IN THE

TENTH COURT OF APPEALS

No. 10-09-00214-CV

DORIS IMOGENE BAKER, CAROL BECK,

DANIEL BECK, PATRICIA BROOKS, 

ROBERT BROOKS, EVELYN ELLIOTT, 

JUDY EVANS, CONNIE FICKLE, 

DOROTHY MILBERGER, AND LIONEL MILBERGER,

Appellants

v.

ENERGY TRANSFER COMPANY, D/B/A 

ETC TEXAS PIPELINE, LTD. AND BURLINGTON

RESOURCES OIL & GAS COMPANY, LP,

Appellees

From the 82nd District Court

Robertson County, Texas

Trial Court No. 06-09-17,609-CV

MEMORANDUM OPINION

In September 2006, Appellants sued Energy Transfer Company (ETC) and 

Burlington Resources Oil & Gas Company, LP (Burlington), alleging numerous causes 

of action pertaining to the venting of hydrogen sulfide from ETC’s natural gas treating 

plant, which is near Appellants’ residences. After the trial court denied Appellants’ 
Baker v. Energy Transfer Company Page 2

request for a temporary injunction, the case lay dormant for a year and a half.

In May 2008, the trial court entered an agreed scheduling order that required 

Appellants to designate experts and provide expert reports by November 15, 2008. That 

deadline was extended by agreement to December 15. After Appellants unsuccessfully 

sought another extension of that deadline from the trial court on December 14, they 

served their designation of experts on December 15 and hand-delivered alleged reports 

and supporting documents the next day.

ETC and Burlington jointly moved to strike Appellants’ expert designation on 

the grounds that it was inadequate and incomplete. After a hearing, the trial court 

granted the motion to strike. ETC and Burlington then filed traditional and no-evidence 

motions for summary judgment, which the trial court granted. The trial court also 

sustained ETC and Burlington’s objections to Appellants’ summary-judgment evidence. 

Raising five issues, Appellants assert that the trial court erred in granting the motions to 

strike and for summary judgment and in sustaining the objections. By cross-appeal, 

ETC and Burlington assert that the trial court erred in not awarding them their court 

costs. 

Expert Designation

Under the agreed scheduling order, Appellants were required “to designate 

experts and provide reports with all materials required by Rule 194.2(f).” See TEX. R.

APP. P. 194.2(f); 195.5. The purpose of Rule 194.2(f) is “to give the opposing party 

sufficient information about the expert’s opinions to prepare to cross-examine the 

expert and to prepare expert rebuttal evidence.” Miller v. Kennedy & Minshew, P.C., 142 
Baker v. Energy Transfer Company Page 3

S.W.3d 325, 348 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, pet. denied). Expert reports serve a 

similar purpose; such disclosures and expert reports not only prevent trial by ambush, 

but affect the opposing party’s preparation for trial. See Baize v. Scott & White Clinic, No. 

03-05-00780-CV, 2007 WL 135956, at *7 (Tex. App.—Austin Jan. 22, 2007, pet. denied) 

(mem. op.); see also Hull v. South Coast Catamarans, L.P., --- S.W.3d ---, ---, 2011 WL 

1835309, at *5 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] May 12, 2011, pet. filed).

A failure to properly designate expert witnesses results in the automatic 

exclusion of the expert testimony unless the offering party demonstrates good cause for 

the failure or a lack of unfair surprise. See TEX. R. APP. P. 193.6(a); Perez v. Embree Constr. 

Group, Inc., 228 S.W.3d 875, 884 (Tex. App.—Austin 2007, pet. denied). We review the 

trial court’s striking of Appellants’ designation of experts for an abuse of discretion. See 

Mentis v. Barnard, 870 S.W.2d 14, 16 (Tex. 1994); Perez, 228 S.W.3d at 884.

ETC and Burlington contend that Appellants’ expert designation failed to meet 

the requirements of Rule 194.2(f) and that Appellants failed to provide final expert 

reports. Appellants contend that they met the rules’ requirements and provided the 

reports that were required.

