United States Court of Appeals

For the Eighth Circuit

___________________________

No. 12-1844

___________________________

State of North Dakota

lllllllllllllllllllllPetitioner

v.

United States Environmental Protection Agency, and Lisa P. Jackson, Administrator

lllllllllllllllllllllRespondent

Basin Electric Power Cooperative

lllllllllllllllllllllIntervenor

___________________________

No. 12-1961

___________________________

Great River Energy

lllllllllllllllllllllPetitioner

v.

United States Environmental Protection Agency, and Lisa P. Jackson, Administrator

lllllllllllllllllllllRespondent

Basin Electric Power Cooperative

lllllllllllllllllllllIntervenor

Appellate Case: 12-1844 Page: 1 Date Filed: 09/23/2013 Entry ID: 4078229 
___________________________

No. 12-2331

___________________________

National Parks Conservation Association; Sierra Club

lllllllllllllllllllllPetitioners

v.

United States Environmental Protection Agency; Lisa P. Jackson, Administrator,

United States Environmental Protection Agency

lllllllllllllllllllllRespondents

Basin Electric Power Cooperative; Great River Energy; Minnkota Power

Cooperative; Square Butte Electric Cooperative; State of North Dakota

lllllllllllllllllllllIntervenors

------------------------------

Montana-Dakota Utilities Co., A Division of MDU Resources Group, Inc.;

Northern Municipal Power Agency; Northwestern Corporation, doing business as

NorthWestern Energy; Otter Tail Power Company

lllllllllllllllllllllAmici on Behalf of Respondent

____________

Petition for Review of an Order of the

 Environmental Protection Administration

____________

 Submitted: May 14, 2013

 Filed: September 23, 2013

____________

-2-

Appellate Case: 12-1844 Page: 2 Date Filed: 09/23/2013 Entry ID: 4078229 
Before WOLLMAN, MURPHY, and SMITH, Circuit Judges.

____________

WOLLMAN, Circuit Judge.

In these consolidated petitions for review, the State of North Dakota (State),

Great River Energy, and National Parks Conservation Association and Sierra Club

(collectively Environmental Groups) challenge the final rule promulgated by

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on April 6, 2012, see 77 Fed. Reg. 20,894-

945 (the Final Rule). The Final Rule approved in part and disapproved in part two

state implementation plans (SIPs) submitted by the State to address its obligations

under §§ 110 and 169A of the Clean Air Act (CAA), 42 U.S.C. §§ 7401-7671q, and

promulgated a federal implementation plan (FIP) to address those portions ofthe SIPs

that were disapproved. We grant in part and deny in part the State’s and Great River

Energy’s petitions for review, and deny the Environmental Groups’ petition for

review and voluntary motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure

42(b). 

I. Background

A. Statutory Background

“[I]n 1977, ‘[i]n response to a growing awareness that visibility was rapidly

deteriorating in many places, such as wilderness areas and national parks,’ Congress

added § 169A to the [Clean Air Act.]” Am. Corn Growers Ass’n v. EPA, 291 F.3d

1, 3 (D.C. Cir. 2002) (per curiam) (second alteration in original) (internal citation

omitted) (quoting Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. EPA, 658 F.2d 271, 272 (5th Cir. 1981)). 

“Section 169A established as a national goal the ‘prevention of any future, and the

remedying of any existing, impairment in visibility in mandatory class I areas which

-3-

Appellate Case: 12-1844 Page: 3 Date Filed: 09/23/2013 Entry ID: 4078229 
impairment results from manmade air pollution.’” Id. (quoting Clean Air Act

Amendments of 1977, Pub. L. No. 95-95, § 128, 91 Stat. 685, 742 (current version

at 42 U.S.C. § 7491(a)(1))). In connection with § 169A, “Congress directed EPA to

issue regulations requiring states to submit [SIPs] containing emission limits,

schedules of compliance, and other measures necessary to make reasonable progress

toward meeting the national visibility goal.” Id. 

Under the regional haze regulations promulgated by EPA, a state “must

establish goals (expressed in deciviews) that provide for reasonable progress towards

achieving natural visibility conditions” in “each mandatory Class I Federal area

located within the State[.]” 40 C.F.R. § 51.308(d)(1). In reaching these reasonable 1

progress goals, the state must consider “the cost of compliance, the time necessary for

compliance, the energy and non-air quality environmental impacts of compliance, and

the remaining useful life of any potentially affected sources, and include a

demonstration showing how these factors were taken into consideration in selecting

a goal.” Id. § 51.308(d)(1)(i)(A). The state must also analyze and determine the rate

of progress necessary to achieve natural visibility conditions in the mandatory Class

I Federal areas by the year 2064 and “consider the uniform rate of improvement in

visibility and the emission reduction measures needed to achieve it for the period

“The deciview is an atmospheric haze index that expresses uniform changes

1

in hazinessin terms of common increments acrossthe entire range of conditions, from

pristine to extremely impaired environments. A one deciview change in haziness is

a small but noticeable change in haziness under most circumstances when viewing

scenes in mandatory Class I Federal areas.” 62 Fed. Reg. 41,145 (internal footnote

omitted). Areas designated as Class I Federal areas include all international parks,

national wilderness areas which exceed 5,000 acres in size, national memorial parks

which exceed 5,000 acres in size, and national parks which exceed 6,000 acres in

size. 42 U.S.C. § 7472(a). “[T]he term ‘mandatory class I Federal areas’ means

Federal areas which may not be designated as other than class I[.]” 42 U.S.C.

§ 7491(g)(5). There are two such areas in the State: Theodore Roosevelt National

Park and Lostwood Wilderness Area. 

-4-

Appellate Case: 12-1844 Page: 4 Date Filed: 09/23/2013 Entry ID: 4078229 
covered by the implementation plan.” Id. § 51.308(d)(1)(i)(B). If the state’s

reasonable progress goals provide for a slower rate of improvement than necessary

to achieve natural visibility conditions by 2064, the state must demonstrate “that the

rate of progress for the implementation plan to attain natural conditions by 2064 is

not reasonable; and that the progress goal adopted by the State is reasonable.” Id. §

51.308(d)(1)(ii). 

In addition to the reasonable progress goals, § 169A and the regional haze

regulations require statesto determine the best available retrofit technology (BART)

for certain major stationary sources built between 1962 and 1977 that are reasonably

anticipated to cause or contribute to visibility impairment in any Class I area. See 42

U.S.C. § 7491(b)(2)(A); 40C.F.R. §§ 51.301, 51.308(e). To address the requirements

for BART, a state must submit a SIP that contains a list of all BART-eligible sources

and an analysis that takes into consideration the technology available, the costs of

compliance, the energy and non-air quality environmental impacts of compliance, any

pollution control equipment in use at the source, the remaining useful life of the

source, and the degree of improvement in visibility which may reasonably be

anticipated to result from the use of such technology. Id. § 51.308(e)(1)(i)-(ii). For

BART-eligible sources that have a total generating capacity greater than 750

megawatts, the state must also use Appendix Y to the BART Guidelines in making

its determination. Id. § 51.308(e)(1)(B). Appendix Y creates a five-step process for

determining BART on a case-by-case basis: (1) identify all available retrofit control

technologies; (2) eliminate technically infeasible options; (3) evaluate control

effectiveness of remaining control technologies; (4) evaluate impacts and document

the results; and (5) evaluate visibility impacts. See 70 Fed. Reg. 39,164. 

The CAA also “charges EPA with setting National Ambient Air Quality

Standards, or NAAQS, which prescribe the maximum permissible levels of common

pollutants in the ambient air.” EME Homer City Generation, L.P. v. EPA, 696 F.3d

7, 12 (D.C. Cir. 2012). “The States implement the NAAQS within their borders

-5-

Appellate Case: 12-1844 Page: 5 Date Filed: 09/23/2013 Entry ID: 4078229 
through . . . SIPs.” Id. at 13. The CAA requires states to submit revised SIPs to

address new orrevised NAAQS within three years after promulgation ofthe NAAQS. 

