PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 15-1945

In Re: ERIC DUBOIS,

Debtor.

----------------------

CHAILLE DUBOIS, f/k/a Chaille Gaines, f/k/a Candace DuBois, 

f/k/a Candace Gaines, f/k/a Candi Gaines, f/k/a Candi 

DuBois; KIMBERLY ADKINS,

Plaintiffs - Appellants,

v.

ATLAS ACQUISITIONS LLC,

Defendant – Appellee,

and

TIMOTHY P. BRANIGAN; NANCY SPENCER GRISBY,

Trustees.

Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District 

of Maryland, at Greenbelt. Thomas J. Catliota, Bankruptcy 

Judge. (15-00110; 14-28589)

Argued: May 10, 2016 Decided: August 25, 2016 

Before DIAZ, FLOYD, and THACKER, Circuit Judges.
2

Affirmed by published opinion. Judge Floyd wrote the majority 

opinion, in which Judge Thacker joined. Judge Diaz wrote a 

dissenting opinion.

ARGUED: Morgan William Fisher, LAW OFFICES OF MORGAN FISHER LLC, 

Annapolis, Maryland, for Appellants. Donald S. Maurice, Jr., 

MAURICE WUTSCHER, LLP, Flemington, New Jersey, for Appellee. ON 

BRIEF: Courtney L. Weiner, LAW OFFICES OF MORGAN FISHER LLC, 

Washington, D.C., for Appellants. Alan C. Hochheiser, BUCKLEY 

KING, LPA, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellee.
3

FLOYD, Circuit Judge:

Appellants Kimberly Adkins and Chaille Dubois filed 

separate Chapter 13 bankruptcy petitions in the Bankruptcy Court 

for the District of Maryland. Appellee Atlas Acquisitions LLC 

(Atlas) filed proofs of claim in their bankruptcy cases based on 

debts that were barred by Maryland’s statute of limitations.1 

The issue on appeal is whether Atlas violated the Fair Debt 

Collection Practices Act (FDCPA) by filing proofs of claim based 

on time-barred debts. We hold that Atlas’s conduct does not 

violate the FDCPA, and affirm the bankruptcy court’s dismissal 

of Appellants’ FDCPA claims and related state law claim.

I.

The facts of Appellants’ cases are similar. Adkins filed 

for Chapter 13 bankruptcy on August 29, 2014. Atlas filed two 

proofs of claim in her case. The first proof of claim indicated 

that Adkins owed Atlas $184.62 based on a loan that originated 

with payday lender Check N Go and that Atlas purchased from 

Elite Enterprise Services, LLC (Elite Enterprise) on September 

 1 “A proof of claim is a form filed by a creditor in a 

bankruptcy proceeding that states the amount the debtor owes to 

the creditor and the reason for the debt.” Covert v. LVNV 

Funding, LLC, 779 F.3d 242, 244 n.1 (4th Cir. 2015).
4

15, 2014.2 The proof of claim identified the last transaction 

date on the account as May 19, 2009. Atlas’s second proof of 

claim was for $390.00 based on a loan that originated with 

payday lender Impact Cash USA and that Atlas purchased from 

Elite Enterprise on November 18, 2014. The proof of claim 

identified the last transaction date on that account as

September 10, 2009. It is undisputed that both debts were 

beyond Maryland’s three-year statute of limitations when Atlas 

purchased and attempted to assert the debts in Adkins’s 

bankruptcy case. See Md. Code Ann., Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 5-101. 

Adkins neither listed the debts on her bankruptcy schedules nor 

sent a notice of bankruptcy to Atlas. 

Dubois filed for Chapter 13 bankruptcy on December 6, 2014. 

Atlas filed a proof of claim for $135.00 based on a loan that 

originated with payday lender Iadvance and that Atlas purchased 

from Elite Enterprise on January 5, 2015. The proof of claim 

identified the last transaction date on the account as October 

18, 2008. It is undisputed that this debt was also beyond

 2 Atlas asks the Court to strike any allegation that the 

loans in this appeal originated with payday lenders. However, 

the proofs of claim attached to Appellants’ complaints indicate 

that Atlas itself designated the debts “payday.” See J.A. 55, 

140. Accordingly, we find this fact sufficiently alleged. See

Goines v. Valley Cmty. Servs. Bd., No. 15-1589, ---F.3d---, 2016 

WL 2621262, at *2 (4th Cir. May 9, 2016) (explaining that on 

motion to dismiss, courts may consider documents attached to 

complaint as exhibits).
5

Maryland’s statute of limitations when Atlas purchased and 

attempted to assert the debt in Dubois’s bankruptcy case. 

Dubois did not list the debt on her bankruptcy schedules nor did 

she send a notice of bankruptcy to Atlas.

Adkins and Dubois filed separate adversary complaints 

against Atlas. Both objected to Atlas’s claims as being timebarred and further alleged that Atlas violated the FDCPA by 

filing proofs of claim on stale debts. Appellants sought 

disallowance of Atlas’s claims as well as damages, attorney’s 

fees, and costs under the FDCPA.3 

Atlas conceded that its claims were based on time-barred 

debts and stipulated to their disallowance. However, Atlas 

moved to dismiss Appellants’ FDCPA claims under Federal Rule of 

Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim upon which 

relief could be granted. See Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7012(b)

(incorporating Rule 12(b)(6) into adversary proceedings). After 

hearing consolidated oral arguments, the bankruptcy court 

concluded that filing a proof of claim does not constitute debt 

collection activity within the meaning of the FDCPA and granted 

Atlas’s motion to dismiss. Pursuant 28 U.S.C. § 158(d)(2), we 

 3 Dubois additionally alleged that Atlas violated the 

Maryland Consumer Debt Collection Act (MCDCA). Md. Code Ann.,

Com. Law § 14-201, et seq. The parties do not analyze the MCDCA 

separately from the FDCPA. Accordingly, neither do we. 
6

permitted Appellants to appeal the bankruptcy court’s decision 

directly to this Court. We review the bankruptcy court’s 

dismissal of Appellants’ claims under Rule 12(b)(6) de novo. 

