[DO NOT PUBLISH]

In the

United States Court of Appeals

For the Eleventh Circuit

____________________

No. 22-11198

Non-Argument Calendar

____________________

REGINAL L. HOLSTON, 

Plaintiff-Appellant,

versus

JACOB J. DAWSON, 

Assistant Warden of Programs, 

WARDEN, 

ANNE OTWELL, 

MARK HARRISS, 

RYAN ENGLISH, et al.,

Defendants-Appellees.

____________________

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Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida

D.C. Docket No. 2:21-cv-00202-SPC-NPM

____________________

Before LAGOA, ABUDU, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

Reginal Holston, a Florida prisoner proceeding pro se, appeals the district court’s dismissal of his second amended complaint 

alleging federal and state claims of First Amendment retaliation, 

deliberate indifference to serious medical needs, medical negligence, violations of due process, false imprisonment, intentional 

infliction of emotional distress (“IIED”), conspiracy, and violations 

of Florida’s Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations 

(“RICO”) statute. Although Holston contends on appeal that he 

sufficiently alleged each of the counts against each of the defendants, the facts he alleged amounted to speculation of violations of 

federal and state law based on his disagreements with the defendants’ conduct and, thus, he did not plausibly allege that the defendants violated his rights. In addition, Holston did not comply with 

Florida pre-suit requirements, so his claim of medical negligence 

was barred. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of 

his second amended complaint with prejudice.

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I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND & PROCEDURAL 

HISTORY

Holston initially filed a pro se civil rights complaint in Florida 

state court against Ryan English, Colonel Mark Harriss, Nurse 

Anne Otwell, Jacob Dawson, and Derek Snider, who removed the 

case to the federal district court. Those defendants then moved to 

dismiss the complaint for failure to state a claim, and a magistrate 

judge ordered Holston to either respond to the motion or file an 

amended complaint. 

Holston filed an amended complaint attached three documents as exhibits that would later be referenced throughout a second amended complaint and, ultimately, in the district court’s order dismissing Holston’s case. Two of the documents were recommendations for Holston to be placed on Close Management 

(“CM”)1 by nonparties named Smith and Cecilia, which stated that 

Holston was initially placed in CM due to one incident where Holston injured an officer’s arm by pulling him into a shower and another incident where Holston swung a closed fist at another officer. 

1 CM is “the separation of an inmate apart from the general population, for 

reasons of security or the order and effective management of the institution, 

when the inmate, through his or her behavior, has demonstrated an inability 

to live in the general population without abusing the rights and privileges of 

others.” Fla. Admin. Code § 33-601.800(1)(a). There are three levels of CM: 

(1) CMI is the most restrictive single cell housing level; (2) CMII is in the middle; and (3) CMIII is the least restrictive. Id. § 33-601.800(1)(b), (2). The Institutional Classification Team conducts hearings and makes recommendation, 

which the State Classification Office approves, disapproves, or modifies. Id. 

§ 33-601.800(3)(h), (i).

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The third exhibit was English’s disciplinary report accusing Holston of attempted extortion. 

The district court dismissed Holston’s amended complaint 

without prejudice because Holston had improperly sought to assert unrelated claims against several defendants. This dismissal 

prompted Holston to file a second amended complaint against 

Dawson, Snider, Nurse Otwell, Colonel Harriss, English, as well as 

Warden Lars Severson and Major A. Scarpati (collectively, the “Defendants”), which is the operative pleading in this case. 

Holston alleged that, in December 2019, he was beaten and 

tortured by officers, which Colonel Harriss authorized and Warden 

Severson concealed. He was served with a notice of a CM recommendation based on him causing injury to another, and at the Institutional Classification Team (“ICT”) hearing, ICT recommended he be placed in CMI. Holston was then served another 

notice but did not appear at the second ICT hearing. 

