11-461-cv

Marchig v. Christie’s Incorporated

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER 

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1,

2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1.

WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN

ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON

ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

1 At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals

2 for the Second Circuit, held at the Daniel Patrick Moynihan

3 United States Courthouse, 500 Pearl Street, in the City of

New York, on the 12th 4 day of July, two thousand and eleven.

5

6 PRESENT: RICHARD C. WESLEY,

7 DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON,

8 GERARD E. LYNCH,

9 Circuit Judges.

10

11 

12

13 JEANNE MARCHIG and THE MARCHIG 

14 ANIMAL WELFARE TRUST, 

15

16 Plaintiffs-Appellants,

17

18 -v.- 11-461-cv

19

20 CHRISTIE’S INCORPORATED,

21

22 Defendant-Appellee.

23 

24

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1 FOR APPELLANTS: RICHARD A. ALTMAN, Law Office of Richard

2 A. Altman, New York, NY.

3

4 FOR APPELLEE: JOSEPH A. PATELLA, Andrews Kurth LLP, New

5 York, NY (Thomas R. Kline & L. Eden

6 Burgess, Andrews Kurth LLP, Washington,

7 DC, on the brief). 

8

9 Appeal from the United States District Court for the

10 Southern District of New York (Koeltl, J.).

11

12 UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED

13 AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court be

14 AFFIRMED in part and REVERSED and REMANDED in part.

15 Appellants appeal from a judgment of the United States

16 District Court for the Southern District of New York

17 (Koeltl, J.), which dismissed all claims as time-barred. We

18 assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts,

19 the procedural history, and the issues presented for review.

20 Appellant Jeanne Marchig, a citizen of Sweden and

21 resident of Switzerland, consigned a framed drawing to

Christie’s, a New York auction house, in 1997.1 22 She

23 informed Christie’s at the time of consignment of her belief

24 that the drawing was by a fifteenth-century Italian artist

1The following facts are drawn from allegations in

Marchig’s complaint, which we accept as true at the motionto-dismiss stage. E.g., Matson v. Bd. of Educ., 631 F.3d

57, 63 (2d Cir. 2011).

2
who had taught Michaelangelo.2 1 Christie’s expert concluded

2 it was a nineteenth-century German work. Informing Marchig

3 to that effect, the expert advised that the frame be changed

4 to one more appropriate to the supposed period of the work. 

5 Marchig accepted the assessment, but did not communicate

6 anything regarding the frame. Christie’s sold the drawing

7 in January 1998 for $21,850. After Christie’s commission

8 was paid, the Marchig Animal Welfare Trust (the “Trust”), of

9 which Marchig is trustee, received the balance of the

10 proceeds.

11 In July 2009, Christie’s contacted Marchig to inform

12 her that the drawing might in fact be the work of Leonardo

13 da Vinci. Marchig now alleges that the true value of the

14 work is more than $150 million.

In May 2010, Marchig and the Trust3 15 sued Christie’s for

16 breach of fiduciary duty, breach of warranty, negligence and

17 negligent misrepresentation. The complaint alleged federal

18 jurisdiction over these state claims in light of the diverse

19 citizenship of the parties and substantial sum of money

2Marchig’s late husband, a well-known art collector,

had shared that view.

3Christie’s argued below and maintains on appeal that

the Trust is not a true party in interest. The district

court did not rule on this issue.

3
1 involved. In response to Christie’s motion to dismiss,

2 Marchig asked for and was granted leave to file an amended

3 complaint. This new complaint added a fifth cause of action

4 for replevin and conversion of the frame in which Marchig

5 sent the drawing to Christie’s. The district court then

6 granted a renewed motion to dismiss, holding that all claims

7 were time-barred and not eligible for any form of tolling. 

8 Marchig timely appealed to this Court.

9 Marchig argues that her claims are tolled due to the

10 existence of a fiduciary relationship between herself and

Christie’s.4 11 It is important to distinguish between the

12 existence of a fiduciary relationship with respect to a

13 particular matter on the one hand, and the persistence of a

14 relationship between two parties that tolls the accrual of a

15 claim with regard to those matters on the other. Under New

16 York law, which governs this case, consignees are

17 fiduciaries. Cristallina S.A. v. Christie, Manson & Woods

18 Int’l, Inc., 117 A.D.2d 284, 292 (1st Dep’t 1986). 

4“We review de novo a district court’s grant of a

motion to dismiss, accepting all factual allegations in the

complaint as true, and drawing all reasonable inferences in

the plaintiff’s favor.” Shomo v. City of N.Y., 579 F.3d

176, 183 (2d Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). 

Likewise, a district court’s application of a statute of

limitations is reviewed de novo. E.g., Somoza v. N.Y.C.

Dep’t of Educ., 538 F.3d 106, 112 (2d Cir. 2008).

4
1 Consignees therefore have a duty to conduct the assessment

2 and sale of individual items or sets of items in accordance

3 with the obligations of a fiduciary.

