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### Document

Number: 

# 92 ) ll-D-4 2 Docket Number: 

# A-83-2 2

Printed 4/16/20089:12:10AM Sheet 92 of 97 P. 1P. 2

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# 5-D-H ^ SAB-CASAC-86-02 4 UNITE D STATE S ENVIRONMENTA L PROTECTIO N AGENC Y

WASHINGTON . D.C . 2046 0 Augus t 29 , 198 6

Honorabl e Crai g Potte r Assistan t Administrato r fo r Ai r an d Radiatio n U.S . Environmenta l Protectio n Agenc y Washington , D.C . 2046 0 Dea r Mr . Potter : 

# Ifl I Ii l

## [, OFFIC E O F ;-"i TH E ADMINISTRATO R 

### I

## 1989 EP A AI R DOCKE

T 

# [ J

A t th e Marc h11-12 , 198 6 Clea nAi r Scientifi c Advisor y Committe e (CASAC ) meeting , th e Committe e reviewe dth e secon dexterna l revie w draf t o f th e Staf f

Pape r fo r Lead . I ngeneral , th e CASA C foun dth e documen t t o b e clea r

an dappropriate . Th e majo r comment s provide db y th e Committe e a t tha t meetin g alon g wit hth e majo r writte ncomment s submitte dafterward s ar e formall y summarize di n thi s recommendatio nletter . Th e Committe e recommend s tha t th e Agenc y undertak e th e followin g modification s t o th e Staf f Pape r fo r Lead : 1 . Revis e th e introductio nto :

- Provid e asystemati c catalogu e an drankin g o f ai r an d non-ai r source s o f

exposures .

- Mor e clearl y explai ntha t becaus e o f

th e phase-dow no f lea di n gasoline , EPA' s par t o f th e lea dproblem , whic h wa s originall y adistribute dsourc e proble mlik e othe r ambien t pollutants , i s becomin g aproble mo f specific , well-localize dsources . Sat e othe r

part s o f

th e lea dproblem , lik e th e pain t proble m ove r whic hEP

A doe s no t

hav e authority , ar e stil l distribute d sourc e problems . Th e Staf f Pape r shoul dals o clarif y tha t th e primar y mechanis mo f exposur e fo r

EPA' s par t

o f th e proble m (airborn e emissions ) i s vi aingestio no f lea di nsettle ddus t an dsurfac e dirt , no t vi adirec t

ai r exposure . Thi s wil l requir e bette r dat ao n soil/dus t

fat e an dmas s balanc e an dchildren' s intake . 2 . Revis e th e e>q?osur e assessmen t t o make i t

cleare r

tha t th e primar y source s fo r

curren t

an dfutur e exposure s ar e poin t sources . I n particula r th e Staf f

Pape r should :

- Criticall y discus s th e problem s o f usin g knowledg e derive dfrc mare asource s fo r studie s o f

poin t sources .P. 3

- 2 -

- Focu s an dimprov e th e materia l covere di nAppendi x B (especiall y Tabl e B-2 ) sinc e i t drive s th e analysi s o f th e uncertainty .

- Reevaluat e th e poin t sourc e exposur e estimates .

- Discus s depositio nan dsiz e distributio nexplicitly , bot h i n term s o f

th e depositio n o nan dresuspensio n fro m groun dsurfaces , an di nterm s o f th e depositio ni nth e respirator y tract .

- B e mor e explici t

abou t who mi s bein g protected . Th e 99.9 % approach , a s now employed , i s ambiguous . 3 . Since , i n th e future , ambien t ai r lea dwil l b e attributabl e t o alimite dnumber

o f definabl e poin t

sources , CASA

C recommend s tha t EP A conside r

regulatin g lea dthroug hpoin t sourc e control s rathe r tha n throug hth e NAAQS . 4 . Th e discussio n o f measuremen t

woul db e cleare r

i f i t wer e move d t o th e en ds o tha t

th e preceedin g discussion s coul dmotivat e it . Measuremen t

pose s tw o needs , wit hdifferen t dat areguirement s fo r each : -> •

- Documentin g th e declin e o f th e moto r

vehicl e source s problem .