Thereafter, Holston alleged that was transferred to another 

facility, at which English made it clear that he knew Colonel Harriss from Holston’s previous facility because Colonel Harriss “used 

to be [English’s] sergeant,” and that Holston should expect retaliation at the new facility. Holston filed a grievance regarding English’s retaliatory statements and Dawson, who reviewed the grievance, admitted that Holston was not present at the second ICT 

hearing but denied the grievance. At a six-month CM review hearing before the ICT, a nonparty named Brock, Major Scarpati, and 

Dawson conspired with Colonel Harriss to ratify the false 

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allegations regarding Holston’s physical assault of the officers from 

nonparty Smith’s CM recommendation. Dawson based his retaliatory decision to deny the formal grievance on nonparty Cecilia’s 

CM recommendation after Holston engaged in free speech. 

Holston further alleged that, after placing sick call requests, 

Holston visited Nurse Otwell, but she did not take his vital signs, 

argued with him about grievances he filed, and belittled him. He 

alleged that she falsified information in his medical files regarding 

his medical complaints as a form of retaliation. 

Holston further alleged that he received a second CM review notice that omitted any reference to the attempted extortion, 

and at the ICT review, Dawson, Major Scarpati, and nonparty 

Brock were on the review panel. They colluded against him, along 

with Warden Severson, who denied a grievance Holston submitted 

challenging his continuation in CM without a 90-day review. After 

a second recommendation for reduction to CMIII with a 90-day review, English, Dawson, and Major Scarpati rejected the 90-day review with a conspiratorially retaliatory animus. 

Based on the above allegations, Holston asserted 14 counts 

against varying Defendants. These claims included First Amendment retaliation claims in Counts 1 through 4; an Eighth Amendment deliberate indifference claim and state law medical negligence claim in Counts 5 and 11; procedural due process claims 

against in Counts 6 and 7; federal and state false imprisonment 

claims in Counts 8 and 12; an IIED claim in Count 10; 42 U.S.C. 

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§ 1983 conspiracy and common-law civil conspiracy claims in 

Counts 9 and 13; and a Florida RICO claim in Count 14. 

Ultimately, the district court dismissed Holston’s second 

amended complaint with prejudice for failure to state a claim. The

court explained that Holston had already amended his complaint 

twice and that any future attempts to amend would be futile. Holston’s appeal followed, in which he challenges the dismissal of each 

of his claims.

II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW

“We review de novo a district court’s grant of a Rule 12(b)(6)

motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim.” Holland v. Carnival 

Corp., 50 F.4th 1088, 1093 (11th Cir. 2022) (internal quotation marks 

omitted) (quoting Chaparro v. Carnival Corp., 693 F.3d 1333, 1335 

(11th Cir. 2012)). Generally, we must accept as true the allegations 

in the complaint and construe them in the light most favorable to 

the plaintiff. Id. However, such direction is inapplicable to legal 

conclusions couched as factual allegations. Id. 

To withstand a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, 

the complaint must contain “enough facts to state a claim to relief 

that is plausible on its face.” Hunt v. Amico Prop., L.P., 814 F.3d 1213, 

1221 (11th Cir. 2016) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting 

Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). A claim is plausible on its face when it contains facts that allow the court to draw 

a reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the alleged 

misconduct. Id. While we liberally construe pro se pleadings, Tannenbaum v. United States, 148 F.3d 1262, 1263 (11th Cir. 1998), the 

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plaintiff’s allegations must be more than mere labels, conclusions, 

or a formulistic recitation of the cause of action, Hunt, 814 F.3d at 

1221. Finally, a district court may consider documents outside the 

four corners of the complaint when such information is central to 

the plaintiff’s claim and the information’s authenticity is undisputed. Maxcess, Inc. v. Lucent Tech., Inc., 433 F.d3 1337, 1340 (11th 

Cir. 2005).

Generally, a pro se plaintiff must receive at least one opportunity to amend the complaint if he might be able to state a claim 

by doing so. Woldeab v. Dekalb Cty. Bd. of Educ., 885 F.3d 1289, 1291-

92 (11th Cir. 2018). However, a district court need not grant leave 

to amend where a more carefully drafted complaint could not state 

a claim. Id. at 1291. Leave to amend would be futile if the amended 

complaint would still fail to state a claim. L.S. ex rel. Hernandez v. 

Peterson, 982 F.3d 1323, 1332 (11th Cir. 2020). 