42 U.S.C. § 7410(a)(1). Section 110(a)(2) identifies the required elements of a state’s

interstate transport SIP submission, which include what is known as the “good

neighbor” provision. Id. § 7410(a)(2)(D). The good neighbor provision requiresthat

a SIP contain four distinct components, one of which is a visibility component. Id.

§ 7410(a)(2)(D)(i)(II). The visibility component mandates that the SIP contain an

adequate provision prohibiting any source of emissions within the state fromemitting

air pollutant in amounts that will interfere with measures required to be included in

the applicable SIP for any other state to protect visibility. Id. 

“Under the Clean Air Act, both the Federal Government and the States exercise

responsibility for maintaining and improving air quality.” Am. Trucking Ass’ns v.

EPA, 600 F.3d 624, 625 (D.C. Cir. 2010). “The Act sets forth a basic division of

labor: The Federal Government establishes air quality standards, but States have

primary responsibility for attaining those standards within their borders.” EME

Homer, 696 F.3d at 29. “The Act thus leaves it to the individual States to determine,

in the first instance, the particular restrictions that will be imposed on particular

emitters within their borders.” Id. at 12. But, if a state fails to submit a SIP, submits

an incomplete SIP, or submits a SIP that does not meet the statutory requirements,

EPA is obligated to implement its own FIP to correct the deficiency in the SIP, unless

the State can correct the deficiency itself and EPA can approve that correction within

two years. 42 U.S.C. § 7410(c). This is commonly referred to as cooperative

federalism, and both § 169A and § 110 operate under this framework. 

B. Procedural Background

 

The State submitted its interstate transport SIP for EPA approval on April 6,

2009, and submitted its regional haze SIP on March 3, 2010. The State submitted a

SIP Supplement No. 1 on July 27, 2010, and also a SIP Amendment No. 1 on July 28,

-6-

Appellate Case: 12-1844 Page: 6 Date Filed: 09/23/2013 Entry ID: 4078229 
2011. EPA issued a proposed rule on September 21, 2011, see 76 Fed. Reg. 58,570-

648 (Proposed Rule), proposing to disapprove the State’s regional haze SIP regarding

its determination ofBART for the Coal Creek Station, Milton R. Young Station Units

1 and 2, and Leland Olds Station Unit 2, as well as the reasonable progress

determination for the Antelope Valley Station Units 1 and 2, and to disapprove the

State’s interstate transport SIP for failure to satisfy the visibility component. Along

with the proposed partial disapprovals, EPA proposed the promulgation of a FIP to

address the deficiencies in the SIPs. See id. at 58,573-74. 

After the public notice and comments period on the Proposed Rule was

completed, EPA issued its Final Rule. See 77 Fed. Reg. 20,894-945. The Final Rule

differed in one major respect from the Proposed Rule—although EPA had proposed

to disapprove the State’s BART determinations for Young Station Units 1 and 2 and

Olds Station Unit 2, EPA instead decided to approve the State’s BART

determinations for those units. See 77 Fed. Reg. 20,897-98. This determination was

based primarily on the decision in United States v. Minnkota Power Cooperative,

Inc., 831 F. Supp. 2d 1109, 1127-30 (D.N.D. 2011), which concluded that the State’s

analysis of the best available control technology (BACT) for Young Station Units 1

and 2 was not unreasonable—a conclusion contrary to EPA’s position at the time of

EPA’s Proposed Rule. 

Because Minnkota wasissued after the public notice and comments period had

closed on EPA’s Proposed Rule, interested parties were unable to comment on EPA’s

decision to rely upon it as persuasive authority for approving the State’s BART

determinations for Young Station Units 1 and 2 and Olds Station Unit 2. The

Environmental Groups filed a petition for reconsideration with EPA on June 5, 2012,

see 42 U.S.C. § 7607(d)(7)(B), voicing their concerns with EPA’s reliance upon

Minnkota and its subsequent approval of the State’s BART determination for Young

Station Units 1 and 2 and Olds Station Unit 2. The Environmental Groups moved to

have their petition for review before this court held in abeyance until EPA determined

-7-

Appellate Case: 12-1844 Page: 7 Date Filed: 09/23/2013 Entry ID: 4078229 
whether it would entertain the petition for reconsideration. The Environmental

Groups’ motion for abeyance was denied without prejudice on July 31, 2012. 

Thereafter, EPA granted the petition for reconsideration on November 19, 2012, and

that reconsideration process is still ongoing. Following EPA’s grant of the petition

for reconsideration, the Environmental Groups moved under Federal Rule of

Appellate Procedure 42(b) to voluntarily dismiss the instant petition for review

concerning the BART determinations for Young Station Units 1 and 2 and Olds

Station Unit 2. That motion is still pending before us.

II. Discussion

A. Standard of Review

We will set aside EPA’s Final Rule if it is “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of

discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law,” or “in excess of statutory

jurisdiction, authority, or limitations, or short of statutory right.” 42 U.S.C.

§ 7607(d)(9). This standard is the same as that used under the Administrative

Procedures Act, 5 U.S.C. § 706(2). See EME Homer, 696 F.3d at 23 n.17. But,

“[o]nly an objection to a rule or procedure which was raised with reasonable

specificity during the period for public comment . . . may be raised during judicial

review.” 42 U.S.C. § 7607(d)(7)(B). This administrative exhaustion provision is

strictly enforced, Natural Res. Def. Council v. EPA, 571 F.3d 1245, 1259 (D.C. Cir.

2009) (per curiam), “to ensure that the agency is given the first opportunity to bring

its expertise to bear on the resolution of a challenge to a rule.” Appalachian Power

Co. v. EPA (Appalachian Power I), 135 F.3d 791, 818 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (per curiam). 

B. Simultaneous Denial of a SIP and Promulgation of a FIP

The State first contends that the Final Rule should be vacated because EPA

procedurally erred under the CAA by simultaneously disapproving the State’s SIP

-8-

Appellate Case: 12-1844 Page: 8 Date Filed: 09/23/2013 Entry ID: 4078229 
and promulgating its FIP in the same Final Rule. Under the CAA, reversal of an

action because of procedural error is appropriate only when (1) the failure to observe

the procedure is arbitrary or capricious; (2) the alleged error was raised during the

comment period; and (3) the error was so serious and related to matters of such

central relevance to the rule that there is a substantial likelihood that the rule would

have been significantly changed if the error had not been made. 42 U.S.C.

§ 7607(d)(9)(D). 

Among other things, § 7607(d)(3) requiresthat a proposed rule under the CAA

contain a statement of basis and purpose, which must include a summary of the

factual data on which the proposed rule is based, the methodology used in obtaining

the data and in analyzing the data, and the major legal interpretations and policy

considerations underlying the proposed rule. The State argues that a proper statement

of basis and purpose for EPA’s FIP could not be issued until a final rulemaking on

its SIP was issued. Even assuming that the State’s interpretation of § 7607(d)(3) is

correct, the State has failed to demonstrate that EPA’s error in this regard was “so

serious and related to matters of such central relevance to the rule that there is a

substantial likelihood that the rule would have been significantly changed if the error

had not been made.” Id. at § 7607(d)(9)(D). Although “[i]t may be poor policy to try

to distinguish between the SIP and FIP in a single action[,]” Oklahoma v. EPA, Nos.

12-9526, 12-9527, 2013 WL 3766986, at *19 (10th Cir. July 19, 2013), the State has

failed to demonstrate that vacating the Final Rule based upon this alleged procedural

error is appropriate. 

C. Coal Creek Station

The State and Great River Energy, the owner of the Coal Creek Station,

challenge EPA’s disapproval of the State’s SIP determination that modified and

addi xtional separated overfire air with low NO burner (SOFA plus LNB) with an

emission limit of 0.17lb/MMBtu on a thirty-day rolling average basis was BART for

-9-

Appellate Case: 12-1844 Page: 9 Date Filed: 09/23/2013 Entry ID: 4078229 
the Coal Creek Station. These petitioners also challenge EPA’s FIP determination

thatselective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) plus SOFA plus LNB with an emission

limit of 0.13lb/MMBtu on a thirty-day rolling average is BART for the Coal Creek

Station. 

