ff, em pl oyees, i nd ep en de nt

co nt ract or s o r ag en ts of t he Mi nn es ot a Dep art m en t o f Pu bl ic Safe ty; Ent it y Does 1- 50 , in cl ud in g ci ti es , co un ti es , m un ic ip al it ie s, an d ot he r en ti ti es si te d in Mi nn es ot a

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__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ No. 1 4- 32 25

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ Lau reen Cay Barg hi ni

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v.

Ano ka Co un ty; Cit y

of B lo om in gt on ; Ci ty of Bra in erd ; Ci ty of Bro ok lyn Park ; Ci ty of Bu rn sv il le ; Ci ty of Ch am pl in ; Dak ot a Co un ty; Dako taCo m m un ic at io ns Cen te r; C it y

of Ed in a; Cit y

of F arm in gt on ; Hen ne pi n C ou nt y ; Ci ty of Hop ki ns ; Ci ty of Mi nn eap ol is ; Ci ty of Mi nn et on ka ; Ci ty of Mo un d; Cit y of Ne w Bri gh to n; Ci ty of Nor th St. Pa ul ; Ra m se y Co un ty; Cit y

of R ob bi ns da le ; Ci ty of Ro ch es te r; Ci ty of St . Pau l; Ste arn s C ou nt y ; Ci ty of W hi te BearLake ; Wrig ht Co un ty; Mi ch ael Cam

pi on , in hi s i nd iv id ua l ca pa ci ty as th e Co m m is si on er o f th e Dep art m en t o f Pu bl ic Safe ty; Ram on a Doh m an , in he r in di vi du al cap aci ty as th e Co m m is si on er o f th e Dep art m en t o f Pu bl ic Safe ty; Jo hn an d J an e Doe s (1 -2 50 ), act in g i n t he ir i nd iv id ua l ca pa ci ty as su pe rv is or s, o ffi cers , dep ut ie s, s ta ff, in ve st ig at or s, em

pl oyees o r ag en ts of t he ot he r go ve rn m en ta l ag en ci es ; En ti ty

-2

-Doe s (1 -5 0) , in cl ud in g c it ie s, co un ti es , m un ic ip al it ie s, an d o th er en ti ti es si te d i n Mi nn es ot a; Depa rtment o f Pu bl ic Safe ty D oe s (1 -3 0) , act in g i n t he ir i nd iv id ua l cap aci ty as of

fic ers , su pe rv is or s, s ta ff, em pl oyees, i nd iv id ua l co nt ract or s o r ag en ts of th e Mi nn es ot a Dep art m en t o f Pu bl ic Safe ty

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__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ No. 1 4- 32 88

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ Tim ot hy W al la ce Sh ern o

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v.

Ano ka Co un ty; Cit y

of Ap pl e Val le y ; Ci ty of Arli ng to n; Cit y of B au de tt e; Bel tra m i Co un ty; Cit y

of B la ck du ck ; Ci ty of Bl ai ne ; Ci ty of Bl oo m in gt on ; Ci ty of Bro ok lyn Cen te r; C it y

of B ro ok lyn Park ; Ci ty of Bu rn sv il le ; Ci ty of Can no n F al ls ; Carg o Van Go, In c.; C ars -N-Cre di t, In c.; C arv er Co un ty; Cas s C ou nt y ; Ci ty of Ch am pl in ; Ch is ag o C ou nt y ; Ci ty of Co tt ag e Gro ve ; Cr ow Win g C ou nt y ; Ci ty of Crystal ; Dak ot a Co un ty; Cit y of De ep ha ve n; Cit y

of Ed en Prai rie ; Ci ty of Edi na ; Fari ba ul t Co un ty; Cit y

of F arm in gt on ; Ci ty of Fo le y ; Ci ty of Fo res t Lak e; Cit y of Fri dl ey ; Ci ty of Gol de n Val le y ; Go od hu e Co un ty; Cit y of Gre en Isl e; Gran t Co un ty; Cit y

of Ha st in gs ; Ci ty of Hen de rs on ; Hen ne pi n C ou nt y ; Ci ty of Hop ki ns ; Ci ty of In ve r Gro ve Heig ht s; Kana be c Co un ty; Kand iyoh i Co un ty; Cit y of Lak e Crystal ; Lak e o f th e Wood s C ou nt y ; Lak es Area Po li ce Dep art m en t; Cit y of Le Su eu r; C it y

of M an ka to ; M cLeo d C ou nt y ; Ci ty of Med in a; Met ro po li ta n C ou nc il ; Mi ll e Lacs Co un ty; Cit y

of M in ne ap ol is ; Ci ty of Mi nn et on ka ; Ci ty of Mi nn et ris ta ; Ci ty of Mo ra; Cit y

of M ou nd s Vi ew; M in ne ap ol is Park& Rec reat io n B oa rd ; Ci ty of New Bri gh to n; Cit y

of No rth St. Pa ul ; Ci ty of Nor th Man ka to ; Ci ty of Ona m ia ; Ci ty of Oro no ; Pi ne Co un ty; Cit y of P rio r Lak e; Ram se y

Co un ty; Cit y

of R am se y ; Ci ty of Red W in g; Ric e Co un ty; Cit y of R ic hf ie ld ; Ci ty of Ro bb in sd al e; Cit y of Ro ch es te r; C it y

of R os em ou nt ; Ci ty of Ro se vi ll e; Cit y of R oyalt on ; Ci ty of Sav ag e; Sco tt Co un ty; Cit y of S ha ko pe e; Cit y

of S he rb ur ne ; Sh erb ur ne Co un ty; Ci ty of So ut h S t. Pa ul ; Ci ty of Sp rin g Lak e Par k; Cit y of S t. An th on y ; Ci ty of St

.

-3

-Cl ou d; Cit y of S t. Fra nc is ; St . Lou is Co un ty; Cit y of S t. Lo ui s Pa rk ; Ci ty of St

. Pau l Pa rk ; Ci ty of St . Pau l; Cit y of S t. Pe te r; C it y

of Waln ut Grov e; W as eca Co un ty; W as hi ng to n C ou nt y ; Ci ty of W at erv il le ; Ci ty of W el co m e; Cit y of Whi te Bea r Lak e; Cit y

of Woo db ur y ; M ic ha el Cam pi on , in hi s i nd iv id ua l ca pa ci ty as th e Co m m is si on er o f th e Dep art m en t o f Pu bl ic Safe ty; Ram on a Doh m an , in he r in di vi du al cap aci ty as th e Co m m is si on er o f th e Dep art m en t o f Pu bl ic Safe ty; Jo hn

an d J an e Doe s (1 -6 00 ), act in g i n t he ir i nd iv id ua l ca pa ci ty as su pe rv is or s, o ffi cers , de pu ti es , st aff, i nv es ti ga to rs , em pl oyees o r ag en ts of t he ot he r go ve rn m en ta l ag en ci es ; Dep art m en t o f Pu bl ic Safe ty D oe s (1 -3 0) , act in g i n t he ir i nd iv id ua l cap aci ty as of

fic ers , su pe rv is or s, s ta ff, em pl oyees, i nd ep en de nt co nt ract or s o r ag en ts of t he Mi nn es ot a Dep art m en t o f Pu bl ic Safe ty; Ent it y Does (1- 15 0) , in cl ud in g c it ie s, co un ti es , m un ic ip al it ie s, an d o th er en ti ti es si te d i n M in ne so ta

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__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ No. 1 4- 37 50

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ Ja y Cli fto n Ko ll s

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v.

Ci ty of Edi na ; Ci ty of Mi nn eap ol is ; Ci ty of Mo un d; Cit y of Oro no ; Dak ot a Co m m un ic at io ns Cen te r; R en vi ll e Co un ty; Cit y of R os em ou nt ; Ci ty of Sav ag e; Ci ty of Sh ak op ee; Cit y

of S t. Pa ul ; M ic ha el Cam pi on , in hi s i nd iv idua l ca pa ci ty as th e Co m m is si on er o f th e Dep art m en t o f Pu bl ic Safe ty; Ram on a Doh m an , in he r in di vi du al cap aci ty as th e Co m m is si on er o f th e Dep art m en t o f Pu bl ic Safe ty; Jo hn

an d J an e Doe s (1 -5 0) , act in g i n t he ir i nd iv id ua l ca pa ci ty as su pe rv is or s, o ffi cers , de pu ti es , st aff, i nv es ti ga to rs , em pl oyees o r ag en ts of t he ot he r go ve rn m en ta l ag en ci es ; Dep art m en t o f Pu bl ic Safe ty D oe s (1 -3 0) , act in g i n t he ir i nd iv id ua l cap aci ty as of

fic ers , su pe rv is or s, s ta ff, em pl oyees, i nd ep en de nt co nt ract or s o r ag en ts of t he Mi nn es ot a Dep art m en t o f Pu bl ic Safe ty; Ent it y Does (1- 50 ), in cl ud in g c it ie s, co un ti es , m un ic ip al it ie s, an d o th er en ti ti es si te d i n M in ne so ta

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-4

-__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ No. 1 5- 12 88

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ Ali x Ken da ll

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v.

Ci ty of Alb ert Lea; Cit y

of An na nd al e; Ano ka Co un ty; Cit y of An ok a; Cit y

of App le Vall ey ; Ci ty of Bax te r; C it y of B eck er; Cit y

of B el le Pla in e; Bel tra m i Co un ty; Cit y

of B iwab ik ; Ci ty of Bl ack du ck ; Ci ty of Bl ai ne ; Ci ty of Bl oo m in g Prai rie ; Ci ty of Bl oo m in gt on ; Bl ue Earth Co un ty; Cit y of B rai ne rd ; Ci ty of Bro ok lyn Cen te r; C it y

of B ro ok lyn Park ; Br own Co un ty; Cit y of B uf fal o Lak e; Ci ty of Bu rn sv il le ; Ci ty of Cam br id ge ; Ci ty of Can no n F al ls ; Ca rv er Co un ty; Cen te nn ia l Lak es Po li ce Dep art m en t; Cit y of C ha m pl in ; Ci ty of Ch as ka ; Ch ip pe wa Co un ty; Ch is ag o C ou nt y ; Ci ty of Co lu m bi a Hei gh ts ; Co ok Co un ty; Ci ty of Co on Rap id s; Cit y of C or co ran ; Ci ty of Co tt ag e Gro ve ; Ci ty of Cro sb y ; Ci ty of Cro ss la ke ; Cr ow Win g C ou nt y ; Ci ty of Crysta l; Dako ta Co un ty; Dako ta Co m m un ic at io ns Cen te r; C it y

of De ep ha ve n; Cit y

of Du lu th ; Ci ty of Eag an ; Ci ty of Eden Prai rie ; Ci ty of Edi na ; Ci ty of ElkRiv er; Cit y of El m or e; Cit y

of Fai rm on t; Fari ba ul t Co un ty; Cit y of F ari ba ul t; Cit y

of F arm in gt on ; Ci ty of Fo res t Lak e; Free bo rn Co un ty; Cit y of F rid le y ; Ci ty of Gle nc oe ; Ci ty of Gol de n Val le y ; Goo dh ue Co un ty; Cit y

of Gra nd Rap id s; Cit y

of Ha st in gs ; Ci ty of Hen de rs on ; Hen ne pi n C ou nt y ; Ci ty of Herm an to wn; Cit y of Ho pk in s; Cit y

of Ho wardLake ; Hub ba rdCo un ty; Cit y

of Hu tc hi ns on ; Ci ty of In ve r Gro ve Heig ht s; Isa nt i Co un ty; Ci ty of Is le ; Ci ty of Jo rd an ; Kan ab ec Co un ty; Kand iyoh i Co un ty; Cit y of Lak e Ci ty; Cit y of Lak e Crysta l; Cit y

of Lak ev il le ; Ci ty of Le Cen te r; Le S ue ur Co un ty; Ci ty of Le Su eu r; C it y

of Li no Lake s; Cit y

of Li tc hf ie ld ; Ci ty of Man ka to ; Ci ty of Map le Grov e; Cit y

of M ap le woo d; Cit y

of M ars ha ll ; M cLeo d C ou nt y ; Ci ty of Med in a; Mee ke r Co un ty; Cit y of M en do taHeig ht s; Met ro po li ta n C ou nc il ; Ci ty of Mi la ca; Mi ll e Lacs Co un ty; Cit y of M in ne ap ol is ; Ci ty of Mi nn et on ka ; Ci ty of Mi nn et ris ta ; Ci ty of Mo or he ad ; Ci ty of Mo ra; Cit y of M or ris ; M orris on Co un ty; Ci ty of Mo un d; Cit y

of M ou nd s Vi ew; M owe r Co un ty; Cit y of Ne w Bri gh to n; Ci ty of New Hop e; Cit y

of Ne w Prag ue ; Ci ty of New Ulm ; Ci ty of Nor th St. Pa ul ;

-5

-Ci ty of Nor th fie ld ; Ci ty of OakParkHeig ht s; Cit y of Oa kd al e; Olm st ed Co un ty; Ci ty of Ona m ia ; Ci ty of Oro no ; Ci ty of Osa ki s; Cit y of Owat on na ; Ci ty of Perh am ; Pi ne Co un ty; Cit y

of P lym ou th ; Ci ty of Pri nc et on ; Ci ty of Pri orLake ; Ra m se y Co un ty; Cit y

of R am se y ; Ci ty of Ran da ll ; Ci ty of RedW in g; Ric e Co un ty; Cit y of Ri ch fie ld ; Ci ty of Ro bb in sd al e; Cit y of R oc he st er; Cit y

of R og ers ; Ci ty of Ro se m ou nt ; Ci ty of Ro se vi ll e; Cit y of R oyalt on ; Ci ty of Sart el l; Cit y of S au k Cen tre ; Ci ty of Sav ag e; Sco tt Co un ty; Cit y of S ha ko pe e; Sh erb ur ne Co un ty; Cit y of Sil ve r Lak e; So ut h Lak e Mi nn et on ka Po li ce Dep art m en t; Cit y of S ou th St. Pa ul ; Ci ty of Sp rin g Lak e Park; Cit y of S t. An th on y ; Ci ty of St . Clo ud ; Ci ty of St

. Fran ci s; Cit y

of S t. J os ep h; St. Lo ui s C ou nt y ; Ci ty of St . Lou is Park ; Ci ty of St

