PEOPLE v BOYKIN

PEOPLE v TATE

Docket Nos. 157738 and 158695. Argued on application for leave to appeal January 12, 

2022. Decided July 28, 2022.

In Docket No. 157738, Demariol D. Boykin was convicted by a jury of first-degree murder, 

MCL 750.316(1)(c), and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony (felonyfirearm), MCL 750.227b. He was initially sentenced to a mandatory term of life without the 

possibility of parole for first-degree murder, to be served consecutively to a two-year term for 

felony-firearm. His convictions and sentences were affirmed in an unpublished per curiam opinion 

of the Court of Appeals, issued July 14, 2005 (Docket No. 253224) (Boykin I). Subsequently, the 

United States Supreme Court decided Miller v Alabama, 567 US 460 (2012), which held that 

sentencing an individual to mandatory life without the possibility of parole for a crime they 

committed before the age of 18 (a juvenile offender) violated the Eighth Amendment’s ban on 

cruel and unusual punishments and that trial courts are required to consider the attributes of youth 

when sentencing a juvenile offender to life without parole. In Montgomery v Louisiana, 577 US 

190 (2016), the Supreme Court held that Miller was a substantive constitutional rule that was 

retroactive on state collateral review. The Michigan Legislature accounted for these changes by 

enacting MCL 769.25 and MCL 769.25a, which eliminated sentences of mandatory life 

imprisonment without the possibility of parole for all individuals who were convicted of specific 

crimes, including first-degree murder, for acts committed while they were juveniles. As a juvenile 

offender who was sentenced to a mandatory term of life imprisonment without the possibility of 

parole, Boykin was entitled to resentencing under MCL 769.25a. At resentencing, the prosecution 

did not move to seek a sentence of life without parole but instead sought a sentence of 40 to 60 

years’ imprisonment, which the trial court imposed. Boykin appealed this sentence by right. The 

Court of Appeals, MARKEY, P.J., and GADOLA, JJ. (SHAPIRO, J., dissenting), affirmed in an 

unpublished per curiam opinion issued March 20, 2018 (Docket No. 335862), holding that because 

the prosecutor had not sought a sentence of life without parole, the trial court was not required to 

consider defendant’s youth when imposing sentence. Boykin sought leave to appeal in the 

Supreme Court, which directed and heard oral argument on the application for leave to appeal. 

507 Mich 960 (2021).

In Docket No. 158695, Tyler M. Tate was convicted by a jury of first-degree premeditated 

murder, MCL 750.316(1)(a); making a false report of a felony to police, MCL 750.411a(1)(b); and 

Michigan Supreme Court

Lansing, Michigan

Syllabus Chief Justice:

Bridget M. McCormack

Justices:

Brian K. Zahra

David F. Viviano

Richard H. Bernstein

Elizabeth T. Clement

Megan K. Cavanagh

Elizabeth M. Welch

This syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court but has been 

prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader.

Reporter of Decisions:

Kathryn L. Loomis
lying to a police officer in a criminal investigation, MCL 750.479c(2)(d)(i). He was sentenced on 

April 24, 2017, under MCL 769.25, which had become law in 2014. As with Boykin, the 

prosecution did not move to seek a sentence of life without the possibility of parole but instead 

sought the imposition of a 40- to 60-year sentence, which the trial court imposed. Tate appealed 

his sentence by right, and the Court of Appeals, M. J. KELLY, P.J., and MARKEY and FORT HOOD, 

JJ., affirmed in an unpublished per curiam opinion issued September 20, 2018 (Docket No. 

338360). Tate sought leave to appeal in the Supreme Court, which directed oral argument on the 

application for leave to appeal. 507 Mich 961 (2021).

In an opinion by Justice BERNSTEIN, joined by Chief Justice MCCORMACK and Justices 

CLEMENT (except as to Part IV(B)), CAVANAGH, and WELCH, the Supreme Court, in lieu of 

granting leave to appeal, held:

Sentencing courts must consider a juvenile offender’s youth as a mitigating factor at 

sentencing hearings conducted under MCL 769.25 or MCL 769.25a when the juvenile offender is 

sentenced to a term of years. However, this consideration need not be articulated on the record. 

Therefore, the Court of Appeals was correct when it held that there is no constitutional mandate to 

make specific findings on the record as to the Miller factors when a juvenile offender is sentenced 

to a term of years but that sentencing courts should be guided by the factors set forth in People v 

Snow, 386 Mich 586 (1972). Consideration of the Snow factors necessarily includes the 

consideration of youth as a mitigating factor. Because it is unclear whether the trial courts properly 

considered youth to be mitigating in either of these consolidated cases, yet the Court of Appeals 

affirmed the trial courts’ sentencing decisions, the portions of both Court of Appeals opinions 

discussing defendants’ sentencing challenges were vacated and the cases were remanded to the 

Court of Appeals for further consideration.

1. Where the Legislature has assigned a range of sentencing outcomes for any given 

conviction, the trial court has authority to sentence a defendant within that range. Within that 

range, the sentence should be tailored to the particular circumstances of the case and offender. It 

is the trial court’s duty to exercise discretion in a way that ensures the individualized sentence 

conforms with the principle of proportionality set forth in People v Milbourn, 435 Mich 630, 651

(1990). Under Snow, an appropriate sentence should give consideration to the reformation of the 

offender, the protection of society, the discipline of the offender, and the deterrence of others from 

committing the same offense. Within each of the two statutes at issue in these cases, MCL 769.25 

and MCL 769.25a, there is a range of sentencing outcomes. Unless the prosecution moves to 

sentence a defendant to life in prison without the possibility of parole, juvenile defendants who are 

convicted of certain enumerated acts may receive a minimum sentence of 25 to 40 years and a 

maximum sentence of 60 years. 

2. The Eighth Amendment’s ban on cruel and unusual punishments requires courts to think 

differently about how juvenile offenders are sentenced. Since Roper v Simmons, 543 US 551 

(2005), which held that the death penalty is an unconstitutional punishment for a juvenile offender 

, the Supreme Court has been clear that juvenile status matters at sentencing and that special 

consideration must be paid to youthful offenders before the harshest sentences may be imposed. 

The Roper Court explained that juvenile offenders have diminished culpability because they lack 

maturity and a developed sense of responsibility, are more vulnerable to negative influences and 
outside pressures, and do not yet have a well-formed character. Applying this same logic, the 

Supreme Court held in Graham v Florida, 560 US 48 (2010), that sentences of life without the 

possibility of parole are unconstitutional for juvenile offenders who did not commit homicide, 

noting that juvenile offenders are at a significant disadvantage in criminal proceedings because of 

the characteristics discussed in Roper. In Miller, the Supreme Court applied the logic and rationale 

from Roper and Graham that children are different from adults for purposes of sentencing in the 

context of mandatory life-without-parole sentences for homicide offenses, explaining that the 

characteristics of youth and the way they weaken rationales for punishments may render a sentence 

of life without the possibility of parole disproportionate even for a homicide offense. Therefore, 

when sentencing juvenile offenders to sentences of life imprisonment without the possibility of 

parole, trial courts are required to take into account how children are different and how those 

differences counsel against irrevocably sentencing them to a lifetime in prison. 

3. Consideration of youth and its attendant circumstances is required by Michigan’s

sentencing jurisprudence. Michigan’s sentencing caselaw focuses on Milbourn’s principle of 

proportionality, which requires sentences imposed to be proportionate to the seriousness of the 

circumstances surrounding the offense and the offender. Because the United States Supreme Court 

has held that youth—a circumstance of the offender—matters at sentencing, Michigan caselaw 

requires that this relevant offender characteristic must be considered at sentencing. In Snow, the 

Michigan Supreme Court expressed the importance of four basic sentencing considerations: 

reformation of the offender, the protection of society, disciplining of the wrongdoer, and deterring

others from committing similar offenses. Without considering the mitigating factors of youth, a 

sentence cannot adequately address any of these factors. Therefore, in all sentencing hearings 

conducted under MCL 769.25 or MCL 769.25a, trial courts are to consider the defendant’s youth

and must treat it as a mitigating factor. However, there is no constitutional, statutory, or commonlaw requirement that this consideration be stated on the record. Therefore, trial courts need not 

articulate their bases for considering an offender’s youth during sentencing hearings conducted 

under MCL 769.25 and MCL 769.25a in which the offender is sentenced to a term of years.

4. In Boykin II, the Court of Appeals held that consideration of Boykin’s youth was 

unnecessary because Miller only pertained to defendants who are sentenced to serve life without 

the possibility of parole, and the majority never addressed whether the trial court properly 

considered youth to be a mitigating factor when Boykin was sentenced. Accordingly, that opinion 

was vacated and the case was remanded to the Court of Appeals to consider that question. In Tate, 

rather than rejecting Tate’s arguments, the Court of Appeals applied People v Wines, 323 Mich 

App 343 (2018), rev’d in nonrelevant part 506 Mich 954 (2020), which held that trial courts must 

consider the distinctive attributes of youth when sentencing a minor to a term of years pursuant to 

MCL 769.25a. The panel identified ways in which it believed the trial court gave consideration to 

Tate’s attributes of youth; however, the examples appeared to only represent a small portion of the 

record established by the sentencing court, and it was not clear that defendant’s youth was 

considered a mitigating factor rather than an aggravating factor. Although trial courts are not 

required to make a record that they considered each mitigating factor listed in Miller, whether the 

totality of the record established by the trial court complied with the requirement that a trial court 

consider youth to be a mitigating factor was a close question deserving of additional appellate 

review. Accordingly, Part V of the Court of Appeals opinion, which discussed Tate’s sentence, 

was vacated and the case was remanded to the Court of Appeals for reconsideration.
Court of Appeals judgments vacated in part; cases remanded to the Court of Appeals for 

further consideration.

Chief Justice MCCORMACK, concurring, fully agreed with the majority opinion but wrote 

separately to comment on the majority’s conclusion that the Michigan Constitution does not 

require a trial court to articulate on the record how it considered the mitigating characteristics of 

youth when it sentences a juvenile defendant to a sentence other than life without the possibility 

of parole. She noted that the Michigan Constitution was not mentioned in these cases until Tate 

argued in a supplemental brief that his 40-year minimum sentence was disproportionate under 

Const 1963, art 1, § 16 and that this provision requires an on-the-record explanation of how the 

mitigating characteristics of youth affected the trial court’s sentencing decision. While neither the 

statutory scheme nor the federal Constitution categorically requires an on-the-record articulation 

of how the characteristics of youth affect a sentencing court’s decision, the majority correctly held

that sentencing courts must consider those characteristics and treat them as mitigating. A trial 

court’s failure to do so explicitly on the record, notwithstanding the absence of a categorical rule 

requiring an on-the-record articulation, stands a high chance of rendering its sentence a violation 

of Const 1963, art 1, § 16, and therefore an abuse of its discretion. The principles animating Miller, 

Graham, and Roper, together with Michigan precedent requiring individualized sentencing, may 

render a sentence where the effect of youth is unexplained at such high risk of violating those 

principles as to be constitutionally impermissible.

Justice CLEMENT, concurring in part and dissenting in part, agreed with the majority that 

trial courts are required to consider the mitigating effects of youth when sentencing a juvenile to a 

term-of-years sentence because youth affects the traditional penological goals that guide a 

sentencer’s discretion. However, she dissented as to the majority’s application of that rule to Tate 

because the trial court’s record of its decision-making sufficiently justified the sentence imposed 

in order to facilitate appellate review, which is the sole articulation requirement mandated by 

Michigan’s sentencing jurisprudence. The majority’s decision to remand this case to the Court of 

Appeals for reconsideration muddied, if not contradicted, the majority’s holding that no statutory 

or constitutional authority compels the trial court to make an on-the-record explanation of its 

consideration of youth. To the extent that the majority believed that Tate was deserving of a shorter 

minimum sentence because of the mitigating effects of youth, that was a proportionality issue that 

should have been addressed at this stage and not remanded to the Court of Appeals, which already 

considered and rejected Tate’s proportionality argument.

