# Patent

## Title
Hydrogen-storing carbonaceous material and method for producing the same, hydrogen-stored carbonaceous material and method for producing the same and battery and fuel cell using hydrogen-stored carbonaceous material

## Abstract

A hydrogen-storing carbonaceous material is provided. The hydrogen-storing carbonaceous material is obtained by heating a carbonaceous material in a gas atmosphere including hydrogen gas and substantially including no reactive gas as impurity gas to store hydrogen. According to the present invention, since the surface of the carbonaceous material can be cleaned and hydrogen can be stored in the carbonaceous material in the same gas atmosphere and a hydrogen-stored carbonaceous material can be produced by controlling a heating process time in the gas atmosphere including the hydrogen gas and substantially including no reactive gas as the impurity gas. This can facilitate the use of the hydrogen-stored carbonaceous material as applied to devices, systems, processes and/or the like.

## Background
RELATED APPLICATION DATA
The present application claims priority to Japanese Patent Application No. P2000-074407 filed on Mar. 16, 2000, herein incorporated by reference to the extent permitted by law.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a hydrogen-storing carbonaceous material and a method for producing it, a hydrogen-stored carbonaceous material and a method for producing it and a battery and a fuel cell using a hydrogen-stored carbonaceous material, and more particularly to a hydrogen-storing carbonaceous material and a method for producing it, a hydrogen-stored carbonaceous material and a method for producing it and a battery using the hydrogen-stored carbonaceous material and a fuel cell using the hydrogen-stored carbonaceous material.
Fossil fuel such as gasoline, light oil, or the like have been readily employed as the energy source for producing an electric power as well as the energy source of motor vehicles or the like. The fossil fuel not only may possibly degrade a global environment, but also is exhaustible and dubious whether or not the fossil fuel can be stably supplied.
Hydrogen has been paid attention to in place of the fossil fuel having the above described problems. The hydrogen is contained in water, inexhaustibly exists on the earth and includes a large quantity of chemical energy per amount of material. Further, the hydrogen has advantages as a clean and inexhaustible energy source by which the fossil fuel is replaced, because the hydrogen does not discharge harmful substances or global greenhouse gas or the like when it is used as the energy source.
Especially recently, the fuel cell that an electric energy can be generated from the hydrogen energy has been eagerly studied and developed and it has been expected that the fuel cell is applied to a large-scale power generation, an onsite private power generation, and further, to a power supply for a motor vehicle.
On the other hand, since the hydrogen is gaseous under ambient temperature and ambient pressure, it is treated with more difficulty than liquid or solid. Since the density of the gas is extremely small as compared with that of liquid or solid, the chemical energy of the gas is small per volume. Further, it is inconveniently difficult to store or transport the gas. Still further, since the hydrogen is gas, it is liable to leak. When the hydrogen leaks, the danger of explosion is undesirably generated, which results in a great trouble in utilization of the hydrogen energy.
Thus, in order to put an energy system using the hydrogen energy to practical use, the development of a technique that the gaseous hydrogen is efficiently and safely stored in a small volume has been promoted. There have been proposed a method for hydrogen storage as high pressure gas, a method for hydrogen storage as liquefied hydrogen and a method for using a hydrogen-storing material, or the like.
In the method for hydrogen storage as the high pressure gas, since a very strong metallic pressure proof vessel such as a cylinder needs to be used as a storage vessel, the vessel itself becomes extremely heavy and the density of the high pressure gas is ordinarily about 12 mg/cc. Accordingly, not only the storage density of the hydrogen is disadvantageously very small and a storage efficiency is low, but also there has a problem in view of safety because of high pressure.
On the contrary, in the method for hydrogen storage as the liquefied hydrogen, the storage density is ordinarily about 70 mg/cc. Although the storage density is considerably high, it is necessary to cool hydrogen down to lower than −250° C. in order to liquefy, so that an additional device such as a cooling device is required. Therefore, not only a system has been undesirably complicated, but also energy for cooling has been needed.
