July 22, 2015 

U.S. Department of Transportation, Docket Operations

West Building Ground Floor, Room w12-140

1200 New Jersey Ave., SE Washington, DC 20590

Re: Petition of Coleman Engineering Company for an Exemption Pursuant to Section 333 of the FAA 

Modernization and Reform Act of 2012

Dear Madam/Sir,

Pursuant to Section 333 of the FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 (“Reform Act”) and 14

C.P.R. Part 11, Coleman Engineering hereby applies for an exemption from the Federal Aviation 

Regulations identified below, to allow commercial operations of small unmanned aerial vehicles.

This exemption is made based on information outlined in this petition, as well as the accompanying 3D 

Robitics X8-M Operators Manual (3DR X8-M) (Appendix B) and the Coleman Engineering Operational 

Limitations (Appendix C). The 3DR X8-M UAS was selected because it has a proven capability for

controlled flight as well as a gyro stabilized flight mode, GPS aided navigation, a compass, blinking 

LED’s on the bottom, and a failsafe mode for returning home. These devices are offered for general sale 

around the world and have often been used as Model Aircraft in the USA.

The Requested exemption would authorize commercial operations using the 3DR X8-M for mapping and 

surveying applications. These operations will be subject to strict operating requirements defined in the 

user manual and conditions defined by the Safety Code of the Academy of Model Aeronautics (see 

Annex B) in order to ensure at least an equivalent level of safety to currently authorized operations using 

manned aircrafts.

Specifically, the UAS is:

A lightweight (< 7.0 lb gross weight with all on-board equipment), battery operated rotorcraft in the

form of a copter that takes off and lands vertically, manufactured by 3D Roboitics, Model X8-M , with 

the following equipment: 

 An on-board flight computer with GPS navigation and location ability that receives signals for 

flight controls from a ground-based transmitter/controller; 

 An on-board camera capable of capturing imagery in the form of full color, high definition still 

photos and video; 

 An on-board telemetry system that delivers flight data from the on-board flight
computer to the on-board radio transmitter including altitude AGL, horizontal and vertical speed, 

compass direction of flight and direction back to its launch site; 

 On-board radio transmitter that transmits live video from the on-board camera plus all the flight 

data from the telemetry system described above; 

 Built-in fail safes if communications are lost or if battery power gets too low, it will 

automatically return to a predetermined location. 

The Ground Station Includes:

 A Pilot in Command (PIC) in operational control of a flight operation from beginning to end 

and who controls the UAS while in the air; 

 A radio transmitter/controller operated by the PIC to control the UAS while in flight;

 A radio receiver receiving live video and flight data from the on-board camera and the computer 

projects it all together onto a screen for the PIC to view during flight; 

 A Visual Observer (VO) is a person who provides a second pair of eyes to visually track the 

UAS while in flight. 

Proposed Operations

Coleman Engineering intends to use UAS in two general areas. First, Coleman Engineering seeks an 

exemption to perform video filming and photographing by air for public and private use. The purpose of 

this photography will be to aid in topographic mapping of ground based features on the earth. Second, it 

will employ UAS to inspect land, residential, commercial, industrial structures and property.

Specifically, Coleman Engineering will use UAS’s that are equipped with cameras and sensors in 

order to engage in the following commercial activities:

(a) Taking photographs to support professional operations in engineering, land surveying, 

architecture, real estate and other related professional activities.

(b) Inspections by air of agricultural areas.

(c) Inspections by air of infrastructure such as bridges, highways, electrical installations, dams, 

aqueducts, photovoltaic power stations, wind farms and pipes. These inspections will only be 

done under contract with the owners or with any local government authority.

(d) Inspections by air of land and residential, commercial and industrial structures, only under 

contract with the owners or with any local government authority.

(e) Inspections by air to detect sources of pollution and gas emissions, under contract with the 

owners in the area or with any local government authority.

(f) Support provided to search and rescue operations and reconnaissance in cases of need, emergency 

or natural disasters and only when government authorities have requested it by contract or 

donation.
Relevant Statutory Authority

This Petition for Exemption is submitted pursuant to Section 333(a) through (c) of the FAA 

Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 ("Reform Act"). Congress has directed the FAA "to safely 

accelerate the integration of civil unmanned aircraft systems into the national airspace system." Pursuant 

to Section 333 of the Reform Act, the FAA Administrator is to permit unmanned aircraft systems to 

operate in the National Air Space ("NAS") where it is safe to do so based on the following

considerations:

- The UAS’s size, weight, speed and operational capability;

- Operation of the UAS in close proximity to airports and populated areas; and

- Operation of the UAS within the visual line of sight of the operator.

Additionally, the FAA Administrator has general authority to grant exemptions from the agency's 

safety regulations and minimum standards when the Administrator decides a requested 

exemption is in the public interest. See 49 U.S.C. §106(f) (defining the authority of the Administrator); 

49 U.S.C. §44701(f) (permitting exemptions from §§44701(a), (b) and §§44702-44716,et seq.). A party 

requesting an exemption must explain the reasons why the exemption: (1) would benefit the public as a 

whole, and (2) would not adversely affect safety (or how it would provide a level of safety at least

equal to the existing rules). See 14 C.F.R. §11.81 (petitions for exemption).

Coleman Engineering’s Proposed UAS Operations Meet the Requirements of Section 333 of the

Reform Act

Coleman Engineering’s proposed operations in this Petition for Exemption qualify for expedited 

approval pursuant to Section 333 of the Reform Act as each of the statutory criteria and 

relevant factors are satisfied.

Approval is Warranted Based on the UAS Size, Weight, Speed, and Operational Capability

Coleman Engineering will employ the 3DR X8-M for the operations specified in this Petition for 

exemption. The 3DR X8-M UAS’s have a take-off weight of less than 7 pounds, the flight speed 

will not exceed 35 miles per hour, and it will not be flown in controlled airspace or at an altitude 

that exceeds 400 feet AGL. All flights will be flown in such a way that they can be safely terminated 

with a reserve battery power of 25% of the battery's maximum charge. The 3DR X8-M UAS do not 

carry any flammable propellant or fuel. The 3DR X8-M UAS also has an integrated GPS system that 

calculates the UAS’s position and height and relays that information via a secure connection to the 

operator. Additionally, the 3DR X8-M UAS contain a failsafe mode if its connection to t h e r e m o t e 

co n t r o l is l o s t , a n d this system permits the UAS to return to a predetermined location and land 

without injury or damage.

Approval is Warranted Based on the Operational Restrictions Set Forth in the Operations

Manual.

Colman Engineering’s Operations Limitations and the 3DR X8-M operator’s manual contain all of the 

procedures and limitations necessary to successfully perform the operations specified in this Petition 

for Exemption (Appendices B & C).
Public Interest

The public interest will be served by granting Coleman Engineering’s Petition for Exemption. Congress 

has established a national policy that favors early integration of UAS’s into the NAS in controlled, safe 

working environments such as those proposed in this Petition. In addition, the public also has an interest 

in reducing the hazards associated with alternate methods of conducting similar operations. Currently, 

operations are conducted using teams that physically climb onto structures using ladders, using low 

flying helicopters or aircraft, or simply not available by traditional means. By using UAS, exposure to 

physical hazards will be reduced by conducting the operation while remaining safely on the ground.

Additionally, Coleman Engineering’s intended uses for the UAS have identifiable safety benefits that 

include reducing the danger and emissions associated with full size helicopters. UAS have no fuel to 

ignite or explode, no crew, adds a greater degree of flexibility which supplements the current capabilities 

offered by manned aircraft, and public interest for a ground impact of a small lightweight UAS is further 

minimized from an ecological and safety standpoint.

Federal Register Summary

Pursuant to 14 C.F.R. Part 11, the following summary is provided for publication in the Federal 

Register, should it be determined that publication is needed: Coleman Engineering seeks an exemption 

from the following rules:

14 CFR §§ 61.23(a) and (c), 61.101(e)(4) and (5), 61.113(a), 61.315(a), 91.7(a), 91.119(c), 91.121,

91.151(a)(1), 91.405(a), 91.407(a)(1), 91.409(a)(1) and (2), and 91.417(a) and (b) 

The exemption will enhance safety by reducing risk to the general public and property owners

from the substantial hazards associated with performing equivalent work with conventional aircraft, 

rotorcraft, or other methods.

Conclusion

Coleman Engineering’s Petition for Exemption satisfies the criteria articulated in Section 333 of the 

Reform Act of 2012 including weight speed, operating capabilities, proximity to airports and populated

areas, operation within visual line of sight and national security. Additionally, the Petition provides more 

than adequate justification for the grant of the requested exemptions to permit Coleman Engineering to

operate the selected UAS for the operations specified herein.

Granting the exemption will benefit the public interest as a whole in several ways, including (1) 

significantly improving safety and reducing risk by alleviating human exposure to danger, and (2) 

improving the quality of services and decreasing operating costs compared with conventional flight 

operations.

With the advent and availability of this technology, surveying and mapping functions are changing from 

a traditional ground based operations to the aerial platform. Coleman Engineering will have the ability to 

collect a tremendous amount of data in a small fraction of the time that would be needed for ground 

based efforts. As project sizes increase, the savings to both Coleman Engineering and our Clients will 

increase greatly. The cost of purchasing our 3DR X8-M is minimal in comparison to that of a traditional 

manned aircraft. A major advantage of the low operational expenses is that Coleman Engineering can 

provide these aerial acquisition services at a much lower cost to the consumer while remaining

competitive and profitable. This will in turn lead to economic growth and stability at a local, state and

federal level.

