CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES

CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE

January 2000 to December 2009

CBO Publications CBO Publications

The Congress of the United States O Congressional Budget Office

CBOC

CBO Publications

January 2000 to December 2009
Cover photograph by Maureen Costantino.
Foreword

Created by the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974, the 

Congressional Budget Office (CBO) provides the Congress with budgetary information 

and analyses of budgetary, economic, fiscal, and programmatic policies. The agency began 

operation in February 1975 and published its first study in June of that year. This is a listing 

of the agency’s major publications—sorted by topic—from 2000 through 2009. A companion 

volume lists major publications from 1975 through 1999. 

CBO’s publications are available to Members of Congress and their staff and to the general 

public. Almost all of the publications throughout the agency’s history are available on its 

Web site: www.cbo.gov. 

Single copies of publications can be obtained free of charge from CBO’s Publications Office at 

the following e-mail address or telephone number:

B publications@cbo.gov or 

B (202) 226-2809.

Requests also may be sent by regular mail to the following address (but be aware that security 

screening adds time to the delivery of mail): Publications Office, Congressional Budget 

Office, Ford House Office Building, Second and D Streets SW, Washington, DC 20515.

Multiple copies of some CBO publications may be purchased online from the 

U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO), at http://bookstore.gpo.gov. The GPO Bookstore 

may be reached by e-mailing ContactCenter@gpo.gov or by calling (1-866) 512-1800 or, 

in the Washington, D.C., area, (202) 512-1800.

The collections of U.S. government depository libraries also include many CBO publications.

Contents

Agriculture 1

Budget and Economic Information 1

Computers and Information Sciences 9

Disaster Assistance 9

Education 9

Energy and Natural Resources 10

Environment 11

Federal Personnel 12

Financial Institutions 12

Government Management 13

Government-Sponsored Enterprises 13

Health 14

Homeland Security 16

Housing 16

Intergovernmental Relations 16

International Programs 17

Labor 18

Macroeconomic Analysis 19

National Security 21

Regulatory Analysis 26

Science and R&D 27

Social Security and Pensions 28

Taxes 29

Telecommunications 31

Trade 31

Transportation and Infrastructure 32

Welfare and Social Services 32

CBO Publications: 

January 2000 to December 2009 

Agriculture

Potential Impacts of Climate Change in the United States

(Paper), May 2009.

How CBO Estimates the Costs of Reducing Greenhouse-Gas 

Emissions (Background Paper), April 2009.

The Impact of Ethanol Use on Food Prices and GreenhouseGas Emissions (Paper), April 2009.

Agricultural Trade Liberalization (Brief), November 2006.

How Federal Policies Affect the Allocation of Water (Paper), 

August 2006.

The Effects of Liberalizing World Agricultural Trade: 

A Review of Modeling Studies (Paper), June 2006.

The Effects of Liberalizing World Agricultural Trade: 

A Survey (Paper), December 2005.

Policies That Distort World Agricultural Trade: 

Prevalence and Magnitude (Paper), August 2005.

Limiting Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Prices Versus Caps 

(Brief), March 2005.

Uncertainty in Analyzing Climate Change: Policy 

Implications (Paper), January 2005.

Homeland Security and the Private Sector (Paper), 

December 2004.

Budget and Economic Information

Analysis of the President’s Budgetary Proposals

An Analysis of the President’s Budgetary Proposals for Fiscal 

Year 2010 (Report), June 2009.

A Preliminary Analysis of the President’s Budget and an 

Update of CBO’s Budget and Economic Outlook

(Report), March 2009.

An Analysis of the President’s Budgetary Proposals for Fiscal 

Year 2009 (Report), March 2008. 

An Analysis of the President’s Budgetary Proposals for Fiscal 

Year 2008 (Report), March 2007.

CBO’s Economic Forecasting Record (Report), 

November 2006. 

An Analysis of the President’s Budgetary Proposals for Fiscal 

Year 2007 (Report), March 2006.

Analyzing the Economic and Budgetary Effects of a 

10 Percent Cut in Income Tax Rates (Brief), 

December 2005.

CBO’s Economic Forecasting Record (Report), 

October 2005. 

An Analysis of the President’s Budgetary Proposals for Fiscal 

Year 2006 (Report), March 2005.

CBO’s Economic Forecasting Record (Report), 

September 2004. 

An Analysis of the President’s Budgetary Proposals for Fiscal 

Year 2005 (Report), March 2004.
2 CBO PUBLICATIONS: JANUARY 2000 TO DECEMBER 2009 BUDGET AND ECONOMIC INFORMATION

CBO

CBO’s Economic Forecasting Record (Report), 

October 2003. 

How CBO Analyzed the Macroeconomic Effects of the 

President’s Budget (Paper), July 2003.

An Analysis of the President’s Budgetary Proposals for Fiscal 

Year 2004 (Report), March 2003.

An Analysis of the President’s Budgetary Proposals for Fiscal 

Year 2004: An Interim Report (Report), March 2003.

CBO’s Economic Forecasting Record (Report), 

November 2002. 

The President’s Proposal to Accrue Retirement Costs for 

Federal Employees (Paper), June 2002. 

An Analysis of the President’s Budgetary Proposals for Fiscal 

Year 2003 (Report), March 2002.

An Analysis of the President’s Budgetary Proposals for Fiscal 

Year 2002 (Report), May 2001.

An Analysis of the President’s Mid-Session Review of the 

Budget for Fiscal Year 2001 (Corrected September 6, 

2000) (Report), July 2000. 

An Analysis of the President’s Budgetary Proposals for Fiscal 

Year 2001 (Report), April 2000.

Appropriations

Subsidizing Infrastructure Investment with Tax-Preferred 

Bonds (Study), October 2009.

Alternatives for Future U.S. Space-Launch Capabilities

(Study), October 2006. 

A Budgetary Analysis of NASA’s New Vision for Space 

Exploration (Study), September 2004.

Paying for Iraq’s Reconstruction (Paper), January 2004.

Supplemental Appropriations in the 1990s (Study), 

March 2001.

Budget Accounting and Process

Subsidizing Infrastructure Investment with Tax-Preferred 

Bonds (Study), October 2009.

Intergovernmental Mandates in Federal Legislation (Brief), 

July 2009.

The Budgetary Treatment of Proposals to Change the 

Nation’s Health Insurance System (Brief), May 2009.

The Role of the 25 Percent Revenue Offset in Estimating the 

Budgetary Effects of Legislation (Brief), January 2009. 

Issues and Options in Infrastructure Investment (Paper), 

May 2008.

Capital Budgeting (Paper), May 2008.

Policy Options for the Housing and Financial Markets 

(Paper), April 2008.

Federal Financial Guarantees Under the Small Business 

Administration’s 7(a) Program (Paper), October 2007. 

A Review of CBO’s Activities in 2006 Under the Unfunded 

Mandates Reform Act (Report), April 2007. 

Comparing Budget and Accounting Measures of the 

Federal Government’s Fiscal Condition (Study), 

December 2006.

Valuing the Student Loan Consolidation Option 

(Background Paper), October 2006.

Factors That May Increase Future Spending from the 

Universal Service Fund (Paper), June 2006.

A Review of CBO’s Activities Under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act, 1996 to 2005 (Report), March 2006. 

Subsidy Estimates for Guaranteed and Direct Student Loans 

(Paper), November 2005.

The Risk Exposure of the Pension Benefit Guaranty 

Corporation (Paper), September 2005.

Federal Funding for Homeland Security: An Update (Brief), 

July 2005.

Third-Party Financing of Federal Projects (Brief), 

June 2005.

Financing Universal Telephone Service (Paper), 

March 2005.
BUDGET AND ECONOMIC INFORMATION CBO PUBLICATIONS: JANUARY 2000 TO DECEMBER 2009 3

CBO

A Review of CBO’s Activities in 2004 Under the Unfunded 

Mandates Reform Act (Report), March 2005.

Identifying Intergovernmental Mandates (Brief), 

January 2005.

Estimating the Value of Subsidies for Federal Loans and 

Loan Guarantees (Paper), August 2004.

Measures of the U.S. Government’s Fiscal Position Under 

Current Law (Paper), August 2004.

How CBO Analyzes the Sources of Lenders’ Interest Income 

on Guaranteed Student Loans (Background Paper), 

June 2004.

A Review of CBO’s Activities in 2003 Under the Unfunded 

Mandates Reform Act (Report), April 2004.

Federal Funding for Homeland Security (Brief), 

April 2004.

Subsidy Estimates for FHA Mortgage Guarantees (Paper), 

November 2003.

Comparing Budgetary and Trust Fund Measures of the 

Outlook for Social Security and Medicare (Brief), 

October 2003.

A Comparison of Tax-Credit Bonds, Other Special-Purpose 

Bonds, and Appropriations in Financing Federal 

Transportation Programs (Report), June 2003.

A Review of CBO’s Activities in 2002 Under the Unfunded 

Mandates Reform Act (Report), May 2003.

The Budgetary Treatment of Leases and Public/Private 

Ventures (Paper), February 2003.

Evaluating and Accounting for Federal Investment in 

Corporate Stocks and Other Private Securities (Paper), 

January 2003.

The Impact of Social Security and Medicare on the Federal 

Budget (Brief), November 2002.

The Impact of Trust Fund Programs on Federal Budget 

Surpluses and Deficits (Brief), November 2002.

Federal Debt and the Commitments of Federal Trust Funds 

(Brief), October 2002.

The President’s Proposal to Accrue Retirement Costs for 

Federal Employees (Paper), June 2002.

A Review of CBO’s Activities in 2001 Under the Unfunded 

Mandates Reform Act (Paper), June 2002.

Accrual Budgeting for Military Retirees’ Health Care 

(Paper), March 2002.

Preemptions in Federal Legislation in the 106th Congress 

(Paper), June 2001.

CBO’s Activities Under the Unfunded Mandates Reform 

Act, 1996–2000 (Paper), May 2001.

Federal Subsidies and Housing GSEs (Study), May 2001.

Supplemental Appropriations in the 1990s (Study), 

March 2001.

Reforming the Federal Royalty Program for Oil and Gas 

(Paper), November 2000.

Credit Subsidy Reestimates, 1993–1999 (Report), 

September 2000.

The Budgetary Treatment of Personal Retirement Accounts

(Paper), March 2000.

A Framework for Projecting Interest Rate Spreads and 

Volatilities (Memorandum), January 2000.

Budget and Economic Outlook

Measuring the Effects of the Business Cycle on the Federal 

Budget: An Update (Report), September 2009.

The Budget and Economic Outlook: An Update (Report), 

August 2009.

CBO’s Economic Forecasting Record: 2009 Update

(Report), July 2009.

The Treatment of Federal Receipts and Expenditures in the 

National Income and Product Accounts (Report), 

June 2009.

The Troubled Asset Relief Program: Report on Transactions 

Through June 17, 2009 (Report), June 2009.

Measuring the Effects of the Business Cycle on the Federal 

Budget (Report), June 2009.
4 CBO PUBLICATIONS: JANUARY 2000 TO DECEMBER 2009 BUDGET AND ECONOMIC INFORMATION

CBO

A Preliminary Analysis of the President’s Budget and an 

Update of CBO’s Budget and Economic Outlook

(Report), March 2009.

The Troubled Asset Relief Program: Report on Transactions 

Through December 31, 2008 (Report), January 2009. 

The Budget and Economic Outlook: Fiscal Years 2009 to 

2019 (Report), January 2009. 

The Outlook for Housing Starts, 2009 to 2012

(Background Paper), November 2008.

The Cyclically Adjusted and Standardized Budget Measures

(Report), October 2008.

The Treatment of Federal Receipts and Expenditures in the 

National Income and Product Accounts (Report), 

September 2008.

The Budget and Economic Outlook: An Update (Report), 

September 2008.

The Cyclically Adjusted and Standardized Budget Measures 

(Web Only), April 2008.

Options for Responding to Short-Term Economic Weakness 

(Paper), January 2008.

Technological Change and the Growth of Health Care 

Spending (Paper), January 2008.

The Budget and Economic Outlook: Fiscal Years 2008 to 

2018 (Report), January 2008. 

How CBO Projects the Real Rate of Interest on 10-Year 

Treasury Notes (Background Paper), December 2007. 

The Long-Term Budget Outlook (Report), 

December 2007. 

CBO’s Economic Forecasting Record (Report), 

November 2007.