Further, hydrogen-stored alloys are most effective materials among the hydrogen-stored materials. For instance, there have been known lanthanum-nickel, vanadium, and magnesium hydrogen-stored alloys. The practical hydrogen storage density of these hydrogen-stored alloys is generally 100 mg/cc. Although the hydrogen is stored in these hydrogen-stored alloys, the hydrogen storage density of these alloys is not lower than that of liquefied hydrogen. Therefore, the use of the hydrogen-storing materials is the most efficient among conventional hydrogen storage methods. Further, when the hydrogen-storing alloy is used, the hydrogen can be stored in the hydrogen-storing alloy and the hydrogen can be discharged from the hydrogen-storing alloy at around room temperature. Further, since the hydrogen storage condition is controlled under the balance of the partial pressure of hydrogen, the hydrogen-storing alloy is advantageously treated more easily than the high pressure gas or the liquefied hydrogen.
However, since the hydrogen-stored alloys consist of metallic alloys, they are heavy and the amount of stored hydrogen is limited to approximately 20 mg/g per unit weight, which may not be said to be sufficient. Further, since the structure of the hydrogen-storing alloy is gradually destroyed in accordance with the repeated the cycle of storing and discharging of hydrogen gas, a performance is undesirably deteriorated. Still further, there may be possibly generated fears of the problems of resources and an environment depending on the composition of the alloy.
Thus, for overcoming the above described issues of the conventional methods for hydrogen storage, a carbon material is paid attention to as the hydrogen-storing material.
For example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. hei. 5-270801 proposes a method that the addition reaction of hydrogen is applied to fullerene to store hydrogen. In this method, since a chemical bond such as a covalent bond is formed between a carbon atom and a hydrogen atom, this method is to be called an addition of hydrogen rather than a hydrogen storage. Since the upper limit of the amount of hydrogen which can be added by the chemical bonds is essentially restricted to the number of unsaturated bonds of carbon atoms, the amount of stored hydrogen is limited.
Further, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. hei. 10-72201 proposes a technique that fullerene is used as the hydrogen-storing material and the surface of the fullerene is covered with catalytic metal such as platinum deposited by a vacuum method or a sputtering method to store hydrogen. In order to employ platinum as the catalytic metal and cover the surface of fullerene with it, much platinum needs to be used so that not only a cost is increased, but also a problem is generated in view of resources.
The method for hydrogen storage known heretofore is difficult to say as a practical one when hydrogen energy is utilized. Especially, when the hydrogen energy is employed as an energy source for motor vehicles, marine vessels, general domestic power supplies, various kinds of small electric devices, or the like or when a large amount of hydrogen needs to be conveyed, the conventional methods for hydrogen storage is not practical.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an advantage of the present invention to provide a hydrogen-storing carbonaceous material and a method for producing it, a hydrogen-stored carbonaceous material and a method for producing it and a battery and a fuel cell using a hydrogen-stored carbonaceous material which are light-weight, can be repeatedly used in a safe manner and have minimal, if any, impact on resource and environmental concerns.
Applicants have found that the above described advantage could be achieved by the hydrogen-storing carbonaceous material obtained by heating the carbonaceous material under a gas atmosphere substantially including hydrogen gas and including no reactive gas as impurity gas.
In order to store a large amount of hydrogen in the carbonaceous material, it is an important factor to increase an area where the surface of the carbonaceous material comes into contact with hydrogen atoms or hydrogen molecules when a hydrogen storing mechanism is carried out in the form of a chemisorption or when the storing is carried out in the form of a proton storage or other like and suitable mechanism. Therefore, it is important to clean the surface of the carbonaceous material and efficiently remove impurities on the surface. In that case, while it was possible to clean the surface of the carbonaceous material and remove the impurities of the surface by using inert gas such as nitrogen gas, argon gas, or vacuum, it was found, according to the study of the inventors of the present invention, that the carbonaceous material was heated in the gas atmosphere including hydrogen gas with high reducing capacity and substantially including no reactive gas as impurity gas so that the surface of the carbonaceous material was efficiently cleaned and an area where the surface of the carbonaceous material came into contact with the hydrogen atoms or the hydrogen molecules could be greatly increased. The present invention was invented on the basis of the above described knowledge.