Coleman realizes that other survey and engineering firms have already been granted an exemption to use 

there UAS for commercial purposes, as shown in FAA exemption No. 11617, Docket No. FAA-2015-

0549. 
With the 3DR X8-M’s small and lightweight design it can be assembled and deployed in a manner of 

only a few minutes once the survey crews arrive on site. It will perform its mission effectively and 

efficiently and land directly at our feet. The data we collect will be able to be processed immediately. 

All of these factors prove to be a huge benefit to the consumer, and help advance the land surveying

profession to a whole new level.

Very Respectfully, 

James D. Blondheim 

635 Circle Drive 

Iron Mountain, MI 49801 

jblondheim@coleman-engineering.com 

(906) 774-3440 
Appendix A 
Appendix A

The regulations from which the exemption is requested are listed below. Beside each regulation number is 

the page of the attached Appendix A upon which each may be found together with our proposed 

equivalent level of safety for each regulation: 

14 CFR §§ 61.23(a) and (c), 61.101(e)(4) and (5), 61.113(a), 61.315(a), 91.7(a), 91.119(c), 91.121, 

91.151(a)(1), 91.405(a), 91.407(a)(1), 91.409(a)(1) and (2), and 91.417(a) and (b) 

Exemptions Requested

The Federal Aviation Act expressly grants the FAA the authority to issue exemptions. This statutory 

authority, by its terms, includes exempting civil aircraft, as the term is defined under§40101 of the Act, 

including UASs, from its safety regulations and minimum standards when the Administrator decides a 

requested exemption is in the public interest.

Coleman Engineering seeks an exemption from several interrelated provisions of 14 C.F.R. Parts 21, 27, 

45, 61 and 91 for purposes of conducting the requested operations using a UAS. Listed below are the 

specific sections of 14 C.F.R. for which exemption is sought:

14 C.F.R. Part 21, Subpart H - Airworthiness Certificates

The FAA has stated that no exemption is needed from this section if a finding is made under the 

Reform Act that the UAS selected provides an equivalent level of safety when compared to aircraft 

normally used for the same application (Regulatory Docket No. FAA-2014-0352). These criteria are 

met, and therefore no exemption is needed.

Equivalent Level of Safety

The UAS selected by Coleman Engineering is safe when taking into account their size, weight, speed, 

and operational capability. The UAS weighs less than 7 pounds and will be flown at less than 35 miles 

per hour and completely outside controlled airspace. Additionally, the UAS carry neither pilots nor 

passengers, carry no explosive materials and or flammable liquid fuels, and operate exclusively within 

the parameters stated in the Operator’s Manual and Operations Limitations.

Operations under this exemption will be closely controlled and monitored by the operator and will be 

conducted in compliance with local public safety requirements, to provide security for the area of 

operation. Coleman Engineering will also, if necessary, provide the FAA with advance notice of all 

operations via NOTAMS and in coordination with the local FSDO. In all cases, the UAS operated 

under the proposed conditions will be at least as safe as, or safer than, conventional rotorcraft operating 

with an airworthiness certificate without the restrictions and conditions of the proposed UAS 

operations.

14 C.F.R. Part 27 Airworthiness Standards: Normal Category Rotorcraft

14 C.P.R. Part 27 sets forth the procedural requirements for airworthiness certification of normal 

category rotorcraft. To the extent that Coleman Engineering UAS would otherwise require certification 

under Part 27, we seek an exemption from Part 27's airworthiness standards for the same reasons 

identified in the request for exemption from 14 C.F.R. Part 21, Subpart H.
14 C.F.R. §§45.23(b), Display of marks; general

These regulations provide that each aircraft must display "N" and the aircraft's registration number in 

letters at least 2 inches high. Additionally, the aircraft must display the word "EXPERIMENTAL" in 

letters at least 2 inches high near the entrance to the cabin, cockpit, or pilot station. The UAS does not 

have an entrance in which the word "EXPERIMENTAL" can be placed, and may not have a registration 

number assigned to it by the FAA.

Coleman Engineering proposes to achieve an equivalent level of safety by including the word 

"EXPERIMENTAL" as large as practicable on the top of the aircraft, where the PIC, VO and others in the 

vicinity of the aircraft while it is preparing for launch will be able to see the designation. Finally, the 

ground station will display a high contrast flag or banner that contains the words "Unmanned Aircraft 

Ground Station" in letters 3 inches high or greater. Since the aircraft will operate within 3/4 NM of the 

ground station, the banner should be visible to anyone that observes the aircraft and chooses to investigate 

its point of origin. 

In a previous Grant of Exemption, Regulatory Docket No. FAA-2014-0352, the FAA determined that 

exemption from these requirements was warranted provided that the aircraft "have identification (NNumber) markings in accordance with 14 C.F.R part 45, Subpart C if the markings are as large as 

practicable."

14 CFR § 61.113 (a) and (b); 61.3 (c,2-v): Private Pilot Privileges and Limitations, Medical

Certificate

In addition, Coleman Engineering seeks exemption from 14 C.F.R § 61.113, which restricts private pilot 

certificate holders from flying aircraft for compensation or hire, and which would also require a second 

class medical certificate. The purpose of this section is to ensure the skill and competency of any PIC 

where the aircraft is carrying passengers or cargo for hire. In this case, while the UAS will be operated as 

part of a commercial operation, it carries neither passengers nor cargo. In the Grant of Exemption in FAA 

Docket No. FAA-2014-0352, the FAA determined that the unique characteristics of UAS operation 

outside of controlled airspace did not warrant the additional cost and restrictions attendant with requiring

the PIC to have a commercial pilot certificate and class II medical certificate. Additionally, instead of 

having a second or third class medical, we suggest that the PIC exercise the privileges similar to that of a 

sport pilot, requiring only a valid US driver’s license.

Safety Mitigation

Coleman Engineering seeks to ensure safe operation by ensuring that any PIC is thoroughly versed in 

airspace and communication issues pertaining to all aircraft operators but also in the unique aspects of 

UAS flight.

We believe the combination of aeronautical knowledge, UAS airmanship skills, and verification through 

remaining current is a sufficient method to evaluate a pilot’s qualifications, given that operations will be 

conducted within the limitations outlined in this petition. Like with any required skill, the more flight time 

the PIC gains, the more proficient the PIC becomes.
14 C.F.R. § 91.7(a): Civil Aircraft Airworthiness

Coleman Engineering seeks an exemption from 14 C.F.R. § 91.7(a), which requires that a civil aircraft be 

in airworthy condition to be operated. The FAA has stated (Regulatory Docket No. FAA-2014-0352) that 

no exemption is required to the extent that the requirements of Part 21 are waived or found inapplicable.

14 C.F.R. § 91.9(b)(2): Civil Aircraft Flight Manual in the Aircraft

Given its size, configuration, and load capacity, the 3DR X8-M has no ability to carry such a manual on 

the aircraft, not only because there is no pilot on board, but because there is simply no room or capacity to 

carry such an item on the aircraft.

Safety Mitigation

The safety related purpose of this manual requirement can be equally satisfied by maintaining the 3DR 

X8-M Manual at the ground control point where the pilot flying the 3DR X8-M will have immediate 

access to it. Accordingly, we request an exemption from § 91.9(b) (2)'s flight manual requirements, on the 

condition that the 3DR X8-M flight manual be available at the point of control during each operation.

14 C.F.R. § 91.103: Preflight Action

Coleman Engineering seeks an exemption from 14 C.P.R.§ 91.103, which requires a PIC to become 

familiar with specific information before each flight, including information contained in the FAAapproved Flight Manual on board the aircraft. While the PIC will be familiar with all information 

necessary to safely conduct the flight, an exemption is requested to the extent that an FAA-approved 

Flight manual is required.

Safety Mitigation

An equivalent level of safety will be provided by following the Aircraft Operations Manual and flight 

manual provided by the manufacturer. The PIC will take all required preflight actions, including 

performing all required checklists and reviewing weather, flight requirements, battery charge, landing and 

takeoff distance, aircraft performance data, and contingency landing areas before initiation of flight. The 

Operators Manual and Operational Limitations will be kept at the ground station with the operator at all 

times.

14 C.F.R. § 91.109(a): Flight Instruction

Coleman Engineering seeks an exemption from 14 C.F.R. § 91.109(a), which provides that "no person 

may operate a civil aircraft (except a manned free balloon) that is being used for flight instruction unless 

that aircraft has fully functioning dual controls." UAS and remotely piloted aircraft, by their design, do 

not have functional dual controls. Instead, flight control is accomplished through the use of a device that 

communicates with the aircraft via radio communications.
Safety Mitigation

Given the size and speed of the UAS employed by Coleman Engineering, an equivalent level of safe 

training can still be performed without dual controls because no pilot or passengers are aboard the UAS, 

and all persons will be a safe distance away in the event that the UAS encounters any difficulties during 

flight instruction. In addition, we will conduct flight training at our Research and Development test sites, 

which are located on our own property. These training flights will be conducted in a sterile area and will 

otherwise comply with the provisions in the Operator’s Manual for flights at the R&D facility. The FAA 

has stated (Regulatory Docket No. FAA-2014-0352) that no exemption is required.