The Budget and Economic Outlook: An Update (Report), 

August 2007.

The Cyclically Adjusted and Standardized Budget Measures: 

An Update (Report), August 2007.

The Treatment of Federal Receipts and Expenditures in the 

National Income and Product Accounts (Report), 

August 2007.

Labor Productivity: Developments Since 1995 (Paper), 

March 2007.

The Uncertainty of Budget Projections: A Discussion of Data 

and Methods (Paper), March 2007.

The Cyclically Adjusted and Standardized Budget Measures 

(Paper), February 2007.

The Budget and Economic Outlook: Fiscal Years 2008 to 

2017 (Report), January 2007.

The Treatment of Federal Receipts and Expenditures in the 

National Income and Product Accounts (Paper), 

January 2007.

CBO’s Economic Forecasting Record (Report), 

November 2006. 

The Cyclically Adjusted and Standardized Budget Measures: 

An Update (Paper), October 2006.

The Treatment of Federal Receipts and Expenditures in the 

National Income and Product Accounts (Paper), 

September 2006.

The Budget and Economic Outlook: An Update (Report), 

August 2006.

How CBO Forecasts Income (Background Paper), 

August 2006.

Projections of Net Migration to the United States (Paper), 

June 2006.

The Cost of the Consolidation Option for Student Loans

(Paper), May 2006. 

The Cyclically Adjusted and Standardized Budget Measures

(Report), March 2006.

The Uncertainty of Budget Projections: A Discussion of Data 

and Methods (Paper), March 2006.

The Budget and Economic Outlook: Fiscal Years 2007 to 

2016 (Report), January 2006.
BUDGET AND ECONOMIC INFORMATION CBO PUBLICATIONS: JANUARY 2000 TO DECEMBER 2009 5

CBO

The Long-Term Budget Outlook (Report), 

December 2005. 

CBO’s Economic Forecasting Record (Report), 

October 2005. 

The Treatment of Federal Receipts and Expenditures in the 

National Income and Product Accounts (Report), 

September 2005.

The Cyclically Adjusted and Standardized Budget Measures: 

Updated Estimates (Paper), September 2005.

The Budget and Economic Outlook: An Update (Report), 

August 2005.

What Is a Current-Law Economic Baseline? (Brief), 

June 2005.

R&D and Productivity Growth (Background Paper), 

June 2005.

The Uncertainty of Budget Projections: A Discussion of Data 

and Methods (Report), February 2005.

The Cyclically Adjusted and Standardized Budget Measures 

(Report), February 2005.

The Budget and Economic Outlook: Fiscal Years 2006 to 

2015 (Report), January 2005.

CBO’s Revised Method for Estimating and Projecting 

Potential TFP (Background Paper), January 2005.

The Budget and Economic Outlook: An Update (Report), 

September 2004.

The Cyclically Adjusted and Standardized Budget Measures: 

Updated Estimates (Report), September 2004.

CBO’s Economic Forecasting Record (Report), 

September 2004. 

CBO’s Projections of the Labor Force (Background Paper), 

September 2004.

The Cyclically Adjusted and Standardized Budget Measures 

(Report), May 2004.

The Uncertainty of Budget Projections: A Discussion of 

Data and Methods (Report), April 2004.

A Summary of Alternative Methods for Estimating Potential 

GDP (Background Paper), March 2004.

The Budget and Economic Outlook: Fiscal Years 2005 to 

2014 (Report), January 2004.

The Long-Term Budget Outlook (Study), December 2003. 

The Cyclically Adjusted and Standardized Budgets: Updated 

Estimates (Report), October 2003.

CBO’s Economic Forecasting Record (Report), 

October 2003. 

The Budget and Economic Outlook: An Update (Report), 

August 2003. 

The Uncertainty of Budget Projections: A Discussion of Data 

and Methods (Report), April 2003.

The Standardized and Cyclically Adjusted Budgets 

(Report), March 2003.

The Budget and Economic Outlook: Fiscal Years 

2004–2013 (Report), January 2003.

CBO’s Economic Forecasting Record (Report), 

November 2002. 

The Standardized and Cyclically Adjusted Budgets: Updated 

Estimates (Report), September 2002.

The Budget and Economic Outlook: An Update (Report), 

August 2002.

The Effect of Recent Changes in Labor Markets on the 

Natural Rate of Unemployment (Paper), April 2002.

The Standardized Budget and Other Adjusted Budget 

Measures (Paper), April 2002.

CBO’s Economic Forecasting Record (Report), 

February 2002.

Uncertainties in Projecting Budget Surpluses: A Discussion 

of Data and Methods (Report), February 2002.

The Budget and Economic Outlook: Fiscal Years 

2003–2012 (Report), January 2002.
6 CBO PUBLICATIONS: JANUARY 2000 TO DECEMBER 2009 BUDGET AND ECONOMIC INFORMATION

CBO

The Budget and Economic Outlook: An Update (Report), 

August 2001.

CBO’s Method for Estimating Potential Output: An Update 

(Paper), August 2001. 

The Standardized Budget: Details of the Projections (Paper), 

April 2001. 

Uncertainties in Projecting Budget Surpluses: A Discussion 

of Data and Methods (Paper), February 2001. 

The Budget and Economic Outlook: Fiscal Years 

2002–2011 (Report), January 2001.

The Standardized Budget: Details of the Projections (Paper), 

August 2000. 

The Budget and Economic Outlook: An Update (Report), 

July 2000.

The Standardized Budget: Revised Historical Estimates 

(Memorandum), June 2000. 

The Standardized Budget: Details of the Projections (Paper), 

February 2000. 

The Budget and Economic Outlook: Fiscal Years 

2001–2010 (Report), February 2000.

The Budget and Economic Outlook: Fiscal Years 

2001–2010 (Report), January 2000.

Budget Options

Budget Options, Volume 2 (Report), August 2009.

Budget Options, Volume 1: Health Care (Report), 

December 2008.

Key Issues in Analyzing Major Health Insurance Proposals

(Study), December 2008. 

The Deductibility of State and Local Taxes (Paper), 

February 2008.

Budget Options (Report), February 2007.

Budget Options (Report), February 2005.

How CBO Analyzes the Sources of Lenders’ Interest Income 

on Guaranteed Student Loans (Background Paper), 

June 2004.

Acquiring Financial Assets to Fund Future Entitlements 

(Brief), June 2003.

Budget Options (Report), March 2003.

Budget Options (Report), February 2001.

Budget Options (Report), March 2000.

Budget Options for National Defense (Report), 

March 2000. 

Long-Term Budgetary Issues

How Slower Growth in the Labor Force Could Affect the 

Return on Capital (Background Paper), October 2009.

CBO’s Long-Term Projections for Social Security: 

2009 Update (Paper), August 2009.

CBO’s Long-Term Model: An Overview (Background 

Paper), June 2009.

The Long-Term Budget Outlook (Report), June 2009.

Updated Long-Term Projections for Social Security

(Report), August 2008.

Growing Disparities in Life Expectancy (Brief), 

April 2008.

Technological Change and the Growth of Health Care 

Spending (Paper), January 2008.

The Long-Term Budget Outlook (Study), December 2007.

The Long-Term Outlook for Health Care Spending (Study), 

November 2007. 

Potential Cost Savings from the Pre-Disaster Mitigation 

Program (Paper), September 2007.

Comparing Budget and Accounting Measures of the 

Federal Government’s Fiscal Condition (Paper), 

December 2006.

Designing a Premium Support System for Medicare (Study), 

December 2006.
BUDGET AND ECONOMIC INFORMATION CBO PUBLICATIONS: JANUARY 2000 TO DECEMBER 2009 7

CBO

Is Social Security Progressive? (Brief), December 2006.

Alternatives for Future U.S. Space-Launch Capabilities 

(Study), October 2006.

Projections of Net Migration to the United States (Paper), 

June 2006.

The Cost of the Consolidation Option for Student Loans 

(Paper), May 2006.

Global Population Aging in the 21st Century and Its 

Economic Implications (Paper), December 2005.

The Long-Term Budget Outlook (Study), December 2005.

Quantifying Uncertainty in the Analysis of Long-Term 

Social Security Projections (Background Paper), 

November 2005.

Long-Term Economic Effects of Chronically Large Federal 

Deficits (Brief), October 2005.

The Risk Exposure of the Pension Benefit Guaranty 

Corporation (Paper), September 2005.

Remittances: International Payments by Migrants (Paper), 

May 2005.

The Potential Cost of Meeting Demand for Veterans’ Health 

Care (Paper), March 2005.

Updated Long-Term Projections for Social Security (Paper), 

March 2005.

A Description of the Immigrant Population (Paper), 

November 2004.

A Budgetary Analysis of NASA’s New Vision for Space 

Exploration (Study), September 2004.

Measures of the U.S. Government’s Fiscal Position Under 

Current Law (Paper), August 2004.

The Outlook for Social Security (Study), June 2004.

Tax-Deferred Retirement Savings in Long-Term Revenue 

Projections (Paper), May 2004.

The Long-Term Budget Outlook (Study), December 2003.

Baby Boomers’ Retirement Prospects: An Overview (Study), 

November 2003.

Comparing Budgetary and Trust Fund Measures of the 

Outlook for Social Security and Medicare (Brief), 

October 2003.

Growth in Medical Spending by the Department of Defense 

(Brief), September 2003.

Growth in Medical Spending by the Department of Defense 

(Study), September 2003.

The Future Growth of Social Security: It’s Not Just Society’s 

Aging (Brief), July 2003.

Acquiring Financial Assets to Fund Future Entitlements 

(Brief), June 2003.

Evaluating and Accounting for Federal Investment in 

Corporate Stocks and Other Private Securities (Paper), 

January 2003.

Social Security Reform: The Use of Private Securities and the 

Need for Economic Growth (Brief), January 2003.

The Impact of Social Security and Medicare on the Federal 

Budget (Brief), November 2002.

The Impact of Trust Fund Programs on Federal Budget 

Surpluses and Deficits (Brief), November 2002.

Federal Debt and the Commitments of Federal Trust Funds

(Brief), October 2002.

Social Security and the Federal Budget: The Necessity of 

Maintaining a Comprehensive Long-Range Perspective 

(Brief), August 2002.

The Looming Budgetary Impact of Society’s Aging (Brief), 

July 2002.

A 125-Year Picture of the Federal Government’s Share of the 

Economy, 1950 to 2075 (Brief), June 2002.

Uncertainty in Social Security’s Long-Term Finances: 

A Stochastic Analysis (Paper), December 2001.

The Long-Term Budget Outlook (Report), October 2000. 
8 CBO PUBLICATIONS: JANUARY 2000 TO DECEMBER 2009 BUDGET AND ECONOMIC INFORMATION

CBO

Sequestration Reports

Final Sequestration Report for Fiscal Year 2003 (Report), 

December 2002.

Sequestration Update Report for Fiscal Year 2003 (Report), 

August 2002.

Sequestration Preview Report for Fiscal Year 2003 (Report), 

February 2002.

Final Sequestration Report for Fiscal Year 2002 (Report), 

January 2002.

Sequestration Update Report for Fiscal Year 2002 (Report), 

August 2001.

Sequestration Preview Report for Fiscal Year 2002 (Report), 

January 2001.

Final Sequestration Report for Fiscal Year 2001 (Report), 

December 2000.

Sequestration Update Report for Fiscal Year 2001 (Report), 

August 2000.

Sequestration Preview Report for Fiscal Year 2001 (Report), 

February 2000.

Unauthorized Appropriations and 

Expiring Authorizations

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations,

House version (Report), January 2009. 

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations,

Senate version (Report), January 2009. 

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations,

Appropriations version (Report), January 2009. 

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations, 

House Version (Report), January 2008. 

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations, 

Senate Version (Report), January 2008. 

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations, 

Appropriations Version (Report), January 2008. 

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations, 

House Version (Report), January 2007.

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations, 

Senate Version (Report), January 2007.

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations, 

Appropriations Version (Report), January 2007.

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations, 

House Version (Report), January 2006.

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations, 

Senate Version (Report), January 2006.

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations, 

Appropriations Version (Report), January 2006.

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations, 

House Version (Report), January 2005.

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations, 

Senate Version (Report), January 2005.

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations, 

Appropriations Version (Report), January 2005.

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations, 

House Version (Report), January 2004.

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations, 

Senate Version (Report), January 2004.

