Valero sUAS Operations Manual Rev: Org. Date: 12/15/15 1 

Valero sUAS Operations Manual 

 
Valero sUAS Operations Manual Rev: Org. Date: 12/15/15 2 

List of Effective Pages 

PAGE 

NUMBER 

REVISION 

NUMBER 

REVISION 

DATE 

PAGE 

NUMBER 

REVISION 

NUMBER 

REVISION 

DATE 

1 ORG 12/15/15 27 ORG 12/15/15

2 ORG 12/15/15 28 ORG 12/15/15

3 ORG 12/15/15 29 ORG 12/15/15

4 ORG 12/15/15 30 ORG 12/15/15

5 ORG 12/15/15 31 ORG 12/15/15

6 ORG 12/15/15 32 ORG 12/15/15

7 ORG 12/15/15 33 ORG 12/15/15

8 ORG 12/15/15 34 ORG 12/15/15

9 ORG 12/15/15 35 ORG 12/15/15

10 ORG 12/15/15 

11 ORG 12/15/15

12 ORG 12/15/15 

13 ORG 12/15/15

14 ORG 12/15/15 

15 ORG 12/15/15

16 ORG 12/15/15 

17 ORG 12/15/15

18 ORG 12/15/15 

19 ORG 12/15/15

20 ORG 12/15/15 

21 ORG 12/15/15

22 ORG 12/15/15 

23 ORG 12/15/15

24 ORG 12/15/15 

25 ORG 12/15/15

26 ORG 12/15/15 
Valero sUAS Operations Manual Rev: Org. Date: 12/15/15 3 

Table of Contents 

Title Page 1 

List of Effective Pages 2 

Table of Contents 3 

Intentionally Left Blank 5 

Purpose 6 

Distribution 6 

Manual Revision Request 6 

Rules of Construction 7 

sUAS Program Structure 8 

General Responsibilities 8 

sUAS Program Manager 9 

Qualifications 9 

 Education 9 

 Certificates 9 

 Medical 9 

 Experience 9 

 Position Description 9 

 Duties and Responsibilities 9 

Pilot in Command 10 

Qualifications 10 

 Certificates 10 

 Medical 10 

 Experience 10 

 Duties and Responsibilities 10 

Supplemental Pilot 10 

Medical 10 

 Ground School 11 

 Experience 10 

 Duties and Responsibilities 11 

Visual Observer 11 

Ground School 11 

 Experience 11 

 Duties and Responsibilities 11 

Ancillary Personnel 12 

Crew Resource Management 12 

Facilities 12 

Operations 12 

Types of Missions 13 

Visual Line of Sight 14 

Weather Observations 14 

Crew Communications 14 

Lost Link Procedures 15 

sUAS Specifications and Design 15 

Guidelines for Flight Operations 15 
Valero sUAS Operations Manual Rev: Org. Date: 12/15/15 4 

Flight Operations Using a Supplemental Pilot 16 

Operations Will Not Be Conducted 16 

Pre-flight Operations 16 

Flight Planning 16 

 Sterile Area Principle 16 

 GPS Considerations for Planning 17 

 Signal Reflection 17 

 Signal Shadowing 17 

 Site Survey 17 

 Permitting and Notifications 18 

 Communications 19 

 Risk Assessment Procedures 19 

 Documentation 19 

 Pre-flight Briefings 20 

 Prior to Flight Checks and Inspections 20 

 Check Flight Batteries 20 

 Check the Batteries of the RC Transmitter 21 

 Check the Ground Control Station 21 

 Check the SD card(s) 21 

 Check the Settings of the Flight Controller System 21 

 Inspect the Airframe 21 

 Secure and Inspect the Payload 21 

 Final Pre-flight Procedures 22

Ready for Take-off 22 

Take-off Procedures 22 

Landing Procedures 23 

Recovery 23 

Post-flight Checks 23 

Logging Flight and Duty Time 23 

Position Abbreviations 23 

 Mission Abbreviations 24

Individual Records 24 

sUAS Maintenance Procedures 24 

Reliability 24 

 Maintenance 25 

 Documentation 26 

Emergency Response Plan 26 

Training 27 

 Pilot In Command 27 

 Observers 27 

 Maintenance 27 

Recurrent Training 28 

Flight and Duty Times 28 

Definitions and Acronyms 29 

Appendix A 35 

 Examples of: Aircraft Flight Log, Aircraft Maintenance Log, Battery Maintenance Log 
Valero sUAS Operations Manual Rev: Org. Date: 12/15/15 5 

INTENTIONALY LEFT BLANK 
Valero sUAS Operations Manual Rev: Org. Date: 12/15/15 6 

Purpose 

The purpose of this manual is to support and further promote safe, efficient and lawful operation 

of the unmanned aerial system (UAS). Safety above all else, is the primary concern in each and 

every operation, regardless of the nature of the mission. 

Aviation professionals, employed are expected to be familiar with operating requirements of the 

Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs), and Aeronautical Information Publications as required 

(AIP). Guidance from these documents has not been reproduced in this manual, except in those 

instances where special attention is being called to a particular topic, or more restrictive guidance 

is being issued. 

Each recipient of this manual and subsequent change to it should carefully read the document as 

soon as it is received. Employees should discuss and seek clarification of any guidance they do 

not understand. They should also review the entire manual periodically to remain familiar with 

its contents. Employees must further understand that nothing supersedes their exercising sound 

professional judgment in emergency situations. 

It shall be the intent of every UAS operator to make an effort not invade a person’s reasonable 

expectation of privacy when operating the UAS. When operating the UAS operators will abide 

by FAA Regulations, as well as required City and State rules/ordinances. 

Distribution 

Each employee will receive a copy of this manual either electronically or paper. To include all 

sub contracted personnel assigned in support of the Valero’s mission a physical copy of this SOP 

is required at the flight line and operational sites. Prior to participating in UAS operations, 

personnel will read and understand the contents. 

Manual Revision Request 

Manual has been written to address UAS operations as they existed when it was drafted. This 

manual is not intended to be a static document. It is not, nor will it ever be, in "final form." 

Suggestions to improve this manual are encouraged and should be discussed with supervisors. 

Suggestions should be submitted to the Director of Aviation using the Manual Revision Request 

Form at the end of this section. The Director of Aviation will forward the suggestion to the 

appropriate manager to make a determination on the suggestion. If adopted, the suggestion will 

be incorporated into the manual via revision. Whether the suggestion is adopted or not, the 

Manual Revision Request Form will be completed and a copy returned to the submitter. 

Revisions 

Published revisions to the manual will be issued when directed and/or approved by the Director 

of Aviation. Recommended changes will be coordinated with employees. Each revised page will 

be dated and the revision number will appear in the header at the top of the page. In addition, at 

the front of each manual, a Record of Revisions will be maintained, and a List of Effective Pages 

for the manual will reflect the revision status of each page. The Director of Aviation shall keep 

the master copy of this manual in both printed and electronic forms. It is the responsibility of 

each manual holder to maintain a current manual. The master copy can be used as a check for 
Valero sUAS Operations Manual Rev: Org. Date: 12/15/15 7 

currency. Individuals will make changes to their own manual, as directed by the published 

instructions, and record the revision number and date of posting on the Records of Revisions 

page near the front of this manual. 

Rules of Construction 

Words importing the singular include the plural; 

Words importing the plural include the singular; and 

Words importing the masculine gender include the feminine. 

