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# OAR Box 1784 Prepped byOllie Stewart



## Document

Number: 

# 24 ) ll-A- 6 Docket Number: 

# A-84-4 4

Printed 10/31/2008 8:05:39 AM Sheet 24 of 143P. 2



# lh Unite d State s Environmen t P Agenc y Offic e o fAi rQualit y Plannin g an d Standard s Researc h Triangl e Par k N C 277 1 1 EPA-450/4-84-02 8

Decembe r198 4

•Ai r 

# Nationa l Ai rPollutan t Emissio n Estimates , 1940-198 3 fit-84-44P. 3



## EPA-450/4-84-02 8



# Nationa l Ai rPollutan t Emissio n Estimates , 1940-198 3

Monitorin g an d Dat a Analysi s Divisio n

U.S

. ENVIRONMENTA LPROTECTIO N AGENC Y

Offic e o fAi ran d Radiatio n Offic e o fAi rQualit yPlannin g an d Standard s Researc h Triangl e Park , Nort h Carolin a 2771 1

Decembe r1 98 4P. 4

Thi s repor t i s publishe d byth e U.S

. Environmenta l Protectio n Agenc yt o repor t informatio n o fgenera l interes t i n th e fiel d o fai rpollution

. Copie s ar e availabl e fre e o fcharg e t o Federa l employees , curren t contractor s an d grantees , an d nonprofi t organization s - a s supplie s permi t - fro m th e Librar yService s Offic e (MD-35) , U.S

. Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , Researc h Triangl e Park , Nort h Carolin a 27711 ; or , fo ra fee , fro m th e Nationa l Technica l Informatio n Services , 528 5 Port Roya l Road , Springfield , Virgini a 22161

.

Publicatio n No

. EPA-450/4-84-02 8P. 5

ABSTRAC T Thi s repor t present s estimate s o ftrend s i n nationwid e ai rpollutan t emission s fo rth e si xmajo rpollutants : particulates , sulfu roxides , nitroge n oxides , volatil e organi ccompounds , carbo n monoxid e an d lead

. Estimate s ar e presente d fo reac h yea rfro m 194 0 throug h 1983

. Emissio n estimate s ar e broke n dow n accordin g t o majo rclassification s o fai rpollutio n sources . Ashor t analysi s o ftrend s i s given , alon g wit h a discussio n o fmethod s use d t o develo p th e data

.

i nP. 6



### CONTENT S
Sectio n Pag e LIS T O F TABLE S v i i
1
. SUMMAR Y1 2

. NATIONWID E EMISSIO N TRENDS , 1940-198 3 3 2. 1 Particulate s 3 2. 2 Sulfu rOxide s 3 2. 3 Nitroge n Oxide s 4 2. 4 Volatil e Organi cCompound s 4 2. 5 Carbo n Monoxid e 4 2. 6 Lea d 5 3

. METHOD

S 3 3 3. 1 Transportatio n 34 3.1. 1 Moto rVehicle s 3 4 3.1. 2 Aircraf t 35 3.1. 3 Railroad s 3 5 3.1. 4 Vessel s 35 3.1. 5 Nonh i ghwa

yUs e o fMoto rFuel s 3 5 3. 2 Fue l Combustio n i n Stationar ySource s 3 5 3.2. 1 Coa l 35 3.2. 2 Fue l Oi l 3 6 3.2. 3 Natura l Ga s 3 6 3.2. 4 Othe rFuel s 3 6 3. 3 Industria l Processe s 3 6 3.3. 1 Miscellaneou s Industria l Processe s 3 7 3. 4 Soli d Wast e Disposa l 3 7 3. 5 Miscellaneou s Source s 3 7 3.5. 1 Fores t Fire s 37 3.5. 2 Agricultura l Burnin g 3 8 3.5. 3 Coa l Refus e Burnin g 3 8 3.5. 4 Structura l Fire s 3 8 3.5. 5 Nonindustria l Organi cSolven t Us e 3 8P. 7



### CONTENT S (continued )
Pag e 4
. ANALYSI S O F TREND S 3 9 4. 1 Particulate s 4 0 4. 2 Sulfu r Oxide s 4 2 4. 3 Nitroge n Oxide s 4 3 4. 4 Volatil e Organi c Compound s 4 4 4. 5 Carbo n Monoxid e 4 5 4. 6 Lea d 4 6
5 . REFERENCE S 4 9 TECHNICA L REPOR T DATAAND ABSTRAC T 5 3

v iP. 8



### LIS T O F TABLE S
Tabl e Pag e 1

. Summar

yo fNationa l Emissio n Estimate s 2 2

. Summar

yo fEstimate d Particulat e Emissions , 1940-197 0 6 3

. Summar

yo fEstimate d Sulfu rOxid e Emissions , 1940-197 0 7 4

. Summar

yo fEstimate d Nitroge n Oxid e Emissions , 1940-1970

. .. . 8 5

. Summar

yo fEstimate d Volatil e Organi cCompound Emissions , 1940-197 0 9 6

. Summar

yo fEstimate d Carbo n Monoxid e Emissions , 1940-197 0

.. . 1 0 7

. Nationa l Estimate s o fParticulat e Emissions , 1970-198 3 1 1 8

. Nationa l Estimate s o fSulfu rOxid e Emissions , 1970-198 3

... . 1 2 9

. Nationa l Estimate s o fNitroge n Oxid e Emissions , 1970-198 3

.. . 1 3 10

. Nationa l Estimate s o fVolatil e Organi cCompound Emissions , 1970-198 3 1 4 11

. Nationa l Estimate s o fCarbo n Monoxid e Emissions , 1970-1983

. . . 1 5 12

. Nationa l Estimate s o fLead Emissions , 1970-198 3 1 6 13

. Particulat e Emission s fro m Transportatio n 1 7 14

. Sulfu rOxid e Emission s fro m Transportatio n 1 8 15

. Nitroge n Oxid e Emission s fro m Transportatio n 1 9 16

. Volatil e Organi cCompound Emission s fro m Transportatio n ... . 2 0 17

. Carbo n Monoxid e Emission s fro m Transportatio n 2 1 18

. Particulat e Emission s fro m Fue l Combustio n 2 2 19

. Sulfu rOxid e Emission s fro m Fue l Combustio n 23 20

. Nitroge n Oxid e Emission s fro m Fue l Combustio n 2 4 21

. Volatil e Organi cCompoun d Emission s fro m Fue l Combustion

. .. . 25 22

. Carbo n Monoxid e Emission s fro m Fue l Combustio n 2 6

v nP. 9

LIS T O F TABLE S (continued )

Tabl e Pag e 23 . Particulat e Emission s from Industria l Processe s 2 7 24 . Sulfu r Oxid e Emission s fro m Industria l Processe s 2 8 25 . Nitroge nOxid e Emission s from Industria l Processe s 2 9 26 . Volatil e Organi c Compoun dEmission s from Industria l Processe s 3 0 27 . Carbo nMonoxid e Emission s from Industria l Processe s 3 1 28 . Lea dEmission s from Industria l Processe s 3 2 29 . Theoretica l 198 3 Nationa l Emissio nEstimate s wit h197 0 Leve l o f Contro l 4 8

v nIP.1 0



### NATIONA L AI R POLLUTAN T EMISSIO NESTIMATE S

1940-198 3
1
. SUMMAR Y
Th e primar yobjective s o fthi s publicatio n ar e t o provid e curren t estimate s o fnationwid e emission s fo rsi xmajo rpollutants : particu
lat e matte r(PM) , sulfu roxide s (SO?) , nitroge n oxide s (N0 X ) , volatil e organi ccompound s (VOC) , carbo n monoxid e (CO) an d lea d (Pb)

. Esti
mate s ar e presente d fo r1940 , 1950 , an d 196 0 t o giv e a n historica l perspectiv e o fnationa l ai rpollutan t emissions , an d fo r1970 throug h 198 3 as a n indicatio n o frecen ttrends

. Thes e dat a entirel yreplac e thos e publishe d earlie rfo r1940-198 2 i n EP Arepor tNationa l Ai r Pollutan t Emissio n Estimates , 1940-198 2 (EPA-450/4-83-024)

. Becaus e o fmodification s i n methodolog yan d us e o fmor e refine d emissio n factors , dat a fro m thi s repor tshoul d no t b e compare d wit h dat a i n th e earlie rreport

. Reportin g o femission s o n a nationwid e basis , whil e usefu l as a genera l indicato ro fpollutan tlevels , has definit e limitations

. Nationa l total s o raverage s ar e no t th e bes t guid e fo restimatin g trend s fo rparticula rlocalities

. Yet , i ti s importan ttha t some criteri a b e establishe d fo rmeasuremen t o fnationa l progres s i n th e contro l o fai rpollutan temissions

. Th e emissio n estimate s presente d herei n represen t calculate d estimate s base d o n standar d emissio n in
- ventor yprocedures

. Sinc e thes e dat a ar e estimate s onl yan d d o no t represen t th e result s o fan yprogra m fo rth e measuremen to factua l emissions , thei raccurac yi s somewha tlimited

. Similarly , i t woul d no t necessaril yb e expecte d tha tthes e emissio n estimate s woul d b e i n agreemen t wit h emissio n estimate s derive d throug h a differen t emissio n inventor yprocedure

. Th e principa l objectiv e o fcompilin g thes e dat a i s t o identif yprobabl e overal l change s i n emission s o n a nationa l scale

. I tshoul d b e recognize d tha tthes e estimate d nationa l trend s i n emission s ma

yno t b e representativ e o floca l trend s i n emission s o ra i rqual i ty

.P.1 1

TABL E 1 SUMMAR Y O F NATIONA L EMISSIO NESTIMATE S
Unit s o f Measuremen t

PM , SO ? NO x , VOC , CO : Teragrams/Yea r (10 6 metri c tons/year ) Lea d (Pb) : Gigagrams/Yea r (10 3 metri c ton/year )

PM , SO? , N0 X , VOC , CO : (10 6 shor t tons/year ) Lea d (Pb) : (10 3 shor t ton/year ) Year

194 0 195 0 196 0 197 0 197 1 197 2 197 3 197 4 197 5 197 6 197 7 197 8 197 9 198 0 198 1 198 2 198 3

194 0 195 0 196 0 197 0 197 1 197 2 197 3 197 4 197 5 197 6 197 7 197 8 197 9 198 0 198 1 198 2 198 3 Particulate s

22. 4 24. 2 20. 9 18. 0 16. 7 15. 0 13. 9 12. 2 10. 3 

### 9. 6 9. 0 8. 9 8. 8 8. 3 7. 7 6. 8 6. 9

24. 7 26. 7 23. 0 19. 8 18. 4 • 16. 5 15. 3 13. 4 11. 4 10. 6 

### 9. 9 9. 8 9. 7 9. 1 8. 5 7. 5 7. 6 Sulfur

Oxide s

18. 0 20. 3 20. 0 28. 2 26. 8 27. 4 28. 7 27. 0 25. 6 26. 2 26. 3 24. 5 24. 5 23. 2 22. 3 21. 3 20. 8

19. 8 22. 4 22. 0 31. 1 29. 5 30. 2 31. 6 29. 8 28. 2 28. 9 29. 0 27. 0 27. 0 25. 6 24. 6 23. 5 22. 9 Nitrogen

Oxide s



### 6. 7 9. 3 12. 8 18. 1 18. 5 19. 7 20. 2 19. 6 19. 1 20. 3 20. 9 21. 0 21. 1 20. 3 20. 5 19. 6 19. 4



### 7. 4 10. 3 14. 1 20. 0 20. 4 21. 7 22. 3 21. 6 21. 1 22. 4 23. 0 23. 1 23. 3 22. 4 22. 6 21. 6 21. 4 Volatil e

Organic s

17. 7 20. 3 23. 3 27. 0 26. 3 26. 3 25. 7 24. 1 22. 7 23. 8 23. 6 24. 2 23. 5 22. 3 21. 0 19. 4 19. 9

19. 5 22. 4 25. 7 29. 8 29. 0 29. 0 28. 3 26. 6 25. 0 26. 2 26. 0 26. 7 25. 9 24. 6 23. 1 21. 4 21. 9 Carbon

Monoxid e

79. 4 84. 8 87. 5 98. 3 96. 3 93. 8 89. 5 84. 6 80. 5 85. 3 81. 1 80. 6 77. 4 75. 0 72. 3 66. 1 67. 6

87. 5 93. 5 96. 5 108. 4 106. 2 103. 4 98. 7 93. 3 88. 7 94. 0 89. 4 88. 8 85. 3 82. 7 79. 7 72. 9 74. 5 Lea

d



### N A N A N A 203. 8 220. 8 231. 7 202.7 ' 162. 1 147. 0 153. 1 141. 2 127. 9 108. 7 70. 6 55. 9 54. 4 46. 9



### N A N A N A 224. 6 243. 4 255. 4 223. 4 178. 7 162. 0 168. 8 155. 6 141. 0 119. 8 77. 8 61. 6 60. 0 51. 7 Chang e 1940-198 3 -69 % +16 % +190 % +12 % -15 % N A Chang e 1970-198 3 -62 % -26 % +7 % -26 % -31 % -77 % Chang e 1975-198 3 -33 % -19 % +2 % -12 % -16 % -68 %P.1 2

2

. NATIONWID E EMISSIO N TRENDS , 1940-198 3 Tabl e 1 give s a summar yo ftota l nationa l emissio n estimate s fo r 1940-1983

. Table s 2 throug h 1 2 presen tsummarie s fo reac h yea r accordin g t o th e fiv e majo rcategorie s o fsources : transportation , stationar ysourc e fue l combustion , industria l processes , soli d wast e disposal , an d miscellaneou s sources . More detaile d breakdown s o f emission s fo r197 0 throug h 198 3 are give n i n Table s 1 3 throug h 1 7 fo r transportation , Table s 1 8 throug h 2 2 fo rstationar ysourc e fue l combustion , an d i n Table s 2 3 throug h 2 8 fo rindustria l processes . Th e Standar d Industria l Classification s (SIC ) ar e shown fo reac h proces s categor yi n th e industria l proces s tables

. Thes e designa
tion s ar e no t intende d t o represen tth e complet e emission s fo ral l SI C categorie s an d serv e onl yt o identif yan d classif yth e industria l proces s shown

. I n al l tables , dat a ar e reporte d i n metri cunits , eithe ra s teragram s (10* 2 grams ) o rgigagram s (10 ^ grams ) pe ryear . On e teragra m equal s approximatel y1. 1 x10^ shor tton s an d on e gigagra m equal s approxi
matel y1. 1 x10 3 shor t tons

. 2. 1 Particulate s (PM ) Particulat e em i ssion s resul t primaril yfro m industria l processe s an d fro m fue l combustio n i n stationar ysources . Fo r1940 an d 1950 , emission s fro m transportatio n (coa l combustio n byrailroads ) an d miscellaneou s source s (fores t f i res ) wer e als o s i gn i f i cant

. Emission s fro m fue l combustio n an d industria l processe s di d no tchang e sub
stantiall yfro m 1940 t o 1970

. Sinc e 1970 , emission s fro m thes e categorie s have bee n substantiall yreduce d a s th e resul t o finstalla
- tio n o fai rpollutio n contro l equipment

. Particulat e emission s fro m transportatio n decrease d substantiall yfro m 194 0 t o 196 0 a s th e resul t o fth e obsolescenc e o fcoal-burnin g railroa d locomotives

. Fro m 196 0 t o 1983 , particulate s fro m transportatio n increase d du e t o increase d trave l b

yhighwa ymoto rvehicles

. Miscellaneou s sourc e emission s decrease d substantiall yfro m 194 0 t o 1970 , primaril ydu e t o a majo r reductio n i n th e acreag e burne d b yfores twildfires

. Soli d wast e emission s increase d fro m 194 0 t o 1970 , bu t decline d substantiall yt o 198 3 as th e resul t o fai rpollutio n regulation s prohibitin g o r limitin g th e burnin g o fsoli d waste

. 2. 2 Sulfu rOxide s (S0 2 ) Sulfu roxid e emission s occu rmostl yfro m stationar ysourc e fue l combustio n an d t o some extent , fro m industria l processes . Sulfu r oxid e emission s fro m combustio n o fcoa l byrailroa d locomotive s wer e als o significan t i n 194 0 an d 1950

. Emission s fro m soli d wast e dis
- posa l an d miscellaneou s source s have alway s bee n minor

. Emission s fro m stationar ysourc e fue l combustio n increase d greatl yfro m 194 0 t oP.1 3

From 197 0 t o 1983 , emission s from fue l combustio nhav e decrease d slightly . Durin gthi s tim e period , fue l combustion , particularl y o f sulfur-bearin gcoa l an doil , continue dt o increase , bu t th e averag e sulfu r content s o f fuel s decrease dan da limite dnumbe r o f pollutio n contro l system s (flu e ga s desulfurization ) wer e installed . Emission s from industria l processe s increase dfrom 194 0 t o 197 0 reflectin g increase dindustria l production . From 197 0 t o 1983 , industria l proces s emission s decrease dprimaril y du e t o contro l measure s b y primar y nonferrou s smelter s an dsulfuri c aci dplants . 2. 3 Nitroge n Oxide s (N0 X ) Nitroge noxid e emission s ar e produce dlargel y b y stationar y

sourc e fue l combustio nan dtransportatio nsources . Emission s hav e steadil y increase dove r th e perio dfrom 194 0 t o 197 0 a s th e resul t o f increase d fue l combustion . From 197 0 t o 1983 , th e siz e o f th e increas e wa s reduce dsomewha t b

y control s installe do nhighwa y moto r vehicle s an d t o a lesse r exten t b y control s o ncoal-fire delectri c utilit y boilers . Sinc e 1979 , N0 Xemission s hav e actuall y decrease dslightly . Nitroge n oxid e emission s b

y industria l processe s increase dfrom 194 0 t o 1970 , bu t hav e remaine dabou t constan t sinc e then . 2. 4 Volatil e Organi cCompounds (VOC ) Th e larges t source s o f VO C emission s ar e transportatio nsource s an d industria l processes . Miscellaneou s sources , primaril y fores t wild fire s an dnon-industria l consumptio no f organi c solvents , als o contri but e significantl y

t o tota l VO C emissions . Emission s from stationar y sourc e fue l combustio nan dsoli dwast e disposa l ar e relativel y small . Transportatio nsourc e emission s increase dgreatl y from 194 0 t o 1970 , primaril y

a s th e resul t o f increase dtrave l b y highwa y

moto r vehicles . Sinc e 1970 , ai r pollutio ncontrol s installe do nmoto r vehicle s hav e bee neffectiv e i nreducin gVO C emissions . Industria l proces s emis sion s hav e increase dthroug hth e lat e 70's , generall y reflectin g increase dlevel s o f industria l production . Control s installe do n industria l processe s sinc e 197 0 hav e ha da modes t effec t i npreventin g additiona l increase s i nVO C emissions . Sinc e 1979 , VO C emission s from industria l processe s hav e decreased . Thi s reflect s bot hth e installa tio no f control s an da lowe r leve l o f industria l outpu t durin gthes e years . Emission s from stationar y

sourc e combustio ndecline dfrom 194 0 throug hth e mid-1970' s andthe nincrease dt o 1983 , reflectin g primaril y

th e tren di nresidentia l woo dcombustion . 2. 5 Carbo n Monoxid e (CO ) Transportatio nsource s ar e th e larges t emitter s o f carbo nmonoxide . Majo r increase s i nemission s occurre dfrom 194 0 t o 197 0 a s th e resul t o f increase dmoto r vehicl e travel . Fro m 197 0 t o 1983 , transportatio n emission s decrease da s th e resul t o f highwa y vehicl e emissio ncontrols ,P. M

despit e continue d increase s i n highwayvehicl e travel
. Emission s fro mstationar ysourc e fue l combustio n hav e decline d fro m 194 0 throug hth e mid-1970' s and the n increase d slightl yt o 1983
. Prio r t o 1970 , residentia l coa l and woo d combustio n contribute d significantl yt o C O emissions
. However , a s residentia l us e o f coa l ha s bee n replace d b

yothe r fuels , residentia l emission s hav e declined
. Beginnin g i n th e lat e 1970's , residentia l combustio n o f woo d ha s increased , however , and a s a resul t C O emission s fro mresidentia l fue l combustio n increased
. Carbo n monoxid e emission s fro mindustria l processe s increase d fro m194 0 t o 195 0 bu t hav e decline d somewha t sinc e then
. Th e declin e i s du e largel yt o th e obsolesenc e o f a fe w high-pollutin g industria l processe s suc ha s carbo n blac k manufactur e b yth e channe l proces s and limite d installatio n o f contro l equipmen t o n othe r processes . Thes e factor s hav e bee n significan t enoug ht o offse t growt hi n industria l productio n whic hwoul d otherwis e hav e cause d a ne t increas e i n emissions
. Carbo n monoxid e emission s fro m soli d wast e disposa l increase d fro m194 0 t o 1970 , bu t hav e subse

quentl ydecline d a s th e resul t o f ai r pollutio n contro l efforts
. Substantia l emission s o f carbo n monoxid e fro mfores t fire s occurre d i n 1940
. I n late r years , thes e emission s hav e bee n muc hsmalle r du e t o improve d fir e preventio n effort s and mor e effectiv e suppressio n o f wildfires
. 2. 6 Lea d (Pb ) Lea d emission s resul t primaril yfro m transportatio n source s an d industria l processes . Emission s fo r lea d wer e no t compute d befor e 197 0 becaus e o f missin g data , especiall yfo r transportatio n sources . Fro m197 0 t o 1974 , th e transportatio n emission s varie d base d o n th e amoun t o f gasolin e consume d an d th e averag e lea d content . Fro m197 5 t o 1983 , transportatio n emission s decrease d a s a resul t o f th e con versio n t o unleade d gasoline
. Emission s fro m industria l processe s hav e decline d fro m197 0 t o 198 3 a s th e resul t o f installatio n o f ai r pollutio n contro l equipment
.P.1 5