Energy production at the Coal Creek Station creates a by-product known asfly

ash. Great River Energy is able to sell the fly ash created at the Coal Creek Station

to construction companies to be used as a replacement for cement in the creation of

concrete. During its BART analysis for the Coal Creek Station, the State concluded

that using SNCR to control additional emissions at the plant would result in ammonia

slip, which in turn would contaminate the fly ash, making it unsuitable for use in

concrete. The State thus concluded that SNCR would cause Great River Energy to

lose revenue from the sale of fly ash and would result in additional costs to dispose

of the fly ash in landfills. 

The State requested information regarding fly ash sales from Great River

Energy, which informed the State that it received $36 per ton of fly ash sold. The

State used this information to calculate the estimated cost effectiveness of

x

implementing SNCR as $8,551 per-ton-of-NO removed. This estimate included the

cost of lost fly ash revenue and the additional cost of disposing the unusable fly ash. 

See GreatRiver EnergyAdd. 57. The State calculated the cost effectiveness of SOFA

plus LNB as $411 pe xr-ton-of-NO removed. Id. The State concluded that the

incremental cost of SNCR over SOFA plus LNB was excessive, but that if fly ash

sales were not lost using SNCR, that the cost would not be considered excessive. Id.

at 61. The State also found that the incremental improvement in visibility of SNCR

over SOFA plus LNB was only 0.105 deciviews. The State concluded that “[b]ecause

of the potential for lost sales of fly ash, the negative environmental effects of having

to dispose of the fly ash instead of recycling it into concrete, and the very small

amount of visibility improvement from the use of SNCR, this option is rejected as

-10-

Appellate Case: 12-1844 Page: 10 Date Filed: 09/23/2013 Entry ID: 4078229 
BART.” Id. Instead, the State proposed that “BART is represented by modified and

additional SOFA plus LNB[.]” Id. 

During its review of the State’s BART analysis for the Coal Creek Station,

EPA identified a possible discrepancy regarding the projected costs associated with

SNCR and requested additional information from Great River Energy to support its

predictions on lost fly ash revenue. Great River Energy discovered that it had made

a mistake in its disclosure to the State by stating that it received $36 per ton of fly ash

in revenue, when its actual revenue from fly ash was only $5 per ton. On July 16,

2011, Great River Energy submitted corrected data regarding lost fly ash revenue,

x

resulting in a projected cost effectiveness of SNCR as $2,318 per-ton-of-NO

removed. After reviewing the new data, EPA disapproved the State’s BART

determination for the Coal Creek Station. EPA concluded that the State’s SIP failed

to properly consider the cost of compliance in any meaningful sense as required by

40 C.F.R. § 51.308(e)(1)(ii)(A) because the cost of compliance analysis was based

upon fundamentally flawed and greatly inflated cost estimates regarding lost fly ash

revenue. 

Having disapproved the State’s BART determination, EPA proposed to

promulgate a FIP imposing its own BART determination for the Coal Creek Station. 

After conducting its own BART analysis based upon the State’s baseline emissions

numbersfor the CoalCreek Station established in 2003-2004, as well asthe corrected

lost fly ash revenue projections, EPA proposed to find that BART was SNCR plus

SOFA plus LNB with an emission limit of 0.12lb/MMBtu on a thirty-day rolling

average. 76 Fed. Reg. 58,622. Great River Energy submitted several comments on

EPA’s proposed BART determination, including its objections to EPA’s calculations

regarding cost effectiveness on the ground that EPA had failed to consider existing

control technology in use at the Coal Creek Station. See, e.g., 77 Fed. Reg. 20,927. 

From 2006 to 2009, Great River Energy tested a prototype pollution control

technology that is now known as DryFiningTM. Great River Energy voluntarily

-11-

Appellate Case: 12-1844 Page: 11 Date Filed: 09/23/2013 Entry ID: 4078229 
installed a full version of the technology at the Coal Creek Station in 2009, two years

prior to EPA’s proposed BART determination. EPA acknowledged Great River

Energy’s comments but concluded that it was not required to consider voluntarily

installed control technology that wasinstalled after the baseline period. 77 Fed. Reg.

20,918. EPA’s Final Rule concluded that BART was SNCR plus SOFA plus LNB,

but determined that the emission limit should be 0.13lb/MMBtu on a thirty-day

rolling average. 77 Fed. Reg. 20,899. 

1. Disapproval of the State’s BART determination

The State and Great River Energy contend that EPA’s disapproval of the

State’s BART determination for the Coal Creek Station was arbitrary, capricious, and

an abuse of discretion. They contend that because EPA is required to approve a SIP

submission that meets all of the requirements of § 169A, see 42 U.S.C. § 7410(k)(3),

and because the State’s SIP contained an analysis of each mandatory BART factor,

EPA was without authority to disapprove the SIP, notwithstanding that the cost of

compliance factor was based upon admittedly erroneous data. Under the State and

Great River Energy’s interpretation of § 169A, EPA’s role in reviewing a state’s

BART determination is limited to ensuring that at least minimal consideration is

given to each factor and does not permit EPA to examine the rationality or

reasonableness of the underlying decision. 

EPA contends that it possessed the authority to disapprove the State’s BART

determination because the State had failed to consider, in any meaningful sense, the

cost of compliance, which is a factor that a state must consider under the statute and

the applicable guidelines. See 42 U.S.C. § 7491(g)(2); 40 C.F.R.

§ 51.308(3)(1)(ii)(A). EPA argues that although the BART analysis contained a

discussion of the cost of compliance for SNCR, the discussion was based upon

grossly erroneous data that skewed the results and prevented the State from properly

considering this factor. Moreover, EPA notes that the State acknowledged in its SIP

-12-

Appellate Case: 12-1844 Page: 12 Date Filed: 09/23/2013 Entry ID: 4078229 
that but for the cost of lost revenue for fly ash, the State would not have found the

cost of compliance for SNCR excessive. 

Although the CAA grantsstatesthe primary role of determining the appropriate

pollution controls within their borders, EPA isleft with more than the ministerial task

of routinely approving SIP submissions. The Tenth Circuit recently concluded that

EPA acted within its power under § 169A in rejecting a BART determination on the

basis that the state “did not properly take into consideration the costs of compliance

when it relied on cost estimates that greatly overestimated the costs of dry and wet

scrubbing to conclude these controls were not cost effective.” Oklahoma v. EPA,

2013 WL 3766986, at *3, *5-6 (internal quotation marks omitted). The court held

that because the state’s cost of compliance estimate was based upon fundamental

methodological flaws, EPA had a reasonable basis for rejecting the state’s BART

determination for failure to comply with the requisite BART guidelines. Id. at *8. 

Moreover, in Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation v. EPA, 540 U.S.

461 (2004), the Supreme Court rejected an argument similar to that raised here

regarding EPA’s oversight role in the BACT determination process under § 167 of

the CAA. The Court held that EPA was not limited simply to verifying that a BACT

determination was actually made, concluding instead that EPA could examine the

substance of the BACT determination to ensure that it was one that was “reasonably

moored to the Act’s provisions” and was based on “reasoned analysis.” See id. at

485, 490. Although the Court’s analysis was one under § 167, we nonetheless find

it persuasive in the context of § 169A. 

