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11-3992-cr (L)

United States v. Devine

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

Rulings by summary order do not have precedential effect. Citation to a summary order filed on or after January 1, 2007,

is permitted and is governed by Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32.1 and this court’s Local Rule 32.1.1. When citing

a summary order in a document filed with this court, a party must cite either the Federal Appendix or an electronic

database (with the notation “summary order”). A party citing a summary order must serve a copy of it on any party not

represented by counsel.

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the

Daniel Patrick Moynihan United States Courthouse, 500 Pearl Street, in the City of New York,

on the 16th day of November, two thousand twelve.

PRESENT:

JOHN M. WALKER, JR., 

DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON,

CHRISTOPHER F. DRONEY,

Circuit Judges.

_______________________________________________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

Appellee,

-v.- Nos. 11-3992-cr (Lead)

11-4224-cr (Con)

MARTINE DEVINE, AKA PARTY, AKA P 

Defendant-Appellant.

_______________________________________________

PAUL F. DWYER, Albany, New York for DefendantAppellant.

ROBERT A.SHARPE,ELIZABETH S.RIKER,ASSISTANT UNITED

STATES ATTORNEYS, OF COUNSEL, for RICHARD S.

HARTUNIAN, UNITED STATES ATTORNEY FOR THE NORTHERN

DISTRICT OF NEW YORK, Syracuse, New York for Appellee.
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Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Northern District of New

York (Glenn T. Suddaby, Judge).

UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, it is hereby ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and DECREED

that the judgment of the District Court entered September 26, 2011 is AFFIRMED. 

Martin Devine appeals from a judgment of conviction entered following his guilty plea and

sentencing him to 120 months’ imprisonment for one count of distribution and possession with

intent to distribute cocaine, see 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(C), and one count of unlawful

possession of firearms by a previously convicted felon, see 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1), 924(a)(2).

Devine first challenges the district court’s application of a two-level sentencing enhancement

pursuant to § 2D1.1(b)(1) of the United States Sentencing Guidelines for possession of a dangerous

weapon during the offense of drug trafficking. Second, he contends that the district court erred in

calculating the applicable Guidelines range by considering evidence not proven true beyond a

reasonable doubt. “We review a district court’s application of the Guidelines de novo, while factual

determinations underlying a district court’s Guidelines calculation are reviewed for clear error.”

United States v. Watkins, 667 F.3d 254, 261 (2d. Cir. 2012). We assume the parties’ familiarity with

the underlying facts, procedural history of the case, and issues on appeal, which we reference only

as necessary to explain our decision to affirm.

* * *

1. Sentencing Enhancement

Devine contends that the district court erred in applying a two-level enhancement for the

possession of firearms during the offense of drug trafficking. See U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1) (“If a

dangerous weapon (including a firearm) was possessed, increase by 2 levels.”). Specifically, he
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argues that no evidence links the three automatic pistols found in his apartment, and on which this

enhancement was based, to his drug offense on the theory that he pled guilty to two specific cocaine

sales to an undercover agent that took place away from his home. We are not persuaded.

Section 2D1.1(b)(1) of the Guidelines provides for a two-level enhancement in calculating

the offense level for the unlawful manufacturing, importing, exporting, trafficking, or possession

of drugs “[i]f a dangerous weapon (including a firearm) was possessed.” The accompanying note

explains that the “enhancement for weapon possession in subsection (b)(1) reflects the increased

danger of violence when drug traffickers possess weapons. The adjustment should be applied if the

weapon was present, unless it is clearly improbable that the weapon was connected with the offense.

For example, the enhancement would not be applied if the defendant, arrested at his residence, had

an unloaded hunting rifle in the closet.” U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1, cmt. (n.3). We have interpreted the

enhancement to require a two-step burden-shifting analysis: “[O]nce the government has established

that a weapon’s presence was reasonably foreseeable to the defendant during conduct (i.e., the

storage and cutting of drugs) relevant to the offense (i.e., distribution of drugs) at issue, the

enhancement will apply, unless the defendant demonstrates that it is clearly improbable that the

weapon was connected with the drug offense.” United States v. Smith, 215 F.3d 237, 241 (2d Cir.

2000) (per curiam) (internal citations omitted).

The enhancement applies, moreover, if the defendant possessed the firearms during conduct

relevant to the offense, not just during the specific act which precipitated his arrest. See U.S.S.G

§ 1B1.3 (noting that “[u]nless otherwise specified, . . . specific characteristics . . . shall be

determined on the basis of . . . all [a]cts and omissions committed, aided, abetted, counseled,

commanded, induced, procured, or willfully caused by the defendant . . . that occurred during the

commission of the offense of conviction, in preparation for that offense, or in the course of
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attempting to avoid detection or responsibility for that offense”). And, because drug offenses

require grouping of multiple counts under U.S.S.G. § 3D1.2(d), the relevant conduct for the firearm

enhancement includes “all acts and omissions described in subdivision[] 1(A) . . . that were part of

the same course of conduct or common scheme or plan as the offense of conviction.” Id.; see also

United States v. Pellegrini, 929 F.2d 55, 56 (2d Cir. 1991) (per curiam) (“With respect to offenses

involving ‘aggregate harms,’ such as drug offenses, relevant conduct consists of all ‘acts and

omissions that were part of the same course of conduct or common scheme or plan as the offense

of conviction.’” (quoting U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(2))).

