UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 

WASHINGTON. DC 20460 

OFFICE OF CHEMICAL SAFETY AND f>OLLUTION PREVENTION 

PC Code: 128974 

DP Barcode: D396932 

Date: June 5, 2013 

MEMORANDUM 

Subject: Registration Review - Ecological Risk Assessment for Quinclorac 

To: Wilhelmena Livingston, Chemical Review Manager 

Kevin Costello, Branch Chief 

Risk Management and Implementation Branch IV 

Pesticide Re-Evaluation Division (7508P) "/ J . 

From: 

Office of Pesticide Programs ~~ /h'ffhllh\.AJ.~od 

Robin Sternberg, Ph.D., Wildlife Biologist . 1 " 

Michael B. Lowit, Ph.D., Ecologist fi/~1 /l 

Ed 

Environmental 

Odenkirchen, 

Risk 

Ph.D.

Branch 

, Acting 

1 

Branch Chief ~ 

Environmental Fate and Effects Division (7507P) 

Office of Pesticide Programs 

Attached is the ecological risk assessment for the Registration Review of the herbicide 

quinclorac. Since the 2007 EFED problem formulation (DP 344485), a daphnid acute toxicity 

study (MRID 47421001) was submitted; this study yielded a 48-hour ECso of> 100 mg ai/L and 

was classified as acceptable. In addition, screening-level ecological risk assessments for new 

uses on cranberry (Section 18; DP 364674; May 4, 2009), pasture and rangeland (Section 3; DP 

362084; July 13, 2009), and rhubarb and low growing berry (except strawberry) subgroup 13-

07H (IR-4; DP 397772; August 31, 2012) were completed. 

Some details of the current analysis differ from those reported in previous risk assessments; 

however, the overall risk conclusions remain mostly unchanged. That is, the primary risk 

concern is for direct effects to terrestrial plants from registered uses of quinclorac. 

The following quinclorac label uncertainties have been identified: 

• All labels do not specify a minimum application interval. As in previous assessments and 

as noted in the registration review problem formulation (DP 344485), the minimum 

interval was assumed to be 14 days when an interval was not specified. This was based 

on communication with the registrant, BASF, that a 14-day interval would be a rare 

1 
2

scenario for post-emergent sorghum (DP 250179+). None of the labels state a 

reapplication interval of shorter than 14 days. A shorter interval may increase EECs.

• Most labels specify application on rice as a seasonal maximum application instead of an 

annual maximum. It was assumed that there is a limit of one crop cycle per year; that is, 

the seasonal maximum is equivalent to the annual maximum. Multiple crop seasons may 

increase EECs given the persistence of quinclorac.

• One label (registration 279-3355) for various turf grass uses does not state a maximum 

number of applications or an annual maximum application rate per acre. EFED assumed 

that the annual maximum was 1.4 lb ai/A/year. This assumption is consistent with the 

maximum annual application rate of 1.5 lb ai/A for turf grass uses on other labels. EECs 

would be higher if the label intended for more than one application at this rate.

• Certain uses do not restrict when application may occur. A range of application dates 

were modeled in those cases. These values may be refined if the label language is 

updated to be more restrictive in terms of timing of application.

• There are inconsistencies between and within the submitted Quinclorac 4L AG label and 

the supplemental label information sheets for use on rhubarb and low growing berry 

(except strawberry) subgroup 13-07H. Specific inconsistencies include:

- The labels alternate between referring to the product as Quinstar 4L Herbicide and 

QUINCLORAC 4L AG.

- It was assumed that “Restrictions and Limitations - Cranberry” applies to all low 

growing berries in sub-group 13-07H (except strawberry). 

- The maximum annual application rate for cranberry (and other low growing berries) 

is specified as 16.8 fl oz/A on one label and as 16 fl oz/A on the other label. It was 

assumed that the maximum annual application rate is 16.8 fl oz/A (i.e., 0.5 lb ai/A) 

given that up to two applications of 8.4 fl oz/A are allowed per year.

- The maximum annual application rate for rhubarb is specified as “xx” fl oz/A on one 

label and as 25.2 fl oz/A on the other. It was assumed that the maximum annual 

application rate is 25.2 fl oz/A (i.e., 0.75 lb ai/A) given that up to two applications of 

12.6 fl oz/A are allowed per year.
3

REGISTRATION REVIEW

ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT AND 

EFFECTS DETERMINATION

Quinclorac

CAS Number 84087-01-4

US EPA PC CODE 128974

Prepared by:

Robin Sternberg, Ph.D., Wildlife Biologist

Michael Lowit, Ph.D., Ecologist

Environmental Risk Branch 1

Reviewed by:

Sujatha Sankula, Ph.D., Lead Biologist

He Zhong, Ph.D., Biologist

Environmental Risk Branch 1

Environmental Fate and Effects Division

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency

Office of Pesticide Programs

Environmental Fate and Effects Division

Environmental Risk Branch I

1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW

Mail Code 7507P

Washington, DC 20460
4

Contents

1 Executive Summary................................................................................................................ 6

2 Problem Formulation .............................................................................................................. 7

2.1 Previous Ecological Risk Assessments............................................................................ 7

2.2 Mode of Action ................................................................................................................ 8

2.3 Use Characteristics........................................................................................................... 8

2.4 Conceptual Model .......................................................................................................... 10

2.4.1 Risk Hypotheses...................................................................................................... 10

2.4.2 Diagrams................................................................................................................. 10

3 Fate and Transport Characterization..................................................................................... 14

4 Exposure Assessment............................................................................................................ 14

4.1 Terrestrial Exposure ....................................................................................................... 15

4.1.1 Birds, Mammals, and Terrestrial Invertebrates....................................................... 15

4.1.2 Terrestrial (Upland and Semi-Aquatic) Plants........................................................ 21

4.2 Aquatic Exposure ........................................................................................................... 24

5 Effects Characterization........................................................................................................ 31

5.1 Effects to Terrestrial Organisms .................................................................................... 31

5.1.1 Birds........................................................................................................................ 34

5.1.2 Mammals................................................................................................................. 34

5.1.3 Terrestrial Invertebrates.......................................................................................... 35

5.1.4 Terrestrial (Upland and Semi-Aquatic) Plants........................................................ 35

5.2 Effects to Aquatic Organisms ........................................................................................ 35

5.2.1 Freshwater Fish....................................................................................................... 36

5.2.2 Estuarine/Marine Fish............................................................................................. 36

5.2.3 Freshwater Invertebrates......................................................................................... 39

5.2.4 Estuarine/Marine Invertebrates............................................................................... 39

5.2.5 Aquatic Plants......................................................................................................... 39

5.3 Incident Database Review.............................................................................................. 39

6 Risk Characterization............................................................................................................ 40

6.1 Risk Estimation .............................................................................................................. 40

6.1.1 Direct Effects to Terrestrial Organisms.................................................................. 41

6.1.2 Direct Effects to Aquatic Organisms...................................................................... 44

6.1.3 Probit Slope Dose-Response Analysis of LOC and Acute RQ Values .................. 45

6.2 Risk Description............................................................................................................. 46
5

6.2.1 Direct Effects to Birds, Reptiles, and Terrestrial-Phase Amphibians..................... 46

6.2.2 Direct Effects to Mammals..................................................................................... 47

6.2.3 Direct Effects to Terrestrial Invertebrates............................................................... 47

6.2.4 Direct Effects to Terrestrial (Upland and Semi-Aquatic) Plants............................ 48

6.2.5 Direct Effects to Fish and Aquatic-Phase Amphibians........................................... 53

6.2.6 Direct Effects to Aquatic Invertebrates................................................................... 53

6.2.7 Direct Effects to Aquatic Plants.............................................................................. 54

6.3 Summary of Direct Effects............................................................................................. 54

6.4 Indirect Effects............................................................................................................... 56

6.5 Listed Species Effects Analysis ..................................................................................... 56

6.5.1 Action Area............................................................................................................. 56

6.5.2 Effects Determinations............................................................................................ 57

7 Uncertainties......................................................................................................................... 59

7.1 Labels............................................................................................................................. 60

7.2 Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP).......................................................... 61

8 References............................................................................................................................. 61

9 Bibliography of Cited MRIDs .............................................................................................. 62

Appendix A: Input and Output of Screening Tool for Inhalation Risk (STIR v. 1.0).................. 66

Appendix B: Input and Results of Screening Imbibition Program (SIP v. 1.0)............................ 67

Appendix C: PRZM/EXAMS Modeling Output .......................................................................... 69

Appendix D: Output of Provisional Cranberry Model (v 2.0)...................................................... 72

Appendix E: ECOTOX Literature Search – Papers That Were Accepted.................................... 73

Appendix F: Avian, Mammalian, Fish, and Aquatic Invertebrate RQs....................................... 83

Appendix G: Calculations for Minimum Irrigation Rate Needed for Terrestrial Plant LOC 

Exceedance ................................................................................................................................... 92

Appendix H: Listed Species Analysis........................................................................................... 93
6

1 Executive Summary

The purpose of this screening-level ecological risk assessment is to evaluate potential risks to 

non-target species, both non-listed and federally-listed endangered and threatened species

(hereafter referred to as non-listed and listed species, respectively) from registered uses of 

quinclorac as part of the Registration Review program1 pursuant to Section 3(g) of the Federal 

Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). 

Quinclorac (3,7-dichloro-8-quinolinecarboxylic acid) is a pre- and post-emergent systemic 

herbicide used to control broadleaf and grass weeds via ground spray or aerial application. 

Registered uses of quinclorac include turf grasses, sorghum, wheat, rangeland/pasture, rights-ofway/fencerow/hedgerow, grass grown for seed, fallow land, grass forage/fodder/hay, rice, 

rhubarb, and low growing berry (except strawberry) subgroup 13-07H. A range of application 

rates and application intervals are permitted for most uses of quinclorac. This assessment is 

based on maximum application rates and minimum application intervals for each use. 

Some details of the current analysis differ from those reported in previous risk assessments; 

however, the overall risk conclusions remain mostly unchanged. That is, the primary risk 

concern is for direct effects to terrestrial plants from registered uses of quinclorac (Table 1-1). 

Details of this risk assessment that have changed mainly impact quinclorac toxicity and 

estimated environmental concentrations (EECs). For example, re-analysis of a terrestrial plant 

seedling emergence study (MRID 41403501) resulted in revised toxicity endpoints (EC25 and 

NOEC). In addition, some EECs differ from those in previous assessments for several reasons, 

including but not limited to the following. As identified in the Registration Review problem 

formulation, some previous assessments did not reflect the highest application rates and 

minimum intervals for some uses. Some uses were previously assessed using the Tier 1 surfacewater model GENEEC whereas the current assessment was performed according to current 

EFED guidance2 and up-to-date models3 including the Tier II surface water model 

(PRZM/EXAMS) for applicable uses of quinclorac. Screening-level Tier I modeling was used to 

estimate surface water concentrations for use on cranberry (provisional cranberry model) and 

rice (Tier I rice model) because the current Tier II model is not parameterized for those uses.

A summary of direct and indirect effects to non-listed and listed taxa from registered uses of 

quinclorac is provided in Table 1-1.

 1 http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/registration_review/

2 Guidance for Selecting Input Parameters in Modeling the Environmental Fate and Transport of Pesticides, Version 

2.1, October 22, 2009

3 http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/water
7

Table 1-1. Summary of Direct and Indirect Effects Associated with Registered Uses of 

Quinclorac

Taxon

Risk Concern for

Direct Effects?

Risk Concern for 

Indirect Effects to 

Non-Listed Listed Listed Species?

Birds, reptiles, and terrestrial-phase amphibians No No Yes1

Mammals No No Yes1

Terrestrial invertebrates No No Yes1

Terrestrial (upland and semi-aquatic) plants – monocots Yes4 Yes4 Yes1

Terrestrial (upland and semi-aquatic) plants – dicots Yes4 Yes4 Yes1

Freshwater fish and aquatic-phase amphibians No No Yes2,3

Marine/estuarine fish No No Yes2,3

Freshwater crustaceans No No Yes2,3

Mollusks No No Yes2,3

Marine/estuarine crustaceans No No Yes2,3

Aquatic vascular plants No

Yes, 

for use on 

rice

Yes2,3

Aquatic non-vascular plants No N/A N/A

N/A = not applicable because there are no listed aquatic non-vascular plants 1 Indirect effects as a result of direct effects to terrestrial plants resulting in general habitat modification, host plant 

loss, and/or food supply disruption 2 Indirect effects as a result of direct effects to terrestrial plants resulting in changes in water quality and/or habitat

3 Indirect effects as a result of direct effects to listed aquatic vascular plants (from use on rice) expected only if a 

species has an obligate/dependant relationship with a listed aquatic vascular plant 4 See Table 6-3 for summary of uses with terrestrial plant LOC exceedances

2 Problem Formulation

The EFED Problem Formulation for Quinclorac Registration Review, which discussed the 

stressor and the tools and methods with which the Agency proposed to assess potential risk, was 

completed in 2007 (DP 344485). In order to avoid repetition of material previously provided, 

please refer to that document for detailed information. Since the problem formulation, a daphnid 

acute toxicity study (MRID 47421001) was submitted; this study yielded a 48-hour EC50 of > 

100 mg ai/L and was classified as Acceptable (see Section 5). In addition, screening-level 

ecological risk assessments for new uses were completed (see Section 2.1).

2.1 Previous Ecological Risk Assessments

Three ecological risk assessments have been conducted to consider proposed new uses of 

quinclorac since the 2007 EFED problem formulation (DP 344485): cranberry (Section 18; DP 

364674; May 4, 2009), pasture and rangeland (Section 3; DP 362084; July 13, 2009), and 

rhubarb and low growing berry (except strawberry) subgroup 13-07H (IR-4; DP 397772; August 

31, 2012). A risk concern for direct effects to non-listed and listed terrestrial plants was 

identified by all three assessments, and a risk concern for direct effects to listed small birds 

(acute exposure) was identified for use on pasture and rangeland. It should be noted that the 

latter conclusion for risk to listed small birds from acute exposure resulted from the use of a nondefinitive endpoint as input in the T-REX model for calculating RQs triggering an LOC 
8

exceedance. Subsequent EFED guidance4 has indicated that RQs should not be calculated using 

non-definitive endpoints. 

Additional ecological risk assessments described in the 2007 EFED problem formulation (DP 

344485) include those for the Section 3 new use of quinclorac on wheat and sorghum (DP 

250179+; February 17, 1999) and for an experimental use permit (EUP) – which expired in 2011 

– for the application of quinclorac to non-flowing water bodies such as retention ponds and lakes 

to evaluate the control and selectivity of submerged and emergent aquatic weed species (DP 

334717; May 17, 2007). The risk assessment for use on wheat and sorghum identified potential 

risk to listed and non-listed terrestrial plants. The risk assessment for aquatic weed control 

identified risks to listed and non-listed birds and mammals (depending on feeding category) from 

acute and chronic exposure, listed and non-listed terrestrial plants (spray drift exceedances only), 

and listed aquatic plants.

2.2 Mode of Action

Quinclorac is a quinoline carboxylic acid. The mechanism of action is generally similar to the 

mechanism for the phenoxy herbicides, i.e., mimicry of the plant growth hormone auxin. 

Mimicry of auxin results in the rupture of cell membranes due to overstimulation of growth.

2.3 Use Characteristics

Quinclorac was first registered in the United States in 1992 for use as an herbicide. It is 

registered for both agricultural and non-agricultural uses to control broadleaf and grass weeds via 

ground spray and aerial application. 

This Registration Review risk assessment is based on quinclorac uses identified in the 2007 

EFED Problem Formulation for Quinclorac Registration Review (DP 344485) as well as

subsequently assessed new uses. Uses of quinclorac identified in the 2007 EFED problem 

formulation are turf grasses, rice, aquatic weeds (EUP; DP 334717; May 17, 2007; expired in 

2011), sorghum, wheat, rights-of-way/fencerow/hedgerow, grass grown for seed, and fallow 

land. Subsequently assessed and registered uses are rangeland/pasture and grass/fodder/hay (DP 

362084; July 13, 2009) and low growing berry (except strawberry) subgroup 13-07H and 

rhubarb (DP 397772; August 31, 2012). Uses and application rates are based on the most recent 

label data report (Label Use Information System report; LUIS) provided by BEAD (7/26/2012) 

plus recently registered new uses (DP 397772; August 31, 2012). Maximum application rates, 

minimum application intervals, and application methods are indicated in Table 2-1. 

 4 “Guidance for Using Non-Definitive Endpoints in Evaluating Risks to Listed and Non-listed Animal Species” 

5/10/11
9

Table 2-1. Maximum Rates for Registered Uses of Quinclorac

Use Maximum 

Individual

Application 

Rate

(lb ai/A)

Maximum 

Annual 

Number of

Applications

Minimum

Application 

Interval 

(days)1

Maximum 

Annual 

Rate

(lb ai/A)

Application 

Method2

Turf grasses

(Commercial/industrial 

lawns, golf course turf, 

ornamental lawns and turf, 

ornamental sod farm, 

recreation area lawns, and 

residential lawns)

1.4 1 - 1.43 Ground

0.76 2 21 1.52 Ground

(Airports/landing fields) 0.75 2 14 1.5 Ground

Sorghum 0.375 4 2 14 1 0.75 Aerial/Ground

0.245 5 3 14 1 0.75 Aerial/Ground

Wheat 0.375 6 1 - 0.375 6 Aerial/Ground

0.245 5 3 14 1 0.75 Aerial/Ground

Rangeland and pasture 0.75 1 - 0.75 Aerial/Ground

Rights of way /Fencerow 

/Hedgerows

( i l l) (Non-agricultural) 1.5 1 - 1.5 Ground

0.76 2 21 1.52 Ground

(Agricultural) 0.75 1 - 0.75 Ground

0.375 2 14 1 0.75 Aerial

(Utility poles) 0.75 2 14 1 1.5 Ground

0.75 1 - 0.75 Aerial

Grasses grown for seed 0.375 2 14 1 0.75 Aerial/Ground

Fallow land

(Agricultural fallow land) 0.75 1 - 0.75 Aerial/Ground

(Agricultural and nonagricultural uncultivated)

0.75 1 - 0.75 Ground

0.375 2 14 1 0.75 Aerial

Grass forage/ Fodder/ Hay 0.375 2 14 1 0.75 Aerial/Ground

Low growing berry (except 

strawberry) subgroup 13-

07H

0.25 2 30 7 0.5 Ground

Rhubarb 0.375 2 30 7 0.75 Ground

Rice 0.5 1 - 0.5 3 Aerial/Ground 1 As in previous assessments and as noted in the Registration Review problem formulation (DP 344485), the 

minimum interval was assumed to be 14 days when an interval was not specified.

2 All broadcast

3 Assumed – maximum annual rate not stated on label. 4 Post-plant to 12 inches height of sorghum 5 Pre-plant 6 For annual bindweed control in the fall just prior to the first killing frost. Labels allow for a combination 

application of annual bindweed control (one annual application of up to 0.375 lb ai/A) and pre-plant wheat (single 

maximum application of 0.245 lb ai/A) with an annual cap per acre of 0.75 lb ai/A. 7 Pre-harvest interval is 60 days for low growing berry (including cranberry) and 30 days for rhubarb.
10

2.4 Conceptual Model

2.4.1 Risk Hypotheses

Terrestrial Environment

• Exposure to quinclorac residues on insects, seeds, foliage, and other plant parts from 

direct deposition or spray drift from labeled use of the pesticide has the potential to cause 

reduced survival, growth and reproduction to terrestrial vertebrates (birds, mammals, 

reptiles, terrestrial-phase amphibians) and terrestrial invertebrates.

• Exposure to quinclorac residues on foliage, roots, or other plant parts from spray drift 

alone or from runoff from labeled use of the herbicide has the potential to result in 

reduced survival and biomass to terrestrial (upland and semi-aquatic) plants in areas 

adjacent to a treated area. 

Aquatic Environment

• Exposure to quinclorac residues in water from spray drift, leaching, or runoff from 

labeled use of the herbicide has the potential to cause reduced survival, growth and 

reproduction to aquatic invertebrates, fish, and aquatic vascular and non-vascular plants

in surface waters adjacent to a treated area.

2.4.2 Diagrams

The conceptual models (Figures 2-1, 2-2, and 2-3) depict the potential pathways for ecological 

risk associated with the use of quinclorac. 

For terrestrial organisms, the major route of exposure considered is the dietary route; 

consumption of food items such as plant leaves or insects that have quinclorac residues as a 

result of spraying, drift, and translocation from soil. Exposure through inhalation is unlikely 

given quinclorac’s low vapor pressure and the results of EFED’s Screening Tool for Inhalation 

Risk (STIR v. 1.0) (Appendix A). EFED’s Screening Imbibition Program (SIP v. 1.0) indicates

a potential chronic risk to birds through the consumption of drinking water (Appendix B). 

Exposure could also occur through guttation water, which would primarily be a concern for 

terrestrial invertebrates.

For aquatic animal species, the major routes of exposure are considered to be via the respiratory 

surface (gills) or the integument.

Direct contact and/or root uptake is the major route of exposure for terrestrial (upland and semiaquatic) plants, whereas aquatic plants may be exposed via direct uptake and adsorption. 
11

Figure 2-1. Conceptual Model for Effects to Terrestrial Organisms from Exposure to 

Quinclorac. Dotted Lines indicate Exposure Pathways that Have a Low Likelihood of 

Contributing to Ecological Risk.
12

Figure 2-2. Conceptual Model for Effects to Aquatic Organisms from Exposure to 

Quinclorac. Dotted Lines indicate Exposure Pathways that Have a Low Likelihood of 

Contributing to Ecological Risk.
13

Figure 2-3. Conceptual Model for Effects to Terrestrial Animals from Exposure to 

Quinclorac via Drinking Water and Inhalation. Dotted Lines indicate Exposure Pathways 

that Have a Low Likelihood of Contributing to Ecological Risk.
14

3 Fate and Transport Characterization

Vapor pressure (7.5 x 10-8 mm Hg at 20o C) and Henry's Law Constant (1.22 to 24.3 x 10-15

atm.m3 mol-1) indicate a low possibility of volatilization from soil and water. Laboratory data 

indicate that quinclorac is stable to hydrolysis, photolysis in soil and sterile water, aerobic soil 

metabolism, and aquatic metabolism (aerobic and anaerobic). Conversely, quinclorac undergoes 

rapid photolysis in non-sterile rice paddy water, natural river waters, and solutions containing 

activated sewage sludge (half-lives of 5-16 days uncorrected for dark controls). Based on 

available laboratory studies, two major (BH 514-1 and BH 514 2-OH; >10% applied) and one 

minor (BH 514-HMe-ester; <10% applied) metabolites of quinclorac were identified. The 

adsorption coefficients for quinclorac (Koc = 13-54 L/kg) and its major degradation products

(Koc = 28-2080 L/kg)5 suggest that leaching could be a route of dissipation. Field dissipation 

studies indicate that quinclorac is moderately persistent to persistent (18-176 day half-lives) in 

terrestrial environments. The octanol/water partition coefficient (KOW) of 0.266 also suggests 

that quinclorac has a low potential to bioaccumulate. A detailed assessment of the 

environmental fate of quinclorac can be found in the new chemical risk assessment (DP 

250179+; February 17, 1999).

EFED is not aware of any surface water or ground water monitoring data for quinclorac6

. 

4 Exposure Assessment

A range of application rates and application intervals are permitted for most uses of quinclorac. 

This assessment is based on maximum application rates and minimum application intervals for 

each use. Noted label uncertainties are listed in Section 7.1.

As in past assessments, this assessment does not consider quinclorac major degradation products 

BH 514-1 and BH 514 2-OH. Although these degradates were detected in some laboratory 

studies, they seem to be intermediate degradates (DP 344485) and generally were found in field 

dissipation studies at low levels. While photodegradation of quinclorac may be enhanced in 

some systems (e.g., rice paddy water), most fate data indicate that quinclorac is persistent and

mobile. In addition, these degradates are similar in structure to quinclorac and ECOSAR7

estimates suggest that they are not more toxic than quinclorac to aquatic organisms. 

 5 BH 514 2-0H values are based on an unreviewed submitted study. 6 Multiple sources were searched: USEPA STORET Database (www.epa.gov/storet/dbtop.html), USEPA (1990) 

National pesticides survey: Summary of results of EPA’s national survey of pesticides in drinking water wells, 

USEPA (1992) Pesticides in ground water database: A compilation of monitoring: 1971-1991 National Summary, 

USGS: NAWQA Pesticide National Synthesis Project (http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/pnsp/data/) and NASQAN 

National Stream Quality Accounting Network (http://water.usgs.gov/nasqan/), California Department of Pesticide 

Regulation: Surface Water Protection Program Database (www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/surfdata.htm) and 

Sampling for Pesticide Residues in California Well Water Cumulative Report 

(www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/pubs/ehapreps/eh0308.pdf). 7 ECOSAR predictive software is available publically though the Epi SuiteTM program. 

http://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuite.htm
15

4.1 Terrestrial Exposure

4.1.1 Birds, Mammals, and Terrestrial Invertebrates

4.1.1.1 Dietary Ingestion

The T-REX model8 (v1.5; March 22, 2012) is used to estimate terrestrial animal exposure values 

resulting from possible dietary ingestion of quinclorac residues on vegetative matter and insects 

present on non-food and food items from exposure to quinclorac. In all screening-level 

assessments, the organisms are assumed to consume 100% of their diet as one food type. This 

model incorporates the Kenaga nomograph, as modified by Fletcher et al. (1994), which is based 

on a large set of actual field residue data. The upper limit values from the nomograph represent

the 95th percentile of residue values from actual field measurements (Hoerger and Kenaga, 

1972). The T-REX model was employed to determine (1) Estimated Environmental 

Concentrations (EECs) for different food items of birds and mammals, (2) risk to birds and 

mammals via calculation of risk quotients (RQs), and (3) EECs for arthropods to evaluate risk to 

terrestrial invertebrates from direct contact. 

Input parameters for T-REX (Table 4-1) include a maximum application rate, number of 

applications, application interval, a default EFED foliar dissipation half-life of 35 days, and 

definitive toxicity endpoints for birds and mammals. 

Table 4-1. Input Parameters for T-REX Modeling Scenarios

Use (Method of Application)

Maximum 

Single

Application 

Rate 

(lb ai/A)

Number of 

Applications 

(Minimum 

Application 

Interval, 

Days)

Other Parameters1

Non-agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/hedgerows 

(ground) 1.5 1 Foliar dissipation 

half-life =

35 days (default)

Avian NOEC = 

500 mg ai/kg-diet 

(bobwhite quail)

MRID 44129201

Mammalian LD50 = 

2190 mg ai/kg-bw 

(rat)

MRID 41063506

Mammalian NOEC = 

160 mg ai/kg-bw 

(rat)

MRIDs 41063526

Turf grasses (ground)* 1.4 1

Non-agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/hedgerows 

(ground)

Turf grasses (ground)*

0.76 2 (21)

Airports/landing fields (ground)

Utility poles/rights-of-way (ground) 0.75 2 (14)

Agricultural and non-agricultural uncultivated areas/soils 

(ground)

Agricultural fallow land/idle land/conservation reserve 

(aerial, ground)

Agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/hedgerows (ground)

Non-agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/hedgerows 

(aerial)

Rangeland/pasture (aerial, ground)

Utility poles/rights-of-way (aerial)

0.75 1

Rice (aerial, ground) 0.5 1

Agricultural and non-agricultural uncultivated areas/soils 

(aerial) 0.375 2 (14)

 8 http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/terrestrial/index.htm#trex
16

Use (Method of Application)

Maximum 

Single

Application 

Rate 

(lb ai/A)

Number of 

Applications 

(Minimum 

Application 

Interval, 

Days)

Other Parameters1

Agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/hedgerows (aerial)

Grass forage/fodder/hay (aerial, ground)

Grasses grown for seed (aerial, ground)

Sorghum (aerial, ground)

& 41910001

Rhubarb (ground) 0.375 2 (30)

Wheat (aerial, ground)** 0.375 1

Low growing berry (except strawberry) subgroup 13-07H 

(ground) 0.25 2 (30)

Sorghum (aerial, ground)

Wheat (aerial, ground) 0.245 3 (14)

* includes commercial/ industrial lawns; golf course turf; ornamental lawns, turf, and sod farm; recreation lawn 

areas; and residential lawns

** for bindweed control 1 Avian acute oral and sub-acute dietary endpoints are non-definitive (i.e., >) and are thus not included in this table 

because they cannot be used to calculate RQs.

Results of T-REX modeling of quinclorac residue levels on those dietary food items of mammals 

and birds9 are provided in Tables 4-2, 4-3, and 4-4. Results include dietary-based values (i.e., 

mg/kg-food item) and dose-based values (i.e., mg/kg-bw). 

Table 4-2. Avian Dose-Based (mg/kg-bw) Estimated Exposure Concentrations (EECs)a

Application Information

Use (Method of Application)

Feeding 

Category

Dose-Based EECs (mg/kg-bw)b

Small

(20 g)

Medium

(100 g)

Large

(1000 g)

1 Application @ 1.5 lb ai/A

Non-agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/hedgerows 

(ground)

Short grass 410.00 233.80 104.68

Tall grass 187.92 107.16 47.98

Broadleaf plants 230.63 131.51 58.88

Fruits/pods 25.63 14.61 6.54

Arthropods 160.58 91.57 41.00

Seeds 5.69 3.25 1.45

1 Application @ 1.4 lb ai/A

Turf grasses (ground)*

Short grass 382.67 218.21 97.70

Tall grass 175.39 100.02 44.78

Broadleaf plants 215.25 122.75 54.95

Fruits/pods 23.92 13.64 6.11

Arthropods 149.88 85.47 38.26

Seeds 5.31 3.03 1.36

2 Applications @ 0.76 lb ai/A (21-day interval)

Non-agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/hedgerows 

(ground)

Turf grasses (ground)*

Short grass 344.79 196.61 88.03

Tall grass 158.03 90.11 40.35

Broadleaf plants 193.94 110.60 49.51

Fruits/pods 21.55 12.29 5.50

Arthropods 135.04 77.01 34.48

Seeds 4.79 2.73 1.22

2 Applications @ 0.75 lb ai/A (14-day interval)

Airports/landing fields (ground)

Short grass 360.36 205.50 92.00

Tall grass 165.17 94.19 42.17

Broadleaf plants 202.70 115.59 51.75

 9 Birds are also used as a surrogate for reptiles and terrestrial-phase amphibians.
17

Application Information

Use (Method of Application)

Feeding 

Category

Dose-Based EECs (mg/kg-bw)b

Small

(20 g)

Medium

(100 g)

Large

(1000 g)

Utility poles/rights-of-way (ground) Fruits/pods 22.52 12.84 5.75

Arthropods 141.14 80.49 36.03

Seeds 5.01 2.85 1.28

1 Application @ 0.75 lb ai/A

Agricultural and non-agricultural uncultivated 

areas/soils (ground)

Agricultural fallow land/idle land/conservation reserve 

(aerial, ground)

Agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/hedgerows 

(ground)

Non-agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/hedgerows 

(aerial)

Rangeland/pasture (aerial, ground)

Utility poles/rights-of-way (aerial)

Short grass 205.00 116.90 52.34

Tall grass 93.96 53.58 23.99

Broadleaf plants 115.31 65.76 29.44

Fruits/pods 12.81 7.31 3.27

Arthropods 80.29 45.79 20.50

Seeds 2.85 1.62 0.73

1 Application @ 0.5 lb ai/A

Rice (aerial, ground)

Short grass 136.67 77.93 34.89

Tall grass 62.64 35.72 15.99

Broadleaf plants 76.88 43.84 19.63

Fruits/pods 8.54 4.87 2.18

Arthropods 53.53 30.52 13.67

Seeds 1.90 1.08 0.48

2 Applications @ 0.375 lb ai/A (14-day interval)

Agricultural and non-agricultural uncultivated 

areas/soils (aerial)

Agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/hedgerows (aerial)

Grass forage/fodder/hay (aerial, ground)

Grasses grown for seed (aerial, ground)

Sorghum (aerial, ground)

Short grass 180.18 102.75 46.00

Tall grass 82.58 47.09 21.08

Broadleaf plants 101.35 57.80 25.88

Fruits/pods 11.26 6.42 2.88

Arthropods 70.57 40.24 18.02

Seeds 2.50 1.43 0.64

2 Applications @ 0.375 lb ai/A (30-day interval)

Rhubarb (ground)

Short grass 159.09 90.72 40.62

Tall grass 72.91 41.58 18.62

Broadleaf plants 89.49 51.03 22.85

Fruits/pods 9.94 5.67 2.54

Arthropods 62.31 35.53 15.91

Seeds 2.21 1.26 0.56

1 Application @ 0.375 lb ai/A

Wheat (aerial, ground)**

Short grass 102.50 58.45 26.17

Tall grass 46.98 26.79 11.99

Broadleaf plants 57.66 32.88 14.72

Fruits/pods 6.41 3.65 1.64

Arthropods 40.15 22.89 10.25

Seeds 1.42 0.81 0.36

2 Applications @ 0.25 lb ai/A (30-day interval)

Low growing berry (except strawberry) subgroup 13-

07H (ground)

Short grass 106.06 60.48 27.08

Tall grass 48.61 27.72 12.41

Broadleaf plants 59.66 34.02 15.23

Fruits/pods 6.63 3.78 1.69

Arthropods 41.54 23.69 10.61

Seeds 1.47 0.84 0.38

3 Applications @ 0.245 lb ai/A (14-day interval)

Sorghum (aerial, ground)

Short grass 156.18 89.06 39.87

Tall grass 71.58 40.82 18.28

Broadleaf plants 87.85 50.10 22.43
18

Application Information

Use (Method of Application)

Feeding 

Category

Dose-Based EECs (mg/kg-bw)b

Small

(20 g)

Medium

(100 g)

Large

(1000 g)

Wheat (aerial, ground) Fruits/pods 9.76 5.57 2.49

Arthropods 61.17 34.88 15.62

Seeds 2.17 1.24 0.55

* includes commercial/ industrial lawns; golf course turf; ornamental lawns, turf, and sod farm; recreation lawn 

areas; and residential lawns

** for bindweed control a upper bound Kenaga values

b Minimum and maximum EECs are in BOLD.

Table 4-3. Mammalian Dose-Based (mg/kg-bw) Estimated Exposure Concentrations 

(EECs)a

Application Information

Use (Method of Application)

Feeding 

Category

Dose-Based EECs (mg/kg-bw)b

Small

(15 g)

Medium

(35 g)

Large

(1000 g)

1 Application @ 1.5 lb ai/A

Non-agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/hedgerows 

(ground)

Short grass 343.23 237.22 55.00

Tall grass 157.31 108.73 25.21

Broadleaf plants 193.07 133.44 30.94

Fruits/pods 21.45 14.83 3.44

Arthropods 134.43 92.91 21.54

Seeds 4.77 3.29 0.76

1 Application @ 1.4 lb ai/A

Turf grasses (ground)*

Short grass 320.35 221.40 51.33

Tall grass 146.83 101.48 23.53

Broadleaf plants 180.20 124.54 28.88

Fruits/pods 20.02 13.84 3.21

Arthropods 125.47 86.72 20.11

Seeds 4.45 3.08 0.71

2 Applications @ 0.76 lb ai/A (21-day interval)

Non-agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/hedgerows 

(ground)

Turf grasses (ground)*

Short grass 288.64 199.49 46.25

Tall grass 132.29 91.43 21.20

Broadleaf plants 162.36 112.21 26.02

Fruits/pods 18.04 12.47 2.89

Arthropods 113.05 78.13 18.12

Seeds 4.01 2.77 0.64

2 Applications @ 0.75 lb ai/A (14-day interval)

Airports/landing fields (ground)

Utility poles/rights-of-way (ground)

Short grass 301.68 208.50 48.34

Tall grass 138.27 95.56 22.16

Broadleaf plants 169.69 117.28 27.19

Fruits/pods 18.85 13.03 3.02

Arthropods 118.16 81.66 18.93

Seeds 4.19 2.90 0.67

1 Application @ 0.75 lb ai/A

Agricultural and non-agricultural uncultivated 

areas/soils (ground)

Agricultural fallow land/idle land/conservation reserve 

(aerial, ground)

Agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/hedgerows 

(ground)

Non-agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/hedgerows 

(aerial)

Rangeland/pasture (aerial, ground)

Utility poles/rights-of-way (aerial)

Short grass 171.62 118.61 27.50

Tall grass 78.66 54.36 12.60

Broadleaf plants 96.53 66.72 15.47

Fruits/pods 10.73 7.41 1.72

Arthropods 67.22 46.46 10.77

Seeds 2.3 1.65 0.38

1 Application @ 0.5 lb ai/A Short grass 114.41 79.07 18.33
19

Application Information

Use (Method of Application)

Feeding 

Category

Dose-Based EECs (mg/kg-bw)b

Small

(15 g)

Medium

(35 g)

Large

(1000 g)

Rice (aerial, ground)

Tall grass 52.44 36.24 8.40

Broadleaf plants 64.36 44.48 10.31

Fruits/pods 7.15 4.94 1.15

Arthropods 44.81 30.97 7.18

Seeds 1.59 1.10 0.25

2 Applications @ 0.375 lb ai/A (14-day interval)

Agricultural and non-agricultural uncultivated 

areas/soils (aerial)

Agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/hedgerows (aerial)

Grass forage/fodder/hay (aerial, ground)

Grasses grown for seed (aerial, ground)

Sorghum (aerial, ground)

Short grass 150.84 104.25 24.17

Tall grass 69.13 47.78 11.08

Broadleaf plants 84.85 58.64 13.60

Fruits/pods 9.43 6.52 1.51

Arthropods 59.08 40.83 9.47

Seeds 2.09 1.45 0.34

2 Applications @ 0.375 lb ai/A (30-day interval)

Rhubarb (ground)

Short grass 133.18 92.04 21.34

Tall grass 61.04 42.19 9.78

Broadleaf plants 74.91 51.77 12.00

Fruits/pods 8.32 5.75 1.33

Arthropods 52.16 36.05 8.36

Seeds 1.85 1.28 0.30

1 Application @ 0.375 lb ai/A

Wheat (aerial, ground)**

Short grass 102.50 58.45 26.17

Tall grass 46.98 26.79 11.99

Broadleaf plants 57.66 32.88 14.72

Fruits/pods 6.41 3.65 1.64

Arthropods 40.15 22.89 10.25

Seeds 1.42 0.81 0.36

2 Applications @ 0.25 lb ai/A (30-day interval)

Low growing berry (except strawberry) subgroup 13-

07H (ground)

Short grass 88.79 61.36 14.23

Tall grass 40.69 28.12 6.52

Broadleaf plants 49.94 34.52 8.00

Fruits/pods 5.55 3.84 0.89

Arthropods 34.77 24.03 5.57

Seeds 1.23 0.85 0.20

3 Applications @ 0.245 lb ai/A (14-day interval)

Sorghum (aerial, ground)

Wheat (aerial, ground)

Short grass 130.75 90.36 20.95

Tall grass 59.93 41.42 9.60

Broadleaf plants 73.54 50.83 11.78

Fruits/pods 8.17 5.65 1.31

Arthropods 51.21 35.39 8.21

Seeds 1.82 1.26 0.29

* includes commercial/ industrial lawns; golf course turf; ornamental lawns, turf, and sod farm; recreation lawn 

areas; and residential lawns

** for bindweed control

a upper bound Kenaga values

b Minimum and maximum EECs are in BOLD.
20

Table 4-4. Avian and Mammalian Dietary-Based (mg/kg-diet) Estimated Exposure 

Concentrations (EECs)a

Application Information

Use (Method of Application)

Feeding 

Category

Dietary-Based EECsb

(mg/kg-diet)

1 Application @ 1.5 lb ai/A

Non-agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/hedgerows (ground)

Short grass 360.00

Tall grass 165.00

Broadleaf plants 202.50

Fruits/pods/seeds 22.50

Arthropods 141.00

1 Application @ 1.4 lb ai/A

Turf grasses (ground)*

Short grass 336.00

Tall grass 154.00

Broadleaf plants 189.00

Fruits/pods/seeds 21.00

Arthropods 131.60

2 Applications @ 0.76 lb ai/A (21-day interval)

Non-agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/hedgerows (ground)

Turf grasses (ground)*

Short grass 302.74

Tall grass 138.76

Broadleaf plants 170.29

Fruits/pods/seeds 18.92

Arthropods 118.57

2 Applications @ 0.75 lb ai/A (14-day interval)

Airports/landing fields (ground)

Utility poles/rights-of-way (ground)

Short grass 316.41

Tall grass 145.02

Broadleaf plants 177.98

Fruits/pods/seeds 19.78

Arthropods 123.93

1 Application @ 0.75 lb ai/A

Agricultural and non-agricultural uncultivated areas/soils 

(ground)

Agricultural fallow land/idle land/conservation reserve (aerial, 

ground)

Agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/hedgerows (ground)

Non-agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/hedgerows (aerial)

Rangeland/pasture (aerial, ground)

Utility poles/rights-of-way (aerial)

Short grass 180.00

Tall grass 82.50

Broadleaf plants 101.25

Fruits/pods/seeds 11.25

Arthropods 70.50

1 Application @ 0.5 lb ai/A

Rice (aerial, ground)

Short grass 120.00

Tall grass 55.00

Broadleaf plants 67.50

Fruits/pods/seeds 7.50

Arthropods 47.00

2 Applications @ 0.375 lb ai/A (14-day interval)

Agricultural and non-agricultural uncultivated areas/soils 

(aerial)

Agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/hedgerows (aerial)

Grass forage/fodder/hay (aerial, ground)

Grasses grown for seed (aerial, ground)

Sorghum (aerial, ground)

Short grass 158.21

Tall grass 72.51

Broadleaf plants 88.99

Fruits/pods/seeds 9.89

Arthropods 61.96

2 Applications @ 0.375 lb ai/A (30-day interval)

Rhubarb (ground)

Short grass 139.68

Tall grass 64.02

Broadleaf plants 78.57

Fruits/pods/seeds 8.73

Arthropods 54.71
21

Application Information

Use (Method of Application)

Feeding 

Category

Dietary-Based EECsb

(mg/kg-diet)

1 Application @ 0.375 lb ai/A

Wheat (aerial, ground)**

Short grass 90.00

Tall grass 41.25

Broadleaf plants 50.63

Fruits/pods/seeds 5.63

Arthropods 35.25

2 Applications @ 0.25 lb ai/A (30-day interval)

Low growing berry (except strawberry) subgroup 13-07H 

(ground)

Short grass 93.12

Tall grass 42.68

Broadleaf plants 52.38

Fruits/pods/seeds 5.82

Arthropods 36.47

3 Applications @ 0.245 lb ai/A (14-day interval)

Sorghum (aerial, ground)

Wheat (aerial, ground)

Short grass 137.13

Tall grass 62.85

Broadleaf plants 77.14

Fruits/pods/seeds 8.57

Arthropods 53.71

* includes commercial/ industrial lawns; golf course turf; ornamental lawns, turf, and sod farm; recreation lawn 

areas; and residential lawns

** for bindweed control

a upper bound Kenaga values

b Minimum and maximum EECs are in BOLD.

4.1.1.2 Inhalation

Exposure to birds and mammals via inhalation is unlikely given quinclorac’s low vapor pressure

(i.e., 7.5x10-8 mm Hg) and the results of EFED’s Screening Tool for Inhalation Risk (STIR v. 

1.0)10 (Appendix A). 

4.1.1.3 Drinking Water

EFED’s Screening Imbibition Program11 (SIP v. 1.0) indicates potential chronic risk to birds 

through the consumption of quinclorac-contaminated drinking water (Appendix B). This risk is 

discussed further in the Risk Description section of this document. 

4.1.2 Terrestrial (Upland and Semi-Aquatic) Plants

TerrPlant12 (v1.2.2; October 29, 2009) is used as a Tier 1 model for screening-level assessments 

of pesticides. The model provides estimates of exposure to terrestrial plants from single 

pesticide applications; the model does not consider exposures to plants from multiple pesticide 

applications. TerrPlant derives pesticide EECs in runoff and in spray drift and RQs for nonlisted and listed species of monocots and dicots inhabiting dry (upland) and semi-aquatic areas. 

Input parameters for TerrPlant (Table 4-5) include maximum application rate, incorporation 

depth (1 inch), water solubility (64 mg/L) to inform the run-off fraction (2%), spray drift fraction 

 10 http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/terrestrial/index.htm#stir 11 http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/terrestrial/index.htm#sip 12 http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/terrestrial/index.htm#terrplant
22

(1% for ground application; 5% for aerial application), and definitive toxicity endpoints from 

seedling emergence (SE) and vegetative vigor (VV) studies. 

EECs used to evaluate potential risk to terrestrial plants are provided in Table 4-6.

If a specific use of quinclorac results in a LOC exceedance from spray drift alone, additional 

modeling via the AgDrift Tier 1 model13 (v2.01; May 24, 2001) is used to estimate buffer 

distances. Buffer distance is the distance offsite where effects to terrestrial plants are no longer 

expected. The results of this modeling are discussed in the Risk Description section of this 

document.