TABL E 2 1940-197 0 SUMMAR Y O F ESTIMATE D EMISSION S O F PARTICULATE S (TERAGRAMS/YEAR )

Sourc e Categor y Transportatio n Highwa yVehicle s Aircraf t Railroad s Vessel s Othe r Off-Highwa y Transportatio n Tota l Stationar ySourc e Fue l Combustio n Electri c Utilitie s Industria l Commercia l Institutiona l Residentia l Fue l Combustio n Tota l 194 0



### 2. 7

7. 1 195 0



### 2. 1

6. 7 196 0



### 0. 7

5. 5 197 0


### 0. 2 0. 0 2. 4 0. 1 0. 0 0. 3

0. 0 1. 7 0. 1 0. 0 0. 6

0. 0 0. 1 0. 0 0. 0 0. 9

0. 1 0. 1 0. 0 0. 1 

### 1. 2
1. 3 3. 3 0. 4 2. 1 2. 0

2. 7 0. 5 1. 5 2. 8

1. 7 0. 1 0. 9 2. 3

1. 6 0. 1 0. 5 

### 4. 5 Industria l Processe s Iro n and Stee l Mill s Primar yMeta l Smeltin g Secondar ymetal s Minera l Product s Chemical s PetroleumRefinin g Woo d Product s Foo d and Agricultur e Minin g Operation s Industria l Processe s Tota l Soli d Wast e Disposa l Incineratio n Ope n Burnin g Soli d Wast e Tota l 

### 3. 0 0. 6 0. 3 1. 7 0. 3 0. 0 0. 4 0. 8 1. 3 3. 5

0. 6 0. 3 2. 6 0. 4 0. 0 0. 7 0. 8 3. 4 1. 7

0. 5 0. 2 3. 4 0. 3 0. 1 0. 8 0. 9 4. 1 1. 2

0. 5 0. 2 2. 6 0. 2 0. 1 0. 6 0. 8 3. 9 8. 4
0. 3 0. 2 0. 5 

### 12. 3

0. 3 0. 3 0. 6 

### 12. 0

0. 4 0. 5 

### 0. 9 

### 10. 1

0. 4 0. 7 

### 1. 1 Miscellaneou s Fores t Fire s Othe rBurnin g Misc
. Tota l 2. 9 0. 8 3. 7 1. 7

0. 8 2. 5 1. 0

0. 8 1. 8 Tota l o f Al l Source s 22. 4 24. 2 

### 20. 9 18. 0 NOTE : On

e teragra m equal s 10* 2 gram s (10 ^ metri ctons ) o rapproximatel y 1. 1 x10 ° shor t tons

. Avalu e o fzer o indicate s emission s o fles s tha n 50,00 0 metri ctons

.P.1 6

TABL E 3 1940-1970 SUMMAR Y O F ESTIMATE D EMISSION S O F SULFU R OXIDE S (TERAGRAMS/YEAR )

Sourc e Categor y Transportatio n Highwa yVehicle s Aircraf t Railroad s Vessel s Othe r Off-Highwa y Transportatio n Tota l Stationar ySourc e Fue l Combustio n Electri c Utilitie s Industria l Commercia l Institutiona l Residentia l Fue l Combustio n Tota l Industria l Processe s Primar yMeta l Smeltin g Pul p Mill s Chemical s PetroleumRefinin g Iro n & Stee l Secondar yMetal s Minera l Product s Natura l Ga s Processin g Industria l Processe s Tota l Soli d Wast e Disposa l Incineratio n Ope n Burnin g Soli d Wast e Tota l Miscellaneou s Fores t Fire s Othe r Burnin g Misc
. Tota l 194 0 195 0 196 0 197 0


### 0. 0 0. 0 2. 7 0. 2 0. 0 0. 1

0. 0 2. 0 0. 2 0. 0 0. 1

0. 0 0. 2 0. 1 0. 0 0. 3

0. 0 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 

### 2. 9

11. 0



### 3. 6

0. 0 0. 0 0. 0
0. 0 0. 5 0. 5 

### 2. 3

12. 9



### 4. 6

0. 0 0. 0 0. 0
0. 0 0. 5 0. 5 

### 0. 4

14. 0



### 5. 1

0. 0 0. 0 0. 0
0. 0 0. 5 0. 5 

### 0. 6
2. 2 5. 5 1. 0 2. 3 4. 1

5. 2 1. 7 1. 9 8. 4

3. 5 1. 0 1. 1 

### 15. 8

4. 1 0. 9 0. 5 21. 3


### 2. 5 0. 1 0. 2 0. 2 0. 3 0. 0 0. 3 0. 0 2. 8

0. 1 0. 4 0. 3 0. 5 0. 0 0. 5 0. 0 3. 0

0. 1 0. 4 0. 6 0. 4 0. 0 0. 5 0. 1 3. 6

0. 1 0. 6 0. 7 0. 5 0. 0 0. 6 0. 1 

### 6. 2

0. 0 0. 0 0. 0
0. 0 0. 1 0. 1 Tota l o f A

l 1 Source s NOT E 

### 18. 0 20. 3 20. 0 28. 2 On e teragra m equal s 10 ^ gram s (10 ^

metri ctons ) o rapproximatel y 1. 1 x10 ° shor t tons

. Avalu e o fzer o indicate s emission s o fles s tha n 50,00 0 metri ctons

.P.1 7

TABL E 4 1940-197 0 SUMMAR Y O F ESTIMATE D EMISSION S O F NITROGE NOXIDE S (TERAGRAMS/YEAR ) 

### Sourc e Categor

y 194 0 195 0

Fue l Combustio n Tota l 

### 3. 3 4. 7 196 0



### 6. 7 197 0 Transportatio n HighwayVehicle s Aircraf t Railroad s Vessel s Othe rOff-Highwa y Transportatio n Tota l Stationar ySourc e Fue l Combustio n Electri cUtilitie s Industria l Commercia l Institutiona l Residentia l 1. 3 0. 0 0. 6 0. 1 0. 2 2. 2 * 0. 6 2. 2 0. 2 0. 3 2. 1

0. 0 0. 9 0. 1 0. 4 3. 5
1. 2 2. 9 0. 3 0. 3 3. 6

0. 0 0. 7 0. 1 0. 5 4. 9
2. 3 3. 7 0. 3 0. 4 6. 0

0. 1 0. 6 0. 1 0. 8 7. 6
4. 5 3. 9 0. 3 0. 4 

### 9. 1 Industria l Processe s PetroleumRefinin g Chemical s Iro n and Stee l Mill s Pul p Mill s Minera l Product s Industria l Processe s Tota l Soli d Wast e Disposa l Incineratio n Ope n Burnin g Soli d Wast e Tota l Miscellaneou s Fores t Fire s Othe r Burnin g Misc
. Tota l Tota l o f Al l Source s NOTE : On e teragra m equal s 10 ^ gram s 1. 1 x10 ° shor t tons . Avalu e 50,00 0 metri c tons . 

### 0. 1 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 1 0. 1

0. 0 0. 1 0. 0 0. 1 0. 2

0. 1 0. 1 0. 0 0. 1 0. 2

0. 2 0. 1 0. 0 0. 2 

### 0. 2

0. 0 0. 1 0. 1 

### 0. 3

0. 1 0. 1 0. 2 

### 0. 5

0. 1 0. 2 0. 3 

### 0. 7

0. 1 0. 3 0. 4


### 0. 7 0. 2 0. 9 6. 7 0. 4

0. 2 0. 6 9. 3 0. 2

0. 2 0. 4 12. 8 0. 2

0. 1 0. 3 18. 1 (10 6 metri c tons ) o r approximatel y o f zer o indicate s emission s o f les s tha nP.1 8

TABL E 5 1940-197 0 SUMMAR YO F ESTIMATE D EMISSION S O F VOLATIL E ORGANI C COMPOUND S

(TERAGRAMS/YEAR )

Sourc e Categor y Transportatio n Highwa y Vehicle s Aircraf t Railroad s Vessel s Othe r Off-Highwa y Transportatio nTota l Stationar y

Sourc e Fue l Combustio n Electri c Utilitie s Industria l Commercia l Institutiona l Residentia l Fue l Combustio nTota l Industria l Processe s Chemical s Petroleum

Refinin g Iro nandStee l Mill s Minera l Product s FoodandAgricultur e Industria l Organi c Solven t Us e Petroleum

Produc t Productio n andMarketin g Industria l Processe s Tota l Soli dWast e Disposa l Incineratio n Ope nBurnin g 194 0 195 0 196 0 197 0


### 4. 5 0. 0 0. 5 0. 0 0. 2 6. 8

0. 1 0. 5 0. 1 0. 4 10. 0



### 0. 2 0. 2 0. 2 0. 5 11. 1



### 0. 2 0. 2 0. 3 0. 5 5. 2

3. 9

3. 2

0. 4 0. 5

Misc . Tota l Tota l o f Al l Source s 4. 5 

### 17. 7 7. 9

2. 6

5. 2
0. 4 0. 6

3. 6 20. 3 

### 11. 1

1. 6

6. 1
0. 5 0. 9

3. 1 

### 23. 3 12. 3


### 0. 0 0. 1 0. 0 3. 8 0. 0

0. 1 0. 0 2. 5 0. 0

0. 1 0. 0 1. 5 0. 0

0. 1 0. 0 0. 8 0. 9


### 0. 8 0. 4 0. 1 0. 0 0. 1 1. 0 0. 8 1. 2

0. 5 0. 1 0. 0 0. 1 2. 1 1. 2 1. 1

0. 7 0. 1 0. 0 0. 2 2. 4 1. 6 1. 6

0. 7 0. 1 0. 0 0. 2 4. 0 2. 1
8. 7


### 0. 5 1. 3 Soli dWast e Tota l Miscellaneou s Fores t Fire s Othe r Burnin g Misc . Organi c Solven t 

### Us e 0. 9

3. 1 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0

1. 7 0. 6 1. 3 1. 4

0. 9 0. 5 1. 7 1. 8

0. 7 0. 3 2. 3 3. 3 27. 0 NOTE : On

e teragra m equal s 10* 2 gram s (10 & metri ctons ) o rapproximatel y 1. 1 x10 ° shor t tons

. Avalu e o fzer o indicate s emission s o fles s tha n 50,00 0 metri ctons

.P.1 9

TABL E 6 1940-197 0 SUMMAR YO F ESTIMATE D EMISSION S O F CARBO N MONOXID E (TERAGRAMS/YEAR )

Fue l Combustio nTota l Industria l Processe s Chemical s Petroleum

Refinin g Iro nandStee l Mill s Primar y Meta l Smeltin g Secondar y

Metal s Pul pMill s Industria l Processe s Tota l Soli dWast e Disposa l Incineratio n Ope nBurnin g Soli dWast e Tota l Miscellaneou s Fores t Fire s Othe r Burnin g Misc . Tota l Tota l o fAl l Source s 

### 13. 7 9. 9

6. 6
2. 0 1. 3 3. 3
22. 8 3. 7 

### 26. 5 79. 4 10. 5

2. 5 1. 8 4. 3


### 12. 8 3. 7 

### 16. 5 84. 8 6. 1

9. 3
2. 5 2. 6 

### 5. 1
6. 7 3. 3 

### 10. 0 87. 5 Sourc e Categor y Transportatio n HighwayVehicle s Aircraf t Railroad s Vessel s Othe rOff-Highwa y Transportatio n Tote Stationar ySourc e Fue l Electri cUtilitie s Industria l i l Combustio n
Commercia l Institutiona l Residentia l 194 0 22. 0 0. 0 3. 7 0. 2 3. 4 29. 3
0. 0 0. 4 0. 1 13. 2 .1950

33. 1 0. 8 2. 8 0. 2 6. 7 43. 6
0. 1 0. 5 0. 1 9. 2 196 0

46. 5 1. 6 0. 3 0. 6 8. 0 57. 0
0. 1 0. 6 0. 0 5. 4 197 0

62. 7 0. 9 0. 3 1. 1 6. 8 71. 8
0. 2 0. 7 0. 1 2. 9 

### 3. 9
3. 8 0. 2 1. 5 0. 0 1. 0 0. 1 5. 3

2. 4 1. 1 0. 1 1. 4 0. 2 3. 6

2. 8 1. 3 0. 3 1. 0 0. 3 3. 1

2. 0 1. 6 0. 6 1. 1 0. 6 9. 0
2. 7 3. 7 6. 4


### 5. 1 2. 1 7. 2 

### 98. 3 NOTE : On

e teraqra m equal s 10 ^ gram s (10 ^

metri ctons ) o rapproximatel y 1. 1 x10 ° shor t tons

. Avalu e o fzer o indicate s emission s o fles s tha n 50,00 0 metri ctons

.



### 1 0TABL E 7 PARTICULAT E NATIONA L EMISSIO N

ESTIMATE S (TERAGRAMS/YEAR )

Sourc e Categor y Transportatio n Highwa y Vehicle s Aircraf t Railroad s Vessel s Othe r Off-Highwa y Transportatio nTota l 197 0

1. 2 197 1

1. 2 197 2 197 3 197 4 197 5 197 6 197 7 197 8 197 9 198 0 198 1

1. 3 1. 4 1. 3 1. 4 1. 4 1. 4 1. 4 1. 4 1. 4 1. 4 198 2

1. 3 198 3
0. 9 0. 1 0. 1 0. 0 0. 1 0. 9

0. 1 0. 1 0. 0 0, 1 1. 0

0. 1 0. 1 0. 0 0. 1 1. 1

0. 1 0. 1 0. 0 0. 1 1. 0

0. 1 0. 1 0. 0 0. 1 1. 1

0. 1 0. 1 0. 0 0. 1 1. 1

0. 1 0. 1 0. 0 0. 1 1. 1

0. 1 0. 1 0. 0 0. 1 1. 1

0. 1 0. 1 0. 0 0. 1 1. 1

0. 1 0. 1 0. 0 0. 1 1. 1

0. 1 0. 1 0. 0 0. 1 1. 1

0. 1 0. 1 0. 0 0. 1 1. 1

0. 1 0. 0 0. 0 0. 1 1. 1

0. 1 0. 0 0. 0 0. 1 1. 3
Stationar y

Sourc e Fue l Combustio n Electri c Utilitie s Industria l Commercia l Institutiona l Residentia l Fue l Combustio nTota l Industria l Processe s Soli dWast e Disposa l Incineratio n Ope nBurnin g 2. 3 1. 6 0. 1 0. 5 4. 5 10. 1
0. 4 0. 7 2. 1

1. 2 0. 1 0. 5 3. 9 9. 4
0. 4 0. 5 1. 9

0. 9 0. 1 0. 4 3. 3 8. 8
0. 3 0. 4 1. 8

0. 8 0. 1 0. 4 3. 1 7. 9
0. 3 0. 3 1. 7

0. 7 0. 1 0. 4 2. 9 6. 4
0. 3 0. 3 1. 5

0. 6 0. 1 0. 4 2. 6 5. 0
0. 3 0. 3 1. 3

0. 5 0. 1 0. 5 2. 4 4. 4
0. 2 0. 2 1. 2

0. 5 0. 1 0. 6 2. 4 4. 0
0. 2 0. 2 1. 2

0. 4 0. 1 0. 6 2. 3 4. 0
0. 2 0. 2 1. 0

0. 5 0. 1 0. 7 2. 3 3. 8
0. 2 0. 2 0. 8

0. 5 0. 1 0. 8 2. 2 3. 2
0. 2 0. 2 0. 7

0. 5 0. 1 0. 9 2. 2 2. 8
0. 2 0. 2 0. 6

0. 4 0. 1 0. 9 2. 0 2. 4
0. 2 0. 2 0. 5

0. 4 0. 1 1. 0 2. 0 2. 3
0. 2 0. 2 Soli dHast e Tota l Miscellaneou s Fores t Fire s Othe r burnin g Misc . Organi c Solven t Misc . Tota l Tota l o fAl l Source s NOTE : On e teragra m equal s 10* 2

tha n 50,00 0 metri ctons

. 1. 1 0. 9 0. 7 0. 6 0. 6 0. 6 0. 4 0. 4 0. 4 0. 4 0. 4 0. 4 0. 4 0. 4
0. 7 0. 4 0. 0 1. 1 18. 0 (IO 6 0. 9

0. 4 0. 0 1. 3 16. 7 metri c 0. 7

0. 2 0. 0 0. 9 15. 0 tons ) o r a | 0. 7

0. 2 0. 0 0. 9 13. 9 jproxima t 0. 8

0. 2 0. 0 1. 0 12. 2 el y 1 . 0. 6 0. 1 0. 0 0. 7 10. 3 I xIO 6 0. 9

0. 1 0. 0 1. 0 9. 6 shor t ton s 0. 7

0. 1 0. 0 0. 8 9. 0

. A 0. 7

0. 1 0. 0 0. 8 8. 9 valu e o f 0. 8

0. 1 0. 0 0. 9 8. 8 1. 0

0. 1 0. 0 1. 1 8. 3

zer o indicate s 0. 8 0. 1 0. 0 0. 9 7. 7 emission s 0. 6

0. 1 0. 0 0. 7 6. 8

o f les s 0. 8

0. 1 0. 0 0. 9 6. 9TABL E 8 SULFUROXID E NATIONAL EMISSIO N

ESTIMATE S (TERAGRAMS/YEAR )

Sourc e Categor y Transportatio n Highwa y Vehicle s Aircraf t Railroad s Vessel s Othe r Off-Highwa y Transportatio nTota l 197 0

0. 6 197 1

0. 6 197 2 197 3 197 4 197 5 197 6 197 7 197 8 197 9 198 0 198 1

0. 6 0. 6 0. 6 0. 6 0. 7 0. 8 0. 8 0. 9 0. 9 0. 8 198 2

0. 8 198 3
0. 3 0. 0 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 3

0. 0 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 3

0. 0 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 3

0. 0 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 3

0. 0 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 3

0. 0 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 3

0. 0 0. 1 0. 2 0. 1 0. 4

0. 0 0. 1 0. 2 0. 1 0. 4

0. 0 0. 1 0. 2 0. 1 0. 4

0. 0 0. 1 0. 3 0. 1 0. 4

0. 0 0. 1 0. 3 0. 1 0. 4

0. 0 0. 1 0. 2 0. 1 0. 4

0. 0 0. 1 0. 2 0. 1 0. 5

0. 0 0. 1 0. 2 0. 1 0. 9
Stationar y

Sourc e Fue l Combustio n Electri c Utilitie s Industria l Commercia l Institutiona l Residentia l Fue l Combustio nTota l Industria l Processe s Soli dWast e Disposa l Incineratio n Ope nBurnin g Soli dWast e Tota l Miscellaneou s Fores t Fire s Othe r burning Misc . Organi c Solven t Misc . Tota l Tota l o fAl l Source s 15. 8 4. 1 0. 9 0. 5 21. 3 6. 2
0. 0 0. 0 15. 5

3. 5 0. 9 0. 4 20. 3 5. 8
0. 0 0. 0 15. 8

3. 5 0. 9 0. 3 20. 5 6. 2
0. 0 0. 0 17. 2

3. 3 0. 9 0. 3 21. 7 6. 3
0. 0 0. 0 16. 6

3. 1 0. 8 0. 3 20. 8 5. 6
0. 0 0. 0 16. 6

2. 7 0. 7 0. 3 20. 3 4. 7
0. 0 0. 0 17. 1

2. 7 0. 8 0. 3 20. 9 4. 6
0. 0 JU ) 17. 2

2. 8 0. 8 0. 3 21. 1 4. 4
0. 0 JU ) 15. 8

2. 7 0. 8 0. 3 19. 6 4. 1
0. 0 _0J0 16. 0

2. 6 0. 6 0. 2 19. 4 4. 2
0. 0 0. 0 15. 5

2. 4 0. 7 0. 2 18. 8 3. 5
0. 0 0. 0 14. 7

2. 3 0. 6 0. 2 17. 8 3. 7
0. 0 (U ) 14. 2

2. 3 0. 6 0. 2 17. 3 3. 2
0. 0 0. 0 14. 0

2. 1 0. 5 0. 2 16. 8 3. 1
0. 0 0. 0 0. 0
0. 0 0. 1 0. 0 0. 1 28. 2 0. 0

0. 0 0. 1 0. 0 0. 1 26. 8 0. 0

0. 0 0. 1 0. 0 0. 1 27. 4 0. 0

0. 0 0. 1 0. 0 0. 1 28. 7 0. 0

0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 27. 0 0. 0

0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 25. 6 0. 0

0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 26. 2 NOTE : On

e teragra m equal s 101 2 gram s (IO 6 metri ctons ) o rapproximatel y1. 1 xIO 6 shor t tons , tha n 50,00 0 metri ctons

. 0. 0
0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 26. 3 A 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0

. 0. 0 0

. 0. 0 0

. 0 0. 0

0 0. 0 0 0. 0 0. 0 0

. 24. 5 24

. valu e o fzer o 0 0. 0

5 23. 2 indicate s 0. 0

0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 22. 3 emission s 0. 0

0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 21. 3 o fles s 0. 0

0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 20. 8TABL E 9 NITROGE N OXIDE NATIONA L EMISSIO

N ESTIMATE S (TERAGRAMS/YEAR )

Sourc e Categor

y Transportation Highwa y Vehicle s Aircraf t Railroad s Vessel s Othe r Off-Highway Transportatio nTota l 197 0