We see little difference between the rejection of a factor containing

methodological flaws that led to an overestimated cost of compliance, as occurred in

Oklahoma v. EPA, and the rejection of a factor containing data flaws that led to an

overestimated cost of compliance, as occurred in this case. In both cases, the flaw in

the analysis prevented the state from conducting a meaningful consideration of the

factor, as required by the BART guidelines. As did the Supreme Court in its § 167

-13-

Appellate Case: 12-1844 Page: 13 Date Filed: 09/23/2013 Entry ID: 4078229 
analysis in Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, we reject the

argument that EPA is required under § 169A to approve a BART determination that

is based upon an analysis that is neither reasoned nor moored to the CAA’s

provisions. At oral argument, the State all but conceded EPA’s ability to review the

substantive content of the BART determination when it acknowledged that EPA

would have the authority to disapprove a SIP if the state plainly proceeded without

a sufficient factual basis. Accordingly, we conclude that EPA’s disapproval of the

State’s BART determination for failing to consider the cost of compliance asrequired

under the statute and the BART guidelines was neither arbitrary, capricious, nor an

abuse of discretion.2

The State argues in the alternative that EPA’s decision was arbitrary and

capricious because it prematurely rejected the State’s SIP based upon the data error

in the cost of compliance factor before the State could supplement its SIP and address

the data error. The State contends that it notified EPA that it would submit a

supplemental BART determination for the Coal Creek Station once it received the

projected final revised cost estimates from Great River Energy. The State argues

further that EPA prematurely disapproved the State’s original BART determination

in its regional haze SIP, knowing that a supplemental BART determination was

forthcoming. 

Nor do we find convincing GreatRiver Energy’s argument that under Friends 2

of the Boundary Waters Wilderness v. Dombeck, 164 F.3d 1115, 1129 (8th Cir.

1999), EPA was first required to prove that the data error was material to the State’s

determination before rejecting its BART determination all together. Friends of the

Boundary Waters Wilderness is inapplicable because the data error discussed and

addressed in that case was one contained in a factor voluntarily considered by the

agency under a completely different regulatory act. In this case, the data error was

contained in a factor that the State was obligated to properly consider under the CAA;

thus, EPA need only demonstrate that the State failed to consider this factor as

required by the CAA and accompanying regulations.

-14-

Appellate Case: 12-1844 Page: 14 Date Filed: 09/23/2013 Entry ID: 4078229 
Under 42 U.S.C. § 7410(k)(2), EPA is required to take action on a SIP

submission within twelve months ofthe date that the submission is deemed complete. 

EPA may approve the submission as a whole or in part, but whatever action it takes

must be done within twelve months of the completed SIP submission. See 42 U.S.C.

§ 7410(k)(2)-(3). The State’s regional haze SIP submission was deemed complete on

April 30, 2011, leaving EPA until April 30, 2012, to take action thereon. Although

Great River Energy submitted initial information regarding lost fly ash revenue on

June 16, 2011, as of April 2012, it had yet to submit its final revised calculations

regarding the projected costs associated with lost fly ash sales. EPA took final action

on the State’s SIP addressing the BART determination for the Coal Creek Station on

April 6, 2012. Great River Energy did not submit its final revised calculations

regarding the projected cost associated with lost fly ash sales until June 2012. The

State has identified no provision of the CAA that obligated EPA to wait for its

supplemental BART determination before disapproving its original Coal Creek

Station BART determination. Nor has the State identified any provision that tolled

the twelve-month period within which EPA was required to take final action. The

State has thus failed to demonstrate that EPA’s disapproval of the State’s BART

determination for the Coal Creek Station was arbitrary, capricious, or an abuse of

discretion.

2. Promulgation of a FIP for the Coal Creek Station

In light of its decision to disapprove the State’s SIP related to its BART

determination for the Coal Creek Station, EPA was obligated under the CAA to

promulgate a FIP within two years of the disapproval “unlessthe State correct[ed] the

deficiency, and the Administrator approve[d] the plan or plan revision, before the

Administrator promulgate[d] such Federal implementation plan.” 42 U.S.C.

§ 7410(c)(1)(B). Great River Energy challenges EPA’s determination that SNCR is

BART for the Coal Creek Station on the ground that EPA violated the CAA by

refusing to consider existing pollution control technology at the station during its

-15-

Appellate Case: 12-1844 Page: 15 Date Filed: 09/23/2013 Entry ID: 4078229 
BART analysis. One of the statutory factors that a state and EPA must consider when

determining BART is “any existing pollution control technology in use at the source.” 

42 U.S.C. § 7491(g)(2). During its BART analysis EPA refused to consider the

DryFiningTM pollution control technology in use at the Coal Creek Station, stating in

its Final Rule that “DryFiningTM was not installed until after the baseline period and

was installed voluntarily, not to meet any regulatory requirement[,]” and that EPA

was not required to reconsider cost estimates based on voluntarily installed controls

installed after the baseline period. 77 Fed. Reg. 20,918. GreatRiver Energy contends

that EPA’s refusal to consider the voluntarily installed pollution control technology

in use at the Coal Creek Station demonstrates that EPA failed to consider all of the

statutory factors required under 42 U.S.C. § 7491(g)(2) and 40 C.F.R.

§ 51.308(e)(1)(i)(A) and that its BART determination must therefore be vacated.

EPA contends that it was not required to consider the voluntarily installed

pollution controls at the Coal Creek Station, including the DryFiningTM technology,

because it permissibly interpreted the ambiguous phrase “existing pollution control

technology in use at the source” to mean existing technology “incorporated into

emission limits in an approved SIP or specified in a Clean Air Act permit for the

facility and . . . adopted to meet Clean Air Act requirements.” EPA Br. 82. Making

no mention of or giving any significance to the word “any” in § 7491(g)(2), EPA

argues that its interpretation of the ambiguous statutory language “existing pollution

control technology” is entitled to deference, presumably under Chevron, U.S.A., Inc.

v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984). Great River

Energy contends that EPA’s interpretation of “any existing pollution controls” is

entitled to no deference because the statutory language at issue is clear and

unequivocal, not ambiguous.

Chevron deference is appropriate when an agency exercises its generally

conferred authority to resolve a particular statutory ambiguity and the resulting

interpretation is based on a permissible construction of the statute. See Chevron, 467

-16-

Appellate Case: 12-1844 Page: 16 Date Filed: 09/23/2013 Entry ID: 4078229 
U.S. at 842-43. To determine if an agency interpretation is entitled to Chevron

deference, 

[W]e ask first whether the intent of Congress is clear as to the precise

question at issue. If, by employing traditional tools of statutory

construction, we determine that Congress’ intent is clear, that is the end

of the matter. But if the statute issilent or ambiguous with respect to the

specific issue, the question for the court is whether the agency’s answer

is based on a permissible construction of the statute. If the agency’s

reading fills a gap or defines a term in a reasonable way in light of the

Legislature’s design, we give that reading controlling weight, even if it

is not the answer the court would have reached if the question initially

had arisen in a judicial proceeding.

Baptist Health v. Thompson, 458 F.3d 768, 773 (8th Cir. 2006) (alteration in original)

(citations omitted in original) (internal quotation marks omitted). 

Under the first step of the Chevron analysis, we employ the traditional tools of

statutory interpretation to determine whether the statute makes clear the intent of

Congress as to the meaning of the phrase “any existing pollution control technology

in use at the source.” 42 U.S.C. § 7491(g)(2). “As in all such cases, we begin by

analyzing the statutory language, ‘assum[ing] that the ordinary meaning of that

language accurately expresses the legislative purpose.’” Hardt v. Reliance Standard

Life Ins. Co., 560 U.S. 242, 130 S. Ct. 2149, 2156 (2010) (alteration in original)

(quoting Gross v. FBL Fin. Servs., Inc., 557 U.S. 167, 175 (2009)). 

The Supreme Court has acknowledged that “‘any’ can and does mean different

things depending upon the setting.” Nixon v. Mo. Mun. League, 541 U.S. 125, 132

(2004). Nevertheless, “[i]n a series of cases, the Supreme Court has drawn upon the

word ‘any’ to give the word it modifies an ‘expansive meaning’ when there is ‘no

reason to contravene the clause’s obvious meaning.’” New York v. EPA, 443 F.3d

880, 885 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (quoting Norfolk S. Ry. Co. v. Kirby, 543 U.S. 14, 31-32

-17-

Appellate Case: 12-1844 Page: 17 Date Filed: 09/23/2013 Entry ID: 4078229 
(2004)). This line of cases adopting an expansive meaning includesthe interpretation

of the term “any” under § 307(b)(1) of the CAA, 42 U.S.C. § 7607(b)(1). See

Harrison v. PPG Indus., Inc., 446 U.S. 578 (1980). 