See, e.g., In re Mwangi, 764 F.3d 1168, 1173 (9th Cir. 2014); In 

re McKenzie, 716 F.3d 404, 412 (6th Cir. 2013).

II.

Before addressing the substance of Appellants’ claims, we 

provide a brief overview of the relevant statutes in this case: 

the Bankruptcy Code (the “Code”) and the FDCPA.

A.

“The principal purpose of the Bankruptcy Code is to grant a 

‘fresh start’ to the ‘honest but unfortunate debtor.’” Marrama 

v. Citizens Bank, 549 U.S. 365, 367 (2007) (quoting Grogan v. 

Garner, 498 U.S. 279, 286, 287 (1991)). Through bankruptcy, the

debtor’s assets are collected for equitable distribution among 

creditors and his remaining debts are discharged. See Covert v. 

LVNV Funding, LLC, 779 F.3d 242, 248 (4th Cir. 2015); In re 

Jahrling, 816 F.3d 921, 924 (7th Cir. 2016). A bankruptcy 

debtor must file with the bankruptcy court a list of creditors, 

a schedule of assets and liabilities, and a statement of the 

debtor’s financial affairs. 11 U.S.C. § 521(a)(1). "[B]eing 

all-inclusive on the schedules is consistent with the Code’s 
7

principle of honest and full disclosure.” In re Vaughn, 536 

B.R. 670, 676 (Bankr. D.S.C. 2015). Scheduling a debt notifies 

the creditor of the bankruptcy and of the creditor's opportunity 

to file a proof of claim asserting a right to payment against 

the debtor’s estate. See id. at 679; 11 U.S.C. § 501(a). 

The bankruptcy court may “allow” or “disallow” claims from 

sharing in the distribution of the bankruptcy estate. 11 U.S.C.

§ 502. In Chapter 13 proceedings, allowed claims are typically 

paid, either in whole or in part, out of the debtor’s future 

earnings pursuant to a repayment plan proposed by the debtor and 

confirmed by the bankruptcy court. See id. § 1322(a)(1); 4-501 

Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 501.01 (Collier). Upon completion of 

all payments under the plan, the bankruptcy court “grant[s] the 

debtor a discharge of all debts provided for by the plan or 

disallowed.” 11 U.S.C. § 1328(a). Thus, at the end of the 

process the debtor receives the “fresh start” contemplated by 

the Bankruptcy Code. 

B.

Congress enacted the FDCPA to eliminate abusive debt 

collection practices and to ensure that debt collectors who 

refrain from such practices are not competitively disadvantaged. 

15 U.S.C. § 1692(a), (e). The FDCPA regulates the conduct of 

“debt collectors,” defined to include “any person who uses any 
8

instrumentality of interstate commerce or the mails in any 

business the principal purpose of which is the collection of any 

debts, or who regularly collects or attempts to collect, 

directly or indirectly, debts owed or due or asserted to be owed 

or due another.” Id. § 1692a(6). Among other things, the FDCPA

prohibits debt collectors from using “any false, deceptive, or 

misleading representation or means in connection with the 

collection of any debt,” and from using “unfair or 

unconscionable means to collect or attempt to collect any debt.” 

Id. §§ 1692e-1692f. The statute provides a non-exhaustive list 

of conduct that is deceptive or unfair (e.g., falsely implying

that the debt collector is affiliated with the United States, 

id. § 1692e(1)). Debt collectors who violate the FDCPA are 

liable for actual damages, statutory damages of up to $1,000, 

and attorney’s fees and costs. See id. § 1692k(a).

C.

Federal courts have consistently held that a debt collector 

violates the FDCPA by filing a lawsuit or threatening to file a 

lawsuit to collect a time-barred debt. See Crawford v. LVNV 

Funding, LLC, 758 F.3d 1254, 1259-60 (11th Cir. 2014) 

(collecting cases), cert. denied, 135 S. Ct. 1844 (2015). 

Appellants contend that filing a proof of claim on a time-barred 

debt in a bankruptcy proceeding similarly violates the FDCPA. 
9

Atlas counters that filing a proof of claim is not debt 

collection activity and is therefore not subject to the FDCPA. 

Alas further argues that, even if the FDCPA applies, filing a 

proof of claim on a time-barred debt does not violate its 

provisions. These arguments are addressed in turn.

III.

Atlas does not dispute that it is a debt collector but 

argues that filing a proof of claim does not constitute debt 

collection activity regulated by the FDCPA. See 15 U.S.C. 

§ 1692e (prohibiting deceptive or misleading representations “in 

connection with the collection of any debt”); id. § 1692f 

(prohibiting unfair or unconscionable means “to collect or 

attempt to collect any debt”). Instead, Atlas contends that a 

proof of claim is merely a “request to participate in the 

bankruptcy process.” Appellee’s Br. 20. 

Determining whether a communication constitutes an attempt 

to collect a debt is a “commonsense inquiry” that evaluates the 

“nature of the parties’ relationship,” the “[objective] purpose 

and context of the communication[],” and whether the 

communication includes a demand for payment. Gburek v. Litton 

Loan Servicing LP, 614 F.3d 380, 385 (7th Cir. 2010); see also 

Olson v. Midland Funding, LLC, 578 F. App’x 248, 251 (4th Cir. 