Further, the present invention in an embodiment is designed to obtain a hydrogen-storing carbonaceous material by heating the carbonaceous material under the gas atmosphere including hydrogen gas and substantially including no reactive gas as impurity gas.
Still further, the present invention in an embodiment relates to a hydrogen-storing carbonaceous material by heating the carbonaceous material under the gas atmosphere including the hydrogen gas and substantially including no reactive gas as impurity gas to store hydrogen.
According to the present invention in an embodiment, since the surface of the carbonaceous material can be cleaned and hydrogen can be stored in the carbonaceous material in the same gas atmosphere, and a hydrogen-stored carbonaceous material can be produced simply by controlling a heating process time in the gas atmosphere including the hydrogen gas and substantially including no reactive gas as impurity gas, not only the structure of a hydrogen storage device can be compact, but also a hydrogen storage system and a hydrogen storage process can be simplified. Here, the heating process time required for producing the hydrogen-stored carbonaceous material can be experientially determined.
Further, the present invention in an embodiment relates to a manufacture for a hydrogen-stored carbonaceous material obtained by heating the carbonaceous material in the gas atmosphere including hydrogen gas and substantially including no reactive gas as impurity gas to store hydrogen.
Further, the present invention in an embodiment relates to a battery having an anode, a cathode, an electrolyte interposed therebetween, and the anode and/or the cathode includes a hydrogen-stored carbonaceous material obtained by heating the carbonaceous material in a gas atmosphere including hydrogen gas and substantially including no reactive gas as impurity gas to store hydrogen.
In an alkaline storage battery according to the present invention in an embodiment in which aqueous alkaline solution such as potassium hydroxide solution is employed for the electrolyte, a proton moves to the anode from the cathode through the aqueous alkaline solution to store the proton in the anode during a charging process. The proton can be moved to the cathode side from the anode side through the aqueous alkaline solution during a discharging process. Further, in a hydrogen-air fuel cell in which perfluorosulfonic acid polymer electrolyte film or the like is used for the electrolyte, a proton previously stored in a hydrogen electrode by a charging or storing process is supplied to an air electrode through the polymer electrolyte film during the discharging process. Accordingly, in the hydrogen-air fuel cell, an electric power can be generated in a stable manner.
Further, the present invention in an embodiment relates to a fuel cell comprising a laminated structure having an anode, a proton conductor and a cathode, and a hydrogen storage part including a hydrogen-stored carbonaceous material obtained by heating the carbonaceous material in the gas atmosphere including hydrogen gas and substantially including no reactive gas as impurity gas to store hydrogen, discharging the hydrogen and supplying it to the anode. Since the fuel cell according to the present invention has the laminated structure of the anode, the proton conductor and the cathode, and the hydrogen storage part including the hydrogen-stored carbonaceous material obtained by heating the carbonaceous material under the atmosphere of gas including hydrogen gas and substantially including no reactive gas as impurity gas to store hydrogen, discharging the hydrogen and supplying it to the anode, the hydrogen discharged from the hydrogen storage part produces a proton in accordance with a catalytic action in the anode. The produced proton moves to the cathode together with a proton produced by the proton conductor so that the protons combine with oxygen to produce water and generate an electromotive force. Thus, according to the present invention in an embodiment, there can be provided the fuel cell in which the hydrogen can be more efficiently supplied than a case in which the hydrogen storage part is not provided and the conductivity of the protons is high.
In the present invention, the hydrogen stored in the carbonaceous material includes not only hydrogen molecules and hydrogen atoms, but also a proton as the atomic nucleus of hydrogen.
Further, the gas atmosphere for heating the carbonaceous material in the present invention may include gas other than hydrogen gas as impurity gas. The impurity gas must be inert gas that exhibits no reactivity such as nitrogen gas, helium gas, neon gas, argon gas, krypton gas, xenon gas, radon gas, the like, or mixtures thereof.
In the present invention in an embodiment, the carbonaceous material is desirably heated in the gas atmosphere that substantially includes no gas other than hydrogen gas.
