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<title>Importation of Psidium guajava (guava) fruit from Mexico, into the United States </title>
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<p><img src="embedded:image2.jpg" alt="image2.jpg"><b>United States Department of Agriculture
</b></p>
<p><b>Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service</b></p>
<p><b>Plant Protection and Quarantine</b></p>
<p><b>Movement of Fresh Guava,
</b></p>
<p><b><i>Psidium guajava</i>, Fruit from Hawaii
</b></p>
<p><b>into the Continental United States</b></p>
<p><b>Risk Management Document</b></p>
<p><b>June 2010
</b></p>
<p><b>Version 2</b></p>
<p><b>Plant Health Programs (PHP)</b></p>
<p><b>Regulations, Permits and Manuals (RPM)</b></p>
<p><b>Contact Person: <i>David Lamb</i></b></p>
<p><b>Introduction</b></p>
<p>The Hawaii Department of Agriculture (HDOA) through the Plant Protection and Quarantine program’s State Plant Health Director in Hawaii requested permission to move guava, <i>Psidium guajava </i>L., fruit into the continental United States.  The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prepared a pest list to examine plant pest risks associated with the movement of fresh guava fruit from Hawaii into the continental United States based on the scientific literature, pest interception data, and information provided by the Hawaii Department of Agriculture.  From the pest list (USDA, 2010), 16 quarantine pests as listed below were identified as likely to follow the pathway of fresh guava fruit from Hawaii:</p>
<p><u>Mites:</u></p>
<p><i>Eutetranychus orientalis</i> (Klein) (ACARI: Tetranychidae) red spider mite</p>
<p><i>Oligonychus biharensis </i>(Hirst) (ACARI: Tetranychidae) cassava red mite</p>
<p><u>Insects:</u></p>
<p><i>Aleurodicus dispersus </i>Russell (HOMOPTERA: Aleyrodidae) spiraling whitefly</p>
<p><i>Bactrocera cucurbitae </i>(Coquillett) (DIPTERA: Tephritidae) melon fly</p>
<p><i>Bactrocera dorsalis </i>(Hendel) (DIPTERA: Tephritidae) oriental fruit fly</p>
<p><i>Ceratitis capitata </i>(Wiedemann) (DIPTERA: Tephritidae) Mediterranean fruit fly <i>Ceroplastes rubens </i>Maskell<i> </i>(HEMIPTERA: Coccidae) red wax scale</p>
<p><i>Coccus viridis</i> (Green) (HEMIPTERA: Coccidae) green scale 
</p>
<p><i>Cryptoblabes gnidiella </i>Milliere (LEPIDOPTERA: Pyralidae) honeydew moth</p>
<p><i>Dysmicoccus neobrevipes </i>Beardsley (HEMIPTERA:Pseudococcidae) pineapple mealybug</p>
<p><i>Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) </i>(HEMIPTERA: Pseudococcidae) pink hibiscus mealybug</p>
<p><i>Nipaecoccus viridis</i> (Newstead) (HEMIPTERA: Pseudococcidae) spherical mealybug</p>
<p><i>Parabemisia myricae </i>(Kuwana)<i> </i>(HOMOPTERA: Aleyrodidae) bayberry whitefly</p>
<p><i>Pseudococcus cryptus</i> Hempel (HEMIPTERA: Pseudococcidae) citriculus mealybu</p>
<p><i>Thrips palmi</i> Karny (THYSANOPTERA: Thripidae) melon thrips</p>
<p><i>Vinsonia stellifera </i>(Westwood) (HEMIPTERA: Coccidae) stellate scale 
</p>
<p>In addition to standard postharvest processing, the Hawaii Department of Agriculture also proposed to treat the guavas with an approved generic dose of irradiation (400Gy) as a condition of entry.  The standard postharvest processing includes washing and brushing or power spraying in a soapy water bath.  The 400 Gy irradiation dose mitigates the risk from all insect pests except Lepidoptera pupae and adults (USDA, 2006).  Although irradiation may cause some mortality of the mites, <i>Eutetranychus orientalis</i> and<i> Oligonychus biharensis</i>,  the treatment is not approved to completely mitigate the risk from these mites. Therefore, other measures in addition to irradiation will be required for the two mites.  </p>
<p>The proposed movement of guava fruit from Hawaii, if approved, would be regulated the PPQ Hawaii manual enlisting approved fruits and vegetables available at <i>http://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/plants/manuals/online_manuals.shtml.</i> This document outlines the phytosanitary measures that APHIS will require if the proposed movement of guavas from Hawaii is approved and documents the evidence used by APHIS to conclude that these measures will effectively prevent the introduction of quarantine pests.