An examination of the relevant statutory language in § 7491(g)(2) reveals “no

reason to contravene the clause’s obvious meaning[,]” Kirby, 543 U.S. at 31-32, nor

has EPA proffered any reason to do so. We thus afford the term its obvious and

expansive meaning and conclude that Congress’s use of the term “any” to modify

“existing pollution control technologies” demonstrates that it intended the decision

maker to consider “one or some indiscriminately of whatever kind,” Webster’s Third

International Dictionary (Unabridged), 97 (1981), of control technologies in use at

the source, not simply those that are “incorporated into emission limits in an approved

SIP or specified in a Clean Air Act permit for the facility and . . . adopted to meet

Clean Air Act requirements.” EPA Br. 82. 

Because we find no ambiguity in the kind of technologies that must be

considered under § 7491(g)(2), EPA’s interpretation that it was not required to

consider the existing pollution control technologies in use at the Coal Creek Station

is entitled to no deference. Just as the State was required to properly consider each

statutory factor in the BART analysis in the implementation of its SIP, so too was

EPA in the promulgation of its FIP. Accordingly, EPA’s refusal to consider the

existing pollution control technology in use at the Coal Creek Station because it had

been voluntarily installed was arbitrary and capricious and its FIP promulgating

SNCR as BART for the Coal Creek Station is therefore vacated.

D. Antelope Valley Station

The State challenges EPA’s disapproval of its reasonable progress

determination for Antelope Valley Station Units 1 and 2 and EPA’s subsequent

promulgation of a FIP.

-18-

Appellate Case: 12-1844 Page: 18 Date Filed: 09/23/2013 Entry ID: 4078229 
As discussed above, the CAA requires that states make determinations of

reasonable progress for achieving natural visibility in Class I Federal areas. The state

is required to analyze and determine the rate of progress necessary to achieve natural

visibility conditions in the mandatory Class I Federal areas by the year 2064 and

“consider the uniform rate of improvement in visibility and the emission reduction

measures needed to achieve it for the period covered by the implementation plan.” 

40 C.F.R. § 51.308(d)(1)(i)(B). During its analysis, the State concluded that the rate

of progress necessary “for the implementation plan to attain natural conditions by

2064 [was] not reasonable[.]” Id. § 51.308(d)(1)(ii). This determination allowed the

State to implement a slower rate of progress but it also obligated the State to

demonstrate that its reasonable progress goals were reasonable. Id. 

When the State established its reasonable progress goals for the Theodore

Roosevelt National Park and Lostwood Wilderness Areas it determined that

additional pollution control technologies for Antelope Valley Station Units 1 and 2 

were unnecessary to achieve reasonable progress. The State reached this conclusion

after examining the four statutory factors that must be taken into account in

determining reasonable progress under § 7491(g)(1): costs of compliance; the time

necessary for compliance; the energy and non-air quality environmental impacts of

compliance; and the remaining useful life of the units—as well as one nonstatutory

factor, incremental visibility improvement. In its analysis of the projected

improvement in visibility, the State created and used its own cumulative source

visibility model, which employs current degraded background visibility conditions

asits baseline. Using the cumulative source visibility model, the State concluded that

the maximumcombined improvement for the average ofthe 20% worst days was 0.11

deciviews at Lostwood Wilderness Area and 0.03 deciviews at Theodore Roosevelt

National Park. The State then chose to evaluate the cost effectiveness of additional

controls at Antelope Valley using the dollar-per-deciview of improvement metric

x

rather than the more conventional dollar-per-ton-of-NO removed metric. With the

visibility numbers calculated using the cumulative source visibility model, the State

-19-

Appellate Case: 12-1844 Page: 19 Date Filed: 09/23/2013 Entry ID: 4078229 
found that the cost effectiveness of additional controls would be 618 million dollarsper-deciview of improvement at Lostwood Wilderness Area and 2.3 billion dollarsper-deciview of improvement at Theodore Roosevelt National Park. The State found

these costs excessive and determined that installing additional controls at the

Antelope Valley Station was not reasonable. 

EPA proposed to disapprove the State’s determination, concluding that the

decision not to install additional controls was unreasonable in light of the State’s

admission that it could not meet the uniform rate of progress to restore natural

visibility in Class I Federal areas by 2064. EPA took issue with two aspects of the

State’s reasonable progress determination: the results of the State’s incremental

visibility improvement analysis and the results of the State’s cost effectiveness

analysis. Both sets of results were based upon the State’s use of its cumulative source

visibility modeling. In the Proposed Rule, EPA found “that North Dakota’s visibility

modeling significantly understates the visibility improvement that would be realized

for the control options under consideration.” 76 Fed. Reg. 58,627. EPA concluded:

While it is reasonable for a state to consider visibility improvement as

an additional factor in its reasonable progress analysis when evaluating

visibility benefits from potential control options at individual sources,

it is not appropriate to assume degraded background conditions, as the

State did. As we note above, using degraded rather than natural

background in the modeling produces estimates that greatly

underestimate the benefits of potential control options. The ultimate

goal of the regional haze program is to achieve natural visibility

conditions, not to preserve degraded conditions. 

76 Fed. Reg. 58,629. EPA also found that because of the greatly underestimated

improvement in visibility attributable to the State’s visibility model, that “cost

effectiveness values, when expressed in dollars per deciview, were overestimated.” 

Id. EPA thus proposed to disapprove the reasonable progress determination for

Antelope Valley Station Units 1 and 2. In its place, EPA proposed to promulgate a

-20-

Appellate Case: 12-1844 Page: 20 Date Filed: 09/23/2013 Entry ID: 4078229 
FIP de x

termining thatseparated overfire air pluslow NO burners(SOFA + LNB) with

an emission limit of 0.17 lb/MMBtu on a thirty-day rolling average represented

reasonable progress for Units 1 and 2. 76 Fed. Reg. 58,632. EPA concluded that this

x

technology would cost approximately $586 and $661 per-ton-of-NO removed at

Units 1 and 2 and would result in the total removal of approximately 3,500 tons of

NOx per unit per year. Id. 

The State challenges EPA’s disapproval of its reasonable progress

determination, contending that EPA’s rejection of the incremental visibility

improvement results and the dollars-per-deciview ofimprovement results based upon

the State’s cumulative source visibility modeling was arbitrary, capricious, and an

abuse of discretion. Because this was a reasonable progress determination, the State

contends that it was not obligated to use the single source visibility model required

under the BART Guidelines and that it could instead develop and utilize its own

visibility model. EPA concedes that the State was not obligated to use EPA’s single

source visibility model, but argues that if a state chooses to consider incremental

visibility improvement in the reasonable progress context, it must do so in a manner

that is consistent with the CAA.

As discussed above, EPA’s review of a SIP extends not only to whether the

state considered the necessary factors in its determination, but also to whether the

determination is one that isreasonably moored to the CAA’s provisions. See ante 12-

14. This is especially true when a state is obligated to demonstrate that its

determination is one that is reasonable, as was the case here. See 40 C.F.R.