Justice ZAHRA, joined by Justice VIVIANO, dissenting, stated that Miller’s holding does not 

cover a lengthy term of imprisonment that falls short of life without parole, and given the absence 

of a constitutional, statutory, or precedential basis to do so, he would not have extended Miller’s 

reasoning to term-of-years sentences under MCL 769.25 and MCL 769.25a. He noted that the 

holding in Miller was limited to correcting the constitutional infirmity of sentencing schemes 

mandating life without parole for juvenile homicide offenders by requiring that sentencers be given 

the opportunity to consider the mitigating qualities of youth and the discretion to impose a lesser 

sentence, but that neither Miller nor its progeny required sentencers to consider the distinctive 

attributes of a juvenile homicide offender’s youth when imposing a sentence less than life without 

parole. Further, MCL 769.25 and MCL 769.25a do not require sentencing courts to consider 
mitigating qualities of youth when sentencing a juvenile homicide offender to a term of years, and

the Legislature’s omission of this requirement was presumed to be an intentional policy choice 

that the judiciary may not second-guess or override. By enacting MCL 769.25 and MCL 769.25a, 

the Legislature put in place a scheme that necessarily accounts for a juvenile homicide offender’s 

youth, even when the sentence imposed is a term of years. Moreover, while courts fashioning a 

proportionate sentence must take into account an offender’s background, there was no basis in 

Milbourn to require that a trial judge tailor every defendant’s sentence in relationship to the 

defendant’s age. Given that sentencing courts are not required to articulate an on-the-record 

explanation of how youth or the Miller factors affect a term-of-years sentence imposed under MCL 

769.25 or MCL 769.25a, there was no legal basis for affirming the Court of Appeals decision in 

Wines. Justice ZAHRA would have held that traditional sentencing considerations should apply 

when the sentence to be imposed on a juvenile homicide offender is less than life without parole, 

and he would have affirmed defendants’ 40- to 60-year sentences.
FILED July 28, 2022

S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N

SUPREME COURT

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v No. 157738

DEMARIOL DONTAYE BOYKIN,

Defendant-Appellant.

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v No. 158695

TYLER MAURICE TATE,

Defendant-Appellant.

BEFORE THE ENTIRE BENCH 

BERNSTEIN, J.

Michigan Supreme Court

Lansing, Michigan

OPINION Chief Justice:

Bridget M. McCormack

Justices:

Brian K. Zahra

David F. Viviano

Richard H. Bernstein

Elizabeth T. Clement

Megan K. Cavanagh

Elizabeth M. Welch
2

These consolidated cases concern the sentencing of two individuals who were 

convicted of first-degree murder for crimes they committed before they turned 18, and who 

both received term-of-years sentences under MCL 769.25 or MCL 769.25a. In particular, 

we must decide whether trial courts have an obligation to expressly set forth how a 

defendant’s age at the time a crime was committed might affect the judge’s sentencing 

decision and whether trial courts must consider the distinctive attributes of youth, such as 

those discussed in Miller v Alabama, 567 US 460; 132 S Ct 2455; 183 L Ed 2d 407 (2012),

when sentencing a juvenile defendant to a term-of-years sentence. We hold that trial courts 

must consider a juvenile defendant’s youth to be a mitigating factor when sentencing them 

to term-of-years sentences under MCL 769.25 or MCL 769.25a; however, we find no basis 

for requiring trial courts to articulate on the record how a defendant’s youth affected the 

decision. Accordingly, we vacate the judgments of the Court of Appeals to the extent they 

addressed sentencing issues and remand both cases to the Court of Appeals to determine 

whether the sentencing courts properly considered defendants’ youth as a mitigating factor.

I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

A. PEOPLE v BOYKIN

In 2003, when he was 17, defendant Demariol Dontaye Boykin was involved in a 

fatal shooting. The victim was engaged in a fistfight with one of Boykin’s brothers, while 

Boykin, Boykin’s father, and another one of his brothers watched. At one point, believing 

that the victim had removed an object from a pocket and struck his brother with it, Boykin 

pulled out a gun. The victim turned and ran but Boykin chased him, firing his gun a few 

times. The victim was hit by two bullets and fell down. Boykin ran up to the victim and 

continued to kick and punch him while he was on the ground; his two brothers also joined 
3

in the beating. Boykin then tried to shoot the victim again at close range, but the gun 

misfired, so Boykin hit the victim in the face with the gun before fleeing the scene with his 

brothers in his father’s car. The victim later died in the emergency room.

Boykin was charged with and convicted by a jury of first-degree murder, MCL 

750.316(1)(c), and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony (felonyfirearm), MCL 750.227b.1

 He was initially sentenced to a mandatory term of life without 

the possibility of parole for first-degree murder, to be served consecutively to a two-year 

term for felony-firearm. Boykin’s convictions and sentences were affirmed on appeal. 

People v Boykin, unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued July 14, 

2005 (Docket No. 253224) (Boykin I). Before this action, Boykin also filed a number of 

unsuccessful postconviction measures to overturn his conviction and sentences.

After Boykin was sentenced in 2003, there were several notable changes in the law 

that substantively affected sentencing for juvenile defendants. In 2012, the United States 

Supreme Court decided Miller, which held that sentencing individuals to mandatory life 

without the possibility of parole for crimes they committed before the age of 18 violated 

the Eighth Amendment’s ban on cruel and unusual punishments. Miller, 567 US at 489. 

Four years later, the Supreme Court announced that Miller was a substantive constitutional 

rule that was retroactive on state collateral review. Montgomery v Louisiana, 577 US 190; 

136 S Ct 718; 193 L Ed 2d 599 (2016). The Michigan Legislature accounted for these 

changes by enacting a sentencing scheme that eliminated mandatory life without the

 1 Boykin and both brothers were charged and convicted with respect to their roles in this 

altercation. Neither of Boykin’s brothers is a party to this appeal.
4

possibility of parole for all individuals who were convicted of specific crimes, including 

first-degree murder, for acts committed while they were juveniles. MCL 769.25; MCL 

769.25a.2

 

As a juvenile offender who was sentenced to a mandatory term of life imprisonment 

without the possibility of parole, Boykin was entitled to resentencing under MCL 769.25a. 

His resentencing took place on October 28, 2016. The prosecution did not move the court 

to seek a sentence of life without the possibility of parole. Instead, the prosecution sought 

the imposition of a 40- to 60-year sentence, whereas Boykin argued for a 25- to 60-year 

sentence. After hearing from Boykin and the victim’s brother, the trial court agreed with 

the prosecution and sentenced Boykin to serve 40 to 60 years in prison. Boykin appealed 

his sentence by right. The Court of Appeals affirmed in a split, unpublished decision. 

People v Boykin, unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued March 20, 

2018 (Docket No. 335862) (Boykin II).

Boykin sought leave to appeal in this Court. We directed the Clerk to schedule oral 

argument at the same session as People v Tate and directed the parties to address:

 2 This sentencing scheme did not eradicate sentences of life without the possibility of parole 

for this class of defendant. Rather, it enabled the prosecution to move the trial court to 

seek a life-without-parole sentence for a particular defendant sentenced under MCL 769.25 

or MCL 769.25a. MCL 769.25(3); MCL 769.25a(4). If, as here, the prosecution did not 

seek a life-without-parole sentence, a defendant must be sentenced to a term of years with 

a minimum sentencing range of 25 to 40 years and a maximum sentence of 60 years. MCL 

769.25(9); MCL 769.25a(4)(c). The chief difference between MCL 769.25 and MCL 

769.25a is that MCL 769.25 eliminated mandatory sentences of life without the possibility 

of parole for juveniles who were sentenced after Miller and MCL 769.25a enacted a 

resentencing scheme for these juvenile offenders already sentenced in the event Miller was 

given retroactive application. Therefore, since Montgomery held that Miller was to be 

given retroactive application, MCL 769.25a is the applicable statute for defendant Boykin’s 

resentencing.
5

(1) whether the Court of Appeals correctly held in People v Wines, 323 Mich 

App 343 (2018), rev’d in nonrelevant part 506 Mich 954 (2020), that trial 

courts must consider the distinctive attributes of youth, such as those 

discussed in Miller . . . , when sentencing a minor to a term of years pursuant 

to MCL 769.25a; (2) if Wines was correctly decided, whether sentencing 

judges have an obligation to explicitly set forth their analysis of how the 

defendant’s age impacted their sentencing discretion when proceeding under 

MCL 769.25a or MCL 769.25; and (3) if Wines applies to this case, whether 

the trial court complied with its requirements, and if it did not, what more the 

court was required to do. [People v Boykin, 507 Mich 960, 960-961 (2021)].

B. PEOPLE v TATE

Defendant Tyler Maurice Tate was involved in a gang-related shooting when he was 

16 years old. Tate, Tyshon Taylor, Brendon Stanton-Lipscomb, and Demetrius Armour

were all affiliated with a gang known as the Eastside Ghetto Boys or Rob Gang.3

 Tate and 

Taylor were at the Eastland Mall in Harper Woods on December 26, 2015, when they 

overheard the victim make a disparaging remark about the Rob Gang. After StantonLipscomb was called and informed of what had happened, Stanton-Lipscomb asked for the 

victim to be escorted outside, where Stanton-Lipscomb planned to shoot him. Tate then 

led the victim and another person to the outside of the mall, where Stanton-Lipscomb was 

hiding. Stanton-Lipscomb shot the victim several times, causing fatal wounds. The other 

individual escaped without injury.

Tate was convicted by a jury of first-degree premeditated murder, MCL 

750.316(1)(a), making a false report of a felony to police, MCL 750.411a(1)(b), and lying 

to a police officer in a criminal investigation, MCL 750.479c(2)(d)(i). He was sentenced 

on April 24, 2017, under MCL 769.25, which had become law in 2014. As with Boykin, 

 3 Each of these three individuals was also charged and prosecuted separately for his 

involvement in the incidents leading to Tate’s convictions. They are not parties to this 

appeal.
6

the prosecution did not move to seek a sentence of life without the possibility of parole, 

and instead sought the imposition of a 40- to 60-year sentence, whereas Tate argued for a 

25- to 60-year sentence. After hearing from Tate and the victim’s mother, the trial court 

agreed with the prosecution and sentenced Tate to serve 40 to 60 years in prison for his 

murder conviction, concurrent to one to four years each for his remaining convictions.

Tate appealed his sentence by right. The Court of Appeals affirmed. People v Tate, 

unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued September 20, 2018 

(Docket No. 338360).

Tate sought leave to appeal in this Court. We directed the Clerk of this Court to 

schedule oral argument, directing the parties to address the same issues as in Boykin. 

People v Tate, 507 Mich 961 (2021).

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

Sentencing decisions are reviewed for an abuse of discretion. People v Steanhouse, 

500 Mich 453, 471; 902 NW2d 327 (2017). An abuse-of-discretion standard recognizes 

that there may be more than one principled outcome and the trial court may not deviate 

from that principled range of outcomes. People v Babcock, 469 Mich 247, 269; 666 NW2d 

231 (2003).

This case also concerns matters of constitutional and statutory interpretation, which 

are reviewed de novo. People v McKinley, 496 Mich 410, 414-415; 852 NW2d 770 (2014).
7

III. ANALYSIS

A. SENTENCING AUTHORITY

The Michigan Constitution vests sentencing authority in the Legislature. Const

1963, art 4, § 45; see also People v Hegwood, 465 Mich 432, 436; 636 NW2d 127 (2001) 

(citations omitted). “The authority to impose sentences and to administer the sentencing 

statutes enacted by the Legislature lies with the judiciary.” Hegwood, 465 Mich at 436-

437.