Shall is used in an imperative sense; May is used in a permissive sense to state authority or 

permission to do the act prescribed, and the words “no person may * * *” or “a person may not * 

* *” mean that no person is required, authorized, or permitted to do the act prescribed; and 

Includes means “includes but is not limited to”.
Valero sUAS Operations Manual Rev: Org. Date: 12/15/15 8 

sUAS Program Structure 

The sUAS Program is the direct responsibility of the Director of Aviation. 

General Responsibilities 

sUAS personnel are individually accountable for the following responsibilities: 

Conduct operations in a manner which minimizes risk to employees, customers, property and 

equipment.

Maintain the highest possible safety, security and service standards. 

Comply with all applicable laws, regulations, and guidelines established by the federal, state, and 

local government agencies relative to sUAS operations. 

Comply with established company sUAS policies and procedures covered in this manual. A 

review will be conducted after any amendment is implemented. sUAS personnel are responsible 

for understanding and applying the sUAS Operations Manual. 

All crewmembers associated with the operation of the unmanned aircraft must be qualified or 

must be receiving formal training under the direct supervision of a qualified instructor, who has 

at all times, responsibility for the operation of the unmanned aircraft. 

Only qualified and properly certified personnel, authorized by the Director of Aviation, will be 

allowed to act as crewmembers or operate the company sUAS on the ground or in-flight. 

Supplemental Pilot

Sr. Manager Corporate

Aviations Services

Pilot‐In‐Command

sUAS Program Manager

Visual Observer(s) Ancillary Personnel
Valero sUAS Operations Manual Rev: Org. Date: 12/15/15 9 

sUAS Program Manager 

Reports to: Senior Manager of Corporate Aviation Services 

Supervises: Pilot-In-Command, Visual Observer, and Ancillary Personnel 

Qualifications 

Education: Bachelor’s or equivalent experience 

Certificates: Basic Ground Instructor 

 English Proficient 

 Valid automobile driver’s license 

 Valid Passport 

Medical: N/A 

Experience: Minimum of 15 years of aviation industry experience required. 

Understanding of contract structures and negotiation. 

Must have strong management and judgment skill sets. 

Exhibit track record in aircraft and aircraft subsystems including payloads, 

systems knowledge of unmanned aircraft vehicles. 

Be computer literate in creating/maintaining spread sheets, word processing, and 

PowerPoint presentations. 

Selected candidate should have a strong track record in analytics and project 

management skill sets, coupled with excellent oral/written and inter-personal skill 

sets. 

Formal management training is a plus. 

Prior UAS experience is strongly preferred. 

Position Description 

The Program manager directs and manages sUAS Operations. The position makes collaborative 

decisions on a daily basis that impact the highest levels of management, employees, sUAS 

Operations, security, standardization, quality, regulations, process safety, best practices, budget, 

and control of expenditures. The Program manager will oversee scheduling, pricing, and 

technical performance of sUAS employment through proposal development, contract negotiation 

and contract compliance. Proposal preparation shall include supervising mission planning, 

resource allocation, and determining team and equipment configuration requirements. The 

Program Manager will be responsible for sUAS utilization initiatives. 

Duties and Responsibilities 

a. Prepare customized Requests For Proposal (RFPs) based on internal customer needs 

b. Work closely with Regional Refinery VPs & General Managers Staff to include 

operational excellence, reliability, facility maintenance, and production personnel. 

c. Define required capabilities and implement new technologies 

d. Identify and assess new market opportunities for sUAS utilization within Valero 

Operations. 
Valero sUAS Operations Manual Rev: Org. Date: 12/15/15 10 

e. Responsible for creating budgets and metrics for managing sUAS program 

f. Will also work closely with other internal groups in developing schedules, and working 

with various sub-contractors to meet customer requirements. 

g. Build and lead sUAS teams to meet Valero Operational needs. 

h. Some travel may be required, since part of the duties will be to provide support to 

business development and client support. 

Make sure personnel involved in support of the operation are qualified and understand their 

roles. 

Ensure flight, training, and maintenance records are accurate and complete. 

Stay abreast of regulatory changes and update the sUAS program as applicable. 

Evaluate and employ sUAS configurations based on mission needs. 

Pilot In Command (PIC) 

Qualifications 

Reports to: sUAS Program Manager

Certificates : At least current FAA Private Pilot Certificate

Medical: At least current FAA Class II Medical Certificate 

Experience: The PIC shall also meet the flight review requirements specified in 14 CFR § 61.5

 in an aircraft in which the PIC is rated on their pilot certificate. 

 The PIC shall be trained in the operation of the specific Make and Model of the 

 sUAS being piloted. 

 The PIC must have accumulated and logged, in a manner consistent with 14 CFR 

§61.51 (b), a minimum of 200 flight cycles and 25 hours of total time as a sUAS 

 pilot. Prior documented flight experience that was obtained in compliance with 

 applicable regulations may satisfy this requirement. 

The PIC must have accumulated and logged, in a manner consistent with 14 CFR 

§61.51 (b), a minimum of five hours as sUAS pilot operating the make and model 

of sUAS to be utilized for operations under the exemption and three take-offs and 

 three landings in the preceding 90 days. 

Duties and Responsibilities

 Conduct mission planning 

 Conduct mission briefings 

 Execution and safe operation of the mission 

Make decisions and take immediate corrective actions necessary to prevent injury, 

accident, or damage to individuals or equipment 

 Establish and maintain communications with ATC 

 Comply with procedures, policies, and regulations 

Supplemental Pilot (SP) 

Qualifications 

Reports to: sUAS Program Manager

Medical: Pass and maintain at least an FAA Class II Medical Certificate 

Ground Successfully completed private pilot ground school and passed the written test 
Valero sUAS Operations Manual Rev: Org. Date: 12/15/15 11 

School: or the FAA accepted agency equivalent, based on the application within 24 

calendar months. 

Experience: The Supplemental Pilot shall be trained in the operation of the specific Make and 

Model of the sUAS being piloted. 

The Supplemental Pilot must have accumulated and logged, in a manner 

consistent with 14 CFR § 61.51 (b), a minimum of 200 flight cycles and 25 hours 

of total time as a sUAS pilot. Prior documented flight experience that was 

obtained in compliance with applicable regulations may satisfy this requirement. 

The Supplemental Pilot must have accumulated and logged, in a manner 

consistent with 14 CFR § 61.51 (b), a minimum of five hours as sUAS pilot 

operating the make and model of sUAS to be utilized for operations under the exemption 

and three take-offs and three landings in the preceding 90 days. If a supplemental pilot 

assumes the role of PIC, he/she must comply with PIC rating, currency, medical, and 

training requirements listed in this document. 

Duties and Responsibilities 

 Execution and safe operation of the mission 

Make decisions and take immediate corrective actions necessary to prevent injury, 

accident, or damage to individuals or equipment 

 Establish and maintain communications with ATC 

 Comply with procedures, policies, and regulations 

Visual Observer (VO) 

Qualifications 

Reports to: sUAS Program Manager

Ground Successfully completed private pilot ground school and passed the written test 

School: or the FAA accepted agency equivalent, based on the application within 24 

calendar months. 

Experience: Knowledge of aviation terminology, Visual Flight Rules (VFR), Airspace 

requirements and applicable aviation regulatory requirements. 

Duties and Responsibilities 

Primary duty is to assist the PIC with the proposed visual-line-of-sight and seeand-avoid requirements by maintaining constant visual contact with the small 

unmanned aircraft. 