§ 51.308(d)(1)(ii). In its review of the State’s reasonable progress determination,

EPA concluded that the cumulative source visibility model employing the current

degraded conditions asits baseline was not consistent with the CAA. EPA noted that

the use of such a visibility model will rarely if ever demonstrate that emissions

reductions at a single source will have an appreciable effect on incremental visibility

improvement in a given area. “This is true because of the nonlinear nature of

-21-

Appellate Case: 12-1844 Page: 21 Date Filed: 09/23/2013 Entry ID: 4078229 
visibility impairment. In other words, as a Class I area becomes more polluted, any

individual source’s contribution to changes in impairment becomes geometrically

less.” 77 Fed. Reg. 20,912 (quoting 70 Fed. Reg. 39,124). EPA found that rather

than restore Class I areas to natural conditions, such a visibility model will serve

instead to maintain current degraded conditions. EPA’s determination on this matter

is entitled to judicial deference, as it involves “technical matters within its area of

expertise[.]” Lockhart v. Kenops, 927 F.2d 1028, 1034 (8th Cir. 1991) (quoting

Louisiana ex rel. Guste v. Verity, 853 F.2d 322, 329 (5th Cir. 1988)); see also Marsh

v. Or. Natural Res. Council, 490 U.S. 360, 378 (1989) (“When specialists express

conflicting views, an agency must have discretion to rely on the reasonable opinions

of its own qualified experts even if, as an original matter, a court might find contrary

views more persuasive.”). 

The State’s de xtermination that no additional NO controls were necessary for

Antelope Valley Station Units 1 and 2 was based primarily on the lack of incremental

visibility improvement expected from the installation of the technology and its

excessive cost effectiveness on a dollars-per-deciview of improvement metric. Each

of these conclusions, however, wasreached through the use of the State’s cumulative

source visibility modeling. Although the State was free to employ its own visibility

model and to consider visibility improvement in its reasonable progress

determinations, it was not free to do so in a manner that was inconsistent with the

CAA. Because the goal of § 169A is to attain natural visibility conditions in

mandatory Class I Federal areas, see 42 U.S.C. § 7491(a)(1), and EPA has

demonstrated that the visibility model used by the State would serve instead to

maintain current degraded conditions, we cannot say that EPA acted in a manner that

was arbitrary, capricious, or an abuse of discretion by disapproving the State’s

reasonable progress determination based upon its cumulative source visibility

modeling. 

-22-

Appellate Case: 12-1844 Page: 22 Date Filed: 09/23/2013 Entry ID: 4078229 
Although the State has challenged EPA’s promulgation ofits FIP—concluding

that reasonable progress for Antelope Valley Station Units 1 and 2 was SOFA+LNB

with a 0.17 lb/MMBtu emission limit on a thirty-day rolling average—it has done so

only on procedural grounds, arguing that because the disapproval of the SIP was

improper, so too was the promulgation of the FIP. Because we conclude that EPA

properly disapproved the State’s reasonable progress determination, the State’s

challenge to the FIP necessarily fails. Accordingly, the State’s petition for review of

EPA’s disapproval of the State’s SIP and promulgation of a FIP is denied. 

E. Coyote Station

The Environmental Groups challenge EPA’s approval of the 0.50 lb/MMBtu

emission limit as reasonable progress for the Coyote Station. 

As part of its regional haze SIP, the State conducted a reasonable progress

determination for the Coyote Station. During this determination, the State evaluated

several possible pollution control technologies,including advanced separated overfire

air (ASOFA). The State estimated that installing ASOFA would result in a 40%

x

reduction of NO emissions. Although the State determined that ASOFA would result

x

in a cost effectiveness of $246 per-ton-of-NO removed, it concluded that the more

appropriate measure of cost effectiveness for determining reasonable progress was

expressed in dollars-per-deciviewof improvement. Using its own visibility modeling

discussed above, the State calculated a combined maximum improvement in

deciviews over the 20% worst days at Lostwood Wilderness Area and Theodore

Roosevelt National Park. As with the determination for Antelope Valley Station

Units 1 and 2, the State used the projected visibility improvements to calculate the

cumulative cost effectiveness of additional technologies of approximately 618 million

dollars-per-deciview of improvement at Lostwood Wilderness Area and 2.3 billion

dollars-per-deciview of improvement at Theodore Roosevelt National Park. Based

-23-

Appellate Case: 12-1844 Page: 23 Date Filed: 09/23/2013 Entry ID: 4078229 
upon x

these cost effectiveness calculations, the State concluded that no additional NO

controls were reasonably necessary at the Coyote Station. 

Notwithstanding this conclusion, the State engaged in negotiations with the

owner of xthe Coyote Station, reaching an agreement that established an NO emission

limit of 0.50 lb/MMBtu on a thirty-day rolling average. This emission limit would

be satisfied through the installation of additional pollution controls, assumed to be

ove xrfire air (OFA), that would remove approximately 4,213 tons of NO , which

represents an approximate 32% decrease in emissions from the station’s 2000-2004

baseline. This agreement was made enforceable through a permit for construction at

the Coyote Station and was submitted with the State’s SIP. 

In its review of the State’s reasonable progress determination, EPA concluded

that the State had unreasonably rejected ASOFA as a potential technology

representing reasonable progress because its decision was based on the same

cumulative source visibility modeling discussed above. See 76 Fed. Reg. 58,630. 

Unlike the determination involving the Antelope Valley Station, however, the State

nevertheless had included in its SIP an emission limit for the Coyote Station. EPA

found the following:

[W]e continue to disagree with the manner in which North Dakota

evaluated visibility improvement when it evaluated single source

controls and have disregarded this evaluation in our consideration of the

reasonableness of North Dakota’s reasonable progress control

determinations. We also disagree with some of North Dakota’s legal

conclusions about the necessity of reasonable progress controls for

certain xsources—specifically, for Coyote Station for NO and for

Heske 2tt Station 2 for sulfur dioxide (SO ). However, in these instances,

North Dakota nonetheless included emission limits in the SIP thatreflect

reasonable levels of control for reasonable progress for this initial

planning period. Here again, we understand that there is room for

disagreement about the State’s analyses and appropriate limits. And,

-24-

Appellate Case: 12-1844 Page: 24 Date Filed: 09/23/2013 Entry ID: 4078229 
again, we may have reached different conclusions had we been

performing the determinations. However, the comments have not

convinced us that the State, conducting specific case-by-case analyses

for the relevant units, made unreasonable determinations for this initial

planning period orthat we should be disapproving the State’s reasonable

progress determinations that we proposed to approve.

77 Fed. Reg. 20,899. Therefore, after “disregard[ing] the State’s visibility analysis

. . . and instead focus[ing] on the four reasonable progress factors[,]” EPA concluded

that the State’s proposed 0.50 lb/MMBtu emission limit was not unreasonable. 77

Fed. Reg. 20,937. 

The Environmental Groups first argue that EPA’s approval of the

0.50 lb/MMBtu emission limit as reasonable progress was arbitrary, capricious, and

an abuse of discretion because EPA could not find that the State unreasonably

rejected ASOFA as a potential technology representing reasonable progress, while

simultaneously approving the more lax 0.50 lb/MMBtu emission limit. But EPA’s

finding that the State unreasonably rejected ASOFA on the ground that it was not cost

effective has no bearing on whether the emission limit wasitself reasonable progress. 

EPA’s implicit conclusion that ASOFA would have been technology representing

reasonable progress does not mean that EPA concluded that ASOFA was the only

technology representing reasonable progress. Even if ASOFA were perhaps the most

reasonable technology available, the CAA requires only that a state establish

reasonable progress, not the most reasonable progress. EPA acknowledged that had

it been making the decision in the first instance, it perhaps would have chosen

ASOFA, but concluded that was not its decision to make. Given the procedural

posture, EPA was obligated to review the State’s decision to ensure that the State’s

determination represented reasonable progress, which it concluded the State had

done. We thus find nothing arbitrary about EPA’s conclusion that ASOFA would

have represented reasonable progress and its ultimate determination that the 

-25-

Appellate Case: 12-1844 Page: 25 Date Filed: 09/23/2013 Entry ID: 4078229 
0.50 lb/MMBtu emission limit contained in the SIP also represented reasonable

progress. 

The Environmental Groups argue in the alternative that EPA’s decision

approving the emission limit lacked a reasoned basis and therefore must be vacated. 

