[Cite as Lozada v. Lozada, 2014-Ohio-5700.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT 

GEAUGA COUNTY, OHIO 

KRISTEN L. LOZADA, : O P I N I O N 

 Petitioner-Appellant/ :

 Cross-Appellee, 

: CASE NO. 2012-G-3100

 - vs - 

:

RICARDO LOZADA, 

:

 Respondent-Appellee/ 

 Cross-Appellant. :

Appeal from the Geauga County Court of Common Pleas, Domestic Relations Division, 

Case No. 10DV001365. 

Judgment: Affirmed. 

Randy A. Vermilya and Pamela D. Kurt, 30432 Euclid Avenue, Suite 101, Wickliffe, OH 

44092 (For Petitioner-Appellant/Cross-Appellee). 

Richard C. Rieth and Kristen A. Crane, 1406 W. 6th Street, 2nd Floor, Cleveland, OH 

44113, and Victoria N. Smith, Victoria Nagy Smith & Co. L.P.A., P.O. Box 141, 

Newbury, OH 44065 (For Respondent-Appellee/Cross-Appellant). 

CYNTHIA WESTCOTT RICE, J. 

{¶1} Appellant/cross-appellee, Kristen L. Lozada (“wife”), appeals from the 

judgment of the Geauga County Court of Common Pleas, Domestic Relations Division, 

awarding appellee/cross-appellant Ricardo Lozada (“husband”) attorney fees, pursuant 

to R.C. 2323.51, for engaging in frivolous conduct in prosecuting a domestic violence 

civil protection order. Husband has filed a cross-appeal relating to the trial court’s 
 2

judgment reducing the amount of attorney fees awarded to him by the magistrate. For 

the reasons discussed in this opinion, we affirm. 

{¶2} On November 16, 2010, wife filed a petition for domestic violence civil 

protection order (“CPO”). Generally, the petition alleged that husband had engaged in 

acts of domestic violence by threatening wife, threatening to take custody of the parties’ 

child, and that wife was in fear of husband. On the same date, the magistrate entered 

an ex parte CPO. 

{¶3} A full hearing was held before the magistrate who, on February 8, 2011, 

entered his decision denying the petition for a CPO. The magistrate found that wife had 

made materially false statements in her affidavit with the intent of causing the court to 

believe husband was harassing her. The magistrate further found that wife was not a 

credible witness and virtually all the evidence she presented in support of the CPO was 

based upon unclear generalizations and unspecified claims. The magistrate determined 

that, in light of both parties’ testimony, wife filed the petition not to obtain relief from 

husband’s behavior and protect herself, but merely as a means of retaliation for 

husband ending a sexual relationship the parties had maintained off-and-on since their 

divorce. Finally, the magistrate recommended that the court make an express finding 

that husband did not commit any acts of domestic violence on wife or the parties’ child 

because wife’s case was “so utterly devoid of merit, and the contrary evidence against 

her case is so strong.” 

{¶4} Neither party filed objections to the magistrate’s decision and, on March 4, 

2011, the trial court entered judgment approving and adopting the decision. No appeal 

was taken from this judgment. On March 8, 2011, husband filed a “Motion for Attorney 

Fees, Court Costs, and Other Reasonable Expenses Pursuant to O.R.C. Section 
 3

2323.51 and Civil Rule 11.” Wife filed a memorandum in opposition to the motion. The 

matter was scheduled for hearing on May 31, 2011; on that date, however, wife, through 

counsel, advised the court that she had filed a petition under Chapter 7 of the 

Bankruptcy Code in February 2011. Counsel further advised that wife had received a 

discharge in bankruptcy on May 25, 2011. Because, however, it was unclear whether 

husband’s claims against wife were discharged, the court stayed the matter for six 

months or upon motion of either party to dissolve the stay. 

{¶5} On August 16, 2011, husband, through counsel, moved to dissolve the 

stay. The motion asserted that, upon investigation, counsel determined husband’s 

claim was neither listed nor scheduled in the bankruptcy petition. And, because 

husband did not have actual knowledge of the bankruptcy proceedings until after the 

discharge was entered, counsel asserted the claim was not discharged. The motion 

asked the court to return the matter to the active docket, proceed with a hearing on the 

R.C. 2323.51 motion, and make a further determination that any potential debt arising 

therefrom was non-dischargeable. 

{¶6} On November 8, 2011, a hearing on the motion was held and the 

magistrate issued his decision on December 9, 2011. Based upon the evidence heard 

at the CPO hearing, which was the basis of husband’s frivolous conduct argument, the 

magistrate concluded that wife engaged in frivolous conduct in filing and prosecuting the 

petition for CPO as defined under R.C. 2323.51(A)(2)(a)(i), (ii), and (iii). Given this 

conclusion, the magistrate further concluded that husband was entitled to recover 

attorney fees in the amount of $22,852.52 (the full amount requested for work relating to 

the CPO) as well as litigation expenses in the sum of $1,045.16. The magistrate also 

found that the court had jurisdiction to determine the dischargeability of the debt. As 
 4

such, the court concluded that the attorney fees award and litigation expenses award 

were non-dischargeable debts within the meaning of Section 523(a)(6) of the United 

States Bankruptcy code.1

{¶7} Wife filed objections to the magistrate’s decision and husband duly 

responded to the objections. On August 8, 2012, the trial court adopted the 

magistrate’s decision in part, modified it in part, and approved it as modified. In 

particular, the trial court adopted the magistrate’s findings and conclusions that wife 

engaged in frivolous conduct as defined by R.C. 2323.51(A)(2)(a)(i), (ii), and (iii) by filing 

and prosecuting the petition for a CPO against husband. The trial court, however, 

reduced the $23,852.50 award in attorney fees to $15,000 because the magistrate’s 

award was “too much for a case of this nature.” The trial court then adopted the 

magistrate’s conclusion that the debt was non-dischargeable. 

{¶8} Wife filed a timely appeal from this judgment and husband filed a timely 

cross-appeal. 

{¶9} For her first assignment of error, wife asserts: 

{¶10} “The trial court’s finding of a sanction of attorney fees is against the 

manifest weight of the evidence.” 

