NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING

MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED

IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL

OF FLORIDA

SECOND DISTRICT

DAVID MICHAEL BELLE, )

)

Appellant, )

)

v. ) Case No. 2D14-1652

)

STATE OF FLORIDA, )

)

Appellee. )

)

Opinion filed September 30, 2015.

Appeal from the Circuit Court for Manatee

County; Charles Roberts, Judge.

Bernard F. Daley of The Daley Law Firm, 

Tallahassee, for Appellant.

Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General, 

Tallahassee, and Marilyn Muir Beccue, 

Assistant Attorney General, Tampa, for 

Appellee.

ALTENBERND, Judge.

David Michael Belle pleaded guilty to attempted lewd or lascivious 

molestation of a child under the age of twelve, and he was sentenced to eleven years' 

imprisonment as a sexual offender. He reserved the right to appeal the denial of his 

motion to exclude evidence that had been recorded on an iPhone. The State stipulated 

that this issue was dispositive. At the time of these events, this court's decision in 
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McDade v. State, 114 So. 3d 465 (Fla. 2d DCA 2013) (McDade I), was controlling and 

clearly authorized the trial court's denial of his motion. After this appeal was filed, the 

supreme court quashed this court's decision in McDade v. State, 154 So. 3d 292 (Fla. 

2014) (McDade II). Thus, the issue on appeal is whether the trial court's ruling must be 

reversed due to this change in the law. As we explain below, we conclude that McDade

II is distinguishable and that the trial court's ruling should be affirmed. 

I. THE LIMITED FACTS IN THE RECORD

Mr. Belle filed a motion to exclude the iPhone recording under section 

934.06, Florida Statutes (2012). At the hearing on the motion, his attorney did not

present evidence. The parties essentially stipulated to a bare minimum of facts, 

engaging in open court negotiations as to what facts would be part of the stipulation. 

Thus, the trial court was not called upon to make any findings of fact. This makes 

presenting the facts in this case somewhat of a challenge. 

On June 27, 2012, Mr. Belle lived with his girlfriend. She had a sevenyear-old daughter. Sometime in the middle of the night, the couple had an argument 

that apparently involved money and whether Mr. Belle had closed his girlfriend's bank 

account. His girlfriend believed that Mr. Belle was intoxicated. It is undisputed that she 

told Mr. Belle that he was crazy and that she was going to record their conversation, 

allegedly so he could not claim to have forgotten it in the morning.

It is also undisputed that his girlfriend then turned on a recording 

application on her iPhone. About a minute into the recording, Mr. Belle took the 

cellphone from her. His girlfriend then left their home, purportedly to check her bank 

account at an ATM. 
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After she left, Mr. Belle did not turn off the recording device. He claimed 

at the hearing on the motion to exclude that he did not know the device was running. It 

is unclear whether he knew how to turn off the recording. Again, the trial court was not 

called upon to make any factual findings on these matters, so it was not established 

whether Mr. Belle actually heard his girlfriend tell him that she was going to record him. 

Apparently nothing on the recording indicates that he appreciated that the device was 

recording his words and actions. 

The actual recording is not in the record. We rely on the detailed contents 

of the probable cause affidavit, which was discussed at the suppression hearing. It 

explains that, shortly after the girlfriend left, Mr. Belle can be heard on the recording 

saying: "Bye Punk! I am going to play with your f***ing daughter." Thereafter, he asks 

his girlfriend's daughter to come to him and tells her to take off her pants. He asks her 

how she feels and she states that her neck hurts from coughing. Mr. Belle asks "right 

here"? Then a rubbing noise is heard. More than once the child tells Mr. Belle that it is 

her neck that hurts. The girlfriend then returns home, and Mr. Belle can be heard telling 

the child to pull up her pants "quick." He then says "fast" and "secret."

It is unclear from the record when the cellphone was returned to the 

girlfriend or when the recording ended. The girlfriend apparently discovered the 

recording the following day and reported the matter to the police.

The trial court denied Mr. Belle's motion to exclude the iPhone recording. 

It concluded that under this court's ruling in McDade I, the recording did not violate 

chapter 934 and was not subject to the exclusionary rule within it. However, it went on 

to find that there were significant factual differences between the case before it and 
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McDade I such that the same outcome would be warranted even if the supreme court 

were to reverse this court's holding. The trial court concluded that, based on the 

probable cause affidavit and the facts to which the parties stipulated, the recording did 

not violate chapter 934 because it was inadvertent and Mr. Belle did not have a 

reasonable expectation of privacy in the oral communications that were recorded. It 

based this conclusion on the stipulations that the girlfriend told Mr. Belle she was going 

to record him, Mr. Belle took the phone from her while it continued to record, and the 

girlfriend discovered the next morning that the phone had continued recording after she 

left the house.

II. CHAPTER 934: FROM INCIARRANO TO MCDADE II

Under chapter 934, it is a criminal offense to "[i]ntentionally intercept[]" or 

to "endeavor[] to intercept" any "oral . . . communication." § 934.03(1)(a). For purposes 

of section 934.03, an "oral communication" is defined as "any oral communication 

uttered by a person exhibiting an expectation that such communication is not subject to 

interception under circumstances justifying such expectation . . . ." § 934.02(2). Except 

"in cases of prosecution for criminal interception" under chapter 934, a recording made 

in violation of section 934.03 is inadmissible as evidence in any trial or legal proceeding. 