“While we may not supply a reasoned basis for the agency’s action that the agency

itself has not given, . . . we will uphold a decision of less than ideal clarity if the

agency’s path may reasonably be discerned.” BowmanTransp., Inc. v. Arkansas-Best

Freight Sys., Inc., 419 U.S. 281, 285-86 (1974) (internal citation omitted). In its

consideration of the emission limit as reasonable progress, EPA disregarded the

State’s visibility modeling and instead evaluated the emission limit against the four

statutory factors for reasonable progress. See 77 Fed. Reg. 20,937. In the Proposed

Rule, EPA acknowledged that ASOFA was estimated to reduce emissions by

approximately 40%, see 76 Fed. Reg. 58,626, but also acknowledged that the

emission limit established for the Coyote Station was estimated to reduce emissions

by approximately 32%, see 76 Fed. Reg. 58,628. Furthermore, OFA technology

might well be considered cost effective in light of EPA’s conclusion that the more

advanced version of the technology ASOFA was cost effective. Thus, although

EPA’s decision in this instance is not a model of clarity, we nonetheless can discern

its path.

Because the Environmental Groups have failed to demonstrate that EPA’s

approval of the 0.50 lb/MMBtu emission limit as reasonable progress for the Coyote

Station was arbitrary, capricious, or an abuse of discretion, their petition for review

of this issue is denied. 

F. Milton R. Young and Leland Olds Stations

The Environmental Groups contend that EPA’s approval of the State’s BART

determinations for Milton R. Young Station Units 1 and 2 and Leland Olds Station

-26-

Appellate Case: 12-1844 Page: 26 Date Filed: 09/23/2013 Entry ID: 4078229 
Unit 2 was arbitrary, capricious, and an abuse of discretion because it violated

applicable notice and comments requirements and failed to provide a rational basis

for EPA’s change of position from the Proposed Rule to the Final Rule. 

3

The State determined during its evaluation of its regional haze obligations that

these three units were subject to the BART requirements of § 169A. As discussed

above, the second step in the BART Guidelines evaluation process involves the

elimination of technically infeasible control technologies. See 70 Fed. Reg. 39,164. 

When the State conducted its BART analysis for each of these units, it eliminated

selective catalytic reduction (SCR) as a potential control technology, concluding that

SCR was not technically feasible for a unit that burned lignite coal in a cyclone

boiler. The State thus concluded that BART for these units was SNCR. 

Contemporaneously, the State was also determining the best available control

technology (BACT) for Young Station Units 1 and 2 pursuant to a consent decree

entered into between the owner of the station, the State, and EPA under the CAA’s

Prevention of Significant Deterioration program. The consent decree gave the State

the initial responsibility of determining BACT and gave EPA the authority to

challenge that determination in the district court if it believed that it was

unreasonable. BART and BACT both involve the elimination of technically

infeasible control options, using substantially the same criteria. See 77 Fed. Reg.

20,897. In its BACT analysis, the State similarly concluded that SCR wastechnically

infeasible because of the type of coal and type of boiler at issue and instead selected

SNCR as BACT. EPA promptly challenged the State’s BACT determination in

district court, contending that SCR was a technically feasible emission control and

should have been selected as BACT.

Young Station Units 1 and 2 and Olds Station Unit 2 each generate electricity

3

by burning North Dakota lignite coal in Babcock & Wilcox cyclone boilers. Because

each of these units operates the same type of boiler and burns the same type of coal,

the technical feasibility determination required under the BART Guidelines will be

the same for each unit. They are thus addressed together. 

-27-

Appellate Case: 12-1844 Page: 27 Date Filed: 09/23/2013 Entry ID: 4078229 
While EPA’s petition challenging the State’s BACT determination was

pending, it proposed to disapprove the State’s regional haze SIP, determining that

BART for Young Station Units 1 and 2 and Olds Station Unit 2 was SNCR. The

basis for EPA’s proposed disapproval of the SIP mirrored its position in its petition

challenging the State’s BACT determination, namely, its belief that SCR was

technically feasible and that the State’s determination that it was not technically

feasible was unreasonable. EPA acknowledged the district court proceeding in the

Proposed Rule, stating that its “proposed action here pertains to BART, not BACT,

is governed by CAA provisions and regulations specific to regional haze and BART,

and is not governed by [the] consent decree.” 76 Fed. Reg. 58,604 n.41. EPA

simultaneously proposed to promulgate a FIP finding that SCR was BART for these

units. On December 21, 2011, after the notice and comment period for the Proposed

Rule had closed, the district court issued its decision on EPA’s petition challenging

the State’s BACT determination. The district court found that the State’s conclusion

that SCR was not technically feasible was not unreasonable. See Minnkota Power

Co-op., 831 F. Supp. 2d at 1127-30. 

Rather than disapproving the State’s determination that SNCR was BART for

Young Station Units 1 and 2 and Olds Station Unit 2 and promulgating its own FIP,

EPA’s Final Rule approved the State’s SIP. In explaining its decision, EPA found

two portions of the BART Guidelines relevant. First, EPA noted that the technical

feasibility determination under the BART and BACT analyses was substantially the

same. See 77 Fed. Reg. 20,897. Second, EPA noted that the BART Guidelines

permit a state to rely upon a BACT determination for purposes of selecting BART,

unless new technologies have become available or best control levels for recent

retrofits have become more stringent. See id. EPA then acknowledged that over its

“vigorous challenge of the information and analysis relied upon by North Dakota, the

U.S. District Court upheld North Dakota’s recent BACT determination based on the

same technical feasibility criteria that apply in the BART context.” Id. at 20,897-98. 

EPA concluded that “[i]n light of the court’s decision and the views we have

-28-

Appellate Case: 12-1844 Page: 28 Date Filed: 09/23/2013 Entry ID: 4078229 
expressed in our BART guidelines, we have concluded that it would be inappropriate

to proceed with our proposed disapproval of SNCR as BART[.]” Id. at 20,898. 

Accordingly, EPA approved the State’s SIP addressing the BART determinationsfor

Young Station Units 1 and 2 and Olds Station Unit 2. 

Thereafter, the Environmental Groups filed this petition for review, while

simultaneously filing a petition for reconsideration with EPA. On November 19,

2012, after all of the petitioners had filed their initial briefs, EPA granted the

Environmental Groups’ petition for reconsideration, a process that is still ongoing. 

On February 8, 2013, after briefing in the present case was completed, the

Environmental Groups moved under Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 42(b) to

voluntarily dismiss their petition to the extent it challenges EPA’s approval of the

State’s BART determination for Young Station Units 1 and 2 and Olds Station Unit 2. 

“[T]he proceduralrequirements ofthe Clean Air Act do not permit[petitioners]

to raise . . . objection[s] for the first time on appeal.” Appalachian Power Co. v. EPA

(Appalachian Power II), 249 F.3d 1032, 1055 (D.C. Cir. 2001) (first two alterations

in original) (quoting Am. Petroleum Inst. v. Costle, 665 F.2d 1176, 1190-91 (D.C.

Cir. 1981)). “Only an objection to a rule or procedure which was raised with

reasonable specificity during the period for public comment . . . may be raised during

judicial review.” 42 U.S.C. § 7607(d)(7)(B). Section 7607(d)(7)(B) is “a

jurisdictional administrative exhaustion requirement,” Noel Canning v. NLRB, 705

F.3d 490, 497 (D.C. Cir. 2013), which courts are to strictly enforce, Natural Res. Def.

Council, 571 F.3d at 1259. “The purpose of the exhaustion requirement is to ensure

that the agency is given the first opportunity to bring its expertise to bear on the

resolution of a challenge to a rule.” Appalachian Power I, 135 F.3d at 818. 

“Consequently, the court enjoys the benefit of the agency’s expertise and possibly

avoids addressing some of the challenges unnecessarily.” Motor & Equip. Mfrs.

Ass’n v. Nichols, 142 F.3d 449, 462 (D.C. Cir. 1998). 