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations, 

Appropriations Version (Report), January 2004.

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations, 

House Version (Report), January 2003.

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations, 

Senate Version (Report), January 2003.

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations, 

Appropriations Version (Report), January 2003.

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations, 

House Version (Report), January 2002.

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations, 

Senate Version (Report), January 2002.

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations, 

Appropriations Version (Report), January 2002.
COMPUTERS AND INFORMATION SCIENCES CBO PUBLICATIONS: JANUARY 2000 TO DECEMBER 2009 9

CBO

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations, 

House Version (Report), January 2001.

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations, 

Senate Version (Report), January 2001.

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations, 

(Report), January 2000.

Computers and Information Sciences

Evidence on the Costs and Benefits of Health Information 

Technology (Paper), May 2008.

Factors That May Increase Future Spending from the 

Universal Service Fund (Paper), June 2006.

Small Bidders in License Auctions for Wireless Personal 

Communications Services (Paper), October 2005.

Financing Universal Telephone Service (Paper), 

March 2005.

Copyright Issues in Digital Media (Paper), August 2004.

Is the United States Falling Behind in Adopting Broadband? 

(Brief), February 2004.

Does the Residential Broadband Market Need Fixing? 

(Paper), December 2003.

The Army’s Bandwidth Bottleneck (Study), August 2003.

The Role of Computer Technology in the Growth of 

Productivity (Paper), May 2002.

The Need for Better Price Indices for Communications 

Investment (Paper), June 2001.

Disaster Assistance

The National Flood Insurance Program: Factors Affecting 

Actuarial Soundness (Paper), November 2009.

Potential Cost Savings from the Pre-Disaster Mitigation 

Program (Paper), September 2007.

Value of Properties in the National Flood Insurance Program 

(Paper), June 2007.

How Federal Policies Affect the Allocation of Water (Paper), 

August 2006.

Federal Terrorism Reinsurance: An Update (Paper), 

January 2005.

Homeland Security and the Private Sector (Paper), 

December 2004.

Federal Reinsurance for Disasters (Study), September 2002.

Education

Subsidizing Infrastructure Investment with Tax-Preferred 

Bonds (Study), October 2009.

Assigning Education Status in CBO’s Long-Term Microsimulation Model (Background Paper), October 2008.

The Impact of Unauthorized Immigrants on the Budgets of 

State and Local Governments (Paper), December 2007.

Changes in Low-Wage Labor Markets Between 1979 and 

2005 (Paper), December 2006.

Valuing the Student Loan Consolidation Option 

(Background Paper), October 2006.

The Cost of the Consolidation Option for Student Loans 

(Paper), May 2006.

The Role of Immigrants in the U.S. Labor Market (Paper), 

November 2005.

Subsidy Estimates for Guaranteed and Direct Student Loans 

(Paper), November 2005.

A Description of the Immigrant Population (Paper), 

November 2004.

Estimating the Value of Subsidies for Federal Loans and 

Loan Guarantees (Paper), August 2004.

How CBO Analyzes the Sources of Lenders’ Interest Income 

on Guaranteed Student Loans (Background Paper), 

June 2004.

Private and Public Contributions to Financing College 

Education (Paper), January 2004.
10 CBO PUBLICATIONS: JANUARY 2000 TO DECEMBER 2009 ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES

CBO

Options to Expand Federal Health, Retirement, and 

Education Activities (Memorandum), June 2000. 

An Economic Analysis of the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 

(Paper), April 2000. 

Energy and Natural Resources

The Costs of Reducing Greenhouse-Gas Emissions (Brief), 

November 2009.

Subsidizing Infrastructure Investment with Tax-Preferred 

Bonds (Study), October 2009.

The Economic Effects of Legislation to Reduce GreenhouseGas Emissions (Report), September 2009.

How Regulatory Standards Can Affect a Cap-and-Trade 

Program for Greenhouse Gases (Brief), September 2009.

The Use of Offsets to Reduce Greenhouse Gases (Brief), 

August 2009.

Potential Impacts of Climate Change in the United States

(Paper), May 2009.

How CBO Estimates the Costs of Reducing Greenhouse-Gas 

Emissions (Background Paper), April 2009.

The Impact of Ethanol Use on Food Prices and GreenhouseGas Emissions (Paper), April 2009.

Using Pricing to Reduce Traffic Congestion (Study), 

March 2009.

Climate-Change Policy and CO2 Emissions from Passenger 

Vehicles (Brief), October 2008.

Nuclear Power’s Role in Generating Electricity (Study), 

May 2008.

Policy Options for Reducing CO2 Emissions (Study), 

February 2008.

Effects of Gasoline Prices on Driving Behavior and Vehicle 

Markets (Study), January 2008.

The Potential for Carbon Sequestration in the United States 

(Paper), September 2007. 

Value of Properties in the National Flood Insurance Program 

(Paper), June 2007. 

Trade-Offs in Allocating Allowances for CO2 Emissions 

(Brief), April 2007.

Evaluating the Role of Prices and R&D in Reducing Carbon 

Dioxide Emissions (Paper), September 2006.

How Federal Policies Affect the Allocation of Water (Paper), 

August 2006.

The Economic Effects of Recent Increases in Energy Prices 

(Paper), July 2006.

China’s Growing Demand for Oil and Its Impact on 

U.S. Petroleum Markets (Paper), April 2006.

Small Bidders in License Auctions for Wireless Personal 

Communications Services (Paper), October 2005.

Limiting Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Prices Versus Caps 

(Brief), March 2005.

Uncertainty in Analyzing Climate Change: Policy 

Implications (Paper), January 2005.

Homeland Security and the Private Sector (Paper), 

December 2004.

Fuel Economy Standards Versus a Gasoline Tax (Brief), 

March 2004.

The Economic Costs of Fuel Economy Standards Versus a 

Gasoline Tax (Study), December 2003.

Issues in the Design of a Cap-and-Trade Program for Carbon 

Emissions (Brief), November 2003.

Bonding for Reclaiming Federal Lands (Paper), 

October 2003.

Prospects for Distributed Electricity Generation (Paper), 

September 2003.

Shifting the Cost Burden of a Carbon Cap-and-Trade 

Program (Paper), July 2003.

Addressing the Uncertain Prospect of Climate Change 

(Brief), April 2003.
ENVIRONMENT CBO PUBLICATIONS: JANUARY 2000 TO DECEMBER 2009 11

CBO

The Economics of Climate Change: A Primer (Study), 

April 2003.

The Budgetary Treatment of Leases and Public/Private 

Ventures (Paper), February 2003. 

Reducing Gasoline Consumption: Three Policy Options 

(Study), November 2002.

Causes and Lessons of the California Electricity Crisis 

(Paper), September 2001.

An Evaluation of Cap-and-Trade Programs for Reducing 

U.S. Carbon Emissions (Study), June 2001.

Reforming the Federal Royalty Program for Oil and Gas 

(Paper), November 2000.

Who Gains and Who Pays Under Carbon-Allowance 

Trading? The Distributional Effects of Alternative 

Policy Designs (Study), June 2000.

Environment

The Costs of Reducing Greenhouse-Gas Emissions (Brief), 

November 2009.

The National Flood Insurance Program: Factors Affecting 

Actuarial Soundness (Paper), November 2009.

Subsidizing Infrastructure Investment with Tax-Preferred 

Bonds (Study), October 2009.

The Economic Effects of Legislation to Reduce GreenhouseGas Emissions (Report), September 2009.

How Regulatory Standards Can Affect a Cap-and-Trade 

Program for Greenhouse Gases (Brief), September 2009.

The Use of Offsets to Reduce Greenhouse Gases (Brief), 

August 2009.

Potential Impacts of Climate Change in the United States

(Paper), May 2009.

How CBO Estimates the Costs of Reducing Greenhouse-Gas 

Emissions (Background Paper), April 2009.

The Impact of Ethanol Use on Food Prices and GreenhouseGas Emissions (Paper), April 2009.

Climate-Change Policy and CO2 Emissions from Passenger 

Vehicles (Brief), October 2008.

Nuclear Power’s Role in Generating Electricity (Study), 

May 2008.

Policy Options for Reducing CO2 Emissions (Study), 

February 2008.

Effects of Gasoline Prices on Driving Behavior and Vehicle 

Markets (Study), January 2008.

The Potential for Carbon Sequestration in the United States 

(Paper), September 2007. 

Value of Properties in the National Flood Insurance Program 

(Paper), June 2007.

Trade-Offs in Allocating Allowances for CO2 Emissions 

(Brief), April 2007.

Evaluating the Role of Prices and R&D in Reducing Carbon 

Dioxide Emissions (Paper), September 2006.

How Federal Policies Affect the Allocation of Water (Paper), 

August 2006.

China’s Growing Demand for Oil and Its Impact on 

U.S. Petroleum Markets (Paper), April 2006.

Limiting Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Prices Versus Caps 

(Brief), March 2005.

Uncertainty in Analyzing Climate Change: Policy 

Implications (Paper), January 2005.

Fuel Economy Standards Versus a Gasoline Tax (Brief), 

March 2004.

The Economic Costs of Fuel Economy Standards Versus a 

Gasoline Tax (Study), December 2003.

Issues in the Design of a Cap-and-Trade Program for Carbon 

Emissions (Brief), November 2003.

Bonding for Reclaiming Federal Lands (Paper), 

October 2003.

Prospects for Distributed Electricity Generation (Paper), 

September 2003.
12 CBO PUBLICATIONS: JANUARY 2000 TO DECEMBER 2009 FEDERAL PERSONNEL

CBO

Shifting the Cost Burden of a Carbon Cap-and-Trade 

Program (Paper), July 2003.

Addressing the Uncertain Prospect of Climate Change 

(Brief), April 2003.

The Economics of Climate Change: A Primer (Study), 

April 2003.

Future Investment in Drinking Water and Wastewater 

Infrastructure (Study), November 2002.

Reducing Gasoline Consumption: Three Policy Options 

(Study), November 2002.

Causes and Lessons of the California Electricity Crisis 

(Paper), September 2001.

An Evaluation of Cap-and-Trade Programs for Reducing 

U.S. Carbon Emissions (Study), June 2001.

Reforming the Federal Royalty Program for Oil and Gas 

(Paper), November 2000.

Who Gains and Who Pays Under Carbon-Allowance 

Trading? The Distributional Effects of Alternative 

Policy Designs (Study), June 2000.

Federal Personnel

A Review of the Department of Defense’s National Security 

Personnel System (Paper), November 2008. 

Characteristics and Pay of Federal Civilian Employees 

(Paper), March 2007.

Comparing the Pay of Federal and Nonfederal Law 

Enforcement Officers (Paper), August 2005.

Comparing the Pay of Federal and Nonprofit Executives: 

An Update (Paper), July 2003.

Measuring Differences Between Federal and Private Pay 

(Paper), November 2002.

The President’s Proposal to Accrue Retirement Costs for 

Federal Employees (Paper), June 2002.

Accrual Budgeting for Military Retirees’ Health Care 

(Paper), March 2002. 

The Warrant Officer Ranks: Adding Flexibility to Military 

Personnel Management (Paper), March 2002.

Changes in Federal Civilian Employment: An Update 

(Paper), May 2001. 

Financial Institutions

The Troubled Asset Relief Program: Report on Transactions 

Through December 31, 2008 (Report), January 2009.

Issues and Options in Infrastructure Investment (Paper), 

May 2008.

Policy Options for the Housing and Financial Markets 

(Paper), April 2008.

Options for Responding to Short-Term Economic Weakness 

(Paper), January 2008.

Federal Financial Guarantees Under the Small Business 

Administration’s 7(a) Program (Paper), October 2007.

Federal Reinsurance for Terrorism Risks: Issues in 

Reauthorization (Paper), August 2007. 

Value of Properties in the National Flood Insurance Program 

(Paper), June 2007.

Valuing the Student Loan Consolidation Option 

(Background Paper), October 2006.

The Cost of the Consolidation Option for Student Loans 

(Paper), May 2006.

Measuring the Capital Positions of Fannie Mae and Freddie 

Mac (Paper), June 2006.

The Risk Exposure of the Pension Benefit Guaranty 

Corporation (Paper), September 2005.

A Guide to Understanding the Pension Benefit Guaranty 

Corporation (Paper), September 2005.

Remittances: International Payments by Migrants (Paper), 

May 2005.