2014) (citing Gburek factors approvingly). Here, the “only 
10

relationship between [the parties] [is] that of a debtor and 

debt collector.” Olson, 578 F. App’x at 251. Moreover, the 

“animating purpose” in filing a proof of claim is to obtain 

payment by sharing in the distribution of the debtor’s 

bankruptcy estate. See Grden v. Leikin Ingber & Winters PC, 643 

F.3d 169, 173 (6th Cir. 2011); 4-501 Collier ¶ 501.01. This 

fits squarely within the Supreme Court’s understanding of debt 

collection for purposes of the FDCPA. See Heintz v. Jenkins, 

514 U.S. 291, 294 (1995) (explaining that in ordinary English, 

an attempt to “collect a debt” is an attempt “to obtain payment 

or liquidation of it, either by personal solicitation or legal 

proceedings” (quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 263 (6th ed. 

1990))). Precedent and common sense dictate that filing a proof 

of claim is an attempt to collect a debt. The absence of an 

explicit demand for payment does not alter that conclusion,

Gburek, 614 F.3d at 382, nor does the fact that the bankruptcy 

court may ultimately disallow the claim.

Atlas argues that treating a proof of claim as an attempt 

to collect a debt would conflict with the Bankruptcy Code’s 

automatic stay provision. The automatic stay provides that 

filing a bankruptcy petition “operates as a stay” of “any act to 

collect, assess, or recover a claim against the debtor that 

arose before the commencement of the case.” 11 U.S.C. 

§ 362(a)(6). Atlas argues that if filing a proof of claim were 
11

an act to collect debt, then such filing would violate the 

automatic stay, “an absurd result.” Appellee’s Br. 21. 

Atlas’s quandary is easily resolved as the automatic stay 

simply bars actions to collect debt outside of the bankruptcy 

proceeding. See, e.g., Cent. States, Se. & Sw. Areas Pension 

Fund v. Basic Am. Indus., Inc., 252 F.3d 911, 918 (7th Cir. 

2001) (“‘[D]emanding’ payment from a debtor in bankruptcy other 

than in the bankruptcy proceeding itself is normally a violation 

of the automatic stay”); Campbell v. Countrywide Home Loans, 

Inc., 545 F.3d 348, 354 (5th Cir. 2008) (explaining that the 

automatic stay “merely suspends an action to collect the claim 

outside the procedural mechanisms of the Bankruptcy Code”). The 

automatic stay helps channel debt collection activity into the 

bankruptcy process. It does not strip such activity of its debt 

collection nature for purposes of the FDCPA. 

Finally, Atlas argues that filing a proof of claim is not 

an attempt to collect debt because the proof of claim is 

directed to the bankruptcy court and trustee rather than to the 

debtor. However, collection activity directed toward someone 

other than the debtor may still be actionable under the FDCPA. 

See, e.g., Sayyed v. Wolpoff & Abramson, 485 F.3d 226, 232-33

(4th Cir. 2007) (finding that FDCPA “plainly” applies to 

communications made by debt collector to debtor’s counsel rather 

than debtor); Horkey v. J.V.D.B. & Assocs., Inc., 333 F.3d 769, 
12

774 (7th Cir. 2003) (finding that debt collector’s phone call to 

debtor’s co-worker was “in connection with the collection of a 

debt” where purpose of the call was to induce debtor to settle 

her debt). Although a proof of claim is filed with the 

bankruptcy court, it is done with the purpose of obtaining

payment from the debtor’s estate. That the claim is paid by the 

debtor’s estate rather than the debtor personally is irrelevant

for purposes of the FDCPA. See 15 U.S.C. §§ 1692e, 1692f 

(prohibiting the use of deceptive or unfair means to collect 

“any debt,” without specifying a payor).

Accordingly, we find that filing a proof of claim is debt 

collection activity regulated by the FDCPA.

IV.

We next consider whether filing a proof of claim based on a 

debt that is beyond the applicable statute of limitations 

violates the FDCPA. Deciding this issue requires closer

examination of the claims process in bankruptcy. 

The Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure specify the form, 

content, and filing requirements for a valid proof of claim. 

See, e.g., Fed. R. Bankr. P. 3001. A properly filed proof of 

claim is prima facie evidence of the claim’s validity, and the 

claim is “deemed allowed” unless “a party in interest” objects. 

11 U.S.C. § 502. The bankruptcy trustee and debtor are parties 
13

in interest who may object.4 Indeed, the trustee has a statutory 

duty to “examine proofs of claims and object to the allowance of 

any claim that is improper.” Id. § 704(a)(5). 

If objected to, the Code disallows claims based on timebarred debts. See id. § 502(b)(1) (stating that a claim shall 

be disallowed if it is “unenforceable against the debtor . . . 

under any agreement or applicable law”); id. § 558 (stating that 

the bankruptcy estate has “the benefit of any defense available 

to the debtor . . . including statutes of limitation”). As 

previously noted, debts that are “provided for by the plan or 

disallowed under section 502” may be discharged. Id. § 1328

(emphasis added). 

Appellants contend that the FDCPA should be applied to 

prohibit debt collectors from filing proofs of claim on timebarred debts. Appellants argue that a time-barred debt is not a 

“claim” within the meaning of the Bankruptcy Code and that 

filing claims on time-barred debts is an abusive practice 

 4 While the parties do not address the issue, it appears 

that creditors are also parties in interest who may object to a 

claim filed by another creditor. See, e.g., Adair v. Sherman, 

230 F.3d 890, 894 n.3 (7th Cir. 2000) (“Parties in interest 

include not only the debtor, but anyone who has a legally 

protected interest that could be affected by a bankruptcy 

proceeding. Therefore, if one creditor files a potentially 

fraudulent proof of claim, other creditors have standing to 

object to the proof of claim.” (citation omitted)); In re Varat 

Enters., Inc., 81 F.3d 1310, 1317 n.8 (4th Cir. 1996) (“All 

creditors of a debtor are parties in interest.”).
14

because such claims are seldom objected to and therefore receive 

payment from the bankruptcy estate to the detriment of the 

debtor and other creditors. Atlas, meanwhile, argues that a 

time-barred debt is a valid “claim” and that filing such a claim 

should not be prohibited because only debts that are treated in 

the bankruptcy system may be discharged. 

