UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 

 

 ) 

SPEECHNOW.ORG, et. al., ) 

 ) 

 Plaintiffs, ) 

 ) Civ. No. 08-248 (JR) 

 v. ) 

 ) Defendant FEC’s Answer 

FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION, ) 

 ) 

 Defendant. ) 

____________________________________) 

DEFENDANT FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION’S 

ANSWER AND AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES 

Defendant Federal Election Commission (“FEC” or the “Commission”), through its 

undersigned counsel, responds as follows to the complaint filed by plaintiffs SpeechNow.org, 

David Keating, Fred M. Young, Jr., Edward H. Crane, III, Brad Russo and Scott Burkhardt 

(collectively “plaintiffs”) in this litigation. 

Answering the numbered paragraphs of the complaint, the Commission responds as 

follows, DENYING everything not specifically given a response: 

“INTRODUCTION” 

 1. The first sentence purports to describe the contents of the complaint, which 

speaks for itself, and plaintiffs’ characterizations of the matters complained of. The first 

sentence does not specify the “law” challenged by plaintiffs. Therefore, no further response 

is required. The Commission is without knowledge or information sufficient to form a belief 

regarding the allegations in the second, third and fourth sentences. 

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 2. The first and third sentences contain plaintiffs’ characterizations of the matters 

complained of. The second, third and fourth sentences contain plaintiffs’ conclusions of law. 

No further response is required. DENY the fifth sentence. 

 3. ADMIT that SpeechNow.org is not a corporation. The Commission is without 

knowledge or information sufficient to form a belief regarding the other allegations in the first, 

second and third sentences. DENY that SpeechNow.org “raises no specter of corruption of its 

appearance that would justify requiring it to become a political committee and subjecting it and 

its donors to contribution limits.” 

 4. DENY. 

 “JURISDICTION AND VENUE” 

 5. ADMIT that this Court has jurisdiction over this case pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 

§§ 1331 and 2201. DENY that SpeechNow.org may invoke jurisdiction under 2 U.S.C. § 437h 

since it is not the “Commission, the national committee of any political party, or any individual 

eligible to vote in any election for the office of President.” 2 U.S.C. § 437h. The Commission is 

without knowledge or information sufficient to form a belief whether individual plaintiffs 

Keating, Young, Crane, Russo and Burkhardt are eligible to vote for the office of President. 

Thus, the Commission is unable to admit or deny jurisdiction under 2 U.S.C. § 437h with respect 

to those individuals. 

 6. ADMIT. 

 “PARTIES” 

 7. ADMIT the first sentence. The Commission is without knowledge or information 

sufficient to form a belief regarding the second or third sentences. 

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 8. The Commission is without knowledge or information sufficient to form a belief 

regarding the allegations in paragraph 8. The fifth sentence also contains plaintiffs’ conclusion 

of law, as to which no response is required. 

 9. The Commission is without knowledge or information sufficient to form a belief 

regarding the allegations in paragraph 9. The fourth sentence also contains plaintiffs’ 

conclusions of law, as to which no response is required. 

 10. The Commission is without knowledge or information sufficient to form a belief 

regarding the allegations in paragraph 10. The fourth sentence also contains plaintiffs’ 

conclusions of law, as to which no response is required. 

 11. The Commission is without knowledge or information sufficient to form a belief 

regarding the allegations in paragraph 11. The fourth sentence also contains plaintiffs’ 

conclusions of law, as to which no response is required. 

 12. The Commission is without knowledge or information sufficient to form a belief 

regarding the allegations in paragraph 12. The fourth sentence also contains plaintiffs’ 

conclusions of law and characterization, as to which no response is required. 

 13. ADMIT. 

 “STATEMENT OF FACTS” 

 14. The Commission is without knowledge or information sufficient to form a belief 

regarding the allegations in paragraph 14. 

 “SpeechNow.org’s Structure and Operations” 

 15. ADMIT that SpeechNow.org is a “nonprofit unincorporated association.” 

The Commission is without knowledge or information sufficient to form a belief regarding the 

other allegations in paragraph 15. The second sentence contains plaintiffs’ characterization of 

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SpeechNow.org’s bylaws, which speak for themselves. Therefore, no further response 

is required. 

 16. The Commission is without knowledge or information sufficient to form a belief 

regarding the allegations in paragraph 16. Paragraph 16 also contains plaintiffs’ characterization 

of SpeechNow.org’s bylaws, which speak for themselves. Therefore, no further response 

is required. 