Federal Terrorism Reinsurance: An Update (Paper), 

January 2005.
GOVERNMENT MANAGEMENT CBO PUBLICATIONS: JANUARY 2000 TO DECEMBER 2009 13

CBO

Estimating the Value of Subsidies for Federal Loans and 

Loan Guarantees (Paper), August 2004.

The Effects of Tort Reform: Evidence from the States (Paper), 

June 2004. 

How CBO Analyzes the Sources of Lenders’ Interest Income 

on Guaranteed Student Loans (Background Paper), 

June 2004.

Accounting for Employee Stock Options (Paper), 

April 2004.

Limiting Tort Liability for Medical Malpractice (Brief), 

January 2004.

The Economics of U.S. Tort Liability: A Primer (Study), 

October 2003.

Effects of Repealing Fannie Mae’s and Freddie Mac’s SEC 

Exemptions (Paper), May 2003.

Federal Reinsurance for Disasters (Study), September 2002.

Raising Federal Deposit Insurance Coverage (Paper), 

May 2002.

U.S. Banks’ Exposure to Foreign Financial Losses (Paper), 

May 2002.

Federal Reinsurance for Terrorism Risks (Paper), 

October 2001.

Federal Subsidies and the Housing GSEs (Study), 

May 2001. 

Interest Rate Differentials Between Jumbo and Conforming 

Mortgages, 1995–2000 (Paper), May 2001.

Personal Bankruptcy: A Literature Review (Paper), 

September 2000. 

Government Management

The National Flood Insurance Program: Factors Affecting 

Actuarial Soundness (Paper), November 2009.

Subsidizing Infrastructure Investment with Tax-Preferred 

Bonds (Study), October 2009.

Issues and Options in Infrastructure Investment (Paper), 

May 2008.

Value of Properties in the National Flood Insurance Program 

(Paper), June 2007.

Characteristics and Pay of Federal Civilian Employees 

(Paper), March 2007.

The Cost of the Consolidation Option for Student Loans 

(Paper), May 2006.

Comparing the Pay of Federal and Nonfederal Law 

Enforcement Officers (Paper), August 2005.

Homeland Security and the Private Sector (Paper), 

December 2004.

The Past and Future of U.S. Passenger Rail Service (Study), 

September 2003.

Comparing the Pay of Federal and Nonprofit Executives: 

An Update (Paper), July 2003.

The Budgetary Treatment of Leases and Public/Private 

Ventures (Paper), February 2003.

Measuring Differences Between Federal and Private Pay 

(Paper), November 2002.

The President’s Proposal to Accrue Retirement Costs for 

Federal Employees (Paper), June 2002.

Accrual Budgeting for Military Retirees’ Health Care 

(Paper), March 2002.

Credit Subsidy Reestimates, 1993–1999 (Report), 

September 2000.

The One-Courtroom, One-Judge Policy: A Preliminary 

Review (Paper), April 2000. 

Government-Sponsored Enterprises

The National Flood Insurance Program: Factors Affecting 

Actuarial Soundness (Paper), November 2009.

An Overview of Federal Support for Housing (Brief), 

November 2009.
14 CBO PUBLICATIONS: JANUARY 2000 TO DECEMBER 2009 HEALTH

CBO

Issues and Options in Infrastructure Investment (Paper), 

May 2008.

Policy Options for the Housing and Financial Markets 

(Paper), April 2008.

Options for Responding to Short-Term Economic Weakness 

(Paper), January 2008.

Measuring the Capital Positions of Fannie Mae and Freddie 

Mac (Paper), June 2006.

Estimating the Value of Subsidies for Federal Loans and 

Loan Guarantees (Paper), August 2004.

Effects of Repealing Fannie Mae’s and Freddie Mac’s SEC 

Exemptions (Paper), May 2003.

The Budgetary Treatment of Leases and Public/Private 

Ventures (Paper), February 2003.

Federal Subsidies and the Housing GSEs (Study), 

May 2001. 

Interest Rate Differentials Between Jumbo and Conforming 

Mortgages, 1995–2000 (Paper), May 2001.

Health

Promotional Spending for Prescription Drugs (Brief), 

December 2009.

Pharmaceutical R&D and the Evolving Market for Drugs

(Brief), October 2009.

Quality Initiatives Undertaken by the Veterans Health 

Administration (Paper), August 2009.

Effects of Changes to the Health Insurance System on Labor 

Markets (Brief), July 2009.

CBO’s Long-Term Model: An Overview (Background 

Paper), June 2009.

The Effects of Proposals to Increase Cost Sharing in 

TRICARE (Paper), June 2009.

The Budgetary Treatment of Proposals to Change the 

Nation’s Health Insurance System (Brief), May 2009.

Budget Options, Volume 1: Health Care (Study), 

December 2008.

Key Issues in Analyzing Major Health Insurance Proposals

(Study), December 2008. 

U.S. Policy Regarding Pandemic-Influenza Vaccines

(Paper), September 2008.

Increasing Transparency in the Pricing of Health Care 

Services and Pharmaceuticals (Brief), June 2008.

Accounting for Sources of Projected Growth in Federal 

Spending on Medicare and Medicaid (Brief), 

May 2008. 

Evidence on the Costs and Benefits of Health Information 

Technology (Paper), May 2008.

Growing Disparities in Life Expectancy (Brief), 

April 2008.

Geographic Variation in Health Care Spending (Paper), 

February 2008. 

Technological Change and the Growth of Health Care 

Spending (Paper), January 2008.

The Health Care System for Veterans: An Interim Report 

(Paper), December 2007. 

The Impact of Unauthorized Immigrants on the Budgets of 

State and Local Governments (Paper), December 2007.

Research on the Comparative Effectiveness of Medical 

Treatments: Issues and Options for an Expanded Federal 

Role (Paper), December 2007. 

The Long-Term Outlook for Health Care Spending (Study), 

November 2007. 

CBO’s Health Insurance Simulation Model: A Technical 

Description (Background Paper), October 2007.

The Impact of Medicare’s Payment Rates on the Volume of 

Services Provided by Skilled Nursing Facilities

(Background Paper), July 2007.

Factors Underlying the Growth in Medicare’s Spending for 

Physicians’ Services (Background Paper), June 2007.
HEALTH CBO PUBLICATIONS: JANUARY 2000 TO DECEMBER 2009 15

CBO

Medicare Advantage: Private Health Plans in Medicare

(Brief), June 2007. 

The State Children’s Health Insurance Program (Paper), 

May 2007.

Prescription Drug Pricing in the Private Sector (Paper), 

January 2007.

Consumer-Directed Health Plans: Potential Effects on 

Health Care Spending and Outcomes (Study), 

December 2006.

Designing a Premium Support System for Medicare (Study), 

December 2006.

Nonprofit Hospitals and the Provision of Community 

Benefits (Paper), December 2006.

Research and Development in the Pharmaceutical Industry 

(Study), October 2006.

The Sustainable Growth Rate Formula for Setting 

Medicare’s Physician Payment Rates (Brief), 

September 2006.

Medical Malpractice Tort Limits and Health Care Spending 

(Background Paper), April 2006.

The Long-Term Budget Outlook (Report), 

December 2005. 

The Price Sensitivity of Demand for Nongroup Health 

Insurance (Background Paper), August 2005.

Prices for Brand-Name Drugs Under Selected Federal 

Programs (Paper), June 2005.

High-Cost Medicare Beneficiaries (Paper), May 2005.

Changes in Participation in Means-Tested Programs (Brief), 

April 2005.

The Potential Cost of Meeting Demand for Veterans’ Health 

Care (Paper), March 2005.

Medicaid’s Reimbursement to Pharmacies for Prescription 

Drugs (Paper), December 2004.

Homeland Security and the Private Sector (Paper), 

December 2004.

CBO’s Analysis of Regional Preferred Provider Organizations 

Under the Medicare Modernization Act (Paper), 

October 2004.

A Detailed Description of CBO’s Cost Estimate for the 

Medicare Prescription Drug Benefit (Paper), July 2004.

The Effects of Tort Reform: Evidence from the States (Paper), 

June 2004.

Financing Long-Term Care for the Elderly (Paper), 

April 2004.

Would Prescription Drug Importation Reduce U.S. Drug 

Spending? (Brief), April 2004.

Limiting Tort Liability for Medical Malpractice (Brief), 

January 2004.

The Long-Term Budget Outlook (Study), December 2003. 

The Economics of U.S. Tort Liability: A Primer (Study), 

October 2003.

Comparing Budgetary and Trust Fund Measures of the 

Outlook for Social Security and Medicare (Brief), 

October 2003.

Growth in Medical Spending by the Department of Defense 

(Brief), September 2003.

Growth in Medical Spending by the Department of Defense 

(Study), September 2003.

How Many People Lack Health Insurance and for How 

Long? (Brief), May 2003.

How Many People Lack Health Insurance and for How 

Long? (Paper), May 2003.

The Budgetary Treatment of Leases and Public/Private 

Ventures (Paper), February 2003.

The Impact of Social Security and Medicare on the Federal 

Budget (Brief), November 2002.

The Impact of Trust Fund Programs on Federal Budget 

Surpluses and Deficits (Brief), November 2002.

Issues in Designing a Prescription Drug Benefit for Medicare 

(Study), October 2002.
16 CBO PUBLICATIONS: JANUARY 2000 TO DECEMBER 2009 HOMELAND SECURITY

CBO

Social Security and the Federal Budget: The Necessity of 

Maintaining a Comprehensive Long-Range Perspective 

(Brief), July 2002.

Options to Expand Federal Health, Retirement, and 

Education Activities (Memorandum), June 2000. 

An Analysis of the President’s Budgetary Proposals for Fiscal 

Year 2001 (Report), April 2000.

Increasing Small-Firm Health Insurance Coverage Through 

Association Health Plans and Health Marts (Paper), 

January 2000. 

Homeland Security

Federal Reinsurance for Terrorism Risks: Issues in 

Reauthorization (Paper), August 2007.

Projections of Net Migration to the United States (Paper), 

June 2006.

Immigration Policy in the United States (Paper), 

February 2006.

Federal Funding for Homeland Security: An Update (Brief), 

July 2005.

Comparing the Pay of Federal and Nonfederal Law 

Enforcement Officers (Paper), August 2005.

Remittances: International Payments by Migrants (Paper), 

May 2005.

Federal Terrorism Reinsurance: An Update (Paper), 

January 2005.

Homeland Security and the Private Sector (Paper), 

December 2004.

A Description of the Immigrant Population (Paper), 

November 2004.

Federal Funding for Homeland Security (Brief), 

April 2004. 

The Budget and Economic Outlook: Fiscal Years 

2003–2012 (Report), January 2002.

Housing

An Overview of Federal Support for Housing (Brief), 

November 2009.

The Outlook for Housing Starts, 2009 to 2012

(Background Paper), November 2008.

Policy Options for the Housing and Financial Markets 

(Paper), April 2008.

Options for Responding to Short-Term Economic Weakness 

(Paper), January 2008.

Housing Wealth and Consumer Spending (Background 

Paper), January 2007.

Taxing Capital Income: Effective Rates and Approaches to 

Reform (Paper), October 2005.

Estimating the Value of Subsidies for Federal Loans and 

Loan Guarantees (Paper), August 2004.

Subsidy Estimates for FHA Mortgage Guarantees (Paper), 

November 2003.

Federal Subsidies and the Housing GSEs (Study), 

May 2001. 

Interest Rate Differentials Between Jumbo and Conforming 

Mortgages, 1995–2000 (Paper), May 2001.

Intergovernmental Relations

Subsidizing Infrastructure Investment with Tax-Preferred 

Bonds (Study), October 2009.

Intergovernmental Mandates in Federal Legislation (Brief), 

July 2009.

A Review of CBO’s Activities in 2008 Under the Unfunded 

Mandates Reform Act (Report), March 2009.

A Review of CBO’s Activities in 2007 Under the Unfunded 

Mandates Reform Act (Report), March 2008.

The Deductibility of State and Local Taxes (Paper), 

February 2008.
INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS CBO PUBLICATIONS: JANUARY 2000 TO DECEMBER 2009 17

CBO

The Impact of Unauthorized Immigrants on the Budgets of 

State and Local Governments (Paper), December 2007.

A Review of CBO’s Activities in 2006 Under the Unfunded 

Mandates Reform Act (Report), April 2007.