Visual observer(s) must be able to communicate by voice, radio or hand-and-arm 

signals. 

 Establish an observation position having a clear view of the sUAS operating area 

 Be designated as VO and not share in any other duties associated with the flight. 

 Be briefed on lost communications procedures prior to the flight. 
Valero sUAS Operations Manual Rev: Org. Date: 12/15/15 12 

Ancillary Personnel (AP) 

Qualifications 

Reports to: sUAS Program Manager

Duties and Responsibilities 

Ancillary personnel such as systems operators or mission specialists 

must be thoroughly familiar with and possess operational experience 

of the equipment being used. If the systems being used are for 

observation and detection of other aircraft for collision avoidance 

purposes, personnel must be thoroughly trained on collision 

avoidance procedures and techniques and have direct communication 

with the UAS pilot, observer, and other crewmembers.

Crew Resource Management 

Valero will ensure that Crew Resource Management (CRM) training is current for all crew 

members before flying operational or training missions. The CRM program must consist of 

initial training, as well as CRM recurrent training during every recurrent training cycle, not to 

exceed a 12 month interval between initial training and recurrent training or between subsequent 

recurrent training sessions. CRM training will be consistent with sUAS operations to include 

techniques and procedures unique to the UAS environment.

Facilities 

UAS operations will be housed and maintained in a designated facility. Personnel will not leave 

the facility without making sure the sUAS equipment is secured. Personnel are equally 

responsible for maintaining the facility in a neat, clean and orderly fashion. 

Operations 

a. The sUAS shall not operate in Class B, C, or D airspace without written approval from the 

FAA. The sUAS shall not operate within 5 nautical miles of the geographic center of a nontowered airport as denoted on a current FAA-published aeronautical chart unless a letter of 

agreement with that airport’s management is obtained, and the operation is conducted in 

accordance with a NOTAM as required by the operator’s COA. This letter of agreement with 

the airport management shall be made available to the Administrator upon request. 

b. The sUAS will only operate within the lateral boundaries of Facilities. Confined “Safe 

Zones” within those boundaries will be established for each flight. These zones will be free 

of unnecessary hazards or risks and non-participating personnel. 

i. The sUAS shall only operate within a pre-defined “Safe Zone” that shall be thoroughly 

inspected by the PIC for buildings, overhangs, obstacles, wires, poles, people, vehicles, 

sun angle, shadows, glare, reflective surfaces, clouds, smoke, and terrain among other 

potential hazards. 
Valero sUAS Operations Manual Rev: Org. Date: 12/15/15 13 

ii. The PIC and VO shall have current Valero specific safety training for the area in which 

sUAS operations will take place. 

c. Flights shall be conducted under day visual meteorological conditions (VMC). 

i. In addition, the sUAS shall not be operated less than 500 feet below or less than 2,000 feet 

horizontally from a cloud or when visibility is less than 3 statute miles from the PIC. 

ii. sUAS operations shall not be conducted during night, as defined in 14 CFR § 1.1. 

iii. Flights shall not be conducted under special visual flight rules (SVFR). 

d. Flights shall be operated at an altitude of no more than 400 feet above ground level (AGL), 

as indicated by the procedures specified in Valero’s sUAS Operations Manual. 

e. The PIC shall be prohibited from operating the sUAS from any moving device or vehicle. 

f. The sUAS shall be operated within visual line of sight (VLOS) of the PIC. 

i. The PIC shall maintain VLOS without the aid of telescopes, cameras or other devices. 

ii. The PIC will maintain VLOS with their own vision, which includes the use of eyeglasses 

or corrective lenses as specified on the PIC’s medical certificate. 

g. The sUAS shall remain clear and yield the right of way to manned aerial operations and 

activities at all times (including, but not limited to, ultralight vehicles, parachute activities, 

parasailing activities, hang gliders, etc.). 

h. Valero will require the PIC and Visual Observer (VO) to have successfully completed a 

qualification process, as outlined in the Valero sUAS Operations Manual.

i. The PIC’s primary responsibility while in flight is the safe operation of the sUAS. 

Types of Missions 

In general, the sUAS’s will be employed for use in the following missions to include but not 

limited to: 

Aerial Video and Photography; 

Disaster Response and Emergency Management 

Environmental Monitoring; 

Facilities Security; 

Land Planning; 

Precision Agriculture; 

Training, Research and Development; and 

Wildlife and Game Management 

Aerial Inspections of: 
Valero sUAS Operations Manual Rev: Org. Date: 12/15/15 14 

a. Construction sites; 

b. Oil, Gas, and Ethanol Infrastructures; 

c. Petroleum Transmission and Storage; and 

d. Wind Farm Facilities 

Visual Line of Sight (VLOS) 

Operating within Visual Line of Sight means that the PIC or visual observer is able to maintain 

direct, unaided (other than corrective lenses) visual contact with the unmanned aircraft, which is 

sufficient to monitor its flight path in relation to other aircraft, persons, vessels, vehicles and 

structures for the purpose of avoiding collisions. VLOS operations are normally accepted out to a 

maximum distance of one‐half statue mile horizontally and 400 ft. vertically from the sUAS 

pilot. 

sUAS operations will utilize one or more trained visual observers to assist the PIC with 

see‐and‐avoid responsibilities. The visual observer(s) should have a reliable method of 

instantaneous communication with the PIC such as two‐way radios. Where voice communication 

cannot be maintained then hand and arm signals consistent with the current FAR/AIM shall be 

used. Cellular phones are not considered reliable for this purpose. The PIC and visual observer(s) 

together should have a view of the area that is sufficient to allow enough time for the PIC to 

de‐conflict as required. 

Operations involving “daisy‐ chaining” observers/antennae may be permitted if use of additional 

resources are necessary to maintain safe flight within VLOS. 

Weather Observation 

A reliable method of determining wind speed, ceiling and visibility should be used. 

Weather observations should be taken near enough to the operation that it is certain that they are 

valid; for example, an airport’s observations can be used if the airport is within several miles and 

the conditions appear to be uniform. Ceiling may be determined by the temperature/dew point 

spread. 

Crew Communications 

Only the PIC should conduct radio communications with ATC. The PIC should follow the radio 

communications protocol appropriate to the airspace. Where communications are not specifically 

required by FAA regulations, such as in uncontrolled airspace (Class G), the PIC should 

announce on appropriate CTAF frequency prior to launch, just after launch, periodically during 

operations, and after landing. Announcements should include at least: 

“Unmanned” followed by the aircraft type and registration number; e.g. “Unmanned AirRobot 

180VE”. 

Location of the aircraft with reference to a NAVAID, airport, or VFR reporting point. 

Trajectory and speed or, if remaining in a localized area, the radius of that area. 

Range of altitudes. 

The use of cell phones and other electronic devices during flight operations should be restricted 

to communications pertinent to the operational control of the sUAS and any required 
Valero sUAS Operations Manual Rev: Org. Date: 12/15/15 15 

communications with Air Traffic Control. Cell phones should not be used as the primary means 

of communications between visual observers and pilots. 

All sUAS operations should be conducted with sterile cockpit procedures during critical phases 

of flight. These include: taxi and ground operations involving aircraft movement, take‐off and 

landing, as well as all other phases of flight operations in which safety or mission 

accomplishment might be compromised by distractions. 