</p>
<p><b>Pest Risk Mitigation Measures</b></p>
<p>APHIS proposes that guava fruit from Hawaii may be moved into the continental United States only under the following conditions: 
</p>
<p>(1). Guavas may be moved in commercial consignments only.
</p>
<p>(2). The fruit must be irradiated with a minimum absorbed dose of 400 Gy and follow requirements of 7CFR parts 305.9 and 318.13.  If the treatment is not applied in HI, the fruit must be accompanied by a limited permit issued by APHIS or by an official authorized by APHIS allowing movement to an approved irradiation facility on the mainland United States.</p>
<p>(3). Each shipment of fruit must be inspected by an inspector in HI and found free of<i> Eutetranychus orientalis</i> and<i> Oligonychus biharensis</i>.<i> </i></p>
<p>(4) Guavas moved into the continental United States will also be subject to port-of-entry inspection.  </p>
<p><b>Historical Performance of Importing Irradiated Fruits</b></p>
<p>Current regulations 7CFR 305.9 allow the use of irradiation to treat fruit for importation into the United States.  Beginning in April, 2007, India has shipped mangos to the United States irradiated with a minimum dose of 400 Gy targeting arthropod pests and with a systems approach for fungal pathogens.   Likewise, hundreds of shipments of Thai fruits (since 2007) and Mexican guavas (since 2008) treated with 400 Gy of irradiation have been allowed into the United States.  The regulations in 7 CFR parts 318 and 305 provide for the interstate movement of fifteen different fruits, including mangos, from Hawaii, after treatment by irradiation using a minimum absorbed dose of 150 Gy, 300 Gy or 400 Gy.  The treatment is applied to mitigate risks from fruit flies, seed weevils and/or other quarantine pests.  Fruits and vegetables imported or moved interstate after treatment by irradiation have had no live insect pests of quarantine significance intercepted (AQAS-PestID, 2009).  On very rare occassions when fruit fly larvae were detected in irradiated shipments, they were found to be moribund, which never resulted in further development or in completing life cycles (Uyeda, 2005).</p>
<p><b>Evidence for the Effective Removal of Pests of Concern from the Pathway
</b></p>
<p>The following paragraph summarizes key mitigation options for the movement of guava fruit from Hawaii and provides a general discussion of the measures.  The evidence APHIS uses to determine that the measures described above effectively remove pests of concern from the pathway are also discussed. The FAO (2002) defines “pathway” as “any means that allows the entry or spread of a pest.”  
</p>
<p>Fourteen of the sixteen quarantine significant pests likely to follow the pathway are insects.  There are no records of movement of irradiated guavas from Hawaii, but records of movement of fifteen commodities including mangos from Hawaii treated with 150 Gy to 400 Gy into the continental United States since 2000 show no interceptions of quarantine pests (Uyeda, 2005).  Additionally, reports of shipments of Australian mangos irradiated with 150 Gy and imported into New Zealand since 2004, provide no record of quarantine pest interceptions (Edwards, 2005).  Although the pest complex for mangos from Hawaii or Australia is different from that described for Hawaiian guavas,  a dose of 150 Gy as the minimum absorbed dose has been determined to be effective against all fruit flies and a dose of 400 Gy, against all insect pests except pupae and adults of Lepidoptera  (USDA, 2006).  Of the fourteen insect pests, <i>Cryptoblabes gnidiella </i>is the only pest that belongs to the order Lepidoptera.  Per the pest list (USDA, 2010), only the egg or larval stages of this pest are likely to follow the pathway; the pupae, being external, and adults, being mobile, are not expected to remain with the commodity.  The 400 Gy dose is therefore considered adequate for all insect pests of concern.</p>
<p>As part of requirements governing the use of irradiation as a phytosanitary treatment (7 CFR 305.9), APHIS and the treatment facility in HI or mainland will jointly develop a compliance agreement.  The agreement shall incorporate details of treatment and predeparture activities including inspection of articles before or after the treatment.  Inspection of guava fruit during predeparture activities for the presence of  pests not targeted by irradiation (e.g., the two mites) will further ensure that the pests of concern are removed from the pathway.
</p>
<p>Infestation by mites produces visible damage, or bronzing, on leaves and fruit of guavas (Kwee & Chong, 1990).  Infestations of mites are detectable and will be culled at the packing house or detected by phytosanitary inspection at the port-of-entry.
</p>
<p><b>Summary</b></p>
<p>The phytosanitary requirements described above include treatment of Hawaiian guava fruit with irradiation using a minimum absorbed dose of 400 Gy and preclearance inspections for pests not targeted by the irradiation treatment. APHIS finds that the safeguards of 7 CFR § 305.9 and 318.13, and the additional measures described in this document, will result in the effective removal of the pests of concern from the pathway identified by the pest list for the movement of fresh guava fruit from Hawaii.