- Controllin g th e problem s o f poin t sources . 5 . Explicitl y evaluat e th e degre e o f protectio nagains t

cardiovascula r effect s in,adul t

male s provide db y th e bloo dlea dan dai r lea d level s develope dt o protec t childre nagains t

neurobehaviora l effects . I f

thes e level s d o no t provid e adequat e protectio n agains t advers e cardiovascula r effect s i nadul t

males , develo p new recommendation s t o provid e suc hprotection . Thi s shoul dinclud e a n evaluatio n o f

th e bloo dlead-bloo dpressur e relationship s i n adul t males , an dit s implicatio nt o th e incidenc e o f cardiovascula r disease . 6 . Th e perinat e shoul db e include da s apopulatio na t increase d ris k du e t o prenata l exposur e o f th e fetu s an dpostnata l exposur e o f th e lactatin g infant . Thi s concer nfocuses ^ o nth e fetu s an d infant , no t

o n th e pregnan t

mother . 7 . Emphasi s shoul db e increase do npostdepositiona l exposure s t o lea da s th e majo r

rout e o f

exposur e t o airborn e lead .P. 4

-3 -

8 . Th e materia l o n healt heffect s shoul db e move dforwar ds o tha t th e discussio n o n source s an dexposure s proceed s withou t interruption . Th e comment s tha t

for mth e basi s fo r

thes e recommendation s wer e provide dinformall y t o th e staf f o f th e Offic e o f

Ai r Qualit y Plannin g an dStandard s afte r

th e clos e o f

th e Marc h198 6 meeting . Thi s lette r constitute s th e Committee' s forma l repor t t o th e Agenc y o nthi s stag e o f th e revie w o f

th e NAAQ

S fo r Lead . Th e Committe e appreciate s th e opportunit y t o provid e comment s o n thi s importan t

issue . Sincerely ,



## .-\ 

## ^p/^ Morto n Lippmann , Ph.D . Chairma n Clea n Ai r Scientifi c Advisor y Committe e

cc : Le e Thoma s A « Jame s Barne s Donal dEhret h Geral dEmiso n Leste r Gran t Joh n O'Conno r Terr y Yosi eP. 5

SAB-CASAC-86-02 3 f t JB^ ^

UNITE D STATE S ENVIRONMENTA L PROTECTIO N AGENC Y \^\C£j

WASHINGTON . D.C . 2046 0 %**o ^ Augus t 29 , 198 6 %

OFFIC E O F T H E ADMINISTRATO R Th e Honorabl e Le e Thoma s Administrato r U.S . Environmenta l Protectio n Agenc y Washington , D C 2046 0 Dea r Mr . Thomas : Th e Clea n Ai r

Scientifi c Advisor y Committe e (CASAC ) ha s complete d i t s revie w o f

tw o document s relate dt o th e developmen t o f Nationa l Ambien t Ai r Qualit y Standard s (NAAQS ) fo r Lead . Thes e document s ar e th e Ai r Qualit y Criteri afo r Lea dan dLeadEffect s o n Cardiovascula r Functio nan d Stature : A

n Addendumt o th e U.S . EP A 198 6 Document , Ai r Qualit y Criteri a fo r Lead , bot hprepare db y th e Agency' s Environmenta l Criteri aan d Assessmen t

Offic e (ECAO) . Th e CASAC' s curren t

revie w cycl e fo r

thi s ambien t

ai r pollutan t

ha s include dpubli c meeting s o n Apri l 26-27 , 1984 , Ma y 13-15 , 198 5 an d Marc h11-12 , 1986 . A t th e Ma y 198 5 meeting , th e Committe e recommende d tha t th e ECA