A.

The Bankruptcy Code defines the term “claim” broadly to 

mean a “right to payment, whether or not such right is reduced 

to judgment, liquidated, unliquidated, fixed, contingent, 

matured, unmatured, disputed, undisputed, legal, equitable, 

secured, or unsecured.” 11 U.S.C. § 101(5)(A). By using the 

“broadest possible definition,” the Code “contemplates that all 

legal obligations of the debtor, no matter how remote or 

contingent, will be able to be dealt with in the bankruptcy 

case,” thereby providing the debtor the “broadest possible 

relief.” H.R. Rep. No. 95–595, p. 309 (1977); S. Rep. No. 95–

989, p. 22 (1978). 

“[W]hen the Bankruptcy Code uses the word claim . . . it is 

usually referring to a right to payment recognized under state 

law.” Travelers Cas. & Sur. Co. of Am. v. Pac. Gas & Elec. Co., 

549 U.S. 443, 451 (2007) (quotation omitted). Under Maryland 

law, the statute of limitations “does not operate to extinguish 
15

[a] debt, but to bar the remedy.” Potterton v. Ryland Grp., 

Inc., 424 A.2d 761, 764 (Md. 1981) (quotation omitted); see also

Higginbotham v. Pub. Serv. Comm’n of Md., 985 A.2d 1183, 1191 

(Md. 2009) (“[W]e have regarded limitations as not denying the 

plaintiff’s right of action, but only the exercise of the 

right.” (quotation omitted)). Indeed, a stale debt may be 

revived if the debtor sufficiently acknowledges the debt’s 

existence. Potterton, 424 A.2d at 764; see also FTC, TimeBarred Debts (July 2013), https://www.consumer.ftc.gov/articles/ 

0117-time-barred-debts (“Although the [debt] collector may not 

sue you to collect [a time-barred] debt, you still owe it. The 

collector can continue to contact you to try to collect . . . . 

[and] [i]n some states, if you pay any amount on a time-barred 

debt or even promise to pay, the debt is ‘revived.’”) (saved as 

ECF opinion attachment). Thus, under Maryland law, a timebarred debt still constitutes a “right to payment” and therefore 

a “claim” that the holder may file under the Bankruptcy Code.5

 5 Appellants suggest that “by filing proofs of claim on 

time-barred debt, Atlas is trying to trick debtors into 

unwittingly reviving the statute [of limitations].” Appellants’ 

Reply Br. 4. Regardless of whether this is Atlas’s intent, it 

is difficult to see how a creditor’s filing a proof of claim 

would constitute acknowledgement of the debt by the debtor, 

particularly when there is persuasive authority that a debtor 

does not revive a time-barred debt by listing it in his 

bankruptcy schedules. See, e.g., Biggs v. Mays, 125 F.2d 693, 

697-98 (8th Cir. 1942); In re Povill, 105 F.2d 157, 160 (2d Cir. 

1939). 
16

Appellants note that a debt must be enforceable to 

constitute a claim, citing the Supreme Court’s statement that 

“[t]he plain meaning of a ‘right to payment’ is nothing more nor 

less than an enforceable obligation.” Pa. Dep’t of Pub. Welfare 

v. Davenport, 495 U.S. 552, 559 (1990). However, we do not read 

the Supreme Court’s statement to mean that a debt must be 

enforceable in court to be a claim. Indeed, the Bankruptcy Code 

treats debts that are “contingent” or “unmatured” as claims 

notwithstanding that such debts are not presently enforceable in 

court. 11 U.S.C. § 101(5)(A). Furthermore, in Davenport, the 

Supreme Court found restitution orders to be claims even though 

“neither the Probation Department nor the victim can enforce 

restitution obligations in civil proceedings.” 495 U.S. at 558. 

Instead, such obligations are enforced by the “substantial 

threat of revocation of probation and incarceration.” Id.

It is also notable that while the Bankruptcy Code provides

that time-barred debts are to be disallowed, see, e.g., 11 U.S.C

§ 558, the Code nowhere suggests that such debts are not to be 

filed in the first place. Indeed, the Bankruptcy Rules were 

recently amended to facilitate the assessment of a claim’s

timeliness by requiring that claims such as the ones at issue in 

this appeal be filed with a statement setting forth the last 

transaction date, last payment date, and charge-off date on the 

account. Fed. R. Bankr. P. 3001, advisory committee notes to 
17

2012 Amendments (discussing filing requirements for claims based 

on open-end or revolving consumer credit agreements). This Rule 

suggests the Code contemplates that untimely debts will be filed 

as claims but ultimately disallowed. Lastly, excluding timebarred debts from the scope of bankruptcy “claims,” and thus 

excluding them from the bankruptcy process, would frustrate the 

Code’s “intended effect to define the scope of the term ‘claim’ 

as broadly as possible,” 2-101 Collier ¶ 101.05, and thereby 

provide the debtor the broadest possible relief. Accordingly, 

we conclude that when the statute of limitations does not 

extinguish debts, a time-barred debt falls within the Bankruptcy 

Code’s broad definition of a claim. 

B.

Next, we consider whether filing a proof of claim on a 

time-barred debt violates the FDCPA notwithstanding that the 

Bankruptcy Code permits such filing. As noted above, the FDCPA 

has been interpreted to prohibit filing a lawsuit on a timebarred debt. The rationale has been explained as follows:

As with any defendant sued on a stale claim, the 

passage of time not only dulls the consumer’s memory 

of the circumstances and validity of the debt, but 

heightens the probability that she will no longer have 

personal records detailing the status of the debt. 

