Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), 

this Memorandum Decision shall not be 

regarded as precedent or cited before any 

court except for the purpose of 

establishing the defense of res judicata, 

collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF 

RUTH JOHNSON CHILD SERVICES:

Marion County Public Defender

Indianapolis, Indiana PATRICK M. RHODES

Indiana Department of Child Services

AMY KAROZOS Indianapolis, Indiana

Greenwood, Indiana

ROBERT J. HENKE

DCS Central Administration

Indianapolis, Indiana

IN THE

COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

In the Matter of the Involuntary Termination of )

the Parent-Child Relationship of E.B., ) 

minor child, and T.S., biological father, )

)

T.S., )

)

Appellant-Respondent, )

)

vs. ) No. 49A05-1208-JT-414

)

INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF CHILD )

SERVICES, )

)

Appellee-Petitioner. )

APPEAL FROM THE MARION SUPERIOR COURT 

The Honorable Marilyn Moores, Judge

The Honorable Larry Bradley, Magistrate

Cause No. 49D09-1204-JT-14752 

April 3, 2013

MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION

KIRSCH, Judge 
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T.S. (“Father”)

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appeals the involuntary termination of his parental rights to his 

child, E.B. In so doing, Father challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the 

trial court’s judgment.

We affirm.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

The facts supporting the termination of Father’s parental rights to his child, E.B., 

who was born on May 27, 2010, reveal that on March 29, 2011, Father was found in 

possession of a crack pipe and an open bottle of liquor while caring for E.B., who at the 

time was less than one year old. Father also fought with law enforcement officers who 

arrived at the scene prior to Father’s arrest and incarceration. At that time, the Marion 

County Department of Child Services (“MCDCS”) received a report that Father had been 

drinking that day and had gotten into a fight with a female. When Father went out to 

obtain more alcohol and crack cocaine, he walked through a parking lot in the middle of 

the night with E.B., who was not dressed appropriately for the cold weather conditions. 

Father had in his possession a crack pipe and an open bottle of liquor. Following 

Father’s fight with law enforcement officers, he was detained, searched, and arrested for 

possession of paraphernalia and resisting law enforcement. Father had a history of public 

intoxication and other criminal behavior.

L.B. (“Mother”), E.B.’s mother, was incarcerated at the time and was living in a 

boarding home, a place not approved for placement of E.B. MCDCS filed a Petition 

 

1 Through the initial portion of the proceedings, Father was referred to as the alleged father of 

E.B. The January 3, 2012 dispositional order is the first order in which Father is listed as E.B.’s father. 

Father’s paternity was established in the juvenile court. Tr. at 46. 
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Alleging Child in Need of Services (“CHINS Petition”) alleging that E.B. was a child in 

need of services (“CHINS”). The juvenile court held an initial/detention hearing at which 

Father failed to appear due to his incarceration. The juvenile court continued placement 

of E.B. in foster care and authorized Father to have supervised parenting time upon his 

release from incarceration. 

On April 12, 2011, the juvenile court held a continued initial hearing, which was 

further continued due to Father’s incarceration at Corrections Corporation of America. 

On April 26, 2011, the juvenile court held another continued initial hearing, where 

MCDCS presented Father’s signed summons and rights. The juvenile court appointed a 

public defender to represent Father and entered a denial to the CHINS Petition on his 

behalf. On May 24, 2011, Father appeared at a pretrial hearing where the juvenile court 

issued an order that Father have supervised parenting time pending any criminal “no 

contact” orders with E.B. On June 21, 2011, Father failed to appear at a pretrial hearing, 

but was represented by counsel. At that time the juvenile court established a date for the 

fact-finding hearing.

On August 16, 2011, the juvenile court held a fact-finding hearing during which, 

Father, by counsel, admitted that E.B. was a CHINS. Mother also admitted that E.B. was 

a CHINS. At that time, a criminal no contact order was in place between Father and E.B. 

The juvenile court formally removed E.B. from Father’s care and held a dispositional 

hearing on September 20, 2011. The juvenile court issued a Parental Participation Order 

in which Father was required to do the following: 1) contact the caseworker every week; 

2) notify the family case manager of any arrest or criminal charges within five days; 3) 
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secure and maintain a legal and stable source of income; 4) obtain and maintain suitable 

housing; 5) establish paternity of E.B.; 6) participate in and successfully complete a 

home-based counseling program and successfully complete any recommendation of the 

counselor; 7) complete a substance abuse assessment and successfully complete all 

recommendations; 8) participate in random drug screens; 9) follow all terms of probation; 

and 10) participate in a domestic violence assessment and successfully complete all 

recommendations. Father, who had been released from jail after the incident 

precipitating the filing of the CHINS Petition, but was incarcerated again for trespassing,

did not appear at this hearing due to his most recent incarceration.

Prior to the CHINS adjudication, home-based case management provider Susan

Kessler (“Kessler”) exchanged telephone numbers with Father when they met at a 

CHINS mediation in the summer of 2011. Kessler closed the referral, however, after 

approximately fifteen days because Father did not contact her. Kessler had called Father

three times and gave him ten days in which to respond to her calls. 