Rule 194.2(f) provides for the disclosure of the following for testifying experts:

(1) the expert’s name, address, and telephone number;

(2) the subject matter on which the expert will testify;

(3) the general substance of the expert’s mental impressions and opinions 

and a brief summary of the basis for them, or if the expert is not retained 

by, employed by, or otherwise subject to the control of the responding 

party, documents reflecting such information;

(4) if the expert is retained by, employed by, or otherwise subject to the 

control of the responding party:

(A) all documents, tangible things, reports, models, or data 
Baker v. Energy Transfer Company Page 4

compilations that have been provided to, reviewed by, or prepared 

by or for the expert in anticipation of the expert’s testimony; and

(B) the expert’s current resume and bibliography;

TEX. R. APP. P. 194.2(f)

Appellants designated experts in four areas: (1) medical; (2) engineering and 

scientific; (3) environmental health; and (4) real estate valuation. 

Medical: For their medical experts, which Appellants assert are non-retained 

experts, Appellants designated over twenty health-care providers and their custodians 

of records. Appellants stated that the subject matter on which these persons would 

testify included the matters in their records and incorporated by reference all the 

information in their records, including opinions about Appellants’ “pain, mental 

anguish, medical care, medical expenses, limitations, disfigurement, physical 

impairment, wage earning capacity, surgery, or any other medical issue in this case.” 

Appellants did not provide any mental impressions or opinions of these persons or a 

brief summary of their bases, instead referring to previously tendered medical and 

billing records that reflect the opinions.

But as ETC and Burlington point out, Appellants did not identify any particular

document containing opinions about the many above topics, and none of the allegedly 

“previously tendered” documents were included with the documents tendered with the 

expert designation. And for the two dozen or so identified health-care providers, 

Appellants did not state which type of care or medical field was involved. Under all of 

these circumstances, we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in striking 

the designation of medical experts. See, e.g., Cirlos v. Gonzalez, No. 04-02-00095, 2002 WL 
Baker v. Energy Transfer Company Page 5

31423885, at *2 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Oct. 30, 2002, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (holding 

trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding non-retained physician’s expert 

opinion where plaintiff had directed the opposing party to physician’s records). 

Engineering and scientific: In the engineering and scientific area, Appellants 

identified two experts, Galen Hartman and Lionel Milberger, one of the appellants, and 

produced their purported reports. We agree with ETC and Burlington that one of 

Hartman’s produced reports is actually just a pre-suit interim memorandum to 

Appellants’ original attorney. It is dated March 17, 2006 and contains mostly detailed 

background information and a host of recommendations regarding what information 

and documents should be obtained. It plainly is not an expert report that discloses 

Hartman’s mental impressions and opinions and the basis for them. The other alleged 

Hartman report (it references Hartman’s company and office address) is an undated 

and unsigned two-page document with no heading or letterhead. While it does contain 

some mental impressions and opinions, we agree with ETC and Burlington’s 

characterization of it as a draft.

Appellants produced a number of report-like documents and test data authored 

or collected by Milberger, who appears to have some type of industrial background or 

experience. ETC and Burlington note that Appellants did not produce Milberger’s test 

specimens.

Finally, Appellants did not provide Hartman’s and Milberger’s current resumes 

and bibliographies. And with regard to both of these experts, Appellants did not state 

the general substance of their mental impressions and opinions and did not provide a 
Baker v. Energy Transfer Company Page 6

brief summary of the basis for them; they simply referred to these experts’ reports.

Based on the inadequate and incomplete nature of Appellants’ designation of 

Hartman and Milberger, we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in 

striking their designation.

Environmental health: Appellants designated Debra L. Morris as an expert who 

would testify about health effects from chronic low-level exposure to hydrogen sulfide. 

Appellants did not provide Morris’s current resume and bibliography, nor did they 

state the general substance of her mental impressions and opinions or provide a brief 

summary of the basis for them; they referred to her report. Her “report” is actually a 

journal article that she co-authored and was published in 2001; it is not an expert report 

containing Morris’s mental impressions and opinions pertaining to this litigation. 

Given these deficiencies, we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in 

striking Appellants’ designation of Morris.

Real estate valuation: Appellants designated Appellant Dorothy Milberger, Rudy 

Robinson III, and Mark O. Sikes as experts on the valuation of the various properties 

owned by Appellants. As for Robinson and Sikes, Appellants admit that they did not 

produce reports by them, stating that Robinson and Sikes had not provided any 

services and that Appellants anticipated they would be called as rebuttal witnesses, if at 

all. But as anticipated rebuttal experts, Appellants were still required to provide the 

information required by the scheduling order and the rules. See Moore v. Memorial 

Hermann Hosp. Sys., Inc., 140 S.W.3d 870, 875 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2004, no 

pet.). Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in striking the designation 
Baker v. Energy Transfer Company Page 7

of Robinson and Sikes.