§ 934.06. Section 934.03(2) enumerates exceptions to the general prohibitions in 

section 934.03(1). One of these allows for the interception of oral communications 

when all parties to the communication have consented to the recording. § 934.03(2)(d). 

In State v. Inciarrano, 473 So. 2d 1272, 1275 (Fla. 1985), the supreme 

court explained that the definition of "oral communication" in chapter 934 demonstrates 

that the legislature did not intend that every oral communication be protected from 
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interception without the prior consent of all parties to the communication. Rather, the 

statute protects only those communications made by someone with a subjective 

expectation of privacy under circumstances in which society is prepared to recognize 

such an expectation as reasonable. Id. at 1275. 

In McDade I, this court applied the rule from Inciarrano and concluded that 

surreptitious recordings made by the minor victim of the defendant soliciting acts that 

constituted sexual abuse did not fall within the proscription of chapter 934 because any 

expectation of privacy that the defendant may have had in those circumstances was not 

one that society was prepared to accept as reasonable. 114 So. 3d at 470-71. We 

certified a question on the issue as one of great public importance.

In McDade II, the supreme court rephrased the certified question as 

whether "a recording of solicitation and confirmation of child sexual abuse surreptitiously 

made by the child victim in the accused's bedroom" is proscribed by chapter 934. 154 

So. 3d at 294. It answered the question in the affirmative and quashed McDade I. The 

court concluded that none of the exceptions to the general proscription in chapter 934 

applied or "allow[ed] for the interception of conversations based on one's status as the 

victim of a crime." Id. at 297. Rather, because the recordings were made 

surreptitiously and without Mr. McDade's consent in the privacy of his own home, he 

had a reasonable expectation of privacy and the recordings impermissibly intercepted 

oral communications under chapter 934. Id. at 298.

III. DISTINGUISHING MCDADE II

We agree with the trial court's prediction that the supreme court's decision 

in McDade II would not impact the outcome in this case. Although a motion to suppress 
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or exclude evidence under section 934.06 has similarities to a motion to suppress under 

the Fourth Amendment, it is a statutory right, and it was Mr. Belle's burden to establish 

that the facts in this case fell within the provisions of this statutory exclusionary rule. His 

attorney's decision to proceed on the motion without presenting evidence makes his 

claim more tenuous. Unlike the defendant in McDade II, Mr. Belle failed in his burden in 

at least two respects.

First, Mr. Belle did not establish that his girlfriend "intentionally 

intercept[ed]" those communications that occurred after she left the home when the 

cellphone was in Mr. Belle's possession. See § 934.03(1)(a). In McDade II, the victim 

intentionally and secretly recorded Mr. McDade. 154 So. 3d at 298. Here, by contrast, 

there was no stipulation that the girlfriend knew whether the recording device was on or 

off when she left the residence. Even in his motion to exclude the recording, Mr. Belle 

did not claim that his girlfriend intended to record anything beyond their initial argument. 

In fact, he explained that "[t]he additional recording after she left the home was 

inadvertent." The recording device was in his custody and control at the time of these 

critical recordings. The trial court did not err in concluding that Mr. Belle failed to prove 

that his girlfriend intentionally intercepted the portion of the recording that took place 

when she was gone. Unless his girlfriend intentionally violated the statute, he was not 

entitled to the benefit of the statutory exclusionary rule.

Second, unlike the circumstances in McDade II, the recording device was 

not hidden and the recording was not surreptitious. The supreme court in McDade II

explained that one of the significant distinguishing factors between that case and 

Inciarrano was that the recording device in Inciarrano was visible. McDade II, 154 So. 
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3d at 298. The microphone that the victim used to record Mr. Inciarrano was sitting in 

the open on his desk and could be seen by the "unaided eye." Id. The device that the 

victim used to record Mr. McDade was hidden inside the victim's shirt. Id. There is no 

question that the recordings in McDade were surreptitious. Id. Not only was the 

recording in this case not surreptitious, but after Mr. Belle's girlfriend warned him that 

she was going to record him, he actually took possession and control of the device that 

recorded both his words and actions. Accordingly, Mr. Belle did not establish that the 

communications were intercepted "under circumstances justifying" an expectation of 

privacy. See § 934.02(2). 

It may be that Mr. Belle's intoxication or his unfamiliarity with the particular 

cellphone caused him to allow it to record without his full understanding that it was 

recording his offense. We doubt that intoxication or unfamiliarity with a cellphone is a 

circumstance that creates an expectation of privacy that would not exist for a sober 

person familiar with a cellphone. But we do not need to resolve that question because 

there is no evidence or stipulation that intoxication or ignorance was a circumstance 

contributing to any expectation of privacy in this case. 

We cannot rule out the possibility that, if the facts had been determined by 

the judge in this case after a full evidentiary hearing, the factual basis for Mr. Belle's

motion might have been stronger. That is not a matter we can resolve on direct appeal; 

it is at most a matter for postconviction proceedings. 

Affirmed. 

CASANUEVA and CRENSHAW, JJ., Concur.