III. DISCUSSION

A. First Amendment Retaliation Claims

In his second amended complaint, Holston alleged four 

claims of First Amendment retaliation. In Count 1, he contended 

that Nurse Otwell’s alleged false statements in his medical records 

were in retaliation for the grievances he filed regarding the conditions of his confinement during which he experienced swelling and 

pain in his abdomen and gastrointestinal complications. In 

Count 2, he alleged that Dawson and Major Scarpati kept him in 

CM based on their improper reliance on prison staff reports that 

falsely stated that he assaulted two officers. In Counts 3 and 4, 

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Holston alleged that Dawson, Major Scarpati, and Warden Severson failed to conduct a 90-day review of his CM detention in retaliation for filing grievances. 

The First Amendment forbids prison officials from retaliating against prisoners for exercising the right of free speech. Smith 

v. Mosley, 532 F.3d 1270, 1276 (11th Cir. 2008). To prevail on a First 

Amendment retaliation claim, a prisoner must show: “(1) his 

speech was constitutionally protected; (2) the inmate suffered adverse action such that the administrator’s allegedly retaliatory conduct would likely deter a person of ordinary firmness from engaging in such speech; and (3) there is a causal relationship between 

the retaliatory action and the protected speech.” Id. 

A prisoner’s complaints to prison administrators about the 

conditions of his confinement are protected speech. Id. Under the 

second element, we employ an objective test which allows for 

“weeding out” those claims for which complained of injuries are 

trivial or are no more than a “de minimis inconvenience in the exercise of First Amendment rights.” Bennett v. Hendrix, 423 F.3d 1247, 

1253 (11th Cir. 2005). Finally, to establish causation the plaintiff 

must show that the defendant was subjectively motivated to discipline him because of complaints about his conditions of confinement. Smith, 532 F.3d at 1278. 

Here, the district court properly dismissed with prejudice 

Holston’s Counts 1 through 4. As to Count 1 against Nurse Otwell, 

Holston failed to sufficiently allege that he suffered an adverse action. The note Nurse Otwell wrote did not cause others to deny 

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Holston medical care, as evidenced by Holston’s own allegations. 

Moreover, the note directly related to the ailments Holston complained of at that time. Thus, Holston failed to establish a causal 

connection between his alleged injuries and Nurse Otwell’s actions. Smith, 532 F.3d at 1276. 

To Count 2 against Dawson and Major Scarpati, Holston’s 

claim again failed to establish causation between his alleged injuries 

and the defendants’ actions. Specifically, Holston’s allegations regarding the impact that the reports of other officers had on his 

placement in CMI is entirely speculative and insufficient to support 

a First Amendment retaliation claim. Hunt, 814 F.3d at 1221.

Finally, to Counts 3 and 4 against Dawson, Major Scarpati, 

and Warden Severson, Holston’s claims do not establish that he 

suffered an adverse action or causation. First, the ICT’s decisions 

were in Holston’s favor because his CM restrictions were reduced. 

Second, as to causation, Holston’s allegations do not support a finding that the defendants’ decision to offer him a 180-day as opposed 

to 90-day review was motivated by his previous grievances. Any 

attempt to amend these claims would be futile, and we affirm the 

district court’s dismissal of these claims with prejudice. 

B. Deliberate Indifference to Medical Need Claims

In Count 5, Holston alleged that Nurse Otwell violated the 

Eighth Amendment by refusing to treat an unspecified “serious 

medical condition” and wrote a note in his records instructing 

other medical personnel to deny him future treatments. 

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The Eighth Amendment prohibits a prison official from acting with deliberate indifference to a prisoner’s serious medical 

need. Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 104 (1976). To prevail on an 

Eighth Amendment deliberate indifference claim, a prisoner must 

satisfy an objective and subjective inquiry. Hoffer v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t 

of Corr., 973 F.3d 1263, 1270 (11th Cir. 2020). Under the objective 

inquiry, the plaintiff must demonstrate that he had an “objectively 

serious medical need” that had either been diagnosed by a doctor 

as requiring treatment or was so obvious that a lay person would 

readily see the necessity for a doctor’s attention. Id. Under either 

scenario, the medical need must be one that, if it were to be left 

unattended, would pose a substantial risk of serious harm. Id. Under the subjective prong, the plaintiff must show that the prison 

officials acted with a deliberate indifference to his medical needs, 

which requires the plaintiff to show that the officials “had a subjective knowledge of a risk of serious harm,” they ignored that risk, 

and in ignoring the risk, acted with more than gross negligence. Id.

(internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Harper v. Lawrence 

Cnty., 592 F.3d 1227, 1234 (11th Cir. 2010)).

“[A] complaint that a physician has been negligent in diagnosing or treating a medical condition does not state a valid claim 

of medical mistreatment under the Eighth Amendment.” Estelle, 

429 U.S. at 106. Instead, medical treatment only violates the Eighth 

Amendment “when it is so grossly incompetent, inadequate, or excessive as to shock the conscience or to be intolerable to fundamental fairness.” Keohane v. Fla. Dep’t of Corr. Sec’y, 952 F.3d 1257, 1266 

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(11th Cir. 2020) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Harris 

v. Thigpen, 941 F.2d 1495, 1505 (11th Cir. 1991)). 

Here, the district court properly dismissed with prejudice 

Count 5. Holston’s second amended complaint failed to allege 

what his “objectively serious medical condition” was at the time he 

saw Nurse Otwell. Hoffer, 973 F.3d at 1270. To the extent Count 5 

is based on Nurse Otwell’s alleged decision not to treat him which 

caused his stomach to swell, none of his allegations suggest the 

swelling was an objectively serious medical need. Finally, Holston 

failed to show that Nurse Otwell was deliberately indifferent to his 

swelling—his initial sick call request never mentioned gastrointestinal swelling, and when Holston did seek treatment for the condition, other medical professionals treated him. Because Holston 

cannot cure these pleading deficiencies, the district court properly 

dismissed this claim with prejudice.

C. Medical Negligence Claims

Holston also alleged that Nurse Otwell negligently failed to 

properly assess him and refer him to a physician. The district court 

interpreted his complaint as raising a state-law medical negligence 

claim and dismissed it for failure to satisfy Florida’s pre-suit requirements. 

Florida courts will read a plaintiff’s negligence claim as a 

claim alleging medical negligence when the claim arises out of the 

failure to render medical services. See Indian River Mem’l Hosp. v. 

Browne, 44 So. 3d 237, 238-39 (Fla. 4th Dist. Ct. App. 2010) (granting 

petitioner’s writ of certiorari and holding that the plaintiff’s 

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complaint for negligence was really a claim for medical negligence 

because the claim arose out of the rendering of or failure to render 

medical care); see also Fla. Stat. § 766.106(1)(a) (defining a claim for 

medical negligence as “a claim, arising out of the rendering of, or 

the failure to render, medical care or services.”). 

To sufficiently allege a medical negligence claim, the plaintiff must allege the following: (1) the defendant owed the plaintiff 

a standard of care; (2) the defendant breached that standard; and 

(3) the breach proximately caused the plaintiff’s damages. Hollywood Med. Ctr., Inc. v. Alfred, 82 So. 3d 122, 125 (Fla. 4th Dist. Ct. 

App. 2012) (applying medical malpractice elements to a medical 

negligence claim). In a medical negligence action, the burden is on 

the plaintiff to establish the physician-defendant’s actions breached 

prevailing professional standards of care. Dockswell v. Bethesda 

Mem’l Hosp., Inc., 210 So. 3d 1201, 1206-07 (Fla. 2017) (quoting Fla. 

Stat. § 766.102(1)). 

Importantly, Florida law imposes conditions precedent for 

any lawsuit “arising out of the rendering of, or the failure to render, 

medical care or services,” such as notifying the defendant of the 

intent to initiate litigation and a pre-suit investigation. Fla. Stat.

§ 766.106(1)(a), (2)(a). Before a claimant can bring a medical negligence claim under Florida law, the claimant must comply with 

these pre-suit requirements. Shands Jacksonville Med. Ctr., Inc. v. 

Pusha, 254 So. 3d 1076, 1081 (Fla. 1st Dist. Ct. App. 2018). 