7. 6 197 1

8. 0 197 2 197 3 197 4 197 5 197 6 197 7 197 8 197 9 198 0 198 1

8. 9 9. 3 8. 9 8. 9 9. 3 9. 5 9. 7 9. 6 9. 2 9. 3 198 2

8. 9 198 3
6. 0 0. 1 0. 6 0. 1 0. 8 6. 4

0. 1 0. 6 0. 1 0. 8 7. 1

0. 1 0. 7
' 0. 1 0. 9 7. 5

0. 1 0. 7 0. 1 0. 9 7. 1

0. 1 0. 7 0. 1 0. 9 7. 1

0. 1 0. 7 0. 1 0. 9 7. 4

0. 1 0. 7 0. 1 1. 0 7. 6

0. 1 0. 7 0. 1 1. 0 7. 6

0. 1 0. 7 0. 2 1. 1 7. 4

0. 1 0. 8 0. 2 1. 1 7. 2

0. 1 0. 8 0. 1 1. 0 7. 4

0. 1 0. 7 0. 2 0. 9 7. 0

0. 1 0. 7 0. 2 0. 9 7. 0

0. 1 0. 6 0. 2 0. 9 8. 8

CA > Stationar

y Sourc e Fue l Combustion Electri c Utilitie s Industria l Commercia l Institutiona l Residentia l Fue l CombustionTota l Industria l Processe s Soli dWast e Disposa l Incineration OpenBurning 4. 5 3. 9 0. 3 0. 4 9. 1

. 0. 7
0. 1 0. 3 4. 7

3. 8 0. 3 0. 4 9. 2 0. 7
0. 1 0. 2 5. 0

3. 9 0. 3 0. 4 9. 6 0. 7
0. 1 0. 1 5. 3

3. 9 0. 3 0. 4 9. 9 0. 8
0. 0 0. 1 5. 3

3. 7 0. 3 0. 4 9. 7 0. 7
0. 0 0. 1 5. 2

3. 4 0. 3 0. 4 9. 3 0. 7
0. 0 0. 1 5. 6

3. 7 0. 3 0. 4 10. 0 0. 7
0. 0 0. 1 6. 0

3. 7 0. 3 0. 4 10. 4 0. 7
0. 0 0. 1 5. 9

3. 7 0. 3 0. 4 10. 3 0. 7
0. 0 0. 1 6. 2

3. 6 0. 3 0. 4 10. 5 0. 7
0. 0 0. 1 6. 4

3. 0 0. 3 0. 4 10. 1 0. 7
0. 0 0. 1 6. 5

3. 0 0. 3 0. 4 10. 2 0. 7
0. 0 0. 1 6. 2

3. 0 0. 3 0. 4 9. 9 0. 6
0. 0 0. 1 6. 3

2. 8 0. 2 0. 4 9. 7 0. 6
0. 0 0. 1 0. 4 0. 3 0. 2 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 Soli dWast e Tota l Miscellaneou s Fores t Fire s Othe r burnin

g Misc . Organi c Solven t Misc . Tota l Tota l o fAl l Source s NOTE : One teragra m equal s IO* 2 gram s (IO 6 metri ctons ) o rapproximatel y1. 1 xIO 6 shor t tons

. Avalu e o fzer o indicate s emission s o fles s tha n 50,00 0 metri ctons

. 0. 1
0. 2 0. 1 0. 0 0. 3 18. 1 0. 2

0. 1 0. 0 0. 3 18. 5 0. 2

0. 1 0. 0 0. 3 19. 7 0. 1

0. 0 0. 0 0. 1 20. 2 0. 2

0. 0 0. 0 0. 2 19. 6 0. 1

0. 0 0. 0 0. 1 19. 1 0. 2

0. 0 0. 0 0. 2 20. 3 0. 2

0. 0 0. 0 0. 2 20. 9 0. 2

0. 0 0. 0 0. 2 21. 0 0. 2

0. 0 0. 0 0. 2 21. 1 0. 2

0. 0 0. 0 0. 2 20. 3 0. 2

0. 0 0. 0 0. 2 20. 5 0. 1

0. 0 0. 0 0. 1 19. 6 0. 2

0. 0 0. 0 0. 2 19. 4TABL E 1 0 VOLATIL E ORGANI C COMPOUN D NATIONA L EMISSION

ESTIMATE S (TERAGRAMS/YEAR )

Sourc e Category Transportatio n Highway Vehicle s Aircraf t Railroad s Vessel s Othe r Off-Highwa y Transportatio nTota l 197 0

12. 3 197 1

12. 2 197 2 197 3 197 4 197 5 197 6 197 7 197 8 197 9 198 0 198 1

12. 1 11. 5 10. 5 10. 3 10. 4 10. 0 9. 8 8. 9 8. 2 8. 0 198 2

7. 5 198 3

11. 1 0. 2 0. 2 0. 3 0. 5 10. 9

0. 2 0. 2 0. 4 0. 5 10. 8

0. 2 0. 2 0. 4 0. 5 10. 2

0. 2 0. 2 0. 4 0. 5 9. 2

0. 2 0. 2 0. 4 0. 5 9. 0

0. 2 0. 2 0. 4 0. 5 9. 1

0. 2 0. 2 0. 4 0. 5 8. 7

0. 2 0. 2 0. 4 0. 5 8. 5

0. 2 0. 2 0. 4 0. 5 7. 6

0. 2 0. 2 0. 4 0. 5 6. 9

0. 2 0. 2 0. 4 0. 5 6. 7

0. 2 0. 2 0. 4 0. 5 6. 2

0. 2 0. 2 0. 4 0. 5 6. 0

0. 2 0. 2 0. 4 0. 4 7. 2

Stationary

Sourc e Fue l Combustion Electri c Utilitie s Industria l Commercia l Institutiona l Residentia l Fue l CombustionTota l Industria l Processe s Soli dWast e Disposa l Incineration OpenBurning 0. 0 0. 1 0. 0 0. 8 0. 9 8. 7

0. 5 1. 3 0. 0

0. 1 0. 0 0. 7 0. 8 8. 4

0. 5 1. 0 0. 0

0. 1 0. 0 0. 7 0. 8 9. 1

0. 4 0. 7 0. 0

0. 1 0. 0 0. 7 0. 8 9. 4

0. 4 0. 6 0. 0

0. 1 0. 0 0. 7 0. 8 9. 0

0. 4 0. 5 0. 0

0. 1 0. 0 0. 8 0. 9 8. 1

0. 4 0. 5 0. 0

0. 1 0. 0 0. 9 1. 0 8. 7

0. 4 0. 4 0. 0

0. 1 0. 0 1. 0 1. 1 9. 0

0. 4 0. 4 0. 0

0. 1 0. 0 1. 2 1. 3 9. 6

0. 4 0. 4 0. 0

0. 1 0. 0 1. 4 1. 5 9. 5

0. 4 0. 3 0. 0

0. 1 0. 0 1. 6 1. 7 8. 9

0. 3 0. 3 0. 0

0. 1 0. 0 1. 8 1. 9 8. 0

0. 3 0. 3 0. 0

0. 1 0. 0 1. 9 2. 0 7. 1

0. 3 0. 3 0. 0

0. 1 0. 0 2. 0 2. 1 7. 5

0. 3 0. 3 Soli dWast e Tota l Miscellaneou s Fores t Fire s Othe r burning Misc . Organi c Solven t Misc . Tota l Tota l o fAl l Source s 1. 8
0. 7 0. 3 2. 3 3. 3 27. 0 1. 5

0. 9 0. 3 2. 2 3. 4 26. 3 1. 1

0. 7 0. 2 2. 3 3. 2 26. 3 1. 0

0. 6 0. 2 2. 2 3. 0 25. 7 0. 9

0. 7 0. 1 2. 1 2. 9 24. 1 0. 9

0. 5 0. 1 1. 9 2. 5 22. 7 0. 8

0. 9 0. 1 1. 9 2. 9 23. 8 0. 8 0. 8

7 0. 7 1 0. 1 9 1. 9 0. 7

0. 8 0. 1 2. 0 0. 6

0. 9 0. 1 1. 9

NOTE : On e teragra m equal s 10^ 2 gram s (IO 6 metri ctons ) o rapproximatel y1. 1 xIO 6 shor ttons , tha n 50,00 0 metri ctons

. 2. 7 2. 7 2. 9 2. 9 23. 6 24. 2 23. 5 22. 3 Avalu e o fzer o indicate s 0. 6
0. 8 0. 1 1. 6 2. 5 21. 0 emission s 0. 6

0. 6 0. 1 1. 5 2. 2 19. 4
o fles s 0. 6

0. 8 0. 1 1. 6 2. 5 19. 9TABL E 1 1

Sourc e Categor y Transportatio n Highwa yVehicle s Aircraf t Railroad s Vessel s Othe rOff-Highwa y Transportatio n Tota l 71. 8 70. 5 197 0

62. 7 0. 9 0. 3 1. 1 6. 8 197 1

61. 7 0. 9 0. 2 1. 2 6. 5 197 2

62. 3 0. 9 0. 3 1. 3 6. 3 CARBO

N MONOXID E NATIONA L EMISSIO

N ESTIMATE S (TERAGRAMS/YEAR )

197 3

59. 7 0. 8 0. 3 1. 3 6. 2 197 4

55. 1 0. 9 0. 3 1. 3 5. 6 197 5

54. 2 0. 9 0. 2 1. 4 5. 3 197 6

56. 4 0. 9 0. 3 1. 4 5. 3 197 7

53. 4 0. 9 0. 3 1. 4 5. 1 197 8

52. 8 1. 0 0. 3 1. 5 4. 8 197 9

48. 7 1. 0 0. 3 1. 4 4. 5 198 0

45. 3 1. 0 0. 3 1. 4 4. 7 198 1

44. 2 1. 0 0. 3 1. 4 4. 7 198 2

41. 1 1. 0 0. 2 1. 4 4. 4 198 3

4 1 1 0 1 3 . 2 0 2 4 9 71. 1 68. 3 63. 2 62. 0 64. 3 61. 1 60. 4 55. 9 52. 7 51. 6 48. 1 47. 7

c n Stationary

Sourc e Fue l Combustion • Electri c Utilitie s Industria l Commercia l Institutiona l Residentia l Fue l CombustionTota l Industria l Processe s Soli dWast e Disposa l Incineration OpenBurning 0. 2 0. 7 0. 1 2. 9 3. 9 9. 0
2. 7 3. 7 0. 2

0. 7 0. 1 2. 7 3. 7 8. 7
2. 3 2. 7 0. 3

0. 7 0. 1 2. 5 3. 6 8. 4
2. 2 2. 1 0. 3

0. 7 0. 1 2. 3 3. 4 8. 5
2. 1 1. 7 0. 3

0. 7 0. 1 2. 4 3. 5 8. 1
1. 9 

### Jbl 0. 3

0. 6 0. 1 2. 7 3. 7 6. 9
1. 8 1. 3 0. 3

0. 7 0. 1 3. 0 4. 1 7. 1
1. 5 1. 2 0. 3

0. 7 0. 1 3. 3 4. 4 7. 2
1. 5 1. 1 0. 3

0. 7 0. 1 3. 8 4. 9 7. 1
1. 4 1. 1 0. 3

0. 7 0. 1 4. 5 5. 6 7. 1
1. 3 1. 0 0. 3

0. 6 0. 1 5. 2 6. 2 6. 3
1. 2 1. 0 0. 3

0. 6 0. 1 5. 3 6. 3 5. 9
1. 2 0. 9 0. 3

0. 6 0. 1 5. 7 6. 7 4. 4
1. 1 0. 9 0. 3

0. 6 0. 1 jy i 7. 0 4. 6
1. 1 0^ 9 Soli d Wast e Tota l Miscellaneou s Fores t Fire s Othe rburnin g Misc

. Organi cSolven t Misc

. Tota l Tota l o fAl l Source s 6. 4
5. 1 2. 1 0. 0 7. 2 98. 3 5. 0

6. 7 1. 7 0. 0 8. 4 96. 3 4. 3

5. 2 1. 2 0. 0 6. 4 93. 8 3. 8

4. 5 1. 0 0. 0 5. 5 89. 5 3. 4

5. 6 0. 8 0. 0 6. 4 84. 6 3. 1

4. 0 0. 8 0. 0 4. 8 80. 5 2. 7

6. 4 0. 7 0. 0 7. 1 85. 3 2. 6

5. 1 0. 7 0. 0 5. 8 81. 1 NOTE : One teragra

m equal s IO* 2 grams (IO 6 metri c tons ) or approximatel y 1. 1 xIO 6 shor t tons . A tha n50,00 0 metri c tons . 2. 5
5. 0 0. 7 0. 0 5. 7 80. 6 valu e o f 2. 3

5. 8 0. 7 0. 0 2. 2

6. 9 0. 7 0. 0 6. 5 7. 6 77. 4 75. 0
zer o indicate s 2. 1
5. 8 0. 6 0. 0 6. 4 72. 3 emission s 2. 0

4. 3 0. 6 0. 0 4. 9 66. 1
o fles s 2. 0

5. 7 0. 6 0. 0 6. 3 67. 6TABL E 1 2 LEAD NATIONA L EMISSION

ESTIMATE S (GIGAGRAMS/YEAR )

Sourc e Categor

y Transportatio n Highway Vehicle s Off-Highway TransportationTota l 197 0 197 1 197 2 197 3 197 4 197 5 197 6 197 7 197 8
156. 0 7. 6 ~"

— "" * 174. 8 7. 8 190. 4

7. 6 "

~ 166. 0 6. 3 129. 6

4. 7 118. 1

4. 5 127. 5

4. 9 119. 5

4. 7 108. 2

4. 2 163. 6 182. 6 198. 0 172. 3 134. 3 122. 6 132. 4 124. 2 112. 4 197 9
90. 8 3. 8 94. 6 198 0

56. 4 3. 0 59. 4 198 1

43. 9 2. 5 46. 4 198 2

44. 4 2. 5 46. 9 198 3

38. 7 2. 0 40. 7

<7i Stationar ySourc e Fue l Combustio n Electri c Utilitie s Industria l Commercia l Institutiona l Residentia l Fue l Combustio n Tota l Industria l Processe s Soli d Wast e Disposa l Tota l o fAl l Source s 0. 3 9. 3 0. 0 0. 0 9. 6 23. 9 6. 7 203. 8 0. 3

9. 2 0. 0 0. 0 9. 5 22. 5 6. 2 220. 8 0. 2

9. 2 0. 0 0. 0 9. 4 18. 6 5. 7 231. 7 0. 2

9. 2 0. 0 0. 0 9. 4 15. 6 5. 4 202. 7 0. 2

9. 2 0. 0 0. 0 9. 4 13. 3 5. 1 162. 1 0. 2

9. 1 0. 0 0. 0 9. 3 10. 3 4. 8 147. 0 0. 2

8. 1 0. 0 0. 0 8. 3 8. 1 4. 3 153. 1 0. 2

7. 0 0. 0 0. 0 7. 2 5. 7 4. 1 141. 2 0. 2

5. 9 0. 0 0. 0 6. 1 5. 4 4. 0 127. 9 0. 1

4. 8 0. 0 0. 0 4. 9 5. 2 4. 0 108. 7 0. 1

3. 8 0. 0 0. 0 3. 9 3. 6 3. 7 70. 6 0. 1

2. 7 0. 0 0. 0 2. 8 3. 0 3. 7 55. 9 0. 1

1. 6 0. 0 0. 0 1. 7 2. 7 3. 1 54. 4 0. 1

0. 5 0. 0 0. 0 0. 6 2. 5 3. 1 46. 9 NOTE : On e gigagra

m equal s IO 9 grams o r IO 3 metri c ton s (1. 1 xIO 3 shor t tons) .TABL E 1 3 PARTICULAT E EMISSION S FRO M TRANSPORTATIO N (GIGAGRAMS/YEAR)
Sourc e Categor y Highwa yVehicle s Gasoline-powere d Passenge rcar s Ligh t truck s - 1 Ligh t truck s - 2 Heavydut yvehicle s Motorcycle s Tota l - Gasolin e Diesel-powere d Passenge rcar s Ligh t truck s Heav ydut yvehicle s Total - Diese l Highwa yVehicl e Tota l Aircraf t Railroad s Vessel s Far m Machiner y Constructio n Machiner y Industria l Machiner y Othe rOff-highwa yVehicle s Transportatio n Tota l 197 0 197 1 197 2 1973 1974 197 5 197 6 197 7 197 8 197 9 198 0 198 1 198 2 198 3

61 0 8 0 2 0 6 0 4 64 0 9 0 2 0 5 0 5 67 0 10 0 3 0 6 0 6 69 0 10 0 3 0 6 0 7 67 0 10 0 3 0 5 0 8 68 0 10 0 3 0 5 0 8 68 0 10 0 4 0 6 0 8 67 0 10 0 5 0 6 0 8 67 0 9 0 6 0 6 0 8 62 0 9 0 7 0 6 0 8 57 0 9 0 7 0 6 0 7 54 0 9 0 7 0 6 0 5 56 0 8 0 7 0 5 0 4 55 0 9 0 6 0 5 0 4 77 0
0 0 13 0 13 0 90 0 10 0 6 0 4 0 4 0 1 0 2 0 4 1,17 0 81 0

0 0 14 0 14 0 95 0 9 0 6 0 3 0 4 0 1 0 2 0 4

NOTE : On e gigagra m equal s 10 ^ gram s o rIO 3 t o independen t rounding

. 1,20 0 metri c 87 0

0 0 16 0 16 0 1,02 0 9 0 6 0 3 0 5 0 2 0 2 0 4 1,29 0 ton s (1
. 89 0

0 0 17 0 17 0 1,06 0 7 0 6 0 3 0 4 0 2 0 2 0 5 86 0

0 0 18 0 87 0

1 0 18 0 89 0

1 0 19 0 89 0

1 0 20 0 89 0

2 1 21 0 85 0

5 1 23 0 80 0

9 3 25 0 77 0

1 0 5 28 0 18 0 1,04 0 8 0 6 0 3 0 5 0 1 0 2 0 4 18 0 1,05 0 8 0 5 0 3 0 5 0 1 0 2 0 5 19 0 1,08 0 7 0 20 0 1,09 0 7 0 21 0 1,10 0 7 0 23 0 1,07 0 7 0 26 0 1,05 0 7 0 30 0 1,07 0 7 0 76 0

2 0 5 27 0 29 0 1,05 0 7 0 5 0 2 0 6 0 2 0 2 0 5 5 0 3 0 6 0 2 0 3 0 5 5 0 3 0 7 0 2 0 3 0 5 6 0 3 0 7 0 2 0 3 0 5 5 0 3 0 6 0 2 0 2 0 5 5 0 3 0 6 0 2 0 2 0 5 5 0 3 0 6 0 2 0 2 0 5 75 0
2 0 7 28 0 31 0 1,06 0 8 0 4 0 2 0 6 0 2 0 2 0 5 1,30 0 1,29 0 1,29 0 1,32 0 1,35 0 1,37 0 1,35 0 1,30 0 1,32 0 1,30 0 1,30 0 1 xIO 3 short tons)
. Tota l ma ydiffe r slightlyfro msummar

ytabl e value dueTABL E 1 4 SULFUROXID E EMISSION S FROM TRANSPORTATIO N (GIGAGRAMS/YEAR )

Sourc e Categor y Highway Vehicle s Gasoline-powere d Passenge r car s Ligh t truck s - 1 Ligh t truck s - 2 Heav y dut y vehicle s Motorcycle s Tota l - Gasolin e Diesel-powere d Passenge r car s Ligh t truck s Heav y dut y vehicle s Tota l - Diese l Highwa y Vehicl e Tota l
o o Aircraf t Railroad s Vessel s Far m Machiner y Constructio nMachiner y Industria l Machiner y Othe r Off-highwa y

Vehicle s Transportatio nTota l NOTE : On e gigagram

equal s 10 $ grams t o independen t rounding . 197 0 197 1 197 2 197 3 197 4 197 5 197 6

16 0 16 0 197 7 197 8 197 9 198 0 198 1 198 2 198 3

12 0 2 0 6 1 0 0 12 0 2 0 6 1 0 0 13 0 2 0 7 2 0 0 13 0 3 0 8 1 0 0 13 0 3 0 8 1 0 0 13 0 3 0 9 1 0 0 14 0 3 0 1 0 1 0 1 15 0 3 0 1 0 1 0 1 15 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 1 15 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 1 14 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 1 14 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 0 15 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 0 16 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 0 180 180 18 0 18 0 19 0 20 0 21 0 21 0 20 0 20 0 21 0

o r IO 3 metri c ton s (1. 1 xIO 3 shor t tons) . Tota l ma y diffe r slightl y

fro m summar y

tabl e valu e du e t o 22 0
0 0 10 0 10 0 26 0 1 0 13 0 15 0 3 0 1 0 2 0 1 61 0 0

0 11 0 11 0 28 0 1 0 11 0 13 0 3 0 1 0 2 0 1 59 0 0

0 13 0 13 0 30 0 1 0 12 0 12 0 3 0 2 0 2 0 1 62 0 0

0 14 0 14 0 32 0 1 0 12 0 14 0 3 0 2 0 2 0 1 66 0 0

0 14 0 14 0 32 0 1 0 12 0 14 0 3 0 2 0 2 0 1 66 0 0

0 14 0 14 0 32 0 1 0 11 0 14 0 3 0 2 0 2 0 1 65 0 0

0 15 0 15 0 35 0 1 0 12 0 16 0 4 0 2 0 2 0 1 72 0 1

0 16 0 16 0 36 0 1 0 12 0 18 0 4 0 2 0 3 0 1 76 0 1

0 17 0 17 0 38 0 1 0 11 0 21 0 4 0 2 0 3 0 1 80 0 3

1 18 0 18 0 39 0 1 0 12 0 25 0 5 0 2 0 2 0 1 86 0 5

2 20 0 21 0 42 0 1 0 12 0 27 0 4 0 2 0 2 0 1 90 0 1 0

3 22 0 23 0 45 0 1 0 11 0 25 0 4 0 2 0 2 0 1 90 0 1 0

3 21 0 22 0 44 0 1 0 11 0 20 0 4 0 2 0 1 0 1 83 0 1 0

4 22 0 23 0 45 0 1 0 10 0 18 0 4 0 2 0 1 0 1 81 0TABL E 1 5 NITROGE N OXID E EMISSION S FROM TRANSPORTATIO N

(GIGAGRAMS/YEAR )