{¶11} Pursuant to R.C. 2323.51, a court may “award court costs, reasonable 

attorney’s fees, and other reasonable expenses incurred in connection with a civil action 

or appeal * * * to any party to the civil action or appeal who was adversely affected by 

frivolous conduct.” R.C. 2323.51(B)(1). “Conduct” includes “[t]he filing of a civil action, 

the assertion of a claim, defense, or other position in connection with a civil action, the 

 

1. That section provides “(a) A discharge under section 727, 1141, 1228(a), 1228(b), 04 1328(b) of this 

title does not discharge an individual debtor from any debt - - 

“ * ** 

“(6) for willful and malicious injury by the debtor to another entity or to the property of another entity;” 
 5

filing of a pleading, motion, or other paper in a civil action, * * * or the taking of any other 

action in connection with a civil action.” R.C. 2323.51(A)(1)(a). Furthermore, “frivolous 

conduct” is defined as conduct that (1) obviously serves merely to harass or maliciously 

injure another party to the civil action, (2) is not warranted under existing law and cannot 

be supported by a good-faith argument for an extension, modification, or reversal of 

existing law, or (3) consists of allegations or other factual contentions that have no 

evidentiary support or are not likely to have evidentiary support after a reasonable 

opportunity for further investigation. R.C. 2323.51(A)(2)(a). 

{¶12} “Since ‘willfulness’ is not a prerequisite for relief” under R.C. 2323.51, an 

“analysis of a claim under this statute boils down to a determination of (1) whether an 

action taken by the party to be sanctioned constitutes ‘frivolous conduct,’ and (2) what 

amount, if any, of reasonable attorney fees necessitated by the frivolous conduct is to 

be awarded to the aggrieved party.” Ceol v. Zion Indus., Inc., 81 Ohio App.3d 286, 291 

(9th Dist.1992); R.C. 2323.51(B). 

{¶13} No single standard of review applies in R.C. 2323.51 cases. Wiltberger v. 

Davis, 110 Ohio App.3d 46, 51 (10th Dist.1996). Rather, in a frivolous conduct appeal, 

we must consider mixed questions of law and fact. Judd v. Meszaros, 10th Dist. 

Franklin No. 10AP-1189, 2011-Ohio-4983, ¶18. “The question of what constitutes 

frivolous conduct may be either a factual determination, e.g., whether a party engages 

in conduct to harass or maliciously injure another party, or a legal determination, e.g., 

whether a claim is warranted under existing law.” Curtis v. Hard Knox Energy, Inc., 11th 

Dist. Lake No. 2005-L-023, 2005-Ohio-6421, ¶15. A trial court’s factual findings must 

be given deference, and, as such, we will not disturb such determinations save an 

abuse of discretion. McPhillips v. United States Tennis Assn. Midwest, 11th Dist. Lake 
 6

No. 2006-L-235, 2007-Ohio-3595, ¶28. Alternatively, legal questions are reviewed 

under a de novo standard of review. Id.

{¶14} Finally, where a trial court has determined a party has engaged in 

frivolous conduct, the decision to assess a penalty lies within the sound discretion of the 

trial court. See e.g Edwards v. Livingstone, 11th Dist. Ashtabula Nos. 2001-A-0082 and 

2002-A-0060, 2003-Ohio-4099, ¶17. 

{¶15} In this case, the magistrate found that wife engaged in frivolous conduct in 

three separate ways: (1) by filing the petition for a domestic violence civil protection 

order to merely harass or maliciously injure husband. See R.C. 2323.51(A)(2)(a)(i); (2) 

by filing a petition that was not warranted under existing law or supported by a good 

faith argument that could serve as a basis for changing the existing law. See R.C. 

2323.51(A)(2)(a)(ii); and (3) by filing a petition that had no evidentiary support. See R.C. 

2323.51(A)(2)(a)(iii). In drawing these conclusions, the magistrate relied upon the 

factual findings and legal conclusions issued in support of denying the CPO. These 

determinations were rendered final when the trial judge adopted the magistrate’s 

decision and accorded preclusive effect when no appeal was taken to challenge the 

judgment. 

{¶16} With respect to the conclusion that wife filed the CPO merely to harass or 

maliciously injure husband, the magistrate found that wife made materially false 

statements in the affidavit supporting the ex parte CPO “with the intent and purpose of 

causing the Court to believe that [husband] was harassing and bombarding her with 

unwanted telephone calls and text messages.” The magistrate also found that nearly all 

of the testimony relevant to proving wife’s allegations was “distorted, exaggerated, or 

simply false.” 
 7

{¶17} Based upon the parties’ testimony, the magistrate drew the following 

conclusions: 

{¶18} [Wife’s] domestic case is ultimately and inherently selfcontradictory. She claims that for three or more years, [husband] 

kept her in a constant state of fear. Solely because of that, 

according to her, she had sex with him, sent him nude pictures, 

went to birthday parties and movies with him and [their child], 

exchanged hundreds of text messages and phone calls, went to 

dinner, invited herself to his house, and so on – in short, carried on 

what the objective evidence shows was a remarkably casual, 

friendly, and intimate relationship with her former husband. But, 

she claims, this was all pretense, a façade built of desperation. 

She claims that she did all those things because she feared that if 

she didn’t, he would take [their child] away from her by some 

unspecified means. Yet when, on November 13, 2010, he told her 

that their relationship was over and that after that she should 

communicate with him only about [their child], she reacted not with 

joy and relief that a terrible burden of dread had been lifted from her 

life, but by filing this case. 

{¶19} [Wife] had no legitimate basis or reason for filing, and then 

continuing to prosecute, the domestic violence petition in this case. 

The moment she got what she claims she wanted – for [husband] 

to leave her alone – she struck back at him. Her theory of this case 

is absurd. First, even if the Court had granted her request for a 
 8

CPO, [husband] still could have commenced litigation at any time 

about the parties’ parental rights and responsibilities for [their child]. 

Second, and more tellingly, all the evidence except for [wife’s] selfserving testimony, which this magistrate does not believe, shows 

that [wife] wanted to continue her relationship with [husband]. 

When he told her to leave him alone, not to bother sending him 

nude pictures, not to visit him, not to send him text messages, she 

ignored him and persisted in her contacts with him. On November 

13 she must finally have understood that [husband] had indeed 

ended their relationship and that nothing she could do would make 

him reconsider his decision to have nothing to do with her except 

where their [child] was concerned. And on November 16 she filed 

this case. 