Table 4-5. Input Parameters for TerrPlant Modeling Scenarios

Use Maximum 

Single

Application 

Rate

(lb ai/A)

Spray Drift 

Fractiona

(%)

Other Parameters

Non-agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/hedgerows 1.5 1

Incorporation depth =

≤ 1 inch

Runoff fraction =

2%

SE endpoints

MRID 41403501

Monocot (onion)

EC25 & NOEC = 

0.13 & 0.125 

lb ai/A

Dicot (carrot)

EC25 & NOEC = 

0.0032 & 0.0025 

lb ai/A

VV endpoints

MRID 41403503

Monocot (corn)

EC25 & NOEC = 

1.095 & 0.5 lb ai/A

Dicot (tomato)

EC25 & NOEC = 

0.007 & 0.005 

lb ai/A

Turf grasses* 1.4 1

Non-agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/hedgerows

Turf grasses* 0.76 1

Agricultural fallow land/idle land/conservation reserve

Non-agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/hedgerows

Rangeland/pasture

Utility poles/rights-of-way

0.75 5

Agricultural and non-agricultural uncultivated areas/soils

Agricultural fallow land/idle land/conservation reserve

Agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/hedgerows

Airports/landing fields

Rangeland/pasture

Utility poles/rights-of-way

0.75 1

Rice 0.5 5

Rice 0.5 1

Agricultural and non-agricultural uncultivated areas/soils

Agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/hedgerows

Grass forage/fodder/hay

Grasses grown for seed

Sorghum

Wheat**

0.375 5

Grass forage/fodder/hay

Grasses grown for seed

Rhubarb

Sorghum

Wheat**

0.375 1

Low growing berry (except strawberry) subgroup 13-07H 0.25 1

Sorghum

Wheat 0.245 5

Sorghum

Wheat 0.245 1

SE = seedling emergence; VV = vegetative vigor

 13 http://www.agdrift.com
23

* includes commercial/ industrial lawns; golf course turf; ornamental lawns, turf, and sod farm; recreation lawn 

areas; and residential lawns

** for bindweed control a 1% for ground application; 5% for aerial application

Table 4-6. Terrestrial (Upland and Semi-aquatic) Plant Estimated Exposure 

Concentrations (EECs)

Application Information

Use

Runoff EECa

(lb ai/A)

Drift 

EECa

(lb ai/A)

Total Loading EECa

(Runoff +Drift)

(lb ai/A)

Dry

(Upland)

Areas

SemiAquatic 

Areas

All Areas Dry

(Upland)

Areas

SemiAquatic 

Areas

1.5 lb ai/A, ground

Non-agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/ 

hedgerows

0.03 0.3 0.015 0.045 0.315

1.4 lb ai/A, ground

Turf grasses*

0.028 0.28 0.014 0.042 0.294

0.76 lb ai/A, ground

Non-agricultural rights-of-way/ fencerows/ 

hedgerows

Turf grasses*

0.0152 0.152 0.0076 0.0228 0.1596

0.75 lb ai/A, aerial

Agricultural fallow land /idle land/

conservation reserve

Non-agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/ 

hedgerows

Rangeland/pasture

Utility poles/rights-of-way

0.015 0.15 0.0375 0.0525 0.1875

0.75 lb ai/A, ground

Agricultural and non-agricultural uncultivated 

areas/soils

Agricultural fallow land/idle land/conservation 

reserve

Agricultural rights-of-way/ fencerows/

hedgerows

Airports/landing fields

Rangeland/pasture

Utility poles/rights-of-way

0.015 0.15 0.0075 0.0225 0.1575

0.5 lb ai/A, aerial

Rice

0.01 0.1 0.025 0.035 0.125

0.5 lb ai/A, ground

Rice

0.01 0.1 0.005 0.015 0.105

0.375 lb ai/A, aerial

Agricultural and non-agricultural uncultivated 

areas/soils

Agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/

0.0075 0.075 0.01875 0.02625 0.09375
24

Application Information

Use

Runoff EECa

(lb ai/A)

Drift 

EECa

(lb ai/A)

Total Loading EECa

(Runoff +Drift)

(lb ai/A)

Dry

(Upland)

Areas

SemiAquatic 

Areas

All Areas Dry

(Upland)

Areas

SemiAquatic 

Areas

hedgerows

Grass forage/fodder/hay

Grasses grown for seed

Sorghum

Wheat**

0.375 lb ai/A, ground

Grass forage/fodder/hay

Grasses grown for seed

Rhubarb

Sorghum

Wheat**

0.0075 0.075 0.00375 0.01125 0.07875

0.25 lb ai/A, ground

Low growing berry (except strawberry) 

subgroup 13-07H

0.005 0.05 0.0025 0.0075 0.0525

0.245 lb ai/A, aerial

Sorghum

Wheat

0.0049 0.049 0.01225 0.01715 0.06125

0.245 lb ai/A, ground

Sorghum

Wheat

0.0049 0.049 0.00245 0.00735 0.05145

* includes commercial/ industrial lawns; golf course turf; ornamental lawns, turf, and sod farm; recreation lawn 

areas; and residential lawns

** for bindweed control

a Minimum and maximum EECs are in BOLD.

4.2 Aquatic Exposure 

All Uses Except Cranberry and Rice

Tier II surface water EECs were calculated using PRZM (Pesticide Root Zone Model, v3.12.3; 

June, 2006) and EXAMS (EXposure Analysis Modeling System, version 2.98.04.06, April 2005) 

models in the PE5 shell14. Standard crop scenarios were selected when available and surrogate 

scenarios (standard and non-standard) were used in the absence of a standard scenario specific to 

a given use. Table 4-7 lists the input parameters used for the PRZM/EXAMS modeling. A 

representative PRZM/EXAMS output file is provided in Appendix C. Table 4-9 presents EECs 

from the registered uses. 

PRZM/EXAMS output shows an accumulation of quinclorac in the standard farm pond over the 

modeled 30-year time series. This is due to the persistence of quinclorac and invalidates the 

probabilistic meaning of the 1-in-10 year return frequency of the EECs (i.e., the yearly EECs are 

 14 http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/water
25

not independent because there is autocorrelation in the dataset due to the accumulation). 

Consequently, the reported 1-in-10 year EECs are likely conservative because they represent a 

27-year accumulation of quinclorac in the standard farm pond. Nonetheless, LOCs were not 

exceeded using these EECs (see Section 6.2).

Table 4-7. PRZM/EXAMS Input Parameter Values

Parameter (Units) Input Value and Unit Source/Comments

Maximum Application Rate Turf grasses

1.4 lb ai/A x 1

0.76 lb ai/A x 2

Sorghum

0.375 lb ai/A x 2

0.245 lb ai/A x 3

Wheat

0.245 lb ai/A x 3

Rangeland / Pasture

0.75 lb ai/A x 1

Rights of way/Fencerow/Hedgerows

1.5 lb ai/A x 1

0.76 lb ai/A x 2

Grass grown for seed

0.375 lb ai/A x 2

Fallow land

0.75 lb ai/A x 1

0.375 lb ai/A x 2

Grass forage/Fodder/Hay

0.375 lb ai/A x 2

Low growing berry subgroup 13-07H 

(except cranberry and strawberry)

0.25 lb ai/A x 2

Rhubarb

0.375 lb ai/A x 2

Labels/BEAD 2012 

information

Turf grasses category includes 

the following uses: airports/ 

landing fields, commercial/ 

industrial lawns, golf course 

turf, ornamental lawns and turf, 

ornamental sod farm, 

recreation area lawns, and 

residential lawns.

Rights of way/ 

fencerow/hedgerows category 

includes agricultural, nonagricultural, and utility pole 

rights of way.

Fallow land category includes 

the following uses: agricultural 

fallow and agricultural/nonagricultural uncultivated areas.
26

Parameter (Units) Input Value and Unit Source/Comments

Minimum Reapplication Interval 14 days*

21 days (turf grasses and rights of 

way/fencerow/hedgerows at 0.7647 lb ai/A 

rate)

30 days (low growing berries and rhubarb)

Labels/BEAD 2012 

information

*A minimum interval is not 

reported for all uses. It was 

assumed that the minimum 

interval was 14 days unless 

indicated otherwise, consistent 

with the Problem Formulation 

(2007) and previous 

assessments.

There is a pre-harvest interval 

of 30 days for rhubarb and 60 

days for low growing berries.

Modeling Scenarios Turf grasses

FL turf

PA turf

Sorghum

KS sorghum

Wheat

ND wheat

Rangeland / Pasture

FL turf

PA turf

CArangelandhayRLF_v2

Rights of way/Fencerow/Hedgerows

CArightofwayRLF_v2

Grass grown for seed

ORgrassseed

Fallow land

FL turf

PA turf

CArangelandhayRLF_v2

Grass forage/Fodder/Hay

FL turf

PA turf

CArangelandhayRLF_v2

Low growing berry subgroup 13-07H 

(except cranberry and strawberry)

ORberriesOP

Rhubarb

CA cole cropRLF_v2

CA lettuce

EFED standard 

PRZM/EXAMS scenarios 

unless indicated otherwise.

There is not a standard scenario 

for rangeland/pasture, fallow 

land, or grass forage/ fodder/ 

hay. Standard turf scenarios 

and a non-standard CA range 

and hay scenario were used as 

surrogates.

In the absence of a standard 

rights-of-way scenario, a nonstandard CA scenario was used.

There is not a scenario specific 

to low growing berry subgroup 

13-07H. ORberriesOP was 

used as a surrogate scenario.

There is not a scenario specific 

to rhubarb. Other leafy 

vegetable crop scenarios were 

used as surrogates (CA cole 

crop and CA lettuce).
27

Parameter (Units) Input Value and Unit Source/Comments

Initial Application Dates (dd-mm) Turf grasses

FL turf

(01-01, 01-02, 01-03, 01-04, 01-05, 01-06, 

01-07, 01-08, 01-09, 01-10, 01-11, 01-12)

PA turf

(01-03, 01-04, 01-05, 01-06, 01-07, 01-08, 

01-09, 01-10, 01-11)

Sorghum

KS sorghum 

(20-05, postplant; 09-04, preplant)

Wheat

ND wheat

(01-08, preplant winter wheat; 25-03, 

preplant spring wheat)

Rangeland / Pasture

FL turf 

(01-01, 01-02, 01-03, 01-04, 01-05, 01-06, 

01-07, 01-08, 01-09, 01-10, 01-11, 01-12)

PA turf 

(01-03, 01-04, 01-05, 01-06, 01-07, 01-08, 

01-09, 01-10, 01-11)

CArangelandhayRLF_v2 

(01-01, 01-02, 01-03, 01-04, 01-05, 01-06, 

01-07, 01-08, 01-09, 01-10, 01-11, 01-12)

Rights of way/Fencerow/Hedgerows

CArightofwayRLF_v2 

(01-01, 01-02, 01-03, 01-04, 01-05, 01-06, 

01-07, 01-08, 01-09, 01-10, 01-11, 01-12)

Grass grown for seed

ORgrassseed

(01-03, 01-04, 01-05, 01-06, 01-07, 01-08, 

01-09, 01-10, 01-11)

Fallow land

FL turf 

(01-01, 01-02, 01-03, 01-04, 01-05, 01-06, 

01-07, 01-08, 01-09, 01-10, 01-11, 01-12)

PA turf 

(01-03, 01-04, 01-05, 01-06, 01-07, 01-08, 

01-09, 01-10, 01-11)

CArangelandhayRLF_v2

(01-01, 01-02, 01-03, 01-04, 01-05, 01-06, 

01-07, 01-08, 01-09, 01-10, 01-11, 01-12)

Grass forage/Fodder/Hay

FL turf 

(01-01, 01-02, 01-03, 01-04, 01-05, 01-06, 

01-07, 01-08, 01-09, 01-10, 01-11, 01-12)

Based on labels/BEAD 2012 

information and PRZM 

scenarios.

Additional sources: Kansas 

state university research and 

extension planting guide 

(www.ksre.ksu.edu/library/crps

l2/l818.pdf), North Dakota 

State University extension 

service (www.ag.ndsu.edu)

Certain uses do not restrict 

when application may occur, in 

those cases it was assumed that 

application could occur 

throughout the year (winter 

months were excluded in 

certain scenarios depending on 

geography).
28

Parameter (Units) Input Value and Unit Source/Comments

PA turf 

(01-03, 01-04, 01-05, 01-06, 01-07, 01-08, 

01-09, 01-10, 01-11)

CArangelandhayRLF_v2 

(01-01, 01-02, 01-03, 01-04, 01-05, 01-06, 

01-07, 01-08, 01-09, 01-10, 01-11, 01-12)

Low growing berry (except cranberry and 

strawberry)

ORberriesOP

(01-05)

Rhubarb

CA cole cropRLF_v2

(01-01)

CA lettuce

(13-03)

Application Method Ground 

(turf grasses, rights-of way/ fencerow/ 

hedgerows, low growing berries, rhubarb)

Aerial

(sorghum, wheat, rangeland/pasture, grass 

grown for seed, fallow land, grass forage / 

fodder /hay

Foliar (CAM = 2)

(turf grasses, sorghum, rangeland/pasture, 

rights-of way/fencerow/hedgerows, grass 

grown for seed, grass forage / fodder /hay,

low growing berries, rhubarb)

Surface (CAM = 1)

(sorghum, wheat, fallow land)

Labels/BEAD 2012 

information

Aerial application method was 

used as input when aerial and 

ground applications are 

permitted at the same 

application rate. Aerial 

applications result in higher 

EDWCs.

Aerial application is permitted 

for rights-of-way/ 

fencerow/hedgerow but at a 

lower rate than ground 

applications. Ground 

applications resulted in higher 

EDWCs.

Application Efficiency Fraction 0.99 (ground)

0.95 (aerial)

EFED guidance1

Spray Drift Loading Fraction 0.01 (ground)

0.05 (aerial)

EFED guidance1

Incorporation depth (cm) 0

Molecular Weight (g/mole) 242 Product Chemistry

Water Solubility (mg/L) 64 Product Chemistry

Vapor Pressure (torr) 7.5 × 10-8 Product Chemistry

KOC (L/kgoc) 36 Mean Value (EFED guidance)1

MRID 41063562

Hydrolysis Half-life (days) 0 MRID 40320816

Stable

Aqueous Photolysis Half-life (days) 0 MRID 41063560

Stable
29

Parameter (Units) Input Value and Unit Source/Comments

Aerobic Soil Metabolism (days) 622 MRID 44084503 and 

41247301

90th percentile confidence 

interval on mean half-life (168 

and 391 days) (EFED 

guidance)1

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism (days) 0 MRID 42294102 and 

42294103

Stable

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism (days) 0 MRID 42294104, 41063561, 

and 42786401

Stable 1 Input Parameter Guidance Manual, Pesticides (Version 2.1; Oct. 22, 2009)

Cranberry

Aquatic exposure was estimated using the Provisional Cranberry Model (v2, December 8, 2010), 

which is further described in the Registration Review drinking water assessment (DP 405093). 

Model input parameters are listed in Table 4-8. The equations used in the Provisional Cranberry 

Model are briefly described in a previous assessment (DP 363581; May 5, 2009). The output file 

is provided in Appendix D. Table 4-9 presents EECs from quinclorac use on cranberry. 

Table 4-8. Provisional Tier 1 Cranberry Model Input Parameters

Input Parameter Value Source

Application Rate (lb ai/A) 0.25 Label

Applications per Year 2 Label

Organic Carbon Partition Coefficient 

(KOC) (L/kgOC)

36 MRID 41063562

Average Value (EFED guidance)

Aerobic Soil Metabolism Half-life 

(days)

622 MRID 44084503

Upper 90th percentile confidence interval 

on the mean of two half-lives: 168 and 

391 days (EFED guidance)

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism Half-life 

(days)

1295 MRIDs 42294102 and 42294103

Upper 90th percentile confidence interval 

on the mean of two half-lives: 1229 and 

393 days (EFED guidance)1

1 Quinclorac is considered stable to aerobic aquatic metabolism based on the available study results. Half-lives were 

extrapolated well beyond the study duration (30 days). Those values were used as the basis for representing aerobic 

aquatic metabolism in the Provisional Cranberry model because a half-life value is required for input.

Rice

Quinclorac use on rice is labeled for a single maximum application of 0.5 lb ai/A (once per 

season). The Tier I rice model (v1.0)15 was used to estimate EECs for use of quinclorac on rice:

 15 http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/water
30

Cw = mai

′

/ (0.00105 + 0.0000013*Koc)

where Cw = EEC (μg/L), mai

′

= application rate (kg/ha), and Koc = mean organic carbon partition 

coefficient (L/kgoc).

Table 4-9. Quinclorac Estimated Environmental Concentrations (EECs) in Surface Water

Use Scenario Estimated Environmental Concentrations (μg/L)1

Peak 21 day 60 day

Turf grasses2

1.4 lb ai/A x 1

0.76 lb ai/A x 2

FL turf 3 72.3 72.3 72.3

PA turf 3,4 96.3 96.3 96.3

FL turf 3 68.1 68.1 68.0

PA turf 3,4 114.8 114.8 114.8

Sorghum

0.375 lb ai/A x 2

0.245 lb ai/A x 3

KS sorghum (postplant)5 182.9 182.9 182.9

KS sorghum (preplant) 160.7 160.7 160.7

Wheat ND wheat (preplant spring) 184.8 184.8 184.8

ND wheat (preplant winter) 213.8 213.8 213.8

Rangeland/pasture

FL turf 3 81.6 81.6 81.6

PA turf 3,4 94.0 94.0 94.0

CArangelandhayRLF_v23 182.7 182.7 182.7

Rights-of-way/ 

fencerows /hedgerows6

1.5 lb ai/A x 1

0.76 lb ai/A x 2

CArightofwayRLF_v23 128.0 128.0 128.0

CArightofwayRLF_v23 129.0 129.0 129.0

Grass grown for seed ORgrassseed3,4 107.7 107.7 106.7

Fallow land 7

FL turf 3 75.8 75.8 75.8

PA turf 3,4 80.2 80.2 80.2

CArangelandhayRLF_v23 150.6 150.6 150.6

Grass forage/fodder/hay

FL turf 3 80.1 80.1 80.0

PA turf 3,4 85.7 85.6 85.6

CArangelandhayRLF_v23 185.5 185.5 185.5

Low growing berry 

(except cranberry and 

strawberry) subgroup 

13-07H

ORberriesOP 13.5 13.5 13.5

Rhubarb CA cole crop RLF_v2 193.4 193.4 192.5

CA lettuce 143.3 143.3 143.3

Cranberry8 Provisional Cranberry Model 163.8 162.9 161.2

Rice Tier I Rice Model 9 511.1 511.1 511.1 1 EECs based on aerial applications are presented for uses that permit aerial and ground applications at the same application rate. 2 Turf grasses category includes the following uses: airports/landing fields (application rates for this use are slightly lower than 

the others and so EECs would be slightly lower as well), commercial/industrial lawns, golf course turf, ornamental lawns and 

turf, ornamental sod farm, recreation area lawns, and residential lawns. Presented EECs assume 100% of a 10 ha field is treated. 

Uses such as commercial and residential lawns would typically occur over smaller areas and include impervious surfaces. EECs 

for those situations will be lower than those presented (the current standard modeling technique is to assume 1% overspray onto 

impervious surfaces, 50% pervious/50% impervious surfaces, and 50% of the pervious surface is treated). For example, the EEC 

is 28.8 μg/L (peak, 21 day, and 60 days) for use of 0.76 lb ai/A x 2 (PA turf scenario) when the combination of 

impervious/pervious surfaces is considered.

3 Highest value of twelve estimates (first application on the first day of each month) because there are no restrictions on when 

pesticide may be applied.

4 Although permitted, it was assumed that winter applications would be unlikely (December, January, February).

5 Two applications between preemergence and postemergence (up to 12 inches)
31

6 EECs are based on non-agricultural rights of way/fencerow/hedgerows use application rates and are greater than those for use 

on agricultural rights of way/fencerow/hedgerows and utility poles/rights of way (these two uses have lower application rates).

Presented EECs are based on post-processing assumptions of pervious/impervious surfaces (see footnote 2). 7 Fallow land category includes agricultural fallow use (0.75 lb ai/A x 1, aerial) and agricultural/non-agricultural uncultivated 

areas (0.375 lb ai/A x 2, 14 day interval, aerial). Both application rates were modeled; the highest EECs are presented. 8 EECs are presented for paddy water. EECs would be slightly lower after a 3 or 21-day holding period. 9 Based on a single screening-level concentration.

5 Effects Characterization

Data are obtained from registrant-submitted studies or from open literature studies identified by 

ECOTOX16 to characterize the effects of quinclorac to non-target organisms. Additional effects 

characterization is provided by reviews of reported incidents involving use of quinclorac.

A data call-in (DCI) was issued for two toxicity studies after the 2007 EFED Problem 

Formulation for Quinclorac Registration Review:

• 850.1010 – Aquatic invertebrate acute toxicity test, freshwater daphnids

• 850.1300 – Daphnid chronic toxicity test

These acute and chronic daphnid studies were requested because the daphnid 21-day NOEC of 

110 mg ai/L (MRID 44129202) unexpectedly exceeded the 48-hour EC50 of 29.8 mg ai/L 

(MRID 41063556). This was likely the result of differences in test water conditions and the use 

of a surfactant in the acute toxicity test but not in the chronic toxicity test. The registrant 

subsequently submitted a daphnid acute toxicity test that did not use a surfactant (MRID 

47421001). This study, which was deemed acceptable, yielded a 48-hour EC50 of > 100 mg ai/L 

and rectified the inconsistency between the acute and chronic toxicity values. Thus the Data 

Call-In (DCI) for the chronic toxicity test was waived (DP 376601).

There is one open literature study (E112909) on the effects of quinclorac to the aquatic 

macrophyte Ceratophyllum demersum (coontail) that is used qualitatively in this assessment. 

Other open literature studies also referenced quinclorac, but these are not included in this

assessment because the reported toxicity endpoints are less sensitive than those from registrantsubmitted studies or the information is not appropriate for inclusion for a variety of reasons 

including the reported endpoint is not comparable to a guideline endpoint or the reported 

endpoint is not convertible to units used in risk assessment models. Quinclorac studies that are 

found in the open literature and passed the initial screen but are not used in the assessment and 

the reasons for their exclusion are provided in Appendix E.

5.1 Effects to Terrestrial Organisms

Summaries of data used to characterize the effects of quinclorac to terrestrial organisms are 

provided in Table 5-1. The most sensitive definitive toxicity endpoints used in RQ calculations 

are bolded.

 16 http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/
32

Table 5-1. Endpoints Used to Characterize the Effects of Quinclorac to Terrestrial Organisms

Assessment 

Endpoint

Measurement Endpoint TGAI / 

Form (%)

Species Toxicity Endpoints1,2, Effects, & Classification Source &

Classification

Survival, growth, 

and reproduction 

of birds

(surrogate for 

reptiles, and 

terrestrial-phase 

amphibians)

Most sensitive avian acute 

oral LD50

TGAI 

(98.3)

Mallard duck

(Anas 

platyrhynchos L.)

14-day LD50 > 1900 mg ai/kg-bw (m)

14-day NOEL = 970 mg ai/kg-bw (m)

(NOEL based on prostration, ataxia and convulsions 

at 1900 mg/kg-bw)

At most slightly toxic

MRID 40320810

Supplemental

(due to 

questionable 

husbandry 

practices)

TGAI

(98.27)

Bobwhite quail

(Colinus 

virginianus)

14-day LD50 > 2000 mg ai/kg-bw (nom)

14-day NOEL = 2000 mg ai/kg-bw (nom)

(no effects)

Practically non-toxic

MRID 41063547

Acceptable

Most sensitive avian subacute dietary LC50TGAI

(96.5)

Mallard duck 

(Anas 

platyrhynchos L.)

8-day LC50 > 5000 mg ai/kg-diet (nom)

8-day NOEC = 5000 mg ai/kg-diet (nom)

(no effects)

Practically non-toxic

MRID 40320811

Acceptable

TGAI

(96.5)

Bobwhite quail

(Colinus 

virginianus)

8-day LC50 > 5000 mg ai/kg-diet (nom)

8-day NOEC = 1250 mg ai/kg-diet (nom)

(NOEC based on 1 mortality at 2500 mg/kg-bw)

Practically non-toxic

MRID 40320812

Acceptable

Most sensitive avian 

chronic NOEC

TGAI

(99.19)

Mallard duck 

(Anas 

platyrhynchos)

21-week NOEC = 1000 mg ai/kg-diet (nom)

21-week NOEC > 1000 mg ai/kg-diet (nom)

(no effects)

MRID 44084501

Acceptable

TGAI

(99.19)

Bobwhite quail

(Colinus 

virginianus)

27-week NOEC = 500 mg ai/kg-diet (nom)

27-week LOEC = 1000 mg ai/kg-diet (nom)

(NOEC based on reduction in the percentage of 14-

day-old survivors of eggs set at 1000 mg/kg-bw)

MRID 44129201

Acceptable

Survival, growth,

and reproduction 

of mammals

Most sensitive 

mammalian acute LD50

TGAI

(NS)

Rat (Wistar) male: 14-day LD50 = 3060 mg ai/kg-bw

Probit slope (95% C.I.) = 9.4 (3.7-15.0)

a

female: 14-day LD50 = 2190 mg ai/kg-bw

Probit slope (95% C.I.) = 3.0 (1.5-4.5)

a

Practically non-toxic

MRID 41063506

Acceptable

TGAI

(NS)

Mouse (B6C3F1) LD50 > 2000 mg ai/kg-bw

Practically non-toxic

MRID 41063507

Acceptable

Most sensitive 

mammalian chronic 

NOEC 

TGAI 

(97.4-98.3)

Rat (Wistar) 2-generation reproduction

NOEL = 160 mg ai/kg-bw/day 

LOEL = 480 mg ai/kg-bw/day

(NOEL based on reduced parental body weights and 

reduced pup viability for both generations)

MRIDs 41063526

& 41910001

Minimum3
33

Assessment 

Endpoint

Measurement Endpoint TGAI / 

Form (%)

Species Toxicity Endpoints1,2, Effects, & Classification Source &

Classification

Survival, growth, 

and reproduction

of terrestrial 

invertebrates

Most sensitive terrestrial 

invertebrate acute LD50

TGAI

(98.5)

Honey bee

(Apis mellifera)

96-hr LD50 > 357 μg ai/bee

Practically non-toxic

MRID 41063575

Acceptable

Form

(50)

Honey bee

(Apis mellifera)

96-hr LD50 > 181 μg ai/bee

Practically non-toxic

MRID 41063576

Acceptable

Survival, growth

and reproduction

of terrestrial plants

Seedling emergence: 

Most sensitive monocot 

EC25 and NOEC

TGAI

(96.5)

Onion

(Allium cepa)

21-day EC25 = 0.13 lb ai/A

21-day NOEC = 0.125 lb ai/A

(based on dry weight)

MRID 41403501

Acceptable

Seedling emergence: 

Most sensitive dicot EC25

and NOEC

Carrot

(Daucus carota)

21-day EC25 = 0.0032 lb ai/A

21-day NOEC = 0.0025 lb ai/A

(based on dry weight)

Vegetative vigor: Most 

sensitive monocot EC25

and NOEC

TGAI

(96.5)

Corn

(Zea mays)

21-day EC25 = 1.095 lb ai/A

21-day NOEC = 0.5 lb ai/A

(based on height)

MRID 41403503

Acceptable

Vegetative vigor: 

Most sensitive dicot EC25

and NOEC

Tomato

(Lycopersicon 

esculentum)

21-day EC25 = 0.007 lb ai/A

21-day NOEC = 0.005 lb ai/A

(based on dry weight)

Form = formulation; NS = not specified

1 BOLD values used in RQ calculations 2 m = measured; mm = mean-measured; nom = nominal 3 Health Effects Division classification

a calculated by EFED
34

5.1.1 Birds

Based on studies with mallard duck and bobwhite quail, quinclorac is practically non-toxic to at 

most slightly toxic to birds on an acute oral basis and practically non-toxic to birds on sub-acute 

dietary basis. 

In the acute oral study with mallard duck (MRID 40320810), two birds, one out of 5 males and 

one out of five females, in the highest treatment group, 1900 mg ai/kg-bw, died on day 0, and 

one control male died on day 7. In the highest treatment group, some birds, both males and 

females, showed sub-lethal effects such as prostration, ataxia, and convulsions resulting in a 

NOEL of 970 mg ai/kg-bw. The study was classified as supplemental due to questionable 

husbandry practices including the necks of the ducks being bound with rubber bands to prevent 

regurgitation. Given the lack of toxicity observed in the acute oral study with bobwhite quail

and the sub-acute dietary studies with bobwhite quail and mallard duck (see below), the toxicity 

observed is this study may not be treatment related but rather be due to the dubious use of 

ligature as a means of ensuring dosage. 

In the acute oral study with bobwhite quail (MRID 41063547), soft feces were noted in the 

highest treatment group, 2000 mg ai/kg-bw, on the day of administration; otherwise birds in this 

group appeared healthy. In addition, initial feed consumption of all treatment groups (both 

sexes) was slightly reduced when compared with the control group; however, the mean total feed 

consumption during the entire observation period was similar among the control and treatment 

groups.

No effects were noted in the sub-acute dietary study with mallard duck (MRID 40320811). A 

single mortality occurring in the 2500 mg ai/kg-diet treatment group of the sub-acute dietary 

study with bobwhite quail (MRID 40320812) resulted in a NOEC of 1250 mg ai/kg-diet; 

otherwise no effects were noted.

In the reproduction study with mallard duck (MRID 44084501), there were no overt signs of 

toxicity or mortalities and no significant effects on any reproductive parameters in any treatment 

group when compared with the control group.

In the reproduction study with bobwhite quail (MRID 44129201), there were no overt signs of 

toxicity or mortalities in any treatment group. However, there was a significant decrease in the 

percentage of 14-day-old hatchling survivors of eggs set in the highest treatment group, 1000 mg 

ai/kg-diet, when compared with the control group resulting in a NOEC of 500 mg ai/kg-diet.

5.1.2 Mammals

Based on studies with rat and mouse, quinclorac is practically non-toxic to mammals on an acute 

oral basis. In the study with rat (MRID 41063506), symptoms of toxicity in males in treatment 

groups ≥ 1780 mg ai/kg-bw included dyspnea, apathy, staggering, spastic gait, piloerection, 

exicosis, and poor genital state from 1 hour/1 day to 3 days post-dosing; symptoms of toxicity in 

females in treatment groups ≥ 825 mg ai/kg-bw included those noted for males plus excitation 
35

and lacrimation, generally occurring from 1 hour/1 day to 8-9 days post-dosing in the highest 

treatment group (3830 mg ai/kg-bw) and from 1 to 3 days in affected lower treatment groups.

In the study with mouse (MRID 41063507), 20 and 40% mortality occurred in the 600 and 5000 

mg/kg-bw treatment groups. Symptoms of toxicity in treatment groups ≥ 2000 mg/kg-bw 

included dyspnea, apathy, staggering, piloerection, and poor general state; no symptoms of 

toxicity were noted in the 200 and 600 mg/kg-bw treatment groups.

In the 2-generation study with rats (MRIDs 41063526 and 41910001), symptoms of toxicity 

including reduced body weight during the premating (both sexes) and lactation period and an 

increased incidence of interstitial nephritis (females) were observed in the parental rats of both 

generations at 480 mg/kg-bw/day yielding a NOEL for parental systemic toxicity of 160 mg 

ai/kg-bw/day. Treatment-related effects including reduced pup viability, delayed growth and 

physical development (pinna unfolding, eye opening), decreased body weights through lactation, 

and a reduction in pup survival were observed in F1 and F2 pups at 480 mg/kg-bw/day yielding a 

developmental NOEL of 160 mg ai/kg-bw/day. No reproductive effects were noted for any 

treatment groups.

5.1.3 Terrestrial Invertebrates

Based on two contact toxicity studies with honeybees, one with TGAI (MRID 41063575) and 

one with a 60% formulation (MRID 41063576), quinclorac is practically non-toxic to terrestrial 

invertebrates. In the acute contact toxicity study with TGAI, mortality after 96 hours in the 

control, 119, 238, and 357 μg ai/bee treatment groups was 11.4% (range: 6.5-18.3%, depending

on test), 12.7%, 7.9% (range: 2.83-13.3%, depending on test), and 21.1%, respectively. In the 

acute contact toxicity study with a 60% formulation of quinclorac, mortality after 96 hours in the 

control, 60, 121, and 181 μg ai/bee treatment groups was 11.4% (range: 6.5-18.3%, depending

on test), 18.8%, 10.3%, and 25.9% (range: 16.4-33.7%, depending on test), respectively. 

5.1.4 Terrestrial (Upland and Semi-Aquatic) Plants

Both seedling emergence and vegetative vigor studies have been conducted with TGAI (SE: 

MRID 41403501; VV: MRID 41403503) and a 50% formulation (Facet; SE: MRID 41403502; 

VV: MRID 41403504) of quinclorac. The studies with TGAI yielded lower toxicity endpoints 

and are thus presented in Table 5-2. In the 2007 EFED problem formulation (DP 344485), nondefinitive NOECs (i.e., <) were provided for the seedling emergence study (MRID 41403501) 

because the reported NOECs were greater than the reported EC25’s. Re-analysis of the raw data 

for the most sensitive monocot and dicot, onion and carrot, respectively, yielded a definitive 

NOEC that was less than the EC25. These newly calculated values are presented in Table 5-2. 

In general, dicots are two orders of magnitude more sensitive to quinclorac than monocots.

5.2 Effects to Aquatic Organisms

Summaries of data used to characterize the effects of quinclorac to aquatic organisms are 

provided in Table 5-2. The most sensitive definitive toxicity endpoints used in RQ calculations 

are bolded.
36

5.2.1 Freshwater Fish

Based on studies with bluegill sunfish and rainbow trout, quinclorac is slightly toxic to

freshwater fish on an acute basis.

For the acute study with bluegill sunfish using 1 part TGAI to 12 parts surfactant (MRID 

41063555), a re-analysis of the raw data using newly-calculated, mean-measured concentrations 

yielded the updated LC50 of 30.3 mg ai/L which is reflected in Table 5-2. Mortality in the 

negative and surfactant controls was 0% and 5% (1 out of 20 fish), respectively. The NOEC of 

18.0 mg ai/L is based on statistically-significant mortality at higher test concentrations when 

compared with the negative control. In addition, fish at the highest test concentration, 45 mg 

ai/L, exhibited lethargy and erratic swimming after 48 hours of exposure; this effect continued 

until mortality or termination of the test. No other sublethal effects were observed. 

For the acute study with rainbow trout using 1 part TGAI to 6 parts surfactant (MRID 

41063554), newly-calculated, mean-measured concentrations resulted in an updated LC50 of > 

86.2 mg ai/L (Table 5-2). The only mortalities in this study were 1 (5%) at the highest test 

concentration, 86.2 mg ai/L, and 1 (5%) in the surfactant control group. No sublethal effects 

were noted.

In the acute study with rainbow trout using TGAI (MRID 41063548), no mortalities or adverse 

effects were observed.

In the early life-stage study with fathead minnow (MRID 44084502), the NOEC of 16 mg ai/L is 

based on the most sensitive endpoint of reduced larval length. However, larval survival, wet 

weight, and dry weight were also significantly affected at concentrations ≥ 62 mg ai/L.

5.2.2 Estuarine/Marine Fish

Based on a study with sheepshead minnow (MRID 41063549), quinclorac is at most slightly 

toxic to estuarine/marine fish on an acute basis. No mortality or adverse effects were reported 

for organisms at the only concentration tested, 94.4 mg ai/L. 
37

Table 5-2. Endpoints Used to Characterize the Effects of Quinclorac to Aquatic Organisms

Assessment 

Endpoint

Measurement 

Endpoint

TGAI 

(%)

Species Toxicity Values1,2, Effects, & Classification Source &

Classification

Survival, growth,

and reproduction of 

freshwater fish

(surrogate for

aquatic-phase 

amphibians)

Most sensitive 

freshwater fish acute 

LC50

1 part 

TGAI 

(96.2):

12 parts 

surfactant

Bluegill sunfish

(Lepomis macrochirus)

96-hr LC50 (95% C.I.) = 30.3 (25.7-37.9) mg 

ai/L (mm)

Probit slope (95% C.I.) = 4.4 (2.8-6.0)

96-hr NOEC = 18.0 mg ai/L (mm)

(NOEC based on mortality)

Slightly toxic

MRID 41063555

Acceptable

1 part 

TGAI 

(96.2):

6 parts 

surfactant

Rainbow trout

(Salmo gairdneri)

96-hr LC50 > 86.2 mg ai/L (mm)

96-hr NOEC = 86.2 mg ai/L (mm)

(NOEC based on mortality)

At most slightly toxic

MRID 41063554 

Acceptable

TGAI (98) Rainbow trout

(Salmo gairdneri)

96-hr LC50 > 97.2 mg ai/L (mm)

96-hr NOEC = 97.2 mg ai/L (mm)

(no effects)

At most slightly toxic

MRID 41063548

Acceptable

Most sensitive 

freshwater fish 

chronic NOEC

TGAI

(96.6)

Fathead minnow 

(Pimephales promelas)

Early life-stage

33-day NOEC = 16 mg ai/L (mm)

33-day LOEC = 31 mg ai/L (mm)

(based on larval length)

MRID 44084502

Acceptable

Survival, growth,

and reproduction of 

estuarine/marine 

fish

Most sensitive 

estuarine/marine fish 

acute LC50

TGAI

(96.5)

Sheepshead minnow 

(Cyprinodon variegatus)

96-hr LC50 > 94.4 mg ai/L (mm)

96-hr NOEC = 94.4 mg ai/L (mm)

(no effects)

At most slightly toxic

MRID 41063549

Acceptable

Survival, growth,

and reproduction of 

freshwater 

invertebrates

Most sensitive 

freshwater 

invertebrate acute 

EC50

TGAI

(98.6)

Water flea

(Daphnia magna)

48-hr EC50 > 100 mg ai/L (mm)

48-hr NOEC = 100 mg ai/L (mm)

(no effects)

Practically non-toxic

MRID 47421001

Acceptable

1 part 

TGAI 

(96.2):

12 parts 

surfactant

Water flea

(Daphnia magna)

48-hr EC50 (95% C.I.) = 29.8 (23.8-42.2) mg 

ai/L (mm)

Probit slope (95% C.I.) = 2.9 (1.7-4.2)

48-hr NOEC = 8.5 mg ai/L (mm)

(NOEC based on mortality)

Slightly toxic

MRID 41063556

Acceptable

Most sensitive 

freshwater 

invertebrate chronic 

NOEC

TGAI

(96.6)

Water flea

(Daphnia magna)

21-day NOEC = 110 mg ai/L (mm)

21-day LOEC > 110 mg ai/L (mm)

(no effects)

MRID 44129202

Acceptable
38

Assessment 

Endpoint

Measurement 

Endpoint

TGAI 

(%)

Species Toxicity Values1,2, Effects, & Classification Source &

Classification

Survival, growth,

and reproduction of 

estuarine/marine 

invertebrates

Most sensitive 

estuarine/marine fish 

acute EC50 or LC50

TGAI

(96.5)

Mysid shrimp 

(Mysidopsis bahia)

96-hr LC50 (96%C.I.) = 69.4 (50.4-118.7) mg 

ai/L (mm)

Probit slope (95% C.I.) = 3.2 (1.5-4.9)

96-hr NOEC = 21.8 mg ai/L (mm)

(NOEC based on mortality)

Slightly toxic

MRID 41063553

Acceptable

TGAI

(96.5)

Blue crab

(Callinectes sapidus)

96-hr LC50 > 94.4 mg ai/L (mm)

96-hr NOEC = 94.4 mg ai/L (mm)

(no effects)

At most slightly toxic

MRID 41063551

Supplemental

(due to lack of 

guideline for selected 

test species)

TGAI

(96.5)

Quahog clam

(Mercenaria 

mercenaria)

Embryo larvae

48-hr EC50 > 96.1 mg ai/L (mm)

48-hr NOEC = 96.1 mg ai/L (mm)

(26% reduction in number to develop 

normally at 96.1 mg ai/L)

At most slightly toxic

MRID 41063552

Acceptable

Survival, growth

and reproduction of 

aquatic plants

Aquatic non-vascular 

species: Most 

sensitive EC50

TGAI

(96.5)

Marine diatom

(Skeletonema costatum)

Freshwater diatom

(Navicula pelliculosa)

Green alga

(Selenastrum 

capricornutum)

Blue-green alga

(Anabaena flos-aqua)

For all species:

Tier II test

7-day EC50 > 500 μg ai/L (nom)

7-day NOEC = 500 μg ai/L (nom)

(no effects)

MRID 41063574

Acceptable

Aquatic vascular 

species: Most 

sensitive EC50

TGAI

(96.5)

Duckweed 

(Lemna gibba G3)

Tier II test

14-dayEC50 > 500 μg ai/L (nom)

14-day NOEC = 500 μg ai/L (nom)

(no effects)

MRID 41063574

Acceptable

TGAI

(80.7)

Coontail

(Ceratophyllum 

demersum)

21-day NOEC = 8.07 μg ai/L (nom)

21-day LOEC = 400 μg ai/L (nom)

(NOEC based on reduction in relative growth 

rate)

E112909 (ECOTOX)

Qualitative

Form = formulation; C.I. = confidence interval 1 BOLD values used in RQ calculations 2 mm = mean-measured; nom = nominal
39

5.2.3 Freshwater Invertebrates

Based on studies with daphnids, quinclorac is practically non-toxic to slightly toxic to freshwater 

invertebrates. In the acute study with 1 part TGAI to 12 parts surfactant (MRID 41063556), the 

NOEC of 8.5 mg ai/L is based on lack of mortality. The EC50 of 29.8 mg ai/L for this study was 

not used in RQ calculations because it is inconsistent with the NOEC of 110 mg ai/L from the 

chronic daphnid study (MRID 44129202). As a result, an acute daphnid study with TGAI was 

requested via DCI and subsequently submitted by the registrant. This study (MRID 47421001)

yielded an EC50 of > 100 mg ai/L (only 1 immobile daphnid was reported in the second highest 

test concentration, 50.5 mg ai/L) which is consistent with the chronic NOEC. 

In the chronic study with daphnids (MRID 44129202), several males were observed in the 

control and all treatment groups, but no treatment-related effects were observed, resulting in a 

NOEC of 110 mg ai/L. 

5.2.4 Estuarine/Marine Invertebrates

Based on studies with mysid shrimp, blue crab, and quahog clam, quinclorac is slightly toxic to 

estuarine/marine invertebrates on an acute basis. In the acute study with mysid shrimp (MRID 

41063553), the NOEC of 21.8 mg ai/L is based lack of mortality; no sublethal effects were 

reported. In the acute study with blue crabs (MRID 41063551), no mortality or adverse effects 

were reported for organisms at the only concentration tested, 94.4 mg ai/L. In the acute study 

with embryo larvae of quahog clam (MRID 41063552), there was a 26% reduction in the number 

of embryo larvae to develop normally at the only concentration tested, 96.1 mg ai/L, when 

compared to the control. 

5.2.5 Aquatic Plants

All of the registrant-submitted studies with aquatic plants yielded the same EC50 and NOEC 

values: > 500 μg ai/L and 500 μg ai/L, respectively (MRID 41063574). 

An ECOTOX open literature study (E112909) evaluated the effect of quinclorac on the 21-day 

relative growth rate of the submerged macrophyte Ceratophyllum demersum (coontail) at 

nominal concentrations of 4, 8.07, 400, and 807 μg ai/L after correction for 80.7% purity by the 

reviewer (the authors reported nominal concentrations of 5, 10, 500, 1000 μg/L). The NOEC 

and LOEC for the endpoint of relative growth rate were 8.07 and 400 μg/L, respectively. Plants 

in the 400 and 807 μg/L treatment groups showed statistically-significant reductions in growth 

rate of 24 and 43%, respectively, when compared to the control. Quinclorac concentrations over 

the exposure period were not analytically confirmed and may have fluctuated given that 

“evaporative loss of water was replenished daily.” This study was classified as qualitative for 

use in this assessment due to uncertainty associated with the test concentrations. 

5.3 Incident Database Review

Reviews on August 10, 2012 of the Ecological Incident Information System (EIIS, version 

2.1.1), which is maintained by the Agency’s Office of Pesticide Programs, and the Avian 

Monitoring Information System (AIMS), which is maintained by the American Bird 
40

Conservatory, indicate a total of two reported ecological incidents (in EIIS) associated with the 

use of quinclorac (Table 5-4). Both incidents involved plant damage to tomatoes in Arkansas 

from drift exposure as a result of application to rice. Specifically, tomato growers in Arkansas 

complained that, since the introduction of quinclorac in 1991, aerial applications of the herbicide 

(Facet®) on rice drift off-site and damage their tomato crops (DP 250179+; DP 321437). 

Ultimately, these incidents resulted in tomato growers of Poinsett County, Arkansas, filing a 

petition for cancellation of quinclorac (DP 321437, 321438). 

In response to complaints by tomato growers, a study by the University of Arkansas was initiated 

in 1999 to determine the deposition of quinclorac drift on tomatoes in the rice-growing region of 

northeast Arkansas and to record signs of toxicity in tomato foliage and fruit (DP 262300). The 

study reported detectable amounts of quinclorac in ambient air over tomato fields and chemical 

residues in tomato plant tissues and documented varying degrees of abnormal growth symptoms

consistent with those known to be caused by quinclorac. The study stated that it was not possible 

to determine the specific sources of the airborne quinclorac because on many days when 

quinclorac was detected in air samples, there was no reported Facet application within 5 miles of 

the experimental site.