U 3 Sourc e Categor

y Highway Vehicle s Gasoline-powere d Passenge r car s Light truck s - 1 Light truck s - 2 Heav y duty vehicle s Motorcycle s Total - Gasolin e Diesel-powere d Passenge r car s Light truck s Heav y duty vehicle s Tota l - Diese l Highwa y Vehicl e Tota l Aircraf t Railroad s Vessel s Far m Machinery Constructio nMachinery Industria l Machinery Othe r Off-highway

Vehicle s TransportationTota l NOTE : One gigagra

m equal s 10 ^ t o independen t rounding . 197 0 197 1 197 2 197 3 197 4 197 5 197 6 197 7 197 8 197 9 198 0 198 1 198 2 198 3

3,89 0 49 0 21 0 44 0 3 5,03 0
0 0 95 0 95 0 5,99 0 110 64 0 9 0 40 0 18 0 22 0 10 7,64 0 grams o r IO 3 4,19 0

55 0 22 0 43 0 4 5,39 0
0 0 1,05 0 1,05 0 6,44 0 110 62 0 100 41 0 190 23 0 9 8,12 0 metri c 4,51 0

63 0 27 0 48 0 5 5,89 0
0 0 1.22 0 1,22 0 7.11 0 100 69 0 100 43 0 20 0 24 0 1 0 8,88 0 ton s ( 1 4,71 0

65 0 30 0 47 0 6 6,14 0
0 0 1,34 0 1,34 0 7,48 0 10 0 73 0 120 41 0 22 0 24 0 10 9,31 0 1 xIO 3 4,37 0

61 0 30 0 46 0 7 5.75 0
0 0 1,39 0 1,39 0 7.14 0 10 0 73 0 110 44 0 19 0 25 0 10 8,97 0 4.37 0

60 0 31 0 43 0 7 5.72 0
1 0 1,41 0 1,41 0 7,12 0 10 0 66 0 12 0 43 0 19 0 24 0 1 0 8,89 0 4,41 0

64 0 38 0 44 0 6 5,88 0
1 0 1,52 0 1,52 0 7,41 0 100 69 0 130 49 0 21 0 26 0 10 9,29 0 shor t tons) . Tota l ma y 4.41 0 66 0 45 0 42 0 7 5,95 0
2 0 1,62 0 1,62 0 7,57 0 10 0 70 0 150 51 0 25 0 26 0 10 9,55 0 diffe r 4,36 0

65 0 51 0 41 0 7 5,94 0
3 1 1,71 0 1,71 0 7,65 0 U O 71 0 17 0 54 0 26 0 26 0 10 9,71 0 slightl y 3,96 0

64 0 53 0 38 0 1 0 5,52 0
8 2 1,84 0 1.85 0 7,38 0 12 0 75 0 18 0 56 0 23 0 26 0 1 0 9,49 0 3,66 0

64 0 52 0 36 0 1 0 5,19 0
1 0 6 2,02 0 2,04 0 7,23 0 110 75 0 150 46 0 23 0 26 0 10 9,20 0 3,49 0

69 0 57 0 35 0 1 0 5,11 0
2 0 1 0 2,23 0 2.26 0 7,37 0 110 71 0 19 0 48 0 20 0 24 0 10 9,31 0 fro m summary

tabl e valu e 3,47 0

64 0 51 0 30 0 1 0 4,93 0
3 0 1 0 2,08 0 2.12 0 7,04 0 11 0 66 0 16 0 47 0 20 0 22 0 1 0 8,87 0 du e 3,38 0

66 0 51 0 29 0 1 0 4,85 0
3 0 1 0 2,09 0 2,13 0 6,98 0 U O 65 0 150 44 0 20 0 22 0 10 8,76 0TABL E 1 6 VO C EMISSION S FRO

M TRANSPORTATION (GIGAGRAMS/YEAR )

Sourc e Category

197 0 197 1 197 2 197 3 197 4 197 5 197 6 197 7 197 8 197 9 198 0 198 1 198 2 198 3 Highwa y Vehicle s Gasoline-powere d Passenge r car s Ligh t truck s - 1 Ligh t truck s - 2 Heav y dut y vehicle s Motorcycle s

r o O Total
- Gasolin e Diesel-powere d Passenge rcar s Ligh t truck s Heavydut yvehicle s Tota l - Diese l Highwa yVehicl e Tota l Aircraf t Rai l road s Vessel s Far m Machiner y Constructio n Machiner y Industria l Machiner y Othe rOff-highwa yVehicle s 8,53 0 1,13 0 45 0 83 0 8 0 11,02 0
0 0 10 0 10 0 11,12 0 25 0 16 0 33 0 25 0 4 0 12 0 11 0 8 1

1 0

1 0 ,34 0 ,12 0 43 0 74 0 12 0 ,75 0
0 0 11 0 11 0 ,86 0 23 0 15 0 35 0 24 0 4 0 12 0 13 0 8 1

1 0

1 0 ,04 0 ,22 0 50 0 80 0 14 0 ,70 0
0 0 12 0 12 0 ,82 0 21 0 17 0 38 0 24 0 4 0 13 0 14 0 7 1

1 0

1 0 ,56 0 ,14 0 52 0 73 0 16 0 ,11 0
0 0 13 0 13 0 ,23 0 19 0 18 0 39 0 24 0 4 0 12 0 15 0 6 1

9

9 ,76 0 ,04 0 50 0 64 0 17 0 ,11 0
0 0 13 0 13 0 ,24 0 19 0 18 0 38 0 23 0 4 0 9 0 14 0 6,52 0

99 0 52 0 61 0 18 0 8,82 0
0 0 13 0 13 0 8,95 0 19 0 16 0 40 0 22 0 3 0 8 0 16 0 6 1

8

9 .40 0 ,06 0 65 0 64 0 18 0 ,93 0
0 0 15 0 15 0 ,08 0 17 0 17 0 41 0 23 0 4 0 9 0 16 0 6 1

8

8 ,02 0 ,03 0 73 0 58 0 18 0 ,54 0
0 0 16 0 16 0 ,70 0 17 0 17 0 42 0 22 0 4 0 9 0 16 0 5,77 0

97 0 83 0 57 0 18 0 8,32 0
1 0 17 0 17 0 8,49 0 18 0 17 0 43 0 22 0 4 0 9 0 16 0 5,01 0

90 0 86 0 54 0 15 0 7,46 0
2 1 18 0 18 0 7,64 0 18 0 18 0 42 0 22 0 4 0 8 0 16 0 4,44 0

87 0 79 0 63 0 11 0 6,74 0
3 2 20 0 20 0 6,93 0 18 0 18 0 40 0 19 0 4 0 8 0 16 0 4,08 0

91 0 84 0 53 0 8 0 6,44 0
4 3 22 0 22 0 6,66 0 16 0 17 0 43 0 18 0 4 0 10 0 16 0 3,94 0

80 0 72 0 44 0 6 0 5,96 0
4 3 21 0 22 0 6,18 0 16 0 16 0 41 0 18 0 3 0 9 0 16 0 3,86 0

80 0 68 0 42 0 6 0 5,82 0
5 3 22 0 23 0 6,04 0 17 0 16 0 41 0 16 0 3 0 8 0 16 0 Transportatio nTota l 12,38 0 12,12 0 12,13 0 11,54 0 10,49 0 10,19 0 10,35 0 9,97 0 9,78 0 8,92 0 8,16 0 7,90 0 7,37 0 7,21 0 NOTE : On e gigagra m equal s IO 9 gram s o rIO 3 metri cton s (1. 1 xIO 3 shor t tons)

. Tota l maydiffe rslightl yfro m summarytabl e valu e du e t o independen t rounding

.TABL E 1 7 CARBO N MONOXID E EMISSION S FROM TRANSPORTATION (GIGAGRAMS/YEAR )

Sourc e Category Highwa y Vehicle s Gasoline-powere d Passenge r car s Light truck s - 1 Ligh t truck s - 2 Heav y dut y vehicle s Motorcycle s Tota l - Gasolin e Diesel-powere d
i\ > 197 0 197 1 197 2 197 3 197 4 197 5 197 6 197 7 197 8 197 9 198 0 198 1 198 2 198 3

47,61 0 5,65 0 2,02 0 6,88 0 24 0 46,99 0

5,76 0 1,92 0 6,39 0 36 0 45,99 0

6,23 0 2,20 0 7,06 0 40 0 43,87 0

5,90 0 2,30 0 6,75 0 45 0 40,17 0

5,65 0 2,25 0 6,14 0 51 0 39,39 0

5,49 0 2,39 0 5,99 0 51 0 39,66 0

6,18 0 3,10 0 6,47 0 52 0 36,92 0

6,01 0 3,47 0 6.00 0 51 0 35,79 0

5,86 0 4,03 0 6,06 0 52 0 32,00 0

5,69 0 4,23 0 5,80 0 43 0 29.20 0

5,48 0 4,00 0 5.69 0 31 0 27.28 0

5,92 0 4,40 0 5,73 0 23 0 26,36 0

5,24 0 3,86 0 4,82 0 16 0 26,52 0

5.31 0 3,85 0 4,70 0 16 0 62.40 0 61,42 0 61.88 0 59,27 0 54,72 0 53,77 0 55,93 0 52,91 0 52,26 0 48,15 0 44,68 0 43,56 0 40,44 0 40,54 0
Passenge r car s Light truck s 3 Heav

y duty vehicle s Tota l - Diese l Highway Vehicl e Tota l Aircraf t Railroad s Vessel s Far m Machinery ConstructionMachinery Industria l Machinery Othe r Off-highway

Vehicle s TransportationTota l NOTE : One gigagra m equal s 10 9 0 0 29 0 29 0 62,69 0 90 0 25 0 1,15 0 3,57 0 58 0 1,78 0 84 0 71,76 0 gram s o r IO 3 0

0 32 0 32 0 61,75 0 89 0 24 0 1,22 0 3,45 0 51 0 1.71 0 87 0 70,64 0 metri c 0

0 37 0 37 0 62,25 0 86 0 26 0 1,23 0 3.14 0 47 0 1,81 0 91 0 70,93 0 ton s (1. 1 0

0 40 0 40 0 59,68 0 84 0 27 0 1,35 0 3,25 0 45 0 1,58 0 95 0 68,37 0 0

0 39 0 39 0 55,11 0 86 0 27 0 1,30 0 3,00 0 43 0 1.23 0 96 0 63,16 0

x10 3 shor t tons) . 0 0 39 0 39 0 54,17 0 88 0 24 0 1,36 0 2,93 0 37 0 1.06 0 99 0 62,00 0 Tota l 1

0 44 0 44 0 56,37 0 86 0 25 0 1,40 0 2,78 0 41 0 1,07 0 1,00 0 64,14 0
may diffe r 1

0 47 0 47 0 53,39 0 90 0 26 0 1,42 0 2,60 0 36 0 1,10 0 1,02 0 61,05 0 slightl y 2

1 50 0 50 0 52,77 0 96 0 26 0 1.47 0 2,37 0 34 0 1,07 0 1,05 0 60,29 0 4

2 53 0 53 0 48,67 0 99 0 27 0 1,42 0 2,24 0 37 0 82 0 1,08 0 55,86 0 fro m summar y tab l 7

3 59 0 60 0 45,29 0 99 0 27 0 1,38 0 2,04 0 46 0 1,11 0 1,09 0 52,63 0
e valu e 1 0

6 68 0 69 0 44,25 0 96 0 25 0 1,44 0 1,88 0 37 0 1,33 0 1,10 0 51,58 0 du e t o 1 0

6 63 0 65 0 41,09 0 95 0 24 0 1,39 0 1,78 0 32 0 1,19 0 1,11 0 48,07 0 2 0

7 66 0 69 0 41,23 0 98 0 23 0 1,40 0 1,46 0 26 0 1,03 0 1,12 0 47,71 0
independen t rounding .TABL E 1 8 PARTICULAT E EMISSION S FRO M FUEL COMBUSTIO

N (GIGAGRAMS/YEAR )

Sourc e Category Coa l Electri c utilitie s Industria l Residential/Commercia l Coa l Tota l 197 0 197 1 197 2 197 3
2,22 0 1,30 0 12 0 1,96 0

92 0 11 0 1,75 0

65 0 8 0 1,69 0

55 0 8 0 197 4
1,56 0 44 0 7 0 197 5
1,42 0 36 0 6 0 197 6 197 7
1,15 0 1,06 0 25 0 23 0 5 0 5 0 197 8

1,05 0 22 0 5 0 197 9 198 0

86 0 72 0 25 0 25 0 5 0 5 0 3,64 0 2,99 0 2,48 0 2,32 0 2,07 0 1,84 0 1.45 0 1,34 0 1,32 0 1,16 0 1,02 0 198 1

64 0 28 0 5 0 97 0 198 2

49 0 22 0 5 0 76 0 198 3

48 0 21 0 6 0 75 0

Fue l Oi l Electri c utilitie s Industria l Residential/Commercia l Fue l Oi l Tota l 11 0 8 0 8 0 27 0 12 0

8 0 7 0 27 0 12 0

8 0 7 0 27 0 13 0

9 0 7 0 29 0 13 0

8 0 6 0 27 0 12 0

7 0 6 0 25 0 12 0

8 0 6 0 26 0 14 0

9 0 6 0 29 0 14 0

8 0 6 0 28 0 12 0

7 0 5 0 24 0 11 0

6 0 5 0 22 0 9 0

5 0 4 0 18 0 7 0

5 0 4 0 16 0 6 0

3 0 3 0 12 0

r o r o Natura l Ga s

Electri c utilitie s Industria l Residential/Commercia l Natura l Ga s Tota l 6 2 0 1 0 6 2 0 1 0 6 2 0 1 0 6 2 0 1 0 5 2 0 1 0 5 2 0 1 0 5 2 0 1 0 5 2 0 1 0 5 2 0 1 0 5 2 0 1 0 6 2 0 1 0 6 2 0 1 0 5 2 0 1 0 4 2 0 9 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 35 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 6 3 6 3 5 3 3

Wood Industria l Residentia l WoodTota l 14 0 38 0 52 0 13 0

36 0 49 0 14 0

36 0 50 0 14 0

33 0 47 0 13 0

35 0 48 0 9 0

40 O 49 0 9 0

45 0 54 0 10 0

51 0 61 0 10 0

59 0 69 0 10 0

70 0 80 0 10 0

80 0 90 0 9 0

83 0 92 0 8 0

89 0 9 0

94 0 97 0 1,03 0

4 0 3 4 0

3 3 0

3 3 0

3 3 0

3 3 0

2 2 0

2 2 0

2 Othe r Fuel s Industria l 4 0 4 0 4 0 4 0 3 0 Residentia l 4 4 4 4 3 Othe r Fuel s Tota l 4 4 Fue l Combustio nTota l 4,51 0 NOTE : On e gigagra m equal s IO 9 gram s o r IO 3 metri c ton s (1. 1 xIO 3 shor t tons) . Tota l ma y diffe r slightl y

fro m summar

y tabl e valu e du e t o independen t rounding . 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 4 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3,83 0 3,33 0 3,16 0 2,89 0 2,66 0 2,33 0 2,31 0 2,36 0 2,27 0 2,21 0 2,13 0 1,95 0 2 0 2 2 2 1,95 0TABL E 1 9 SULFU ROXIO E EMISSION S FRO M FUEL COMBUSTION (GIGAGRAMS/YEAR )

Sourc e Categor

y Coa l Electri c utilitie s Industria l Residential/Commercia l Coa l Tota l 197 0 197 1
14,33 0 14,08 0 2,84 0 2.30 0 34 0 32 0 197 2

14.41 0 2.18 0 23 0 197 3
15,60 0 1,97 0 22 0 197 4
15,10 0 1,80 0 24 0 197 5 15,20 0 1,70 0 21 0 197 6
15.65 0 1,49 0 20 0 197 7
15.58 0 1,45 0 20 0 197 8 14,08 0 1,50 0 23 0 197 9
14,55 0 1.61 0 19 0 198 0 14,19 0 1,38 0 14 0 198 1 13,58 0 1,56 0 17 0 198 2 198 3
13,27 0 13,25 0 1,50 0 1,54 0 21 0 22 0 17,51 0 16,70 0 16,82 0 17.79 0 17.14 0 17,11 0 17,34 0 17,23 0 15,81 0 16,35 0 15,71 0 15,31 0 14,98 0 15,01 0

Fue l Oi l Electri c utilitie s Industria l Residential/Commercia l Fue l Oi l Tota l 1,46 0 1,14 0 1.00 0 1.46 0

1,07 0 95 0 1.39 0 1,17 0 99 0 1.57 0 1.18 0 93 0 1,52 0 1,11 0 86 0 1.38 0

88 0 76 0 1,44 0 1.09 0 87 0 1,63 0 1,21 0 85 0 1.68 0 1,10 0 78 0 1.45 0

91 0 64 0 1,31 0

85 0 72 0 1,13 0

68 0 56 0 95 0

70 0 55 0 3,60 0 3,48 0 3,55 0 3,68 0 3.49 0 3.02 0 3,40 0 3,69 0 3,56 0 3,00 0 2,88 0 2,37 0 2.20 0 77 0 440 40 0 1,61 0 Natura l Ga

s £J Electri c utilitie s Industria l Residential/Commercia l Natura l Ga

s Tota l 1 2 2 1

2 2 1

2 2 1

2 2 1

2 2 1

2 2 1

2 2 1CVJ

2 1

2 2 1

2 2 1

2 2 1

2 2 1

2 2 1

2 2

Wood Industria l Residentia l WoodTota l 10 1 0 1 1 12 4

1 0 1 4 4

1 0 1 4 4

1 0 1 4 4

1 0 1 4
Othe r Fuel s Industria l Residentia l Othe r Fuel s Tota l Fue l CombustionTota l NOTE : On e gigagra

m equal s 10 ' grams o r IO 3 metri c ton s (1. 1 xIO 3 shor t tons) . Tota l ma y diffe r slightl y

fro m summary

tabl e valu e du e t o independen t rounding . 16 0 2 0 18 0 21.30 0 14 0

2 0 160 20,35 0 14 0

1 0 150 20.53 0 13 0

1 0 140 21,62 0 16 0

1 0 17 0 20,81 0 10 0

1 0 110 20,25 0 14 0

1 0 150 20,90 0 11 0

1 0 12 0 21,06 0 13 0

9 139 19,52 0 13 0

9 139 19,51 0 12 0

6 126 18.74 0 10 0

6 106 17,80 0 8 0

5 8 5 17,28 0 8 0

5 8 5 16,72 0TABL E 2 0 NITROGE N OXID E EMISSION S FRO M FUE LCOMBUSTIO N (GIGAGRAMS/YEAR )

' r o •P k Sourc e Categor y Coa l Electri cutilitie s Industria l Residential/Commercia l Coa l Tota l
Fue l Oi l Electri cutilitie s Industria l Residential/Commercia l Fue l Oi l Tota l
Natura l Gas Electri cutilitie s Industria l Residential/Commercia l 197 0
3.17 0 700 4 0 3,91 0

39 0 30 0 300 990

940 2,77 0 33 0 197 1 3,23 0 58 0 4 0 3,85 0

48 0 31 0 30 0 1,09 0

96 0 2,83 0 34 0 197 2 3,41 0 56 0 4 0 4,01 0

60 0 32 0 30 0 1,22 0

96 0 2,90 0 35 0 197 3 3,74 0 51 0 4 0 4,29 0

700 34 0 30 0 1,34 0

87 0 2,93 0 34 0 197 4 3,78 0 48 0 4 0 4.30 0

670 310 28 0 1,26 0

83 0 2,82 0 33 0 197 5 3,88 0 47 0 4 0 4,39 0

60 0 270 26 0 1,13 0

74 0 2,57 0 34 0 197 6 4,27 0 44 0 3 0 4,74 0

62 0 34 0 29 0 1,25 0

71 0 2,80 0 35 0 197 7 4,55 0 42 0 4 0 5,01 0

73 0 36 0 28 0 1,37 0

73 0 2,81 0 33 0 197 8 4,47 0 42 0 3 0 4,93 0

68 0 35 0 28 0 1,31 0

72 0 2,79 0 34 0 197 9 4,82 0 46 0 3 0 5,31 0

57 0 26 0 23 0 1,06 0

79 0 2,71 0 35 0 198 0 5,15 0 40 0 3 0 5,58 0

44 0 22 0 22 0 88 0

83 0 2,24 0 33 0 198 1 5,25 0 46 0 3 0 5,74 0

38 0 190 18 0 75 0

82 0 2,14 0 32 0 198 2 5,20 0 45 0 3 0 5,68 0

27 0 20 0 170 64 0

73 0 2,23 0 33 0 198 3 5,41 0 46 0 3 0 5,90 0

26 0 15 0 14 0 55 0

62 0 2,02 0 30 0 Natura l Ga

s Tota l 4,04 0 4,13 0 4,21 0 4,14 0 3,98 0 3,65 0 3,86 0 3,87 0 3,85 0 3,85 0 3,40 0 3,28 0 3,29 0 2,94 0

Wood Industria l Residentia l Woo dTota l 7 0 3 0 100 7 0

3 0 10 0 7 0

3 0 10 0 7 0

3 0 10 0 7 0

3 0 10 0 7 0

3 0 10 0 8 0

4 0 12 0 8 0

4 0 12 0 9 0

5 0 140 9 0

6 0 15 0 9 0

6 0 15 0 9 0

7 0 16 0 8 0

7 0 15 0 9 0

7 0 16 0
Othe r Fuel s Industria l Residentia l Othe r Fuel s Tota l Fue l Combustio nTota l NOTE : On e gigagram

equal s 10 ^ gram s o r IO 3 metri c ton s (1. 1 xIO 3 shor t tons) . Tota l ma y diffe r slightl y

fro m summary

tabl e valu e du e t o independen t rounding . 5 0 6 0 

## n o 9,15 0 5 0

5 0 10 0 9,27 0 5 0

6 0 11 0 9.65 0 5 0

5 0 10 0 9,97 0 5 0

5 0 10 0 9,74 0 5 0

4 0 9 0 9,36 0 6 0

5 0 11 0 10,08 0 5 0

4 0 9 0 10,46 0 6 0

4 0 10 0 10,33 0 7 0

3 0 10 0 10,47 0 7 0

3 0 10 0 10,11 0 6 0

3 0 9 0 10,02 0 6 0

2 0 8 0 9.84 0 6 0

2 0 8 0 9,63 0TABL E 2 1 VOC EMISSIONS FRO

M FUE L COMBUSTION (GIGAGRAMS/YEAR )