Lost Link Procedures 

There are many acceptable approaches to satisfy lost link requirements. The intent of any lost 

link procedure is to ensure airborne operations remain predictable. 

Lost link procedures should comply with any regulatory requirements and the lost link solution 

will need to comply with the last Air Traffic Control (ATC) clearance if applicable. 

The appropriate ATC facility should be notified immediately if applicable. 

Lost link procedures should avoid flight over any populated areas and hazards, as well as any 

frequently travelled flight paths. 

The time and duration of each lost link event should be recorded by the operator and reported. 

The designated return site should be clear of any personnel and hazards in the event of an 

immediate lost link return to base and landing. 

sUAS Specifications and Design: 

a. All sUAS flown shall be less than 55 pounds including aircraft and payload. 

b. The radio frequency spectrum used for operation and control of the sUAS shall comply with 

the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) or other appropriate government 

oversight agency requirements. 

c. Maximum speed shall be no more than 50 knots. 

d. The sUAS shall be equipped with Inertial Navigation Sensor(s) (IRS/IRU/Accelerometer). 

e. The sUAS shall be equipped with a Compass (Magnetometer/Heading Source). 

f. The sUAS shall be equipped with a Global Positioning System (GPS) guidance system. 

g. The sUAS shall be designed, should it lose communications or lose its GPS signal, to return 

to a pre-determined location within the security perimeter and land or be recovered in 

accordance with Valero’s sUAS Operations Manual. 

Guidelines for Flight Operations 

 NOTAMs where applicable will be filed no less than 72 hours prior to flights 

 Flights will be operated within line-of-sight of a pilot and/or visual observer 

during daylight hours. 

 The flight must be aborted in the event of any unpredicted obstacle or emergency presents a 

threat 
Valero sUAS Operations Manual Rev: Org. Date: 12/15/15 16 

 The PIC will have the capability to abort a flight in case of unpredicted obstacles 

or emergencies. 

 Maximum total flight time will be limited to 75 percent of battery capacity 

based on the specific sUAS configuration. 

 The PIC shall terminate the mission and return the sUAS to a predetermined 

landing zone within a Sterile Area when the battery is no less than 25 percent 

capacity. 

 The sUAS will not be operated over any person (except participating personnel) 

 If the sUAS loses communications or required GPS coverage, the sUAS is 

equipped with advanced safety features that will automatically cause the sUAS 

to return to a pre-determined location. 

Flight Operations using a Supplemental Pilot 

Operations without a pilot certificate (supplemental pilot) may be allowed when all of the 

following conditions are met: 

The PIC has successfully completed, at a minimum, FAA private pilot ground instruction and 

passed the written examination, or the FAA accepted agency equivalent, based on the 

application. Airman Test reports are valid for the 24- calendar month period proceeding the 

month the exam was completed, at which time the instruction and written examination must be 

repeated. 

Operations are during daylight hours. 

The operation is conducted in a sparsely populated location. 

The operation is conducted from a privately owned airfield, military installation, or off-airport 

location. 

 (5) Operations are approved and conducted solely within visual line-of-sight in Class G 

airspace. 

(6) Visual line-of-sight operations are conducted at an altitude of no more than 400 feet Above 

Ground Level (AGL) in class G airspace at all times. 

The FAA may require specific aircraft category and class ratings in manned aircraft depending 

on the UAS seeking approval and the characteristics of its flight controls interface. 

Operations will not be conducted: 

 At night 

 From any type of moving platform with the exception of a water borne vessel or structure 

 within Class B, C, or D airspace without written approval from the FAA 

 within 5 nautical miles from non-towered airports unless a letter of agreement 

has been signed with the operating authorities 

Pre-Flight Operations 

Flight Planning 
Valero sUAS Operations Manual Rev: Org. Date: 12/15/15 17 

Sterile Area Principle 

 Valero sUAS operations will be based on the concept of creating a safe and secured area of 

operations under control of the Pilot in Command (PIC). The sterile area is defined as the 

geographic confines of the flight operations, typically 1⁄2 statue mile from the PIC flight position 

and no more than 400 ft AGL. Valero must be able to control access to, and activities within, the 

sterile area so that we can ensure the safety of all personnel, equipment and facilities. If, at any 

time, someone or something enters the sterile area not under control of the PIC, the aircraft 

system must be flown at least 150 feet away from the person or equipment, unless it is 

uncooperative aircraft, in which the sUAV will immediately land in timely manner, as dictated 

by safety considerations. 

GPS Considerations for Planning 

Always plan for having to fly without GPS. GPS is an incredible enabler of sUAS flight 

operations, providing critical information to allow the sUAS and GCS to maintain 

superior flight and navigational control. Unfortunately the low altitude nature of sUAS 

flights can increase some of the major challenges associated with using GPS. 

Accordingly - all flight planning will include a detailed consideration of GPS issues - 

specifically Signal Reflection and Signal Shadowing, and mitigation steps identified. In 

all cases, regardless of planning for GPS considerations, we will always plan flight 

operations anticipating that we will have to fly without GPS. 

Signal Reflection 

Occurs in areas of high relief (urban areas, close to major structures, complex terrain 

and moist soils) 

 Impacts to Flight Operations - Position Accuracy decreases, especially 

dangerous in narrow streets and canyons 

 Mitigation: Use pilot commanded flight. Pilots will not rely on way point 

navigation systems. Furthermore, pilots will never operate UAS’s closer than 

twice the indicated accuracy distances. 

Signal Shadowing 

Close vicinity of high relief (tall buildings, canyon walls, forests) 

 Impacts to Flight Operations - Decrease position accuracy until aircraft reaches 

higher altitude. Could result in control deviations during take-off and landing. 

 Mitigation: ensure designated take-off and landing zones are positioned 

sufficient distance away from areas of shadowing. Use a handheld GPS during 

site recon to ensure chosen location can support accuracy requirements for takeoff and landing operations. Horizontal and vertical distance to obstacles should 

never be closer than twice the indicated accuracy distances. 
Valero sUAS Operations Manual Rev: Org. Date: 12/15/15 18 

Site Survey 

Valero crew will conduct an assessment of the operating site and conditions, 

including: 

a. The type of airspace and specific provisions 

b. Other aircraft operations (local airports or operating areas) 

c. Hazards associated with industrial sites (such activities as traffic, gas venting, high-intensity 

radio transmissions, and high power transmission lines) 

d. Local laws and regulations 

e. Obstructions (wires, masts, buildings etc.) 

f. Restricted areas (such as prohibited airspace around prisons, military installations etc.) 

g. Residential and recreational activities 

h. Public access areas 

i. Permission from land owners/authorities required 

j. Likely operating sites and alternatives 

k. Weather forecasts for planned flight period 

Permitting and Notifications 

a. All required permissions and permits shall be obtained from territorial, state, county or 

city jurisdictions, including local law enforcement, or other appropriate governmental 

agencies. 

b. Valero shall request a Notice to Airman (NOTAM) not more than 72 hours in advance, but not 

less than 48 hours prior to the operation. The NOTAM request may include a written Plan of 

Activities to the local flight standards district office (FSDO) with jurisdiction over the area 

of the proposed flight. The written Plan of Activities may be waived with the concurrence 

of the FSDO. 

i. The plan of activities shall include at least the following: 

1. Dates and times for all requested flights 

2. Name and phone number of Valero sUAS Flight Operations 

3. Name and phone number of the PIC responsible for the on-scene operation of the 

sUAS 

4. Make, model, and serial or N-number of sUAS to be used 

5. Name and certificate number of sUAS PICs involved in the flight 

6. A statement from Valero that it will be operating on its own property where the flight 

will be conducted; the list of those who gave permission shall be made available to 

the inspector upon request. 