Table 5-4. Details of Incidents Associated with the Use of Quinclorac

Incident #/

Date

Type/Species Use 

Site

State Magnitude Response Route of 

Exposure

Certainty Legality

I015496001 Plant/tomato Rice Arkansas Unknown Plant 

damage

Drift Probable Registered 

use

I012132001

1994

Plant/tomato Rice Arkansas Very great Plant 

damage

Drift, 

spray

Probable Accidental 

misuse

In addition to the incidents recorded in EIIS and AIMS, additional incidents are reported to the 

Agency in aggregated form. Pesticide registrants report certain types of incidents to the Agency 

as aggregate counts of incidents occurring per product per quarter. Ecological incidents reported 

in aggregate reports include those categorized as ‘minor fish and wildlife’ (W-B), ‘minor plant’ 

(P-B), and ‘other non-target’ (ONT) incidents. ‘Other non-target’ incidents include reports of 

adverse effects to insects and other terrestrial invertebrates. For quinclorac, registrants have 

reported no minor fish and wildlife incidents, 481 minor plant incidents, and no other non-target 

incidents as of August 10, 2012. The minor plant incidents involved the following quinclorac 

end use products: Drive (DF) (Top Pro), Facet, Paramount, Weed B Gon Max Plus Crabgrass 

Control, and Spectracide Weed Stop For Lawns Plus Crabgrass Killer. 

The total number of actual incidents associated with the use of quinclorac may be higher than 

what is reported to the Agency. Incidents may go unreported since effects may not be 

immediately apparent and/or readily attributed to the use of a chemical. 

6 Risk Characterization

6.1 Risk Estimation

Estimates of exposure to and toxicity of quinclorac are integrated using standard risk quotient 

(RQ) methods to evaluate the potential for adverse ecological effects to mammalian, avian, 
41

aquatic, and other non-target species. RQ results for non-target terrestrial and aquatic animals 

and plants are described in this section and represent expected direct effects to organisms (i.e. 

effects from direct toxicity to quinclorac exposure) in contrast to indirect effects to organisms 

resulting from a modification of a resource such as loss of their prey or habitat.

6.1.1 Direct Effects to Terrestrial Organisms

6.1.1.1 Birds, Reptiles, and Terrestrial-Phase Amphibians

Avian chronic, dietary-based RQs were calculated for the maximum application rates for each 

use of quinclorac using the NOEC from the bobwhite quail reproduction study (500 mg ai/kgdiet; MRID 44129201). No avian acute RQs were calculated because avian acute oral and subacute dietary toxicity studies for quinclorac have non-definitive endpoints (i.e., >). Risk to birds 

from acute exposure is discussed in the Risk Description section of this document. 

Avian chronic, dietary-based RQs range from 0.01 to 0.72 across all uses, application rates, and 

feeding categories (Appendix F, Table F-1). Therefore, the avian chronic Level of Concern 

(LOC) of 1 is not exceeded for birds of any feeding categories regardless of the use or 

application rate. 

6.1.1.2 Mammals

Mammalian acute dose-based RQs were calculated for the maximum application rates for each 

use of quinclorac using the LD50 from a rat acute oral study (2190 mg ai/kg-bw; MRID 

41063506). No mammalian acute dietary-based RQs were calculated because a mammalian 

acute dietary-based endpoint (i.e., LC50, mg/kg-diet) is not available. Mammalian chronic doseand dietary-based RQs were calculated for the maximum application rates for each use of 

quinclorac using the NOEC from a rat 2-generation reproduction study (160 mg ai/kg-diet; 

MRIDs 41063526 and 41910001). 

Mammalian acute dose-based RQs range from <0.01 to 0.07 across all uses, application rates, 

and feeding categories (Appendix F, Table F-2). No mammalian acute LOCs (≥ 0.1) are 

exceeded for mammals of any feeding category regardless of the use or application rate. 

Mammalian chronic dose- and dietary-based RQs range from <0.01 to 0.98 and <0.01 to 0.11, 

respectively, across all uses, application rates, and feeding categories (Appendix F, Tables F-2

and F-3). Therefore, the mammalian chronic LOC of 1 is not exceeded for mammals of any 

feeding category regardless of the use or application rate.

6.1.1.3 Terrestrial Invertebrates

RQs for terrestrial invertebrates were not calculated because only non-definitive toxicity 

endpoints (i.e., >) are available for honeybees. Risk to terrestrial invertebrates is discussed in the 

Risk Description section of this document. 

6.1.1.4 Terrestrial (Upland and Semi-Aquatic) Plants

RQs for terrestrial plants were calculated for the maximum application rate and application 

method (ground, aerial) for each use using the NOEC and EC25 from seedling emergence and
42

vegetative vigor studies (MRIDs 41403501 and 41403503, respectively) for the most sensitive 

monocot (onion for SE: EC25/NOEC = 0.13/0.125 lb ai/A; corn for VV: EC25/NOEC = 1.095/0.5 

lb ai/A) and dicot (carrot for SE: EC25/NOEC = 0.0032/0.0025 lb ai/A; corn for VV: 

EC25/NOEC = 0.007/0.005 lb ai/A).

RQs for terrestrial (upland and semi-aquatic) plants are provided in Table 6-1. For monocots 

and dicots inhabiting dry (upland) areas, RQs from total loading (i.e., exposure from runoff +

spray drift) range from <0.1 to 0.36 and 2.3 to 18, respectively. For monocots and dicots 

inhabiting semi-aquatic areas, RQs from total loading range from 0.40 to 2.42 and 16 to 126, 

respectively. RQs from spray drift only range from <0.1 to 0.12 for monocots and 0.77 to 6 for 

dicots. The terrestrial plant LOC of 1 is exceeded for listed and non-listed dicots inhabiting dry 

and semi-aquatic habitats from exposure to runoff and spray drift (total loading) for all use 

scenarios. The terrestrial plant LOC of 1 is exceeded for listed and non-listed dicots from 

exposure to spray drift alone for all uses and application methods except low growing berry 

subgroup 13-07H via ground application and sorghum and wheat via ground application. In 

addition, the RQ for application to low growing berries equals the terrestrial plant LOC for listed 

monocots from exposure to spray drift alone. The terrestrial plant LOC of 1 is exceeded for 

listed and non-listed monocots inhabiting semi-aquatic areas from exposure to runoff and spray 

drift (total loading) for all uses with application rates ≥ 0.75 lb ai/A regardless of application 

method. In addition, the RQ for aerial application to rice at 0.5 lb ai/A equals the LOC for listed 

monocots inhabiting semi-aquatic areas. There are no terrestrial plant LOC exceedances for 

monocots from exposure via spray drift alone.

Table 6-1. Terrestrial (Upland and Semi-Aquatic) Plant Risk Quotients (RQs)

Maximum Application Rate; Application Method

Use

Plant Type Dry 

(Upland)

Areas

SemiAquatic 

Areas

Spray 

Drift

1.5 lb ai/A; ground

Non-agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/

hedgerows

Non-listed monocot 0.35 2.42^ 0.12

Listed monocot 0.36 2.52^ 0.12

Non-listed dicot 14.06^ 98.44^ 4.69^

Listed dicot 18.00^ 126.00^ 6.00^

1.4 lb ai/A; ground

Turf grasses*

Non-listed monocot 0.32 2.26^ 0.11

Listed monocot 0.34 2.35^ 0.11

Non-listed dicot 13.13^ 91.88^ 4.38^

Listed dicot 16.80^ 117.60^ 5.60^

0.76 lb ai/A; ground

Non-agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/ 

hedgerows

Turf grasses*

Non-listed monocot 0.18 1.23^ <0.1

Listed monocot 0.18 1.28^ <0.1

Non-listed dicot 7.13^ 49.88^ 2.38^

Listed dicot 9.12^ 63.84^ 3.04^
43

Maximum Application Rate; Application Method

Use

Plant Type Dry 

(Upland)

Areas

SemiAquatic 

Areas

Spray 

Drift

0.75 lb ai/A; aerial

Agricultural fallow land/idle land/conservation 

reserve

Non-agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/

hedgerows

Rangeland/pasture

Utility poles/rights-of-way

Non-listed monocot 0.40 1.44^ 0.29

Listed monocot 0.42 1.50^ 0.30

Non-listed dicot 16.41^ 58.59^ 11.72^

Listed dicot 21.00^ 75.00^ 15.00^

0.75 lb ai/A; ground

Agricultural and non-agricultural uncultivated 

areas/soils

Agricultural fallow land/idle land/conservation 

reserve

Agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/hedgerows

Airports/landing fields

Rangeland/pasture

Utility poles/rights-of-way

Non-listed monocot 0.17 1.21^ <0.1

Listed monocot 0.18 1.26^ <0.1

Non-listed dicot 7.03^ 49.22^ 2.34^

Listed dicot 9.00^ 63.00^ 3.00^

0.5 lb ai/A; aerial

Rice

Non-listed monocot 0.27 0.96 0.19

Listed monocot 0.28 1.00^ 0.20

Non-listed dicot 10.94^ 39.06^ 7.81^

Listed dicot 14.00^ 50.00^ 10.00^

0.5 lb ai/A; ground

Rice

Non-listed monocot 0.12 0.81 <0.1

Listed monocot 0.12 0.84 <0.1

Non-listed dicot 4.69^ 32.81^ 1.56^

Listed dicot 6.00^ 42.00^ 2.00^

0.375 lb ai/A; aerial

Agricultural and non-agricultural uncultivated

areas/ soils

Agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/hedgerows

Grass forage/fodder/hay

Grasses grown for seed

Sorghum

Wheat**

Non-listed monocot 0.20 0.72 0.14

Listed monocot 0.21 0.75 0.15

Non-listed dicot 8.20^ 29.30^ 5.86^

Listed dicot 10.50^ 37.50^ 7.50^

0.375 lb ai/A; ground

Grass forage/fodder/hay

Grasses grown for seed

Rhubarb

Sorghum

Wheat**

Non-listed monocot <0.1 0.61 <0.1

Listed monocot <0.1 0.63 <0.1

Non-listed dicot 3.52^ 24.61^ 1.17^

Listed dicot 4.50^ 31.50^ 1.50^

0.25 lb ai/A; ground

Low growing berry (except strawberry) subgroup 

13-07H

Non-listed monocot <0.1 0.40 <0.1

Listed monocot <0.1 0.42 <0.1

Non-listed dicot 2.34^ 16.41^ 0.78

Listed dicot 3.00^ 21.00^ 1.00^

0.245 lb ai/A; aerial

Sorghum

Wheat

Non-listed monocot 0.13 0.47 <0.1

Listed monocot 0.14 0.49 <0.1

Non-listed dicot 5.36^ 19.14^ 3.83^

Listed dicot 6.86^ 24.50^ 4.90^

0.245 lb ai/A; ground Non-listed monocot <0.1 0.40 <0.1

Listed monocot <0.1 0.41 <0.1
44

Maximum Application Rate; Application Method

Use

Plant Type Dry 

(Upland)

Areas

SemiAquatic 

Areas

Spray 

Drift

Sorghum

Wheat

Non-listed dicot 2.30^ 16.08^ 0.77

Listed dicot 2.94^ 20.58^ 0.98

* includes commercial/ industrial lawns; golf course turf; ornamental lawns, turf, and sod farm; recreation lawn 

areas; and residential lawns

** for bindweed control

^RQ ≥ LOC (=1)

6.1.2 Direct Effects to Aquatic Organisms

6.1.2.1 Fish and Aquatic-Phase Amphibians

Freshwater fish acute and chronic RQs were calculated for the maximum application rates for 

each use of quinclorac using the LC50 from the acute toxicity study with bluegill sunfish (30.0 

mg ai/L; MRID 41063555) and NOEC from the early life-stage study with fathead minnow (16 

mg ai/L; MRID 44084502), respectively. No acute RQs were calculated for estuarine/marine 

fish because the acute study with sheepshead minnow has a non-definitive toxicity endpoint 

(LC50 > 94.4 mg ai/L; MRID 41063549). No chronic RQs were calculated for estuarine/marine 

fish because there is no available chronic toxicity endpoint, and application of an acute to 

chronic ratio from data for freshwater fish to existing acute toxicity data for estuarine/marine fish 

is not possible (i.e., freshwater fish acute and chronic endpoints are for different species). 

Freshwater fish acute RQs are all ≤ 0.02 (Appendix F, Table F-4), and freshwater fish chronic 

RQs are all ≤ 0.03. Therefore, no aquatic animal acute LOCs (≥ 0.05) or the aquatic animal 

chronic LOC of 1 are exceeded for freshwater fish. Risk to estuarine/marine fish from exposure 

to quinclorac is discussed in the Risk Description section of this document.

6.1.2.2 Aquatic Invertebrates

No acute RQs were calculated for freshwater invertebrates because the acute study with daphnids 

has a non-definitive toxicity endpoint (EC50 > 100 mg ai/L; MRID 47421001). Freshwater 

invertebrate chronic RQs were calculated for the maximum application rates for each use of 

quinclorac using the NOEC from a chronic toxicity study with daphnids (110 mg ai/L; MRID 

44129202). Estuarine/marine invertebrate acute RQs were calculated for the maximum 

application rates for each use of quinclorac using the LC50 from the acute toxicity study with 

mysid shrimp (69.4 mg ai/L; MRID 41063553). No chronic RQs were calculated for 

estuarine/marine invertebrates because there is no available chronic toxicity endpoint, and 

application of an acute to chronic ratio from data for freshwater invertebrates to existing acute 

toxicity data for estuarine/marine invertebrates is not possible (i.e., freshwater invertebrate acute 

toxicity endpoint is non-definitive). 

Freshwater invertebrate chronic RQs are all ≤ 0.02, and estuarine/marine invertebrate acute RQs 

are all ≤ 0.01 (Appendix F, Table F-5). Therefore, no aquatic animal acute LOCs (≥ 0.05) or 

the aquatic animal chronic LOC of 1 are exceeded for chronic exposure to freshwater 

invertebrates or acute exposure to estuarine/marine invertebrates. Risks to freshwater and 

estuarine/marine fish from acute and chronic exposure to quinclorac, respectively, are discussed 

in the Risk Description section of this document.
45

6.1.2.3 Aquatic Plants

RQs for listed vascular and non-vascular aquatic plants were calculated for the maximum 

application rate for each use of quinclorac using the NOECs from toxicity studies with duckweed 

(500 μg ai/L; MRID 41063574) and 4 algal species (500 μg ai/L; MRID 41063574), 

respectively. RQs for non-listed vascular and non-vascular aquatic plants were not calculated 

because the EC50 endpoints are non-definitive (> 500 μg ai/L; MRID 41063574).

RQs for listed non-vascular and vascular aquatic plants range from 0.14 to 0.43 for all uses 

except for use on rice (Appendix F-6, Table F-6). The RQ for use of quinclorac on rice (RQ = 

1.02) exceeds the aquatic plant LOC of 1. Risk to non-listed aquatic plants from exposure to 

quinclorac is discussed in the Risk Description section of this document.

6.1.3 Probit Slope Dose-Response Analysis of LOC and Acute RQ Values

As part of risk estimation, the Agency provides additional information on the potential for acute 

direct effects to exposed individuals in terms of the chance of an individual event (i.e., mortality 

or immobilization) should exposure at the EEC actually occur for a species with sensitivity to 

quinclorac on par with the acute toxicity endpoint selected for RQ calculation. This is 

accomplished using the slope of the dose-response relationship available from the toxicity study 

used to establish the acute toxicity measures of effect for each taxonomic group. The individual 

effects probability associated with the acute RQ is based on the mean estimate of the slope and

an assumption of a probit dose-response relationship. In addition to a single effects probability 

estimate based on the mean, upper and lower estimates of the effects probability are also 

provided to account for variance in the slope, if available. Individual effect probabilities are 

calculated based on an Excel spreadsheet tool IECV1.1 (Individual Effect Chance Model 

Version 1.1) developed by U.S. EPA, OPP, Environmental Fate and Effects Division (June 22, 

2004). The model provides the option of inserting taxa-specific probit slopes and confidence 

intervals. If specific information is not available, the model uses a default value of 4.5 for the 

probit slope and 2 and 9 for the upper and lower 95% confidence interval bounds. 

For quinclorac, the avian acute toxicity studies, the estuarine/marine fish acute study, and the 

freshwater invertebrate acute study yielded non-definitive endpoint values (i.e., >) so this probit 

slope analysis is not applicable. The mammal acute oral study yielded a probit slope of 3.0 with 

a 95% confidence interval of 1.5 to 4.5; the acute toxicity study with bluegill sunfish yielded a 

probit slope of 4.4 with a 95% confidence interval of 2.8 to 6.0; and the acute toxicity study with 

mysid shrimp yielded a probit slop of 3.2 with a 95% confidence interval of 1.5 to 4.9. 

RQ values for comparison were chosen based on the results of the risk assessment. For 

freshwater invertebrates and estuarine/marine fish, the LOC of 0.05 (endangered species LOC)

was selected because none of the calculated RQs exceed the LOC. Likewise, the LOC of 0.1 

(endangered species LOC) was chosen for mammals because none of the calculated RQs exceed

the LOC. Calculated chances of individual effect are provided in Table 6-2.
46

Table 6-2. Chance of Effect (i.e., Mortality or Immobilization) for an Individual Bird, 

Mammal, Fish, or Aquatic invertebrate at Selected Acute Risk Quotient (RQ) Values for 

Quinclorac

Taxon LOC Slope1 95% Confidence 

Interval2

Chance of 

Effect

(1 in...)

95% Confidence 

Interval 

(Chance of Effect)

Mammal 0.1 3.0 1.5, 4.5 741 15 – 2.94x105

Freshwater fish 0.05 4.4 2.8, 6.0 1.93x108 7.42x103 – 3.39x1014

Estuarine/marine invertebrates 0.05 3.2 1.5, 4.9 6.38x104 255 – 1.09x1010

1 default = 4.5

2 default = 2, 9

6.2 Risk Description

The following risk description explains the overall direct effect conclusions regarding potential 

ecological risk from the various uses of quinclorac. The risk description takes into consideration 

all lines of evidence including: risk estimates (i.e., RQ results); information on the chance of 

individual effect (i.e., mortality or immobilization) for the acute RQ values; comparisons of nondefinitive toxicity endpoints (i.e., >) to EECs; data from monitoring, field studies, and reported 

incidents that may provide additional insights into the likelihood of exposure; and other factors 

that modify the likelihood of exposure such as timing of application, overlap of area affected and 

the degree of effect with the presence/absence of taxa, species sensitivity distribution, and 

presence/absence of dietary items.

6.2.1 Direct Effects to Birds, Reptiles, and Terrestrial-Phase Amphibians

Avian acute RQs were not calculated because avian acute oral and subacute-dietary toxicity 

studies for quinclorac have non-definitive endpoints (i.e., >). Instead, the most sensitive, nondefinitive acute dose- and dietary-based toxicity values for birds were compared directly to the 

highest avian dose- and dietary-based EECs for each use of quinclorac. A study with mallard 

duck yielded the most sensitive, non-definitive avian dose-based toxicity endpoint, LD50 > 1900 

mg ai/kg-bw (MRID 40320810), but reported 20% mortality as well as sublethal effects at the 

highest concentration tested. However, the toxicity observed is this study may be due to the use 

of ligature to prevent regurgitation. Studies with mallard duck and bobwhite quail yielded the 

most sensitive non-definitive avian dietary-based endpoint, LC50 > 5000 mg ai/kg-diet (MRIDs 

40320811 and 40320812). No effects were noted in the sub-acute dietary study with mallard 

duck, and a single mortality was reported in the 2500 mg ai/kg-diet treatment group of the subacute dietary study with bobwhite quail; otherwise no effects were noted in the latter study. 

Depending on use, the highest dose- and dietary-based EECs range from 103 to 410 mg/kg-bw 

and 90 to 360 mg/kg-diet, respectively. Since none of the EECs are greater than the most 

sensitive, non-definitive avian acute toxicity endpoints and there was no or questionable toxicity 

observed in the avian acute oral and sub-acute dietary studies, potential risk to birds, reptiles, and 

terrestrial-phase amphibians from acute exposure to quinclorac for all uses is considered low. 

As noted in Section 2.1, the 2009 ecological risk assessment for use of quinclorac on pasture and 

rangeland identified risk to small birds from acute exposure. This conclusion resulted from the 

use of the non-definitive LC50 of > 1900 mg/kg-bw as input in the T-REX model for calculating 
47

RQs triggering an LOC exceedance. Subsequent EFED guidance17 has indicated that RQs 

should not be calculated using non-definitive endpoints. Therefore, the present, qualitative 

analysis for avian risk from acute exposure is considered sufficient for making the conclusion 

that there is a low potential for risk to birds from acute exposure to quinclorac.

The avian chronic LOC (=1) is not exceeded for birds of any feeding category regardless of the 

use or application rate suggesting that risk to birds, reptiles, and terrestrial-phase amphibians 

from chronic exposure to quinclorac for all uses via dietary ingestion is low. 

EFED’s Screening Imbibition Program (SIP v. 1.0) does indicate potential risk to birds from 

chronic exposure to quinclorac via consumption of contaminated drinking water (Appendix B). 

This risk concern cannot be assessed quantitatively at this time. However, it should be noted that 

SIP employs several conservative assumptions (see Appendix B) which add considerable 

uncertainty to this risk conclusion.

6.2.2 Direct Effects to Mammals

Mammalian acute LOCs (≥0.1) are not exceeded for mammals of any feeding category

regardless of the use or application rate suggesting that risk to mammals from acute exposure to 

quinclorac for all uses is low. This conclusion is supported by the probit slope dose-response 

analysis which indicates a 1 in 741 (95% C.I.: 1 in 15 to 1 in 294,000) chance of individual effect 

(i.e., mortality) from acute exposure to quinclorac.

The mammalian chronic LOC (=1) is not exceeded for mammals of any feeding categories 

regardless of the use or application rate suggesting that risk to mammals from chronic exposure 

to quinclorac for all uses is low. 

6.2.3 Direct Effects to Terrestrial Invertebrates

Presently, the Agency does not have a formal methodology for evaluating risk to terrestrial 

invertebrates. However, an interim LOC of 0.05 for listed terrestrial invertebrates has been used 

in litigation assessments. Since the level of direct effects to terrestrial invertebrates necessary to 

indirectly affect other taxa that rely on terrestrial invertebrates as a food source or for pollination 

services has not been established on a national level, the interim LOC of 0.05 was applied to 

both listed and non-listed terrestrial invertebrates.

Since only non-definitive toxicity endpoints (i.e., >) are available for honeybees, no RQs were 

calculated. Instead, the most sensitive, non-definitive acute contact toxicity endpoint for 

honeybees, LD50 > 181 μg ai/bee (MRID 41063576), was converted to LD50 > 1414 mg ai/kgbw using 0.128 g as the estimated body weight of one bee (181 μg ai/bee x 1 bee/0.128 g-bw = 

1414 μg ai/g-bw = 1414 mg ai/kg-bw). This converted toxicity value was then compared 

directly to dietary-based EECs for the feeding category of “arthropods” from modeling via TREX (Table 4-4). The highest arthropod dietary-based EEC for each use ranges from 35 to 141 

mg/kg-diet. Since the arthropod EECs are 1 to 2 orders of magnitude less than the most 

 17 “Guidance for Using Non-Definitive Endpoints in Evaluating Risks to Listed and Non-listed Animal Species” 

5/10/11
48

sensitive, non-definitive acute contact toxicity endpoint for honeybees, risk to non-listed 

terrestrial invertebrates from acute exposure to quinclorac for all uses is considered to be low. 

6.2.4 Direct Effects to Terrestrial (Upland and Semi-Aquatic) Plants

A summary of LOC exceedances for terrestrial plants is provided in Table 6-3. The terrestrial 

plant LOC (=1) is not exceeded for non-listed and listed monocots inhabiting dry (upland) areas 

exposed via total loading (runoff + spray drift) or spray drift alone regardless of use, application 

rate, or application method. However, the terrestrial plant LOC is exceeded for non-listed and 

listed dicots inhabiting dry or semi-aquatic areas exposed via total loading for all uses. Whether 

or not the terrestrial plant LOC is exceeded for non-listed and listed monocots inhabiting semiaquatic areas exposed via total loading and non-listed and listed dicots inhabiting dry or semiaquatic areas via spray drift alone depends on the use and application method (aerial, ground).

The potential for risk to terrestrial plants indicated by LOC exceedances is supported by 

documented plant incidents involving the use of quinclorac (Section 5.3). In particular, 

ecological effects data indicate that tomatoes are especially sensitive to quinclorac with 

vegetative vigor EC25 and NOEC endpoints of 0.007 and 0.005 lb ai/A, respectively, and 

incidents involving tomatoes and associated with the application of quinclorac to rice have been 

reported in northeast Arkansas. 

Table 6-3. Summary of Terrestrial Plant LOC Exceedances

Plant type Habitat Source of 

Exposure1

Uses with LOC Exceedances

Non-listed 

monocots

Upland Total loading None

Non-listed 

monocots

Semi-aquatic Total loading Non-agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/ hedgerows

Turf grasses*

Agricultural fallow land/idle land/conservation reserve

Agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/hedgerows

Rangeland/pasture

Utility poles/rights-of-way

Airports/landing fields 

Agricultural and non-agricultural uncultivated 

areas/soils

Non-listed 

monocots

Upland & 

semi-aquatic

Spray drift None

Listed monocots Upland Total loading None

Listed monocots Semi-aquatic Total loading Non-agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/ hedgerows

Turf grasses* 

Agricultural fallow land/idle land/conservation reserve 

Agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/hedgerows 

Rangeland/pasture 

Utility poles/rights-of-way 

Airports/landing fields 

Agricultural and non-agricultural uncultivated 

areas/soils 

Rice (0.5 lb ai/A, aerial only)

Listed monocots Upland & 

semi-aquatic

Spray drift None

Non-listed dicots Upland Total loading All
49

Plant type Habitat Source of 

Exposure1

Uses with LOC Exceedances

Non-listed dicots Semi-aquatic Total loading All

Non-listed dicots Upland & 

semi-aquatic

Spray drift Non-agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/hedgerows

Turf grasses*

Agricultural fallow land/idle land/conservation reserve 

Rangeland/pasture

Utility poles/rights-of-way

Agricultural and non-agricultural uncultivated 

areas/soils

Agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/hedgerows

Airports/landing fields

Rice

Grass forage/fodder/hay

Grasses grown for seed 

Sorghum (0.375 lb ai/A, aerial & ground; 0.245 lb ai/A,

aerial only)

Wheat (0.245 lb ai/A, aerial only)

Rhubarb

Wheat** (0.375 lb ai/A, aerial & ground)

Listed dicots Upland Total loading All

Listed dicots Semi-aquatic Total loading All

Listed dicots Upland & 

semi-aquatic

Spray drift Non-agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/hedgerows 

Turf grasses* 

Agricultural fallow land/idle land/conservation reserve 

Rangeland/pasture 

Utility poles/rights-of-way 

Agricultural and non-agricultural uncultivated 

areas/soils 

Agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/hedgerows 

Airports/landing fields 

Rice 

Grass forage/fodder/hay

Grasses grown for seed 

Sorghum (0.375 lb ai/A, aerial & ground; 0.245 lb ai/A, 

aerial only)

Wheat (0.245 lb ai/A, aerial only)

Rhubarb 

Wheat** (0.375 lb ai/A, aerial & ground)

Low growing berry (except strawberry) subgroup 13-

07H 1 total loading = exposure from runoff + spray drift

6.2.4.1 Buffer Distances for Reducing Risk to Non-Target 

Terrestrial Plants Including Non-Target Crops from Spray 

Drift

Using AgDrift, buffer distances were determined for uses with terrestrial plant LOC exceedances 

from spray drift alone using the most sensitive dicot EC25 of 0.0032 lb ai/A for non-listed dicots 

and the associated NOEC of 0.0025 for listed dicots (MRID 41403501). These buffer distances 

are provided in Tables 6-4 and 6-5. It should be noted that buffer distances for some aerial 

application scenarios exceeded the AgDrift Tier 1 aerial modeling limit of ~1000 feet (Table 6-

5). Similarly, one study of off-site drift impacts to tomatoes for aerial applications of quinclorac 
50

(0.38 lb ai/A) indicates that drift effects (foliar injury) may extend up to 1980 feet from the 

field's edge (no MRID, DP 250179).

Table 6-4. Buffer Distances for Uses with LOC Exceedances from Spray Drift Alone: 

Ground Application

Maximum Application Rate; Application 

Method

Use

Distance Offsite Where Effects Are No Longer Expected

(ft)

Non-listed Dicots Listed Dicots

Low Boom High Boom Low Boom High Boom

VFFFM/CVFFFM/CVF

-F

FM/CVFFFM/C

1.5 lb ai/A; ground

Non-agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/

hedgerows

492 262 764 397 620 351 899 505

1.4 lb ai/A; ground

Turf grasses* 459 240 728 371 581 324 860 472

0.76 lb ai/A; ground

Non-agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/ 

hedgerows

Turf grasses*

249 108 476 190 322 151 568 249

0.75 lb ai/A; ground

Agricultural and non-agricultural uncultivated 

areas/soils

Agricultural fallow land/idle land/conservation 

reserve

Agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/hedgerows

Airports/landing fields

Rangeland/pasture

Utility poles/rights-of-way

246 108 469 187 318 148 564 246

0.5 lb ai/A; ground

Rice 157 62 344 115 207 85 417 154

0.375 lb ai/A; ground

Grass forage/fodder/hay

Grasses grown for seed

Rhubarb

Sorghum

Wheat**

115 43 272 79 151 59 331 108

0.25 lb ai/A; ground

Low growing berry (except strawberry) 

subgroup 13-07H

No LOC exceedance 95 36 236 66

VF-F = ASAE Very Fine to Fine

F-M/C = ASAE Fine to Medium/Course

Table 6-5. Buffer Distances for Uses with LOC Exceedances from Spray Drift Alone: 

Aerial Application

Maximum Application Rate; Application 

Method

Use

Distance Offsite Where Effects Are No Longer Expected

(ft)

Non-listed Dicots Listed Dicots

VF-F F-M M-C C-VC VF-F F-M M-C C-VC

0.75 lb ai/A; aerial

Agricultural fallow land/idle land/

conservation reserve

Non-agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/

hedgerows

>1000 >1000 >1000 640 >1000 >1000 >1000 846
51

Maximum Application Rate; Application 

Method

Use

Distance Offsite Where Effects Are No Longer Expected

(ft)

Non-listed Dicots Listed Dicots

VF-F F-M M-C C-VC VF-F F-M M-C C-VC

Rangeland/pasture

Utility poles/rights-of-way

0.5 lb ai/A; aerial

Rice >1000 >1000 >1000 433 >1000 <1000 >1000 554

0.375 lb ai/A; aerial

Agricultural and non-agricultural 

uncultivated areas/ soils

Agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/

hedgerows

Grass forage/fodder/hay

Grasses grown for seed

Sorghum

Wheat**

>1000 >1000 528 322 >1000 >1000 732 413

0.245 lb ai/A; aerial

Sorghum

Wheat

>1000 823 341 223 >1000 >1000 433 272

VF-F = ASAE Very Fine to Fine

F-M = ASAE Fine to Medium (default)

M-C = ASAE Medium to Course

C-VC = ASAE Course to Very Course

6.2.4.2 Irrigation Impacts to Non-Target Crops

Quinclorac contaminated groundwater poses a potential risk to non-target plants if used for 

irrigation. However, the standard exposure scenarios for terrestrial plants (i.e., spray drift and 

total loading = spray drift + surface runoff) do not consider this risk.

Exposure estimates for groundwater indicate that effects to sensitive plant species are possible 

with realistic irrigation rates (Table 6-6; Appendix G). In this example, the minimum 

irrigation rate (i.e., inches applied per acre) needed to trigger an LOC exceedance was calculated 

for the maximum application rate for each use using ground water concentrations as determined 

in the Registration Review drinking water assessment for quinclorac (DP 405093). The 

calculations were made using the EC25 from seedling emergence and vegetative vigor studies 

(MRIDs 41403501 and 41403503, respectively) for the most sensitive monocot (onion for SE: 

EC25 = 0.13 lb ai/A; corn for VV: EC25 = 1.095 lb ai/A) and dicot (carrot for SE: EC25 = 0.0032

lb ai/A; corn for VV: EC25 = 0.007 lb ai/A). For this exposure scenario, the minimum irrigation 

rates needed for LOC exceedance for monocots range from 20 to 485 inches/A, whereas those 

for dicots range from 0.49 to 3.10 inches/A.

It is important to note that this exposure scenario is presented only for characterization purposes 

and does not represent all situations. First, it is based on the most sensitive plant species for 

which data are available. Second, groundwater concentrations are based on SCIGROW 

estimates which represent highly vulnerable sites characterized by permeable soil overlying 

shallow groundwater; thus less vulnerable sites may have lower quinclorac concentrations. On 

the other hand, the estimates only represent quinclorac applications for a single year. 

Groundwater subject to multiple years of quinclorac inputs may have even higher concentrations 
52

given that quinclorac is persistent. The example presented in Table 6-6 indicates that there is 

potential for effects on non-target crops in at least some situations; however, the risk could be 

higher or lower depending on the combination of irrigation rate, plant sensitivity, site 

vulnerability to leaching, and use history of quinclorac in the charging area of the aquifer.

Table 6-6. Minimum Irrigation Rates Needed for Terrestrial Plant LOC Exceedance

Use Application Rate

Estimated 

Drinking 

Water 

Concentrations 

from Ground 

Water Sources 

(μg/L)1,2

Minimum Irrigation Rate Needed for 

Terrestrial Plant LOC Exceedance 

(inches/A)3

Seedling 

Emergence

Vegetative 

Vigor

Monocot Dicot Monocot Dicot

Turf grasses 1.4 lb ai/A x 1 27 21 0.52 180 1.15

0.76 lb ai/A x 2 29 20 0.49 167 1.07

Sorghum 0.375 lb ai/A x 2 & 

0.245 lb ai/A x 3 14 41 1.01 346 2.21

Wheat 0.245 lb ai/A x 3 14 41 1.01 346 2.21

Rangeland/pasture 0.75 lb ai/A x 1 14 41 1.01 346 2.21

Rights-of-way/fencerow/

hedgerows

1.5 lb ai/A x 1 29 20 0.49 167 1.07

0.76 lb ai/A x 2 29 20 0.49 167 1.07

Grass grown for seed 0.375 lb ai/A x 2 14 41 1.01 346 2.21

Fallow land 0.75 lb ai/A x 1 14 41 1.01 346 2.21

Grass forage/fodder /hay 0.375 lb ai/A x 2 14 41 1.01 346 2.21

Low growing berry (except 

cranberry and strawberry) 0.25 lb ai/A x 2 10 58 1.42 485 3.10

Rhubarb 0.375 lb ai/A x 2 14 41 1.01 346 2.21

Rice4 -- -- -- -- -- --

Cranberry4 -- -- -- -- -- --

Aquatic Weeds4 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 from Registrant Review drinking water assessment for quinclorac (DP 405093) 2 Acute and chronic values are the same.

3 Calculated using the EC25 seedling emergence and vegetative vigor studies (MRIDs 41403501 and 41403503, 

respectively) for the most sensitive monocot (onion for SE: EC25 = 0.13 lb ai/A; corn for VV: EC25 = 1.095 lb ai/A) 

and dicot (carrot for SE: EC25 = 0.0032 lb ai/A; corn for VV: EC25 = 0.007 lb ai/A). 4 Groundwater concentrations are not estimated for aquatic uses.

6.2.4.3 Potential for Compost Carryover

The high mobility and persistence of quinclorac in terrestrial environments suggests that residues 

of quinclorac could persist in components of compost (e.g., turf clippings) that have been treated 

with this systemic herbicide and thus provide a complete exposure pathway to non-target plants 

via compost. Toxicity data indicate that both the seedling emergence and vegetative vigor 

growth phases of dicots could be especially sensitive to exposure to quinclorac by this route, 

with the seedling emergence phase being slightly more sensitive. However, there is uncertainty 

as to whether concentrations of quinclorac in compost could reach a level that adversely affects 

non-target plants. Although no incidents involving quinclorac residues in compost have been 

documented, there are reported incidents in EIIS involving residues of aminopyralid and 

clopyralid, two picolinic acids, in composted hay and/or manure. Like quinclorac, picolinic 

acids are highly mobile and quite persistent. It should be noted that some of the registered labels 
53

for quinclorac include language regarding compost (e.g., Do not use clippings as mulch or 

compost around flowers, ornamentals, trees, or in vegetable gardens), but many do not. 

6.2.5 Direct Effects to Fish and Aquatic-Phase Amphibians

Aquatic animal acute LOCs (≥0.05) are not exceeded for freshwater fish regardless of the use or 

application rate suggesting that risk to freshwater fish and aquatic-phase amphibians from acute 

exposure to quinclorac for all uses is low. This conclusion is supported by the probit slope doseresponse analysis which indicates a 1 in 1.93 x 108 (95% C.I.: 1 in 7,420 to 1 in 3.39 x 1014) 

chance of individual effect (i.e., mortality) from acute exposure to quinclorac.

Estuarine/marine fish acute RQs were not calculated because of the lack of an acute toxicity 

study with a definitive endpoint. Instead, the available non-definitive acute toxicity endpoint for 

sheepshead minnow, LC50 > 94.4 mg ai/L = 94,000 μg ai/L (MRID 41063549), was compared 

directly to the highest peak aquatic EEC for each use of quinclorac. Depending on use, the 

highest peak aquatic EEC ranges from 13.5 to 511 μg ai/L. Thus, the non-definitive 

estuarine/marine fish acute toxicity endpoint is 2 to 3 times greater than the range of highest peak 

aquatic EECs. In addition, no mortality or sublethal effects were reported in the sheepshead 

minnow study suggesting that risk to estuarine/marine fish from acute exposure to quinclorac for 

all uses is low. 

The aquatic animal chronic LOC (=1) is not exceeded for freshwater fish regardless of the use or 

application rate suggesting that risk to freshwater fish and aquatic-phase amphibians from 

chronic exposure to quinclorac for all uses is low. 

Estuarine/marine fish chronic RQs were not calculated because of the lack of a chronic toxicity 

endpoint. Based on a comparison of acute toxicity endpoints between freshwater and 

estuarine/marine fish, there is no indication that estuarine/marine fish are more sensitive to 

quinclorac than freshwater fish suggesting that risk to estuarine/marine fish from chronic 

exposure to quinclorac for all uses is also low. 

6.2.6 Direct Effects to Aquatic Invertebrates

Freshwater invertebrate acute RQs were not calculated because of the lack of an acute toxicity 

study with a definitive endpoint. Instead, the available non-definitive acute toxicity endpoint for 

daphnids, LC50 > 100 mg ai/L = 100,000 μg ai/L (MRID 47421001), was compared directly to 

the highest peak aquatic EEC for each use of quinclorac. Depending on use, the highest peak 

aquatic EEC ranges from 13.5 to 511 μg ai/L. Thus, the non-definitive freshwater invertebrate

acute toxicity endpoint is 2 to 3 times greater than the range of highest peak aquatic EECs. In 

addition, no treatment-related immobility was reported in the daphnid study suggesting that risk 

to freshwater invertebrates from acute exposure to quinclorac for all uses is low. 

The aquatic animal chronic LOC (=1) is not exceeded for freshwater invertebrates regardless of 

the use or application rate suggesting that risk to freshwater invertebrates from chronic exposure 

to quinclorac for all uses is low. 
54

Aquatic animal acute LOCs (≥0.05) are not exceeded for estuarine/marine invertebrates

regardless of the use or application rate suggesting that risk to estuarine/marine invertebrates

from acute exposure to quinclorac for all uses is low. This conclusion is supported by the probit 

slope dose-response analysis which indicates a 1 in 63,800 (95% C.I.: 1 in 255 to 1 in 1.09 x

1010) chance of individual effect (i.e., mortality) from acute exposure to quinclorac.

Estuarine/marine invertebrate chronic RQs were not calculated because of the lack of a chronic 

toxicity endpoint. Based on a comparison of acute toxicity endpoints between freshwater and 

estuarine/marine invertebrates, there is no indication that estuarine/marine invertebrates are 

substantially more sensitive to quinclorac than freshwater invertebrates suggesting that risk to 

estuarine/marine invertebrates from chronic exposure to quinclorac for all uses is low.

6.2.7 Direct Effects to Aquatic Plants

The aquatic plant LOC (=1) for listed aquatic plants is only exceeded for use of quinclorac on 

rice suggesting that, with the exception of use on rice, the potential for risk to aquatic plants from 

exposure to quinclorac is low.

Risk to listed aquatic plants from use on rice cannot be excluded given the LOC exceedance.

Results of an open literature study (E112909) with the submerged vascular plant coontail

(Ceratophyllum demersum) showed a significant reduction in relative growth rate at a 

concentration (i.e., 400 μg ai/L) that is lower than the NOEC generated by the registrantsubmitted study with duckweed (i.e., 500 μg ai/L) suggesting that some aquatic vascular plants 

may be more sensitive to quinclorac than duckweed. However, the results of this study must be 

interpreted with caution because the test concentrations may underestimate exposure 

concentrations due to the stability of quinclorac and reported evaporative loss of water. 

It is worth noting that the registrant requested an EUP (which expired in 2011) to investigate 

control of aquatic vascular weeds (submerged and emergent) using quinclorac at a water 

concentration of 500 μg/L (DP 334717; May 17, 2007) which is the same concentration at which 

no effects were observed in the available aquatic plant studies. The results of the EUP are 

unknown to EFED and the implication for risk to listed aquatic vascular plants is unknown.

RQs were not calculated for non-listed aquatic plants because of the lack of studies with 

definitive EC50 endpoints. However, the EC50 for non-vascular and vascular plants must be 

greater than the NOEC of 500 μg ai/L. Since the LOC exceedance using the NOEC was 

marginal, risk to non-listed aquatic plants from exposure to quinclorac for all uses is most likely 

low.

6.3 Summary of Direct Effects

A summary of the direct effects of quinclorac to terrestrial and aquatic organism is provided in 

Table 6-7.
55

Table 6-7. Summary of Direct Effects

Taxon Risk Concern for Direct 

Effects?

Basis for Conclusion

Non-listed Listed

Birds, reptiles, and 

terrestrial-phase 

amphibians

No No

• A comparison of the highest avian dose- and dietarybased EECs and the most sensitive non-definitive avian 

acute dose- and dietary-based toxicity endpoints, 

respectively, indicates that the EECs for all uses are lower 

than the associated non-definitive toxicity values. 

• No or questionable toxicity was observed in the avian 

acute oral and sub-acute dietary studies.

• The avian chronic LOC is not exceeded for birds of any 

feeding category for all uses.

Mammals No No

• Mammalian acute and chronic LOCs are not exceeded for 

mammals of any feeding category for all uses.

• The probit slope dose-response analysis indicates a 1 in 

741 (95% C.I.: 1 in 15 to 1 in 2.94 x 105

) chance of 

individual effect (i.e., mortality) from acute exposure.

Terrestrial 

invertebrates No No

• A comparison of the highest arthropod dietary-based 

EECs and the most sensitive, non-definitive acute contact 

toxicity endpoint for honeybees indicates that arthropod 

EECs for all uses are 1 to 2 orders of magnitude less than 

the non-definitive toxicity value.

Terrestrial (upland and 

semi-aquatic) plants

Yes, 

depending 

on use1

Yes, 

depending 

on use1

• The terrestrial plant LOC is exceeded for most uses.

• There are documented plant incidences involving the use 

of quinclorac.

Freshwater fish and 

aquatic-phase 

amphibians

No No

• Aquatic animal acute and chronic LOCs are not exceeded 

for freshwater fish regardless of the use or application 

rate.

• The probit slope dose-response analysis which indicates a 

1 in 1.93x108 (95% C.I.: 1 in 7,420 to 1 in 3.39 x 1014) 

chance of individual effect (i.e., mortality) from acute 

exposure.

Estuarine/marine fish No No

• A comparison of the highest peak aquatic EECs and the 

available non-definitive acute toxicity endpoint for 

estuarine/marine fish indicates that the peak aquatic EECs 

for all uses are 2 to 3 orders of magnitude less than the 

non-definitive toxicity value.

• No mortality or sublethal effects were observed in the 

sheepshead minnow acute toxicity study.

• A comparison of acute toxicity endpoints between 

freshwater and estuarine/marine fish indicates that 

estuarine/marine fish are no more sensitive to quinclorac 

than freshwater fish suggesting that the potential for risk 

to estuarine/marine fish from chronic exposure is low. 

Freshwater 

invertebrates No No

• A comparison of the highest peak aquatic EECs and the 

available non-definitive acute toxicity endpoint for 

freshwater invertebrates indicates that the peak aquatic 

EECs for all uses are 2 to 3 orders of magnitude less than 

the non-definitive toxicity value.

• No treatment-related immobility was reported in the 

daphnid acute toxicity study.

• The aquatic animal chronic LOC is not exceeded for 

freshwater invertebrates for all uses.
56

Taxon Risk Concern for Direct 

Effects?

Basis for Conclusion

Non-listed Listed

Estuarine/marine 

invertebrates No No

• The aquatic animal acute LOC is not exceeded for 

estuarine/marine invertebrates for all uses.