As for Dorothy Milberger, Appellants produced as her apparent report an 

October 15, 2005 letter that she wrote to the Robertson County Appraisal District about 

the value of her and Lionel’s property. Additionally, Appellants did not provide 

Dorothy’s current resume and bibliography, nor did they state the general substance of 

her mental impressions and opinions or provide a brief summary of the basis for them. 

Given these deficiencies, we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in 

striking Appellants’ designation of Dorothy Milberger.

In conclusion, because we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in 

striking Appellants’ designation of experts, we overrule issue one.

Summary Judgment

The trial court granted ETC’s and Burlington’s traditional and no-evidence 

motions for summary judgment. We review a trial court’s summary judgment de novo. 

Provident Life & Accident Ins. Co. v. Knott, 128 S.W.3d 211, 215 (Tex. 2003). In reviewing a 

traditional motion for summary judgment, we must consider whether reasonable and 

fair-minded jurors could differ in their conclusions in light of all of the evidence 

presented. See Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. v. Mayes, 236 S.W.3d 754, 755 (Tex. 2007). We 

must consider all the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmovant, indulging 

every reasonable inference in favor of the nonmovant and resolving any doubts against 

the motion. See id. at 756.

A no-evidence motion for summary judgment is essentially a motion for pretrial 

directed verdict. Mack Trucks, Inc. v. Tamez, 206 S.W.3d 572, 581 (Tex. 2006); see also
Baker v. Energy Transfer Company Page 8

Humphrey v. Pelican Isle Owners Ass’n, 238 S.W.3d 811, 813 (Tex. App.—Waco 2007, no 

pet.). Once such a motion is filed, the burden shifts to the nonmoving party to present 

evidence raising an issue of material fact as to the elements specified in the motion. 

Tamez, 206 S.W.3d at 583. The nonmovant must produce “summary judgment evidence 

raising a genuine issue of material fact.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i). A genuine issue of 

material fact exists if more than a scintilla of evidence establishing the existence of the 

challenged element is produced. King Ranch, Inc. v. Chapman, 118 S.W.3d 742, 751 (Tex. 

2003). More than a scintilla of evidence exists when the evidence “rises to a level that 

would enable reasonable and fair-minded people to differ in their conclusions.” Id. On 

the other hand, the evidence amounts to no more than a scintilla if it is “so weak as to 

do no more than create a mere surmise or suspicion” of fact. Id. When determining if 

more than a scintilla of evidence has been produced, the evidence must be viewed in 

the light most favorable to the nonmovant. Ford Motor Co. v. Ridgway, 135 S.W.3d 598, 

601 (Tex. 2004).

Negligence and negligence per se: In their second issue, Appellants complain that 

the trial court erred in granting summary judgment on their negligence and negligence 

per se causes of action. To prove a negligence cause of action, a plaintiff must show that 

the defendant breached a duty that was owed to the plaintiff and that the breach 

proximately caused the plaintiff’s injury. See Western Investments, Inc. v. Urena, 162 

S.W.3d 547, 550 (Tex. 2005). To establish a negligence per se cause of action, a plaintiff

must prove: (1) the defendant’s act or omission is in violation of a statute or ordinance; 

(2) the injured person was within the class of persons which the ordinance was 
Baker v. Energy Transfer Company Page 9

designed to protect; and (3) the defendant’s act or omission proximately caused the 

injury. See Nixon v. Mr. Property Management Co., 690 S.W.2d 546, 549 (Tex. 1985); 

Ambrosio v. Carter’s Shooting Ctr., Inc., 20 S.W.3d 262, 265 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th 

Dist.] 2000, pet. denied); see also Ibarra v. Hines Land Group, Ltd., No. 10-09-00231-CV, 

2010 WL 2869814, at *7 (Tex. App.—Waco July 21, 2010, no pet.) (mem. op.).

The record shows that Burlington has drilled approximately forty natural gas 

wells in Robertson County. The gas from Burlington’s wells is treated at the Franklin 

Treating Plant, which ETC operates. ETC filed evidence that the plant operates under a 

permit by rule from the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ). The 

permit letter states that the plant is “an amine gas treating plant to remove acid gas 

(carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide [H2S]) from a natural gas stream.”

