3

NOAA Technical Report NMFS 3

Conf.igurations and Relative

Efficiencies of Shrimp

Trawls Employed in

Southeastern United

States Waters

John W. Watson, Jr., Ian K. Workman,

Charles W. Taylor, and Anthony F. Serra

March 1984

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

National Marine Fisheries Service
NOAA TECHNICAL REPORTS NMFS

The major responsibilities of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are to monitor and assess the abundance

and geographic distribution of fishery resources, to understand and predict fluctuations in the quantity and distribution of

these resources, and to establish levelsfor optimum use ofthe resources. NMFS is also charged with the development and implementation ofpolicies for managing national fishing grounds, development and enforcement of domestic fisheries regulations, surveillance offoreign fishing off United States coastal waters, and the development and enforcement ofinternational

fishery agreements and policies. NMFS also assists the fishing industry through marketing service and economic analysis

programs, and mortgage insurance and vessel construction subsidies. It collects, analyzes, and publishesstatistics on various

phases of the industry.

The NOAA Technical Report NMFS series was established in 1983 to replace two subcategories of the Technical

Reports series: "Special Scientific Report-Fisheries" and "Circular." The series contains the following types of reports:

Scientific investigations that document long-term continuing programs of NMFS, intensive scientifis: reports on studies of

restricted scope, papers on applied fishery problems, technical reports of general interest intended to aid conservation and

management, reports that review in considerable detail and at a high technical level certain broad areas of research, and

technical papers originating in economics studies and from management investigations.

Copies ofNOAA Technical Report NMFS are available free in limited numbersto governmental agencies, both Federal

and State. They are also available in exchange for otherscientific and technical publications in the marine sciences. individual copies may be obtained from: Publications Services Branch (E/Ai 13), National Environmental Satellite, Data, and information Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U. S. Department ofCommerce, 3300 Whitehaven

St., Washington, DC 20235.
NOAA Technical Report NMFS 3

Configurations and Relative

Efficiencies of Shrimp

Trawls Employed in

Southeastern United

States Waters

John W. Watson, Jr., Ian K. Workman,

Charles W. Taylor, and Anthony F. Serra

March 1984

u.s. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

John V. Byrne, Administrator

National Marine Fisheries Service

William G. Gordon, Assistant Administrator for Fisheries
The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) does not approve, recommend or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material

mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to NMFS, or

to this publication furnished by NMFS, in any advertising or sales promotion which would indicate or imply that NMFS approves, recommends

or endorses any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned

herein, or which has as its purpose an intent to cause directly or indirectly

the advertised product to be used or purchased because of this NMFS

publication.
CONTENTS

Introduction I

Comparative descriptions of shrimp trawling gear I

Otter trawl I

Flat trawl 2

Balloon trawl.............................................................................................................................................................................. 2

Semiballoon trawl...................................................................................................................................................................... 2

Jib trawl..................................................................................................................................................................................... 3

Super X-3 trawl 3

Cobra trawl................................................................................................................................................................................ 3

Mongoose trawl 4

Methods 4

Results 4

Comparison of trawl gape dimensions 5

Operating characteristics 7

Discussion 8

Literature cited 9

Appendix tables 10-12

Figures

I. Basic components of the otter type shrimp trawl................................................................................................................... 2

2. Flat trawl generalized schematic 2

3. Balloon trawl generalized schematic....................................................................................................................................... 2

4. Semiballoon trawl generalized schematic............................................................................................................................... 3

5. Jib trawl generalized schematic 3

6. Super X-3 generalized schematic 3

7. Cobra trawl generalized schematic 4

8. Mongoose trawl generalized schematic 4

9. Relationship between trawl door dimension, headrope length, and horizontal spread for conventional trawl designs 7

10. Relationship between trawl door dimension, headrope length, and horizontal spread for tongue trawl designs 7

II. Measurements of towing tension at 30-min intervals for a 65-ft Mongoose on 10-ft X 44-in doors 7

12. Fuel consumption rates for various RPM operating ranges while running and towing 8

Tables

I. Comparison of gape dimensions for eight 60-£1 trawls with 8-£1 X 40-in doors 5

2. Relative gape dimensions between 70-£1 flat, balloon, and semiballoon trawls on 9~£1 X 40-in doors 5

3. Relative gape dimensions of flat and semiballoon trawls with and without floats 5

4. Relative gape dimensions for 60-£1 super X-3 trawls with increasing door size 5

5. Comparison of gape dimensions between 60-£1 flat, semiballoon, and super X-3 trawls with and without tongue on 8-£1

X 40-in doors......................................... 5

6. Spread ratio comparison for super X-3 trawls with and without tongues 6

7. Effect of middle bridle length setting on spread of tongue trawls employing 40-fathom bridles 6

8. Effect of middle bridle length setting on spread of tongue trawls employing 50-fathom bridles 6

9. Relative gape opening measurements between 70-£1 flat, semiballoon, and Mongoose trawls on 9-£1 X 40-in doors with

maximum effective flotation 6

10. Gape dimensions for 60-ft Mongoose trawl on 9-ft X 40-in doors with varied number of floats 7

II. Operating characteristics of a 65-£1 Mongoose shrimp trawl during a I50-min tow............................................................ 7

iii

Configurations and Relative Efficiencies of Shrimp

Trawls Employed in Southeastern United States Waters

JOHN W. WATSON, JR., IAN K. WORKMAN, CHARLES W. TAYLOR, and

ANTHONY F. SERRN

ABSTRACf

Common shrimp trawl designs employed in the southeastern United States shrimp fishery are the nat,

halloon, semihalloon, jih, and super X-3. Recent innontions in trawl design and rigging, including the twin

trawl rigging and tongue trawl design, have improved the efficiency of shrimp trawling gear. A description of

the construction techniques for the different designs indicate differences which affect gear performance. Measurements of horizontal spread and vertical opening for 76 trawl configurations indicate the relative efficiencies of the different designs. Maximum horizontal spreading efficiency was achieved hy the "twin" and "tongue"

trawl designs followed by the super X-3, jib, balloon, and semiballoon designs. Designs having the greatest

vertical openings were the tongue and nat trawl designs followed by the semibaUoon. Maximum total gape clinJeffiion

was demon.;trated by the "Mongoose" tongue trawl. Comparison of trawl spreading efficiency and door area to

headrope length ratio indicates that a range of 76-80 in' (per door) of door area is required for each foot of

trawl headrope lengtil for maximum efficiency with conventional trawl designs and 60-75 in' per foot of headrope for

tongue trawl designs.