. Pau l; Cit y

of S t. Pa ul Park ; Ci ty of St . Pet er; Cit y of S ta pl es ; Ci ty of St arb uc k; St earn s C ou nt y ; St eel e Co un ty; Tri-C it y Po li ce Dep art m en t; Tod d C ou nt y ; Ci ty of Ty le r; C it y

of West St. Pa ul ; Ci ty of W ab as ha ; Waden a Co un ty; Cit y of Wait e Park ; Wasec a Co un ty; Cit y of Wase ca; W as hi ng to n C ou nt y ; Ci ty of W at erv il le ; W at on wan Co un ty; Cit y

of Way zat a; Cit y

of Whi te Bear

Lake ; Ci ty of W il lm ar; Ci ty of W in on a; Cit y

of Woo db ur y ; Wrig ht Co un ty; Cit y of Wy om in g; Cit y

of Zum br ot a; Mi ch ael Cam

pi on , in hi s i nd iv idua l ca pa ci ty as th e Co m m is si on er o f th e Dep art m en t o f Pu bl ic Safe ty; Ram on a Doh m an , in he r in di vi du al cap aci ty as th e Co m m is si on er o f Pu bl ic Safe ty; Ent it y Does (1- 30 ), in cl ud in g c it ie s, co un ti es , m un ic ip al it ie s, an d o th er en ti ti es si te d i n M in ne so ta ; Ci ty of Am bo y ; Ci ty of Arli ng to n; Jo hn an d J an e Doe s (1 -1 00 ), act in g i n t he ir i nd iv id ua l ca pa ci ty as

su pe rv is or s, o ffi cers , dep ut ie s, s ta ff, in ve st ig at or s, em pl oyees o r ag en ts of t he ot he r go ve rn m en ta l ag en ci es ; Dep art m en t o f Pu bl ic Safe ty D oe s (1 -3 0) , act in g i n th ei r in di vi du al cap aci ty as of fic ers , su pe rv is or s, s ta ff, em pl oyees, i nd ep en de nt

co nt ract or s o r ag en ts of t he Mi nn es ot a Dep art m en t o f Pu bl ic Safe ty; Cit y of Gre en Is le ; Bu ffal o Au to m ot iv e, In c.; C ars -N-Cre di t, In c.; Dem l Fo rdLin co ln , Inc .; Lak es Area Po li ce Dep art m en t; Upp er Mi dwe st Orga n P ro cu rem en t Org an iz at io n, In c.; S ex to n- Po sc h, LLC; Cit y of S he rb urne ; Ci ty of Vern on Cen te r; Waco ni a Dod ge , Inc .; Ci ty of W el co m e; Gran t Co un ty; Ben to n C ou nt y ; Ca ss Co un ty; Cit y of Isa nt i; Mi nn eap ol is Park& Rec reat io n B oa rd ; Ci ty of Nor th Bran ch ; Re dwo od

Co un ty; Cit y

of S au k R ap id s; Cit y

of S ti ll wate r

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-__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ No. 1 5- 18 46

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ Ash le y Arcaro , als o k no wn as Ash le y Train er

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v.

Ci ty of Ano ka ; Ci ty of Bro ok lyn Park ; Ci ty of Cl ark fie ld ; Ci ty of Fri dl ey ; Ci ty of Gol de n Val le y ; Ci ty of Gran d R ap id s; Cit y of J or da n; Cit y

of Le C en te r; C it y

of Man ka to ; Ci ty of Map le Grov e; Cit y of M ap le woo d; Cit y

of M in ne ap ol is ; Ci ty of Mi nn et on ka ; Ci ty of Mo un d; Cit y of No rth St. Pa ul ; Ci ty of Oro no ; Ci ty of Owato nn a; Cit y

of R oc he st er; Cit y

of R os em ou nt ; Ci ty of Ro se vi ll e; Cit y of Sart el l; Cit y

of S av ag e; Cit y

of S ha ko pe e; Cit y

of West St. Pa ul ; An ok a Co un ty; Mi ll e Lacs Co un ty; Mo rri so n C ou nt y ; Sc ot t Co un ty; W as hi ng to n C ou nt y ; Wrig ht Co un ty; Yell ow M ed ic in e Co un ty; Jo hn an d J an e Doe s (1 -5 00 ), act in g i n t he ir in di vi du al cap aci ty as su pe rv is or s, o ffi cers , dep ut ie s, s ta ff, in ve st ig at or s,
em pl oyees o r ag en ts of t he ot he r na m ed law- en fo rcem en t ag en ci es

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__ __ __ __ __ __ App eal s fr om

Uni te d S ta te s Di st ric t Co ur t fo r th e Dis tri ct of M in ne so ta - Mi nn eap ol is

__ __ __ __ __ __ Su bm it te d: Decem

be r 15 , 20 15

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-7

-__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ No. 1 4- 29 64

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ Mi ch el le Mary Ray

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v.

Ano ka Co un ty; Cit y

of B ig Lake ; Ci ty of Bl oo m in gt on ; Ci ty of Bro ok lyn Cen te r; Ci ty of Bro ok lyn Park ; Ci ty of Bu rn sv il le ; Ci ty of Ch am pl in ; Ci ty of Co rco ran ; Ci ty of ElkRiv er; Henn ep in Co un ty; Cit y of M ap le Grov e; Cit y

of M in ne ap ol is ; Ci ty of Oss eo ; Ci ty of Ram se y ; Sh erb ur ne Co un ty; Mi ch ael Cam pi on , in hi s in di vi du al cap aci ty as th e Co m m is si on er o f th e Dep art m en t o f Pu bl ic Safe ty; Ram on a Doh m an , in he r in di vi du al cap aci ty as th e Co m m is si on er o f th e Dep art m en t o f Publ ic Safe ty; Jo hn an d J an e Doe s (1 -1 00 ) act in g i n t he ir in di vi du al cap aci ty as su pe rv is or s, o ffi cers , dep ut ie s, s ta ff, in ve st ig at or s,
em pl oyees o r ag en ts of t he ot he r go ve rn m en ta l ag en ci es ; Dep art m en t o f Pu bl ic Safe ty D oe s (1 -3 0) act in g i n t he ir i nd iv id ua l ca pa ci ty as of fic ers , su pe rv is or s, st aff, em pl oyees, i nd ep en de nt co nt ract or s, o r ag en ts of t he Mi nn es ot a Dep art m en t of Pu bl ic Safe ty; Ent it y

Does (1- 50 0) in cl ud in g c it ie s, co un ti es , m un ic ip al it ie s,
an d o th er en ti ti es si te d i n M in ne so ta

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__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ No. 1 4- 34 04

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ Dian e Cat he rin e Gav in

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v.

-8

-Ano ka Co un ty; Cit y of Ap pl e Val le y ; Ci ty of Arli ng to n; Cit y of B lo om in gt on ; Ci ty of Bra in erd ; Ci ty of Bro ok lyn Park ; Cl ay Co un ty; Cit y

of C ot ta ge Grov e; Cit y of Dul ut h; Cit y

of El ko New Mark et ; Ci ty of Green Isl e; Cit y of Ha st in gs ; Hen ne pi n C ou nt y ; Ci ty of Mad el ia ; Ci ty of Map le woo d; Met ro po li ta n C ou nc il ; Ci ty of Mi nn eap ol is ; M in ne ap ol is Parkan d R ecre at io n B oa rd ; Ci ty of Mo un d; Ci ty of Nis swa ; Ol m st edCo un ty; Cit y of P rin cet on ; Ci ty of Pri orLake ; Ra m se y Co un ty; Cit y

of R ic hf ie ld ; Ci ty of St . Pau l; Cit y of S t. Pa ul Park ; Wash in gt on Co un ty; Cit y

of Woo db ury ; M ic ha el Cam pi on , in hi s i nd iv idua l ca pa ci ty as th e Co m m is si on er o f th e Dep art m en t o f Pu bl ic Safe ty; Ram on a Doh m an , in he r in di vi du al cap aci ty as th e Co m m is si on er o f th e Dep art m en t o f Pu bl ic Safe ty; Jo hn

an d J an e Doe s (1 -5 00 ), act in g i n t he ir i nd iv id ua l ca pa ci ty as su pe rv is or s, o ffi cers , de pu ti es , st aff, i nv es ti ga to rs , em pl oyees o r ag en ts of t he ot he r go ve rn m en ta l ag en ci es ; Dep art m en t o f Pu bl ic Safe ty D oe s (1 -3 0) , act in g i n t he ir i nd iv id ua l cap aci ty as of

fic ers , su pe rv is or s, s ta ff, em pl oyees, i nd ep en de nt co nt ract or s o r ag en ts of t he Mi nn es ot a Dep art m en t o f Pu bl ic Safe ty; Ent it y Does (1- 50 ), in cl ud in g c it ie s, co un ti es , m un ic ip al it ie s, an d o th er en ti ti es si te d i n M in ne so ta

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an ts - App el le es

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ No. 1 4- 34 48

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ Bri an Po to cn ik

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ff - App el la nt

v.

Ci ty of Mi nn eap ol is ; Ci ty of St . Pau l; Jo hn an d J an e Doe s (1 -3 00 ), act in g i n t he ir in di vi du al cap aci ty as su pe rv is or s, o ffi cers , dep ut ie s, s ta ff, in ve st ig at or s,

em pl oyees o r ag en ts of M in ne ap ol is or S t. Pa ul

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an ts - App el le es

-9

-__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ No. 1 4- 36 73

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ Dou gl as Pau l Del an ey ; Nan cy Mari e Del an ey

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Pla in ti

ff s - Ap pe ll an ts

v.

Bel tra m i Co un ty; Cit y

of B lo om in gt on ; Ci ty of Bra in erd ; Ca rlt on Co un ty; Cro w W in g C ou nt y ; Ci ty of Ede n P rai rie ; Ci ty of Han co ck

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an ts - App el le es

Hen ne pi n C ou nt y ; Hi re Ri gh t, a Del aware Co rp or at io n

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an t s

Kan ab ec Co un ty; Cit y

of M in ne to nk a; Cit y

of M ou nd ; M et ro po li ta n Ai rp or t Co m m is si on ; Ci ty of Ro se m ou nt ; St . Lou is Co un ty; Cit y of S t. Pa ul ; M ic ha el Cam pi on , in hi s i nd iv id ua l ca pa ci ty as th e Co m m is si on er o f th e Dep art m en t o f Pu bl ic Safe ty; Ram on a Doh m an , in he r in di vi du al cap aci ty as th e Co m m is si on er of th e Dep art m en t o f Publ ic Safe ty; Ent it y Does (1- 30 ), in cl ud in g c it ie s, co un ti es , m un ic ip al it ie s, an d o th er en ti ti es si te d i n M in ne so ta ; Dep art m en t o f Pu bl ic Safe ty Doe s (1 -3 0) , act in g i n t he ir i nd iv id ua l ca pa ci ty as of fic ers , su pe rv is or s, s ta ff,

em pl oyees, i nd ep en de nt co nt ract or s o r ag en ts of t he Mi nn es ot a Dep art m en t o f Publ ic Safe ty; Jo hn an d J an e Doe s (1 -1 50 ), act in g i n t he ir i nd iv id ua l capa ci ty as

su pe rv is or s, o ffi cers , dep ut ie s, s ta ff, in ve st ig at or s, em pl oyees o r ag en ts of t he ot he r go ve rn m en ta l ag en ci es

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an ts - App el le es

-1 0-__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ No. 1 5- 18 05

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ Nad in e Bab u

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Pla in ti

ff - App el la nt

v.

Ci ty of Bec ke r; B en to n C ou nt y ; Ci ty of Bl ai ne ; Ci ty of Bl oo m in gt on ; Ci ty of Co tt ag e Gro ve ; Ci ty of Eag an ; Ci ty of Ede n P rai rie ; Fi ll m or e Co un ty; Cit y of Hop ki ns ; Ci ty of Lak e Crysta l; Cit y of M in ne ap ol is ; Ci ty of Mi nn et on ka ; Ci ty of Mo or he ad ; Ci ty of Oro no ; Sh erb ur ne Co un ty; W as hi ng to n C ou nt y ; M ic ha el Cam pi on , in hi s i nd iv id ua l ca pa ci ty as th e Co m m is si on er o f th e Dep art m en t o f Pu bl ic Safe ty; Ram on a Doh m an , in he r in di vi du al cap aci ty as th e Co m m is si on er of th e Dep art m en t o f Pu bl ic Safe ty; Mi nn es ot a Dep art m en t o f Pu bl ic Safe ty D oe s (1 -3 0) , act in g i n t he ir i nd iv id ua l ca pa ci ty as of fic ers , su pe rv is or s, s ta ff, em pl oyees, in de pe nd en t co nt ract or s o r ag en ts of t he Mi nn es ot a Dep art m en t o f Pu bl ic Safe ty; Ent it y Does (1- 50 ), in cl ud in g c it ie s, co un ti es , m un ic ip al it ie s, an d o th er en ti ti es si te d i n M in ne so ta

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an ts - App el le es

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ No. 1 4- 36 51

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ Ja m es Ro sc he n; Meg an Ro sc he n; Laur a Drazk ows ki ; Ki ns ey Drazk ows ki ; Dav id Harm s; Bev erl y

Sn ow; Jer ry

Sn ow; Jer ry

Gela o; Jo hn Adam s; Don na Adam s; Virg in ia Kaut z; Ju li e Po rch er

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Pla in ti

ff s - Ap pe ll an ts

-1 1-Mar li n Gra ve s; Karen Grav es

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Pla in ti

ff s

Deb ra Ro sc he n; Ste ve Drazk ows ki ; C. M erl Norm an ; An na Mae Norm an

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Pla in ti

ff s - Ap pe ll an ts

v.