Indeed, the unfairness of such conduct is particularly 

clear in the consumer context where courts have 

imposed a heightened standard of care—that sufficient 

to protect the least sophisticated consumer. Because 
18

few unsophisticated consumers would be aware that a 

statute of limitations could be used to defend against 

lawsuits based on stale debts, such consumers would 

unwittingly acquiesce to such lawsuits. And, even if 

the consumer realizes that she can use time as a 

defense, she will more than likely still give in 

rather than fight the lawsuit because she must still 

expend energy and resources and subject herself to the 

embarrassment of going into court to present the 

defense; this is particularly true in light of the 

costs of attorneys today.

Kimber v. Fed. Fin. Corp., 668 F. Supp. 1480, 1487 (M.D. Ala. 

1987); see also Crawford, 758 F.3d at 1260; Phillips v. Asset 

Acceptance, LLC, 736 F.3d 1076, 1079 (7th Cir. 2013).6

We note at the outset a unique consideration in the 

bankruptcy context: if a bankruptcy proceeds as contemplated by 

the Code, a claim based on a time-barred debt will be objected 

to by the trustee, disallowed, and ultimately discharged, 

thereby stopping the creditor from engaging in any further 

 6 The Eleventh Circuit in Crawford is the only court of 

appeals to hold that filing a proof of claim on a time-barred 

debt in a Chapter 13 proceeding violates the FDCPA. 758 F.3d at 

1256-57. The Eighth Circuit has “reject[ed] extending 

the FDCPA to time-barred proofs of claim,” Nelson v. Midland 

Credit Mgmt., Inc., No. 15-2984, 2016 WL 3672073, at *2 (8th 

Cir. July 11, 2016), and the Second Circuit has broadly held 

that “filing a proof of claim in bankruptcy court (even one that 

is somehow invalid) cannot constitute the sort of abusive debt 

collection practice proscribed by the FDCPA.” Simmons v. 

Roundup Funding, LLC, 622 F.3d 93, 95 (2d Cir. 2010). Other 

circuits are presently considering the issue. See, e.g., Owens 

v. LVNV Funding, LLC, No 14-cv-02083, 2015 WL 1826005 (S.D. Ind. 

Apr. 21, 2015), appeal docketed, No. 15–2044 (7th Cir. May 13, 

2015); Torres v. Asset Acceptance, LLC, 96 F. Supp. 3d 541 (E.D. 

Pa. 2015), appeal docketed, No. 15–2132 (3d Cir. May 13, 2015).
19

collection activity.7 If the debt is unscheduled and no proof of 

claim is filed, the debt continues to exist and the debt 

collector may lawfully pursue collection activity apart from

filing a lawsuit. This is detrimental to the debtor and 

undermines the bankruptcy system’s interest in “the collective 

treatment of all of a debtor's creditors at one time.” 1 Norton 

Bankr. L. & Prac. 3d § 3:9. Clearly, then, when a time-barred 

debt is not scheduled the optimal scenario is for a claim to be

filed and for the Bankruptcy Code to operate as written. 

Appellants complain, however, that trustees often lack the 

time and resources to examine each proof of claim and object to 

those that are based on time-barred debts. See Appellants’ Br.

17-18 (explaining that Maryland has only three Chapter 13 

trustees to manage approximately 5,000 cases per year, with 

approximately 10 proofs of claim filed in each case). Debt 

collectors like Atlas purportedly take advantage of this by 

filing claims on stale debts in hopes that the claims will go 

unnoticed and receive some payment from the bankruptcy estate. 

When successful, these debt collectors reduce the amount of 

money available to legitimate creditors and may sometimes cause

debtors to pay more into their Chapter 13 plans. 

 7 By contrast, raising a statute of limitations defense may 

defeat a lawsuit to collect a time-barred debt but would not 

extinguish the debt or necessarily prevent collection activity.
20

We appreciate the harm that can be wrought if time-barred 

claims go unnoticed. However the solution, in our view, is not 

to impose liability under the FDCPA that would categorically bar 

the filing of such claims, but to improve the Code’s 

administration such that it operates as written.8 This may be 

accomplished, for example, by allocating additional resources to 

trustees or through action of the United States Trustee, who 

appoints and supervises all Chapter 13 trustees. 28 U.S.C. 

§ 586. 

Another consideration that counsels against finding FDCPA 

liability is that, for most Chapter 13 debtors, the amount they 

pay into their bankruptcy plans is unaffected by the number of 

unsecured claims that are filed. Chapter 13 debtors typically 

do not enter into 100 percent repayment plans; thus, their 

unsecured creditors receive only partial payment of their 

claims, with the remainder being discharged. See 8-1328 Collier

¶ 1328.02 (“Congress clearly contemplated chapter 13 plans 

paying little or nothing on unsecured debts . . . .”). As

additional claims are filed, unsecured creditors receive a 

smaller share of available funds but the total amount paid by 

 8 Indeed, if Appellants are correct that trustees are 

failing to fulfill their statutory duty to examine and object to 

improper claims, this is surely producing adverse consequences 

beyond the context of time-barred debts. 
21

the debtor remains unchanged. Thus, from the perspective of

most Chapter 13 debtors, it may in fact be preferable for a 

time-barred claim to be filed even if it is not objected to, as 

the debtor will likely pay the same total amount to creditors

and the debt can be discharged. See In re Gatewood, 533 B.R. 