INTRODUCTION

The penaeid shrimp fishing industry is one of the most valuable fisheries in the southeastern United States. A large trawler

fleet operates in the Gulf of Mexico and off the southeastern

coastal states from North Carolina to Texas. The three major

species that make up the fishery are brown shrimp, Penaeus

aztecus, white shrimp, P. setiferus, and pink shrimp, P.

duorarum. Because the species vary in abundance both seasonally and geographically, the shrimp fleet is migratory.

The shrimp fleet consists of vessels of various designs and

sizes which have undergone significant changes in recent years

(Captiva 1966). Most trawlers tow at least two trawls, one

from each side, and are called double-rig trawlers. Some smaller vessels tow a single trawl from the stern. Most vessels <55 ft

in length fish in bays and sounds where the size and number

of nets used are restricted by law. Larger vessels generally

fish offshore and are not restricted to size or number of nets.

The demersal otter trawl is the primary fishing gear in the

U.S. shrimp industry. It was first introduced in 1894 in Granton,

Scotland, by a Mr. Scott who patented a bracketed, flat, wooden

trawl used as a spreading device to replace the awkward beam

on a beam trawl.

Shrimp trawling gear used by the southeastern U.S. shrimp

fishery has been described by Bul1is (1951), Juhl (1961), Fuss

(1963 a,b), Marinovich and Whiteleather (1968), and Klima

and Ford (1970). There is no complete description of current

trawl construction designs and little information is available

on comparative efficiencies of the different trawl designs or

measurements of net spread and height with different rigging configurations.

For several years, the National Marine Fisheries Service

conducted research on techniques to reduce the incidental take

'The authors are with the Southeast Fisheries Center Mississippi Laboratories, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Pascagoula, MS 39567.

of sea turtles by shrimp trawls. This work presented a unique

opportunity to compare numerous shrimp trawl iesigns and

rigging configurations. Employing scuba diving techniques,

scientists from the Harvesting Systems Branch, Mississippi

Laboratories, Southeast Fisheries Center, measured over

100 trawl configurations. Results of this work, a comparative

description of the gear types currently in use, discussion of

relative efficiencies of different net designs, and the effects

of various rigging coniigurations are presented.

COMPARATIVE DESCRIPTIONS OF

SHRIMP TRAWLING GEAR

A fundamental knowledge of net design and terminology is

assumed. Definitions of trawl terminology and explanations of

webbing tapers and trawl construction are available from several publications (Bullis 1951; Motte 1972; Gutherz et al. 1974).

Otter Trawl

The basic components of an otter trawl are shown in Figure

I. The trawl body (A) is the principal section of webbing from

which the trawl is formed. The jibs or corners (B) are triangular pieces of webbing attached to the wing along the forward edge of the body. The jib assists in giving the trawl

overhang, relieves excessive tension between the trawl body

and wing, and forms a uniform shape in the trawl mouth. The

wings (C) are the sides of the trawl separating the top body

from the bottom body. The cod end (D) is a tubular-shaped

piece of webbing attached to the body which holds the catch

of the otter net. These basic components are cut and assembled in different ways to form the various trawl designs.

Historically, the most popular trawls in the southeastern

U.S. shrimp fishery have been the flat trawl, the balloon or

two-seam trawl, the semiballoon or four-seam trawl, and

more recently the jib and the super X-3 trawl.
Figure I.-Basic components of tbe otter type sbrimp trawl.

c

A: BODY

B; CORNER

C; WING

0: COO END D

the number of meshes in the setback are cut from the rear of

the bottom body panel, or extra meshes can be added between

the top panel and the cod end.

Balloon Trawl

The balloon or two-seam trawl (Fig. 3) is constructed from

two body sections only; the top and bottom sections are joined

directly to each other forming a two-seam net. The body sections consist of three parts: The main body and two corner

pieces. The balloon trawl is characterized by its two-seam

design, its corner piece construction, and method of hanging.

Hanging edges of the balloon trawl differ from those of the

flat trawl in that the body section is all meshes and the corner

pieces are all bars. The outside edges of the corner piece and

the body section both have the same taper. Hanging ratios of

the balloon trawl also differ from those of the flat trawl in

that the corner piece is generally hung tighter (up to 100%)

than the body (70%). Setback is achieved in the balloon trawl

by attaching the front of the bottom body panel several meshes

behind the front of the top body panel. The bottom corner pieces

are larger than the top corner pieces to allow for the setback.

Flat Trawl

The flat trawl (Fig. 2) consists of four webbing panels: Top

and bottom body panels, and wings. The distinguishing characteristic of the flat trawl is the construction of the comer pieces

which are cut in a one-point, two-bar taper called a jib cut to

form a 120 0-30 0 -30 0 triangle. The long side of the corner is

the hanging edge; the tapered edges are sewn to the body and

wing. This method of construction allows the towing ,train to

be transferred along the bars of the webbing. The entire hanging

edge of the top and bottom panels, including the corners,

consists of meshes. The amount of webbing sewn to a given

length of headrope or footrope is determined by how tightly

the webbing is hung. To provide setback (the distanceche footrope pulls behind the headrope), the leading edge of the bottom body panel is attached to the wing behind the line of

attachment of the top body panel. To allow for the setback,

\

MESHES

\ MESHES

MESHES MESHES

Figure 3.-Balloon trawl generalized scbematic.

Figure 2.-Flat trawl generalized scbematic.

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2

Semiballoon Trawl

The semiballoon trawl (Fig. 4) has characteristics of both

the flat and balloon trawl designs. It has wings and a four-seam

body design similar to the flat trawl, but the corner pieces

and the hanging characteristics resemble those of the balloon trawl. The corner pieces of the semiballoon trawl are cut

to the shape of a right triangle with the hanging edge equal in

stretched mesh length to each of the sewing edges. The corner piece of the semiballoon trawl has an all-bar hanging edge,

all-mesh-body sewing edge, and all-poi nt-wing sewing

edge. For added strength in the corner, most trawl manufacturers add a second small corner to the intersection of the

body and corner. The small corner is tapered two-meshes and

one-bar, or two-meshes and two-bars, on the hanging edge

and all meshes on the sewing edges. The semiballoon is hung in

the same manner as the balloon trawl, and setback is achieved

by the same methods described for the flat trawl.
MESHES MESHES

Figure 4.-Semiballoon trawl generalized schematic.