W ab as ha Co un ty; Ano ka Co un ty

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an ts - App el le es

Ano ka Co un ty Comm

un it y Co rrec ti on s; Dy la n Wark en ti n, Di rect or , Ano ka Co un ty Comm

un it y Co rrec ti on s, i n h is in di vi du al an d o ffi ci al cap aci ty

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an t s

Ben to n C ou nt y ; Bl ue Earth Co un ty; Blu e Eart h C ou nt y Co m m un it y Co rrec ti on s; Jo sh Mi lo w, Direc to r, Bl ue Earth Co un ty Comm un it y Co rrec ti on s, i n h is in di vi du al an d o ffi ci al cap aci ty; Ch is ag o C ou nt y ; Dak ot a Co un ty; Dod ge Co un ty; Dou gl as Co un ty; Fari ba ul t Co un ty; Goo dh ue Co un ty; Henn ep in Co un ty

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an ts - App el le es

Hen ne pi n C ou nt y

Co m m un it y Co rrec ti on s; Tom

Merk el , Direc to r, Hen ne pi n Co un ty Comm

un it y Co rrec ti on s, i n h is in di vi du al an d o ffi ci al cap aci ty

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an t s

Ja ck so n C ou nt y ; Lak e Co un ty; Mart in Co un ty; Mi ll e Lacs Co un ty; Nico ll et Co un ty; Olm st ed Co un ty; Ott ert ai l Co un ty; Ram se y Co un ty; Ren vi ll e Co un ty

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an ts - App el le es

-1 2-St . Lou is Co un ty

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an t

Sco tt Co un ty; St eel e Co un ty; W as hi ng to n Co un ty; W in on a Co un ty; W rig ht Co un ty

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an ts - App el le es

Ram on a Doh m an , act in g i n h er i nd iv id ua l an d o ffi ci al cap aci ty as Co m m is si on er of Pu bl ic Safe ty; Lori Swan so n, i n h er i nd iv idua l ca pa ci ty and off ic ia l capa ci ty as Att or ne y Gene ral of M in ne so ta ; Co lo ne l Kev in Daly, in hi s i nd iv idua l ca pa ci ty

an d o ffi ci al cap aci ty as Ch ie f of Sta te Pat ro l o f Mi nn es ot a; Luci nd a Je ss on , in he r in di vi du al an d o ffi ci al cap aci ty as Co m m is si on er o f Mi nn es ot a Dep art m en t o f

Hum an Serv ic es ; To m

Ro y , in hi s i nd iv id ua l ca pa ci ty and off ic ia l ca pa ci ty as Co m m is si on er o f Mi nn es ot a Dep art m en t o f Co rrec ti on s

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an t s

Ci ty of Aus ti n; Cit y

of C an no n F al ls ; Ci ty of Ch as ka ; Ci ty of Cl oq ue t; Cit y of Dul ut h; Cit y

of Eag an ; Ci ty of Fai rm on t; Cit y of Ha st in gs ; Ci ty of Lak e Ci ty; Lak es Area Po li ce Dep art m en t; Cit y of M ed in a; Cit y

of M in ne ap ol is ; Ci ty of Mi nn et on ka ; Ci ty of Oak da le ; Ci ty of Park Rap id s; Cit y of P la in vi ew; C it y

of Pri orLake ; Ci ty of Red W in g; Cit y of R ic hf ie ld ; Ci ty of Ro ch es te r; C it y of Ro se m ou nt ; Ci ty of Ro se vi ll e; Cit y of S art el l; Cit y

of S t. Cl ou d; Cit y

of S ai nt Pau l; Cit y

of S ta pl es ; Ci ty of St il lwat er; Cit y of Waba sh a; Cit y

of Wate rv il le ; Ci ty of W el ls ; Ci ty of W hi te BearLake ; Ci ty of W in on a; Fo nd du Lac Po li ce

Dep art m en t; Met ro Tran si t Po li ce Dep art m en t

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an ts - App el le es

Jo hn an d J an e Doe s (1 -1 00 0) , act in g i n t he ir i nd iv idua l ca pa ci ty as su pe rv is or s, of fic ers , dep ut ie s, s ta ff, in ve st ig at or s, em pl oyees o r ag en ts of l aw en fo rcem en t ag en ci es si te d i n M in ne so ta ; Dep art m en t o f Pu bl ic Safe ty D oe s (1 -3 0) , act in g i n th ei r in di vi du al cap aci ty as of fic ers , su pe rv is or s, s ta ff, em pl oyees, i nd ep en de nt

co nt ract or s o r ag en ts of t he Mi nn es ot a Dep art m en t o f Pu bl ic Safe ty; Ent it y Does (1 -5 0) , in cl ud in g c it ie s, co un ti es , m un ic ip al it ie s, d is tri ct co ur ts , cou rt s erv ic es an d

-1 3-ot he r en ti ti es si te d i n M in ne so ta ; J eff Sh orba , in hi s i nd iv id ua l ca pa ci ty and of fic ia l ca pa ci ty as St at e Co ur t Ad m in is tra to r

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an t s

C i t y o f D e e r w o o d ; C i t y o f G o o d v i e w ; C i t y o f Ka s s o n ; C i t

y o f Ke n yo n ; C i t y o f M a nt o r v i l l e

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an ts - App el le es

__ __ __ __ __ __ App eal s fr om

Uni te d S ta te s Di st ric t Co ur t fo r th e Dis tri ct of M in ne so ta - Mi nn eap ol is

__ __ __ __ __ __ Su bm it te d: Decem

be r 16 , 20 15

__ __ __ __ __ __ _ Fil ed : Se pt em

be r 1, 2 01 6

__ __ __ __ __ __ Befo re WOL LMAN, LOKEN , and BYE, Circ ui t J ud ge s. 1

__ __ __ __ __ __
W OLLMAN, Circ ui t J ud ge

.

The Mi nn e s o t a D e p art m en t of Pu bl ic Safe ty (DPS) m ai nt ai ns a da ta ba se of dr iv er’s li cen se da ta (DPS da ta ba se ). It is th e a l l e g e d m is us e of th at da ta ba se in fo rm at io n wh ic h i s t he su bjec t o f th es e ap pe al s.

A num be r of Mi nne sot a dr iver ’s li cen se ho ld ers (p la in ti ffs ) br ou gh t su it ag ai ns t

nu m ero us ci ti es , co un ti es , an d ot he r go ve rn m en t e n ti ti es (lo cal en ti ti es ); nu m ero us

Th i s op in io n is be in g fil ed by J ud ge W ol lm an an d Ju dg e Lok en pu rs u a n t t o 1 8t h C ir. R ul e 4 7E.

-1 4-un kn own la w en fo rcem en t or ot he r go ve rn m en t pe rs on ne l, an d su pe rv is or s, of fic ers , d ep ut ie s, st aff, in ve st ig at or s, em pl oyees or ag en ts of lo cal en ti ti es or ot he r go ve rn m en t en ti ti es in Mi nn es ot a (co ll ect iv el y , Law Enfo rcem en t Doe s) ; cu rren t an d fo rm er DPS Co m

m is si on ers Ram on a Doh m an an d Mi ch ael Cam pi on (co ll ect iv el y, Co m m is si on ers ); an d v a rio us un kn own of fic ers , su pe rv is or s, st aff, em pl oyees, in de pe nd en t co nt ract or s, an d ag en ts of DPS (co ll e c t i v e l y , DPS Doe s)

. The

co m pl ai nt s al le g e t ha t th e ab ov e-d es cri be d en ti ti es an d in di vi du al s (d efen da nt s) vi ol at ed th e Driv er’s Pri va cy Pro te ct io n Act (DPPA or Act) , 18 U.S.C. §§ 27 21 -2 72 5, by acce ss in g or di sc lo si ng pe rs on al in fo rm at io n fro m th e DPS da ta ba se w i t h o u t a pe rm is si bl e p u rp o s e

. The di st ric t co ur ts di sm is se d th e act io ns fo r fai lu re to st at e a cl ai m . W e aff

irm in pa rt, re ve rs e in pa rt, a nd rem an d fo r fu rth er p ro ceed in gs

.

I. Back gr ou nd

Our op in io n in McDo no ug h v. Ano ka Co un ty, 79 9 F.3 d 93 1, 93 7- 38 (8 th Ci r. 20 15 ) ( M c Don ou gh ), cert

. de ni ed , 13 6 S. Ct

. 23 88 (2 01 6) , di sc us se d th e hi st or y , pu rp os e, an d ap pl ic ab il it y of th e DPPA, an d so we do no t rep eat th at di sc us si on he re.

The pr es en t ap pe al s rai se is su es si m il ar to th os e pr es en te d in McDo no ug h an d

are go ve rn ed by o ur ho ld in gs in th at cas e, on e o f whi ch is th at th e fo ur -y ear st at ut e of li m it at io ns se t fort h in 28 U.S.C. § 16 58 (a) be gi ns to ru n whe n a DPPA vi ol at io n

oc c u r s

. M c D o no ug h, 79 9 F.3 d at 94 3. W e al so he ld th at each de fen da nt ’s al le ge d

co nd uc t m

us t be as se ss ed in de pe nd en tl y to in su re th at pl a i n t iff s ha d pl ead ed

su ffi ci en t fact s reg ard in g th at de fen da nt ’s im pe rm is si bl e pu rp os e to st at e a faci al ly
p l a u s i b l e cl ai m to rel ie f ag ai ns t it

. Id

. at 94 6. W e di sc us se d th e su sp ic io us ac c e s s

an d ti m in g pa tt ern s th at wou ld nu dg e so m e of th e c l a i ms “‘ acro ss th e li ne fro m

co nc ei va bl e to pl au si bl e.’” Id

. at 94 7 (q uo ti ng Bel l Atl an ti c Co rp

. v. Twom bl y , 55 0 U.S. 54 4, 5 70 (20 07 )).

-1 5-W e as se ss ed each de fen da nt ’s al le ge d co nd uc t in de pe nd en tl y to en su re th at th e

fact s pl ead ed reg ard in g t ha t de fen da nt ’s im pe rm is si bl e pu rp os e were su ffi ci en t to
st at e a p la us ib le cla im

ag ai ns t t ha t d efen da nt . Id. at94 6.

W e he ld th at al le ga ti on s were no t to be as se ss ed in is ol at io n, th at th e co m pl ai nt sh ou ld be r e a d a s a who le , an d th at ti m e-b arre d cl ai m s co ul d be co ns id ered in

as se ss in g th e pl au si bi li ty of ti m el y fil ed cl ai m s. Id

. at 94 6. W e s a i d th at in th e ab se nc e of al le ga ti on s of co nc ert ed act iv it y , “ so m et hi ng m or e is ne ed ed to nu dg e th e al le ga ti on s ac ro ss th e li ne of pl au si bi li ty an d ti e th e co nd uc t o f sp eci fic Defen da nt s to a m or e ge ne ral in fere nc e of im pe rm is si bl e pu rp os e.” Id

. a t 9 4 7

. W e no te d th at
ge ne ral iz ed al le ga ti on s m erely co nsi ste nt w ith th e li ab il it y of an y pa rti cu la r de fen da nt

are in su ffi ci en t to cro ss th e li ne of p l a u s i b i l it y in th e ab se nc e of al le ga ti on s of

co nc ert ed act iv it y . Id.

W e an al y zed th e al le ga ti on s fo r an y ev id en ce of a de gr ee o f l o cal fam e or of

a rel at io ns hi p be twee n th e pl ai nt iff an d pa rti cu la r of fic e r s o r a g en ts of th e lo cal

en ti ti es an d whe th er th e al le ge d acce ss oc cu rred in su ch a way as to co rres po nd wit h

a si gn ifi can t ev en t th at co ul d e x pl ai n th e in te res t in th e pl ai nt iff ’s pe rs on al in fo rm at io n. W e al so lo ok ed fo r an y su sp ic io us acce ss an d ti m in g pa tt ern s, su ch as

acce ss es on th e sa m e da y or wit hi n a sh or t ti m e sp an th r o u g h mult ip le un rel at ed
ag en ci es

. Id

. W e vi ewed a pa tt ern of la te -n ig ht acce ss es as po ss ib ly res ul ti ng fro m le ss su pe rv is io n du rin g th os e ho ur s an d ou t of bo red om , cu rio si ty, or ro m an ti c in te res t.

W e he ld th at th e pl ai nt iff s’ al le ga ti on s of hi gh vo lu m es an d su sp ic io us ti m in g of acce ss es , co up le d wit h th e le gi sl at iv e au di to r’s rep or t, whi ch fo un d th at at le as t ha lf of Mi nn es ot a’s la w en fo rcem en t of fic ers were m is us in g pe rs on al in fo rm at io n in th e da ta ba se , su ffi ci en tl y reb ut te d th e pr es um pt io n of reg ul ari ty us ua ll y acco rd ed to
pu bl ic off ic ers . Id. at94 8.

-1 6-W e co nc lu de d th at t h e pl ai nt iff s’ co m pl ai nt s th at m eri te d co ns id erat io n fel l wit hi n o ne of t he fol lo win g c at eg or ie s:

1) acce ss es on t h e sa m e da y as or wit hi n a few ho ur s of acce ss es by ot he r, un rel at ed en ti ti es du rin g t he li m it at io ns pe rio d; 2) m ul ti pl e la te

ni gh t acces se s du rin g th e li m it at io ns pe rio d; or 3) a hi st or y of freq ue nt

su sp ic io us acce ss e s f

i tt in g th e ab ov e cri te ria , ev en if pr io r to th e li m it at io ns pe rio d, co up le d wit h acce ss es wit hi n th e li m it at io ns pe rio d.

Id . at 9 50

.

W e reco gn iz ed th e co nc ern th at th e di st ric t co ur ts ha d vo ic ed ab ou t th e la ck of

a co he ren t an d wor ka bl e way to di st in gu is h be twee n th os e cl ai m s th at co ul d be fai rly

sa id to sa ti sf

y th e st an da rd of pl au si bi li ty an d th os e th at do no t, an d we ack no wled ge d th at m ak in g th at de te rm in at io n m ig ht well be an ard uo us , t ime-co ns um in g pr oc es s. Id

. at 94 8. Lik ewis e, we ack no wled ge he re th at whi le th e “ so m et hi ng m or e” req ui red in th e ab se nc e of al le ga ti on s of co n c e r t e d act iv it y m ay be vi ewed as an im pr eci se

m eas ur e of li ne -d rawi ng , it se rv es to di st in gu is h in tu it iv el y fro m fact ua ll y pl au si bl e cl ai m s.

W e aff irmed th e d is m is sa l o f th e cl ai m s ag ai ns t t he Co m m is si on ers an d DPS Doe s, id

. at 95 7, an d we en te r a si m il ar ru li ng w i t h r e s pe ct to th os e de fen da nt s in th es e cas es

.

Befo re tu rn in g to th e in di vi du al co m pl ai nt s in th is gr ou p of cas es , we reject th e req ue st s th at we ex pa nd ou r ho ld in g in McDo no ug h to sa y th at a l l ti m el y pl ed

acce ss es sh ou ld be read as st at in g a pl au si bl e DPPA cl ai m , th at ti m e-b arre d acce ss es sh ou ld be ad dr es se d se pa rat el y fro m t i mel y rai se d cl ai m s, an d th at a sh owi ng of pl au si bi li ty ag ai ns t a few en ti ti es sh ou ld be ex te nd ed to al l of th e en ti ti es

. Su ch

ex te ns io n of McDo no ug h’s reac h wou ld in effe ct res ul t in th e im po si ti on of co ll ect iv e

-1 7-rat he r th an th e in d i v i d ua l li ab il it y co nt em pl at ed by McDo no ug h, so m et hi ng we de cl in e to do

.

W e cl ari fy

McDo no ug h b y

ho ld in g th at se qu en ti al acce ss es oc cu rri ng wit hi n

a se ve ral -m in ut e ti m e sp an sh ou ld be co ns id ered as on e ob ta in m en t rat h er th an

se ve ral

. Whi le th es e cl os e-i n- ti m e acce ss es fal l wit hi n th e te ch ni cal m ean in g of

“ ob ta in m en t” as ex pl ai ne d in McDo no ug h, 79 9 F.3 d at 94 4, in th e ab se nc e of

ev id en ce t o t he co nt rary, w e wil l v ie w th em as c on st it ut in g o ne co nt in uo us ga in in g

or acq ui rin g of th e sa m e in fo rm at io n b y th e sa m e us er at th e sa m e ti m e, rat he r th an

as sep arat e ti m e-p un ctua te d a cces se s.