7. Signature of exemption-holder or representative 

8. A description of the flight activity, including maps or diagrams of any area over 

which flights will be conducted, the relationship of that area to any nearby city, 

town, etc., and the altitudes essential to accomplish the operation. 
Valero sUAS Operations Manual Rev: Org. Date: 12/15/15 19 

9. Documents required under 14 CFR § 91.9 and § 91.203 shall be readily available to 

the PIC any time the aircraft is in operation. These documents shall be made 

available to the Administrator or any law enforcement official upon request. 

10. Valero shall obtain an Air Traffic Organization (ATO) issued Certificate of Waiver 

or Authorization (COA) prior to conducting any operations under this exemption 

request. 

11. Valero shall obtain the consent of all persons involved in the operation and ensure that 

only consenting persons be allowed within 200 feet of the

“Safe Zone”.

Communications 

Visual Observer(s) and Pilot will at all times be able to communicate by voice or hand-and-arm 

signals. The crew will have the ability to communicate with the local ATC and FDSO as 

required. The visual observer(s) should have a reliable method of instantaneous communications 

with the PIC such as two‐way radios. Cellular phones are not considered reliable for this 

purpose. The PIC and visual observer(s) together should have a view of the area that is sufficient 

to allow enough time for the PIC to de‐conflict as required.

Risk Assessment Procedures 

The prevention of accidents is based upon conscientious application of methodology and 

techniques used to be cognizant of, or mitigate risk. Planners must not only recognize hazards in 

the planning process but involve the entire team (flight crew and customer) to assist in the hazard 

identification and risk assessment roles throughout the execution phase of operations. The PIC 

will apply applicable risks mitigations throughout execution phase by using this manual as 

guidance, to include completion of the sUAS Flight Risk Assessment Tool. The sUAS Flight 

Risk Assessment Tool (FRAT) is designed to be used before each flight to mitigate associated 

risk to the lowest possible level. 

Risk assessments will consider the following issues: 

 Weather conditions relative to the performance capability of the system 

 Identification of normally anticipated failure modes (lost link, power plant failures, loss of 

control, etc) and consequences of the failures 

 Crew fitness for flight operations (As discussed in Sections 3.4 and 3.5 of this manual) 

 Overlying airspace, compliance with aviation regulations as appropriate to the operation, and 

abnormal procedures 

 Communication, command, control, and payload frequency spectrum requirements 

 Reliability, performance, and airworthiness to established standards 

Documentation 

 Prior to conducting flight operations the Team Leader will ensure that the following 

documentation is on hand: 

1. This manual 
Valero sUAS Operations Manual Rev: Org. Date: 12/15/15 20 

2. UAS Operators Manual 

3. Copy of approvals - property owners/authorities, permission to collect data from 

authorized persons in sterile areas 

4. Copy of FAA exemption and COA 

5. Copy of published NOTAMs pertaining to the operation 

6. Copy of FAA sUAS registration 

7. PIC Certification documents 

Pre-flight Briefings 

A briefing will be conducted in regard to the planned sUAS operations prior to each day's 

activities to ensure there is a collective understanding of the flight mission and objectives. It will 

be mandatory that all personnel who will be performing duties within the boundaries of the 

sterile area be present for this briefing. The briefing will include: 

 Clearly designate crewmember duties 

 Orientation to the Flight Operations Area and key features - PIC location, take-off and 

landing zones, review of obstacles and known hazards 

 Orientation to the sUAS and capabilities 

 Review of Flight Plan, including any special considerations or requirements 

 Review of communications procedures 

 Cordon procedures to secure sterile area 

 Review weather conditions and impacts on flight plan 

 Discuss how to handle emergencies if they should arise 

Prior to Flight Checks and Inspections 

All pre-flight, post-flight, maintenance and inspection actions shall be consistent with the OEM 

recommended practices and procedures. 

PIC will ensure that all pre-flight checks are conducted in the same environment as flight 

operations (not indoors or vehicle). The aircraft must be at ambient temperature before take-off 

- a difference between ambient temperature and of sensors/components may cause serious 

issues, including system failures and communications problems. 

 Ensure controlled access is established in the "sterile area" 

 Check weather conditions (ceiling, precipitation, icing conditions, and wind speed) to 

ensure it supports flight operations 

 All personnel accounted for and notified of pending flight operations 

 Ensure a minimum of 20 feet stand-off between sUAS, obstacles, or participating 

personnel on take off 

 Take-Off and Landing zone is designated and clearly marked, and not near any metal or 

magnetic material 

 Communications check with PIC and visual observer(s) 
Valero sUAS Operations Manual Rev: Org. Date: 12/15/15 21 

 Double check flight planning and ensure there is enough charge to support the flight, 

including safe return (25% battery power remaining) 

Check flight-batteries 

 Charge batteries fully before flight 

 Inspect battery for visible damage 

 Ensure the connectors are firmly attached and functional 

 Check the main power cable and connectors 

Check the battery of the RC-Transmitter 

 Charge the RC-transmitter battery fully before flight 

 Inspect the battery for visible damage 

 Check the cable connection between the battery and the RC-transmitter 

Check the Ground Control Station (GCS) 

 Charge GCS battery fully before flight 

 Check the cable connections of the GCS 

 Ensure that the mission planning and piloting software starts up correctly 

Check the SD-card(s) 

 Ensure they only contain flight information for the current mission 

 Check the contacts of the SD-Card(s) 

 Ensure the SD-Card slides into the slot tightly and smoothly 

Check the settings of the flight controller system 

 To ensure safe flight altitude and applicable geo-fences are defined 

 Establish designated take-off zone as 0 feet AGL and landing zones as applicable to the 

takeoff zone 

 Homing functions as required 

 Return to home function is programmed specific to the operational area 

 Speed is appropriate for mission, payload, and conditions 

 Payload settings as requested 

 Ensure waypoint navigation, if used, was uploaded successfully 

Inspect the Airframe 

 Check that arms are safely locked into flight position 

 Inspect all parts of the drone for visible damage 

 Make sure that the landing gear has no foreign objects or debris on the surface 

Secure and Inspect Payload 

 Ensure payload is correctly connected to its corresponding sUAS system (flight 
Valero sUAS Operations Manual Rev: Org. Date: 12/15/15 22 

controller, transmitter, receiver, gimbals, etc) 

 Inspect all cable connections for damages and proper attachment 

 Check that the payload is operational and functioning correctly 

 Check settings of the payload - resolution, frame rate, etc. 