Appellants alleged generally that “Defendants” (Burlington and ETC) breached 

their duty to operate the plant prudently by operating it to allow poisonous chemicals 

into the atmosphere and onto Appellants’ property and further failed to warn the 

community of the dangers of exposure. They also alleged that Burlington was negligent 

in the operation of its “wells and facilities” and in its training, hiring, retention, 

supervision, and provision of “personnel safety equipment and hazard 

communications” for its employees. 

One of the grounds in Burlington’s no-evidence motion for summary judgment 

was that there is no evidence that Burlington breached its ordinary or any statutorily 

imposed duty of care in connection with its drilling and production operations. In 

addition to alleging violation of a duty of ordinary care, Appellants allege that 
Baker v. Energy Transfer Company Page 10

Burlington and ETC have violated numerous environmental and Railroad Commission 

rules and regulations. In response to Burlington’s and ETC’s summary-judgment 

motions, the affidavit of each appellant was filed.1 Setting aside for the moment the 

many sustained objections to the affidavits, none of the affidavits specifically address at 

all the breach by Burlington of any duty.

2 Accordingly, the trial court did not err in 

granting summary judgment on this ground on Appellants’ negligence and negligence 

per se claims against Burlington.

ETC moved for summary judgment on the ground that Appellants have no 

evidence that, as the result of any act of ETC, Appellants were in fact exposed to a toxic 

substance, or if so, (1) the amount or duration of any alleged exposure; (2) that the 

source of the alleged toxins is the ETC Plant; or (3) that the plant operations produced 

an amount of the alleged toxins to be a substantial factor in causing Appellants’ alleged 

injuries. Burlington also moved for no-evidence summary judgment on this ground.

Causation in fact requires that the defendant’s conduct be a substantial factor in 

 

1 All of the affidavits were identical, except for the Milbergers’ affidavits, which had an extra paragraph 

but were otherwise identical. The trial court sustained all of Burlington and ETC’s objections to 

Appellants’ affidavits; these rulings essentially struck all of the affidavits.

2

In their brief, Appellants assert that “Appellees” breached their duty by the plant’s emission of 

“noxious, odiferous and deadly fumes that have caused severe health symptoms to the Appellants.” 

Appellants cite their affidavits as evidence of this breach. The affidavits state that the plant emits 

“noxious, poisonous, odiferous and deadly chemicals” that go onto Appellants’ property. As we have 

just noted, this statement is not evidence of a breach of duty, rule, or statute. Further, Burlington objected 

to these statements as conclusory, and the trial court correctly sustained those objections. See Willis v. 

Nucor Corp., 282 S.W.3d 536, 548 (Tex. App.—Waco 2008, no pet.) (“’A conclusory statement is one that 

does not provide the underlying facts to support the conclusion.’”). The trial court also did not abuse its 

discretion in sustaining Burlington’s objections that Appellants were not qualified to give such expert 

testimony and that Appellants were in any event precluded from offering expert testimony (their own or 

others) by the trial court’s striking of Appellants’ expert designation, which we held above was not an 

abuse of discretion. See Sanders v. Shelton, 970 S.W.2d 721, 727 (Tex. App.—Austin 1998, pet. denied) 

(reviewing trial court’s rulings on objections to summary-judgment evidence for abuse of discretion). 

Appellants’ objected-to affidavits thus present no evidence of breach by Burlington.
Baker v. Energy Transfer Company Page 11

bringing about the plaintiff’s injury. See Borg-Warner Corp. v. Flores, 232 S.W.3d 765, 770 

(Tex. 2007). In a case alleging toxic exposure, causation evidence should be premised 

on evidence from an expert on (1) whether the disease (or injury) can be related to 

chemical exposure by a biologically plausible theory; (2) whether the plaintiff was 

exposed to the chemical in a manner that can lead to absorption in the body; and (3) 

whether the dose the plaintiff was exposed to is sufficient to cause the disease (or 

injury). See id. at 771; Boyd v. Texas Utils. Elec. Co., No. 10-08-00172-CV, 2009 WL 

2901926, at *1 (Tex. App.—Waco Sept. 9, 2009, no pet.) (mem. op.); see also Koehn v. 

Ayers, 26 F. Supp.2d 953, 955-56 (S.D. Tex. 1998), aff’d, 194 F.3d 1309 (5th Cir. 1999) 

(citing Allen v. Pennsylvania Eng’g Corp., 102 F.3d 194, 199 (5th Cir. 1996)).