 17. The Commission is without knowledge or information sufficient to form a belief 

regarding the allegations in paragraph 17. Paragraph 17 also contains plaintiffs’ characterization 

of SpeechNow.org’s bylaws, which speak for themselves. Therefore, no further response 

is required. 

 18. Paragraph 18 contains plaintiffs’ characterization of SpeechNow.org’s bylaws, 

which speak for themselves. Therefore, no further response is required. 

 19. Paragraph 19 contains plaintiffs’ characterization of SpeechNow.org’s bylaws, 

which speak for themselves. Therefore, no further response is required. 

 20. The Commission is without knowledge or information sufficient to form a belief 

regarding the allegations in paragraph 20. Paragraph 20 also contains plaintiffs’ conclusions of 

law, as to which no further response is required. 

 21. ADMIT that SpeechNow.org has prepared video and audio scripts for four 

advertisements, which speak for themselves. The Commission is without knowledge or 

information sufficient to form a belief regarding the other allegations in paragraph 21, which 

incorporates the allegations of paragraph 20 through the reference to “such advertisements.” 

 22. Paragraph 22 contains plaintiffs’ characterization of scripts for two 

advertisements, which speak for themselves. Therefore, no further response is required.

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 23. Paragraph 23 contains plaintiffs’ characterization of scripts for two 

advertisements, which speak for themselves. Therefore, no further response is required. 

 24. The Commission is without information or knowledge sufficient to form a belief 

regarding the allegations in paragraph 24. 

 25. The Commission is without information or knowledge sufficient to form a belief 

regarding the allegations in paragraph 25. 

 26. Paragraph 26 contains plaintiffs’ conclusions of law, as to which no response 

is required. The Commission is without information or knowledge sufficient to form a belief 

regarding the remaining allegations in paragraph 26. 

 27. Paragraph 27 contains plaintiffs’ conclusions of law, as to which no response 

is required. 

 28. Paragraph 28 contains plaintiffs’ conclusions of law, as to which no response 

is required. The Commission is without information or knowledge sufficient to form a belief 

regarding the remaining allegations in paragraph 28. 

 29. Paragraph 29 contains plaintiffs’ conclusions of law, as to which no response 

is required. The Commission is without information or knowledge sufficient to form a belief 

regarding the remaining allegations in paragraph 29. 

 30. Paragraph 30 contains plaintiffs’ conclusions of law, as to which no response 

is required. The Commission is without information or knowledge sufficient to form a belief 

regarding the remaining allegations in paragraph 30. 

 31. Paragraph 31 contains plaintiffs’ conclusions of law, as to which no response 

is required. The Commission is without knowledge or information sufficient to form a belief 

regarding the remaining allegations in paragraph 31. 

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 32. The Commission is without knowledge or information sufficient to form a belief 

regarding the allegations in paragraph 32. 

 “FECA’s Requirements for Political Committees”

 33. Paragraph 33 contains plaintiffs’ conclusions of law, as to which no response 

is required. 

 34. Paragraph 34 contains plaintiffs’ conclusions of law, as to which no response 

is required. 

 35. Paragraph 35 contains plaintiffs’ conclusions of law, as to which no response 

is required. 

 36. Paragraph 36 contains plaintiffs’ conclusions of law, as to which no response 

is required. 

 37. Paragraph 37 contains plaintiffs’ conclusions of law, as to which no response 

is required. 

 38. Paragraph 38 contains plaintiffs’ conclusions of law, as to which no response 

is required. 

 39. Paragraph 39 contains plaintiffs’ conclusions of law, as to which no response 

is required. 

 40. Paragraph 40 contains plaintiffs’ conclusions of law, as to which no response 

is required. 

 41. Paragraph 41 contains plaintiffs’ conclusions of law, as to which no response 

is required. To the extent that paragraph 41 references paragraphs 22 and 23 of the complaint, 

the Commission incorporates its responses to paragraphs 22 and 23 herein by reference. 

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 42. Paragraph 42 contains plaintiffs’ conclusions of law, as to which no response 

is required. To the extent that paragraph 42 references paragraph 41 of the complaint, the 

Commission incorporates its responses to paragraph 41 herein by reference. 

 43. Paragraph 43 contains plaintiffs’ conclusions of law, as to which no response 

is required. 

 44. Paragraph 44 contains plaintiffs’ conclusions of law, as to which no response 

is required. 

 45. Paragraph 45 contains plaintiffs’ conclusions of law, as to which no response 

is required. 