According to the study of the inventors of the present invention, it is recognized that when high heating temperature does not cause the structural change of the carbonaceous material, the higher heating temperature will generate the higher effect. Since the decrease of the mass of the carbonaceous material is recognized when the carbonaceous material is held under the atmosphere of nitrogen gas after the carbonaceous material is heated at about 50° C. in a gas atmosphere including hydrogen gas and substantially no reactive gas as impurity gas, the carbonaceous material is preferably heated at more than 50° C.
Further, according to the study of the inventors of the invention, it is recognized that, when gas pressure is more increased, the surface cleaning effect and the hydrogen storage effect of the carbonaceous material by the gas including hydrogen gas and substantially including no reactive gas as impurity gas will be the more improved. Therefore, the carbonaceous material is preferably heated under the gas pressure of about 1 atmospheric pressure or higher.
As the carbonaceous material employed for the present invention in an embodiment, a carbonaceous material having a large surface and a structural curvature is employed. According to the study of the inventors of the present invention, since the carbonaceous material belongs to a s-p non-orthogonal electron system, it is found that HOMO and LUMO are lower than those of a s-p orthogonal electron system. Therefore, the carbonaceous material with the curvature can become a strong electron acceptor and separate the hydrogen into an electron and a proton (atomic nucleus of hydrogen) to store the hydrogen with high density in the form of the proton having no volume.
Further, the carbonaceous material in the present invention in an embodiment is preferably composed of a carbonaceous material including fullerene, carbon nanofiber, carbon nanotube, carbon soot, nanocapsule, bucky onion and carbon fiber the like or mixtures thereof. As the fullerene, any spheroidal carbon molecules may be used and all spheroidal carbon molecules having the number of carbons such as 36, 60, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, the like or mixtures thereof can be utilized.
Still further, the carbonaceous material used in the present invention in an embodiment includes on its surface fine particles made of metal or a metallic alloy having a function for separating hydrogen atoms from hydrogen molecules, or further, separating protons and electrons from the hydrogen atoms. The average size of the fine particles made of the metal or the alloy is desirably about 1 micron or smaller. As the metal, there is preferably employed metal or an alloy including iron, rare earth elements, nickel, cobalt, palladium, rhodium, platinum or alloys composed of one or two or more of these metals.
When the carbonaceous material having the curvature of fullerene, carbon nanofiber, carbon nanotube, carbon soot, nanocapsule, bucky onion, carbon fiber, the like or mixtures thereof is produced by an arc discharge method, the metal or the alloy thereof is preferably mixed into a graphite rod before the arc discharge. At the time of the arc discharge, the above described metals or the alloys thereof are allowed to exist, the yield of the carbonaceous material can be enhanced and the hydrogen-storing carbonaceous material with the curvature can result from the catalytic action of these metals or the alloy thereof. It has been known that these metals or the alloys thereof perform a catalytic action when the carbonaceous material such as fullerene, carbon nanofiber, carbon nanotube and carbon fiber or the like is produced by a laser ablation method. The carbonaceous material such as fullerene, carbon nanofiber, carbon nanotube, carbon fiber, the like or mixtures thereof may be collected, added to and mixed with the hydrogen-storing carbonaceous material so that the surface of the hydrogen-storing carbonaceous material includes these metals or the alloys thereof.
In the present invention, in an embodiment, the carbonaceous material including these metals or alloys thereof or the carbonaceous material including no metal or no alloy carries at least on its surface metallic fine particles of about 10 wt % or less which have a catalyzing function for separating hydrogen atoms from hydrogen molecules, and further, separating protons and electrons from the hydrogen atoms. As a preferable metal having such a catalyzing function, there may be exemplified platinum or a platinum alloy, or the like. In order to deposit these metals on the surface of the carbonaceous material, typical methods such as a sputtering method, a vacuum deposition method, a chemical method, a mixture or the like may be used.
Further, when platinum fine particles or platinum alloy fine particles are carried on the carbonaceous material, a method using solution containing platinum complexes or an arc discharge method using electrodes including platinum may be applied thereto. In the method that employs the platinum complex solutions, in an embodiment, chloroplatinic acid solution is treated with sodium hydrogen sulfite or hydrogen peroxide, then, the carbonaceous material is added to the resultant solution and the solution is agitated so that the platinum fine particles or the platinum alloy fine particles can be deposited on the carbonaceous materials. On the other hand, in the arc discharge method, the platinum or the platinum alloy is partly attached to the electrode part of the arc discharge, and is subjected to the arc discharge to be evaporated so that the platinum or the platinum alloy can be adhered to the carbonaceous material housed in a chamber.