 Check the battery of payload 

Final Pre-Flight Procedures 

 Ensure that batteries are firmly secured in the battery well and connected 

into the airframe safely and securely 

 Check power cable, connections and plugs for damages 

 Check connection of GPS receiver cable for damages and securely connected 

 Check all antennas of the aircraft and subsystems to ensure they are connected 

securely and functioning properly 

Ready for Take-off 

 Ensure take-off and landing areas are clear and free of obstacles 

 Ensure aircraft has acclimatized to ambient temperature 

 Ensure Transmitter is "on" and functioning 

 Ensure GCS is "on" and working properly 

 Check to make sure GCS antenna is facing the flight course and working properly 

 Check telemetry stream is connected and functioning properly 

 Check video stream is connected and functioning properly 

 Start flight control software on the flight computer and ensure it is working properly 

 Confirm wind direction and wind speed 

 Confirm control of the airspace and sterile area of operations 

 CHECK Communications between Pilot and Visual Observer 

 Power-up aircraft 

Take-off Procedures 

 Ensure participating personnel are utilizing appropriate personal protective equipment 

(PPE) 

 All personnel in the Sterile Area shall be notified of imminent sUAS take-off 

 Ensure no one or obstacle is within 20 feet of the sUAS 

 Check take-off and landing zone is clear 

 Check airspace for safe flight clearance for take-off 

 Ensure activation of functions within flight control software work properly 

(video stream, battery state indicator, etc) 

 Check for any error-messages from the sUAS and GCS 

 Check for any abnormalities in flight performance 

 Check all motors to ensure smooth operation and no faults 

 Check for any strong unexpected noises, vibrations, or instability 
Valero sUAS Operations Manual Rev: Org. Date: 12/15/15 23 

 Check flight battery voltage and current 

 Check the yaw axis through a full 360 degree turn, stopping at 45 degree increments 

 Check pitch and yaw by moving controls in different directions (back, forward, left, 

right) 

 Check altitude and position accuracy 

 Check telemetry data for properly working GPS. (number of satellites, signal 

strength, accuracy reading) 

 Compare telemetry data with GCS 

Landing Procedures 

 PIC or Visual Observer will verify that landing zone is clear 

 All personnel in the Sterile Area shall be notified of imminent sUAS landing 

 The PIC will never descend at maximum speed. 

 Descents should be conducted smoothly and allow the sUAS to hover for a several 

seconds over the landing zone in case of environmental turbulences. 

 The PIC will ensure landing gear is extended and appears serviceable 

 The PIC will approach the ground carefully and account for ground effect 

during the touchdown phase. 

 Power will be decreased smoothly to allow for gentle contact with the 

ground or landing zone. 

 The transmitter should be turned off before approaching the sUAS 

 All personnel will wait until rotors have completely stopped before proceeding to recover 

Recovery 

Recovery operations include UAS post-flight maintenance and disassembly, 

documentation of flights, and post flight debriefing. 

Post-Flight Checks 

 Once a safe landing is completed whereby rotors and motors have completely 

stopped, disconnect the aircraft battery systems 

 Conduct a visual inspection of the airframe - look for cracks and structurally 

integrity. 

 Conduct a visual inspection of the rotors - looking for cracks, breaks, structural 

integrity, and that they are secured properly. 

 Check charge of all batteries (sUAS, GCS, and radio transmitters) 

 Discharge and charge batteries in accordance with manufacturer’s 

recommendations. 

 Disassemble and store sUAS components as applicable 

Logging Flight and Duty Time 

Position Abbreviations 
Valero sUAS Operations Manual Rev: Org. Date: 12/15/15 24 

Use the following symbols to record duty time when performing crewmember functions: 

PIC: Pilot-In-Command 

VO: Visual Observer 

SP: Supplemental Pilot 

SO: Sensor Operator 

Mission Abbreviations 

 

Use the following symbols to specify the mission type: 

C: configuration verification flight. 

M: maintenance test flight. 

S: service missions, other than C, M, or T. 

T: training flight for individual qualification, refresher, or mission rehearsal 

Individual records 

Each crewmember will be responsible for maintaining his or her individual flight log. The flight 

experience and qualification data for each crewmember will be documented in their individual 

flight log and kept in training folder on site at Valero. 

At a minimum a copy of the following will be maintained: 

Pilot certificate 

Medical certificate 

Crew Qualification Training 

OSHA required training 

Site specific training 

Transportation Worker Identification Credentials- TWICs Card (Copy) 

These records will be kept on file for 

Crewmembers in operational positions. 

Crewmembers in nonoperational positions 

Other personnel authorized to take part in flights, and 

Persons attending qualification training but no yet certified. 

sUAS Maintenance Procedures 

The sUAS systems are nearly maintenance free; it performs many automatic preflight checks 

autonomously. Checks which cannot be done by the system will be performed by a qualified 

operator prior to each flight and following recovery. 

Reliability 
Valero sUAS Operations Manual Rev: Org. Date: 12/15/15 25 

The system is designed for maximum reliability and to maintain performance over 

its life. The only components experiencing routine wear are rotors, batteries, 

motors, and landing legs. Battery and motor conditions are monitored by the system 

with deviations reported to the operator. 

Contact with other objects during flight may cause other components, particularly 

rotors, and motor arms, to become damaged. Damaged components are likely to be 

detected during the full visual inspection of the airframe performed before and after 

each flight. Structural damage affecting flight characteristics will be detected by onboard sensors. 

The sUAS system detects numerous conditions which may make flying unsafe, such as reduced 

GPS accuracy, magnetic anomalies, low battery charge, battery cell imbalances and temperature 

fluctuations. The crew is responsible for monitoring the conditions of the self-checking 

components and systems. 

Maintenance 

a. Maintenance will be performed by trained Valero personnel or the OEM in accordance 

with the OEM recommended maintenance practices to include but not limited to: 

i. Arms 

ii. Batteries 

iii. Body 

iv. Electronic Speed Controllers 

v. Landing Gear Components 

vi. Rotors 

vii. Motors 

viii. Transmitters 

ix. Receivers 

x. Position Sensors 

xi. Payloads 

xii. Gimbals 

xiii. Position Lights 

xiv. Flight Controller 

xv. Software Updates 

xvi. On-Screen Display 

b. Valero shall comply with all manufacturer Safety Bulletins or equivalent pertaining 

to their sUAS. 

c. Valero will document and maintain a record of the sUAS maintenance, 

preventative maintenance, and alterations. See Appendix A, sUAS Maintenance 

Logbook. 

d. Maintenance or repairs that may affect the sUAS operation or flight characteristics shall 

undergo a test flight. A test flight will adequately check the component which underwent 
Valero sUAS Operations Manual Rev: Org. Date: 12/15/15 26 

maintenance. This test flight shall be recorded in the sUAS’s maintenance records. 

e. Crew members will ensure that a tool kit and spare parts are available for deployment to 

allow for remedy of field repairs {e.g. tightening loose screws, replacing antennas, 

changing pod straps, etc.). 

Documentation 

All maintenance actions, including inspections, preventative maintenance, alterations, 

repairs and total time of service, will be documented by appropriate personnel. The 

maintenance logbook will be maintained on each aircraft and will include: 

a. sUAS Type and Model 

b. sUAS Serial Number 

c. sUAS Registration Number 

d. Total time in Service 

e. Airframe 

f. Batteries 

g. Ground Control Station 

h. Powerplant 

i. Rotor 

j. Date of Service 

k. Description of Work Performed 

l. Name and signature of trained Valero personnel or OEM performing the work 

A flight log will also be kept on each aircraft and include the following information 

a. sUAS Type and Model 

b. sUAS Serial Number 

c. sUAS Registration Number 

d. Flight Identification 

e. Date of Flight 

f. Time of flight 

g. PIC 

h. Purpose 

i. Remarks 

An example of each log is contained in Appendix A: Examples of sUAS Maintenance 

Log , Battery Maintenance Log and sUAS Flight Log. 