14 C.F.R. § 91.119: Minimum Safe Altitudes

Coleman Engineering requests an exemption from the minimum safe altitude requirements of 14 C.F.R. 

§91.119. Section 91.119 prescribes the minimum safe altitudes under which aircraft may not operate, 

including 500 feet above the surface and away from any person, vessel, vehicle, or structure in noncongested areas. See 14 C.F.R. §91.119(c). Section 91.119(d) allows for a helicopter to operate at less 

than those minimum altitudes when it can be operated "without hazard to persons or property on the 

surface," provided that "each person operating the helicopter complies with any routes or altitudes 

specifically prescribed for helicopter by the FAA.”

Safety Mitigation

Compared to flight operations with rotorcraft weighing far more than the maximum weights proposed 

herein, and given the lack of flammable fuel, any risk associated with these operations is far less than 

those that presently exist with conventional aircraft. An equivalent level of safety will be achieved given 

the size, weight, and speed of the UAS, as well as the location where it is operated. In order to avoid any 

risk to aircraft, flight operations will be restricted to 400' AGL or below.

14 C.F.R. § 91.121: Altimeter Settings

This petition seeks an exemption from 14 C.F.R. §91.121, which requires a person operating an aircraft to 

maintain cruising altitude or flight level by reference to an altimeter that is set to the elevation of the 

departure airport or barometric pressure. An exemption is required to the extent that the UAS does not 

have a barometric altimeter, but rather a GPS altitude read out.

Safety Mitigation

The FAA has stated that an equivalent level of safety can be achieved if the UAS will be operated at 400' 

AGL or below and within visual line-of-sight in addition to GPS based altitude information relayed in real 

time to the operator. See Grant of Exemption to Astraeus Aerial, Docket No. FAA-2014-0352. As the 

attached Operations Manual indicates, the chosen UAS meets these requirements, and a zero altitude 

initiation point will be obtained prior to flight
14 C.F.R. § 91.151(a): Fuel Requirements for Flight in VFR Conditions

Coleman Engineering requests an exemption from 14 C.F.R. §91.15l(a)'s fuel requirements for flight in 

VFR conditions. Section 91.151 states:

(a) No person may begin a flight in an airplane under VFR conditions unless (considering wind and 

forecast weather conditions) there is enough fuel to fly to the first point of intended landing and, 

assuming normal cruising speed

(1) During the day, to fly after that for at least 30 minutes; or

(2) At night, to fly after that for at least 45 minutes.

Here, the technological limitations on UAS battery power means that no meaningful flight operations can 

be conducted while still maintaining a 30 minute reserve. Coleman Engineering proposes that all flights 

comply with this requirement by mandating that the aircraft be safely landed with no less than 25% of 

battery life remaining.

Safety Mitigation

The FAA has stated that an equivalent level of safety is provided if the UAS flight is terminated with at 

least 25% reserve battery power still available. See Grant of Exemption to Astraeus Aerial, Docket No. 

PAA-2014-0352. The Operations Manual conforms to this limit, providing an equivalent level of safety.

14 CFR 91.203(a) & (b) Civil aircraft: Certifications required.

The regulation provides that an airworthiness certificate, with the registration number assigned to the 

aircraft and a registration certificate must be aboard the aircraft. Additionally, subparagraph (b) provides 

that the airworthiness certificate be "displayed at the cabin or cockpit entrance so that it is legible to 

passengers or crew." 

At a maximum gross weight of less than 7 pounds, the UAS is too small to carry documentation, does not 

have an entrance, and is not capable of carrying passengers or crew. To obtain an equivalent level of 

safety and meet the intent of 91.203, we propose that documents deemed appropriate for this aircraft by 

the FAA will be co-located with the crew at the ground control station and available for inspection upon 

request. The FAA has stated (Regulatory Docket No. FAA-2014-0352) that no exemption is required.

14 C.F.R. 91.405(a); 91.407(a)(1); 91.409(a)(2); and 91.417(a) and (b) Maintenance Required

Coleman Engineering seeks an exemption from the maintenance inspection requirements contained in 14 

C.P.R.§91.405(a), 91.407(a)(1), 91.409(a)(2); 91.417(a) and (b). These regulations specify maintenance 

and inspection standards in reference to 14 C.P.R. Part 43. See, e.g., 14 C.P.R. §91.405(a) (stating that 

each owner or operator of an aircraft "shall have the aircraft inspected as prescribed in subpart E of this 

part and shall between required inspections ...have discrepancies repaired as prescribed in part 43 of this 

chapter"). An exemption from these regulations is needed because Part 43 and these sections only apply 

to aircraft with an airworthiness certificate, which the UAS’s will not have.

Safety Mitigation

An equivalent level of safety will be achieved because maintenance and inspections will be performed in 

accordance with the Operators Manual. As provided in the Operators Manual, flights will not be 

conducted unless a flight operations checklist is performed that includes all of the aircraft's components.
Appendix B
X8-M

Operation Manual

V.1 2014

©3D Robotics

DCT006

Thank you for purchasing an X8-M! This manual contains important information about your aerial 

mapping platform. Please read these instructions before your first flight. 

1 Plan 1

2 Fly 19

3 Process 30

Appendix 34

Online information portal: 3DR.com/X8-M

3DR support: help@3DR.com

Terms and conditions: 3DR.com/terms

Pix4D instructions: support.Pix4D.com
1

1 Plan

Parts 2

Flight Battery 3

Charging 3

Safety 3

Powering the X8 4

Camera Setup 5

3DR EAI 5

Charging 5

Starting a Mission 5

Mounting 6

Ground Station Setup 7

Download Software 7

Connect to Radio 7

Mission Planning 8

Operating Parameters 8

Load Maps 9

Draw Polygon 10

Configure Survey 11

Save and Write Mission 18
2

Parts

RC controller and 

accessories

batteries (2)

hex keys

propeller wrench

spare UV filter

spare mounting nut

Android adapter cable

SF propellers 

SFP propellers 

charger and 

accessories

micro-USB cable

battery guard bag

Pixhawk micro-SD 

card adapter

X8

ground station radio

FPV/OSD System 

If you selected to receive a FPV/OSD system, those components 

will be included with the X8’s accessories. See page 27 for parts 

and instructions.

registration card and 

Pix4D license key
3

1 

Connect the charger to the power adapter cable 

and a wall outlet. Connect the red cable to the + 

port and the black cable to the - port.

+

–

2 

Set the charger to LiPo and 3A.

LiPo 3A

3 

Connect the white connector to the 4S port, and 

join the two yellow connectors together. 

4S

4 

Secure the battery inside the guard bag, 

and charge until the status indicator 

displays green.

Charging

Complete

The X8 is powered by a rechargeable lithium polymer (LiPo) battery. 

Charge the battery before your first flight.

!

Flying with a low battery is a safety risk and can render the 

battery permanently unusable. Always fly with a fully charged 

battery. 

Charge the battery using a designated LiPo balance charger 

only. Always monitor the battery while charging. Protect the 

battery from extreme heat, extreme cold, puncturing, and 

flammable surfaces. Always transport, charge, and store the 

battery in the guard bag.

Inspect the battery for damage before and after flying. If you 

observe any swelling of the package or the battery ceases 

to function, do not use the battery; locate your local battery 

recycling center, and dispose of the battery. In the US and 

Canada, visit call2recycle.org to find a location. Do not 

dispose of the battery in the trash.

Flight Battery

Charging Safety

Charger with power cable and 

split-wire charging cable

Charger settings

Flight battery charging wiring Charging in process
4

2

Attach the battery to the underside of the 

copter using the velcro straps, and join the 

yellow connectors.

Powering the X8

!

It is important to establish communication 

before powering on the X8. Always turn 

on the controller before connecting the 

battery. When powering off the X8, 

disconnect the battery before turning off 

the controller.

1

Turn on the controller. To avoid triggering 

the controller’s startup alarm, ensure that 

all switches are set back (away from you) 

and the throttle stick is set fully down.

RC controller

Throttle stick

Switches
5

Camera Setup

The X8 includes a Canon PowerShot SX260 HS running the 3DR EAI script.

SD card locked

Load 3DR EAI

» Fly a mapping mission

SD card unlocked

Load default Canon software

» View images on camera

» Save images to ground station

» Update script

3DR EAI (Exposure-Aperture-ISO)

3DR EAI runs on the Canon Hacker Development Kit (CHDK), a powerful opensource tool that expands the functionality of Canon point-and-shoot cameras. 3DR 

EAI optimizes image exposure and integrates with the Pixhawk autopilot to enable 

distance-based imaging.

This software is designed to load off the camera’s SD card, leaving the original Canon 

programming intact. The yellow switch on the side of the SD card allows you to lock 

or unlock the card. Lock the SD card to run 3DR EAI; unlock the SD card to save 

images to your ground station or to boot the camera with its original programming.

For more information about 3DR EAI, see page 36.