The above described metals or the alloys thereof are formed on the carbonaceous material, so that the hydrogen storage capacity can be more improved than that when the metals or the alloys thereof are not formed on the carbonaceous material. Further, it is found that fluorine or molecule thereof serving as an electron donor or an amine molecule such as ammonia is mixed or combined with the carbonaceous material to efficiently generate a charge separation.
As described above, hydrogen composed of protons and electrons is supplied to the hydrogen-storing carbonaceous material as a strong electron acceptor on which the above mentioned metals or the alloys are mounted, hence the hydrogen is stored in the form of protons. Therefore, its occupied volume is greatly reduced and a large amount of hydrogen can be stored in the hydrogen-storing carbonaceous material as compared with the storage by the conventional chemisorption of hydrogen atoms. That is, the hydrogen is separated into electrons and protons from the state of atoms, and the electrons are efficiently stored in the hydrogen-storing carbonaceous material so that a large amount of high density hydrogen can be finally stored in the state of protons. Accordingly, when the above described metals or the alloys are carried on the surface of the hydrogen-storing carbonaceous material, the hydrogen can be more efficiently stored and a larger amount of hydrogen can be stored. The above described hydrogen-storing carbonaceous material is light-weight, easily transported, can be repeatedly employed at around room temperature without generating a structural destruction and can be safely handled. Further, the amount of use of a metallic catalyst such as platinum can be reduced. The carbonaceous material such as fullerene serving as a starting material can be also produced at a low cost. Further, there can be realized an enhanced practicability that a problem is not found in view of the procurement of resources nor a problem such as an environmental destruction is generated during a use.
Additional features and advantages of the present invention are described in, and will be apparent from, the following Detailed Description of the Invention and the figures.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a schematic structure of a fuel cell according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing results obtained by measuring the change of temperature and the mass of the carbon nanofiber according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a schematic structure of an alkaline storage battery (secondary battery) according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the cyclic characteristics of the alkaline storage battery according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a schematic structure of a hydrogen-air fuel cell according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a graph showing the discharge characteristics of the hydrogen-air fuel cell according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a graph showing the discharge characteristics of an another hydrogen-air fuel cell according to an embodiment of the present invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The fuel cell according to an embodiment of the present invention is provided with a cathode 1 and an anode 2 arranged so as to be opposed to each other as shown in FIG. 1. Here, as the cathode 1, an oxygen electrode is used. As the anode 2, a fuel electrode or a hydrogen electrode is used. The cathode 1 has a cathode lead 3 and a catalyst 5 is dispersed in the cathode or is adhered to the cathode. The anode 2 also has an anode lead 6 and a catalyst 7 is dispersed in the anode or is adhered to the anode. A proton conductor 8 is sandwiched in between the cathode 1 and the anode 2. Hydrogen 12 as fuel is supplied to a passage 13 in the side of the anode 2 through an introducing port 11 from a hydrogen supply source 10, and discharged from a discharge port 14. In the side of the cathode 1, air 15 is supplied to a passage 17 from an introducing port 16 and discharged from a discharge port 18.
While the hydrogen 12 serving as the fuel supplied to the passage 13 from the introducing port 11 passes the passage 13, protons are generated and the generated protons move to the side of the cathode 1 together with protons generated in the proton conductor 8. As a result, the protons react with oxygen in the air 15 supplied to the passage 17 from the introducing port 16 and directed to the discharge port 18 so that a desired electromotive force is taken out.
In the present invention, for the hydrogen supply source 10, is employed a hydrogen-stored carbonaceous material obtained by heating a carbonaceous material such as fullerene, carbon nanofiber, carbon nanotube, carbon soot, nanocapsule, bucky onion and carbon fiber, the like or mixtures thereof under the atmosphere of hydrogen gas and then storing hydrogen.