• The probit slope dose-response analysis which indicates a 

1 in 63,800 (95% C.I.: 1 in 255 to 1 in 1.09 x 1010) chance 

of individual effect (i.e., mortality) from acute exposure.

• A comparison of acute toxicity endpoints between 

freshwater and estuarine/marine invertebrates indicates 

that estuarine/marine invertebrates are not substantially 

more sensitive to quinclorac than freshwater fish

suggesting that the potential for risk to estuarine/marine 

invertebrates from chronic exposure is low. 

Aquatic vascular 

plants No

Yes, 

for use on 

rice

• The aquatic plant LOC for listed plants is exceeded for 

use on rice.

Aquatic non-vascular

plants No N/A

• The aquatic plant LOC for non-listed plants is not 

exceeded.

• There are no listed aquatic non-vascular plants.

N/A = not applicable because there are no listed aquatic non-vascular plants 1 See Table 6-3 for summary of uses with terrestrial plant LOC exceedances

6.4 Indirect Effects

Direct effects to non-listed and listed terrestrial plants could result in indirect effects to terrestrial 

organisms including birds, mammals, and terrestrial invertebrates due to general habitat 

modification (most likely due to effects on non-listed plants), host plant loss, and/or food supply 

disruption. Direct effects to non-listed and listed terrestrial plants could result in indirect to 

aquatic organisms due to changes in water quality and/or habitat. 

Indirect effects to aquatic organisms as a result of direct effects to listed aquatic vascular plants 

(from use on rice) are expected only if a species has an obligate/dependant relationship with a 

listed aquatic vascular plant.

6.5 Listed Species Effects Analysis

This section provides the direct and indirect effects analysis for listed species. 

6.5.1 Action Area

In the case of a nation-wide risk assessment conducted under Registration Review, the action 

area will encompass the entire U.S. and its territories. The purpose of defining the action area as 

the entire U.S. and its territories is to ensure that the initial area of consideration encompasses all 

areas where the pesticide may be used now and in the future, including the potential for off-site 

transport via spray drift and downstream dilution. Additionally, the concept of a nation-wide 

action area takes into account the potential for direct and indirect effects and any potential 

modification to critical habitat based on ecological effect measures associated with reduction in 

survival, growth, and reproduction, as well as the full suite of sub-lethal effects available in the 

effects literature. 
57

It is important to note that the nationwide action area does not imply that direct and/or indirect 

effects and critical habitat modification are expected to or are likely to occur over the full extent 

of the action area, but rather to identify all listed species and critical habitat that may potentially 

be affected by the action. The Agency will use more rigorous analyses including consideration 

of available land cover data, toxicity data, and exposure information to determine areas where 

individual listed species and designated critical habitat may be affected or modified via 

endpoints associated with reduced survival, growth, or reproduction.

6.5.2 Effects Determinations

Table 6-8 presents effects determinations for general taxa of listed species. Based on this 

screening-level assessment, there are potential risks of direct effects to listed aquatic vascular 

plants (rice only) and monocots and dicots. Listed species of all taxa may also be affected 

through indirect effects because of the potential for direct effects on listed and non-listed species 

of monocots and dicots. Potential direct effects to listed aquatic vascular plants (rice only) and

monocots and dicots from the use of quinclorac may be associated with modification of primary 

constituent elements of designated critical habitats, where such designations have been made. 

However, making effects determinations for individual listed species at this stage of the 

Registration Review process is premature. To make effects determinations for individual 

species, useful refinements may include analyses of:

• more detailed, species-specific ecological and biological data; 

• more detailed and accurate information on quinclorac use patterns; and 

• sub-county level spatial proximity data for the co-occurrence of potential effects areas 

and listed species and any designated critical habitat. 

Table 6-8. Preliminary Effects Determinations for Listed Taxa for Uses of Quinclorac

Listed Taxon Effects Determinationa Basis for Determinationa

Birds, reptiles, and terrestrial-phase 

amphibians May Affect • Indirect effects due to direct effects to 

terrestrial (upland and semi-aquatic) plants

resulting in habitat modification, host plant 

loss, and/or food supply disruption

Mammals May Affect 

Terrestrial invertebrates May Affect 

Terrestrial (upland and semi-aquatic)

plants – monocots and dicots May Affect • Direct effects

Freshwater fish and aquatic-phase 

amphibians May Affect • Indirect effects due to direct effects to 

terrestrial (upland and semi-aquatic) plants 

resulting in changes in water quality and/or 

habitat

Estuarine/marine fish May Affect 

Freshwater invertebrates May Affect 

Estuarine/marine invertebrates May Affect

Aquatic vascular plants May Affect

• Direct effects (rice only)

• Indirect effects due to direct effects to 

terrestrial (upland and semi-aquatic) plants 

resulting in changes in water quality

Aquatic non-vascular plants Not applicable because there are no listed aquatic non-vascular plants a Although this preliminary assessment has, on a coarse biological geographical data set basis identified potential 

concerns for effects on individuals of a listed species within the taxonomic group (see Appendix H), it is possible 

that additional information and further analysis will lead to species-specific determinations of no effect; may effect, 

not likely to adversely affect; or may effect, likely to adversely affect. Sections of this document describing 

additional information sources, coupled with considerations of uncertainties, are likely to figure prominently in 

species-specific determinations.
58

b see Table 6-7 for additional details

EFED is currently developing tools that are expected to further refine the assessment and are 

designed to support effects determinations for individual federally listed species and their 

designated critical habitats (where applicable). Scientific information obtained from the U.S. 

Fish & Wildlife Service (USFWS), the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), and other 

reliable sources is being collated by EFED to address all currently listed species. The 

information will be stored in an Office of Pesticide Programs Pesticide Registration Information 

SysteM (PRISM) knowledgebase. The listed species knowledgebase will consist of an 

information repository that houses biological and behavioral information relevant to individual 

species (e.g., habitat, diet, and life history, including specific temporal and spatial associations) 

and a document repository that contains supporting documents (e.g., USFWS recovery plans) 

and electronic information (e.g., GIS data files). For terrestrial taxa, the biological information 

relevant to risk quotient (RQ) calculations (e.g., diet and body weight) will be used to 

parameterize exposure estimates to derive species-specific RQs using a method consistent with 

currently used methods in the T-REX and T-HERPS models. 

Refinements may also include more detailed analyses of the registered uses and their use patterns 

that result in LOC exceedances for federally listed species in the screening-level assessment. 

The analyses may include more information on where, when, and how quinclorac is used on all 

use sites. Actual usage data (when available) and national land-cover datasets that indicate 

potential use sites [e.g., national land cover dataset (NLCD), crop data layer (CDL)] may be used 

to support a more refined analysis of where quinclorac is reasonably expected to be used. 

Similarly, refinements for the timing of applications and how quinclorac is used may be based on 

the analysis of additional usage data, beyond what were available at the time of the screeninglevel assessment, and a more in-depth exploration of agronomic practices. 

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, along with the U.S. Department of Agriculture 

(USDA), the USFWS, and the NMFS, have announced the availability of a report developed by 

the National Academy of Sciences’ National Research Council outlining recommendations on 

specific scientific and technical issues related to the development of endangered and threatened 

species risk assessments for pesticides that are compliant with the Endangered Species Act 

(ESA) and the FIFRA. The EPA, USDA, USFWS and NMFS asked the NRC to consider a 

range of scientific and technical issues including:

• identifying best available scientific data and information; 

• considering sub-lethal, indirect and cumulative effects; 

• assessing the effects of chemical mixtures and inert ingredients; 

• analyzing the effects of pesticide use through the use of models; 

• incorporating uncertainties into the evaluations; and 

• using geospatial information and datasets that can be employed by the agencies in the 

course of these assessments. 

After reviewing the NRC’s recommendations on these scientific and technical issues, the EPA 

and its federal partners will determine how these recommendations can be implemented and 

incorporated into the scientific approaches for developing listed species risk assessments. It is 

anticipated that any draft guidance and/or science policies developed by EPA and its federal 
59

partners as a result of the NAS recommendations would be released for public comment prior to 

implementation.

The refinements based on individual species data; additional, detailed usage information, when 

available; and further recommendations from the NRC report are expected to help to more 

accurately identify potential areas of effect and to better inform effects and habitat 

determinations for listed species and any designated critical habitats. For example, if quinclorac

is used when a particular species of concern is not present (e.g., it is migratory) or is not colocated in space, then risk of potential direct effects to the species may often be precluded. If 

LOCs are still exceeded for listed aquatic vascular plants (rice only) and monocots and dicots

after conducting the refined analyses, further analyses of the potential spatial and temporal cooccurrence of listed species of concern (and any designated critical habitat) may be conducted. 

The extent of possible refinement in the analyses of spatial/temporal co-occurrence will largely 

depend on the scale and quality of the available sub-county level use site (e.g., NLCD, CDL) and 

species location data.

The Agency has made several refinements to the list of endangered and threatened species that 

may be affected by quinclorac uses. To date, there are 1456 listed species identified in the 

LOCATES database (v. 2.2.5, derived from USFWS and NMFS). For 87 of these, a “no effect” 

determination for direct and indirect effects can be made based on a lack of geographical 

overlap, i.e., a lack of county-level of co-occurrence between the species and quinclorac uses 

(Appendix H, Table H-1). The remaining 1369 species will need to be considered in more 

depth before effects calls are made (Appendix H, Table H-2). This analysis of geographical 

overlap is applicable to the following uses of quinclorac as identified in LOCATES: alfalfa hay, 

blueberries-tame, blueberries-wild, cranberries, cropland in cultivated summer fallow, cropland 

used only for pasture or grazing, field and grass seed crops-all, forage-land used for all 

hay/haylage grass silage, hay-all hay including alfalfa other tame small grain, haylage (grass 

silage and greenchop), haylage or greenchop from alfalfa or alfalfa mixtures, hay-wild dry, other 

haylage grass silage and greenchop, other tame hay, permanent pasture and rangeland, other than 

cropland, rhubarb, rice, rice-wild, small grain hay, sod harvested (in the open), sorghum for 

grain, sorghum for silage or greenchop, sorghum for syrup, wheatgrass seed, wheat-all, wheatdurum, wheat-spring (other), wheat-winter. Quinclorac uses not considered in this analysis of 

geographical overlap include turf grasses (airports/landing fields commercial/ industrial lawns, 

golf course turf, ornamental lawns and turf, recreation area lawns, and residential lawns), rights 

of way/fencerow/hedgerows (non-agricultural, agricultural, utility poles), and fallow land 

(agricultural fallow land, agricultural and non-agricultural uncultivated). The biological, 

geographical, and use pattern information outlined above will be necessary to refine the 

assessment.

7 Uncertainties

A description of basic assumptions, uncertainties, strengths, and limitations of a typical risk 

assessment is described in Chapter 6 of the Agency’s Overview Document (USEPA, 2004) and 

includes those related to exposure for all taxa, those related to exposure for aquatic species, those 

related to exposure for terrestrial animals, those related to the effects assessment, and those 
60

associated with the acute LOC values. Additional uncertainties for this assessment are discussed 

below.

7.1 Labels

The following label uncertainties have been identified:

• All labels do not specify a minimum application interval. As in previous assessments and 

as noted in the registration review problem formulation (DP 344485), the minimum 

interval was assumed to be 14 days when an interval was not specified. This was based 

on communication with the registrant, BASF, that a 14-day interval would be a rare 

scenario for post-emergent sorghum (DP 250179+). None of the labels state a 

reapplication interval of shorter than 14-days. A shorter interval may increase EECs.

• Most labels specify application on rice as a seasonal maximum application instead of an 

annual maximum. It was assumed that there is a limit of one crop cycle per year; that is, 

the seasonal maximum is equivalent to the annual maximum. Multiple crop seasons may 

increase EECs given the persistence of quinclorac.

• One label (registration 279-3355) for various turf grass uses does not state a maximum 

number of applications or an annual maximum application rate per acre. EFED assumed 

that the annual maximum was 1.4 lb ai/A/year. This assumption is consistent with the 

maximum annual application rate of 1.5 lb ai/A for turf grass uses on other labels. EECs 

would be higher if the label intended for more than one application at this rate.

• Certain uses do not restrict when application may occur. A range of application dates 

were modeled in those cases. These values may be refined if the label language is 

updated to be more restrictive in terms of timing of application.

• There are inconsistencies between and within the submitted Quinclorac 4L AG label and 

the supplemental label information sheets for use on rhubarb and low growing berry 

(except strawberry) subgroup 13-07H. Specific inconsistencies include:

- The labels alternate between referring to the product as Quinstar 4L Herbicide and 

QUINCLORAC 4L AG.

- It was assumed that “Restrictions and Limitations - Cranberry” applies to all low 

growing berries in sub-group 13-07H (except strawberry). 

- The maximum annual application rate for cranberry (and other low growing berries) 

is specified as 16.8 fl oz/A on one label and as 16 fl oz/A on the other label. It was 

assumed that the maximum annual application rate is 16.8 fl oz/A (i.e., 0.5 lb ai/A) 

given that up to two applications of 8.4 fl oz/A are allowed per year.

- The maximum annual application rate for rhubarb is specified as “xx” fl oz/A on one 

label and as 25.2 fl oz/A on the other. It was assumed that the maximum annual 

application rate is 25.2 fl oz/A (i.e., 0.75 lb ai/A) given that up to two applications of 

12.6 fl oz/A are allowed per year.
61

7.2 Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP)

As required under FFDCA section 408(p), EPA has developed the Endocrine Disruptor 

Screening Program (EDSP) to determine whether certain substances (including pesticide active 

and other ingredients) may have an effect in humans or wildlife similar to an effect produced by 

a “naturally occurring estrogen, or other such endocrine effects as the Administrator may 

designate.” The EDSP employs a two-tiered approach to making the statutorily required 

determinations. Tier 1 consists of a battery of 11 screening assays to identify the potential of a 

chemical substance to interact with the estrogen, androgen, and or thyroid (E, A, or T) hormonal 

systems. Chemicals that go through Tier 1 screening and are found to have the potential to 

interact with E, A, or T hormonal systems will proceed to the next stage of the EDSP where EPA 

will determine which, if any, of the Tier 2 tests are necessary based on the available data. Tier 2 

testing is designed to identify any adverse endocrine related effects caused by the substance, and 

establish a dose-response relationship between the dose and the E, A, or T effect.

Between October 2009 and February 2010, EPA issued test orders/data call-ins for the first

group of 67 chemicals, which contains 58 pesticide active ingredients and 9 inert ingredients. 

This list of chemicals was selected based on the potential for human exposure through pathways 

such as food and water, residential activity, and certain post-application agricultural scenarios. 

This list should not be construed as a list of known or likely endocrine disruptors.

Quinclorac was not among the group of 58 pesticide active ingredients that received EDSP test 

orders. Additional information on the EDSP, including the policies and procedures, the list of 67 

chemicals, the test guidelines and the Tier 1 screening battery, can be found at

http://www.epa.gov/scipoly/oscpendo/index.htm.

8 References

DP 250179, 248882, 248884, 192866, 231399, 238400. Environmental Fate, Effects and 

Ecological Risk Assessment for a Section 3 Registration of Quinclorac on Wheat and 

Sorghum. February 17, 1999.

DP 262300. Bansal, R.K., Walker, J.T., Talbert, R.E., and Mattice, J.D. A Study of Facet® 

(Quinclorac) Drift and Its Impact on Tomatoes (First Year Report). University of Arkansas. 

Novermber 29, 2009. 

DP 321437. Alternatives Assessment of Quinclorac Use in Arkansas Rice Production. BEAD 

memo to RD. November 14, 2005.

DP 321438. Quinclorac: Preliminary Review of Second Amended Petition to Revoke or to 

Suspend and Cancel EPA Registration for FACET Herbicides. EFED memo to OGC and 

RD. October 5, 2005. 

DP 334717. Ecological Risk Assessment for Experimental Use Permit for Quinclorac for 

Aquatic Weed Control. May 17, 2007.
62

DP 344485. EFED Problem Formulation for Quinclorac Registration Review. November 27, 

2007. Available at: http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=EPA-HQ-OPP-2007-

1135-0003

DP 362084. Quinclorac: Ecological Risk Assessment on Proposed New Uses for 

Pasture/Rangeland. July 13, 2009.

DP 363581. Quinclorac: Drinking Water Exposure Assessment to Support Section 18 

registration on Cranberry. May 5, 2009.

DP 364674. Quinclorac: Ecological Risk Assessment to Support Section 18 Registration on 

Cranberry in Massachusetts. May 4, 2009.

DP 376601. Quinclorac: Response to Request a Waiver for a Requirement for a Chronic 

Daphnid Study (MRID 48042401). May 21, 2010.

DP 397772. Quinclorac: Ecological Risk Assessment to Support Proposed New Use on Rhubarb 

and Low Growing Strawberry (Except Strawberry) Subgroup 13-07H. August 31, 2012.

DP 405093. Quinclorac: Registration Review Drinking Water Assessment. September 14, 2012.

E112909. Pan, H., Li, X., Xu, X., and Gao, S. 2009. Phytotoxicity of Four Herbicides on 

Ceratophyllum demersum, Vallisneria natans and Elodea nuttallii. Journal of Environmental 

Sciences 21: 307-312. 

Fletcher, J.S., J.E. Nellessen, and T.G. Pfleeger. 1994. Literature review and evaluation of the 

EPA food-chain (Kenaga) nomogram, an instrument for estimating pesticide residues on 

plants. Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry 13:1383-1391.

Hoerger, F. and E. E. Kenaga. 1972. Pesticide Residues on Plants: Correlation of 

Representative Data as a Basis for Estimation of their Magnitude in the Environment. In F. 

Coulston and F. Korte, eds., Environmental Quality and Safety: Chemistry, Toxicology, and 

Technology, Georg Thieme Publ., Stuttgart, West Germany, pp. 9-28.

USEPA. 2004. Overview of the Ecological Risk Assessment Process in the Office of Pesticide 

Programs. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Environmental Fate 

and Effects Division. Office of Pesticide Programs. Available at: 

http://www.epa.gov/espp/consultation/ecorisk-overview.pdf

9 Bibliography of Cited MRIDs

Fate Studies

40320816 Eswein, R. (1987) Hydrolysis of BAS 514 in pH 5, 7, and 9 Solutions at 25 
63

[degrees] C: Registration Document # BASF: 87/5038. Unpublished study 

prepared by BASF Corp. Chemicals Division. 22 p. 

41063560 Ellenson, J. (1988) Photolysis of BAS 514 H in pH 7 Aqueous Solution at 25 

Degrees Centigrade|: Rep. No. M8806; Doc. No. BASF: 88/5044. 

Unpublished study prepared by BASF Corp., Chemicals Div. 31 p. 

41063561 Winkler, V.; Gaskins, B. (1988) BAS 514H - Carbon 14| Laboratory Soil 

Metabolism Study: Anaerobic Aquatic System: Rep. No. M8810; Doc. No. 

88/5141. Unpublished study prepared by BASF Corp., Chemicals Div. 31 p. 

41063562 Ellenson, J.; Winkler, V. (1988) Soil Adsorption/Desorption of BAS 514 H: 

Rep. No. M8804; Doc. No. 88/5030. Unpublished study pre- pared by BASF 

Corp., Chemicals Div. 22 p. 

41247301 Clark, J. (1989) BAS 514-[Carbon - 14] Laboratory Aerobic Soil Metabolism 

Study Using a Terrestrial System: Project ID BASF 88/ 5046. Unpublished 

study prepared by BASF Corp. Chemicals Division. 27 p. 

42294102 Goetz, A.; Winkler, V. (1991) Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism of carbon 14| 

BAS 514 H.: Lab Project Number: M9103: M9127: 91/5208. Unpublished 

study prepared by BASF Corp. 52 p. 

42294103 Goetz, A. (1992) Further Identification Analysis of Samples Generated in an 

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism of carbon 14| BAS 514 H: Lab Project Number: 

91161: M9201: 92/5022. Unpublished study prepared by BASF Corp. 31 p. 

42294104 Goetz, A. (1992) Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism of carbon 14| BAS 514 H 

after 180 Days Incubation: Lab Project Number: M9102: M9132: 92/5023. 

Unpublished study prepared by BASF Corp. 58 p. 

42786401 Goetz, A. (1992) Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism of (carbon-14) BAS 514 H: 

Final Report: Lab Project Number: BASF 92/5180: 92/5180: M9210. 

Unpublished study prepared by BASF Corp., Agricultural Research Center. 

64 p. 

44084503 Goetz, A. (1993) Aerobic Soil Metabolism of (carbon 14)-BAS 514 H: Lab 

Project Number: 93/5074: M9313: M9104. Unpublished study prepared by 

BASF Corp. and Agvise Labs, Inc. 185 p. 

Ecological Effects Studies

40320810 Gelbke, H.; Freisberg, K.; Munk, R. (1984) Avian Single--Dose Oral LD50 of 

Reg. No. 150 732 (=BAS 514 . . H) (=Test Compound No. 84/150) to Mallard 

Duck (Anas platyrhynchos L.): Reg. Doc. # BASF 85/0451. Unpublished study

prepared by BASF Aktiengesellschaft. 39 p. 

40320811 Munk, R.; Mirea, D. (1985) Avian Dietary LC50 Test of Reg. No. 732 (=BAS 

514..H) (=Test Substance No. 84/150) to the Mallard Duck (Anas platyrhynchos
64

L.): BASF Document No: 85/0436. Unpublished study prepared by BASF 

Aktiengesellschaft. 30 p. 

40320812 Munk, R.; Friesberg, K. (1984) Avian Dietary LC50 Test of Reg. No. 150 732 

(BAS 514.. H) (=Test Substance No. 84/1500) on the Bobwhite Quail (Colinus 

virginiaus): BASF Document No: 85/0441. Unpublished study prepared by BASF 

Aktiengesellschaft. 34 p. 

41063547 Munk, R. (1988) Avian Single-dose Oral LD 50 of Registration Number 150 732 

(= Test Compound No. 841 150) to the Bobwhite Quail (Colinus virginianus): 

Registration Document No. BASF 88/0526. Unpublished study prepared by BASF 

Department of Toxicology. 35 p. 

41063548 Munk, R. (1988) Report on the Study of the Acute Toxicity of Rainbow Trout 

(Salmo gairdneri RICW) to Registration Number 150 732: Registration Document 

No. BASF 88/0527. Unpublished study prepared by BASF Aktiengesellschaft. 34 

p. 

41063549 Surprenant, D. (1986) Acute Toxicity of BAS 514 H to Sheepshead Minnow 

(Cyprinodon variegatus): Registration Document No. BASF 86/5006. Unpublished 

study prepared by Springborn Bionomics, Inc. 17 p. 

41063551 Surprenant, D. (1986) Acute Toxicity of BAS 514H to the Blue Crab Callinectes 

sapidus: Registration Document No. BASF 86/5007. Unpublished study prepared 

by Springborn Bionomics, Inc. 45 p. 

41063552 Suprenant, D. (1986) Acute Toxicity of BAS 514H to Embryos-larvae of the 

Quahog Clam (Mercenania mercenaria): Registration Document No. BASF 

86/5008. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Bionomics, Inc. 34 p. 

41063553 Surprenant, D. (1986) Acute Toxicity of BAS 514 H to Mysid Shrimp (Mysidopsis 

bahia): Registration Document No. BASF 86/5009. Unpublished study prepared 

by Springborn Bionomics, Inc. 41 p. 

41063554 Boeri, R. (1989) Static Acute Toxicity of BAS 514 H Plus the Surfactant BAS 864 

01S to the Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri: Registration Document No. BASF 

89/5026. Unpublished study prepared by Enseco, Inc. 28 p. 

41063555 Boeri, R. (1989) Static Acute Toxicity of BAS 514H Plus the Surfactant BAS 864 

to the Bluegill Sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus: Registration Document No. BASF 

89/5027. Unpublished study pre- pared by Enseco, Inc. 27 p. 

41063556 Boeri, R. (1989) Static Acute Toxicity of BAS 514 H Plus the Surfactant BAS 864 

01 S to Daphnid, Daphnia magna: Registration Document No. BASF 89/5028. 

Unpublished study prepared by Enseco, Inc. 27 p. 

41063574 Hughes, J.; Rohde, R. (1988) The Toxicity of BAS 514 H to Aquatic Plants (Tier 2 

Growth and Reproduction of Aquatic Plants): Proj. ID 0445-04-1100-4. 

Unpublished BASF Doc. 89/5023 prepared by Malcolm Pirnie, Inc. 151 p. 

41063575 Clark, J. (1987) BAS 514 (Tech. ...) Acute Toxicity to Adult Worker Honey Bees 
65

Apis mellifera L: Rep. No. M8717. Unpublished BASF document 87/5065 

prepared by University of California. 94 p. 

41063576 Clark, J. (1987) BAS 514 00 H (50% WP ...) Acute Toxicity to Adult Worker 

Honey Bees Apis mellifera L.: Rep. No.M8723. Unpublished BASF document 

88/5025 prepared by University of California. 88 p

41403501 Chetram, R. (1989) Tier 2 Seed Germination / Seedling Emergence Nontarget 

Phytotoxicity Test: BAS 514 00H: Lab Project Number: 89/5202. Unpublished 

study prepared by Pan-Agricultural Laboratories, Inc. 342 p. 

41403502 Chetram, R. (1989) Tier 2 Seed Germination / Seedling Emergence Nontarget 

Phytotoxicity Test: BAS 514 00H + BAS 090 02S: Lab Project Number: 89/5203. 

Unpublished study prepared by Pan-Agricultural Laboratories, Inc. 327 p. 

41403503 Chetram, R. (1989) Tier 2 Vegetative Vigor Nontarget Phytotoxicity Test: BAS 

514 00H: Lab Project Number: 89/5204. Unpublished study prepared by PanAgricultural Laboratories, Inc. 239 p. 

41403504 Chetram, R. (1989) Tier 2 Vegetative Vigor Nontarget Phytotoxicity Test: BAS 

514 00H + BAS 090 02S: Lab Project Number: 89/5205. Unpublished study 

prepared by Pan-Agricultural Laboratories, Inc. 231 p. 

44084501 Beavers, J.; Chafey, K.; Mitchell, L.; et al. (1994) Quinclorac: (sic) A 

Reproduction Study with the Mallard: (Final Report): Lab Project Number: 147-

160: 94/10236: 72W0232/929028. Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife 

International Ltd. 176 p. 

44084502 Machado, M.; Holmes, C. (1995) Quinclorac (BAS 514 H) Technical--The 

Toxicity to Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas) During an Early Life-Stage 

Exposure: Final Report: Lab Project Number: 94-7-5372: 95/5021: 93030. 

Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Labs, Inc. 94 p. 

44129201 Munk, R. (1994) One Generation Reproduction Study with Reg. No. 150 732 

(Quinclorac) on the Bobwhite Quail (Colinus virginianus) by Administration in the 

Diet: Lab Project Number: 94/10598: 71W0232/95052. Unpublished study 

prepared by BASF Aktiengesellschaft. 390 p. 

44129202 Holmes, C.; Putt, A. (1994) Quinclorac (BAS 514H) Technical--The Chronic 

Toxicity to Daphnia magna Under Flow-Through Conditions: Final Report: Lab 

Project Number: 94/5116: 93-11-5019: 986.0393.6124.130. Unpublished study 

prepared by Springborn Labs, Inc. 115 p. 

47421001 Dr. Jatzek (2001) Quinclorac-Determination of the Acute Effect on the Swimming 

Ability of the Water Flea Daphnia magna Straus. Project Number: 01/0081/50/1, 

2001/1015083. Unpublished study prepared by BASF Aktiengesellschaft. 28 p.
66

Appendix A: Input and Output of Screening Tool for Inhalation Risk (STIR v. 

1.0)

Input

Application and Chemical Information

Enter Chemical Name quinclorac

Enter Chemical Use

Is the Application a Spray? (enter y or n) y

If Spray What Type (enter ground or air) air

Enter Chemical Molecular Weight (g/mole) 242

Enter Chemical Vapor Pressure (mmHg) 7.50E-08

Enter Application Rate (lb ai/acre) 0.75

Toxicity Properties

Bird

Enter Lowest Bird Oral LD50 (mg/kg bw) 1900

Enter Mineau Scaling Factor 1.15

Enter Tested Bird Weight (kg) 1.58

Mammal

Enter Lowest Rat Oral LD50 (mg/kg bw) 3060

Enter Lowest Rat Inhalation LC50 (mg/L) 5.2

Duration of Rat Inhalation Study (hrs) 4

Enter Rat Weight (kg) 0.35

Output

Results Avian (0.020 kg )

Maximum Vapor Concentration in Air at Saturation 

(mg/m3) 9.77E-04

Maximum 1-hour Vapor Inhalation Dose (mg/kg) 1.23E-04

Adjusted Inhalation LD50 1.30E+01

Ratio of Vapor Dose to Adjusted Inhalation LD50 9.46E-06

Exposure not Likely 

Significant

Maximum Post-treatment Spray Inhalation Dose 

(mg/kg) 7.20E-02

Ratio of Droplet Inhalation Dose to Adjusted 

Inhalation LD50 5.55E-03

Exposure not Likely 

Significant

Results Mammalian (0.015 kg )

Maximum Vapor Concentration in Air at Saturation 

(mg/m3) 9.77E-04

Maximum 1-hour Vapor Inhalation Dose (mg/kg) 1.54E-04

Adjusted Inhalation LD50 3.10E+02

Ratio of Vapor Dose to Adjusted Inhalation LD50 4.99E-07

Exposure not Likely 

Significant

Maximum Post-treatment Spray Inhalation Dose 

(mg/kg) 9.06E-02

Ratio of Droplet Inhalation Dose to Adjusted 

Inhalation LD50 2.93E-04

Exposure not Likely 

Significant
67

Appendix B: Input and Results of Screening Imbibition Program (SIP v. 1.0)

Assumptions:

SIP employs the following conservative assumptions to derive upper bound exposure estimates:

1) The chemical concentration in drinking water is at the solubility limit in water (at 25oC).

2) The assessed animals obtain 100% of their daily water needs through drinking water.

3) The daily water need is equivalent to the daily water flux rate as calculated by Nagy and Peterson 

(1988).

4) The body weight of the assessed bird is equivalent to the smallest generic bird modeled in T-REX 

(i.e., 20 g). This assumption results in the highest ratio of exposure to toxicity for the 3 assessed avian 

body weights of T-REX (i.e., 20, 100, 1000 g).

5) The body weight of the assessed mammal is equivalent to the largest generic mammal modeled in TREX (i.e., 1000 g). This results in the highest ratio of exposure to toxicity for the 3 assessed mammalian 

body weights of T-REX (i.e., 15, 35, 1000 g). 

Table 1. Inputs

Parameter Value

Chemical name quinclorac

Solubility (in water at 25oC; mg/L) 64

Mammalian LD50 (mg/kg-bw) 3060

Mammalian test species laboratory rat

Body weight (g) of "other" mammalian 

species

Mammalian NOAEL (mg/kg-bw) 160

Mammalian test species laboratory rat

Body weight (g) of "other" mammalian 

species

Avian LD50 (mg/kg-bw) 1900

Avian test species mallard duck

Body weight (g) of "other" avian species

Mineau scaling factor 1.15

Mallard NOAEC (mg/kg-diet) 1000

Bobwhite quail NOAEC (mg/kg-diet) 500

NOAEC (mg/kg-diet) for other bird species

Body weight (g) of other avian species

NOAEC (mg/kg-diet) for 2nd other bird 

species

Body weight (g) of 2nd other avian species
68

Table 2. Mammalian Results

Parameter Acute Chronic

Upper bound exposure (mg/kg-bw) 11.0080 11.0080

Adjusted toxicity value (mg/kg-bw) 2353.6313 123.0657

Ratio of exposure to toxicity 0.0047 0.0894

Conclusion*

Drinking water exposure 

alone is NOT a potential 

concern for mammals

Drinking water exposure 

alone is NOT a potential 

concern for mammals

Table 3. Avian Results

Parameter Acute Chronic

Upper bound exposure (mg/kg-bw) 51.8400 51.8400

Adjusted toxicity value (mg/kg-bw) 986.5283 49.6126

Ratio of exposure to acute toxicity 0.0525 1.0449

Conclusion*

Drinking water exposure 

alone is NOT a potential 

concern for birds

Exposure through 

drinking water alone is a 

potential concern for 

birds

*Conclusion is for drinking water exposure alone. This does not combine all routes of exposure. 

Therefore, when aggregated with other routes (i.e., diet, inhalation, dermal), pesticide exposure 

through drinking water may contribute to a total exposure that has potential for effects to non-target 

animals.
69

Appendix C: PRZM/EXAMS Modeling Output

stored as pa tf 0.76 2_01-06.out

Chemical: Quinclorac

PRZM environment: 

PAturfSTD.txt modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at 06:16:42

EXAMS environment: 

pond298.exv modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at 06:14:08

Metfile: w14751.dvf modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at 06:15:00

Water segment concentrations (ppb)

 Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

1961 2.867 2.863 2.855 2.831 2.816 1.358

1962 3.892 3.891 3.887 3.879 3.875 3.338

1963 4.718 4.718 4.715 4.71 4.708 4.328

1964 6.108 6.106 6.099 6.092 6.091 5.453

1965 6.952 6.952 6.949 6.944 6.943 6.555

1966 11.36 11.35 11.33 11.28 11.26 8.433

1967 14.72 14.72 14.7 14.67 14.65 12.94

1968 15.4 15.4 15.39 15.38 15.38 15.01

1969 19.13 19.12 19.1 19.06 19.04 17.08

1970 21.09 21.09 21.08 21.06 21.05 20.04

1971 22.39 22.39 22.38 22.37 22.37 21.68

1972 81.83 81.74 81.37 80.72 80.35 52.57

1973 79.38 79.38 79.38 79.37 79.37 79.02

1974 80.84 80.83 80.83 80.82 80.81 80.13

1975 86.51 86.5 86.47 86.41 86.38 83.7

1976 87.96 87.96 87.95 87.94 87.93 87.16

1977 88.75 88.75 88.75 88.74 88.73 88.35

1978 92.56 92.56 92.53 92.5 92.47 90.66

1979 95.33 95.33 95.31 95.27 95.26 93.85

1980 95.99 95.99 95.98 95.97 95.97 95.6

1981 97.06 97.06 97.05 97.04 97.04 96.53

1982 106 106 106 105 105 102

1983 106 106 106 106 106 106

1984 108 108 108 108 108 107

1985 109 109 109 109 109 108

1986 110 110 110 110 110 109

1987 113 113 113 113 113 112

1988 115 115 115 115 115 114

1989 117 117 117 117 117 116

1990 118 118 118 118 118 118
70

Sorted results

 Prob. Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

0.032258 118 118 118 118 118 118

0.064516 117 117 117 117 117 116

0.096774 115 115 115 115 115 114

0.129032 113 113 113 113 113 112

0.16129 110 110 110 110 110 109

0.193548 109 109 109 109 109 108

0.225806 108 108 108 108 108 107

0.258065 106 106 106 106 106 106

0.290323 106 106 106 105 105 102

0.322581 97.06 97.06 97.05 97.04 97.04 96.53

0.354839 95.99 95.99 95.98 95.97 95.97 95.6

0.387097 95.33 95.33 95.31 95.27 95.26 93.85

0.419355 92.56 92.56 92.53 92.5 92.47 90.66

0.451613 88.75 88.75 88.75 88.74 88.73 88.35

0.483871 87.96 87.96 87.95 87.94 87.93 87.16

0.516129 86.51 86.5 86.47 86.41 86.38 83.7

0.548387 81.83 81.74 81.37 80.82 80.81 80.13

0.580645 80.84 80.83 80.83 80.72 80.35 79.02

0.612903 79.38 79.38 79.38 79.37 79.37 52.57

0.645161 22.39 22.39 22.38 22.37 22.37 21.68

0.677419 21.09 21.09 21.08 21.06 21.05 20.04

0.709677 19.13 19.12 19.1 19.06 19.04 17.08

0.741935 15.4 15.4 15.39 15.38 15.38 15.01

0.774194 14.72 14.72 14.7 14.67 14.65 12.94

0.806452 11.36 11.35 11.33 11.28 11.26 8.433

0.83871 6.952 6.952 6.949 6.944 6.943 6.555

0.870968 6.108 6.106 6.099 6.092 6.091 5.453

0.903226 4.718 4.718 4.715 4.71 4.708 4.328

0.935484 3.892 3.891 3.887 3.879 3.875 3.338

0.967742 2.867 2.863 2.855 2.831 2.816 1.358

0.1 114.8 114.8 114.8 114.8 114.8 113.8

Average of yearly averages: 65.19283
71

Inputs generated by pe5.pl - Novemeber 2006

Data used for this run:

Output File: pa tf 0.76 2_01-06

Metfile: w14751.dvf

PRZM scenario: PAturfSTD.txt

EXAMS environment file: pond298.exv

Chemical Name: Quinclorac

Description

Variable 

Name Value Units Comments

Molecular weight mwt 242 g/mol

Henry's Law Const. henry atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure vapr 7.50E-08 torr

Solubility sol 64 mg/L

Kd Kd mg/L

Koc Koc 36 mg/L

Photolysis half-life kdp 0 days Half-life

Aerobic Aq.Metabolism kbacw 0 days Halfife

Anaerobic Aq. Metabolism kbacs 0 days Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism asm 622 days Halfife

Hydrolysis: pH 7 0 days Half-life

Method: CAM 2 integer See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth: DEPI cm

Application Rate: TAPP 0.857 kg/ha

Application Efficiency: APPEFF 0.99 fraction

Spray Drift DRFT 0.01 fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date Date 01-06 dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Interval 1 interval 21 days

Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

app. rate 1 apprate 0.857 kg/ha

Record 17: FILTRA

IPSCND 1

UPTKF

Record 18: PLVKRT

PLDKRT

FEXTRC 0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run IR

EPA 

Pond

Flag for runoff calc. RUNOFF none none, monthly or total(average of entire run)
72

Appendix D: Output of Provisional Cranberry Model (v 2.0)

Equation:

EEC = (App rate * 100 / (dw + (dsed * (θ + (ρ * Kd / 1000))))) * exp (-day * 

kAAM)

*Water column depth is 12 inches (0.305 m) to 18 inches (0.457 m).

Application Inputs

App. rate (lbs/A)

Days prefloodApp. rate at flood 

(lbs/A)

0.25 90 0.23

0.25 60 0.23

0.00

Total residues per area at 

flood (lbs/A): 0.46

Inputs

Parameter Value

Koc (L/kg) 36

If no Koc, enter Kd (L/kg)

AAM t1/2 (d) 1295

ASM t1/2 (d) 622

Model Parameters

Parameter Value

Water column depth (m) 0.305

Sediment depth (m) 0.01

Organic fraction of sediment 0.01

Sediment bulk density (kg/m3) 1300

Sediment porosity 0.509

Calculated Parameters

Parameter Value

Kd input (L/kg) 0.36

AAM rate constant 0.000535249

ASM rate constant 0.00111

App. rate (kg/ha) 0.515630335

EECs

Holding Time Peak 21-d Mean

60-d 

Mean

Annual 

Mean

Paddy 163.81 162.94 161.25 148.84

3-d Tail 163.55 162.68 160.99 148.60

21-d Tail 161.98 161.12 159.45 147.18
73

Appendix E: ECOTOX Literature Search – Papers That Were Accepted

March 2012 refresh

1. Abdallah, I.; Fischer, A. J.; Elmore, C. L.; Saltveit, M. E., and Zaki, M. Mechanism of Resistance to 

Quinclorac in Smooth Crabgrass (Digitaria ischaemum). ACC,BCM,GROSOIL,ENV,MIXTURE; 

2006; 84, (1): 38-48. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 90156

Chemical of Concern: AVIG,KCN,NaCN,QNC

• Not evaluated because endpoints (ED50; LOAEL) are not comparable to guideline endpoint

(EC25; NOAEL) and endpoint (NOAEL) is less sensitive than guideline endpoint

2. Boydston, R. A.; Collins, H. P., and Fransen, S. C. Response of Three Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) 

Cultivars to Mesotrione, Quinclorac, and Pendimethalin. GRO,PHY,POPSOIL,ENV; 2010; 24, (3): 

336-341. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 153924

Chemical of Concern: 24D,24DXY,ATZ,PDM,QNC

• Not evaluated because endpoint (LOAEL) is not comparable to guideline endpoint (EC25; 

NOAEL) and endpoint (NOAEL) is equally as sensitive as guideline endpoint

3. Brecke, B. J.; Unruh, J. B., and Dusky, J. A. Torpedograss (Panicum repens) Control with Quinclorac in 

Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon x C.transvaalensis) Turf. PHY,POPSOIL,ENV,MIXTURE; 

2001; 15, (4): 732-736. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 66803

Chemical of Concern: DFP,NHN,QNC

• Not evaluated because endpoint (LOAEL) is not comparable to guideline endpoint (EC25; 

NOAEL) and endpoint (NOAEL) is less sensitive than guideline endpoint

4. Chon, N. M.; Nishikawa-Koseki, N.; Takeuchi, Y., and Abe, H. Role of Ethylene in Abnormal Shoot Growth 

Induced by High Concentration of Brassinolide in Rice Seedlings. BCM,GRO. Department of Plant 

Protection, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and 

Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan//: SOIL,ENV,MIXTURE; 2008; 33, 

(1): 67-72. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 152397

Chemical of Concern: AVIC,BLD,EPH,KCN,QNC

• Not evaluated because units (μM) not convertible to lb ai/A

5. Czarnota, M. A. and Derr, J. Controlling Bamboo (Phyllostachys spp.) with Herbicides. 

GRO,PHY,POPSOIL,ENV; 2007; 21, (1): 80-83. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 154909

Chemical of Concern: CLT,DBN,DTP,FNP,FZF,GFS,GYP,IZP,MSMA,QNC,SXD

• Not evaluated because endpoint (NOAEL) is less sensitive than guideline endpoint

6. Dernoeden, P. H.; Bigelow, C. A.; Kaminski, J. E., and Krouse, J. M. Smooth Crabgrass Control in Perennial 

Ryegrass and Creeping Bentgrass Tolerance to Quinclorac. PHY,POP. pd9@umail.umd.edu//: 

SOIL,ENV,MIXTURE; 2003; 38, (4): 607-612. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 82332

Chemical of Concern: FexS,LQN,QNC,Urea

• Not evaluated because endpoint (LOAEL) is not comparable to guideline endpoint (EC25; 

NOAEL)

7. Derr, J. F. Common Reed (Phragmites australis) Response to Mowing and Herbicide Application. 

GRO,POPSOIL,ENV; 2008; 1, (1): 12-16. 
74

Notes: EcoReference No.: 103875

Chemical of Concern: CLT,DTP,FNP,FZF,GFS,GYPI,MSMA,QNC,SXD

• Not evaluated because endpoint (LOAEL) is not comparable to guideline endpoint (EC25; 

NOAEL) and endpoint (NOAEL) is less sensitive than guideline endpoint

8. Dotray, P. A. and McKenney, C. B. Established and Seeded Buffalograss Tolerance to Herbicides Applied 

Preemergence. PHY,POPSOIL,ENV,MIXTURE; 1996; 31, (3): 393-395. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 76103

Chemical of Concern: 

ACR,ATZ,BFL,CZE,DCPA,DMB,DTP,DU,IXB,LNR,MBZ,MTL,MTS,OYZ,PDM,PPZ,PRM,PTB,

QNC,SZ,TFN

• Not evaluated because endpoint (LOAEL) is not comparable to guideline endpoint (EC25; 

NOAEL)

9. Enloe, S. F.; Nissen, S. J., and Westra, P. Absorption, Fate, and Soil Activity of Quinclorac in Field 

Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis). GROSOIL,ENV,MIXTURE; 1999; 47, (2): 136-142. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 63868

Chemical of Concern: 24D,24DXY,QNC

• Not evaluated because endpoint (LOAEL) is not comparable to guideline endpoint (EC25; 

NOAEL)

10. Franetovich, L. M. and Peeper, T. F. Quinclorac for Cheat (Bromus secalinus) Control in Winter Wheat 

(Triticum aestivum). GRO,POPSOIL,ENV,MIXTURE; 1995; 9, (1): 131-140. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 81325

Chemical of Concern: 

24D,24DC,24DXY,ALSV,CSF,DMB,EFV,MBZ,MCPA,MOIL,MTS,PCL,QNC

• Not evaluated because endpoint (LOAEL) is not comparable to guideline endpoint (EC25; 

NOAEL); endpoint (NOAEL) is equally as sensitive to or less sensitive than guideline endpoint; 

and species (bromegrass) is target species

11. Friesen, L. F.; Morrison, I. N.; Rashid, A., and Devine, M. D. Response of a Chlorsulfuron-Resistant Biotype 

of Kochia scoparia to Sulfonylurea and Alternative Herbicides. GRO,POP. Author Affiliation: Dep. 