A Review of CBO’s Activities Under the Unfunded 

Mandates Reform Act, 1996 to 2005 (Report), 

March 2006.

A Review of CBO’s Activities in 2004 Under the Unfunded 

Mandates Reform Act (Report), March 2005.

Identifying Intergovernmental Mandates (Brief), 

January 2005.

A Description of the Immigrant Population (Paper), 

November 2004.

A Review of CBO’s Activities in 2003 Under the Unfunded 

Mandates Reform Act (Report), April 2004.

Economic Issues in Taxing Internet and Mail-Order Sales 

(Paper), October 2003.

Bonding for Reclaiming Federal Lands (Paper), 

October 2003.

The Economics of U.S. Tort Liability: A Primer (Study), 

October 2003.

A Review of CBO’s Activities in 2002 Under the Unfunded 

Mandates Reform Act (Report), May 2003.

The President’s Proposal to Accrue Retirement Costs for 

Federal Employees (Paper), June 2002.

A Review of CBO’s Activities in 2001 Under the Unfunded 

Mandates Reform Act (Paper), June 2002.

Preemptions in Federal Legislation in the 106th Congress 

(Paper), June 2001.

CBO’s Activities Under the Unfunded Mandates Reform 

Act, 1996–2000 (Paper), May 2001.

An Assessment of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act in 

1999 (Paper), March 2000. 

International Programs

Options for Deploying Missile Defenses in Europe (Study), 

February 2009. 

How Changes in the Value of the Chinese Currency Affect 

U.S. Imports (Paper), July 2008.

Agricultural Trade Liberalization (Brief), November 2006.

Projections of Net Migration to the United States (Paper), 

June 2006.

The Effects of Liberalizing World Agricultural Trade: 

A Review of Modeling Studies (Paper), June 2006.

China’s Growing Demand for Oil and Its Impact on 

U.S. Petroleum Markets (Paper), April 2006.

Immigration Policy in the United States (Paper), 

February 2006.

The Effects of Liberalizing World Agricultural Trade: 

A Survey (Paper), December 2005.

Global Population Aging in the 21st Century and Its 

Economic Implications (Paper), December 2005.

The Role of Immigrants in the U.S. Labor Market (Paper), 

November 2005.

Why Does U.S. Investment Abroad Earn Higher Returns 

Than Foreign Investment in the United States? (Brief), 

November 2005.

Policies That Distort World Agricultural Trade: 

Prevalence and Magnitude (Paper), August 2005.

Recent Shifts in Financing the U.S. Current-Account Deficit 

(Brief), July 2005. 

Remittances: International Payments by Migrants (Paper), 

May 2005.

A Description of the Immigrant Population (Paper), 

November 2004.

The Decline in the U.S. Current-Account Balance Since 

1991 (Brief), August 2004. 

Options for Changing the Army’s Overseas Basing (Study), 

May 2004.
18 CBO PUBLICATIONS: JANUARY 2000 TO DECEMBER 2009 LABOR

CBO

Paying for Iraq’s Reconstruction (Paper), January 2004.

Addressing the Uncertain Prospect of Climate Change 

(Brief), April 2003.

The Economics of Climate Change: A Primer (Study), 

April 2003.

NATO Burdensharing After Enlargement (Paper), 

August 2001.

Integrating New Allies into NATO (Paper), October 2000. 

Labor

Changes in the Distribution of Workers’ Annual Earnings 

Between 1979 and 2007 (Paper), October 2009.

The Economic Effects of Legislation to Reduce GreenhouseGas Emissions (Report), September 2009.

CBO’s Long-Term Model: An Overview (Background 

Paper), June 2009.

Factors Underlying the Decline in Manufacturing 

Employment Since 2000 (Brief), December 2008. 

Assigning Education Status in CBO’s Long-Term Microsimulation Model (Background Paper), October 2008.

Recent Trends in the Variability of Individual Earnings and 

Household Income (Paper), June 2008. 

Long-Term Unemployment (Paper), October 2007.

Changes in the Economic Resources of Low-Income 

Households with Children (Paper), May 2007.

The Effect of Tax Changes on Labor Supply in CBO’s 

Microsimulation Tax Model (Background Paper), 

April 2007.

Characteristics and Pay of Federal Civilian Employees 

(Paper), March 2007.

Labor Productivity: Developments Since 1995 (Paper), 

March 2007.

Changes in Low-Wage Labor Markets Between 1979 and 

2005 (Paper), December 2006.

Is Social Security Progressive? (Brief), December 2006.

Projecting Labor Force Participation and Earnings in CBO’s 

Long-Term Microsimulation Model (Background 

Paper), October 2006.

CBO’s Online Guide to Tax Incentives for Retirement 

Saving (Report), June 2006. 

Projections of Net Migration to the United States (Paper), 

June 2006.

Immigration Policy in the United States (Paper), 

February 2006.

Global Population Aging in the 21st Century and Its 

Economic Implications (Paper), December 2005.

The Role of Immigrants in the U.S. Labor Market (Paper), 

November 2005.

The Risk Exposure of the Pension Benefit Guaranty 

Corporation (Paper), September 2005.

A Guide to Understanding the Pension Benefit Guaranty 

Corporation (Paper), September 2005.

Comparing the Pay of Federal and Nonfederal Law 

Enforcement Officers (Paper), August 2005.

Employment During the 2001–2003 Recovery 

(Background Paper), August 2005.

Remittances: International Payments by Migrants (Paper), 

May 2005.

The Effects of Reserve Call-Ups on Civilian Employers 

(Paper), May 2005.

A Description of the Immigrant Population (Paper), 

November 2004.

Disability and Retirement: The Early Exit of Baby Boomers 

from the Labor Force (Paper), November 2004.

What Is Happening to Youth Employment Rates? 

(Background Paper), November 2004.

CBO’s Projections of the Labor Force (Background Paper), 

September 2004.
MACROECONOMIC ANALYSIS CBO PUBLICATIONS: JANUARY 2000 TO DECEMBER 2009 19

CBO

Accounting for Employee Stock Options (Paper), 

April 2004.

Family Income of Unemployment Insurance Recipients 

(Paper), March 2004.

What Accounts for the Decline in Manufacturing 

Employment? (Brief), February 2004.

Is the United States Falling Behind in Adopting Broadband? 

(Brief), February 2004.

Limiting Tort Liability for Medical Malpractice (Brief), 

January 2004.

Does the Residential Broadband Market Need Fixing? 

(Paper), December 2003.

The Economics of U.S. Tort Liability: A Primer (Study), 

October 2003.

The Past and Future of U.S. Passenger Rail Service (Study), 

September 2003.

Effects of Repealing Fannie Mae’s and Freddie Mac’s SEC 

Exemptions (Paper), May 2003.

Options to Extend the Duration of Unemployment Insurance 

Benefits (Paper), September 2002. 

The Effect of Recent Changes in Labor Markets on the 

Natural Rate of Unemployment (Paper), April 2002.

The Warrant Officer Ranks: Adding Flexibility to Military 

Personnel Management (Paper), February 2002.

Federal Reinsurance for Terrorism Risks (Paper), 

October 2001.

Causes and Lessons of the California Electricity Crisis 

(Paper), September 2001.

An Economic Analysis of the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 

(Paper), April 2000.

A Framework for Projecting Interest Rate Spreads and 

Volatilities (Memorandum), January 2000.

Macroeconomic Analysis

Estimated Impact of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act on Employment and Economic Output as of 

September 2009 (Report), November 2009.

How Slower Growth in the Labor Force Could Affect the 

Return on Capital (Background Paper), October 2009.

The Economic Effects of Legislation to Reduce GreenhouseGas Emissions (Report), September 2009.

Will the Demand for Assets Fall When the Baby Boomers 

Retire? (Background Paper), September 2009.

Measuring the Effects of the Business Cycle on the Federal 

Budget: An Update (Report), September 2009.

CBO’s Economic Forecasting Record: 2009 Update

(Report), July 2009.

The Treatment of Federal Receipts and Expenditures in the 

National Income and Product Accounts (Report), 

June 2009.

Did the 2008 Tax Rebates Stimulate Short-Term Growth? 

(Brief), June 2009.

Measuring the Effects of the Business Cycle on the Federal 

Budget (Report), June 2009.

A Preliminary Analysis of the President’s Budget and an 

Update of CBO’s Budget and Economic Outlook

(Report), March 2009.

The Outlook for Housing Starts, 2009 to 2012

(Background Paper), November 2008.

The Cyclically Adjusted and Standardized Budget Measures

(Report), October 2008.

The Treatment of Federal Receipts and Expenditures in the 

National Income and Product Accounts (Report), 

September 2008.

How Changes in the Value of the Chinese Currency Affect 

U.S. Imports (Paper), July 2008.

Policy Options for the Housing and Financial Markets 

(Paper), April 2008.
20 CBO PUBLICATIONS: JANUARY 2000 TO DECEMBER 2009 MACROECONOMIC ANALYSIS

CBO

The Cyclically Adjusted and Standardized Budget Measures 

(Web Only), April 2008.

Options for Responding to Short-Term Economic Weakness 

(Paper), January 2008.

How CBO Projects the Real Rate of Interest on 10-Year 

Treasury Notes (Background Paper), December 2007.

CBO’s Economic Forecasting Record: 2007 Update 

(Report), November 2007. 

The Cyclically Adjusted and Standardized Budget Measures: 

An Update (Report), August 2007.

The Treatment of Federal Receipts and Expenditures in the 

National Income and Product Accounts (Report), 

August 2007.

Explaining the Consumer Price Index (Brief), June 2007.

Will the U.S. Current Account Have a Hard or Soft 

Landing? (Brief), June 2007. 

The Uncertainty of Budget Projections: A Discussion of Data 

and Methods (Paper), March 2007.

Labor Productivity: Developments Since 1995 (Paper), 

March 2007.

The Budget and Economic Outlook: Fiscal Years 2008 to 

2017 (Report), January 2007.

Housing Wealth and Consumer Spending (Background 

Paper), January 2007.

CBO’s Economic Forecasting Record (Report), 

November 2006. 

The Treatment of Federal Receipts and Expenditures in the 

National Income and Product Accounts (Web Only), 

September 2006.

How CBO Forecasts Income (Background Paper), 

August 2006.

The Uncertainty of Budget Projections: A Discussion of Data 

and Methods (Paper), March 2006.

The Economic Effects of Recent Increases in Energy Prices 

(Paper), July 2006.

Analyzing the Economic and Budgetary Effects of a 

10 Percent Cut in Income Tax Rates (Brief), 

December 2005.

Why Does U.S. Investment Abroad Earn Higher Returns 

Than Foreign Investment in the United States? (Brief), 

November 2005.

Long-Term Economic Effects of Chronically Large Federal 

Deficits (Brief), October 2005.

CBO’s Economic Forecasting Record (Report), 

October 2005. 

The Treatment of Federal Receipts and Expenditures in the 

National Income and Product Accounts (Report), 

September 2005.

Employment During the 2001–2003 Recovery 

(Background Paper), August 2005.

Recent Shifts in Financing the U.S. Current-Account Deficit 

(Brief), July 2005.

R&D and Productivity Growth (Background Paper), 

June 2005.

What Is a Current-Law Economic Baseline? (Brief), 

June 2005.

The Uncertainty of Budget Projections: A Discussion of 

Data and Methods (Report), February 2005.

CBO’s Revised Method for Estimating and Projecting 

Potential TFP (Background Paper), January 2005.

A Description of the Immigrant Population (Paper), 

November 2004.

CBO’s Economic Forecasting Record (Report), 

September 2004. 

CBO’s Projections of the Labor Force (Background Paper), 

September 2004.

The Decline in the U.S. Current-Account Balance Since 

1991 (Brief), August 2004.

Retirement Age and the Need for Saving (Brief), May 2004.
NATIONAL SECURITY CBO PUBLICATIONS: JANUARY 2000 TO DECEMBER 2009 21

CBO

The Uncertainty of Budget Projections: A Discussion of 

Data and Methods (Report), April 2004.

A Summary of Alternative Methods for Estimating Potential 

GDP (Background Paper), March 2004.

The Retirement Prospects of the Baby Boomers (Brief), 

March 2004.

What Accounts for the Decline in Manufacturing 

Employment? (Brief), February 2004.

Baby Boomers’ Retirement Prospects: An Overview (Study), 

November 2003.