In the fuel cell according to an embodiment of the present invention, since, while the protons are dissociated, the protons supplied from the anode 2 side move to the cathode 1 side in the proton conductor 8, the conductivity of the protons is characteristically improved. Therefore, since a humidifier which has been typically required for conducting protons is not needed, a system can be simplified and lightened.
Without limitation, examples and comparative examples illustrating the effectiveness of the present invention are described below.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE
A carbon nanofiber with one nanotube fiber whose diameter is about 200 mm was manufactured by a CVD method and impurities such as a catalyst were completely removed until purity became 95% or higher before a thermobalance measurement was carried out. The carbon nanofiber of 14.3 mg thus obtained was accommodated in a sample cup in a thermobalance, and then, initially, the contents in a measurement vessel were completely replaced by using nitrogen gas.
Then, hydrogen gas of 1 atmospheric pressure was introduced into the measurement vessel at a flow velocity of 100 cc per minute, and the carbon nanofiber was held for 3 hours.
Subsequently, nitrogen gas was introduced again into the measurement vessel to measure the change of the mass of the carbon nanofiber. As a consequence, the change of the mass was not absolutely recognized and it was found that hydrogen was not stored.
EXAMPLE 1
A carbon nanofiber was manufactured in the same manner as that of the Comparative Example and impurities such as a catalyst were completely removed until purity became 95% or higher before a thermobalance measurement was carried out.
The carbon nanofiber of 14.3 mg thus obtained was accommodated in a sample cup in a thermobalance, and then, initially, the contents in a measurement vessel were completely replaced by using nitrogen gas. Then, while hydrogen gas of 1 atmospheric pressure was introduced into the measurement vessel at a flow velocity of 100 cc per minute, the temperature was raised up to 400° C. at a rate of 60° C. per minute and held at 400° C. for 3 hours to clean the carbon nanofiber by the hydrogen gas.
Then, after a cleaning operation by the hydrogen gas was finished, the temperature was lowered to 20° C. After it was recognized that the temperature reached 20 C, nitrogen gas was introduced again into the measurement vessel to measure the change of the mass of the carbon nanofiber.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing results obtained by measuring the change of temperature and the mass of the carbon nanofiber.
As shown in FIG. 2, while the cleaning operation by the hydrogen gas was carried out, the mass of the carbon nanofiber was gradually decreased. It is recognized that this phenomenon is produced, because the hydrogen gas is introduced into the measurement vessel so that, while impurities such as hydrogen, oxygen, functional groups, or the like on the surface of the carbon nanofiber are removed, the mass of the carbon nanofiber is gradually decreased due to a larger amount of removed impurities than that of the hydrogen adsorbed on the surface of the carbon nanofiber. Further, the rate of decrease of the mass of the carbon nanofiber is reduced around 170 minutes after the hydrogen gas is introduced into the measurement vessel. It may be estimated that this phenomenon shows that the removal of impurities by the hydrogen gas is coming to an end.
On the other hand, when nitrogen gas was introduced into the measurement vessel, it was recognized that the mass of the carbon nanofiber was greatly decreased. It may be estimated that this phenomenon shows that hydrogen stored in the carbon nanofiber is discharged. However, since all the stored hydrogen is not discharged, it is recognized the decrease of the mass of the carbon nanofiber after the nitrogen gas is introduced into the measurement vessel indicates a lower limit value of the amount of hydrogen stored in the carbon nanofiber.
Thus, when the amount of hydrogen stored in the carbon nanofiber was obtained under these premises, it was recognized that hydrogen of at least 8.4 wt % was stored in the carbon nanofiber. Here, the amount of stored hydrogen is a value obtained by dividing the mass of stored hydrogen by the mass of carbon.
As apparent from the Example 1 made pursuant to an embodiment of the present invention and the Comparative Example, it was recognized that the carbon nanofiber subjected to no process had no hydrogen storage capacity. On the other hand, while the hydrogen gas of 1 atmospheric pressure was introduced into the measurement vessel at a flow velocity of 100 cc per minute, the temperature was raised up to 400° C. at a rate of 60° C. per minute and held at 400° C. for 3 hours to clean the carbon nanofiber by the hydrogen gas, and accordingly, it was recognized that the hydrogen storage capacity of the carbon nanofiber was effectively enhanced.
