U.S. International Trade Commission

In the Matter of

Publication 4112 November 2009

Washington, DC 20436

Investigation No. 337-TA-575

Certain Lighters
U.S. International Trade Commission

Address all communications to 

Secretary to the Commission 

United States International Trade Commission 

Washington, DC 20436

COMMISSIONERS 

Shara L. Aranoff, Chairman 

Daniel R. Pearson, Vice Chairman 

Deanna Tanner Okun 

Charlotte R. Lane 

Irving A. Williamson 

Dean A. Pinkert 
U.S. International Trade Commission

Washington, DC 20436 

www.usitc.gov

In the Matter of

Publication 4112 November 2009

Investigation No. 337-TA-575

Certain Lighters


The complaint named seven respondents: Tung Fong International Promotion Co., Ltd. of 

Hong Kong; Wenzhou Star Smoking Set Co., Ltd. of China; Taizhou Rongshi Lighter 

Development Co., Ltd. of China; Wenzhou Tailier Smoking Set Co., Ltd. of China; Vista 

Wholesale of Greencastle, Indiana; beWild.com of Bellmore, New York; and Kalan LP of 

Landsdowne, Pennsylvania. Respondents Kalan and Wenzhou Star Smoking Set Company were 

terminated from the investigation on the basis of settlement agreements. The remaining five 

respondents were found to be in default by the ALJ and the Commission did not review that 

determination. 

On November 7,2006, complainants filed a motion seeking summary determination with 

respect to the domestic industry requirement and violation of section 337. Complainants also 

requested that the ALJ recommend a general exclusion order and a 100 percent bond during the 

period of Presidential review. Complainants did not renew their request for cease and desist 

orders. The Commission investigative attorney supported the motion for summary determination 

and the requested remedy and bonding. No respondents responded to the motion. 

On February 21,2007, the ALJ issued an ID (Order No. 11) finding the domestic industry 

requirement satisfied, finding a violation of section 337, and containing a recommended 

determination on remedy and bonding. The ALJ found a violation of section 337 based on his 

conclusion that there are no genuine issues of material fact that respondents’ accused products 

infringe the ‘241 mark and that a domestic industry exists as required by 19 U.S.C. 5 1337(a)(2). 

He recommended issuance of a general exclusion order and that the amount of bond for 

temporary importation during the Presidential review period be set at 100 percent of the entered 

value of the articles concerned. No petitions for review were filed. 

On March 15,2007, the Commission determined not to review this ID and requested 

written submissions on the issues of remedy, the public interest, and bonding. On March 29 and 

April 5,2007, respectively, the complainant Zippo and the IA filed briefs and reply briefs on 

these issues. 

Having reviewed the record in this investigation, including the ID and the parties’ written 

submissions, the Commission has determined that the appropriate form of relief is a general 

exclusion order prohibiting the unlicensed entry of lighters that infringe the ‘241 mark. 

The Commission has further determined that the public interest factors enumerated in 

section 337(d)(1) (19 U.S.C. 0 1337(d)(l)) do not preclude issuance of the general exclusion 

order. Finally, the Commission determined that the amount of bond to permit temporary 

importation during the period of Presidential review (19 U.S.C. 9 1337Cj)) shall be in the amount 

of 100 percent of the value of the lighters that are subject to the order. The Commission’s order 

and opinion were delivered to the President and to the United States Trade Representative on the 

day of its issuance. 

2 
The authority for the Commission's determination is contained in section 337 of the Tariff 

Act of 1930, as amended, 19 U.S.C. 9 1337, and in sections 210.42-46 of the Commission's 

Rules of Practice and Procedure, 19 C.F.R. $5 210.42-46. 

By order of the Commission. I 

Issued: July 18,2007 

3 
CERTAIN LIGHTERS 337-TA-575 

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE 

I, Marilyn R. Abbott, hereby certify that the attached NOTICE OF ISSUANCE OF A 

GENERAL EXCLUSION ORDER AND TERMINATION OF THE 

INVESTIGATION has been served by hand upon the Commission Investigative 

Attorney, Thomas S. Fusco, Esq., and the following parties as indicated, on 

July 18, 2007 

rade Commission 

500 E Street, SW 

Washington, DC 20436 

ON BEHALF OF COMPLAINANT ZIPPO 

MANUFACTURING CO., INC. AND ZIPPMARK, 

- INC.: 

Kevin M. O’Brien, Esq. 

Michael E. Murphy, Esq. 

Brian F. Burke, Esq. 

BAKER & MCKENZIE LLP 

8 15 Connecticut Avenue, NW 

Washington, DC 20006-4078 

P-202-452-7000 

F-202-452-7074 

ON BEHALF OF RESPONDENT WENZHOU STAR 

SMOKING SET CO., LTD.: 

Marcia Sundeen, Esq. 

KENYON & KENYON 

1500 K Street, NW 

Washington, DC 20005- 1257 

P-202-220-4200 

F-202-220-420 1 

( ) Via Hand Delivery 

( ) Via Overnight Mail 

( ) Via First Class Mail 

( )Other: 

( ) Via Hand Delivery 

( ) Via Overnight Mail 

( ) Via First Class Mail 

( )Other: 
Page 2 - Certificate of Service 

ON BEHALF OF RESPONDENT KALAN LP (dba 

Kalan Trendsetting; Gifts & Novelties) 

Tom M. Schaumberg, Esq. 

Michael L. Doane, Esq. 

ADDUCI, MASTRIANI & SCHAUMBERG, LLP 

1200 Seventeenth Street, NW 

Washington, DC 20036 

( ) Via Hand Delivery 

( ) Via Overnight Mail 

( ) Via First Class Mail 

( )Other: 

P-202-467-6300 


shall be in the amount of 100 percent of the entered value of the articles in 

question. 

Accordingly, the Commission hereby ORDERS that: 

1. Lighters that infringe U.S. Registered Trademark No. 2,606,241 

are excluded from entry for consumption, entry for consumption 

from a foreign-trade zone, and withdrawal from warehouse for 

consumption until such date as the trademark is abandoned, 

canceled, or rendered invalid or unenforceable, except under 

license of the trademark owner or as provided by law. 

Notwithstanding paragraph 1 of this Order, the aforesaid lighters 

are entitled to entry into the United States for consumption, entry 

for consumption from a foreign-trade zone, and withdrawal from 

warehouse for consumption, under bond in the amount of 100 

percent of the entered value of such articles pursuant to 

subsection 6) of section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930, as 

amended, 19 U.S.C. 5 1337(j), from the day after this Order is 

received by the United States Trade Representative as delegated 

by the President, 70 Fed. Reg. 4325 1 (July 21,2005), until such 

time as the United States Trade Representative notifies the 

Commission that this action is approved or disapproved but, in 

2. 

2 
any event, not later than 60 days after the date of receipt of this 

action. 

In accordance with 19 U.S.C. 9 1337(1), the provisions of this 

Order shall not apply to lighters imported by and for the use of 

the United States, or imported for, and to be used for, the United 

States with the authorization or consent of the Government. 

Each year on the anniversary of the issuance of this Order, 

complainants Zippo Manufacturing Company, Inc. and ZippMark, 

Inc. (collectively, “Zippo”) shall file a written statement with the 

Commission, made under oath, stating whether they continue to 

use the aforesaid trademark in commerce in the United States in 

connection with lighters and whether the aforesaid trademark has 

been abandoned, canceled, or rendered invalid or unenforceable. 

The Commission may modify this Order in accordance with the 

procedure described in section 2 10.76 of the Commission’s Rules 

of Practice and Procedure (1 9 C.F.R. 9 2 10.76). 

The Commission Secretary shall serve copies of this Order upon 

each party of record in this investigation and upon the 

Department of Health and Human Services, the Department of 

Justice, the Federal Trade Commission, and Customs and Border 

Protection. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

3 
7. Notice of this Order shall be published in the Federal Register 

pursuant to section 337(j)(l)(A) of the Tariff Act of 1930 as 

amended (19 U.S.C. 0 1337(j)(l)(A)) and section 210.49(b) of 

the Commission’s Rules of Practice and Procedure (1 9 C.F.R. 