O revis e th e secon dexterna l revie w draf t o f th e Ai r

Qualit y Criteri afo r

Lea db y includin g a n Addendu mwit hafurthe r

evaluatio no f recen t researc hconcernin g th e relationshi p betwee nhypertensio nan d bloo dlea dan dth e effect s o f lea dexposur e o n childhoo dgrowt han d stature . Th e Committe e fel t tha t thes e tw o issue s wer e significan t enoug ht o warran t

specia l attention . Th e Committe e reviewe dth e draf t Addendu ma t th e Marc h198 6 meetin g an dth e fina l Criteri aDocument an dAddendu

mb y mai l i n Jun e an dAugus t 1986 , respectively . Th e CASA C unanimousl y conclude dtha t bot hdocument s represen t

ascientificall y balance dan ddefensibl e summary o f th e curren t basi s o f

ou r knowledg e o f

th e healt heffect s literatur e fo r thi s pollutant . Severa l importan t

issue s ar e discusse di n thes e document s whic hth e Committe e believe s shoul db e enphasized . I n ligh t o f th e emergin g evidenc e o n th e relationshi p betwee n bloo dlea dan dhypertensio n rangin g fro m level s > 30-4 0 ug/d l (microgram s pe r decilite r

o f blood ) downt o level s belo w 10-1 5 jug/dl , whit e male s age d40-5 9 hav e bee nidentifie da s ye t anothe r subpopulatio n potentiall y a t risk . Thi s i s i n additio nt o th e othe r traditionall y accepte dgroup s a t risk : preschool-age dchildre n (ag e 6 an dbelow ) an dpregnan t wane n (du e t o th e ris k t o th e fetus) .P. 6

- 2 - 

### I n general , i t

appear s tha t

th e bloo dlea dleve l a t whic hadvers e healt heffect s ar e recognize da s beginnin g t o appea r ha s falle n rathe r sharpl y sinc e 197 7 whe n th e previou s Ai r

Qualit y Criteri aDocumen t fo r Lea dwa s published . Thi s clearl y ha s implication s fo r th e leve l o f

th e standar dan dth e appropriat e margi n o f safet y t o conside r

whe n th e NAAQ

S fo r Lea di s t o b e revised . Fo r example , i t

i s no w believe dtha t

th e onse t o f detectabl e hem

e synthesi s impairmen t i n childre n ma

y occu r a t bloo dlea dlevel s startin g aroun d10-1 5 jug/dl . This , alon g wit hth e indication s o f

increasin g degree s of interferenc e i n pyrimidin e an d vitami n D metabolism , a s wel l a s alteration s i n centra l nervou s syste m activit y a t

thes e sam

e levels , ma

y b e argue da s becoming bicmedicall y adverse . I n addition , th e emergin g dat ao n th e effect s o f perinatia l exposur e t o lo w level s o f

lea do n physica l an dneurobehaviora l developmen t appear s t o indicat e tha t

feta l exposur e t o lea da t level s a s lo w a s 1 5 jug/d l ca n hav e undesirabl e effect s on infan t menta l development , lengt ho f gestation , andpossibl y othe r

aspect s o f

growthanddevelopment . A separat e repor t

wil l b e prepare dreflectin g th e Committee' s fina l conclusion s an drecommendation s on th e NAAQ S fo r Lea da t th e tim e tha t th e Agency' s Offic e o f Ai r Qualit y Plannin g an dStandard s complete s th e companio n document , th e Staff Pape r fo r Lea d(Review o f

th e NAAQ

S fo r Lead : Assessmen t

o f Scientifi c andTechnica l Information) . . t 

### . . Than k yo u fo r th e opportunit y t o presen t th e Committee' s view s o n thi s importan t

publi c healt hissue .

Sincerely ,

Morto n Lippmann , Ph.D . Chairma n Clea n Ai r Scientifi c Advisor y Committe e

cc : Mr . A . Jame s Barne s Mr . Do n Ehret h Dr . Le s Gran t Mr . Crai g Potte r Dr . Terr yYosi e