Plant Sci., Univ. Manit., Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Can.////: SOIL,ENV,MIXTURE; 1993; 41, (1): 

100-106. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 120477

Chemical of Concern: 24DXY,BMN,CSF,DPP1,FXP,IZT,MTS,QNC,TBNU,THF,TSF

• Not evaluated because endpoint (LOAEL) is not comparable to guideline endpoint (EC25; 

NOAEL) and endpoint (NOAEL) is less sensitive to guideline endpoint 

12. Gettys, L. A. and Haller, W. T. Response of Selected Foliage Plants to Four Herbicides in Irrigation Water. 

GRO,PHYSOIL,ENV; 2010; 20, (5): 921-928. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 154970

Chemical of Concern: BAS670,BP,QNC

• Not evaluated because endpoint (EC10) is not comparable to guideline endpoint (EC25; NOAEL)

13. ---. Tolerance of Selected Bedding Plants to Four Herbicides in Irrigation Water. GRO,PHYSOIL,ENV; 

2009; 19, (3): 546-552. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 154971

Chemical of Concern: BAS670,IZX,QNC

• Not evaluated because endpoint (EC10) is not comparable to guideline endpoint (EC25; NOAEL)

14. Grossmann, K. and Kwiatkowski, J. Selective Induction of Ethylene and Cyanide Biosynthesis Appears to be 

Involved in the Selectivity of the Herbicide Quinclorac Between Rice and Barnyardgrass. 

BCM,GROSOIL,ENV,MIXTURE; 1993; 142, (4): 457-466. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 100564
75

Chemical of Concern: 24D,24DXY,AVIG,EPH,KCN,QNC

• Not evaluated because endpoints (EC30; LOAEL) are not comparable to guideline endpoint 

(EC25; NOAEL); also units (μg/org; mol/L) not convertible to lb ai/A

15. Johnson, B. J. Creeping Bentgrass Quality Following Preemergence and Postemergence Herbicide 

Applications. PHY,POP. Dep. Crop Soil Sci., Univ. Ga., Georgia Station, Griffin, GA 30223-

1797//: SOIL,ENV,MIXTURE; 1994; 29, (8): 880-883. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 154382

Chemical of Concern: BS,DFP,DTP,MSMA,ODZ,QNC

• Not evaluated because endpoint (LOAEL) is not comparable to guideline endpoint (EC25; 

NOAEL)

16. ---. Tank-Mixed Herbicides on Large Crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) and Goosegrass (Eleusine indica) 

Control in Common Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Turf. PHY,POPSOIL,ENV,MIXTURE; 

1994; 42, (2): 216-221. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 154910

Chemical of Concern: DFP,DTP,MBZ,MSMA,PDM,QNC

• Not evaluated because endpoint (LOAEL) is not comparable to guideline endpoint (EC25; 

NOAEL)

17. Johnson, B. J. and Duncan, R. R. Influence of Herbicides on Establishment of Eight Seashore Paspalum 

Cultivars. PHYSOIL,ENV; 1998; 16, (2): 79-81. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 100561

Chemical of Concern: DFP,DMB,DTP,HSF,ODZ,PDM,QNC

• Not evaluated because endpoint (NOAEL) is less sensitive than guideline endpoint

18. ---. Tolerance of Four Seashore Paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum) Cultivars to Postemergence Herbicides. 

PHYSOIL,ENV,MIXTURE; 1997; 11, (4): 689-692. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 100562

Chemical of Concern: 24D,24DXY,DFP,DMB,IMQ,MCPP1,QNC

• Not evaluated because endpoint (NOAEL) is less sensitive than guideline endpoint

19. Jordan, D. L. Efficacy of Reduced Rates of Quinclorac Applied with Propanil or Propanil Plus Molinate in 

Dry-Seeded Rice (Oryza sativa). POPSOIL,ENV,MIXTURE; 1997; 45, (6): 824-828. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 64681

Chemical of Concern: PPN,QNC

• Not evaluated because endpoint (NOAEL) is less sensitive than guideline endpoint

20. Jordan, D. L.; Miller, D. K., and Crawford, S. H. Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) Control in DrySeeded Rice (Oryza sativa) with Soil-Applied and Postemergence Herbicide Programs. 

POPSOIL,ENV,MIXTURE; 1998; 12, (1): 69-73. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 74976

Chemical of Concern: MLT,PDM,PPN,QNC,TBC

• Not evaluated because endpoint (LOAEL) is not comparable to guideline endpoint (EC25; 

NOAEL) and endpoint (NOAEL) is less sensitive than guideline endpoint

21. Kay, S. H. Response of Two Alligatorweed Biotypes to Quinclorac. GRO,PHYSOIL,ENV,MIXTURE; 

1992; 30, 35-40. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 100759

Chemical of Concern: GYPI,QNC

• Not evaluated because endpoint (LOAEL) is not comparable to guideline endpoint (EC25; 

NOAEL)

22. Koo, S. J.; Neal, J. C., and DiTomaso, J. M. Mechanism of Action and Selectivity of Quinclorac in Grass 

Roots. ACC,BCM,CEL,GROSOIL,ENV; 1997; 57, (1): 44-53. 
76

Notes: EcoReference No.: 63893

Chemical of Concern: QNC

• Not evaluated because units (μM) are not convertible to lb ai/A

23. Lamoureux, G. L. and Rusness, D. G. Quinclorac Absorption, Translocation, Metabolism, and Toxicity in 

Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula). ACC,GRO,MOR,PHY. 21298//: SOIL,ENV; 1995; 53, 210-226. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 57517

Chemical of Concern: QNC

• Not evaluated because endpoints (IC75; LD50) are not comparable to guideline endpoint (EC25; 

NOAEL)

24. Lopez-Martinez, N.; Marshall, G., and De Prado, R. Resistance of Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) to 

Atrazine and Quinclorac. GRO. N. Lopez-Martinez, DQAE, E.T.S.I.A.M., Universidad de Cordoba, 

Apdo. 3048, Cordoba, Spain// //: SOIL,ENV; 1997; 51, (2): 171-175. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 66717

Chemical of Concern: ATZ,MLT,PPN,QNC

• Not evaluated because endpoint (EC50) is not comparable to guideline endpoint (EC25; NOAEL)

25. Lopez-Martinez, N.; Shimabukuro, R. H., and De Prado, R. Effect of Quinclorac on Auxin-Induced Growth, 

Transmembrane Proton Gradient and Ethylene Biosynthesis in Echinochloa spp. BCM,CEL,GRO. 

N. Lopez-Martinez, Departamento de Quimica Agricola, E.T.S.I.A.M. Universidad de Cordoba, 

Avda. Menendez Pidal s/n. Apdo 3048, 14080-Cordoba, Spain////: SOIL,ENV,MIXTURE; 1998; 25, 

(7): 851-857. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 154943

Chemical of Concern: 24D,24DXY,QNC

• Not evaluated because endpoint (LOAEL) is not comparable to guideline endpoint (EC25; 

NOAEL)

26. Malik, M. S.; Burgos, N. R., and Talbert, R. E. Confirmation and Control of Propanil-Resistant and 

Quinclorac-Resistant Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa Crus-Galli) in Rice. POPSOIL,ENV; 2010; 24, 

(3): 226-233. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 154947

Chemical of Concern: CMZ,FNP,IZT,PDM,PPN,QNC,TBC

• Not evaluated because endpoint (LOAEL) is not comparable to guideline endpoint; endpoint 

(NOAEL) is less sensitive than guideline endpoint; and species is target species (barnyard 

grass); or 

27. McElroy, J. S. and Breeden, G. K. Tall Fescue Seedling Tolerance to Carfentrazone, Bromoxynil, Quinclorac, 

and Siduron. PHY,POPSOIL,ENV,MIXTURE; 2006; 41, (1): 252-254. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 87930

Chemical of Concern: BMN,QNC,SID

• Not evaluated because endpoint (LOAEL) is not comparable to guideline endpoint (EC25; 

NOAEL) and endpoint (NOAEL) is less sensitive than guideline endpoint

28. ---. Tolerance of Turf-Type Tall Fescue Established from Seed to Postemergence Applications of Mesotrione 

and Quinclorac. PHY,POPSOIL,ENV,MIXTURE; 2007; 42, (2): 382-385. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 154955

Chemical of Concern: GYP,QNC

• Not evaluated because endpoint (LOAEL) is not comparable to guideline endpoint (EC25; 

NOAEL) and endpoint (NOAEL) is less sensitive than guideline endpoint

29. McElroy, J. S.; Breeden, G. K., and Sorochan, J. C. Hybrid Bluegrass Tolerance to Postemergence 

Applications of Mesotrione and Quinclorac. PHY,POPSOIL,ENV,MIXTURE; 2007; 21, (3): 807-

811. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 154948
77

Chemical of Concern: GYP,QNC

• Not evaluated because endpoint (LOAEL) is not comparable to guideline endpoint (EC25; 

NOAEL) and endpoint (NOAEL) is less sensitive than guideline endpoint

30. Miller, T. W.; Shinn, S. L., and Thill, D. C. Cross-Resistance in and Chemical Control of Auxinic HerbicideResistant Yellow Starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis). MOR,POPSOIL,ENV,MIXTURE; 2001; 15, 

(2): 293-299. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 66889

Chemical of Concern: CPR,DMB,DMDP,FXP,MTS,PCL,QNC,TPR,TSF

• Not evaluated because endpoint (LOAEL) is not comparable to guideline endpoint (EC25; 

NOAEL); endpoint (NOAEL) is less sensitive than guideline endpoint; and species (Plant 

Kingdom) not specified

31. Moraes, B. S.; Loro, V. L.; Glusczak, L.; Pretto, A.; Menezes, C.; Marchezan, E., and De oliveira Machado, 

S. Effects of Four Rice Herbicides on Some Metabolic and Toxicology Parameters of Teleost 

Invertebrates (Leporinus obtusidens). BCMAQUA; 2007; 68, (8): 1597-1601. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 93324

Chemical of Concern: CMZ,MTSM,PPN,QNC

• Not evaluated because only one concentration was tested

32. Norsworthy, J. K. and Smith, J. P. Tolerance of Direct-Seeded Leafy Greens to Herbicides Applied Before or 

After Crop Emergence. GRO,PHY,POPSOIL,ENV; 2007; 26, (8): 1158-1165. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 114101

Chemical of Concern: CMZ,DMM,FFC,MTC,PDM,PRM,PZM,QNC,TBC

• Not evaluated because endpoint (LOAEL) is not comparable to guideline endpoint (EC25; 

NOAEL) and endpoint (NOAEL) is less sensitive than guideline endpoint

33. Pan, H.; Li, X.; Xu, X., and Gao, S. Phytotoxicity of Four Herbicides on Ceratophyllum demersum, 

Vallisneria natans and Elodea nuttallii. BCM,MOR,POPAQUA; 2009; 21, 307-312. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 112909

Chemical of Concern: ATZ,BSFM,BTC,QNC

• Classified as qualitative for use in risk assessment

34. Perschbacher, P. W.; Ludwig, G. M., and Slaton, N. Effects of Common Aerially Applied Rice Herbicides on 

the Plankton Communities of Aquaculture Ponds. POP,SYS. pperschbacher@uaex.edu//: AQUA; 

2002; 214, (1-4): 241-246. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 71507

Chemical of Concern: BSFM,CMZ,DMDP,MLT,PDM,PPN,QNC,TBC,TPRT

• Not evaluated because species (algae, invertebrates) not specified 

35. Pretto, A.; Loro, V. L.; Menezes, C.; Moraes, B. S.; Reimche, G. B.; Zanella, R., and De Avila, L. A. 

Commercial Formulation Containing Quinclorac and Metsulfuron-Methyl Herbicides Inhibit 

Acetylcholinesterase and Induce Biochemical Alterations in Tissues of Leporinus obtusidens. 

BCMAQUA; 2011; 74, (3): 336-341. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 154911

Chemical of Concern: MTSM,QNC

• Not evaluated because numerical endpoint not provided by ECOTOX

36. Rao, A. N. and Moody, K. Weed Control in Rice Seedling Nurseries. GRO,POPSOIL,ENV,MIXTURE; 

1988; 7, (3): 202-206. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 100570

Chemical of Concern: BSF,BTC,PDM,PPN,QNC,TBC

• Not evaluated because endpoint (LOAEL) is not comparable to guideline endpoint; endpoint 

(NOAEL) is less sensitive than guideline endpoint; and species is target species (barnyard grass)
78

37. Reicher, Z. J.; Weisenberger, D. V., and Throssell, C. S. Turf Safety and Effectiveness of Dithiopyr and 

Quinclorac for Large Crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) Control in Spring-Seeded Turf. POP. 

zreicher@dpt.agry.purdue.edu//: SOIL,ENV; 1999; 13, (2): 253-256. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 64251

Chemical of Concern: DTP,QNC

• Not evaluated because endpoint (LOAEL) is not comparable to guideline endpoint EC25; 

NOAEL) and endpoint (NOAEL) is less sensitive than guideline endpoint

38. Rusness, D. G.; Huwe, J. K., and Lamoureux, G. L. Quinclorac Ester Toxicity and Metabolism in Leafy 

Spurge (Euphorbia esula) Soil Systems: Effects of Foliar vs Soil Applications. 

ACC,GRO,MOR,PHYSOIL,ENV; 1998; 61, (2): 115-133. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 66708

Chemical of Concern: QNC

• Not evaluated because endpoint (NR-LETH) is not comparable to guideline endpoint (EC25; 

NOAEL)

39. Stone, A. E.; Peeper, T. F., and Solie, J. B. Cheat (Bromus secalinus) Control with Herbicides Applied to 

Mature Seeds. GROSOIL,ENV,MIXTURE; 2001; 15, (2): 382-386. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 66969

Chemical of Concern: ATZ,BFL,CSF,EFL,EPTC,GYP,MBZ,MTL,MTS,PCL,PDM,QNC,TFN

• Not evaluated because units (ai g/kg sd) are not convertible to lb ai/A; also quinclorac is not 

used as a seed treatment

40. Street, J. E. and Mueller, T. C. Rice (Oryza sativa) Weed Control with Soil Applications of Quinclorac. 

POPSOIL,ENV; 1993; 7, (3): 600-604. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 100563

Chemical of Concern: QNC

• Not evaluated because endpoint (NOAEL) is less sensitive than guideline endpoint

41. Sunohara, Y. and Matsumoto, H. Oxidative Injury Induced by the Herbicide Quinclorac on Echinochloa 

oryzicola Vasing and the Involvement of Antioxidative Ability in Its Highly Selective Action in 

Grass Species. BCM,GRO. sunohara@agbi.tsukuba.ac.jp//: SOIL,ENV,MIXTURE; 2004; 167, (3): 

597-606. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 114200

Chemical of Concern: QNC

• Not evaluated because units (μM) are not convertible to lb ai/A

42. Sunohara, Y.; Shirai, S.; Wongkantrakorn, N., and Matsumoto, H. Sensitivity and Physiological Responses of 

Eleusine indica and Digitaria adscendens to Herbicide Quinclorac and 2,4-D. BCM,GROENV; 

2010; 68, (2): 157-164. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 154945

Chemical of Concern: 24D,24DXY,QNC

• Not evaluated units (μM) are not convertible to lb ai/A

43. Sunohara, Y.; Shirai, S.; Yamazaki, H., and Matsumoto, H. Involvement of Antioxidant Capacity in 

Quinclorac Tolerance in Eleusine indica. GROSOIL,ENV; 2011; 74, (1): 74-81. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 154946

Chemical of Concern: QNC

• Not evaluated because units (μM) are not convertible to lb ai/A

44. Talbert, R. E.; Tierney, M. J.; Burgos, N. R.; Strebe, T. A., and Kitt, M. J. Field Evaluation of Herbicides on 

Small Fruit, Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, 1994. PHY,POPSOIL,ENV,MIXTURE; 1995; 447, 

53 p. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 73916

Chemical of Concern: 
79

BT,CLT,CMZ,CPP,CPR,CYC,DCPA,DEE,DMDP,DMM,DU,EFL,EPTC,FSF,FTS,FZP,GFSNH,G

YPI,IZT,MBZ,MTL,NPP,OYZ,PDM,PHMD,PQT,QNC,SFZ,SXD,TFN,TPRT,TPZ,Ziram

• Not evaluated because exposure period (reproductive phase) is not comparable to guideline

(vegetative growth phase)

45. Talbert, R. E.; Tierney, M. J.; Carey III, V. F., and Kitt, M. J. Field Evaluation of Herbicides on Small Fruit, 

Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, 1993. PHY,POPSOIL,ENV,MIXTURE; 1994; 440, 60 p. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 73236

Chemical of Concern: 

ACF,ATZ,BT,CLT,CMZ,CPP,CPR,CYC,DCPA,DEE,DMB,DMDP,DMM,DTP,EFL,EFS,EPTC,FS

F,GFSNH,GYP,IXB,LCF,MCPA,MCPP1,MSMA,MTL,NPP,ODZ,OXF,OYZ,PDM,PHMD,PYZ,P

ZM,QNC,SXD,TBC,TFN,TPR,TPZ

• Not evaluated because endpoint (LOAEL) is not comparable to guideline endpoint (EC25; 

NOAEL)

46. Taverner, J.; Beasley, J. S.; Strahan, R. E.; Griffin, J. L., and Borst, S. M. Selective Postemergence Herbicide 

Control of Torpedograss in Centipedegrass. PHY,POPSOIL,ENV; 2011; 25, (2): 212-216. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 154969

Chemical of Concern: CLT,QNC,SXD

• Not evaluated because endpoint (LOAEL) is not comparable to guideline endpoint (EC25; 

NOAEL); endpoint (NOAEL) is less sensitive than guideline endpoint; and species (torpedo 

grass) is target species

47. Teuton, T. C. Management of Hybrid Bluegrass (Poa arachnifera Torr. x Poa pratensis L.) in the Transition 

Zone. BCM,GRO,PHY,POPSOIL,ENV; 2006: 159 p. (UMI#3214429). 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 154952

Chemical of Concern: 

BP,CLT,CSF,DFPM,DTP,EPH,HSF,IAZ,IMQ,MTSM,ODZ,OYZ,PBZ,PCZ,PDM,PRM,QNC,RIM,

SFS,SXD,TFN,TXE

• Not evaluated because endpoint (LOAEL) is not comparable to guideline endpoint (EC25; 

NOAEL)

48. Van Eerd, L. L.; Stephenson, G. R.; Kwiatkowski, J.; Grossmann, K., and Hall, J. C. Physiological and 

Biochemical Characterization of Quinclorac Resistance in a False Cleavers (Galium spurium L.) 

Biotype. ACC,BCM,GRO,MOR. Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, 

Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 Canada////: SOIL,ENV; 2005; 53, (4): 1144-1151. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 154924

Chemical of Concern: 

24DNH,BT,CPR,DMB,ETL,FXP,GFSNH,GYPI,MCPAD,PCLK,QNC,THF,TPR

• Not evaluated because endpoints (ED50; LOAEL) are not comparable to guideline endpoint 

(EC25) and units (M) not convertible to lb ai/A

49. Webster, E. P.; Baldwin, F. L., and Dillon, T. L. The Potential for Clomazone Use in Rice (Oryza sativa). 

PHY,POPSOIL,ENV,MIXTURE; 1999; 13, (2): 390-393. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 101021

Chemical of Concern: CMZ,PDM,QNC,TBC

• Not evaluated because endpoint (LOAEL) is not comparable to guideline endpoint (EC25; 

NOAEL) and endpoint (NOAEL) is equally as sensitive as guideline endpoint

50. Zawierucha, J. E. and Penner, D. Adjuvant Efficacy with Quinclorac in Canola (Brassica napus) and 

Turfgrass. GROSOIL,ENV; 2001; 15, (2): 220-223. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 67003

Chemical of Concern: QNC

• Not evaluated because endpoint (EC50) are not comparable to guideline endpoint (EC25; 

NOAEL) and endpoint (NOAEL) is less sensitive than guideline endpoint
80

51. ---. The Relationship of Goosegrass (Eleusine indica) Stage of Growth to Quinclorac Tolerance. 

GROSOIL,ENV; 2001; 15, (2): 216-219. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 67004

Chemical of Concern: QNC

• Not evaluated because endpoints (EC50; LOAEL) are not comparable to guideline endpoint 

(EC25; NOAEL) or endpoint (NOAEL) is less sensitive than guideline endpoint

2008 search

1. Azmi, M. and Anwar, A. I. Quinclorac and Bensulfuron - Potential Herbicides for Direct-Seeded Rice. 

POP,PHY,GROENV; 1989; 17, (2): 208-217. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 74668

Chemical of Concern: MLT,BSF,QNC

• Not evaluated because species (barnyard grass) is target species and species (Plant Kingdom) is 

not specified

2. BASF Corporation. Initial Submission: Report on Study of Toxicity of 3,7-Dichloro-8-Quinoline Carboxylic 

Acid in Beagle Dogs After 12 Month Administration in the Diet with Cover Letter Dated 052692. 

GRO,PHY,BEH,MOR,BCMORAL; 1992: (NTIS/OTS 0539659). 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 101150

Chemical of Concern: QNC

• Not evaluated because endpoints (NR-ZERO; LOAEL; NOAEL for acute) are not comparable 

to guideline endpoint (LC50 for acute; NOAEL for chronic) or endpoint (NOAEL) is less 

sensitive than guideline endpoint

3. ---. Initial Submission: Toxicity of 3,7-Dichloro-8-Quinoline Carboxylic Acid in Rats After 4 Week 

Administration in the Diet with Cover Letter Dated 052692. PHY,CEL,MOR,GRO,BEHORAL; 

1992: (NTIS/OTS 0539599). 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 101149

Chemical of Concern: QNC

• Not evaluated because endpoints (NR-ZERO; LOAEL) are not comparable to guideline 

endpoint (LC50 for acute; NOAEL for chronic)

4. Braverman, M. P. Weed Control in Rice (Oryza sativa) with Quinclorac and Bensulfuron Coating of Granular 

Herbicides and Fertilizer. POPWATER,ENV; 1995; 9, (3): 494-498. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 74736

Chemical of Concern: MLT,QNC,BSF,TBC

• Not evaluated because species (ducksalad, junglerice, shama, millet) are considered target 

species

5. dos Santos Miron, D.; Crestani, M.; Rosa Shettinger, M.; Maria Morsch, V.; Baldisserotto, B.; Angel Tierno, M.; 

Moraes, G., and Vieira, V. L. P. Effects of the Herbicides Clomazone, Quinclorac, and Metsulfuron 

Methyl on Acetylcholinesterase Activity in the Silver Catfish (Rhamdia quelen) (Heptapteridae). 

BCM,MOR,BEH,PHYWATER,AQUA; 2005; 61, (3): 398-403. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 80936

Chemical of Concern: QNC,MTS,CMZ

• Not evaluated because endpoint (LOAEL) is not comparable to guideline endpoint (LC50) and 

endpoint (LC50) is less sensitive than guideline endpoint

6. dos Santos Miron, D.; Da Silva, L. V. F.; Golombieski, J. I.; De Oliveira Machado, S. L.; Marchezan, E., and 

Baldisserotto, B. Lethal Concentration of Clomazone, Metsulfuron-Metil, and Quinclorac for Silver 

Catfish, Rhamdia quelen, Fingerlings. MOR,BEH. bernardo@smail.ufsm.br: WATER,AQUA; 
81

2004; 34, (5): 1465-1469. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 87942

Chemical of Concern: CMZ,MTSM,QNC

• Not evaluated because endpoint (NR-LETH; MR-ZERO) is not comparable to guideline 

endpoint (LC50) and endpoint (LC50) is less sensitive than guideline endpoint

7. Lu, Z. M.; Min, H., and Ye, Y. F. Influences of Quinclorac on Culturable Microorganisms and Soil Respiration in 

Flooded Paddy Soil. POPSOIL,ENV; 2003; 16, (4): 314-322. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 100566

Chemical of Concern: QNC

• Not evaluated because species (Kingdom Fungi) is not specified

8. Ma, J. Differential Sensitivity to 30 Herbicides Among Populations of Two Green Algae Scenedesmus obliquus 

and Chlorella pyrenoidosa. POPWATER,AQUA; 2002; 68, (2): 275-281. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 65945

Chemical of Concern: 

DFP,QZF,FNP,HFP,FZF,NSF,TN,EMSF,BP,ANL,PDM,BTC,MLT,AMTR,PMT,DU,PAQT,FXP,Q

NC,ATZ,SZ,MCPA,GYP,OXF,QZFE

• Not evaluated because endpoint is less sensitive than guideline endpoint

9. Ma, J.; Liang, W.; Xu, L.; Wang, S.; Wei, Y., and Lu, J. Acute Toxicity of 33 Herbicides to the Green Alga 

Chlorella pyrenoidosa. POPWATER,AQUA; 2001; 66, (4): 536-541. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 61983

Chemical of Concern: 

DFP,FZF,QZP,HFP,FNP,MLT,BP,TN,EMSF,NSF,BTC,PAQT,AMTR,DU,ANL,MCPA,FXP,QNC,

OXF,GYP,SZ,ATZ

• Not evaluated because endpoint is less sensitive than guideline endpoint

10. Ma, J.; Lin, F.; Wang, S., and Xu, L. Toxicity of 21 Herbicides to the Green Alga Scenedesmus quadricauda. 

POPWATER,AQUA; 2003; 71, (3): 594-601. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 71458

Chemical of Concern: ATZ,SZ,BTC,MTL,DU,BMN,GYP,ACO,QNC,GFSNH

• Not evaluated because endpoint is less sensitive than guideline endpoint

11. Ma, J.; Wang, S.; Wang, P.; Ma, L.; Chen, X., and Xu, R. Toxicity Assessment of 40 Herbicides to the Green 

Alga Raphidocelis subcapitata. POPWATER,AQUA; 2006; 63, (3): 456-462. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 83543

Chemical of Concern: 

CLT,DFP,FNP,FZF,HFP,QZF,BSFM,BP,CRME,EMSF,FTS,MTSM,NSF,ACO,BTC,MTL,AMTR,

ATZ,BMN,DU,PAQT,PMT,FXP,MCPA,QNC,PDM,TFN,GFS,GYP,SZ

• Not evaluated because endpoint is less sensitive than guideline endpoint

12. Ma, J.; Xu, L.; Wang, S.; Zheng, R.; Jin, S.; Huang, S., and Huang, Y. Toxicity of 40 Herbicides to the Green 

Alga Chlorella vulgaris. POPWATER,AQUA; 2002; 51, (2): 128-132. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 65938

Chemical of Concern: 

DFP,QZF,HFP,FNP,FZF,CLT,NSF,TN,EMSF,BSFM,CRME,FTS,BP,ANL,TFN,PDM,BTC,MTL,

MLT,ACO,ATZ,SZ,CZE,DU,PAQT,BMN,FXP,QNC,OXF,GYP,GFSNH

• Not evaluated because endpoint is less sensitive than guideline endpoint

13. Moraes, B. S.; Loro, V. L.; Glusczak, L.; Pretto, A.; Menezes, C.; Marchezan, E., and de Oliveira Machado, S. 

Effects of Four Rice Herbicides on Some Metabolic and Toxicology Parameters of Teleost Fish 

(Leporinus obtusidens). BCMWATER,AQUA; 2007; 68, (8): 1597-1601. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 93324

Chemical of Concern: QNC,MTSM,PPN,CMZ
82

• Not evaluated because only one concentration was tested

14. Resgalla, C. Jr.; Noldin, J. A.; Tamanaha, M. S.; Deschamps, F. C.; Eberhardt, D. S., and Rorig, L. R. Risk 

Analysis of Herbicide Quinclorac Residues in Irrigated Rice Areas, Santa Catarina, Brazil. 

MOR,POP. CTTMar - UNIVALI, CxP 360, 88 302-202, Itaja, SC, Brazil. cresgalla@univali.br: 

WATER,AQUA; 2007; 16, (8): 565-571. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 100569

Chemical of Concern: QNC

• Not evaluated because insufficient experimental details were provided

15. Wu, J. C.; Xu, J. X.; Liu, J. L.; Yuan, S. Z.; Cheng, J. A., and Heong, K. L. Effects of Herbicides on Rice 

Resistance and on Multiplication and Feeding of Brown Planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens 

(Stal) (Homoptera: Delphacidae). PHY,MOR,BEH,POPENV; 2001; 47, (2): 153-159. 

Notes: EcoReference No.: 98462

Chemical of Concern: MTL,ODZ,QNC,BSFM,ACO,OXF,BTC

• Not evaluated because endpoints (NOAEL, LOAEL) not comparable to guideline endpoint 

(LC/LD50)
83

Appendix F: Avian, Mammalian, Fish, and Aquatic Invertebrate RQs

Table F-1. Chronic Dietary-Based Risk Quotients (RQs) for Birds (Surrogate for Reptiles 

and Aquatic-Phase Amphibians)

Application Information

Use (Method of Application)

Feeding 

Category

Chronic DietaryBased RQs 

(mg/kg-diet)

1 Application @ 1.5 lb ai/A

Non-agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/hedgerows (ground)

Short grass 0.72

Tall grass 0.33

Broadleaf plants 0.41

Fruits/pods/seeds 0.05

Arthropods 0.28

1 Application @ 1.4 lb ai/A

Turf grasses (ground)*

Short grass 0.67

Tall grass 0.31

Broadleaf plants 0.38

Fruits/pods/seeds 0.04

Arthropods 0.26

2 Applications @ 0.76 lb ai/A (21-day interval)

Non-agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/hedgerows (ground)

Turf grasses (ground)*

Short grass 0.61

Tall grass 0.28

Broadleaf plants 0.34

Fruits/pods/seeds 0.04

Arthropods 0.24

2 Applications @ 0.75 lb ai/A (14-day interval)

Airports/landing fields (ground)

Utility poles/rights-of-way (ground)

Short grass 0.63

Tall grass 0.29

Broadleaf plants 0.36

Fruits/pods/seeds 0.04

Arthropods 0.25

1 Application @ 0.75 lb ai/A

Agricultural and non-agricultural uncultivated areas/soils (ground)

Agricultural fallow land/idle land/conservation reserve (aerial, 

ground)

Agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/hedgerows (ground)

Non-agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/hedgerows (aerial)

Rangeland/pasture (aerial, ground)

Utility poles/rights-of-way (aerial)

Short grass 0.36

Tall grass 0.17

Broadleaf plants 0.20

Fruits/pods/seeds 0.02

Arthropods 0.14

1 Application @ 0.5 lb ai/A

Rice (aerial, ground)

Short grass 0.24

Tall grass 0.11

Broadleaf plants 0.14

Fruits/pods/seeds 0.02

Arthropods 0.09

2 Applications @ 0.375 lb ai/A (14-day interval)

Agricultural and non-agricultural uncultivated areas/soils (aerial)

Agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/hedgerows (aerial)

Grass forage/fodder/hay (aerial, ground)

Grasses grown for seed (aerial, ground)

Sorghum (aerial, ground)

Short grass 0.32

Tall grass 0.15

Broadleaf plants 0.18

Fruits/pods/seeds 0.02

Arthropods 0.12

2 Applications @ 0.375 lb ai/A (30-day interval)

Rhubarb (ground)

Short grass 0.28

Tall grass 0.13

Broadleaf plants 0.16

Fruits/pods/seeds 0.02

Arthropods 0.11
84

Application Information

Use (Method of Application)

Feeding 

Category

Chronic DietaryBased RQs 

(mg/kg-diet)

1 Application @ 0.375 lb ai/A

Wheat (aerial, ground)**

Short grass 0.18

Tall grass 0.08

Broadleaf plants 0.10

Fruits/pods 0.01

Arthropods 0.07

2 Applications @ 0.25 lb ai/A (30-day interval)

Low growing berry (except strawberry) subgroup 13-07H (ground)

Short grass 0.19

Tall grass 0.09

Broadleaf plants 0.10

Fruits/pods/seeds 0.01

Arthropods 0.07

3 Applications @ 0.245 lb ai/A (14-day interval)

Sorghum (aerial, ground)

Wheat (aerial, ground)

Short grass 0.19

Tall grass 0.09

Broadleaf plants 0.10

Fruits/pods/seeds 0.01

Arthropods 0.07

* includes commercial/ industrial lawns; golf course turf; ornamental lawns, turf, and sod farm; recreation lawn 

areas; and residential lawns

** for bindweed control
85

Table F-2. Mammalian Acute and Chronic Dose-Based Risk Quotients (RQs)

Application Information

Use (Method of Application)

Feeding 

Category

Dose-Based RQs (mg/kg-bw)

Small 

(20 g)

Medium 

(100 g)

Large 

(1000 g)

Acute Chronic Acute Chronic Acute Chronic

1 Application @ 1.5 lb ai/A

Non-agricultural rights-ofway/fencerows/hedgerows 

(ground)

Short grass 0.07 0.98 0.06 0.83 0.03 0.45

Tall grass 0.03 0.45 0.03 0.38 0.01 0.20

Broadleaf plants 0.04 0.55 0.03 0.47 0.02 0.25

Fruits/pods 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.03

Arthropods 0.03 0.38 0.02 0.33 0.01 0.18

Seeds 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01

1 Application @ 1.4 lb ai/A

Turf grasses (ground)*

Short grass 0.07 0.91 0.06 0.78 0.03 0.42

Tall grass 0.03 0.42 0.03 0.36 0.01 0.19

Broadleaf plants 0.04 0.51 0.03 0.44 0.02 0.23

Fruits/pods 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.03

Arthropods 0.03 0.36 0.02 0.30 0.01 0.16

Seeds 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01

2 Applications @ 0.76 lb ai/A 

(21-day interval)

Non-agricultural rights-of-way/ 

fencerows/hedgerows 

(ground)

Turf grasses (ground)*

Short grass 0.06 0.82 0.05 0.70 0.03 0.38

Tall grass 0.03 0.38 0.02 0.32 0.01 0.17

Broadleaf plants 0.03 0.46 0.03 0.39 0.02 0.21

Fruits/pods 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.02

Arthropods 0.02 0.32 0.02 0.27 0.01 0.15

Seeds 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01

2 Applications @ 0.75 lb ai/A 

(14-day interval)

Airports/landing fields (ground)

Utility poles/rights-of-way 

(ground)

Short grass 0.06 0.86 0.05 0.73 0.03 0.39

Tall grass 0.03 0.39 0.02 0.34 0.01 0.18

Broadleaf plants 0.04 0.48 0.03 0.41 0.02 0.22

Fruits/pods 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.02

Arthropods 0.02 0.34 0.02 0.29 0.01 0.15

Seeds 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01

1 Application @ 0.75 lb ai/A

Agricultural and non-agricultural 

uncultivated areas/soils 

(ground)

Agricultural fallow land/idle 

land/conservation reserve 

(aerial, ground)

Agricultural rights-of-way/ 

fencerows/hedgerows 

(ground)

Non-agricultural rights-of-way/ 

fencerows/hedgerows 

(aerial)

Rangeland/pasture (aerial, 

ground)

Utility poles/rights-of-way 

(aerial)

Short grass 0.04 0.49 0.03 0.42 0.02 0.22

Tall grass 0.02 0.22 0.01 0.19 0.01 0.10

Broadleaf plants 0.02 0.27 0.02 0.23 0.01 0.13

Fruits/pods 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.01

Arthropods 0.01 0.19 0.01 0.16 0.01 0.09

Seeds 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00

1 Application @ 0.5 lb ai/A

Rice (aerial, ground)

Short grass 0.02 0.33 0.02 0.28 0.01 0.15

Tall grass 0.01 0.15 0.01 0.13 0.00 0.07

Broadleaf plants 0.01 0.18 0.01 0.16 0.01 0.08

Fruits/pods 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.01

Arthropods 0.01 0.13 0.01 0.11 0.00 0.06

Seeds 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
86

Application Information

Use (Method of Application)

Feeding 

Category

Dose-Based RQs (mg/kg-bw)

Small 

(20 g)

Medium 

(100 g)

Large 

(1000 g)

Acute Chronic Acute Chronic Acute Chronic

2 Applications @ 0.375 lb ai/A 

(14-day interval)

Agricultural and non-agricultural 

uncultivated areas/soils 

(aerial)

Agricultural rights-of-way/ 

fencerows/ hedgerows 

(aerial)

Grass forage/fodder/hay 

(aerial, ground)

Grasses grown for seed 

(aerial, ground)

Sorghum (aerial, ground)

Short grass 0.03 0.43 0.03 0.37 0.01 0.20

Tall grass 0.01 0.20 0.01 0.17 0.01 0.09

Broadleaf plants 0.02 0.24 0.02 0.21 0.01 0.11

Fruits/pods 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.01

Arthropods 0.01 0.17 0.01 0.14 0.01 0.08

Seeds 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00

2 Applications @ 0.375 lb ai/A 

(30-day interval)

Rhubarb (ground)

Short grass 0.03 0.38 0.02 0.32 0.01 0.17

Tall grass 0.01 0.17 0.01 0.15 0.01 0.08

Broadleaf plants 0.02 0.21 0.01 0.18 0.01 0.10

Fruits/pods 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.01

Arthropods 0.01 0.15 0.01 0.13 0.00 0.07

Seeds 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1 Application @ 0.375 lb ai/A

Wheat (aerial, ground)**

Short grass 0.02 0.24 0.02 0.21 0.01 0.11

Tall grass 0.01 0.11 0.01 0.10 0.00 0.05

Broadleaf plants 0.01 0.14 0.01 0.12 0.00 0.06

Fruits/pods 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01

Arthropods 0.01 0.10 0.01 0.08 0.00 0.04

Seeds 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

2 Applications @ 0.25 lb ai/A 

(30-day interval)

Low growing berry (except 

strawberry) subgroup 13-

07H (ground)

Short grass 0.02 0.25 0.02 0.22 0.01 0.12

Tall grass 0.01 0.12 0.01 0.10 0.00 0.05

Broadleaf plants 0.01 0.14 0.01 0.12 0.00 0.07

Fruits/pods 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01

Arthropods 0.01 0.10 0.01 0.08 0.00 0.05

Seeds 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

3 Applications @ 0.245 lb ai/A 

(14-day interval)

Sorghum (aerial, ground)

Wheat (aerial, ground)

Short grass 0.02 0.25 0.02 0.22 0.01 0.12

Tall grass 0.01 0.12 0.01 0.10 0.00 0.05

Broadleaf plants 0.01 0.14 0.01 0.12 0.00 0.07

Fruits/pods 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01

Arthropods 0.01 0.10 0.01 0.08 0.00 0.05

Seeds 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

* includes commercial/ industrial lawns; golf course turf; ornamental lawns, turf, and sod farm; recreation lawn 

areas; and residential lawns

** for bindweed control

a upper bound Kenaga values
87

Table F-3. Mammalian Dietary-Based Risk Quotients (RQs)

Application Information

Use (Method of Application)

Feeding 

Category

Chronic DietaryBased RQs

(mg/kg-diet)

1 Application @ 1.5 lb ai/A

Non-agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/hedgerows (ground)

Short grass 0.11

Tall grass 0.05

Broadleaf plants 0.06

Fruits/pods/seeds 0.01

Arthropods 0.04

1 Application @ 1.4 lb ai/A

Turf grasses (ground)*

Short grass 0.11

Tall grass 0.05

Broadleaf plants 0.06

Fruits/pods/seeds 0.01

Arthropods 0.04

2 Applications @ 0.76 lb ai/A (21-day interval)

Non-agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/hedgerows (ground)

Turf grasses (ground)*

Short grass 0.09

Tall grass 0.04

Broadleaf plants 0.05

Fruits/pods/seeds 0.01

Arthropods 0.04

2 Applications @ 0.75 lb ai/A (14-day interval)

Airports/landing fields (ground)

Utility poles/rights-of-way (ground)

Short grass 0.10

Tall grass 0.05

Broadleaf plants 0.06

Fruits/pods/seeds 0.01

Arthropods 0.04

1 Application @ 0.75 lb ai/A

Agricultural and non-agricultural uncultivated areas/soils (ground)

Agricultural fallow land/idle land/conservation reserve (aerial, 

ground)

Agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/hedgerows (ground)

Non-agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/hedgerows (aerial)

Rangeland/pasture (aerial, ground)

Utility poles/rights-of-way (aerial)

Short grass 0.06

Tall grass 0.03

Broadleaf plants 0.03

Fruits/pods/seeds 0.00

Arthropods 0.02

1 Application @ 0.5 lb ai/A

Rice (aerial, ground)

Short grass 0.04

Tall grass 0.02

Broadleaf plants 0.02

Fruits/pods/seeds 0.00

Arthropods 0.01

2 Applications @ 0.375 lb ai/A (14-day interval)

Agricultural and non-agricultural uncultivated areas/soils (aerial)

Agricultural rights-of-way/fencerows/hedgerows (aerial)

Grass forage/fodder/hay (aerial, ground)

Grasses grown for seed (aerial, ground)

Sorghum (aerial, ground)

Short grass 0.05

Tall grass 0.02

Broadleaf plants 0.03

Fruits/pods/seeds 0.00

Arthropods 0.02

2 Applications @ 0.375 lb ai/A (30-day interval)

Rhubarb (ground)

Short grass 0.04

Tall grass 0.02

Broadleaf plants 0.02

Fruits/pods/seeds 0.00

Arthropods 0.02

1 Application @ 0.375 lb ai/A

Wheat (aerial, ground)**

Short grass 0.03

Tall grass 0.01

Broadleaf plants 0.02

Fruits/pods/seeds 0.00
88

Application Information

Use (Method of Application)

Feeding 

Category

Chronic DietaryBased RQs

(mg/kg-diet)

Arthropods 0.01

2 Applications @ 0.25 lb ai/A (30-day interval)

Low growing berry (except strawberry) subgroup 13-07H (ground)

Short grass 0.03

Tall grass 0.01

Broadleaf plants 0.02

Fruits/pods/seeds 0.00

Arthropods 0.01

3 Applications @ 0.245 lb ai/A (14-day interval)

Sorghum (aerial, ground)

Wheat (aerial, ground)

Short grass 0.03

Tall grass 0.01

Broadleaf plants 0.02

Fruits/pods/seeds 0.00

Arthropods 0.01

* includes commercial/ industrial lawns; golf course turf; ornamental lawns, turf, and sod farm; recreation lawn 

areas; and residential lawns

** for bindweed control

a upper bound Kenaga values
89

Table F-4. Fish (and Aquatic-Phase Amphibians) Risk Quotients (RQs)

Use Scenario

Freshwater 

Invertebrates

Saltwater Invertebrates

Acute Chronic Acute Chronic

Turf grasses

1.4 lb ai/A x 1

0.76 lb ai/A x 2

FL turf <0.01 <0.01

Not 

calculable: 

Nondefinitive 

acute 

toxicity 

endpoint

Not 

calculable: 

No chronic 

toxicity 

endpoint; 

application 

of a 

freshwater 

invertebrates

ACR not 

possible

PA turf <0.01 0.01

FL turf <0.01 <0.01

PA turf <0.01 0.01

Sorghum

0.375 lb ai/A x 2

0.245 lb ai/A x 3

KS sorghum (postplant) 0.01 0.01

KS sorghum (preplant) 0.01 0.01

Wheat ND wheat (preplant spring) 0.01 0.01

ND wheat (preplant winter) 0.01 0.01

Rangeland / Pasture

FL turf <0.01 <0.01

PA turf <0.01 <0.01

CArangelandhayRLF_v2 0.01 0.01

Rights-of-way/ 

fencerows /hedgerows

1.5 lb ai/A x 1

0.76 lb ai/A x 2

CArightofwayRLF_v2 <0.01 0.01

CArightofwayRLF_v2 <0.01 0.01

Grass grown for seed ORgrassseed <0.01 0.01

Fallow land

FL turf <0.01 <0.01

PA turf <0.01 0.01

CArangelandhayRLF_v2 <0.01 0.01

Grass forage /fodder / 

hay

FL turf <0.01 0.01

PA turf <0.01 0.01

CArangelandhayRLF_v2 <0.01 0.01

Low growing berry 

(except cranberry and 

strawberry)

ORberriesOP <0.01 <0.01

Rhubarb CA cole crop RLF_v2 0.01 0.01

CA lettuce <0.01 0.01

Cranberry Provisional Cranberry Model 0.01 0.01

Rice Tier I Rice Model 0.02 0.03
90

Table F-5. Aquatic Invertebrate Risk Quotients (RQs)

Use Scenario

Freshwater 

Invertebrates

Saltwater Invertebrates

Acute Chronic Acute Chronic

Turf grasses

1.4 lb ai/A x 1

0.76 lb ai/A x 2

Not 

calculable: 

Nondefinitive 

acute 

toxicity 

endpoint

Not 

calculable: 

No chronic 

toxicity 

endpoint; 

application 

of a 

freshwater 

invertebrate 

ACR not 

possible

FL turf 0.01 <0.01

PA turf 0.01 <0.01

FL turf 0.01 <0.01

PA turf 0.01 <0.01

Sorghum

0.375 lb ai/A x 2

0.245 lb ai/A x 3

KS sorghum (postplant) 0.02 <0.01

KS sorghum (preplant) 0.01 <0.01

Wheat ND wheat (preplant spring) 0.02 <0.01

ND wheat (preplant winter) 0.02 <0.01

Rangeland / Pasture

FL turf 0.01 <0.01

PA turf 0.01 <0.01

CArangelandhayRLF_v2 0.02 <0.01

Rights-of-way/ 

fencerows /hedgerows

1.5 lb ai/A x 1

0.76 lb ai/A x 2

CArightofwayRLF_v2 0.01 <0.01

CArightofwayRLF_v2 0.01 <0.01

Grass grown for seed ORgrassseed 0.01 <0.01

Fallow land

FL turf 0.01 <0.01

PA turf 0.01 <0.01

CArangelandhayRLF_v2 0.01 <0.01

Grass forage /fodder / 

hay

FL turf 0.01 <0.01

PA turf 0.01 <0.01

CArangelandhayRLF_v2 0.02 <0.01

Low growing berry 

(except cranberry and 

strawberry)