Jib Trawl

The jib trawl or western jib (Fig. 5) is similar to the flat

trawl in construction, but differs from the flat and other trawls

in the construction of the corner pieces or jibs. The long side

of the corner is the hanging edge and is jib cut. The sewing

edge of the corner attached to the body panel is tapered onemesh and two-bars. This taper shifts the wing outward, giving the trawl a greater horizontal spread. The wing sewing

edge of the corner is cut on all points, allowing the webbing in

the corner pieces to pull in the same direction as the wing for

less webbing distortion. Setback is provided by attaching the

bottom body panel to the wing in the same manner as the flat

trawl.

MESHES

Figure 5.-Jib trawl generalized schematic.

Super X-3 Trawl

The super X-3 trawl is very similar to the jib trawl except

in the corner piece design (Fig. 6). The long side (hanging edge)

3

Figure 6.-Super X-3 generalized schematic.

of the top corners are cut, starting with points totaling onethird the depth of the corner, then cut one-point and two-bars

the remainder of the length. The sewing edge of the corner,

attached to the body, is cut one-mesh and four-bars. This shifts

the wing at a greater angle than the jib trawl for increased

horizontal spread. The sewing edge of the corner, attached to

the wing, is cut on all points to reduce webbing distortion.

The bottom corner pieces are cut on all points for one-third

the depth of the corner, then tapered two-bars and two-points

for the remainder of the hanging edge, making the bottom corner longer than the top corner. Hanging coefficients for the

super X-3 are 70.83% along the body panel and points of the

corner hanging edge.

Shrimp trawling gear has undergone some significant changes in the past few years, including changes in rigging. The twin

trawl now uses four small trawls (two from each outrigger)

instead of one larger trawl on each outrigger. This rigging configuration is more efficient and produces larger catches than

the double-rigged configuration, but requires extra rigging

of an additional bridle and a dummy door, sled, or bullet

between the paired trawls (Harrington et al. 1972; Captiva

1980). The additional rigging creates tangling and handling

problems. To overcome the handling problems characteristic

of the twin trawl system, the University of Georgia Marine

Extension Center and several trawl manufacturers have

been experimenting with a new trawl design called the bib or

tongue trawl. The innovative feature is a "tongue" of webbing

extending forward from the net's top panel and connecting to

a third central bridle. The basic principle of the design is to

reduce the total net and cod end load on the doors by transferring a portion of it to the tongue and central bridle, allowing the trawl to achieve and maintain a maximum effective

horizontal spread.

Any conventional shrimp trawl can be converted to a tongue

trawl by adding a tongue. Several tongue trawl designs are

currently being marketed, including the most popular Cobra

and Mongoose designs.

Cobra Trawl

The Cobra trawl is a semiballoon trawl with a tongue added to

the top body panel (Fig. 7). The triangular tongue is sewn to

the top body panel, overlapping the small jib corners.
The Mongoose trawl (Fig. 8) is unique in that the tongue is

built into the top body panel. The corners, top body panel,

and tongue are all cut from one section of webbing. The wing

sewing edge of the top panel is cut on points for the first 10-13

meshes; the remainder of the length is cut on a body taper.

All bars are used on the hanging edge of the tongue and what

is normaily the corner section; a two-mesh and two-bar taper is

cut on the hanging edge in the area where the small jib corner

is normally located. The hanging edge of the body is cut on

all meshes to the section where the tongue begins. Another

two-mesh and two-bar taper is cut at the base of the tongue.

The remaining length of the tongue is cut on all bars. The bottom

body panel and corners are also cut from a single section of

webbing. The bottom corners are longer and narrower than

the top corners, helping produce setback in the Mongoose. The

bottom corner hanging edge is all bars up to the jib type corner which is cut on two-meshes and two-bars, similar to the

top body. The body hanging edge is all meshes. The hanging

coefficient for the Mongoose is 66.6% on the body and 100%

on the corners and tomme.

Mongoose Trawl

RESULTS

Spread and height measurements for 76 fishing configurations of eight types of otter trawls (by trawl type and in

METHODS

The trawl types and rigging configurations used by 47

commercial vessels were evaluated by scuba diving techniques.

Measurements of shrimp trawl gape dimensions were made

from a 68-ft Desco-built fiberglass trawler with a 365-hp

Cummins diesel engine employing a 6: I reduction gear. Th~

resulting trawl-dimension measurements represent a sampling

of the shrimp trawling gear and rigging configurations used

in the southeastern U.S. shrimp fishery.

Measurements were made off Panama City, Fla., in 4-6 fathoms of water at a towing speed between 2 and 3 kn. Towing

speed was measured with a General Oceanics Model 2035

flowmeter. Towing bridle length varied between 40 and 50

fathoms to correspond to the rigging used by each of the individual cooperative vessels. A warp ratio af 10:1 (towing warp to

water depth) was used. The trawl measurements taken on each

net included: Horizontal spread, vertical opening, and footrope height. These measurements were taken by research divers

using special trawl diving techniques (Wickham and Watson

1976) and measuring gear specifically designed for use on trawls

under tow.

Horizontal spread, as defined for the purpose of this paper,

is the spread of the trawl measured from the first hanging on

each trawl wing (webbing to webbing) and does not include

the leglines or doors. The horizontal spread measurement used is

the actual fishing area covered by the webbing and cannot be

compared with any spread measurement derived from bridle

angles which includes the spread distance from door to door.

Horizontal spread measurements were made by two divers using

a lis-in diameter stainless steel cable marked in l·ft increments.

The cable was stretched across the mouth of the trawl with

one end attached to the first hanging on one wing and the other

cable end pulled through a metal ring sewn to the first hanging on the opposite wing. The cable was pulled taut across the

mouth of the net by one diver while the other diver recorded

the spread reading. Vertical opening (vertical distance between

the trawl headrope and footrope) was measured at the center

of the trawl using a fiberglass measuring rod marked in 6-in

increments. Two measurements were made on each trawl (cod

ends empty) to determine vertical opening height. The first

measurement was made at the center of the trawl headrope

and measured the height of the headrope from the sea floor.