The requirement of expert testimony in this case is obvious. See, e.g., BorgWarner, 232 S.W.3d at 770-71; Cain v. Rust Industrial Cleaning Serv’s., Inc., 969 S.W.2d 464, 

468 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1998, pet. denied) (citing E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. v. 

Robinson, 923 S.W.2d 549, 559-60 (Tex. 1995)); Allen v. Roddis Lumber & Veneer Co., 792 

S.W.2d 758, 763 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1989, no writ); see also In re Allied Chem. 

Corp., 227 S.W.3d 652, 656 (Tex. 2007). Because Appellants’ experts were stricken, they 

have no such causation evidence from an expert. Summary judgment on this ground

for ETC and Burlington on Appellants’ negligence and negligence per se claims was 

thus proper.3 See Baize, 2007 WL 135956, at *9 (affirming summary judgment granted 

 

3 ETC and Burlington also sought and obtained summary judgment on Appellants’ claims for damages to 

their real and personal property allegedly caused by ETC’s and Burlington’s negligence. As with their 

claims for personal injuries, Appellants likewise produced no admissible expert testimony on causation 

relating to their property damage claims. See Cain, 969 S.W.2d at 469-70. Summary judgment on the 

claims for property damage was thus proper.
Baker v. Energy Transfer Company Page 12

after trial court had denied plaintiffs leave to designate experts in case requiring expert 

testimony). We overrule issue two.

Nuisance per se: In issue three, Appellants contend that the trial court erred in 

granting summary judgment on their nuisance and nuisance per se causes of action. 

Appellants alleged a claim for nuisance per se based on ETC’s operation of the plant 

and its alleged discharge of air contaminants and based on alleged discharge of air 

contaminants from Burlington’s gas wells.

To prove a cause of action for nuisance per se, the plaintiff must establish that the 

defendant’s activity (1) can be considered a nuisance at all times, under any 

circumstances, and in any location, or (2) violates a state statute or municipal ordinance 

declaring the activity to be a nuisance per se. Aguilar v. Morales, 162 S.W.3d 825, 836 

(Tex. App.—El Paso 2005, pet. denied); Luensmann v. Zimmer-Zampese & Associates, Inc.,

103 S.W.3d 594, 598 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2003, no pet.); Maranatha Temple, Inc. v. 

Enterprise Prods. Co., 893 S.W.2d 92, 100 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1994, writ 

denied). 

ETC moved for summary judgment on the ground that Appellants’ nuisance per 

se claim failed as a matter of law because “ETC’s operation of the plant, which was 

permitted by the TCEQ, (a) cannot be considered a nuisance at all times, under any 

circumstances, and in any location, and (b) does not violate any state statute or 

municipal ordinance declaring the operation of a natural gas treating plant to be a 

nuisance per se. Burlington moved for summary judgment on the ground that 

Appellants’ nuisance per se claim failed as a matter of law because its oil and gas 
Baker v. Energy Transfer Company Page 13

operations are not a nuisance per se as a matter of law.

Appellants alleged that ETC and Burlington violated numerous administrative

rules, but they do not point to any statute or ordinance that declares the operation of a 

natural gas treating plant to be a nuisance per se. Moreover, ETC filed its TCEQ permit 

as summary-judgment evidence of its lawfulness, and a lawfully run oil and gas plant 

or drilling operations cannot be a nuisance per se. See Rankin v. FPL Energy, LLC, 266 

S.W.3d 506, 512 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2008, pet. denied); Maranatha, 893 S.W.2d at 100;

see, e.g., Domengeaux v. Kirkwood & Co., 297 S.W.2d 748, 749 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 

1956, no writ). The trial court did not err in granting summary judgment on 

Appellants’ nuisance per se claim.

Nuisance: Appellants alleged a nuisance claim, alleging that ETC’s and 

Burlington’s conduct interferes with the quiet and peaceful possession of their property 

and deprives them of the use and enjoyment of it. They claimed that the nuisance has 

caused damages to their real and personal property and to their health and well-being.

Texas law defines “nuisance” as “a condition that substantially 

interferes with the use and enjoyment of land by causing unreasonable 

discomfort or annoyance to persons of ordinary sensibilities.” Schneider 

Nat’l Carriers, Inc. v. Bates, 147 S.W.3d 264, 269 (Tex. 2004). Nuisance 

claims are frequently described as a “non-trespassory invasion of 

another’s interest in the use and enjoyment of land.” See, e.g., GTE 

Mobilnet of S. Tex. Ltd. P’ship v. Pascouet, 61 S.W.3d 599, 615 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, pet. denied).