Fi na ll y , we ex pr es s ou r ap pr eci at io n fo r th e pa rti es ’ po st -Mc Do n o u gh

su pp le m en ta l b rie fs , whi ch ha ve be en of a ss is ta nc e in ou r rev ie w of t he se cas es

.

W e tu rn , th en , to th e in di vi du al cas es be fo re u s.

II.

1. Sa rah Kris ti ne Tich ic h’s Co m pl ai nt

Tich ic h co m

pe te d in m an y be au ty pa ge an t s a nd was na m ed Mrs

. Mi nn es ot a Uni te d St at es in 20 07

. Sh e co m pe te d in th e Mrs

. M i n n e s o ta Am eri ca pa ge an t in 19 91 , 20 01 , 20 05 , 20 06 , an d 20 11 , as well as in se ve ral ot he r pa ge an ts whe n sh e was

a te en ag er. Sh e al le ge s th at al th ou gh sh e ha s no hi st ory of cri m in al act iv it y an d ha s

ne ve r be en th e su bjec t of crim in al in ve st ig at io n, law en fo rcem en t offi cers ret rie ve d he r pe rs on al in fo rm at io n ap pr ox im at el y 21 0 ti m es be twee n 20 03 an d 20 13 , wit h th e ret rie va ls tak in g p la ce o n a ll da y s o f th e weekan d a t al l t im es of t he da y an d n ig ht

.

Tich ic h fil ed he r co m

pl ai nt on Ja nu ary 31 , 20 14 , wit h th e res ul t th at al l cl ai m s ba se d up on pr e-J an ua ry 31 , 20 10 , are ba rred by th e st at ut e of li m it at io ns

. W it hi n th e

-1 8-li m it at io ns pe rio d , o n e a c ces s was req ue st ed by Map le Gro ve of fic ers , on e by Ro bb in sd al e of

fic ers , two by Ri ce Co un ty o f f i cers , an d on e by an em

pl oyee of th e Hen ne pi n Co un ty Sh eri ff’s Offi ce. H a vi ng co ns id ered th es e wit hi n- li m it at io ns

acce ss es in li gh t of th e pr e-l im it at io ns a c c e s s es req ue st ed by th es e en ti ti es , we

co nc lu de th at th ey do no t rev eal th e su sp ic io us acce ss or ti m in g pa tt ern s ne ces sa ry to ren de r th e al le ga ti on s p la us ib le

.

Tich ic h al le ge d th at Ci ty of Mi nn eap ol is Po li ce Offi cers acce ss ed he r pr iv at e da ta ni ne ty-sev en ti m es du rin g th e pe rio d fro m Ja nu ary 28 , 20 05 , to Mar ch 27 , 20 12

. Sh e h a s no t al le ge d th at an y la te -n ig ht acce ss es by Mi nn eap ol is la w en fo rcem en t of fic ers oc cu rred wit hi n th e li m it at io ns pe rio d. Of th e el ev en wit h i n
- l im it at io ns

acce ss es , on e us er acce ss ed Tich ic h’s in fo rm at io n at 8: 27 p.m

. on May 14 , 20 10 , an d
at 8 : 27 p.m . o n Sep te m

be r 21 , 2 01 0. One us er m ad e fo ur acce ss es wit hi n a m in ut e of each ot he r. The rem ai ni ng acce ss es oc cu rred at di ffer en t ti m es , di ffer en t da te s, an d by di ffer en t us ers

. In a wor d, th e acce ss es do no t rev eal a pa tt ern th at wou ld in di cat e th at th ey were u nl awfu l o r un pe rm it te d.

Lik ewis e, we co nc lu de th at th e wit hi n- li m it at io ns acce ss es th at oc cu rred in th e

rem ai ni ng lo cal en ti ti es are in su ffi ci en t to rai se Tich ic h’s co m pl ai nt ag ai ns t th em to th e le ve l o f pl au si bi li ty.

The di st ric t co ur t’s d is m is sa l o f th e co m pl ai nt is affi rm ed in it s en ti ret y

.

2. Lau reen Cay Barg hi ni Co m pl ai nt

Barg hi ni is a rad io pe rs on al it y who ha s h os te d fo r so m e twel ve y ears a sh ow

on Mytalk 10 7.1 en ti tl ed “ Lori an d Ju li a,” whi ch ai rs in th e Mi nn eap ol is /S t. Pau l area

an d is acce ss ib le st at ewid e. Sh e reg ul arl y in te ract s wit h cel eb rit ie s th ro ug h he r rad io sh ow, he r pr of

e s s i o na l im ag e ha s ap pe ared on se ve ral pr om ot io na l ad ve rti se m en ts

-1 9-th ro ug ho ut th e st at e, an d sh e ha s be en feat ur ed in se ve ral ne wsp ap er an d m ag azi ne

art ic le s t ha t d es cri be d h er wo rkas a rad io pe rs on al it y

.

Her co m pl ai nt al le ge s th at la w en fo rcem en t of fi c e rs ret rie ve d he r pe rs on al d riv er’s li cen se in fo rm at io n m or e th an 20 0 ti m es be twee n 20 03 an d 20 12 , wi t h t h e

acce ss es oc cu rri ng on al l da y s of th e week an d at al l ti m es of th e da y an d ni gh t. Sh e fil ed he r co m

pl ai nt on Ja nu ary 31 , 20 14 , whi ch ren de rs ti m e-b arre d an y pr e-J an ua ry 31 , 20 10 , cla im s.

Barg hi ni ’s co m

pl ai nt al le ge d fo ur la te -n ig ht wit hi n- li m it at io ns acce ss es by th e Bl oo m in gt on Po li ce Dep art m en t. Two of th es e oc cu rred on Feb ru ary 26 , 20 10 , on e

on Apr il 13 , 20 10 , an d on e on J u l y 12 , 20 10

. The se acce ss es are in su ffi ci en t in

nu m be r an d pa tt ern to sa ti sf

y th e pl au si bi li ty te st se t fo rth in McDo no ug h. Lik ewis e, th e wit hi n- li m it at io n acce ss es by th e ot he r lo cal en ti ti es na m ed in Barg hi ni ’s

co m pl ai nt are no t la te -n ig ht , no r do th ey ex hi bi t a pa tt ern of freq ue nc y or ti m in g th at

wou ld gi ve ris e to a pl au si bl e cl ai m

. W e th us affi rm th e di st ric t co ur t’s di sm is sa l of th e co m pl ai nt as ag ai ns t al l of th e lo cal en ti t i e s , as well as ag ai ns t al l ot he r de fen da nt s.

3. Cynth y a Lou Po rte r

Po rte r was a rep or te r an d ne ws ed it or fo r th e W in on a Po st be twee n Nov em be r 20 01 an d Aug us t 20 11 , du rin g whi ch ti m e sh e wro te m an y art ic le s ab ou t th e W in on a

co m m un it y , so ci al is su es , cri m in al tri al s, di sp ut es in vo lv in g go ve rn m en ta l ag en ci es , de pa rtments , an d of

fic ia ls , as well as ab ou t th e jud ic ia l syste m an d la w en fo rcem en t, win ni ng st at e, na ti on al , an d in te rn at io na l award s fo r he r rep or ti ng

. Sh e in te rv ie wed

a nu m be r of la w en fo rcem en t of fic ers an d de ve lo pe d wor ki ng rel at io ns hi ps wit h th em

. Sh e pr ov id ed si g n ifi can t vo lu nt eer co m m un it y se rv ic e wit h se ve ral

or ga ni zat io ns , rece iv in g an award fro m on e of th em in 20 05

. Her co m m un it y in vo lv em en t res ul te d in ad di ti on al in te ract io ns wit h la w en fo rcem en t of fic ers , so m e

-2 0-of who m ex pr es se d ro m an ti c in te res t in he r an d m et he r so ci al ly on di ffer en t

oc cas io ns

.

Po rte r’s co m

pl ai nt al le ge s th at pe rs on ne l fro m so m e el ev en ag en ci es , co un ti es ,
an d ci ti es ob ta in ed he r pe rs on al in fo rm at io n so m e 50 0 ti m es fro m 20 03 to Ja nu ary 27 , 20 14 , th e da te he r co m

pl ai nt was fil ed

. W e th us lo ok to se e whe th er th e po st -J an ua ry 27 , 20 10 , wit hi n- li m it at io ns acce ss es are su ffi ci en t in nu m be r, ti m in g, an d pa tt ern ,
ev en whe n vi ewed in co nju nc ti on wit h th e ti m e-b arre d acce ss es , to st at e a pl au si bl e cl ai m

.

The co m

pl ai nt al le ge s th at “ [o ]fficer s em pl oyed by, li cen se d by, or ot he rwis e

acce ss in g th ro ug h Olm st ead Co un ty [s ic ] ” ob ta in ed he r in fo rm at io n on Feb ru ary 14 , 2 20 11 , at 7: 05 a.m

. an d 7: 06 a.m ., whi ch w e c o n s i d er as a si ng le acce ss

. Po rte r’s

co m pl ai nt an d he r br ie f fai l to st at e an y co nn e c t i o n o r pa tt ern reg ard in g th is so le

acce ss an d a ny soc ia l o r wor k c on ne ct io n wi th an y Olm st edCo un ty em

pl oyee.

The co m pl ai nt al le ge s so m e te n wit hi n- li m it at io ns a c c e s s e s, ei gh t of whi ch

were ba se d up on li cen se pl at e or ve hi cl e id en ti fic at io n nu m be r an d no t by na m e. The
two ot he r acce ss es oc cu rred so m e fiv e m on th s ap art du rin g da yti m e ho ur s. The so le Goo dv ie w po li ce i nq ui ry was b y li cen se pl at e n um

be r an d n ot by nam e.

The co m pl a i n t a l le ge d th ree wit hi n- li m it at io ns da yti m e acce ss es by W in on a Co u n t y pe rs on ne l, on e on Aug us t 5, 20 10 , on e at 8: 05 p.m

. on Octo be r 17 , 20 11 , fo ll owe d by on e at 8: 07 p.m

. th e sa m e da y

. Th e c o mp l a in t al le ge d on e la te -n ig ht wit hi n- li m it at io ns acce ss by W in on a Co un ty.

The co m pl ai nt refe rs to Olm st ed Co un ty as “ Olm st ead Co un ty.” W e wil l us e 2 th e co rrec t s pe ll in g.
-2 1-The ab ov e-d es cri be d acce ss es can n ot fai rly be co ns id ered as su sp ic io us ,

be cau se th ey were no t ob ta in ed du rin g th e sa m e da y or wit hi n a few ho ur s of wit hi nli m it at io ns acce ss es by oth er u nr el at ed en ti ti es . McDo no ug h, 7 99 F.3d at 9 50

.

W e no te d in McDo no ug h th e si gn ifi can ce of pe rs on ne l i n f o r mati on th at was ob ta in ed by way of a na m e rat he r th an by a li cen se -p la te qu ery. Id

. at 93 9. Bec au se th e m ajor it y of th e W in on a Co un ty acce ss es were ob ta in ed by nu m be r, th ey do

no th in g to bo ls te r an y cl ai m of pl au si bi li t y, an d th us we affi rm th e di sm is sa l of th e

co m pl ai nt ag ai ns t al l o f th e lo cal en ti ti es na m ed in Po rte r’s co m pl ai nt

.

4. Timoth y

W al la ce Sh ern o C om

pl ai nt

Sh ern o’s co m

pl ai nt al le ge s th at he is a twen ty-pl us -y ear award -win ni ng br oa dc as te r, an ch or in g th e m orni ng ne ws at KMSP -TV in Ede n Prai rie , Mi nn es ot a, fro m 19 99 th ro ug h 20 05 , fo ll owe d by wor ki ng as a rep or t e r at 5 EYEW ITNESS NEW S in Mi nn eap ol is an d St

. P a ul

. He ha s ha d co nt act wit h la w en fo rcem en t
pe rs on ne l wit h res pe ct to th e st or ie s he ha s co ve red

. He was th e rep or te r who br ok e th e st or y in wha t is refe rred to as th e Ras m us se n cas e, whi ch br ou gh t to th e pu bl ic ’s
at te nt io n th e m is us e of th e DPS da ta ba se

. H e i s co nc ern ed th at la w en fo rcem en t

so ug ht ret rib ut io n a ga in st hi m forex po si ng th os e il le ga l p ract ic es

.

He al le ge s th at va rio us la w en fo rcem en t offi cers an d ot he r in di vi du al s b eg an

acce ss in g hi s pe rs on al da taba se i n fo rm at io n in 20 03 , res ul ti ng in so m e 43 0 na m eba se d in qu iri es

. Bec au se Sh e r n o ’s c o mp la in t was fil ed on Apr il 4, 20 14 , cl ai m s ba se d u po n t ho se acce ss es th at oc cu rred pri orto Apri l 4 , 20 10 , are t im e-b arre d.

Hav in g rev ie wed th os e acce ss es th at fal l wit hi n th e fo ur -y ear li m it at io ns pe rio d, we co nc lu de th at , whe n vi ewed bo th in di vi du al ly or co ll ect iv el y , th ey do no t

rev eal a su sp ic io us pa tt ern of ti m in g, freq ue nc y , or so ur ce-p oi nt

. Fo r ex am pl e, of th e ni ne acce ss es ob ta in ed by m em be r s of th e Ano ka Co un ty Sh eri ff’s Offi ce ov er a

-2 2-pe rio d of el ev en y ears , se ve ral are id en ti cal in t i me, us er, an d in fo rm at io n. The re

were on ly two wit hi n- li m it at io ns pe rio d acce ss es , bo th of whi ch were ob ta in ed at th e

sa m e ti m e b y th e sa m e us er and th us are to be vi ewed as a si ng le ob ta in m en t. Eve n whe n v i e w e d in li gh t of th e pr e-l im it at io ns Ano ka Co un ty acce ss es , th is wit hi nli m it at io ns acce ss do es no t re nd er Sh ern o’s co m pl ai nt pl au si bl e as to th at en ti ty.

L ike w ise , the sin gle w ith in -li m it at io ns acce ss es by Goo dhue Co unt y , H enne pin Co un ty, an d th e Ci ty of Edi na , as well as th os e by th e Sh a k o p e e , G o l d e n Vall ey , Sav ag e, an d Nor th Man ka to Po li ce Dep art m en ts , are in su ffi ci en t in ti m in g or da te to

su gg es t a s us pi ci ou s p at te rn

.

Acco rd in gl y , we affi rm th e di st ric t co ur t ’s d i sm is sa l of Sh ern o’s co m pl ai nt
ag ai ns t al l d efen da nt s.

5. J ay Cli fto n Ko ll s C om

pl ai nt

Kol ls ha s be en a te le vi si on an d ne ws rep or te r fo r t w e nt y -n in e y ears

. Fro m 20 06 to 20 10 , he ho st ed a m or ni ng Twin Ci ti es rad io sh ow fiv e da y s a week

. He ha s

won fiv e na ti o n a l a w ard s fo r hi s in ve st ig at iv e rep or ti ng , in cl ud in g th e Edwar d R. Mu rro w Award

. At th e ti m e he fil ed hi s Feb ru ary 11 , 20 14 , co m pl ai nt in th is act io n, he was wo rk in g a s a r ep or te r fo r KSTP, th e ABC n ews affi li at e in th e Twin Cit ie s.