{¶20} The magistrate further found that wife did not file the CPO petition to “get 

relief from [husband’s] behavior and to protect herself, but to retaliate against him for 

ending their intimate relationship of over three years.” In filing the petition for CPO, the 

magistrate noted that wife was attempting to deprive husband access to their child 

without any legal justification. The magistrate therefore concluded that the petition was 

filed to merely harass or maliciously injure husband, in violation of R.C. 

2323.51(A)(2)(a)(i). 

{¶21} The foregoing determinations were premised upon the magistrate’s 

decision in the underlying CPO case. Those findings were not objected to and were 

eventually adopted by the trial court. Because the trial court’s findings and conclusions 

in the instant matter were based upon its conclusive determinations in the judgment 
 9

denying wife’s petition for a CPO, we conclude the trial court’s judgment that wife 

engaged in frivolous conduct is consistent with the manifest weight of the evidence. See 

Dressler Coal Co. v. Division of Reclamation, Ohio Dep’t of Natural Resources, 23 Ohio 

St.3d 131, 136 (1986) (observing the doctrine of res judicata provides that a judgment of 

a court, directly adjudicating points of law or fact, is conclusive between the same 

parties or their privies whether in the same matter or a separate action.) We therefore 

hold the trial court did not abuse its discretion in adopting the magistrate’s decision that 

the petition for CPO was filed merely to harass or maliciously injure husband in violation 

of R.C. 2323.51(A)(2)(a)(i). 

{¶22} Notwithstanding the foregoing, wife contends that conduct only becomes 

frivolous when the expectation of finding evidence in support of an action is 

unreasonable. Because, she asserts, she had a concern for her safety that prompted 

her to seek the CPO, she provided reasonable evidence for the petition. Given our 

conclusion that the trial court did not err in finding frivolous conduct pursuant to R.C. 

2323.51(A)(2)(a)(i), evaluating wife’s argument would be an advisory exercise. 

{¶23} Wife’s argument is a challenge to the trial court’s conclusion that she 

violated R.C. 2323.51(A)(2)(a)(iii), i.e., that she had no evidentiary support for her 

petition. Because we have already concluded the record supports the trial court’s 

conclusion that wife’s conduct was frivolous in violation of R.C. 2323.51(A)(2)(a)(i), and 

that determination is sufficient, unto itself, to affirm the trial court’s judgment, we need 

not address the remaining bases cited by the trial court in support of its judgment. In 

short, our affirmance of the trial court’s conclusion that wife filed the petition for CPO to 

merely harass or maliciously injure her ex-husband renders any additional analysis of 

the trial court’s remaining legal conclusions moot. 
 10

{¶24} The dissent makes several points that deserve attention. First, in its 

opinion, the dissent maintains the original judgment adopting the magistrate’s findings 

denying the petition for a CPO was not a final order because the issue of attorney fees 

and further hearing on appellee’s purported violation of the ex parte order were still 

pending. We need not address whether the original substantive decision finding 

appellant was not entitled to the CPO, adopted by the trial court, was a final appealable 

order. Appellant did not object to the magistrate’s findings and conclusion. Accordingly, 

even if the judgment under consideration rendered the previous judgment final, any 

issue relating to the initial findings and conclusions is waived. Appellant appears to 

concede she waived the issue because she neither ordered a transcript of those 

proceedings nor does she argue, on appeal, that the trial court erred in adopting the 

decision denying her petition. 

{¶25} Despite the conspicuous absence of any argument from appellant, the 

dissent also contends the frivolous conduct finding is against the manifest weight of the 

evidence because the trial court’s determination that appellant was not entitled to the 

CPO was unreasonable. It is unclear, however, how the original judgment can be 

deemed unreasonable when there is no transcript of those proceedings in this court’s 

record. While the record includes transcripts from appellant’s ex parte hearing and her 

deposition, these items do not provide any insight into the testimony taken at the full 

hearing. 

{¶26} The only facts available to this court from the full hearing on the CPO are 

contained in the magistrate’s decision and the trial court’s adoption of that decision. In 

that decision, the magistrate specifically finds appellant possessed no colorable basis in 

fact or law for filing the petition, but did so merely to retaliate, harass, or maliciously 
 11

injure appellee. It is unclear how the dissent can deem the substantive decision and 

judgment unreasonable when there is no evidence in this record against which the 

findings and conclusions can be compared. The dissent essentially maintains the 

magistrate erred in denying the petition. Without a record of the proceedings, however, 

it is impossible to assess the quality of the evidence the magistrate heard, let alone 

evaluate the manner in which the magistrate arrived at his decision. We are 

confounded by the approach taken by the dissent. 

{¶27} Furthermore, the dissent considers multiple sources outside this court’s 

record in an attempt to impugn the magistrate’s denial of the CPO. App.R. 9(A) states: 

{¶28} “The original papers and exhibits thereto filed in the trial court, the 

transcript of proceedings, if any, including exhibits, and a certified copy of the docket 

and journal entries prepared by the clerk of the trial court shall constitute the record on 

appeal in all cases.” 

{¶29} As indicated above, even if the issues were not barred by res judicata or 

otherwise waived, appellant did not provide a copy of the CPO hearing transcript in the 

appellate record. Undiscouraged, the dissent resorts to various sources dehors the 

appellate record in an apparent effort to paint appellee as an unstable and violent 

individual. It is axiomatic that “* * * [a] reviewing court cannot add matter to the record 

before it, which was not a part of the trial court’s proceedings, and then decide the 

appeal on the basis of the new matter.” State v. Ishmail, 54 Ohio St.2d 402 (1978), 

paragraph one of the syllabus. 

{¶30} Because there was no transcript prepared, the dissent attempts to create 

its own tendentious version of the evidence by selectively identifying information outside 

the record to support its one-sided conclusion. The dissent does not know and has no 
 12

ability to access the evidence that led to the magistrate’s conclusion, so it has elected to 

create its own record in violation of App.R. 9. As a reviewing court, we must evaluate 

the record before us and assess arguments challenging particular judgments in light of 

that record. The dissent has gone outside the record to act as an advocate, creating 

arguments that were never asserted on appeal. 

{¶31} The record before this court is clear: The magistrate found, in a very 

detailed decision, that appellant was not entitled to a CPO. And, after holding a hearing 

on sanctions, based upon its previous decision, found appellant had engaged in 

frivolous conduct. As discussed above, the record supports this decision and the trial 

court did not abuse its discretion in adopting that decision. 