ORberriesOP <0.01 <0.01

Rhubarb CA cole crop RLF_v2 0.02 <0.01

CA lettuce 0.02 <0.01

Cranberry Provisional Cranberry Model 0.01 <0.01

Rice Tier I Rice Model 0.05 0.01
91

Table F-6. Aquatic Plant Risk Quotients (RQs)

Use Scenario

Non-Vascular Aquatic 

Plants

Vascular Aquatic Plants

NonListed

Species

Listed 

Species

NonListed 

Species

Listed

Species

Turf grasses

1.4 lb ai/A x 1

0.76 lb ai/A x 2

Noncalculable: 

Nondefinitive 

EC50

endpoint

Noncalculable: 

Nondefinitive 

EC50

endpoint

FL turf 0.14 0.14

PA turf 0.19 0.19

FL turf 0.14 0.14

PA turf 0.23 0.23

Sorghum

0.375 lb ai/A x 2

0.245 lb ai/A x 3

KS sorghum (postplant) 0.37 0.37

KS sorghum (preplant) 0.32 0.32

Wheat ND wheat (preplant spring) 0.37 0.37

ND wheat (preplant winter) 0.43 0.43

Rangeland / Pasture

FL turf 0.16 0.16

PA turf 0.19 0.19

CArangelandhayRLF_v2 0.37 0.37

Rights-of-way/ 

fencerows /hedgerows

1.5 lb ai/A x 1

0.76 lb ai/A x 2

CArightofwayRLF_v2 0.26 0.26

CArightofwayRLF_v2 0.26 0.26

Grass grown for seed ORgrassseed 0.22 0.22

Fallow land

FL turf 0.15 0.15

PA turf 0.16 0.16

CArangelandhayRLF_v2 0.30 0.30

Grass forage /fodder / 

hay

FL turf 0.16 0.16

PA turf 0.17 0.17

CArangelandhayRLF_v2 0.37 0.37

Low growing berry 

(except cranberry and 

strawberry)

ORberriesOP 0.03 0.03

Rhubarb CA cole crop RLF_v2 0.39 0.39

CA lettuce 0.29 0.29

Cranberry Provisional Cranberry Model 0.33 0.33

Rice Tier I Rice Model 1.02^ 1.02^

^ exceeds aquatic plant LOC (=1)
92

Appendix G: Calculations for Minimum Irrigation Rate Needed for 

Terrestrial Plant LOC Exceedance

The application rate of quinclorac as a result of applying quinclorac-contaminated irrigation 

water is determined as follows:

Aquatic EEC (μg ai/L) x Volume (L/A) x 0.0000000022 lb/μg = Rate on Field (lb ai/A)

Where:

Aquatic EEC = concentration of quinclorac in water

Volume = volume of water

Rate on Field = concentration of quinclorac applied

The minimum irrigation rate per acre in inches needed to trigger a terrestrial plant LOC 

exceedance for each use can be determined by first substituting the quinclorac concentration in 

ground water for the “Aquatic EEC” term and toxicity endpoints (i.e., EC25’s for VV and SE 

endpoints for monocots and dicots) for the “Rate on Field” term and then solving for the 

“Volume” (L/A) term. Next the value of the “Volume” term is substituted into the following 

equations:

a) L water/A = kg water/A

b) inches = kg water/A x lb/0.45359 kg x A/4360 ft2 x ft3/62.36 lb x 12 inches/ft
93

Appendix H: Listed Species Analysis

Based on the following crops: Alfalfa hay, Blueberries-tame, Blueberries-wild, Cranberries, Cropland in cultivated summer fallow, 

Cropland used only for pasture or grazing, Field and grass seed crops-all, Forage-land used for all hay/haylage grass silage, Hay-all 

hay including alfalfa other tame small grain, Haylage (grass silage and greenchop), Haylage or greenchop from alfalfa or alfalfa 

mixtures, Hay-wild dry, Other haylage grass silage and greenchop, Other tame hay, Permanent pasture and rangeland, other than 

cropland, Rhubarb, Rice, Rice-wild, Small grain hay, Sod harvested (in the open), Sorghum for grain, Sorghum for silage or 

greenchop, Sorghum for syrup, Wheatgrass seed, Wheat-all, Wheat-durum, Wheat-spring (other), Wheat-winter

Table H-1. “No Effects” (Direct and Indirect Effects) Determination for Listed Species Outside the Geographical Range of 

Quinclorac Uses

FWS Code Common Name Scientific Name Taxon

D00D Coqui, Golden Eleutherodactylus jasperi Amphibian

D03V Llanero coqui Eleutherodactylus juanariveroi Amphibian

B006 Duck, Laysan Anas laysanensis Bird

B009 Finch, Laysan Telespyza cantans Bird

B00A Finch, Nihoa Telespyza ultima Bird

B00G Millerbird, Nihoa Acrocephalus familiaris kingi Bird

B00T Megapode, Micronesian (La Perouse's) Megapodius laperouse Bird

B00X Starling, Ponape Mountain Aplonis pelzelni Bird

B03N White-eye, Ponape greater Rukia longirostra Bird

B043 Warbler, nightingale reed (old world warbler) Acrocephalus luscinia Bird

B04E Thrush, Molokai (Oloma'o) Myadestes lanaiensis rutha Bird

B04H Creeper, Molokai (Kakawahie) Paroreomyza flammea Bird

B065 White-eye, Rota Bridled Zosterops rotensis Bird

B08Z Eider, Spectacled Somateria fischeri Bird

K004 Amphipod, Hay's Spring Stygobromus hayi Crustacean

Q01G Amaranthus brownii (ncn) Amaranthus brownii Dicot

Q11Y Kamakahala (Labordia triflora) Labordia triflora Dicot

Q1N2 Schiedea sarmentosa (ncn) Schiedea sarmentosa Dicot

Q1N3 Schiedea verticillata (ncn) Schiedea verticillata Dicot

Q1SJ Abutilon eremitopetalum (ncn) Abutilon eremitopetalum Dicot

Q1T0 Manzanita, Presidio (=Raven's) Arctostaphylos hookeri var. ravenii Dicot
94

FWS Code Common Name Scientific Name Taxon

Q1TN Ko'oko'olau (Bidens wiebkei) Bidens wiebkei Dicot

Q1TX 'Awikiwiki (Canavalia molokaiensis) Canavalia molokaiensis Dicot

Q1XQ Koki'o (Kokia drynarioides) Kokia drynarioides Dicot

Q1ZB Alani (Melicope reflexa) Melicope reflexa Dicot

Q1Z4 Alani (Melicope munroi) Melicope munroi Dicot

Q206 Ulihi (Phyllostegia glabra var. lanaiensis) Phyllostegia glabra var. lanaiensis Dicot

Q21N Silene alexandri (ncn) Silene alexandri Dicot

Q23V Viola lanaiensis (ncn) Viola lanaiensis Dicot

Q26J Capa Rosa Callicarpa ampla Dicot

Q26L Calyptranthes Thomasiana (ncn) Calyptranthes thomasiana Dicot

Q27R Higuero De Sierra Crescentia portoricensis Dicot

Q2BC Koki'o Ke'oke'o (Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus) Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus Dicot

Q2BO Holly, Cook's Ilex cookii Dicot

Q2C4 Kamakahala (Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis) Labordia tinifolia var. lanaiensis Dicot

Q2DQ Mitracarpus Maxwelliae Mitracarpus maxwelliae Dicot

Q2DR Mitracarpus Polycladus Mitracarpus polycladus Dicot

Q2JL Palo CO (Ternstroemia luquillensis) Ternstroemia luquillensis Dicot

Q2R6 Palo de Jazmin Styrax portoricensis Dicot

Q2SU Haha (Cyanea Macrostegia var. gibsonii) Cyanea macrostegia ssp. gibsonii Dicot

Q2TT Gesneria pauciflora (ncn) Gesneria pauciflora Dicot

Q2VY Schiedea lydgatei (ncn) Schiedea lydgatei Dicot

Q318 'Oha Wai (Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis) Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis Dicot

Q31L Haha (Cyanea dunbarii) Cyanea dunbarii Dicot

Q31P Haha (Cyanea mannii) Cyanea mannii Dicot

Q31S Haha (Cyanea procera) Cyanea procera Dicot

Q33Y Kopa (Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi) Hedyotis schlechtendahliana var. remyi Dicot

Q34N Walnut, Nogal Juglans jamaicensis Dicot

Q34P hulumoa Korthalsella degeneri Dicot

Q34Y Leptocereus grantianus (ncn) Leptocereus grantianus Dicot

Q35K Lysimachia maxima (ncn) Lysimachia maxima Dicot

Q39K Stenogyne bifida (ncn) Stenogyne bifida Dicot

Q3AB Ilex sintenisii (ncn) Ilex sintenisii Dicot

Q3GX Kanaloa kahoolawensis (ncn) Kanaloa kahoolawensis Dicot

Q3GY Nesogenes rotensis (ncn) Nesogenes rotensis Dicot

Q3GZ Osmoxylon mariannense (ncn) Osmoxylon mariannense Dicot

S00V Fern, Aleutian Shield Polystichum aleuticum Ferns
95

FWS Code Common Name Scientific Name Taxon

S01J Tree Fern, Elfin Cyathea dryopteroides Ferns

S01O Fern, Adiantum vivesii Adiantum vivesii Ferns

S01U Fern, Elaphoglossum serpens Elaphoglossum serpens Ferns

S01V Polystichum calderonense (ncn) Polystichum calderonense Ferns

S01Y Fern, Thelypteris inabonensis Thelypteris inabonensis Ferns

S020 Fern, Thelypteris yaucoensis Thelypteris yaucoensis Ferns

E0A7 Sturgeon, Atlantic Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus Fish

E0BJ Pacific Eulachon Thaleichthys pacificus Fish

E0BM Rockfish, Yelloweye Sebastes ruberrimus Fish

F079 Rockfish, Canary Sebastes pinniger Fish

I0QX Hawaiian picture-wing Fly Drosophila sharpi Insect

A033 Dugong Dugong dugon Mammal

A0IJ Bear, polar Ursus maritimus Mammal

A0J0 Seal, bearded (Atlantic) Erignathus barbatus barbatus Mammal

A0K5 Seal, ringed (Arctic) Phoca hispida hispida Mammal

A0K6 Seal, ringed (Okhotsk) Phoca hispida ochotensis Mammal

A0K7 Seal, ringed (Baltic) Phoca hispida botnica Mammal

A0K8 Seal, ringed (Ladoga) Phoca hispida ladogensis Mammal

A0K9 Seal, bearded (Pacific) Erignathus barbatus nauticus Mammal

Q1JK Wahane (Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii) Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii Monocot

Q1JS Lo`ulu (Pritchardia remota) Pritchardia remota Monocot

Q1WI Gahnia Lanaiensis (ncn) Gahnia lanaiensis Monocot

Q20W Lo`ulu (Pritchardia munroi) Pritchardia munroi Monocot

Q2GJ hala pepe Pleomele forbesii Monocot

Q3A8 Cranichis Ricartii Cranichis ricartii Monocot

C01O Anole, Culebra Island Giant Anolis roosevelti Reptile

C01P Lizard, St. Croix Ground Ameiva polops Reptile

C01Q Boa, Mona Epicrates monensis monensis Reptile

C01R Iguana, Mona Ground Cyclura cornuta stejnegeri Reptile

C038 Gecko, Monito Sphaerodactylus micropithecus Reptile
96

Table H-3. Listed Species Within Geographical Range of Quinclorac Uses that Require Additional Information for Effects 

Calls

FWS Code Common Name Scientific Name Taxon State Name

D042 Salamander, Reticulated flatwoods Ambystoma bishopi Amphibian FL, GA

D01T Salamander, California Tiger Ambystoma californiense Amphibian CA

D013 Salamander, Frosted Flatwoods Ambystoma cingulatum Amphibian AL, FL, GA, SC

D000 Salamander, Santa Cruz Long-toed Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum Amphibian CA

D01H Salamander, Sonora Tiger Ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi Amphibian AZ

D005 Salamander, Desert Slender Batrachoseps aridus Amphibian CA

D01R Toad, Wyoming Bufo baxteri (=hemiophrys) Amphibian WY

D020 Toad, Arroyo Southwestern Bufo californicus (=microscaphus) Amphibian CA

D004 Toad, Houston Bufo houstonensis Amphibian TX

D032 Ozark Hellbender Cryptobranchus alleganiensis bishopi Amphibian AR, MO

D00X Guajon Eleutherodactylus cooki Amphibian Puerto Rico

D00I Salamander, San Marcos Eurycea nana Amphibian TX

D010 Salamander, Barton Springs Eurycea sosorum Amphibian TX

D00M Toad, Puerto Rican Crested Peltophryne lemur Amphibian Puerto Rico

D00C Salamander, Red Hills Phaeognathus hubrichti Amphibian AL

D011 Salamander, Cheat Mountain Plethodon nettingi Amphibian West VA

D01G Salamander, Shenandoah Plethodon shenandoah Amphibian VA

D02D Frog, California Red-legged Rana aurora draytonii Amphibian CA

D031 Frog, Dusky Gopher (Mississippi DPS) Rana capito sevosa Amphibian MS

D02F Frog, Chiricahua Leopard Rana chiricahuensis Amphibian AZ, NM

D02H Frog, Mountain Yellow-legged Rana muscosa Amphibian CA

D001 Salamander, Texas Blind Typhlomolge rathbuni Amphibian TX

J000 Spider, Kauai Cave Wolf Adelocosa anops Arachnid HI

J01A Meshweaver, Robber Baron Cave Cicurina baronia Arachnid TX

J019 Meshweaver, Madla's Cave Cicurina madla Arachnid TX

J01D Meshweaver, Braken Bat Cave Cicurina venii Arachnid TX

J01B Meshweaver, Government Canyon Bat Cave Cicurina vespera Arachnid TX

J00B Spider, Tooth Cave Leptoneta myopica Arachnid TX

J014 Spider, Spruce-fir Moss Microhexura montivaga Arachnid NC, TN, VA

J018 Spider, Government Canyon Bat Cave Neoleptoneta microps Arachnid TX

J00A Pseudoscorpion, Tooth Cave Tartarocreagris texana Arachnid TX

J016 Harvestman, Cokendolpher Cave Texella cokendolpheri Arachnid TX

J008 Harvestman, Bee Creek Cave Texella reddelli Arachnid TX
97

FWS Code Common Name Scientific Name Taxon State Name

J009 Harvestman, Bone Cave Texella reyesi Arachnid TX

B06Z Hawk, Puerto Rican Sharp-shinned Accipiter striatus venator Bird Puerto Rico

B091 Swiftlet, Mariana Gray (=Vanikoro) Aerodramus vanikorensis bartschi Bird HI

B05T Blackbird, Yellow-shouldered Agelaius xanthomus Bird Puerto Rico

B00L Parrot, Puerto Rican Amazona vittata Bird Puerto Rico

B00Q Sparrow, Cape Sable Seaside Ammodramus maritimus mirabilis Bird FL

B07G Sparrow, Florida Grasshopper Ammodramus savannarum Floridanus Bird FL

B05S Sparrow, San Clemente Sage Amphispiza belli clementeae Bird CA

B005 Duck, Hawaiian (Koloa) Anas wyvilliana Bird HI

B082 Scrub-Jay, Florida Aphelocoma coerulescens Bird FL

B08C Murrelet, Marbled Brachyramphus marmoratus Bird CA, OR, WA

B00C Goose, Hawaiian (Nene) Branta (=Nesochen) sandvicensis Bird HI

B06Y Hawk, Puerto Rican Broad-winged Buteo platypterus brunnescens Bird Puerto Rico

B00D Hawk, Hawaiian (Io) Buteo solitarius Bird HI

B03Q Woodpecker, Ivory-billed Campephilus principalis Bird AR, FL, KY

B04J Nightjar, Puerto Rico Caprimulgus noctitherus Bird Puerto Rico

B07C Plover, Western Snowy Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus Bird CA, OR, WA

B079 Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus Bird

AL, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, IL, 

IA, KS, KY, LA, ME, MD, 

MA, MI, MN, MS, MT, NE, 

NH, NJ, NM, NY, NC, ND, 

OH, OK, PA, Puerto Rico, RI, 

SC, SD, TX, VA, WI, WY

B0Alabama Elepaio, Oahu Chasiempis sandwichensis ibidis Bird HI

B00Z Bobwhite, Masked Colinus Virginianus ridgwayi Bird AZ

B049 Pigeon, Puerto Rican Plain Columba inornata wetmorei Bird Puerto Rico

B004 Crow, Hawaiian ('Alala) Corvus Hawaiiensis Bird HI

B05X Crow, Mariana Corvus kubaryi Bird Guam

B07W Warbler (=Wood), Golden-cheeked Dendroica chrysoparia Bird TX

B03I Warbler (=Wood), Kirtland's Dendroica kirtlandii Bird FL, GA, KY, MI, SC, WI

B094 Flycatcher, Southwestern Willow Empidonax traillii extimus Bird AZ, CA, CO, NV, NM, TX, 

UT

B06V Falcon, Northern Aplomado Falco femoralis septentrionalis Bird AZ, NM, TX

B04G Coot, Hawaiian (=Alae keo keo) Fulica americana alai Bird HI

B062 Moorhen, Mariana Common Gallinula chloropus guami Bird Guam

B00H Moorhen, Hawaiian Common Gallinula chloropus sandvicensis Bird HI
98

FWS Code Common Name Scientific Name Taxon State Name

B003 Crane, Whooping Grus americana Bird CO, FL, KS, MT, NE, ND, 

OK, SD, TX, WY

B04I Crane, Mississippi Sandhill Grus canadensis pulla Bird MS, TX

B002 Condor, California Gymnogyps Californianus Bird AZ, CA, UT

B061 Kingfisher, Guam Micronesian Halcyon cinnamomina cinnamomina Bird Guam

B048m Nuku Pu'u, Maui Hemignathus lucidus affinus Bird HI

B048k Nuku Pu'u, Kauai Hemignathus lucidus hanapepe Bird HI

B001 'Akia Pola'au (Hemignathus munroi) Hemignathus munroi Bird HI

B000 'Akia Loa, Kauai (Hemignathus procerus) Hemignathus procerus Bird HI

B04C Stilt, Hawaiian (=Ae'o) Himantopus mexicanus knudseni Bird HI

B05R Shrike, San Clemente Loggerhead Lanius ludovicianus mearnsi Bird CA

B00K Palila Loxioides bailleui Bird HI

B0AF Akekee Loxops caeruleirostris Bird HI

B044 'Akepa, Hawaii Loxops coccineus coccineus Bird HI

B045 'Akepa, Maui Loxops coccineus ochraceus Bird HI

B04N Po'ouli Melamprosops phaeosoma Bird HI

B00I 'O'o, Kauai (='A'a) Moho braccatus Bird HI

B04D Thrush, Large Kauai Myadestes myadestinus Bird HI

B00S Thrush, Small Kauai (Puaiohi) Myadestes palmeri Bird HI

B06O Stork, Wood Mycteria americana Bird AL, FL, GA, NC, SC, TN

B01A Curlew, Eskimo Numenius borealis Bird AK, NE, OK, SD, TX

B0AI Kauai creeper Oreomystis bairdi Bird HI

B04M Creeper, Hawaii Oreomystis mana Bird HI

B00E Honeycreeper, Crested ('Akohekohe) Palmeria dolei Bird HI

B046 Creeper, Oahu (Alauwahio) Paroreomyza maculata Bird HI

B00Y Albatross, Short-tailed Phoebastria (=Diomedea) albatrus Bird AK, CA, OR, WA

B04F Woodpecker, Red-cockaded Picoides borealis Bird

AL, AR, FL, GA, KY, LA, 

MS, NC, OK, SC, TN, TX, 

VA

B07Q Towhee, Inyo Brown Pipilo crissalis eremophilus Bird CA

B08X Gnatcatcher, Coastal California Polioptila californica californica Bird CA

B06Q Caracara, Audubon's Crested Polyborus plancus audubonii Bird FL

B090 Eider, Steller's Polysticta stelleri Bird AK

B00M Parrotbill, Maui Pseudonestor xanthophrys Bird HI

B00J 'O'u (Honeycreeper) Psittirostra psittacea Bird HI

B00N Petrel, Hawaiian Dark-rumped Pterodroma phaeopygia sandwichensis Bird HI
99

FWS Code Common Name Scientific Name Taxon State Name

B04O Shearwater, Newell's Townsend's Puffinus auricularis newelli Bird HI

B04B Rail, Light-footed Clapper Rallus longirostris levipes Bird CA

B04A Rail, California Clapper Rallus longirostris obsoletus Bird CA

B00P Rail, Yuma Clapper Rallus longirostris yumanensis Bird AZ, CA, NV

B063 Rail, Guam Rallus owstoni Bird Guam

B00F Kite, Everglades Snail Rostrhamus sociabilis plumbeus Bird FL

B07N Tern, Interior (population) Least Sterna antillarum Bird

AL, AR, CO, IL, IN, IA, KS, 

KY, LA, MS, MO, MT, NE, 

NM, ND, OK, SD, TN, TX, 

WY

B03X Tern, California Least Sterna antillarum browni Bird CA

B07O Tern, Roseate Sterna dougallii dougallii Bird

CT, FL, GA, ME, MA, NJ, 

NY, NC, Puerto Rico, RI, SC, 

VA

B08B Owl, Northern Spotted Strix occidentalis caurina Bird CA, OR, WA, 

B074 Owl, Mexican Spotted Strix occidentalis lucida Bird AZ, CO, NM, TX, UT

B00O Prairie-chicken, Attwater's Greater Tympanuchus cupido attwateri Bird TX

B03G Warbler, Bachman's Vermivora bachmanii Bird AR, FL, GA, KY, SC

B07T Vireo, Black-capped Vireo atricapilla Bird OK, TX

B067 Vireo, Least Bell's Vireo bellii pusillus Bird CA

B064 White-eye, Bridled (Nossa) Zosterops conspicillatus conspicillatus Bird Guam

F01K Mussel, Cumberland Elktoe Alasmidonta atropurpurea Bivalve KY, TN

F029 Mussel, Dwarf Wedge Alasmidonta heterodon Bivalve CT, IA, MD, MA, NH, NJ, 

NY, NC, PA, VT, VA

F01J Elktoe, Appalachian Alasmidonta raveneliana Bivalve NC, TN

F032 Mussel, Fat Threeridge Amblema neislerii Bivalve FL, GA

F00U Rock-pocketbook, Ouachita (=Wheeler's pm) Arkansia wheeleri Bivalve AR, OK

F00X Spectaclecase mussel Cumberlandia monodonta Bivalve AL, AR, IL, IA, KS, MN, 

MO, TN, VA, WI

F02H Fanshell Cyprogenia stegaria Bivalve AL, IL, IN, KY, OH, TN, VA, 

West VA

F00K Pearlymussel, Dromedary Dromus dromas Bivalve KY, TN, VA

F03O Slabshell, Chipola Elliptio chipolaensis Bivalve FL

F026 Spinymussel, Altamaha Elliptio spinosa Bivalve GA

F015 Spinymussel, Tar River Elliptio steinstansana Bivalve NC

F02E Bankclimber, Purple Elliptoideus sloatianus Bivalve AL, FL, GA

F01F Mussel, Cumberland Combshell Epioblasma brevidens Bivalve AL, KY, MS, TN, VA
100

FWS Code Common Name Scientific Name Taxon State Name

F01T Mussel, Oyster Epioblasma capsaeformis Bivalve KY, TN, VA

F00J Pearlymussel, Curtis' Epioblasma florentina curtisii Bivalve AR, MO

F005 Pearlymussel, Yellow-blossom Epioblasma florentina florentina Bivalve KY, TN

F010 Riffleshell, Tan Epioblasma florentina walkeri (=E. walkeri) Bivalve KY, NC, TN, VA

F02F Combshell, Upland Epioblasma metastriata Bivalve AL, GA, TN

F006 Pearlymussel, Purple Cat's Paw Epioblasma obliquata obliquata Bivalve KY, OH, TN

F007 Pearlymussel, White Cat's Paw Epioblasma obliquata perobliqua Bivalve IN, OH

F02D Mussel, Acornshell Southern Epioblasma othcaloogensis Bivalve AL, GA

F012 Combshell, Southern (=Penitent mussel) Epioblasma penita Bivalve AL, MS

F002 Pearlymussel, Green-blossom Epioblasma torulosa gubernaculum Bivalve TN, VA

F02Z Riffleshell, Northern Epioblasma torulosa rangiana Bivalve IN, KY, MI, OH, PA, West 

VA

F003 Pearlymussel, Tubercled-blossom Epioblasma torulosa torulosa Bivalve KY, TN, West VA

F03J Mussel, snuffbox Epioblasma triquetra Bivalve

AL, AR, IL, IN, KY, MI, MN, 

MS, MO, OH, PA, TN, VA, 

West VA, WI

F004 Pearlymussel, Turgid-blossom Epioblasma turgidula Bivalve AL, AR, TN

F03W Tapered Pigtoe Fusconaia burkei Bivalve AL, FL

F00Q Mussel, Shiny Pigtoe Fusconaia cor Bivalve AL, TN, VA

F00O Mussel, Fine-rayed Pigtoe Fusconaia cuneolus Bivalve AL, TN, VA

F02T Narrow Pigtoe Fusconaia escambia Bivalve AL, FL

F02G Round Ebonyshell Fusconaia rotulata Bivalve AL, FL

F030 Southern Sandshell Hamiota australis Bivalve AL, FL

F01X Pearlymussel, Cracking Hemistena lata Bivalve AL, KY, TN, VA

F00G Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel) Lampsilis abrupta Bivalve AL, AR, IL, IN, KY, LA, 

MO, OH, TN, VA, West VA

F02X Mussel, Fine-lined Pocketbook Lampsilis altilis Bivalve AL, GA, TN

F009 Pearlymussel, Higgins' Eye Lampsilis higginsii Bivalve IL, IA, MN, MO, SD, WI

F01S Mucket, Orange-nacre Lampsilis perovalis Bivalve AL, MS

F02I Fatmucket, AR Lampsilis powelli Bivalve AR

F020 Mussel, Speckled Pocketbook Lampsilis streckeri Bivalve AR

F02Y Mussel, Shiny-rayed Pocketbook Lampsilis subangulata Bivalve AL, FL, GA

F00A Pearlymussel, Alabama Lamp Lampsilis virescens Bivalve AL, TN

F02L Mussel, Heelsplitter Carolina Lasmigona decorata Bivalve NC, SC

F00I Pearlymussel, Birdwing Lemiox rimosus Bivalve TN, VA

F00W Mussel, Scaleshell Leptodea leptodon Bivalve AR, MO, OK, SD
101

FWS Code Common Name Scientific Name Taxon State Name

F02C Pearlshell, Louisianna Margaritifera hembeli Bivalve LA

F01W Alabama pearlshell Margaritifera marrianae Bivalve AL

F038 Mussel, Alabama Moccasinshell Medionidus acutissimus Bivalve AL, GA, MS, TN

F039 Mussel, Coosa Moccasinshell Medionidus parvulus Bivalve AL, GA, TN

F03M Mussel, Gulf Moccasinshell Medionidus penicillatus Bivalve AL, FL, GA

F03N Mussel, Ochlockonee Moccasinshell Medionidus simpsonianus Bivalve FL, GA

F00S Mussel, Ring Pink (=Golf Stick Pearly) Obovaria retusa Bivalve AL, KY, TN

F00L Pearlymussel, Little-wing Pegias fabula Bivalve KY, NC, TN, VA

F00M Pearlymussel, White Wartyback Plethobasus cicatricosus Bivalve AL, KY, TN

F00R Pearlymussel, Orange-footed Plethobasus cooperianus Bivalve AL, IL, KY, TN

F046 Sheepnose mussel Plethobasus cyphyus Bivalve AL, IL, IN, IA, KY, MN, MO, 

OH, PA, TN, VA, WI

F01D Mussel, Clubshell Pleurobema clava Bivalve IL, IN, KY, MI, NY, OH, PA, 

TN, West VA

F025 Spinymussel, James River Pleurobema collina Bivalve NC, VA, West VA

F011 Mussel, Black (=Curtus' Mussel) Clubshell Pleurobema curtum Bivalve MS

F036 Mussel, Southern Clubshell Pleurobema decisum Bivalve AL, GA, MS

F03A Mussel, Dark Pigtoe Pleurobema furvum Bivalve AL

F03B Mussel, Southern Pigtoe Pleurobema GAnum Bivalve AL, GA, TN

F033 Mussel, Cumberland Pigtoe Pleurobema gibberum Bivalve TN

F03Z Mussel, GA pigtoe Pleurobema hanleyianum Bivalve AL, GA, TN

F013 Mussel, Flat Pigtoe (=Marshall's Mussel) Pleurobema marshalli Bivalve AL

F035 Mussel, Ovate Clubshell Pleurobema perovatum Bivalve AL, GA, MS, TN

F00P Mussel, Rough Pigtoe Pleurobema plenum Bivalve AL, IN, KY, TN, VA

F02S Mussel, Oval Pigtoe Pleurobema pyriforme Bivalve AL, FL, GA

F03V fuzzy pigtoe Pleurobema strodeanum Bivalve AL, FL

F014 Mussel, Heavy Pigtoe (=Judge Tait's Mussel) Pleurobema taitianum Bivalve AL, MS

F00T Pearlymussel, Fat Pocketbook Potamilus capax Bivalve AR, IL, IN, KY, MS, MO

F01O Mussel, Heelsplitter Inflated Potamilus inflatus Bivalve AL, LA, MS

F037 Kidneyshell, Triangular Ptychobranchus greenii Bivalve AL, GA, TN

F02N Southern Kidneyshell Ptychobranchus jonesi Bivalve AL, FL

F00V Rabbitsfoot, Rough Quadrula cylindrica strigillata Bivalve TN, VA

F00C Mussel, Winged Mapleleaf Quadrula fragosa Bivalve AR, KY, MN, MO, OK, WI

F00E Pearlymussel, Cumberland Monkeyface Quadrula intermedia Bivalve AL, TN, VA

F00D Pearlymussel, Appalachian Monkeyface Quadrula sparsa Bivalve KY, TN, VA

F027 Stirrupshell Quadrula stapes Bivalve AL
102

FWS Code Common Name Scientific Name Taxon State Name

F00B Pearlymussel, Pale Lilliput Toxolasma cylindrellus Bivalve AL, TN

F01B Choctaw Bean Villosa choctawensis Bivalve AL, FL

F01A Rayed Bean Villosa fabalis Bivalve IN, MI, NY, OH, PA, VA

F001 Purple Bean Villosa perpurpurea Bivalve TN, VA

F000 Pearlymussel, Cumberland Bean Villosa trabalis Bivalve KY, NC, TN, VA

R005 Cypress, Santa Cruz Cupressus abramsiana Conf/cycds CA

R00A Cypress, Gowen Cupressus goveniana ssp. goveniana Conf/cycds CA

R006 Torreya, Florida Torreya taxifolia Conf/cycds FL, GA

P000 Coral, Staghorn Acropora cervicornis Coral FL, Puerto Rico

P001 Coral, Elkhorn Acropora palmata Coral FL, Puerto Rico

K008 Isopod, Madison Cave Antrolana lira Crustacean VA, West VA

K03D Fairy Shrimp, Conservancy Fairy Branchinecta conservatio Crustacean CA

K03E Fairy Shrimp, Longhorn Branchinecta longiantenna Crustacean CA

K03G Fairy Shrimp, Vernal Pool Branchinecta lynchi Crustacean CA, OR

K049 Fairy Shrimp, San Diego Branchinecta sandiegonensis Crustacean CA

K02J Crayfish, Cave (Cambarus aculabrum) Cambarus aculabrum Crustacean AR

K02H Crayfish, Cave (Cambarus zophonastes) Cambarus zophonastes Crustacean AR

K021 Amphipod, Illinois Cave Gammarus acherondytes Crustacean IL

K023 Amphipod, Noel's Gammarus desperatus Crustacean NM

K048 Tadpole Shrimp, Vernal Pool Lepidurus packardi Crustacean CA

K02C Isopod, Lee County Cave Lirceus usdagalun Crustacean VA

K01S Crayfish, Nashville Orconectes shoupi Crustacean TN

K01U Crayfish, Shasta Pacifastacus fortis Crustacean CA

K02F Shrimp, Squirrel Chimney Cave Palaemonetes cummingi Crustacean FL

K01V Shrimp, Alabama Cave Palaemonias Alabamae Crustacean AL

K01X Shrimp, Kentucky Cave Palaemonias ganteri Crustacean KY

K022 Amphipod, Kauai Cave Spelaeorchestia koloana Crustacean HI

K03F Fairy Shrimp, Riverside Streptocephalus woottoni Crustacean CA

K019 Amphipod, Peck's Cave Stygobromus (=Stygonectes) pecki Crustacean TX

K01W Shrimp, California Freshwater Syncaris pacifica Crustacean CA

K01Y Isopod, Socorro Thermosphaeroma thermophilus Crustacean NM

Q24E Sand-verbena, Large-fruited Abronia macrocarpa Dicot TX

Q1SK Ko'oloa'ula (Abutilon menziesii) Abutilon menziesii Dicot HI

Q1SL Abutilon sandwicense (ncn) Abutilon sandwicense Dicot HI

Q1SM Liliwai (Acaena exigua) Acaena exigua Dicot HI

Q00E Thornmint, San Diego Acanthomintha ilicifolia Dicot CA
103

FWS Code Common Name Scientific Name Taxon State Name

Q24H Thornmint, San Mateo Acanthomintha obovata ssp. duttonii Dicot CA

Q00G Achyranthes mutica (ncn) Achyranthes mutica Dicot HI

Q24I Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata (ncn) Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata Dicot HI

Q1SN Monkshood, Northern Wild Aconitum noveboracense Dicot IA, NY, OH, WI

Q24J Joint-vetch, Sensitive Aeschynomene virginica Dicot MD, NJ, NC, VA

Q24K Gerardia, Sandplain Agalinis acuta Dicot CT, MD, MA, NY, RI

Q1SO Mahoe (Alectryon macrococcus) Alectryon macrococcus Dicot HI

Q2YL Kuawawaenohu (Alsinidendron lychnoides) Alsinidendron lychnoides Dicot HI

Q1SQ Alsinidendron obovatum (ncn) Alsinidendron obovatum Dicot HI

Q1SR Alsinidendron trinerve (ncn) Alsinidendron trinerve Dicot HI

Q2X3 Alsinidendron viscosum (ncn) Alsinidendron viscosum Dicot HI

Q2MZ Amaranth, Seabeach Amaranthus pumilus Dicot DE, MD, NJ, NY, NC, SC, 

VA

Q1SS Ambrosia, South Texas Ambrosia cheiranthifolia Dicot TX

Q01H Ambrosia, San Diego Ambrosia pumila Dicot CA

Q2RI Lead-plant, Crenulate Amorpha crenulata Dicot FL

Q1ST Amphianthus, Little Amphianthus pusillus Dicot AL, GA, SC

Q1SU Fiddleneck, Large-flowered Amsinckia grandiflora Dicot CA

Q24Z Blue-star, Kearney's Amsonia kearneyana Dicot AZ

Q1SV Cactus, Tobusch Fishhook Ancistrocactus tobuschii Dicot TX

Q1SW Potato-bean, Price's Apios priceana Dicot AL, IL, KY, MS, TN

Q02U Rock-cress, Hoffmann's Arabis hoffmannii Dicot CA

Q1SX Rock-cress, McDonald's Arabis mcdonaldiana Dicot CA, OR

Q1SYb Rock-cress, Braun's Arabis perstellata E. L. Braun var. ampla 

Rollins Dicot TN

Q1SYs Rock-cress, Small Arabis perstellata E. L. Braun var. perstellata 

Fernald Dicot KY

Q2XA Rock-cress, Shale Barren Arabis serotina Dicot VA, West VA

Q1SZ Bearclaw poppy, Dwarf Arctomecon humilis Dicot UT

Q037 Manzanita, Santa Rosa Island Arctostaphylos confertiflora Dicot CA

Q25C San Francisco manzanita Arctostaphylos franciscana Dicot CA

Q036 Manzanita, Del Mar Arctostaphylos glandulosa ssp. crassifolia Dicot CA

Q259 Manzanita, Morro Arctostaphylos morroensis Dicot CA

Q03G Manzanita, Ione Arctostaphylos myrtifolia Dicot CA

Q03I Manzanita, Pallid Arctostaphylos pallida Dicot CA

Q25F Sandwort, Cumberland Arenaria cumberlandensis Dicot KY, TN
104

FWS Code Common Name Scientific Name Taxon State Name

Q25H Sandwort, Marsh Arenaria paludicola Dicot CA, WA

Q03Z Sandwort, Bear Valley Arenaria ursina Dicot CA

Q1T1 Poppy, Sacramento Prickly Argemone pleiacantha ssp. pinnatisecta Dicot NM

Q1T2 Silversword, Ka'u (Argyroxiphium kauense) Argyroxiphium kauense Dicot HI

Q1T3 Silversword, Haleakala ('Ahinahina) Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. 

macrocephalum Dicot HI

Q25I Silversword, Mauna Kea ('Ahinahina) Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. 

sandwicense Dicot HI

Q1T6 Milkweed, Mead's Asclepias meadii Dicot IL, IN, IA, KS, MO, WI

Q25M Milkweed, Welsh's Asclepias welshii Dicot AZ, UT

Q1T7 Pawpaw, Four-petal Asimina tetramera Dicot FL

Q2Z7 Milk-vetch, Cushenbury Astragalus albens Dicot CA

Q2ZA Milk-vetch, Shivwits Astragalus ampullarioides Dicot UT

Q25T Milk-vetch, Applegate's Astragalus applegatei Dicot CA, OR

Q2Z8 Ground-plum, Guthrie's Astragalus bibullatus Dicot TN

Q05E Milk-vetch, Braunton's Astragalus brauntonii Dicot CA

Q05J Milk-vetch, Clara Hunt's Astragalus clarianus Dicot CA

Q1T8 Milk-vetch, Sentry Astragalus cremnophylax var. cremnophylax Dicot AZ

Q05R Milk-vetch, Deseret Astragalus desereticus Dicot UT

Q2NC Milk-vetch, Holmgren Astragalus holmgreniorum Dicot AZ, UT

Q1T9 Milk-vetch, Mancos Astragalus humillimus Dicot CO, NM

Q064 Milk-vetch, Lane Mountain Astragalus jaegerianus Dicot CA

Q25Y Milk-vetch, Coachella Valley Astragalus lentiginosus var. coachellae Dicot CA

Q25Z Milk-vetch, Fish Slough Astragalus lentiginosus var. piscinensis Dicot CA

Q2ND Milk-vetch, Pierson's Astragalus magdalenae var. peirsonii Dicot CA

Q260 Milk-vetch, Heliotrope Astragalus montii Dicot UT

Q1TA Milk-vetch, Osterhout Astragalus osterhoutii Dicot CO

Q1TB Milk-vetch, Ash Meadows Astragalus phoenix Dicot NV

Q076 Milk-vetch, Ventura Marsh Astragalus pycnostachyus var. lanosissimus Dicot CA

Q1TC Milk-vetch, Jesup's Astragalus robbinsii var. jesupi Dicot NH, VT

Q07J Milk-vetch, Coastal Dunes Astragalus tener var. titi Dicot CA

Q2ZO Milk-vetch, Triple-ribbed Astragalus tricarinatus Dicot CA

Q07V Cactus, Star Astrophytum asterias Dicot TX

Q2ZR Crownscale, San Jacinto Valley Atriplex coronata var. notatior Dicot CA

Q2ZU Auerodendron pauciflorum (ncn) Auerodendron pauciflorum Dicot Puerto Rico

Q2XW Ayenia, Texas Ayenia limitaris Dicot TX
105

FWS Code Common Name Scientific Name Taxon State Name

Q264 Baccharis, Encinitas Baccharis vanessae Dicot CA

Q266 Palo de Ramon Banara vanderbiltii Dicot Puerto Rico

Q1TD Rattleweed, Hairy Baptisia arachnifera Dicot GA

Q08G Barberry, Nevin's Berberis nevinii Dicot CA

Q08H Barberry, Island Berberis pinnata ssp. insularis Dicot CA

Q1TG Birch, Virginia Round-leaf Betula uber Dicot VA

Q3HE ko`oko`olau Bidens amplectens Dicot HI

Q1TK Ko'oko'olau (Bidens micrantha ssp. 

kalealaha) Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha Dicot HI

Q1TO Stickyseed, Baker's Blennosperma bakeri Dicot CA

Q26A Aster, Decurrent False Boltonia decurrens Dicot IL, MO

Q26B Bonamia, Florida Bonamia grandiflora Dicot FL

Q1TQ Bonamia menziesii (ncn) Bonamia menziesii Dicot HI

Q1TR 'Olulu (Brighamia insignis) Brighamia insignis Dicot HI

Q1TS Pua'ala (Brighamia rockii) Brighamia rockii Dicot HI

Q26G Boxwood, Vahl's Buxus vahlii Dicot Puerto Rico

Q09U Uhiuhi (Caesalpinia kavaiensis) Caesalpinia kavaiense Dicot HI

Q1TT Poppy-mallow, Texas Callirhoe scabriuscula Dicot TX

Q0AS Pussypaws, Mariposa Calyptridium pulchellum Dicot CA

Q0AU Morning-glory, Stebbins Calystegia stebbinsii Dicot CA

Q26O Evening-primrose, San Benito Camissonia benitensis Dicot CA

Q1TV Bellflower, Brooksville Campanula robinsiae Dicot FL

Q1TY awikiwiki Canavalia napaliensis Dicot HI

Q1U0 Bittercress, Small-anthered Cardamine micranthera Dicot NC, VA

Q26R Paintbrush, Tiburon Castilleja affinis ssp. neglecta Dicot CA

Q0CG Clover, Fleshy Owl's Castilleja campestris ssp. succulenta Dicot CA

Q0CL Paintbrush, Ash-grey Indian Castilleja cinerea Dicot CA

Q1U2 Paintbrush, San Clemente Island Indian Castilleja grisea Dicot CA

Q26U Paintbrush, Golden Castilleja levisecta Dicot OR, WA

Q0D1 Paintbrush, Soft-leaved Castilleja mollis Dicot CA

Q30M Catesbaea Melanocarpa (ncn) Catesbaea melanocarpa Dicot Puerto Rico

Q2Y8 Jewelflower, California Caulanthus californicus Dicot CA

Q1U3 Ceanothus, Coyote Ceanothus ferrisae Dicot CA

Q3AH Ceanothus, Vail Lake Ceanothus ophiochilus Dicot CA

Q0DK Ceanothus, Pine Hill Ceanothus roderickii Dicot CA

Q1U5 Centaury, Spring-loving Centaurium namophilum Dicot CA, NV
106

FWS Code Common Name Scientific Name Taxon State Name

Q30Q 'Awiwi (Centaurium sebaeoides) Centaurium sebaeoides Dicot HI

Q0DQ Mountain-mahogany, Catalina Island Cercocarpus traskiae Dicot CA

Q1U6 Prickly-apple, Fragrant Cereus eriophorus var. fragrans Dicot FL

Q26W Chamaecrista glandulosa (ncn) Chamaecrista glandulosa var. mirabilis Dicot Puerto Rico

Q1U7 'Akoko (Chamaesyce celastroides var. 

kaenana) Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana Dicot HI

Q26X Spurge, Deltoid Chamaesyce deltoidea ssp. deltoidea Dicot FL

Q1U8 'Akoko (Chamaesyce deppeana) Chamaesyce deppeana Dicot HI

Q3HH 'akoko Chamaesyce eleanoriae Dicot HI

Q1U9 Spurge, Garber's Chamaesyce garberi Dicot FL

Q1UA Chamaesyce Halemanui (ncn) Chamaesyce halemanui Dicot HI

Q3GN 'Akoko (Chamaesyce herbstii) Chamaesyce herbstii Dicot HI

Q0E9 Spurge, Hoover's Chamaesyce hooveri Dicot CA

Q30T 'Akoko (Chamaesyce kuwaleana) Chamaesyce kuwaleana Dicot HI

Q1UC Akoko Chamaesyce remyi var. kauaiensis Dicot HI

Q3GO 'Akoko (Chamaesyce rockii) Chamaesyce rockii Dicot HI

Q1UE 'Akoko (Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. 

skottsbe Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. kalaeloana Dicot HI