The second measurement was made at the center of the footrope and measured the height of the footrope from the sea

floor. The vertical opening was then calculated by subtracting

the two measurements. To insure that the diver's body weight

and drag did not affect the readings, the divers were suspended above the trawl on a separate towing line.

Rigging configuration of the various trawls were recorded:

Headrope length (webbing to webbing), total headrope length

(including legline lengths), door size, number and size of floats,

number and type of footrope weight (loop chain), size and length

of tickler chain, door chain setting, and trawl construction

(webbing and twine size, hanging ratios, and tapers). Measurements were also made on warp tension using Dillon dynamometers and on fuel consumption rates using a prototype fuel meter

from Electronic Concepts, Inc., for a limited number of tows

with the Mongoose trawl.

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MESHES

z

Ii:

TOP

MESHES ,..-,

, , / I

q,-"~/ :

~;/TONGUE!

/ , , , // ):/ : MESHES I

Figure 7.-Cobra trawl generalized schematic.

Figure 8.-Mongoose trawl generalized scbematic.

MESHES

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4
order of increasing headrope length) are presented in Appendix

Tables 1-8.

Comparison of Trawl Gape Dimensions

Relative fishing dimensions of the eight common shrimp

trawl types used by the shrimp industry are presented in Table 1.

Each trawl was 60 ft in headrope length, constructed to standard specifications by a commercial trawl manufacturer.

Trawls were rigged with standard loop chain and no flotation,

spread by 8-ft X 40-in chain doors of standard construction.

Measurements were taken by scuba divers in 5 fathoms of water

using 50-fathom bridles set to the water at a towing speed

between 2.5 and 3.0 kn. The measured horizontal spread varied from 40 ft (67%) for flat and semiballoon trawls to 48-50

ft (80-85%) for the tongue trawl designs. The super X-3 trawl

had the best horizontal spread (73%) of the conventional

(nontongue) trawls, and the balloon trawl had a slightly better spread than the flat, semiballoon, and jib trawls. The vertical height of the trawls varied from 2.0 ft for the super X-3

tongue to 4.0 ft for the flat, semiballoon, and Mongoose trawls.

The Mongoose tongue trawl had the best total gape opening

with an 80% horizontal spread and a corresponding vertical

opening of 4.0 ft. The relative gape dimensions between 70 ft

headrope length flat, balloon, and semiballoon trawls on 9-ft

X 40-in doors are shown in Table 2. The best horizontal spread

was achieved by the balloon trawl (70%) with a vertical height of

2.5 ft. The semihalloon had a better horizontal spread than

the flat trawl with the same vertical height.

The relative gape dimensions of flat and semiballoon trawls

with and without added flotation on the headrope (Table 3)

show that the addition of flotation significantly changed the

fishing configuration of these trawls. The addition of 10 6-in

X 8-in spongex floats to a 60-ft flat trawl on 8-ft X 40-in

doors increased the vertical opening from 4.0 to 11.5 ft while

decreasing the horizontal spread by 12%. The addition of 20

6-in X 8-in spongex floats to a 70-ft flat trawl on 9-ft X

Table I.-Compamoo of gape dimensiom for eight 6O-ft

trawls with 8-ft X 40-in doors.

Table 3.-Relative gape dimensions of nat and semiballoon trawls with and

without noats.

No. of

Headrope Door 6" X 8" Vertical Horizontal Spread

length size spongex opening spread ratio

Trawl type (ft) (ft X in) floats (ft) (ft) (%)

Flat 60 8 X 40 0 4.0 40 67

Flat 60 8 X 40 10 11.5 33 55

Flat 70 9 X 40 0 4.0 44 63

Flat 70 9 X 40 20 11.0 37 53

Semiballoon 50 7 X 36 0 3.0 35 70

Semiballoon 50 7 X 36 14 8.0 31 62

Semiballoon 68 9 X 40 0 4.0 46 68

Semiballoon 68 9 X 40 20 7.0 43 63

40-in doors increased the vertical opening from 4.0 to 11.0 ft

and decreased the horizontal spread 10%. Fourteen 6-in X

8-in spongex floats on a 50-ft semiballoon using 7-ft X 36-in

doors increased the vertical opening from 3.0 to 8.0 ft and

reduced the horizontal spread by 8%. The vertical height of a

68-ft semiballoon trawl on 9-ft X 40-in doors was increased

from 4.0 to 7.0 ft with the addition of 20 6-in X 8-in spongex

floats, while the horizontal spread decreased 5%. These data

indicate that with the same amount of flotation, the flat trawl is

capable of attaining a greater vertical opening than the

semiballoon trawl but has a corresponding greater decrease

in horizontal spread.

The effect of increasing door size on horizontal spread and

vertical opening for a 60-ft super X-3 trawl is shown in Table 4.

The horizontal spread for the 60-ft trawl on 7-ft X 36-in

doors was 62% with a vertical opening of 4.0 f1. When the door

size was increased to 8-ft X 40-in, the horizontal spread

increased to 72% and the vertical opening decreased to 3.5 ft.

With IO-ft X 40-in doors the horizontal spread increased to

77% and the vertical opening decreased to 3.0 ft.

The effect on gape dimension of adding a tongue modification

to 60-ft flat, semiballoon, and super X-3 trawls on 8-ft X

40-in doors is presented in Table 5. The addition of tongues

to these trawls resulted in a spread increase of 5% for the flat

Trawl type

Flat

Semiballoon

Western jib

Balloon

Super X-3

Super X-3 tongue

Cobra/Hood

Mongoose

Spread

(ft)

40

40

41

42

44

51

49

48

Vertical

opening

(ft)

4.0

4.0

3.5

3.5

3.5

2.0

2.5

4.0

Spread

ratio

(%)

67

67

68

70

73

85

82

80

Table 4.-Relative gape dimensions for 6O-ft super

X-3 trawls with increasing door size.

Vertical Horizontal Spread

Door size opening spread ratio

(ft X in) (ft) (ft) (%)

7 X 36 4.0 37 62

8 X 40 3.5 43 72

10 X 40 3.0 46 77

Table 2.-ReJative gape dimensions between 70-rt flat, balloon, and

semibaJloon trawls on 9-ft X 40-in doors.