 46. Paragraph 46 contains plaintiffs’ conclusions of law. Paragraph 46 also contains 

plaintiffs’ characterization of the matters complained of. Therefore, no further response 

is required. 

 47. Paragraph 47 contains plaintiffs’ conclusions of law. Therefore, no further 

response is required. However, the Commission ADMITS that SpeechNow.org’s major purpose 

is federal campaign activity. The Commission is without information or knowledge sufficient to 

form a belief regarding the remaining allegations in paragraph 47. 

 48. Paragraph 48 contains plaintiffs’ conclusions of law, as to which no response 

is required. 

 49. Paragraph 49 contains plaintiffs’ conclusions of law, as to which no response 

is required. 

 50. Paragraph 50 contains plaintiffs’ conclusions of law, as to which no response 

is required. 

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 51. Paragraph 51 contains plaintiffs’ conclusions of law, as to which no response 

is required. 

 “The Advisory Opinion Request” 

 52. ADMIT that on November 16, 2007, the Commission received a request for an 

advisory opinion filed by SpeechNow.org pursuant to 2 U.S.C. § 437f. Paragraph 52 contains 

plaintiffs’ characterizations of that advisory opinion request, which speaks for itself. Therefore, 

no further response is required. 

 53. ADMIT the first sentence of paragraph 53. The second sentence contains 

plaintiffs’ conclusions of law, as to which no response is required. 

 54. ADMIT. 

 55. Paragraph 55 contains plaintiffs’ characterizations of the draft advisory opinion, 

which speaks for itself. Therefore, no further response is required. 

 56. Paragraph 56 contains plaintiffs’ characterizations of the draft advisory opinion, 

which speaks for itself. Therefore, no further response is required. 

 57. Paragraph 57 contains plaintiffs’ characterizations of the draft advisory opinion, 

which speaks for itself. Therefore, no further response is required. 

 58. Paragraph 58 contains plaintiffs’ characterizations of the draft advisory opinion, 

which speaks for itself. Therefore, no further response is required. 

 59. Paragraph 59 contains plaintiffs’ characterizations of the draft advisory opinion, 

which speaks for itself. Therefore, no further response is required. 

 60. Paragraph 60 contains plaintiffs’ characterizations of the draft advisory opinion, 

which speaks for itself. Therefore, no further response is required. 

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 61. Paragraph 61 contains plaintiffs’ characterizations of the draft advisory opinion, 

which speaks for itself. Therefore, no further response is required. 

62. Paragraph 62 contains plaintiffs’ conclusions of law, as well as plaintiffs’ 

characterizations of the draft advisory opinion, which speaks for itself. The reference to the 

Commission’s unspecified “position taken with other groups that make independent 

expenditures” also is vague, and advisory opinions and conciliation agreements approved by the 

Commission in prior matters speak for themselves. Therefore, no further response is required. 

 63. ADMIT that an open meeting of the Federal Election Commission was scheduled 

for January 24, 2008. ADMIT that on January 24, 2008, the Commission had only two 

Commissioners, and therefore lacked a quorum. 

 64. ADMIT. 

 65. Paragraph 65 contains plaintiffs’ conclusions of law, as to which no response 

is required. ADMIT that, on or about January 28, 2008, the Commission sent a letter to counsel 

for SpeechNow.org. That letter speaks for itself. Therefore, no further response is required. 

 “Harm to the Plaintiffs”

 66. Paragraph 66 contains plaintiffs’ conclusions of law and plaintiffs’ 

characterization of the matters complained of, as to which no further response is required. 

 67. Paragraph 67 contains plaintiffs’ conclusions of law and plaintiffs’ 

characterization of the matters complained of, as to which no further response is required. 

 68. DENY that SpeechNow.org “is prevented from raising the funds necessary to 

produce and broadcast the advertisements described herein as well as other, similar 

advertisements during the 2008 and future election seasons.” Paragraph 68 also contains 

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plaintiffs’ conclusions of law and plaintiffs’ characterization of the matters complained of, as to 

which no further response is required. 

69. DENY that the contribution limits in 2 U.S.C. §§ 441a(a)(1)(C) and 441a(a)(3) 

“limit the number of times [SpeechNow.org] could run those advertisements,” and DENY that 

the limits “would also diminish SpeechNow.org’s ability to run additional advertisements 

concerning other federal candidates in other races.” Paragraph 69 also contains plaintiffs’ 

conclusions of law and plaintiffs’ characterization of the matters complained of, as to which 

no further response is required. 