EXAMPLE 2
An alkaline storage battery was manufactured in the following manner.
<Manufacture of Cathode>
Carboxymethyl cellulose of 3 wt % was added to spherical nickel hydroxide of 10 g with the average particle size of 30 mm and cobalt hydroxide of 1 g and the mixture was kneaded with water to prepare paste. A porous nickel foam with the porosity of 95% was filled with the paste, and the porous nickel foam filled with the paste was dried and pressed, and then punched to manufacture a cathode having the diameter of 20 mm and the thickness of 0.7 mm.
<Manufacture of Anode>
Carboxymethyl cellulose of 5% and water were added to the hydrogen-stored carbonaceous material which prepared in accordance with the Example 1 to prepare kneaded paste. The porous nickel foam with the porosity of 95% was filled with the paste, the porous nickel foam filled with the paste was dried and pressed, and then punched to manufacture an anode with the diameter of 20 mm and the thickness of 0.5 mm.
<Alkaline Storage Battery>
Then, an alkaline storage battery (secondary battery) schematically shown in FIG. 3 was manufactured by using the cathode and the anode manufactured as described above and potassium hydroxide solution of 7N as electrolyte solution.
The alkaline storage battery comprises a cathode 1, an anode 2 and electrolyte solution 21 contained therebetween in a battery vessel 20. A cathode lead 3 and an anode lead 6 are taken outside the battery vessel 20 from the respective electrodes.
<Charge and Discharge Performance>
For the alkaline storage battery manufactured as described above, the charge and discharge test was carried out with 0.1 C, the upper limit of 1.4V and the lower limit of 0.8 V. The cyclic characteristics at that time are shown in FIG. 4.
As apparent from FIG. 4, although it could not be said that a cycle life was not sufficient from the viewpoint of structure of the battery, a basic charge and discharge performance could be recognized.
EXAMPLE 3
A hydrogen-air fuel cell was manufactured in the following manner.
<Manufacture of Air Electrode>
The hydrogen-stored carbonaceous material was prepared in accordance with the Example 1. The hydrogen-stored carbonaceous material and polymer electrolyte alcoholic solution composed of perfluorosulfonic acid were dispersed in n-butyl acetate to prepare catalyst layer slurry.
On the other hand, a carbon nonwoven fabric with the thickness of 250 mm was immersed in the emulsion of fluorine water repellent, dried and then heated at 400° C., so that the carbon nonwoven fabric was subjected to a water repellent process. Subsequently, the carbon nonwoven fabric was cut to the size of 4 cm×4 cm and the catalyst layer slurry prepared as described above was applied to one surface thereof.
<Adhesion of Air Electrode to Polymer Electrolyte Film>
A polymer electrolyte film composed of perfluorosulfonic acid with the thickness of 50 mm was adhered to the surface of the carbon nonwoven fabric to which the catalyst layer was applied, and then, the film adhered to the nonwoven fabric was dried.
<Manufacture of Hydrogen Electrode>
Carboxymethyl cellulose of 5% and water were added to the same hydrogen-stored carbonaceous material as that used for manufacturing the air electrode to prepare paste. A porous nickel foam with the porosity of 95% was filled with the paste, dried and pressed and the dried and pressed porous nickel foam was cut to the size of 4 cm×4 cm to manufacture a hydrogen electrode with the thickness of 0.5 mm.
<Manufacture of Hydrogen-Air Fuel Cell>
The hydrogen electrode was superposed on the adhered body of the air electrode and the perfluorosulfonic acid polymer electrolyte film obtained as described above by holding the polymer electrolyte film therebetween. Both the surfaces thereof were firmly held by Teflon plates with the thickness of 3 mm and fixed by bolts. Many holes with diameter of 1.5 mm are previously opened on the Teflon plate arranged in the air electrode side so that air can be smoothly supplied to an electrode.
The schematic structure of the hydrogen-air fuel cell thus assembled is shown in FIG. 5.