He al le ge s th at be gi nn in g in 20 03 , pe rs o n ne l fro m nu m ero us ag en ci es ,
co un ti es , ci ti es , an d pr iv at e bu si ne ss es acce ss ed hi s DPS da ta ba se in fo rm at io n so m e twen ty-sev en ti m es , wit h so m e of th e acce ss es oc cu rri ng at ti m es whe n Kol ls was no t in th e area fro m whi ch th e acce ss es or ig i n at ed

. His su pp le m en ta l br ie f al le ge s th at

a nu mb e r o f t im e-b arre d acce ss es oc cu rred wit hi n a few m in ut es of hi s le av in g th e ai r– th ree fro m un rel at e d e n t i t i e s on Octo be r 26 , 20 09 , on e cl os e-i n- ti m e acce ss on Octo be r 30 , 20 09 , an d on e cl os e-i n- ti m e acc es s o n No ve m be r 10 , 20 09 . There was

on e wit hi n- li m it at io ns pe rio d o n
- ai r acce ss by th e St

. Pau l Po li ce Dep art m en t on

-2 3-Feb ru ary 11 , 20 10

. The re was on e ti m e-b arre d la te -n ig ht acce ss by th e Ci ty of Edi na

an d o ne wit hi n- li m it at io ns pe rio d l at e-n ig ht acce ss by the Cit y of M ou nd

.

Hav in g gi ve n Kol ls ’s ti m e-b ar r e d cl ai m s th e co ns id erat io n req ui red by McDo no ug h, we co nc lu de th at th ey are in su ffi ci en t in nu m be r, ti m in g, an d pa tt ern to

ren de r pl au si bl e hi s ti m el y fil ed cl ai m ag ai ns t th e St

. Pau l Po li ce Dep art m en t, as well

as th at ag ai ns t th e Ci ty of Mo un d. Acco rd in g l y , we affi rm th e di st ric t co ur t’s di sm is sa l o f hi s co m

pl ai nt in it s en ti ret y

.

6. Br ia n P ot oc ni k C om

pl ai nt

Po to cn ik fil ed th is co m

pl ai nt ag ai ns t th e Ci ty o f Mi nn eap ol is , t he Ci ty o f St

. Pau l, an d un kn own la w en fo rcem en t of fic ers o n A p r il 21 , 20 14 , al le gi ng th at th e de fen da nt s ha d co m

m it te d nu m ero us vi o l a t i o ns of th e DPPA. His earl ie r-fi le d

co m pl ai nt ag ai ns t th es e de fen da nt s was di sm is se d fo r fai lu re of se rv ic e, se e Po to cn ik

v. Ano ka Co un ty, No. 13 -1 10 3 (D. Mi nn

. Mar ch 26 , 20 14 ), an d so we ex pr es se d no op in io n ab ou t th os e cl ai m s in ou r affi rm an ce of th e di sm is sa l of hi s DPPA co m pl ai nt
ag ai ns t o th er d efen da nt s. Mc Don ou gh , 79 9 F .3d at 9 54 -5 5.

Po to cn ik ’s co m

pl ai nt al le ge s th at he se rv ed as a Mi nn eap ol i s p o l ic e of fic er

un ti l hi s res ig na ti on in earl y 20 06

. On Mar ch 1, 20 06 , th e Mi nn eap ol is St ar Tr ib un e

ran a ne ws st ory th at id en ti fie d Po to cn ik as th e p o l i c e o f f ic er who was be in g in ve st ig at ed fo r al le ge d se xu al ba tt ery ag ai ns t a si xt een -y ear- ol d gi rl with who m he ha d b een ha vi ng a se xu al rel at io ns hi p s in ce 2 00 4.

Po to cn ik ’s co m

pl ai nt al le ge s th at f

o l l o win g th e pu bl ic at io n of th e Mar ch 1, 20 06 , n ews st or y , t he re oc cu rred so m e 31 6 acce ss es of hi s pr iv at e pe rs on al da ta by Mi nn eap ol is an d St . P au l us ers

. Eig ht een of t he acce ss es by the Mi nn eap ol is us ers

oc cu rred wit hi n th e fo ur -y ear li m it at io ns pe rio d, on ly on e of whi ch was a la te -n ig ht

acce ss , an d all of whi ch oc cu rred m or e th an fo ur y ears aft er Pot oc ni k’s resi gn at io n.

-2 4-Non e of th es e acce s s e s o c c u r r e d on th e sa m e da y or wit hi n a few ho ur s of an y

acce s s e s a t tri bu te d to ot he r un rel at ed en ti ti es

. The re were no wit hi n- li m it at io ns pe rio d a cces se s b y

St. Pa ul law en fo rcem en t p ers on ne l.

The co m pl ai nt st at es th at Po to cn ik ha s no t fil ed cl ai m wit h res pe ct to th e twen ty-sev en Mi nn eap ol is acce ss es th at he be li ev es were rel at ed ei th er to th e in te rn al in ve st ig at io n o r were o th erwi se pe rm is si bl e u nd er t he DPPA.

Hav in g co ns id ered th es e defe nda nts ’ al le ge d w ith in- limita

tio ns pe ri od ac ce sses in de pe nd en tl y , as well as in li gh t of th e pr e-l im it at io ns acce ss es , we co nc lu d e th at th ey are in su ffi ci en t in ti m in g, freq ue nc y , an d pa tt ern t o sa ti sf y McDo no ug h’s
st an da rd of pl au si bi li ty, al l th e m or e so be cau se of Po to cn ik ’s ack no wled gm en t th at

a nu m be r of Mi nn eap ol is la w en fo rcem en t of fic ers ha d a le gi ti m at e in te res t in ob ta in in g acce ss to hi s pe rs on al da ta

. Acco rd i n g l y , we affi rm th e di st ric t co ur t’s di sm is sa l o f th e co m

pl ai nt in it s en ti ret y

.

7. Do ug la s an d Nan cy

Dela ne y Co m pl ai nt

Dou gl as Dela ne y , who res id es in Cl oq ue t, Mi nn es ot a, be ga n hi s care er in la w

en fo rcem en t in 19 86 an d be cam e an of fic er fo r th e Met ro po li ta n Airp or t Co m m is si on in 19 91 , wher e h e se rv ed un ti l a jo b- rel at ed in jury fo rced hi m to ret ire in 19 99 . He

was di vo rced fro m hi s fir st wife in 19 93

. Sh e ha s fri en ds am on g la w e n f o rcem en t
pe rs on ne l in Brai ne rd , Mi nn es ot a. Dou gl as m arri ed Nan cy in 20 04

. Dou gl as al le ge s th at he ha s vo ic ed co nc ern s ab ou t lo cal go ve rn m en t i n hi s co m m un it y , whi ch he al le ge s ha s res ul te d in so m e feel in gs of an ti pa th y on th e pa rt of lo cal of fic ia ls , le ad in g to a re a s o n a b l e in fere nc e, he sa y s, th at th at cri ti ci sm li ke ly tri gg ered so m e of th e al le ge d ei gh ty-th ree im

pr oper ac ce ss es of hi s pe rs on al in fo rm at io n th at oc cu rred fro m 20 03 to 20 12

.

-2 5-Nan cy Dela ne y al le ge s th at he r pe rs on al in fo rm at io n was im pr op erl y acce ss ed twel ve ti m es fro m

20 04 to 20 12

.

The di s tri ct co ur t di sm is se d th ei r co m pl ai nt as la ck in g in pl au si bi li ty, n ot in g th at th e al le ge d acce ss es were co nd uc te d by two do zen se pa rat e en ti ti es ov er a pe rio d
sp an ni ng ne arl y a de cad e, wit h te n be in g th e gr eat es t nu m be r of acce ss es by an y on e

en ti ty sp read ov er a pe rio d of fiv e y ear s , w i t h many of th e en ti ti es acce ss in g hi s in fo rm at io n o nl y

on ce. No e nt it y

acce ss ed Nanc y ’s in fo rm at io n m or e th an twi ce.

The di st ric t co ur t was sk ep ti cal ab ou t Dou gl as ’s al le ga ti on s reg ard in g hi s ex
wife ’s fri en ds hi ps wit h lo cal en fo rcem en t pe rs on ne l in Brai ne rd , no ti ng th at th e two ha d be en di vo rced fo r m or e th an two de cad es

. As fo r Dou gl as ’s pu bl is he d co m m en ts ab ou t lo cal go ve rn m en t act io ns , th e di st ric t co ur t n o t ed th at Dou gl as ha d no t id en ti fie d th e de cad e in whi ch th e co m m en ts were m ad e, th e na tu re of th e co m m en ts , th e lo cal go ve rn m en t to whi ch th ey were ad dr es se d, or th e pu bl ic at io n in whi ch th ey ap pe ared

.

Th e D e la ne y s fil ed th ei r co m pl ai nt on Feb ru ary 7, 20 14 , ren de rin g an y pr e
Feb ru ary 7, 20 10 , acce ss es ti m e-b arre d. No acce ss es of Nan cy ’s da ta oc cu rred du rin g t h a t fo ur -y ear pe rio d. W it hi n th at pe rio d, th ere were th ree da yti m e acce ss es o f Dou gl as ’s da ta by Carl to n Co un ty la w en fo rcem en t p e r so nn el , th e fir st of whi ch

oc cu rred on Nov em

be r 2, 20 10 , th e se co nd on Nov em b e r 4, 20 10 , an d th e la st on Sep te m be r 26 , 20 11

. The re was a da yt i me a c ces s fro m “ Dis tri ct Co ur ts ” on Nov em be r 2, 20 10 , al th ou gh it is no t cl ear whe th er th at us er was un rel at ed to Carl to n Co un ty. The re was on e wit hi n- li m it at io ns pe rio d da yti me a c c es s by th e St

. Lou is Co un ty St at e’s Att or ne y ’s of fic e on Aug us t 12 , 20 10 , on e by th e Ci ty of Mi nn et on ka

on Ju ne 21 , 20 10 , on e by th e Ci ty of Mo un d on Decem be r 15 , 20 10 , an d on e by th e Ci ty of Bl oo m in gt on on Marc h 6 , 20 11

.

-2 6-Whe n co ns id ered se pa rat el y or co ll e c ti ve ly, th es e wit hi n- li m it at io ns pe rio d

acce ss es , e ve n whe n vi ewed in li gh t of th e ti m e-b arre d acce ss es , a re in su ffi ci en t in

nu m be r, freq ue nc y , an d t i mi ng to rai se Dou gl as ’s co m pl ai nt to th e le ve l of pl au si bi li ty. It g o es wit ho ut sa y in g th at Nan cy ’s co m pl ai nt li ke wis e fai ls th at te st

. Acco rd in gl y , th e di st ric t co ur t’s di sm is sa l of th e i r c o mp l a in t is affi rm ed in it s

en ti ret y

.

8. J am es Ro sc he n, M eg an Ro sc he n, Lau ra Draz ko wsk i, Kin se y Drazk ows ki , Davi d Har m s, Be ve rly Sno w, Jerr y Sn ow, Je rry Gela o, J oh n Ad am s, Do nn a Ada m s, Vi rg in ia Kaut z, Ju li e Po rch er, Mar li n Gra ve s, Kare n Gra ve s, Deb ra Ro sc he n, St ev e Drazk ows ki , C. Mer l No rm an , Ann a Ma e Nor m an Co m pl ai nt

The se pl ai nt iff

s st yl e t he m se lv es as po li ti cal act iv is ts who en co ur ag ed each
ot he r to cri ti ci ze W ab as ha Co un ty go ve rn m en t by ch al le ng in g go ve rn m en ta l of fic ia ls

an d ta ki ng ag gr es si ve st an ds ag ai ns t Co un ty of fic es , Co un ty of

fic ia ls , an d th e Co un ty Bo ard

. The y en co ur ag ed each ot he r to writ e le tt ers to th e ed it or an d to be pr es en t at bo ard m eet in gs an d co ur t he ar i n g s

. Pl ai nt iff St ev e Drazk ows ki is an el ect ed st at e rep res en ta ti ve

. Pl ai nt iff s Deb ra Ro sc h e n an d Dav id Harm s are m em be rs of th e Co un ty Co m

m is si on , pl ai nt iff Mer l Norm an was fo rm erl y a Co un ty Co m m is si on er.

The pl ai nt iff

s as a gr ou p br ou gh t two st at e co ur t ci vi l l aws ui ts th at so ug ht to ha lt W ab as ha Co un ty’ s al le ge d go ve rn m en ta l il le ga li ti es , t he fir st of whi ch al le ge d th at th e W ab as ha Co un ty St ud y Co m m is si on ha d be en im

pr op e r l y or ga ni zed

. The

se co nd la wsu it al l eg ed th at th e W ab as ha Co un ty Sh eri ff was op erat in g a le ga ll y

un au th or iz ed Driv ers Safe ty Scho ol

.

The pl ai nt iff

s al le ge th at as a res ul t of th ei r fo reg oi ng a c t io ns cri ti cal of Wa ba sh a Co un ty go ve rn m en t, th e de fen da nt s to ok ret al ia to ry act io n by acce ss in g pl ai nt iff s’ dr iv er’s r e co rd s fo r no pe rm it te d pu rp os e. The y cl ai m th at so m e 60 0

un au th or iz ed acce ss es were m ad e by th e de fen da nt s du rin g th e pe rio d fro m Apr il 18 ,

-2 7-2 0 0 3 , th ro ug h th e fil in g of pl ai nt iff s’ co m pl ai nt on Sep te m

be r 12 , 20 13 , of whi c h 14 0 wer e m ad e b y

th e Co un ty defen da nt s n am ed in th e co m pl ai nt

.

Of th e 14 0 co un ty-ori gi na te d acce ss es , on ly se ve nt y -s ev en were m ad e du rin g th e po st -Sep te m

be r 12, 2009 , fo ur -y ea

r limita tions pe rio d. Of th os e wit hi n- li m it at io ns

acce ss es , si xt y -two or ig in at ed fro m W ab as ha Co un ty, an d it is to th os e th at we tu rn

ou r at te nt io n.

Of th e twen ty-t wo (b y ou r co un t) wit hi n- li m it at io ns acce ss es ag ai ns t Deb ra Ro sc he n, on ly two were lat e-n ig ht acce ss es , an d bo th of th os e on th e sa m e da te an d ho ur

. The rem ai ni ng wit hi n- li m it at io ns acce sse s oc cu rred on se pa rat e da te s an d ti m es du rin g t ha t fo ur -y ear p eri od

.