9 210.49(b)). 

By order of the Commission. L William R. Bishop 

Acting Secretary to the Commission 

Issued: July 24,2007 

4 
CERTAIN LIGHTERS 337-TA-575 

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE 

I, Marilyn R. Abbott, hereby certify that the attached CORRECTED GENERAL 

EXCLUSION ORDER has been served by hand upon the Commission Investigative 

Attorney, Thomas S. Fusco, Esq., and the following parties as indicated, on 

Julv 25. 2007 ~ 

Marilyn R. Absott, Secretary 

U.S. International Trade Commission 

500 E Street, SW 

Washington, DC 20436 

ON BEHALF OF COMPLAINANT ZIPPO 

MANUFACTURING CO., INC. AND ZIPPMAFX, 

INC.: 

Kevin h1. O’Brien, Esq. 

Michael E. Murphy, Esq. 

73rian F. Burke, Esq. 

SAKER & MCKENZIE LLP 

5; 15 Connecticut Avenue, NW 

Washington, DC 20006-4078 

?-202-452-7000 

F-202-452-7074 

< ) Via Hand Delivery 

{ ) Via Overnight Mail 

(tflia First Class Mail 

( j Other: 

ON BEHALF OF RESPONDENT WENZHOU STAR 

SMOKING SET CO., LTD.: 

Marcia Sundeen, Esq. 

KENYON & KENYON 

1500 K Street, NW 

Washington, DC 20005-1257 

P-202-220-4200 

F-202-220-4201 

( ) Via Hand Delivery 

( ) Via Overnight Mail (6 ia First Class Mail 

( )Other: 
Page 2 - Certificate of Service 

ON BEHALF OF RESPONDENT KALAN LP (dba 

Kalan Trendsettinp Gifts & Novelties) 

Tom M. Schaumberg, Esq. 

Michael L. Doane, Esq. 

ADDUCI, MASTRIANI & SCHAUMBERG, LLP 

1200 Seventeenth Street, NW 

Washington, DC 20036 

P-202-467-6300 

( ) Via Hand Delivery 

( ) Via Overnight Mail 

( lyfria First Class Mail 

( )Other: 

Non-Confidential Version 

terminated from the investigation on the basis of settlement agreements. The ALJ found the 

remaining five respondents in default, and the Commission did not review his determination. 

On November 7,2006, complainants filed a motion seeking summary determination with 

respect to the domestic industry requirement and violation of section 337. Complainants also 

requested that the ALJ recommend a general exclusion order and a 100 percent bond during the 

period of Presidential review. The Commission investigative attorney (IA) supported the motion 

for summary determination and the requested recommendation on remedy and bonding. No 

respondents responded to the motion for summary determination. 

On February 21,2007, the ALJ issued an initial determination (ID) (Order No. 11) 

finding that Zippo had satisfied the domestic industry requirement, and that there was a violation 

of section 337. He also issued a recommended determination (RD) on remedy and bonding. The 

ALJ found a violation of section 337 based on his conclusion that there are no genuine issues of 

material fact as to whether respondents’ accused products infringe the ‘241 mark and that a 

domestic industry exists as required by 19 U.S.C. 3 1337(a)(2). He recommended issuance of a 

general exclusion order and that the amount of bond for temporary importation during the period 

of Presidential review be set at 100 percent of the entered value of the articles concerned. No 

petitions for review were filed. 

On March 15,2007, the Commission determined not to review Order No. 11 and 

requested written submissions on the issues of remedy, the public interest, and bonding. On 

March 29 and April 5,2007, respectively, complainant Zippo and the IA filed briefs and reply 

briefs on these issues as well as proposed exclusion orders. Zippo no longer requests any cease 
Non-Confidential Version 

and desist orders. This investigation is now before the Commission for final disposition and 

determinations on remedy, the public interest, and bonding. 

DISCUSSION 

I. REMEDY 

A. Statutory Background and Criteria for Issuance of a General Exclusion 

Order 

Where a violation of section 337 has been found, the Commission must consider the 

issues of remedy, the public interest, and bonding. With respect to remedy, the Commission may 

issue a remedial order excluding the goods of the person(s) found in violation (a limited 

exclusion order) or, if certain criteria are met, against all infringing goods regardless of the 

source (a general exclusion order).' Depending on the circumstances, the Commission's 

authority to issue a general exclusion order may be found in either section 337(d)(2) or 337(g)(2). 

Section 337(d)(2) provides that: 

The authority of the Commission to issue an exclusion from entry of articles shall 

be limited to persons determined by the Commission to be violating this section 

unless the Commission determines that-- 

(A) a general exclusion from entry of articles is necessary to prevent 

circumvention of an exclusion order limited to products of named persons; 

or 

(B) there is a pattern of violation of this section and it is difficult to identify 

the source of infringing products. 

' The Commission also has authority to issue cease and desist orders and to sanction 

parties for certain conduct. See 19 U.S.C. $ 1337(f) & (h). 

3 
Non-Confidential Version 

19 U.S.C. 5 1337(d)(2). 

Section 337(g)(2) provides that: 

In addition to the authority of the Commission to issue a general exclusion from 

entry of articles when a respondent appears to contest an investigation concerning 

a violation of the provisions of this section, a general exclusion from entry of 

articles, regardless of the source or importer of the articles, may be issued if-- 

(A) no person appears to contest an investigation concerning a violation of the 

provisions of this section, 

(B) such a violation is established by substantial, reliable, and probative 

evidence, and 

(C) the requirements of subsection (d)(2) of this section are met. 

19 U.S.C. 9 1337(g)(2). 

Read together, section 337(g)(2) supplements the authority granted to the Commission 

under section 337(d)(2), empowering it to issue a general exclusion order when “no person 

appears to contest an investigation concerning violation of this section,” if certain conditions are 

met. Given that two respondents have appeared to contest the current investigation, and have 

settled with complainants, the Commission’s authority to issue a general exclusion order in this 

investigation, therefore, arises under section 337(d)(2). The standards for finding a violation of 

337 under section 337(d)(2) are the same as those for finding a violation under 337(g)(2).2 

2See Certain Sildenafl or any Pharmaceutically Acceptable Salt ThereoJ such as 

SildenaJil Citrate, and Products Containing Same, Inv. 337-TA-489 (Feb. 2004), Comm’n Op. at 

5 (violation of 337 under section 337(d) must be supported by “reliable, probative, and 

substantial evidence”, and there is no difference between this standard and the “substantial, 

reliable, and probative evidence” standard of 337(g)(2)) . 

4 
Non-Confidential Version 

The Commission has noted in previous cases that the criteria of section 337(d)(2) “do not 

differ significantly” from the factors in Certain Airless Paint Spray Pumps and Components 

Thereof, Inv. 337-TA-90, USITC Pub. 1199,216 U.S.P.Q. 465 (USITC 1981) (“Spray pump^").^ 

The Federal Circuit has clarified that section 337(d)(2) is not an adoption of the Commission’s 

policy objectives expressed in Spray Pumps, but rather was added to the statute to comply with 

obligations under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.4 Nonetheless, the Spray Pumps 

factors are still useful in determining whether to issue a general exclusion order. 

In Spray Pumps, the Commission held that a complainant seeking a general exclusion 

order must show both (1) a widespread pattern of unauthorized use of its patented invention and 

(2) certain business conditions from which one might reasonably infer that foreign manufacturers 

other than the respondents to the investigation may attempt to enter the U.S. market with 

inhnging articles. Spray Pumps, 216 U.S.P.Q. at 473. Under Spray Pumps, the evidence that 

may be presented to prove a “widespread pattern of unauthorized use of the patented invention” 

includes: 

(1) a Commission determination of unauthorized importation into the United 

States of infkinging articles by numerous foreign manufacturers; or 

(2) the pendency of foreign infringement suits based upon foreign patents 

which correspond to the domestic patent in issue; 

3Certain Neodymium-Iron-Boron Magnets, Magnet Alloys, and Articles Containing 

Same, Inv. No. 337-TA-372, USITC Pub. 2694 (May 1996), Comm’n Op. at 5 (“Neodymium 

Magnets”). 