Sourc e Category Coa l Electri cutilitie s Industria l Residential/Commercia l Coa l Tota l 197 0

8 4 197 1

7 3 197 2 197 3 197 4 197 5 197 6 197 7 197 8 197 9 198 0 198 1

5 3 5 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 3 2 32 4 3 4 2 4 3 198 2

4 3 198 3
2 0 4 6 0 2 0

3 5 0 2 0

3 3 0 2 0

3 3 0 2 0

3 2 0 2 0

3 2 0 2 0

3 2 0 2 0

2 1 0 2 0

2 1 0 3 0

3 1 0 3 0

2 1 0 3 0

3 1 0 3 0

3 1 0 3 0

3 1 0 4 3
Fue l Oi l Electri cutilitie s Industria l Residential/Commercia l Fue l Oi l Tota l 7 4 8 9

5 8 1 0

5 8 1 0

5 8 1 0

5 7 1 0

5 7 1 0

5 8 2 0

6 7 2 0

6 7 1 0

4 6 8

3 6 6

3 5 5

3 4 4

3 4 1 9 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 33 2 0 1 7 1 4 1 2 1 1

r o Natura l Ga

s Electri cutilitie s Industria l Residential/Commercia l Natura l Ga

s Tota l 5 7 0 2 0 5

7 0 2 0 5

7 0 2 0 5

7 0 2 0 5

7 0 2 0 4

6 0 2 0 4

7 0 2 0 4

7 0 2 0 4

7 0 2 0 5

7 0 2 0 5

5 0 2 0 5

5 0 2 0 4

5 0 2 0 4

5 0 2 0 9 5 9 5 9 5 9 5 9 5 8 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 5 7 5 7 5 7 4 7 4
Wood Industria l Residentia l Wood Tota l 4 0 70 0 74 0 4 0

66 0 70 0 4 0

66 0 70 0 4 0

62 0 66 0 4 0

64 0 68 0 4 0

74 0 78 0 5 0

84 0 89 0 5 0

94 0 99 0 5 0 1,13 0 5 0 5 0

1,38 0 1,60 0 5 0 5 0 5 0

1,73 0 1,87 0 2,00 0 1,18 0 1,43 0 1,65 0 1,78 0 1,92 0 2,05 0
Othe rFuel s Industria l Residentia l Othe rFuel s Tota l Fue l Combustio n Tota l NOTE : On e gigagra m equal s IO 9 gram s o rIO 3 metri cton s (1. 1 xIO 3 shor t tons)

. Tota l ma ydiffe rslightl yfro m summarytabl e valu e du e t o independen t rounding

. 7 2 9 95 0 7

2 9 90 0 8

2 1 0 88 0 7

2 9 84 0 7

2 9 85 0 1 0

2 1 2 94 0 1 0

2 1 2 1,06 0 9

2 1 1 1.16 0 1 0

2 1 2 1,35 0 1 0

1 1 1 1,60 0 1 0

1 1 1 1,80 0 9

1 1 0 1,92 0 7

1 8 2,06 0 8

1 9 2,19 0TABL E 2 2 CARBO N MONOXID E EMISSION S FRO M FUE LCOMBUSTION (GIGAGRAMS/YEAR )
Sourc e Categor y Coa l Electri c utilitie s Industria l Residential/Commercia l Coa l Tota l 70 0 63 0 45 0 42 0 40 0 35 0 34 0 33 0 33 0 34 0 32 0 35 0 197 0
10 0 9 0 51 0 197 1

10 0 8 0 45 0 197 2

10 0 7 0 28 0 197 3

12 0 7 0 23 0 197 4

12 0 6 0 22 0 197 5

12 0 6 0 17 0 197 6

13 0 6 0 15 0 197 7

14 0 5 0 14 0 197 8

14 0 6 0 13 0 197 9

16 0 6 0 12 0 198 0

17 0 5 0 10 0 198 1

18 0 6 0 11 0 198 2

18 0 6 0 12 0 198 3

19 0 6 0 13 0 36 0 38 0

Fue l Oi l Electri c utilitie s Industria l Residential/Commercia l Fue l Oi l Tota l 4 0 4 0 5 0 5 0

4 0 5 0 6 0

5 0 . 6 0 7 0

5 0 5 0 7 0

4 0 5 0 6 0

4 0 5 0 7 0

5 0 5 0 8 0 5 0 5 0 8 0

5 0 5 0 6 0

3 0 5 0 4 0

3 0 4 0 4 0

3 0 3 0 3 0

3 0 3 0 3 0

2 0 3 0 13 0 140 17 0 17 0 16 0 150 17 0 18 0 18 0 140 110 10 0 9 0 8 0

^ Natura l Ga s o » Electri c utilitie s Industria l Residential/Commercia l Natura l Ga s Tota l 8 0 42 0 7 0 9 0 43 0 7 0 9 0 44 0 7 0 8 0 44 0 7 0 7 0 43 0 7 0 7 0 39 0 7 0 7 0 42 0 7 0 7 0 42 0 7 0 7 0 42 0 7 0 8 0 41 0 7 0 8 0 35 0 7 0 8 0 33 0 6 0 7 0 34 0 7 0 6 0 31 0 7 0 57 0 59 0 60 0 59 0 57 0 53 0 56 0 56 0 56 0 56 0 50 0 47 0 48 0 44 0

Woo d Industria l Residentia l Woo d Tota l 1 0 11 0 12 0 12 0 12 0 11 0 13 0 13 0 15 0 15 0 14 0 15 0 14 0 15 0 2,31 0 2,20 0 2,19 0 2,04 0 2,14 0 2,45 0 2,78 0 3,12 0 3,64 0 4,34 0 5,02 0 5,13 0 5,50 0 5,81 0 2,42 0 2,31 0 2,31 0 2,16 0 2,26 0 2,56 0 2,91 0 3,25 0 3,79 0 4,49 0 5,16 0 5,28 0 5,64 0 5 , 96 0
Othe rFuel s Industria l Residentia l Othe rFuel s Tota l Fue l Combustio n Tota l 1 0 1 0 1 0

1 0 2 0

1 0 1 0

1 0 1 0

1 0 2 0

1 0 2 0

1 0 2 0 1 0 2 0

1 0 2 0

8 2 0

6 2 0

6 2 0

5 2 0 2 0 3 0 20 2 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 2 8 2 6 2 6 2 5 3,84 0 3.69 0 3,56 0 3,36 0 3,41 0 3,62 0 4,01 0 4,35 0 4,89 0 5,56 0 6,12 0 6,23 0 6,60 0 NOTE : On e gigagra m equal s IO 9 gram s o rIO 3 metri cton s (1. 1 xIO 3 shor ttons)

. Tota l ma ydiffe rslightl yfro m summarytabl e valu e du e t o independen t rounding

. 2 0 5 2 5 6,88 0r o Sourc e Categor y

Cattl e Fee d lot s (0211 ) Cotto n Ginnin g (0724 ) Metalli c Or e Minin g (10 ) Coa l Minin g (1211 ) Crushe dSton e (142 ) San dan dGrave l (144 ) Clay s (145 ) Potash/Phosphat e Roc k(1474,1475 ) FeedandGrai nMillin g (204 ) Lumbe r andPlywoo d(24 ) Pul pMill s (261,262 ) Chemical s (28 ) Petroleu m Refinin g (2911 ) Asphal t Pavin g an d Roofin g (295 ) Glas s (321,322 ) Cemen t(3241 ) Bric k an d Til e (3251 ) Concrete , Lime , Gypsu m (327 ) Cla ySinterin g (3295 ) Iro n an d Stee l (3312 ) Ferroalloy s (3313 ) Iro n an d Stee l Foundrie s (332 ) Primar yNonferrou s Smelter s (333 ) SecondaryNonferrou s Smelter s (334,336 ) Grai n Elevator s (4421,5153 )

TOTAL 197 0 2 0 2 0 53 0 35 0 1.35 0 5 0 1.61 0 4 0 8 0 8 0 52 0 22 0 6 0 56 0 4 0 1,38 0 4 0 52 0 10 0 1,19 0 16 0 17 0 32 0 5 0 67 0 TABL E PARTICULAT E EMISSION S FRO M

197 1 2 0 2 0 49 0 30 0 1,26 0 5 0 1,35 0 4 0 8 0 8 0 46 0 18 0 70 - 56 0 5 0 1,35 0 5 0 43 0 10 0 97 0 14 0 17 0 30 0 6 0 79 0 2 3 INDUSTRIA

L PROCESSE S (GIGAGRAMS/YEAR )

197 2 2 0 3 0 48 0 30 0 1,21 0 5 0 1,14 0 4 0 8 0 9 0 44 0 17 0 7 0 55 0 5 0 1,19 0 5 0 39 0 10 0 97 0 15 0 16 0 28 0 5 0 73 0 197 3

2 0 2 0 48 0 28 0 1,18 0 5 0 95 0 4 0 7 0 9 0 31 0 15 0 7 0 59 0 5 0 87 0 5 0 37 0 9 0 89 0 16 0 13 0 25 0 5 0 72 0 197 4

2 0 2 0 40 0 25 0 98 0 5 0 56 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 27 0 13 0 7 0 50 0 4 0 69 0 4 0 32 0 7 0 76 0 15 0 12 0 20 0 5 0 57 0 197 5

2 0 2 0 32 0 25 0 76 0 4 0 29 0 3 0 6 0 7 0 18 0 10 0 7 0 32 0 4 0 56 0 3 0 24 0 4 0 57 0 9 0 8 0 17 0 5 0 59 0 197 6

2 0 2 0 26 0 26 0 66 0 4 0 22 0 3 0 5 0 8 0 15 0 10 0 6 0 22 0 4 0 54 0 4 0 21 0 3 0 50 0 8 0 8 0 14 0 5 0 55 0 197 7

2 0 3 0 18 0 26 0 56 0 5 0 21 0 3 0 5 0 9 0 15 0 11 0 6 0 13 0 4 0 55 0 4 0 15 0 2 0 44 0 7 0 7 0 10 0 4 0 50 0 197 8

2 0 2 0 21 0 25 0 61 0 5 0 21 0 3 0 5 0 9 0 11 0 11 0 6 0 12 0 3 0 56 0 4 0 14 0 1 0 45 0 6 0 7 0 10 0 4 0 50 0 197 9

2 0 2 0 21 0 28 0 57 0 5 0 15 0 3 0 5 0 8 0 11 0 U O 5 0 13 0 3 0 48 0 4 0 13 0 1 0 40 0 4 0 6 0 10 0 5 0 55 0 198 0

2 0 2 0 18 0 29 0 45 0 4 0 13 0 3 0 5 0 7 0 11 0 10 0 5 0 11 0 3 0 35 0 3 0 12 0 1 0 31 0 3 0 5 0 9 0 4 0 44 0 198 1

2 0 3 0 20 0 29 0 38 0 4 0 7 0 1 0 5 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 4 0 9 0 3 0 28 0 2 0 10 0 1 0 30 0 3 0 4 0 8 0 4 0 44 0 198 2

2 0 2 0 11 0 29 0 34 0 3 0 6 0 1 0 6 0 6 0 9 0 7 0 4 0 9 0 3 0 21 0 2 0 8 0 1 0 20 0 1 0 4 0 6 0 3 0 45 0 198 3

2 0 1 0 11 0 28 0 36 0 3 0 7 0 1 0 4 0 7 0 9 0 8 0 3 0 9 0 3 0 23 0 2 0 8 0 

### t o 21 0 1 0 4 0 6 0 3 0 27 0 10,13 0 9,35 0 8,77 0 7,91 0 6,44 0 5,03 0 4,42 0 3,95 0 3,96 0 3,76 0 3,17 0 2,83 0 2,42 0 2,31 0
NOTE : One gigagra m equal s 10 ^ gram s o rIO 3 metri c ton s (1. 1 xIO 3 shor t tons) .

Independen t roundin g o fdata . Tota l ma ydiffe rslightl yfro m su m o fsourc e categor ytotal s du e t oTABLE 2 4
SULFU ROXIDE EMISSION S FRO M INDUSTRIA

L PROCESSE S (GIGAGRAMS/YEAR )

Sourc e Categor

y
Natura l Ga s Production(1311 ) PulpMill s (261,262 ) Sulfuri c Aci d(2819 ) CarbonBlack(2895 ) Petroleu m Refining (2911 ) Glas s (321,322 ) Cement (3241 ) L1m e (3274 ) ro Iro nan dStee l (3312 ) C O Primar

y Coppe r (3331 ) Primar y Lea dan dZinc (3332,3333 ) Primar y Aluminu

m (3334 ) Secondar y Lea d(3341 ) TOTA L 197 0
10 0 11 0 54 0 0 70 0 2 0 56 0 3 0 48 0 3,18 0 41 0 7 0 2 0 197 1
10 0 10 0 53 0 0 75 0 2 0 55 0 3 0 39 0 2,84 0 36 0 7 0 2 0 197 2
12 0 11 0 57 0 1 0 79 0 2 0 56 0 3 0 44 0 3.13 0 31 0 7 0 2 0 197 3
15 0 11 0 57 0 1 0 85 0 3 0 56 0 3 0 51 0 3,21 0 19 0 8 0 2 0 197 4
16 0 11 0 44 0 1 0 85 0 3 0 54 0 3 0 46 0 2,71 0 16 0 8 0 2 0 197 5
16 0 10 0 33 0 1 0 83 0 3 0 46 0 3 0 48 0 2,14 0 11 0 6 0 2 0 197 6
13 0 11 0 25 0 1 0 85 0 3 0 51 0 3 0 45 0 2,04 0 11 0 7 0 3 0 197 7
12 0 10 0 26 0 1 0 89 0 3 0 58 0 3 0 45 0 1,77 0 9 0 8 0 3 0 197 8
13 0 10 0 26 0 1 0 90 0 3 0 63 0 3 0 43 0 1,37 0 10 0 8 0 3 0 197 9

14 0 10 0 25 0 1 0 88 0 3 0 63 0 3 0 44 0 1,45 0 12 0 8 0 4 0 198 0

14 0 11 0 25 0 1 0 84 0 3 0 57 0 3 0 39 0 99 0 7 0 9 0 3 0 198 1

15 0 11 0 22 0 1 0 77 0 3 0 55 0 3 0 37 0 1,27 0 7 0 8 0 3 0 198 2

14 0 10 0 17 0 1 0 74 0 3 0 48 0 2 0 24 0 97 0 16 0 6 0 3 0 6,21 0 5,75 0
NOTE : One gigagra

m equal s IO 9 gram

s or IO 3 metri c ton s (1. 1 Independen t rounding o f data . 6,17 0 6,32 0 5,61 0 4.74 0 4,61 0 4.43 0 4,10 0 4.21 0 3,54 0 3,69 0 3,15 0

xIO 3 shor t tons) . Tota l ma y diffe r slightl y

fro m sumo f sourc e category total s due t o 198 3
16 0 11 0 18 0 1 0 74 0 3 0 52 0 2 0 22 0 88 0 14 0 6 0 2 0
3.09 0TABL E 2 5
NITROGEN

OXID E EMISSION S FROM INDUSTRIAL PROCESSE S (GIGAGRAMS/YEAR )

r o t o Sourc e Category

Pul pMill s (261,262 ) Organi cChemical s (286 ) Ammonia (2873 ) Nitri cAci d (2873 ) Petroleu m Refinin g (2911 ) Glas s (321,322 ) Cemen t (3241 ) L1m e (3274 ) Iro nan dStee l (3312 )
TOTA L 197 0 197 1 197 2 197 3 197 4 197 5 197 6 197 7 197 8 197 9 198 0 198 1 198 2 198 3
2 0 6 0 3 0 15 0 22 0 4 0 9 0 2 0 7 0
71 0 2 0

7 0 4 0 14 0 23 0 4 0 9 0 2 0 7 0
72 0 3 0

6 0 4 0 14 0 23 0 5 0 10 0 2 0 7 0
73 0 3 0

8 0 4 0 14 0 24 0 5 0 10 0 2 0 8 0
77 0 3 0

7 0 4 0 13 0 24 0 5 0 10 0 2 0 8 0
75 0 2 0

6 0 4 0 11 0 24 0 5 0 8 0 2 0 7 0
69 0 3 0

6 0 4 0 11 0 24 0 5 0 9 0 2 0 7 0
71 0 3 0

6 0 4 0 11 0 26 0 6 0 9 0 2 0 7 0
74 0 3 0

6 0 4 0 10 0 26 0 6 0 10 0 2 0 8 0
75 0 3 0

7 0 5 0 10 0 25 0 6 0 10 0 2 0 7 0
74 0 3 0

5 0 5 0 10 0 24 0 5 0 9 0 2 0 6 0
69 0 3 0

5 0 5 0 9 0 21 0 6 0 8 0 2 0 6 0
65 0 3 0

4 0 4 0 6 0 20 0 5 0 7 0 2 0 4 0
56 0 3 0

5 0 3 0 5 0 20 0 5 0 8 0 20 4 0
56 0 NOTE : On

e gigagra m equal s 10$ gram s o rIO 3 metri cton s (1. 1 xIO 3 shor t tons)

. Tota l ma ydiffe rslightl yfro m su m o fsourc e categor ytotal s du e t o independen t roundin g o fdata

.

t o o oTABL E 2 6 VOLATIL E ORGANI C COMPOUNDEMISSION S FRO M INDUSTRIAL PROCESSE S (GIGAGRAMS/YEAR )

c o o Sourc e Category Crud e oi l production , storag e an d transfe r (1311,4463 ) Foodan dbeverage s (20 ) Textile s (22 ) Graphi c art s (27 ) Plastic s (2821,3079 ) Organi c chemical s (286 ) Othe r chemical s (28 ) Petroleu m refining (2911 ) Rubbe r tire s (3011 ) Ironan dstee l (3312 ) Petroleu m produc t storag e an

d transfe r (5171,5541 ) Dry cleanin g (721 ) Adhesives * Degreasing * Solven t extractionprocesses * Surfac e coating * Othe r organi c solven t use * TOTA L 197 0 197 1 197 2 197 3 197 4 197 5 197 6 197 7 197 8 197 9 198 0 198 1 198 2 198 3 550 190 1 0 29 0 38 0 57 0 59 0 72 0 50 110 1,57 0 24 0 50 640 4 0 2,39 0 27 0 56 0 190 1 0 27 0 36 0 60 0 53 0 76 0 5 0 8 0 1,64 0 23 0 4 0 56 0 4 0 2,23 0 24 0 56 0 19 0 1 0 31 0 41 0 68 0 53 0 79 0 6 0 10 0 1,72 0 24 0 5 0 59 0 4 0 2,55 0 27 0 56 0 18 0 1 0 32 0 43 0 74 0 55 0 82 0 6 0 11 0 1,78 0 24 0 5 0 60 0 4 0 2,57 0 29 0 54 0 18 0 2 0 30 0 41 0 77 0 52 0 85 0 5 0 10 0 1,73 0 24 0 5 0 54 0 4 0 2,34 0 28 0 53 0 17 0 2 0 25 0 35 0 69 0 46 0 88 0 5 0 9 0 1,74 0 23 0 4 0 45 0 3 0 1,88 0 22 0 53 0 17 0 20 28 0 390 81 0 51 0 89 0 50 10 0 1,78 0 25 0 4 0 49 0 3 0 2,09 0 25 0 55 0 17 0 2 0 29 0 41 0 82 0 56 0 94 0 6 0 9 0 1,78 0 26 0 5 0 49 0 4 0 2,19 0 29 0 57 0 18 0 2 0 35 0 47 0 82 0 56 0 97 0 6 0 9 0 1,81 0 29 0 6 0 55 0 5 0 2,51 0 28 0 57 0

18 0 2 0 35 0 49 0 81 0 58 0 97 0 5 0 9 0 1,66 0 29 0 6 0 56 0 4 0 2,50 0 30 0 56 0 17 0 2 0 34 0 46 0 710 53 0 97 0 4 0 8 0 1,49 0 29 0 50 51 0 4 0 2,32 0 29 0 54 0 18 0 2 0 26 0 39 0 65 0 54 0 96 0 5 0 7 0 1,44 0 24 0 4 0 42 0 4 0 1,82 0 30 0 53 0 18 0 2 0 24 0 35 0 49 0 47 0 90 0 4 0 5 0 1,37 0 21 0 4 0 36 0 3 0 1,56 0 25 0 53 0 18 0 10 28 0 42 0 57 0 50 0 81 0 5 0 4 0 1,37 0 21 0 4 0 41 0 4 0 1,78 0 26 0 8,67 0 8,41 0 9,10 0 9,36 0 8.96 0 8,09 0 8,69 0 9,02 0 9,62 0 9,50 0 8,87 0 7,98 0 7,10 0 7,49 0 iThi s i s a genera l category whic hinclude s proces s emission s fro m organi c solven t us e i na wid e variet y o f industries . Thu s no specifi c SI C i s given . NOTE : On e gigagra

m equal s IO 9 gram s o r IO 3 metri c ton s (1. 1 xIO 3 shor t tons) . Tota l may diffe r slightl y

fro m su m o f sourc e category

totals du e t o Independen t rounding o f data .TABL E 2 7 CARBON MONOXID E EMISSION S FRO M INDUSTRIAL PROCESSE S (GIGAGRAMS/YEAR )