Q0EF Papala Charpentiera densiflora Dicot HI

Q26Y Fringe Tree, Pygmy Chionanthus pygmaeus Dicot FL

Q270 Spineflower, Howell's Chorizanthe howellii Dicot CA

Q0EY Spineflower, Orcutt's Chorizanthe orcuttiana Dicot CA

Q30Y Spineflower, Ben Lomond Chorizanthe pungens var. hartwegiana Dicot CA

Q271 Spineflower, Monterey Chorizanthe pungens var. pungens Dicot CA

Q3A9r Spineflower, Robust Chorizanthe robusta va r. robusta Dicot CA

Q3A9s Spineflower, Scotts Valley Chorizanthe robusta var. hartwegii Dicot CA

Q1UF Spineflower, Sonoma Chorizanthe valida Dicot CA

Q272 Aster, Florida Golden Chrysopsis Floridana Dicot FL

Q1UH Thistle, Fountain Cirsium fontinale var. fontinale Dicot CA

Q1UG Thistle, Chorro creek Bog Cirsium fontinale var. obispoense Dicot CA

Q0FC Thistle, Suisun Cirsium hydrophilum var. hydrophilum Dicot CA

Q0FE Thistle, La Graciosa Cirsium loncholepis Dicot CA

Q276 Thistle, Pitcher's Cirsium pitcheri Dicot IL, IN, MI, WI

Q277 Thistle, Sacramento Mountains Cirsium vinaceum Dicot NM

Q1UI Clarkia, Presidio Clarkia franciscana Dicot CA

Q0FO Clarkia, Vine Hill Clarkia imbricata Dicot CA
107

FWS Code Common Name Scientific Name Taxon State Name

Q1UJ Clarkia, Pismo Clarkia speciosa ssp. immaculata Dicot CA

Q2O6 Clarkia, Springville Clarkia springvillensis Dicot CA

Q315 Leather-flower, Morefield's Clematis morefieldii Dicot AL

Q2SM Leather-flower, Alabama Clematis socialis Dicot AL, GA

Q0G6 'Oha Wai (Clermontia drepanomorpha) Clermontia drepanomorpha Dicot HI

Q1UL 'Oha Wai (Clermontia lindseyana) Clermontia lindseyana Dicot HI

Q318 'Oha Wai (Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. 

mauiensis) Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis Dicot HI

Q1UM 'Oha Wai (Clermontia peleana) Clermontia peleana Dicot HI

Q1UN 'Oha Wai (Clermontia pyrularia) Clermontia pyrularia Dicot HI

Q3H1 'Oha Wai (Clermontia samuelii) Clermontia samuelii Dicot HI

Q27C Wings, Pigeon Clitoria fragrans Dicot FL

Q1UO Kauila (Colubrina oppositifolia) Colubrina oppositifolia Dicot HI

Q1UP Rosemary, Short-leaved Conradina brevifolia Dicot FL

Q3AG Rosemary, Etonia Conradina etonia Dicot FL

Q1UQ Rosemary, Apalachicola Conradina glabra Dicot FL

Q1UR Rosemary, Cumberland Conradina verticillata Dicot KY, TN

Q27F Cordia bellonis (ncn) Cordia bellonis Dicot Puerto Rico

Q1US Bird's-beak, salt marsh Cordylanthus maritimus ssp. maritimus Dicot CA

Q0GT Bird's-beak, Soft Cordylanthus mollis ssp. mollis Dicot CA

Q1UT Bird's-beak, Palmate-bracted Cordylanthus palmatus Dicot CA

Q2O8 Bird's-beak, Pennell's Cordylanthus tenuis ssp. capillaris Dicot CA

Q27I Palo de Nigua Cornutia obovata Dicot Puerto Rico

Q1UU Cactus, Nellie Cory Coryphantha minima Dicot TX

Q1UV Cactus, Bunched Cory Coryphantha ramillosa Dicot TX

Q27L Cactus, Cochise Pincushion Coryphantha robbinsorum Dicot AZ

Q27M Cactus, Pima Pineapple Coryphantha scheeri var. robustispina Dicot AZ

Q1UW Cactus, Lee Pincushion Coryphantha sneedii var. leei Dicot NM

Q1UX Cactus, Sneed Pincushion Coryphantha sneedii var. sneedii Dicot NM, TX

Q31F Harebells, Avon Park Crotalaria avonensis Dicot FL

Q27U Cat's-eye, Terlingua Creek Cryptantha crassipes Dicot TX

Q280 Gourd, Okeechobee Cucurbita okeechobeensis ssp. okeechobeensis Dicot FL

Q1V1 Haha (Cyanea Crispa) (=Rollandia crispa) Cyanea (=Rollandia) crispa Dicot HI

Q3GJ Haha (Cyanea acuminata) Cyanea acuminata Dicot HI

Q31J Haha (Cyanea asarifolia) Cyanea asarifolia Dicot HI

Q1LP Haha Cyanea calycina Dicot HI
108

FWS Code Common Name Scientific Name Taxon State Name

Q31K Haha (Cyanea copelandii ssp. copelandii) Cyanea copelandii ssp. copelandii Dicot HI

Q3GV Haha (Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis) Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis Dicot HI

Q3Mississippi Haha Cyanea dolichopoda Dicot HI

Q3HA haha Cyanea eleeleensis Dicot HI

Q31M Haha (Cyanea glabra) Cyanea glabra Dicot HI

Q1V2 Haha (Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana) Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana Dicot HI

Q2SR Haha (Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae) Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae Dicot HI

Q2SS Haha (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii) Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. Carlsonii Dicot HI

Q3GW Haha (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora) Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora Dicot HI

Q0IN Haha (Cyanea humboldtiana) Cyanea humboldtiana Dicot HI

Q3MT (ncn) Cyanea kolekoleensis Dicot HI

Q3GP Haha (Cyanea koolauensis) Cyanea koolauensis Dicot HI

Q3H2 Haha Cyanea kuhihewa Dicot HI

Q0IP Haha Cyanea lanceolata Dicot HI

Q2ST Haha (Cyanea lobata) Cyanea lobata Dicot HI

Q3GQ Haha (Cyanea longiflora) Cyanea longiflora Dicot HI

Q1V3 Haha (Cyanea mceldowneyi) Cyanea mceldowneyi Dicot HI

Q284 Haha (Cyanea pinnatifida) Cyanea pinnatifida Dicot HI

Q285 Haha (Cyanea platyphylla) Cyanea platyphylla Dicot HI

Q1LR haha Cyanea purpurellifolia Dicot HI

Q31V Haha (Cyanea recta) Cyanea recta Dicot HI

Q3GK Haha (Cyanea remyi) Cyanea remyi Dicot HI

Q1V4 Haha (Cyanea shipmanii) Cyanea shipmannii Dicot HI

Q286 Haha (Cyanea stictophylla) Cyanea stictophylla Dicot HI

Q1V5 Haha (Cyanea St-Johnii) (=Rollandia StJohnii) Cyanea st-johnii Dicot HI

Q1V6 Haha (Cyanea superba) Cyanea superba Dicot HI

Q31W Haha (Cyanea truncata) Cyanea truncata Dicot HI

Q31X Cyanea undulata (ncn) Cyanea undulata Dicot HI

Q1V7 Cycladenia, Jones Cycladenia jonesii (=humilis) Dicot AZ, UT

Q28B Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra crenata) Cyrtandra crenata Dicot HI

Q322 Mapele (Cyrtandra cyaneoides) Cyrtandra cyaneoides Dicot HI

Q0JV Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra dentata) Cyrtandra dentata Dicot HI

Q28C Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra giffardii) Cyrtandra giffardii Dicot HI

Q28D haiwale Cyrtandra gracilis Dicot HI

Q0KJ ha`iwale Cyrtandra kaulantha Dicot HI
109

FWS Code Common Name Scientific Name Taxon State Name

Q326 Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra limahuliensis) Cyrtandra limahuliensis Dicot HI

Q28I Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra munroi) Cyrtandra munroi Dicot HI

Q0KX Ha'iwale (Cyrtandra oenobarba) Cyrtandra oenobarba Dicot HI

Q3MU haiwale Cyrtandra paliku Dicot HI

Q1V8 Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra polyantha) Cyrtandra polyantha Dicot HI

Q32B ha`iwale Cyrtandra sessilis Dicot HI

Q1V9 Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra subumbellata) Cyrtandra subumbellata Dicot HI

Q32C Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra tintinnabula) Cyrtandra tintinnabula Dicot HI

Q32D Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra viridiflora) Cyrtandra viridiflora Dicot HI

Q0LK haiwale Cyrtandra waiolani Dicot HI

Q28M Clover, Leafy Prairie Dalea foliosa Dicot AL, IL, TN

Q28N Daphnopsis hellerana (ncn) Daphnopsis hellerana Dicot Puerto Rico

Q28O Pawpaw, Beautiful Deeringothamnus pulchellus Dicot FL

Q28P Pawpaw, Rugel's Deeringothamnus rugelii Dicot FL

Q0YQ Tarplant, Otay Deinandra (=Hemizonia) conjugens Dicot CA

Q340 Tarplant, Gaviota Deinandra increscens ssp. villosa Dicot CA

Q1Virginia Delissea rhytodisperma (ncn) Delissea rhytidosperma Dicot HI

Q0LV 'Oha (Delissea rivularis) Delissea rivularis Dicot HI

Q1VB 'Oha (Delissea subcordata) Delissea subcordata Dicot HI

Q0LX 'Oha (Delissea undulata) Delissea undulata Dicot HI

Q0LZ Larkspur, Baker's Delphinium bakeri Dicot CA

Q0M2 Larkspur, Yellow Delphinium luteum Dicot CA

Q1VC Larkspur, San Clemente Island Delphinium variegatum ssp. kinkiense Dicot CA

Q2RL Mint, Garrett's Dicerandra christmanii Dicot FL

Q2OH Mint, Longspurred Dicerandra cornutissima Dicot FL

Q1VE Mint, Scrub Dicerandra frutescens Dicot FL

Q1VF Mint, Lakela's Dicerandra immaculata Dicot FL

Q2T6 Spineflower, Slender-horned Dodecahema leptoceras Dicot CA

Q2T8 Na'ena'e (Dubautia herbstobatae) Dubautia herbstobatae Dicot HI

Q32N na`ena`e Dubautia imbricata imbricata Dicot HI

Q3MV Naenae Dubautia kalalauensis Dicot HI

Q3MW Naenae Dubautia kenwoodii Dicot HI

Q1VK Dubautia latifolia (ncn) Dubautia latifolia Dicot HI

Q32P Dubautia pauciflorula (ncn) Dubautia pauciflorula Dicot HI

Q3H3 na`ena`e Dubautia plantaginea magnifolia Dicot HI

Q32Q Na'ena'e (Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis) Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis Dicot HI
110

FWS Code Common Name Scientific Name Taxon State Name

Q0O6 Na`ena`e Dubautia waialealae Dicot HI

Q0O7 Dudleya, Conejo Dudleya abramsii ssp. parva Dicot CA

Q0OC Dudleya, Marcescent Dudleya cymosa ssp. marcescens Dicot CA

Q3AK Dudleya, Santa Monica Mountains Dudleya cymosa ssp. ovatifolia Dicot CA

Q0OF Dudleya, Santa Cruz Island Dudleya nesiotica Dicot CA

Q32V Dudleya, Santa Clara Valley Dudleya setchellii Dicot CA

Q0OH Liveforever, Laguna Beach Dudleya stolonifera Dicot CA

Q1VT Liveforever, Santa Barbara Island Dudleya traskiae Dicot CA

Q2OM Dudleya, Verity's Dudleya verityi Dicot CA

Q293 Coneflower, Smooth Echinacea laevigata Dicot GA, NC, SC, VA

Q1VV Cactus, Nichol's Turk's Head Echinocactus horizonthalonius var. nicholii Dicot AZ

Q294 Cactus, Chisos Mountain Hedgehog Echinocereus chisoensis var. chisoensis Dicot TX

Q1VW Cactus, Kuenzler Hedgehog Echinocereus fendleri var. kuenzleri Dicot NM

Q1VY Cactus, Black Lace Echinocereus reichenbachii var. albertii Dicot TX

Q1VZ Cactus, AZ Hedgehog Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. arizonicus Dicot AZ

Q1W0 Pitaya, Davis' Green Echinocereus viridiflorus var. davisii Dicot TX

Q1W2 Cactus, Lloyd's Mariposa Echinomastus mariposensis Dicot TX

E007 Poolfish, Pahrump (= Pahrump Killifish) Empetrichthys latos Dicot NV

Q297 Sunray, Ash Meadows Enceliopsis nudicaulis var. corrugata Dicot NV

Q2TD Mallow, Kern Eremalche kernensis Dicot CA

Q29A Woolly-star, Santa Ana River Eriastrum densifolium ssp. sanctorum Dicot CA

Q2TF Daisy, Willamette Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens Dicot OR

Q29D Daisy, Parish's Erigeron parishii Dicot CA

Q1W4 Fleabane, Zuni Erigeron rhizomatus Dicot AZ, NM

Q1W5 Mountainbalm, Indian Knob Eriodictyon altissimum Dicot CA

Q0QR Yerba Santa, Lompoc Eriodictyon capitatum Dicot CA

Q0QW Buckwheat, Ione (incl. Irish Hill) Eriogonum apricum (incl. var. prostratum) Dicot CA

Q3HN Buckwheat, Umtanum Desert Eriogonum codium Dicot WA

Q1W7 Wild-buckwheat, Gypsum Eriogonum gypsophilum Dicot NM

Q0S7 Buckwheat, Southern Mountain Wild Eriogonum kennedyi var. austromontanum Dicot CA

Q29N Buckwheat, Scrub Eriogonum longifolium var. gnaphalifolium Dicot FL

Q1W8 Buckwheat, Cushenbury Eriogonum ovalifolium var. vineum Dicot CA

Q2OR Buckwheat, Steamboat Eriogonum ovalifolium var. williamsiae Dicot NV

Q29P Wild-buckwheat, Clay-loving Eriogonum pelinophilum Dicot CO

Q2TK Sunflower, San Mateo Woolly Eriophyllum latilobum Dicot CA

Q1W9 Button-celery, San Diego Eryngium aristulatum var. parishii Dicot CA
111

FWS Code Common Name Scientific Name Taxon State Name

Q29S Coyote-thistle, Loch Lomond Eryngium constancei Dicot CA

Q29T Snakeroot Eryngium cuneifolium Dicot FL

Q1WA Wallflower, Contra Costa Erysimum capitatum var. angustatum Dicot CA

Q29W Wallflower, Menzie's Erysimum menziesii Dicot CA

Q29X Wallflower, Ben Lomond Erysimum teretifolium Dicot CA

Q2A2 Uvillo Eugenia haematocarpa Dicot Puerto Rico

Q33F Nioi (Eugenia koolauensis) Eugenia koolauensis Dicot HI

Q3D7 Eugenia Woodburyana Eugenia woodburyana Dicot Puerto Rico

Q0UD 'Akoko (Euphorbia haeleeleana) Euphorbia haeleeleana Dicot HI

Q2A5 Spurge, Telephus Euphorbia telephioides Dicot FL

Q1WG Mustard, Penland Alpine Fen Eutrema penlandii Dicot CO

Q2A6 Heau (Exocarpos luteolus) Exocarpos luteolus Dicot HI

Q33K Mehamehame (Flueggea neowawraea) Flueggea neowawraea Dicot HI

Q1WH Frankenia, Johnston's Frankenia johnstonii Dicot TX

Q0V1 Flannelbush, Pine Hill Fremontodendron californicum ssp. 

decumbens Dicot CA

Q2OZ Flannelbush, Mexican Fremontodendron mexicanum Dicot CA

Q2RJ Milkpea, Small's Galactia smallii Dicot FL

Q0VF Bedstraw, Island Galium buxifolium Dicot CA

Q0VG Bedstraw, El Dorado Galium californicum ssp. sierrae Dicot CA

Q1WJ Na'u (Gardenia brighamii) Gardenia brighamii Dicot HI

Q3GR Nanu (Gardenia mannii) Gardenia mannii Dicot HI

Q0VV Butterfly Plant, CO Gaura neomexicana var. coloradensis Dicot CO, NE, WY

Q1WK Fruit, Earth (=geocarpon) Geocarpon minimum Dicot AR, LA, MO, TX

Q1WL Geranium, Hawaiian Red-flowered Geranium arboreum Dicot HI

Q33O nohoanu Geranium kauaiense Dicot HI

Q2AI Nohoanu (Geranium multiflorum) Geranium multiflorum Dicot HI

Q1WM Avens, Spreading Geum radiatum Dicot NC, TN

Q2AJ Gilia, Monterey Gilia tenuiflora ssp. arenaria Dicot CA

Q0WC Gilia, Hoffmann's Slender-flowered Gilia tenuiflora ssp. hoffmannii Dicot CA

Q2Alabama Goetzea, Beautiful (Matabuey) Goetzea elegans Dicot Puerto Rico

Q1WP Gouania hillebrandii (ncn) Gouania hillebrandii Dicot HI

Q1WQ Gouania meyenii (ncn) Gouania meyenii Dicot HI

Q1WR Gouania vitifolia (ncn) Gouania vitifolia Dicot HI

Q2AM Gumplant, Ash Meadows Grindelia fraxino-pratensis Dicot CA, NV

Q0XA Stickseed, Showy Hackelia venusta Dicot WA
112

FWS Code Common Name Scientific Name Taxon State Name

Q1WW Haplostachys Haplostachya (ncn) Haplostachys haplostachya Dicot HI

Q2AX Chumbo, Higo Harrisia portoricensis Dicot Puerto Rico

Q24C Pennyroyal, Todsen's Hedeoma todsenii Dicot NM

Q1WY 'Awiwi (Hedyotis cookiana) Hedyotis cookiana Dicot HI

Q1WZ Kio'Ele (Hedyotis coriacea) Hedyotis coriacea Dicot HI

Q1X0 Hedyotis degeneri (ncn) Hedyotis degeneri Dicot HI

Q1X1 Pilo (Hedyotis mannii) Hedyotis mannii Dicot HI

Q1X2 Hedyotis parvula (ncn) Hedyotis parvula Dicot HI

Q2B3 Bluet, Roan Mountain Hedyotis purpurea var. MT Dicot NC, TN

Q1X5 Hedyotis St.-Johnii (ncn) Hedyotis st.-johnii Dicot HI

Q2P9 Sneezeweed, Virginia Helenium virginicum Dicot MO, VA

Q0YA Rush-rose, Island Helianthemum greenei Dicot CA

Q0YJ Sunflower, Pecos Helianthus paradoxus Dicot NM, TX

Q2B7 Sunflower, Schweinitz's Helianthus schweinitzii Dicot NC, SC, VA

Q1X6 Dwarf-flax, Marin Hesperolinon congestum Dicot CA

Q1X7 Hesperomannia arborescens (ncn) Hesperomannia arborescens Dicot HI

Q1X8 Hesperomannia arbuscula (ncn) Hesperomannia arbuscula Dicot HI

Q1X9 Hesperomannia lydgatei (ncn) Hesperomannia lydgatei Dicot HI

Q1XA Heartleaf, Dwarf-flowered Hexastylis naniflora Dicot NC, SC

Q1XB Hau Kuahiwi (Hibiscadelphus distans) Hibiscadelphus distans Dicot HI

Q0ZE Hau Kuahiwi (Hibiscadelphus giffardianus) Hibiscadelphus giffardianus Dicot HI

Q0ZF Hau Kuahiwi (Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis) Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis Dicot HI

Q3GL Hau Kauhiwi (Hibiscadelphus woodi) Hibiscadelphus woodii Dicot HI

Q1XE Ma'o Hau Hele (Hibiscus brackenridgei) Hibiscus brackenridgei Dicot HI

Q1XF Hibiscus, Clay's Hibiscus clayi Dicot HI

Q1XG Koki'o Ke'oke'o (Hibiscus waimeae ssp. 

hannerae) Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae Dicot HI

Q1XI Rush-pea, Slender Hoffmannseggia tenella Dicot TX

Q0ZL Tarplant, Santa Cruz Holocarpha macradenia Dicot CA

Q2RM Howellia, Water Howellia aquatilis Dicot CA, ID, MT, OR, WA

Q2U5 Heather, Mountain Golden Hudsonia MT Dicot NC

Q2U6 Daisy, Lakeside Hymenoxys herbacea Dicot IL, MI, OH

Q2RK Dawn-flower, Texas Prairie (=Texas

Bitterweed) Hymenoxys texana Dicot TX

Q1XJ Hypericum, Highlands Scrub Hypericum cumulicola Dicot FL

Q2BP Mallow, Peter's Mountain Iliamna corei Dicot VA
113

FWS Code Common Name Scientific Name Taxon State Name

Q2U7 Pagosa Skyrocket Ipomopsis polyantha Dicot CO

Q34D Ipomopsis, Holy Ghost Ipomopsis sancti-spiritus Dicot NM

Q2BU Aupaka (Isodendrion hosakae) Isodendrion hosakae Dicot HI

Q108 Aupaka (Isodendrion laurifolium) Isodendrion laurifolium Dicot HI

Q109 Aupaka (Isodendrion longifolium) Isodendrion longifolium Dicot HI

Q1XK Wahine Noho Kula (Isodendrion pyrifolium) Isodendrion pyrifolium Dicot HI

Q1XM Ivesia, Ash Meadows Ivesia kingii var. eremica Dicot NV

Q2BZ Jacquemontia, Beach Jacquemontia reclinata Dicot FL

Q1XO Water-willow, Cooley's Justicia cooleyi Dicot FL

Q3HP (ncn) Keysseria (=Lagenifera) erici Dicot HI

Q3HQ (ncn) Keysseria (=Lagenifera) helenae Dicot HI

Q1XQ Koki'o (Kokia drynarioides) Kokia drynarioides Dicot HI

Q1XR Koki'o (Kokia kauaiensis) Kokia kauaiensis Dicot HI

Q2C2 Kamakahala (Labordia cyrtandrae) Labordia cyrtandrae Dicot HI

Q34Q kamakahala Labordia helleri Dicot HI

Q2C3 Kamakahala (Labordia lydgatei) Labordia lydgatei Dicot HI

Q34R kamakahala Labordia pumila Dicot HI

Q3GM Kamakahala (Labordia tinifolia var. 

wahiawaen) Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis Dicot HI

Q1XU Goldfields, Burke's Lasthenia burkei Dicot CA

Q122 Goldfields, Contra Costa Lasthenia conjugens Dicot CA

Q34T Layia, Beach Layia carnosa Dicot CA

Q12Y 'Anaunau (Lepidium arbuscula) Lepidium arbuscula Dicot HI

Q1XV Ridge-cress (=Pepper-cress), Barneby Lepidium barnebyanum Dicot UT

Q34X Peppergrass, Slick Spot Lepidium papilliferum Dicot ID

Q2CB Clover, Prairie Bush Lespedeza leptostachya Dicot IL, IA, MN, WI

Q351 Bladderpod, Dudley Bluffs Lesquerella congesta Dicot CO

Q2CC Bladderpod, MO Lesquerella filiformis Dicot AR, MO

Q2CD Bladderpod, San Bernardino Mountains Lesquerella kingii ssp. bernardina Dicot CA

Q1XX Bladderpod, Lyrate Lesquerella lyrata Dicot AL

Q2PE Bladderpod, White Lesquerella pallida Dicot TX

Q13H Bladderpod, Spring Creek Lesquerella perforata Dicot TN

Q13L Bladderpod, Zapata Lesquerella thamnophila Dicot TX

Q1XY Bladderpod, Kodachrome Lesquerella tumulosa Dicot UT

Q3AI Lessingia, San Francisco Lessingia germanorum (=L.g. var. germanorum) Dicot CA

Q2CI Blazing Star, Heller's Liatris helleri Dicot NC
114

FWS Code Common Name Scientific Name Taxon State Name

Q1XZ Blazing Star, Scrub Liatris ohlingerae Dicot FL

Q2PK Umbel, Huachuca Water Lilaeopsis schaffneriana var. recurva Dicot AZ

Q2YE Meadowfoam, Butte County Limnanthes floccosa ssp. californica Dicot CA

Q2CL Meadowfoam, Large-flowered Woolly Limnanthes floccosa ssp. Grandiflora Dicot OR

Q1Y1 Meadowfoam, Sebastopol Limnanthes vinculans Dicot CA

Q2CO Pondberry Lindera melissifolia Dicot AL, AR, GA, MS, MO, NC, 

SC

Q1Y4 Nehe (Lipochaeta fauriei) Lipochaeta fauriei Dicot HI

Q2CS Nehe (Lipochaeta kamolensis) Lipochaeta kamolensis Dicot HI

Q1YC Nehe (Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla) Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla Dicot HI

Q2CY Nehe (Lipochaeta micrantha) Lipochaeta micrantha Dicot HI

Q2D0 Nehe (Lipochaeta tenuifolia) Lipochaeta tenuifolia Dicot HI

Q1YJ Lipochaeta venosa (ncn) Lipochaeta venosa Dicot HI

Q2D1 Nehe (Lipochaeta waimeaensis) Lipochaeta waimeaensis Dicot HI

Q14U Woodland-star, San Clemente Island Lithophragma maximum Dicot CA

Q14Y 'Oha (Lobelia gaudichaudii koolauensis) Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis Dicot HI

Q2D2 Lobelia monostachya (ncn) Lobelia monostachya Dicot HI

Q1YK Lobelia niihauensis (ncn) Lobelia niihauensis Dicot HI

Q1YL Lobelia oahuensis (ncn) Lobelia oahuensis Dicot HI

Q1YN Lomatium, Bradshaw's Lomatium bradshawii Dicot OR, WA

Q356 Lomatium, Cook's Lomatium cookii Dicot OR

Q1YO Broom, San Clemente Island Lotus dendroideus ssp. traskiae Dicot CA

Q2PR Lupine, Scrub Lupinus aridorum Dicot FL

Q161 Lupine, Nipomo Mesa Lupinus nipomensis Dicot CA

Q35E Lupine, Kincaid's Lupinus sulphureus (=oreganus) ssp. 

kincaidii (=var. kincaidii) Dicot OR, WA

Q2DD Lupine, Clover Lupinus tidestromii Dicot CA

Q35F Lyonia truncata var. proctorii (ncn) Lyonia truncata var. proctorii Dicot Puerto Rico

Q2DF Loosestrife, Rough-leaved Lysimachia asperulaefolia Dicot NC, SC

Q35G lehua makanoe Lysimachia daphnoides Dicot HI

Q2DG Lysimachia filifolia (ncn) Lysimachia filifolia Dicot HI

Q3MX (ncn) Lysimachia iniki Dicot HI

Q35J Lysimachia lydgatei (ncn) Lysimachia lydgatei Dicot HI

Q3MY (ncn) Lysimachia pendens Dicot HI

Q3MZ (ncn) Lysimachia scopulensis Dicot HI

Q3H4 (ncn) Lysimachia venosa Dicot HI
115

FWS Code Common Name Scientific Name Taxon State Name

Q1YP Birds-in-a-nest, White Macbridea alba Dicot FL

Q1YR Bush-mallow, San Clemente Island Malacothamnus clementinus Dicot CA

Q16R Bush-mallow, Santa Cruz Island Malacothamnus fasciculatus var. nesioticus Dicot CA

Q35Q Malacothrix, Santa Cruz Island Malacothrix indecora Dicot CA

Q3EK Malacothrix, Island Malacothrix squalida Dicot CA

Q1YS Manioc, Walker's Manihot walkerae Dicot TX

Q1YT Barbara Buttons, Mohr's Marshallia mohrii Dicot AL, GA

Q35V Alani (Melicope adscendens) Melicope adscendens Dicot HI

Q1YU Alani (Melicope balloui) Melicope balloui Dicot HI

Q1YV alani Melicope christophersenii Dicot HI

Q1YX alani Melicope degeneri Dicot HI

Q1YY Alani (Melicope haupuensis) Melicope haupuensis Dicot HI

Q2DJ alani Melicope hiiakae Dicot HI

Q1YZ Alani (Melicope knudsenii) Melicope knudsenii Dicot HI

Q1Z0 Alani (Melicope lydgatei) Melicope lydgatei Dicot HI

Q1Z2 alani Melicope makahae Dicot HI

Q1Z3 Alani (Melicope mucronulata) Melicope mucronulata Dicot HI

Q1Z7 Alani (Melicope ovalis) Melicope ovalis Dicot HI

Q1Z8 Alani (Melicope pallida) Melicope pallida Dicot HI

Q1Z9 alani Melicope paniculata Dicot HI

Q35Y alani Melicope puberula Dicot HI

Q1ZA Alani (Melicope quadrangularis) Melicope quadrangularis Dicot HI

Q17M Alani (Melicope saint-johnii) Melicope saint-johnii Dicot HI

Q1ZC Alani (Melicope zahlbruckneri) Melicope zahlbruckneri Dicot HI

Q1ZD Blazing Star, Ash Meadows Mentzelia leucophylla Dicot NV

Q2DN Monkey-flower, Michigan Mimulus glabratus var. Michiganensis Dicot MI

Q1ZF Four-o'clock, Macfarlane's Mirabilis macfarlanei Dicot ID, OR

Q18M Monardella, Willowy Monardella linoides ssp. viminea Dicot CA

Q34W Woolly-threads, San Joaquin Monolopia (=Lembertia) congdonii Dicot CA

Q1ZG Munroidendron racemosum (ncn) Munroidendron racemosum Dicot HI

Q2Q6 Myrcia Paganii Myrcia paganii Dicot Puerto Rico

Q36D Kolea (Myrsine juddii) Myrsine juddii Dicot HI

Q3N0 Kolea Myrsine knudsenii Dicot HI

Q193 Kolea (Myrsine linearifolia) Myrsine linearifolia Dicot HI

Q2E5 kolea Myrsine mezii Dicot HI

Q2E7 Navarretia, Spreading Navarretia fossalis Dicot CA
116

FWS Code Common Name Scientific Name Taxon State Name

Q19A Navarretia, Few-flowered Navarretia leucocephala ssp. Pauciflora Dicot CA

Q19B Navarretia, Many-flowered Navarretia leucocephala ssp. plieantha Dicot CA

Q1ZH Neraudia angulata (ncn) Neraudia angulata Dicot HI

Q19L Neraudia ovata (ncn) Neraudia ovata Dicot HI

Q1ZI Neraudia sericea (ncn) Neraudia sericea Dicot HI

Q2E8 Niterwort, Amargosa Nitrophila mohavensis Dicot CA, NV

Q1ZJ 'Aiea (Nothocestrum breviflorum) Nothocestrum breviflorum Dicot HI

Q1ZK 'Aiea (Nothocestrum peltatum) Nothocestrum peltatum Dicot HI

Q1ZL Kulu'I (Nototrichium humile) Nototrichium humile Dicot HI

Q2UX Holei (Ochrosia kilaueaensis) Ochrosia kilaueaensis Dicot HI

Q1ZM Evening-primrose, Eureka Valley Oenothera avita ssp. eurekensis Dicot CA

Q1ZN Evening-primrose, Antioch Dunes Oenothera deltoides ssp. howellii Dicot CA

Q2YG Cactus, Bakersfield Opuntia treleasei Dicot CA

Q1AY Grass, Hairy Orcutt Orcuttia pilosa Dicot CA

Q1AZ Grass, Slender Orcutt Orcuttia tenuis Dicot CA

Q1ZQ Grass, Sacramento Orcutt Orcuttia viscida Dicot CA

Q2EK Palo de Rosa Ottoschulzia rhodoxylon Dicot Puerto Rico

Q2EL Dropwort, Canby's Oxypolis canbyi Dicot DE, GA, MD, NC, SC

Q36L Oxytheca, Cushenbury Oxytheca parishii var. goodmaniana Dicot CA

Q2EM Locoweed, Fassett's Oxytropis campestris var. chartacea Dicot WI

Q1ZV Whitlow-wort, Papery Paronychia chartacea Dicot FL

Q1C2 Stonecrop, Lake County Parvisedum leiocarpum Dicot CA

Q1ZW Lousewort, Furbish Pedicularis furbishiae Dicot ME

Q200 Cactus, Siler Pincushion Pediocactus (=Echinocactus,=UTia) sileri Dicot AZ, UT

Q1ZX Cactus, Brady Pincushion Pediocactus bradyi Dicot AZ

Q2QA Cactus, San Rafael Pediocactus despainii Dicot UT

Q1ZY Cactus, Knowlton Pediocactus knowltonii Dicot CO, NM

Q1ZZ Cactus, Peebles Navajo Pediocactus peeblesianus peeblesianus Dicot AZ

Q2QB Cactus, Winkler Pediocactus winkleri Dicot UT

Q36W Parachute Beardtongue Penstemon debilis Dicot CO

Q2EX Penstemon, Blowout Penstemon haydenii Dicot NE, WY

Q2YC Beardtongue, Penland Penstemon penlandii Dicot CO

Q2F3 Pentachaeta, White-rayed Pentachaeta bellidiflora Dicot CA

Q1EA Pentachaeta, Lyon's Pentachaeta lyonii Dicot CA

Q2F6 Peperomia, Wheeler's Peperomia wheeleri Dicot Puerto Rico

Q202 Makou (Peucedanum sandwicense) Peucedanum sandwicense Dicot HI
117

FWS Code Common Name Scientific Name Taxon State Name

Q203 Phacelia, Clay Phacelia argillacea Dicot UT

Q204 Phacelia, North Park Phacelia formosula Dicot CO

Q1FV Phacelia, Island Phacelia insularis ssp. insularis Dicot CA

Q1G6 DeBeque phacelia Phacelia submutica Dicot CO

Q1GG Phlox, Yreka Phlox hirsuta Dicot CA

Q205 Phlox, Texas Trailing Phlox nivalis ssp. texensis Dicot TX

Q1H1 Phyllostegia hirsuta (ncn) Phyllostegia hirsuta Dicot HI

Q3H5 (ncn) Phyllostegia hispida Dicot HI

Q3GS Phyllostegia kaalaensis (ncn) Phyllostegia kaalaensis Dicot HI

Q1H2 Phyllostegia knudsenii (ncn) Phyllostegia knudsenii Dicot HI

Q3AE Phyllostegia mannii (ncn) Phyllostegia mannii Dicot HI

Q2FT Phyllostegia mollis (ncn) Phyllostegia mollis Dicot HI

Q1H5 Phyllostegia parviflora (ncn) Phyllostegia parviflora Dicot HI

Q37A Kiponapona (Phyllostegia racemosa) Phyllostegia racemosa Dicot HI

Q3N1 (ncn) Phyllostegia renovans Dicot HI

Q37B Phyllostegia velutina (ncn) Phyllostegia velutina Dicot HI

Q378 Phyllostegia waimeae (ncn) Phyllostegia waimeae Dicot HI

Q37C Phyllostegia warshaueri (ncn) Phyllostegia warshaueri Dicot HI

Q37E Phyllostegia wawrana (ncn) Phyllostegia wawrana Dicot HI

Q3HR Bladderpod, White Bluffs Physaria douglasii subsp. Tuplashensis Dicot WA

Q2VH Twinpod, Dudley Bluffs Physaria obcordata Dicot CO

Q208 Cactus, Key Tree Pilosocereus robinii Dicot FL

Q2G0 Butterwort, Godfrey's Pinguicula ionantha Dicot FL

Q37I ho'awa Pittosporum napaliense Dicot HI

Q2QK Aster, Ruth's Golden Pityopsis ruthii Dicot TN

Q1HU Popcornflower, Rough Plagiobothrys hirtus Dicot OR

Q1HV Allocarya, Calistoga Plagiobothrys strictus Dicot CA

Q37S Laukahi Kuahiwi (Plantago hawaiensis) Plantago hawaiensis Dicot HI

Q20M Laukahi Kuahiwi (Plantago princeps) Plantago princeps Dicot HI

Q37U (ncn) Platydesma cornuta var. cornuta Dicot HI

Q37V (ncn) Platydesma cornuta var. decurrens Dicot HI

Q37W pilo kea lau li`i Platydesma rostrata Dicot HI

Q2GH Chupacallos Pleodendron macranthum Dicot Puerto Rico

Q20P Mint, San Diego Mesa Pogogyne abramsii Dicot CA

Q2GS Mint, Otay Mesa Pogogyne nudiuscula Dicot CA

Q20Q Polygala, Lewton's Polygala lewtonii Dicot FL
118

FWS Code Common Name Scientific Name Taxon State Name

Q2GW Polygala, Tiny Polygala smallii Dicot FL

Q20R Wireweed Polygonella basiramia Dicot FL

Q20S Sandlace Polygonella myriophylla Dicot FL

Q3HV Polygonum, Scott's Valley Polygonum hickmanii Dicot CA

Q20T Po'e (Portulaca sclerocarpa) Portulaca sclerocarpa Dicot HI

Q1J8 Potentilla, Hickman's Potentilla hickmanii Dicot CA

Q2H5 Primrose, Maguire Primula maguirei Dicot UT

Q20X Plum, Scrub Prunus geniculata Dicot FL

Q1K2 Golden Sunburst, Hartweg's Pseudobahia bahiifolia Dicot CA

Q1K3 Adobe Sunburst, San Joaquin Pseudobahia peirsonii Dicot CA

Q1KB kopiko Psychotria grandiflora Dicot HI

Q3H6 Oahu wild coffee Psychotria hexandra ssp. Oahuensis Dicot HI

Q38F kopiko Psychotria hobdyi Dicot HI

Q20Y Kaulu (Pteralyxia kauaiensis) Pteralyxia kauaiensis Dicot HI

Q1KE kaulu Pteralyxia macrocarpa Dicot HI

Q2H9 Harperella Ptilimnium nodosum Dicot AL, AR, GA, MD, NC, SC, 

VA, West VA

Q20Z Cliffrose, AZ Purshia (=cowania) subintegra Dicot AZ

Q211 Oak, Hinckley Quercus hinckleyi Dicot TX

Q212 Buttercup, Autumn Ranunculus aestivalis (=acriformis) Dicot UT

Q213 Remya kauaiensis (ncn) Remya kauaiensis Dicot HI

Q214 Remya, Maui Remya mauiensis Dicot HI

Q2YH Remya montgomeryi (ncn) Remya montgomeryi Dicot HI

Q215 Rhododendron, Chapman Rhododendron chapmanii Dicot FL

Q2HH Sumac, Michaux's Rhus michauxii Dicot GA, NC, SC, VA

Q217 Gooseberry, Miccosukee Ribes echinellum Dicot FL, SC

Q38L Watercress, Gambel's Rorippa gambellii Dicot CA

Q38R Sanicula mariversa (ncn) Sanicula mariversa Dicot HI

Q1MF Sanicula purpurea (ncn) Sanicula purpurea Dicot HI

Q2HX Sandalwood, Lanai (='Iliahi) Santalum freycinetianum var. lanaiense Dicot HI

Q21B Pitcher-plant, Green Sarracenia oreophila Dicot AL, GA, NC, TN

Q2HZ Pitcher-plant, Alabama Canebrake Sarracenia rubra alabamensis Dicot AL

Q2I0 Pitcher-plant, Mountain Sweet Sarracenia rubra ssp. jonesii Dicot NC, SC

Q21C Naupaka, Dwarf (Scaevola coriacea) Scaevola coriacea Dicot HI

Q21E Schiedea, Diamond Head (Schiedea 

adamantis) Schiedea adamantis Dicot HI
119

FWS Code Common Name Scientific Name Taxon State Name

Q2VV Ma'oli'oli (Schiedea apokremnos) Schiedea apokremnos Dicot HI

Q3H7 (ncn) Schiedea attenuata Dicot HI

Q2VW Schiedea haleakalensis (ncn) Schiedea haleakalensis Dicot HI

Q2VX Schiedea helleri (ncn) Schiedea helleri Dicot HI

Q1MV Schiedea hookeri (ncn) Schiedea hookeri Dicot HI

Q21F Schiedea kaalae (ncn) Schiedea kaalae Dicot HI

Q38U Schiedea kauaiensis (ncn) Schiedea kauaiensis Dicot HI

Q1MW Ma'oli'oli (Schiedea kealiae) Schiedea kealiae Dicot HI

Q1MY Schiedea membranacea (ncn) Schiedea membranacea Dicot HI

Q38V Schiedea nuttallii (ncn) Schiedea nuttallii Dicot HI

Q2W0 Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda (ncn) Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda Dicot HI

Q2W1 Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina (ncn) Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina Dicot HI

Q2W2 Laulihilihi (Schiedea stellarioides) Schiedea stellarioides Dicot HI

Q38X Reed-mustard, Clay Schoenocrambe argillacea Dicot UT

Q2QU Reed-mustard, Barneby Schoenocrambe barnebyi Dicot UT

Q1N9 Reed-mustard, Shrubby Schoenocrambe suffrutescens Dicot UT

Q2W3 Schoepfia arenaria (ncn) Schoepfia arenaria Dicot Puerto Rico

Q2I4 Chaffseed, American Schwalbea americana Dicot AL, CT, FL, GA, KY, LA, 

NJ, NC, SC, TN, VA

Q3KI Cactus, Pariette Sclerocactus brevispinus Dicot UT

Q21I Cactus, CO hookless Sclerocactus glaucus Dicot CO, UT

Q21J Cactus, Mesa Verde Sclerocactus mesae-verdae Dicot CO, NM

Q3N6 Cactus, Uinta Basin hookless Sclerocactus wetlandicus Dicot UT

Q21K Cactus, Wright Fishhook Sclerocactus wrightiae Dicot UT

Q2I9 Skullcap, Florida Scutellaria Floridana Dicot FL

Q2IA Skullcap, Large-flowered Scutellaria MT Dicot GA, TN

Q392 Roseroot, Leedy's Sedum integrifolium ssp. leedyi Dicot MN, NY

Q21L Groundsel, San Francisco Peaks Senecio franciscanus Dicot AZ

Q1O2 Butterweed, Layne's Senecio layneae Dicot CA

Q2QW Hayun Lagu (Tronkon Guafi) Serianthes nelsonii Dicot Guam

Q2IM 'Ohai (Sesbania tomentosa) Sesbania tomentosa Dicot HI

Q1OF Rock-cress, Santa Cruz Island Sibara filifolia Dicot CA

Q393 'Anunu (Sicyos alba) Sicyos alba Dicot HI

Q1OS Checker-mallow, Keck's Sidalcea keckii Dicot CA

Q21M Checker-mallow, Nelson's Sidalcea nelsoniana Dicot OR, WA

Q1OU Checker-mallow, Kenwood Marsh Sidalcea oregana ssp. valida Dicot CA
120

FWS Code Common Name Scientific Name Taxon State Name

Q1OT Checker-mallow, Wenatchee Mountains Sidalcea oregana var. calva Dicot WA

Q2IS Checker-mallow, Pedate Sidalcea pedata Dicot CA

Q2IX Silene Hawaiiensis (ncn) Silene Hawaiiensis Dicot HI

Q21O Silene lanceolata (ncn) Silene lanceolata Dicot HI

Q39A Silene perlmanii (ncn) Silene perlmanii Dicot HI

Q21P Campion, Fringed Silene polypetala Dicot FL, GA

Q1P9 Catchfly, Spalding's Silene spaldingii Dicot AR, ID, MT, OR, WA

Q2J3 Erubia Solanum drymophilum Dicot Puerto Rico

Q21Q Popolo Ku Mai (Solanum incompletum) Solanum incompletum Dicot HI

Q21S Popolo 'Aiakeakua (Solanum sandwicense) Solanum sandwicense Dicot HI

Q21T Goldenrod, White-haired Solidago albopilosa Dicot KY

Q2J5 Goldenrod, Houghton's Solidago houghtonii Dicot MI, NY

Q21U Goldenrod, Short's Solidago shortii Dicot IN, KY

Q2J7 Goldenrod, Blue Ridge Solidago spithamaea Dicot NC, TN

Q39H Spermolepis Hawaiiensis (ncn) Spermolepis Hawaiiensis Dicot HI

Q21W Pinkroot, Gentian Spigelia gentianoides Dicot AL, FL

Q2R1 Spiraea, Virginia Spiraea Virginiana Dicot GA, KY, NC, OH, TN, VA, 

West VA

Q2JA Cobana Negra Stahlia monosperma Dicot Puerto Rico

Q21Z Stenogyne angustifolia (ncn) Stenogyne angustifolia var. angustifolia Dicot HI

Q39L Stenogyne campanulata (ncn) Stenogyne campanulata Dicot HI

Q220 Stenogyne kanehoana (ncn) Stenogyne kanehoana Dicot HI

Q3H8 (ncn) Stenogyne kealiae Dicot HI

Q221 Wire-lettuce, Malheur Stephanomeria malheurensis Dicot OR

Q222 Jewelflower, Metcalf Canyon Streptanthus albidus ssp. albidus Dicot CA

Q223 Jewelflower, Tiburon Streptanthus niger Dicot CA

Q224 Snowbells, Texas Styrax texanus Dicot TX

Q3AF Sea-blite, California Suaeda californica Dicot CA

Q1SB Taraxacum, California Taraxacum californicum Dicot CA

Q2JM Ternstroemia subsessilis (ncn) Ternstroemia subsessilis Dicot Puerto Rico

Q226 Tetramolopium arenarium (ncn) Tetramolopium arenarium Dicot HI

Q227 Tetramolopium capillare (ncn) Tetramolopium capillare Dicot HI

Q228 Tetramolopium filiforme (ncn) Tetramolopium filiforme Dicot HI

Q229 Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum 

(ncn) Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum Dicot HI

Q22A Tetramolopium remyi (ncn) Tetramolopium remyi Dicot HI
121

FWS Code Common Name Scientific Name Taxon State Name

Q22B Tetramolopium rockii (ncn) Tetramolopium rockii Dicot HI

Q22G (ncn) Tetraplasandra bisattenuata Dicot HI

Q3N2 (ncn) Tetraplasandra flynnii Dicot HI

Q22F 'Ohe'ohe (Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa) Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa Dicot HI