Where the Legislature has assigned a range of sentencing outcomes for any given 

conviction, the trial court has authority to sentence a defendant within that range. Within 

that range, the sentence should be tailored to the particular circumstances of the case and 

offender. People v McFarlin, 389 Mich 557, 574; 208 NW2d 504 (1973). It is the trial 

court’s duty to exercise discretion in a way that ensures the individualized sentence 

conforms with the principle of proportionality. People v Milbourn, 435 Mich 630, 651; 

461 NW2d 1 (1990). An appropriate sentence should give consideration to the reformation 

of the offender, the protection of society, the discipline of the offender, and the deterrence 

of others from committing the same offense. People v Snow, 386 Mich 586, 592; 194 

NW2d 314 (1972), citing Williams v New York, 337 US 241; 69 S Ct 1079; 93 L Ed 1337 

(1949). However, these are not the only relevant sentencing criteria and trial courts are not 

required to consider each of these factors when imposing a sentence. People v Broden, 

428 Mich 343, 350; 408 NW2d 789 (1987).

Within each of the two statutes at issue here, MCL 769.25 and MCL 769.25a, there 

is a range of sentencing outcomes. Unless the prosecution moves to sentence a defendant 

to life in prison without the possibility of parole, juvenile defendants who are convicted of 
8

certain enumerated acts may receive a minimum sentence of 25 to 40 years and a maximum 

sentence of 60 years.4

 MCL 769.25(4), (9); MCL 769.25a(4)(c).

B. YOUTH IS A MITIGATING FACTOR THAT TRIAL COURTS MUST CONSIDER

WHEN SENTENCING JUVENILE OFFENDERS UNDER MCL 769.25 AND 

MCL 769.25a

Sentencing juvenile defendants who were convicted of first-degree murder is an 

exceptionally daunting task for trial courts. On one hand, first-degree murder is an 

extremely serious offense, as it recognizes that at least one person is deceased. On the 

other hand, defendants who are sentenced under MCL 769.25 and MCL 769.25a were 

juveniles when they committed their crimes. Even as we keep in mind the solemnity of 

the acts that bring us to our consideration of the legal issues at hand, the Supreme Court 

has clearly signaled that the Eighth Amendment’s ban on cruel and unusual punishments 

requires us to think differently about how we sentence juvenile offenders. 

Since 2005, the Supreme Court’s message has been clear: one’s juvenile status 

matters, and special consideration must be paid to youthful offenders before the harshest 

sentences may be imposed. In the first of many cases dealing with juvenile offenders and 

sentencing, the Supreme Court held that the death penalty is an unconstitutional 

punishment for offenders who were under the age of 18 when their offenses were 

 4 In Boykin II, the majority asserted that the trial court “sentenced defendant to a term of 

years, choosing not to impose a sentence of life without parole.” Boykin II, unpub op at 3. 

This assertion is clearly erroneous. The trial court possesses no authority to sentence a 

juvenile defendant to life without parole unless the prosecution first moves for that sentence 

and the proper hearing is conducted. See MCL 769.25(4) and (9); MCL 769.25a(4)(c). 

Because the prosecution never moved to sentence Boykin to a sentence of life without the 

possibility of parole, the trial court could only impose a sentence within the applicable 

range of terms of years.
9

committed. Roper v Simmons, 543 US 551; 125 S Ct 1183; 161 L Ed 2d 1 (2005). In 

Roper, the Supreme Court relied on three general differences between juvenile and adult 

offenders that “demonstrate that juvenile offenders cannot with reliability be classified 

among the worst offenders.” Id. at 569. Those differences are: (1) juveniles have a “ ‘lack

of maturity and an underdeveloped sense of responsibility,’ ” which “often result[s] in 

impetuous and ill-considered actions and decisions”; (2) juveniles are “more vulnerable or 

susceptible to negative influences and outside pressures, including peer pressure,” and (3) 

“the character of a juvenile is not as well formed as that of an adult.” Id. at 569-570

(citation omitted). These reasons mean that juvenile offenders have “a greater claim than 

adults to be forgiven for failing to escape negative influences in their whole environment” 

and make it “less supportable to conclude that even a heinous crime committed by a 

juvenile is evidence of irretrievably depraved character.” Id. at 570. “Once the diminished 

culpability of juveniles is recognized, it is evident that the penological justifications for the 

death penalty apply to them with lesser force than to adults.” Id. at 571.

Five years later, applying this same logic, the Supreme Court held that sentences of 

life without the possibility of parole are unconstitutional for juvenile offenders who did not 

commit homicide. Graham v Florida, 560 US 48, 76; 130 S Ct 2011; 176 L Ed 2d 825 

(2010) (holding that “[a]n offender’s age is relevant to the Eighth Amendment, and 

criminal procedure laws that fail to take defendants’ youthfulness into account at all would 

be flawed”). In the process, Graham added another reason why youth matters—that “the 

features that distinguish juveniles from adults also put them at a significant disadvantage 

in criminal proceedings.” Id. at 78.
10

In Miller, the Supreme Court applied the logic and rationale from Roper and 

Graham that “children are constitutionally different from adults for purposes of 

sentencing” in the context of mandatory life-without-parole sentences for homicide 

offenses. Miller, 567 US at 471. Although Graham’s holding only concerned nonhomicide offenses, the Supreme Court held that its underlying rationale was broader—the 

characteristics of youth and the way they weaken rationales for punishments may render a 

sentence of life without the possibility of parole disproportionate even for a homicide 

offense. Id. at 473. The Supreme Court noted that the problem with mandatory lifewithout-parole sentences is that they make youth and the factors of youth, as articulated by 

Roper and Graham, irrelevant and “pose[] too great a risk of disproportionate punishment.”

Id. at 479. Therefore, when sentencing juvenile offenders to sentences of life imprisonment 

without the possibility of parole, trial courts are required to “take into account how children 

are different, and how those differences counsel against irrevocably sentencing them to a 

lifetime in prison.” Id. at 480.5

 Not having the ability to take these differences into account 

“disregards the possibility of rehabilitation even when the circumstances most suggest it.” 

Id. at 478.

Following Roper, Graham, and Miller, the Supreme Court has continued to 

articulate that “children are constitutionally different from adults in their level of 

culpability,” when holding that Miller created a substantive rule of constitutional law that 

was to be given retroactive effect. Montgomery, 577 US at 213. Most recently, the 

Supreme Court again made clear that youth is a mitigating factor in sentencing juveniles. 

 5 Because Miller incorporated the factors articulated in Roper and Graham, these factors 

together are colloquially known as the Miller factors.
11

Jones v Mississippi, 593 US ___; 141 S Ct 1307, 1319; 209 L Ed 2d 390 (2021) (explaining 

that, “[f]aced with a convicted murderer who was under 18 at the time of the offense and 

with defense arguments focused on the defendant’s youth, it would be all but impossible 

for a sentencer to avoid considering that mitigating factor”) (emphasis added).

In these cases, the Supreme Court has identified and analyzed the unique attributes 

of youth and emphasized the importance of considering these attributes during sentencing.6

 

Thus far, however, the Supreme Court has recognized a constitutional requirement to 

consider these attributes only in the context of sentencing juveniles to life without the 

possibility of parole. Now we must decide whether consideration of these attributes is 

required when imposing a term-of-years sentence on a juvenile defendant. Keeping in 

mind the Supreme Court’s consistent statement across Eighth Amendment cases that 

“youth matters in sentencing,” Jones, 593 US at ___; 141 S Ct at 1314, we hold that 

consideration of youth and its attendant circumstances is also required by this state’s 

sentencing jurisprudence.

 6 There is little practical difference between this majority opinion and the outcome 

preferred by the dissent. In order to come to a disagreement, the dissent narrowly reads 

Roper, Miller, Montgomery, and Jones at the same time that it broadly reads this opinion. 

The Supreme Court has been clear that youth matters in sentencing decisions. Most 

recently, the Supreme Court stated verbatim that, “if the sentencer has discretion to 

consider the defendant’s youth, the sentencer necessarily will consider the defendant’s 

youth.” Jones, 593 US at ___; 141 S Ct at 1319. This opinion simply echoes that 

sentiment. Whereas the dissent is correct that Miller and Montgomery were decided in the 

context of mandatory sentences of life without the possibility of parole, Jones was decided 

squarely within the discretionary sentencing regime that was mandated by Miller and 

Montgomery. Thus, we respectfully disagree that the Supreme Court’s holdings should be 

limited to the context of mandatory sentences of life without the possibility of parole.
12

Our sentencing caselaw focuses on the principle of proportionality, which requires 

sentences imposed “to be proportionate to the seriousness of the circumstances surrounding 

the offense and the offender.” Milbourn, 435 Mich at 636 (emphasis added). Accordingly, 

because the Supreme Court has held that youth—a circumstance of the offender—matters 

at sentencing, our own caselaw requires that such a relevant offender characteristic must 

be considered at sentencing. In Snow, this Court decided the legality of a sentence that was 

made harsher because the defendant decided to face trial rather than plead guilty. In 

holding that the defendant was entitled to resentencing because the record was silent about 

why the defendant’s sentence departed from the ordinary minimum sentence, this Court 

expressed the importance of four basic sentencing considerations. Snow, 386 Mich at 592, 

594. Those four considerations are: (1) “reformation of the offender”; (2) “protection of 

society”; (3) “disciplining of the wrongdoer”; and (4) “deterrence of others from 

committing like offenses.” Id. at 592.

Youth affects these considerations. For example, since “a greater possibility exists 

that a minor’s character deficiencies will be reformed,” the mitigating qualities of youth 

necessarily transform the analysis of the first Snow criterion. Roper, 543 US at 570.

Without considering the mitigating factors of youth, then, a sentence cannot adequately 

address the reformation of the offender. Next, because youth have a “heightened capacity 

for change” relative to adults, the needs for protecting society should be given 

individualized consideration, which necessarily considers the way youth affects the 

defendant’s ability to change. Miller, 567 US at 479; see also Jones, 593 US at ___ n 7; 

141 S Ct at 1337 n 7 (Sotomayor,J., dissenting) (explaining that “[t]he Eighth Amendment 

requires that sentencers (and reviewing courts) not presume that most juveniles will forever 
13

remain the ‘murderers’ they once were”) (citation and comma omitted). In addition, 

because it is “less supportable to conclude that even a heinous crime committed by a 

juvenile is evidence of irretrievably depraved character,” Snow’s focus on discipline of the 

wrongdoer must be viewed differently under the lens of youth. See Roper, 543 US at 570. 

“Nor can deterrence do the work in this context, because ‘ “the same characteristics that 

render juveniles less culpable than adults” ’ . . . make them less likely to consider potential 

punishment.” Miller, 567 US at 472, quoting Graham, 560 US at 72, quoting Roper, 543 

US at 71. Given that youth is a mitigating factor, it will inevitably factor into Snow’s four 

considerations.

We thus hold, consistent with the Supreme Court’s repeated recognition of youth’s 

effect on sentencing and our own sentencing jurisprudence, that in all sentencing hearings 

conducted under MCL 769.25 or MCL 769.25a, trial courts are to consider the defendant’s 

youth and must treat it as a mitigating factor.

C. TRIAL COURTS NEED NOT ARTICULATE THEIR BASES FOR CONSIDERING 

THE OFFENDERS’ YOUTH WHEN SENTENCING YOUTHFUL OFFENDERS TO 

TERMS OF YEARS

The requirement to consider youth at sentencing is not necessarily the same as a 

requirement to articulate the Miller factors on the record during a sentencing hearing. 

There are a few possible sources of law that would require courts to articulate these factors

on the record, such as a statute, the United States Constitution, the Michigan Constitution, 

or our caselaw. None of those sources of law expresses such a requirement.