•C O Sourc e Categor y Pulp Mill s (261,262 ) Inorgani c Pigment s (2816 ) Charcoa l (2861 ) Organi c Chemical s (286 ) Ammoni a (2873 ) Carbon Black (2895 ) Petroleu

mRefinin

g (2911 ) Asphal t Roofin

g (2952 ) Lim e (3274 ) Iro n an d Stee l (3312 ) Iro n Foundrie s (3321 ) Primar yAluminu

m(3334 ) 197 0

55 0 2 0 5 0 31 0 10 0 2,60 0 2,00 0 1 0 1 0 1,62 0 1,09 0 59 0 197 1 55 0 2 0 5 0 32 0 11 0 2,38 0 2,07 0 1 0 1 0 1,47 0 1,16 0 58 0 197 2 59 0 2 0 5 0 38 0 11 0 1,78 0 2,10 0 1 0 2 0 1,56 0 1,18 0 61 0 197 3 61 0 2 0 5 0 40 0 11 0 1,89 0 2,14 0 1 0 2 0 1,58 0 1,06 0 67 0 197 4 61 0 3 0 4 0 41 0 11 0 1,68 0 2,06 0 1 0 2 0 1,46 0 92 0 73 0 197 5 55 0 2 0 3 0 41 0 12 0 1,42 0 2,04 0 1 0 1 0 1.10 0 59 0 58 0 197 6 62 0 3 0 3 0 41 0 12 0 1,55 0 1,96 0 1 0 2 0 1,18 0 59 0 63 0 197 7 63 0 3 0 4 0 45 0 13 0 1,76 0 1,87 0 2 0 2 0 1,16 0 47 0 68 0 197 8 65 0 3 0 4 0 49 0 12 0 1,63 0 1,78 0 2 0 2 0 1,21 0 44 0 72 0 197 9 66 0 3 0 5 0 51 0 13 0 1,59 0 1,69 0 2 0 2 0 1,20 0 41 0 75 0 198 0 72 0 3 0 4 0 45 0 14 0 1,29 0 1,60 0 1 0 1 0 91 0 31 0 76 0 198 1 72 0 3 0 4 0 47 0 14 0 1,32 0 1,11 0 1 0 1 0 99 0 29 0 74 0 198 2 70 0 3 0 3 0 42 0 11 0 95 0 69 0 1 0 1 0 64 0 28 0 54 0 198 3 76 0 3 0 3 0 47 0 10 0 1,03 0 63 0 1 0 1 0 66 0 28 0 55 0 TOTAL 8,95 0 8,73 0 8,41 0 8,55 0 8,08 0 6,87 0 7,15 0 NOTE : On

e gigagra m equal s 10^ gram s o rIO 3 metri cton s (1. 1 xIO 3 shor t tons ) sourc e categor ytotal s du e t o independen t roundin g o fdata

. 7,23 0 7,14 0 7,06 0 6,34 0 5,87 0 4,42 0 4,58 0 Tota l ma

ydiffe rslightl yfro m su m o fTABL E 2 8 LEA D EMISSION S FRO M INDUSTRIA L PROCESSE S

(MEGAGRAMS/YEAR ) SourceCategor

y1970 197 1 197 2 197

3 197

4 197

5 1976 lj)7

7 197 8 197 9 198 0 198 1 198 2 1983 Iro n & Stee l Industr y PrimaryNonferrou s Metal s Secondar

yNonferrou s Metal s Minera l Product s Miscellaneou s Tota l Industria l 23,86 3 22,48 0 18,56 7 15,64 0 13,29 3 10,32 5 8,05 9 5,68 7 5,41 9 5,16 1 3,58 4 3,04 9 2,71 0 2,52 5 NOTE : On

e megagra

m equal s IO 6 gram

s o ron e metri c to n (1. 1 short ton) . 3.08 7 2,35 0 5,61 2 76 4 2,05 0 2,44 1

11,96 0 5,48 4 716 1,87 9 2,35 2

8,41 4 4,65 0 63 0 2,22 1 2,32 6

7,11 6 3,28 6 46 4 2,44 8 1.77 2

6,41 6 2.89 0 42 2 1,79 3 1,07 3

5,56 9 1,90 5 44 0 1,33 8 913

3,46 5 1,68 2 40 0 1,59 9 87 3

1,51 9 1,51 0 37 4 1,41 1 91

1 1.46 3 1.44 0 37 8 1.22 7 76 9

1,31 6 1,39 1 29 6 1,38 9 47 6 1,03 8 1,02 0 27 2 77 8 46 8

85 9 88 3 254 585 335

87 4 784 20 2 51 5 36 9 87 2 72 4 171 38 9

C O r o

T J J kP.4 2

3 . METHOD S

Th e generatio no f a nemissio ninventor y involve s man y

step s t o achiev e th e desire dresult , whic hi s t o estimat e th e amoun t o f emission s fo r selecte dpollutant s i na define dgeographica l area . Ideally , nationwid e emissio nestimate s shoul dresul t from a summatio n o f county , State , andregiona l dat a i nwhic heac hcomponen t i s reporte d separately . Th e Nationa l Emission s Dat a Syste m (NEDS ) use s thi s procedure . Th e method s use dt o prepar e dat a fo r thi s publicatio nar e a s simila r a s possibl e t o thos e use dfo r NED S dat a preparation . Sinc e NED S use s a mor e detaile dprocedur e involvin gcalculatio no f emission s fo r individua l source s andsummatio no f thes e individua l emissio ntotal s t o produc e nationa l totals , ther e i s a muc hgreate r chanc e fo r error s o r omission s t o occu r i nth e NED S data . Becaus e o f th e basi c similarit y o f techniques , discrepancie s betwee nnationa l total s reporte dherei nandthos e give ni nNED S report s ar e du e largel y t o incomplet e dat a reportin gan derror s i nth e NED S data . Th e qualit y o f NED S dat a ove r tim e ha s improve ds o tha t th e difference s betwee n NED S emissio nreport s fo r 197 7 an dlate r year s andnationa l emissio n total s determine db y th e procedur e use dfo r thi s publicatio nar e no t a s grea t a s i nearlie r NED S reports . Moreover , historica l NED S dat a ar e no t revise dt o accoun t fo r update demissio nfactors , error s o r omission s i nth e data . A s a resul t annua l NED S publication s d o no t necessaril y

represen t a consisten t tren di nestimate demissions . Becaus e i t i s impossibl e t o tes t ever y pollutan t sourc e indivi dually , particularl y are a sources , a nestimatin gprocedur e mus t be used . Inorde r t o d o this , however , on e mus t eithe r estimat e th e emission s directl y

o r estimat e th e magnitud e o f othe r variable s tha t ca nthe nbe relate dt o emissions . Thes e indicator s includ e fue l con sumption , vehicl e miles , population , sales , ton s o f refus e burned , raw material s processed , etc. , whic har e the nmultiplie db y appropriat e emissio nfactor s t o obtai nemissio nestimates . Th e limitation s andapplicabilit y o f emissio nfactor s mus t b e understood . Ingeneral , emissio nfactor s ar e no t precis e indicator s o f emission s from

a singl e source ; rather , the y ar e quantitativ e estimate s o f th e averag e rat e o f pollutan t release da s a resul t o f som e activity . The y ar e mos t vali dwhe napplie dt o a larg e numbe r o f source s andprocesses . I f thei r limitation s ar e recognized , emissio n factor s ar e extremel y usefu l i ndeterminin gemissio nlevels . A detaile ddiscussio no f emissio nfactor s andrelate dinformatio ni s containe di nReferenc e 2 . Th e emissio nfacto r thu s relate s quantit y o f pollutant s emitte dt o indicator s suc ha s thos e note dabove , andi s a practica l approac hfo r determinin gestimate s o f emission s from variou s sourc e categories . A basi c discussio no f trend s i s meaningfu l onl y whe nther e i s a commo nbasi s fo r evaluation . I t wa s necessary , therefore , t o quantif y emission s usin gth e same criteri a fo r eac hyear . Thi s mean t usin gth e 3 3P.4 3

sam e estimatio ntechniques , usin gequa l o r equivalen t dat a sources , coverin gth e sam e pollutan t sources , andusin gcompatibl e estimate s o f pollutan t contro l level s fro m yea r t o year . Estimate s fo r previou s year s wer e update dusin gcurren t emissio nfactor s andincludin gth e mos t recen t informatio navailable . Th e criteri a use di ncalculatin g emission s wa s th e sam e fo r al l years . Th e methodolog y

use di ngeneratio no f emissio nestimate s fo r individua l sourc e categorie s follows . 3. 1 Transportatio n 3.1. 1 Moto r Vehicle s Emissio nestimate s from gasoline-an ddiesel-powere dmoto r vehicle s wer e base dupo nvehicle-mil e tabulation s andemissio nfactors . Eigh t vehicl e categorie s ar e considered ; ligh t dut y gasolin e (mostl y

passen ge r cars) , ligh t dut y diese l passenge r cars , ligh t dut y gasolin e truck s (truck s les s tha n600 0 pound s i nweight) , ligh t dut y gasolin e truck s 600 0 t o 850 0 pound s i nweight , ligh t dut y diese l trucks , heavy dut y gasolin e truck s andbuses , andheavy dut y diese l truck s and buses , andmotorcycles . Th e emissio nfactor s use dar e base do nth e lates t availabl e dat a from Referenc e 3 . Th e M0BILE 3 model , develope d b y th e EP A

Offic e o f Mobil e Source s wa s use dt o calculat e emissio n factor s fo r eac hyear . Th e curren t M0BILE 3 mode l doe s no t provid e emissio nfactor s fo r California . Th e earlie r model , M0BILE2 , wa s use dfo r California . Th e us e o f M0BILE 2 fo r Californi a ma y caus e VO C emission s from

highwa y

vehicle s t o b e slightl y underestimated , bu t shoul dhav e a negligibl e effec t o nC OandN0 Xemissions . Th e emissio n factor s ar e weighte dt o conside r th e approximat e amoun t o f moto r vehicl e trave l i nlow altitud e areas , hig haltitud e areas , an d Californi a t o obtai noveral l nationa l averag e emissio nfactors . Fo r eac hare a a representativ e averag e annua l temperature , togethe r wit h nationa l average s fo r moto r vehicl e mode l yea r distribution s and hot/col dstar t vehicl e operatio npercentage s wer e use dt o calculat e th e emissio nfactors . Averag e spee di s take nint o accoun t accordin g t o th e publishe ddistributio no f vehicle-mile s travelle d(VMT ) a s publishe di nReferenc e 4 . Th e publishe dVM T ar e divide dint o thre e roa dcategorie s correspondin g t o road s wit hassume daverag e speed s o f 5 5 mile s pe r hou r fo r interstate s an dothe r primar y highways , 4 5 mile s pe r hou r fo r othe r rura l roads , and19. 6 mile s pe r hou r fo r othe r urba nstreets . Fo r 194 0 and1950 , averag e speed s wer e assume d t o be 45 , 3 5 an d19. 6 mile s pe r hou r fo r thes e roadwa y classifications . Lea demissio nestimate s fro m gasoline-powered-moto r vehicles , wer e base do nhighwa y

gasolin e consumption , lea dconten t o f gasoline , per cen t unleade dgasoline , andemissio nfactors . Th e gasolin e consump tio ni s base do nhighwa y gasolin e usag e a s publishe di nReferenc e 4 . Th e lea dconten t o f gasolin e wa s obtaine dfrom Referenc e 1 3 fo r 1970-7 4 an dReferenc e 3 1 fo r 1975-83 . Th e percen t unleade dgasolin e i s obtaine dfrom

Referenc e 6 . Th e emissio nfacto r wa s als o obtaine d from Referenc e 31 . 3 4P.4 4

3.1. 2 Aircraf t Aircraf t emission s ar e base donemissio nfactor s andaircraf t acti vit y statistic s reporte db y th e Federa l Aviatio nAdministration. 5 Emission s ar e base donth e numbe r o f landing-takeof f (LTO ) cycles . Any emission s i ncruis e mode , whic hi s define dt o be abov e 300 0 fee t (100 0 meters ) ar e ignored . Averag e emissio nfactor s fo r eac hyear , whic htak e into accoun t th e nationa l mi xo f aircraf t type s fo r genera l aviation , military , andcommercia l aircraft , ar e use dt o comput e th e emissions . 3.1. 3 Railroad s Th e Departmen t o f Energ y report s consumptio no f diese l fue l and residua l fue l oi l b y railroads. 6 Averag e emissio nfactor s appli cabl e t o diese l fue l consumptio nwer e use dt o calculat e emissions . Th e averag e sulfu r conten t o f eac hfue l wa s use dt o estimat e S0 X emissions . Coa l consumptio nb y railroad s wa s obtaine dfrom Reference s 7 and13 . 3.1. 4 Vessel s Vesse l us e o f diese l fuel , residua l oil , andcoa l i s reporte db y th e Departmen t o f Energy.6. 7 Gasolin e us e i s base do nnationa l boa t andmoto r registrations , couple dwit ha us e facto r (gallons/motor / year ) from

Referenc e 8 andmarin e gasolin e sale s a s reporte di n Referenc e 4 . Emissio nfactor s from AP-42 ^ ar e use dt o comput e emis sions . Sinc e AP-4 2 doe s no t contai nanemissio nfacto r fo r coa l us e b y vessels , a naverag e emissio nfacto r fo r coa l combustio ni nboiler s wa s used . 3.1. 5 NonhighwayUs e o fMoto rFuel s Gasolin e an d diese l fue l ar e consume d b yoff-highwa yvehicles

. Th e fue l us e i s divide d int o seve n categories ; far m tractors , othe rfar m machinery , constructio n equipment , industria l machinery , smal l genera l utilit yengine s suc h as lawnmower s an d snowthrowers , snowmobiles , an d motorcycles

. Fue l us e i s estimate d fo reac h categor yfro m estimate d equipmen t populatio n an d a n annua l us e facto ro fgallon s pe runi t pe r yearo , togethe rwit h reporte d off-highwa ydiese l fue l deliverie s give n i n Referenc e 6 an d off-highwa ygasolin e sale s reporte d i n Referenc e 4

. 3. 2 Fue l Combustio n i n Stationar ySource s 3.2. 1 Coa l Bituminou s coal , lignite , andanthracit e coa l us e are reporte db

y th e Departmen t o f Energy.'» HMos t coa l i s consume db y electri c utilities . Averag e emissio nfactor s andth e sulfu r conten t o f eac h typ e o f coa l wer e use dt o estimat e emissions . Degre e o f particulat e 3 5P.4 5

contro l wa s base do na repor t b y Midwes t Researc hInstitute ^ togethe r wit hdat a from

NEDSlO . Sulfu r conten t dat a fo r electri c utilitie s ar e availabl e from

th e Departmen t o f Energyll . Sulfu r content s fo r othe r categorie s ar e base doncoa l shipment s dat a reporte di nRefer enc e 7 andaverag e sulfu r content s o f coa l shippe dfro m eac hpro ductio ndistric t a s reporte di nReferenc e 1 3 o r 24 . Fo r electri c utilities , SO 2 emission s ar e adjuste dt o accoun t fo r flu e ga s desul furizatio ncontrols , base do ndat a reporte di nReferenc e 25 . 3.2. 2 Fue l Oi l Distillat e oil , residua l oil , andkerosen e ar e consume db y station ar y source s nationwide . Consumptio nb y use r categor y

i s reporte db

y th e Departmen t o f Energy. 6 Averag e emissio nfactor s andth e sulfu r conten t o f eac hfue l wer e use dt o estimat e emissions . 3.2. 3 Natura l Ga s Natura l gas consumptio n dat a ar e als o reporte d b yth e Departmen t o f Energy.1 2 Averag e emissio n factor s fro m AP-42 2 wer e use d t o calculat e th e emissio n estimates

. 3.2. 4 Othe r Fuel s Consumptio no f woo dha s bee nestimate db y th e Departmen t o f Energy.2 7 Consumptio no f bagass e i s base dondat a reporte di nNEDS.1 0 Sale s o f liquefie dpetroleum ga s (LPG ) ar e reporte di nReference. 6 Estimate d consumptio no f cok e andcoke-ove nga s ar e base do nReferenc e 1 3 and 26 , togethe r wit hdat a fro m NEDS . Averag e emissio nfactor s wer e use d t o calculat e emissions . Lea demission s fro

m th e combustio no f wast e oi l wer e base do n informatio nobtaine dfrom Referenc e 32 . Th e amoun t o f wast e oi l burne dha s bee nassume dt o remai nconstan t andth e emission s hav e bee n change da s a resul t o f a decreas e i nth e leadconten t o f th e wast e oil . 3. 3 Industria l Processe s I nadditio nt o fue l combustion , certai nothe r industria l processe s generat e andemi t varyin g quantitie s o f pollutant s int o th e air . Th e lac ko f publishe dnationa l dat a onproduction , typ e o f equipment , and controls , a s wel l a s a nabsenc e o f emissio nfactors , make s i t impos sibl e t o includ e estimate s o f emission s from al l industria l proces s sources . Productio ndat a fo r industrie s tha t produc e th e grea t majorit y o f emission s wer e derive dfro m literatur e data . Generally , th e Mineral s Yearbook,1 3 publishe db y th e Burea uo f Mines , andCurren t Industria l Reports,1 4 publishe db y th e Burea uo f th e Census , provid e adequat e dat a fo r mos t industries . Averag e emissio nfactor s wer e applie dt o


### 3 6P.4 6

productio ndat a t o obtai nemissions . Contro l efficiencie s applicabl e t o variou s processe s wer e estimate do nth e basi s o f publishe dreports ^ andfrom

NED S data.1 0 Fo r th e purpose s o f thi s report , petroleum produc t storag e and marketin goperation s (gasoline , crud e oil , anddistillat e fue l oi l storag e andtransfer , gasolin e bul kterminal s andbul kplants , retai l gasolin e servic e stations ) ar e include da s industria l processes . Als o include da s industria l processe s ar e industria l surfac e coatin g anddegreasin goperations , graphi c art s (printin gandpublishing) , anddry cleanin goperations . Al l o f thes e processe s involv e th e us e o f organi c solvents . Emission s from th e consumptio no f organi c solvent s ar e estimate dbase do ndat a reporte di nReferenc e 15 . I t i s assume dtha t al l solvent s consume dar e eventuall y release da s ai r pollution , excep t fo r industria l surfac e coatin goperations . Esti mate s o f th e leve l o f contro l fo r surfac e coatin goperation s hav e bee nderive dfrom

Reference s 1 0 and28 . Inaddition , th e methodolog y give ni nReferenc e 1 5 ha s bee nupdate dt o be consisten t wit hsimila r procedure s use dfo r estimatin gorgani c solven t emission s i nth e Nationa l Emission s Dat a Syste m (NEDS).2 9 3.3. 1 Miscellaneou s Industria l Processe s fo r Lead Lea demission s fro

m miscellaneou s industria l processe s includ e th e majo r sourc e o f lea dalky l productio na s wel l a s othe r mino r source s suc ha s typ e meta l production , ca nsoldering , cabl e covering , and othe r mino r sources . Th e lea dalky l productio ni s base do ninforma tio nfrom

Referenc e 33 . Th e productio ninformatio nfo r th e othe r mino r source s i s from Referenc e 13 . 3. 4 Soli dWast e Disposa l A study conducte di n196 8 o nsoli dwast e collectio nanddisposa l practices ^ wa s th e basi s fo r estimatin gemission s from soli dwast e disposal . Result s o f thi s study indicat e tha t th e averag e collectio n rat e o f soli dwast e i s abou t 5. 5 pound s pe r capit a pe r day i nth e Unite dStates . It ha s bee nstate dtha t a conservativ e estimat e o f th e tota l generatio nrat e i s 1 0 pound s pe r capit a pe r day . Th e result s o f thi s surve y wer e update dbase dondat a reporte di nNED S anduse dt o estimate , b y disposa l method , th e quantitie s o f soli d wast e generated . Averag e emissio nfactor s wer e applie dt o thes e total s t o obtai nestimate s o f tota l emission s fro m th e disposa l o f soli dwastes . 3. 5 Miscellaneou s Source s 3.5. 1 Fores t Fire s Th e Fores t Servic e o f th e Departmen t o f Agricultur e publishe s infor matio no nth e numbe r o f fores t fire s andth e acreag e burned.1 7 Esti mate s o f th e amoun t o f materia l burne dpe r acr e ar e mad e t o estimat e 3 7P.4 7

th e tota l amoun t o f materia l burned . Similia r estimate s ar e mad e t o accoun t fo r manage dburnin go f fores t areas . Averag e emissio nfactor s wer e applie dt o th e quantitie s o f material s burne dt o calculat e emissions . 3.5. 2 Agricultura l Burnin g A studyl 8 wa s conducte db y EP A t o obtai nfrom

loca l agricultura l an dpollutio ncontro l agencie s estimate s o f th e numbe r o f acre s and estimate dquantit y

o f materia l burne dpe r acr e i nagricultura l burnin g operations . Thes e dat a hav e bee nupdate danduse dt o estimat e agri cultura l burnin gemissions , base do naverag e emissio nfactors . 3.5. 3 Coa l Refus e Estimate s o f th e numbe r o f burnin gcoal-refus e pile s existin gi n th e Unite dState s ar e mad e i nreport s b y th e Burea uo f Mines . 1 9 Thei r publicatio npresent s a detaile ddiscussio no f th e nature , origin , an dexten t o f thi s sourc e o f pollution . Roug hestimate s o f th e quantit y

o f emission s wer e obtaine dusin gthi s informatio nb y applyin gaverag e emissio nfactor s fo r coa l combustion . I t wa s assume d tha t th e numbe r o f burnin grefus e pile s decrease dt o a negligibl e amoun t b

y 1975 . 3.5. 4 Structura l Fire s Th e Unite dState s Departmen t o f Commerc e publishes , i nthei r statis tica l abstracts , informatio no nth e numbe r an dtype s o f structure s damage db

y fire.2 0 Emission s wer e estimate db y applyin gaverag e emissio nfactor s fo r woo dcombustio nt o thes e totals . 3.5. 5 Nonindustria l Organi c Solven t Us e Thi s categor y

include s nonindustria l sale s o f surfac e coating s (primaril y

fo r architectura l coating ) solven t evaporatio nfrom con sume r product s (aerosols , spac e deodorants , polishes , toiletries , etc.) , us e o f volatil e organi c compound s a s genera l cleanin gsolvents , pain t removers , andliquefactio no f asphal t pavin gcompounds , and othe r undefine denduses . Tota l nationa l organi c solven t us e i s estimate dfrom

chemica l productio nreport s o f Referenc e 21 , togethe r wit hestimate s o f th e portio no f tota l productio nfo r us e a s solven t fo r eac hchemical.15,2 9 it i s assume dtha t al l solven t productio ni s equa l t o th e amoun t necessar y t o mak e upfo r solven t los t throug h evaporation .