-29-

Appellate Case: 12-1844 Page: 29 Date Filed: 09/23/2013 Entry ID: 4078229 
EPA contends that the Environmental Groups’ challenges to the approval of

these BART determinations are not properly before us because they are being raised

for the first time on appeal. The Environmental Groups acknowledge that because

they had no notice that EPA was considering approving the BART determinations

prior to publication of the Final Rule they did not raise a challenge to EPA’s approval

during the rulemaking process. In such circumstances, “the CAA requires a petitioner

to first raise its objection to the agency th[r]ough a petition for reconsideration.”

Oklahoma v. EPA, 2013 WL 3766986, at *11 (alteration in original) (quoting

Appalachian Power II, 249 F.3d at 1065). The Environmental Groups have done just

that, filing a petition for reconsideration that is still under consideration. 

Notwithstanding the Environmental Groups’ failure to raise these objections

during the rulemaking process, Intervenors Minnkota Power Cooperative, Inc. and

Square Butte Electric Cooperative argue that § 7607(d)(7)(B) does not deprive us of

jurisdiction. Intervenors contend that because § 7607(d)(7)(B) permits courtsto stay

the effectiveness of a finalrule during reconsideration,it “expressly contemplatesthat

a reviewing court retains subject matter jurisdiction over the claims during the

pendency of EPA reconsideration.” Intervenors Minnkota & Square Butte Br. 52

(citing § 7607(d)(7)(B) (“Such reconsideration shall not postpone the effectiveness

of the rule. The effectiveness of the rule may be stayed during such reconsideration,

however, by . . . the court for a period not to exceed three months.”)). Intervenors are

incorrect that thissection contemplatesthat we retain jurisdiction to hear unexhausted

claims. Rather, it establishes that we retain jurisdiction over the entire final rule

pending the reconsideration of unexhausted claims, and thus have the authority to

postpone the effectiveness of the entire final rule. 

Because the Environmental Groups’ challenges to EPA’s approval of the

State’s BART determination for Young Station Units 1 and 2 and Olds Station Unit

2 were not raised before EPA during the rulemaking process, we conclude that we are

without jurisdiction to hear them under § 7607(d)(7)(B). This conclusion renders

-30-

Appellate Case: 12-1844 Page: 30 Date Filed: 09/23/2013 Entry ID: 4078229 
moot the Environmental Groups’ motion to dismiss their petition for review of these

matters under Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 42(b).

 

H. Interstate Transport SIP 

The State contends that EPA’s disapproval of its interstate transport SIP was

arbitrary, capricious, and an abuse of discretion. In July 1997, EPA promulgated new

NAAQS, which triggered the State’s obligation to submit an interstate transport SIP

addressing the new standards. As discussed above, one of the elements of this SIP

is the “good neighbor” provision, which contains a visibility component. See 42

U.S.C. § 7410(a)(2)(D)(i)(II). In 2006, EPA issued guidance to the states on

satisfying the good neighbor provision. See Environmental Protection Agency,

Guidance for State Implementation Plan Submissions to Meet Current Outstanding

Obl 2.5igations Under Section 110(a)(2)(D)(i) for the 8-Hour Ozone and PM National

Ambient Air Quality Standards (2006) [hereinafter 2006 Guidance]. 

The first paragraph of the 2006 Guidance “emphasizes that this guidance

document merely provides suggestions and . . . EPA may elect to follow or deviate

from this guidance, as appropriate.” See id. at 1. Regarding the visibility component

of the good neighbor provision, the 2006 Guidance recognized that because states’

regional haze SIPs were not due until December 17, 2007, it was “currently

premature” to determine whether a state’s SIP complies with the good neighbor

provision. Id. at 9-10. Therefore, the 2006 Guidance suggested “that States may

make a simple SIP submission confirming that it is not possible at this time to assess

whether there is any interference with measures in the applicable SIP for another

State de 2.5signed to ‘protect visibility’ for the 8-hour ozone or PM NAAQS until

regional haze SIPs are submitted and approved.” Id. “Thus, EPA’s recommendation

to states as of that particular point in time wasthat they refer to the imminent regional

haze SIP submission as the means by which they could address the visibility prong

of [§ 7410(a)(2)(D)(i)].” 76 Fed. Reg. 58,642. 

-31-

Appellate Case: 12-1844 Page: 31 Date Filed: 09/23/2013 Entry ID: 4078229 
On April 6, 2009, the State submitted a SIP revision designed to satisfy its

interstate transport requirements under the CAA. The State did not substantively

address the visibility component, but instead referred to the 2006 Guidance and

included a placeholder submission, stating that until regional haze SIPs were

submitted, it was not possible to assess whether there is any interference with

measures in another state’s applicable regional haze SIP. The State thus suggested

that it planned to satisfy the visibility component through the submission of its

regional haze SIP, which it submitted on March 3, 2010.

EPA reviewed the State’s interstate transport SIP in 2011 and approved three

of the four components, but disapproved the visibility component. EPA rejected the

State’s use of the placeholder submission suggested in the 2006 Guidance and found

that the SIP had failed to address substantively the visibility prong. EPA also

concluded that the regional haze SIP could not be used to satisfy the visibility

component because it was not fully approvable. See 76 Fed. Reg. 58,642. To address

the visibility component, EPA proposed to promulgate a FIP. The FIP concluded that

the visibility component would be satisfied by relying on a combination of the

portions of the State’s regional haze SIP that had been approved and the FIP

promulgated to replace the disapproved portions of the regional haze SIP. 

The State first contends that EPA acted arbitrarily by not following its 2006

Guidance and refusing to accept its placeholder submission for the visibility

component. We disagree, for the 2006 Guidance clearly placed the State on notice

that EPA was not issuing binding regulations but was instead only issuing

suggestions that left EPA free “to follow or deviate from this guidance, as

appropriate.” 2006 Guidance at 1. Moreover, the 2006 Guidance suggested that it

was “currently premature” to require a submission addressing visibility prior to the

2007 deadline for regional haze SIP submissions. This demonstrates that the 2006

Guidance contained time-sensitive suggestions. It is undisputed that the State did not

submit its interstate transport SIP until 2009, well after the period discussed in the

-32-

Appellate Case: 12-1844 Page: 32 Date Filed: 09/23/2013 Entry ID: 4078229 
2006 Guidance. Given the disclaimer within the 2006 Guidance that EPA was free

to deviate from it, as well as the time frame during which it was issued—prior to the

deadline for submitting regional haze SIPs—the State has failed to demonstrate that

EPA’s refusal to accept the State’s placeholder statement regarding the visibility

component was arbitrary, capricious, or an abuse of discretion.

The State argues in the alternative that its submission of the regional haze SIP

satisfied the visibility component of the interstate transport SIP. EPA concluded,

however, that because the regional haze SIP was not fully approvable, it could not

satisfy the visibility component of the interstate transport SIP. The State does not

challenge EPA’s authority to disapprove the interstate transport SIP on this basis. 

Rather, it contends that because the regional haze SIP should have been approved as

to all portions, it should have satisfied the visibility component in its interstate

transport SIP. See State’s Reply Br. 36 (“Because EPA’s disapproval of North

Dakota’s [Coal Creek Station] BART determination and [Antelope Valley Station

reasonable progress] determinations were arbitrary and capricious, so too is EPA’s

disapproval of North Dakota’s SIP as it pertains to interstate visibility.”). Because

we have concluded that EPA properly disapproved portions of the State’s regional

haze SIP, the State’s argument on this issue fails, and thus the State’s petition for

review of EPA’s disapproval of the State’s interstate transport SIP is denied.

III. Conclusion

We grant the State’s and GreatRiver Energy’s petitions for review to the extent

that they challenge EPA’s BART determination for the Coal Creek Station

promulgated in EPA’s FIP, and we vacate and remand that portion of the Final Rule

to EPA for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We deny the remainder

of the State’s, Great River Energy’s, and the Environmental Groups’ petitions for

review, as well as the Environmental Groups’ motion for voluntary dismissal under

Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 42(b). 

____________________________

-33-

Appellate Case: 12-1844 Page: 33 Date Filed: 09/23/2013 Entry ID: 4078229