Rankin, 266 S.W.3d at 509.

To prove a nuisance claim, a plaintiff must show that the defendant interfered 

with or invaded the plaintiff’s interest, resulting in a condition that substantially 
Baker v. Energy Transfer Company Page 14

interfered with the plaintiff’s private use and enjoyment of the land and that caused 

physical or emotional harm to the plaintiff or physical harm to the plaintiff’s property. 

See Texas Woman’s Univ. v. Methodist Hosp., 221 S.W.3d 267, 285 (Tex. App.—Houston 

[1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.); Aguilar v. Trujillo, 162 S.W.3d 839, 851 (Tex. App.—El Paso 

2005, pet. denied); Watson v. Brazos Elec. Power Co-op., Inc., 918 S.W.2d 639, 644 (Tex. 

App.—Waco 1996, writ denied).

Burlington and ETC sought summary judgment on Appellants’ nuisance claim 

on the ground that there was no competent evidence that any act of ETC or Burlington 

caused the alleged nuisance and any injuries. As with Appellants’ negligence claim, 

ETC and Burlington argue that there is no evidence in the form of expert testimony that 

they caused the alleged harm from the nuisance. Appellants did not file competent 

expert testimony that ETC or Burlington caused harm to Appellants.

4 See, e.g., Cain, 969 

S.W.2d at 470; see also Aguilar, 162 S.W.3d at 851. The trial court did not err in granting 

summary judgment on Appellants’ nuisance claim. We overrule issue three.

Trespass: In issue four, Appellants contend that the trial court erred in granting 

summary judgment on their trespass cause of action. Appellants alleged that ETC and 

Burlington “intentionally or negligently caused the poisonous chemicals described 

above to enter onto the Plaintiffs’ lands and properties and that such entry is without 

the Plaintiffs’ permission, and the proximate cause of the damages and injuries set forth 

 

4 Appellants’ affidavits purport to offer testimony that their land was “inundated with noxious 

poisonous, odiferous and deadly chemicals that were being emitted from the treatment plant.” The trial 

court correctly sustained ETC and Burlington’s objections that Appellants were not qualified to give such 

expert testimony and that Appellants were in any event precluded from offering expert testimony (their 

own or others) by the trial court’s striking of Appellants’ expert designation. Appellants’ objected-to 

affidavits thus present no causation evidence for their nuisance claim.
Baker v. Energy Transfer Company Page 15

below.” [Emphasis added.]

Trespass to real property occurs when a person enters another’s land without 

consent. Wilen v. Falkenstein, 191 S.W.3d 791, 797 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2006, pet. 

denied). To recover damages, a plaintiff must prove that (1) the plaintiff owns or has a 

lawful right to possess real property; (2) the defendant entered the plaintiff’s land and 

the entry was physical, intentional, and voluntary; and (3) the defendant’s trespass 

caused injury to the plaintiff.5 Id. at 798; see also Rankin v. FPL Energy, LLC, 266 S.W.3d 

506, 509 n.4 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2008, pet. denied). Trespass does not have to be 

committed in person, but may be caused by allowing or causing something to cross the 

boundary of property. Villarreal, 136 S.W.3d at 268 (citing Gregg v. Delhi-Taylor Oil 

Corp., 344 S.W.2d 411, 416 (Tex. 1961)); City of Arlington v. City of Fort Worth, 873 S.W.2d 

765, 769 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1994, writ dism’d w.o.j.). 

ETC moved for summary judgment on the ground that Appellants have no 

competent evidence that ETC caused any unauthorized entry of any substance on 

Appellants’ properties. Burlington moved for summary judgment on the ground that 

Appellants have no competent evidence of any unauthorized entry of any substance on 

Appellants’ land as the result of Burlington’s actions. Thus, as with Appellants’ 

negligence claim, ETC and Burlington argue that there is no evidence in the form of 

expert testimony that they caused the alleged poisonous chemicals to enter onto 

 

5

In their trespass claim, Appellants further alleged that excessively loud noise and bright lights were 

released from the Defendants’ facilities and intruded on Appellants’ properties. None of Appellants’ 

objected-to affidavits mention noise or lights, and, in any event, Texas law requires a physical entry onto 

property to sustain a trespass claim. See Villarreal v. Grant Geophysical, Inc., 136 S.W.3d 265, 267-70 (Tex. 