Headrope Vertical Horizontal Spread

length opening spread ratio

Trawl type (ft) (ft) (ft) (%)

Flat 70 4.0 44 63

Semiballoon 68 4.0 46 68

Balloon 70 2.5 49 70

5

Table 5.-Comparison of gape dimensions between 6O-ft flat, semiballoon, and

super X-3 trawls with and without tongue on 80ft X 40-in doors.

Vertical Horizontal Spread Increase in

opening spread ratio spread ratio

Trawl type (ft) (ft) (%) (%)

Flat 4.0 40 67 5 Flat w/tongue 3.0 43 72

Semiballoon 4.0 40 67 15 SemibaJloon w/tongue 2.5 49 82

Super X-3 3.5 43 72 13 Super X-3 w/tongue 2.0 51 85
Table 6.~Spread ratio comparison for super X-3 trawls witb and witbout tongues.

Headrope Door Vertical Horizontal Spread Spread

length size opening spread ratio increase

Trawl type (ft) (ft X in) (ft) (fl) (%) (%)

Super X-3 50 7 X 36 3.0 36 72

Super X-3 wjtongue 50 7 X 36 3.0 40 80 8

Super X-3 55 9 X 40 3.0 44 80

Super X-3 wjtongue 55 9 X 40 3.0 49 89 9

Super X-3 60 10 X 40 3.0 46 77

Super X-3 wjtongue 60 10 X 40 3.~ 50 83 6

Super X-3 65 8 X 40 3.0 45 69

Super X-3 wjtongue 65 8 X 40 3.0 50 77 8

Super X-3 65 10 X 40 3.0 49 75

Super X-3 wjtongue 65 10 X 40 3.5 53 82

Super X-3 70 9 X 40 4.0 45 64

Super X-3 wjtongue 70 9 X 40 4.0 52 74 10

trawl, 13% for the super X-3, and 15% for the semiballoon.

Vertical opening decreased from 4.0 to 3.0 ft for the flat, 4.0

to 2.5 ft for the semiballoon, and 3.5 to 2.0 ft for the super

X-3. Table 6 shows the spread ratio comparison for five

headrope-Iength super X-3 trawls on four trawl door sizes

with and without the tongue modifications. Spread ratios

increased from 6 to 10% on the different trawl-to-door-size

combinations when the tongue rigging was added. The maximum spread achieved was 89% for a 55-ft super X-3 on 9-ft

X 40-in doors.

The use of tongue trawls requires the addition of a third

bridle which IS attached to the tongue. The bridles most

commonly used by the shrimp' industry are 40 to 50 fathoms

long with the three legs of the bridle equal in length. Most

tongue trawls are constructed with the tongue about the same

depth as the corners, requiring an extension on the middle bridle

leg to compensate for the length of the leglines and doors. Tension on the middle bridle cable is an important factor in adjusting the tongue trawl to obtain an optimum fishing configuration. Data on the relative gape dimensions for trawls at different middle bridle extension lengths for 40- and 50-fathom

bridles are shown in Tables 7 and 8. These data indicate the

extension setting for optimum spread for the two bridle lengths

when towed in 5-6 fathoms of water. These settings may not

be optimum for deeper water depths where longer extensions

are needed, due to the change in towing wire angle. The

optimum extension length for the 40-fathom bridles (Table

7) was 10 ft with the optimum range between 9 and 12 ft and

8 ft for the 50-fathom bridles (Table 8) with an optimum range

between 6 and 10ft.

Table 9 shows the relative gape opening measurements

between 70-ft semiballoon, flat, and Mongoose trawls on 9-ft X

40-in doors with maximum effective flotation. The maximum

vertical opening is achieved by the flat and the Mongoose tongue

Table 7.-Effect of middle bridle length setting on spread of tongue trawls

~mploying 40-fatbom bridles.

Middle

Headrope Door Venica: Honzootal Spread bridle

length size ooening spread ratio extension

(ft) (ft X in) (lti (ft) (%, (ft)

60 9 X 40 6.0 43 72 9

60 9 X 40 6.0 45 75 10

60 9 X 40 6.0 44 73 II

60 9 X 40 6.0 44 73 " -_.__.. ._--_.._----

6

trawls with a height of 11 and 10 ft, respectively. The semiballoon trawl had a vertical opening of only 7 f1. The Mongoose trawl had the best total gape dimension with a 16%

increase in horizontal spread over the flat trawl. The measurements of gape dimensions for a 60-ft Mongoose trawl on 9-ft

X 40-in doors with increasing flotation are given in Table

10. The vertical opening for the Mongoose increased from 5.5 ft

with no floats to 12.0 ft with 24 6-in X 8-in spongex floats.

Horizontal spread decreased from 70 to 65%.

The relationship between trawl door size and headrope length

and the relative spreading efficiency is presented in Figure 9

for conventional trawl designs and in Figure 10 for tongue

trawl designs. The ratio of door size to headrope size is expressed

as the number of square inches of door area for one door per

headrope foot. For example, a 9-ft X 40-in door has a total

area of 4,320 in2

• When used on a 60-ft headrope trawl, the

door/headrope ratio would then be 4,320/60 = 72 in2 per

Table S.-Effect of middle bridle length setting on spread of tongue trawls

employing 50-fathom bridles.

Middle

Headrope Door Vertical Horiwntal Spread bridle

length size opening spread ratio extension

(ft) (ft X in) (ft) (ft) (%) (ft)

60 8 X 40 3.5 42 70 6

60 8 X 40 3.0 43 72 8

60 8 X 40 3.5 42 70 10

65 8 X 40 4.0 50 77 8

65 8 X 40 4.0 47 72 10

'50 7 X 36 8.0 35 70 8

'50 7 X 36 8.0 34 68 9

'50 7 X 36 8.0 34 68 10

'50 7 X 36 8.0 34 68 12

'50 7 X 36 8.0 33 66 14

, 24 (6" X 8") spongex floats on headrope.

Table 9.-Relative gape opening measurements between 70-ft flat, semiballoon, and Mongoose trawls on 9-ft X 40-in doors with maximum

effective notation.

No.of6" X 8" Vertical Horizontal Spread

spongex opening spread ratio

Trawl type floats (ft) (ft) (%)

Flat 20 II 37 53

Semiballoon 20 7 43 63

Mongoose 24 10 48 69
Table 10.-Gape dimensions for 60-ft Mongoose trawl on

9-ft X 40-in doors witb varied number of floats.