As an initial matter, the district court properly construed 

Holston’s negligence claim as a claim for medical negligence 

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because the claim arose out of Nurse Otwell’s rendering of, or alleged failure to render, medical care. Indian River Mem’l Hosp., 44 

So. 3d at 238-39. Thus, Holston had to comply with Florida’s presuit requirements to properly bring this claim. In his second 

amended complaint, Holston merely stated that all conditions 

precedent had been satisfied which is a legal conclusion not entitled 

to a presumption of truth. Holland, 50 F.4th at 1093. He otherwise 

made no representation in his second amended complaint that he 

satisfied Florida’s pre-suit requirements for medical negligence 

claims. 

Even if Holston had satisfied Florida’s pre-suit requirements, 

he still failed to allege a causal connection between his gastrointestinal issues and any action on Nurse Otwell’s part. Moreover, he

did not show that Nurse Otwell proximately caused his gastrointestinal problems, nor can Nurse Otwell’s note in Holston’s medical records be read as a directive to future health care providers to 

not provide Holston future treatment. Thus, he has failed to satisfy 

the third element of a medical negligence claim. The district court

properly dismissed this claim with prejudice as well. 

D. Procedural Due Process Claims

In Counts 6 and 7, Holston brought procedural due process 

claims against Dawson and Colonel Harriss. To Count 6 against 

Dawson, Holston alleged that Dawson improperly denied the 

grievance Holston filed related to his CM detention, a decision 

which, at least in part, was based on evidence Holston disputed. In 

Count 7 against Colonel Harriss, he alleged that Harriss violated 

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his due process rights by rehearing Holston’s grievance without 

Holston present.

To assert a procedural due process claim under 42 U.S.C. 

§ 1983, a plaintiff must allege: “(1) a deprivation of a constitutionally-protected liberty or property interest; (2) state action; and 

(3) constitutionally-inadequate process.” Grayden v. Rhodes, 345 

F.3d 1225, 1232 (11th Cir. 2003) (citing Cryder v. Oxendine, 24 F.3d 

175, 177 (11th Cir. 1994)). Incarcerated individuals have “no constitutionally-protected liberty interest in access to” a prisoner internal grievance procedure. Bingham v. Thomas, 645 F.3d 1171, 1177 

(11th Cir. 2011).

However, a prisoner has a protected liberty interest that 

would entitle him to procedural due process protections in two circumstances. Jacoby v. Baldwin Cnty., 835 F.3d 1338, 1347 (11th Cir. 

2016). First, he is entitled to “procedural due process when an increased restraint ‘exceeds his sentence in such an unexpected manner as to give rise to protection by the Due Process Clause of its 

own force.’” Id. (brackets omitted) (quoting Sandin v. Conner, 515 

U.S. 472, 484 (1995)). Second, he is entitled to “procedural due process when a change in his conditions of confinement ‘imposes atypical and significant hardship on the inmate in relation to the ordinary incidents of prison life.’” Id. (quoting Sandin, 515 U.S. at 484)). 

Thus, incarcerated individuals have a due process right to a hearing 

prior to being punished for violating prison rules if “the punishment is demonstrably harsher than the ordinary conditions of 

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prison life. This is because these inmates are already subject to punishment on account of their convictions and sentences.” Id.

However, the Supreme Court in Wolff v. McDonnell recognized that a state statute could create a liberty interest, separate 

from the Due Process Clause, where a statutory provision provided 

for a shortened prison sentence based on good time credits which 

were revocable if the prisoner was found guilty of serious misconduct. 418 U.S. 539, 557 (1974). Florida law provides inmates with 

the possibility to receive ten days of gain time for each month of 

the sentence as a means of encouraging satisfactory behavior and 

gain-time may be forfeited when the person violates the rules of 

the Department of Corrections. Fla. Stat. § 944.275(4)(a), (5).

When a constitutionally-protected liberty interest exists for 

a disciplinary hearing in a prison, the prison must give the prisoner: “(1) advance written notice of the charges; (2) a written statement of the reasons for the disciplinary action taken; and (3) the 

opportunity to call witnesses and present evidence ‘when permitting him to do so [would] not be unduly hazardous to institutional 

safety or correctional goals.’” Jacoby, 835 F.3d at 1350 (quoting 

Wolff, 418 U.S. at 564-66). 

