FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

 March 1, 2007

THOMAS K. KAHN

CLERK

 Honorable Cecilia M. Altonaga, United States District Judge for the Southern District of *

Florida, sitting by designation. 

 [PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

 FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 05-17083 

________________________

D.C. Docket No. 04-00079-CV-MP-AK

FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus

REFORM PARTY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Defendant-Appellant.

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of Florida

________________________

(March 1, 2007)

Before ANDERSON and MARCUS, Circuit Judges, and ALTONAGA, District *

Judge.

PER CURIAM. 
2

The Reform Party of the United States (“the RPUSA”) appeals the district

court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of the Federal Election Commission

(“the Commission”), and its entry of an injunction limiting the manner in which

the RPUSA may spend its money pending satisfaction of its repayment obligation. 

The Commission filed suit against the RPUSA, and its treasurers William D.

Chapman, Sr. (“Chapman”) and Lee Dilworth (“Dilworth”), and the Reform Party

2000 Convention Committee (“Convention Committee”) and its treasurer, Gerald

M. Moan (“Moan”), pursuant to 26 U.S.C. § 9010(b). In its suit, the Commission

sought the recovery of $333,558.00 in public funds previously determined by the

Secretary of the Treasury to be owed by the RPUSA pursuant to 26 U.S.C. § 9007,

as well as injunctive and declaratory relief. The RPUSA and the other named

Defendants presented several defenses, filed a counterclaim against the

Commission, and filed cross-claims against Defendant Chapman and the

Convention Committee.

The RPUSA argues that summary judgment was improperly granted

because (1) the district court erroneously found it did not have jurisdiction to hear

the RPUSA’s defenses and claims against the Commission; (2) the RPUSA was

denied discovery; and (3) the injunction violates the RPUSA’s first amendment

right to free speech. We conclude that the court correctly determined it lacked
 On January 10, 2007, Jeffrey McCloskey, appearing pro se, filed a Motion for Leave to 1

File Brief Out of Time of Amicus Curiae in Support of Reversal and in Support of Appellant’s

Reply to Brief of the Federal Election Commission. Because this was received with insufficient

time for Appellee to respond, the Motion is DENIED.

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jurisdiction to entertain the defenses and counterclaim, and that the RPUSA was

not improperly denied discovery. We do not reach the merits of the first

amendment challenge to the injunctive portion of the order. Accordingly, we

AFFIRM.

1

I. BACKGROUND

The Commission is an independent agency with exclusive jurisdiction to

administer, interpret, and civilly enforce the Federal Election Campaign Act of

1971, as amended (“FECA”), 2 U.S.C. §§ 431-455, and the Presidential Election

Campaign Fund Act (“Fund Act”), 26 U.S.C. §§ 9001-9013. The Commission

administers federal funding for presidential nominating conventions. See

Freedom Republicans v. FEC, 13 F.3d 412, 414 (D.C. Cir. 1994). 

In November 1997, the RPUSA registered with the Commission as the

national committee of the Reform Party, and in the 2000 election cycle was a

minor party within the meaning of 26 U.S.C. § 9002(7). Dilworth was the

treasurer of the RPUSA at the time of the amended complaint, and Chapman was

the RPUSA’s treasurer at the time the litigation began. The treasurers are
 National committees of minor parties are entitled to receive payments that, in the 2

aggregate, do not exceed an amount which bears the same ratio to the amount which the national

committee of a major party is entitled to receive as the number of popular votes received in the

preceding presidential election by that minor party’s presidential candidate compared to the

average number of popular votes received in the preceding presidential election by all of the

major party presidential candidates. 11 C.F.R. § 9008.4(b). 

4

responsible for accepting all receipts and authorizing disbursements on behalf of

the RPUSA as well as keeping records of the RPUSA’s receipts and disbursements

and filing required reports with the Commission for public disclosure. See 2

U.S.C. §§ 432, 433 and 434. 

The Convention Committee is a subordinate committee of the RPUSA,

established by the RPUSA for the purpose of acting on its behalf in receiving

public funds to finance the RPUSA’s 2000 presidential nominating convention

and using those funds to conduct the convention. See 11 C.F.R. § 9008.3(a)(2). 