{¶32} Wife’s first assignment of error lacks merit.

{¶33} For her second assignment of error, wife alleges:

{¶34} “The trial court erred by assessing attorney fees against petitioner under 

O.R.C. 2323.51 as that section of the Ohio Revised Code does not apply to the 

awarding of attorney fees for petition for domestic violence.” 

{¶35} Wife contends that R.C. 2323.51 does not apply to an award of attorney 

fees for a domestic violence civil protection order filed pursuant to R.C. 3113.31. Wife 

points out that R.C. 2323.51 provides for an award of attorney fees against one that has 

engaged in frivolous conduct in the “filing of a civil action, the assertion of a claim, 

defense, or other position in connection with a civil action.” She argues, however, a 

petition pursuant to R.C. 3113.31 is not an “ordinary” civil matter. Wife notes that such 

proceeding does not seek redress of a legal wrong, enforcement of a legal right, or 

punishment of a public offense; rather, a petition for a domestic violence civil protection 

order, by definition, seeks protection, not civil gain. Thus, she concludes, the 
 13

mechanisms set forth under R.C. 2323.51 are not available to parties litigating an R.C. 

3113.31 petition. We do not agree. 

{¶36} The Supreme Court of Ohio has recently commented that “[a] ‘civil action’ 

has been defined as an ‘[a]ction brought to enforce, redress, or protect private rights. In 

general, all types of actions other than criminal proceedings.” Estate of Johnson v. 

Randall Smith, Inc., 135 Ohio St.3d 440, 2013-Ohio-1507, ¶15, quoting Black’s Law 

Dictionary 222 (5th Ed.1979). This definition envelops the relief sought in a petition for 

a domestic violence civil protection order; namely, protection of the person, oneself, or 

one’s child. 

{¶37} Moreover, courts have specifically stated that “a domestic violence civil 

protection order is a civil proceeding.” Luna-Corona v. Esquivel-Parrales, 12th Dist. 

Butler No. CA2008-07-175, 2009-Ohio-2628, ¶42, citing Moore v. Moore, 5th Dist. 

Licking No. 02CA0037, 2003-Ohio-1382, ¶26. And, Civ.R. 2 provides that “[t]here shall 

be only one form of action, and it shall be known as a civil action.” 

{¶38} The General Assembly’s purpose in enacting R.C. 2323.51 was “to 

provide a remedy to those harmed by frivolous conduct.” Soler v. Evans, St. Clair & 

Kelsey, 94 Ohio St.3d 432, 436 (2002). Adopting wife’s position would not afford 

protection against frivolous conduct in the context of the filing of a petition for domestic 

violence CPO. This would be contrary to the remedial purpose for which the statute 

was codified. In effect, it would leave no means for a respondent, aggrieved by a 

petitioner’s frivolous conduct in an R.C. 3113.31 case, to seek sanctions for, or recoup 

the expenses of defending against such conduct. We decline to adopt this position. 

{¶39} The dissent maintains that because the petition filed pursuant to R.C. 

3113.31 is a “special proceeding,” it is not a “civil action” and therefore falls outside the 
 14

operation of R.C. 2323.51. While a petition filed under R.C. 3113.31 is a special 

proceeding, the dissent’s interpretation would operate to remove all special proceedings 

from the operation of the frivolous conduct statute. Such a consequence would be 

problematic insofar as it would permit a party to file a petition based upon false 

allegations or merely an intention to harass without concern that his or her conduct 

might be sanctionable as frivolous. Moreover, would-be respondents would be without 

a powerful mechanism to deter such abuses of the legal process.2

 

{¶40} Additionally, the dissent’s reading would require a trial court to tolerate 

such abuses where, in “ordinary” proceedings, such actions would be subject to greater 

court regulation. It would be incongruous to divest the trial court of the authority, 

inherent or otherwise under statute and the rules applicable to ordinary civil actions, to 

discourage and sanction frivolous conduct simply because a matter falls under the 

rubric of a special proceeding. We recognize the conceptual point made by the 

dissent, but maintain the remedial purpose behind R.C. 2323.51 contemplates its 

operation in all civil proceedings, whether “special” or “ordinary.” This will not have a 

chilling effect discouraging actual victims to come forward; quite the contrary, it merely 

discourages using the legal system as a forum for gamesmanship or harassment. We 

therefore disagree that R.C. 3113.31 proceedings are beyond the reach of R.C. 

2323.51. 

{¶41} The dissent further asserts R.C. 2323.51 is inapplicable to the instant 

matter because R.C. 3113.31(J) provides that no court shall “charge any fee * * * in 

 

2. We acknowledge that Civ.R. 11 provides an available means for an aggrieved party to seek sanctions 

in a special proceeding. That rule, however, applies to either an attorney or a pro se litigant. Appellant, 

in this matter, was represented by counsel. And, although she was technically pro se when she filed the 

petition for CPO, the balance of the fees incurred by appellee occurred while she was represented. 

Because there is nothing in the record to suggest appellant’s attorney engaged in any misconduct in 

representing her, Civ.R. 11 would not be a viable sanctioning device for the conduct at issue in this 

matter. 
 15

connection with the filing of a petition pursuant to this section * * *.” R.C. 3113.31(J) 

precludes a court from charging a petitioner filing fees and other costs associated with 

filing a petition for a CPO. A judgment imposing a sanction for frivolous conduct, 

however, is not a “charge” by the court. We find the dissent’s suggestion that 

subsection (J) prohibited the court’s action unpersuasive. 

{¶42} For the reasons discussed above, we hold that an R.C. 3113.31 petition 

for a CPO is a civil proceeding out of which a party may use the mechanisms set forth 

under R.C. 2323.51 as a means to obtain a remedy for his or her adversary’s frivolous 

conduct. 

{¶43} Wife’s second assignment of error lacks merit. 

{¶44} For her third assignment of error, wife asserts:’ 

{¶45} “The trial court erred in deciding the question of the dischargeability of a 

debt under section 523(a)(6) of the Bankruptcy Code as that question was not properly 

before the court.” 