 70. DENY that the contribution limits in 2 U.S.C. §§ 441a(1)(C) and 441a(a)(3) 

“prevent” plaintiffs Keating, Crane and Young “from associating with SpeechNow.org, 

with each other, and with other like minded individuals for the purpose of producing and 

broadcasting the advertisements described” in the complaint. Paragraph 70 also contains 

plaintiffs’ conclusions of law and plaintiffs’ characterization of the matters complained of, as to 

which no further response is required. To the extent that paragraph 70 references paragraph 32 

of the complaint, the Commission incorporates its response to paragraph 32 herein by reference. 

 71. DENY that the contribution limits in 2 U.S.C. §§ 441a(a)(1)(C) and 441a(a)(3) 

prevent SpeechNow.org from “rais[ing] the initial start-up or ‘seed’ funding necessary to finance 

its operations.” Paragraph 71 also contains plaintiffs’ conclusions of law, as to which no further 

response is required. The Commission is without knowledge or information sufficient to form a 

belief on the remaining allegations regarding “start-up or ‘seed’ funding.” To the extent that 

paragraph 71 references paragraphs 22 and 23 of the complaint, the Commission incorporates its 

responses to paragraphs 22 and 23 herein by reference. 

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 72. DENY that the contribution limits in 2 U.S.C. §§ 441a(a)(1)(C) and 441a(a)(3) 

prevent plaintiffs Keating, Crane and Young from associating with SpeechNow.org for the 

purpose of producing and broadcasting the advertisements described in the complaint. 

The Commission also denies that these contribution limits “prevent Brad Russo and Scott 

Burkhardt from associating with SpeechNow.org and with Plaintiffs David Keating, Edward 

Crane, and Fred Young.” Paragraph 72 also contains plaintiffs’ conclusions of law, as to which 

no further response is required. To the extent that paragraph 72 references paragraphs 11 and 12 

of the complaint, the Commission incorporates it’s responses to paragraphs 11 and 12 herein by 

reference. 

 73. DENY that the requirements of 2 U.S.C. §§ 432, 433 and 434 “impose[] a severe 

burden on SpeechNow.org and chill[] its and its potential donors’ rights to speech and 

association.” Paragraph 73 also contains plaintiffs’ conclusions of law, as to which no further 

response is required. 

 74. DENY that the requirements of 2 U.S.C. §§ 432, 433 and 434 “prevent[] 

SpeechNow.org from soliciting individuals for potential donations to fund its operations and its 

advertising as described” in the complaint. Paragraph 74 also contains plaintiffs’ conclusions of 

law, as to which no further response is required. 

 75. DENY that 2 U.S.C. §§ 432, 433, 434, 441a(a)(1)(C) and 441(a)(a)(3) “chill 

Plaintiffs’ rights to speech and association.” Paragraph 75 also contains plaintiffs’ conclusions 

of law, as to which no further response is required. 

 76. ADMIT that SpeechNow.org “will face a credible threat of prosecution” should it 

violate 2 U.S.C. §§ 432, 433 and 434. Paragraph 76 also contains plaintiffs’ conclusions of law, 

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including plaintiffs’ characterizations of 2 U.S.C. §§ 432, 433 and 434 which speak for 

themselves. Therefore, no further response is required. 

 77. Admit that SpeechNow.org will “will face a credible threat of prosecution” should 

it violate 2 U.S.C. §§ 441a(a)(1)(C) and 441a(a)(3). Paragraph 77 also contains plaintiffs’ 

conclusions of law, as to which no response is required. 

 78. ADMIT that plaintiffs David Keating, Edward Crane and Fred Young “will face a 

credible threat of prosecution” should they violate 2 U.S.C. §§ 441a(a)(1)(C) and 441a(a)(3). 

Paragraph 78 also contains plaintiffs’ conclusions of law, as to which no response is required. 

 “COUNT 1” 

“Contribution Limits – SpeechNow.org” 

 79. The Commission incorporates herein by reference its responses to paragraphs 1 

through 78, inclusive. 

 80. ADMIT that SpeechNow.org has prepared scripts. Those scripts speak for 

themselves. Therefore, no further response is required. The Commission is without knowledge 

or information sufficient to form a belief regarding the remaining allegations in paragraph 80. 

 81. The Commission is without knowledge or information sufficient to form a belief 

regarding the allegations in paragraph 81. 

 82. The Commission is without knowledge or belief sufficient to form a belief 

regarding the allegations in paragraph 82. 