Comparing Budgetary and Trust Fund Measures of the 

Outlook for Social Security and Medicare (Brief), 

October 2003.

CBO’s Economic Forecasting Record (Report), 

October 2003. 

How CBO Analyzed the Macroeconomic Effects of the 

President’s Budget (Paper), July 2003.

The Effects of NAFTA on U.S.–Mexican Trade and GDP 

(Paper), May 2003.

The Uncertainty of Budget Projections: A Discussion of Data 

and Methods (Report), April 2003.

Evaluating and Accounting for Federal Investment in 

Corporate Stocks and Other Private Securities (Paper), 

January 2003.

Social Security Reform: The Use of Private Securities and the 

Need for Economic Growth (Brief), January 2003.

The Impact of Social Security and Medicare on the Federal 

Budget (Brief), November 2002.

The Impact of Trust Fund Programs on Federal Budget 

Surpluses and Deficits (Brief), November 2002.

CBO’s Economic Forecasting Record (Report), 

November 2002. 

Federal Debt and the Commitments of Federal Trust Funds 

(Brief), October 2002.

The Role of Computer Technology in the Growth of 

Productivity (Paper), May 2002.

The Effect of Recent Changes in Labor Markets on the 

Natural Rate of Unemployment (Paper), April 2002.

Uncertainties in Projecting Budget Surpluses: A Discussion 

of Data and Methods (Report), February 2002.

Economic Stimulus: Evaluating Proposed Changes in Tax 

Policy (Paper), January 2002.

Social Security: A Primer (Study), September 2001 

(Released December 2001).

CBO’s Method for Estimating Potential Output: An Update 

(Paper), August 2001.

The Need for Better Price Indices for Communications 

Investment (Paper), June 2001.

Uncertainties in Projecting Budget Surpluses: A Discussion 

of Data and Methods (Report), February 2001.

The Long-Term Budget Outlook (Report), October 2000. 

Personal Bankruptcy: A Literature Review (Paper), 

September 2000.

The Standardized Budget: Revised Historical Estimates 

(Memorandum), June 2000.

Causes and Consequences of the Trade Deficit: An Overview 

(Memorandum), March 2000.

A Framework for Projecting Interest Rate Spreads and 

Volatilities (Memorandum), January 2000.

National Security

Defense Budgets

Options for Combining the Navy’s and the Coast Guard’s 

Small Combatant Programs (Paper), July 2009.

The Effects of Proposals to Increase Cost Sharing in 

TRICARE (Paper), June 2009.

An Analysis of the Army’s Transformation Programs and 

Possible Alternatives (Study), June 2009.
22 CBO PUBLICATIONS: JANUARY 2000 TO DECEMBER 2009 NATIONAL SECURITY

CBO

Options for Deploying Missile Defenses in Europe (Study), 

February 2009. 

Long-Term Implications of the Fiscal Year 2009 Future 

Years Defense Program (Paper), January 2009. 

The Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans: 

Detailed Update for Fiscal Year 2008 (Paper), 

March 2008.

Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans: 

Summary Update for Fiscal Year 2008 (Paper), 

December 2007.

Modernizing the Army’s Rotary-Wing Aviation Fleet

(Paper), November 2007. 

Crew Rotation in the Navy: The Long-Term Effect on 

Forward Presence (Paper), October 2007. 

Replacing and Repairing Equipment Used in Iraq and 

Afghanistan: The Army’s Reset Program (Paper), 

September 2007.

Assessing Pay and Benefits for Military Personnel (Brief), 

August 2007. 

The All-Volunteer Military: Issues and Performance

(Study), July 2007.

Evaluating Military Compensation (Study), June 2007.

Comparing Working-Capital Funding and Mission Funding 

for Naval Shipyards (Paper), April 2007.

The Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans: 

Detailed Update for Fiscal Year 2007 (Paper), 

April 2007.

Some Implications of Increasing U.S. Forces in Iraq (Paper), 

April 2007.

Alternatives for Military Space Radar (Study),

January 2007.

Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans: 

Summary Update for Fiscal Year 2007 (Paper), 

October 2006.

The Army’s Future Combat Systems Program and 

Alternatives (Study), August 2006.

Options for the Navy’s Future Fleet (Study), May 2006.

Alternatives for Long-Range Ground-Attack Systems 

(Study), March 2006.

The Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans and 

Alternatives: Detailed Update for Fiscal Year 2006 

(Paper), January 2006.

Logistics Support for Deployed Military Forces (Study), 

October 2005.

The Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans and 

Alternatives: Summary Update for Fiscal Year 2006 

(Paper), October 2005.

Federal Funding for Homeland Security: An Update (Brief), 

July 2005.

Prices for Brand-Name Drugs Under Selected Federal 

Programs (Paper), June 2005.

The Effects of Reserve Call-Ups on Civilian Employers 

(Paper), May 2005.

Options for Restructuring the Army (Study), May 2005.

The Future of the Navy’s Amphibious and Maritime 

Prepositioning Forces (Study), November 2004.

The Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans: 

Summary Update for Fiscal Year 2005 (Paper), 

September 2004.

Options for Changing the Army’s Overseas Basing (Study), 

May 2004.

Federal Funding for Homeland Security (Brief), 

April 2004.

Educational Attainment and Compensation of Enlisted 

Personnel (Paper), February 2004.

The Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans: 

Detailed Update for Fiscal Year 2004 (Paper), 

February 2004.

Military Compensation: Balancing Cash and Noncash 

Benefits (Brief), January 2004.

Paying for Iraq’s Reconstruction (Paper), January 2004.
NATIONAL SECURITY CBO PUBLICATIONS: JANUARY 2000 TO DECEMBER 2009 23

CBO

Growth in Medical Spending by the Department of Defense 

(Brief), September 2003.

Growth in Medical Spending by the Department of Defense 

(Study), September 2003.

The Army’s Bandwidth Bottleneck (Study), August 2003.

The Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans: 

Summary Update for Fiscal Year 2004 (Paper), 

July 2003.

Transforming the Navy’s Surface Combatant Force (Brief), 

April 2003.

Transforming the Navy’s Surface Combatant Force (Study), 

March 2003.

The Budgetary Treatment of Leases and Public/Private 

Ventures (Paper), February 2003.

The Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans 

(Study), January 2003.

Accrual Budgeting for Military Retirees’ Health Care 

(Paper), March 2002.

Increasing the Mission Capability of the Attack Submarine 

Force (Study), March 2002.

NATO Burdensharing After Enlargement (Paper), 

August 2001.

The Effects of Aging on the Costs of Operating and 

Maintaining Military Equipment (Paper), August 2001.

Budgeting for Naval Forces: Structuring Tomorrow’s Navy at 

Today’s Funding Level (Study), October 2000.

Integrating New Allies into NATO (Paper), October 2000.

Budgeting for Defense: Maintaining Today’s Forces (Study), 

September 2000.

An Analysis of the President’s Budgetary Proposals for Fiscal 

Year 2001 (Report), April 2000.

Budget Options for National Defense (Study), March 2000.

Defense Systems

Options for Combining the Navy’s and the Coast Guard’s 

Small Combatant Programs (Paper), July 2009.

An Analysis of the Army’s Transformation Programs and 

Possible Alternatives (Study), June 2009.

Options for Deploying Missile Defenses in Europe (Study), 

February 2009. 

Long-Term Implications of the Fiscal Year 2009 Future 

Years Defense Program (Paper), January 2009. 

The Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans: 

Detailed Update for Fiscal Year 2008 (Paper), 

March 2008.

Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans: 

Summary Update for Fiscal Year 2008 (Paper), 

December 2007. 

Modernizing the Army’s Rotary-Wing Aviation Fleet 

(Paper), November 2007. 

Crew Rotation in the Navy: The Long-Term Effect on 

Forward Presence (Paper), October 2007. 

Replacing and Repairing Equipment Used in Iraq and 

Afghanistan: The Army’s Reset Program (Paper), 

September 2007.

Sea Basing and Alternatives for Deploying and Sustaining 

Ground Combat Forces (Study), July 2007.

Alternatives for Military Space Radar (Study), 

January 2007.

Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans: 

Summary Update for Fiscal Year 2007 (Paper), 

October 2006.

The Army’s Future Combat Systems Program and 

Alternatives (Study), August 2006.

Options for the Navy’s Future Fleet (Study), May 2006.

Alternatives for Long-Range Ground-Attack Systems 

(Study), March 2006.
24 CBO PUBLICATIONS: JANUARY 2000 TO DECEMBER 2009 NATIONAL SECURITY

CBO

The Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans and 

Alternatives: Summary Update for Fiscal Year 2006 

(Paper), October 2005.

Options for Strategic Military Transportation Systems 

(Study), September 2005.

The Future of the Navy’s Amphibious and Maritime 

Prepositioning Forces (Study), November 2004.

The Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans: 

Summary Update for Fiscal Year 2005 (Paper), 

September 2004.

Alternatives for Boost-Phase Missile Defense (Paper), 

July 2004.

The Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans: 

Detailed Update for Fiscal Year 2004 (Paper), 

February 2004.

The Army’s Bandwidth Bottleneck (Study), August 2003.

The Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans: 

Summary Update for Fiscal Year 2004 (Paper), 

July 2003.

Transforming the Navy’s Surface Combatant Force (Brief), 

April 2003.

Transforming the Navy’s Surface Combatant Force (Study), 

March 2003.

The Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans 

(Study), January 2003.

Increasing the Mission Capability of the Attack Submarine 

Force (Study), March 2002.

The Effects of Aging on the Costs of Operating and 

Maintaining Military Equipment (Paper), August 2001.

Budgeting for Defense: Maintaining Today’s Forces (Study), 

September 2000.

Budgetary and Technical Implications of the 

Administration’s Plan for National Missile 

Defense (Paper), April 2000.

Budget Options for National Defense (Study), March 2000.

Infrastructure and Support

The Effects of Proposals to Increase Cost Sharing in 

TRICARE (Paper), June 2009.

Long-Term Implications of the Fiscal Year 2009 Future 

Years Defense Program (Paper), January 2009. 

A Review of the Department of Defense’s National Security 

Personnel System (Paper), November 2008. 

Contractors’ Support of U.S. Operations in Iraq (Paper), 

August 2008.

The Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans: 

Detailed Update for Fiscal Year 2008 (Paper), 

March 2008.

Comparing Working-Capital Funding and Mission Funding 

for Naval Shipyards (Paper), April 2007.

Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans: 

Summary Update for Fiscal Year 2007 (Paper), 

October 2006.

The Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans and 

Alternatives: Summary Update for Fiscal Year 2006 

(Paper), October 2005.

The Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans: 

Detailed Update for Fiscal Year 2005 (Paper), 

September 2004.

Options for Changing the Army’s Overseas Basing (Study), 

May 2004.

The Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans: 

Detailed Update for Fiscal Year 2004 (Paper), 

February 2004.

Educational Attainment and Compensation of Enlisted 

Personnel (Paper), February 2004.

Military Compensation: Balancing Cash and Noncash 

Benefits (Brief), January 2004.

Growth in Medical Spending by the Department of Defense 

(Brief), September 2003.

Growth in Medical Spending by the Department of Defense 

(Study), September 2003.
NATIONAL SECURITY CBO PUBLICATIONS: JANUARY 2000 TO DECEMBER 2009 25

CBO

The Army’s Bandwidth Bottleneck (Study), August 2003.

The Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans: 

Summary Update for Fiscal Year 2004 (Paper), 

July 2003.

The Budgetary Treatment of Leases and Public/Private 

Ventures (Paper), February 2003.

The Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans 

(Study), January 2003.

Accrual Budgeting for Military Retirees’ Health Care 

(Paper), March 2002.

The Warrant Officer Ranks: Adding Flexibility to Military 

Personnel Management (Paper), February 2002.

The Effects of Aging on the Costs of Operating and 

Maintaining Military Equipment (Paper), August 2001.

Integrating New Allies into NATO (Paper), October 2000.

Budgeting for Defense: Maintaining Today’s Forces (Study), 

September 2000.

Budget Options for National Defense (Study), March 2000.

Military Forces

Quality Initiatives Undertaken by the Veterans Health 

Administration (Paper), August 2009.

Options for Combining the Navy’s and the Coast Guard’s 

Small Combatant Programs (Paper), July 2009.

The Effects of Proposals to Increase Cost Sharing in 

TRICARE (Paper), June 2009.

Alternatives for Modernizing U.S. Fighter Forces (Study), 

May 2009.