{¶46} Wife contends that the issue of the dischargeability of attorney fees 

relating to the proceedings leading to the denial of her petition for a CPO was not 

properly before the trial court. Furthermore, wife’s argument suggests that she 

experienced a due process violation because, with no motion before the court, she had 

no opportunity to research, respond, or reply to the issue of dischargeability. Thus, she 

claims, the court exceeded its jurisdiction and violated her right to be heard in 

addressing the question of dischargeability. We do not agree. 

{¶47} On August 16, 2011, counsel for husband filed a “Motion to Dissolve Stay 

of the Court and Restore Case to Active Docket.” In that motion, counsel asserted that 

husband’s claim for attorney fees was neither listed nor scheduled and husband did not 
 16

have actual knowledge of the bankruptcy case until after the order of discharge was 

entered. In light of these points, counsel claimed that husband’s motion for attorney 

fees under R.C. 2323.51 was not discharged. Husband further advised the court of its 

jurisdiction to determine the dischargeability of the potential debt. Thus, counsel 

requested the court to restore the matter to the active docket, determine that wife failed 

to list or schedule husband as a creditor, and “determine whether [husband’s] Motion for 

Attorney’s Fees, Court Costs and Other Reasonable Expenses Pursuant to O.R.C. 

2323.51 and Civil Rule 11 were discharged in [wife’s] Bankruptcy.” (Emphasis added). 

{¶48} Furthermore, at the hearing on attorney fees, the magistrate 

acknowledged that wife’s R.C. 2323.51 motion necessarily implicated the issue of the 

dischargeability of the potential debt. 

{¶49} The record demonstrates that counsel for husband raised the issue of 

dischargeability, set forth the governing law on the court’s jurisdictional ability to resolve 

the issue, and requested the court make a determination that the debt was not 

dischargeable, in the August 16, 2011 motion to dissolve the bankruptcy stay. Wife was 

consequently on notice that the issue was before the court well before the November 8, 

2011 hearing on the R.C. 2323.51 motion. Wife had the opportunity to respond to 

husband’s request and be heard, either through a response memorandum in opposition 

to the motion to lift the stay or at the R.C. 2323.51 hearing. Wife’s failure to take 

advantage of those opportunities rests upon her, and not the trial court. We therefore 

discern no error in the trial court’s disposal of the dischargeability-of-debt issue.3

 

{¶50} Wife’s third assignment of error lacks merit. 

{¶51} For her fourth assignment of error, wife argues: 

 

3. Kristen does not take issue with the trial court’s substantive legal determinations regarding the nondischargeability of the debt. Thus, we shall not address this issue. 
 17

{¶52} “The trial court erred in its determination that the respondentappellee/cross-appellant satisfied his burden in demonstrating reasonable attorney 

fees.” 

{¶53} In an action for attorney fees, the burden of proving the time billed was 

fairly and properly used as well as the burden of showing the reasonableness of work 

hours devoted to the case rests on an attorney. In re Guardianship of Spagnola, 195 

Ohio App.3d 719, 2011-Ohio-5602, ¶14 (11th Dist.) A trial court is required to base its 

reasonableness analysis upon the actual value of the necessary services performed, 

and the record must disclose some evidence to support the court’s decision. Id. citing 

Climaco, Seminatore, Delligatti & Hollenbaugh v. Carter, 100 Ohio App.3d 313, 323 

(10th Dist.1995). 

{¶54} When awarding attorney fees, the trial court should first calculate the 

number of hours reasonably expended on the litigation multiplied by a reasonable 

hourly rate. Bittner v. Tri-County Toyota, Inc., 58 Ohio St.3d 143, 145, (1991). Once the 

court has arrived at a “lodestar” amount, it may modify that amount by application of the 

reasonableness factors listed in Prof.Cond.R. 1.5(a). Bittner, supra. Those factors are 

as follows: 

{¶55} (1) the time and labor required, the novelty and difficulty of the 

questions involved, and the skill requisite to perform the legal 

service properly; (2) the likelihood, if apparent to the client, that the 

acceptance of the particular employment will preclude other 

employment by the lawyer; (3) the fee customarily charged in the 

locality for similar legal services; (4) the amount involved and the 

results obtained; (5) the time limitations imposed by the client or by 
 18

the circumstances; (6) the nature and length of the professional 

relationship with the client; (7) the experience, reputation, and 

ability of the lawyer or lawyers performing the services; (8) whether 

the fee is fixed or contingent. Ohio Rules of Professional Conduct 

1.5. 

{¶56} Where a court is empowered to award attorney fees, an appellate court 

will not interfere with the decision “[u]nless the amount of fees determined is so high or 

so low as to shock the conscience[.]” Bittner, supra, at 146; see also Brancatelli, supra. 

{¶57} In this matter, wife contends husband’s counsel failed to set forth sufficient 

evidence that the services they performed were reasonable and necessary. Thus, she 

maintains, the trial court did not have a proper basis for granting the award. 

{¶58} In his decision, the magistrate identified all applicable Rule 1.5 factors, 

discussed their relevance to the case, and, from this, the magistrate determined 

husband’s counsel was entitled to fees generated from all billed hours, set forth on his 

fee statement, at the rate to which counsel testified he charged, for work he did 

defending the CPO.4

 To wit, $22,852.50. 

{¶59} The fee statement provided by husband’s counsel set forth general 

information regarding counsel’s work and a designation of the time spent for such work. 

And, at the motion hearing, counsel testified to his hourly fee ($300 per hour), his 

significant experience as an attorney practicing primarily in the area of domestic 

relations law (32 years with 95% of his practice dealing with domestic matters). 

 

4. The magistrate determined that the court could only award fees incurred in the course of the underlying 

CPO action. As a result, he concluded that any fees incurred in connection with the prosecution of the 

R.C. 2323.51 motion were not awardable. Neither party objected to this legal conclusion and the court 

adopted that analysis in its judgment entry. Therefore, we shall not consider the legal propriety of that 

ruling. 
 19

Although counsel did not specifically explore all the entries in the fee statement and 

discuss the reasonableness of the work, the magistrate was able to consider the nature 

of the work devoted to the case, the time spent, and even compare the designations 

with the pleadings in the record. From this, the magistrate could conclude that the 

amount of time spent and the work devoted to the case was both reasonable and 

necessary given counsel’s hourly fee and his experience. 

{¶60} We acknowledge that, generally, merely submitting an attorney’s 

itemized bill is insufficient to establish the reasonableness of the amount of work billed.