Non e of th e fo ur wit hi n- li m it at io ns acce ss es of Ja m es Ro sc he n’s in fo rm at io n

oc cu rred du rin g lat e-n ig ht ho ur s. T wo o f th os e fo uracce ss es oc cu rred on th e sa m e da y an d wi th in on e m in ut e o f eac h o th er.

Non e of th e fo ur wit hi n- li m it at io ns acce ss es of Je rry Ge l a o ’s in fo rm at io n

oc cu rreddu rin g l at e-n ig ht ho ur s.

Onl y on e of th e si x wit hi n- li m it at io ns acce ss es of Je rry Sn ow’s in fo rm at io n

oc cu rred du rin g la te -n ig ht ho ur s, an d th at so m e two m on th s fo ll owi ng th e m os t rece nt da yti m e in qu iry.

Non e of th e fo ur te en within- limita tio ns acce ss es of Dav id Harm s’s in fo rm at io n

oc cu rred du rin g la te -n ig ht ho ur s, an d si x of th os e were in it ia te d as no n- na m e li cen se
pl at e in qu iri es

. Co ns id ered si ng ly o r as a gr ou p, th en , t he fo ur te en acce ss es do no t

rev eal a su sp ic io us pa tt ern

.

-2 8-Of th e te n wit hi n- li m it at io ns acce ss es of Mer l Nor m an ’s in fo rm at io n, on ly on e

oc cu rred du rin g la te -n ig ht ho ur s, an d th at as a no n- na m e acce ss

. The da te s an d ti m es of th e rem ai n i n g w i th in -li m it at io ns acce ss es , of whi ch at le as t ha lf were no n- na m e

acce ss es , do no t re ve al a su sp ic io us pa tt ern

.

Of th e fo ur wit hi n- l i m it at io ns acce ss es of Lau ra Drazk ows ki ’s in fo rm at io n,

no ne oc cu rred du r i n g l a t e -n ig ht ho ur s an d two were li cen se -p la te ba se d, an d th us th es e acc es se s re ve al no su sp ic io us pa tt ern

.

Of th e fo ur wit hi n- li m it at io ns acce ss e s o f St ev e Drazk ows ki ’s in fo rm at io n,

no ne oc cu rred du rin g la te -n ig ht ho ur s an d two of whi ch were no n- na m e li cen se -p la te ba se d i nq ui rie s, an d s o n o s us pi ci ou s p at te rn ha s b een sh own

.

Lik ewis e, th e pl ai nt iff

s ha ve fai le d to es ta bl is h a pl au s i b l e c l a im ag ai ns t th e

rem ai ni ng de fen da nt s. B y w a y of ex am pl e, on ly on e wit hi n- li m it at io ns acce ss ha s be en a l l e ge d to ha ve be en ob ta in ed by th e Fo nd du Lac Po li ce Dep art m en t, on e by Hen ne pi n C ou nt y , on e b y Ram se y Co un ty, an d o ne by the Cit y of Du lu th

.

Of th e fif te en wit hi n- li m it at io ns acce ss es or ig in at in g in Olm st ed Co un ty, we

co ns id er th e two sa m e-t im e acce ss es of Deb ra an d Ja m es Ro sc he n’s in fo rm at io n on Ju ly 21 , 20 10 , as on e acce ss , an d th e th ree sam e-t im e acce ss es of Jer ry an d Bev erl y Sn o w a s o n e acce ss

. Non e of th e rem ai ni ng twel ve acce ss es oc cu rred on th e sa m e da y , an d on ly on e of whi ch was a la te -n ig ht acce ss

. No su sp ic io us pa tt ern of ti m in g

or freq ue nc y is rev eal ed ev en whe n th e ti m e-b arre d acce ss es are ta ke n in to acco un t.

W e co nc lu de , t he n, th at th e pl ai nt iff s, bo th th os e who se in di vi du al cl am s we ha ve di sc us se d, as well as th os e pl ai nt iff s who se cl ai m s we co nc lu de do no t m eri t in di vi du al di s c u s si on , ha ve fai le d to al le ge a pl au si bl e cl ai m ag ai ns t an y of th e de fen da nt s nam ed in th ei r co m pl ai nt , an d so we affi rm th e di st ric t cou rt’s di sm is sa l of th ei r co m

pl ai nt in it s en ti ret y

.

-2 9-9. Al ix Kend al l Co m pl ai nt

Ali x Ken da ll ’s co m

pl ai nt na m es as de fen da nt s in he r DPPA act io n so m e 12 6 Mi nn es ot a ci ti es , fo rty- t hr ee Mi nn es ot a co un ti es , nu m ero us Mi nn es ot a po li ce d e p a rtments , an d a nu m

be r of pr iv at e en ti ti es

. Sh e al le ge s th at la w en fo r c e men t of fi ce rs re tr ie ve d he r pe rs onal dr iv er’s li cen se ap pl ic at io ns ap pr ox im at el y 3, 844 tim es be twee n 20 0 3 a n d 2 0 1 2. Sh e fil ed he r co m pl ai nt on Ja nu ary 26 , 20 14 , m ak in g Ja nu ary 26 , 20 10 , th e cu to ff da te of th e fo ur -y ear li m it at io ns pe rio d, t h e effe ct of whi ch is to red uc e su bs ta nt ia ll y th e nu m be r of th e wit hi n- li m it at io ns pe rio d acce ss es ag ai ns t whi ch th e ti m e-b arre d acce ss es are co ns id ered in de te rm in in g whe th er he r cl ai m is pl au si bl e.

Ken da ll , who was bo rn an d rai se d i n M i nn eap ol is an d cu rren tl y li ve s in th e Twin Ci ti es Met ro po li ta n Area, st y le s he rs el f as a lo cal cel eb rit y who is well kn own th ro ug ho ut th e area fo r he r work on th e Fo x 9 News. Sh e ha s be en co -h os t of th e Fo x 9 m or ni ng ne ws pr og ram si nc e it s in cep ti on in 19 99 , whe re sh e is on th e ai r fro m 6: 00

a.m

. to 9: 00 a.m

. e v e r y w e e kd ay , fo ll owi ng whi ch sh e co -h os ts th e Fo x bu zz fro m 9: 00 a.m

. to 10 :0 0 a

. m

. on week da y s. “ Ali x Ken da ll ” was pl ai nt iff’s fo rm er pr of es si on al ps eu do nym , whi ch Ken da ll ad op te d as he r of fic ia l na m e in 20 01 -2 00 2. Ken da ll ha s tri ed to ke ep he r bi rth na m e an d he r pe rs on al ad dr es s pr iv at e in an effo rt
to m ai nt ai n so m e an on y

m it y an d ke ep he r ho m e li fe pr iv at e. Sh e al le ge s th at sh e ha s

no hi st or y of cri m in al act iv it y an d ha s ne ve r be en a su bjec t of cri m in al in ve st ig at io n.

Ken da ll al le ge s th at so m e 78 0 acce ss es of he r in fo rm at io n oc cu rred du rin g he r

on -ai r ho ur s, w h e n sh e ob vi ou sl y was no t dr iv in g, be in g co nt act ed by la w

en fo rcem en t, o r se ek in g l aw en fo rcem en t as si st an ce.

In rev ie win g th e co m

pl ai nt ag ai ns t th e in di vi du al en ti ti es , we ag ree wit h th os e de fen da nt s who arg ue th at Ken d a l l ha s ov ers ta te d th e nu m be r of th e wit hi nli m it at io ns pe rio d acce ss es

. Fo r ex am pl e, th e DPS au di t rev eal s th at on e Ano ka

-3 0-C o u n ty us er m ad e fo ur acce ss es , fro m 2: 42 to 2: 44 p.m

. on Apr il 28 , 20 10 , an d

an ot he r us er m ad e fo ur acce ss es fro m 10 :1 3 to 10 :1 5 p.m

. on Aug us t 11 , 20 10 , fo ll owe d b y

on e acc es s at 10 :2 6 p .m

.

Si m il arl y , a Bl oo m in gt on us er acce ss ed Ken da ll ’s in fo rm at io n 13 ti m es wit hi n th e se ve n- m in ut e 8: 56 to 9: 03 a.m

. ti m e sp an on Ja nu ary 26 , 20 10 , an d a Nor th fie ld

us er acce ss ed th e in fo rm at io n si x ti m es wit hi n th e 5: 36 to 5: 37 a.m

. t im e sp an on Mar ch 4, 20 10

. W e vi ew th es e cl os e-i n- ti m e acce ss es as a si ng le acce ss , as we do th e

m ul ti pl e sa m e-u se r, cl os e- i n- ti m e, sa m e-d ay acce ss es fro m Sav ag e, Map le Gro ve , Ri ch fie ld , St

. Ant ho ny, Sp rin g Lak e Park , St

. Lou is Park , Med in a, an d Pl y m ou th

. As fo r th e rem ai nd er of th e wit hi n- l i mi t a t i o n s acce ss es by th e ot he r ci ty en ti ti es , we

co nc lu de th at th ey

do no t re ve al a su sp ic io us pa tt ern of f req ue nc y an d t im in g.

Turn in g to th e al le ga ti on s ag ai ns t ot he r of th e lo cal en ti ti es , al l of th e acce ss es fro m Dak ot a Co un ty, Ram se y Co un ty, an d St

. Lou is Co un ty are ti m e-b arre d, as is th e si ng le acce ss by Cars- N-Cre di t.

As fo r wit hi n- li m it at io ns pe rio d la te -n ig h t acce ss es , th ere was on e fro m A r l i n g t o n/ Green Is le on Feb ru ary 22 , 20 11 , on e fro m Bu ffal o Lak e on Mar ch 12 , 20 11 , on e fro m Howar d Lak e on May 7, 20 12 , an d an ot he r on e on May 8, 20 12 , on e fro m Nort hf ie ld on Marc h 4 , 2 01 0, an d an ot he r on e on Ju ne 16 , 2 01 0, on e fro m St. Lou is Park on Apr il 20 , 20 10 , an d on e fro m W oo db ur y on Feb ru ary 14 , 20 11 , an d

on e fro m Edi na on Apri l 6 , 2 01 0. The se acce ss es , sca tt ered in ti m e as th ey are, d o

no t su gg es t a su sp ic io us pa tt ern of freq ue nc y an d ti m in g. McDo no ug h, 79 9 F.3d at 94 7. The th ree 6: 48 to 6: 49 a.m

. Decem be r 14 , 20 06 , acce ss es by th e Ci ty of Dul ut h

are no t on ly ti m e-b arre d, bu t m or e t h a n s e ve n y ears rem ot e in ti m e fro m th e

co m m en cem en t o f Ken da ll ’s act io n.

The re was on e da yti m e acce ss by a Hen ne pi n Co un ty Sh eri ff’s Offi ce us er on Mar ch 5, 20 10 , an d th ree da yti m e acce ss es by on e Hen ne pi n Co un ty us er, oc cu rri ng

-3 1-on Apr il 8, 20 10 , Decem be r 6, 20 10 , an d Mar ch 2, 20 11

. Viewe d i n d i v i d u a l l y or

co ll ect iv el y , th es e acc es se s d o n ot su gg es t a s us pi ci ou s p at te rn

.

Ken da ll ’s cl ai m s ag ai ns t twen t y- n i n e of th e co un ti es sh e ha s na m ed as de fen da nt s are ti m e-b arre d. Ken da ll ha s no t al le ge d a pa tt ern o f c on cert ed act iv it y

on th e pa rt of th os e co un ty de fen da nt s, an d so w e c o n c lu de th at ev en whe n

co ns id ered in li gh t of th e wit hi n- li m it at io ns acce ss es , th ey do no t rai se he r cl ai m ag ai ns t t he m

to th e le ve l o f pl au si bi li ty.

Wit h res pe ct to th e co un ti es in whi ch wit hi n- li m it at io ns acce ss es oc cu rred , th ere were no la te -n ig ht acce ss es fro m Bel tra m i Co un ty. The re were fiv e wit hi n- two

m in ut e la te -n ig ht acce ss es fro m on e Bl ue Eart h Co un ty us er on Aug us t 19 , 20 11 , an d

an ot he r fiv e wit hi n a two -m in ut e sp an by th e sa m e us er on Aug us t 24 , 20 11

. The re

were si x wit hi n- two -m in ut e da yti m e acce ss es fro m a Kan di y oh i Co un ty us er on Mar ch 23 , 20 10 , an d th ree wit hi n- a-o ne -m in ut e sp an by th e sa m e us er on Mar ch 28 , 20 11

. The re was on e da yti m e acce ss fro m a McLeo d Co un ty us er on Ju ly 21 , 20 10

. The re were fo ur da yti m e wit hi n- two -m in ut e acce ss es fro m a Mee ke r Co un ty us er on Ju ne 10 , 20 10 , an d th ree la te -n ig ht acce ss es oc cu rri ng du rin g a on e-m in ut e pe rio d on Decem be r 23 , 2 01 0. Th e r e were two da yti m e acce ss es wit hi n a two -m in ut e pe rio d by on e Pi ne Co un ty use r on Marc h 5 , 20 10

.

The re were fiv e da yti m e acce ss es by a Scot t Co un ty use r oc cu rri ng in a two

m in ut e pe rio d on Ju ne 10 , 20 11

. The re were fou r la te -n ig ht acce ss es fro m a St earn s Co un ty us er du rin g a two -m in ut e pe rio d on Mar ch 15 , 20 11

. The re were th ree wit hi n two -m in ut e d ay ti m e acc es se s fr om Ste el e Co un ty on J an ua ry 27 , 20 11

.

W e co n c l u d e th at th e wit hi n- li m it at io ns acce ss es fro m al l of th e ab ov ede sc rib ed en ti ti es are in su ffi ci en t in freq ue nc y , ti m in g, an d da te , as well as in la ck in g

ev id en ce of co nc ert ed act iv it y , to es tabl is h th e su sp ic io us pa tt ern ne ces sa ry to nu dg e th e cl ai m s ag ai ns t t he m

acro ss th e li ne of p la us ib il it y

.

-3 2-Wi t h i n th e li m it at io ns pe rio ds , t he re were fiv e da yti m e acce ss es fro m th e St

.

Pau l Po li ce Dep art m en t ( t h ree of whi ch co ul d be co ns id ered as on e acce ss ). The re

were ei gh t la te -n ig ht an d so m e th irt y da yti m e acce ss es fro m th e Mi nn eap ol is Po li ce Dep art m en t, whi ch , ad

jus te d fo r th e br ie f t i me s p a ns in vo lv ed , we co ns id er to be ,
res pe ct iv el y , fou r an d t wen ty acces se s.

W ere th es e th e so le Mi nn eap ol is /S t. Pau l acce ss es to be co ns id ered , we m ig ht well sa y th at th ey

are i ns uf fic ie nt in ti m in g, d at e, an d fr eq ue nc y to st at e a p la us ib le cl ai m a g a in st th em

. Bu t whe n vi ewed in th e li gh t of th e nu m ero us pr e-J an ua ry 26 , 20 10 , acce ss es by th os e en ti ti es , bo th da yti m e an d la te -n ig ht , whic h, re spe ct ive ly spa n

so m e se ve nt een an d se ve n pa ge s of th e DPS au di t rep or t, Ken da ll ’s co m pl ai nt ta ke s

on a di ffer en t h ue

.