7

 Therefore, 

 7 Because we are not persuaded by the briefs that the Michigan Constitution considers this 

specific issue in a meaningfully different way than these other sources of law, we decline 
14

we hold that trial courts need not articulate their bases for considering an offender’s youth 

during sentencing hearings conducted under MCL 769.25 and MCL 769.25a in which the 

offender is sentenced to a term of years.

MCL 769.25 is the relevant statute outlining sentencing procedure for juvenile 

defendants convicted of these enumerated offenses, including first-degree murder.8

 In 

enacting this statute, the Legislature differentiated between two plausible outcomes for 

offenders who were convicted of certain enumerated acts committed before they turned 18. 

A defendant could either receive a term of years with a minimum sentence of 25 to 40 years 

and a maximum of 60 years or, if the prosecution timely moved to have the court consider 

it, life without the possibility of parole. Compare MCL 769.25(3) to MCL 769.25(4). If 

the prosecution seeks life without the possibility of parole, the trial court must conduct a 

hearing in which it considers the Miller factors. MCL 769.25(6). At that hearing, the trial 

court “shall specify on the record the aggravating and mitigating circumstances considered 

by the court and the court’s reasons supporting the sentence imposed.” MCL 769.25(7). 

But if the prosecution does not move for life without the possibility of parole or if the trial 

court decides such a sentence is disproportionate, there is no analogous statutory provision 

requiring that the trial court specify on the record any specific factors or other sentencing 

criteria. MCL 769.25(9). This is a meaningful distinction. Thus, we find that there is no 

 

to hold that there is an independent basis for an on-the-record articulation requirement 

under the Michigan Constitution.

8 MCL 769.25a is also relevant for many members of this class of offender, including 

Boykin, who were sentenced before Montgomery held that Miller was retroactive. 

However, MCL 769.25a mirrors the pertinent requirements of MCL 769.25 and expressly 

incorporates the hearing procedures of MCL 769.25 without meaningful difference. See, 

e.g., MCL 769.25a(4)(b). Our holding thus pertains to both statutes.
15

statutory support for requiring trial courts to articulate the mitigating factors of defendant’s 

youth on the record in MCL 769.25 or MCL 769.25a hearings unless life without the 

possibility of parole is sought.

Nor does the United States Constitution impose such a requirement. Jones held that 

an on-the-record sentencing explanation of the Miller factors is not necessary in cases 

where a life-without-parole sentence is imposed. Jones, 593 US at ___; 141 S Ct at 1320-

1321 (“Because the Constitution does not require an on-the-record explanation of 

mitigating circumstances by the sentence in death penalty cases, it would be incongruous 

to require an on-the-record explanation of the mitigating circumstance of youth by the 

sentence in life-without-parole cases”). By extension, then, the Constitution also does not 

require an on-the-record explanation of the mitigating circumstances of youth in term-ofyears cases.

We also find no requirement for an on-the-record articulation of how youth or the 

Miller factors affected a sentence in our caselaw. Youth matters in sentencing decisions

involving juvenile offenders, and the trial court is responsible for tailoring a sentence to an 

individual defendant and for giving reasons for imposing each sentence in order to facilitate 

appellate review. McFarlin, 389 Mich 557; People v Coles, 417 Mich 523, 549; 339 NW2d 

440 (1983), overruled on other grounds by Milbourn, 435 Mich at 635. However, like 

Jones’s observation about the Supreme Court’s precedent, none of this Court’s sentencing 

jurisprudence requires trial courts to fulfill these responsibilities by articulating specific

factors on the record. Instead, our sentences must follow the principle of proportionality, 

which “requires ‘sentences imposed by the trial court to be proportionate to the seriousness 

of the circumstances surrounding the offense and the offender.’ ” Steanhouse, 500 Mich 
16

at 474, quoting Milbourn, 435 Mich at 636. “[S]entencing courts must justify the sentence 

imposed in order to facilitate appellate review.” People v Lockridge, 498 Mich 358, 392; 

870 NW2d 502 (2015) (citation omitted). But never before have we imposed a requirement 

that a sentencing court give a detailed on-the-record explanation of one or more specific

factors, and we do not impose such a requirement here.

The Court of Appeals previously considered the question before us and held that 

there is no constitutional mandate to make specific, on-the-record findings about the Miller

factors, but that sentencing courts should be guided by the Snow factors, which necessarily 

includes the consideration of youth as a mitigating factor. People v Wines, 323 Mich App 

343, 352; 916 NW2d 855 (2018), rev’d in part on other grounds 506 Mich 954 (2020). We 

affirm the Court of Appeals holding in Wines, which “requires only that when the trial 

court exercises its discretion in sentencing a defendant that it consider the defendant’s age”

and is thus “consistent with the traditional penological goals expressed by this Court in 

[Snow].” Wines, 506 Mich 954, 958 (CLEMENT, J., concurring).

However, merely considering the mitigating qualities of youth within Snow’s 

sentencing criteria stops short of requiring trial courts to articulate a basis on the record to 

explain how youth affected the sentence imposed. We again look to Jones as a helpful 

guide to explain the holding in Wines. Jones explains:

[A]n on-the-record sentencing explanation is not necessary to ensure that a 

sentencer considers a defendant’s youth. Jones’s argument to the contrary 

rests on the assumption that meaningful daylight exists between (i) a 

sentencer’s discretion to consider youth, and (ii) the sentencer’s actual 

consideration of youth. But if the sentencer has discretion to consider the 

defendant’s youth, the sentencer necessarily will consider the defendant’s 

youth, especially if defense counsel advances an argument based on the 

defendant’s youth. Faced with a convicted murderer who was under 18 at 
17

the time of the offense and with defense arguments focused on the 

defendant’s youth, it would be all but impossible for a sentencer to avoid 

considering that mitigating factor. [Jones, 593 US at ___; 141 S Ct at 1319].

The Court of Appeals’ decision in Wines is aligned with the sentiment expressed in 

Jones—which was another case in a long line of Supreme Court cases explaining that youth 

matters—as well as with Michigan sentencing caselaw and our present holding. Trial 

courts must consider youth as a mitigating factor in hearings conducted under MCL 769.25 

or MCL 769.25a even when the defendant is sentenced to a term of years; however, this 

consideration need not be articulated on the record. See Wines, 506 Mich at 958

(CLEMENT, J., concurring).9

 In other words, there is no authority that imposes a higher 

standard of articulation regarding youth beyond our general requirement that a trial court 

must adequately explain its sentence on the record in order to facilitate appellate review. 

Lockridge, 498 Mich at 392.

IV. APPLICATION

A. DOCKET NO. 157738

In Boykin II, the Court of Appeals held that consideration of Boykin’s youth was 

unnecessary because Miller only pertained to defendants who are sentenced to serve life 

without the possibility of parole. Boykin II, unpub op at 3-4. Accordingly, the majority 

never addressed whether the trial court properly considered youth to be a mitigating factor 

 9 That said, nothing in this opinion deprives trial courts of the discretion to articulate how 

an offender’s youth or the Miller factors apply to that particular offender’s sentence. 

Rather, articulating how the court considered the defendant’s youth when fashioning an 

appropriate sentence enhances an appellate court’s ability to review the proportionality of 

that sentence.
18

when defendant was sentenced. In light of our holding, we vacate that opinion and remand 

to the Court of Appeals to consider that question.

B. DOCKET NO. 158695

In Tate, rather than rejecting Tate’s arguments, the Court of Appeals applied Wines. 

Tate, unpub op at 6. The panel went on to identify ways in which it believed the trial court 

gave consideration to defendant’s attributes of youth. For example, the trial court 

commented that “ ‘perhaps your age, and your maturity, were working against you,’ but it 

found that Tate ‘knew exactly what [he] was doing.’ ” Id. at 7. And the panel added that 

the trial court “observed that Tate ‘volunteered to participate in the assassination of [the 

victim] . . . .’ ” Id. Assuming that these statements comply with our requirement that youth 

must be a mitigating factor, they appear to only represent a small portion of the record 

established by the sentencing court.10 It bears repeating that youth is a mitigating factor at 

 10 The trial court stated:

You participated in this murder, then you ran and hid. 

You boasted, subsequence [sic] to the murder, that the Police couldn’t 

find you, the Police couldn’t get you. 

This Court, now having had the opportunity to, to see this 

circumstance three times, cannot comprehend why you would volunteer to 

participate in this execution. 

Was it a thrill seeking? Was it an opportunity to be the man, and 

enhance your reputation, in your community? 

I have no idea. 

But the fact is, that perhaps your age, and your maturity, were working 

against you. 
19

sentencing, not an aggravating factor.11 Although trial courts are not required to make a 

record that they considered each mitigating factor listed in Miller when sentencing these 

defendants, whether these statements and the totality of the record established by the trial 

court comply with our requirement that a trial court consider youth to be a mitigating factor 

is a close question deserving of additional appellate review. Thus, we vacate Part V of the 

Court of Appeals opinion, which discusses Tate’s sentence, and remand to the Court of 

Appeals for reconsideration in light of this opinion.

V. CONCLUSION

Sentencing courts must consider youth as a mitigating factor at sentencing hearings 

conducted under MCL 769.25 or MCL 769.25a when the defendant is sentenced to a term 

of years. However, the court’s consideration of youth need not be articulated on the record. 

Therefore, the Court of Appeals was correct when it held that there is no constitutional 

mandate to make specific findings on the record as to the Miller factors but that sentencing 

courts should be guided by the Snow factors, which necessarily include consideration of 

youth as a mitigating factor. Wines, 323 Mich App at 352. Because it is unclear whether 

the trial courts properly considered youth to be mitigating in either of these consolidated 

 

But in our civilized society, you’re [sic] actions, despite your age, do 

not make your actions forgivable. 

Once again, you knew exactly what you were doing.

11 The Supreme Court left open the door to the possibility that a defendant could raise a 

successful Eighth Amendment challenge if a trial court “expressly refuses as a matter of 

law to consider relevant mitigating circumstances.” Jones, 593 US at ___ n 7; 141 S Ct at

1320 n 7. A defendant may also raise a successful sentencing challenge if the sentencing 

court refuses to consider relevant mitigating factors or circumstances as mitigating.
20

cases, yet the Court of Appeals affirmed the trial courts’ sentencing decisions, we vacate 

the portions of both Court of Appeals opinions discussing defendants’ sentencing 

challenges, and we remand both cases to the Court of Appeals for further consideration not 

inconsistent with this opinion.

Richard H. Bernstein

Bridget M. McCormack

Elizabeth T. Clement (except as to 

Part IV(B))

Megan K. Cavanagh

Elizabeth M. Welch
S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N

SUPREME COURT

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v No. 157738

DEMARIOL DONTAYE BOYKIN,

Defendant-Appellant.

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v No. 158695

TYLER MAURICE TATE,

Defendant-Appellant.

MCCORMACK, C.J. (concurring).

I concur fully in the majority opinion. I write separately to say more about the 

majority’s conclusion that the Michigan Constitution does not contain a requirement that a 

trial court articulate on the record how it considered the mitigating characteristics of youth 

when it sentences a juvenile defendant to a sentence other than life without the possibility 

of parole. The United States Supreme Court has made clear that “children are different” 

for sentencing purposes and that sometimes, a sentencing court may not constitutionally 

sentence a juvenile without considering the mitigating characteristics of youth. Miller v 

Alabama, 567 US 460, 480; 132 S Ct 2455; 183 L Ed 2d 407 (2012); see also Graham v 
2

Florida, 560 US 48, 76; 130 S Ct 2011; 176 L Ed 2d 825 (2010); Roper v Simmons, 543 

US 551; 125 S Ct 1183; 161 L Ed 2d 1 (2005). Exactly how that principle applies in 

interpreting the Michigan Constitution has not been explored in these cases and is therefore 

left for another day.