As shown in FIG. 5, in the hydrogen-air fuel cell thus manufactured, a hydrogen electrode 31 and an air electrode 32 are arranged so as to be opposed to each other by locating a polymer electrolyte film 30 between the hydrogen electrode and the air electrode. The outer side of these members is held by a Teflon plate 33 and a Teflon plate 35 provided with many air holes 34 and all the body is fixed by means of bolts 36 and 36. A hydrogen electrode lead 37 and an air electrode lead 38 are respectively taken out from the respective electrodes.
<Discharge Characteristics of Hydrogen-Air Fuel Cell>
Then, the discharge characteristics of the hydrogen-air fuel cell was examined.
Initially, electric current was supplied in a charging direction with the current density of 1 mA/cm2 to store hydrogen in the hydrogen electrode. Then, a discharging operation was carried out with the current density of 1 mA/cm2. As a result, the discharge characteristics as shown in FIG. 6 could be obtained and a function as the hydrogen-air fuel cell was recognized.
Further, before the fuel cell was assembled, hydrogen was previously stored in the hydrogen electrode under the pressure of 100 kg/cm2. The hydrogen electrode thus hydrogen storage was superposed on the adhered body of the air electrode and the perfluorosulfonic acid polymer electrolyte film obtained as described above to assemble the hydrogen-air fuel cell. When the discharge characteristic of the obtained fuel cell was measured with the current density of 1 mA/cm2, the discharge characteristic as shown in FIG. 7 was obtained and a function as the hydrogen-air fuel cell could be also recognized in this case.
It is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to the above described embodiments and Examples and can include any suitable modification thererof. For example, in the above described embodiments, although the fuel cell using the hydrogen-storing carbonaceous material and the hydrogen-stored carbonaceous material was described, the hydrogen-storing carbonaceous material and the hydrogen-stored carbonaceous material according to the present invention in an embodiment are not limited to the fuel cell but also may be widely applied to uses for hydrogen storage as well as other batteries such as an alkaline storage battery, a hydrogen-air fuel cell, or the like.
According to the present invention in an embodiment, there can be provided a hydrogen-storing carbonaceous material which can efficiently store a large amount of hydrogen, is light-weight and safe, can be repeatedly used and may not possibly generate problems in view of resources and an environment and a method for producing it, a hydrogen-stored carbonaceous material and a method for producing it, a battery using a hydrogen-stored carbonaceous material and a fuel cell using a hydrogen-stored carbonaceous material.
It should be understood that various changes and modifications to the presently preferred embodiments described herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention and without diminishing its intended advantages. It is therefore intended that such changes and modifications be covered by the appended claims.

## Claims

1. A method of producing a hydrogen-storing carbonaceous material, the method comprising annealing a carbon nanofiber material in a gas atmosphere including hydrogen gas substantially not including a reactive gas as impurity gas at a temperature of about 400° C. and under a gas pressure of 1 atmospheric pressure or, wherein the carbon nanofiber material is produced by chemical vapor deposition.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the carbon nanofiber material is heated in the gas atmosphere that consists essentially of hydrogen gas.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the carbon nanofiber material has a large surface and a structural curvature.

4. The method according to claim 3, further comprising a carbonaceous material selected from a group consisting of fullerene, carbon nanotube, carbon soot, nanocapsule, bucky onion, carbon fiber and mixtures thereof.

5. A method of producing a hydrogen-stored carbonaceous material, the method comprising annealing a carbon nanofiber material in a gas atmosphere including hydrogen gas and substantially including no reactive gas as impurity gas at a temperature of about 400° C. and under a gas pressure of 1 atmospheric pressure or, wherein the carbon nanofiber material is produced by chemical vapor deposition.

6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the carbon nanofiber material is heated in the gas atmosphere consisting essentially of hydrogen gas.

7. The method according to claim 5, wherein the carbon nanofiber material has a large surface and a structural curvature.

8. The method according to claim 7, further comprising a carbonaceous material selected from a group consisting of fullerene, carbon nanotube, carbon soot, nanocapsule, bucky onion, carbon fiber and mixtures thereof.