Sh e al le ge s th at m or e th an 15 0 Mi nn eap ol is po li ce of fic ers acce ss ed he r DPS da ta ba se in fo rm at io n so m e 56 7 ti m es fro m 20 03 to 20 12 an d th at m or e th an si xt y St

. Pau l po li ce of

fic ers acce ss ed th at in fo rm at io n so m e 22 5 ti m es du rin g t h at pe rio d. Mo re sp eci fic al ly, fo r ex am pl e, sh e al le ge s th at Mi nn eap ol is Use r 63 acce ss ed he r in fo rm at io n si xt y -n in e ti m es du rin g th at pe rio d. Eve n if a d ju s t ed fo r sa m e-t im e

acce ss es , th es e am ou nt ed to fo rty or so se pa rat e acce ss es

. As an ot he r ex am pl e, Use r 78 m ad e ei gh te en ad

jus te d- ti m e acce ss es du rin g th at ti m e. Of th e ti m e-b arre d pr eJa nu ary 26 , 20 10 , acce ss es , so m e se ve nt y -th ree by ou r co unt w er e la te -n ig ht acce ss es

.

The sa m e pa tt ern of freq ue nt sa m e-u se r acce ss es ho ld s tru e wit h res pe ct to th e St

. Pau l of

fic ers ’ acce ss es , al th ou gh no t wit h th e sa m e freq ue nc y an d nu m be r. Of th e pr e-J an ua ry

26 , 20 10 , acce ss es , so m e th irt y -n in e o ccu rred du rin g l at e-n ig ht ho ur s.

On rem an d, th es e two en ti ti es m ay be ab le to ex pl ai n th e n e c e ss it y fo r th es e

nu m ero us acce ss es , bu t in th e ab se nc e of an y co nv in ci ng or ob vi ou s ex pl an at io n, se e McDo no ug h, 79 9 F.3 d at 95 2, th ey co al es ce to nu dg e Ken da ll ’s co m pl ai nt acro ss th e

-3 3-li ne of pl au si bi li ty. Acco rd in gl y , we rev ers e th e di sm is sa l of t h a t po rti on of th e

co m pl ai nt an d re m an d t he cas e fo r fu rth er p ro ceed in gs

.

10 . Dian e Cat he rin e Gav in Co m pl ai nt

Acco rd in g to he r Mar ch 7, 20 14 , co m pl ai nt , Gav in fu lfi ll ed he r li fe-l on g de si re to be co m e a p o li ce of

fic er by be co m in g em

pl oyed by th e Mi nn eap ol is Park an d Rec reat io n Bo ard (Par k Bo ard ) as a no n- swo rn pa rk ag en t in 19 94

. St ead fas t in he r

co m m it m en t, sh e pu t as id e al l ot he r act iv it ie s in he r li fe a s a v o l u n te er fo r Mi nn eap ol is Cri m e Prev en ti on an d as po li ce rese rv e an d park age nt

. Sh e b ecame a

swo rn of fic er fo r th e Mi nn eap ol is Po li ce Dep art m en t in Sep te m be r 19 95 , whe re sh e

se rv ed ho no rab ly unt il 20 01 , when sh e le ft th e fo rce bec au se of u nf ai r tr eat m en t b y

an d un wa n t e d h a ras sm en t fro m he r fel lo w of fic ers , in cl ud in g be in g so li ci te d by

mar rie d of

fic ers an d by be in g su bjec te d to co nt in ue d se xu al ad va n c e s

no twi th s t a n di ng th e co m pl ai nt s sh e ha d m ad e to he r su pe rv is or s. Sh e m ov ed to

an ot he r st at e to es cap e t h e h a r as sm en t. Sh e ret ur ne d to Mi nn es ot a in 20 03 an d

w o rk ed as a St

. Pau l Fi re In sp ect or un ti l 20 07 , whe n sh e to ok a po si ti on wit h t h e Mi nn eap ol is Pu bl ic Sch oo ls , wh i c h s h e h el d un ti l retur ne d to he r Fi re In sp ect or po si ti on in 20 08 . She m arri ed in 20 13

.

The co m pl ai nt al le ge s th at th e DPS au di t rev eal s th at be gi nn in g in 20 02 th ere

were so m e 43 0 acce ss es by th e de fen da nt s of he r pr iv at e da ta ba se in fo rm at io n. Gav in al le ge s t ha t s he ha s ne ve r be en ch arg ed wit h or su sp ect ed of co m m it ti ng a cri m e in

an y of th e co un ti es , m

un ic ip al it ie s , o r ot he r go ve rn m en t en ti ti es th at ha d req ue st ed

acce ss es to he r pe rs on al in fo rm at io n.

The su pp le m en ta l br ie fs fil ed by t he de fen da nt s rev eal t h e f o l l o win g wit hi nli m it at io ns pe rio d acce s se s: A s in gl e da yti m e dr iv er’s li cen se acce ss fro m Ram se y Co un ty on Octo be r 17 , 20 12 ; two da yti m e acce ss es fro m Bl oo m in gt on , on e on Mar ch 8, 20 10 , an d th e ot he r on May 3, 20 10 ; on e la te -n ig ht acce ss fro m W oo db ur y on Ju ly

-3 4-29 , 20 10 ; on e da yti m e acce ss fro m M ap le woo d on Aug us t 27 , 20 11 ; on e da yti m e

acce ss fro m Pri or Lak e on Sep te m be r 8, 20 1 0 ; o n e l at e-n ig ht acce ss fro m Has ti ng s

on Nov em

be r 14 , 20 10 ; on e da yti m e acce ss fro m Nis swa on Nov em be r 23 , 20 10 ; an d

on e d ay ti m e acc es s fr om

Pri nc et on on Decem

be r 27 , 20 10

.

The re were th ree da yti m e acce ss es fro m th e Edi na Driv er’s Lice ns e Offi ce, on e

on Decem

be r 14 , 20 10 , on e o n M arch 16 , 20 12 , and on e o n F eb ru ary 15 , 20 13

.

The re was on e la te -n ig ht acce ss fro m th e Mi nn eap ol is Po li ce Dep art m en t on Apr il 11 , 20 10 , an d fou r da yti m e acce ss es , oc cu rri ng , res pe ct iv el y , on Ju ly 6, 20 10 , Ju ly 10, 2 01 0, Fe brua ry

4, 2 01 1, an d Oct ob er 7 , 20 12

.

The co m pl ai nt al le ge s th at th ere were fif ty-two da yti m e acce ss e s o f Gav in ’s
pe rs on a l in fo rm at io n by t he Park Bo ard , t hi rty o f whi ch oc cu rred pr io r to Mar ch 7, 20 10 , and tw enty -two of whi ch oc cu rred wit hi n th e li m it at io ns pe rio d. The se acce ss es be ga n so m e twel ve y ears aft er Gav in ’s em pl oym en t wit h th e Park Bo ard ha d en de d,

an d m os t of whi ch oc cu rred so m e fif te en y ears aft er th at da te

. Adju st in g fo r th e cl os e-i n- ti m e acce ss es , th ere were twen ty-si x ti m e-b arre d acce ss es an d ni ne wit hi nli m it at io ns acce ss es

.

As we sa id in McDo no ug h, we s ho ul d c on si de r whe n re vi ewin g t he se DPPA cl ai m s whe th er th e de fen da nt s ha ve of fere d la wfu l, ob vi ou s al te rn at iv e ex pl an at io ns th at wou ld ren de r th ei r acce ss -s eek in g co nd uc t no n- su sp ic io us

. 79 9 F.3 d at 94 6, 95 0. Unl ik e th e acce ss es fro m la w en fo rcem en t pe rs on ne l, whi ch in th e ab s e n c e of freq ue nc y , pa tt ern , an d ti m in g m ay carr y an au ra of le gi ti m acy, no th in g in th e reco rd

su gg es ts an y ex pl an at io n why th e Park Bo ard ha d an y le g i t i mat e ne ed to acce ss a lo ng -d ep art ed em

pl oyee’s pe rs on al dri ve r’s li cen se in fo rm at io n.

The fir st of th e Mi nn eap ol is Po li ce Dep art m en t acce ss es oc cu rred two y ears aft er he r 20 01 de pa rtu re fro m th at of fic e, an d th e la st of whi ch so m e fiv e y ears aft er

-3 5-th at da te

. Whi le th ey fal l sh or t of th e de cad e-p lu s ti m e sp an th at m ark s th e Park

Bo ard ’s acce ss es , th ey cam e fro m th e en ti ty fro m whi ch Gav in ha d fel t co m pe ll ed to

re sig n be ca

use of th e un ad dr es se d, un res ol ve d se xu al ha ras sm en t sh e ha d ex pe ri en ce d du rin g h er em

pl oym en t t he re.

W e co nc lu de th at th e co nf lu en ce of th os e ci rcu m st an ces nu dg es he r co m pl ai nt
ag ai ns t th es e two en ti ti es acro ss th e li ne of pl au si bi li ty, an d th us we rev ers e th e di sm is sa l of th at po rti on of he r co m pl ai nt an d rem an d th e cas e to th e di st ric t co ur t fo r fu rth er pr oc eed in gs ag ai ns t th e Park Bo ard an d th e Mi nn eap ol is Po li ce Dep art m en t. W e aff irm th e d is m is sa l o f th e co m pl ai nt ag ai ns t t he ot he r de fen da nt s.

11 . Mic he ll e Ma ry

Ray Co m

pl ai nt

Ray fil ed he r co m

pl ai nt on Feb ru ary 26 , 20 14 , al le gi ng th at th e au di t rep or t

rev eal s th at th e de fen da nt ag en ci es an d lo cal en ti ti es ha d acce ss ed he r pe rs on al in fo rm at io n s om e 4 40 ti m es fro m 20 03 to th e d at e o f he r co m pl ai nt . She res id es in Elk Ri ve r, Mi nn es ot a, an d all eg es th at sh e ha s nev er been ch arg ed wit h or has be en

su sp ect ed of co m

m it ti ng a cri m e th ere or in an y of th e ot he r en ti ti e s an d ha s ne ve r be en in vo lv ed in an y ci vi l, cr im in al , adm in is tra ti ve , or arbi tra l pro ceed in gs th erei n.

Ray m arri ed a la w-en fo rcem en t of fic er in 19 95 , wit h se ve ral la w-en fo rcem en t of f i c e rs be in g m em

be rs of th ei r wed di ng pa rty. Sh e an d he r hu sb an d di vo rced in 20 12

. Now ret ir e d , h e r ex -h us ba nd rem ai ns go od fri en ds wit h m an y of th os e la wen fo rcem en t of

fic ers who were m em

be rs of th e wed di ng pa rty, an d Ray fear s th at he

an d t he y co nt in ue to m on it oran d c he ckup on he r.

The au di t rep or t di sc lo se s th e fo ll owi ng wit hi n- li m it at io ns pe rio d acce ss es of he r i n f or m at io n. The re was on e da yti m e acce ss fro m Bi g Lak e on Aug us t 6, 20 12

. The re was on e da yti m e acce ss fro m Elk Ri ve r on Sep t em be r 4, 20 12 , on e on Sep te m be r 5, 20 12 , th ree oc cu rri ng du rin g a th ree- ho ur pe rio d on Decem be r 3, 20 12 ,

-3 6-two du rin g a on e-h ou r pe rio d on Ja nu ary 10 , 20 13 , on e on Feb ru ary 22 , 20 13 , on e on

Mar ch 9, 20 13 , th ree du rin g a fo ur -h ou r pe rio d on Apr il 20 , 20 13 , an d on e on Apr il 21 , 20 13

. A ll bu t on e of th e Elk Ri ve r-em an at in g acce ss es were fo r li cen se pl at e,

ve hi cl e, an d dr iv er-r eco rd in fo rm at io n. Of th e two acce ss es fro m Sh erb ur ne Co un ty, th e co un ty se at of whi ch is Elk Ri ve r an d whi ch sh ares ov erl ap pi ng juri sd ic ti on wit h th e co un ty, on e is sh own as oc cu rri ng at th e sa m e ti m e as on e of th e Ja nu ary 10 , 20 13 , ElkRiv er ac ces se s, an d t he ot he r at m id -aft ern oo n o n Ap ril 20 , 20 13

.

The re were th ree m id -aft ern oo n cl os e-i n- ti m e acce ss es fr om th e Ano ka Co un ty Att or ne y ’s Offi ce on Mar ch 14 , 20 11 , an d on e m id -aft ern oo n acce ss fro m th e Ano ka Co un ty Sheri ff’s Offi ce o n F eb ru ary 26 , 20 10

.

The si ng le wit hi n- li m it at io ns acce ss fro m Hen ne pi n Co un ty oc cu rred at 8: 24

- 8: 25 a.m

. on Sep te m

be r 2 5 , 2 0 12 , an d th us is no t pa rt of an y su sp ic io us acce ss pa tt ern

.

Not hi ng ab ou t th e na tu re, freq u e n c y , an d ti m in g of th e wit hi n- li m it at io ns pe rio d acce ss es ei th er de m on st rat es an y co nc ert ed act iv it y by un rel a t e d en ti ti es or

su gg es ts a su sp ic io us pa tt ern of acce ss es fro m Ray’ s ex -h us ba nd or fro m an y on e el se

. Acco rd in gl y , we affi rm th e di st ric t co ur t’s di sm is sa l of he r co m pl ai nt in it s en ti ret y

.

12 . Nadi ne Bab u C om

pl ai nt

Bab u’s Octo be r 24 , 20 14 , co m pl ai nt al le ge d th at la w en fo rcem en t of fic ers ha d
ret rie ve d he r pe rs on al dr iv er’s li cen se in fo rm at io n so m e fo rty ti m es b e twee n 20 09

an d 20 12 by se arch in g fo r th at in fo rm at io n by na m e rat h e r t h a n by li cen se pl at e

nu m be r

. S h e al le ge s th at sh e ha s no hi st or y of cri m in al act iv it y , ha s ne ve r be en

su bjec t to cri m in al in ve st ig at io n, ha s ne ve r so ug ht th e as si st an ce of la w en fo rcem en t
pe rs on ne l, an d ha s do ne no th in g th at wou ld ha ve be en of le gi ti m at e in te res t to su ch
pe rs on ne l. Fu rth er, sh e al le ge s th at sh e was no t ph y si cal ly pr es en t in th e juri sd ic ti on s

-3 7-of fo ur te en of th e fif te en m un ic ip al it ie s at th e ti m es th os e m un ic ip al it ie s acce ss ed he r in fo rm at io n.