The Michigan Constitution played a backseat role throughout these cases’ 

progression through the trial and appellate courts; it was not until defendant Tyler M. Tate’s 

supplemental brief in this Court that it made its first appearance. And then, Tate argued 

that his 40-year minimum sentence was disproportionate under Article 1, § 16 of the 

Michigan Constitution and our decision in People v Bullock, 440 Mich 15; 485 NW2d 866 

(1992). But Bullock’s four-factor test for evaluating the proportionality of a particular 

sentence does not address Tate’s argument that Article 1, § 16 requires an on-the-record 

explanation of how the mitigating characteristics of youth affected a trial court’s sentencing 

decision for the sentence imposed to be constitutional. See, e.g., State v Null, 836 NW2d 

41, 74 (Iowa, 2013) (“We think the direction from the Supreme Court that trial courts 

consider everything said about youth in Roper, Graham, and Miller means more than a 

generalized notion of taking age into consideration as a factor in sentencing. . . . [W]e 

conclude article I, section 17 [of the Iowa Constitution] requires that a district court 

recognize and apply the core teachings of Roper, Graham, and Miller in making sentencing 

decisions for long prison terms involving juveniles.”). Tate’s argument is therefore a poor 

fit with the authority he cites.

But we know youth matters in sentencing under the state Constitution as well as the 

federal Constitution. See People v Stovall, ___ Mich ___; ___ NW2d ___ (2022) (Docket 

No. 162425). While neither the statutory scheme nor the federal Constitution categorically 
3

requires an on-the-record articulation of how the characteristics of youth affect a 

sentencing court’s decision, the Court correctly rules that sentencing courts must consider 

those characteristics and treat them as mitigating. A trial court’s failure to do so explicitly 

on the record, notwithstanding no categorical rule requiring it, stands a high chance of 

rendering its sentence a violation of Article 1, § 16, and therefore necessarily an abuse of 

its discretion. People v Duncan, 494 Mich 713, 723; 835 NW2d 399 (2013) (“A trial court 

necessarily abuses its discretion when it makes an error of law.”).

And whether a categorical rule may be constitutionally required under Article 1, 

§ 16 is a question left for another day. The principles animating Miller, Graham, and Roper

apply no less forcefully in this context. Those principles, together with our precedent 

requiring individualized sentencing, see People v McFarlin, 389 Mich 557, 574; 208 

NW2d 504 (1973), may render a sentence where the effect of youth is unexplained at such 

high risk of violating those principles as to be constitutionally impermissible. See 

generally Null, 836 NW2d at 74.

Bridget M. McCormack
S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N

SUPREME COURT

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v No. 157738

DEMARIOL DONTAYE BOYKIN,

Defendant-Appellant.

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v No. 158695

TYLER MAURICE TATE,

Defendant-Appellant.

CLEMENT, J. (concurring in part and dissenting in part).

Consistently with my concurring statement in People v Wines, 506 Mich 954, 958

(2020) (CLEMENT, J., concurring), I agree with the majority that trial courts are required to 

consider the mitigating effects of youth when sentencing a juvenile to a term-of-years 

sentence because youth affects the traditional penological goals that guide a sentencer’s 

discretion. See People v Snow, 386 Mich 586, 592; 194 NW2d 314 (1972). Within this 

context, the United States Supreme Court’s discussion of the mitigating effects of youth in 

Miller v Alabama, 567 US 460; 132 S Ct 2455; 183 L Ed 2d 407 (2012), is relevant in 

understanding how youth relates to those traditional penological goals. Neither this 
2

decision nor Wines holds that the Eighth Amendment requires specific consideration of 

each attribute of youth identified in Miller, nor does either decision require that the trial 

court make explicit findings as to each of those attributes on the record. Although this 

Court has chosen elsewhere to extend Miller, see, e.g., People v Stovall, ___ Mich ___; 

___ NW2d ___ (2022) (Docket No. 162425); People v Parks, ___ Mich ___; ___ NW2d 

___ (2022) (Docket No. 162086), the majority opinion in this case does not do so, and 

accordingly, I concur with its holding that the mitigating effects of youth must be 

considered during term-of-years juvenile sentencing. 

While I agree with the majority’s iteration of this general rule, I respectfully dissent 

as to the majority’s application of that rule to defendant Tate. At Tate’s sentencing, the 

trial court listened to defense counsel’s youth-based leniency arguments and noted that it

had also reviewed Tate’s presentence investigation report, which contained additional 

material about Tate’s age, family environment, and criminal history. The trial court

acknowledged that “perhaps [Tate’s] age, and [his] maturity, were working against [him],” 

but also highlighted Tate’s volunteered and intentional role in the murder, his flight from 

and lengthy evasion of law enforcement, his lack of remorse, and his “violent, deplorable” 

nature. On the basis of this full consideration of Tate’s background and the nature of the 

offense, the trial court sentenced him to a 40- to 60-year term of imprisonment. The trial 

court’s record of its decision-making sufficiently justified the sentence imposed in order to 

facilitate appellate review, the sole articulation requirement mandated by our sentencing 

jurisprudence. People v Lockridge, 498 Mich 358, 392; 870 NW2d 502 (2015). 

Despite this, the majority now chooses to remand this case to the Court of Appeals 

for reconsideration, explaining that the trial court’s comments “appear to only represent a 
3

small portion of the record established by the sentencing court” and that “whether these 

statements and the totality of the record established by the trial court comply with our 

requirement that a trial court consider youth to be a mitigating factor is a close question 

deserving of additional appellate review.” In my opinion, this disposition on the basis of 

the brevity of the trial judge’s statements deeply muddies—if not outright contradicts—the 

majority’s holding that no statutory or constitutional authority compels the trial court to 

make an on-the-record explanation of its consideration of youth. To the extent that the 

majority may believe that Tate is deserving of a shorter minimum sentence because of the 

mitigating effects of youth (i.e., that the trial court weighed the mitigating effects of youth 

incorrectly), that is a proportionality issue that should be addressed by this Court and not 

remanded to the Court of Appeals, which has already considered and rejected Tate’s 

proportionality argument. 

Elizabeth T. Clement
S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N

SUPREME COURT

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v No. 157738

DEMARIOL DONTAYE BOYKIN,

Defendant-Appellant.

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v No. 158695

TYLER MAURICE TATE,

Defendant-Appellant.

ZAHRA, J. (dissenting).

I dissent from the majority’s decision. The majority opinion concludes that 

“[s]entencing courts must consider youth as a mitigating factor at sentencing hearings 

conducted under MCL 769.25 or MCL 769.25a when the defendant is sentenced to a term 

of years,” but that “the court’s consideration of youth need not be articulated on the 

record.”1

 To the extent the majority opinion holds that a juvenile homicide offender’s 

youth operates as a mitigating factor for purposes of sentencing, I take no exception, as 

 1 Ante at 19.
2

“Miller [v Alabama] repeatedly described youth as a sentencing factor akin to a mitigating 

circumstance.”2

 But the majority opinion’s holding is not so narrow. Instead, the majority 

opinion concludes more broadly that when sentencing a juvenile homicide offender to a 

term of years under MCL 769.25 and MCL 769.25a, sentencing courts are required to 

consider the mitigating qualities of youth within the penological objectives outlined in 

People v Snow3 and that a failure to adequately consider those mitigating qualities will 

result in reversal. I do not agree with this broader holding, as it lacks precedential support

and runs counter to the guidance provided by the Supreme Court of the United States that 

“an on-the-record sentencing explanation is not necessary to ensure that a sentencer 

considers a defendant’s youth” because a sentencer that has the discretion to consider a 

defendant’s youth “necessarily will consider the defendant’s youth . . . .”4 I would not 

upset our Legislature’s policy choice of declining to extend Miller—which until now has 

only applied to this state’s juvenile homicide offenders facing life without parole—to termof-years sentences imposed under MCL 769.25 and MCL 769.25a. Instead, I would hold 

that traditional sentencing considerations apply to these sentencing hearings; that is, when 

deciding what constitutes an appropriate term-of-years sentence for a juvenile homicide 

offender, a sentencing court should ultimately be guided by the principle of proportionality, 

 2 Jones v Mississippi, 593 US ___, ___; 141 S Ct 1307, 1315; 209 L Ed 2d 390 (2021), 

citing Miller v Alabama, 567 US 460; 132 S Ct 2455; 183 L Ed 2d 407 (2012). 

3 People v Snow, 386 Mich 586, 592; 194 NW2d 314 (1972) (providing the following 

penological objectives of sentencing: (1) “reformation of the offender,” (2) “protection of 

society,” (3) punishment of the offender, and (4) “deterrence of others from committing 

like offenses”).

4 Jones, 593 US at ___; 141 S Ct at 1319.
3

which aims to tailor the sentence to the particular offense and offender before it and which 

may require the court to consider how the offender’s age correlates with the sentence 

imposed. Applying that standard, I would affirm each defendant’s sentence, as both 

sentencing courts adequately explained the sentences imposed in relation to each defendant 

and their offenses and, therefore, did not abuse their discretion in sentencing defendants to

40 to 60 years’ imprisonment.

I. APPLICABLE LAW

A. UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT PRECEDENT

In 2012, the Supreme Court of the United States held in Miller that “mandatory life 

without parole for those under the age of 18 at the time of their crimes violates the Eighth 

Amendment’s prohibition on ‘cruel and unusual punishments.’ ”5

 The Supreme Court 

explained that “children are constitutionally different from adults for purposes of 

sentencing,” citing the following three grounds: 

First, children have a lack of maturity and an underdeveloped sense of 

responsibility, leading to recklessness, impulsivity, and heedless risk-taking. 

Second, children are more vulnerable to negative influences and outside 

pressures, including from their family and peers; they have limited control 

over their own environment and lack the ability to extricate themselves from 

horrific, crime-producing settings. And third, a child’s character is not as 

well formed as an adult’s; his traits are less fixed and his actions less likely 

to be evidence of irretrievable depravity.[6]

Given these asserted differences, the Miller Court concluded that subjecting 

juveniles to the same mandatory life-without-parole sentence applicable to adults

 5 Miller, 567 US at 465.

6 Id. at 471 (citations, quotation marks, ellipses, and brackets omitted).
4

contravened the “foundational principle” from the Court’s prior decisions in Roper v 

Simmons7 and Graham v Florida8

: “that imposition of a State’s most severe penalties on 

juvenile offenders cannot proceed as though they were not children.”9

 Unlike Graham and 

Roper, however, the Court in Miller did “not categorically bar a penalty for a class of 

offenders or type of crime[.]”10 Instead, Miller “allowed life-without-parole sentences for 

defendants who committed homicide when they were under 18, but only so long as the 

sentence is not mandatory—that is, only so long as the sentencer has discretion to ‘consider 

the mitigating qualities of youth’ and impose a lesser punishment.”11 Accordingly, before 

imposing life without parole on a juvenile homicide offender, a sentencing court must have 

the opportunity to consider: “[a defendant’s] chronological age and its hallmark features—

among them, immaturity, impetuosity, and failure to appreciate risks and consequences”; 

“the family and home environment that surrounds him—and from which he cannot usually 

extricate himself—no matter how brutal or dysfunctional”; “the circumstances of the 

homicide offense, including the extent of his participation in the conduct and the way 

familial and peer pressures may have affected him”; whether “he might have been charged 

 7 Roper v Simmons, 543 US 551, 578; 125 S Ct 1183; 161 L Ed 2d 1 (2005) (holding that 

the Eighth Amendment bars the imposition of the death penalty on offenders under the age 

of 18).

8 Graham v Florida, 560 US 48, 74; 130 S Ct 2011; 176 L Ed 2d 825 (2010) (holding “that 

for a juvenile offender who did not commit homicide the Eighth Amendment forbids the 

sentence of life without parole”).