MCDCS family case manager Darlene White (“FCM White”) began working with 

Father in May 2011. Father contacted FCM White in October 2011, but did not contact 

her again until January 2012 to report his entrance into a Technical Rules Violator 

program (“TRV program”), at the suggestion of his adult probation officer. Father was 

required to reside at the Duval Residential Center from January 2012 through March 

2012. While at the Duval Residential Center, Father participated in a job readiness 

program called PACE, and a six-week class on cognitive thinking processes, called 

Thinking for a Change. Father completed the two-day PACE program, but attended only 
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two of the Thinking for a Change classes. When Father failed to return to the Duval 

Residential Center one day, a warrant was issued for his arrest. Father was found to be in 

violation of the conditions of his probation and was ordered to serve the remainder of his 

sentence. Father was released from incarceration shortly before the termination hearing. 

Father had contacted FCM White and had informed her that he had been released from 

the TRV program and had completed his probation. FCM White discovered that Father 

had instead violated his probation. Father provided FCM White with new telephone 

numbers, but she was never able to reach Father at the telephone numbers provided. 

On April 12, 2012, MCDCS filed a petition for the involuntary termination of 

Father’s rights to E.B. A periodic review hearing was held on July 17, 2012, at which 

Father failed to appear, but was represented by counsel. The juvenile court noted in its 

order after that hearing that Father had not complied with the case plan and E.B.’s 

permanency plan was adoption. The initial hearing on the termination petition was 

continued, and on May 18, 2012, the juvenile court held a continued initial hearing on the 

petition. MCDCS reported that Father was incarcerated at the Plainfield Correctional 

Facility and had signed a certified mail green card. MCDCS reported that it had not 

received signed copies of the summons and rights forms from Father. 

Father wrote to the juvenile court on May 21, 2012, advising that he was 

incarcerated and stating his projected release date. The next day, MCDCS filed a notice 

of submission of summons and rights for Father and a request for a public defender. The 

juvenile court noted Father’s incarceration, appointed a public defender to represent him, 

and set the matter for a pre-trial hearing. At the June 1, 2012 pre-trial hearing, the 
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juvenile court noted Father was still incarcerated with a release date of July 12, 2012. 

The court set the matter for mediation as to Mother only and set the matter for trial.

On July 30, 2012, the juvenile court held an evidentiary hearing and took the 

matter under advisement. Father failed to appear at that hearing. On August 1, 2012, the 

juvenile court issued its order terminating Father’s parental rights as to E.B. Father now 

appeals. 

DISCUSSION AND DECISION

We begin our review by acknowledging that this court has long had a highly 

deferential standard of review in cases concerning the termination of parental rights. In 

re K.S., 750 N.E.2d 832, 836 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001). When reviewing a termination of 

parental rights case, we will not reweigh the evidence or judge the credibility of the 

witnesses. In re D.D., 804 N.E.2d 258, 265 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004), trans. denied. Instead, 

we consider only the evidence and reasonable inferences that are most favorable to the 

judgment. Id. Moreover, in deference to the trial court’s unique position to assess the 

evidence, we will set aside the court’s judgment terminating a parent-child relationship 

only if it is clearly erroneous. In re L.S., 717 N.E.2d 204, 208 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999), 

trans. denied. 

Here, in terminating Father’s parental rights, the trial court entered specific 

findings and conclusions. When a trial court’s judgment contains specific findings of fact 

and conclusions thereon, we apply a two-tiered standard of review. Bester v. Lake Cnty.

Office of Family & Children, 839 N.E.2d 143, 147 (Ind. 2005). First, we determine 

whether the evidence supports the findings, and second, we determine whether the 
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findings support the judgment. Id. “Findings are clearly erroneous only when the record 

contains no facts to support them either directly or by inference.” Quillen v. Quillen, 671 

N.E.2d 98, 102 (Ind. 1996). If the evidence and inferences support the trial court’s 

decision, we must affirm. L.S., 717 N.E.2d at 208. 

The “traditional right of parents to establish a home and raise their children is 

protected by the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution.” In re M.B., 

666 N.E.2d 73, 76 (Ind. Ct. App. 1996), trans. denied. These parental interests, however, 

are not absolute and must be subordinated to the child’s interests when determining the 

proper disposition of a petition to terminate parental rights. Id. In addition, although the 

right to raise one’s own child should not be terminated solely because there is a better 

home available for the child, parental rights may be terminated when a parent is unable or 

unwilling to meet his or her parental responsibilities. K.S., 750 N.E.2d at 836. 

Before an involuntary termination of parental rights may occur, the State is 

required to allege and prove, among other things:

(B) that one (1) of the following is true:

(i) There is a reasonable probability that the conditions that 

resulted in the child’s removal or the reasons for placement 

outside the home of the parents will not be remedied.