Emergency Response Plan 

Refer to Valero’s Services, Inc primary Emergency Response Program concerning Initial 

assessment, notification, site security, and witness data. 

It is the responsibility of supervisory personnel to evaluate the situation quickly and activate the 
Valero sUAS Operations Manual Rev: Org. Date: 12/15/15 27 

Emergency Response Plan when warranted and secure the following: 

Data from memory card. 

Videotape when available. 

Relevant paperwork, risk assessment, weather data, and the mission brief sheet. 

Training 

Our goal is to provide specific guidance to insure the highest standards of flight proficiency and 

operational readiness among crewmembers’ assigned to the mission. As well as holding current 

certificates, sUAS crewmembers must have successfully completed the training program and 

competency checks prescribed by the UAS OEM. Training shall be conducted using OEM / 

Company manuals, publications, checklists, and relevant documents. 

All team members will be trained and remain current on the following regulations: 

FAA Grant of Section 333 Exemption for Valero Services, Inc. 

Limitations of Valero Services, Inc. approved FAA Certificates of Authorization 

91.13- Careless and Reckless Operation 

91.15- Dropping Objects 

91.113- Right of way rules 

91.126- 91.135: Operating in the vicinity of Airports in Class A, B, C, D, E, G Airspace, and 

Restricted and Prohibited Areas 

NOTAM(s) 91.137-91.145 

PIC 

Only Valero employees who have successfully completed a rigorous competency assessment 

evaluation will be selected to operate sUAS. Operators must demonstrate not only a superior 

knowledge of the technical issues associated with sUAS systems, including the full range of the 

capabilities and limitations of the aircraft, but also must show sound piloting techniques and the 

ability to navigate around structures. In addition to their other qualifications, Valero employees 

who operate the UAS will undergo an extensive program of hands on flight training in a 

simulated operational environment. This training will allow operators to gain experience with 

the specific flight characteristics of the sUAS prior to any actual field operation. 

Observers 

Must have completed sufficient training to communicate to the pilot any instructions required to 

remain clear of conflicting traffic. This training, at a minimum, shall include knowledge of the 

rules and responsibilities described in the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) to include: 

Operating Near Other Aircraft; 

Right of Way Rules; 

Basic VFR Weather Minimums; 

Knowledge of air traffic and; 

Radio communications including the use of approved ATC/pilot phraseology. 

Hand and arm signals 

Maintenance 
Valero sUAS Operations Manual Rev: Org. Date: 12/15/15 28 

All personnel who are authorized to perform sUAS maintenance shall be trained by the OEM 

and/or an in-house program. In-house training programs shall be based on, and consistent with, 

the OEM recommended maintenance practices and procedures. 

Recurrent Training 

Members must maintain proficiency in their assigned duties. Members who do not have any 

documented training or flight time within a span of 90 days will have to show proficiency and 

meet currency requirements before being assigned a mission. 

Recurrent training is not limited to actual operating skills but include knowledge of pertinent 

UAS/aviation information. 

Duty and Flight Times 

Duty time for PICs, SPs and VOs shall be no more 14 duty hours in any consecutive 24 hour 

period. Maximum flight time of 12 hours. Minimum of 10 hours of uninterrupted rest between 

duty days. 
Valero sUAS Operations Manual Rev: Org. Date: 12/15/15 29 

Definitions and Acronyms 

The following definitions are used by the FAA’s Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Integration 

Office and many UAS organizations to describe relevant differences between UAS operations 

and those of manned aircraft. Other organizations, such as the International Civil Aviation 

Organization (ICAO) and RTCA, Inc., have also developed acronyms and definitions which may 

differ from those used by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Aviation safety inspectors 

(ASI) may wish to refer to the current version of ICAO Circular 328, Unmanned Aircraft 

Systems (UAS) and RTCA Guidance DO-304, Guidance Material and Considerations for 

Unmanned Aircraft Systems, until harmonization of terminology is achieved. 

Aircraft 

A device used or intended to be used for flight in the air, including unmanned aircraft (UA). 

Airworthiness 

A condition in which the UAS (including the aircraft, airframe, engine, propeller, accessories, 

appliances, and control station (CS)) conforms to its type certificate (TC), if applicable, and is 

in condition for safe operation. 

Airworthiness Certification 

A repeatable process that results in a documented decision that an aircraft system has been 

judged to be Airworthy. It is intended to verify that the aircraft system can be safely maintained 

and safely operated by fleet pilots within its described and documented operational envelope. 

Airworthiness Statement 

Document required from public UAS applicants during a Certificate of Waiver or Authorization 

(COA) application process which confirms aircraft airworthiness. 

ATC 

Air Traffic Control 

 

ALT 

Altitude 

Captain 

Synonymous with PIC. See PIC for complete definition. 

Contingency Operation 

An unplanned operation or event that requires Aviation Department involvement. 

Certificate of Waiver or Authorization (COA) 

An FAA grant of approval for a specific operation. COAs may be used as an authorization, 

issued by the Air Traffic Organization (ATO), to a public operator for a specific UA activity. 

COAs for civil and commercial operations are only for aircraft that have received an 

airworthiness certificate from Aircraft Certification Service (AIR). Provisions or limitations 

may be imposed as part of the approval process to ensure the UA can operate safely with other 

airspace users. Given by the FAA which grants permission to fly within specific boundaries and 

perimeters. 
Valero sUAS Operations Manual Rev: Org. Date: 12/15/15 30 

CFR

Code of Federal Regulations. 

COA

Certificate of Authorization 

Congested Area 

A congested area is determined on a case-by-case basis. The determination should take into 

consideration all circumstances, not only the size of an area and the number of homes or 

structures (e.g., whether the buildings are occupied or people are otherwise present, such as on 

roads). 

Cooperative Aircraft 

Aircraft that have an electronic means of identification (i.e., a transponder or Automatic 

Dependent Surveillance—Broadcast (ADS-B) transceiver) aboard in operation. 

Crewmember (UAS) 

In addition to the crewmembers identified in Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 

CFR) part 1, a UAS flight crew member includes pilots, sensor/payload operators, and visual 

observers (VO), but may include other persons as appropriate or required to ensure safe 

operation of the aircraft. 

Crew Resource Management (CRM). 

The effective use of all available resources including human, hardware, and information 

resources. 

Daily Flight Schedule 

The published schedule of daily planned activities to make maximum and effective use of 

aviation assets and personnel 

Daisy-Chaining 

The use of multiple, successive observers to extend the flight of a UA beyond the direct visual 

line-of-sight of any other pilot in command (PIC) or VO. 

Deviations 

Any departure from scheduled or planned activities and/or operations. Preplanned deviations 

need to be approved by the respective manager 

Due Regard 

A phase of flight wherein an aircraft commander of a State-operated aircraft assumes 

responsibility to separate his or her aircraft from all other aircraft. 

Emergency Response Plan (ERP) 

A preplanned and published set of general guidelines that will be utilized to control and manage 

an emergency or contingency operation (as necessary) with aviation assets. 
Valero sUAS Operations Manual Rev: Org. Date: 12/15/15 31 

ETA 

Estimated Time of Arrival 

Experimental Certificate 

A type of Special Airworthiness Certificate issued for the purposes of research and development 

(R&D), crew training, exhibition, and market survey as defined in 14 CFR part 21, § 21.191(a), 

(c), and (f). (NOTE: According to 14 CFR part 91, § 91.319(a)(2), experimental aircraft may 

not be used for carrying persons or property for compensation or hire.) Commercial UAS 

operations cannot be conducted with an experimental certificate. 