Long-Term Implications of the Fiscal Year 2009 Future 

Years Defense Program (Paper), January 2009. 

Contractors’ Support of U.S. Operations in Iraq (Paper), 

August 2008.

The Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans: 

Detailed Update for Fiscal Year 2008 (Paper), 

March 2008.

The Health Care System for Veterans: An Interim Report 

(Paper), December 2007. 

Crew Rotation in the Navy: The Long-Term Effect on 

Forward Presence (Paper), October 2007. 

Assessing Pay and Benefits for Military Personnel (Brief), 

August 2007. 

The All-Volunteer Military: Issues and Performance

(Study), July 2007.

Evaluating Military Compensation (Study), June 2007.

Some Implications of Increasing U.S. Forces in Iraq (Paper), 

April 2007.

Recruiting, Retention, and Future Levels of Military 

Personnel (Study), October 2006.

Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans: 

Summary Update for Fiscal Year 2007 (Paper), 

October 2006.

The Army’s Future Combat Systems Program and 

Alternatives (Study), August 2006.

Options for the Navy’s Future Fleet (Study), May 2006.

Alternatives for Long-Range Ground-Attack Systems 

(Study), March 2006.

Logistics Support for Deployed Military Forces (Study), 

October 2005.

The Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans and 

Alternatives: Summary Update for Fiscal Year 2006 

(Paper), October 2005.

Options for Restructuring the Army (Study), May 2005.

The Effects of Reserve Call-Ups on Civilian Employers 

(Paper), May 2005.

The Future of the Navy’s Amphibious and Maritime 

Prepositioning Forces (Study), November 2004.

The Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans: 

Summary Update for Fiscal Year 2005 (Paper), 

September 2004.
26 CBO PUBLICATIONS: JANUARY 2000 TO DECEMBER 2009 REGULATORY ANALYSIS

CBO

Options for Changing the Army’s Overseas Basing (Study), 

May 2004.

The Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans: 

Detailed Update for Fiscal Year 2004 (Paper), 

February 2004.

The Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans: 

Summary Update for Fiscal Year 2004 (Paper), 

July 2003.

Transforming the Navy’s Surface Combatant Force (Brief), 

April 2003.

Transforming the Navy’s Surface Combatant Force (Study), 

March 2003.

The Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans 

(Study), January 2003.

Increasing the Mission Capability of the Attack Submarine 

Force (Study), March 2002.

Accrual Budgeting for Military Retirees’ Health Care 

(Paper), March 2002.

The Warrant Officer Ranks: Adding Flexibility to Military 

Personnel Management (Paper), February 2002.

The Effects of Aging on the Costs of Operating and 

Maintaining Military Equipment (Paper), August 2001.

Budgeting for Naval Forces: Structuring Tomorrow’s Navy at 

Today’s Funding Level (Study), October 2000.

Integrating New Allies into NATO (Paper), October 2000.

Budgeting for Defense: Maintaining Today’s Forces (Study), 

September 2000.

Budget Options for National Defense (Study), March 2000.

Regulatory Analysis

The Economic Effects of Legislation to Reduce GreenhouseGas Emissions (Report), September 2009.

How Regulatory Standards Can Affect a Cap-and-Trade 

Program for Greenhouse Gases (Brief), September 2009.

Intergovernmental Mandates in Federal Legislation (Brief), 

July 2009.

A Review of CBO’s Activities in 2008 Under the Unfunded 

Mandates Reform Act (Report), March 2009.

Increasing Transparency in the Pricing of Health Care 

Services and Pharmaceuticals (Brief), June 2008.

Nuclear Power’s Role in Generating Electricity (Study), 

May 2008.

A Review of CBO’s Activities in 2007 Under the Unfunded 

Mandates Reform Act (Report), March 2008.

Potential Cost Savings from the Pre-Disaster Mitigation 

Program (Paper), September 2007.

A Review of CBO’s Activities in 2006 Under the Unfunded 

Mandates Reform Act (Report), April 2007.

Measuring the Capital Positions of Fannie Mae and Freddie 

Mac (Paper), June 2006.

Medical Malpractice Tort Limits and Health Care Spending 

(Background Paper), April 2006.

A Review of CBO’s Activities Under the Unfunded 

Mandates Reform Act, 1996 to 2005 (Report), 

March 2006.

Freight Rail Transportation: Long-Term Issues (Paper), 

January 2006.

Small Bidders in License Auctions for Wireless Personal 

Communications Services (Paper), October 2005.

Freight Rail Transportation: A Review of the 2004 

Experience (Paper), May 2005.

A Review of CBO’s Activities in 2004 Under the Unfunded 

Mandates Reform Act (Report), March 2005.

Identifying Intergovernmental Mandates (Brief), 

January 2005.

Homeland Security and the Private Sector (Paper), 

December 2004.

Copyright Issues in Digital Media (Paper), August 2004.
SCIENCE AND R&D CBO PUBLICATIONS: JANUARY 2000 TO DECEMBER 2009 27

CBO

The Effects of Tort Reform: Evidence from the States (Paper), 

June 2004.

A Review of CBO’s Activities in 2003 Under the Unfunded 

Mandates Reform Act (Report), April 2004.

Is the United States Falling Behind in Adopting Broadband? 

(Brief), February 2004.

Limiting Tort Liability for Medical Malpractice (Brief), 

January 2004.

Bonding for Reclaiming Federal Lands (Paper), 

October 2003.

The Economics of U.S. Tort Liability: A Primer (Study), 

October 2003.

The Past and Future of U.S. Passenger Rail Service (Study), 

September 2003.

Prospects for Distributed Electricity Generation (Paper), 

September 2003.

Shifting the Cost Burden of a Carbon Cap-and-Trade 

Program (Paper), July 2003.

A Review of CBO’s Activities in 2002 Under the Unfunded 

Mandates Reform Act (Report), May 2003.

Reducing Gasoline Consumption: Three Policy Options 

(Study), November 2002.

A Review of CBO’s Activities in 2001 Under the Unfunded 

Mandates Reform Act (Paper), June 2002.

Raising Federal Deposit Insurance Coverage (Paper), 

May 2002.

U.S. Banks’ Exposure to Foreign Financial Losses (Paper), 

May 2002.

Causes and Lessons of the California Electricity Crisis 

(Paper), September 2001.

An Evaluation of Cap-and-Trade Programs for Reducing 

U.S. Carbon Emissions (Study), June 2001.

Preemptions in Federal Legislation in the 106th Congress 

(Paper), June 2001.

CBO’s Activities Under the Unfunded Mandates Reform 

Act, 1996–2000 (Paper), May 2001.

An Assessment of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act in 

1999 (Paper), March 2000.

Science and R&D

The Costs of Reducing Greenhouse-Gas Emissions (Brief), 

November 2009.

Pharmaceutical R&D and the Evolving Market for Drugs

(Brief), October 2009.

Potential Impacts of Climate Change in the United States

(Paper), May 2009.

How CBO Estimates the Costs of Reducing Greenhouse-Gas 

Emissions (Background Paper), April 2009.

The Budgetary Implications of NASA’s Current Plans for 

Space Exploration (Report), April 2009.

U.S. Policy Regarding Pandemic-Influenza Vaccines

(Paper), September 2008.

Nuclear Power’s Role in Generating Electricity (Study), 

May 2008.

Federal Support for Research and Development (Study), 

June 2007.

Alternatives for Future U.S. Space-Launch Capabilities 

(Study), October 2006.

Research and Development in the Pharmaceutical Industry 

(Study), October 2006.

Small Bidders in License Auctions for Wireless Personal 

Communications Services (Paper), October 2005.

R&D and Productivity Growth (Background Paper), 

June 2005.

Limiting Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Prices Versus Caps 

(Brief), March 2005.

Uncertainty in Analyzing Climate Change: Policy 

Implications (Paper), January 2005.
28 CBO PUBLICATIONS: JANUARY 2000 TO DECEMBER 2009 SOCIAL SECURITY AND PENSIONS

CBO

A Budgetary Analysis of NASA’s New Vision for Space 

Exploration (Study), September 2004.

Copyright Issues in Digital Media (Paper), August 2004.

The Army’s Bandwidth Bottleneck (Study), August 2003.

The Economics of Climate Change: A Primer (Study), 

April 2003.

The Budgetary Treatment of Leases and Public/Private 

Ventures (Paper), February 2003.

Social Security and Pensions

How Slower Growth in the Labor Force Could Affect the 

Return on Capital (Background Paper), October 2009.

CBO’s Long-Term Projections for Social Security: 

2009 Update (Paper), August 2009.

Assigning Education Status in CBO’s Long-Term Microsimulation Model (Background Paper), October 2008.

Updated Long-Term Projections for Social Security

(Report), August 2008.

Growing Disparities in Life Expectancy (Brief), 

April 2008.

Utilization of Tax Incentives for Retirement Saving: 

Update to 2003 (Background Paper), March 2007.

Is Social Security Progressive? (Brief), December 2006.

Projecting Labor Force Participation and Earnings in CBO’s 

Long-Term Microsimulation Model (Background 

Paper), October 2006.

CBO’s Online Guide to Tax Incentives for Retirement 

Saving (Report), June 2006. 

Updated Long-Term Projections for Social Security (Web 

Only), June 2006. 

Evaluating Benefit Guarantees in Social Security 

(Background Paper), March 2006.

Utilization of Tax Incentives for Retirement Saving: 

An Update (Background Paper), February 2006.

Global Population Aging in the 21st Century and Its 

Economic Implications (Paper), December 2005.

The Long-Term Budget Outlook (Study), 

December 2005. 

Quantifying Uncertainty in the Analysis of Long-Term 

Social Security Projections (Background Paper), 

November 2005.

A Guide to Understanding the Pension Benefit Guaranty 

Corporation (Paper), September 2005.

The Risk Exposure of the Pension Benefit Guaranty 

Corporation (Paper), September 2005.

Differences in Wage and Salary Income Included in Various 

Tax Bases (Background Paper), June 2005.

Menu of Social Security Options (Web Only), May 2005. 

Updated Long-Term Projections for Social Security (Paper), 

March 2005.

Disability and Retirement: The Early Exit of Baby Boomers 

from the Labor Force (Paper), November 2004.

A Description of the Immigrant Population (Paper), 

November 2004.

A Model to Project Flows into and Out of Tax-Deferred 

Retirement Savings Accounts (Background Paper), 

October 2004.

How Pension Financing Affects Returns to Different 

Generations (Brief), September 2004.

The Outlook for Social Security (Study), June 2004.

Retirement Age and the Need for Saving (Brief), May 2004.

Tax-Deferred Retirement Savings in Long-Term Revenue 

Projections (Paper), May 2004.

Administrative Costs of Private Accounts in Social Security

(Study), March 2004.

The Retirement Prospects of the Baby Boomers (Brief), 

March 2004.

The Long-Term Budget Outlook (Study), December 2003. 
TAXES CBO PUBLICATIONS: JANUARY 2000 TO DECEMBER 2009 29

CBO

Measuring Changes to Social Security Benefits (Brief), 

December 2003.

Baby Boomers’ Retirement Prospects: An Overview (Study), 

November 2003.

Comparing Budgetary and Trust Fund Measures of the 

Outlook for Social Security and Medicare (Brief), 

October 2003.

Utilization of Tax Incentives for Retirement Saving (Paper), 

August 2003.

CBO’s On-Line Guide to Tax Incentives for Retirement 

Saving (Report), August 2003.

The Future Growth of Social Security: It’s Not Just Society’s 

Aging (Brief), July 2003.

Acquiring Financial Assets to Fund Future Entitlements 

(Brief), June 2003.

Social Security Reform: The Use of Private Securities and the 

Need for Economic Growth (Brief), January 2003.

Evaluating and Accounting for Federal Investment in 

Corporate Stocks and Other Private Securities (Paper), 

January 2003.

The Impact of Social Security and Medicare on the Federal 

Budget (Brief), November 2002.

The Impact of Trust Fund Programs on Federal Budget 

Surpluses and Deficits (Brief), November 2002.

Federal Debt and the Commitments of Federal Trust Funds 

(Brief), October 2002.

The Looming Budgetary Impact of Society’s Aging (Brief), 

July 2002.

Social Security and the Federal Budget: The Necessity of 

Maintaining a Comprehensive Long-Range Perspective 

(Brief), July 2002.