905, 909 (8th Cir. BAP 2015) (explaining that “debtors have less 

at stake in claims allowance than they would when facing 

enforcement of an adverse judgment in a collection action” 

because the allowance of additional claims would not affect the 

total amount the debtor would pay).9

Various other considerations also differentiate filing a 

proof of claim on a time-barred debt from filing a lawsuit to 

collect such debt. First, the Bankruptcy Rules require claims 

like the ones filed by Atlas to accurately state the last 

transaction and charge-off date on the account, making untimely 

claims easier to detect and relieving debtors from the burden of 

producing evidence to show that the claim is time-barred.10 

 9 As noted above, the FDCPA was enacted in part to protect 

scrupulous debt collectors from unfair competition. However, 

bankruptcy creditors are sophisticated entities that may object 

to improper claims. Thus, we will not invoke the FDCPA solely 

on their behalf when, as discussed above, there are reasons not 

to do so on behalf of bankruptcy debtors. 

10 There is no allegation that Atlas filed inaccurate proofs

of claim. A debt collector who supplies false dates to obscure 

a claim’s staleness may well violate the FDCPA. However, we 

have no occasion to consider that issue today.
22

Second, a bankruptcy debtor is protected by a trustee and often 

by counsel who are responsible for objecting to improper claims

even if, as Appellants argue, they currently do not always do 

so. Third, unlike a debtor who is unwillingly sued, a Chapter 

13 debtor voluntarily initiates the bankruptcy case, diminishing

concerns about the embarrassment the debtor may feel in 

objecting to a stale claim. In sum, the reasons why it is 

“unfair” and “misleading” to sue on a time-barred debt are

considerably diminished in the bankruptcy context, where the 

debtor has additional protections and potentially benefits from 

having the debt treated in the bankruptcy process. 

Lastly, Appellants concede that a debt collector would not 

violate the FDCPA by filing a proof of claim on a time-barred 

debt that the debtor had scheduled and did not designate as 

“disputed.” Appellants explain that scheduling a debt as 

undisputed is an “invitation to participate” because it provides 

“‘notice to a creditor that its debt will be paid . . . in 

accordance with the filed proof of claim, claims objection 

process, and other bankruptcy provisions.’” Appellants’ Br. 28

n.14 (quoting Vaughn, 536 B.R. at 678). However, such notice is 

sent whether a scheduled debt is disputed or not. Moreover, a 

time-barred debt that is disputed is less likely to be 

inadvertently allowed. Thus, we see no reason to attach FDCPA 

liability to a claim filed on a time-barred debt that is 
23

scheduled as disputed. Finally, the interests in discharge and 

collective treatment of claims discussed above convince us that 

FDCPA liability should not attach where a debtor fails to 

schedule a time-barred debt. 

 We conclude that filing a proof of claim in a Chapter 13 

bankruptcy based on a debt that is time-barred does not violate 

the FDCPA when the statute of limitations does not extinguish 

the debt.11

V.

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s 

dismissal of Appellants’ FDCPA and MCDCA claims.

AFFIRMED

 11 In light of this decision, we do not reach Atlas’s 

argument that the Bankruptcy Code precludes the FDCPA and 

preempts the MCDCA from applying to the filing of a proof of 

claim.
24

DIAZ, Circuit Judge, dissenting: 

I join Part III of the majority opinion, which concludes 

that filing a proof of claim is debt-collection activity 

regulated by the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA), 15 

U.S.C. § 1692 et seq. 

And while I agree that Atlas’s time-barred claim is a 

“claim” under the Bankruptcy Code (as the majority concludes in 

Part IV.A), I cannot agree that Atlas’s alleged conduct is 

consistent with the FDCPA (or the Maryland Consumer Debt 

Collection Act (MCDCA), Md. Code Ann., Com. Law § 14-201 et 

seq.).1 Atlas buys the time-barred debt of people in bankruptcy 

and tries to collect by filing proofs of claim in their 

bankruptcy proceedings. As Atlas concedes, these claims should 

fail—the debt is unenforceable in court. But, absent objection, 

the Bankruptcy Code automatically allows all properly filed 

claims. 11 U.S.C. § 502. So Atlas plays the odds, representing 

itself as entitled to part of the debtors’ estates. If someone 

notices the claims and objects, as happened here, Atlas grins 

sheepishly—“You caught me!”—and admits that the claim is 

meritless. But if the claim slips through, Atlas uses the 

bankruptcy court to garner a payoff on unenforceable debts. In 

 1 I join the majority in analyzing the FDCPA and MCDCA 

claims together, as the parties do.
25

my view, this sharp practice is misleading and unfair to debtors 

and other creditors, and it gives rise to a cause of action 

under the FDCPA.

Moreover, I would hold that the Bankruptcy Code does not 

impliedly repeal the FDCPA or preempt the MCDCA. Accordingly, I 

would vacate the opinion of the district court and remand for 

further proceedings.

I.

The FDCPA aims to “protect[] consumers from abusive and 

deceptive practices by debt collectors, and . . . non-abusive 

debt collectors from competitive disadvantage.” United States 

v. Nat’l Fin. Servs., Inc., 98 F.3d 131, 135 (4th Cir. 1996). 

The statute prohibits a wide variety of collection tactics, 

including the use of “any false, deceptive, or misleading 

representation or means” of debt collection, 15 U.S.C. § 1692e, 

and “unfair or unconscionable means to collect or attempt to 

collect any debt,” § 1692f.

Although the FDCPA enumerates specific examples of these 

broad prohibitions, it does so “[w]ithout limiting [their] 

general application.” Id. For example, “[t]he false 

representation of . . . the character, amount, or legal status 

of any debt” is a specific violation of the general ban on 

false, deceptive, or misleading representations. § 1692e(2)(A). 
26

But Congress chose not to limit the general prohibitions, to 

“enable the courts, where appropriate, to proscribe other 

improper conduct which is not specifically addressed.” Stratton 

v. Portfolio Recovery Assocs., LLC, 770 F.3d 443, 450 (6th Cir. 

2014) (quoting S. Rep. No. 95-382 at 4 (1977), as reprinted in

1977 U.S.C.C.A.N. 1695, 1698).

One such court-imposed proscription applies to lawsuits to 

collect time-barred debt. Crawford v. LVNV Funding, LLC, 758 

F.3d 1254, 1259-60 & n.6 (11th Cir. 2014) (citing cases). Such 

lawsuits raise two major concerns in the consumer context. 