9 Miller, 567 US at 474.

10 Id. at 483. 

11 Jones, 593 US at ___; 141 S Ct at 1314 (emphasis omitted), quoting Miller, 567 US at 

476. 
5

[with] and convicted of a lesser offense if not for incompetencies associated with youth—

for example, his inability to deal with police officers or prosecutors (including on a plea 

agreement) or his incapacity to assist his own attorneys”; and “the possibility of 

rehabilitation . . . .”12 These are commonly referred to as the Miller factors.

Four years later, in Montgomery v Louisiana, the Supreme Court held that Miller 

applies retroactively to juvenile homicide offenders whose convictions and sentences were 

final when Miller was decided.13 Yet Montgomery did nothing to change the limited scope

of Miller’s holding. As the Supreme Court recently stated in Jones v Mississippi, “Miller

cited Roper and Graham for a simple proposition: Youth matters in sentencing. And 

because youth matters, Miller held that a sentencer must have discretion to consider youth 

before imposing a life-without-parole sentence . . . .”14 The Court in Jones further 

explained that “an on-the-record sentencing explanation . . . is not necessary to ensure that 

a sentencer considers a defendant’s youth . . . .”15 At bottom, “Miller required a 

discretionary sentencing procedure” only for those juvenile homicide offenders subject to

life without parole, and “the Court did not suggest that those discretionary sentencing 

regimes required some kind of sentencing explanation.”16 

 12 Miller, 567 US at 477-478.

13 Montgomery v Louisiana, 577 US 190; 136 S Ct 718; 193 L Ed 2d 599 (2016).

14 Jones, 593 US at ___; 141 S Ct at 1316. 

15 Id. at ___; 141 S Ct at 1319.

16 Id. at ___, ___; 141 S Ct at 1317, 1320.
6

B. MICHIGAN LAW

In response to Miller, our Legislature enacted MCL 769.25 and MCL 769.25a.17 

Under these statutes, if the prosecuting attorney files a motion seeking imposition of a lifewithout-parole sentence on a juvenile homicide offender convicted of certain enumerated 

offenses, including first-degree murder, the sentencing court must conduct a hearing on 

that motion as part of the sentencing process.18 At that hearing, the sentencing court is 

statutorily required to “consider the factors listed in [Miller]” and to “specify on the record 

the aggravating and mitigating circumstances considered by the court and the court’s

reasons supporting the sentence imposed.”19 If the prosecutor does not seek life without 

parole, however, the sentencing court is not required to conduct such a hearing. Instead, 

the statutes require the court to sentence the offender to a term of years in which the 

minimum sentence is no less than 25 years and no more than 40 years and the maximum 

sentence is no less than 60 years.

20 That is, absent a motion from the prosecutor seeking 

life without parole, there is no statutory obligation for the sentencing court to consider the 

 17 MCL 769.25a was enacted in anticipation that the United States Supreme Court would 

hold that Miller applies retroactively. It provides essentially the same substantive relief as 

MCL 769.25.

18 MCL 769.25(2), (3), (6); MCL 769.25a(4)(b).

19 MCL 769.25(6); MCL 769.25(7). The trial court is permitted to “consider any other 

criteria relevant to its decision, including the individual’s record while incarcerated,” MCL 

769.25(6), as well as “evidence presented at trial,” MCL 769.25(7).

20 MCL 769.25(4), (9); MCL 769.25a(4)(c). A juvenile homicide offender benefiting from 

Montgomery’s holding that Miller applies retroactively and who is not subject to a lifewithout-parole sentence, like Boykin, would actually receive a maximum sentence of 

exactly 60 years, MCL 769.25a(4)(c), whereas a juvenile whose convictions and sentences 

were final after Miller, like Tate, would receive a maximum sentence of “not less than 60 

years,” MCL 769.25(9). Both Tate and Boykin received 40- to 60-year sentences. 
7

Miller factors, nor is the court required to state on the record the aggravating and mitigating 

circumstances the court considered in sentencing the juvenile homicide offender to a term 

of years.

The lack of statutory guidance for sentencing courts imposing term-of-years

sentences under MCL 769.25 and MCL 769.25a does not mean that those courts may 

simply rubber-stamp the maximum allowable sentence under those statutes. Rather, this 

Court in People v Milbourn stated that “with regard to the judicial selection of an individual 

sentence within the statutory minimum and maximum for a given offense,” judicial 

sentencing discretion is to be exercised according to the “principle of proportionality,” 

which “requires sentences imposed by the trial court to be proportionate to the seriousness 

of the circumstances surrounding the offense and the offender.”21 In order “to assure that 

the sentences imposed across the discretionary range are proportionate to the seriousness 

of the matters that come before the court for sentencing . . . , the judge, of course, must

take into account the nature of the offense and the background of the offender.”22 Further, 

in order to facilitate appellate review of a sentence, a sentencing court must justify the 

sentence imposed by articulating the criteria on which it relied to fashion a sentence that is 

proportionate to the offense and the offender.23 Whether the sentence imposed violates the 

 21 People v Milbourn, 435 Mich 630, 635-636; 461 NW2d 1 (1990). See also People v 

Steanhouse, 500 Mich 453, 459-460, 474-475; 902 NW2d 327 (2017). 

22 Milbourn, 435 Mich at 651.

23 People v Lockridge, 498 Mich 358, 392; 870 NW2d 502 (2015) (“[S]entencing courts 

must justify the sentence imposed in order to facilitate appellate review.”), citing People v 

Coles, 417 Mich 523, 550; 339 NW2d 440 (1983) (requiring “that the trial court state on 

the record which criteria were considered and what reasons support the court’s decision 
8

principle of proportionality is reviewed for an abuse of discretion, which occurs when the 

outcome falls outside the range of reasonable and principled outcomes.24 

II. ANALYSIS

The majority opinion holds that sentencing courts are required to consider the 

mitigating qualities, circumstances, and factors of youth within the penological objectives 

outlined in Snow (reformation, protection, punishment, and deterrence) when sentencing a 

juvenile homicide offender to a term-of-years sentence under MCL 769.25 and MCL 

769.25a. It stresses, however, that an on-the-record explanation of those mitigating 

qualities is not necessary and claims that its holding falls short of requiring courts to 

articulate how the Miller factors—which the Supreme Court has also characterized as 

“mitigating qualities,” “mitigating circumstances,” “mitigating factors,” and “distinctive 

attributes” of youth25—affected the term-of-years sentence. This holding, convoluted as it 

is, lacks legal support of any kind: it is not required by the United States or Michigan 

Constitution; it is not required by statute; and it is not required by precedent. 

The majority opinion derives its holding from Miller, but the Supreme Court’s 

holding in Miller was limited: it corrected the constitutional infirmity of sentencing 

schemes mandating life without parole for juvenile homicide offenders by requiring that 

sentencers be given the opportunity to consider the mitigating qualities of youth and the 

 

regarding the length and nature of punishment imposed”), overruled in part on other 

grounds by Milbourn, 435 Mich 630.

24 People v Skinner, 502 Mich 89, 131-132; 917 NW2d 292 (2018); People v Babcock, 469 

Mich 247, 269; 666 NW2d 231 (2003).

25 Miller, 567 US at 472, 476, 489 (quotation marks and citations omitted).
9

discretion to impose a lesser sentence.

26 Nowhere in Miller—or Roper, Graham, or 

Jones—did the Court state that sentencers must consider the distinctive attributes of a 

juvenile homicide offender’s youth when imposing a sentence less than life without parole.

Although the Court in Jones suggested that the broader rationale of Roper, Graham, and 

Miller is that “youth matters in sentencing,”27 their holdings are limited to the specific

sentences before the Court. In any event, the proposition that youth matters in sentencing 

is hardly a novel statement of blackletter law that can be first attributed to the RoperGraham-Miller trilogy. Miller itself stated that the differences between juvenile and adult 

offenders are commonsensical and confirm what “ ‘any parent knows,’ ”28 and society has 

long recognized that an offender’s age may warrant a less severe punishment.

29 I would 

 26 Id. at 479 (holding that “the Eighth Amendment forbids a sentencing scheme that 

mandates life in prison without possibility of parole for juvenile offenders,” and that “[b]y 

making youth (and all that accompanies it) irrelevant to imposition of that harshest prison 

sentence, such a scheme poses too great a risk of disproportionate punishment”). See also 

Jones, 593 US at ___; 141 S Ct at 1316 (“[T]he Miller Court stated that a judge or jury 

must have the opportunity to consider the defendant’s youth and must have discretion to 

impose a different punishment than life without parole.”) (quotation marks and citation 

omitted); Skinner, 502 Mich at 120 (“Miller simply held that mandatory life-without-parole 

sentences for juveniles violate the Eighth Amendment and that before such a sentence can 

be imposed on a juvenile, the sentencer must consider the mitigating qualities of youth.”).

27 Jones, 593 US at ___; 141 S Ct at 1316.

28 Miller, 567 US at 471, quoting Roper, 543 US at 569.

29 See People v Fields, 448 Mich 58, 77; 528 NW2d 176 (1995) (stating that a defendant’s 

age is a relevant factor to determining whether a departure from the guidelines minimum 

sentence range is warranted and that “courts often cite the young age of a defendant as a 

reason to deviate from a minimum sentence”). See also Goodwin v Iowa District Court for 

Davis Co, 936 NW2d 634, 652 (Iowa, 2019) (McDonald, J., concurring) (explaining that 

the neuroscience evidence supporting the claim that juvenile offenders are less culpable 

than adult offenders “does not tell us something new for which the law did not already 

account”); see also id., quoting Sanders, ed, Juvenile Offenders for a Thousand Years: 

Selected Readings from Anglo-Saxon Times to 1900 (Chapel Hill: University of North 
10

not use the “simple proposition”30 that youth matters in sentencing as a basis to extend

Roper, Graham, and Miller beyond their own terms as the majority opinion does here.

The majority’s holding also has no basis in this state’s jurisprudence. MCL 769.25 

and MCL 769.25a do not require sentencing courts to consider mitigating qualities of youth 

when sentencing a juvenile homicide offender to a term of years. In fact, the Legislature 

requires courts to consider Miller’s mitigating factors only when the sentence sought is life 

without parole. The Legislature’s omission of this requirement when the sentence sought 

is a term of years is presumed to be intentional,31 and it represents a policy choice made by 

the Legislature that the judiciary may not second-guess or override.

32 Further, by enacting 

MCL 769.25 and MCL 769.25a, the Legislature put in place a scheme that necessarily

accounts for a juvenile homicide offender’s youth, even when the sentence imposed is a 

term of years. That is, the prosecution’s decision not to file a motion seeking life without 

parole means that the defendant is benefiting from Miller by receiving a term-of-years 

 

Carolina Press, 1970), p xviii (“ ‘[A]s far back as written records go children who have 

broken the law have been treated on the whole more leniently than have adult 

offenders.’ ”).

30 Jones, 593 US at ___; 141 S Ct at 1316.

31 People v Lewis, 503 Mich 162, 167; 926 NW2d 796 (2018).

32 See People v McIntire, 461 Mich 147, 152; 599 NW2d 102 (1999) (“[O]ur judicial role 

precludes imposing different policy choices than those selected by the Legislature . . . .”); 

People v Morris, 450 Mich 316, 336; 537 NW2d 842 (1995) (“[J]udicial misgivings 

regarding the wisdom of the policy do not provide a legal foundation for overriding 

legislative intent. . . . The wisdom of the policy is a political question to be resolved in the 

political forum. To reach a contrary result would be simply to repudiate the legislative 

choice.”).
11

sentence and not being subject to the law’s harshest term of imprisonment.33 Thus, not 

only are MCL 769.25 and MCL 769.25a “constitutionally necessary and constitutionally 

sufficient,”34 the manner by which these statutes operate ensures that a juvenile homicide 

offender’s youth is being taken into account at sentencing. 