United Assn of Journeyman and Apprentices of the Plumbing and Pipe Fitting Industry, 

Local Union No. 776 v. Jack’s Heating, Air Conditioning & Plumbing, Inc., 3d Dist. 

Hardin No. 6-12-06, 2013-Ohio-144, ¶25; Whitaker v. Kear, 123 Ohio App.3d 413, 424, 

(4th Dist.1997); Climaco, Seminatore, Delligatti & Hollenbaugh, supra, at 324. And, 

frequently, a party will offer expert testimony to establish that the hours charged were 

reasonable in light of the litigation’s particular facts. See e.g. Hawkins v. Miller, 11th 

Dist. Lake No. 2011-L-036, 2011-Ohio-6005, ¶28 (affirming award of attorney fees 

where expert testified to the amount of time and hourly rate charged); Whitaker, supra, 

at 424-25 (affirming trial court’s finding that evidence was sufficient to prove 

reasonableness of fee request where expert testified to the reasonableness of the time 

spent on the litigation). 

{¶61} In this case, however, counsel did not merely submit a fee statement 

relating to the hours spent; rather, counsel’s statement included itemized notations of 

the activities for which he was billing, all of which related to the defense of the petition 

for a CPO. The details in the fee statement were sufficient to permit the magistrate to 

render an informed opinion regarding the reasonableness of the fees. This, in 
 20

conjunction with the magistrate’s careful analysis of the Rule 1.5 factors, demonstrates 

that the decision to award counsel attorney fees was not an abuse of discretion. We 

therefore hold the magistrate did not err in concluding fees submitted via the statement 

were reasonable. 

{¶62} Wife’s fourth assignment of error lacks merit. 

{¶63} For his assignment of error on cross-appeal, Husband asserts: 

{¶64} “The trial court committed prejudicial error in overruling the Magistrate’s 

Decision and decreasing the attorney fee award granted to Ricardo Lozada in the 

Magistrate’s Decision of December 9, 2011 upon a finding that Appellant/Cross 

Appellee, Kristen Lozada, engaged in frivolous conduct within the meaning of R.C. 

2323.51.” 

{¶65} As indicated above, the trial court is vested with considerable discretion in 

awarding attorney fees. See e.g. Bittner, supra. Save a clear abuse of discretion, an 

appellate court may not reverse the trial court’s judgment on attorney fees. Sertz v. 

Sertz, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2011-L-063, 2012-Ohio-2120, ¶48. 

{¶66} In this case, the trial court reduced the reasonable amount of attorney fees 

awarded by the magistrate from $22,852.50 to $15,000. The trial court decreased the 

amount based upon its conclusion that the award was “too much for a case of this 

nature.” Given the considerable discretion a trial court possesses in determining 

reasonable attorney fees, we find no error. 

{¶67} This case was a domestic violence CPO, certainly not an uncommon form 

of litigation to defend. Further, the record demonstrates that counsel’s fee-per-hour rate 

was higher than the fee charged for similar services in this locality. There was no 

indication that counsel was under any time limitations or that he was precluded from 
 21

engaging in other work while representing appellee. Given these points, we hold the 

trial court’s downward deviation from the magistrate’s decision was neither 

unreasonable nor inconsistent with the record. 

{¶68} Both the magistrate’s decision and the trial court’s judgment comported 

with reason as well as the record. Neither the magistrate nor the trial judge, 

consequently, transcended the considerable discretion possessed by each in drawing 

their respective conclusions. Hence, both decisions, although substantively disparate, 

were individually and independently reasonable in the context of the proceedings sub 

judice. 

{¶69} Husband’s assignment of error on cross-appeal is without merit. 

{¶70} For the reasons discussed in this opinion, the trial court’s judgment 

adopting the magistrate’s decision is affirmed. 

TIMOTHY P. CANNON, P.J., concurs, 

COLLEEN MARY O’TOOLE, J., dissents with a Dissenting Opinion. 

________________________ 

COLLEEN MARY O’TOOLE, J., dissents with a Dissenting Opinion. 

{¶71} Finding merit in wife’s first and second assignments of error, I would 

reverse on that basis, and deem her remaining assignments of error, and husband’s 

cross assignment of error, moot. 

{¶72} The issue in the case is one of first impression in Ohio and perhaps 

throughout the country. The majority is upholding a lower court’s award of attorney fees 

to be paid by appellant wife in a civil domestic violence proceeding to her ex-husband. 
 22

The lower court’s award was made pursuant to R.C. 2323.51, the civil attorney fees 

statute. The fees in this instance are to reimburse the husband for wife’s alleged 

frivolous conduct in filing a petition for a domestic violence civil protection order. 

{¶73} Ohio created R.C. 3113.31, in an attempt to provide relief to victims of 

domestic violence. Furthermore Congress authorized the Violence Against Women Act 

of 1994 (“VAWA”), Title IV, 40001 – 40703 of the Violent Crime Control and Law 

Enforcement Act of 1994, H.R. 3355, signed into law as Pub.L. 103–322 on September 

13, 1994 (codified in part at 42 U.S.C. 13701 through 14040). 

{¶74} It goes without saying that victims of domestic violence should not fear 

punishment or humiliation by the legal system supposedly designed to protect them. 

They cannot fear reprisal when coming forward to file a petition after having already 

been victimized. The entirety of R.C. 3113.31, as well as VAWA, acknowledge the 

fragility and difficulty of victims in coming forward and build in safeguards to prevent 

such a result. The holding of the trial court and the majority of this court is unsupported 

in law and public policy, and invents a penalty for filing a petition for a civil protection 

order when none exists at law. The award of attorney fees in a domestic violence 

matter undermines 35 years of enabling legislation giving access to the courts for 

victims of domestic violence in Ohio. 

{¶75} I commence with wife’s second assignment of error, finding it dispositive. 

It reads: “The trial court erred by assessing attorney fees against petitioner under 

O.R.C. 2323.51 as that section of the Ohio Revised Code does not apply to the 

awarding of attorney fees for petition for domestic violence.” 

{¶76} As noted by the majority, we address questions of law de novo. 

Therefore, whether the statute allows for fees to be awarded is a legal question subject 
 23

to de novo review. A domestic violence petition is not an “ordinary” civil matter and as 

such an award of attorney fees is inappropriate.