Operating Characteristics

6o-'----5.,..o---~60----7,..0---~80-------:9rG----,...-00:--'

Door/Headrope ratio

rDoor area in square inches per foot of trawl headropel

• •

•

90

c

.

"- 80

"

c.

VI

c

2

'c

o

:c 70

..

E

>-

No. of6" X 8"

spongex floats

o

6

12

18

24

•

• •

Vertical

opening

(ft)

5.5

6.5

7.5

10.0

12.0

•

•

Horizontal

spread

(ft)

42

42

41

40

39

• •

• • • • •

•

Spread

ratIo

(%)

70

70

68

67

65

•

A limited amount of data was collected on the operating

characteristics of trawls while fishing to investigate possible

methods for increasing efficiency and reducing energy costs.

Table II and Figure 11 present data on the relationship between

towing tension, engine RPM, fuel consumption, trawling speed,

and horizontal spread and tow duration as a measure of trawl

loading on a 65-ft Mongoose trawl using ID-ft X 44-in doors.

Towing tension increased as the trawl load increased but

appeared to reach an equilibrium between 90 and 180 min.

(Fig. 11). Table 11 shows that with initial engine throttle setting

unchanged, the engine RPM decreased from 1,650 to 1,636

after 150 min while the fuel consumption increased from 13.7

gal/h to 14.2 gal/h, and speed decreased from 3.3 to 2.5 mph.

The horizontal net spread decreased from 54 to 44 ft with a

total bag load of 1,340 lb. These measurements, taken during optimum weather conditions with calm seas, wind < 5

mph, and no current, could not be duplicated when weather

conditions were less than optimum, due to the variability in

the tension measurements. Figure 12 shows the relative fuel

consumption rates over a range of RPM settings when the vessel

was running and when the vessel was towing two 65-ft Mongoose trawls on 9-ft X 44-in doors. The data indicate a significant increase in fuel consumption due to the towing

resistance of the trawls. The data collected on fuel consumption

and trawl operating characteristics are preliminary. More data

Figure 9.-Relationsbip between trawl door dimension, beadrope lengtb, and

borizontal spread for conventional trawl designs.

Table It.-Operating cbaracteristics of a 6S-ft Mongoose

sbrimp trawl during a lSD-min tow. Trawl towed on ID-ft

X 44-in doors witb SO-fatbom bridles in 5-6 fatboms of

water witb a warp ratio of 5:1.

Figure IO.-Relationsbip between trawl door dimensi<on, beadrope lengtb, and

borizontal spread for tongue trawl designs.

headrope foot. The maximum spread achieved for conventional

trawls was 82% with a door/headrope ratio of 85 in2

• A spread

ratio between 70 and 75% required a door/headrope ratio of

70-80 in2

• An increase in the door/headrope ratio above 85

in2 did not increase the spread ratio. The maximum spread

for tongue trawls was 89% with a door/headrope ratio of 78

in2• A spread ratio of 75-80% required a door/headrope ratio

of 60-75 in2

• Door/headrope ratios exceeding 80 in' were not

tested for the tongue trawls.

•

•

180 ,"

54

44

Horizontal

spread

(ft)

60 gO 120

TIME (Min Fished)

3D

.... _..- - - - - -e - - - - - ..

,,' //

,/

/

./

..,-

N=8TOWS

!Y

I

I

i

.I

Fuel

Time Engine consumption Spee<!

(min) RPM (gal/h) (mpb)

0 1,650 13.7 3.3

30 1,642 13.8 2.9

60 1,647 139 3.1

90 1,643 14.0 2.9

120 1,642 14.0 2.9

'150 1,636 14.2 2.5

'Total catch weight after 150 min was 1,340 Ib of finfisb and invertebrates.

1.20

1.18

1.16

LOB

1.0b

1.10

1.12

1.00

,.

i 1.011 ./

.' 1.02 I

i

Figure 1I.-Measurements oftowing tension at 3O-min. intenalsfor a 65-ft

Mongoose on ID-ft X 44-in doors. Mean catcb rates = 634 lb.

100

••

•

•

•

• •

•

60 70 80 90

Door IHeadrope ratio

(Door area in square inches per foot of trawl head rope)

•

'"I c

. I

80i

"-

"

c.

VI

c

2

.

:c

1 70

.:

•

60 50

7
Towing

1625-1649 1650-1674

Engine RPM Range

Figure 12.-Fuel consumption rates for various RPM operating ranges while

running and towing.

will be collected to determine possible methods of reducing

fuel consumption during the fishing operation by modifying

fishing tactics and developing more fuel efficient trawling gear.

DISCUSSION

There are currently eight basic designs of the otter trawl

used in the southeastern United States shrimp fishery. Some

modifications to these basic designs have not been presented

in this paper; innumerable rigging configurations are employed

by individual fishermen. The data presented represent trawl

designs and rigging configurations employed by vessels that

cooperated in the turtle excluder trawl research and are not a

complete synopsis of the gear used by the shrimp industry.

They do, however, indicate some relative efficiencies among

basic trawl designs and suggest some optimum rigging configurations and gear for different fishing conditions.

Rigging configuration of trawls and trawl types are changed

by individual fishermen to optimize their gear for the prevailing

conditions. The behavior of shrimp, for example, determines

the optimum fishing configuration for harvesting different

species. Shrimp occur in different positions in the water column, particularly when migrating from the estuary. White

shrimp are known to occur 10-12 ft above the bottom, whereas

pink and brown shrimp generally remain in close proximity

to the bottom. For trawl efficiency, fishermen add flotation

to their trawls, increasing the vertical opening when shrimp

occur off the bottom, and optimize their rigging for horizont~l spread when shrimp are near the bottom. Fishing configurations are also changed to reduce unwanted bycatch such as

jellyfish, sponges, bottom trash, and finfish, and to optimize

gear for different substrate conditions (mud sand shell

rock: etc.): As a result, there is no ideal traw de;ign or 'riggin~ confIguratIOn to suit every situation. Trawling gear must be

constantly checked and the rigging modified in order to

maintain optimum shrimp production.

Measurements of the gape dimension for the different trawl

types and rig~ing configurations suggest that some designs

are better sUIted to some fishing conditions than others.