### 38P.4 8

4

. ANALYSI S O

F TREND S Nationa l trend s i n ai rpollutan temission s ar e a functio n o fa numbe r o ffactors

. Ai rpollutio n contro l measure s an d economi ccondition s hav e th e stronges t impac to n tota l emissions

. Nationa l emissio n trend s d o no t provid e an yinsigh t int o th e distributio n o rconcentratio n o f ai rpollutio n source s withi n th e Unite d States

. Therefore , loca l emissio n trend s d o no t necessaril ycoincid e wit h nationa l emissio n trends

. Base d o n th e nationa l implementatio n o fcontro l measure s fo r some classe s o fsources , suc h a s highwa ymoto rvehicles , i ti s reasonabl e t o infe rtha t fo rmost localities , th e nationa l tren d i n emission s reasonabl yapproximate s loca l trend s i n emission s fo rth e sam e clas s o f sources . I n additio n t o th e fac t tha t nationa l emissio n trend s d o no t measure loca l change s i n emissio n densities , nationa l emissio n trend s ma yno t b e consisten t wit h ai rqualit ytrend s becaus e o fth e impac t o f meteorologica l factor s o n ai rqualit ydata

. Also , th e estimate s fo r PM , SOx , an d NO

xemission s includ e more substance s tha n ar e routinel y measure d byambien t ai rmonitorin g equipment

. Fo rexample , high-volum e a i rsampler s collec t onl ysuspende d particulate s approximatel y0. 3 t o 10 0 micro-meter s i n diameter , bu t particulat e emissio n inventorie s includ e bot h suspende d an d settle d particulate s generate d byman' s activities

. Likewise , sulfu rdioxid e (SO2 ) an d nitroge n dioxid e (NO2 ) ambien t ai rmonitor s measure onl ythos e tw o compound s whil e oxide s o f sulfu r(SOx) an d nitroge n (NOx) ar e include d i n th e emissio n estimates

. I n eac h case , th e substanc e measure d b yth e ambien t ai rmonito ri s th e mos t prevalen t constituen t o fit s pollutan t clas s o ri s acknowledge d t o b e it s most representativ e indicator

. I n thi s report , emission s o f sulfu roxide s ar e reporte d as th e equivalen t weigh t o fSO2 , whic h i s th e predominan t sulfu roxid e species

. Som e emission s o fsulfu rtrioxid e (SO3 ) ar e als o included , expresse d a t th e equivalen tweigh t o fSO2

. Similarly , nitroge n oxide s includ e predominantl ynitri coxid e (NO) an d nitroge n dioxid e (NO2)

. Othe rnitroge n oxide s ar e probabl yemitte d i n smal l amounts

. I n thi s repor t al l nitroge n oxid e emission s ar e express e d as th e equivalen t weigh t o fNO2

. Estimate s o foxidan temission s ar e no t provide d becaus e mos t oxidan tspecie s ar e secondarypollutant s generate d b

yphotochemica l reaction s i n th e atmosphere

. Emissio n estimate s o fVOC , a majo ringredien t i n oxidant-producin g reactions , wer e develope d fro m curren temissio n factors.2, 3 Generall yexclude d fro m VO C estimate s wer e emission s o fmethane , ethane , methy l chloroform , an d othe rcompound s whic h ar e considere d t o b e o fneglibl e photochemica l reactivity

. Organi cspecie s wer e identifie d base d o n Referenc e 22

. I f n o dat a wer e availabl e fo ra sourc e category , th e tota l nonmethan e hydro
carbo n o rth e tota l hydrocarbo n emissio n facto rfro m Referenc e 2 wa s used

. Highwayvehicl e emission s wer e estimate d a s nonmethan e VOCs. 3 Th e followin g section s discus s th e mos timportan t factor s influencin g th e emissio n trend s fo reac h pollutant

.


### 39P.4 9



### 4. 1 Particulate s 1940-197 0 Th e estimate dparticulat e emission s fo r 1940 , 195 0 an d196 0 ar e 1 5 t o 3 0 percen t highe r tha ni n1970 . Eve nthoug hindustria l productio n level s andth e quantitie s o f fuel s consume dwer e lowe r tha nth e post 197 0 period , th e genera l lac ko f ai r pollutio ncontrol s befor e 197 0 resulte di nrelativel y larg e particulat e emissions . Also , fo r th e year s 194 0 and1950 , particulat e emission s from coa l combustio nb y railroad s andfrom

fores t wildfire s wer e significant . A larg e portio no f th e particulat e emission s from stationar y

sourc e fue l combustion , resul t from th e combustio no f coal . In1940 , coa l wa s consume dlargel y

i nth e industria l andresidentia l sectors . Residentia l coa l us e ha s decline dsubstantiall y sinc e 1940 , resultin gi na corre spondin greductio ni nemissions . Industria l coa l us e ha s als o declined , bu t no t t o th e same extent . Th e degre e o f contro l employe db y industria l coa l consumer s ha s increased , however , s o tha t overal l industria l coa l combustio nemission s decrease db y 197 0 t o onl y

abou t 4 0 percen t o f th e estimate d194 0 level . Onth e othe r hand , coa l combustio nb y electri c utilitie s ha s increase dgreatly , from a nestimate d5 1 millio nton s i n 194 0 t o 32 1 millio nton s i n1970 . Thi s increase dconsumptio nresulte d i nincrease demission s from 194 0 t o 1950 . Sinc e then , particulat e emis sion s from

electri c utilitie s hav e decreased , despit e continue din crease s i ncoa l consumption . Installatio no f improve dcontro l equip men t i s responsibl e fo r thi s reduction . Particulat e emission s fro m industria l processe s increase dfrom 194 0 t o 1950 , reflectin gincrease dindustria l production . From 195 0 t o 1970 , industria l outpu t continue dt o grow , bu t installatio no f pollutio n contro l equipmen t helpe dt o offse t th e increas e i nindustria l produc tion . A s a result , from 195 0 t o 196 0 industria l proces s emission s staye dabou t th e same , anddecrease dslightl y from 196 0 t o 1970 . 1970-198 3 Sinc e 1970 , particulat e emission s hav e decrease dsubstantiall y a s th e resul t o f ai r pollutio ncontro l efforts . Th e exten t o f th e reductio ni s mos t eviden t from

th e dat a i nTabl e 2 9 whic hshow s theoretica l 198 3 nationa l emissio nestimates , assumin gtha t pollutan t contro l level s di d no t chang e sinc e 1970 . Overall , particulat e emission s woul dhav e increase db

y abou t 7 percen t from 197 0 t o 198 3 wit hno chang e i nth e degre e o f contro l from 1970 . I

ncomparison , a s showni nTabl e 1 , particulat e emission s decrease dabou t 6 2 percen t from 197 0 t o 1983 . Thus , 198 3 actua l particulat e emission s wer e abou t a thir do f wha t the y migh t hav e bee nwithou t additiona l contro l effort s sinc e 1970 . A larg e portio no f th e particulat e emission s from stationar y

sourc e fue l combustio nresul t from th e combustio no f coal . I n1970 , a large r portio no f coa l wa s consume di nth e industria l andresidentia l sectors . 4 0P.5 0

Residentia l coa l us e ha s decline dsubstantiall y sinc e 1970 , resultin g i na correspondin greductio ni nemissions . Industria l coa l us e ha s als o declined , bu t no t t o th e sam e extent . Th e degre e o f contro l employe db

y industria l coa l consumer s ha s increased , however , s o tha t overal l industria l coa l combustio nemission s hav e decrease db y 198 3 t o onl y abou t 1 6 percen t o f th e estimate d197 0 level . Onth e othe r hand , coa l combustio nb

y electri c utilitie s ha s increase dgreatly , from a n estimate d32 1 millio nton s i n197 0 t o 62 5 millio nton s i n1983 . However , particulat e emission s from electri c utilitie s hav e decreased , despit e continue dincrease s incoa l consumption . Installatio no f improve d contro l equipmen t i s responsibl e for thi s reduction . New facilitie s constructe di nth e 1970' s wer e require dt o mee t Ne w Sourc e Performanc e Standard s (NSPS ) requirement s t o achiev e a hig hdegre e o f control . From Table s 2 an d29 , i t ca nbe see ntha t i f th e 197 0 leve l o f contro l hadremaine di neffec t i n1983 , electri c utilit y emission s woul dhav e nearl y doubled , from

2. 3 teragram s t o 4. 6 teragrams . Estimate dactua l 198 3 emission s from electri c utilitie s wer e 0. 5 teragrams , a decreas e o f 7 8 percen t from

1970 . Particulat e emission s from industria l processe s hav e bee nreduce d substantiall y

du e t o installatio no f improve dcontro l equipmen t mandate d b y ai r pollutio ncontro l programs . Sinc e 1970 , actua l emission s from industria l processe s decline db y ove r 7 7 percent . I f th e 197 0 contro l leve l hadremaine dunchange dt o 1983 , emission s woul dhav e decrease d onl y abou t 1 4 percent . I t shoul dbe note dtha t industria l productio n level s for many

sector s i n198 3 wer e significantl y lowe r tha ni nth e previou s few

years , reflectin gpoo r economi c conditions . Thi s down-tur n i nindustria l productio nals o contribute s t o a decrease dleve l o f emission s relativ e t o 1970 . Tabl e 2 3 show s estimate demission s fo r specifi c processes . Thes e annua l emission s estimate s reflec t change s i n productio nlevel s alon gwit hanincreas e i naverag e contro l level s from 197 0 t o 1983 . Comment s o nParticulat e Emissio nEstimate s Caveat s tha t shoul dbe note dwit hrespec t t o thes e particulat e emissio nestimate s ar e firs t tha t th e estimate s represen t tota l particu lat e emissions , withou t any distinctio no f particl e sizes . Thus , bot h larg e particle s andsmal l particle s ar e included . Emission s o f yery larg e particle s ar e mor e likel y t o settl e ou t o f th e atmospher e andno t b e measure da s tota l suspende dparticulat e b y ai r qualit y

monitorin g equipment . Smal l andintermediat e siz e particle s ar e mor e likel y t o remai nairborn e an dar e mor e efficientl y capture db

y tota l suspende d particulat e ai r monitorin gequipment . Smal l particle s ar e als o capabl e o f bein ginhale dint o th e huma nrespirator y system , possibl y

causin g advers e healt heffects . Th e particulat e emissio ncontrol s tha t hav e bee nemploye dt o dat e hav e bee nmos t effectiv e i nreducin gemission s o f larg e andintermediat e siz e particles . Th e tren di nth e emission s o f smal l particle s i s no t clearl y known . I t i s ver y doubtfu l whethe r smal l particl e emission s hav e bee nreduce dt o th e exten t tha t tota l particulat e emission s hav e bee nreduced , however . I t shoul dbe note d 4 1P.5 1

tha t som e smal l particle s ma y b e forme di nth e atmospher e a s th e resul t o f variou s chemica l an dphysica l processes . Suc hparticle s ar e no t include di nth e estimate dtota l particulat e emissions . A secon dcavea t i s tha t fugitiv e particulat e (emission s from unconfine dsource s suc ha s storag e piles , materia l loading , etc. ) emission s ar e incompletel y ac counte dfo r i nth e emissio ntotals . Roug hestimate s o f industria l pro ces s fugitiv e emission s ar e include dfo r som e industries . Are a sourc e fugitiv e dus t emission s (unpave droads , constructio nactivities , etc. ) ar e no t include da t all . Similarly , natura l source s o f particulates , suc ha s win derosio no r dust , ar e no t included . (A nexceptio ni s fores t fires , som e o f whic hresul t from natura l causes) . I ntotal , thes e fugitiv e emission s ma y amoun t t o a considerabl e portio no f tota l particulat e emissions . Th e control s applie dt o thes e source s hav e s o fa r bee nminimal . Du e t o th e lac ko f adequat e emissio nfactor s an d emissio ninventor y

technique s fo r thes e sources , fugitiv e particulat e emission s hav e no t bee ninclude di nmos t emissio ninventories . A s additiona l dat a becom e available , i t i s expecte dtha t estimate s o f fugitiv e particulat e emission s wil l b e include di nfutur e emissio n inventories . I t shoul db e noted , however , tha t a majo r portio no f th e fugitiv e particulat e emission s ar e relativel y larg e particle s tha t ar e no t readil y

capture db

y particulat e ai r qualit y monitors . Simi larly , thes e larg e particle s d o no t effectivel y ente r int o th e huma n respirator y

system . 4. 2 Sulfu r Oxide s 1940-197 0 From 194 0 t o 1970 , majo r increase s i nsulfu r oxid e emission s occurre d a s th e resul t o f increase dcombustio no f fossi l fuel s suc ha s coa l an d oil . Industria l proces s emission s als o increased , bu t t o a lesse r extent . Sulfu r oxid e emission s from othe r sourc e categorie s decreased , primaril y

a s th e resul t o f th e obsolescenc e o f coal-fire drailroa d locomotive s an da decreas e i ncoa l refus e burning . 1970-198 3 Sinc e 1970 , tota l sulfu roxid e emission s have decline d abou t 2 6 percen t as th e resul t o fus e o ffuel s wit h lowe raverag e sulfu rcontents , some scrubbin g o fsulfu roxide s fro m flu e gases , an d control s o n indus
tria l proces s sources . Significan temissio n reduction s fro m industria l processe s have occurred , mostl yfro m non-ferrou s smelter s an d sulfuri c aci d plants

. By-produc t recover yo fsulfuri caci d a tsmelter s has increase d sinc e 1970

. A s a result , sulfu roxid e emission s tha t previ
ousl ywoul d have bee n release d t o th e atmospher e ar e recovere d as sulfuri cacid

. Sinc e 1972 , ne wsulfuri caci d manufacturin g plant s have bee n subjec t t o Ne

wSourc e Performanc e Standard s requirements

. Thes e rule s have contribute d t o decrease d emissions , as ne wplant s buil t t o meet ne wproduc t demand s o rreplac e ol d facilities , mustmeet mor e stringen temissio n limitation s tha n ol d facilities

.
4 2P.5 2

A s showni nth e tables , sinc e 197 0 sulfu r oxid e emission s from electri c utilitie s accoun t fo r mor e tha nhal f o f th e tota l emissions . Combustio n o f sulfur-bearin gfuels , chiefl y coa l andresidua l fue l oil , i s responsible . Betwee n197 0 and1983 , utilit y us e o f coa l increase db y abou t 9 5 percent . Emission s from utilitie s hav e decreased , however , becaus e fuel s wit hlowe r sulfu r conten t hav e bee nuse dt o th e exten t tha t the y

wer e available . Also , flu e ga s desulfurizatio nsystem s hav e bee ninstalle ds o tha t b y th e lat e 1970' s enoug hunit s wer e i nservic e t o preven t increase s i nelectri c utilit y emissions . 198 3 electri c utilit y emission s woul dhav e bee napproximatel y 1 5 percen t highe r withou t th e operatio no f flu e ga s desulfurizatio ncontrols . Th e theoretica l 198 3 nationa l emissio nestimate s give ni nTabl e 2 9 fo r stationar y

fue l combustio nsource s ar e base do n198 3 fue l amount s bu t fue l sulfu r content s tha t represen t 197 0 averag e level s fo r fue l oi l anda nestimate daverag e sulfu r conten t o f coa l tha t woul dhav e bee n consume di f ther e wer e no change s i nai r pollutio nregulation s sinc e 1970 . I t i s estimate dtha t th e nationa l averag e sulfu r conten t o f coa l burne dwoul dhav e decline danywa y eve nwithou t new

ai r pollutio n regulation s du e t o th e greate r us e o f coa l from th e Wester nU.S. , whic hgenerall y

ha s a lowe r sulfu r conten t tha ncoa l from th e Easter n States . Onthi s basis , electri c utilit y emission s woul dhav e increase d 2 4 percent . I nfact , emission s decrease db y 1 1 percent . Sulfu r oxid e emission s fro

m othe r fue l combustio nsector s decreased , primaril y du e t o les s coa l burnin gb y thes e industrial , commercia l andresidentia l consumers . Comment s o nSulfu r Oxid e Emissio nEstimate s Emission s o f sulfu r andnitroge noxide s hav e bee nidentifie da s precursor s o f acidi c precipitatio nan ddeposition . T o suppor t Federa l researc hactivitie s onth e subject , mor e detaile dhistorica l emission s estimate s o f sulfu r andnitroge noxide s hav e bee ndeveloped . Intereste d reader s ma y

wis ht o revie w

Referenc e 30 , whic hcontain s Stat e leve l estimate s o f sulfu r andnitroge noxid e emission s fro m 190 0 throug h 1980 . 4. 3 Nitroge nOxide s 1940-197 0 Nitroge noxid e emission s resul t almos t entirel y from fue l combustio n b y stationar y

source s andmoto r vehicles . From 194 0 throug h1970 , NO x emission s increase dsteadil y a s th e resul t o f increase dfue l combustion . 1970-198 3 Control s applie dt o source s o f NOxemission s hav e hada limite deffec t i nreducin gemission s throug h1983 . Tabl e 2 9 show s tha t wit hth e 197 0 contro l level , nationa l NOxemission s woul dhav e bee nonl y 1 8 percen t highe r tha nactua l 198 3 emissions . Th e emission s from stationar y

fue l


### 43P.5 3

combustio nsource s largel y reflec t th e actua l growt hi nfue l consump tion . Fo r electri c utilities , NSP S contro l requirement s hav e hel ddown th e growt hi nNOxemission s somewhat . Nevertheless , NOxemission s from electri c utilitie s increase d4 0 percen t from 197 0 t o 1983 . Fo r mobil e sources , NOxemission s wer e controlle da s a resul t o f th e Federa l Moto r Vehicl e Contro l Progra m (FMVCP) . Nitroge noxid e emission s from highwa y vehicle s woul dhav e increase d5 7 percent , hadther e bee nn o chang e i n contro l leve l sinc e 1970 . Th e estimate s o f actua l NOxemission s show a 1 7 percen t increase . 4. 4 Volatil e Organi c Compound s 1940-197 0 Fro m 194 0 throug h1970 , VO C emission s increase dabou t 5 0 percent . Majo r increase s i nhighwa y vehicl e trave l an dindustria l productio n wer e chiefl y

responsible . Emission s from thes e sourc e categorie s wer e abou t tw o anda hal f time s highe r i n197 0 tha ni n1940 . Emission s from residentia l fue l combustio nandfores t fire s decline dsubstantially , however . In1940 , residentia l fue l combustio nandfores t fire s account edfo r 4 0 percen t o f tota l nationa l VO C emissions . By 1970 , thei r contributio nt o tota l VO C emission s ha dbee nreduce dt o 6 percent . 1970-198 3 Sinc e 1970 , emission s o f VO C decrease dprimaril y du e t o moto r vehicl e control s andles s burnin go f soli dwaste . Ha dcontrol s no t bee n implemented , a substantia l increas e i nemission s from highwa y

vehicle s woul dhav e occurred . From 197 0 t o 1983 , vehicle-mile s o f trave l i nth e U.S . increase db

y abou t 4 7 percent. 4 A comparabl e increas e i nemission s woul dhav e occurre dhad197 0 contro l level s remaine dunchanged . A s a resul t o f th e control s pu t i nplace , VO C emission s from highwa y

vehicle s actuall y

decrease d4 6 percent . VO C emission s als o decrease ddu e t o th e substitutio no f water-base demulsifie dasphalt s (use dfo r roa dpaving ) fo r asphalt s liquefie dwit hpetroleum distillate s (cutbac kasphalts) . Thi s i s reflecte di nth e decrease demission s reporte dfo r miscellaneou s organi c solven t use . jg h197 8 thes e decrease s wer e offse t b y increase s i nindustria l > emissions . Sinc e then , industria l proces s emission s hav e als o Throu i proces s declined , s o tha t overal l tota l VO C emission s wer e reduce dabou t 2 6 percen t from

197 0 t o 1983 . Industria l proces s emission s increase d du e t o highe r productio nlevels , particularl y inindustria l sector s suc ha s petroleu m

refining , organi c chemica l production , andindustria l use s o f organi c solvents . Contro l procedure s employe dwer e effectiv e inlimitin gth e growt hi nemissions , however . Inaddition , sourc e productio nlevel s i n198 0 throug h198 3 wer e relativel y low du e t o poo r economi c conditions . Throug hth e mid-1970's , emission s from petroleu m produc t storag e andmarketin goperation s als o increase da s th e resul t o f increase ddeman dfo r petroleu m products , particularl y moto r gasoline .
4 4P.5 4

Sinc e 1978 , emission s from thi s sourc e secto r ar e estimate dt o hav e decrease da s th e resul t o f declinin gproduc t deman dandmor e effectiv e contro l measures . I n1970 , VO C emission s from residentia l fue l combustio nwer e insigni ficant . However , i nth e lat e 1970' s emission s bega nt o increas e du e t o th e popularit y

o f woo dstove s andfireplace s fo r residentia l spac e heating . In1983 , residentia l fue l combustio naccounte dfo r abou t 1 0 percen t o f tota l VO C emissions . Comment s onVO C Emissio nEstimate s Volatil e organi c compound s alon gwit hnitroge noxide s ar e participant s i natmospheri c chemica l andphysica l processe s tha t resul t i nth e formatio no f ozon e andothe r photochemica l oxidants . Emission s o f VO C tha t ar e mos t likel y t o hav e a rol e i nsuc hatmospheri c processe s ar e include di nth e reporte demission s estimates . Photochemicall y non reactiv e compound s suc ha s methan e ar e no t include di nth e estimate d emission s o f VOC . Biogeni c source s o f organi c compound s suc ha s tree s andothe r vegetatio nar e no t include deither . Initia l estimate s ar e tha t emission s o f VO C from naturally-occurrin gsource s excee dth e amoun t o f anthropogeni c emissions . Th e exten t t o whic hbiogeni c source s o f VO C contribut e t o oxidan t formation , i f a t all , ha s no t bee nclearl y estab lished , however . Ambien t concentration s o f ozon e ar e typicall y highe r durin gth e summe r months . A s a result , analysi s o f seasonal , rathe r tha nannua l VO C emission s ma y be mor e appropriat e t o understan dth e relationshi pbetwee nVO C emission s andhig hozon e concentration s i n th e atmosphere . Source s suc ha s residentia l spac e heating , whic h occur s primaril y

durin gth e winte r woul dhav e littl e impac t onsumme r ozon e levels . 4. 5 Carbo nMonoxid e 1940-197 0 Fro m 194 0 throug h1970 , th e relativ e contributio nb y th e variou s sourc e categorie s t o tota l C Oemission s change dconsiderably . I n1940 , highwa y vehicle s contribute donl y abou t 2 8 percen t o f carbo nmonoxid e emissions . Residentia l fue l combustio n(primaril y o f woo dandcoal) , fores t fire s andothe r burnin g(agricultura l cro presidue s andcoa l refuse ) contribute dabou t 5 0 percen t o f tota l C Oemissions . From 194 0 t o 1970 , highwa y

vehicl e emission s nearl y tripled , whil e emission s from residentia l fue l combustio nan dmiscellaneou s burnin gsource s decrese d substantially . A s a result , i n197 0 highwa y vehicle s accounte dfo r 6 4 percen t o f tota l C Oemissions . Industria l proces s C Oemission s increas edfrom 194 0 t o 197 0 b

y abou t 3 6 percent . Th e larges t increas e occurre di nth e petroleum refinin gsector , primaril y a s th e resul t o f expansio no f catalyti c crackin gcapacit y t o mee t increase ddeman dfo r gasolin e andothe r middl e distillates .