Charging

Charge the camera battery before your first flight. Once 

fully charged, insert the battery into the camera.

status indicator

Starting a Mission

To prepare the camera to fly a mapping mission, ensure 

that the mode dial is set to P (program) mode. Power on the 

camera using the silver button on the top. 3DR EAI will start 

automatically, and you will see the script messages on the 

camera display. Check to see that the last line of the script 

reads waiting on USB signal. The camera is now ready to map!

power button

Camera ready to map: waiting on USB signal

Canon battery charger

Power off the camera before removing the SD card. !

Camera running 3DR EAI Camera running Canon software

mode dial
6

mounting plate

latch

When the camera is ready to start the mission, open the latch, and insert the 

camera into the mount. Close the latch, and rotate the mount so the camera 

faces down. Connect the mini-USB cable to the camera.

Mounting

The camera mount includes a cap to protect the UV filter during travel. Before you 

fly, remove the cap, and check that the filter contains no dirt particles or scratches 

that could affect image quality. If you notice any damage to the filter that could affect 

image quality, screw off the filter and replace with the extra filter provided with the X8.

Connect mini-USB cable 

here.

Camera (side)

UV filter

Camera enclosure with cap Camera enclosure with cap removed

mini-USB cable
7

Mission Planner

Your license key for Pix4Dmapper can be found on the registration card 

inside the documents package. 

Visit mapper.pix4d.com/license-redeem to create an account and redeem 

your license key; then visit pix4d.com/download to download Pix4Dmapper 

Discovery. Pix4D will automatically upgrade from the Discovery edition to 

the LT 3DR Edition (or Pro Edition if you selected to upgrade) when you 

log in to the program with your Pix4D account information.

Mission Planner is a full-featured ground station application for planning 

missions and monitoring the X8 in flight. Download Mission Planner 

from 3DR.com/download_software.

If you already have Mission Planner installed, make sure you’re running 

the most recent version: Select the Help tab and Check for Updates.

Mission Planner: Help tab

Ground Station Setup

Pix4Dmapper LT 3DR Edition

To connect the X8 to Mission Planner, connect the ground station radio to 

the laptop, and power the X8.

1 

Connect the ground station radio to your 

laptop using the micro-USB cable. Open 

Mission Planner.

3 

Select Flight Data to view live data from the X8.

2 

Select 57600 and AUTO, then select CONNECT. 

(When connecting directly to Pixhawk’s 

micro-USB port, set the rate to 115200.)

Download Software Connect to Radio

Mission Planner allows you to turn a Windows laptop into a full-featured 

ground station for configuring and monitoring autonomous missions. You will 

need to take this laptop into the field when you fly the mission. As part of the 

mission procedure, you will use the Pix4D Rapid Check to verify the quality of 

the image set before leaving the field.

Ground station laptop with radio connected

Mission Planner Connect tool (top-right corner))

Mission Planner Flight Data tab: connected to aircraft
8

Operating Parameters

Camera Canon SX260

Camera Orientation Landscape (top facing forward)

Operating Altitude 50-120 m

Default Altitude 60 m

Low-Wind Conditions 0-6 m/s

High-Wind Conditions 7-10 m/s 

Maximum Wind Conditions 10 m/s

Operating Speed 1-17 m/s

Default Speed 5 m/s

Estimated Maximum Flight Time 14 min

Estimated Ground Resolution 2 cm/pixel

Estimated Maximum Survey Area .1 km2

Minimum Photo Interval 2 seconds

The X8 is a complete solution for creating high-resolution 

visual-spectrum aerial maps. 

Pixhawk 

autopilot 

system

Pix4Dmapper 

LT 3DR Edition

Canon SX260

3DR EAI

To create a map, the X8 flies an autonomous mission over 

the survey site, using the integration between the Pixhawk 

autopilot and custom-programmed camera to capture 

images at a consistent distance interval. Pix4Dmapper 

then stitches these images together into a georeferenced, 

orthorectified mosaic.

The accuracy of the map depends on the configuration of 

the mission. Planning a mission that captures high-quality 

images requires balancing the X8’s operating parameters 

with the environmental factors at the survey site.

Mission Planning

Operating Parameters
9

1

Open Mission Planner, select Flight Plan, and 

zoom to your flying location. 

2

Right-click on the map, select Map Tool and 

Prefetch, and accept the defaults prompts. 

Mission Planner will download the maps 

for the selected location to your computer. 

3

Mission Planner will attempt to load the map data from the current level of zoom down to the 

closest level of zoom available. However, it can take hours to pre-fetch every level of zoom, 

and it is unlikely that the closer levels will be useful in planning the mission. To shortcut this 

process, check the slider on the right side of the map. The levels of zoom are represented by 

this slider from 0 (bottom) to 25 (top). Press the ESC key to skip levels of zoom at a greater 

detail than you need for mission planning.

Load Maps

Mission Planner allows you to plan the mission away from the mapping location; 

however, it is important to assess the environmental conditions on site at the time 

of the mission and adjust the flight plan if necessary. Alternatively, you can plan 

the entire mission at the mapping location. To create or alter the mission, Mission 

Planner requires an Internet connection to access the maps. If you’re unable to 

access the Internet on site, follow the instructions below to pre-fetch the maps 

within Mission Planner while you have Internet access.

Mission Planner Flight Plan tab: zoom to mapping location Mission Planner Flight Plan tab: Select Prefetch
10

2

Right click on the map. Select Draw Polygon and 

Add Polygon Point. Click and drag to add points 

around the area you want to map. 

3

Right click on the polygon. Select Auto WP and 

Survey (Grid) to open the Survey Tool.

Units

The Survey Tool uses metric units. If your Mission Planner is 

set to imperial units, please change the settings to use metric 

to plan the mission. Support for imperial units in Mission 

Planner is coming soon; check 3DR.com/X8-M for updates.

Draw Polygon

To begin planning the mapping mission, select the area you want to map using 

the Polygon tool. You’ll be able to adjust the size and shape of the polygon later in 

the mission configuration process.

1

Select Flight Plan, and zoom to your 

mapping location.

Mission Planner Flight Plan tab: zoom to mapping location

Mission Planner Flight Plan tab: draw polygon Mission Planner Flight Plan tab: open Survey tool

!
11

Configure Survey: Set Default Parameters 

Set Camera

Canon SX260-SX280

Set Camera Orientation

Check the option for Camera top 

facing forward.

Set Default Speed

5 m/s 

Apply Survey Speed

Check the option for Use speed for this mission. 

If unchecked, the mission will use the X8’s 

default speed of 5 m/s regardless of the speed 

selected in the Survey Tool.

Mission Planner: Survey Tool

Mission Planner: Survey Tool
12

Set Angle

Wind Direction

In environments with winds of less than 6 m/s, set the angle so 

that the X8 flies into the wind. In winds from 7-10 m/s, configure 

the flight path to travel perpendicular to the wind so the X8 flies 

cross-wind.

No. of Strips 

Adjust the angle so that the X8 makes as few turns as possible to 

complete its course. The No. of Strips parameter shows how many 

passes the X8 will make as you adjust the angle. 

Review Wind Conditions On-Site

Always assess the wind conditions at your survey site at the time 

of the mission and adjust the mission accordingly.

Adjust Polygon

Click and drag the red polygon points to adjust the size and 

shape of the polygon from the Survey Tool. 

Configure Survey: Set Angle 

wind

Angle in high winds (7-10 m/s)

Angle in low winds (1-6 m/s)

!

Use caution when flying in winds over 10m/s. Mapping results 

may degrade as a result of inability to make headway or maintain 

appropriate groundspeed.

wind

wind

Mission Planner: Survey Tool
13

Set Altitude

Recommended altitude: 60 m

Operating altitude: 50-100 m

Increasing altitude decreases flight time, allowing you to 

cover more area per minute. Decreasing altitude improves 

ground resolution. Set the altitude to get the best ground 

resolution while keeping the flight time under 14 min and 

the altitude under 120 m.

Keep altitude below 120 m, and ensure that the altitude is 

appropriate for your flying area and local regulations.

!

Check Flight Time

Flight Time estimates the duration of the mission. The total 

estimated flight time must be under 14 min for a fully 

charged X8 battery. To decrease flight time, increase 

altitude or speed.

High winds, humidity, high altitude, and extreme heat can 

affect power consumption and reduce flight time. Consider 

the environmental factors at your site when configuring 

flight time.

In this example, we increased speed to 8 m/s to keep 

flight time below 14 min while allowing for moderate wind 

conditions. When increasing speed, keep in mind that the 

increased power required to travel faster will impact flight 

time.

Check Ground Resolution

Ground Resolution is the centimeters per pixel that 

you will have in the map and corresponds to the 

amount of detail that you will see.

To improve ground resolution by decreasing the 

number of centimeters per pixel, decrease altitude.

Configure Survey: Set Altitude 

Mission Planner: Survey Tool
14

Check Photo Interval

Photo Every must be longer than 2 seconds for the SX260 

camera.

Altitude

Increasing altitude increases photo interval.

Keep altitude below 120 m, and ensure that the altitude is 

appropriate for your flying area and local regulations.

!

Speed

Decreasing speed increases photo interval. 

Ensure that the Use speed for this mission option is checked.

!

Configure Survey: Check Photo Interval 

Mission Planner: Survey Tool
15

Takeoff and Land WP’s

For automatic takeoff and landing (recommended)

Check the Add Takeoff and Land WP’s option.

Check the Use RTL option. 