Here, the district court properly dismissed with prejudice 

Counts 6 and 7. As an initial matter, Holston has not established 

that his placement in CM impacted his ability to receive gain-time, 

and it has not been established that the hearings before the ICT 

implicate procedural due process protections, meaning Counts 6 

and 7 were properly dismissed for that reason. Nevertheless, as to 

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Count 6 against Dawson, to the extent Holston’s claim involves the 

CM hearing, to which he was procedurally entitled under Wolff, his 

claim fails because he does not allege that the CM hearing itself was 

procedurally inadequate. Additionally, to the extent Holston contests Dawson’s denial of his grievance, the denial was not so atypical or harsh as to entitle Holston to heightened due process protections. Bingham, 645 F.3d at 1177.

As to Count 7 against Colonel Harriss, Holston’s claim was 

based on an ICT hearing where the ICT met to correct a typographical error, not to worsen Holston’s conditions of confinement. Thus, Holston failed to allege a protected liberty interest 

based on either increased restraint or a change in confinement conditions at stake at the hearing where the ICT met to merely correct 

a typographical error. Jacoby, 835 F.3d at 1347. Because any attempt to amend these claims would also be futile, the district court 

properly dismissed this claim with prejudice. 

E. False Imprisonment Claims

Next, Holston alleged two counts of false imprisonment 

against Colonel Harriss, Dawson, English, Warden Severson, and 

Major Scarpati, based on his placement in CM. 

A claim of false imprisonment under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 “requires a showing of common law false imprisonment and a due 

process violation under the Fourteenth Amendment.” Campbell v. 

Johnson, 586 F.3d 835, 840 (11th Cir. 2009). A valid conviction deprives a criminal defendant “of his liberty to the extent that the 

State may confine him and subject him to the rules of its prison 

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system so long as the conditions of confinement do not otherwise 

violate the Constitution.” Meachum v. Fano, 427 U.S. 215, 224 

(1976). 

Under Florida law, a “plaintiff must establish four elements 

to prevail on a false imprisonment claim: (1) the unlawful detention and deprivation of liberty of a person; (2) against that person’s 

will; (3) without legal authority or color of authority; and (4) which 

is unreasonable and unwarranted under the circumstances.” City 

of Boca Raton v. Basso, 242 So. 3d 1141, 1143 (Fla. 4th Dist. Ct. App. 

2018) (quotation marks omitted). A lawful detention cannot be 

considered false imprisonment. Johnson v. Barnes & Noble 

Booksellers, Inc., 437 F.3d 1112, 1116 (11th Cir. 2006).

Here, Holston is clearly confined within the Florida prison 

system due to a valid criminal conviction, the prison officials have 

authority to place Holston within CM, and Holston has established 

no separate violation related to his CM detention. Thus, the district court properly dismissed with prejudice Counts 8 and 12. 

F. Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress Claims

In Count 10, Holston alleged that Colonel Harriss, Dawson, 

English, Major Scarpati, Nurse Otwell, and Warden Severson inflicted intentional emotional distress by denying him medical care 

and recommending that he be housed in CM. The district court 

dismissed this claim because Holston’s claims failed to allege 

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outrageous conduct under Florida law, and it alternatively concluded that his claim was barred pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(e). 2 

Under Florida law, to state a claim for intentional infliction 

of emotional distress, the plaintiff must allege: “(1) deliberate or 

reckless infliction of mental suffering; (2) outrageous conduct; 

(3) the conduct caused the emotional distress; and (4) the distress 

was severe.” Thomas v. Hosp. Bd. Of Dirs., 41 So. 3d 246, 256 (Fla. 

2d Dist. Ct. App. 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting 

Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. v. Steadman, 968 So. 2d 592, 594 (Fla. 2d Dist. 

Ct. App. 2007)). Outrageous conduct is behavior that is “so outrageous in character, and so extreme in degree, as to go beyond all 

possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded as atrocious, and 

utterly intolerable in a civilized community.” Byrd v. BT Foods, Inc., 

948 So. 2d 921, 928 (Fla. 4th Dist. Ct. App. 2007) (quoting Allen v. 

Walker, 810 So. 2d 1090, 1091 (Fla. 4th Dist. Ct. App. 2002)).