Comparisons of the conventional designs of the same size indicate that for conditions where optimum spread is required,

8

the super X-3, jib, and balloon trawls perform better than

the flat and semiballoon and the semiballoon better than the

flat trawls. In conditions where vertical height is required,

the flat trawl outperforms the other designs with the semibailoon performing better than the balloon, jib, and super X-3.

The addition of the tongue modification improves the spreading

characteristic of all the trawl designs tested, with the best

performance demonstrated by the super X-3 tongue trawl

followed by the semiballoon tongue or Cobra trawl. The best

overall gape dimensions for maximum vertical height and

spread were demonstrated by the Mongoose tongue trawl. The

tongue trawls outperformed the conventional trawls in every

respect provided the rigging adjustments were correct, particularly the middle bridle extension settings. There has

been some indication from shrimp fishermen that tongue trawls

do not operate efficiently in deeper water. Our research indicates that the tongue trawls are efficient in deep water but

that some rigging adjustments are necessary because of change

in warp angle. The increased warp angle in deeper water tends to

cause the trawl doors to "nose" because of the tension and

angle of the headrope on the back of the door. This causes the

trawl footrope to be pulled off the bottom in the wings, reducing

efficiency. This problem was corrected by using longer warps, or

by adding more length on the middle bridle extension and extra

weight to the heel of the doors.

Twin trawl rigging is being employed by a growing number

of trawlers, particularly in the Gulf of Mexico. Reports from

shrimp fishermen indicate that catch rates for brown and pink

shrimp have increased significantly with the use of twin trawls.

Two twin trawls were measured during this study (Ap!,endix

Tables 4, 5). Measurements of horizontal spread for the twin

trawls did not indicate any significant increase over doublerigged trawls. The advantage of the twin-rigged trawls is that a

vessel can tow more total trawl headrope length using four

small trawls rather than two large trawls with the same horsepower. Data on energy efficiency of shrimp trawl designs indicate that twin trawls sweep a larger total area per gallon of

fuel than do double rigged trawls (Watson2

).

Door size used on various trawls varies from vessel to vessel and usually depends on vessel size and horsepower. Our

data indicate that the spread of the trawl increases with door

size. The increase in spread gained by using larger doors may,

however, be offset by the increased cost in fuel consumption.

The data indicate that for conventional trawls a range of 70-80

in2 (per door) of door area is required for each foot of headrope

length to obtain a horizontal spread of 70-75%, while only

60-75 in2 of door area per foot of headrope length were required

on tongue trawls to obtain spreads of 75-80%. These data suggest that smaller doors could be used on tongue trawls to achieve

the same spread ratio as conventional trawls, resulting in

fuel savings.

One of the most critical problems facing the fishing industry in the United States is the increasing cost of energy. To

keep the industry viable and promote a healthy economy more

research is required to determine fuel consumption rates, fishing

tactics, and gear efficiency to optimize production while reducing costs.

2 Watson, J. W. 1983. Sea turtle excluder trawl annual project report. Southeast

FIsheries Center, National Marine FIsheries Service, NOAA, 75 Virginia Beach

Drive, Miami, FL 33149.
LITERATURE CITED

BULLIS, H. R., Jr.

195 J. Gulf of Mexico shrimp trawl designs. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Fish.

Lean. 394, 16 p.

CAPTIYA, F. J.

1966. Trends in shrimp trawler design and construction over the past five

decades. Gulf Caribb. Fish. Inst., 19th Annu. Sess., p. 23-30.

1980. The twin rig shrimp trawl. Fish. Gaz. 97(1): 24-36.

FUSS, C. M., Jr.

1963a. Gulf of Mexico shrimp trawls. Fish. Gaz. 80(3): 12-14.

1963b. Gulf of Mexico shrimp trawls. Fish. Gaz. 80(4):38-40.

GUTHERZ, E. J., A. F. SERRA, and E. F. KLIMA.

1974. Design and materials used in construction of a 16-foot shrimp

trawl. U. S. Dep. Commer., NOAA, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv., Fish. Facts

9,14 p.

9

HARRINGTON, D. E., M. R. BARTLETT, and J. HIGGINS.

1972. Shrimp fishing with twin trawls. Univ. Ga. Mar. Ext. Bull. 1, [lIp.]

JUHL, R.

196 J. A study of vessel and gear usage in the shrimp fishery of the southeastern United States. Commer. Fish. Rev. 23(8): 1-8.

KLIMA, E. F., and R. S. FORD

1970. Gear and techniques employed in the Gulf of Mexico shrimp

fishery. Proceedings of conference on Canadian shrimp fishery, 26 p.

MARINOYICH, S., and R. T. WHITELEATHER.

1968. Gulf of Mexico shrimp trawls. Current trends in design, and

prospective developments. The future of the fishing industry in, the

United States. Univ. Wash. Publ. Fish. 4:176-18J.

MOTTE,G.A.

1972. CUlling web tapers. Univ. Rhode Island Mar. Lean. 1, 12 p.

WICKHAM, D. A., and J. W. WATSON, Jr.

1976. Scuba diving methods for fishing systems evaluation. Mar.

Fish. Rev. 38(7): 15-23.
Appendix Table I.-Spread and height measurements for flat trawls employed in the southeastern U.S. shrimp fishery.

Total headrope

Headrope and legline Door No./size Vertical Horizontal Spread

length length size floats opening spread ratio

(ft) (ft) (ft X in) (in) (ft) (ft) (%)

40 46 8 X 40 5 (6 X 8) 3.0 30 75

42 54 6 X 36 I (6 X 8) 3.0 29 69

42 58 6 X 36 I (6 X 8) 3.0 30 71

42 54 6 X 40 I (6 X 8) 3.0 29 69

50 62 8 X 40 1 (6 X 8) 3.5 38 76

60 72 8 X 40 0 4.0 40 67

60 72 8 X 40 1 (6 X 8) 4.0 41 68

60 72 8 X 40 10 (6 X 8) 11.5 33 55

65 77 9 X 40 7 (6 X 8) 4.0 43 66

68 78 10 X 44 0 3.5 50 74

70 82 9 X 40 I (6 X 8) 4.0 44 63

70 82 9 X 40 20 (6 X 8) 11.0 37 53

75 87 10 X 40 0 4.0 50 67

75 87 10 X 40 151.6 X 8) 9.0 38 51

Appendix Table 2.-Spread and height measurements for western jib trawls employed in the

southeastern U.S. shrimp fishery.