{¶77} The General Assembly, in drafting R.C. 3113.31, was deliberate in not 

adding a fees provision to the domestic violence statute. It did not create a separate 

cause of action for recovery of fees anywhere in the law. Case law is well settled that a 

domestic violence action under 3113.31 is designated by the legislature as a “special” 

civil proceeding. The General Assembly took great care in designing a law that would 

address and encourage victims to come forward when they were in fear or being 

threatened, without fear of reprisal. The General Assembly created several sections 

which entitle victims to a domestic violence advocate, as well as creating a qualified 

immunity against reprisal by a perpetrator, a court, or any other system partner. 

{¶78} This legislation is not merely an “ordinary” civil proceeding as determined 

by the trial court and the majority. This writer asserts the holding of the majority violates 

the law and public policy promulgated to protect victims of domestic violence. The 

award of attorney fees, despite an obvious lack of a provision for them in the statute, is 

without legal support under R.C. 2323.51(a)(2)(a)(i), (ii), and (iii). Further, 42 U.S.C. 

3796gg-5(a)(1) and 3796hh(c)(1)(D) stipulate that victims be exempted from such costs. 

{¶79} R.C. 3113.31, the domestic violence statute, is civil in nature. See Oliver 

v. Johnson, 4th Dist. Jackson No. 06CA16, 2007-Ohio-5880, ¶7. However, R.C. 

3113.31 does not create a “‘civil action.’” Id. at ¶9, 11. According to the Ohio Rules of 

Civil Procedure, there is only one form of action, known as a “civil action.” Civ.R. 2. “A 

civil action is commenced by filing a complaint * * *.” Civ.R. 3(A). According to the 

Ohio Revised Code, an “action” is defined as “* * * an ordinary proceeding in a court of 

justice, involving process, pleadings, and ending in a judgment or decree, by which a 
 24

party prosecutes another for the redress of a legal wrong, enforcement of a legal right, 

or the punishment of a public offense.” (Emphasis added.) R.C. 2307.01. 

{¶80} “Because an action/civil action is an ‘ordinary proceeding’, it is 

distinguishable from ‘special proceedings’, which continue to exist in spite of the 

adoption of Civ.R. 2. See, 1 Ohio Jurisprudence 3d (1977), Actions, Section 18. 

{¶81} “A special proceeding is one specially created by statute and that prior to 

1853 was not denoted as an action at law or a suit in equity. See, R.C. 2505.02(A)(2) 

and Polikoff v. Adam (1993), 67 Ohio St.3d 100, 105, * * *. Where the law confers a 

right and authorizes a special application to a court to enforce it, the proceeding is 

‘special’ as opposed to ‘ordinary’. Id. at 105, quoting Schuster v. Schuster (1907), 84 

Minn., 403, 407 * * *.” (Parallel citations omitted.) Oliver, supra, at ¶9-10. 

{¶82} “The General Assembly enacted the domestic violence statute R.C. 

3113.31 in 1978 to specifically authorize the issuance of protection orders. See, Felton 

v. Felton (1997), 79 Ohio St.3d 34, 37 * * *. [R.C. 3113.31] meets the definition of a 

special statutory proceeding and thus cannot be an ‘ordinary proceeding * * *[.]’” 

(Parallel citation omitted.) Oliver, supra, at ¶11. 

{¶83} Thus, a R.C. 3113.31 domestic violence petition is not an “ordinary” civil 

proceeding as the petitioner seeks protection, not civil gain. It logically follows that a 

domestic violence petition does not fall under the mandates of R.C. Chapter 2323 from 

which the claim for attorney fees in this case arises. In fact, the legislature has 

differentiated R.C. 3113.31 from ordinary civil actions by indicating that no court shall 

assess any “fee, cost, deposit, or money in connection with the filing of a petition 

pursuant to this section * * *.” R.C. 3113.31(J). The language in the statute is 

deliberately broad, indicating the preference in the statute for preventing serious harm 
 25

and death to victims. This accounts for the low standard of proof involved: fear of harm 

or mental distress. Even a mere aggravated trespass can suffice for issuing a civil 

protection order under the statute, and the burden is only a preponderance of the 

evidence. 

{¶84} The filing of a domestic violence petition is a statutorily defined cause of 

action which prohibits the court from assessing fees. The issue is not whether a 

petitioner has probable cause to file the complaint because the statute, as written, 

allows everyone to file under a subjective feeling of duress or fear. It is then up to the 

trial court whether it will grant the relief requested based upon an imminent threat. The 

statute does not allow the trial court to read the mind of the petitioner at the time of the 

filing, but to take ex-parte testimony and supporting affidavits to make its own 

determination. The petitioner does not invent the cause of action as it is already in 

statute. The procedure and the standards are statutorily defined by law. 

{¶85} I agree the statute sets a low bar for petitioners, and this has caused 

consternation and comment in the literature, as it may give respondents little remedy to 

redress issues, including eviction from joint premises or denial of child companionship 

rights. The legislature has not seen fit to address these disparities. The trial court’s 

only remedy under the statutory scheme, if the court finds a petitioner’s testimony and 

evidence unworthy or untruthful, is denial of the order, not granting sanctions or putting 

the petitioner on trial which would defeat and deter victims coming forward. The 

purpose of the statute is not to punish petitioners, unlike the finding of the trial court, but 

to prevent further harm to them. The majority’s decision further punishes the alleged 

victim. 
 26

{¶86} Wife had a statutory right, and the law encouraged her, to file a petition for 

a civil protection order in the event she was in fear, felt harassed or under mental 

distress. The legislature drafted the domestic violence statutes broadly to protect 

victims from serious harm given the data on the cycle of domestic violence, which 

indicates the risk often grows greater with time. The purpose of both the Ohio statute 

and VAWA is to encourage potential victims to come forward before it is too late, and 

they suffer serious injury, or worse. 

{¶87} There is no basis in law for awarding attorney fees under R.C. 2323.51 on 

a petition for a domestic violence civil protection order. 

{¶88} While I believe wife’s second assignment of error dispositive, I must also 

respectfully disagree with the majority’s conclusion the first assignment of error lacks 

merit. It reads: “The trial court’s finding of a sanction of attorney fees is against the 

manifest weight of the evidence.” 