External Pilot 

A UAS pilot who flies from outside a control station with direct visual contact with the aircraft. 

FAA 

Federal Aviation Administration 

FAA-Recognized Equivalent 

An FAA recognition that a public agency may exercise its own internal processes regarding 

airworthiness and pilot, aircrew, and maintenance personnel certification and training; 

furthermore, the agency has determined that its UAS is capable of safe operation in the National 

Airspace System (NAS) when conducting public aircraft operations under Title 49 of the United 

States Code (49 U.S.C.) §§ 40102(a)(41) and 40125. 

First Flight 

First flight of day, or when any crewmember has changed. 

Flight Duty 

Duty time defined as time preparing for, conducting and terminating a flight. 

Flight Termination 

The intentional and deliberate process of performing controlled flight into terrain (CFIT). Flight 

termination should be executed in the event that all other contingencies have been exhausted, 

and further flight of the aircraft cannot be safely achieved, or other potential hazards exist that 

require immediate discontinuation of flight. 

Flight Time 

Flying time starts when a sUAS lifts off the ground. Flying time ends when the sUAS has 

landed and the rotors have stopped moving. 

Flyaway 

An interruption or loss of the control link, or when the pilot is unable to effect control of the 

aircraft and, as a result, the UA is not operating in a predicable or planned manner. 

GPS 

Global Positioning System 
Valero sUAS Operations Manual Rev: Org. Date: 12/15/15 32 

HAZMAT 

Hazardous Material 

Incident 

An occurrence other than an accident, associated with the operation of an aircraft, which affects 

or could affect the safety of operations. 

Lost Link 

The loss of command-and-control link contact with the remotely piloted aircraft such that the 

remote pilot can no longer manage the aircraft’s flight. 

National Civil Aviation Authority (NCAA) 

The regulatory authority controlling civil airspace. Authority or rule making body with 

enforcement powers regarding airspace use. 

Non-Cooperative Aircraft 

Aircraft that do not have an electronic means of identification (e.g., a transponder) aboard or 

that have inoperative equipment because of malfunction or deliberate action. 

NOTAM 

Notice to Airmen 

Observer 

A trained person who assists a UAS pilot in the duties associated with collision avoidance and 

navigational awareness through electronic or visual means. Collision avoidance includes, but is 

not limited to, avoidance of other traffic, clouds, obstructions, terrain and navigational 

awareness. A visual observer (VO) is a trained person who assists the UAS pilot by visual 

means in the duties associated with collision avoidance. A VO includes the OPA pilot when the 

OPA is being operated as a UAS. 

OEM 

Original Equipment Manufacturer 

Off-Airport 

Any location used to launch, recover or operate an aircraft that is not considered an airport (e.g., 

an open field). 

Optionally Piloted Aircraft (OPA) 

An aircraft that is integrated with UAS technology and still retains the capability of being flown 

by an onboard pilot using conventional control methods (see OPA Safety Pilot, below). 

OPA Safety Pilot 

The PIC that is responsible for ensuring the safe operation of an Optionally Piloted Aircraft 

(OPA), whether under remote control or onboard control, for the purposes of overriding the 

automated control system in the case of malfunction or any other hazardous situation. 

Pilot Duty Period 

The period beginning when a flight crew member is required to report for duty with the 
Valero sUAS Operations Manual Rev: Org. Date: 12/15/15 33 

intention of conducting a flight and ending when the aircraft is parked after the last flight. It 

includes the period of time before a flight or between flights that a pilot is working without an 

intervening rest period. 

Pilot in Command (PIC) 

The person who has final authority and responsibility for the operation and safety of flight, has 

been designated as PIC before or during the flight, and holds the appropriate category, class, 

and type rating, if applicable, for the conduct of the flight. The responsibility and authority of 

the PIC as described by § 91.3 apply to the UA PIC. The PIC position may rotate duties as 

necessary with equally qualified pilots. The individual designated as PIC may change during 

flight. (NOTE: The PIC can only be the PIC for one aircraft at a time. For an OPA, the PIC 

should meet UAS guidance requirements for training, pilot licensing, and medical requirements 

when operating an OPA as a UAS.) The PIC of any flight, as designated on the flight schedule, 

will be in complete charge of the craft's operation, performance, safety, and security and is the 

final authority as to its operation in accordance with CFR regulations and Company Policies and 

directives. 

Safety Risk Management (SRM) 

A formalized, proactive approach to system safety. SRM is a methodology that ensures hazards 

are identified; risks are analyzed, assessed, and prioritized; and results are documented for 

decision-makers to transfer, eliminate, accept, or mitigate risk. 

Scheduled Maintenance (Routine). 

The performance of maintenance tasks at prescribed intervals. 

Sensor Operator 

The person responsible for operating the sensor payload attached to the UA. 

Supplemental Pilot 

Pilots assigned UAS flight duties to augment the PIC. It is common for operators to have both 

an internal and an external UAS pilot. The supplemental pilot can assume either of these 

positions. The supplemental pilot may also assume duties of the PIC if the specified 

qualifications are met. 

TSA 

Transportation Security Administration 

Unscheduled Maintenance (Non routine). 

The performance of maintenance tasks that are unplanned. 

Unmanned Aircraft (UA) 

A device used or intended to be used for flight in the air that has no onboard pilot. This device 

excludes missiles, weapons, or exploding warheads, but includes all classes of airplanes, 

helicopters, airships, and powered-lift aircraft without an onboard pilot. UAs do not include 

traditional balloons (refer to 14 CFR part 101), rockets, and unpowered gliders. 

Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) 
Valero sUAS Operations Manual Rev: Org. Date: 12/15/15 34 

A UA and its associated elements related to safe operations, which may include control stations 

(ground-, ship-, or air-based), control links, support equipment, payloads, Flight Termination 

Systems (FTS), and launch/recovery equipment. 

VFR 

Visual Flight Rules 

Visual Line of Sight (VLOS) 

Unaided (corrective lenses and/or sunglasses exempted) visual contact between a PIC or a VO 

and a UA sufficient to maintain safe operational control of the aircraft, know its location, and be 

able to scan the airspace in which it is operating to see and avoid other air traffic or objects aloft 

or on the ground 
Valero sUAS Operations Manual Rev: Org. Date: 12/15/15 35 

Appendix A 

Aircraft Flight Log 

UAS 

MAKE MODEL REGISTRATION 

NUMBER 

CYCLES FLIGHT 

TIME 

 CARRIED FORWARD 

DATE PAYLOAD LOCATION PILOT IN 

COMMAND MISSION 

 

TOTALS 

Aircraft Maintenance Log 

UAS 

MAKE MODEL REGISTRATION 

NUMBER 

 

DATE SYSTEM DESCRIPTION OF WORK AND SIGNATURE 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Valero sUAS Operations Manual Rev: Org. Date: 12/15/15 36 

Battery Maintenance Log 

BATTERY 

MAKE 

PART 

NUMBER 

SERIAL 

NUMBER 

BROUGHT FORWARD 

CHARGE 

CYCLES 

 

DATE DESCRIPTION OF WORK AND SIGNATURE 

Total Charge Cycles 

sUAS Maintenance Log

Platform     Component Key:    

Regristration      S= Software M=Motors B=Battery

S/N      A= Airframe R=Rotors P=Payload

Date Component Description of work performed Work Performed By