Dur in g he r ti m e in gr ad u a t e sc ho ol at th e Uni ve rs it y of Mi nn es ot a’s Carl so n S c ho ol of Bu si ne ss , Bab u ran “ The Barn y ard ,” a st ud en t gr ou p de di cat e d t o t h e Uni ve rs it y ’s ba sk etba ll te am

. Si nc e 20 07 , sh e h a s w o r k ed an d writ te n fo r

“ Gop he rh ol e.co m ,” a web si te de vo te d to al l face ts of Uni ve rs it y of Mi nn es ot a sp or ts

. Thre e y ears la te r, sh e es ta bl is he d a bl og on Go p h e r s p o r ts on th e Min ne ap ol is St ar Tr ib un e web si te

. Sh e ha s al so ap pe ared nu m ero us ti m es on KFAN 10 0.3 FM rad io ,
an d on Fo x 9 an d KARE 1 1 te le vi si on to di sc us s sp or ts /s oc ia l m ed ia . M an y of he r ap pe aran ces on rad io el ic it ed co m m en ts by th e va rio us ho st s ab ou t th e se x ap pe al of Bab u’s ex te ns iv e kn owl ed ge of sp or ts

. Bab u fo un de d Bab u So ci al Netwo rk s in 20 12 , of whi ch sh e is bo th th e CEO an d s oc ia l m ed ia st rat eg is t.

Adju st ed fo r th e cl os e-i n- ti m e acce ss es , th e DPS au di t rep or t rev eal s on e la te

ni gh t ac ces s an d 2 4 wi th in -li m it at io ns pe rio d d ay ti m e acc es se s.

Of th os e da yti m e acce ss es fro m th e de fen da nt co un ti es , on e cam e fro m Ben to n Co un ty on Feb ru ary 16 , 20 12 , on e fro m Fi ll m or e Co un ty on May 3, 20 12 , on e fro m Sh erb ur ne Co un ty on Decem be r 6, 20 10 , an d two fro m W as hi ng to n Co un ty (Oct ob er 24 , 20 10 an d Mar ch 14 , 20 11 ). W e co nc lu de th at th e s e a c c e ss es do no t rev eal a

su sp ic io us pa tt ern

.

W ith re spect to th e wit hi n- li m it at io ns pe rio d acce ss es fro m the de fe nda nt ci tie s,

ex cep t fo r th os e al le ge d b el ow, we al so see no su sp ic io us pa tt ern

.

W e co nc lu de th at th e sa m e can no t be sa id of th e sa m e-d ay , sa m e-h ou r acce ss es by th e fo ll owi ng un rel at ed en ti ti e s

. B a b u p o in ts to th e Feb ru ary 3, 20 11 , acce ss es fro m th e Bl ai ne , La k e Crystal , an d Mi nn eap ol is Po li ce Dep art m en ts th at oc cu rred ,
res pe ct iv el y , at 9: 14 a.m ., 9: 36 a.m ., an d 9: 42 a.m

. Sh e po in ts as well to th e Feb ru ary

-3 8-17 , 20 11 , 9: 24 an d 9: 25 a.m

. acce ss e s f r o m th e Eag an an d Mi nn eap ol is Po li ce Dep art m en ts

. Sh e al so al le ge s a to ta l of fiv e cl os e-i n- ti m e wit hi n- li m it at io ns pe rio d da yti m e acc es se s b y

th e Mi nn eap ol is Po li ce Dep art m en t.

Whi le th e th ree Feb ru ar y 3 , 2 0 1 1, acce ss es are la ck in g in freq ue nc y , th ey

oc cu rred at an ho ur at whi ch Bab u al le ge s sh e was br oa dc as ti ng on KFAN rad io

. The fact th at sh e co ul d no t ha ve be en dr iv in g i n a n y o f t h os e acce ss in g lo cal it ie s at th e ti m e ren de rs su sp ect an y cl ai m th at sh e co ul d ha ve gi ve n ris e to a co nt em po ran eo us

ne ed for th em to acce ss he r DPS i nf

or m at io n.

Whi le Bab u d oe s n ot sp eci fic al ly al le ge th at sh e was on th e ai r at th e ti m e o f th e Feb ru ary 17 , 20 11 , acce ss es by th e Eag an an d Mi nn eap ol is Po li ce Dep art m en ts , it is m or e th an pa ss in g st ran ge th at th e Eag an acce ss es oc cu rred at th at ai r-t im e ho ur

an d at a ti m e whe n sh e was no t pr es en t in th at ci ty. The sa m e can be sa id of th at sa m e ai r-t im e acce ss by t he M in ne ap ol is Po li ce Dep art m en t of a dr iv er ag ai ns t who m no dr iv in g c ha rg es were ev er al le ge d.

W e th us co nc lu de th at Bab u’s on go in g hi gh -p ro fil e pr in t an d on -ai r pr es en ce

ren de rs pl au si bl e he r al le ga ti on s reg ard in g th e un ex pl ai ne d acce ss es by t he Bl ai ne , Eag an , Lak e Crystal , an d Mi nn eap ol is Po li ce D e p a r t ment s. Acco rd in gl y , th e di sm is sa l o f he r co m

pl ai nt ag ai ns t t ho se en ti ti es is rev ers ed , and th at po rti on of he r

cas e is rem an de d fo r fu rth er pr oc eed in gs

. The di sm is sa l of he r co m pl ai nt ag ai ns t th e

rem ai ni ng de fen da nt s i s af fir m ed

.

13 . Ash le y

Arcaro Co m

pl ai nt

Arcar o fi le d a co m

pl ai nt ag ai ns t nu m ero us lo cal en ti ti es on Octo be r 9, 2 01 3, al le gi ng th at em

pl oyees of th os e en ti ti es ha d, wit ho ut an y le ga ll y pe rm is si bl e reas on to do so , be gu n acce ss in g by n a me he r DPS da ta ba se in fo rm at io n imm ed ia te ly fo ll owi ng th e Aug us t 27 , 20 09 , an no un cem en t th at sh e wou ld be a co nt es ta nt on th e

-3 9-CBS Tele vi si on pr o gr am “ Su rv iv or : Sam oa ” (Su rv iv or ). Sh e al le ge s th at th es e

acce ss es oc cu rred at ti m es whe n sh e was no t ph y si cal ly pr es en t in an y of th os e lo cal

en ti ti es

. Sh e al le ge s th at si m il ar u na ut ho riz ed acce ss es oc cu rred du rin g an d fo ll owi ng he r ap pe aran ce as a cas t m em be r on Su rv iv or , t he fin al ep is od e of whi ch

was air ed in Mi nn es ot a o n o r ab ou t Dec em be r 20 , 20 09

.

Lik ewis e, si m il ar acce ss es were m ad e fo ll owi ng Arcar o’s ap pe aran c es vi a te le ph on e on CBS pu bl ic it y in te rv ie ws on Octo be r 21 an d 22 , 20 09 , an d he r be in g feat ur ed in an art ic le an d on th e fro nt co ve r of th e Feb ru ary 20 10 ed it io n of th e Map le Gro ve Mag azi ne

. Aga in , th es e acce ss es em an at ed fro m lo cal en ti ti es in whi ch Arcar o al le ge s sh e was no t pres en t or had an y in te ract io n with at th e ti m e. Sh e al le ge s th at of fic ers in th e sa m e lo cal en ti t y acce ss ed he r in fo rm at io n wit hi n m in ut es of each
ot he r, no twi th st an di ng th e fact th at sh e ha d co m m it te d no cri m in al act iv it y th at wou ld ha ve warran te d s uc h a cces se s.

A ll told, Arcar o al le ge s th at th e en ti ti es acce ss ed he r pe rs on al in fo rm at ion m or e th an 10 0 ti m es be twee n Feb ru ary 2, 20 09 , an d Decem be r 18 , 20 12 , each ti m e by he r

na m e an d no t by he r ve hi cl e reg is tra ti on or li cen se nu m be r, an d, with th e ex cep ti on of th e Ci ty of Mi nn eap ol is , at a ti m e whe n sh e was no t ph y si cal ly pr e s e n t i n t he in qu iri ng lo cal en ti ty.

Of th es e 10 0- pl us acce ss es , so m e twen ty-fiv e, as we cal cu la te th em , oc cu rred du rin g th e po st -Oct ob er 9, 20 09 , wit hi n- li m it at io ns pe rio d. Of th es e, th ere was on e la te -n ig ht acce ss fro m th e Mi nn et on ka Po li ce Dep art m en t on Octo be r 16 , 20 09 , an d

on e fro m Map le woo d o n Dec em

be r 31 , 20 09

.
Adju st ed fo r sa m e-t im e, sa m e-ca ll er acce ss es , th ere were so m e fif te en wit hi nli m it at io ns pe rio d da yti m e acce ss es fro m th e Mi nn eap ol is Po li ce Dep art m en t, se ve n of whi ch oc cu rred d u r i n g a fo rty-si x m in ut e pe rio d on Ju ne 18 , 20 10

. The re were

-4 0-ni ne acce ss es fro m Sh ak op ee wit hi n ni ne ty m in ut es on Octo be r 5, 20 10 , an d on e on

Octo be r 6, 2 01 0.

Fro m Octo be r 9, 20 09 to Decem be r 31 , 20 09 , th ere w a s on e da yti m e acce ss each fro m Cl ark sf

ie ld , Mi nn et on ka , Map le woo d, Map le Gro ve , Jo rd an , an d Fri dl ey

. Fro m Jan ua ry 1, 2 01 0 t o F eb ru ary 10 , 20 12 , th ere wer e fo ur da yti m e acc es se s fr om Map le Grov e, on e fro m

Owato nn a, an d t hr ee fr om Sart el l.

The di st ric t co ur t he ld th a t t h e po st -J an ua ry 1, 20 10 , acce ss es oc cu rred aft er Arcar o’s ti m e in th e pu bl ic ey e ha d en de d an d th us co ul d no t be li nk ed to a si gn ifi can t

ev en t in he r li fe. W e do no t ag ree, fo r ho wev er br ie f Arcar o’s m om en t of lo cal fam e

m ay ha ve be en , th e po st -p ub li ci t y a c ces se s sh ou ld no t be so ne at ly tru nc at ed fro m th os e th at oc cu rred al m os t si m ul ta ne ou sl y up on th e an no un cem en t of he r pa rti ci p a t i o n on th e Su rv iv or pr og ram

. Acco rd in gl y , i n vi ew of th e se ve n Ju ne 18 , 20 10 , acce ss es fro m th e Mi nn eap ol is Po li ce Dep art m en t an d th e ni ne acce ss es fro m Sh ak op ee on Octo be r 5, 20 10 , we rev ers e th e di sm is sa l of the co m pl ai nt as to th os e two en ti ti es

.

W e co nc lu de th at th e wit hi n li m it at io ns -p eri od acce ss es fro m th e rem ai ni ng

en ti ti es do no t refl ect a su sp ic io us pa tt ern of freq ue nc y or ti m in g, as th ey do no t sh ow

acce ss es on th e sa m e da y or wit hi n a few ho ur s of acce ss es by ot he r un rel at ed en ti ti es

. In sh or t, th ey do no t fal l wit hi n an y of t h e t h r e e cat eg or ie s th at McDo no ug h he ld

wou ld m eri t co ns id erat io n as a pl au si bl e cl ai m

. Acco rd in gl y , th e di smi s sa l of th e

co m pl ai nt ag ai ns t th os e en ti ti es is affi rm ed , th e di sm is sa l of th e co m pl ai nt ag ai ns t th e Ci ty of Mi nn eap ol is an d th e Ci ty of Sh ak op ee is reve rs ed , an d th e cas e is rem an de d fo r fu rth er p ro ceed in gs

.

-4 1-Co nc lu si on

In No. 14 -3 15 1, Tich ic h v. Ci ty of Bl oo m in gt on , et al .; No. 14 -3 18 8, Po rte r v. Ci ty of Bro ok lyn Park , et al .; No. 14 -3 22 5, Barg hi ni v. Ano ka Co un ty, et al .; No. 14

- 32 88 , Sh ern o v. Ano ka Co un ty, et al .; No. 14 -3 75 0, Kol ls v. Ci ty of Edi na , et al .; No. 14 -2 96 4, Ray v. Ano ka Co un ty, et al .; No. 14 -3 44 8, Po to cn ik v. Ci ty of Mi nn eap ol is , et al .; No. 14 -3 67 3, Dela ne y v. Bel tra m i Co un ty, et al .; an d No. 14 -3 65 1, Ro sc he n v. W ab as ha Co un ty, et al ., th e jud gm en ts di sm is si ng al l cl ai m s ag ai ns t al l de fen da nt s are affi rm edin th ei r en ti ret y

.

In No. 15 -1 28 8, Ken d a l l v

. Ci ty of Alb ert Lea, et al ., th e di sm is sa l of th e

co m pl ai nt ag ai ns t th e Ci ty of Mi nn eap ol is an d th e Ci ty of St

. Pau l is rev ers ed , an d th e

ca se is rem an de d to th e di st ric t co ur t fo r fu rth er pr oc eed in gs wit h res pe ct to th os e de fen da nt s. The di sm is sa l of th e co m pl ai nt ag ai ns t th e r e mai ni ng de fen da nt s is affi rm ed

.

In No. 14 -3 40 4, Gav in v. Ano ka Co un ty, et al ., th e di sm is sa l of th e co m pl ai nt
ag ai ns t th e Mi nn eap ol is Park an d Rec reat io n Bo ard an d th e C i t y o f M in ne ap ol is is

rev ers ed , and th e cas e is rem an de d t o th e d is tri ct co ur t fo r fu rth er p ro ceed in gs wit h

res pe ct to th os e de fen da nt s. The di sm is sa l of th e c o mp l ai nt ag ai ns t th e rem ai ni ng de fen da nt s i s af

fir m ed

.

In No. 15 -1 80 5, Babu v. Cit y of Bec ke r, et al ., th e di sm is sa l of the co m pl ai nt
ag ai ns t t he Cit y

of B la in e, th e Ci ty of Eag an , th e Ci ty of Lake Cry st al , and th e Ci ty of Mi nn eap ol is is rev ers ed , an d th e cas e is rem an de d to th e di st ric t co ur t fo r fu rth er pr oc eed in gs wit h res pe ct to th os e de fen da nt s. The di sm is sa l of th e co m pl ai nt ag ai ns t th e rem ai ni ng de fen da nt s i s af fir m ed

.

In No. 15 -1 84 6, Arcar o v. Ci ty of Ano ka , et al ., th e di sm is sa l of th e co m pl ai nt
ag ai ns t th e Ci ty of Mi nn eap ol is an d th e Ci ty of Sh ak op ee is rev ers ed , an d th e cas e is

-4 2-rem an de d to th e di s t r i c t c ou rt fo r fu rth er pr oc eed in gs wit h res pe ct to th os e

de fen da nt s. The di sm is sa l of th e co m pl ai nt ag ai ns t th e rema i n i ng de fen da nt s is affi rm ed

.

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

-4 3-