4 Claims for breach of fiduciary duty do not accrue

5 until the fiduciary relationship is repudiated or otherwise

6 terminated. E.g., Golden Pac. Bancorp v. FDIC, 273 F.3d

7 509, 518-19 (2d Cir. 2001) (collecting New York cases). 

8 However, in a consignor-consignee transaction, the fiduciary

9 relationship terminates no later than the sale of the item

10 in question. Here, Marchig did not file suit until more

11 than twelve years after the sale. Her claim for breach of

12 fiduciary duty was by then time-barred, and the district

13 court was correct to so hold.

14 The “continuing representation” doctrine is not

15 applicable, since that doctrine is generally limited to a

16 course of representation concerning a specific matter. 

17 E.g., Shumsky v. Eisenstein, 96 N.Y.2d 164, 168 (2001). 

18 Here, Christie’s ceased to represent Marchig’s interests

19 with respect to this transaction no later than the time of

20 sale and the transferral to her of sale proceeds minus

21 commission.

22 Absent allegations of fraud, a claim for negligent

5
1 misrepresentation accrues at the time of injury and is not

2 subject to any discovery rule. See Von Hoffmann v.

3 Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 202 F. Supp. 2d 252, 263-64

4 (S.D.N.Y. 2002) (applying a two-year limitations period

5 running from discovery of the negligent misrepresentation

6 where the claim is “based on the same facts as a claim for

7 fraud”); see also Fandy Corp. v. Lung-Fong Chen, 262 A.D.2d

8 352, 353 (2d Dep’t 1999) (noting that a negligent

9 misrepresentation claim “accrues on the date of the alleged

10 misrepresentation which is relied upon by the plaintiff”). 

11 Marchig alleges no fraud on Christie’s part. Accordingly,

12 the claim for negligent misrepresentation is also time13 barred. On these and the remaining claims we affirm the

14 district court’s dismissal for substantially the reasons

15 stated in its order, with one exception.

16 Dismissal was improper as to Marchig’s claim of

17 replevin and conversion, which was added in the amended

18 complaint. While all Marchig’s other claims accrued no

19 later than the time of sale, her claim for conversion is

20 governed by the demand-and-refusal rule. Under this rule,

21 the claim runs not from the time of alleged conversion, but

22 rather from the time “the true owner makes demand for return

6
1 of the chattel and the person in possession of the chattel

2 refuses to return it.” Solomon R. Guggenheim Found. v.

3 Lubell, 77 N.Y.2d 311, 317-18 (1991). Accordingly,

4 Marchig’s claim for conversion ran from the time her demand

5 was refused. Since she made that demand in 2010, her claim

6 is not time-barred.

7 Under the demand-and-refusal rule, however, the owner

8 may not unreasonably delay before demanding return of the

9 item sought. Id. at 319. Judge Koeltl found that “[i]t is

10 clear that Marchig has known of [Christie’s] possession

11 since [1997], because the plaintiffs allege that she caused

12 the frame to be delivered to the defendant.” Here, however,

13 it was incorrect for the district court to dismiss the claim

14 as time-barred. On this record it is unclear whether

15 Marchig knew at the time of sale that the drawing was not

16 sold in the frame in which she had transferred it to

17 Christie’s. While Christie’s assessor did express a desire

18 to sell the drawing in a new frame, the record does not

19 reflect that Marchig approved of this plan or otherwise knew

20 that a new frame would be used. If she did not, her

21 knowledge that she transferred the frame to Christie’s

22 possession is irrelevant. It may not have been clear to her

7
1 until 2009 that the painting was, in fact, sold in a

2 different frame than the one she provided and therefore that

her frame remained in Christie’s possession.5 3

4 Marchig may well have delayed unreasonably before

5 demanding the frame be returned, but under these

6 circumstances the district court should not have so found on

7 a motion to dismiss. We therefore reverse the dismissal as

8 to the claim of replevin and remand for further proceedings

9 consistent with this opinion.

10 For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district

11 court is hereby AFFIRMED in part and REVERSED and REMANDED

5Christie’s asserts that in light of the dismissal of

the other claims, Marchig fails to establish a sufficient

amount-in-controversy for the purposes of diversity

jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a)(2). It is true that

the value of the frame is not alleged in Marchig’s amended

complaint or otherwise reflected in the record. However,

under the affirmative defense rule, “we measure the amount

in controversy as of the date of the complaint. Once

jurisdiction has attached, it cannot be ousted by subsequent

events.” Scherer v. Equitable Life Assurance Soc’y of U.S.,

347 F.3d 394, 397 (2d Cir. 2003). A defendant cannot

retroactively remove jurisdiction over the complaint by the

assertion of affirmative defenses, e.g. those based on a

statute of limitations. Id. at 397-98; see also Zacharia v.

Harbor Island Spa, Inc., 684 F.2d 199, 202 (2d Cir. 1982)

(“The jurisdictional determination is to be made on the

basis of the plaintiff’s allegations, not on a decision on

the merits.”). As a result, the district court continues to

hold federal diversity jurisdiction over this case on remand

despite its proper dismissal of the non-replevin claims.

8
1 in part.

2

3

4 FOR THE COURT:

5 Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk

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