Moan is the treasurer of the Convention Committee. 

The Fund Act authorizes national party committees of eligible major and

minor parties to receive public funds from the Presidential Election Campaign 2

Fund in order to defray certain expenses incurred in a presidential nominating

convention. See 26 U.S.C. § 9008. Pursuant to 11 C.F.R. § 9008.3(a), to qualify

for entitlement to payments from the Presidential Election Campaign Fund, the

national committee of a party must establish a convention committee and file an

application statement, and both the national committee and the convention
5

committee must file an agreement agreeing to certain enumerated conditions. See

11 C.F.R. § 9008.3(a)(4)(i)-(iv). 

On September 10, 1999, the National Committee of the RPUSA submitted

an application for public presidential nominating convention funding, agreeing to

the required conditions, and establishing the Convention Committee as the

committee responsible for conducting the day to day arrangements and operations

for its 2000 presidential nominating convention. The chair of the Convention

Committee was selected and identified. The RPUSA, via its National and

Convention Committees, agreed to “an audit and examination pursuant to 26

U.S.C. 9008(g) and 11 C.F.R. 9008.11 of all convention expenses,” to assume the

“burden of proving that disbursements by the convention committee were for

purposes of defraying convention expenses,” and, after the audit, to “pay any

amount required to be paid under 26 U.S.C. 9008 (h) and 11 C.F.R. 9008.12.”

(R1-61 at Ex. 5). In reliance on the promises made by the RPUSA and the

RPUSA’s compliance with statutory requirements for the receipt of such funds,

the Commission certified to the Secretary of the Treasury that the RPUSA was

entitled to payments. The Convention Committee of the RPUSA eventually

received $2,522,690.00. 

After the 2000 Reform Party USA presidential nominating convention,
 Notice to the Convention Committee defeats an additional argument the RPUSA 3

presents on appeal, namely that its due process rights were violated by a lack of notice of the

Commission proceedings. See 11 C.F.R. § 9008.3(a).

6

which ended on August 13, 2000, and pursuant to the Fund Act, 26 U.S.C. §

9008(g), the Commission conducted an audit of the Convention Committee. The

audit revealed certain expenditures that either were not permissible uses of public

funds under section 9008(c), or were inadequately documented, including a

$300,000 payment to a company called The Performance Group. The Commission

determined that the RPUSA was obligated to repay $333,558, which consisted of

the payment to The Performance Group plus additional non-convention related

expenses. 

 On September 30, 2002, the Commission notified the Convention

Committee of the Commission’s repayment determination, and provided it with a

copy of the Final Audit Report. On November 26, 2002, the RPUSA submitted a 3

timely request for administrative review of the repayment determination, and on

October 8, 2003, the Commission issued its decision on the request for

administrative review, finding that the RPUSA was required to repay the $333,558

to the United States Treasury, and issuing with the decision a detailed Statement of

Reasons. By correspondence dated October 14, 2003, the Commission notified

the RPUSA and the Convention Committee of its Post-Administrative Review
7

Repayment Determination, and gave each a copy of the Statement of Reasons. A

subsequent petition for rehearing was denied by the Commission as untimely, and

on March 29, 2004, Shawn O’Hara, national chairman of the RPUSA, filed a

petition for review in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of

Columbia Circuit. 

The D.C. Circuit dismissed that petition as untimely on March 31, 2004. 

Thereafter, the Commission filed this suit, seeking repayment of the $333,558. 

The RPUSA asserted several defenses, among them that it was the Convention

Committee that had received payments from the Commission, not the National

Committee, and that under 26 U.S.C. § 9008(h), the Commission can only require

repayments from the National Committee. The RPUSA brought a counterclaim

pursuant to 26 U.S.C. § 9011(b) and the mentioned cross-claims, seeking

declaratory relief and damages on the basis that the Convention Committee is

liable to the RPUSA, and that the Commission had acted upon false and fraudulent

reports and engaged in misconduct against the RPUSA.