After initiating the mission, the X8 will automatically take off, climb to 

the survey altitude, and begin the mission. At the end of the mission, 

the X8 will automatically return to the launch point and land.

For manual takeoff and automatic landing

Uncheck the Add Takeoff and Land WP’s option.

Check the Use RTL option. 

Take off manually, and initiate the mission in flight. To end the 

mission, the X8 will land automatically at the launch point.

Configure Survey: Set Takeoff and Landing 

Mission Planner: Survey Tool
16

Check Advanced Options

to view the Survey Tool’s advanced configuration options.

Adjust Overlap and Sidelap

Overlap and sidelap are set to 50% and 60%, respectively, 

by default. See page 35 for an in-depth discussion of these 

parameters.

Adjust StartFrom

During the mission, you will maintain contact with the X8 through 

the RC controller and ground station signals. If these signals are 

lost during flight, the X8 will respond with the assigned failsafe 

behaviors. See page 29. If your mission is likely to experience a 

loss of signal, it is best practice to start from the corner of the 

mission farthest from the launch point.

Configure Survey: Advanced Options 

Camera Config

The options under the Camera Config tab 

allow you to configure a camera other than 

the SX260 and won’t be used for operating 

the X8.

Survey Tool: Grid Options (Advanced) Select Grid Options

Mission Planner: Survey Tool
17

Before accepting the survey, check that the mission complies with the X8’s operating parameters. Once you 

accept the survey, you will not be able to edit it directly by re-opening the Survey Tool. If you need to adjust the 

survey, clear the mission (right click, select Clear Mission), and repeat the survey configuration process.

Camera

Canon SX260-SX280

Altitude

50-100 m

Camera top facing forward

checked

Flying speed

1-17 m/s

Use speed for this mission

checked (optional if speed set to default speed of 5 m/s)

Photo Every

greater than 2 s

Flight time

under 14 min depending on environmental conditions

! Do not accept the mission if any of the parameters 

exceed the X8’s operating limits.

Operating Parameters

Configure Survey: Accept Survey 

Accept

Select Accept to save the mission.

If Mission Planner prompts you for a home altitude, enter the 

altitude that you specified in the Survey Tool.
18

Select Write WPs

to save the mission to the X8.

Select Save WP File

to save the mission file to your computer. To 

repeat this mapping mission, load the saved 

WP file from your computer.

On the Flight Plan screen, save the waypoint file to your computer and write the mission to the X8.

Save and Write Mission
19

2 Fly

Safety 20

Aircraft Operation 21

Components 21

Assembly 22

Controls 23

Modes 24

Preflight Checks 25

LED Indicators and Tones 25

GPS Lock 25

Arming and Disarming 26

FPV System Operation 27

Flying Mapping Missions 28

Takeoff Checklist 28

Initiating 28

Monitoring 28

Failsafes 29
20

To ensure safe and successful flying, familiarize yourself with the safety information 

on this page. Always fly in accordance with your location regulations and these 

best operating practices.

visual line 

of sight 400 ft

(120 m)

100 ft (30 m) 5 miles (8 km)

Always fly at least 100 feet (30 m) away from 

people, vehicles, and buildings. Make the 

safety of people and property your first priority!

Always fly below 400 ft (120 m) and within your 

visual line of sight. Don’t let the X8 get too far 

away from you; make sure you can always see 

its orientation. Don’t fly in low light, heavy wind, 

rain, or other conditions that might impede 

visibility.

Always fly at least 5 miles (8 km) away from 

airports and other areas where pilots operate 

manned aircraft.

5 miles (8 km)

visual line 

of sight 400 ft

(120 m)

100 ft (30 m) 5 miles (8 km)

Before you fly, determine the boundaries of your safe flying area. If the X8 moves 

outside the designated area or exhibits instability in flight, switch to altitude hold 

mode and land the copter manually.

The X8 will not avoid obstacles on its own, including during missions. As the 

operator, it’s your job to recognize and avoid obstructions while flying. Always be 

ready to regain manual control of the copter in the event of an unsafe situation. 

Spinning propellers can cause serious injury. The 

safety button indicates the status of the motors to 

help you prevent hazardous contact with the X8’s 

high-speed propellers.

• When the X8 is powered on, the safety 

 button will blink red, indicating that the 

 motors are inactive and the propellers are 

 safe to handle.

• When you’re ready to fly, press and hold the 

safety button until it shows solid red. This 

 indicates that the motors are active and the 

 propellers can spin if armed. To make the 

 propellers safe to handle again, press and 

 hold the safety button until it blinks red.

! You can find more safety tips throughout these 

instructions where you see this yellow box.

visual line 

of sight 400 ft

(120 m)

100 ft (30 m) 5 miles (8 km)

visual line 

of sight 400 ft

(120 m)

100 ft (30 m) 5 miles (8 km)

Location

Propeller

Safety 
21

Aircraft Operation

Components

safety button

camera integration 

cable

status LED

Pixhawk autopilot

front arms

rear arms

camera mount
22

Propellers

Remove the nuts and washers from the motors. Add SFP propellers and SF 

propellers as marked below with the writing on the propellers facing towards 

the sky. This will be a tight fit; apply pressure and twist the propeller onto the 

shaft.

Place the washer over the propeller, and secure the 

nut tightly on top using the propeller wrench.

Arms

Remove the bolt and nut outside each arm. Rotate the arm into position, insert the 

bolt through the plates and the arm, and secure the arm in place with the nut.

The X8 arrives in travel configuration. Complete these steps to prepare the copter for flight.

travel position

remove

secure with 

bolt

flight position

slide each arm 

into position

Ensure writing on all propellers faces the sky. !

Assembly

Top motor: SF

Bottom motor: SFP

Bottom motor: SF

Top motor: SF Top motor: SFP

Bottom motor: SFP

Bottom motor: SF

Top motor: SFP
23

throttle up

Increase speed and 

altitude.

throttle down

Decrease speed and 

altitude.

throttle fully down

Land.

yaw left

yaw right

Rotate 

counterclockwise.

Rotate 

clockwise.

Fly the X8 manually using the RC controller.

yaw

throttle

Throttle: Move the left stick forward and backward to control altitude and 

 acceleration.

Yaw: Move the left stick horizontally to rotate and control orientation. 

 Navigate by orienting the X8 with the blue arms facing forward.

Pitch: Move the right stick vertically to fly forward and backward.

Roll: Move the right stick horizontally to fly to the left and to the right.

Controls 

roll

pitch

roll and pitch center Automatically level.

roll left

roll right

Fly to the left.

Fly to the right.

pitch up

pitch down

Fly forward.

Fly backward.
24

Auto - fly a mission

Fly an autonomous mission. This is the mode that the X8 will use to create the map.

Altitude hold - assisted manual control

Altitude hold mode provides manual control of roll, pitch, and yaw, while allowing the 

autopilot to maintain the current altitude automatically. Set the left stick to center, 

and the copter will automatically maintain the current altitude. Raise the throttle stick 

above center to increase altitude (and to take off), and lower the throttle stick below 

center to decrease altitude. Adjust altitude and orientation with the left stick, and 

navigate with the right stick. 

Loiter - hover

With automatic autopilot control of altitude, position, and orientation, loiter is the 

easiest way to fly. Just release the sticks and the copter will hover in place.

Return to launch (RTL) - recall and land

Activate RTL during the mission to end your flight automatically. RTL commands 

the X8 to achieve a minimum altitude of 15 meters, return to the launch point, hover 

for five seconds, and land. Use the right stick to adjust the position of the X8 during 

landing,

Stabilize - full manual control

Stabilize allows full manual control of altitude, position, and orientation without

autopilot assistance. 

GEAR/MIX selects the set of modes.

 FLAP/GYRO selects the specific mode, 

either 0, 1, or 2.

To select a flight mode:

First, set the GEAR/MIX switch to select a set of modes. Then use the 

FLAP/GYRO switch to 0, 1, or 2 to select a specific mode. 

With GEAR/MIX set to GEAR,

set FLAP/GYRO to: 0 for Stabilize 

 1 for Loiter

 2 for Auto

With GEAR/MIX set to MIX,

set FLAP/GYRO to: 0 for Stabilize

 1 for Altitude hold 

 2 for RTL

Modes 

RC controller (top)
25

Pre-flight Checks

Visual Check

Before flying, examine the X8 to verify the following:

» All propellers are tightly attached in the correct order with the writing 

on each propeller facing the sky.

» All propellers can spin without obstruction.

» The antenna is oriented vertically.

Test Flight

Before flying the mission, fly a brief test flight to verify that the X8:

» Responds to controls correctly in stabilize mode.

» Holds position in loiter mode.

» Correctly executes a return-to-launch command.

LED Indicators

Low battery, automatic landing

Loss of RC signal, automatic landing

System error, see troubleshooting guide

Loss of GPS signal, automatic landing

Initializing, please wait

Acquiring GPS, please wait

Armed

Tones

Visit 3DR.com/X8-M to listen to Pixhawk’s status tones.

GPS Lock

Auto, RTL, and loiter modes requires GPS lock. When powered, 

the autopilot will automatically search for GPS lock. If you plan to 

use auto, RTL, or loiter modes during your flight, ensure that the 

autopilot acquires GPS lock before takeoff, indicated by a blinking 

green status LED. Autopilot ready, GPS locked
26

Arming and disarming are important steps that must be completed before takeoff and after 

landing. There are two steps to arming the X8: the safety button and the throttle stick. !

The arming and disarming procedures ensure that you 

can safety start and stop motors without risk of injury.

The X8’s motors will spin when armed! Make sure the 

propellers are clear of any obstructions, including your 

hands, before arming. 

Do not handle the propellers or pick up the copter while 

the safety button is 

active (solid red).

Arming

1

When you’re ready to fly, place the copter at 

a clear launch point, with the blue arms facing 

away from you.

2

Press and hold the safety button until it displays solid red. 

This indicates that the X8 is now active. Stand back!

Motors inactive, safe to handle

Motors active, deactivate before handling

3

To arm the motors, hold the left stick 

down/right until the motors spin.

Disarming

1

To disarm the motors, hold the left stick 

down/left until the motors stop.

2

Press and hold the safety button until it blinks red. 

The motors are now inactive, and the X8 is safe to 

handle.

Arming and Disarming

Before arming, check the status LED. Before you fly, wait for the autopilot to acquire GPS 

lock. The LED will flash blue while the X8 acquires GPS; this can take a few minutes. Once 

you see the flashing green LED, the autopilot has acquired GPS lock. 

Autopilot ready, GPS locked

Autopilot ready, no GPS

Initializing, please wait. 

Pre-arm check failure, see page 39.
27

FPV System Operation

If you selected to receive an optional FPV/OSD system, the components are pre-installed 

into the X8 to transmit on-board video.

AV receiver

Antenna

Batteries (1 plus 1 spare)

Receiver cables

Parts 2 Wire and power receiver

Attach an antenna to the receiver. Connect the AV output cable to either receiver AV OUT 

port. Connect the RC power cable to the receiver DC IN port, and attach a battery to the red 

connector.

1 Charge battery

Charge both batteries before your first flight. Set the charger to LiPo and 1A. Connect the 

white battery connector to the 3S port, and connect the XT60-JST charger adapter to the 

red battery connector and yellow 

charger connector.

3S port

Transmitter

Camera

Remove lens cap!

3 Remove lens cap

The video transmitter is powered by the main flight battery and will automatically 

turn on when the X8 is powered. To turn off the transmitter, disconnect the red 

JST connector. Remove the lens cap from the camera before takeoff.

LiPo 1A

4 Viewing video

When using a 3DR Black Pearl Monitor to view your video, set the mode to DIV (M button 

changes modes), the channel to 8 (+ and - buttons), and the band to E (press the power 

button to access the menu).

For more information about configuring the FPV/OSD system, visit 3DR.com/X8-M.
28

Flying Mapping Missions

Takeoff Checklist

Before flying the mission, check the following:

» Camera is on with mission script ready and is secured into the 

mount with the mini-USB cable connected and the cap removed. 

» X8 is powered and connected to the ground station with all pre-flight 

checks passed.

» The survey mission has been adjusted to account for present 

environmental conditions and saved to the X8.

Initiating 

For automatic takeoff, arm the X8 in stabilize mode. Switch to auto mode, and 

raise the throttle to initiate the mission.

For manual takeoff, initiate the mission in flight by switching to auto mode.

Monitoring

Mission Planner Flight Data: Attitude

1 Heading direction

2 Bank angle

3 Altitude* (black) and rate of climb (blue bar)

4 Ground speed

Status

4 Distance to current waypoint > 

 current waypoint number

5 GPS status*

6 Battery status*

1 Ground station signal*

2 GPS time

3 Currently 

 enabled mode

1

2

3

4

1

2

3

4

5

6

Monitor the X8 closely during the mission using your line of sight and the 

Mission Planner Flight Data screen.

Actions

1 Change waypoints or restart a mission

2 Change modes

3 Change altitude

Flight Map

1 Current heading

2 Direct path to current waypoint

3 GPS-reported direction of travel

4 Actual flight path

5 Latitude, longitude

6 Altitude

1

2

3

1

2

3

4

5

6 Full battery: 16.8 V

Low battery failsafe: 14 V

 End your flight at 14.1 V! !

*Failsafe behavior enabled
29

400 ft

(120 m)

Failsafes

400 ft

(120 m)

visual line 

of sight 400 ft

(120 m)

100 ft (30 m) 5 miles (8 km)

400 ft

(120 m)

Low Battery Failsafe

Environmental conditions can affect power consumption. Use the Mission Planner Flight Data 

display to monitor the voltage of the battery during flight.

If the battery reaches 14 V, the X8 will land automatically at the current position, indicated by a 

blinking yellow status LED and a quick repeating tone.

The X8 is programmed with a set of failsafe behaviors to prevent a crash in the event of a loss 

of one of the data or communication channels required for autonomous flight. Although certain 

failsafes have assigned LED indicators and tones, it is unlikely that you will be able to see these at a 

distance. Monitor the Flight Data screen for failsafe indications. If a failsafe is triggered, the assigned 

behavior will activate. To override the failsafe behavior (RTL in most cases), use the controller to 

regain manual control. 

Regaining Manual Control

To regain manual control during the mission, switch to altitude hold mode using the controller. If 

you’re a confident operator, switch to stabilize mode for full manual control. If you observe instability 

in the X8’s flight behavior or it the aircraft moves outside your designated safe flying area, switch to 

RTL. Turning off the controller will automatically trigger an RTL and can be used in an emergency 

situation as a hard recall command.

Ground Station Signal Failsfe

Physical obstructions and interference from nearby wireless signals can affect the X8’s connection 

with the ground station. Use the Mission Planner Flight Data display to monitor the ground station 

connection strength during flight.

If the X8 loses contact with the ground station for over five seconds, it will automatically return to 

the launch point and land. 

RC Controller Signal Failsafe

Physical obstructions and interference from nearby wireless signals can affect the X8’s connection with the RC controller. 

If the X8 loses contact with the RC controller, it will return to the launch point automatically and 

land, indicated by a blinking yellow status LED.

GPS Failsafe

Enclosed areas, physical obstructions, and lack of available satellites can affect GPS strength. 

Use the Mission Planner Flight Data display to monitor the GPS during flight.

If the X8 loses GPS lock for over five seconds, it will land automatically at the current position.

visual line 

of sight 400 ft

(120 m)

100 ft (30 m) 5 miles (8 km)

Altitude Failsafe

The X8 has a 120 m altitude geofence enabled by default. If the geofence is breached, the X8 

will automatically RTL.

l line 

ht 400 ft

(120 m)

0 ft (30 m) 5 miles (8 km)

400 ft

(120 m)
30

3 Process

On-Site Quality Check 31

Spot Check 31

Download Images 31

Download Log File 32

Pix4D Rapid Check 33

Full Processing 33
31

On-Site Quality Check 

Before leaving the survey site, check the images using Pix4D to ensure 

sufficient quality for mapping by downloading the images from the SD 

card, downloading the log file from the X8, and completing Rapid Check 

Initial Processing in Pix4D.

If you observe poor image quality or the quality report returns errors, see 

the Image Quality Troubleshooting section on page 38 and repeat the 

mission. 

playback button

SD card file structure: Download images

Spot Check (Optional)

The quickest way to see the images after a flight is to unlock the SD 

card and restart the camera. The camera will load the default Canon 

programming and you can select the playback bottom to review the 

images.

Download Images

Unlock the SD card and load into your ground station. Select the DCIM 

folder and locate the folder for your flight. Copy the files into a project 

folder on the ground station and delete them from the SD card.
32

Pix4D uses the GPS data from the X8’s log file to georeference the images. To 

download the X8’s dataflash log, power the X8 and connect to Mission Planner. 

The download process will be faster if you connect the micro-USB cable directly 

to Pixhawk’s micro-USB port instead of connecting using the ground station 

radio. (When connecting directly to the X8, set the rate to 115200.)

On the Flight Plan screen, select the DataFlash Logs tab under the heads-up 

display, and select Download DataFlash Log over Mavlink.

The Log window shows the X8’s recent flights. Select the flight for your mission, 

and select Download These Logs. This will save the log file to your computer in the 

location displayed under the list of flights.

To retrieve the log file, access your computer’s file structure under Program Files/

Mission Planner/logs/OCTOROTOR, and select the .log file for the date of your flight.

Mission Planner: Flight Data heads-up display

Mission Planner: Download Logs Program Files: Retrieve log file

Download Log File
33

1

Open Pix4D Mapper, and create a new 

project.

2

Select Aerial Nadir as the 

project type.

After creating the project, select the Local Processing screen (Process 

menu). Check the option for Initial Processing and Rapid Check. Uncheck 

all other local processing options, and select Start.

Pix4Dmapper Rapid Check: Create Project

3

After adding the images, select From File to add the geolocation data from the 

X8’s log file. In the pop-up window, select 3D Robotics Flight Log as the file 

format, and upload the dataflash log file downloaded from Mission Planner.

Pix4Dmapper Rapid Check: Initial Processing

Pix4D will generate a Quality Report that will indicate if the images are of 

sufficient quality to create a map. 

To complete full processing for the map, visit support.pix4d.com for instructions.

Full Processing
34

Appendix

Aerial Imaging Concepts 35

3DR EAI 36

Image Quality Troubleshooting 38

Operational Troubleshooting 39
35

Aerial Imaging Concepts

Understanding key concepts in aerial images can help you understand the mission planning process and create 

better maps.