Moreover, while courts fashioning a proportionate sentence must take into account 

an offender’s background, which would include the offender’s age, there is “no basis in 

Milbourn for a requirement that the trial judge tailor every defendant’s sentence in 

relationship to the defendant’s age.”35 “A judge may . . . consider a defendant’s age at 

sentencing in deciding whether the sentence about to be imposed is proper, just as the judge 

considers the recommended range under the guidelines and any other factors not expressly 

prohibited by law.”36 Simply put, “Miller mandated ‘only that a sentencer follow a certain 

process—considering an offender’s youth and attendant characteristics—before imposing’ 

a life-without-parole sentence.”37 Accordingly, Miller does not alter this state’s sentencing 

jurisprudence for juvenile homicide offenders facing a lesser sentence. 

 33 See, e.g., James v United States, 59 A3d 1233, 1238 (DC, 2013) (explaining that the 

sentencing statute necessarily takes into account juvenile homicide offenders’ youth and 

its attendant characteristics “by limiting the minimum sentence to thirty years for offenders 

under the age of eighteen at the time of their offense, as compared to life imprisonment 

without opportunity for release which is available against adults”). 

34 Jones, 593 US at ___; 141 S Ct at 1313.

35 People v Lemons, 454 Mich 234, 258; 562 NW2d 447 (1997).

36 Id. at 259 (emphasis added).

37 Jones, 593 US at ___; 141 S Ct at 1314, quoting Miller, 567 US at 483.
12

Given that sentencing courts are not required to articulate an on-the-record 

explanation of how youth or the Miller factors affect a term-of-years sentence imposed 

under MCL 769.25 or MCL 769.25a, there is no legal basis for affirming the Court of 

Appeals decision in People v Wines.

38 Despite recognizing that “there is no constitutional

mandate requiring the trial court to specifically make findings as to the Miller factors 

except in the context of a decision whether to impose a sentence of life without parole,” 

the Court of Appeals in Wines nonetheless concluded that “when the sentence of life 

imprisonment without parole is not at issue, the [sentencing] court should be guided by a 

balancing of the Snow objectives and in that context is required to take into account the 

attributes of youth, such as those described in Miller.”39 According to Wines, “[t]he 

process of properly balancing [the Snow] objectives in the case of a minor defendant 

necessitates consideration of the distinctive attributes of youth,” and “a failure to consider 

the distinctive attributes of youth, such as those discussed in Miller,” when imposing a 

term-of-years sentence under MCL 769.25 and MCL 769.25a amounts to an abuse of 

discretion warranting reversal.40

There are a number of issues with the Court of Appeals’ holding in Wines that the 

majority opinion fails to address. For example, Wines was incorrect to suggest that Miller’s 

holding requires courts to make specific findings regarding the Miller factors when 

deciding whether to impose life without parole—a requirement the Supreme Court of 

 38 People v Wines, 323 Mich App 343; 916 NW2d 855 (2018), rev’d in part on other 

grounds 506 Mich 954 (2020).

39 Id. at 352.

40 Id. at 351-352.
13

United States and this Court have rejected.

41 Further, Miller’s only holding was that 

mandatory life without parole for juveniles violates the Eighth Amendment. Thus, there is

no basis to apply it outside that constitutional context.42 Wines also failed to recognize that 

Snow’s penological objectives “are not the only relevant criteria” for determining an 

appropriate sentence and that they do not instruct trial courts “on every factor they must 

consider when imposing [a] sentence.”43 And nowhere in Wines did the panel discuss the 

principle of proportionality. Finally, the Court of Appeals’ holding in Wines is unclear as 

to what exactly courts are required to consider when life without parole is not at issue. 

Particularly, it failed to explain whether “ ‘taking into account the attributes of youth’ [is] 

distinguishable in some way from considering the Miller factors and, if so, what is that 

distinction?”44 The majority opinion adds to the confusion left by Wines’s holding by

requiring sentencing courts to consider “the mitigating qualities of youth within Snow’s 

sentencing criteria”45—which do not represent an exhaustive list of criteria to be 

considered in fashioning an appropriate sentence—but failing to explain how a court’s 

 41 See Jones, 593 US at ___; 141 S Ct 1307 (rejecting the argument that Miller imposed a 

formal fact-finding requirement); Skinner, 502 Mich 89 (same).

42 Indeed, nothing in the majority’s opinion suggests a 40- to 60-year sentence for a juvenile 

homicide offender is unconstitutional. 

43 People v Broden, 428 Mich 343, 350; 408 NW2d 789 (1987), citing Coles, 417 Mich 

550.

44 People v Wines, 506 Mich 954, 957 (2020) (MARKMAN, J., concurring in part and 

dissenting in part) (brackets omitted).

45 Ante at 16. 
14

consideration of mitigating qualities within Snow’s framework differs from consideration 

of the mitigating factors articulated in Miller.

46 

The majority opinion contends that Jones provides helpful guidance to explain the 

holding of Wines. I agree we should heed the words of Jones, particularly its discussion 

of what Miller requires (a discretionary sentencing procedure for juvenile homicide 

offenders subject to life without parole) and does not require (an on-the-record 

consideration of the offender’s youth and its attendant characteristics). Yet the majority

opinion fails to do just that by affirming Wines and requiring sentencing courts to consider 

a juvenile homicide offender’s youth as a mitigating factor when imposing a term-of-years 

sentence under MCL 769.25 and MCL 769.25a. As the Court stated in Jones, “[I]f the 

sentencer has discretion to consider the defendant’s youth, the sentencer necessarily will

consider the defendant’s youth,” as “it would be all but impossible for a sentencer to avoid 

considering that mitigating factor” when tasked with sentencing a juvenile homicide 

offender.47 In other words, there is no need to require sentencing courts to consider a 

juvenile homicide offender’s youth in whatever manner the majority opinion now 

demands; youth is necessarily taken into account by giving courts the discretion to do so. 

 46 Even the majority opinion’s modified-Snow framework leaves many questions 

unanswered. Are sentencing courts required to consider each of the modified Snow factors 

when sentencing a juvenile homicide offender to a term of years under MCL 769.25 and 

MCL 769.25a? Is a discussion of those factors alone sufficient for sentencing courts to 

provide an adequate consideration of youth? What if, instead, the sentencing court 

addresses some or all of the Miller factors and fails to address some or all of the Snow

factors? Under what circumstance is a sentencing court’s consideration of a juvenile 

homicide offender’s youth enough to satisfy appellate review of the term-of-years 

sentence?

47 Jones, 593 US at ___; 141 S Ct at 1319. 
15 

Also, nothing prevents defense counsel from arguing that mitigating factors of youth favor 

a lenient sentence. The majority opinion simply pays lip service to Jones and, instead, 

reads as though youth is the only factor sentencing courts are to consider when sentencing 

juvenile homicide offenders. This Court has rejected that notion, explaining—in the 

context of whether to impose a life-without-parole sentence—that while “an offender’s age 

is likely to be given significant weight in the court’s deliberations and may well constitute 

the single best factor for ascertaining whether a Miller-benefited offender would actually 

gain relief,” it is not “the exclusive factor that the trial court should consider in imposing a 

sentence on a juvenile homicide offender.”48 Accordingly, not only does a juvenile 

homicide offender necessarily benefit from Miller by receiving a term-of-years sentence

instead of life without parole, but contrary to the majority opinion’s suggestion, the 

“mitigating qualities” and “distinctive attributes” of youth discussed in Miller do not

represent an exclusive or exhaustive list of the criteria sentencers are to consider for all

juvenile homicide offenders. 

In sum, there exists no constitutional, statutory, or judicial directive requiring

sentencing courts to consider the mitigating qualities of youth when imposing term-ofyears sentences under MCL 769.25 and MCL 769.25a. Absent such a directive, I would 

not extend Miller’s limited constitutional holding in whatever manner the majority opinion 

now extends it by affirming the Court of Appeals’ decision in Wines. Instead, I would hold 

that traditional sentencing considerations apply to these sentencing hearings. That is, when 

deciding what constitutes an appropriate term-of-years sentence for a juvenile homicide 

 

48 People v Carp, 496 Mich 440, 520; 852 NW2d 801 (2014), cert gtd and opinion vacated 

on other grounds sub nom Carp v Michigan, 577 US 1186 (2016). 
16

offender, a sentencing court should ultimately be guided by the principle of proportionality, 

which aims to tailor the sentence to the particular offense and offender before it and which 

may require the court to consider how the offender’s age correlates with the sentence 

imposed. By extending Miller to a whole new class of sentences, the majority opinion 

undermines the policy choices made by the Michigan Legislature in enacting MCL 769.25 

and MCL 769.25a, which do not require sentencing courts to consider the Miller factors, 

the “distinctive attributes of youth,” or “the mitigating qualities of youth” when imposing 

a term-of-years sentence.

III. APPLICATION

Tellingly, the majority opinion does not even attempt to apply its holding to the facts 

of these two cases—at least not with any meaningful guidance. In Boykin, the majority 

opinion concludes that the Court of Appeals failed to address whether the sentencing court 

properly considered youth as a mitigating factor and that the panel instead held that 

consideration of Boykin’s youth was unnecessary because Miller only applies to 

defendants sentenced to life without parole. Contrary to the majority opinion’s assertion, 

the Court of Appeals did not hold that consideration of Boykin’s youth was unnecessary; 

it rejected Boykin’s sweeping argument that Miller requires juveniles to be considered 

differently for purposes of sentencing and that the sentencing court was required to 

consider the Miller factors. Given that Miller only applies to juvenile homicide offenders 

facing life without parole, and because MCL 769.25 and MCL 769.25a already treat 

juvenile homicide offenders differently than adult offenders, the panel correctly rejected 
17

Boykin’s argument. Further, the panel did actually address the sentencing court’s 

consideration of Boykin’s youth as a mitigating factor in the context of Miller, stating: 

Though not mandated by Miller, the trial court actually did consider 

the Miller factors when resentencing defendant. The trial court stated that it 

was considering all the Miller factors and specifically mentioned its 

consideration of defendant’s psychological evaluations, defendant’s 

childhood, and his misconducts while in prison involving intoxicating 

substances and weapons. Evaluating these factors, the trial court determined 

that defendant’s youth and immaturity were not an excuse for his conduct, 

and that “there was nothing to suggest here anything other than this was a 

cold, calculated, premeditated killing of an innocent human being who 

represented no threat to defendant.”[49]

The sentencing court also incorporated the penological objectives into its 

sentencing, stating in its conclusion that “[b]ased on everything presented . . . , 

confinement is necessary for punishment, for the protection of this community, and the 

hope of Mr. Boykin’s rehabilitation in a more controlled environment.” In light of the 

sentencing court’s express incorporation of the Miller factors, its extensive discussion of 

how those factors affected the sentence imposed, and its consideration of Snow’s 

penological objectives, it is difficult to see what more the sentencing court could have done

to warrant an affirmance of Boykin’s sentence.

Boykin argues that the sentencing court did not consider his youth as a mitigating 

factor. Boykin’s argument is largely based on the court’s comments that he was a mere 80 

days shy of turning 18 when he committed the murder and that he “certainly was of a 

mature age and cannot blame youth or immaturity as an excuse for this conduct.” Boykin’s 

argument lacks merit for several reasons. First, when imposing its sentence, the court 

 49 People v Boykin, unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued March 

20, 2018 (Docket No. 335862), p 4 n 2 (brackets omitted). 
18

expressly incorporated and considered the Miller factors, which are mitigating by nature.50 

Second, Roper recognized that some juveniles “have already attained a level of maturity 

some adults will never reach,”51 and Miller contemplated sentencers considering a juvenile 

homicide offender’s age as compared to other juveniles.52 Accordingly, the sentencing 

court’s reference to Boykin’s age in proximity to turning 18 and its statement that he 

“certainly was of a mature age” is consistent with the Supreme Court’s recognition that not 

all juveniles are necessarily immature. Third, the court’s statement that Boykin “cannot 

blame youth or immaturity as an excuse for this conduct” is not the equivalent of refusing, 

as a matter of law, to consider his youth as a mitigating factor; rather, the court was simply 

weighing Boykin’s youth and one of its hallmark characteristics against defendant’s 

intentional homicidal acts.53 Although youth is undisputedly a mitigating factor, it does 

not serve as a justification for committing society’s most heinous crime. And, as detailed 

by the sentencing court, Boykin’s offense was indeed heinous. Boykin was the shooter 

 50 See Skinner, 502 Mich at 115 (“It is undisputed that all of [the Miller] factors are 

mitigating factors.”). 