First, the “least sophisticated consumer”—from whose vantage 

point we view FDCPA communications, see Russell v. Absolute 

Collection Servs., Inc., 763 F.3d 385, 394 (4th Cir. 2014)—may 

be unaware of the existence of a statute-of-limitations defense 

and may therefore “unwittingly acquiesce to such lawsuits,” 

Kimber v. Fed. Fin. Corp., 668 F. Supp. 1480, 1487 (M.D. Ala. 

1987). Second, “the passage of time not only dulls the 

consumer’s memory of the circumstances and validity of the debt, 

but heightens the probability that [the consumer] will no longer 

have personal records detailing the status of the debt.” 

Phillips v. Asset Acceptance, LLC, 736 F.3d 1076, 1079 (7th Cir. 

2013) (quoting Kimber, 668 F. Supp. at 1487).

These same considerations support recognizing FDCPA 

liability for filing time-barred claims on unscheduled debts in 
27

bankruptcy.2 Crawford, 758 F.3d at 1260-61. But see Nelson v. 

Midland Credit Mgmt., Inc., No. 15-2984, 2016 WL 3672073, at *2 

(8th Cir. July 11, 2016) (published opinion) (refusing to 

“extend[] the FDCPA to time-barred proofs of claim” because the 

Bankruptcy Code’s “protections against harassment and deception 

satisfy the relevant concerns of the FDCPA”). Here, where the 

proofs of claim provide enough information to determine the debt 

is time barred, the first consideration is of particular 

importance. An unsophisticated debtor reviewing a proof of 

claim may be unaware of the statute-of-limitations defense and—

perhaps not appreciating the legal significance of even 

accurately listed last-transaction and charge-off dates—may 

nevertheless “acquiesce” to the claims. 

While some courts have found the role of the bankruptcy 

trustee in weeding out time-barred claims critical in 

distinguishing the bankruptcy context from civil lawsuits, see, 

e.g., Nelson, 2016 WL 3672073, at *2, I am not persuaded. At 

best, a debt collector who files such a claim wastes the 

trustee’s time. At worst, the debt collector catches the 

trustee asleep at the switch and collects on an invalid claim to 

 2 As the debtors concede, their case might be different had 

they scheduled these debts with the bankruptcy court, an action 

that might be seen as an invitation to a creditor to file a 

claim. 
28

the detriment of other creditors and, in many cases, the debtor. 

In either case, the debt collector misleadingly represents to 

the debtor that it is entitled to collect through bankruptcy 

when it is not. 

Moreover, there is reason to doubt the efficacy of the 

trustee as a vigilant steward of the debtor’s estate. See, 

e.g., In re Edwards, 539 B.R. 360, 365 (Bankr. N.D. Ill. 2015) 

(“Chapter 13 trustees in this district do not object to proofs 

of claim based on statute of limitations defenses. This is not 

surprising because objecting to claims based on affirmative 

defenses would require trustees to examine the details of 

virtually every unsecured proof of claim, which is simply 

impracticable.”). Indeed, if trustees performed their duties 

flawlessly, Atlas would have little incentive to engage in its 

scheme.

Like filing a lawsuit on time-barred debt, Atlas’s alleged 

debt-collection activity in this case is precisely the sort of 

unfair and misleading practice that Congress intended the courts 

to recognize as a violation. After the debtors entered 

bankruptcy, Atlas bought their debts, or rather, as the bill of 

sales said, “charged-off receivables.” J.A. 58, 132, 143. All 

of these charged-off debts were more than five-years old, well 

outside Maryland’s three-year statute of limitations. 

Nevertheless, Atlas filed proofs of claim to recover the 
29

unenforceable debts in the bankruptcy court. The relevance of 

the statute of limitations was not lost on Atlas, which included 

the following notice on two of the three proof-of-claim forms it 

filed: “This proof of claim is being filed pursuant to 11 USC 

Secs. 101(5), 501(a) and 502(b) as said claim may be outside of 

the statute of limitations.” J.A. 55, 140. Section 502(b) 

explains that if a claim is objected to, the court will allow 

the claim “except to the extent that . . . such claim is 

unenforceable against the debtor and the property of the debtor, 

under any agreement or applicable law.” § 502(b)(1). In short, 

Atlas knew exactly what it was doing—exploiting a weakness in 

the bankruptcy system and preying on potential error to collect 

on debts where it should not. The practice subverts a core 

purpose of bankruptcy by diverting estate assets from the 

creditors entitled to receive them. 

Atlas rather stunningly argues that it is doing a public 

service: “[B]ut for Atlas’ filing of its proofs of claim, those 

debts would not be subject to discharge and at the conclusion of 

Appellants’ chapter 13 cases, Atlas could restart collection 

activity with respect thereto so long as it does not otherwise 

violate the FDCPA.” Appellee’s Br. at 40. Really? While the 

statement is literally true, the (unintended) possibility that 

the time-barred debts will be disallowed and discharged hardly 

justifies Atlas’s tactics. Moreover, that the debtors did not 
30

schedule the debts is some evidence that collection efforts have 

stopped. And it would not be surprising if they had; the time 

for enforcement has passed, and the combination of the statute 

of limitations and the FDCPA seriously limits what a debt 

collector can do to recover old debts. Ideally, debtors would 

remember all their old debts, realize they were time barred, 

schedule them as disputed, and see that they were disallowed. 

But the FDCPA asks what the least sophisticated consumer would 

do, not the ideal one. Atlas’s conduct games the bankruptcy 

process; it does not ensure its integrity.