(ii) There is a reasonable probability that the continuation of the 

parent-child relationship poses a threat to the well-being of 

the child.

(iii) The child has, on two (2) separate occasions, been 

adjudicated a child in need of services; [and]

(C) that termination is in the best interests of the child and;

(D) that there is a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of the child.

Ind. Code § 31-35-2-4(b)(2). The State’s burden of proof for establishing these 
8

allegations in termination cases “is one of ‘clear and convincing evidence.’” In re G.Y., 

904 N.E.2d 1257, 1260-61 (Ind. 2009) (quoting Ind. Code § 31-37-14-2). Moreover, if 

the court finds that the allegations in a petition described in section 4 of this chapter are 

true, the court shall terminate the parent-child relationship. Ind. Code § 31-35-2-8(a). 

Father challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the trial court’s findings as 

to subsection (b)(2)(B) of the termination statute cited above. 

In order to properly effectuate the termination of parental rights under Indiana 

Code section 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B), the trial court need only find that one of the three 

requirements of subsection (b)(2)(B) has been established by clear and convincing 

evidence. See e.g. L.S., 717 N.E.2d at 209. Although we need only address one of the 

three requirements, we will address both that are challenged by Father. 

When making such a determination, a trial court must judge a parent’s fitness to 

care for his or her child at the time of the termination hearing, taking into consideration 

evidence of changed conditions. In re J.T., 742 N.E.2d 509, 512 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001), 

trans. denied. The court must also “evaluate the parent’s habitual patterns of conduct to 

determine the probability of future neglect or deprivation of the child.” Id. Pursuant to 

this rule, courts have properly considered evidence of a parent’s prior criminal history, 

drug and alcohol abuse, history of neglect, failure to provide support, and lack of 

adequate housing and employment. A.F. v. Marion Cnty. Office of Family & Children, 

762 N.E.2d 1244, 1251 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002), trans. denied. The trial court may also 

consider any services offered to the parent by the county department of child services

(here, MCDCS) and the parent’s response to those services, as evidence of whether 
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conditions will be remedied. Id. Moreover, the MCDCS is not required to provide 

evidence ruling out all possibilities of change; rather, it need establish only that there is a 

reasonable probability the parent’s behavior will not change. See In re Kay L., 867 

N.E.2d 236, 242 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007).

Here, the trial court’s order contains numerous findings that indicate Father’s 

unwillingness to change his behavior in order to be reunified with E.B. More 

specifically, Father failed to: 1) participate in home-based services; 2) take random urine 

screens; 3) adequately address concerns of alcohol and drug abuse; 4) adequately address 

anger management concerns; and 5) exercise visitation with E.B., not having seen her 

since September 2011. Father had been in and out of jail during the CHINS proceedings 

with periods of incarceration due to a probation violation, and convictions of battery, 

operating a vehicle while intoxicated, and criminal trespass. During Father’s adult life, 

he has accumulated nineteen felony or misdemeanor convictions. On June 12, 2012, the 

last occasion that FCM White spoke with Father, he had not achieved financial stability 

and had not secured stable housing. 

Father challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the juvenile court’s 

conclusions that there is a reasonable probability that the conditions resulting in E.B.’s 

removal from Father’s care will not be remedied and that continuation of the parent-child 

relationship poses a threat to E.B.’s well-being. In short, it appears that Father does not 

challenge the findings, but rather, the conclusions drawn from those findings. We say 

this, because Father’s argument consists primarily of commentary about the alleged 

absence of evidence. Based on the foregoing, we find Father’s assertions on appeal 
10

amount to an impermissible invitation to reweigh the evidence. D.D., 804 N.E.2d at 265.

Nonetheless, we find that the evidence supports the juvenile court’s findings, and 

those findings, in turn support the juvenile court’s conclusions. The record reveals that 

the conditions leading to E.B.’s removal from Father remained unchanged, and we have 

set forth the supporting evidence above. Father’s inability and/or unwillingness to 

provide stable housing, address anger management concerns, or address concerns of 

alcohol and drug abuse, are supported by the record and support the juvenile court’s 

conclusions. Those conclusions support the juvenile court’s decision to terminate 

Father’s rights. 

A juvenile court must subordinate a parent’s interests to those of the child. In re 

J.S., 906 N.E.2d 226 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009). E.B. has been in foster care since her removal 

from Father’s care and has thrived in that environment. The guardian ad litem 

recommended the termination of Father’s parental rights and that adoption was the 

permanency plan that was in E.B.’s best interests.

We will reverse a termination of parental rights “only upon a showing of ‘clear 

error’—that which leaves us with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been 

made.” Matter of A.N.J., 690 N.E.2d 716, 722 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997) (quoting In re Egly, 

592 N.E.2d 1232, 1235 (Ind. 1992)). Based on the record before us, we cannot say that 

the juvenile court’s termination of Father’s parental rights to E.B. was clearly erroneous. 

We therefore affirm the juvenile court’s judgment.

Affirmed.

VAIDIK, J., and PYLE, J., concur.