Q22R (ncn) Tetraplasandra lydgatei Dicot HI

Q231 Meadowrue, Cooley's Thalictrum cooleyi Dicot FL, GA, NC

Q2K9 Thelypody, Howell's Spectacular Thelypodium howellii spectabilis Dicot OR

Q2KB Mustard, Slender-petaled Thelypodium stenopetalum Dicot CA

Q2KF Penny-cress, Kneeland Prairie Thlaspi californicum Dicot CA

Q1SH Dogweed, Ashy Thymophylla tephroleuca Dicot TX

Q2KH Fringepod, Santa Cruz Island Thysanocarpus conchuliferus Dicot CA

Q234 Townsendia, Last Chance Townsendia aprica Dicot UT

Q3A0 Trematolobelia singularis (ncn) Trematolobelia singularis Dicot HI

Q2KU Bariaco Trichilia triacantha Dicot Puerto Rico

Q237 Bluecurls, Hidden Lake Trichostema austromontanum ssp. 

compactum

Dicot CA

Q238 Clover, Showy Indian Trifolium amoenum Dicot CA

Q2RE Clover, Running Buffalo Trifolium stoloniferum Dicot AR, IN, KY, MO, OH, West 

VA

Q23C Clover, Monterey Trifolium trichocalyx Dicot CA

Q23K Tuctoria, Green's Tuctoria greenei Dicot CA

Q23M Opuhe (Urera kaalae) Urera kaalae Dicot HI

Q2LO Vervain, California Verbena californica Dicot CA

Q3GB Crownbeard, Big-leaved Verbesina dissita Dicot CA

Q3A6 Vernonia Proctorii (ncn) Vernonia proctorii Dicot Puerto Rico

Q23Q Vetch, Hawaiian (Vicia menziesii) Vicia menziesii Dicot HI

Q23R Vigna o-wahuensis (ncn) Vigna o-wahuensis Dicot HI

Q23S Pamakani (Viola chamissoniana ssp. 

chamissoniana) Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana Dicot HI

Q23T Viola helenae (ncn) Viola helenae Dicot HI

Q23U Nani Wai'ale'ale (Viola kauaensis var. 

wahiawaensis) Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis Dicot HI

Q23W Viola oahuensis (ncn) Viola oahuensis Dicot HI

Q2M9 Warea, Wide-leaf Warea amplexifolia Dicot FL

Q2MA Mustard, Carter's Warea carteri Dicot FL

Q245 Iliau (Wilkesia hobdyi) Wilkesia hobdyi Dicot HI
122

FWS Code Common Name Scientific Name Taxon State Name

Q2MK Xylosma crenatum (ncn) Xylosma crenatum Dicot HI

Q3GI Yellowhead, Desert Yermo xanthocephalus Dicot WY

Q3A7 A'e (Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. 

tomentosum) Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. tomentosum Dicot HI

Q246 A'e (Zanthoxylum Hawaiiense) Zanthoxylum Hawaiiense Dicot HI

Q3H9 a'e Zanthoxylum oahuense Dicot HI

Q2MX Prickly-ash, St. Thomas Zanthoxylum thomasianum Dicot Puerto Rico

Q2WX Ziziphus, Florida Ziziphus celata Dicot FL

S00M Fern, Pendant Kihi (Adenophorus periens) Adenophorus periens Ferns HI

S00N Asplenium fragile var. insulare (ncn) Asplenium fragile var. insulare Ferns HI

S00O Fern, American hart's-tongue Asplenium scolopendrium var. americanum Ferns AL, MI, NY, TN

S01I Pauoa (Ctenitis squamigera) Ctenitis squamigera Ferns HI

S00P Diellia erecta (ncn) Diellia erecta Ferns HI

S00Q Diellia falcata (ncn) Diellia falcata Ferns HI

S007 (ncn) Diellia mannii Ferns HI

S022 Diellia pallida (ncn) Diellia pallida Ferns HI

S01T Diellia unisora (ncn) Diellia unisora Ferns HI

S00R Diplazium molokaiense (ncn) Diplazium molokaiense Ferns HI

S02H (ncn) Doryopteris angelica Ferns HI

S028 (ncn) Doryopteris takeuchii Ferns HI

S02I aumakua, Palapalai Dryopteris crinalis podosorus Ferns HI

S01K Wawae'Iole (Phlegmariurus (=Huperzia) 

mannii) Huperzia mannii Ferns HI

S00T Quillwort, Louisianna Isoetes louisianensis Ferns AL, LA, MS

S015 Quillwort, Black-spored Isoetes melanospora Ferns GA, SC

S019 Quillwort, Mat-forming Isoetes tegetiformans Ferns GA

S01L Wawae'Iole (Phlegmariurus (=Lycopodium) 

nutans) Lycopodium (=Phlegmariurus) nutans Ferns HI

S00U 'Ihi'Ihi (Marsilea villosa) Marsilea villosa Ferns HI

S00W Pteris lidgatei (ncn) Pteris lidgatei Ferns HI

S01W Tectaria Estremerana Tectaria estremerana Ferns Puerto Rico

S01N Fern, Alabama Streak-sorus Thelypteris pilosa var. alabamensis Ferns AL

S01Z Fern, Thelypteris verecunda Thelypteris verecunda Ferns Puerto Rico

E00B Sturgeon, Shortnose Acipenser brevirostrum Fish CT, FL, GA, ME, MA, NY, 

NC, RI, SC, VA

E09K Sturgeon, North American green Acipenser medirostris Fish CA
123

FWS Code Common Name Scientific Name Taxon State Name

E04W Sturgeon, Gulf Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi Fish AL, FL, LA, MS

E087 Sturgeon, White Acipenser transmontanus Fish ID, MT

E02J Cavefish, Ozark Amblyopsis rosae Fish AR, MO, OK

E053 Sucker, Modoc Catostomus microps Fish CA, OR

E07W Sucker, Santa Ana Catostomus santaanae Fish CA

E057 Sucker, Warner Catostomus warnerensis Fish NV, OR

E055 Sucker, Shortnose Chasmistes brevirostris Fish CA, DE, OR

E001 Cui-ui Chasmistes cujus Fish NV

E050 Sucker, June Chasmistes liorus Fish UT

E0AR Laurel dace Chrosomus aylori Fish TN

E01L Sculpin, Pygmy Cottus paulus (=pygmaeus) Fish AL

E04U Springfish, White River Crenichthys baileyi baileyi Fish NV

E04Q Springfish, Hiko White River Crenichthys baileyi grandis Fish NV

E04T Springfish, Railroad Valley Crenichthys NVe Fish NV

E05Y Shiner, Blue Cyprinella caerulea Fish AL, GA, TN, AZ

E04B Shiner, Beautiful Cyprinella formosa Fish NM

E023 Pupfish, Leon Springs Cyprinodon bovinus Fish TX

E009 Pupfish, Devils Hole Cyprinodon diabolis Fish NV

E008 Pupfish, Comanche Springs Cyprinodon elegans Fish TX

E044 Pupfish, Desert Cyprinodon macularius Fish AZ, CA

E042 Pupfish, Ash Meadows Amargosa Cyprinodon nevadensis mionectes Fish NV

E00W Pupfish, Warm Springs Cyprinodon nevadensis pectoralis Fish NV

E00A Pupfish, Owens Cyprinodon radiosus Fish CA

E052 Sucker, Lost River Deltistes luxatus Fish CA, OR

E03V Minnow, Devils River Dionda diaboli Fish TX

E03C Dace, Desert Eremichthys acros Fish NV

E012 Chub, Spotfin Erimonax monachus Fish AL, NC, TN, VA

E01X Chub, Slender Erimystax cahni Fish TN, VA

E01B Darter, Slackwater Etheostoma boschungi Fish AL, TN

E098 Darter, Vermilion Etheostoma chermocki Fish AL

E086 Darter, Relict Etheostoma chienense Fish KY

E089 Darter, Etowah Etheostoma etowahae Fish GA

E00T Darter, Fountain Etheostoma fonticola Fish TX

E01E Yellowcheek darter Etheostoma moorei Fish AR

E02B Darter, Niangua Etheostoma nianguae Fish MO

E00U Darter, Watercress Etheostoma nuchale Fish AL
124

FWS Code Common Name Scientific Name Taxon State Name

E00H Darter, Okaloosa Etheostoma okaloosae Fish FL

E078 Darter, Duskytail Etheostoma percnurum Fish TN, VA

E0AB Rush darter Etheostoma phytophilum Fish AL

E01S Darter, Bayou Etheostoma rubrum Fish MS

E03J Darter, Cherokee Etheostoma scotti Fish GA

E003 Darter, MD Etheostoma sellare Fish MD

E076 Darter, Bluemask (=jewel) Etheostoma sp. Fish TN

E05R Cumberland darter Etheostoma susanae Fish KY, TN

E05P Darter, Boulder Etheostoma wapiti Fish AL, TN

E071 Goby, Tidewater Eucyclogobius newberryi Fish CA

E004 Gambusia, Big Bend Gambusia gaigei Fish TX

E021 Gambusia, San Marcos Gambusia georgei Fish TX

E005 Gambusia, Clear Creek Gambusia heterochir Fish TX

E00V Gambusia, Pecos Gambusia nobilis Fish NM, TX

E00X Stickleback, Unarmored Threespine Gasterosteus aculeatus williamsoni Fish CA

E00Q Chub, Mohave Tui Gila bicolor mohavensis Fish CA

E02W Chub, Owens Tui Gila bicolor snyderi Fish CA

E02S Chub, Hutton Tui Gila bicolor ssp. Fish OR

E027 Chub, Borax Lake Gila boraxobius Fish OR

E000 Chub, Humpback Gila cypha Fish AZ, CO, NV, UT, WY

E029 Chub, Sonora Gila ditaenia Fish AZ

E020 Chub, Bonytail Gila elegans Fish AZ, CA, CO, UT, WY

E02P Chub, Gila Gila intermedia Fish AZ, NM

E028 Chub, Chihuahua Gila nigrescens Fish NM

E034 Chub, Yaqui Gila purpurea Fish AZ

E00R Chub, Pahranagat Roundtail Gila robusta jordani Fish NV

E02A Chub, Virgin River Gila seminuda (=robusta) Fish AZ, NV, UT

E07I Minnow, Rio Grande Silvery Hybognathus amarus Fish NM

E070 Smelt, Delta Hypomesus transpacificus Fish CA

E02H Catfish, Yaqui Ictalurus pricei Fish AZ

E04P Spinedace, White River Lepidomeda albivallis Fish NV

E04L Spinedace, Big Spring Lepidomeda mollispinis pratensis Fish NV

E04M Spinedace, Little CO Lepidomeda vittata Fish AZ

E05J Spikedace Meda fulgida Fish AZ, NM

E01P Silverside, Waccamaw Menidia extensa Fish NC

E002 Dace, Moapa Moapa coriacea Fish NV
125

FWS Code Common Name Scientific Name Taxon State Name

E04E Shiner, Palezone Notropis albizonatus Fish AL, KY, TN

E04C Shiner, Cahaba Notropis cahabae Fish AL

E05X Shiner, AR River Notropis girardi Fish AR, KS, NM, OK, TX

E01N Shiner, Cape Fear Notropis mekistocholas Fish NC

E04F Shiner, Pecos Bluntnose Notropis simus pecosensis Fish NM

E07R Shiner, Topeka Notropis topeka (=tristis) Fish IA, KS, MN, MO, NE, SD

E02C Madtom, Smoky Noturus baileyi Fish TN

E07F Chucky Madtom Noturus crypticus Fish TN

E01Y Madtom, Yellowfin Noturus flavipinnis Fish TN, VA

E03S Madtom, Neosho Noturus placidus Fish KS, MO, OK

E03T Madtom, Pygmy Noturus stanauli Fish TN

E01T Madtom, Scioto Noturus trautmani Fish OH

E09Q Salmon, Chum Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) keta Fish OR

E08A Salmon, Coho Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) kisutch Fish CA, OR

E08D Steelhead Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss Fish AZ, CA, ID, OR, WA

E06Y Salmon, Sockeye Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) nerka Fish ID, OR, WA

E06D Salmon, Chinook Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha Fish CA, ID, OR, WA

E01Z Trout, Little Kern Golden Oncorhynchus aguabonita whitei Fish CA

E00D Trout, Apache Oncorhynchus apache Fish AZ, WA

E00Y Trout, Lahontan Cutthroat Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi Fish CA, NV, OR, UT

E00G Trout, Paiute Cutthroat Oncorhynchus clarki seleniris Fish CA

E00F Trout, Greenback Cutthroat Oncorhynchus clarki stomias Fish CO

E00E Trout, Gila Oncorhynchus gilae Fish AZ, NM

E06Z Chub, OR ORichthys crameri Fish OR

E05F Darter, Amber Percina antesella Fish GA, TN

E05S Darter, Goldline Percina aurolineata Fish AL, GA

E05H Logperch, Conasauga Percina jenkinsi Fish GA, TN, VA

E017 Darter, Leopard Percina pantherina Fish AR, OK

E01G Logperch, Roanoke Percina rex Fish NC, VA

E010 Darter, Snail Percina tanasi Fish AL, GA, TN

E05I Dace, Blackside Phoxinus cumberlandensis Fish KY, TN, VA

E00Z Woundfin Plagopterus argentissimus Fish AZ, NV, UT

E00C Topminnow, Gila (Yaqui) Poeciliopsis occidentalis Fish AZ, NM

E0A9 Sawfish, Smalltooth Pristis pectinata Fish FL

E006 Squawfish, CO Ptychocheilus lucius Fish AZ, CA, CO, NM, UT, WY

E03E Dace, Independence Valley Speckled Rhinichthys osculus lethoporus Fish NV
126

FWS Code Common Name Scientific Name Taxon State Name

E03A Dace, Ash Meadows Speckled Rhinichthys osculus nevadensis Fish NV

E03B Dace, Clover Valley Speckled Rhinichthys osculus oligoporus Fish NV

E03D Dace, Foskett Speckled Rhinichthys osculus ssp. Fish OR

E00S Dace, Kendall Warm Springs Rhinichthys osculus thermalis Fish WY

E07L Salmon, Atlantic Salmo salar Fish ME

E065 Trout, Bull Salvelinus confluentus Fish AR, ID, MT, NV, OR, WA

E06X Sturgeon, Pallid Scaphirhynchus albus Fish

AR, CO, IL, IA, KS, KY, LA, 

MS, MO, MT, NE, ND, SD, 

TN, WY

E093 Sturgeon, Shovelnose Scaphirhynchus platorynchus Fish

AR, IL, IA, KS, KY, LA, MS, 

MO, MT, NE, ND, SD, TN, 

WY

E026 Sturgeon, Alabama Scaphirhynchus suttkusi Fish AL

F081 Rockfish, Bocaccio Sebastes paucispinis Fish WA

E011 Cavefish, Alabama Speoplatyrhinus poulsoni Fish AL

E03X Minnow, Loach Tiaroga cobitis Fish AZ, NM

E054 Sucker, Razorback Xyrauchen texanus Fish AZ, CA, CO, NV, NM, UT, 

WY

G0DA Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella abbreviata) Achatinella abbreviata Gastropod HI

G0CL Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella apexfulva) Achatinella apexfulva Gastropod HI

G0DB Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella bellula) Achatinella bellula Gastropod HI

G0DC Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella buddii) Achatinella buddii Gastropod HI

G0CV Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella bulimoides) Achatinella bulimoides Gastropod HI

G0CW Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella byronii) Achatinella byronii Gastropod HI

G0CX Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella caesia) Achatinella caesia Gastropod HI

G0CY Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella casta) Achatinella casta Gastropod HI

G0DD Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella cestus) Achatinella cestus Gastropod HI

G0CN Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella concavospira) Achatinella concavospira Gastropod HI

G0CU Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella curta) Achatinella curta Gastropod HI

G0CP Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella decipiens) Achatinella decipiens Gastropod HI

G0CZ Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella decora) Achatinella decora Gastropod HI

G0D0 Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella dimorpha) Achatinella dimorpha Gastropod HI

G0D1 Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella elegans) Achatinella elegans Gastropod HI

G0CM Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella fulgens) Achatinella fulgens Gastropod HI

G0CR Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella fuscobasis) Achatinella fuscobasis Gastropod HI

G0DE Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella juddii) Achatinella juddii Gastropod HI
127

FWS Code Common Name Scientific Name Taxon State Name

G0D2 Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella juncea) Achatinella juncea Gastropod HI

G0D3 Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella lehuiensis) Achatinella lehuiensis Gastropod HI

G0CT Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella leucorraphe) Achatinella leucorraphe Gastropod HI

G0CS Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella lila) Achatinella lila Gastropod HI

G0CJ Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella livida) Achatinella livida Gastropod HI

G0DF Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella lorata) Achatinella lorata Gastropod HI

G0CK Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella mustelina) Achatinella mustelina Gastropod HI

G0D4 Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella papyracea) Achatinella papyracea Gastropod HI

G0DG Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella phaeozona) Achatinella phaeozona Gastropod HI

G0CQ Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella pulcherrima) Achatinella pulcherrima Gastropod HI

G0DH Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella pupukanioe) Achatinella pupukanioe Gastropod HI

G0D5 Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella rosea) Achatinella rosea Gastropod HI

G0CI Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella sowerbyana) Achatinella sowerbyana Gastropod HI

G0D6 Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella spaldingi) Achatinella spaldingi Gastropod HI

G0CO Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella stewartii) Achatinella stewartii Gastropod HI

G0D7 Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella swiftii) Achatinella swiftii Gastropod HI

G0DI Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella taeniolata) Achatinella taeniolata Gastropod HI

G0D8 Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella thaanumi) Achatinella thaahumi Gastropod HI

G0DJ Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella turgida) Achatinella turgida Gastropod HI

G0D9 Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella valida) Achatinella valida Gastropod HI

G0DK Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella viridans) Achatinella viridans Gastropod HI

G0DL Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella vittata) Achatinella vittata Gastropod HI

G0DM Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella vulpina) Achatinella vulpina Gastropod HI

G00W Snail, Painted Snake Coiled Forest Anguispira picta Gastropod TN

G04I Cavesnail, Tumbling Creek Antrobia culveri Gastropod MO

G03K Snail, Pecos Assiminea Assiminea pecos Gastropod NM, TX

G016 Riversnail, Anthony's Athearnia anthonyi Gastropod AL, TN

G098 Campeloma, Slender Campeloma decampi Gastropod AL

G00T Snail, IA Pleistocene Discus macclintocki Gastropod IL, IA

G063 Elimia, Lacy Elimia crenatella Gastropod AL

G0C0 Snail, Newcomb's Erinna newcombi Gastropod HI

G0C9 Abalone, Black Haliotis cracherodii Gastropod CA

G0C8 Abalone, White Haliotis sorenseni Gastropod CA

G00D Snail, Morro Shoulderband Helminthoglypta walkeriana Gastropod CA

G04C Springsnail, Koster's Juturnia kosteri Gastropod NM

G05Q Limpet, Banbury Springs Lanx sp. Gastropod ID
128

FWS Code Common Name Scientific Name Taxon State Name

G08D Rocksnail, Round Leptoxis ampla Gastropod AL

G0C2 Rocksnail, interrupted Leptoxis foremani Gastropod AL, GA

G08C Rocksnail, Plicate Leptoxis plicata Gastropod AL

G08B Rocksnail, Painted Leptoxis taeniata Gastropod AL

G07F Pebblesnail, Flat Lepyrium showalteri Gastropod AL

G072 Snail, Lioplax Cylindrical Lioplax cyclostomaformis Gastropod AL, GA

G00V Snail, Noonday Mesodon clarki nantahala Gastropod NC

G00K Shagreen, Magazine Mountain Mesodon magazinensis Gastropod AR

G00Y Snail, Stock Island Tree Orthalicus reses (not incl. nesodryas) Gastropod FL

G01M Ambersnail, Kanab Oxyloma haydeni kanabensis Gastropod AZ, UT

G01L Snail, Snake River Physa Physa natricina Gastropod ID

G06V Hornsnail, rough Pleurocera foremani Gastropod AL, GA

G00Z Snail, Virginia Fringed Mountain Polygyriscus Virginianus Gastropod VA

G03B Snail, Armored Pyrgulopsis (=Marstonia) pachyta Gastropod AL

G05E Springsnail, San Bernardino Pyrgulopsis bernardina Gastropod AZ

G03R Springsnail, Bruneau Hot Pyrgulopsis bruneauensis Gastropod ID

G03S Springsnail, Chupadera Pyrgulopsis chupaderae Gastropod NM

G05P Springsnail, Socorro Pyrgulopsis neomexicana Gastropod NM

G027 Marstonia, Royal (=Royal Snail) Pyrgulopsis ogmorhaphe Gastropod TN

G03T Springsnail, Roswell Pyrgulopsis roswellensis Gastropod NM

G051 Springsnail, Three Forks Pyrgulopsis trivialis Gastropod AZ

G00P Snail, Chittenango Ovate Amber Succinea chittenangoensis Gastropod NY

G01K Snail, Bliss Rapids Taylorconcha serpenticola Gastropod ID

G00S Snail, Flat-spired Three-toothed Triodopsis platysayoides Gastropod West VA

G03Q Springsnail, Alamosa Tryonia alamosae Gastropod NM

G04X Snail, Tulotoma Tulotoma magnifica Gastropod AL

I023 Naucorid, Ash Meadows Ambrysus amargosus Insect NV

I00H Butterfly, Lange's Metalmark Apodemia mormo langei Insect CA

I0I9 Beetle, Coffin Cave Mold Batrisodes texanus Insect TX

I0PT Beetle, Helotes Mold Batrisodes venyivi Insect TX

I01Q Butterfly, Uncompahgre Fritillary Boloria acrocnema Insect CO

I02B Beetle, Hungerford's Crawling Water Brychius hungerfordi Insect MI

I00Q Butterfly, San Bruno Elfin Callophrys mossii bayensis Insect CA

I02C Beetle, Northeastern Beach Tiger Cicindela dorsalis dorsalis Insect MD, MA, NJ, VA

I0QR Beetle, Salt Creek Tiger Cicindela nevadica lincolniana Insect NE

I0OW Beetle, Ohlone Tiger Cicindela ohlone Insect CA
129

FWS Code Common Name Scientific Name Taxon State Name

I02D Beetle, Puritan Tiger Cicindela puritana Insect CT, MD, MA

I0W6 Butterfly, Nickerbean Blue Cyclargus ammon Insect FL

I02Q Butterfly, Miami Blue Cyclargus thomasi bethunebakeri Insect FL

I01L Beetle, Valley Elderberry Longhorn Desmocerus californicus dimorphus Insect CA

I0TG Beetle, Casey's June Dinacoma caseyi Insect CA

I0QW Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing Drosophila aglaia Insect HI

I0RC Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing Drosophila hemipeza Insect HI

I0QZ Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing Drosophila heteroneura Insect HI

I0R0 Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing Drosophila montgomeryi Insect HI

I0R1 Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing Drosophila mulli Insect HI

I0R2 Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing Drosophila musaphilia Insect HI

I0R3 Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing Drosophila neoclavisetae Insect HI

I0R4 Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing Drosophila obatai Insect HI

I0RD Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing Drosophila ochrobasis Insect HI

I0QX Hawaiian picture-wing Fly Drosophila sharpi Insect HI

I0R5 Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing Drosophila substenoptera Insect HI

I0R6 Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing Drosophila tarphytrichia Insect HI

I01G Beetle, Delta Green Ground Elaphrus viridis Insect CA

I00C Butterfly, El Segundo Blue Euphilotes battoides allyni Insect CA

I00R Butterfly, Smith's Blue Euphilotes enoptes smithi Insect CA

I021 Butterfly, Bay Checkerspot (Wright's 

euphydryas) Euphydryas editha bayensis Insect CA

I00P Butterfly, Quino Checkerspot Euphydryas editha quino (=E. e. wrighti) Insect CA

I01C Moth, Kern Primrose Sphinx Euproserpinus euterpe Insect CA

I01B Butterfly, Palos Verdes Blue Glaucopsyche lygdamus palosverdesensis Insect CA

I0W5 Butterfly, Ceranus Blue Hemiargus ceraunus antibubastus Insect FL

I016 Butterfly, Schaus Swallowtail Heraclides aristodemus ponceanus Insect FL

I01E Skipper, Pawnee Montane Hesperia leonardus MT Insect CO

I0MH Beetle, Comal Springs Riffle Heterelmis comalensis Insect TX

I0IS Butterfly, Fender's Blue Icaricia icarioides fenderi Insect OR

I00J Butterfly, Mission Blue Icaricia icarioides missionensis Insect CA

I0W4 Butterfly [Cassius Blue, Ceraunus Blue, 

Nickerbean Blue]

Leptotes and Hemiargus and Cyclargus 

genus

Insect FL

I00I Butterfly, Lotis Blue Lycaeides argyrognomon lotis Insect CA

I00F Butterfly, Karner Blue Lycaeides melissa samuelis Insect IL, IN, MI, MN, NH, NY, 

OH, WI
130

FWS Code Common Name Scientific Name Taxon State Name

I0Alabama Moth, Blackburn's Sphinx Manduca blackburni Insect HI

I05V Crimson Hawaiian damselfly Megalagrion leptodemas Insect HI

I05X Damselfly, Flying Earwig Hawaiian Megalagrion nesiotes Insect HI

I05U blackline Hawaiian damselfly Megalagrion nigrohamatum nigrolineatum Insect HI

I062 Oceanic Hawaiian damselfly Megalagrion oceanicum Insect HI

I064 Damselfly, Pacific Hawaiian Megalagrion pacificum Insect HI

I0MZ Butterfly, Saint Francis' Satyr Neonympha mitchellii francisci Insect NC

I00K Butterfly, Mitchell's Satyr Neonympha mitchellii mitchellii Insect AL, IN, MI, OH, VA

I028 Beetle, American Burying Nicrophorus americanus Insect AR, KS, KY, MA, NE, OH, 

OK, RI, SD, TX

I0OV Beetle, Mount Hermon June Polyphylla barbata Insect CA

I0RG Skipper, Carson Wandering Pseudocopaeodes eunus obscurus Insect CA, NV

I0LW Skipper, Laguna Mountain Pyrgus ruralis lagunae Insect CA

I0RF Rhadine exilis (ncn) Rhadine exilis Insect TX

I0P1 Rhadine infernalis (ncn) Rhadine infernalis Insect TX

I0IB Beetle, Tooth Cave Ground Rhadine persephone Insect TX

I0MG Fly, Delhi Sands Flower-loving Rhaphiomidas terminatus abdominalis Insect CA

I06P Dragonfly, Hine's Emerald Somatochlora hineana Insect AL, IL, MI, MO, WI

I019 Butterfly, Callippe Silverspot Speyeria callippe callippe Insect CA

I031 Butterfly, Behren's Silverspot Speyeria zerene behrensii Insect CA

I01A Butterfly, OR Silverspot Speyeria zerene hippolyta Insect CA, OR, WA

I00N Butterfly, Myrtle's Silverspot Speyeria zerene myrtleae Insect CA

I0Michigan Beetle, Comal Springs Dryopid Stygoparnus comalensis Insect TX

I0IA Beetle, Kretschmarr Cave Mold Texamaurops reddelli Insect TX

I0OY Grasshopper, Zayante Band-winged Trimerotropis infantilis Insect CA

U000 Cladonia, Florida Perforate Cladonia perforata Lichen FL

U001 Lichen, Rock Gnome Gymnoderma lineare Lichen GA, NC, SC, TN

A009 Pronghorn, Sonoran Antilocapra americana sonoriensis Mammal AZ

A0BJ Mountain Beaver, Point Arena Aplodontia rufa nigra Mammal CA

A0A8 Seal, Guadalupe Fur Arctocephalus townsendi Mammal CA

A02N Whale, Bowhead Balaena mysticetus Mammal AK

A02S Whale, Sei Balaenoptera borealis Mammal AK, CA

A02M Whale, Blue Balaenoptera musculus Mammal

AL, AK, CA, DE, GA, LA, 

ME, MD, MA, MS, NH, NJ, 

NY, NC, OR, PA, RI, SC, TX, 

VT, VA, WA
131

FWS Code Common Name Scientific Name Taxon State Name

A02O Whale, Finback Balaenoptera physalus Mammal AK, CA, DE

A00R Bison, Wood Bison bison athabascae Mammal AK

A0GG Rabbit, Pygmy Brachylagus IDensis Mammal WA

A00D Gray Wolf Canis lupus Mammal CO, MI, NE, NV, NM, ND, 

OR, SD, UT, WA, WI

A00F Wolf, Red Canis rufus Mammal KY, NC

A075 Bat, Ozark Big-eared Corynorhinus (=Plecotus) townsendii ingens Mammal AR, OK, VA

A080 Bat, Virginia Big-eared Corynorhinus (=Plecotus) townsendii Virginianus Mammal KY, NC, West VA

A04A Prairie Dog, UT Cynomys parvidens Mammal UT

W001 Whale, beluga Delphinapterus leucas Mammal AK

A03X Kangaroo Rat, Morro Bay Dipodomys heermanni morroensis Mammal CA

A08P Kangaroo Rat, Giant Dipodomys ingens Mammal CA

A0G8 Kangaroo Rat, San Bernardino Merriam's Dipodomys merriami parvus Mammal CA

A08O Kangaroo Rat, Fresno Dipodomys nitratoides exilis Mammal CA

A08S Kangaroo Rat, Tipton Dipodomys nitratoides nitratoides Mammal CA

A08Q Kangaroo Rat, Stephens' Dipodomys stephensi (incl. D. cascus) Mammal CA

A0HK Otter, Northern Sea Enhydra lutris kenyoni Mammal AK

A0A7 Otter, Southern Sea Enhydra lutris nereis Mammal CA

A02P Whale, Gray Eschrichtius robustus Mammal AK, CA, OR, WA

A02R Whale, North Atlantic right Eubalaena glacialis (incl. australis) Mammal CA, DE, GA

W000 Whale, North Pacific right Eubalaena japonica Mammal AK

A0FS Sea-lion, Steller Eumetopias jubatus Mammal AK, CA

A09M Squirrel, Carolina Northern Flying Glaucomys sabrinus coloratus Mammal NC, TN, VA

A05H Jaguarundi, Gulf Coast Herpailurus (=Felis) yagouaroundi 

cacomitli Mammal TX

A05K Jaguarundi, Sinaloan Herpailurus (=Felis) yagouaroundi tolteca Mammal AZ

A03W Bat, Hawaiian Hoary Lasiurus cinereus semotus Mammal HI

A084 Ocelot Leopardus (=Felis) pardalis Mammal AZ, TX

A0AD Bat, Lesser (=Sanborn's) Long-nosed Leptonycteris curasoae yerbabuenae Mammal AZ, NM

A0AE Bat, Mexican Long-nosed Leptonycteris nivalis Mammal NM, TX

A073 Lynx, Canada Lynx canadensis Mammal

CO, ID, ME, MI, MN, MT, 

NH, OR, UT, VT, WA, WI, 

WY

A02Q Whale, Humpback Megaptera novaeangliae Mammal AK, CA, DE, GA, HI

A082 Vole, Amargosa Microtus californicus scirpensis Mammal CA

A0EU Vole, Hualapai Mexican Microtus mexicanus hualpaiensis Mammal AZ
132

FWS Code Common Name Scientific Name Taxon State Name

A0ET Vole, Florida Salt Marsh Microtus pennsylvanicus dukecampbelli Mammal FL

A071 Seal, Hawaiian Monk Monachus schauinslandi Mammal HI

A004 Ferret, Black-footed Mustela nigripes Mammal AZ, CO, KS, MT, NE, NM, 

ND, SD, UT, WY

A04J Bat, Gray Myotis grisescens Mammal

AL, AR, FL, GA, IL, IN, KS, 

KY, MS, MO, NC, OK, TN, 

VA

A000 Bat, IN Myotis sodalis Mammal

AL, AR, CT, FL, GA, IL, IN, 

IA, KY, MD, MA, MI, MS, 

MO, NJ, NY, NC, OH, OK, 

PA, TN, VT, VA, West VA

A087 Woodrat, Key Largo Neotoma Floridana smalli Mammal FL

A0FC Woodrat, Riparian Neotoma fuscipes riparia Mammal CA

A003 Deer, Key Odocoileus Virginianus clavium Mammal FL

A002 Deer, Columbian White-tailed Odocoileus Virginianus leucurus Mammal OR, WA

A0Illinois Killer whale, Southern Resident DPS Orcinus orca Mammal WA

A083 Rice Rat (=Silver Rice Rat) Oryzomys palustris natator Mammal FL

A0DR Sheep, Peninsular Bighorn Ovis canadensis nelsoni Mammal CA

A0DS Sheep, Sierra NV Bighorn Ovis canadensis sierrae Mammal CA

A040 Jaguar Panthera onca Mammal AZ, CA, NM

A0BY Mouse, Pacific Pocket Perognathus longimembris pacificus Mammal CA

A086 Mouse, Key Largo Cotton Peromyscus gossypinus allapaticola Mammal FL

A08B Mouse, Choctawhatchee Beach Peromyscus polionotus allophrys Mammal FL

A08Y Mouse, Alabama Beach Peromyscus polionotus ammobates Mammal AL

A0C9 Mouse, Southeastern Beach Peromyscus polionotus niveiventris Mammal FL

A0CB Mouse, St. Andrew Beach Peromyscus polionotus peninsularis Mammal FL

A0BM Mouse, Anastasia Island Beach Peromyscus polionotus phasma Mammal FL

A08C Mouse, Perdido Key Beach Peromyscus polionotus trissyllepsis Mammal AL, FL

A0K4 Seal, spotted Phoca largha Mammal AK

A02T Whale, Sperm Physeter catodon (=macrocephalus) Mammal AK, CA, HI

A07X Bat, Mariana Fruit (=Mariana Flying Fox) Pteropus mariannus mariannus Mammal Guam

A07W Bat, Little Mariana Fruit Pteropus tokudae Mammal Guam

A0G0 Puma (=Cougar), Eastern Puma (=Felis) concolor (all subsp. except 

coryi) Mammal FL, MA, NC, RI, West VA

A008 Panther, Florida Puma (=Felis) concolor coryi Mammal AR, FL

A088 Caribou, Woodland Rangifer tarandus caribou Mammal ID, WA
133

FWS Code Common Name Scientific Name Taxon State Name

A03Y Mouse, Salt Marsh Harvest Reithrodontomys raviventris Mammal CA

A00B Squirrel, Delmarva Peninsula Fox Sciurus niger cinereus Mammal DE, MD, VA

A0DV Shrew, Buena Vista Lake Ornate Sorex ornatus relictus Mammal CA

A0EK Squirrel, Northern ID Ground Spermophilus brunneus brunneus Mammal ID

A0DN Rabbit, Riparian Brush Sylvilagus bachmani riparius Mammal CA

A0AA Rabbit, Lower Keys Marsh Sylvilagus palustris hefneri Mammal FL

A09O Squirrel, Mount Graham Red Tamiasciurus hudsonicus grahamensis Mammal AZ

A007 Manatee, West Indian Trichechus manatus Mammal AL, FL, GA, LA, MS, NC, 

Puerto Rico, SC, TX

A08K Fox, Santa Catalina Island Urocyon littoralis catalinae Mammal CA

A08I Fox, San Miguel Island Urocyon littoralis littoralis Mammal CA

A08L Fox, Santa Cruz Island Urocyon littoralis santacruzae Mammal CA

A08M Fox, Santa Rosa Island Urocyon littoralis santarosae Mammal CA

A0G1 Bear, American Black Ursus americanus Mammal LA, ME, MS, MO, TX, WA

A08F Bear, Louisianna Black Ursus americanus luteolis Mammal LA, MS, TX

A001 Bear, Grizzly Ursus arctos horribilis Mammal ID, MT, WA

A006 Fox, San Joaquin Kit Vulpes macrotis mutica Mammal CA

A0C2 Mouse, Preble's Meadow Jumping Zapus hudsonius preblei Mammal CO, WY

Q2X0 Onion, Munz's Allium munzii Monocot CA

Q01F Alopecurus, Sonoma Alopecurus aequalis var. sonomensis Monocot CA

Q2YY Aristida chaseae (ncn) Aristida chaseae Monocot Puerto Rico

Q25J Pelos del Diablo Aristida portoricensis Monocot Puerto Rico

Q3GT Pa'iniu Astelia waialealae Monocot HI

Q09H Brodiaea, Thread-leaved Brodiaea filifolia Monocot CA

Q09J Brodiaea, Chinese Camp Brodiaea pallida Monocot CA

Q1TU Lily, Tiburon Mariposa Calochortus tiburonensis Monocot CA

Q26M Manaca, palma de Calyptronoma rivalis Monocot Puerto Rico

Q0BL Sedge, White Carex albida Monocot CA

Q3HD Sedge, Golden Carex lutea Monocot NC

Q1U1 Sedge, Navajo Carex specuicola Monocot AZ, UT

Q1U4 Kamanomano (Cenchrus agrimonioides) Cenchrus agrimonioides Monocot HI

Q0ETp Amole, Purple Chlorogalum purpureum var. purpureum Monocot CA

Q0ETc Amole, Cammatta Canyon Chlorogalum purpureum var. reductum Monocot CA

Q321 Pu'uka'a (Cyperus trachysanthos) Cyperus trachysanthos Monocot HI

Q0PH Grass, Fosberg's Love Eragrostis fosbergii Monocot HI

Q2A1 Lily, MN Trout Erythronium propullans Monocot MN
134

FWS Code Common Name Scientific Name Taxon State Name

Q0V6 Fritillary, Gentner's Fritillaria gentneri Monocot OR

Q3Alabama Seagrass, Johnson's Halophila johnsonii Monocot FL

Q1WX Beauty, Harper's Harperocallis flava Monocot FL

Q2B8 Pink, Swamp Helonias bullata Monocot DE, GA, MD, NJ, NC, SC, 

VA

Q2BS Iris, Dwarf Lake Iris lacustris Monocot MI, WI

Q2BT Hilo Ischaemum (Ischaemum byrone) Ischaemum byrone Monocot HI

Q1XL Pogonia, Small Whorled Isotria medeoloides Monocot

CT, DE, GA, IL, ME, MA, 

MI, NH, NJ, NY, NC, OH, 

PA, RI, SC, TN, VT, VA, 

West VA

Q2C5 Lepanthes eltorensis (ncn) Lepanthes eltoroensis Monocot Puerto Rico

Q1Y0 Lily, Western Lilium occidentale Monocot CA, OR

Q141 Lily, Pitkin Marsh Lilium pardalinum ssp. pitkinense Monocot CA

Q35R Mariscus fauriei (ncn) Mariscus fauriei Monocot HI

Q2Q0 Mariscus pennatiformis (ncn) Mariscus pennatiformis Monocot HI

Q19I Grass, Colusa Neostapfia colusana Monocot CA

Q2E9 Beargrass, Britton's Nolina brittoniana Monocot FL

Q1ZO Grass, California Orcutt Orcuttia californica Monocot CA

Q1ZP Grass, San Joaquin Valley Orcutt Orcuttia inaequalis Monocot CA

Q1ZR Panicgrass, Carter's (Panicum fauriei 

var.carteri) Panicum fauriei var. carteri Monocot HI

Q1BJ Lau'ehu (Panicum niihauense) Panicum niihauense Monocot HI

Q3FA Piperia, Yadon's Piperia yadonii Monocot CA

Q2GE Platanthera holochila (ncn) Platanthera holochila Monocot HI

Q2GG, Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed Platanthera leucophaea Monocot IL, IN, IA, ME, MI, NY, OH, 

OK, VA, WI

Q2YD Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed Platanthera praeclara Monocot IA, KS, MN, MO, NE, ND, 

OK, SD, WY

Q37X Hala Pepe (Pleomele Hawaiiensis) Pleomele Hawaiiensis Monocot HI

Q1I9 Bluegrass, San Bernardino Poa atropurpurea Monocot CA

Q2GL Bluegrass, Mann's (Poa mannii) Poa mannii Monocot HI

Q1ID Bluegrass, Napa Poa napensis Monocot CA

Q20O Bluegrass, Hawaiian Poa sandvicensis Monocot HI

Q2GQ Poa siphonoglossa (ncn) Poa siphonoglossa Monocot HI

Q20U Pondweed, Little Aguja Creek Potamogeton clystocarpus Monocot TX
135

FWS Code Common Name Scientific Name Taxon State Name

Q38B Lo`ulu (Pritchardia affinis) Pritchardia affinis Monocot HI

Q38C lo`ulu Pritchardia hardyi Monocot HI

Q2VM Lo`ulu (Pritchardia kaalae) Pritchardia kaalae Monocot HI

Q38D Lo`ulu (Pritchardia napaliensis) Pritchardia napaliensis Monocot HI

Q2VN Lo`ulu (Pritchardia schattaueri) Pritchardia schattaueri Monocot HI

Q38E Lo`ulu (Pritchardia viscosa) Pritchardia viscosa Monocot HI

Q216 Beaked-rush, Knieskern's Rhynchospora knieskernii Monocot DE, NJ

Q219 Arrowhead, Bunched Sagittaria fasciculata Monocot NC, SC

Q2VT Water-plantain, Kral's Sagittaria secundifolia Monocot AL, GA

Q21H Bulrush, Northeastern (=Barbed Bristle) Scirpus ancistrochaetus Monocot AL, MD, MA, NH, PA, VT, 

VA, West VA

Q39D Irisette, White Sisyrinchium dichotomum Monocot NC, SC

Q3FS Ladies'-tresses, Canelo Hills Spiranthes delitescens Monocot AZ

Q2WA Ladies'-tresses, Ute Spiranthes diluvialis Monocot AR, CO, ID, MT, NE, NV, 

UT, WA, WY

Q21X Ladies'-tresses, Navasota Spiranthes parksii Monocot TX

Q225 Grass, Eureka Dune Swallenia alexandrae Monocot CA

Q23D Trillium, Persistent Trillium persistens Monocot GA, SC

Q2RG Trillium, Relict Trillium reliquum Monocot AL, GA, SC

Q23L Grass, Solano Tuctoria mucronata Monocot CA

Q2MP Grass, TN Yellow-eyed Xyris TNnsis Monocot AL, GA, TN

Q24A Wild-rice, Texas Zizania texana Monocot TX

C000 Alligator, American Alligator Mississippiensis Reptile FL, NC, OK

C00U Sea turtle, loggerhead Caretta caretta Reptile

AL, CA, CT, DE, FL, GA, 

Guam, HI, LA, ME, MD, MA, 

MS, NH, NJ, NY, NC, OR, 

Puerto Rico, RI, SC, TX, VA

C00S Sea turtle, green Chelonia mydas Reptile

AL, CA, CT, DE, FL, GA, 

Guam, HI, LA, ME, MD, MA, 

MS, NH, NJ, NY, NC, OR, 

Puerto Rico, RI, SC, TX, VA, 

WA

C048 Turtle, Bog Clemmys muhlenbergii Reptile CT, DE, GA, MD, MA, NJ, 

NY, NC, PA, SC, VA

C02J Crocodile, American Crocodylus acutus Reptile FL

C01S Rattlesnake, New Mexican Ridge-nosed Crotalus willardi obscurus Reptile AZ, NM

C00F Sea turtle, leatherback Dermochelys coriacea Reptile AL, AK, CA, CT, DE, FL, 
136

FWS Code Common Name Scientific Name Taxon State Name

GA, Guam, HI, LA, ME, MD, 

MA, MS, NH, NJ, NY, NC, 

OR, Puerto Rico, RI, SC, TX, 

VA, WA

C026 Snake, Eastern Indigo Drymarchon corais couperi Reptile AL, FL, GA, MS

C00P Boa, Puerto Rican Epicrates inornatus Reptile Puerto Rico

C02E Boa, Virgin Islands Tree Epicrates monensis granti Reptile Puerto Rico

C00E Sea turtle, hawksbill Eretmochelys imbricata Reptile

AL, CT, DE, FL, GA, Guam, 

HI, LA, ME, MD, MA, MS, 

NH, NJ, NY, NC, Puerto 

Rico, RI, SC, TX, VA

C03T Skink, Blue-tailed Mole Eumeces egregius lividus Reptile FL

C001 Lizard, Blunt-nosed Leopard Gambelia silus Reptile CA

C04L Tortoise, Desert Gopherus agassizii Reptile AZ, CA, NV, UT

C044 Tortoise, Gopher Gopherus polyphemus Reptile AL, LA, MS

C025 Turtle, Yellow-blotched Map Graptemys flavimaculata Reptile MS

C022 Turtle, Ringed Map Graptemys oculifera Reptile LA, MS

C00O Sea turtle, Kemp's ridley Lepidochelys kempii Reptile

AL, CT, DE, FL, GA, LA, 

MD, MA, MS, NJ, NY, NC, 

RI, SC, TX, VA

C00V Sea turtle, olive ridley Lepidochelys olivacea Reptile CA, HI

C04A Whipsnake (=Striped Racer), Alameda Masticophis lateralis euryxanthus Reptile CA

C03V Skink, Sand Neoseps reynoldsi Reptile FL

C01T Snake, Atlantic Salt Marsh Nerodia clarkii taeniata Reptile FL

C03X Snake, Northern Copperbelly Water Nerodia erythrogaster neglecta Reptile IN, MI, OH

C01W Turtle, Alabama Red-bellied Pseudemys alabamensis Reptile AL, MS

C021 Turtle, Plymouth Red-bellied Pseudemys rubriventris bangsi Reptile MA

C01Y Turtle, Flattened Musk Sternotherus depressus Reptile AL

C057 Snake, Giant Garter Thamnophis gigas Reptile CA

C002 Snake, San Francisco Garter Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia Reptile CA

C02I Lizard, Coachella Valley Fringe-toed Uma inornata Reptile CA

C01M Lizard, Island Night Xantusia riversiana Reptile CA