Distance-Based Imaging

By default, the X8 captures only the images required to create the map. The autopilot monitors the distance 

traveled by the X8 and sends a command to the camera to capture an image at the distance interval specified 

by the camera trigger distance parameter (CAM_TRIGG_DIST). This parameter is set by the Mission Planner 

Survey Tool during survey configuration by calculating the minimum distance between images based on the 

parameters specified for the survey (altitude, overlap, sidelap). This distance-based imaging allows for more 

precise data collection, resulting in less images and data storage cost.

Once configured, the Survey Tool creates an event at the start of the mission script (after takeoff) to set the 

camera trigger distance to the specified interval and an event at the end of the mission (before landing) to reset 

the camera trigger distance to 0. Therefore, while on the ground and during landing, the camera captures no 

images because the camera trigger distance is set to 0 m.

Time-Based Imaging

The X8 is also equipped to capture images at a consistent time interval instead of using distance. This function 

can be useful if you want to capture images over an area without planning a mission. This time-based imaging 

results in more images per area, and therefore more processing time and storage cost. See the intervalometer 

option on page 36 to enable time-based imaging.

Overlap and Sidelap

To capture images for the map, the X8 flies a lawnmower-like pattern in strips across the survey site. The frontto-back overlap between sequential images is called overlap; the side overlaps of adjacent pictures in different 

strips is called sidelap. The overlap and sidelap parameters in the Survey Tool (see Advanced Options page 

16) determine the distance between images and the number of images to be captured based on the projected 

ground area that each image will cover, called a footprint. The Survey Tool uses a default overlap of 50% and a 

default sidelap of 60%. Increasing overlap and sidelap improves the accuracy of the map while increasing flight 

time and processing time.

In the Survey Tool, Distance between Images shows 

the specified camera trigger distance that will 

be assigned to the mission. You can also see 

the projected image footprint size and the total 

number of images to be captured.

Default overlap: 50%

Default sidelap: 60%
36

3DR EAI

3DR EAI is based on KAP UAV Exposure Control Script v3.1: a great opensource project for kite and UAV aerial photography. 

Start and Stop Script

Ensure the camera is set to P (program) mode before powering the camera. 

Upon startup, 3DR EAI starts automatically and listens for commands from the 

autopilot, indicated by waiting for USB signal. To stop (and re-start) the script, press 

the shutter button. The script will display INTERRUPTED when stopped.

CHDK Menu

The CHDK menu contains all the standard options provided with CHDK. 

To access the CHDK menu, stop the script and select the MENU button.

Script Menu

The script menu allows you to change the parameters associated with the script 

itself, including changing the trigger mode and adjusting exposure. To open the 

script menu, stop the script and select the FUNC. SET button. These parameters 

are configured for the X8 and SX260 and do not require adjustment as part of 

standard operation. 

Trigger Type

This parameter allows you to control how the camera captures images. 

Trigger type defaults to USB for distance-based imaging during mapping 

missions. For time-based imaging, select Interval and specify the length in the 

Shot Interval parameter.

Trigger Type default: USB (mapping)

Variable intervalometer: Interval (default to 2 seconds, specified by Shot Interval)

Script start: waiting on USB signal

Script stopped: INTERRUPTED FINISHED

Script menu

CHDK menu Script menu: Trigger Type
37

Updating the Script

3DR EAI is an open-source project and continuously improving. To download the latest script, visit 3DR.com/X8-M and select 3DR EAI Source. You will 

be redirected to the GitHubt repository where you can right-click on Raw and select Save Link to download the latest script labeled 3DR_EAI_SX260.lua. 

To update the script on the SD card, unlock the SD card and open it on your computer. Navigate to CHDK/Scripts and replace the existing 3DR_EAI_

SX260.lua file with the updated script file from GitHub.

Resources

Visit 3DR.com/X8-M for links to resources.

3DR EAI GitHub Repository: github.com/diydrones/ardupilot/tree/master/Tools/CHDK-Scripts

KAP UAV Exposure Control Script v3.1: chdk.wikia.com/wiki/KAP_UAV_Exposure_Control_Script

CHDK v1.3: chdk.wikia.com/wiki/CHDK_1.3.0_User_Manual

Download latest script from GitHub

New script file Script file on SD card

Memory Reset

If the battery is left out of the camera for too 

long, the camera will reset its memory. To 

re-configure the camera in this case, visit 

3DR.com/X8-M for instructions.
38

Image Quality Troubleshooting

If you observe poor image quality during the spot check or if you receive error 

messages during processing, use the settings below to troubleshoot the image 

quality.

Blurry Images

To correct motion blur, adjust the shutter speed using the Target Tv parameter in the 

script menu.

Target Tv (shutter speed) default: 1/1250

To correct moderate motion blur: Set to 1/1600.

To correct severe motion blur: Set to 1/2000.

Overexposure

If the images are overexposed but do not show any motion blur, it can be due to 

flying in extremely bright conditions. To correct this, set the Allow use of ND filter 

parameter to YES in the script menu.

Allow use of ND filter default: No

To correct overexposure: Set to Yes.

Processing Errors

If you receive errors from Pix4Dmapper during processing, increase the overlap and 

sidelap during survey configuration to improve the quality of the image set.

Overlap default: 50%

Sidelap default: 60%

To improve processing: Set overlap to 60% and sidelap to 70%.

Example image: motion blur Script menu: Target Tv

Example image: overexposure Script menu: ND filter
39

Operational Troubleshooting

No Images Captured

1 If the camera did not capture any images during the mission, first perform a 

 physical inspection on the X8.

Is the mini-USB cable connected to the camera’s USB port?

Are the AUX OUT 6 pins connected on Pixhawk?

 AUX OUT 6: black (-), red (+), white (s) 

Is the camera battery charged? Unlock the SD card to view the Canon’s 

 battery level indicator.

LED Error Indicator

If the status LED displays blinking yellow, the X8 is failing one the pre-arm safety checks. To determine the specific failure, check the 

heads-up display on the Mission Planner Flight Data screen. There will be an error message specifying the failed check.

Radio Calibration Failure: Perform Radio Calibration in Mission Planner or RC controller re-binding

Accelerometer Calibration Failure: Perform Accelerometer Calibration in Mission Planner

Compass Calibration Failure: Perform Compass Calibration in Mission Planner

GPS Failure: Wait for improved GPS signal or move to a more open area

2 Take a distance-triggered test image on the ground by manually setting 

 the camera trigger distance parameter to 1 m.

Power the X8 and connect to Mission Planner. Select Config/Tuning and Full 

Parameter List. Change the CAM_TRIGG_DIST parameter to 1, and select Write 

Params. Disconnect the X8 from Mission Planner, and carry for a few meters 

to see if the autopilot triggers the camera.

Mission Planner Full Parameter List: Set CAM_TRIGG_DIST to 1.
ANNEX B
Academy of Model Aeronautics National Model Aircraft Safety Code

Effective January 1, 2014 

A. GENERAL: A model aircraft is a non-human-carrying aircraft capable of sustained flight in the atmosphere. It may not exceed limitations of this code and is 

intended exclusively for sport, recreation, education and/or competition. All model flights must be conducted in accordance with this safety code and any 

additional rules specific to the flying site. 

1. Model aircraft will not be flown: 

(a) In a careless or reckless manner. 

(b) At a location where model aircraft activities are prohibited. 

2. Model aircraft pilots will: 

(a) Yield the right of way to all human-carrying aircraft. 

(b) See and avoid all aircraft and a spotter must be used when appropriate. (AMA Document #540-D.) 

(c) Not fly higher than approximately 400 feet above ground level within three (3) miles of an airport without notifying the airport operator. 

(d) Not interfere with operations and traffic patterns at any airport, heliport or seaplane base except where there is a mixed use agreement. 

(e) Not exceed a takeoff weight, including fuel, of 55 pounds unless in compliance with the AMA Large Model Airplane program. (AMA Document 520-A.) 

(f) Ensure the aircraft is identified with the name and address or AMA number of the owner on the inside or affixed to the outside of the model aircraft. (This 

does not apply to model aircraft flown indoors.) 

(g) Not operate aircraft with metal-blade propellers or with gaseous boosts except for helicopters operated under the provisions of AMA Document #555. 

(h) Not operate model aircraft while under the influence of alcohol or while using any drug that could adversely affect the pilot’s ability to safely control the 

model. 

(i) Not operate model aircraft carrying pyrotechnic devices that explode or burn, or any device which propels a projectile or drops any object that creates a 

hazard to persons or property. 

Exceptions: 

 Free Flight fuses or devices that burn producing smoke and are securely attached to the model aircraft during flight. 

 Rocket motors (using solid propellant) up to a G-series size may be used provided they remain attached to the model during flight. Model rockets may 

be flown in accordance with the National Model Rocketry Safety Code but may not be launched from model aircraft. 

 Officially designated AMA Air Show Teams (AST) are authorized to use devices and practices as defined within the Team AMA Program Document. 

(AMA Document #718.) 

(j) Not operate a turbine-powered aircraft, unless in compliance with the AMA turbine regulations. (AMA Document #510-A.) 

3. Model aircraft will not be flown in AMA sanctioned events, air shows or model demonstrations unless: 

(a) The aircraft, control system and pilot skills have successfully demonstrated all maneuvers intended or anticipated prior to the specific event. 