The Commission’s motion for summary judgment was filed on April 25,

2005. Several months later, the RPUSA sought discovery and the Commission

responded with a motion to stay discovery pending a ruling on the summary

judgment motion. The motion to stay discovery was denied as moot given the
 Furthermore, while the lower court’s order references a pending motion to dismiss 4

Defendants’ counterclaims, it does not directly dispose of that motion.

8

resolution of the summary judgment motion. 

The district court granted summary judgment, finding that once the D.C.

Circuit rejected the petition for review as untimely, the RPUSA was foreclosed

from raising claims or defenses that had not been properly presented before the

D.C. Circuit. Persuaded that the D.C. Circuit is the only venue in which

repayment determinations made by the Commission may be challenged, see 26

U.S.C. § 9011(a), and because no such challenge was properly presented, the

district court declared that the Commission was entitled to recovery of the

$333,558. In ordering repayment, the district court also included language that

enjoined the RPUSA “from diverting any of its assets to any other expenditures

other than payment of federal taxes until it completes its repayment obligation.” 

The district court ordered that the Clerk enter judgment for the Commission. 

This was done on November 23, 2005, and the case was closed. 

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

The district court’s opinion is not a final decision within the meaning of 28

U.S.C. § 1291, because it did not adjudicate or address the cross-claims. However,

4

because the order under consideration enjoins the RPUSA from diverting any of its
9

assets to any expenditures other than payment of federal taxes until it completes its

repayment obligation, the opinion is justiciable pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1),

and the parties acknowledge the Court’s jurisdiction.

We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, considering

the facts and inferences to be drawn therefrom in the light most favorable to the

nonmoving party, in this case the RPUSA. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c); Lofton v. Sec’y of

the Dep’t of Children & Family Servs., 358 F.3d 804, 809 (11th Cir. 2004). The

decision to grant or deny an injunction is reviewed for clear abuse of discretion, but

underlying questions of law are reviewed de novo. See United States v. Gilbert, 244

F.3d 888, 908 (11th Cir. 2001). 

III. DISCUSSION

The first issue to address is whether the district court was correct in concluding

that it lacked jurisdiction to entertain the RPUSA’s defenses and counterclaim. That

determination is based strictly on a review of the applicable statutes, and is therefore

considered de novo. See, e.g., George Kabeller, Inc. v. Busey, 999 F.2d 1417, 1421

(11th Cir. 1993) (“Whether judicial review . . . is vested exclusively in the Court of

Appeals, is a question of law subject to de novo review.”). 

The Commission brought this action pursuant to the Fund Act, 26 U.S.C. §

9010(b). That section authorizes the Commission “through attorneys and counsel
10

described in subsection (a) to appear in the district courts of the United States to seek

recovery of any amounts determined to be payable to the Secretary of the Treasury

as a result of examination and audit made pursuant to section 9007.” Id. As already

noted, the provisions of section 9007 governed the Commission’s audit of the

RPUSA and the determination that the RPUSA had to repay the sum of $333,558.

Furthermore, the Fund Act provides that “all determinations made by” the

Commission “under this chapter, shall be final and conclusive, except to the extent

that they are subject to examination and audit by the Commission under section 9007

and judicial review under section 9011.” 26 U.S.C. § 9005(b).

In defending the action seeking recovery of the amount determined to be

payable to the Secretary of the Treasury, the RPUSA presented defenses and filed its

counterclaim relying on section 9011(b). Section 9011, entitled “Judicial Review,”

provides, in pertinent part:

(a) Review of certification, determination, or other action by the

Commission. Any certification, determination, or other action by the

Commission made or taken pursuant to the provisions of this chapter

shall be subject to review by the United States Court of Appeals for the

District of Columbia upon petition filed in such Court by any interested

person. Any petition filed pursuant to this section shall be filed within

thirty days after the certification, determination, or other action by the

Commission. . . .

(b) Suits to implement chapter.
 The RPUSA also based jurisdiction over the counterclaim on 28 U.S.C. §§ 2201 and 5

2202. The Declaratory Judgment Act does not, of itself, confer jurisdiction upon the federal

courts. Borden v. Katzman, 881 F.2d 1035, 1037 (11th Cir. 1989). Rather, a suit brought under

the Act must state some independent source of jurisdiction. Id. 

11

(1) The Commission, the national committee of any

political party, and individuals eligible to vote for President are

authorized to institute such actions, including actions for declaratory

judgment or injunctive relief, as may be appropriate to implement or

construe any provisions of this chapter.

(2) The district courts of the United States shall have

jurisdiction of proceedings instituted pursuant to this subsection and

shall exercise the same without regard to whether a person asserting

rights under provisions of this subsection shall have exhausted any

administrative or other remedies that may be provided at law. Such

proceedings shall be heard and determined by a court of three judges. .

. .

The RPUSA insists that section 9011(b)(2) gave the district court the jurisdiction to

entertain the counterclaim, which sought a declaration concerning implementation or

construction of the provisions of the Fund Act. 

5

The issue presented is strictly one of statutory construction. It is a well-known

maxim of statutory construction that a court must begin “with the language of the

statute itself.” In re T.H. Orlando Ltd., 391 F.3d 1287, 1291 (11th Cir. 2004)

(quoting United States v. Ron Pair Enters., Inc., 489 U.S. 235, 240 (1989)). In this

Circuit, 

[t]o illuminate statutory intent, we apply the traditional

tools of statutory construction. Though malleable, our
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methodology is subject to certain rules. “The first rule in

statutory construction is to determine whether the

‘language at issue has a plain and unambiguous meaning

with regard to the particular dispute.’” United States v.

Fisher, 289 F.3d 1329, 1337-38 (11th Cir. 2002), cert.

denied, 537 U.S. 1112, 123 S.Ct. 903, 154 L.Ed.2d 786

(2003)(citation omitted). “[W]e must presume that

Congress said what it meant and meant what it said.”

United States v. Steele, 147 F.3d 1316, 1318 (11th Cir.

1998)(en banc). “In our circuit, ‘[w]hen the import of the

words Congress has used is clear . . . we need not resort to

legislative history, and we certainly should not do so to

undermine the plain meaning of the statutory language.’”

United States v. Weaver, 275 F.3d 1320, 1331 (11th Cir.

2001) (quoting Harris v. Garner, 216 F.3d 970, 976 (11th

Cir. 2000)(en banc)), cert. denied, 536 U.S. 961, 122 S.Ct.

2666, 153 L.Ed.2d 840 (2002).

Shotz v. City of Plantation, 344 F.3d 1161, 1167 (11th Cir. 2003). These principles

of statutory construction support the district court’s conclusion that the exclusive

forum for consideration of the issues raised in the defenses and counterclaim is the

D.C. Circuit. 

The statutory text clearly designates the D.C. Circuit as the forum for judicial

review of “[a]ny certification, determination, or other action” by the Commission. 26

U.S.C. § 9011(a). Furthermore, a thirty-day time period is established for any petition

seeking judicial review of such action by the Commission. Id. Section 9011(b), in

contrast, gives district courts jurisdiction over suits that seek to implement the

chapter. In order for the two subsections of section 9011 to have meaning, those
 For example, the counterclaim sought a declaratory judgment concerning “the proper 6

construction of 26 USC §9008(c) and 2 USC §437(2), relating to permissible uses of federal

funds for presidential nominating conventions, when applied to the facts of this case; and, the

proper construction of 26 USC §9008(h), relating to repayment obligations, when applied to the

facts of this case.” (R1-26 at 7).

13

actions covered by subsection (b), which may be entertained by courts other than the

D.C. Circuit, must be suits that do not concern review of certifications,

determinations, or other actions by the Commission. 

Here, the counterclaim did not seek to implement provisions ofthe chapter, but

rather, to challenge the repayment determination of the Commission. While the

RPUSA sought to couch the counterclaim as a suit over “implementation or

construction” of provisions of the chapter, what the counterclaim challenged was the 6

“determination” of the Commission that the RPUSA had to repay $333,558. The

challenges to the repayment determination consisted of arguments that the

determination was “arbitrary and capricious,” that it was “time-barred,” that the

Convention Committee is a separate organization from the RPUSA, and that the

RPUSA had not received adequate notice and an opportunity to be heard because all

notices had been directed to the Convention Committee. All of these claims, also

presented as defenses in the answer, could have and should have properly been

presented before the D.C. Circuit under section 9011(a), but were not. See, e.g.,

Simon v. FEC, 53 F.3d 356 (D.C. Cir. 1995) (addressing claim that notification of
14

obligation to pay was untimely); Doe v. FAA, 432 F.3d 1259, 1263 (11th Cir. 2005)

(constitutional due process claims that required a “review of the procedures and

actions taken by the FAA”. . . “fall within the ambit of the administrative scheme, and

the district court is without subject-matter jurisdiction.”). 

Where “Congress. . . specifically designates a forum for judicial review of

administrative action, that forum is exclusive. . . .” Drummond Coal Co. v. Watt, 735

F.2d 469, 475 (11th Cir. 1984) (quotation, citations omitted) (finding that the federal

district court for the District of Columbia had exclusive jurisdiction to hear challenge

to national regulations implementing abandoned mine land reclamation program

established by the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act). Furthermore, the

statute need not use the word “exclusive” to signify an exclusive remedy for review

of administrative action. Id. See also Telecomm. Research and Action Ctr. v. FCC,

750 F. 2d 70, 77 (D.C. Cir. 1984) (“[E]ven where Congress has not expressly stated

that statutory jurisdiction is ‘exclusive’ . . . a statute which vests jurisdiction in a

particular court cuts off original jurisdiction in other courts in all cases covered by

that statute.”). Although the suit filed in the D.C. Circuit had already been dismissed

as time-barred, review before the D.C. Circuit pursuant to section 9011(a) was the

exclusive vehicle by which the RPUSA could assert its defenses and counterclaim.

The Court discerns no reason to depart from the lower court’s conclusion
15

affirming the “final and conclusive,” 26 U.S.C. § 9005(b), decision of the

Commission, and its related finding that exclusive jurisdiction to consider the

defenses and counterclaim was to be found in the plain language of section 9011(a).

Nevertheless, the RPUSA insists that it was deprived of the opportunity to engage in

discovery, and therefore, at a minimum, that the summary judgment order is

procedurally defective. Without addressing the record evidence concerning the

RPUSA’s ample opportunity for discovery, the RPUSA has not demonstrated how

discovery would have assisted it in rebutting the Commission’s showing of the

absence of any genuine issues of fact concerning the final and conclusive repayment

determination. See, e.g., Reflectone, Inc. v. Farrand Optical Co., Inc., 862 F.2d 841,

843 (11th Cir. 1989) (the party seeking to avoid summary judgment on the ground

that additional discovery is necessary, “must specifically demonstrate how

postponement of a ruling on the motion will enable him, by discovery or other means,

to rebut the movant’s showing of the absence of a genuine issue of fact.”). Thus, we

find no procedural irregularity in the grant of summary judgment.

The final argument we briefly address is the claim that the language enjoining

the RPUSA “from diverting any of its assets to any other expenditures other than

payment of federal taxes until it completes itsrepayment obligation,” violates the first

amendment. The RPUSA was aware that the Commission was seeking injunctive
16

relief pursuant to 31 U.S.C. § 3713 and 11 C.F.R. § 9008.12(a)(3), because it was set

forth in the complaint, and because the Commission had raised the prospect of

injunctive relief in the summary judgment motion and the accompanying proposed

order filed with the motion. The argument that the injunction violates the first

amendment, however, is raised for the first time on appeal. Accordingly, that

argument is not considered. See Sterling Fin. Inv. Group, Inc. v. Hammer, 393 F.3d

1223, 1226 (11th Cir. 2004). 

III. CONCLUSION

Finding no error in the lower court’s order, WE AFFIRM. Furthermore, WE

REMAND for additional proceedings to address any unresolved issues that may be

presented in the counterclaim and/or the cross-claims. 

SO ORDERED.