Here, the district court properly dismissed with prejudice 

this count. Notwithstanding the district court’s alternative ruling 

regarding the applicability of § 1997e(e), the dismissal was proper

because Holston failed to allege any kind of “outrageous conduct.” 

Accepting Holston’s allegations as true, none of the Defendants’ 

2 On appeal, Nurse Otwell continues argue that Count 10 is procedurally 

barred under § 1997e(e). However, we will not reach this issue because we 

affirm the district court's dismissal on other grounds supported by the record. 

See Marrache v. Bacardi U.S.A., Inc., 17 F.4th 1084, 1097 (11th Cir. 2021) (holding 

that this Court may affirm a district court decision for any reason supported 

by the record).

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actions can be interpreted as “extreme” or as going “beyond all possible bounds of decency” to be considered “atrocious.” Id.

G. Federal & State Conspiracy Claims

In Counts 9 and 13, Holston alleged that Colonel Harriss, 

Dawson, English, Major Scarpati, Nurse Otwell, and Warden Severson conspired against him to violate his Eighth, Fourth, and 

Fourteenth Amendment rights. 

To adequately state a claim for a conspiracy under § 1983, 

the “plaintiff must allege that (1) the defendants reached an understanding or agreement that they would deny the plaintiff one of his 

constitutional rights; and (2) the conspiracy resulted in an actual 

denial of one of his constitutional rights.” Weiland v. Palm Beach 

Cnty. Sheriff’s Office, 792 F.3d 1313, 1327 (11th Cir. 2015). 

Under Florida law, there is no freestanding cause of action 

for a civil conspiracy. Tejera v. Lincoln Lending Servs., LLC, 271 So. 

3d 97, 103 (Fla. 3d Dist. Ct. App. 2019). Thus, to state a claim for 

a civil conspiracy, the “plaintiff must allege and underlying independent tort. The conspiracy is merely the vehicle by which the 

underlying tort was committed.” Id. Where the counts regarding 

the goals of the conspiracy fail, the conspiracy count must also fail. 

Palm Beach Cnty. Health Care Dist. v. Prof’l Med. Educ., Inc., 13 So. 3d 

1090, 1096 (Fla. 4th Dist. Ct. App. 2009). Here, the district court 

properly dismissed with prejudice these counts because, as explained above, his underlying constitutional and state law tort 

claims already fail. 

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H. Florida RICO Claims

Finally, Holston asserted a Florida RICO claim against Dawson, Snider, Major Scarpati, and Warden Severson, accusing them 

of seven distinct wrongdoings: (1) not serving him coffee for 372 

days; (2) imposing restrictions on other inmates “for any or no reason at all,” depriving them of the use of their property; (3) concealing inmate violence; (4) falsely reporting that Holston attempted to 

extort English; (5) encouraging Smith to falsify Holston’s CM recommendation; (6) relying on a false CM report in a CM recommendation; and (7) including false information in a CM recommendation. 

To sufficiently allege a Florida RICO claim, which is analyzed under the same standards as federal RICO claims, the plaintiff 

must plead “(1) conduct (2) of an enterprise (3) through a pattern 

(4) of racketeering activity.” Omnipol, A.S. v. Multinational Def. 

Servs., LLC, 32 F.4th 1298, 1308 (11th Cir. 2022) (internal quotation 

marks and citation omitted). An “enterprise” is any individual or 

group of individuals associated in fact. Fla. Stat. § 895.02(5). Committing a “racketeering activity” means someone is committing, attempting to commit, conspiring to commit, or soliciting, coercing, 

or intimidating another person into committing the crimes outlined in the statute. Fla. Stat. § 895.02(8)(a).

Here, the district court properly dismissed with prejudice 

Count 14 because he failed to allege facts supporting the conclusion 

that Dawson, Snider, Major Scarpati, or Warden Severson

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22-11198 Opinion of the Court 21

participated in any behavior that would qualify as racketeering activity under Florida law. 

IV. CONCLUSION

For the reasons outlined above, we AFFIRM the district 

court’s dismissal with prejudice of Holston’s second amended 

complaint. 3

3 Holston also moved this Court for leave to file a single copy of his reply brief, 

which is GRANTED.

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