App.—San Antonio 2004, pet. denied). Therefore, to the extent Appellants’ trespass claim was premised 

on noise and lights, summary judgment was proper.
Baker v. Energy Transfer Company Page 16

Appellants’ properties. We agree; Appellants did not file competent expert testimony 

that ETC or Burlington caused chemicals to enter onto Appellants’ land.6 See, e.g., Cain,

969 S.W.2d at 470; see also Aguilar, 162 S.W.3d at 851; cf. Stevenson v. E.I. du Pont de 

Nemours & Co., 327 F.3d 400, 405-08 (5th Cir. 2003) (affirming jury verdict on trespass 

claim for emissions from nearby petrochemical plant, based on expert testimony). The 

trial court did not err in granting summary judgment on Appellants’ trespass claim. 

We overrule issue four.

Objections: In issue five, Appellants assert that the trial court erred in sustaining 

ETC and Burlington’s objections to Appellants’ summary-judgment evidence. We have 

addressed the objections necessary to decide the above issues. Moreover, the trial court 

correctly sustained the remaining objections of which Appellants complain. We 

overrule issue five. Having overruled Appellants’ issues, we affirm the trial court’s 

orders granting summary judgment for ETC and Burlington.

Costs

In their cross-appeal, ETC and Burlington assert that the trial court erred in not 

awarding them their court costs. In its orders granting summary judgment, the trial 

court did not address court costs. ETC and Burlington filed a bill of costs and sought 

entry of a final judgment that awarded them costs. At the hearing, the trial court took 

that matter under advisement and then issued a letter ruling stating that each party was 

to bear its own costs.

 

6 As we have noted, the trial court correctly sustained ETC and Burlington’s objections to Appellants’ 

affidavits that purported to offer testimony that their land was “inundated with noxious poisonous, 

odiferous and deadly chemicals that were being emitted from the treatment plant.” Appellants’ objectedto affidavits thus present no evidence of trespass by ETC or Burlington.
Baker v. Energy Transfer Company Page 17

Trial courts are generally required to tax costs against the 

unsuccessful party. TEX. R. CIV. P. 31. But, they have the discretion to tax 

costs otherwise for good cause stated on the record. TEX. R. CIV. P. 141. 

The Texas Supreme Court has recognized that conduct unnecessarily 

prolonging and obstructing a trial can constitute good cause. See Rogers v. 

Walmart Stores, Inc., 686 S.W.2d 599, 601 (Tex. 1985). Conversely, the court 

has held that a party’s emotional distress at having to pay costs, inability 

to pay, and a trial court’s perceived fairness do not constitute good cause. 

See Roberts v. Williamson, 111 S.W.3d 113, 124 (Tex. 2003) (fairness when 

considering how to apportion the guardian ad litem’s fees could be 

considered good cause, but the record must establish more than the trial 

court’s perception of general fairness); Furr’s Supermarkets, Inc. v. Bethune,

53 S.W.3d 375, 378 (Tex. 2001) (emotional distress at having to pay costs 

and inability to pay are not good cause).

Rankin, 266 S.W.3d at 515.

The trial court did not explain its reason for ruling that each party was to bear its 

own costs, and upon receipt of the ruling, no party requested the trial court to state 

good cause on the record. Accordingly, we reverse the cost ruling and remand the case 

to the trial court to reconsider the taxing of costs and to state good cause on the record 

should it not tax costs against Appellants. See, e.g., Rankin, 266 S.W.3d at 515-16 

(remanding case to trial court to reconsider taxing of costs).

REX D. DAVIS

Justice
Baker v. Energy Transfer Company Page 18

Before Chief Justice Gray

and Justice Davis7

Affirmed in part; reversed and remanded in part

Opinion delivered and filed October 19, 20118

[CV06]

 

7 The Honorable Felipe Reyna, a former justice on this court, was on the panel and present for argument, 

but having left office on December 31, 2010, he did not participate in this decision. See TEX. R. APP. P.

41.1(c).

8

 Due to a typographical error, the Memorandum Opinion, but not the judgment, issued September 28, 

2011 is withdrawn and replaced with this opinion issued on October 19, 2011.