Total headrope

Headrope and legline Door No./size Vertical Horizontal Spread

length length size floats opening spread ratio

(ft) (ft) (ft X in) (in) (ft) (ft) (%)

45 53 7 X 36 0 3.0 30 67

45 57 8 X 40 5 (6 X 8) 3.0 37 82

Appendix Table 3.-Spread and height measurements for two-seam balloon trawls employed

in the southeastern U.S. shrimp fishery.

Total headrope

Headrope and legline Door No./size Vertical Horizontal Spread

length length size floats opening spread ratio

(ft) (ft) (ft X in) (in) (ft) (ft) (%)

65 77 10 X 44 0 4.0 49 75

70 87 9 X 40 I (6 X 8) 2.5 49 70

70 82 10 X 40 7 (6 X 8) 3.5 49 70

Appendix Table 4.-Spread and height measurements for semiballoon trawls employed in the

southeastern U.S. shrimp fishery.

Total headrope

Headrope and legline Door No./size Vertical Horizontal Spread

length length size floats opening spread ratio

(ft) (ft) (ft X in) (in) (ft) (ft) (%)

40 52 8 X 40 5 (6 X 8) 4.0 35 88

'45 53 9 X 40 0 3.0 36 80

','45 53 9 X 40 0 3.0 33 73

45 57 8 X 40 5 (6 X 8) 3.5 37 82

50 62 7 X 36 1 (6 X 8) 3.0 35 70

50 62 7 X 36 14 (6 X 8) 8.0 31 62

60 72 8 X 40 0 4.0 40 67

68 80 9 X 40 I (6 X 8) 4.0 46 68

68 80 9 X 40 20 (6 X 8) 7.0 43 63

'Twin trawl.

, Rigged with '1<1 in tickler chain set 36 in shorter than footrope length.

10
Appendix Table 5.-Spread and height measurements for super X-3 trawls employed in the

southeastern U.S. shrimp fishery.

Total headrope

Headrope and legline Door No./size Vertical Horizontal Spread

length length size floats opening spread ratio

(ft) (ft) (ft X in) (in) (ft) (ft) (%)

'40 46 7 X 36 I (6 X 8) 3.5 28 70

50 62 7 X 36 0 3.0 36 72

55 67 9 X 40 0 3.0 44 80

60 72 7 X 36 0 4.0 37 62

60 72 8 X 40 0 3.5 43 72

60 72 10 X 40 0 3.0 46 77

65 77 8 X 40 0 3.0 45 69

65 77 8 X 40 8 (6 X 8) 8.0 40 62

65 77 8 X 40 13(6 X 8) 10.0 41 63

65 77 10 X 40 0 3.0 49 75

70 82 9 X 40 5 (4 X 6) 4.0 45 64

'Twin trawl.

Appendix Table 6.-Spread and height measurements for super X-3 with tongue trawls employed in the southeastern

U.S. shrimp fishery.

Total headrope

Headrope and legline Door No.jsize Vertical Horizontal Spread Bridle Middle

length length size floats opening spread ratio length bridle

(ft) (ft) (ft X in) (in) (ft) (ft) (%) (ft) extension

50 62 7 X 36 5 (4 X 6) 3.0 40 80 300 +8

55 67 9 X 40 7 (4 X 6) 3.0 49 89 300 +8

60 72 8 X 40 0 2.0 51 85 300 +8

60 72 8 X 40 12 (6 X 8) 3.5 46 77 300 +8

60 72 8 X 40 8 (6 X 8) 4.0 47 78 300 +8

60 72 8 X 40 10 (6 X 8) 5.0 46 77 300 +8

60 72 10 X 40 5 (4 X 6) 3.5 50 83 300 +8

65 72 8 X 40 0 3.0 50 77 300 +8

65 77 10 X 40 5 (4 X 6) 3.5 53 82 300 +8

70 82 9 X 40 9 (4 X 6) 4.0 52 74 300 +8

76 88 10 X 44 0 4.0 54 71 300 +8

Appendix Table 7.-Spread and height measurements for Mongoose trawls employed in the southeastern U.S. shrimp

fishery.

Total head rope

Headrope and legline Door No./size Vertical Horizontal Spread Bridle Middle

length length size floats opening spread ratio length bridal

(ft) (ft) (ft X in) (in) (ft) (ft) (%) (ft) extension

40 52 8 X 40 10 (6 X 8) 10.0 29 72 240

50 62 7 X 36 24 (6 X 8) 8.0 35 70 300

55 67 8 X 40 24 (6 X 8) 7.0 39 71 300

55 67 9 X 40 0 4.0 42 76 240

55 67 9 X 40 24(6X8) 7.0 40 73 240

60 72 9 X 40 0 5.5 42 70 240

60 72 9 X 40 6 (6 X 8) 6.5 43 72 240

60 72 9 X 40 12 (6 X 8) 7.5 41 68 240

60 72 9 X 40 18(6 X 8) 10.0 40 67 240

60 72 9 X 40 24 (6 X 8) 12.0 39 65 240

60 72 9 X 40 0 6.0 44 73 240

60 72 9 X 40 0 6.0 43 72 240

60 72 9 X 40 0 6.0 45 75 240

60 72 9 X 40 0 6.0 44 73 240

60 72 9 X 40 0 5.5 44 73 240

60 72 9 X 40 0 5.5 45 75 240

60 72 9 X 40 24 (6 X 8) 11.0 42 70 240

65 77 9 X 40 0 5.5 48 74 240

65 77 10 X 40 0 3.5 54 83 300

65 77 10 X 44 12 (6 X 8) 5.0 52 80 300 + 8

70 82 9 X 40 24 (6 X 8) 10.0 48 69 300 + 8

72 84 9 X 40 24 (6 X 8) 10.0 49 68 300 + 8

75 87 8 X 40 0 6.0 49 65 240 +10

75 87 9 X 40 0 6.0 50 67 240 +10

75 87 10 X 40 0 6.0 52 69 240 +10

11
Appendix Table S.-Spread and height measurements for Cobra trawl.

Total headrope

Headrope and legline Door No.Jsize Vertical Horizontal Spread

length length size floats opening spread ratio

(ft) (ft) (ft X in) (in) (ft) (ft) (%)

60 72 8 X 40 0 2.5 49 82

12