83. ADMIT that 2 U.S.C. §§ 441a(a)(1)(C) and 441a(3) prohibit contributions to 

SpeechNow.org in excess of the limits contained in those provisions. Paragraph 83 also contains 

plaintiffs’ conclusions of law, as to which no response is required. 

 84. DENY. 

 85. DENY. 

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 86. DENY. 

 87. DENY. 

 88. DENY. 

 89. DENY. 

 “Count 2” 

“Contribution Limits – Individual Plaintiffs” 

 90. The Commission incorporates herein by reference its responses to paragraphs 1 

through 89, inclusive. 

 91. The Commission is without knowledge or information sufficient to form a belief 

regarding the allegations in paragraph 91. 

 92. The Commission is without knowledge or information sufficient to form a belief 

regarding the allegations in paragraph 92. 

 93. ADMIT that 2 U.S.C. § 441a(a)(1)(C) prohibits David Keating, Edward Crane 

and Fred Young from making contributions to a political committee (other than a political 

committee described in 2 U.S.C. §§ 441a(a)(1)(A), (B) or (D)) in excess of $5,000 in any 

calendar year. Paragraph 93 also contains plaintiffs’ conclusions of law, as to which no response 

is required. 

 94. DENY. 

 95. DENY. 

 96. DENY. 

 97. DENY. 

 98. DENY. 

 99. DENY. 

 100. DENY. 

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 101. DENY. 

 “COUNT 3” 

“Biennial Aggregate Limits – Fred Young” 

102. The Commission incorporates herein by reference its responses to paragraphs 1 

through 101, inclusive. 

103. The Commission is without knowledge or information sufficient to form a belief 

regarding the allegations in paragraph 103. 

104. The Commission is without knowledge or information sufficient to form a belief 

regarding the allegations in paragraph 104. 

105. ADMIT that 2 U.S.C. § 441a(a)(3) prohibits Fred Young from making 

contributions to any political committee in excess of an individual’s biennial limit for such 

contributions. Paragraph 105 also contains plaintiffs’ conclusions of law, as to which response 

is required. 

106. DENY. 

107. DENY. 

108. DENY. 

109. DENY. 

110. DENY. 

 111. DENY. 

 “COUNT 4” 

“Organizational and Reporting Requirements – SpeechNow.org” 

 112. The Commission incorporates herein by reference its responses to paragraphs 1 

through 111, inclusive. 

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 113. The Commission is without knowledge or information sufficient to form a belief 

regarding the allegations in paragraph 113. 

 114. The Commission is without knowledge or information sufficient to form a belief 

regarding the allegations in paragraph 114. 

 115. Paragraph 115 contains plaintiffs’ conclusions of law, as to which no response 

is required. 

 116. DENY. 

 117. DENY. 

 118. DENY. 

 “COUNT 5” 

“Political Committee Status – SpeechNow.org” 

 119. The Commission incorporates herein by reference its responses to paragraphs 1 

through 118, inclusive. 

 120. The Commission is without information or knowledge sufficient to form a belief 

regarding the allegations in paragraph 120. 

 121. The Commission is without information or knowledge sufficient to form a belief 

regarding the allegations in paragraph 121. 

 122. Paragraph 122 contains plaintiffs’ conclusions of law, as to which no response 

is required. 

 123. DENY. 

 124. DENY. 

 125. DENY. 

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16

“PRAYER FOR RELIEF” 

 No response is required, but the relief requested by plaintiffs’ second through twelfth 

requests for relief should be denied. With respect to plaintiffs’ first request for relief, the Court 

must first develop a factual record before certifying any questions to the en banc D.C. Circuit. 

AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES 

1. Plaintiff SpeechNow.org does not have standing under 2 U.S.C. § 437h. 

2. Plaintiffs’ complaint, in whole or part, fails to state a claim upon which relief can 

be granted. 

Respectfully submitted, 

Thomasenia P. Duncan 

(D.C. Bar No. 424222) 

General Counsel 

David Kolker 

(D.C. Bar No. 394558) 

Associate General Counsel 

Kevin Deeley 

Assistant General Counsel 

Robert W. Bonham III 

(D.C. Bar No. 397859) 

Senior Attorney 

/s/ Steve N. Hajjar

Steve N. Hajjar 

Attorney 

COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANT 

FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION 

999 E Street NW 

Washington, DC 20463 

Dated: April 14, 2008 (202) 694-1650 

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