</p>
<p><b>Table 1. </b>Summary of risk management measures for guava, <i>Psidium guajava</i>, from Hawaii.</p>
<table><tbody><tr>	<td><p><b>Mitigation Measures</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Pest</b></p>
</td>	<td><p><b>Efficacy</b></p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>(1) Only commercially </p>
<p> produced guava  fruit may be moved into the continental United States.</p>
</td>	<td><p>All, when used in conjunction with other measures.</p>
</td>	<td><p>Cultural, chemical, or mechanical means (e.g., field sanitation, pre-harvest application of pesticides, resistant cultivars) should be used to eliminate pests from fields or prevent fruit infestation. Sanitation, such as removing and discarding fallen fruit and pesticide applications, as essential components of good agricultural practices, are mainstays of commercial fruit production (e.g., Kirk <i>et al</i>., 2001).  </p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>(2) Irradiation at 400 Gy </p>
<p>      (T105-a-2).</p>
</td>	<td><p>All insects except pupae and adult Lepidoptera, </p>
</td>	<td><p>Satisfies requirements for appropriate level of protection (USDA, 2006).</p>
<p>Pupae are found under debris on the ground and not in the fruit (Agrobyte.com.br.  2008). </p>
</td></tr>
<tr>	<td><p>(3) Phytosanitary </p>
<p>      inspection in Hawaii</p>
</td>	<td><p><i>Eutetranychus orientalis,</i> <i>Oligonychus biharensis </i></p>
</td>	<td><p>Both pests have stages that are visible upon inspection, or cause visible damage (Boscán de Martínez & Cásares, 1980; González, 1991; Gould &  Raga, 2002; Kwee & Chong, 1990).</p>
<p></p>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p><b>Authors/Reviewers</b></p>
<p>Walter Gould, Ph.D. 
</p>
<p>Senior Risk Manager</p>
<p>Inder P.S. Gadh, Ph.D.
</p>
<p>Senior Risk Manager
</p>
<p>José R. Hernández, Ph.D.
</p>
<p>Senior Risk Manager</p>
<p><b>References</b></p>
<p>Agrobyte.com.br.  2008.  Bicho Furão.  <a href="http://www.agrobyte.com.br/bichofurao.htm"><u>http://www.agrobyte.com.br/bichofurao.htm</u></a>   Last access Sep. 2008.
</p>
<p>AQAS-PestID. 2009. Agricultural Quarantine Activity System Pest Interception Database. USDA-APHIS-PPQ. Last access July. 2009.
</p>
<p>Boscán de Martínez, N. and R. Cásares. 1980. El gorgojo de la guayaba <i>Conotrachelus psidii </i>Marshall (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). I. Evaluación de daños. Agron. Trop. 30: 77-83. 
</p>
<p>Edwards, G. 2005. Personal Communication from G. Edwards of NZ Department of Agriculture & Fisherries to Karen Ackerman of the United States Department of Agriculture, Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection & Quarantine, Riverdale, MD.</p>
<p>FAO.  2002.  International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures: Guidelines for Pest Risk Analysis.  Publication No. 2.  Rome: Secretariat of the International Plant Protection Convention, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.</p>
<p>González G., E.  1991.  El picudo de la guayaba en la región de Calvillo-Cañones.  INIFAP. SAG. Centro de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias de Zacatecas, Campo Experimental los Cañones.  Folleto Miscelaneo No. 6.  22 pp.
</p>
<p>Gould, W.P. and A. Raga.  2002.  Pests of guava. In Tropical fruit pests and pollinators, J.E. Peña, J.L. Sharp and M. Wysoki eds.  CAB International.  Wallingford UK. pp. 295-313</p>
<p>Kirk, K., Bessin, R., Hartman, J., O’Leary, J. and Strang, J. 2001. Total quality assurance: apple production: best management practices. Kentucky Coop. Ext. Serv. ID-137.</p>
<p>Kwee, L.T. and K.K. Chong.  1990.  Guava in Malaysia: Production, pests and diseases.  Tropical Press Sdn. Bhd., Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 260 pp.
</p>
<p>USDA. 2006. Treatments for Fruits and Vegetables. January 27, 2006 issue of Federal Register 71(18): 4451-4464.</p>
<p>USDA. 2010. Pest List for the Movement of Fresh Guava, <i>Psidium guajava</i>, Fruit from Hawaii into the Continental United States<i>. </i>United States Department of Agriculture, Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection & Quarantine, Center for Plant Health Science & Technology, NC. 42 pp.</p>
<p>Uyeda, E. 2005.  Personal communication from E. Uyeda, Port Director, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection & Quarantine, Hilo, HI.</p>
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 March 9, 2010
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