51 Roper, 543 US at 574.

52 Miller, 567 US at 477, 480 n 8 (explaining that sentencing schemes mandating life 

without parole demanded that “every juvenile . . . receive the same sentence as every 

other—the 17-year-old and the 14-year-old, the shooter and the accomplice, the child from 

a stable household and the child from a chaotic and abusive one”—and therefore requiring 

that sentencers “take into account the differences among defendants and crimes” to remedy 

the constitutional problem with those schemes). 

53 See Jones, 593 US at ___; 141 S Ct at 1320 n 7 (contrasting a potentially viable Eighth 

Amendment claim when the sentencer “refuses as a matter of law to consider the 

defendant’s youth” with a sentencer “deeming the defendant’s youth to be outweighed by 

other factors or deeming the defendant’s youth to be an insufficient reason to support a 

lesser sentence under the facts of the case,” which is permissible). 
19

and the aggressor; he brought a gun to a fistfight that he was not involved in; he shot the 

victim in the back three or four times as the victim tried to run away; and he admitted trying 

to fire the gun as it was pressed against the victim’s cheek. When the gun jammed, Boykin 

instead kicked the victim repeatedly as he lay dying on the sidewalk before fleeing the 

scene. In short, the sentencing court considered Boykin’s background and his youth as 

mitigating factors but concluded that the aggravating nature of the homicide supported a 

sentence of 40 to 60 years’ imprisonment. This was not an abuse of discretion. 

In Tate, the majority opinion recognizes that the sentencing court expressly 

considered Tate’s youth but states that the court’s comments represent only a small portion 

of the record and suggests that more is required to comply with the majority opinion’s 

requirement that sentencing courts consider youth as a mitigating factor. This result is 

puzzling for a number of reasons. First, it contradicts the majority opinion’s own holding

that sentencing courts need not even articulate their bases for considering an offender’s 

youth when imposing a term-of-years sentence under MCL 769.25 and MCL 769.25a. 

Second, it turns a juvenile homicide offender’s age into the preeminent consideration for 

courts imposing a term-of-years sentence under MCL 769.25 and MCL 769.25a, thereby 

downplaying the severity of the offender’s crimes and the impact on the victims and their 

families. Third, it flies in the face of this state’s own practice of affirming sentences when

the sentencer has adequately explained the reasons for imposing its sentence.54 Here, the 

 54 See Lockridge, 498 Mich at 392, citing Coles, 417 Mich at 550. See also Jones, 593 US 

at ___; 141 S Ct at 1321 (“[W]hen a state judge imposes a sentence of imprisonment, 

particularly a lengthy sentence, the judge often will explain both the sentence and the 

judge’s evaluation of any mitigating circumstances. . . . Even when state law requires a 

sentencer to supply reasons, many States do not impose a formulaic checklist of topics or 

a magic-words requirement with respect to particular mitigating circumstances. And 
20

record establishes that the sentencing court adequately explained the reasons for imposing 

its sentence and considered how Tate’s youth affected that sentence. Tate’s counsel 

advocated for a 25-year minimum sentence, focusing on Tate’s young age and arguing that 

such a sentence would serve the traditional penological objectives. “Faced with a 

convicted murderer who was under 18 at the time of the offense and with defense 

arguments focused on the defendant’s youth, it [was] all but impossible for [the sentencing 

court] to avoid considering that mitigating factor.”55 Moreover, as recounted by the Court 

of Appeals, the sentencing court explicitly considered Tate’s youth and its attendant 

characteristics as a mitigating circumstance in fashioning its sentence:

[T]he trial court considered Tate’s youth and maturity level, commenting that 

“perhaps your age, and your maturity, were working against you,” but it 

found that Tate “knew exactly what he was doing.” Tate argues that the trial 

court failed to consider his lesser degree of culpability in comparison to 

[codefendant Brendon] Stanton-Lipscomb. Tate emphasizes that his role 

was “vastly different” than Stanton-Lipscomb, who was determined to shoot 

[Tyrell] Lane regardless of Tate’s involvement. Contrary to what Tate 

argues, the trial court did discuss Tate’s role in the offense in comparison to 

Stanton-Lipscomb’s role. The court acknowledged that Tate “did not start 

the process of this execution,” but it found that he was a willing participant 

in the plan to kill a young man, and that Tate played a “very active role in 

the cold and calculated assassination of a very young man, Mr. Lane.” The 

court also observed that Tate “volunteered to participate in the assassination 

of Mr. Lane” after Taylor had refused to do so.

Further, Tate’s efforts to distinguish his culpability from StantonLipscomb’s culpability are unavailing considering that they did not receive 

similar sentences. Stanton-Lipscomb received a mandatory sentence of life 

without parole. Although the prosecution could have requested a lifewithout-parole sentence for Tate, it did not. The differences in the culpability 

 

appellate courts do not necessarily reverse merely because the sentencer could have said 

more about mitigating circumstances.”).

55 Id. at ___; 141 S Ct at 1319.
21

are, therefore, reflected in the decision not to pursue a sentence that would 

have subjected Tate to imprisonment for life without parole.[56]

Tate also asserts that he was “cooperative, articulate, and well-spoken 

during the presentence interview,” and “expressed remorse for the victim’s 

family.” However, the trial court commented that it was struck by Tate’s 

statement in the presentence report that “I have nothing to do with it.” The 

court also found that Tate’s post-offense messages on Facebook showed that 

he had no remorse and showed that he was “a violent, deplorable young man 

who will continue to be violent, if allowed to do so.” Evidence at trial 

indicated that, after the offense, Tate eluded and lied to the police, and 

boasted about how he would not be captured for his role in the shooting.

[57]

Like Boykin, Tate argues that the sentencing court’s comments demonstrate that it 

failed to consider his youth as a mitigating factor. Although the sentencing court did not 

expressly incorporate the Miller factors into its sentencing decision like the sentencing 

court in Boykin, the court’s comments demonstrate that it explicitly considered Tate’s 

youth and its attendant characteristics as mitigating evidence but that it nonetheless found 

that the aggravating circumstances of the crime, the active role Tate played in committing 

that crime, and Tate’s postoffense conduct warranted a 40- to 60-year sentence. As in 

Boykin, this was not an abuse of discretion. 

 56 Although the sentencing court briefly stated that Tate was “no different than” two of his 

other codefendants—including Stanton-Lipscomb, who was 18 years old at the time of the 

shooting—that statement was not clearly erroneous. Taken in context, the court’s 

statement is a reflection of its conclusion that Tate, despite being a juvenile, should be held 

equally accountable for his intentional acts. Indeed, Tate was convicted of first-degree 

premediated murder under an aiding-and-abetting theory, and our Legislature has chosen 

to treat offenders who aid and abet the commission of an offense in exactly the same 

manner as those who directly commit the offense. See MCL 767.39. 

57 People v Tate, unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued 

September 20, 2018 (Docket No. 338360), pp 7-8 (brackets omitted).
22

Ultimately, just as the Court in Jones rejected the defendant’s argument “rest[ing] 

on the assumption that meaningful daylight exists between (i) a sentencer’s discretion to 

consider youth, and (ii) the sentencer’s actual consideration of youth,”58 the majority

opinion’s holding suffers the same flaw: requiring sentencing courts to actually (and to a 

certain level of satisfaction) consider youth as a mitigating factor even when the sentencing 

scheme provides courts with the discretion to do just that. How youth militates for or 

against a certain sentence represents a moral judgment left to the discretion of the 

sentencing court.59 Although “one sentencer may weigh the defendant’s youth differently 

than another sentencer or an appellate court would, . . . the key point remains that, in a case 

involving a murderer under [the age of] 18, a sentencer cannot avoid considering the 

defendant’s youth if the sentencer has discretion to consider that mitigating factor.”60 MCL 

769.25 and MCL 769.25a, as well as traditional sentencing principles, provide that 

discretion. And the record in each of these cases demonstrates that the sentencing judges—

who presided over defendants’ trials and thus were quite aware of their ages—

appropriately exercised that discretion and considered defendants’ youth in fashioning 

sentences proportionate to defendants and their offenses. Because neither court abused its 

 58 Jones, 593 US at ___; 141 S Ct at 1319.

59 See Skinner, 502 Mich at 115 n 11, citing Kansas v Carr, 577 US 108, 119; 136 S Ct 

633; 193 L Ed 2d 535 (2016) (“Whether mitigation exists . . . is largely a judgment call (or 

perhaps a value call) . . . . And of course the ultimate question whether mitigating 

circumstances outweigh aggravating circumstances is mostly a question of mercy—the 

quality of which, as we know, is not strained.”).

60 Jones, 593 US at ___; 141 S Ct at 1319-1320. 
23

discretion in sentencing defendants to 40 to 60 years’ imprisonment, I would affirm those 

sentences. 

IV. CONCLUSION

“Whether read broadly or narrowly, Miller creates a legal rule about life-withoutparole sentences. And, whether one looks at [defendants’] sentence[s] formally or 

functionally, [they] did not receive a life-without-parole sentence.”61 “Miller’s holding 

simply does not cover a lengthy term of imprisonment that falls short of life without 

parole,”62 and absent a constitutional, statutory, or judicial directive, I would not extend 

Miller’s reasoning to term-of-years sentences under MCL 769.25 and MCL 769.25a. 

Although the majority opinion purports to limit its holding to juvenile homicide offenders 

sentenced under those statutes, the implication of today’s decision is far greater. Indeed, 

the majority opinion repeatedly suggests its ruling applies to all young offenders—

regardless of the severity of their crimes, the sentence imposed, or their juvenile status.

63 

I disagree with this Court’s continued extension of Miller beyond the life-without-parole 

context for juvenile homicide offenders.

64 For the reasons stated, I would not extend Miller

 61 Atkins v Crowell, 945 F3d 476, 478 (CA 6, 2019).

62 Id.

63 See ante at 12 (“Without considering the mitigating factors of youth, then, a sentence 

cannot adequately address the reformation of the offender.”); ante at 13 (“Given that youth 

is a mitigating factor, it will inevitably factor into Snow’s four considerations.”).

64 See People v Stovall, ___ Mich ___; ___ NW2d ___ (2022) (Docket No. 162425)

(ZAHRA, J., dissenting, joined by VIVIANO and CLEMENT, JJ.) (disagreeing with the 

extension of Miller’s reasoning to parolable life sentences for juvenile homicide offenders); 

People v Parks, ___ Mich ___; ___ NW2d ___ (2022) (Docket No. 162086) (CLEMENT, 

J., dissenting, joined by ZAHRA and VIVIANO, JJ.) (disagreeing with the extension of 
24

to this whole new class of sentences. Instead, traditional sentencing considerations should 

apply when the sentence to be imposed on the juvenile homicide offender is less than life 

without parole. I would also affirm the 40- to 60-year sentences of these two youths. 

Because the majority concludes otherwise, I dissent. 

Brian K. Zahra

David F. Viviano

 

Miller’s reasoning to mandatory life-without-parole sentences for 18-year-old homicide 

offenders).