(b) An inexperienced pilot is assisted by an experienced pilot. 

4. When and where required by rule, helmets must be properly worn and fastened. They must be OSHA, DOT, ANSI, SNELL or NOCSAE approved or comply 

with comparable standards. 

B. RADIO CONTROL (RC)

1. All pilots shall avoid flying directly over unprotected people, vessels, vehicles or structures and shall avoid endangerment of life and property of others. 

2. A successful radio equipment ground-range check in accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations will be completed before the first flight of a new or 

repaired model aircraft. 

3. At all flying sites a safety line(s) must be established in front of which all flying takes place. (AMA Document #706.) 

(a) Only personnel associated with flying the model aircraft are allowed at or in front of the safety line. 

(b) At air shows or demonstrations, a straight safety line must be established. 

(c) An area away from the safety line must be maintained for spectators. 

(d) Intentional flying behind the safety line is prohibited. 

4. RC model aircraft must use the radio-control frequencies currently allowed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). Only individuals properly 

licensed by the FCC are authorized to operate equipment on Amateur Band frequencies. 

5. RC model aircraft will not knowingly operate within three (3) miles of any pre-existing flying site without a frequency-management agreement. (AMA 

Documents #922 and #923.) 

6. With the exception of events flown under official AMA Competition Regulations, excluding takeoff and landing, no powered model may be flown outdoors 

closer than 25 feet to any individual, except for the pilot and the pilot's helper(s) located at the flightline. 

7. Under no circumstances may a pilot or other person touch an outdoor model aircraft in flight while it is still under power, except to divert it from striking an 

individual. 

8. RC night flying requires a lighting system providing the pilot with a clear view of the model’s attitude and orientation at all times. Hand-held illumination 

systems are inadequate for night flying operations. 

9. The pilot of an RC model aircraft shall: 

(a) Maintain control during the entire flight, maintaining visual contact without enhancement other than by corrective lenses prescribed for the pilot. 

(b) Fly using the assistance of a camera or First-Person View (FPV) only in accordance with the procedures outlined in AMA Document #550. 

(c) Fly using the assistance of autopilot or stabilization system only in accordance with the procedures outlined in AMA Document #560. 

C. FREE FLIGHT 

1. Must be at least 100 feet downwind of spectators and automobile parking when the model aircraft is launched. 

2. Launch area must be clear of all individuals except mechanics, officials, and other fliers. 

3. An effective device will be used to extinguish any fuse on the model aircraft after the fuse has completed its function. 

D. CONTROL LINE 

1. The complete control system (including the safety thong where applicable) must have an inspection and pull test prior to flying. 

2. The pull test will be in accordance with the current Competition Regulations for the applicable model aircraft category. 

3. Model aircraft not fitting a specific category shall use those pull-test requirements as indicated for Control Line Precision Aerobatics. 

4. The flying area must be clear of all utility wires or poles and a model aircraft will not be flown closer than 50 feet to any above-ground electric utility lines. 

5. The flying area must be clear of all nonessential participants and spectators before the engine is started.
Appendix C
Appendix C 

Operational Limitations

1. The unmanned aircraft system (UAS) will weigh less than 7 pounds, including energy source(s) and 

equipment. 

2. The UAS will not be flown at a ground speed exceeding 35 MPH.

3. Flights will be operated at an altitude of no more than 400 feet above ground level (AGL), as indicated 

by the procedures specified in the operator’s manual. All altitudes reported to ATC must be in feet AGL. 

4. The UAS will be operated within visual line of sight (VLOS) of the PIC at all times. This requires the 

PIC to be able to use human vision unaided by any device other than corrective lenses.

5. All operations will utilize a visual observer (VO). The VO may be used to satisfy the VLOS 

requirement as long as the PIC always maintains VLOS capability. The VO and PIC must be able to 

communicate verbally at all times.

6. Prior to each flight the PIC will inspect the UAS to ensure it is in a condition for safe flight. If the 

inspection reveals a condition that affects the safe operation of the UAS, the aircraft is prohibited from 

operating until the necessary maintenance has been performed and the UAS is found to be in a condition 

for safe flight. The Ground Control Station, if utilized, will be included in the preflight inspection. All 

maintenance and alterations will be properly documented in the aircraft records. 

7. If the UAS has undergone maintenance or alterations that affect the UAS operation or flight 

characteristics, e.g. replacement of a flight critical component, the UAS will undergo a functional test

flight in accordance with the operator’s manual. The PIC who conducts the functional test flight will make 

an entry in the UAS aircraft records of the flight. The requirements and procedures for a functional test 

flight and aircraft record entry will be added to the operator’s manual.

8. The operator will follow the manufacturer’s UAS aircraft/component, maintenance, overhaul, 

replacement, inspection, and life limit requirements. When unavailable, aircraft 

maintenance/component/overhaul, replacement, and inspection/maintenance requirements will be 

established and identified in the operator’s manual. At a minimum, requirements for the following will be 

included in the operator’s manual:

a. Actuators / Servos; 

b. Transmission (single rotor); 

c. Powerplant (motors); 

d. Propellers;

e. Electronic speed controller; 

f. Batteries;

g. Mechanical dynamic components (single rotor); 

h. Remote command and control; 

i. Ground control station (if used); and

j. Any other components as determined by the operator.

9. The Pilot In Command (PIC) will possess at least a valid U.S. driver’s license.

10. Prior to operations the PIC will have accumulated and logged, in a manner consistent with 14 CFR 

§61.51(b), a minimum of five hours as UAS pilot operating of the make and model of UAS to be utilized 

for operations and three take-offs and three landings in the preceding 90 days. Training, proficiency, 

experience-building, and take-off and landing currency flights can be conducted to accomplish the required 

flight cycles and flight time.
11. The UAS may not be operated directly over any person, except authorized and consenting 

personnel, below an altitude that is hazardous to persons or property on the surface in the event of a UAS

failure or emergency. 

12. The operator will ensure that no persons are allowed within 500 feet of the area except those 

consenting. This provision may be reduced to no less than 200 feet if it would not adversely affect safety. 

13. The UAS will abort the flight in the event of unpredicted obstacles or emergencies in accordance with 

the Operator’s Manual.

14. Each UAS operation will be completed within 30 minutes flight time or with 25% battery power 

remaining, whichever occurs first. 

15. The operator will obtain an Air Traffic Organization (ATO) issued Certificate of Waiver or 

Authorization (COA) prior to conducting any operations. This COA will also require the operator to 

request a Notice to Airman (NOTAM) not more than 72 hours in advance, but not less than 48 hours prior 

to the operation. 

16. All aircraft operated in accordance will be identified by serial number, registered in accordance with 

14 CFR part 47, and have identification (N- Number) markings in accordance with 14 CFR part 45, 

Subpart C. Markings must be as large as practicable.

17. Each UAS operated will comply with all manufacturer Safety Bulletins.

18. The radio frequency spectrum used for operation and control of the UA will comply with the Federal 

Communications Commission (FCC) or other appropriate government oversight agency requirements. 

19. At least three days before scheduled flight, the operator will submit a written Plan of Activities to the 

local FSDO with jurisdiction over the area of proposed flight area. The 3- day notification may be waived 

with the concurrence of the FSDO. The plan of activities must include at least the following: 

a. Dates and times for all flights; 

b. Name and phone number of the operator 

c. Make, model, and serial or N-number of UAS to be used; 

d. Name and certificate number of UAS PIC involved

e. A statement that the operator has obtained permission from property owners and/or local officials to 

conduct the flight operations; the list of those who gave permission must be made available to the 

inspector upon request; 

f. Signature of exemption-holder or representative; and

g. A description of the flight activity, including maps or diagrams of any area, city, town, county, 

and/or state over which flights will be conducted and the altitudes essential to accomplish the 

operation.

20. The documents required under 14 CFR §§ 91.9 and 91.203 will be available to the PIC at the Ground 

Control Station of the UAS any time the aircraft is operating.

21. The UAS will remain clear and yield the right of way to all other manned operations and activities at 

all times (including, but not limited to, ultralight vehicles, parachute activities, parasailing activities, hang 

gliders, etc.). 

22. UAS operations will not be conducted during night, as defined in 14 CFR § 1.1. All operations will be 

conducted under visual meteorological conditions (VMC). Flights under special visual flight rules (SVFR) 

are not authorized. 
23. The UAS will not be operated by the PIC from any moving device or vehicle. 

24. The UAS will not be operated less than 500 feet below or less than 2,000 feet horizontally from a 

cloud or when visibility is less than 3 statute miles from the PIC. 

25. The UAS will not operate in Class A, B, C, or D airspace without written approval from the FAA. 

The UAS may not operate within 5 nautical miles of the geographic center of a non-towered airport as 

denoted on a current FAA-published aeronautical chart unless a letter of agreement with that airport’s 

management is obtained, and the operation is conducted in accordance with a NOTAM as required by the 

operator’s COA. The letter of agreement with the airport management must be made available to the

Administrator upon request. 

26. Any incident, accident, or flight operation that transgresses the lateral or vertical boundaries of the 

operational area as defined by the applicable COA will be reported to the FAA’s UAS Integration Office 

(AFS-80) within 24 hours.