### 4 5P.5 5

1970-198 3 Sinc e 1970 , highwa y moto r vehicle s hav e bee nth e larges t contributin g sourc e o f C Oemissions . Th e implementatio no f th e Federa l Moto r Vehicl e Contro l Progra m

(FMVCP ) ha s bee nsuccessfu l i nreducin gC Oemission s sinc e th e earl y

1970's . Fro

m 197 0 throug h1978 , moto r vehicl e mile s o f trave l increase d3 8 percent , bu t becaus e o f control s o nnew vehicles , tota l C Oemission s from highwa y

vehicle s decrease d1 6 percent . Fro m 197 8 t o 1980 , VM T decline db y 1. 7 percent . Sinc e 1980 , growt hinVM T ha s resumed , simila r t o th e growt hrat e tha t occurre di nth e 1970's . Overall , fro

m 197 8 t o 1983 , VM T gre w b y onl y 6. 5 percent , however . Thi s lac ko f growt hinvehicl e trave l togethe r wit ha nincrease ddegre e o f contro l becaus e o f stricte r emissio nstandard s fo r ne w vehicle s and th e gradua l disappearanc e o f olde r uncontrolle dvehicle s from th e vehicl e fleet , produce da nestimate d2 2 percen t dro pi nhighwa y vehicl e emission s i nth e fou r yea r perio dfrom 197 8 t o 1982 . Overal l from 197 0 t o 1983 , withou t th e implementatio no f FMVCP , highwa y vehicl e emission s woul dhav e increase d3 4 percent . By comparison , actua l emission s ar e estimate dt o hav e decrease d3 4 percent . C Oemission s from

othe r source s hav e als o generall y decreased . I n 1970 , emission s fro m burnin go f agricultura l cro presidue s wer e greate r tha ni nmor e recen t years . Soli dwast e disposa l emission s hav e als o decrease da s th e resul t o f implementatio no f regulation s limitin go r prohibitin gburnin go f soli dwast e i nman y areas . Emission s o f C Ofrom stationar y

sourc e fue l combustio noccu r mainl y fro m th e residentia l sector . Thes e emission s wer e reduce dsomewha t throug hth e mid-1970' s a s residentia l consumer s converte dt o natura l gas , oil , o r electri c heatin g equipment . Recen t growt hi nth e us e o f residentia l woo dstove s ha s reverse dthi s trend , bu t increase dC Oemission s fro m residentia l source s continu e t o be smal l compare dt o highwa y vehicl e emissions . Nevertheless , i n198 3 residentia l woo dcombustio naccounte dfo r abou t 9 percen t o f nationa l C Oemissions , mor e tha nany sourc e categor y

excep t highwa y vehicles . COemission s fro m industria l processe s hav e generall y bee ndeclinin gsinc e 197 0 a s th e resul t o f th e obsolescenc e o f a few hig hpollutin gprocesse s suc ha s manufactur e o f carbo nblac kb y th e channe l proces s andinstallatio no f control s onothe r processes . 4. 6 Lea d 1970-198 3 Th e emission s o f lea dhav e decrease ddu e t o th e implementatio no f th e Federa l Moto r Vehicl e Contro l Program (FMVCP) . Th e implementatio no f FMVC P ha s resulte di nth e us e o f catalyti c converter s t o reduc e NOx , VOC , an dC Oemission s andha s require dth e us e o f unleade dgasolin e fo r vehicle s wit hconverters . Fro m 197 0 throug h1974 , th e highwa y us e o f gasolin e increase d1 3 percent , but becaus e o f th e decreas e i nlea d conten t i nleade dgasoline , lea demission s from highwa y

vehicle s decrease d1 7 percent . Fro m 197 5 t o 1983 , th e percen t unleade dgasolin e


### 4 6P.5 6

sale s increase dfrom 1 3 t o 5 5 percent , andth e lea demission s decrease d 6 7 percent . Fro

m 197 0 throug h1983 , of f highwa y consumptio no f gasolin e decrease d4 4 percen t whil e lea demission s decrease d7 4 percent . Lea demission s als o decrease dfrom othe r sources . Th e 9 4 percen t decreas e i nstationar y sourc e fue l combustio ni s a resul t o f th e decreas e i nlea dconcentratio ni nwast e oi l utilize di nindustria l boilers . Lea demission s decrease d9 0 percen t fo r industria l processe s fro m 197 0 throug h1983 . Par t o f thi s decreas e reflect s th e change s tha t resul t fro m installatio no f ai r pollutio ncontro l equipment . A s showni n Table s 1 2 and29 , th e chang e i nemission s a s a resul t o f change s i n operatin grate s woul dbe a 3 2 percen t reduction . Lea demission s fro m soli dwast e disposa l hav e decrease d8 4 percen t from 197 0 throug h198 3 a s a resul t o f th e decrease damoun t o f soli dwast e dispose do f b y incineration .



### 47TABL E 2 9 THEORETICAL 198 3 NATIONAL EMISSION ESTIMATE S BASE DO N 197 0 LEVE L OF CONTRO L (TERAGRAMS/YEAR ) Sourc e Category P M SO , NO t f VO

C C O

Percentag e o f197 0 Actua l Emission s iLea d emission s ar e expresse d i n gigagrams/year

. PB ' Transportatio n Highwa yVehicle s Non-Highwa

y Transportatio n Tota l Stationar ySourc e Fue l Combustio n Electri cUtilitie s Industria l Residential/Commercia l Fue l Combustio n Tota l Industria l Processe s (SIC ) Minin g Operation s (10,2,13,14 ) Foo d an d Agricultur e (02,07,20 ) Woo d Product s (24,26 ) Chemical s (28 ) Petroleu m Refinin g (29 ) Minera l Product s (32 ) Metal s (33 ) Miscellaneou s Industria l Processe s Tota l Soli d Wast

e Miscellaneou s Tota l
198 3 Actua l Emission s (Tabl e 1 ) Theoretica l 198

3 Emission s A

s A Percentag e Of1983 Actua l Emission s 1970 Actua l Emission s (Tabl e 1 ) Theoretica l 198

3 Emission s A

s A 1. 4

0. 2 1. 6
4. 6 1. 1 1. 1 6. 8
3. 3 0. 9 0. 7 0. 2 0. 1 2. 4 1. 1 0. 0 8. 7 1. 2 0. 9 19. 2
6. 9 278S

18. 0 107 % 0. 5

0. 4 0. 9
19. 6 2. 1 0. 7 22. 4
0. 4 0. 0 0. 1 0. 7 0. 9 0. 7 2. 5 0^ 0 5. 3 0. 1 0. 0 28. 7
20. 8 138 ?

28. 2 102 ? 9. 4

1. 8 11. 2
7. 1 2. 8 0. 6 10. 5
0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 2 0. 2 0. 2 0. 0 0. 0 0. 6 0. 4 0. 2 22. 9
19. 4 118 *

18. 1 127? 15. 7

1. 2 16. 9
0. 0 0. 1 2. 0 2. 1
0. 0 0. 2 0. 0 2. 0 1. 0 0. 0 0. 0 5. 8 9. 0 2. 0 3. 3 33. 3
19. 9 167?

27. 0 123 2 83. 9 6. 6 90. 5
0. 3 0. 6 6. 1 7. 0
0. 0 0. 0 0. 7 2. 4 2. 0 0. 0 2. 2 0. 0 7. 3 7. 0 6. 3 118. 1
67. 6 175 ?

98. 3 120? 181. 2

4. 3 185. 5
0. 5 9. 2 0. 0 9. 7
0. 2 0. 0 0. 0 0. 4 0. 0 0. 5 15. 1 0. 1 16. 3 3. 3 0. 0 214. 8
46. 9 458 ?

203. 8 105 ?



### 4 8P.5 8



### 5 . REFERENCE S * 1

. Nationa l Emission s Report , Nationa l Emission s Dat a Syste m (NEDS)

. NADB , OAQPS , U

S Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , Researc h Triangl e Park , NC

. Publicatio n No

. EPA-450/4-84-026

. Novembe r1984

. 2

. Compilatio n o fAi rPollutan tEmissio n Factors , Thir d Editio n (Includin g Supplement s 1-15)

. U S Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , Researc h Triangl e Park , NC

. Publicatio n No

. AP-42

. 3

. User' s Guid e t o M0BILE 3 (Mobil e Sourc e Emission s Model) , U S Envi
ronmenta l Protectio n Agency , Offic e o fMobil e Sourc e Ai rPollutio n Control , An n Arbor , Michigan

. Publicatio n No

. EPA-460/3-89-002

. Jun e 1984

. * 4

. HighwayStatistics

. Federa l HighwayAdministration , U S Departmen t o fTransportation , Washington , DC

. 1983

. *5

. FA AAi rTraffi cActivity

. Federa l Aviatio n Administration , U S Departmen t o fTransportation , Washington , DC

. 1983

. *6

. Petroleu m Suppl yAnnua l 1983 , Energ yInformatio n Administration , U S Departmen to fEnergy

. Washington , DC

. Publicatio n No

. DOE/EIA
0340(83)/l

. Jun e 1984

. *7

. Coa l Distributio n January-December , Energ yInformatio n Administration , U S Departmen t o fEnergy , Washington , DC

. Publicatio n No

. DOE/EIA
0125(83/4Q)

. Apri l 1984

. 8

. Exhaus tEmission s fro m Uncontrolle d Vehicle s an d Relate d Equipmen t Usin g Interna l Combustio n Engines

. Southwes tResearc h Institute , San Antonio , TX

. Prepare d fo rU S Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , Researc h Triangl e Park , NC

. EP AContrac tNo

. EH

S 70-108

. Oct 1973

. 9

. Particulat e Pollutan t System s Study

. Midwes tResearc h Institute , Kansa s City , MO

. Prepare d fo rU S Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , Researc h Triangl e Park , NC

. Nationa l Ai rPollutio n Contro l Administratio n Contrac t No

. CP A22-69-104

. Ma

y1971

. 10

. Standar d Compute rRetrieval s fro m th e Nationa l Emission s Dat a Syste m (NEDS)

. Unpublishe d compute rrepor tavailabl e fro m NADB , OAQPS , U

S Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , Researc h Triangl e Park , NC

. *Thes e publication s ar e issue d periodically

. Th e mos t recen tpublicatio n availabl e whe n thi s documen twa s prepare d i s cited

.



### 4 9P.5 9

*11 . Cos t andQualit y o f Fuel s fo r Electri c Utilit y Plants-1983 , Energ y Informatio nAdministration , U S Departmen t o f Energy , Washington , D.C . Publicatio nNo . DOE/EIA-0191(83) . Jul y 1984 . *12 . Natura l Ga s Annual , Energ y Informatio nAdministration , U S Departmen t o f Energy , Washington , DC . Publicatio nNo . DOE/EIA-0131(82) . Octobe r 1983 . *13 . Mineral s Yearbook . Burea uo f Mines , U S Departmen t o f th e Interior , Washington , DC . 1982 . *14 . Curren t Industria l Reports . Burea uo f th e Census , U S Departmen t o f Commerce , Washington , DC . 15 . EndUse s o f Solvent s Containin gVolatil e Organi c Compounds , Th e Researc hCorporatio no f New England , Wethersfield , CT , EPA Publicatio nEPA-450/3-79-032 , Ma y 1979 . 16 . 196 8 Nationa l Surve y o f Communit y

Soli dWast e Practices . Publi c Healt hService , U S Departmen t o f Health , Education , andWelfare , Cincinnati , OH . PH S Publicatio nNo . 1867 . 1968 . *17 . Wildfir e Statistics . Fores t Service , U S Departmen t o f Agriculture , Washington , DC . 1978 . 18 . Emission s Inventor y fro m Fores t Wildfires , Fores t Manage dBurns , andAgricultura l Burns . U S Environmenta l Protectio nAgency , Researc hTriangl e Park , NC 27711 . Publicatio nNo . EPA-450/3-74 - 062 . Novembe r 1974 . 19 . Coa l Refus e Fires , A nEnvironmenta l Hazard . Burea uo f Mines , U S Departmen t o f th e Interior , Washington , DC . Informatio nCircula r 8515 . 1971 . *20 . Statistica l Abstrac t o f th e Unite dStates . Burea uo f th e Census , U S Departmen t o f Commerce , Washington , DC . 198 4 (104t hed.) . *21 . Chemica l andEngineerin gNews , Annua l Fact s andFigure s Issue , America nChemica l Society , Washington , DC . Jun e 11 , 1984 . 22 . Volatil e Organi c Compoun d(VOC ) Specie s Dat a Manua l Secon dEdition , U S Environmenta l Protectio nAgency , Researc hTriangl e Park , NC . Publicatio nNo . EPA-450/4-80-015 . Jul y 1980 . 23 . Standar dIndustria l Classificatio nManua l 1972 , Executiv e Offic e o f th e President , Offic e o f Managemen t andBudget , Washington , DC .
*Thes e publication s ar e issue dperiodically . Th e mos t recen t publicatio navailabl e whe nthi s documen t wa s prepare di s cited .


### 50P.6 0

*24

. Coa l Production , Energ yInformatio n Administration , U S Departmen t o fEnergy , Washington , DC

. Publicatio n No

. DOE/EIA-0118(83)

. Octobe r1984

. *25

. Projec tSummar yUtilit yFG

D Surve yApril-Jun e 1983

. PEDC o Environmental , Inc. , Cincinnati , OH

. Prepare d fo rElectri cPowe r Researc h Institute , Contrac tNo

. RP982-32

. Octobe r1983

. *26

. Quarterl yCoa l Report , Energ yInformatio n Administration , U.S

. Departmen t o fEnergy , Washington , DC

. Publicatio n No

. DOE/EIA
0121(84/2Q)

. Septembe r1984

. 27

. Estimate s o fU.S

. Woo d Energ yConsumptio n fro m 194 9 t o 1981

. U.S

. Departmen t o fEnergy , Washington , DC

. Publicatio n No

. DOE/EIA
0341

. Augus t1982

. 28

. Organi cSolven t Use i n We b Coatin g Operations , Emissio n Standard s an d Engineerin g Division , U S Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , Researc h Triangl e Park , NC

. Publicatio n No

. EPA-450/3-81-012

. Septembe r1981

. 29

. AERO

S Manua l Serie s Volum e IV : NAD B Interna l Operation s Manual

. OAQP S Guideline s No

. 1.2-041

. U.S

. Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , Researc h Triangl e Park , NC

. January1978

. 30

. Histori cEmission s o fSulfu ran d Nitroge n Oxide s i n th e Unite d State s fro m 190 0 t o 1980

. Pacifi cEnvironmenta l Services , Inc

. Durham , NC

. Prepare d unde rEP AContrac t 68-02-3511 , Tas k No

. 3 1 an d 47

. Novembe r1984

. 31

. SupplementaryGuideline s fo rLead Implementatio n Plans--Update d Projection s fo rMoto rVehicl e Lea d Emissions , OAQPS/OM S Researc h Triangl e Park , N

C 27711/An n Arbor , M I 48105

. Publicatio n No

. EPA-450/2-83-002

. Marc h 1983

. 32

. Telephon e communicatio n betwee n Jaco b Summers , OAQPS , an d Michae l Petruska , Offic e o fSoli d Waste , U S EPA , Washington , DC , Novembe r 9 , 1984

. *33

. Syntheti cOrgani cChemicals , Unite d State s Productio n Sales , 1983 , Unite d State s Internationa l Trad e Commission , Washington , D C 20436

. •Thes e publication s ar e issue d periodically

. Th e mos t recen t publicatio n availabl e whe n thi s documen t wa s prepare d i s cited

.

5 1P.6 1

TECHNICA L REPOR TDAT A (Please read

Instructions on the reverse before completing) 1 . REPOR TNO . 

### EPA-450/4-84-02 8 3 . RECIPIENT' S ACCESSIO N NO . 4 . TITL E AN O SUBTITL E 5 . REPOR TDAT E 

### Decembe r 198 4 6 . PERFORMIN G ORGANIZATIO N COD E 

### Nationa l Ai r Pollutan t Emissio nEstimates , 1940-198 3 7 . AUTHOR(S ) 8 . PERFORMIN G ORGANIZATIO N REPOR TNO . 

### Monitorin gandDat a Analysi s Divisio n 9 . PERFORMIN G ORGANIZATIO N NAM E AN D ADDRES S 

### U.S . Environmenta l Protectio nAgenc y Offic e o f A1 r andRadiatio n Offic e o f A1 r Qualit y

Planningan

dStandard s Researc hTriangl e Park , Nort hCarolin a 2771 1 10 . PROGRA M ELEMEN TNO .
1 1 . CONTRACT/GRAN TNO .

12 . SPONSORIN G AGENC YNAM E AN D ADDRES S 13 . TYP E O F REPOR TAN D PERIO D COVERE D 

### Fina l - 1940-198 3 14 . SPONSORIN G AGENC YCOD E

15 . SUPPLEMENTAR YNOTE S

16 . ABSTRAC T 

### Thi s repor t present s estimate s o f trend s 1 nnationwid e ai r pollutan t emission s fo r th e si xmajo r pollutants : sulfu r oxides , particulates , carbo nmonoxide , volatil e organi c compounds , nitroge noxides , andlead . Estimate s ar e broke ndow naccordin g t o majo r type s o f ai r pollutan t sources . A shor t analysi s o f emissio ntrend s i s given , alongwit ha discussio no f method s use dt o develo pth e data .

17

. KE YWORD S AN D DOCUMEN TANALYSI S DESCRIPTOR S b.lDENTIFIERS/OPE N ENDE D TERM S c . COSAT IField/Grou p 

### trends , emissions , inventory , ai r pollutants , nationwide , sulfu r oxides , carbo nmonoxide , particulates , volatil e organi c compounds , nitroge noxides , con trollabl e emissions , miscellaneou s sources , lead

18 . DISTRIBUTIO N STATEMEN T 

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### Unclassifie d 2 1 . NO . O F PAGE S 

### 5 3 20

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EP A For m 2220- 1 (Rev . 4-77 ) PREVIOU S EDITIO N I S OBSOLET E 

### 5 3INSTRUCTION S

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r of th epublication

. 2 . LEAV E 8LAN K 3 . RECIPIENT

S ACCESSIO

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. 4 . TITL E AN O SUBTITL E Titl eshoul dindicateclearly an dbriefly th esubject coverag eo

f th ereport , an dbedisplaye dprominently

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f used , i nsmalle r typ eor otherwis esubordinateit

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nmorethanon evolume , repeal th eprimar y title , addvolume number an dinclud esubtitl efor

th especific title

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. 7 . AUTHOR(S ) Givename(s ) i

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f i t differ s fro

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zation

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. 15 . SUPPLEMENTAR YNOTE S Ente r informatio nno t

include delsewherebu t

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. Translatio nof

. Presente du

l conferenc enf

. T o b epublishe din

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(200words or

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y o f th emos t significan t informatio ncontaine di

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f Hi erepor t contain s a significant bibliography or

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Engineering an dScientifi c Term s th eproper authorize dterm s that

identif y th emajor concep t of th eresearc han daresufficiently specific an dprecis et o b eusedas index entrie s fo r cataloging

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. (c ) COSAT

IMELD GROUP- Fiel dan dgroup assignment s aret o betakenfro mth e196 5 COSAT

ISubject Categor y List

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jorit y of document s aremultidisciplinar y innature , th ePrimar

y Field/Group assignmcnt(s ) wil l b especific discipline , are ao f huma n endeavor , or

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EP AFor m 2220- 1 (Rev . 4-77 ) (Reverse )