See Vastfame Camera, Ltd. v. USITC, 386 F.3d 1108,1113 (Fed. Cir. 2004). 

5 
Non-Confidential Version 

(3) other evidence which demonstrates a history of unauthorized use of the 

patented invention. 

Spray Pumps, 216 U.S.P.Q. 465,473. 

The Commission hrther determined that evidence that may be presented to prove the 

“business conditions” criterion includes: 

an established demand for the patented product in the U.S. market and 

conditions of the world market; 

the availability of marketing and distribution networks in the United States 

for potential foreign manufacturers; 

the cost to foreign entrepreneurs of building a facility capable of producing 

the patented article; 

the number of foreign manufacturers whose facilities could be retooled to 

produce the patented articles; or 

the cost to foreign manufacturers of retooling their facility to produce the 

patented articles. 

Although Spray Pumps involved claims of patent infringement, the Commission applies 

the same criteria with respect to general exclusion orders in investigations involving trademark 

infringement .’ 

B. TheALJ’sRD 

’Certain Agricultural Tractors and Components ThereoJ Inv. No. 337-TA-487, Comm’n 

Op. at 7-8 (Sept. 2004) (“The criteria and factors set forth in Spray Pumps apply mutatis 

mutandis to trademark cases.”); Certain Cigarettes and Packaging Therefor, Inv. No. 337-TA424, USITC Pub. No. 3366 (Nov. 2000), Comm’n Op. at 6-7. 

6 
Non-Confidential Version 

The ALJ’s Recommended Determination is included within his ID finding a violation of 

section 337 (Order No. 11). In it, the ALJ addressed the requirements for the issuance of a 

general exclusion order that appear in section 337(d)(2), and made findings that bear directly on 

the additional requirements. 

With respect to subsection (d)(2) and the “widespread pattern of unauthorized use” 

criterion, the ALJ found that Zippo had demonstrated the existence of a widespread pattern of 

violation with respect to the registered trademark at issue. ID at 12. The ALJ noted evidence of 

numerous manufacturing entities in the same country (China) where *** counterfeit lighters were 

seized during an investigation. Id. The ALJ also found evidence that the infringing lighters are 

widely available via the internet through auction sites. Id. 

With respect to the business conditions criterion of subsection (d)(2), the ALJ reviewed 

the evidence that showed that Zippo lighters are popular lighters in the U.S. market and that 

infringers offer their versions of Zippo lighters over the internet at significantly lower prices. Id. 

Also, the ALJ noted that it was not difficult for foreign entities to gain access to the U.S. market 

due to the high number of foreign manufacturers of the infringing lighters and ready access to the 

market through direct sales and internet sales. Id. Further, the ALJ noted evidence of the 

increasing volume of infringing lighters in the U.S. in the past several years. Id. 

Further, regarding the possibility of circumvention, the ALJ noted evidence of the 

difficulties in identifllng and shutting down individual suppliers as these suppliers, especially 

those on the internet, often operate with limited contact information. Id. Based on these 

representations, the ALJ found the “widespread pattern” and “business conditions” criteria to be 

7 
Non-Confidential Version 

satisfied, and he recommended that the Commission issue a general exclusion order if it finds a 

violation of section 337. Id. at 13. 

C. Parties’ Submissions 

Both Zippo and the IA agree that a general exclusion order should issue. Citing the 

relevant findings of the ALJ, Zippo and the IA argue that there is a widespread pattern of 

unauthorized use of the patented invention and that certain business conditions exist from which 

one might reasonably infer that foreign manufacturers other than the respondents may attempt to 

enter the U.S. market with infringing goods.6 The proposed orders of Zippo and the IA differ 

significantly only in that the IA’s proposed order contains a reporting requirement. The IA 

submits, in his reply brief, that it has been routine to include a reporting provision in orders 

involving trademarks to apprise the Commission at the earliest possible time as to whether a 

particular trademark has fallen out of use and, therefore, may be subject to cancellation. IA reply 

br. at 2-3; see 15 U.S.C. $ 1058 (registered mark may be canceled for owner’s failure to submit 

an affidavit demonstrating current use of the mark). Zippo does not object to the LA’S version of 

the order. Zippo reply br. at 1. 

D. Analysis and Determination 

The Commission agrees with the ALJ and the parties that the requirements for the 

issuance of a general exclusion order have been met in this investigation, and therefore adopts 

the ALJ’s analysis in its entirety. As to the widespread pattern of unauthorized use criterion, the 

Zippo’s br. at 4-11; IA’s br. at 3. 

8 
Non-Confidential Version 

record indicates that unauthorized uses occurred in the importation and sale of infhnging 

products manufactured by the respondents and numerous other lighter producers. ID at 12. As to 

the certain business conditions criterion, the record shows an established U.S. market for goods 

practicing the trademarks at issue, and the availability of U.S. marketing and distribution 

networks for such goods. ID at 12-13. Moreover, the ALJ found and the Commission concurs 

with his assessment that it is difficult to determine the source of infringing goods, and there is 

evidence that foreign manufacturers of lighters can distribute infringing products at significantly 

lower prices. ID at 12. 

Further, we agree with the IA’s recommendation that there be a reporting requirement and 

therefore issue a general exclusion order including a reporting provision to require Zippo to show 

that it continues to use the trademark at issue in U.S. commerce and that it has not been 

abandoned, canceled, or rendered invalid or unenforceable in accordance with 15 U.S.C. 0 1058. 

111. THE PUBLIC INTEREST 

In addition to the factors discussed above, the Commission’s authority to issue any 

exclusion order is conditioned on consideration of the public intere~t.~ Specifically, where 

respondents have appeared to contest the investigation, the Commission may issue a general 

exclusion order only if it determines that “a general exclusion from entry of articles is necessary 

to prevent circumvention of an exclusion order limited to products of named persons” and 

after considering the effect of such exclusion upon the public health and welfare, 

competitive conditions in the United States economy, the production of like or 

19 U.S.C. 0 1337(d)(1). 

9 
F 

Non-Confidential Version 

directly competitive articles in the United States, and United States consumers, it 

finds that such articles should not be excluded from entry.’ 

The public interest analysis does not concern whether there is a public interest in issuing a 

remedial order, but whether issuance of such an order will adversely affect the public interest.’ 

Zippo submits that the issuance of a general exclusion order would further the public 

interest as Zippo lighters are proven to be safe, high quality products as opposed to the poor 

quality of lighters produced abroad which, given their purpose, can be a serious health and safety 

hazard. Zippo br. at 12-13. Zippo also asserts that it can meet the demand for lighters covered 

by the ‘241 mark and that the public interest favors the protection of U.S. intellectual property 

rights. Id. The IA did not specifically comment regarding the public interest, but agreed with the 

Spray Pumps analysis applied by the ALJ. IA br. at 5-6. 

The Commission is not aware of any evidence on the record indicating that the issuance 

of a general exclusion order in this investigation would be contrary to the public interest. The 

proposed order bars entry of infringing lighters only, and does not extend to non-infringing 

lighters. Moreover, the record indicates that U.S. demand for lighters covered by the ‘241 mark 

can be met by Zippo. Zippo br. at 13. 

IV. BOND DURING PERIOD OF PRESIDENTIAL REVIEW 

’ Similarly, the Commission may elect not to issue a cease and desist order if it finds that 

such an order would be contrary to the public interest. 19 U.S.C. 8 1337(f). 

Certain Agricultural Vehicles, Inv. No. 337-TA-487, Comm’n Op. at 17. 

10 
Non-Confidential Version 

During the 60-day period of Presidential review, imported articles otherwise subject to a 

remedial order are entitled to conditional entry under bond, pursuant to section 337(j)(3).I0 The 

amount of the bond is specified by the Commission and must be an amount sufficient to protect 

the complainant from any injury." 