Here, the government carried its burden of demonstrating that Devine possessed the firearms

during the course of his drug dealing, and Devine has not established that it was “clearly

improbable” that the weapons were connected to the drug dealing. Thus, the district court did not

err in applying the two-level enhancement. 

First, the evidence establishes that Devine constructively possessed the guns. See United

States v. Hertular, 562 F.3d 433, 447 (2d Cir. 2009) (noting enhancement applies where defendant

constructively possesses dangerous weapon (citing United States v. Herrera, 446 F.3d 283, 287 (2d

Cir. 2006)). Not only did he admit ownership, but the guns were kept next to his bed in a box with

his name and address on them. Second, sufficient evidence supports the district court’s conclusion

that the weapons were present during conduct relevant to Devine’s drug dealing. Specifically, police

discovered the weapons in Devine’s apartment, where police also found a digital scale with cocaine

residue. Devine argues that the guns were not connected to the cocaine sales to the undercover

officer to which he pled guilty, which did not occur at his home. The storing and cutting of drugs,

however, is conduct relevant to drug distribution, and the district court did not err in concluding that

weighing and cutting cocaine at home comprised part of Devine’s drug dealing, even if not directly
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linked to the cocaine sold to the undercover agent. See Smith, 215 F.3d at 240-41 (holding that the

government had established that the presence of weapons was reasonably foreseeable to the

defendant during his drug dealing where officers discovered handguns in residence where defendant

kept cocaine base and drug paraphernalia); see also United States v. Sweet, 25 F.3d 160, 163 (2d Cir.

1994) (holding enhancement applicable where the record supported conclusion that drugs were

stored and cut in the same location as the guns, even though a search of the location yielded no

drugs).

Second, the government having met its initial burden, Devine offered no evidence to indicate

that it was “clearly improbable” that the weapons were connected to the drug dealing. Given the

proximity of the guns to the scale with cocaine residue, both found in Devine’s home, as well as

abundant case law highlighting the link between guns and drug-dealing, see, e.g., United States v.

Wiener, 534 F.2d 15, 18 (2d Cir. 1976), the district court did not err in declining to credit Devine’s

assertion that he purchased the guns for recreational purposes. We conclude that the evidence before

the district court fully supported its conclusion that Devine possessed the firearms during conduct

relevant to his offense and that the two-level enhancement set out in U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1)

properly applied.

2. Drug Quantity Determination

Devine also challenges the district court's finding, by a preponderance of the evidence, that

he possessed 107 grams of cocaine base in addition to the 56 grams of cocaine he sold to the

undercover agent. He argues that this finding violated the Sixth Amendment because his plea

agreement only references the 56 grams he sold and his possession of the 107 grams of cocaine base

was not otherwise proven beyond a reasonable doubt.
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At the start, Devine’s plea agreement specifically provides as follows:

The Defendant understands that the sentencing Court may make

factual findings with respect to any and all sentencing factors and

issues, including those referenced in the United States Sentencing

Guidelines, whether or not such factors or issues have been

admitted by the Defendant or stipulated by the parties. In making

those findings by a preponderance of the evidence, the Court may

consider any reliable evidence, including hearsay. The Defendant

agrees that his sentence may be determined based upon such

judicial fact-finding.

The language of this agreement would appear to forestall Devine’s present claim. Even if this were

not the case, moreover, Devine’s argument is premised on a misunderstanding of United States v.

Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005), on which he principally relies. As we have said, “Judicial authority

to find facts relevant to sentencing by a preponderance of the evidence survives Booker.” United

States v. Brown, 514 F.3d 256, 269 (2d Cir. 2008) (quoting United States v. Garcia, 413 F.3d 201,

220 n.15 (2d Cir. 2005)). As such, “district courts remain statutorily obliged to calculate Guidelines

ranges in the same manner as before Booker and to find facts relevant to sentencing by a

preponderance of the evidence.” United States v. Cuevas, 496 F.3d 256, 265 (2d Cir. 2007) (quoting

United States v. Vaughn, 430 F.3d 518, 526-27 (2d Cir. 2005)). 

Here, two intercepted telephone conversations indicated that on May 16, 2010, Devine

possessed and offered to sell seven grams of crack cocaine, and that on June 14, 2010, he was

cooking 100 grams of crack cocaine when the bowl broke, flushing approximately two thirds of the

cocaine down the drain. The district court relied on reliable and unrefuted evidence to conclude that

Devine’s relevant conduct included possessing 107 grams of cocaine base in addition to the 56

grams of cocaine sold to the undercover agent and calculated the Guidelines range accordingly. We

find no error in its determination.
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For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the District Court is AFFIRMED. 

FOR THE COURT:

Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk