CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES

CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE

1975 to 1999

CBO Publications CBO Publications

The Congress of the United States O Congressional Budget Office

CBOC

CBO Publications

1975 to 1999
Maureen Costantino took the cover photograph.
Foreword

Created by the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974, the 

Congressional Budget Office (CBO) provides the Congress with budgetary information and 

analyses of budgetary, economic, fiscal, and programmatic policies. The agency began operation in February 1975 and published its first study in June of that year. This listing includes 

the agency’s major publications—sorted by topic—from then through 1999. A companion 

volume lists the major publications from 2000 to the present. CBO publications are available 

to Members of Congress and their staff and to the general public.

All recent CBO publications are available on the agency’s Web site, www.cbo.gov—as are a 

growing number of the publications listed here. 

To learn about the availability of older publications not yet on CBO’s Web site, contact the 

Management, Business, and Information Services Division:

B publications@cbo.gov or 

B (202) 226-2809.

Alternatively, write to this address (but be aware that security screening adds time to the 

delivery of mail): Publications Office, Congressional Budget Office, Ford House Office 

Building, Second and D Streets, SW, Washington, DC 20515.

Finally, the U.S. government depository libraries include many CBO publications in their 

collections.

Contents

Agriculture 1

Budget and Economic Information 3

Analysis of the President’s Budgetary Proposals 3

Appropriations 4

Budget Accounting and Process 4

Budget and Economic Outlook 6

Budget Options 8

Long-Term Budgetary Issues 9

Sequestration Reports 9

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations 11

Computers and Information Sciences 13

Disaster Assistance 15

Education 17

Energy and Natural Resources 19

Environment 23

Federal Personnel 25

Financial Institutions 27

Government Management 29

Government-Sponsored Enterprises 31

Health 33

Housing 37

Intergovernmental Relations 39

International Programs 41

Labor 43

Macroeconomic Analysis 45
VI CBO PUBLICATIONS

National Security 47

Defense Budgets 47

Defense Systems 49

Infrastructure and Support 51

Military Forces 54

Regulatory Analysis 57

Science and R&D 59

Social Security and Pensions 61

Taxes 63

Telecommunications 67

Trade 69

Transportation and Infrastructure 71

Welfare and Social Services 73
Agriculture

Agriculture in the North American Free Trade Agreement 

(Paper), May 1993.

The Outlook for Farm Commodity Program Spending, 

Fiscal Years 1992–1997 (Study), June 1992.

The Outlook for Farm Commodity Program Spending, 

Fiscal Years 1991–1996 (Study), June 1991.

The Implications of Projected Declines in Farm Income for 

the Agricultural Sector and for Farm Policy (Memorandum), June 1990.

Farm Income Projections and Their Implications for 

Agriculture (Memorandum), May 1990.

The Outlook for Farm Commodity Program Spending, 

Fiscal Years 1990–1995 (Study), April 1990.

Farm Program Flexibility: An Analysis of the Triple Base 

Option (Study), December 1989.

Agricultural Progress in the Third World and Its Effect on 

U.S. Farm Exports (Study), May 1989.

The Outlook for Farm Commodity Program Spending, 

Fiscal Years 1989–1994 (Study), May 1989.

The Outlook for Farm Commodity Program Spending, 

Fiscal Years 1988–1993 (Study), June 1988.

Assisting the Farm Credit System: An Analysis of Two Bills

(Study), December 1987.

The Financial Condition of the Farm Credit System

(Paper), July 1987.

Diversity in Crop Farming: Its Meaning for Income-Support 

Policy (Study), May 1985.

Canada’s Western Grain Stabilization Program: An Option 

for U.S. Farm Policy? (Study), November 1984.

Crop Price-Support Programs: Policy Options for Contemporary Agriculture (Study), February 1984.

Farm Revenue Insurance: An Alternative Risk-Management 

Option for Crop Farmers (Study), August 1983.

Agricultural Export Markets and the Potential Effects of 

Export Subsidies (Paper), June 1983.

Review of Federal Farm Programs (Memorandum), 

May 1983.

Comments on 1983 Crop Programs (Memorandum), 

March 1983.

Paid Acreage Diversion for 1983/1984 Crops: Consequences 

for Farm Prices and for the Federal Budget (Paper), 

June 1982.

The Cost Effectiveness of Agricultural Export Credit (Paper), 

April 1982.

Food and Agriculture Policy in the 1980s: Major Crops and 

Milk (Study), March 1981.

Agricultural Price Support Programs: A Handbook (Paper), 

May 1980.

Corporations in Farming (Paper), February 1980.

Consequences of Dairy Price Support Policy (Paper), 

March 1979.

Public Policy and the Changing Structure of American 

Agriculture (Paper), September 1978.
2 CBO PUBLICATIONS

1977 Farm Legislation: An Analysis of Congressional and 

Administration Proposals (Paper), June 1977.

Food and Agriculture Policy Options (Paper), 

February 1977.

Agricultural Price Support Programs: A Layman’s Guide 

(Paper), April 1976.

U.S. Food and Agricultural Policy in the World Economy 

(Study), April 1976.
Budget and Economic Information

Analysis of the President’s Budgetary 

Proposals

An Analysis of the President’s Budgetary Proposals for Fiscal 

Year 2000 (Report), April 1999.

An Analysis of the President’s Budgetary Proposals for Fiscal 

Year 1999 (Report), March 1998.

An Analysis of the President’s Budgetary Proposals for Fiscal 

Year 1998 (Report), March 1997.

An Analysis of the President’s Budgetary Proposals for Fiscal 

Year 1996 (Report), April 1995.

An Analysis of the President’s Budgetary Proposals for Fiscal 

Year 1995 (Report), April 1994.

An Analysis of the President’s February Budgetary Proposals

(Report), March 1993.

An Analysis of the President’s Budgetary Proposals for Fiscal 

Year 1993 (Report), March 1992.

An Analysis of the President’s Budgetary Proposals for Fiscal 

Year 1992 (Report), March 1991.

An Analysis of the Administration’s Credit Budget for Fiscal 

Year 1991 (Paper), April 1990.

An Analysis of the President’s Budgetary Proposals for Fiscal 

Year 1991 (Report), March 1990.

An Analysis of President Bush’s Budgetary Proposals for Fiscal 

Year 1990 (Report), April 1989.

An Analysis of the Administration’s Credit Budget for Fiscal 

Year 1990 (Paper), April 1989.

An Analysis of President Reagan’s Budgetary Proposals for 

Fiscal Year 1990 (Report), February 1989.

An Analysis of the President’s Budgetary Proposals for Fiscal 

Year 1989 (Report), March 1988.

An Analysis of the President’s Budgetary Proposals for Fiscal 

Year 1988 (Report), February 1987.

An Analysis of the President’s Budgetary Proposals for Fiscal 

Year 1987 (Report), February 1986.

An Analysis of the President’s Credit Budget for Fiscal Year 

1986 (Paper), March 1985.

An Analysis of the President’s Budgetary Proposals for Fiscal 

Year 1986 (Report), February 1985.

An Analysis of the President’s Credit Budget for Fiscal Year 

1985 (Paper), March 1984.

An Analysis of the President’s Budgetary Proposals for Fiscal 

Year 1985 (Report), February 1984.

An Analysis of the President’s Credit Budget for Fiscal Year 

1984 (Paper), March 1983.

An Analysis of the President’s Budgetary Proposals for Fiscal 

Year 1984 (Report), February 1983.

Federal Credit Activities: An Overview of the President’s 

Credit Budget for Fiscal Year 1983 (Paper), 

March 1982.

An Analysis of the President’s Budgetary Proposals for Fiscal 

Year 1983 (Report), February 1982.

Federal Credit Activities: An Analysis of President Reagan’s 

Credit Budget for 1982 (Paper), April 1981.
4 CBO PUBLICATIONS

An Analysis of President Reagan’s Budget Revisions for Fiscal 

Year 1982 (Report), March 1981.

An Analysis of President Carter’s Budgetary Proposals for 

Fiscal Year 1982 (Report), January 1981.

Federal Credit Activities: An Analysis of the President’s 

Credit Budget for 1981 (Paper), February 1980.

An Analysis of the President’s Budgetary Proposals for Fiscal 

Year 1981 (Report), February 1980.

An Analysis of the President’s Budgetary Proposals for Fiscal 

Year 1980 (Report), January 1979.

An Analysis of the President’s Budgetary Proposals for Fiscal 

Year 1979 (Report), January 1978.

Overview of the 1978 Budget: An Analysis of President 

Carter’s Revisions (Report), March 1977.

Overview of the 1978 Budget: An Analysis of President 

Ford’s Proposals (Report), January 1977.

Federal Energy Research: An Analysis of Fiscal Year 1977 

Program Funding Levels and Alternative Budget Paths 

Through Fiscal Year 1986 (Paper), September 1976.

Uranium Enrichment: Alternatives for Meeting the Nation’s 

Needs and Their Implications for the Federal Budget 

(Paper), May 1976.

Overview of the 1977 Budget: An Analysis of the President’s 

Proposals Prepared for the House Committee on Appropriations (Report), January 1976 (Revised 

February 1976).

Appropriations

Emergency Spending Under the Budget Enforcement Act

(Memorandum), December 1998.

An Analysis of CBO’s Outlay Estimates for Appropriation 

Bills, Fiscal Years 1993–1997 (Memorandum), 

October 1998.

Supplemental Appropriations in the 1980s (Study), 

February 1990.

Supplemental Appropriations in the 1970s (Paper), 

July 1981.

Budget Accounting and Process

Estimating the Costs of One-Sided Bets: How CBO Analyzes 

Proposals with Asymmetric Uncertainties (Memorandum), October 1999.

Projections of Expenditures for Long-Term Care Services for 

the Elderly (Memorandum), March 1999.

Emergency Spending Under the Budget Enforcement Act

(Memorandum), December 1998.

Regulatory Takings and Proposals for Change (Study), 

December 1998.

States’ Use of Surplus Funds (Memorandum), 

November 1998.

Measurement of Employee Benefits in the National Accounts 

(Memorandum), September 1998.

Changing the Treatment of Software Expenditures in the 

National Accounts (Memorandum), April 1998.

The Line Item Veto Act After One Year (Memorandum), 

April 1998.

Budgetary Implications of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997

(Memorandum), December 1997.

Impending Defaults by Winning Bidders in the FCC’s C 

Block Auction: Issues and Options (Memorandum), 

September 1997.

Trends in Federal Spending for the Administration of Justice

(Memorandum), August 1996.

Mandatory Spending Control Mechanisms (Paper), 

February 1996.

Budgetary Treatment of NASA’s Advance Commitments to 

Purchase Launch Services (Memorandum), June 1995.

Budget Estimates: Current Practices and Alternative 

Approaches (Paper), January 1995.
BUDGET ACCOUNTING AND PROCESS BUDGET AND ECONOMIC INFORMATION 5

The Budgetary Treatment of an Individual Mandate to Buy 

Health Insurance (Memorandum), August 1994.

An Analysis of the Report of the Commission to Promote 

Investment in America’s Infrastructure (Paper), 

February 1994.

Using Performance Measures in the Federal Budget Process

(Study), July 1993.

Federal Debt and Interest Costs (Study), May 1993.

A Review of Edwin Mansfield’s Estimate of the Rate of 

Return from Academic Research and Its Relevance to the 

Federal Budget Process (Memorandum), April 1993.

Mandatory Spending: Trends and Sources of Growth

(Memorandum), July 1992.

Budgeting for Administrative Costs Under Credit Reform

(Report), January 1992.

A Review of Cost Estimates for Direct Spending Legislation

(Joint report with the Office of Management and 

Budget), June 1991.

Budgetary Treatment of Deposit Insurance: A Framework for 

Reform (Report), May 1991.

An Explanation of the Budgetary Changes Under Credit 

Reform (Memorandum), April 1991.

Estimating Outlays for U.S. Postal Service Capital Investment (Memorandum), July 1990.

Current Status of the Bipartisan Budget Agreement and the 

Congressional Budget Resolution for Fiscal Year 1990

(Memorandum), May 1990.

Should the Budget Resolution Be a Law? (Memorandum), 

May 1990.

Pay-as-You-Go Budgeting (Memorandum), March 1990.

Budgeting for Eximbank: A Case Study of Credit Reform

(Study), January 1990.

Credit Reform: Comparable Budget Costs for Cash and 

Credit (Report and supplement), December 1989.

Preliminary Analysis of NASA Commercialization Initiatives (Memorandum), February 1989.

Productivity Improvement Under the Government’s Productivity Improvement Initiative (Paper), February 1989.

Federal Insurance of Private Pension Benefits (Study), 

October 1987.

Contracting Out: Potential for Reducing Federal Costs 

(Study), June 1987.

Dedicated Federal Financial Resources (Paper), 

March 1987.

Federal Policies for Infrastructure Management (Study), 

June 1986.

Assessing the Public Costs and Benefits of Fannie Mae and 

Freddie Mac (Report), May 1996.

The Budgetary Status of the Federal Reserve System (Study), 

February 1985.

Formula Approaches to Budgeting (Report), January 1985.

Federal Debt and Interest Costs (Study), September 1984.

Curtailing Indirect Federal Subsidies to the U.S. Postal 

Service (Study), August 1984.

An Analysis of Congressional Budget Estimates for Fiscal 

Years 1980–1982 (Study), June 1984.

New Approaches to the Budgetary Treatment of Federal 

Credit Assistance (Study), March 1984.

Modifying the Davis-Bacon Act: Implications for the Labor 

Market and the Federal Budget (Study), July 1983.

The Federal Buildings Program: Authorization and 

Budgetary Alternatives (Study), June 1983.

Contracting Out for Federal Support Services: Potential 

Savings and Budgetary Impacts (Study), October 1982.

Balancing the Federal Budget and Limiting Federal 

Spending: Constitutional and Statutory Approaches 

(Study), September 1982.
6 CBO PUBLICATIONS

Interactions Among Programs Providing Benefits to 

Individuals: Secondary Effects on the Budget (Study), 

May 1982.

The Federal Financing Bank and the Budgetary Treatment 

of Federal Credit Activities (Study), January 1982.

Conference on the Economics of Federal Credit Activity, 

Part II: Papers (Paper), September 1981.

Indexing with the Consumer Price Index: Problems and 

Alternatives (Report), June 1981.

Conference on the Economics of Federal Credit Activity, 

Part I: Proceedings (Study), December 1980.

Index to the Legislative History of the Congressional Budget 

and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 (Paper), 

September 1980.

The Law Enforcement Assistance Administration: Options 

for Reauthorization (Paper), May 1979.

Analysis of the Shortfall in Federal Budget Outlays for Fiscal 

Year 1978 (Paper), March 1979.

Guidelines for a Study of Highway Cost Allocations 

(Report), February 1979.

Loan Guarantees: Current Concerns and Alternatives for 

Control (Paper), January 1979.

Who Pays for Highways: Is a New Study of Highway Cost 

Allocation Needed? (Paper), September 1978.

Loan Guarantees: Current Concerns and Alternatives for 

Control (Paper), August 1978.

Federal Law Enforcement Assistance: Alternative Approaches

(Paper), April 1978.

Estimates of Federal Budget Outlays (Paper), 

February 1978.

Estimating Outlays for the Interest on the Public Debt

(Paper), October 1977.

Troubled Local Economies and the Distribution of Federal 

Dollars (Paper), August 1977.

Long-Term Care: Actuarial Cost Estimates (Paper), 

August 1977.

The Legal Services Corporation: Budgetary Issues and 

Alternative Federal Approaches (Paper), July 1977.

Federal Financial Reporting: Accrual Accounting and the 

Budget (Paper), June 1977.

Advance Budgeting: A Report to the Congress—A Compilation of Technical Background Papers (Paper), 

March 1977.

A Budgetary Framework for Federal Housing and Related 

Community Development Policy (Paper), 

February 1977.

Advance Budgeting: A Report to the Congress (Report), 

February 1977.

Federal Prison Construction: Alternative Approaches 

(Paper), January 1977.

Estimating Outlays for Unemployment Compensation 

Programs (Paper), October 1976.

The Effect of Inflation on Federal Expenditures (Paper), 

June 1976.

Financing Postal Operations: Alternative Approaches and 

Their Budgetary Implications (Paper), March 1976.

Budget and Economic Outlook

The Economic and Budget Outlook: An Update (Report), 

July 1999.

The Economic and Budget Outlook: Fiscal Years 2000–

2009 (Report), January 1999.

The Economic and Budget Outlook: An Update (Report), 

August 1998.

The Economic and Budget Outlook: Fiscal Years 1999–

2008 (Report), January 1998.

The Economic and Budget Outlook: An Update (Report), 

September 1997.
BUDGET AND ECONOMIC OUTLOOK BUDGET AND ECONOMIC INFORMATION 7

The Economic and Budget Outlook: Fiscal Years 1998–

2007 (Report), January 1997.

The Economic and Budget Outlook: An Update (Report), 

August 1996.

The Economic and Budget Outlook: Fiscal Years 1997–

2006 (Report), May 1996.

The Economic and Budget Outlook: December 1995 

Update (Memorandum), December 1995.

The Economic and Budget Outlook: An Update (Report), 

August 1995.

The Economic and Budget Outlook: Fiscal Years 1996–

2000 (Report), January 1995.

The Economic and Budget Outlook: An Update (Report), 

August 1994.

An Analysis of the Administration’s Health Proposal (Study), 

February 1994.

The Economic and Budget Outlook: Fiscal Years 1995–

1999 (Report), January 1994.

The Economic and Budget Outlook: An Update (Report), 

September 1993.

The Economic and Budget Outlook: Fiscal Years 1994–

1998 (Report), January 1993.

The Economic and Budget Outlook: An Update (Report), 

August 1992.

The Economic and Budget Outlook: Fiscal Years 1993–

1997 (Report), January 1992.

Budget Projections Through 2001 (Memorandum), 

October 1991.

The Economic and Budget Outlook: An Update (Report), 

August 1991.

The Economic and Budget Outlook: Fiscal Years 1992–

1996 (Report), January 1991.

The 1990 Budget Agreement: An Interim Assessment

(Paper), December 1990.

The Economic and Budget Outlook: An Update (Report), 

July 1990.

The Economic and Budget Outlook: Fiscal Years 1991–

1995 (Report), January 1990.

The Economic and Budget Outlook: An Update (Report), 

August 1989.

The Economic and Budget Outlook: Fiscal Years 1990–

1994 (Report), January 1989.

The Economic and Budget Outlook: An Update (Report), 

August 1988.

The Economic and Budget Outlook: Fiscal Years 1989–

1993 (Report), February 1988.

The Economic and Budget Outlook: An Update (Report), 

August 1987.

The Economic and Budget Outlook: Fiscal Years 1988–

1992 (Report), January 1987.

The Economic and Budget Outlook: An Update (Report), 

August 1986.

The Economic and Budget Outlook: Fiscal Years 1987–

1991 (Report), February 1986.

The Economic and Budget Outlook: An Update (Report), 

August 1985.

The Economic and Budget Outlook: Fiscal Years 1986–

1990 (Report), February 1985.

The Economic and Budget Outlook: An Update (Report), 

August 1984.

Baseline Budget Projections for Fiscal Years 1985–1989 

(Report), February 1984.

The Economic Outlook (Report), February 1984.

The Economic and Budget Outlook: An Update (Report), 

August 1983.

Baseline Budget Projections for Fiscal Years 1984–1988 

(Report), February 1983.
8 CBO PUBLICATIONS

The Outlook for Economic Recovery (Report), 

February 1983.

The Economic and Budget Outlook: An Update (Report), 

September 1982.

Baseline Budget Projections: Fiscal Years 1983–1987 

(Report), February 1982.

The Prospects for Economic Recovery (Report), 

February 1982.

The Economic and Budget Outlook: An Update (Report), 

September 1981.

Baseline Budget Projections: Fiscal Years 1982–1986 

(Report), July 1981.

Economic Policy and the Outlook for the Economy (Report), 

March 1981.

The Economic Outlook at Midyear 1980 (Report), 

July 1980.

An Analysis of Congressional Economic Forecasts and 

Budget Estimates for Fiscal Year 1979 (Report), 

February 1980.

Five-Year Budget Projections: Fiscal Years 1981–1985 

(Report), February 1980.

Entering the 1980s: Fiscal Policy Choices (Report), 

January 1980.

The Economic Outlook for 1979–1980: An Update 

(Report), July 1979.

Five-Year Budget Projections and Alternative Budgetary 

Strategies for Fiscal Years 1980–1984—Technical 

Background (Paper), April 1979.

Five-Year Budget Projections and Alternative Budgetary 

Strategies for Fiscal Years 1980–1984 (Report), 

January 1979.

The Fiscal Policy Response to Inflation (Report), 

January 1979.

Inflation and Growth: The Economic Policy Dilemma 

(Study), July 1978.

The Economic Outlook (Report), February 1978.

Five-Year Budget Projections: Fiscal Years 1979–1983—

Technical Background (Paper), January 1978.

Five-Year Budget Projections: Fiscal Years 1979–1983 

(Report), December 1977.

Recovery with Inflation (Study), July 1977.

Update to Five-Year Budget Projections: Fiscal Years 1978–

1982 (Report), July 1977.

The Disappointing Recovery (Study), January 1977.

Five-Year Budget Projections: Fiscal Years 1978–1982—

Technical Background (Paper), December 1976.

Five-Year Budget Projections: Fiscal Years 1978–1982 

(Report), December 1976.

Sustaining a Balanced Expansion (Study), August 1976.

Five-Year Budget Projections: Fiscal Years 1977–81 

(Report), January 1976.

Recovery: How Fast and How Far? (Study), 

September 1975.

Inflation and Unemployment: A Report on the Economy 

(Study), June 1975.

Budget Options

Maintaining Budgetary Discipline: Spending and Revenue 

Options (Report), April 1999.

Reducing the Deficit: Spending and Revenue Options 

(Report), March 1997.

Reducing the Deficit: Spending and Revenue Options 

(Report), August 1996.

Reducing the Deficit: Spending and Revenue Options 

(Report), February 1995.

Reducing the Deficit: Spending and Revenue Options

(Report), March 1994.
LONG-TERM BUDGETARY ISSUES BUDGET AND ECONOMIC INFORMATION 9

Reducing the Deficit: Spending and Revenue Options 

(Report), February 1993.

Reducing the Deficit: Spending and Revenue Options

(Report), February 1992.

Selected Spending and Revenue Options (Report), 

June 1991.

Reducing the Deficit: Spending and Revenue Options 

(Report), February 1990.

Reducing the Deficit: Spending and Revenue Options 

(Report), February 1989.

Reducing the Deficit: Spending and Revenue Options 

(Report), March 1988.

Reducing the Deficit: Spending and Revenue Options 

(Report), January 1987.

Reducing the Deficit: Spending and Revenue Options 

(Report), March 1986.

Reducing the Deficit: Spending and Revenue Options 

(Report), February 1985.

Analysis of the Grace Commission’s Major Proposals for 

Cost Control (A joint study by CBO and GAO), 

February 1984.

Reducing the Deficit: Spending and Revenue Options 

(Report), February 1984.

Reducing the Deficit: Spending and Revenue Options 

(Report), February 1983.

Reducing the Federal Deficit: Strategies and Options 

(Report), February 1982.

Reducing the Federal Budget: Strategies and Examples, 

Fiscal Years 1982–1986 (Report), February 1981.

Reducing the Federal Budget: Strategies and Examples 

(Report), February 1980.

Budgetary Strategies for Fiscal Years 1979–1983 (Report), 

February 1978.

Budget Options for Fiscal Year 1978 (Report), 

February 1977.

Budget Options for Fiscal Year 1977 (Report), 

March 1976.

Long-Term Budgetary Issues

Long-Term Budgetary Pressures and Policy Options 

(Report), May 1998.

Long-Term Budgetary Pressures and Policy Options 

(Report), March 1997.

Sequestration Reports

Final Sequestration Report for Fiscal Year 2000 (Report), 

December 1999.

Sequestration Update Report for Fiscal Year 2000 (Report), 

August 1999.

Sequestration Preview Report for Fiscal Year 2000 (Report), 

January 1999.

Final Sequestration Report for Fiscal Year 1999 (Report), 

October 1998.

Sequestration Update Report for Fiscal Year 1999 (Report), 

August 1998.

Sequestration Preview Report for Fiscal Year 1999 (Report), 

January 1998.

Final Sequestration Report for Fiscal Year 1998 (Report), 

November 1997.

Sequestration Update Report for Fiscal Year 1998 (Report), 

August 1997.

Sequestration Preview Report for Fiscal Year 1998 (Report), 

January 1997.

Final Sequestration Report for Fiscal Year 1997 (Report), 

October 1996.

Sequestration Update Report for Fiscal Year 1997 (Report), 

Appendix B in The Economic and Budget Outlook: 

An Update, August 1996.

Sequestration Preview Report for Fiscal Year 1997 (Report), 

March 1996.
10 CBO PUBLICATIONS

Final Sequestration Report for Fiscal Year 1996 (Report), 

January 1996.

Sequestration Update Report for Fiscal Year 1996 (Report), 

August 1995.

Sequestration Preview Report for Fiscal Year 1996 (Report), 

Appendix A in The Economic and Budget Outlook: 

Fiscal Years 1996–2000, January 1995.

Final Sequestration Report for Fiscal Year 1995 (Report), 

December 1994.

Sequestration Update Report for Fiscal Year 1995 (Report), 

August 1994.

Sequestration Preview Report for Fiscal Year 1995 (Report), 

Appendix A in The Economic and Budget Outlook: 

Fiscal Years 1995–1999, January 1994.

Final Sequestration Report for Fiscal Year 1994 (Report), 

December 1993.

Sequestration Update Report for Fiscal Year 1994 (Report), 

August 1993.

Sequestration Preview Report for Fiscal Year 1994 (Report), 

April 1993.

Final Sequestration Report for Fiscal Year 1993 (Report), 

October 1992.

Sequestration Update Report for Fiscal Year 1993 (Report), 

Appendix A in The Economic and Budget Outlook: 

An Update, August 1992.

Sequestration Preview Report for Fiscal Year 1993 (Report), 

Appendix A in The Economic and Budget Outlook: 

Fiscal Years 1993–1997, January 1992.

Final Sequestration Report for Fiscal Year 1992 (Report), 

January 1992.

Sequestration Update Report for Fiscal Year 1992 (Report), 

Appendix A in The Economic and Budget Outlook: 

An Update, August 1991.

Sequestration Preview Report for Fiscal Year 1992, 

Appendix A in The Economic and Budget Outlook: 

Fiscal Years 1992–1996, January 1991.

Final Sequestration Report for Fiscal Year 1991 (Report), 

Revised, November 1990.

Final Sequestration Report for Fiscal Year 1991 (Report), 

Federal Register (Part VI), October 11, 1990.

Initial Sequestration Report for Fiscal Year 1991 (Report), 

Federal Register (Part IV), August 21, 1990.

Final Sequestration Report for Fiscal Year 1990 (Report), 

Federal Register (Part III), October 11, 1989.

Initial Sequestration Report for Fiscal Year 1990 (Report), 

Federal Register (Part VI), August 22, 1989.

Final Sequestration Report for Fiscal Year 1989 (Report), 

Federal Register (Part VII), October 12, 1988.

Initial Sequestration Report for Fiscal Year 1989 (Report), 

Federal Register (Part III), August 22, 1988.

Revised Sequestration Report for Fiscal Year 1988 (Report), 

Federal Register (Part V), November 16, 1987 

(pursuant to the new procedures of the Balanced 

Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Reaffirmation 

Act of 1987, Public Law 100-119).

Initial Sequestration Report for Fiscal Year 1988 (Report), 

Federal Register (Part VI), October 16, 1987 (pursuant 

to the new procedures of the Balanced Budget and 

Emergency Deficit Control Reaffirmation Act of 

1987, Public Law 100-119).

Initial Sequestration Report for Fiscal Year 1988 (Report), 

Federal Register (Part VII), August 20, 1987 (Joint 

report with the Office of Management and Budget).

Initial Sequestration Report for Fiscal Year 1987 (Report), 

Federal Register (Part VI), August 20, 1986 (Joint 

report with the Office of Management and Budget).

Sequestration Report for Fiscal Year 1986: A Summary 

(Report), January 1986 (Joint report with the Office 

of Management and Budget).

Sequestration Report for Fiscal Year 1986 (Report), Federal 

Register (Part IV), January 15, 1986 (Joint report with 

the Office of Management and Budget).
UNAUTHORIZED APPROPRIATIONS AND EXPIRING AUTHORIZATIONS BUDGET AND ECONOMIC INFORMATION 11

Unauthorized Appropriations and 

Expiring Authorizations

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations 

(Report), January 1999.

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations 

(Report), January 1998.

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations 

(Report), January 1997.

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations 

(Report), January 1996.

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations 

(Report), January 1995.

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations 

(Report), January 1994.

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations 

(Report), January 1993.

Report on Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring 

Authorizations (Report), January 1992.

Report on Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring 

Authorizations (Report), January 1991.

Report on Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring 

Authorizations (Report), January 1990.

Report on Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring 

Authorizations (Report), January 1989.

Report on Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring 

Authorizations (Report), January 1988.

Report on Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring 

Authorizations (Report), January 1987.

Report on Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring 

Legislation (Report), January 1986.

Computers and Information Sciences

Current Investments in Innovation in the Information Technology Sector: Statistical Background (Memorandum), 

April 1999.

Emerging Electronic Methods for Making Retail Payments 

(Study), June 1996.

High-Tech Highways: Intelligent Transportation Systems 

and Policy (Study), October 1995.

Promoting High-Performance Computing and Communications (Study), June 1993.

The Scope of the High-Definition Television Market and Its 

Implications for Competitiveness (Paper), July 1989.

Economic and Budgetary Aspects of the Superconducting 

Super Collider (Memorandum), March 1988.

The Benefits and Risks of Federal Funding for SEMATECH

(Study), September 1987.

Disaster Assistance

Protecting the Farmer Against Natural Hazards: Issues and 

Options (Paper), March 1978. 

Education

Issues in Designing a Federal Program of Income-Contingent 

Student Loans (Memorandum), January 1994.

The Federal Role in Improving Elementary and Secondary 

Education (Study), May 1993.

Pell Grants: The Effect of the Higher Education Amendments of 1992 (Memorandum), February 1993.

The Use of Grants and Loans to Help Finance Undergraduate Education (Memorandum), April 1992.

Undergraduate Enrollment and Completion Among 

Minorities (Paper), February 1992.

The Effects of Proposed Modifications to the Pell Grant 

Program in S. 1150 and H.R. 3553 (Memorandum), 

February 1992.

The Experience of the Stafford Loan Program and Options 

for Change (Paper), December 1991.

Student Aid and the Cost of Postsecondary Education

(Study), January 1991.

Trends in College Tuition and Student Aid Since 1970

(Paper), December 1988.

Educational Achievement: Explanations and Implications of 

Recent Trends (Study), August 1987.

Estimating the Federal Costs and Distributional Effects of 

Pell Grants (Paper), April 1987.

The Tax-Exempt Financing of Student Loans (Report), 

August 1986.

Trends in Educational Achievement (Study), April 1986.

CETA Training Programs—Do They Work for Adults?

(Joint study with the National Commission for 

Employment Policy), July 1982.

Military Educational Benefits: Proposals to Improve 

Manning the Military (Memorandum), 

September 1981.

Youth Employment and Education: Possible Federal 

Approaches (Paper), July 1980.

Federal Student Assistance: Issues and Options (Paper), 

March 1980.

State Profits on Tax-Exempt Student Loan Bonds: Analysis 

and Options (Paper), March 1980.

CETA Reauthorization Issues (Paper), August 1978.

Federal Assistance for Postsecondary Education: Options for 

Fiscal Year 1979 (Paper), May 1978.

Nursing Education and Training: Alternative Federal 

Approaches (Paper), May 1978.

Federal Aid to Postsecondary Students: Tax Allowances and 

Alternative Subsidies (Paper), January 1978.

Inequalities in the Educational Experiences of Black and 

White Americans (Paper), September 1977.

Long-Term Care for the Elderly and Disabled (Paper), 

February 1977.

Postsecondary Education: The Current Federal Role and 

Alternative Approaches (Paper), February 1977.
18 CBO PUBLICATIONS

Elementary, Secondary, and Vocational Education: An 

Examination of Alternative Federal Roles (Paper), 

January 1977.

The Role of Aid to Medical, Osteopathic, and Dental 

Students in a New Health Manpower Education Policy

(Paper), August 1976.
Energy and Natural Resources

Regulatory Takings and Proposals for Change (Study), 

December 1998. 

Electric Utilities: Deregulation and Stranded Costs (Paper), 

October 1998.

Climate Change and the Federal Budget (Memorandum), 

August 1998.

Factors Affecting the Relative Success of EPA’s NOx

Cap-and-Trade Program (Paper), June 1998.

Should the Federal Government Sell Electricity? (Study), 

November 1997.

Water Use Conflicts in the West: Implications of Reforming 

the Bureau of Reclamation’s Water Supply Policies 

(Study), August 1997.

The Safe Drinking Water Act: A Case Study of an Unfunded 

Federal Mandate (Study), September 1995.

Rethinking Emergency Energy Policy (Study), 

December 1994.

Cleaning Up the Department of Energy’s Nuclear Weapons 

Complex (Study), May 1994.

Waiving Royalties for Producers of Oil and Gas from Deep 

Waters (Memorandum), May 1994.

Energy and Petrochemicals in the North American Free 

Trade Agreement (Paper), July 1993.

The Energy Policy Act of 1992: A Budgetary Perspective

(Memorandum), December 1992.

A Review of the American Mining Congress Study on 

Changes to the Mining Law of 1872 (Memorandum), 

April 1992.

CAFE Incentives for the Sale of Alternative-Fuel Vehicles

(Memorandum), November 1991.

Economic Costs of Regulating Oil and Gas Wastes: A Review 

of the American Petroleum Institute’s Study on RCRA 

Reauthorization (Memorandum), November 1991.

Fuel Savings from Alternative Proposed Standards for 

Corporate Average Fuel Economy (Memorandum), 

June 1991.

Understanding the Volatility of Oil Prices During the IraqKuwait Crisis (Memorandum), January 1991.

Energy Use and Emissions of Carbon Dioxide: Federal 

Spending and Credit Programs and Tax Policies (Paper), 

December 1990.

Clean Fuels for Conventional Vehicles: Implications of 

Proposed Standards (Memorandum), September 1990.

Carbon Charges as a Response to Global Warming: The 

Effects of Taxing Fossil Fuels (Study), August 1990.

Implications for Commodity Markets of the Alternative 

Fuels Requirements Contained in the Senate’s Proposed 

Amendments to the Clean Air Act (Memorandum), 

July 1990.

The Size and Financing of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve

(Memorandum), April 1990.

The Role of Technology and Conservation in Controlling 

Acid Rain (Paper), June 1989.

Title II of S. 1894: Costs to the Electric Utility Industry 

(Paper), March 1988.

Title II of the Proposed Senate Amendments to the Clean Air 

Act: A Preliminary Economic Analysis (Paper), 

September 1987.
20 CBO PUBLICATIONS

Financing Municipal Water Supply Systems (Study), 

May 1987.

Achieving Sulphur Dioxide Reduction Through CoalSwitching (Paper), April 1987.

Curbing Acid Rain: Cost, Budget, and Coal-Market Effects

(Study), June 1986.

Oil Taxes and the Economy (Memorandum), June 1986.

The Budgetary and Economic Effects of Oil Taxes (Study), 

April 1986.

The Cost Effects of Accelerating or Delaying Purchases for the 

Strategic Petroleum Reserve (Memorandum), 

March 1986.

The Economic and Budgetary Consequences of the Recent 

Oil Price Decline (Memorandum), March 1986.

Financial Condition of the U.S. Electric Utility Industry

(Study), March 1986.

U.S. Uranium Enrichment: Options for a Competitive 

Program (Study), October 1985.

Efficient Investments in Wastewater Treatment Plants 

(Study), June 1985.

Nuclear Waste Disposal: Achieving Adequate Financing

(Study), August 1984.

The Budget of the Environmental Protection Agency: An 

Overview of Selected Proposals for 1985 (Study), 

April 1984.

Curbing Acid Rain: Allocating Sulfur Dioxide Control 

Costs Under an Emissions Control Program (Paper), 

January 1984.

Natural Gas Price Decontrol: A Comparison of Two Bills 

(Study), November 1983.

Uranium Enrichment: Investment Options for the Long 

Term (Paper), October 1983.

Comparative Analysis of Alternative Financing Plans for the 

Clinch River Breeder Reactor Project (Paper), 

September 1983.

Efficient Investments in Water Resources: Issues and Options 

(Study), August 1983.

Strategic and Critical Nonfuel Minerals: Problems and 

Policy Alternatives (Study), August 1983.

Current Cost-Sharing and Financing Policies for Federal 

and State Water Resources Development (Study), 

July 1983.

A Review of the Shell Study of Natural Gas Decontrol 

(Paper), June 1983.

Understanding Natural Gas Price Decontrol (Study), 

April 1983.

Possibility of a Strategic Alcohol Reserve as a Supplement to 

the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (Memorandum), 

March 1983.

Natural Gas Pricing Policies: Implications for the Federal 

Budget (Study), January 1983.

Promoting Efficiency in the Electric Utility Sector (Study), 

November 1982.

Cobalt: Policy Options for a Strategic Mineral (Study), 

September 1982.

Accelerating Oil Acquisition for the Strategic Petroleum 

Reserve (Paper), May 1982.

The Clean Air Act, the Electric Utilities, and the Coal 

Market (Study), April 1982.

Oil Import Tariffs: Alternative Scenarios and Their Effects

(Paper), April 1982.

The Steel Industry in Transition (Paper), March 1982.

Analysis of the Proposed Reorganization of the Department 

of Energy (Memorandum), February 1982.

Energy Use in Freight Transportation (Paper), 

February 1982.

Managing Oil Disruptions: Issues and Policy Options 

(Study), September 1981.

Financing Nuclear Waste Disposal (Paper), May 1981.
ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES 21

Financing Options for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve 

(Study), April 1981.

Fuel Economy Standards for New Passenger Cars After 1985 

(Study), December 1980.

Energy Development, Local Growth, and the Federal Role 

(Paper), June 1980.

Forest Service Timber Sales: Their Effect on Wood Product 

Prices (Paper), May 1980.

The World Oil Market in the 1980s: Implications for the 

United States (Paper), May 1980.

Potential Energy Impact of a Four-Day, Forty-Hour 

Work Week for Federal Civilian Employees (Paper), 

December 1979.

The Windfall Profits Tax: A Comparative Analysis of Two 

Bills (Paper), November 1979.

Residential Energy Conservation and Impacts of 

Residential Conservation Proposals (Memorandum), 

October 1979.

The Budgetary, Economic, and Energy Implications of 

Alternative Synthetic Fuel Proposals (Paper), 

September 1979.

The Effect of the June 26 OPEC Price Increase on the 

Decontrol of Domestic Crude Oil (Memorandum), 

July 1979.

The Decontrol of Domestic Oil Prices: An Overview 

(Paper), May 1979.

The Current and Future Savings of Energy Attributable to 

AMTRAK (Memorandum), May 1979.

Delays in Nuclear Reactor Licensing and Construction: The 

Possibilities for Reform (Paper), March 1979.

A Strategy for Oil Proliferation: Expediting Petroleum 

Exploration and Production in Non-OPEC Developing 

Countries (Paper), February 1979.

Replacing Oil and Natural Gas with Coal: Prospects in the 

Manufacturing Industries (Paper), August 1978.

Urban Transportation and Energy: The Potential Savings of 

Different Modes (Paper), December 1977.

President Carter’s Energy Proposals: A Perspective (Paper), 

June 1977.

Nuclear Reprocessing and Proliferation: Alternative 

Approaches and Their Implications for the Federal 

Budget (Paper), May 1977.

Energy Policy Alternatives (Paper), January 1977.

Energy Research, Development, Demonstration, and 

Commercialization (Paper), January 1977.

Petroleum Storage: Alternative Programs and Their Implications for the Federal Budget (Paper), October 1976.

Federal Energy Research: An Analysis of Fiscal Year 1977 

Program Funding Levels and Alternative Budget Paths 

Through Fiscal Year 1986 (Paper), September 1976.

Energy Research: Alternative Strategies for the Development 

of New Energy Technologies and Their Implications for 

the Federal Budget (Paper), July 1976.

Financing Energy Development (Paper), July 1976.

Uranium Enrichment: Alternatives for Meeting the Nation’s 

Needs and Their Implications for the Federal Budget 

(Paper), May 1976.

Commercialization of Synthetic Fuels: Alternative Loan 

Guarantee and Price Support Programs (Paper), 

January 1976.

Environment

Regulatory Takings and Proposals for Change (Study), 

December 1998. 

Climate Change and the Federal Budget (Memorandum), 

August 1998.

Factors Affecting the Relative Success of EPA’s NOx

Cap-and-Trade Program (Paper), June 1998.

Federalism and Environmental Protection: Case Studies for 

Drinking Water and Ground-Level Ozone (Study), 

November 1997.

The Safe Drinking Water Act: A Case Study of an Unfunded 

Federal Mandate (Study), September 1995.

A Preliminary Analysis of Unfunded Federal Mandates and 

the Cost of the Safe Drinking Water Act (Memorandum), September 1994.

Cleaning Up the Department of Energy’s Nuclear Weapons 

Complex (Study), May 1994.

Analyzing the Duration of Cleanup at Sites on Superfund’s 

National Priorities List (Memorandum), March 1994.

Greening the National Accounts (Paper), March 1994.

The Total Costs of Cleaning Up Nonfederal Superfund Sites 

(Study), January 1994.

Tradable Discharge Credits: Potential Effects on Producers 

and Consumers and Methods for Estimating Costs 

(Memorandum), October 1993.

Decreasing the Discharge of Bioaccumulative Toxic Water 

Pollutants: A Policy Analysis (Memorandum), 

December 1992.

The Cost of Decreasing Disposal Under the Recovery 

Requirements of H.R. 3865 (Memorandum), 

June 1992.

The Cost of Decreasing Disposal Through the Responsible 

Entity Approach Used in S. 976 (Memorandum), 

April 1992.

Reducing Waste Disposal with Disposal-Reduction Credit 

Systems: A Case Study of Beverage Containers and Old 

Newspapers (Memorandum), February 1992.

Federal Options for Reducing Waste Disposal (Study), 

October 1991.

Energy Use and Emissions of Carbon Dioxide: Federal 

Spending and Credit Programs and Tax Policies (Paper), 

December 1990.

Carbon Charges as a Response to Global Warming: The 

Effects of Taxing Fossil Fuels (Study), August 1990.

Federal Liabilities Under Hazardous Waste Laws (Study 

and supplement), May 1990.

The Role of Technology and Conservation in Controlling 

Acid Rain (Paper), June 1989.

Environmental Federalism: Allocating Responsibilities for 

Environmental Protection (Paper), September 1988.

Assessing the Costs of Environmental Legislation (Paper), 

May 1988.

Control of Air Toxics: A Preliminary Economic Analysis 

(Paper), October 1987.

Achieving Sulphur Dioxide Reduction Through CoalSwitching (Paper), April 1987.
24 CBO PUBLICATIONS

Curbing Acid Rain: Cost, Budget, and Coal-Market Effects

(Study), June 1986.

Superfund Cost-Sharing Policy and the Efficiency of 

Cleanup (Memorandum), September 1985.

Hazardous Waste Generation, Management, and Expected 

Waste-End Tax Revenues for Waste Quantities Regulated 

Under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

(Paper), August 1985.

Efficient Investments in Wastewater Treatment Plants 

(Study), June 1985.

Hazardous Waste Management: Recent Changes and Policy 

Alternatives (Study), May 1985.

Environmental Regulation and Economic Efficiency 

(Study), March 1985.

Nuclear Waste Disposal: Achieving Adequate Financing

(Study), August 1984.

Curbing Acid Rain: Allocating Sulfur Dioxide Control 

Costs Under an Emissions Control Program (Paper), 

January 1984.

The Environmental Protection Agency: Overview of the 

Proposed 1984 Budget (Paper), April 1983.

Financing Radioactive Waste Disposal (Study), 

September 1982.

The Clean Air Act, the Electric Utilities, and the Coal 

Market (Study), April 1982.

The Environmental Protection Agency: Preliminary Analysis 

of the Proposed 1983 Budget (Paper), March 1982.
Federal Personnel

Comparing the Pay and Benefits of Federal and Nonfederal 

Executives (Memorandum), November 1999. 

Comparing Federal Employee Benefits with Those in the 

Private Sector (Memorandum), August 1998.

Comparing Federal Salaries with Those in the Private Sector

(Memorandum), July 1997.

Changes in Federal Civilian Employment (Memorandum), 

July 1996.

Issues in Determining Pay Raises for Federal White-Collar 

Employees (Paper), May 1995.

Reducing the Size of the Federal Civilian Work Force 

(Study), December 1993.

Measuring the Budgetary Effects of Changes in Federal Pay 

Policy (Memorandum), June 1993.

Changing the Classification of Federal White-Collar Jobs: 

Potential Management and Budgetary Impacts (Paper), 

July 1991.

Federal White-Collar Pay Reform: Costs and Financing 

(Memorandum), September 1990.

Alternatives for U.S. Postal Service Funding of Certain 

Employee Benefits (Paper), August 1988.

Federal Civilian Employment (Study), December 1987.

Employee Turnover in the Federal Government (Study), 

February 1986.

Reducing Grades of the General Schedule Work Force 

(Study), September 1984.

The Budgetary Treatment of Federal Civilian Agency Pay 

Raises: A Technical Analysis (Study), January 1983.

Cost of Potential Layoffs Under the Administration’s Federal 

Employment Reduction Program (Paper), July 1981.

Reducing the Reserves of the Federal Employees Health 

Benefit Program (Paper), June 1981.

Civil Service Retirement: Financing and Costs (Study), 

May 1981.

Alternative Approaches to Adjusting Compensation 

for Federal Blue-Collar Employees (Study), 

November 1980.

Compensation Reform for Federal White-Collar Employees: 

The Administration’s Proposal and Budgetary Options for 

1981 (Paper), May 1980.

Executive, Legislative, and Judicial Salary Options for Fiscal 

Year 1980 (Paper), September 1979.

Options for Federal Civil Service Retirement: An Analysis of 

Costs and Benefit Provisions (Paper), December 1978.

Capping Federal Pay: Alternative Pay Adjustments for Fiscal 

Year 1979 (Paper), August 1978.

The Federal Work Force: Its Size, Cost, and Activities

(Paper), March 1977.

The Federal Government’s Pay Systems: Adjustment Procedures and Impacts of Proposed Changes (Paper), 

February 1977.

Executive Compensation in the Federal Government 

(Paper), January 1977.

Federal Pay: Its Budgetary Implications (Paper), 

March 1976.

Financial Institutions

Eliminating the Federal Thrift Charter (Paper), June 1997.

Emerging Electronic Methods for Making Retail Payments 

(Study), June 1996.

Assessing the Public Costs and Benefits of Fannie Mae and 

Freddie Mac (Report), May 1996.

Developing a Secondary Market for Small Business Loans

(Interagency report), August 1994.

The Changing Business of Banking: A Study of Failed Banks 

from 1987 to 1992 (Study), June 1994.

Options for Reorganizing Federal Banking Agencies 

(Memorandum), September 1993.

Resolving the Thrift Crisis (Study), April 1993.

Regional Analysis of Bank Lending (Memorandum), 

February 1993.

The RTC’s Loan Securitization Process (Memorandum), 

July 1992.

The Economic Effects of the Savings & Loan Crisis (Study), 

January 1992.

The Cost of Forbearance During the Thrift Crisis

(Memorandum), June 1991.

Projected Impact of Increased Insurance Premiums on the 

Banking Industry and the Bank Insurance Fund

(Memorandum), May 1991.

Reforming Federal Deposit Insurance (Study), 

September 1990.

The Savings and Loan Problem: A Discussion of the 

Issues (Memorandum), February 1989. 

Government Management

Comparing Federal Employee Benefits with Those in the 

Private Sector (Memorandum), August 1998.

Budgetary Implications of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997

(Memorandum), December 1997.

Comparing Federal Salaries with Those in the Private Sector

(Memorandum), July 1997.

Trends in Federal Spending for the Administration of Justice

(Memorandum), August 1996.

Changes in Federal Civilian Employment (Memorandum), 

July 1996.

Contracting Out: Potential for Reducing Federal Costs 

(Study), June 1987.

Issues in Determining Pay Raises for Federal White-Collar 

Employees (Paper), May 1995.

Curtailing Indirect Federal Subsidies to the U.S. Postal 

Service (Study), August 1984.

Reducing the Size of the Federal Civilian Work Force 

(Study), December 1993.

Using Performance Measures in the Federal Budget Process 

(Study), July 1993.

Changing the Classification of Federal White-Collar Jobs: 

Potential Management and Budgetary Impacts (Paper), 

July 1991.

Federal White-Collar Pay Reform: Costs and Financing 

(Memorandum), September 1990.

Federal Civilian Employment (Study), December 1987.

Employee Turnover in the Federal Government (Study), 

February 1986.

Reducing Grades of the General Schedule Work Force 

(Study), September 1984.

The Federal Buildings Program: Authorization and 

Budgetary Alternatives (Study), June 1983.

Contracting Out for Federal Support Services: Potential 

Savings and Budgetary Impacts (Study), October 1982.

Cost of Potential Layoffs Under the Administration’s Federal 

Employment Reduction Program (Paper), July 1981.

Reducing the Reserves of the Federal Employees Health 

Benefit Program (Paper), June 1981.

Civil Service Retirement: Financing and Costs (Study), 

May 1981.

Compensation Reform for Federal White-Collar Employees: 

The Administration’s Proposal and Budgetary Options for 

1981 (Paper), May 1980.

Potential Energy Impact of a Four-Day, Forty-Hour 

Work Week for Federal Civilian Employees (Paper), 

December 1979.

Executive, Legislative, and Judicial Salary Options for Fiscal 

Year 1980 (Paper), September 1979.

The Law Enforcement Assistance Administration: Options 

for Reauthorization (Paper), May 1979.

Options for Federal Civil Service Retirement: An Analysis of 

Costs and Benefit Provisions (Paper), December 1978.

Capping Federal Pay: Alternative Pay Adjustments for Fiscal 

Year 1979 (Paper), August 1978.
30 CBO PUBLICATIONS

The Federal Work Force: Its Size, Cost, and Activities

(Paper), March 1977.

The Federal Government’s Pay Systems: Adjustment Procedures and Impacts of Proposed Changes (Paper), 

February 1977.

Executive Compensation in the Federal Government 

(Paper), January 1977.

Federal Prison Construction: Alternative Approaches 

(Paper), January 1977.

Federal Pay: Its Budgetary Implications (Paper), 

March 1976.
Government-Sponsored Enterprises

Should the Federal Government Sell Electricity? (Study), 

November 1997.

Assessing the Public Costs and Benefits of Fannie Mae and 

Freddie Mac (Report), May 1996.

The Federal Home Loan Banks in the Housing Finance 

System (Report), July 1993.

Controlling the Risks of Government-Sponsored Enterprises 

(Report), April 1991.

Federal Liabilities Under Hazardous Waste Laws (Study 

and supplement), May 1990.

Productivity Improvement Under the Government’s Productivity Improvement Initiative (Paper), February 1989.

Economic Viability of Conrail (Study), August 1986.

Government-Sponsored Enterprises and Their Implicit 

Federal Subsidy: The Case of Sallie Mae (Study), 

December 1985. 

U.S. Uranium Enrichment: Options for a Competitive 

Program (Study), October 1985.

Federal Subsidies for Rail Passenger Service: An Assessment 

of Amtrak (Study), July 1982.

Railroad Reorganization: Congressional Action and Federal 

Expenditures Related to the Final System Plans of the 

U.S. Railway Association (Paper), January 1976.

Health

Projections of Expenditures for Long-Term Care 

Services for the Elderly (Memorandum), March 1999.

How Increased Competition from Generic Drugs Has 

Affected Prices and Returns in the Pharmaceutical 

Industry (Study), July 1998.

The Proposed Tobacco Settlement: Issues from a Federal 

Perspective (Paper), April 1998.

Expanding Health Insurance Coverage for Children Under 

Title XXI of the Social Security Act (Memorandum), 

February 1998.

Proposals to Subsidize Health Insurance for the Unemployed 

(Memorandum), January 1998.

Behind the Numbers: An Explanation of CBO’s January 

1997 Medicaid Baseline (Memorandum), April 1997.

Trends in Health Care Spending by the Private Sector 

(Paper), April 1997.

Predicting How Changes in Medicare’s Payment Rates 

Would Affect Risk-Sector Enrollment and Costs 

(Memorandum), March 1997.

The High-Deductible/MSA Option Under Medicare: 

Exploring the Implications of the Balanced Budget Act of 

1995 (Memorandum), March 1996.

How the Medicaid Rebate on Prescription Drugs Affects 

Pricing in the Pharmaceutical Industry (Paper), 

January 1996.

Medicare and Graduate Medical Education (Study), 

September 1995.

The Effects of Managed Care and Managed Competition 

(Memorandum), February 1995.

An Analysis of Congressman Gephardt’s Health Proposal, 

December 1994.

An Analysis of the Bipartisan Health Care Reform Act, 

October 1994.

The Budgetary Treatment of an Individual Mandate to Buy 

Health Insurance (Memorandum), August 1994.

An Analysis of Congressman Michel’s Health Proposal, 

August 1994.

A Preliminary Analysis of Senator Mitchell’s Health 

Proposal, August 1994.

A Preliminary Analysis of the Health Security Act as 

Reported by the Senate Committee on Finance, 

July 1994.

“House Ways and Means Committee Health Proposal” 

(Letter), June 27, 1994.

How Health Care Reform Affects Pharmaceutical Research 

and Development (Study), June 1994.

An Analysis of the Managed Competition Act (Study), 

April 1994.

A Qualitative Analysis of the Heritage Foundation and 

Pauly Group Proposal to Restructure the Health Insurance System (Memorandum), April 1994.

Effects of Managed Care: An Update (Memorandum), 

March 1994.

The Tax Treatment of Employment-Based Health Insurance 

(Study), March 1994.

An Analysis of the Administration’s Health Proposal (Study), 

February 1994.
34 CBO PUBLICATIONS

H.R. 1200, the American Health Security Act of 1993, 

December 1993.

S. 491, the American Health Security Act of 1993, 

December 1993.

Behavioral Assumptions for Estimating the Effects of Health 

Care Proposals (Memorandum), November 1993.

Projections of National Health Expenditures: 1993 Update 

(Memorandum), October 1993.

Controlling the Rate of Growth of Private Health Insurance 

Premiums (Memorandum), September 1993.

Estimates of Health Care Proposals from the 102nd Congress 

(Paper), July 1993.

The Inpatient Psychiatric Hospital Benefit Under Medicare 

(Memorandum), July 1993.

Trends in Health Spending: An Update (Study), June 1993.

Managed Competition and Its Potential to Reduce Health 

Spending (Study), May 1993.

Responses to Uncompensated Care and Public-Program 

Controls on Spending: Do Hospitals “Cost Shift”? 

(Paper), May 1993.

Single-Payer and All-Payer Health Insurance Systems Using 

Medicare’s Payment Rates (Memorandum), April 1993.

Projections of National Health Expenditures (Study), 

October 1992.

Economic Implications of Rising Health Care Costs (Study), 

October 1992.

The Potential Impact of Certain Forms of Managed Care on 

Health Care Expenditures (Memorandum), 

August 1992.

The Potential of Direct Expenditure Limits to Control 

Health Care Spending (Memorandum), July 1992.

Cumulative Effects of Benefit Reductions Proposed in the 

Administration’s 1983 Budget on Selected Elderly 

Households (Study), June 1982.

The Effects of Managed Care on Use and Costs of Health 

Services (Memorandum), June 1992.

Factors Contributing to the Growth of the Medicaid Program (Memorandum), May 1992.

Rural Hospitals and Medicare’s Prospective Payment System 

(Study), December 1991.

Universal Health Insurance Coverage Using Medicare’s 

Payment Rates (Study), December 1991.

Restructuring Health Insurance for Medicare Enrollees 

(Study), August 1991.

Selected Options for Expanding Health Insurance Coverage 

(Study), July 1991.

Options for Extending Medicare’s Payment Rates and 

Covering the Uninsured (Paper), July 1991.

Policy Choices for Long-Term Care (Study), June 1991.

Rising Health Care Costs: Causes, Implications, and Strategies (Study), April 1991.

Medicare and the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 

1990: Impact on Enrollees, Hospitals, and Physicians 

(Memorandum), February 1991.

Trends in Health Expenditures by Medicare and the Nation 

(Paper), January 1991.

Managed Care and the Medicare Program: Background and 

Evidence (Memorandum), May 1990.

Medicare’s Disproportionate Share Adjustment for Hospitals 

(Report), May 1990.

Physician Payment Reform Under Medicare (Study), 

April 1990.

Updated Estimates of Medicare’s Catastrophic Drug 

Insurance Program (Study), October 1989.

Subsidies Under Medicare and the Potential for 

Disenrollment Under a Voluntary Catastrophic 

Program (Study), September 1989.

Setting Medicare’s Indirect Teaching Adjustment for 

Hospitals (Paper), May 1989.
HEALTH 35

The Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act of 1988 (Paper), 

October 1988.

Including Capital Expenses in the Prospective Payment System (Study), August 1988.

Physician Reimbursement Under Medicare: Options for 

Change (Study), April 1986.

Medicare Contracting for Administrative Services: Competitive Alternatives (Memorandum), November 1984.

Veterans Administration Health Care: Planning for Future 

Years (Study), April 1984.

Providing Health Coverage for the Unemployed 

(Memorandum), May 1983.

Scaling Medicare Benefits to Income (Memorandum), 

May 1983.

Analysis of Medicare Hospital Reimbursement Changes in 

the TEFRA Act of 1982 (Memorandum), March 1983.

Changing the Structure of Medicare Benefits: Issues and 

Options (Study), March 1983.

Catastrophic Medical Expenses: Patterns in the Non-Elderly, 

Non-Poor Population (Study), December 1982.

An Analysis of the American Hospital Association’s 

Proposal to Modify Medicare Hospital Reimbursement 

(Memorandum), June 1982.

Containing Medical Care Costs Through Market Forces 

(Study), May 1982.

Health Planning: Issues for Reauthorization (Study), 

March 1982.

An Analysis of the National Health Care Reform Act of 

1981, H.R. 850 (Paper), September 1981. 

Protection from Catastrophic Medical Expenses: The Effects 

of Limiting Family Liability Under Existing Employee 

Insurance Programs (Paper), August 1981.

Medicaid: Choices for 1982 and Beyond (Study), 

June 1981.

The CBO Hospital Cost Containment Model: A Technical 

Analysis (Paper), February 1981.

The Impact of PSROs on Health-Care Costs: Update of 

CBO’s 1979 Evaluation (Study), January 1981.

Tax Subsidies for Medical Care: Current Policies and 

Possible Alternatives (Paper), January 1980.

Controlling Rising Hospital Costs (Paper), 

September 1979.

The Effect of PSROs on Health Care Costs: Current 

Findings and Future Evaluations (Paper), June 1979.

Physician Extenders: Their Current and Future Role in 

Medical Care Delivery (Paper), April 1979.

Profile of Health Care Coverage: The Haves and Have-Nots 

(Paper), March 1979.

Veterans’ Educational Benefits: Issues Concerning the GI Bill 

(Study), October 1978.

Nursing Education and Training: Alternative Federal 

Approaches (Paper), May 1978.

An Analysis of Special Pension Benefits for the Veterans and 

Survivors of World War I (Paper), March 1978.

Health Differentials Between White and Nonwhite Americans (Paper), September 1977.

Expenditures for Health Care: Federal Programs and Their 

Effects (Paper), August 1977.

Long-Term Care: Actuarial Cost Estimates (Paper), 

August 1977.

Projected Acute-Care Bed Needs of Veterans Administration 

Hospitals (Paper), April 1977.

Long-Term Care for the Elderly and Disabled (Paper), 

February 1977.

Catastrophic Health Insurance (Paper), January 1977. 

The Role of Aid to Medical, Osteopathic, and Dental 

Students in a New Health Manpower Education Policy 

(Paper), August 1976.

Housing

The Challenges Facing Federal Rental Assistance Programs 

(Study), December 1994.

Implications of the Prepayment Provisions in the CranstonGonzalez Housing Act (Memorandum), April 1992.

Current Housing Problems and Possible Federal Responses 

(Study), December 1988.

Changes in the Living Arrangements of the Elderly: 1960–

2030 (Study), March 1988.

The Potential Loss of Assisted Housing Units as Certain 

Mortgage-Interest Subsidy Programs Mature (Paper), 

March 1987.

Housing Problems and Federal Housing Assistance Efforts 

(Paper), May 1986.

The Housing Finance System and Federal Policy: Recent 

Changes and Options for the Future (Study), 

October 1983.

Federal Subsidies for Public Housing: Issues and Options 

(Study), June 1983.

Public Works Infrastructure: Policy Considerations for the 

1980s (Study), April 1983.

Rural Housing Programs: Long-Term Costs and Their 

Treatment in the Federal Budget (Study), June 1982.

Federal Housing Assistance: Alternative Approaches (Study), 

May 1982.

The Mortgage Subsidy Bond Tax Act of 1980: Experience 

Under the Permanent Rules (Paper), March 1982.

The Tax Treatment of Homeownership: Issues and Options 

(Study), September 1981.

The Long-Term Costs of Lower-Income Housing Assistance 

Programs (Paper), March 1979.

Federal Housing Policy: Current Programs and Recurring 

Issues (Paper), June 1978.

Real Estate Tax Shelter Subsidies and Direct Subsidy 

Alternatives (Paper), May 1977.

A Budgetary Framework for Federal Housing and 

Related Community Development Policy (Paper), 

February 1977.

Housing Assistance for Low- and Moderate-Income Families 

(Paper), February 1977.

Homeownership: The Changing Relationship of Costs 

and Incomes, and Possible Federal Roles (Paper), 

January 1977.

Housing Finance: Federal Programs and Issues (Paper), 

September 1976.

Intergovernmental Relations

An Assessment of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act in 

1998 (Paper), February 1999.

Financing Small Commercial-Service Airports: Federal 

Policies and Options (Paper), April 1999.

States’ Use of Surplus Funds (Memorandum), 

November 1998.

An Assessment of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act in 

1997 (Paper), February 1998.

Federalism and Environmental Protection: Case Studies for 

Drinking Water and Ground-Level Ozone (Study), 

November 1997.

Water Use Conflicts in the West: Implications of Reforming 

the Bureau of Reclamation’s Water Supply Policies 

(Study), August 1997.

Toll Roads: A Review of Recent Experience (Memorandum), 

February 1997.

The Experience of the Congressional Budget Office During 

the First Year of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act 

(Paper), January 1997.

The Safe Drinking Water Act: A Case Study of an Unfunded 

Federal Mandate (Study), September 1995.

A Preliminary Analysis of Unfunded Federal Mandates and 

the Cost of the Safe Drinking Water Act (Memorandum), September 1994.

Trends in Public Infrastructure Outlays and the President’s 

Proposals for Infrastructure Spending in 1993 (Paper), 

May 1992.

State-by-State Data on Formula Grant Programs: Report to 

the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration 

(Report), May 1991.

Federal Infrastructure Subsidies: Grants or Credits? (Paper), 

August 1990.

Fiscal Federalism and the Partnership Act of 1987 (Report), 

November 1989.

Environmental Federalism: Allocating Responsibilities for 

Environmental Protection (Paper), September 1988.

Financing Municipal Water Supply Systems (Study), 

May 1987.

The Federal Role in State Industrial Development Programs 

(Study), July 1984.

The Federal Government in a Federal System: Current 

Intergovernmental Programs and Options for Change 

(Study), August 1983.

Public Transportation for Handicapped Persons: An Analysis 

of Proposed Legislation (Paper), November 1980.

Federal Constraints on State and Local Government Actions 

(Paper), April 1979.

Countercyclical Uses of Federal Grant Programs (Report), 

November 1978.

Urban Mass Transportation: Options for Federal Assistance 

(Paper), February 1977.

New York City’s Fiscal Problem: Its Origins, Potential 

Repercussions, and Some Alternative Policy Responses 

(Paper), October 1975. 

International Programs

The Domestic Costs of International Trade Sanctions on 

Foreign Commerce (Study), April 1999.

Competition in ATM Markets: Are ATMs Money Machines? 

(Paper), July 1998.

The Role of Foreign Aid in Development: Costa Rica and 

Honduras (Memorandum), December 1997.

The Role of Foreign Aid in Development: South Korea and 

the Philippines (Memorandum), September 1997.

The Role of Foreign Aid in Development (Study), 

May 1997.

The Costs of Expanding the NATO Alliance (Paper), 

March 1996.

Enhancing U.S. Security Through Foreign Aid (Study), 

April 1994.

The Andean Initiative: Objectives and Support (Paper), 

March 1994.

Assessing Future Trends in the Defense Burdens of Western 

Nations (Paper), April 1993.

Limiting Conventional Arms Exports to the Middle East 

(Study), September 1992.

Agricultural Progress in the Third World and Its Effect on 

U.S. Farm Exports (Study), June 1988.

Alliance Burdensharing: A Review of the Data (Paper), 

June 1987.

Burdensharing in the North Atlantic Alliance: A 

Preliminary Review of the Evidence (Paper), 

January 1985.

Economic and Budgetary Consequences of the Proposed 

Increase in U.S. Subscriptions to the International 

Monetary Fund (Memorandum), March 1983.

The U.S. Moroccan Agreement and Its Implications for 

U.S. Rapid Deployment Forces (Memorandum), 

March 1983.

Army Ground Combat Modernization for the 1980s: 

Potential Costs and Effects for NATO (Study), 

November 1982.

U.S. Economic Assistance to Less-Developed Countries: 

The Roles of Bilateral and Multilateral Aid (Paper), 

May 1981.

Costs and Benefits to the United States of the NATO 

Infrastructure Program (Memorandum), April 1981.

Assisting the Developing Countries: Foreign Aid and Trade 

Policies of the United States (Paper), September 1980.

The Economic Impact of Oil Import Reductions, December 

1978, Senate Committee on Energy and Natural 

Resources, Publication No. 95-158.

U.S. Participation in the Witteveen Facility: The Need 

for a New Source of International Finance (Paper), 

March 1978.

Nuclear Reprocessing and Proliferation: Alternative 

Approaches and Their Implications for the Federal 

Budget (Paper), May 1977.

International Financial Institutions: Background and 

Budget Options for Fiscal Year 1978 (Paper), 

March 1977.

Bilateral Development Assistance: Background and Options 

(Paper), February 1977.
42 CBO PUBLICATIONS

U.S. Food and Agricultural Policy in the World Economy 

(Study), April 1976.

International Political Assumptions in Defense Posture 

Statements (Paper), March 1976.
Labor

Raising the Earliest Eligibility Age for Social Security Benefits (Paper), January 1999.

Competition in ATM Markets: Are ATMs Money Machines? 

(Paper), July 1998.

How Increased Competition from Generic Drugs Has 

Affected Prices and Returns in the Pharmaceutical 

Industry (Study), July 1998.

The Proposed Tobacco Settlement: Issues from a Federal 

Perspective (Paper), April 1998.

Labor Supply and Taxes (Memorandum), January 1996.

An Analysis of the Administration’s Proposed Program for 

Displaced Workers (Paper), December 1994.

The Changing Business of Banking: A Study of Failed Banks 

from 1987 to 1992 (Study), June 1994.

How Health Care Reform Affects Pharmaceutical Research 

and Development (Study), June 1994.

Options for Reorganizing Federal Banking Agencies 

(Memorandum), September 1993.

Displaced Workers: Trends in the 1980s and Implications for 

the Future (Study), February 1993.

In Pursuit of Higher Wages and Employment-Based Health 

Insurance (Memorandum), February 1993.

Targeting Emerging Technology Industries (Paper), 

March 1991.

Short-Term Responses to the Recession: The Extension of 

Unemployment Insurance Benefits (Paper), 

February 1991.

National Service: Issues and Options (Paper), 

September 1990.

Using R&D Consortia for Commercial Innovation: 

SEMATECH, X-Ray Lithography, and High-Resolution 

Systems (Study), July 1990.

Family Incomes of Unemployment Insurance Recipients and 

the Implications for Extending Benefits (Study), 

February 1990.

Trends in Family Income: 1970–1986 (Study), 

February 1988.

Work-Related Programs for Welfare Recipients (Study), 

April 1987.

How Federal Policies Affect the Steel Industry (Study), 

February 1987.

Has Trade Protection Revitalized Domestic Industries? 

November 1986.

The Minimum Wage: Its Relationship to Income and 

Poverty (Paper), June 1986.

Promoting Employment and Maintaining Incomes with 

Unemployment Insurance (Study), March 1985.

The Effects of Import Quotas on the Steel Industry (Study), 

July 1984.

The Federal Role in State Industrial Development Programs 

(Study), July 1984.

The Targeted Jobs Tax Credit (Memorandum), May 1984.

The Industrial Policy Debate (Study), December 1983.
44 CBO PUBLICATIONS

Analysis of Oil and Gas Royalty Trusts (Paper), 

December 1983.

Modifying the Davis-Bacon Act: Implications for the Labor 

Market and the Federal Budget (Study), July 1983.

Unemployment Insurance: Financial Condition and 

Options for Change (Study), June 1983.

Strategies for Assisting the Unemployed (Memorandum), 

December 1982.

The Fair Practices in Automotive Products Act (H.R. 5133): 

An Economic Assessment (Study), August 1982.

Dislocated Workers: Issues and Federal Options (Study), 

July 1982.

Work and Retirement: Options for Continued Employment 

of Older Workers (Study), July 1982.

Disability Compensation: Current Issues and Options for 

Change (Study), June 1982.

The Steel Industry in Transition (Paper), March 1982.

Improving Youth Employment Prospects: Issues and Options 

(Study), February 1982.

Effects of Eliminating Public Service Employment (Paper), 

June 1981.

Federal Business Aid Programs: Issues, Effects, and Options 

(Paper), May 1981.

Small Issue Industrial Revenue Bonds (Study), April 1981.

Current Problems of the U.S. Automobile Industry and 

Policies to Address Them (Paper), July 1980.

Youth Employment and Education: Possible Federal 

Approaches (Paper), July 1980.

Forest Service Timber Sales: Their Effect on Wood Product 

Prices (Paper), May 1980.

Replacing Oil and Natural Gas with Coal: Prospects in the 

Manufacturing Industries (Paper), August 1978.

Barriers to Urban Economic Development (Paper), 

May 1978.

Youth Unemployment: The Outlook and Some Policy 

Strategies (Paper), April 1978.

National Service Programs and Their Effects on Military 

Manpower and Civilian Youth Problems (Paper), 

January 1978.

An Econometric Model of Unemployment Insurance Tax 

Receipts (Paper), August 1977,

Budget Options for the Youth Employment Problem (Paper), 

March 1977.

Public Employment and Training Assistance: Alternative 

Federal Approaches (Paper), February 1977.

Unemployment Compensation: A Background Report 

(Paper), December 1976.

Policy Options for the Teenage Unemployment Problem 

(Paper), September 1976.

The Unemployment of Nonwhite Americans: The Effects of 

Alternative Policies (Paper), July 1976.

Employment and Training Programs (Paper), May 1976. 
Macroeconomic Analysis

The Domestic Costs of International Trade Sanctions on Foreign Commerce (Study), April 1999.

Social Security Privatization: Experiences Abroad (Paper), 

February 1999.

Description of Economic Models (Paper), November 1998.

Measurement of Employee Benefits in the National Accounts 

(Memorandum), September 1998.

An Analysis of the Potential Macroeconomic Effects of the 

Economic Growth Act of 1998 (Memorandum), 

August 1998.

Changing the Treatment of Software Expenditures in the 

National Accounts (Memorandum), April 1998.

An Economic Model for Long-Run Budget Simulations 

(Memorandum), July 1997.

Labor Supply and Taxes (Memorandum), January 1996.

CBO’s Method for Estimating Potential Output (Memorandum), October 1995.

Budget Estimates: Current Practices and Alternative 

Approaches (Paper), January 1995.

“An Analysis of Congressman Gephardt’s Health Proposal,” 

December 1994.

“An Analysis of the Bipartisan Health Care Reform Act,” 

October 1994.

Is the Growth of the CPI a Biased Measure of Changes in the 

Cost of Living? (Paper), October 1994.

Recent Developments in the Theory of Long-Run Growth: 

A Critical Evaluation (Paper), October 1994.

Implications of Revising Social Security’s Investment Policies 

(Paper), September 1994.

“A Preliminary Analysis of Senator Mitchell’s Health 

Proposal,” August 1994.

“A Preliminary Analysis of the Health Security Act as 

Reported by the Senate Committee on Finance,” 

July 1994.

The Economic Impact of a Solvency Crisis in the Insurance 

Industry (Study), April 1994.

Greening the National Accounts (Paper), March 1994.

An Analysis of the Administration’s Health Proposal (Study), 

February 1994.

Baby Boomers in Retirement: An Early Perspective (Study), 

September 1993.

Economic Reforms and Capital Flows in Ten Countries 

(Memorandum), September 1993.

A Budgetary and Economic Analysis of the North American 

Free Trade Agreement (Study), July 1993.

The Federal Home Loan Banks in the Housing Finance 

System (Report), July 1993.

Assessing the Decline in the National Saving Rate (Study), 

April 1993.

Economic Implications of Rising Health Care Costs (Study), 

October 1992.

How Federal Spending for Infrastructure and Other Public 

Investments Affects the Economy (Study), July 1991.
46 CBO PUBLICATIONS

How Changes in Fiscal Policy Affect the Budget: The Feedback Issue (Study), June 1982.

The Economic Effects of the Savings & Loan Crisis (Study), 

January 1992.

Comparative Economic Effects of Increased Public Investment and Reduced Payroll Taxes (Memorandum), 

April 1991.

How the Economic Transformations in Europe Will Affect 

the United States (Study), December 1990.

Effects of the Recent Oil Price Rise on the Economy (Memorandum), September 1990.

Potential Economic Impacts of Changes in Puerto Rico’s 

Status Under S. 712 (Paper), April 1990.

Potential Effects of NIPA Rebasing and GPO Revisions in 

1990 and 1991 on Perceptions of Real Growth in the 

1980s (Memorandum), April 1990.

The Federal Deficit: Does It Measure the Government’s 

Effect on National Saving? (Study), March 1990.

Macroeconomic Policies to Reduce the Current-Account 

Deficit: Technical Background (Paper), August 1989.

Policies for Reducing the Current-Account Deficit (Study), 

August 1989.

Deficits and Interest Rates: Theoretical Issues and Empirical 

Evidence (Paper), January 1989.

Deficits and Interest Rates: Theoretical Issues and Simulation Results (Paper), January 1989.

Has Trade Protection Revitalized Domestic Industries? 

(Study), November 1986.

The Economic Effects of Capital Controls (Paper), 

August 1985.

Measuring the Federal Debt and Deficit: Adjustments and 

Rationales (Paper), April 1985.

The Effects of Changes in Interest Rates on Different Sectors 

of the U.S. Economy (Memorandum), June 1984.

The Productivity Slowdown: Causes and Policy Responses 

(Memorandum), June 1981.

The Productivity Problem: Alternatives for Action (Study), 

January 1981.

The Decontrol of Domestic Oil Prices: An Overview 

(Paper), May 1979.

An Analysis of the Roth-Kemp Tax Cut Proposal (Paper), 

October 1978.

Aggregate Economic Effects of Changes in Social Security 

Taxes (Paper), August 1978.

Understanding Fiscal Policy (Paper), April 1978.

Closing the Fiscal Policy Loop: A Long-Run Analysis 

(Paper), December 1977.

Interpreting Early Warnings of Inflation: A Study of 

Statistical Indicators (Paper), September 1977.

The CBO Multipliers Project: A Methodology for Analyzing 

the Effects of Alternative Economic Policies (Paper), 

August 1977.

Incomes Policies in the United States: Historical Review and 

Some Issues (Paper), May 1977.

Short-Run Measures to Stimulate the Economy (Paper), 

March 1977.

The Effect of Inflation on Federal Expenditures (Paper), 

June 1976.

Foreign Military Sales and U.S. Weapons Costs (Paper), 

May 1976.

Temporary Measures to Stimulate Employment: An Evaluation of Some Alternatives (Study), September 1975. 
National Security

Defense Budgets

The Drawdown of the Military Officer Corps (Paper), 

November 1999.

What Does the Military “Pay Gap” Mean? (Paper), June 

1999.

The Costs of Expanding the NATO Alliance (Paper), 

March 1996.

An Analysis of the Administration’s Future Years Defense 

Program for 1995 Through 1999 (Paper), 

January 1995.

The Costs of the Administration’s Plan for the Air Force 

Through the Year 2010 (Memorandum), 

November 1994.

The Costs of the Administration’s Plan for the Army 

Through the Year 2010 (Memorandum), 

November 1994.

The Costs of the Administration’s Plan for the Navy Through 

the Year 2010 (Memorandum), November 1994.

Enhancing U.S. Security Through Foreign Aid (Study), 

April 1994.

Planning for Defense: Affordability and Capability of the 

Administration’s Program (Memorandum), 

March 1994.

The Long-Term Costs of Naval Forces (Memorandum), 

May 1993.

Assessing Future Trends in the Defense Burdens of Western 

Nations (Paper), April 1993.

Effects of Alternative Defense Budgets on Employment 

(Paper), April 1993.

Balance and Affordability of the Fighter and Attack Aircraft 

Fleets of the Department of Defense (Paper), April 1992.

The Economic Effects of Reduced Defense Spending (Study), 

February 1992.

The Budgetary Impact of Limiting Strategic Defense 

Initiative Programs (Memorandum), January 1992.

The Costs of the Administration’s Plan for the Air Force 

Through the Year 2010 (Memorandum), 

December 1991.

The Costs of the Administration’s Plan for the Army 

Through the Year 2010 (Memorandum), 

December 1991.

The Costs of the Administration’s Plan for the Navy Through 

the Year 2010 (Memorandum), December 1991.

Fiscal Implications of the Administration’s Proposed Base 

Force (Memorandum), December 1991.

Implications of Additional Reductions in Defense Spending 

(Memorandum), October 1991.

Budgetary and Military Consequences of the CFE Treaty: 

An Update (Memorandum), March 1991.

Costs of Operation Desert Shield (Memorandum), 

January 1991.

U. S. Costs of Verification and Compliance Under Pending 

Arms Treaties (Study), September 1990.
48 CBO PUBLICATIONS

Budgetary and Military Effects of a Treaty Limiting 

Conventional Forces in Europe (Paper), 

September 1990.

Summary of the Economic Effects of Reduced Defense 

Spending (Memorandum), March 1990.

Effects of Congressional Action in Fiscal Year 1990 on the 

April 1989 Five-Year Defense Program (Memorandum), February 1990.

Meeting New National Security Needs: Options for U.S. 

Military Forces in the 1990s (Paper), February 1990.

Budgetary and Military Effects of a Treaty Limiting Conventional Forces in Europe (Study), January 1990.

Budgetary Effects of the President’s Conventional Arms 

Proposal (Paper), June 1989.

Effects of a Constrained Budget on U.S. Military Forces 

(Paper), March 1989.

Operation and Support costs for the Department of Defense 

(Study), July 1988.

Budgetary Effects of Deploying a Strategic Defense System, 

1993–2002 (Memorandum), April 1988.

Assessing the Effectiveness of Milestone Budgeting (Study), 

July 1987. 

Alliance Burdensharing: A Review of the Data (Paper), 

June 1987.

The Army of the Nineties: How Much Will It Cost? (Study), 

December 1986.

Two Methods of Projecting Future Needs for Defense Operations and Support Funds (Paper), September 1986.

Forgoing SALT: Potential Costs and Effects on Strategic 

Capabilities (Paper), August 1986.

Inflation Savings in U.S. Air Force Programs Resulting from 

Economic Price Adjustment: An Update (Paper), 

August 1986.

Budgeting for Defense Inflation (Study), January 1986.

Future Budget Requirements for the 600-Ship Navy 

(Study), September 1985.

Inflation Savings in U.S. Air Force Aircraft Programs 

Generated by Economic Price Adjustment Clauses 

(Paper), August 1985.

Defense Spending: What Has Been Accomplished (Paper), 

April 1985.

Illustrative Examples That Achieve a Nominal Freeze in 

1986 Defense Budget Authority (Paper), March 1985.

Illustrative Examples That Achieve Zero Real Growth in 

1986 Defense Budget Authority (Paper), March 1985.

Burdensharing in the North Atlantic Alliance: A Preliminary Review of the Evidence (Paper), January 1985.

Analysis of the Costs of the Administration’s Strategic Defense 

Initiative, 1985–1989 (Paper), May 1984.

Rapid Deployment Forces: Policy and Budgetary Implications (Study), February 1983.

Building a 600-Ship Navy: Costs, Timing, and Alternative 

Approaches (Study), March 1982.

Assessing the Readiness Additions in the Reagan Budget 

(Memorandum), April 1981.

Resources for Defense: A Review of Key Issues for Fiscal Years 

1982–1986 (Study), January 1981.

U.S. Ground Forces: Design and Cost Alternatives for 

NATO and Non-NATO Contingencies (Study), 

December 1980.

Costs of Prepositioning Additional Army Divisions in Europe 

(Memorandum), August 1980.

Defense Spending Increases and Inflation (Memorandum), 

March 1980.

The MX Missile and Multiple Protective Structure Basing: 

Long-Term Budgetary Implications (Paper), June 1979.

Navy Budget Issues for Fiscal Year 1980 (Paper), 

March 1979.
DEFENSE SYSTEMS NATIONAL SECURITY 49

Budgetary Cost Savings to the Department of Defense Resulting from Foreign Military Sales (Paper), May 1976.

Foreign Military Sales and U.S. Weapons Costs (Paper), 

May 1976.

Defense Systems

Cooperative Approaches to Halt Russian Nuclear Proliferation and Improve the Openness of Nuclear Disarmament 

(Memorandum), May 1999.

The Department of Defense’s Advanced Concept Technology 

Demonstrations (Memorandum), September 1998.

Options for Enhancing the Department of Defense’s 

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Programs (Paper), 

September 1998.

Preserving the Nuclear Weapons Stockpile Under a 

Comprehensive Test Ban (Paper), May 1997.

Moving U.S. Forces: Options for Strategic Mobility 

(Study), February 1997.

A Look at Tomorrow’s Tactical Air Forces (Study), 

January 1997.

An Analysis of U.S. Army Helicopter Programs (Study), 

December 1995.

Options for Strategic Airlift (Memorandum), 

October 1995.

Options for Enhancing the Bomber Force (Paper), 

July 1995.

The Bomb’s Custodians (Paper), July 1994.

The Future of Theater Missile Defense (Paper), June 1994.

Reemploying Defense Workers: Current Experiences and 

Policy Alternatives (Paper), August 1993.

The C-17: Costs and Alternatives (Paper), August 1993.

The Technology Reinvestment Project: Integrating Military 

and Civilian Industries (Paper), July 1993.

Rethinking the Trident Force (Study), July 1993.

Theater Ballistic Missile Defenses: Selected Issues (Memorandum), July 1993.

Options for Fighter and Attack Aircraft: Costs and Capabilities (Memorandum), May 1993.

Implementing START II (Paper), March 1993.

Alternatives for the U.S. Tank Industrial Base (Paper), 

February 1993.

Limiting Conventional Arms Exports to the Middle East 

(Study), September 1992.

Costs of Alternative Approaches to SDI (Paper), May 1992.

Balance and Affordability of the Fighter and Attack Aircraft 

Fleets of the Department of Defense (Paper), April 1992.

The Economic Effects of Reduced Defense Spending (Study), 

February 1992.

The Budgetary Impact of Limiting Strategic Defense Initiative Programs (Memorandum), January 1992.

The START Treaty and Beyond (Study), October 1991.

Budgetary and Military Consequences of the CFE Treaty: 

An Update (Memorandum), March 1991.

Budgetary and Military Effects of a Treaty Limiting 

Conventional Forces in Europe (Paper), 

September 1990.

U.S. Costs of Verification and Compliance Under Pending 

Arms Treaties (Study), September 1990.

Savings from a 25 Percent Reduction in the Defense 

Department’s Forces (Memorandum), June 1990.

Alternative Procurement Programs for the B-2 Bomber: 

Effects on Capability and Costs (Memorandum), 

April 1990.

Budgetary and Military Effects of the Strategic Arms 

Reduction Talks (START) Treaty (Memorandum), 

February 1990.

Budgetary and Military Effects of a Treaty Limiting 

Conventional Forces in Europe (Study), January 1990.
50 CBO PUBLICATIONS

Budgetary Effects of the President’s Conventional Arms 

Proposal (Paper), June 1989.

Strategic Defenses: Alternative Missions and Their Costs 

(Study), June 1989.

The B-1B Bomber and Options for Enhancements (Study), 

August 1988.

Concurrent Weapons Development and Production (Study), 

August 1988.

Budgetary Effects of Deploying a Strategic Defense System, 

1993–2002 (Memorandum), April 1988.

Modernizing U.S. Strategic Offensive Forces: Costs, Effects, 

and Alternatives (Study), November 1987.

Effects of Weapons Procurement Stretch-Outs on Costs and 

Schedules (Study), November 1987.

Naval Combat Aircraft: Issues and Options (Study), 

November 1987.

The Trident II Missile Test Program: Implications for Arms 

Control (Paper), November 1987.

Assessing the Effectiveness of Milestone Budgeting (Study), 

July 1987.

Improving Strategic Mobility: The C-17 Program and Alternatives (Study), September 1986.

Advanced Medium-Range Air-to-Air Missile (AMRAAM): 

Current Plans and Alternatives (Paper), August 1986.

Forgoing SALT: Potential Costs and Effects on Strategic 

Capabilities (Paper), August 1986.

Inflation Savings in U.S. Air Force Programs Resulting from 

Economic Price Adjustment: An Update (Paper), 

August 1986.

Alternative Strategies for Increasing Multiyear Procurement 

(Paper), July 1986.

Trident II Missiles: Capability, Costs, and Alternatives 

(Study), July 1986.

Alternatives for an Air Force Trainer: T-46 or Modified 

T-37 (Paper), March 1986.

The MX Missile Test Program and Alternatives (Paper), 

February 1986.

Trident II Missile Test Program (Paper), February 1986.

The MX Missile Test Program (Paper), January 1986.

Options for an Air Force Tactical Fighter Competition 

(Paper), October 1985.

Modernizing the Aerial Tanker Fleet: Prospects for Capacity, 

Timing, and Cost (Study), September 1985.

Inflation Savings in U.S. Air Force Aircraft Programs 

Generated by Economic Price Adjustment Clauses 

(Paper), August 1985.

Tactical Combat Forces of the United States Air Force: Issues 

and Alternatives (Study), April 1985.

Combat Aircraft Plans in the Department of the Navy: Key 

Issues (Paper), March 1985.

Analysis of Aerial Tanker Re-Engining Programs (Paper), 

September 1984.

U.S. Shipping and Shipbuilding: Trends and Policy Choices 

(Study), August 1984.

Augmenting Fleet ASW Capabilities by Relying on Greater 

Naval Reserve Activity (Memorandum), August 1984.

Analysis of the Costs of the Administration’s Strategic Defense 

Initiative, 1985–1989 (Paper), May 1984.

Tactical Combat Forces of the United States Air Force: Issues 

and Alternatives (Paper), May 1984.

An Analysis of Administration Strategic Arms Reduction and 

Modernization Proposals (Study), March 1984.

Modernizing U.S. Strategic Offensive Forces: The Administration’s Program and Alternatives (Study), May 1983.

The U.S.-Moroccan Agreement and Its Implications for 

U.S. Rapid Deployment Forces (Memorandum), 

March 1983.

Cost Growth in Weapon Systems: Recent Experience and 

Possible Remedies (Memorandum), October 1982.
INFRASTRUCTURE AND SUPPORT NATIONAL SECURITY 51

Past Trends in Procurement of Air Intercept Missiles and 

Implications for the Advanced Medium-Range Air-to-Air 

Missile Program (AMRAAM) (Paper), October 1982.

Costs of Expanding and Modernizing the Navy’s CarrierBased Air Forces (Study), May 1982.

Aerial Tanker Force Modernization (Study), March 1982.

Strategic Command, Control, and Communications: 

Alternative Approaches for Modernization (Study), 

October 1981.

Costs of Deploying the MX Weapon System (Memorandum), May 1981.

Costs and Benefits to the United States of the NATO 

Infrastructure Program (Memorandum), April 1981.

The U.S. Sea-Based Strategic Force: Costs of the Trident 

Submarine and Missile Programs and Alternatives 

(Paper), February 1980.

Economic Conversion: What Should Be the Government’s 

Role (Study), January 1980.

SALT II and the Costs of Modernizing U.S. Strategic Forces 

(Paper), September 1979.

The MX Missile and Multiple Protective Structure Basing: 

Long-Term Budgetary Implications (Paper), June 1979.

Planning U.S. Strategic Nuclear Forces for the 1980s 

(Paper), June 1978.

Retaliatory Issues for the U.S. Strategic Nuclear Forces 

(Paper), June 1978.

Counterforce Issues for the U.S. Strategic Nuclear Forces 

(Paper), January 1978.

Assessing the NATO/Warsaw Pact Military Balance (Paper), 

December 1977.

U.S. Strategic Nuclear Forces: Deterrence Policies and 

Procurement Issues (Paper), April 1977.

U.S. Raw Materials Policy: Problems and Possible Solutions 

(Paper), December 1976.

Planning U.S. General Purpose Forces: Army Procurement 

Issues (Paper), December 1976.

The Effect of Foreign Military Sales on the U.S. Economy 

(Paper) July 1976.

SALT and the U.S. Strategic Forces Budget (Paper), 

June 1976.

Budgetary Cost Savings to the Department of Defense 

Resulting from Foreign Military Sales (Paper), 

May 1976. 

Infrastructure and Support

The Drawdown of the Military Officer Corps (Paper), 

November 1999.

What Does the Military “Pay Gap” Mean? (Paper), 

June 1999.

Housing Prices, Housing Choices, and Military Housing 

Allowances (Paper), October 1998.

Review of the Report of the Department of Defense on Base 

Realignment and Closure (Report), July 1998.

The Costs and Benefits of Retail Activities at Military Bases 

(Study), October 1997.

Paying for Military Readiness and Upkeep: Trends in 

Operation and Maintenance Spending (Study), 

September 1997.

Closing Military Bases: An Interim Assessment (Paper), 

December 1996.

Bonuses for Nuclear-Trained Officers in the Navy: Current 

Program and Alternatives (Paper), September 1996.

Military Pay and the Rewards for Performance (Paper), 

December 1995.

Public and Private Roles in Maintaining Military Equipment at the Depot Level (Study), July 1995.

Restructuring Military Medical Care (Paper), July 1995.

Pilot Retention Bonuses in the Air Force (Memorandum) 

June 1995.
52 CBO PUBLICATIONS

Cleaning Up Defense Installations: Issues and Options 

(Paper), January 1995.

Easing the Burden: Restructuring and Consolidating Defense 

Support Activities (Paper), July 1994.

Evaluating the Uniformed Services Treatment Facilities 

(Report), June 1994.

Cleaning Up the Department of Energy’s Nuclear Weapons 

Complex (Study), May 1994.

Trends in Selected Indicators of Military Readiness, 1980 

Through 1993 (Paper), March 1994.

Evaluating the Costs of Expanding Military Health Care 

Benefits into Lead Agent Region 6 (Report), 

February 1994.

Evaluating the Costs of Expanding the CHAMPUS Reform 

Initiative into Washington and Oregon (Paper), 

November 1993.

Military Family Housing in the United States (Study), 

September 1993.

Reemploying Defense Workers: Current Experiences and 

Policy Alternatives (Paper), August 1993.

Effects of Alternative Defense Budgets on Employment 

(Paper), April 1993.

Environmental Cleanup Issues Associated with Closing 

Military Bases (Paper), August 1992.

Reductions in the Army Officer Corps (Paper), April 1992.

Managed Care in the Military: The Catchment Area 

Management Demonstrations (Paper), September 1991.

Options for Paying Military Physicians (Study), July 1990.

Managing the Reduction in Military Personnel (Paper), 

July 1990.

Officer Commissioning Programs: Costs and Officer 

Performance (Paper), June 1990.

Options for Improving Munitions Sustainability: A 

Summary (Study), December 1989.

Social Representation in the U.S. Military (Study), 

October 1989.

Alternative Compensation Plans for Improving Retention of 

Air Force Pilots (Study), August 1989.

Past Base Closures and Realignments: Costs and Savings

(Paper), February 1989.

Operation and Support Costs for the Department of Defense 

(Study), July 1988.

Pilot Retention in the Military: An Analysis of Alternative 

Bonus Plans (Paper), June 1988.

Reducing the Size of the Military Officer Corps: Effects on 

Promotions and Accessions (Paper), February 1988.

Reforming the Military Health Care System (Study), 

January 1988.

Setting Personnel Strength Levels: Experience and Productivity in the Military (Study), September 1987.

The Youth Population Decline and Prospects for Military 

Recruiting in the 1990s (Paper), March 1987.

Trends in Recruiting and Retention of Enlisted Personnel in 

the Selected Reserve (Paper), December 1986.

Two Methods of Projecting Future Needs for Defense Operations and Support Funds (Paper), September 1986.

Quality Soldiers: Costs of Manning the Active Army 

(Study), June 1986.

Elimination of Double Tax Benefits for Military Homeowners (Study), March 1986.

Improving the Army Reserves (Study), November 1985.

Budgetary Costs of Military Educational Benefits (Paper), 

August 1985.

Military Survivor Benefits: Analysis of Proposed Changes 

(Paper), July 1985.

Alternatives for the Annual Military Pay Raise (Paper), 

May 1985.
INFRASTRUCTURE AND SUPPORT NATIONAL SECURITY 53

Military Housing Allowances: An Analysis of Alternatives for 

Change (Paper), October 1984.

Compensation of Aerospace Workers (Paper), 

September 1984.

U.S. Shipping and Shipbuilding: Trends and Policy Choices 

(Study), August 1984.

Equipping the Total Army and POMCUS Sets 5 and 6 

(Paper), July 1984.

Costs and Recruiting Effects of Alternative Programs of 

Military Educational Benefits (Memorandum), June 

1984.

Modifying Military Retirement: Alternative Approaches 

(Study), April 1984.

Options for Change in Military Medical Care (Study), 

March 1984.

Manpower for a 600-Ship Navy: Costs and Policy Alternatives (Study), August 1983.

Accrual Accounting for Military Retirement: Alternative 

Approaches (Paper), July 193.

Male Youth Perception of Military Recruit Pay (Paper), 

June 1983.

CHAMPUS and Prospective Reimbursement (Paper), 

April 1983.

Alternative Military Pay Raises for Fiscal Years 1983–1987: 

Their Effects on Enlisted Recruiting, Recruiting, and 

Personnel Costs (Memorandum), September 1982.

Manning the Active-Duty Military Under Alternative Pay 

Raise Proposals (Memorandum), June 1982.

Costs of Withdrawing Army Troops from Europe (Memorandum), June 1982.

Improving Military Educational Benefits: Effects on Costs, 

Recruiting, and Retention (Study), March 1982.

Military Educational Benefits: Proposals to Improve 

Manning the Military (Memorandum), 

September 1981.

The CBO Military Retention Model (Memorandum), 

July 1981.

Improvements in Force Manning Under Alternative Pay 

Raise Proposals (Paper), June 1981.

Costs and Benefits to the United States of the NATO Infrastructure Program (Memorandum), April 1981.

Analysis of the Military Survivor Benefit Plan (Paper), 

March 1981.

Costs of the National Service Act (H.R. 2206): A Technical 

Analysis (Paper), December 1980.

Analysis of the Military Survivor Benefit Plan (Study), 

August 1980.

Costs of Manning the Active-Duty Military (Paper), 

May 1980.

Economic Conversion: What Should Be the Government’s 

Role (Study), January 1980.

Strengthening NATO: POMCUS and Other Approaches 

(Paper), February 1979.

The Selective Service System: Mobilization Capabilities and 

Options for Improvement (Paper), November 1978.

Military Retirement Accounting Changes: The Administration’s Proposal (Paper), June 1978.

Improving the Readiness of the Army Reserve and 

National Guard: A Framework for Debate (Paper), 

February 1978.

National Service Programs and Their Effects on Military 

Manpower and Civilian Youth Problems (Paper), 

January 1978.

Real Growth and Decline in Defense Operating Costs: Fiscal 

Year 1978 (Paper), June 1977.

Retirement Accounting Changes: Budget and Policy Impacts 

(Paper), April 1977.

The Costs of Defense Manpower: Issues for 1977 (Paper), 

January 1977.
54 CBO PUBLICATIONS

U.S. Raw Materials Policy: Problems and Possible Solutions 

(Paper), December 1976.

Foreign Military Sales and U.S. Weapons Costs (Paper), 

May 1976. 

Military Forces

Making Peace While Staying Ready for War: The Challenges 

of U.S. Military Participation in Peace Operations 

(Paper), December 1999. 

The Drawdown of the Military Officer Corps (Paper), 

November 1999.

Structuring the Active and Reserve Army for the 21st 

Century (Study), December 1997.

An Analysis of the Army’s Force Structure: Summary 

(Memorandum), April 1997.

Moving U.S. Forces: Options for Strategic Mobility (Study), 

February 1997. 

A Look at Tomorrow’s Tactical Air Forces (Study), 

January 1997.

Improving the Efficiency of Forward Presence by Aircraft 

Carriers (Paper), August 1996.

Options for Strategic Airlift (Memorandum), 

October 1995.

Options for Enhancing the Bomber Force (Paper), 

July 1995.

The Future of Theater Missile Defense (Paper), June 1994.

Options for Reconfiguring Service Roles and Missions 

(Paper), March 1994.

Trends in Selected Indicators of Military Readiness, 1980 

Through 1993 (Paper), March 1994.

Military Family Housing in the United States (Study), 

September 1993.

Rethinking the Trident Force (Study), July 1993.

Selected Options for Enhancing Naval Capability in 

Regional Conflicts (Memorandum), June 1993.

Options for Fighter and Attack Aircraft: Costs and Capabilities (Memorandum), May 1993.

Structuring U.S. Forces After the Cold War: Costs and 

Effects of Increased Reliance on the Reserves (Study), 

September 1992.

Balance and Affordability of the Fighter and Attack Aircraft 

Fleets of the Department of Defense (Paper), April 1992.

An Analysis of Alternative Army Forces Proposed by the 

National Guard Association of the United States (Paper), 

April 1992.

Reductions in the Army Officer Corps (Paper), April 1992.

Fiscal Implications of the Administration’s Proposed Base 

Force (Memorandum), December 1991.

Implications of Additional Reductions in Defense Spending 

(Memorandum), October 1991.

Budgetary and Military Effects of a Treaty Limiting 

Conventional Forces in Europe (Paper), 

September 1990.

Options for Paying Military Physicians (Study), July 1990.

Officer Commissioning Programs: Costs and Officer 

Performance (Paper), June 1990.

Alternative Procurement Programs for the B-2 Bomber: 

Effects on Capability and Costs (Memorandum), 

April 1990.

Meeting New National Security Needs: Options for U.S. 

Military Forces in the 1990s (Paper), February 1990.

Budgetary and Military Effects of a Treaty Limiting 

Conventional Forces in Europe (Study), January 1990.

Moving the Marine Corps by Sea in the 1990s (Study), 

October 1989.

Strategic Defenses: Alternative Missions and Their Costs 

(Study), June 1989.
MILITARY FORCES NATIONAL SECURITY 55

Effects of a Constrained Budget on U.S. Military Forces 

(Paper), March 1989.

U.S. Ground Forces and the Conventional Balance in 

Europe (Study), June 1988.

Issues and Options for the Navy’s Combat Logistics Force 

(Study), April 1988.

Reducing the Size of the Military Officer Corps: Effects on 

Promotions and Accessions (Paper), February 1988.

Modernizing U.S. Strategic Offensive Forces: Costs, Effects, 

and Alternatives (Study), November 1987.

Naval Combat Aircraft: Issues and Options (Study), 

November 1987.

Setting Personnel Strength Levels: Experience and Productivity in the Military (Study), September 1987.

The Youth Population Decline and Prospects for Military 

Recruiting in the 1990s (Paper), March 1987.

Trends in Recruiting and Retention of Enlisted Personnel in 

the Selected Reserve (Paper), December 1986.

The Army of the Nineties: How Much Will It Cost? (Study), 

December 1986.

Improving Strategic Mobility: The C-17 Program and 

Alternatives (Study), September 1986.

Army Air Defense for Forward Areas: Strategies and Costs 

(Study), June 1986.

Quality Soldiers: Costs of Manning the Active Army 

(Study), June 1986.

Improving the Army Reserves (Study), November 1985.

Modernizing the Aerial Tanker Fleet: Prospects for Capacity, 

Timing, and Cost (Study), September 1985.

Tactical Combat Forces of the United States Air Force: Issues 

and Alternatives (Study), April 1985.

Combat Aircraft Plans in the Department of the Navy: 

Key Issues (Paper), March 1985.

Augmenting Fleet ASW Capabilities by Relying on Greater 

Naval Reserve Activity (Memorandum), August 1984.

Equipping the Total Army and POMCUS Sets 5 and 6 

(Paper), July 1984.

Tactical Combat Forces of the United States Air Force: Issues 

and Alternatives (Paper), May 1984.

Manpower for a 600-Ship Navy: Costs and Policy Alternatives (Study), August 1983.

Modernizing U.S. Strategic Offensive Forces: The Administration’s Program and Alternatives (Study), May 1983.

Rapid Deployment Forces: Policy and Budgetary Implications (Study), February 1983.

Army Ground Combat Modernization for the 1980s: 

Potential Costs and Effects for NATO (Study), 

November 1982.

Costs of Withdrawing Army Troops from Europe 

(Memorandum), June 1982.

Manning the Active-Duty Military Under Alternative Pay 

Raise Proposals (Memorandum), June 1982.

Costs of Expanding and Modernizing the Navy’s CarrierBased Air Forces (Study), May 1982.

Aerial Tanker Force Modernization (Study), March 1982.

Building a 600-Ship Navy: Costs, Timing, and Alternative 

Approaches (Study), March 1982.

Military Educational Benefits: Proposals to Improve 

Manning the Military (Memorandum), 

September 1981.

The CBO Military Retention Model (Memorandum), 

July 1981.

Improvements in Force Manning Under Alternative Pay 

Raise Proposals (Paper), June 1981.

Costs of Deploying the MX Weapon System (Memorandum), May 1981.

Naval Surface Combatants in the 1990s: Prospects and 

Possibilities (Study), April 1981.
56 CBO PUBLICATIONS

U.S. Ground Forces: Design and Cost Alternatives for 

NATO and Non-NATO Contingencies (Study), 

December 1980.

Costs of Prepositioning Additional Army Divisions in Europe 

(Memorandum), August 1980.

Costs of Manning the Active-Duty Military (Paper), 

May 1980.

The Marine Corps in the 1980s: Prestocking Proposals, the 

Rapid Deployment Force, and Other Issues (Paper), 

May 1980.

The U.S. Sea-Based Strategic Force: Costs of the Trident 

Submarine and Missile Programs and Alternatives 

(Paper), February 1980.

Shaping the General Purpose Navy of the Eighties: Issues for 

Fiscal Years 1981–1985 (Paper), January 1980.

U.S. Airlift Forces: Enhancement Alternatives for NATO 

and Non-NATO Contingencies (Paper), April 1979.

Navy Budget Issues for Fiscal Year 1980 (Paper), 

March 1979.

Strengthening NATO: POMCUS and Other Approaches 

(Paper), February 1979.

U.S. Naval Forces: The Peacetime Presence Mission (Paper), 

December 1978.

Planning U.S. Strategic Nuclear Forces for the 1980s 

(Paper), June 1978.

Retaliatory Issues for the U.S. Strategic Nuclear Forces 

(Paper), June 1978.

Force Planning and Budgetary Implications of U.S. 

Withdrawal from Korea (Paper), May 1978.

U.S. Projection Forces: Requirements, Scenarios, and 

Options (Paper), April 1978.

U.S. Air and Ground Conventional Forces for NATO: 

Air Defense Issues (Paper), March 1978.

U.S. Air and Ground Conventional Forces for NATO: 

Firepower Issues (Paper), March 1978.

U.S. Air and Ground Conventional Forces for NATO: 

Mobility and Logistics Issues (Paper), March 1978.

Improving the Readiness of the Army Reserve and 

National Guard: A Framework for Debate (Paper), 

February 1978.

Counterforce Issues for the U.S. Strategic Nuclear Forces 

(Paper), January 1978,

U.S. Air and Ground Conventional Forces for NATO: 

Overview (Paper), January 1978.

Assessing the NATO/Warsaw Pact Military Balance (Paper), 

December 1977.

Planning U.S. General Purpose Forces: Forces Related to 

Asia (Paper), June 1977.

The U.S. Sea Control Mission: Forces, Capabilities, and 

Requirements (Paper), June 1977.

U.S. Strategic Nuclear Forces: Deterrence Policies and 

Procurement Issues (Paper), April 1977.

The Costs of Defense Manpower: Issues for 1977 (Paper), 

January 1977.

Planning U.S. General Purpose Forces: Army Procurement 

Issues (Paper), December 1976.

Planning U.S. General Purpose Forces: The Navy (Paper), 

December 1976.

Planning U.S. General Purpose Forces: Overview (Paper), 

January 1977.

Planning U.S. General Purpose Forces: The Tactical Air 

Forces (Paper), January 1977.

Planning U.S. General Purpose Forces: The Theater Nuclear 

Forces (Paper), January 1977.

U.S. Army Force Design: Alternatives for Fiscal Years 1977–

1981 (Paper), July 1976.

Defense Manpower: Compensation Issues for Fiscal Year 

1977 (Paper), April 1976.

U.S. Tactical Air Forces: Overview and Alternative Forces, 

Fiscal Years 1976–81 (Paper), April 1976.

U.S. Naval Force Alternatives (Paper), March 1976.
Regulatory Analysis

An Assessment of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act in 

1998 (Paper), February 1999.

Regulatory Takings and Proposals for Change (Study), 

December 1998.

An Assessment of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act in 

1997 (Paper), February 1998.

Federal Subsidies of Advanced Telecommunications for 

Schools, Libraries, and Health Care Providers (Paper), 

January 1998.

Where Do We Go From Here? The FCC Auctions and the 

Future of Radio Spectrum Management (Study), 

April 1997.

Analyzing the Duration of Cleanup at Sites on Superfund’s 

National Priorities List (Memorandum), March 1994.

Options for Reorganizing Federal Banking Agencies 

(Memorandum), September 1993.

CAFÉ Incentives for the Sale of Alternative-Fuel Vehicles 

(Memorandum), November 1991.

Economic Costs of Regulating Oil and Gas Wastes: A Review 

of the American Petroleum Institute’s Study on RCRA 

Reauthorization (Memorandum), November 1991.

Policies for the Deregulated Airline Industry (Study), 

July 1988.

The Changing Telephone Industry: Access Charges, 

Universal Service, and Local Rates (Study), June 1984.

Local Telephone Rates: Issues and Alternatives (Paper), 

January 1984.

The Impact of Trucking Deregulation on Small 

Communities: A Review of Recent Studies (Paper), 

February 1980.

Science and R&D

Current Investments in Innovation in the Information 

Technology Sector: Statistical Background (Memorandum), April 1999.

Completing the Transition to Digital Television (Paper), 

September 1998.

Federal Financial Support of Business (Study), July 1995.

Budgetary Treatment of NASA’s Advance Commitments to 

Purchase Launch Services (Memorandum), June 1995.

How Health Care Reform Affects Pharmaceutical Research 

and Development (Study), June 1994.

Reinventing NASA (Study), March 1994.

A Review of Edwin Mansfield’s Estimate of the Rate of 

Return from Academic Research and Its Relevance to the 

Federal Budget Process (Memorandum), April 1993.

Large Nondefense R&D Projects in the Budget: An Update 

(Memorandum), March 1992.

Large Nondefense R&D Projects in the Budget: 1980–1996 

(Paper), July 1991.

Targeting Emerging Technology Industries (Paper), 

March 1991.

Encouraging Private Investment in Space Activities (Study), 

February 1991.

Using R&D Consortia for Commercial Innovation: 

SEMATECH, X-Ray Lithography, and High-Resolution 

Systems (Study), July 1990.

The Scope of the High-Definition Television Market and Its 

Implications for Competitiveness (Paper), July 1989.

Preliminary Analysis of NASA Commercialization 

Initiatives (Memorandum), February 1989.

Risks and Benefits of Building the Superconducting Super 

Collider (Study), October 1988.

The NASA Program in the 1990s and Beyond (Study), 

May 1988.

Using Federal R&D to Promote Commercial Innovation 

(Study), April 1988.

The 1988 Budget and the Future of the NASA Program 

(Paper), March 1987.

Setting Space Transportation Policy for the 1990s (Study), 

October 1986.

Budget Effects of the Challenger Accident (Paper), 

March 1986.

Federal Financial Support for High-Technology Industries 

(Study), June 1985.

Pricing Options for the Space Shuttle (Study), March 1985.

Federal Support for R&D and Innovation (Study), 

April 1984.

Research and Development Funding in the Proposed Fiscal 

Year 1985 Budget (Study), March 1984.

Federal Support of U.S. Business (Study), January 1984.

Energy Research, Development, Demonstration, and 

Commercialization (Paper), January 1977.

Financing Energy Development (Paper), July 1976.
60 CBO PUBLICATIONS

Energy Research: Alternative Strategies for the Development 

of New Energy Technologies and Their Implications for 

the Federal Budget (Paper), July 1976.

Commercialization of Synthetic Fuels: Alternative Loan 

Guarantee and Price Support Programs (Paper), 

January 1976.
Social Security and Pensions

Social Security Privatization: Experiences Abroad (Paper), 

February 1999.

Raising the Earliest Eligibility Age for Social Security 

Benefits (Paper), January 1999.

Social Security and Private Saving: A Review of the Empirical Evidence (Memorandum), July 1998.

Social Security Privatization and the Annuities Market 

(Paper), February 1998.

Time-Limiting Federal Disability Benefits (Memorandum), 

February 1997.

Implications of Revising Social Security’s Investment Policies 

(Paper), September 1994.

Baby Boomers in Retirement: An Early Perspective (Study), 

September 1993.

The Government Pension Offset in the Social Security 

Program (Memorandum), April 1992.

The Economic Effects of Uncompensated Changes in the 

Funding of Social Security (Memorandum), 

April 1991.

The Economic Status of the Elderly (Paper), May 1989.

The Social Security Earnings Test and Options for Change 

(Paper), September 1988.

Federal Insurance of Private Pension Benefits (Study), 

October 1987.

Tax Policy for Pensions and Other Retirement Saving 

(Study), April 1987.

Earnings Sharing Options for the Social Security System 

(Report), January 1986.

An Analysis of Selected Deficit Reduction Options Affecting 

the Elderly and Disabled (Paper), March 1985.

Financing Social Security: Issues and Options for the Long 

Run (Study), November 1982.

Work and Retirement: Options for Continued Employment 

of Older Workers (Study), July 1982.

Disability Compensation: Current Issues and Options for 

Change (Study), June 1982.

The Railroad Retirement System: Benefits and Financing 

(Study), December 1981.

Paying for Social Security: Funding Options for the Near 

Term (Study), February 1981.

Aggregate Economic Effects of Changes in Social Security 

Taxes (Paper), August 1978.

Financing Social Security: Issues for the Short and Long 

Term (Paper), July 1977.

Social Security Benefits for Students (Paper), May 1977. 

Taxes

The Contribution of Mutual Funds to Taxable Capital 

Gains (Memorandum), October 1999.

Projecting Federal Tax Revenues and the Effect of Changes in 

Tax Law (Paper), December 1998.

Estimates of Federal Tax Liabilities for Individuals and 

Families by Income Category and Family Type for 1995 

and 1999 (Memorandum), May 1998.

Innovative Financing of Highways: An Analysis of Proposals 

(Study), January 1998.

Two Papers on Fundamental Tax Reform (Memorandum), 

October 1997.

Comparing Income and Consumption Tax Bases (Paper), 

July 1997.

The Economic Effects of Comprehensive Tax Reform 

(Study), July 1997.

For Better or for Worse: Marriage and the Federal Income 

Tax (Study), June 1997.

Perspectives on the Ownership of Capital Assets and the 

Realization of Capital Gains (Paper), May 1997.

The Potential Effects of Tax Restructuring on Nonprofit 

Institutions (Paper), February 1997.

A Review of Reported Employer Experiences with Medical 

Savings Accounts (Memorandum), January 1997.

The Incidence of the Corporate Income Tax (Paper), 

March 1996.

The High-Deductible/MSA Option Under Medicare: 

Exploring the Implications of the Balanced Budget Act of 

1995 (Memorandum), March 1996.

Projecting Capital Gains Realizations (Memorandum), 

November 1995.

The Growth of Federal User Charges: An Update (Memorandum), October 1995.

Federal Financial Support of Business (Study), July 1995.

Estimated Budgetary Effects of a Requirement That the 

Federal Reserve System Pay Interest on Required Reserve 

Balances (Joint report with the Office of Management 

and Budget), July 1995.

Federal Financial Support for High-Technology Industries 

(Study), June 1985.

Price Increases Under Four Energy Tax Options (Memorandum), February 1995.

Budget Estimates: Current Practices and Alternative 

Approaches (Paper), January 1995.

Reducing Entitlement Spending (Study), September 1994.

Health Care Trends and the Tax Treatment of Health Care 

Institutions (Paper), August 1994.

Implicit Marginal Tax Rates: Comparing the Health 

Security Act and the Managed Competition Act with 

Current Law (Memorandum), June 1994.

Estimates for a Prototype Saving-Exempt Income Tax 

(Memorandum), March 1994.

The Tax Treatment of Employment-Based Health Insurance 

(Study), March 1994.

Federal Support of U.S. Business (Study), January 1984.
64 CBO PUBLICATIONS

An Economic Analysis of the Revenue Provisions of 

OBRA-93 (Paper), January 1994.

The Growth of Federal User Charges (Study), August 1993.

Comparing CBO and Census Income Statistics (Paper), 

June 1993.

The Shortfall in Corporate Tax Receipts Since the Tax 

Reform Act of 1986 (Paper), May 1992.

Paying for Highways, Airways, and Waterways: How Can 

Users Be Charged? (Study), May 1992.

The Cost-Effectiveness of the Low-Income Housing Tax 

Credit Compared with Housing Vouchers (Memorandum), April 1992.

Measuring the Distribution of Income Gains (Memorandum), March 1992.

Effects of Adopting a Value-Added Tax (Study), 

February 1992.

Capital Gains Taxes in the Short Run (Study), 

August 1991.

Energy Use and Emissions of Carbon Dioxide: Federal 

Spending and Credit Programs and Tax Policies (Paper), 

December 1990.

Carbon Charges as a Response to Global Warming: The 

Effects of Taxing Fossil Fuels (Study), August 1990.

Effects of Lower Capital Gains Taxes on Economic Growth 

(Paper), August 1990.

Federal Taxation of Tobacco, Alcoholic Beverages, and Motor 

Fuels (Study), August 1990.

Indexing Capital Gains (Study), August 1990.

The Budgetary and Distributional Effects of S. 2016 

(Memorandum), February 1990.

The IRA Proposal Contained in S. 1682: Effects on LongTerm Revenues and on Incentives for Saving (Memorandum), November 1989.

The Distribution of Benefits from a Reduction in the Tax 

Rate on Capital Gains (Memorandum), October 1989.

The IRA Plus Proposal Contained in S. 1771: Effects on 

Long-Term Revenues and on Incentives for Saving 

(Memorandum), October 1989.

Simulating the Revenue Effects of Changes in the Taxation of 

Capital Gains (Paper), March 1989.

The Status of the Airport and Airway Trust Fund (Study), 

December 1988.

The Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act of 1988 (Paper), 

October 1988.

New Directions for the Nation’s Public Works (Report), 

September 1988.

The Changing Distribution of Federal Taxes: A Closer Look 

at 1980 (Paper), July 1988.

An Analysis of Alternatives for Taxing Social Security as a 

Private Pension (Paper), Revised, March 1988.

The Effects of Tax Reform on Tax Expenditures (Report), 

March 1988.

How Capital Gains Tax Rates Affect Revenues: The 

Historical Evidence (Study), March 1988.

The Changing Distribution of Federal Taxes: 1975–1990 

(Study), October 1987.

The Relationship Between Federal Taxes and Spending: An 

Examination of Recent Research (Paper), August 1987.

Economic Impacts of the Tax Reform Act of 1986: ShortRun and Long-Run Perspectives (Paper), June 1987.

Financing Municipal Water Supply Systems (Study), 

May 1987.

Tax Policy for Pensions and Other Retirement Saving 

(Study), April 1987.

The Distributional Effects of an Increase in Selected Federal 

Excise Taxes (Paper), January 1987.

The Distributional Effects of an Increase in Selected Federal 

Excise Taxes (Paper), October 1986.

Effects of the 1981 Tax Act on the Distribution of Income 

and Taxes Paid (Paper), August 1986.
TAXES 65

The Tax-Exempt Financing of Student Loans (Report), 

August 1986.

Analysis of Long-Term Revenue Impacts of Corporate and 

General Business Provisions in the House and Senate 

Finance Committee Tax Reform Bills (Paper), 

June 1986.

Oil Taxes and the Economy (Memorandum), June 1986.

Curbing Acid Rain: Cost, Budget, and Coal-Market Effects 

(Study), June 1986.

Tax Reform: Its Effect on the Coal Industry (Paper), 

May 1986.

Updated Calculations of a Tax-Cut Equivalent of an Oil 

Price Decline (Memorandum), May 1986.

The Budgetary and Economic Effects of Oil Taxes (Study), 

April 1986.

Toll Financing of U.S. Highways (Study), December 1985.

Tax Reform: Its Effect on the Oil and Gas Industry (Paper), 

October 1985.

Hazardous Waste Generation, Management, and Expected 

Waste-End Tax Revenues for Waste Quantities Regulated 

Under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 

(Paper), August 1985.

Background Analysis of Corporate Minimum Tax Issues 

(Paper), July 1985.

An Analysis of Alternatives for Taxing Social Security as a 

Private Pension (Paper), June 1985.

Analysis of Long-Term Revenue Impacts of the President’s 

Tax Reform Plan (Paper), June 1985.

Revising the Corporate Income Tax (Study), May 1985.

Federal Income Tax Reform: A Review of Two Proposals 

(Paper), October 1984.

Financing U.S. Airports in the 1980s (Study), April 1984.

The Combined Effects of Major Changes in Federal Taxes 

and Spending Programs Since 1981 (Memorandum), 

April 1984.

Effects of Major Changes in Individual Income and Excise 

Taxes Enacted in 1981 and 1982 for Households in 

Different Income Categories (Memorandum), 

March 1984.

Charging for Federal Services (Study), December 1983.

Tax Expenditures: Current Issues and Five-Year Budget 

Projections for Fiscal Years 1984–1988 (Report), 

October 1983.

Forecasting Individual Income Tax Revenues: A Technical 

Analysis (Study), August 1983.

Revising the Individual Income Tax (Study), July 1983.

Current Cost-Sharing and Financing Policies for Federal 

and State Water Resources Development (Study), 

July 1983.

Analysis of Special Tax Provisions Affecting Independent Oil 

and Gas Producers (Study), May 1983.

Mortgage Revenue Bonds in 1982 (Memorandum), 

May 1983.

Small Issue Industrial Revenue Bonds, 1980–1982 

(Memorandum), May 1983.

Trends in Municipal Leasing (Memorandum), May 1983.

Distributional Implications of Repeal or Delay of Income 

Tax Indexation (Memorandum), March 1983.

Economic and Budgetary Consequences of the Proposed 

Increase in U.S. Subscriptions to the International 

Monetary Fund (Memorandum), March 1983.

Financial Options for the Highways Trust Fund (Study), 

December 1982.

Tax Expenditures: Budget Control Options and Five-Year 

Budget Projections for Fiscal Years 1983–1987 (Report), 

November 1982.

Effects of Changes in Taxes and Benefit Payments Enacted in 

Fiscal year 1982, for Households in Different Income 

Categories (Memorandum), November 1982.
66 CBO PUBLICATIONS

Effects of Changes in Taxes and Benefit Payments Resulting 

from the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 

1982, for Households in Different Income Categories 

(Memorandum), July 1982.

How Changes in Fiscal Policy Affect the Budget: The Feedback Issue (Study), June 1982.

Effects of Changes in Taxes and Benefit Payments Proposed 

in the Administration’s 1983 Budget for Households in 

Different Income Categories (Memorandum), 

April 1982.

The Mortgage Subsidy Bond Tax Act of 1980: Experience 

Under the Permanent Rules (Paper), March 1982.

Effects of Tax and Benefit Reductions Enacted in 1981 for 

Households in Different Income Categories (Study), 

February 1982.

Tax Expenditures: Current Issues and Five-Year Budget 

Projections for Fiscal Years 1982-1986 (Report), 

September 1981.

The Tax Treatment of Homeownership: Issues and Options 

(Study), September 1981.

Energy Tax Expenditures: A Compendium (Memorandum), August 1981.

Small Issue Industrial Revenue Bonds (Study), April 1981.

Financing Options for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve 

(Study), April 1981.

A Review of the Accuracy of Treasury Revenue Forecasts, 

1963–1978 (Paper), February 1981.

Indexing the Individual Income Tax for Inflation (Paper), 

September 1980.

Withholding on Interest and Dividend Income: Options, 

Alternatives, and Effects on Savings Incentives (Paper), 

August 1980.

Tax Expenditures: Current Issues and Five-Year Budget 

Projections for Fiscal Years 1981–1985 (Report), 

April 1980.

State Profits on Tax-Exempt Student Loan Bonds: Analysis 

and Options (Paper), March 1980.

Tax Subsidies for Medical Care: Current Policies and 

Possible Alternatives (Paper), January 1980.

The Windfall Profits Tax: A Comparative Analysis of Two 

Bills (Paper), November 1979.

Five-Year Budget Projections and Alternative Budgetary 

Strategies for Fiscal Years 1980–1984—Supplemental 

Report on Tax Expenditures (Report), June 1979.

An Analysis of the Roth-Kemp Tax Cut Proposal (Paper), 

October 1978.

Proposition 13: Its Impact on the Nation’s Economy, Federal 

Revenues, and Federal Expenditures (Paper), July 1978.

Five-Year Budget Projections: Fiscal Years 1979–1983—

Supplement on Tax Expenditures (Report), June 1978.

The President’s Fiscal Year 1979 Tax Expenditure Proposals 

(Report), April 1978.

Transportation Finance: Choices in a Period of Change 

(Paper), March 1978.

Federal Aid to Postsecondary Students: Tax Allowances and 

Alternative Subsidies (Paper), January 1978.

An Econometric Model of Unemployment Insurance Tax 

Receipts (Paper), August 1977.

Financing Waterway Development: The User Charge 

Debate (Paper), July 1977.

Real Estate Tax Shelter Subsidies and Direct Subsidy 

Alternatives (Paper), May 1977.

Employment Subsidies and Employment Tax Credits 

(Paper), April 1977.

Five-Year Budget Projections: Fiscal Years 1978–1982—

Supplement on Tax Expenditures (Report), April 1977.

The President’s Fiscal Year 1978 Tax Expenditure Proposals 

(Report), April 1977.
Telecommunications

Current Investments in Innovation in the Information 

Technology Sector: Statistical Background (Memorandum), April 1999.

Two Approaches for Increasing Spectrum Fees (Memorandum), November 1998.

Federal Subsidies of Advanced Telecommunications for 

Schools, Libraries, and Health Care Providers (Paper), 

January 1998.

Impending Defaults by Winning Bidders in the FCC’s 

C Block Auction: Issues and Options (Memorandum), 

September 1997.

Where Do We Go From Here? The FCC Auctions and the 

Future of Radio Spectrum Management (Study), 

April 1997.

Auctioning Radio Spectrum Licenses (Study), March 1992.

The Changing Telephone Industry: Access Charges, 

Universal Service, and Local Rates (Study), June 1984.

Local Telephone Rates: Issues and Alternatives (Paper), 

January 1984.

Trade

The Domestic Costs of International Trade Sanctions on 

Foreign Commerce (Study), April 1999.

Competition in ATM Markets: Are ATMs Money Machines? 

(Paper), July 1998.

Antidumping Action in the United States and Around the 

World: An Analysis of International Data (Paper), 

June 1998.

Promoting Worker Rights in Developing Countries: U.S. 

Policies and Their Rationale (Memorandum), 

April 1997.

How the GATT Affects U.S. Antidumping and Countervailing-Duty Policy (Study), September 1994.

A Review of U.S. Antidumping and Countervailing-Duty 

Law and Policy (Memorandum), May 1994.

A Budgetary and Economic Analysis of the North American 

Free Trade Agreement (Study), July 1993.

Energy and Petrochemicals in the North American Free 

Trade Agreement (Paper), July 1993.

Estimating the Effects of NAFTA: An Assessment of the 

Economic Models and Other Empirical Studies (Paper), 

June 1993.

Agriculture in the North American Free Trade Agreement 

(Paper), May 1993.

Trade Restraints and the Competitive Status of the Textile, 

Apparel, and Nonrubber-Footwear Industries (Study), 

December 1991.

Targeting Emerging Technology Industries (Paper), 

March 1991.

Economic Assessment of Auctioning Existing Import Quotas 

(Memorandum), April 1989.

Budgetary Effects of the Cairns GATT Proposal (Memorandum), November 1988.

The GATT Negotiations and U.S. Trade Policy (Study), 

June 1987.

Has Trade Protection Revitalized Domestic Industries? 

(Study), November 1986.

The Dollar in Foreign Exchange and U.S. Industrial 

Production (Paper), December 1985.

Effects of Countervailing Duties on Natural Resource Input 

Subsidies (Paper), September 1985.

Protecting the Textile and Apparel Industries (Paper), 

September 1985.

The Economic Effects of Capital Controls (Paper), 

August 1985.

The Effects of Targeted Import Surcharges (Paper), 

August 1985.

Federal Financial Support for High-Technology Industries 

(Study), June 1985.

The Effects of an Import Surcharge on National Welfare: A 

Qualitative Analysis (Paper), March 1985.

Canada’s Western Grain Stabilization Program: An 

Option for U.S. Farm Policy? (Study), November 1984.

The Effects of Import Quotas on the Steel Industry (Study), 

July 1984.
70 CBO PUBLICATIONS

Agricultural Export Markets and the Potential Effects of 

Export Subsidies (Paper), June 1983.

Economic and Budgetary Consequences of the Proposed 

Increase in U.S. Subscriptions to the International 

Monetary Fund (Memorandum), March 1983.

The Fair Practices in Automotive Products Act (H.R. 5133): 

An Economic Assessment (Study), August 1982.

The Cost Effectiveness of Agricultural Export Credit (Paper), 

April 1982.

Oil Import Tariffs: Alternative Scenarios and Their Effects 

(Paper), April 1982.

The Benefits and Costs of the Export-Import Bank Loan 

Subsidy Program (Memorandum), March 1981.

The Effect of OPEC Oil Pricing on Output, Prices, and 

Exchange Rates in the United States and Other 

Industrialized Countries (Study), February 1981.

Assisting the Developing Countries: Foreign Aid and Trade 

Policies of the United States (Paper), September 1980.

The U.S. Balance of International Payments and the U.S. 

Economy: Developments in 1978 and Early 1979 

(Paper), November 1979.

The Effects of the Tokyo Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations on the U.S. Economy: An Updated View (Paper), 

July 1979.

U.S. Trade Policy and the Tokyo Round of Multilateral 

Trade Negotiations (Paper), March 1979.

The Economic Impact of Oil Import Reductions December 

1978, Senate Committee on Energy and Natural 

Resources, Publication No. 95-158.

The U.S. Balance of International Payments and the U.S. 

Economy (Paper), February 1978.

U.S. Government Involvement in Commercial Exports: 

Program Goals and Budgetary Costs (Paper), 

November 1977.

International Balance of Payments Financing and the 

Budget Process (Paper), August 1977.

Commodity Initiatives of Less Developed Countries: U.S. 

Responses and Costs (Paper), May 1977.

The Export-Import Bank: Implications for the Federal 

Budget and the Credit Market (Paper), October 1976. 
Transportation and Infrastructure

Trends in Public Infrastructure Spending (Paper), 

May 1999.

Financing Small Commercial-Service Airports: Federal 

Policies and Options (Paper), April 1999.

The Economic Effects of Federal Spending on Infrastructure 

and Other Investments (Paper), June 1998.

Innovative Financing of Highways: An Analysis of Proposals 

(Study), January 1998.

Toll Roads: A Review of Recent Experience (Memorandum), 

February 1997.

High-Tech Highways: Intelligent Transportation Systems 

and Policy (Study), October 1995.

Public Infrastructure Spending and an Analysis of the President’s Proposals for Infrastructure Spending from 1996 to 

2000 (Paper), June 1995.

An Analysis of the Report of the Commission to Promote 

Investment in America’s Infrastructure (Paper), 

February 1994.

Charges for International Air Traffic Control and Projected 

Balances in the Airport and Airway Trust Fund (Memorandum), October 1993.

Updating Trends in Public Infrastructure Spending and 

Analyzing the President’s Proposals for Infrastructure 

Spending from 1994 to 1998 (Paper), August 1993.

Paying for Highways, Airways, and Waterways: How Can 

Users Be Charged? (Study), May 1992.

Trends in Public Infrastructure Outlays and the President’s 

Proposals for Infrastructure Spending in 1993 (Paper), 

May 1992.

How Federal Spending for Infrastructure and Other Public 

Investments Affects the Economy (Study), July 1991.

Federal Infrastructure Subsidies: Grants or Credits? (Paper), 

August 1990.

The Effects of Alternative Assumptions About Spending and 

Revenues of the Airport and Airway Trust Fund 

(Memorandum), July 1990.

The Status of the Airport and Airway Trust Fund (Study), 

December 1988.

New Directions for the Nation’s Public Works (Report), 

September 1988.

Policies for the Deregulated Airline Industry (Study), 

July 1988.

Trends in Public Investment (Study), December 1987.

Economic Viability of Conrail (Study), August 1986.

Federal Policies in Infrastructure Management (Study), 

June 1986.

Highway and Mass Transit Authorizations from the 

Highway Trust Fund (Memorandum), March 1986.

Toll Financing of U.S. Highways (Study), December 1985.

The Federal Budget for Public Works Infrastructure (Study), 

July 1985.

Infrastructure Revolving Funds: A First Review (Paper), 

May 1985.

Financing U.S. Airports in the 1980s (Study), April 1984.

Improving the Air Traffic Control System: An Assessment of 

the National Airspace System Plan (Study), 

August 1983.
72 CBO PUBLICATIONS

Inland Waterway Financing and the Potential Effects of 

User Charges (Paper), July 1983.

Public Works Infrastructure: Policy Considerations for the 

1980s (Study), April 1983.

Financial Options for the Highway Trust Fund (Study), 

December 1982.

Major Financial Changes in the Highway Trust Fund Since 

1956 (Paper), November 1982.

Federal Subsidies for Rail Passenger Service: An Assessment 

of Amtrak (Study), July 1982.

The Interstate Highway System: Issues and Options (Study), 

June 1982.

Energy Use in Freight Transportation (Paper), 

February 1982.

Consolidation of Highway Programs (Paper), 

November 1981.

Review of the Financial Condition of the Highway Trust 

Fund (Paper), June 1981.

Service Impacts of Alternative FY82 Funding Levels for 

Amtrak (Memorandum), June 1981.

Fuel Economy Standards for New Passenger Cars After 1985 

(Study), December 1980.

Public Transportation for Handicapped Persons: An Analysis 

of Proposed Legislation (Paper), November 1980.

The Impact of Trucking Deregulation on Small Communities: A Review of Recent Studies (Paper), February 1980.

Urban Transportation for Handicapped Persons: Alternative 

Federal Approaches (Paper), November 1979.

The Current and Future Savings of Energy Attributable to 

Amtrak (Memorandum), May 1979.

Guidelines for a Study of Highway Cost Allocations 

(Report), February 1979.

Who Pays for Highways: Is a New Study of Highway Cost 

Allocation Needed? (Paper), September 1978.

Transportation Finance: Choices in a Period of Change

(Paper), March 1978.

Highway Assistance Programs: A Historical Perspective 

(Paper), February 1978.

Urban Transportation and Energy: The Potential Savings of 

Different Modes (Paper), December 1977.

Financing Waterway Development: The User Charge 

Debate (Paper), July 1977.

Urban Mass Transportation: Options for Federal Assistance 

(Paper), February 1977.

Alton Locks and Dam: A Review of the Evidence (Paper), 

August 1976.

Railroad Reorganization: Congressional Action and Federal 

Expenditures Related to the Final System Plan of the 

U.S. Railway Association (Paper), January 1976.
Welfare and Social Services

Projections of Expenditures for Long-Term Care Services for 

the Elderly (Memorandum), March 1999.

Policy Changes Affecting Mandatory Spending for 

Low-Income Families Not Receiving Cash Welfare 

(Memorandum), September 1998.

Social Security and Private Saving: A Review of the 

Empirical Evidence (Memorandum), July 1998.

Time-Limiting Federal Disability Benefits (Memorandum), 

February 1997.

Federal Budgetary Implications of the Personal Responsibility 

and Work Opportunity Act of 1996 (Memorandum), 

December 1996.

An Analysis of Alternative Child Support Assurance 

Programs (Memorandum), April 1996.

The Changing Child Support Environment (Paper), 

February 1995.

Immigration and Welfare Reform (Paper), February 1995.

The Administration’s Welfare Reform Proposals: A Preliminary Cost Estimate (Memorandum), December 1994.

Forecasting AFDC Caseloads with an Emphasis on Economic Factors (Memorandum), July 1993.

Responses to Uncompensated Care and Public-Program 

Controls on Spending: Do Hospitals “Cost Shift”? 

(Paper), May 1993.

Factors Contributing to the Growth of the Medicaid Program (Memorandum), May 1992.

Factors Contributing to the Infant Mortality Ranking of the 

United States (Memorandum), February 1992.

A Preliminary Analysis of Growing Caseloads in AFDC 

(Memorandum), December 1991.

Policy Choices for Long-Term Care (Study), June 1991.

Short-Term Responses to the Recession: The Extension of 

Unemployment Insurance Benefits (Paper), 

February 1991.

Sources of Support for Adolescent Mothers (Study), 

September 1990.

The Economic Status of the Elderly (Paper), May 1989.

Work and Welfare: The Family Support Act of 1988 

(Paper), January 1989.

Trends in Family Income: 1970–1986 (Study), 

February 1988.

Federal Insurance of Private Pension Benefits (Study), 

October 1987.

Characteristics of Food Stamp Work Registrants (Paper), 

May 1987.

Work-Related Programs for Welfare Recipients (Study), 

April 1987.

The Minimum Wage: Its Relationship to Income and 

Poverty (Paper), June 1986.

Reducing Poverty Among Children (Study), May 1985.

An Analysis of Selected Deficit Reduction Options Affecting 

the Elderly and Disabled (Paper), March 1985.

Effects of Curtailing Cost-of-Living Adjustments in Selected 

Federal Benefit Programs (Paper), February 1985.
74 CBO PUBLICATIONS

The Combined Effects of Major Changes in Federal Taxes 

and Spending Programs Since 1981 (Memorandum), 

April 1984.

The Supplemental Security Income Program: Trends of the 

First Decade and Outlook for the Second (Paper), 

March 1984.

Projected Spending Under Human Resources Programs 

(Memorandum), September 1983.

Major Legislative Changes in Human Resources Programs 

Since January 1981 (Study), August 1983.

Demographic and Social Trends: Implications for Federal 

Support of Dependent-Care Services for Children and the 

Elderly (Memorandum), June 1983.

Public Works Infrastructure: Policy Considerations for the 

1980s (Study), April 1983.

Improving Work-Welfare Programs: Issues and Options 

(Memorandum), January 1983.

Strategies for Assisting the Unemployed (Memorandum), 

December 1982.

Effects of Changes in Taxes and Benefit Payments Enacted in 

Fiscal Year 1982, for Households in Different Income 

Categories (Memorandum), November 1982.

Effects of Changes in Taxes and Benefit Payments Resulting 

from the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 

1982, for Households in Different Income Categories 

(Memorandum), July 1982.

Cumulative Effects of Benefit Reductions Proposed in the 

Administration’s 1983 Budget on Selected Elderly Households (Study), June 1982.

Disability Compensation: Current Issues and Options for 

Change (Study), June 1982.

Interactions Among Programs Providing Benefits to 

Individuals: Secondary Effects on the Budget (Study), 

May 1982.

Effects of Changes in Taxes and Benefit Payments Proposed 

in the Administration’s 1983 Budget for Households in 

Different Income Categories (Memorandum), 

April 1982.

Projected Effects of Exchanging the Level of Government 

Responsible for the AFDC, Food Stamps, and Medicaid 

Programs (Memorandum), April 1982.

Cumulative Effects for Selected Households of Benefit 

Reductions Enacted in 1981in the AFDC, Food Stamp 

and Housing Subsidy Program (Memorandum), 

February 1982.

Effects of Tax and Benefit Reductions Enacted in 1981 for 

Households in Different Income Categories (Study), 

February 1982.

Medicaid: Choices for 1982 and Beyond (Study), 

June 1981.

Low-Income Energy Assistance: Issues and Options (Study), 

June 1981.

Effects of Eliminating Public Service Employment (Paper), 

June 1981.

Effects of Benefit Reductions Proposed in the 1982 Budget 

for Households Receiving AFDC (Memorandum), 

May 1981.

Feeding Children: Federal Child Nutrition Policies in the 

1980s (Paper), May 1980.

Community Development Block Grants: Reauthorization 

Issues (Paper), April 1980.

An Evaluation of the President’s Proposed Economic 

Development Administration Development Financing 

Program (Memorandum), July 1979.

Childcare and Preschool: Options for Federal Support 

(Paper), September 1978.

Barriers to Urban Economic Development (Paper), 

May 1978.
WELFARE AND SOCIAL SERVICES 75

The Administration’s Welfare Reform Proposal: An Analysis 

of the Program for Better Jobs and Income (Paper), 

April 1978.

Income Disparities Between Black and White Americans 

(Paper), December 1977.

Troubled Local Economies and the Distribution of Federal 

Dollars (Paper), August 1977.

Welfare Reform: Issues, Objectives, and Approaches (Paper), 

July 1977.

Poverty Status of Families Under Alternative Definitions of 

Income, Revised (Paper), June 1977.

Long-Term Care for the Elderly and Disabled (Paper), 

February 1977.

The Food Stamp Program: Income or Food Supplementation 

(Paper), January 1977.

Unemployment Compensation: A Background Report 

(Paper), December 1976.