The ALJ noted that there is only limited evidence of the prices charged by the defaulting 

respondents as they did not participate in the investigation. ID at 13. He found that this situation 

makes it difficult to set the bond on the basis of a difference in sales prices between the protected 

domestic product and the infringing product.12 Further, he noted that the pricing evidence 

presented in the investigation showed a wide range of prices charged by the respondents that was 

generally well below the retail price charged for Zippo's lighter product. ID at 13-14. Also, the 

ALJ explained that, in setting the amount of the bond during the period of Presidential review in 

cases where no reliable comparative pricing information has been available, the Commission has 

set a 100% bond.I3 In the present investigation, the ALJ noted that none of the respondents 

lo 19 U.S.C. $ 1337(j)(3). 

Id., 19 C.F.R. $21OSO(a)(3). 

l2 ID at 13 (citing Certain Microsphere Adhesives, Process for Making Same, and 

Products Containing Same, Including Self-stick Repositionable Notes, Inv. No. 337-TA-366, 

USITC Pub. No. 2949 (Jan. 1996), Comm'n Op. at 24-25 ). 

l3 ID at 13, citing to Certain Oscillating Sprinklers, Sprinkler Components, and Nozzles, 

Inv. No. 337-TA-448, USITC Pub. 3498 (Mar. 2002), Limited Exclusion Order at 4-5 (noting 

that traditionally, 100% bond is appropiate when a respondent fails to provide discovery 

regarding pricing of its products). 

11 
Non-Confidential Version 

provided any discovery, and recommended a bond of 100 percent of the entered value of the 

inhnging goods. ID at 14. 

We find that the record lacks sufficient information to calculate the difference in price 

between the asserted lighters and the infringing products. When the pricing information is 

insufficient, the Commission has set the amount of the bond at 100 percent of entered value.14 In 

accordance with the recommendation of the ALJ and Commission precedent, we determine to set 

the bond at 100 percent of the entered value of infringing lighters to prevent any harm to Zippo 

during the period of Presidential review. 

By order of the Commission. 

Marilyn R. Abbotv 

Secretary to the Commission 

Issued: August 30,2007 

l4 See Neodymium Magnets, Inv. No. 337-TA-372, USITC Pub. 2694 (May 1996), 

Comm’n Op. at 15. 

12 
CERTAIN LIGHTERS 33 7-TA-575 

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE 

I, Marilyn R. Abbott, hereby certify that the attached COMMISSION PUBLIC 

OPINION has been served by hand upon the Commission Investigative Attorney, 

Thomas S. Fusco, Esq., and the following parties as indicated, on 

August 31, 2007 

Ph&lyn R.'Abbott, Secretary 

U.S. International Trade Commission 

500 E Street, SW 

Washmgton, DC 20436 

ON BEHALF OF COMPLAINANT ZIPPO 

MANUFACTURING CO., INC. AND ZIPPMARK, 

- INC.: 

Kevin M. O'Brien, Esq. 

Michael E. Murphy, Esq. 

Brian F. Burke, Esq. 

BAKER & MCKENZIE LLP 

8 15 Connecticut Avenue, NW 

Washngton, DC 20006-4078 

P-202-452-7000 

F-202-452-7074 

ON BEHALF OF RESPONDENT WENZHOU STAR 

SMOKING SET CO., LTD.: 

Marcia Sundeen, Esq. 

KENYON & KENYON 

1500 K Street, NW 

Washington, DC 20005-1257 

P-202-220-4200 

F-202-220-4201 

Via Hand Delivery 

Via Overnight Mail 

( ) Via First Class Mail 

( ) Other: 

( ) Via Hand Delivery (4 Via Overnight Mail 

( ) Via First Class Mail 

( )Other: 


'241 mark"). 71 Fed. Reg. 35450 (June 20,2006). The complaint further alleged that an 

industry in the United States exists or is in the process of being established as required by 

subsection(a)(2) of section 337. Complainants requested that the Commission issue a general 

exclusion order and cease and desist orders. The ALJ set July 20,2007, as the target date for 

completion of the investigation. 

The complaint named seven respondents: Tung Fong International Promotion Co., Ltd. of 

Hong Kong; Wenzhou Star Smoking Set Co., Ltd. of China; Taizhou Rongshi Lighter 

Development Co., Ltd. of China; Wenzhou Tailier Smoking Set Co., Ltd. of China; Vista 

Wholesale of Greencastle, Indiana; beWild.com of Bellmore, New York; and Kalan LP of 

Landsdowne, Pennsylvania. Respondents Kalan and Wenzhou Star Smoking Set Company were 

terminated fiom the investigation on the basis of settlement agreements. The remaining five 

respondents were found to be in default by the ALJ and the Commission did not review that 

determination. 

On November 7,2006, complainants filed a motion seeking summary determination with 

respect to the domestic industry requirement and violation of section 337. Complainants also 

requested that the ALJ recommend a general exclusion order and a 100 percent bond during the 

Presidential review period. The Commission investigative attorney supported the motion for 

summary determination and the requested recommendation on remedy and bonding. No 

respondents responded to the motion. 

On February 21,2007, the ALJ issued an ID finding the domestic industry requirement 

satisfied, finding a violation of section 337, and containing a recommended determination on 

remedy and bonding. The ALJ found a violation of section 337 based on his conclusion that 

there are no genuine issues of material fact that respondents' accused products infringe the '241 

mark and that a domestic industry exists as required by 19 U.S.C. 0 1337(a)(2). He 

recommended issuance of a general exclusion order and that the amount of bond for temporary 

importation during the Presidential review period be set at 100 percent of the entered value of the 

articles concerned. No petitions for review were filed and the Commission has determined not to 

review the ID. 

In connection with the final disposition of this investigation, the Commission may issue 

an order that results in the exclusion of the subject articles from entry into the United States. 

Accordingly, the Commission is interested in receiving written submissions that address the form 

of remedy, if any, that should be ordered. If a party seeks exclusion of an article fiom entry into 

the United States for purposes other than entry for consumption, the party should so indicate and 

provide information establishing that activities involving other types of entry either are adversely 

affecting it or likely to do so. For background, see In the Matter of Certain Devices for 

Connecting Computers via Telephone Lines, Inv. No. 337-TA-360, USITC Pub. No. 2843 

(December 1994) (Commission Opinion). When the Commission contemplates some form of 

remedy, it must consider the effects of that remedy upon the public interest. The factors the 

Commission will consider include the effect that an exclusion order andor cease and desist 

2 
orders would have on (1) the public health and welfare, (2) competitive conditions in the U.S. 

economy, (3) U.S. production of articles that are like or directly competitive with those that are 

subject to investigation, and (4) U.S. consumers. The Commission is therefore interested in 

receiving written submissions that address the aforementioned public interest factors in the 

context of this investigation. When the Commission orders some form of remedy, the U.S. Trade 

Representative, as delegated by the President, has 60 days to approve or disapprove the 

Commission's action. See Presidential Memorandum of July 21,2005,70 Fed. Reg. 43251 (July 

26,2005). During this period, the subject articles would be entitled to enter the United States 

under bond, in an amount determined by the Commission and prescribed by the Secretary of the 

Treasury. The Commission is therefore interested in receiving submissions concerning the 

amount of the bond that should be imposed if a remedy is ordered. 

WRITTEN SUBMISSIONS: Parties to the investigation, interested government agencies, and 

any other interested parties are encouraged to file written submissions on the issues of remedy, 

the public interest, and bonding. Such submissions should be no more than twenty-five (25) 

pages and should address the recommended determination by the ALJ on remedy and bonding. 

The complainants and the Commission investigative attorney are also requested to submit 

proposed remedial orders for the Commission's consideration. Complainants are also requested 

to state the HTSUS numbers under which the accused products are imported. The written 

submissions and proposed remedial orders must be filed no later than close of business on March 

29,2007. Reply submissions must be filed no later than the close of business on April 5,2007. 

No further submissions on these issues will be permitted unless otherwise ordered by the 

Commission. Persons filing written submissions must file the original document and 12 true 

copies thereof on or before the deadlines stated above with the Office of the Secretary. Any 

person desiring to submit a document to the Commission in confidence must request confidential 

treatment unless the information has already been granted such treatment during the proceedings. 

All such requests should be directed to the Secretary of the Commission and must include a full 

statement of the reasons why the Commission should grant such treatment. See 19 C.F.R. fj 

201.6. Documents for which confidential treatment by the Commission is sought will be treated 

accordingly. All nonconfidential written submissions will be available for public inspection at 

the Office of the Secretary. 

The authority for the Commission's determination is contained in section 337 of the Tariff 

Act of 1930, as amended, 19 U.S.C. fj 1337, and in sections 210.42-46 of the Commission's 

Rules of Practice and Procedure, 19 C.F.R. $9 210.42-46. 

Issued: March 15,2007 

3 
CERTAIN LIGHTERS 337-TA-575 

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE 

I, Marilyn R. Abbott, hereby certify that the attached NOTICE OF A COMMISSION 

DETERMINATION GRANTING COMPLAINANTS' MOTION FOR SUMMARY 

DETERMINATION THAT A DOMESTIC INDUSTRY EXISTS AND THAT THERE IS A 

VIOLATION OF SECTION 337; SCHEDULE FOR FILING WRITTEN SUBMISSIONS ON 

REMEDY, PUBLIC INTEREST, AND BONDING has been served on upon the Commission 

Investigative Attorney Thomas S. Fusco, and all parties via first class mail and air mail where 

necessary on March 16, 2007. 

500 E Street, SW 

Washington, DC 20436 

ON BEHALF OF COMPLAINANT ZlPPO 

MANUFACTURING CO., INC. AND 

ZIPPMARK, INC.: 

Kevin M. O'Brien, Esq. 

Michael E. Murphy, Esq. 

Brian F. Burke, Esq. 

Lisa A. Murray, Esq. 

BAKER & MCKENZIE LLP 

81 5 Connecticut Avenue, NW 

Washington, DC 20006-4078 

P-202-452-7000 

F-202-452-7074 

ON BEHALF OF RESPONDENT 

WENZHOU STAR SMOKING SET CO, 

- LTD.: 

Marcia Sundeen, Esq. 

KENYON&KENYON 

I500 K Street, NW 

Washington, DC 20005- I257 

P-202-220-4200 

F-202-220-4201 

Allen J. Baden, Esq. 

KENYON&KENYON 

River Park Towers 

333 West San Carlos Street 

Suite 600 

San Jose, CA 95 I IO 

P-408-975-7500 

Wang Jiabin, Esq. 

KING & WOOD 

40TH Floor, Tower A, Beijing Fortune 

Plaza, 7 Dongsanhuan Zhonglu 

Chaoyang District, Beijiing 100020 

China 

P (8610) 5878-5080 

F (8610) 5878-5599 

ON BEHALF OF RESPONDENT KALAN 

LP (dba Kalan Trendsetting Gifts & 

Novelties) 

Tom M. Schaumberg, Esq. 

Michael L. Doane, Esq. 

ADDUCI, MASTRlANl & 

SCHAUMBERG, LLP 

1200 Seventeenth Street, NW 

Washington, DC 20036 

P-202-467-6300 

The Notice of Investigation listed seven entities as respondents. Of these, five were found 

to be in default. The five defaulting respondents are as follows: beWild.com (“bewild”); Vista 

Wholesale (“Vista”); Tung Fong International Promotion Co., Ltd. (“Tung Fong”), Taizhou Rongshi 

Lighter Development Co., Ltd. &a Rongshi Enterprise (“Rongshi”), and Wenzhou Tailier Smoking 

Set Co., Ltd. &a Wenzhou Tailier Smoking Set Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (“Wenzhou Tailier”).2 

The other two respondents were terminated from this investigation on the basis of settlement 

agreements, namely Kalan LP (“Kalar~”)~ and Wenzhou Star Smoking Set Co., Ltd. aka Wenzhou 

Hengxing Smoking Set Co., Ltd. (“Wenzhou Star”).4 Thus, none of the named respondents have 

contested Zippo’s allegations that they have violated and continue to violate Section 337. 

Zippo’s motion seeks, in addition to a summary determination of a Section 337 violation and 

the existence of a domestic industry, the entry of a general exclusion order against all infringing 

imports of accused lighter^.^ 

11. Legal Standards 

The standards for granting a motion for summary determination under 19 C.F.R. 5 21 O.l8(a) 

are well-recognized and need no repetition here.6 It is useful to note that, for the purposes of the 

* See Unreviewed Initial Determination, Order No. 8 (September 14,2006); Commission 

See Unreviewed Initial Determination, Order No. 7 (August 24,2006); Commission Notice 

See Unreviewed Initial Determination, Order No. 9 (November 7, 2006); Commission 

See Motion Memorandum at 1. 

See 19 C.F.R. 9 21 O.l8(b); also see, e.g., Anchor Wall Systems, Inc. v. Rockwood Retaining 

Notice (October 2,2006). 

(September 12,2006). 

Notice (November 27,2006). 

Walls, Inc., 340 F.3d 1298, 1306 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (“Anchor”). 

-2- 
instant motion, the Commission’s Rules require an appropriate, properly supported, unopposed 

motion for summary determination to be granted.7 

Under Section 337(d)(l), if the Commission determines as a result of an investigation that 

there is a violation of Section 337, the Commission is authorized to issue exclusion orders after 

considering certain public interest factors.’ Section 337(d)(2) further provides that exclusion orders 

are to be “limited to persons determined by the Commission to be violating this section”-that is, 

limited exclusion orders-unless the Commission finds that a general exclusion order against &l 

unfairly imported accused products, regardless of the identity ofthe importer, either (i) “is necessary 

to prevent circumvention of an exclusion order limited to products of named persons” or (ii) is 

required because “there is a pattern of violation of this section and it is difficult to identify the source 

of infringingproduct^."^ The conditions set forth in subsection (d)(2) are referred to generally as the 

“Spray Pumps” factors, after the Section 337 investigation that established them prior to their 1988 

codification into that subsection.” The Commission has held that the requirements of subsection 

(d)(2) are, for all intents and purposes, the same as those that the Commission articulated in Spray 

Pumps. l1 The Commission has found that in an investigation where there are defaulting and settling 

See 19 C.F.R. 5 210.18(c) (“If the opposing party does not so respond, a summary 

determination, if appropriate, shall be rendered against the opposing party.” (emphasis added)). ’ See 19 U.S.C. 0 1337(d)(l). 

See 19 U.S.C. 5 1337(d)(2). 

lo Certain Airless Paint Spray Pumps and Components ThereoJ Inv. No. 337-TA-90, USITC 

Pub. No. 1199, Commission Opinion, 216 U.S.P.Q. 465 (U.S.I.T.C., November 1981). 

See Certain Neodymium-Iron-Boron Magnets, Magnet Alloys, and Articles Containing 

Same, Inv. No. 337-TA-372, USITC Pub. No. 2964, Commission Opinion at 5-6,1996 WL 1056324 

(U.S.I.T.C., May 1996). 

-3 - 
respondents, the Commission has the authority to issue a general exclusion order under Section 

111. Discussion 

As to the substance of the motion, Zippo has amply established by “reliable, probative, and 

substantial e~idence”’~ that a violation has occurred and continues to occur, and that the Spray 

Pumps conditions for issuing a general exclusion order are present in this case. Zippo’s motion 

include declarations from three individuals, including: (1) [ 3 an investigator for Zippo, 

which details the instances of importation and sale of respondents’ accused products; l4 (2) Charles 

Jeffrey Duke, General Counsel of Zippo Manufacturing Corp., detailing the domestic activities 

related to the Zippo trademark at issue at its facilities in Bradford, Penn~ylvania;’~ and (3) [ 

] a computer forensic analyst.I6 

A. Importation 

Concerning importation of the accused products, the Wise declaration demonstrates that each 

of the defaulting respondents has imported accused lighters into the United States.I7 Zippo has also 

shown importation by the samples submitted in this investigation, along with documentary evidence, 

such as website and internet postings.” Staff concurs with these findings.” 

l2 See Certain SildenaJil or any Pharmaceutically Acceptable Salt Thereox such as SildenaJiI 

Citrate, and Products Containing Same, Inv. No. 337-TA-489, Commission Opinion (February 6, 

2004). 

l3 See 5 U.S.C. 0 556. 

l5 See Exhibit 3, Declaration of Charles Jeffrey Duke. 

l7 See Motion Memorandum at 8-9; Exhibits 4A-4E, [ 

“See Motion Memorandum at 8-9. 

l9 See Staffs Response at 8. 

l4 See Exhibits 4A-4E, Declarations of [ 

l6 See Exhibit 10, Declaration of [ 

1 

1 

3 Declarations. 

-4- 
The undersigned finds that, based on the evidence presented, there is no genuine issue of 

material fact with respect to whether the accused articles have been imported into the United States. 

B. Trademark Infringement 

The test for infringement of a trademark is whether the accused mark is “likely to cause 

confusion, or to cause mistake or to deceive.”20 The undersigned finds that Zippo’s motion 

establishes, and Staff concurs, that there is a violation by reason of the respondents’ importation into 

the United States, sale for importation in the United States, or sale within the United States after 

importation, of certain lighters that infringe the ‘241 mark.21 

Specifically, Zippo asserts that it has provided samples and substantial documentary evidence 

that the imported products infringe the ‘241 mark. Zippo has provided excerpts from the websites 

of the defaulting respondents, showing that the ‘24 1 mark is infringed and that such infringement 

was intentional.22 According to Zippo, the excerpts from the websites are proofthat the respondents’ 

lighters are confusing similar, thereby infringing the ‘24 1 mark. 

Zippo analyzes trademark infringement under the factors adopted in Certain Strip Lights and 

Certain Chemiluminescent Compositions, including: (a) the degree of similarity between the 

designation and the trademark or trade name in (i) appearance, (ii) pronunciation of the words used; 

(iii) verbal translation of the pictures or designs involved; or (iv) suggestion; (b) the intent of the 

actor in adopting the designation; (c) the relation in use and manner of marketing between the goods 

and services marketed by the actor and those marketed by the other; and (d) the degree of care likely 

2o 15 U.S.C. 8 1114(1). 

21 See Motion Memorandum at 7-12; Staffs Response at 7-10. 

22 See Exhibit 10, [ 3 Declaration. 

-5- 
to be exercised by purchaser^.^^ As to-the first two factors, Zippo asserts that the ‘241 mark and 

genuine Zippo shape have been copied as closely as possible, where respondents’ lighters are 

virtually indistinguishable. According to Zippo, the respondents make no effort to conceal that their 

lighters are identical in shape to the ‘241 mark and that they openly advertise infringing lighters on 

their web site^.^^ As to the third factor, Zippo asserts that the goods are identical. According to 

Zippo, in recent years it has received [ ]“returns” for repairs of infringing lighters 

that were purchased by consumers who believed they had purchased a genuine Zippo As 

to the fourth factor, Zippo asserts that the degree of care exercised by the consuming public is low 

because of the low prices (which range from 50 cents to $5.99 per lighter) at which respondents’ 

products can be purchased.26 

Staff agrees with Zippo, which analyzes trademark infringement based on the factors set forth 

in the Restatement of Unfair Competition, including: 

(1) 

(2) 

the degree of resemblance between the competing marks; 

the similarity of marketing methods and channels of distribution; 

(3) the characteristics of prospective purchasers and the degree of care they exercise; 

(4) the degree of distinctiveness of the senior user’s mark; 

(5) where the goods or services are not competitive, the likelihood that prospective buyers would 

expect the senior user to expand into the field of the junior user; 

23 See Certain Strip Lights, Inv. No. 337-TA-287, Unreviewed Initial Determination (June 

27, 1989); Comm’n Order (September 28, 1989); Certain Chemiluminescent Compositions and 

Components Thereof and Methods of Using, and Products Incorporating the Same, Inv. No. 337- 

TA-285, USITC Pub. 2370, Comm’n Op. (March 1991). 

24 See Motion Memorandum at 10- 1 1. 

25 See Motion Memorandum at 11 ; Exhibit 3, Duke Declaration, 1 9. 

26 See Motion Memorandum at 11-12; Exhibit 4A-4E, [ ] Declarations. 

-6- 
(6) where the goods or services are sold in different territories, the extent to which the senior 

user’s designation is known in the junior user’s territory; 

(7) the intent of the junior user; and 

(8) actual confusion.27 

No single factor is dispositive and all factors should be considered and balanced together to 

determine whether a likelihood of confusion exists.28 

According to Staff, with respect to the first factor, Zippo and the named respondents offer 

essentially identical goods that are identical in shape, which can be seen by comparing the 

photographs in [ ] declaration to the image depicted in the ‘241 mark.29 With respect to 

the second factor, Staff asserts that, while Zippo did not explicitly reference this factor, it is beyond 

dispute that, regardless of manufacturer, cigarette lighters are typically sold in retail establishments 

that carry tobacco products. With respect to the third factor, Staff asserts that Zippo has shown that 

the accused lighters are typically sold at low prices that would result in consumers not spending 

substantial time considering their purchases and are more likely to be confused. With respect to the 

last factor, Staff asserts that since 2003, Zippo has received more than [ ] counterfeit lighters fiom 

consumers who, believing them to be authentic, submitted them to Zippo for repair.30 Based on all 

of the above, Staff agrees that Zippo has carried its burden of establishing that there is no genuine 

issue of material fact regarding infringement of the trademark at issue by the accused lighters.31 

27 Restatement (Third) of Unfair Competition, $5 20-23 (1995). See Certain Purple 

Protective Gloves, Inv. No. 337-TA-500, Order No. 17, Unreviewed Initial Determination 

(September 23,2004), Comm’n Notice (October 19,2004). 

28 Arrow Fastener Co. v. Stanley Works, 59 F.3d 384,391 (2nd Cir. 1995); Plus Products v. 

Plus Disc. Foods, Inc., 772 F.2d 999, 1004 (2nd Cir. 1983). 

29 See Exhibits 4A-4E, Declarations of [ 1 

30 See Exhibit 3, Duke Declaration, 79. 

31 See Staffs Response at 8-10. 

-7- 
The undersigned agrees that, under either set of factors set forth by Zippo and Staff, that 

Zippo has carried its burden regarding trademark infringement. 

C. Domestic Industry 

Zippo’s motion, with Staff concurrence, also demonstrates that a domestic industry exists that 

practices the ‘241 mark in accordance with Section 337(a)(2) and (a)(3).32 Under Section 337, in 

order to prove a violation of Section 337 in an investigation based on registered trademarks, a 

complainant must demonstrate that a domestic industry exists or is in the process of being 

established. An industry in the United States exists (1) if the domestic articles are “protected by the 

trademark . . . concerned” and (2) if there exists in the United States with respect to those articles 

one or more of the following: 

1. Significant investment in plant and equipment; 

2. Significant employment of labor or capital; or 

3. Substantial investment in the exploitation of the patent, including engineering, 

research and development, or licensing.33 

Zippo’s motion satisfies both the first, so-called “technical prong” and the second, so-called 

“economic prong’’ of the domestic industry requirements. 

Regarding the technical prong, the declaration of Mr. Duke shows that Zippo’s lighters are 

protected by the trademark at issue.34 Mr. Duke’s declaration explains how Zippo manufactures 

lighters that are the same shape as the lighter depicted in the ‘241 mark and are thus protected 

32 See 19 U.S.C. $5 1337(a)(2) and (a)(3); Motion Memorandum at 5-7; Staff Response at 

33 See 19 U.S.C. 9 1337(a)(3). 

34 See Motion Memorandum at 5; Staffs Response at 6. 

6-7. 

-8- 
thereby.35 The photographs attached to the motion also support Zippo’s motion.36 Furthermore, Mr. 

Duke’s declaration states that nearly [ ] million lighters bearing the ‘241 mark have been sold 

since 1946.37 

Regarding the economic prong, the declaration of Mr. Duke shows that Zippo has satisfied 

the economic prong of the domestic industry requirement under all three prongs.38 Mr. Duke’s 

declaration states that Zippo’s lighters are produced at its facility in Bradford, Penn~ylvania.~~ Over 

the past four years Zippo has manufactured, on average, [ ] million lighters per year at this 

fa~ility.~’ During the period from 2000-2005, Zippo invested [ ] million in capital projects 

relating to lighters, [ ] of which are allocable to lighters protected by the ‘241 mark.41 In 

addition, Zippo has [ ] employees in the United States involved in research and development, 

manufacturing, and quality assurance, [ ] of whom are considered to work on lighters protected 

by the ‘241 mark.42 Furthermore, Zippo engages in significant research and development in the 

United States. According to Zippo, it is continually involved in attempting to improve production 

processes and to reduce costs by employing [ ] development personnel, with a budget of [ 

3 per year for production improvement^.^^ 

35 See Exhibit 3, Duke Declaration, 77 3,8. 

36 See Exhibit 2. 

37 See Exhibit 3, Duke Declaration, 7 8. 

38 See Motion Memorandum at 5-6. 

39 See Exhibit 3, Duke Declaration, f 8. 

40 See Exhibit 3, Duke Declaration, f 4. 

41 See Exhibit 3, Duke Declaration, f 5. 

42 See Exhibit 3, Duke Declaration, 7 6. 

43 See Exhibit 3, Duke Declaration, 7 7. 

-9- 
Based on the above, the undersigned finds that Zippo has met is burden of establishing that 

its lighters are protected by the trademark at issue and that there are no genuine issues of material 

fact in dispute retarding satisfaction of the domestic industry requirement. 

D. Validitv 

The ‘241 mark has been registered by Zippo with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.44 

According to Zippo, the ‘241 mark has been in continuous use since 1 946.45 Registered trademarks 

are presumed valid and the registrant is presume to have the exclusive right to use the registered 

mark.46 The undersigned finds that there is no evidence that would rebut the presumption that the 

trademark at issue is valid. 

E. 

In accordance with the foregoing reasons, Zippo has demonstrated by “substantial, reliable, 

and probative evidence,” with the concurrence of Staff, that there is a violation of Section 337 by 

reason of the defaulting respondents’ importation into the United States, sale for importation, and 

sale within the United States after importation, of certain lighters that infringe the ‘241 mark. 

IV. 

Conclusion on Violation of Section 3 3 7 

Recommended Determination on Remedy and Bonding 

Finally, following the issuance of an initial determination on violation of Section 337, the 

administrative law judge must also issue a recommended determination concerning the appropriate 

remedy in the event that the Commission finds a violation of Section 337 and the amount of the bond 

44 See Exhibit 1 , the ‘241 mark registration. 

45 See Motion Memorandum at 8; Exhibit 3, Duke Declaration, f 8. 

46 15 U.S.C. $0 1057(c), 1115. 

-10- 
to be posted by the respondents during the 60-day period of Presidential review of the Commission’s 

action under Section 337(j).47 

A. General Exclusion Order 

In the case of a finding of violation of Section 337 by defaulting respondents under Section 

337(g)(2), a general exclusion order may issue if the requirements of Section 337(d)(2) are met.48 

As mentioned earlier, these are the Spray Pumps factors, under which a general exclusion order is 

warranted if: “(A) a general exclusion from entry of articles is necessary to prevent circumvention 

of an exclusion order limited to products of named persons; or (B) there is a pattern of violation of 

this section and it is difficult to identifl the source of infringing 

Under Spray Pumps, a two-pronged test must be satisfied for issuance of a general exclusion 

order. There must be (1) “a widespread pattern of unauthorized use of [the] patented invention;” 

and (2) “certain business conditions from which one might reasonably infer that foreign 

manufacturers other than respondents to the investigation may attempt to enter the U.S. market with 

infringing article^."^' The following factors are considered relevant to demonstrating a widespread 

pattern of unauthorized use: 

1. Commission determination of unauthorized importation into the United States of 

infringing articles by numerous foreign manufacturers; and 

2. other evidence which demonstrates a history of unauthorized foreign use of the 

patented in~ention.~~ 

47 19 C.F.R. 0 210.42(a)(l)(ii). 

48 19 U.S.C. 0 1337(g)(2)(C). 

49 19 U.S.C. 0 1337(d)(2). 

50 Spray Pumps, supra, 216 U.S.P.Q. at 473. 

5’ Id. 

-1 1- 
The Commission has also identified a number of factors relevant to showing “certain business 

conditions,” including: 

1. an established market for the patented product in the U.S. market and conditions 

of the world market; and 

2. the availability of marketing and distribution networks in the United States for 

potential foreign manufact~ers.~~ 

Both Zippo and Staff agree that there is a “widespread pattern of unauthorized use” in that 

numerous entities in China manufacture infringing lighters. In support, Zippo points to evidence 

of a raid in China where [ ] counterfeit lighters were seized.53 Zippo and Staff also agree that 

infringing lighters are widely available on the Internet and through auction sites, such as eBa~.~~ 

Concerning the presence of “business conditions” influencing such unfair imports, Zippo 

and Staff agree that Zippo lighters are popular lighters and that infringers offer their versions of 

Zippo lighters over the Internet at significantly lower prices. It is not difficult for foreign entities to 

gain access to the U.S. market, citing numerous foreign manufacturers of infringing lighters and 

ready access to the market through direct sales and Internet sales. In addition, the volume of 

infringing products in the United States has sharply increased in the past few years.55 

Concerning the possibility of circumvention, Zippo and Staff note the difficulty of identifling 

and shutting down individual suppliers. In support, Zippo asserts that the factory that was raided in 

China operated surreptitiously because it [ 

]56 Both note that infringers operating through Internet web sites 

52 Id. 

53 See Motion Memorandum at 17-18; Exhibit 3, Attachment 3; Staffs Response at 12. 

54 See Motion Memorandum at 17; Staffs Response at 12. 

55 See Motion Memorandum at 18-19; Exhibit 3, Duke Declaration, 7 9. 

56 See Motion Memorandum at 19-20; Staffs Response at 13-14. 

-12- 
typically offer very limited contact information, making it difficult to take effective action against 

individual suppliers.57 

Zippo also asserts that there are no public interest factors that weigh against the issuance of 

a general exclusion order and that the issuance of a general exclusion order would further the public 

interest by eliminating potentially unsafe products from the market.58 

Based on these considerations, it is readily apparent that the Spray Pumps factors have been 

satisfied by Zippo in this case and that there are no public interest factors that weigh against the 

issuance of a general exclusion order. Accordingly, the undersigned finds that a general exclusion 

order is warranted. 

B. Bond 

In accordance with Section 337(j), the accused products are entitled to entry under bond 

during the 60-day period of Presidential review.59 To the extent possible, the bond should be an 

amount that would be sufficient to protect the complainant from any injury.6o 

Although the Commission frequently sets the bond on the basis of a difference in sales prices 

between the patented domestic product and the infringing product,6' there is only limited evidence 

here of prices charged by the defaulting respondents because they did not participate in the 

investigation. As Zippo points out, the evidence that does exist is based on Zippo's investigation 

57 Id. 

58 See Motion Memorandum at 20-21. 

59 19 U.S.C. 5 1337(j). 

6o 19 C.F.R. 5 21OSO(a)(3). 

See Certain Microsphere Adhesives, Process for Making Same, and Products Containing 

Same, Including Selfistick Repositionable Notes, Inv. No. 337-TA-366, USITC Pub. No. 2949, 

Commission Opinion at 24-25 (USITC, January 1996) 

-13- 
and demonstrates a wide range of prices charged by the respondents, generally well below the retail 

price charged for Zippo’s lighter product.62 

Where it has been difficult or impossible to calculate a bond based upon price differentials, 

and particularly where the respondents fail to provide discovery, the Commission has set the bond 

at 100 percent of the entered value of the infiinging imported product.63 Zippo and Staff c0ncur,6~ 

and the undersigned recommends as appropriate, that the bond in this instance should be set at 100 

percent of the entered value of respondents’ accused products during the Presidential review period. 

V. Conclusion 

Accordingly, Zippo’s motion (575-008) for summary determination that there is a violation 

of Section 337 is hereby granted. Furthermore, the undersigned recommends the issuance of a 

general exclusion order. 