Accrual Budgeting for Military Retirees’ Health Care

(Paper), March 2002.

A 125-Year Picture of the Federal Government’s Share of the 

Economy, 1950 to 2075 (Brief), June 2002.

Uncertainty in Social Security’s Long-Term Finances: 

A Stochastic Analysis (Paper), December 2001.

Social Security: A Primer (Study), September 2001 

(Released December 2001).

Options to Expand Federal Health, Retirement, and 

Education Activities (Memorandum), June 2000. 

An Economic Analysis of the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997

(Paper), April 2000.

An Analysis of the President’s Budgetary Proposals for Fiscal 

Year 2001 (Report), April 2000.

The Budgetary Treatment of Personal Retirement Accounts

(Paper), March 2000.

Taxes

Federal Estate and Gift Taxes (Brief), December 2009.

The Costs of Reducing Greenhouse-Gas Emissions (Brief), 

November 2009.

An Overview of Federal Support for Housing (Brief), 

November 2009.

Subsidizing Infrastructure Investment with Tax-Preferred 

Bonds (Study), October 2009.

Did the 2008 Tax Rebates Stimulate Short-Term Growth? 

(Brief), June 2009.

Tax Preferences for Collegiate Sports (Paper), May 2009.

The Impact of Ethanol Use on Food Prices and GreenhouseGas Emissions (Paper), April 2009.

Using Pricing to Reduce Traffic Congestion (Study), 

March 2009.

The Role of the 25 Percent Revenue Offset in Estimating the 

Budgetary Effects of Legislation (Brief), January 2009. 

Issues and Options in Infrastructure Investment (Paper), 

May 2008.

Sources of the Growth and Decline in Individual Income 

Tax Revenues Since 1994 (Paper), May 2008. 
30 CBO PUBLICATIONS: JANUARY 2000 TO DECEMBER 2009 TAXES

CBO

The Deductibility of State and Local Taxes (Paper), 

February 2008.

Options for Responding to Short-Term Economic Weakness 

(Paper), January 2008.

Historical Effective Federal Tax Rates: 1979 to 2005

(Web Only), December 2007. 

The Impact of Unauthorized Immigrants on the Budgets of 

State and Local Governments (Paper), December 2007.

The Effect of Tax Changes on Labor Supply in CBO’s 

Microsimulation Tax Model (Background Paper), 

April 2007.

Utilization of Tax Incentives for Retirement Saving: 

Update to 2003 (Background Paper), March 2007.

Nonprofit Hospitals and the Provision of Community 

Benefits (Paper), December 2006.

Computing Effective Tax Rates on Capital Income 

(Background Paper), December 2006.

Historical Effective Federal Tax Rates: 1979 and 2005 

(Web Only), December 2006.

How CBO Forecasts Income (Background Paper), 

August 2006.

CBO’s Online Guide to Tax Incentives for Retirement 

Saving (Report), June 2006. 

Utilization of Tax Incentives for Retirement Saving: 

An Update (Background Paper), February 2006.

Analyzing the Economic and Budgetary Effects of a 

10 Percent Cut in Income Tax Rates (Brief), 

December 2005.

Historical Effective Federal Tax Rates: 1979 to 2003 

(Paper), December 2005.

Corporate Income Tax Rates: International Comparisons 

(Paper), November 2005.

Effective Marginal Tax Rates on Labor Income (Paper), 

November 2005.

Taxing Capital Income: Effective Rates and Approaches to 

Reform (Paper), October 2005.

Effects of the Federal Estate Tax on Farms and Small 

Businesses (Paper), July 2005.

Taxing the Untaxed Business Sector (Background Paper), 

July 2005.

What Is a Current-Law Economic Baseline? (Brief) 

June 2005.

Differences in Wage and Salary Income Included in Various 

Tax Bases (Background Paper), June 2005.

Changes in Participation in Means-Tested Programs (Brief), 

April 2005.

Historical Effective Federal Tax Rates: 1979 to 2002 

(Paper), March 2005.

Effective Tax Rates: Comparing Annual and Multiyear 

Measures (Paper), January 2005.

A Model to Project Flows into and Out of Tax-Deferred 

Retirement Savings Accounts (Background Paper), 

October 2004.

Effective Federal Tax Rates Under Current Law, 2001 to 

2014 (Paper), August 2004.

The Estate Tax and Charitable Giving (Paper), July 2004.

Tax-Credit Bonds and the Federal Cost of Financing Public 

Expenditures (Paper), July 2004.

Tax-Deferred Retirement Savings in Long-Term Revenue 

Projections (Paper), May 2004.

The Alternative Minimum Tax (Brief), April 2004.

Effective Federal Tax Rates: 1979–2001 (Paper), 

April 2004.

The Taxation of Distributions from Retirement Savings 

Plans (Background Paper), April 2004.

Fuel Economy Standards Versus a Gasoline Tax (Brief), 

March 2004.
TELECOMMUNICATIONS CBO PUBLICATIONS: JANUARY 2000 TO DECEMBER 2009 31

CBO

Private and Public Contributions to Financing College 

Education (Paper), January 2004.

The Economic Costs of Fuel Economy Standards Versus a 

Gasoline Tax (Study), December 2003.

Issues in the Design of a Cap-and-Trade Program for Carbon 

Emissions (Brief), November 2003.

Economic Issues in Taxing Internet and Mail-Order Sales

(Paper), October 2003.

CBO’s On-Line Guide to Tax Incentives for Retirement 

Saving (Report), August 2003.

Effective Federal Tax Rates, 1997 to 2000 (Paper), 

August 2003.

Utilization of Tax Incentives for Retirement Saving (Paper), 

August 2003.

How CBO Analyzed the Macroeconomic Effects of the 

President’s Budget (Paper), July 2003.

Shifting the Cost Burden of a Carbon Cap-and-Trade 

Program (Paper), July 2003.

A Comparison of Tax-Credit Bonds, Other Special-Purpose 

Bonds, and Appropriations in Financing Federal 

Transportation Programs (Report), June 2003.

Addressing the Uncertain Prospect of Climate Change 

(Brief), April 2003.

The Economics of Climate Change: A Primer (Study), 

April 2003.

Effects of Allowing Nonitemizers to Deduct Charitable 

Contributions (Paper), December 2002.

Revenue Projections and the Stock Market (Brief), 

December 2002.

Reducing Gasoline Consumption: Three Policy Options 

(Study), November 2002.

Capital Gains Taxes and Federal Revenues (Brief), 

October 2002.

Where Did the Revenues Go? (Brief), August 2002.

Economic Stimulus: Evaluating Proposed Changes in Tax 

Policy (Paper), January 2002.

Effective Federal Tax Rates, 1979–1997 (Study), 

October 2001.

An Evaluation of Cap-and-Trade Programs for Reducing 

U.S. Carbon Emissions (Study), June 2001.

Description of CBO’s Models and Methods for Projecting 

Federal Revenues (Paper), May 2001.

Historical Effective Tax Rates, 1979–1997: Preliminary 

Edition (Study), May 2001. 

Who Gains and Who Pays Under Carbon-Allowance 

Trading? The Distributional Effects of Alternative 

Policy Designs (Study), June 2000.

Options to Cut Taxes (Memorandum), June 2000.

An Economic Analysis of the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 

(Paper), April 2000.

Telecommunications

Factors That May Increase Future Spending from the 

Universal Service Fund (Paper), June 2006.

Small Bidders in License Auctions for Wireless Personal 

Communications Services (Paper), October 2005.

Financing Universal Telephone Service (Paper), 

March 2005.

Copyright Issues in Digital Media (Paper), August 2004.

Is the United States Falling Behind in Adopting Broadband? 

(Brief), February 2004.

Does the Residential Broadband Market Need Fixing? 

(Paper), December 2003.

The Army’s Bandwidth Bottleneck (Study), August 2003.

The Need for Better Price Indices for Communications 

Investment (Paper), June 2001.

Trade

How Changes in the Value of the Chinese Currency Affect 

U.S. Imports (Paper), July 2008.
32 CBO PUBLICATIONS: JANUARY 2000 TO DECEMBER 2009 TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE

CBO

Will the U.S. Current Account Have a Hard or Soft 

Landing? (Brief), June 2007. 

Agricultural Trade Liberalization (Brief), November 2006.

The Effects of Liberalizing World Agricultural Trade: 

A Review of Modeling Studies (Paper), June 2006.

China’s Growing Demand for Oil and Its Impact on 

U.S. Petroleum Markets (Paper), April 2006.

The Effects of Liberalizing World Agricultural Trade: 

A Survey (Paper), December 2005.

Global Population Aging in the 21st Century and Its 

Economic Implications (Paper), December 2005.

Policies That Distort World Agricultural Trade: 

Prevalence and Magnitude (Paper), August 2005.

Recent Shifts in Financing the U.S. Current-Account Deficit

(Brief), July 2005.

The Decline in the U.S. Current-Account Balance Since 

1991 (Brief), August 2004.

Would Prescription Drug Importation Reduce U.S. Drug 

Spending? (Brief), April 2004.

The Pros and Cons of Pursuing Free-Trade Agreements 

(Brief), July 2003.

The Effects of NAFTA on U.S.–Mexican Trade and GDP 

(Paper), May 2003.

Addressing the Uncertain Prospect of Climate Change 

(Brief), April 2003.

The Economics of Climate Change: A Primer (Study), 

April 2003.

Antidumping Action in the United States and Around the 

World: An Update (Paper), June 2001.

Causes and Consequences of the Trade Deficit: An Overview 

(Memorandum), March 2000.

Transportation and Infrastructure

Subsidizing Infrastructure Investment with Tax-Preferred 

Bonds (Study), October 2009.

Using Pricing to Reduce Traffic Congestion (Study), 

March 2009.

Issues and Options in Infrastructure Investment (Paper), 

May 2008.

Capital Budgeting (Paper), May 2008.

Effects of Gasoline Prices on Driving Behavior and Vehicle 

Markets (Study), January 2008.

Potential Cost Savings from the Pre-Disaster Mitigation 

Program (Paper), September 2007.

Trends in Public Spending on Transportation and Water 

Infrastructure, 1956 to 2004 (Paper), August 2007.

Freight Rail Transportation: Long-Term Issues (Paper), 

January 2006.

Freight Rail Transportation: A Review of the 2004 

Experience (Paper), May 2005.

Tax-Credit Bonds and the Federal Cost of Financing Public 

Expenditures (Paper), July 2004.

Does the Residential Broadband Market Need Fixing? 

(Paper), December 2003.

The Past and Future of U.S. Passenger Rail Service (Study), 

September 2003.

A Comparison of Tax-Credit Bonds, Other Special-Purpose 

Bonds, and Appropriations in Financing Federal 

Transportation Programs (Report), June 2003.

Future Investment in Drinking Water and Wastewater 

Infrastructure (Study), November 2002.

Welfare and Social Services

An Overview of Federal Support for Housing (Brief), 

November 2009.

The Impact of Ethanol Use on Food Prices and GreenhouseGas Emissions (Paper), April 2009.

Changes in the Economic Resources of Low-Income 

Households with Children (Paper), May 2007.
WELFARE AND SOCIAL SERVICES CBO PUBLICATIONS: JANUARY 2000 TO DECEMBER 2009 33

CBO

Changes in Low-Wage Labor Markets Between 1979 and 

2005 (Paper), December 2006.

Research and Development in the Pharmaceutical Industry

(Study), October 2006.

Global Population Aging in the 21st Century and Its 

Economic Implications (Paper), December 2005.

Quantifying Uncertainty in the Analysis of Long-Term 

Social Security Projections (Background Paper), 

November 2005.

The Role of Immigrants in the U.S. Labor Market (Paper), 

November 2005.

Changes in Participation in Means-Tested Programs (Brief), 

April 2005.

Disability and Retirement: The Early Exit of Baby Boomers 

in the Labor Force (Paper), November 2004.

A Description of the Immigrant Population (Paper), 

November 2004.

Estimating the Value of Subsidies for Federal Loans and 

Loan Guarantees (Paper), August 2004.

Administrative Costs of Private Accounts in Social Security

(Study), March 2004.

Interest Rate Differentials Between Jumbo and Conforming 

Mortgages, 1995–2000 (Paper), May 2001.

Federal Subsidies and the Housing GSEs (Study), 

May 2001. 

Options to Expand Federal Health, Retirement, and 

Education Activities (Memorandum), June 2000.