Accordingly, I would hold that Atlas’s conduct constitutes 

a violation of the FDCPA. Such a holding would not impose a 

great burden on debt collectors. “[A] debt collector is not 

liable in an action brought under the [FDCPA] if [it] can show 

‘the violation was not intentional and resulted from a bona fide 

error notwithstanding the maintenance of procedures reasonably 

adapted to avoid any such error.’” Jerman v. Carlisle, 

McNellie, Rini, Kramer & Ulrich LPA, 559 U.S. 573, 576 (2010) 

(quoting 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(c)). Atlas and other debt collectors

can avoid FDCPA liability by putting in place a reasonable 

procedure to screen unscheduled, time-barred claims—if Atlas 

already has such a procedure, it can prove it in the district 

court.
31

II.

Because the majority determines that the FDCPA does not 

reach Atlas’s conduct, it does not address the question whether—

if the FDCPA on its own terms would apply to the filing of timebarred claims—the Bankruptcy Code nevertheless precludes such an 

action. To determine whether two federal statutes are 

compatible, we employ ordinary statutory interpretation

principles. See POM Wonderful LLC v. Coca-Cola Co., 134 S. Ct. 

2228, 2236 (2014). Because the circuits are split on this issue 

and the arguments have been made extensively on both sides, I 

explain briefly my position that the two statutes do not 

conflict in this instance. 

The Second and Ninth Circuits have concluded that the 

Bankruptcy Code precludes certain FDCPA suits. Simmons v. 

Roundup Funding, LLC, 622 F.3d 93, 95-96 (2d Cir. 2010) 

(rejecting an FDCPA claim brought during the pendency of 

bankruptcy proceedings for the filing of an inflated proof of 

claim); Walls v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 276 F.3d 502, 510-11 

(9th Cir. 2002) (barring an FDCPA claim for post-bankruptcy debt 

collection in violation of the discharge order). Both rely on 

the comprehensive provisions and protections of the Bankruptcy 

Code to hold that it leaves no room for FDCPA claims. Simmons, 

622 F.3d at 96; Walls, 276 F.3d at 510. 
32

The Third, Seventh, and Eleventh Circuits have rejected the 

notion that FDCPA actions may not be brought in the context of 

bankruptcy. Johnson v. Midland Funding LLC, Nos. 15-11240, 15-

14116, 2016 WL 2996372, at *6 (11th Cir. May 24, 2016) 

(published opinion) (holding that the Bankruptcy Code does not 

impliedly repeal FDCPA actions for filing proofs of claim on 

time-barred debt); Simon v. FIA Card Servs., N.A., 732 F.3d 259, 

274 (3d Cir. 2013) (permitting an FDCPA claim for the violation 

of the Bankruptcy Code’s subpoena requirements); Randolph v. 

IMBS, Inc., 368 F.3d 726, 730-31 (7th Cir. 2004) (comparing the 

FDCPA and Bankruptcy Code and concluding they are compatible). 

In the view of these courts, the statutes do not expressly 

contradict one another, nor are they in “irreconcilable 

conflict” because “any debt collector can comply with both 

simultaneously.” Randolph, 368 F.3d at 730; accord Johnson, 

2016 WL 2996372, at *5-6; Simon, 732 F.3d at 273-74; see also

Nat’l Ass’n of Home Builders v. Defs. of Wildlife, 551 U.S. 644, 

662 (2007) (“While a later enacted statute . . . can sometimes 

operate to amend or even repeal an earlier statutory 

provision . . . , ‘repeals by implication are not favored’ and 

will not be presumed unless the ‘intention of the legislature to 

repeal [is] clear and manifest.’” (third alteration in original) 

(quoting Watt v. Alaska, 451 U.S. 259, 267 (1981))). 
33

I would side with the view of the Third, Seventh, and 

Eleventh Circuits, at least on the facts of this case. Atlas 

does not argue that the Bankruptcy Code expressly bars FDCPA 

remedies. Instead, it contends the statutes are irreconcilable: 

“[W]hat [the debtors] allege is prohibited by the FDCPA (the 

filing of a proof of claim with respect to a ‘stale’ debt) is 

expressly permitted by the Bankruptcy Code.” Appellee’s Br. at 

34. But this argument is easily answered: Because the 

Bankruptcy Code does not obligate a creditor to file a proof of 

claim, a debt collector such as Atlas can comply with both 

statutes by not filing unscheduled, time-barred proofs of claim. 

See Johnson, 2016 WL 2996372, at *6; Randolph, 368 F.3d at 730.3

This conclusion is buttressed by our holding, in a somewhat 

different posture, that an FDCPA claim may be brought during 

bankruptcy proceedings. Covert v. LVNV Funding, LLC, 779 F.3d 

242, 246-48 (4th Cir. 2015). In Covert, debtors filed suit 

under the FDCPA and MCDCA after the completion of their 

bankruptcies, alleging that a creditor had unlawfully filed 

proofs of claim without a debt-collection license. Id. at 245. 

We found the claims barred by res judicata because the debtors 

failed to raise them during the bankruptcy. Id. at 247-48. 

 3 For similar reasons, I would hold that the Bankruptcy Code 

does not preempt the MCDCA.
34

Because res judicata applies to unraised claims only if they 

“could have been adjudicated in an earlier action,” id. at 246, 

we necessarily determined that the debtors “could . . . have 

brought their affirmative claims for damages [under the FDCPA 

and MCDCA] during the bankruptcy process under Federal Rule of 

Bankruptcy Procedure 7001(1), which provides that ‘a proceeding 

to recover money or property’ may be brought as an adversary 

action,” id. at 248. Similarly, I would hold that the 

Bankruptcy Code does not preclude or preempt the filing of the 

FDCPA and MCDCA claims in this case.

III.

Because I believe the debtors state a claim under the FDCPA 

(and MCDCA), I would reverse and remand for further proceedings.