{¶89} I disagree with the majority’s conclusion that wife’s failure to object to the 

findings made in the magistrate’s decision of February 8, 2011 waived this issue, or 

moves it to the realm of res judicata. The magistrate’s initial decision was interlocutory, 

until all issues were resolved – i.e., whether husband should be awarded attorney fees. 

“The doctrine of res judicata does not apply to interlocutory orders.” Beck-Durell 

Creative Dept., Inc. v. Imaging Power, Inc., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 02AP-281, 2002-

Ohio-5908, ¶16, citing Duff v. Donald M. Colasurd Co. L.P.A., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 91 

AP-316, 1991 Ohio App. LEXIS 4421 (Sept. 19, 1991). The finding of frivolous conduct, 

allegedly justifying the award of attorney fees to husband, was first made by the 

magistrate in his decision filed December 9, 2011, not in the February 8, 2011 decision. 

Wife properly objected to the latter decision, which the trial court approved and adopted, 
 27

as modified, August 8, 2012. The instant appeal involves the August 8, 2012 judgment 

of the trial court. The majority makes much ado about the lack of a transcript of the 

initial hearing and the fact that wife did not immediately appeal the finding of no 

domestic violence. There is so much other evidence which the majority ignores, 

including the transcripts of the ex parte hearing and the sanctions hearing, wife’s 

affidavit, and her deposition transcript. This is clearly enough to create a record on 

appeal. 

{¶90} The finding of frivolous conduct, upon which the award of attorney fees is 

primarily based, arises from her ultimate failure to obtain the civil protection order. In 

considering this assignment of error, I agree with the majority that we are largely 

confined to the assignment of error, as well as the pleadings and other materials 

contained in the record, since wife failed to file any transcript of the hearing. However, I 

respectfully conclude there is sufficient information contained therein to undermine the 

conclusion that wife’s conduct in seeking the civil protection order was frivolous. 

{¶91} The magistrate refers to the necessity of incurring physical injury and 

mentions that, “since the divorce the respondent has not threatened any physical violent 

act against the petitioner.” This appears to be tacit acknowledgement of past violence. 

Furthermore, the finding assumes physical violence is a requirement for obtaining an 

order. It is not. However, a prior finding of domestic violence would explain why wife 

might be afraid of husband. She testified to physical abuse “during the marriage” and 

“her continual fear.” In fact, there was a prior finding of domestic violence by husband 

against wife. Lozada v. Lozada, Cuyahoga C.P. No. DR-01-283747 (Dec. 19, 2001). 5

 

 

5. “‘[C]ourts may sua sponte take judicial notice of proceedings in other courts if they relate directly to the 

matters at issue.’” United States v. Evans, 690 F.3d 940, 943 (8th Cir.2012), quoting Conforti v. United 

States, 74 F.3d 838, 840 (8th Cir.1996). 
 28

{¶92} In his findings the magistrate states that, “[r]espondent never at any time 

since the divorce used physical force or threat of physical force to compel the petitioner 

to have sex with him.” Implicit in the magistrate’s finding is that wife was subjected to 

physical force to compel sex – just not recently. 

{¶93} The magistrate cites at one point that the wife “never asked the 

respondent to stop contacting her,” evidently as justification for the view she welcomed 

her treatment. A petitioner for a civil protection order does not have to give the 

respondent notice his or her behavior is unacceptable or threatening before filing the 

complaint. Further, the record reflects the parties have a shared parenting plan 

requiring them to communicate for the child’s best interest. Why would either of them, 

as suggested by the magistrate, not communicate with the other? They were under 

court ordered parenting plan to communicate. 

{¶94} The record before us does indicate that husband, as a retired police 

officer, was trained in the use of force, and owned several guns. During one 

confrontation in wife’s driveway she stated, “Are you going to get your gun and shoot 

me like you shot those kids?” The magistrate justifies and minimizes an incident where 

husband, after his retirement, appears to have brought a gun to a Cleveland bar at 

around 11:30 p.m. on September 28, 2009. Reports stated that he and the bar owner 

opened fire on two men trying to rob the bar. See, e.g., John Caniglia, Former 

Cleveland cop shoots teen robbers at bar, http://www.cleveland.com (accessed May 27, 

2014); Donna J. Miller, Robbery suspects shot by ex-cop and bar owner identified, 
 29

http://www.cleveland.com (accessed May 27, 2014). This clearly provides some 

explanation for wife’s sense of fear. 6

{¶95} A useful reference in these cases is Brigner, The Ohio Domestic Violence 

Benchbook: A Practical Guide to Competence for Judges & Magistrates (2d Ed.2003) 

released by the Family Violence Prevention Center at the Ohio Office of Criminal 

Justice Services. Contained within the benchbook is a lethality check list for domestic 

relations proceedings. Id. at 65. Of note, the following behaviors – also described 

under oath in the record – are predictive of future violence: past use of weapons; threats 

to abduct a child; assaults on others; violence or threats in public; prior arrests for 

domestic violence; prior findings for domestic violence; the victim is separated or 

recently separated from the partner; the defendant has access to weapons and 

weapons’ training. Several of these factors are present in this case, yet were 

disregarded and ignored by the trial court and the majority. 

{¶96} Ultimately, the issue is not whether wife was correct in her fear of potential 

domestic violence: it is whether there was some reasonable basis for her fear. The 

magistrate’s own decision, matters which this court can take judicial notice of, and 

which relate to items referenced in the record, and the extensive but incomplete record, 

including wife’s affidavit and deposition, the pleadings, and the transcript of the ex parte 

hearing, indicate her fear was not baseless. Thus, her conduct in seeking a civil 

protection order should not have been deemed frivolous, and this finding further 

punishes wife. 

 

6. “Courts may take judicial notice of publications * * * to ‘indicate what was in the public realm at the 

time, not whether the contents of those articles were in fact true.’ Premier Growth Fund v. Alliance 

Capital Mgmt., 435 F.3d 396, 401 n.15 (3d Cir. 2001); accord Heliotrope Gen. Inc. v. Ford Motor Co., 189 

F.3d 971, 981 n.18 (9th Cir. 1999) (taking judicial notice ‘that the market was aware of the information 

contained in news articles submitted by the defendants.’).” Saher v. Norton Simon Museum of Art at 

Pasadena, 592 F.3d 954, 960 (9th Cir.2010). 
 30

{¶97} I strongly dissent.