Pursuant to 19 C.F.R. 9 210.38(d), the Administrative Law Judge hereby CERTIFIES to the 

Commission the record in this investigation. 

Pursuant to 19 C.F.R.9 2 10.42(h), this Initial Determination shall become the determination 

of the Commission unless a party files a petition for review of the Initial Determination pursuant to 

19 C.F.R. 9 210.43(a), or the Commission, pursuant to 19 C.F.R. 9 210.44, orders, on its own 

motion, a review of the Initial Determination or certain issues herein. 

Within seven days of the date of this document, each party shall submit to the Office of the 

Administrative Law Judges a statement as to whether or not it seeks to have any portion of this 

62 See Motion Memorandum at 18. 

63 See Certain Oscillating Sprinklers, Sprinkler Components, and Nozzles, Inv. No. 337-TA448, Limited Exclusion Order at 4-5 (March 2002) (setting bond at 100% of entered value with 

respect to the products of a defaulting respondent). 

64 See Motion Memorandum at 2 1-22; Staffs Response at 14. 

-14- 
document deleted from the public version. The parties’ submissions may be made by facsimile 

and/or hard copy by the aforementioned date. 

Any party seeking to have any portion of this document deleted fiom the public version 

thereof must submit to this office a copy of this document with red brackets indicating any portion 

asserted to contain confidential business information. The parties’ submissions concerning the public 

version of this document need not be filed with the Commission Secretary. 

SO ORDERED. 

Administrative Law Judge 

-15- 
IN THE MATTER OF CERTAIN LIGHTERS 337-TA-575 

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE 

I, Marilyn R. Abbott, hereby certifL that the attached ORDER was served upon, Thomas S. 

FUSCO, Esq., Commission Investigative Attorney, and the following parties via first class mail 

and air mail where necessary on March 2 1 ,2007. 

Mdrflyh R. Abdott, Secretary 

U.S. International Trade Commission 

500 E Street, S.W., Room 112A 

Washington, DC 20436 

FOR COMPLAINANTS ZIPPO MANUFACTURING CO., INC. & ZIPPMARK, INC.: 

Kevin M. O’Brien, Esq. 

Michael E. Murphy, Esq. 

Brian F. Burke, Esq. 

Lisa A. Murphy, Esq. 

Robert W. Busby, Esq. 

W. Jackson Matney, Jr., Esq. 

Jennifer A. Semko, Esq. 

BAKER & MCKENZIE LLP 

8 15 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. 

Washington, DC 20006-4078 

RESPONDENTS: 

FOR RESPONDENT WENZHOU STAR SMOKING SET CO., LTD. (aka WENZHOU 

HENGXING SMOKING SET CO., LTD.) 

Marcia H. Sundeen, Esq. 

KENYON & KENYON, LLP 

1500 K Street, N.W. 

Washington, DC 20005-1 257 
IN THE MATTER OF CERTAIN LIGHTERS 337-TA-575 

Wang Jiabin, Esq. 

KING & WOOD 

40m Floor, Tower A, Beijing Fortune 

Plazq, 7 Dongsanhuan Zhonglu 

Chaoyang District, Beijing 1000020, China 

FOR RESPONDENT KALAN LP (dba KALAN TRENDSETTING GIFTS & 

NOVELTIES) 

Tom M. Schaumberg, Esq. 

Michael L. Doane, Esq. 

ADDUCI, MASTRIANI & SCHAUMBERG, L.L.P. 

1200 Seventeenth Street, N. W. 

Washington, DC 20036 

PUBLIC MAILING LIST 

Sherry Robinson 

8891 Gander Creek Drive 

Miamisburg, OH 45342 

LEXIS - NEXIS 

Ronnita Green 

Thomson West 

1 100 - 1 3th Street NW 

Suite 200 

Washington, DC 20005 


The complaint named seven respondents: beWild.com (bewild) of Bellmore, New York; 

Kalan LP (Kalan) of Landsdowne, Pennsylvania, Taizhou Rongshi Lighter Development Co., 

Ltd. a/Ma Rongshi Enterprise (Rongshi) of China; Tung Fong International Promotion Co., Lt. 

(Tung Fong) of China; Vista Wholesale (Vista) of Greencastle, Indiana; Wenzhou Tailier 

Smoking Set Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (Wenzhou Tailier) of China; and Wenzhou Star Smoking 

Set Co., Ltd. (Wenzhou Star) of China. Respondent Kalan has been terminated from the 

investigation on the basis of a settlement agreement. Wenzhou Star is the only respondent 

remaining in the investigation. The Commission instituted this investigation on June 20, 2006, 

based on a complaint filed by Zippo Manufacturing Company, Inc., of Bradford, Pennsylvania, 

and ZippMark, Inc. of Wilmington, Delaware, alleging violations of section 337 of the Tariff Act 

of 1930 (19 U.S.C. 0 1337) in the importation into the United States, the sale for importation, 

and the sale within the United States after importation of certain personal lighters by reason of 

infringement of United States Trademark Registration No. 2,606,241. 71 Fed. Reg. 35450 

(2006). 

On July 17,2006, July 18,2006, and July 2 1 , 2006, complainants filed motions for orders 

to be directed to respondents bewild, Rongshi, Tung Fong, Vista and Wenzhou Tailier to show 

cause why they should not be found in default for failure to respond to the complaint and notice 

of investigation. Complainants’ motions also requested issuance of an ID finding these five 

respondents in default upon failure to show cause. Complainants also requested an immediate 

entry of a limited exclusion order, cease and desist order, and/or other appropriate relief upon 

finding the above named respondents in default. The Commission investigative attorney 

supported the motions, but took no position with respect to complainants’ request for relief. No 

party opposed the motions. 

On August 16,2006, Judge Bullock issued Order No. 6, ordering bewild, Rongshi, Tung Fong, 

Vista, and Wenzhou Tailier to show cause why each should not be held in default no later than 

September 1,2006. None of those five respondents filed a response to the order, an answer to the 

complaint, or a notice of appearance within the time permitted. On September 15,2006, the ALJ issued 

the subject ID finding bewild, Rongshi, Tung Fong, Vista, and Wenzhou Tailier in default. No party 

petitioned for review of the ID. 

The Commission will take up the issue of immediate relief after the finding of default becomes 

its final determination, and complainants have filed their declarations. See Commission rule 210.16(c). 

Having examined the record of this investigation, the Commission has determined not to 

review the ALJ’s ID finding bewild, Rongshi, Tung Fong, Vista, Wenzhou Tailier in default. 

2 
The authority for the Commission’s determination is contained in section 337 of the 

Tariff Act of 1930, as amended (19 U.S.C. 5 1337), and in section 210.42(h) of the 

Commission’s Rules of Practice and Procedure (1 9 C.F.R. 5 21 0.42(h) ). 

By order of the Commission. 

Issued: October 2,2006 W 

3 
CERTAIN LIGHTERS 337-TA-575 

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE 

I, Marilyn R. Abbott, hereby certify that the attached NOTICE OF COMMISSION DECISION 

NOT TO REVIEW AN INTIAL DETERMINATION FINDING FIVE RESPONDENTS IN 

DEFAULT has been served on upon the Commission Investigative Attorney Thomas S. Fusco, and 

all parties via first class mail and air mail where necessary on October 3, 2006. 

Marilyn R. hbott, Secretary 

U.S. International Trade Commission 

500 E Street, SW 

Washington, DC 20436 

ON BEHALF OF COMPLAINANT ZIPPO 

MANUFACTURING CO., INC. AND 

ZIPPMARK, INC.: 

Kevin M. O’Brien, Esq. 

Michael E. Murphy, Esq. 

Brian F. Burke, Esq. 

Lisa A. Murray, Esq. 

BAKER & MCKENZIE LLP 

8 15 Connecticut Avenue, NW 

Washington, DC 20006-4078 

P-202-452-7000 

F-202-452-7074 

ON BEHALF OF WENZHOU STAR 

SMOKING SET CO,, LTD.: 

Marcia Sundeen, Esq. 

KENYON & KENYON 

1500 K Street, NW 

Washington, DC 20005-1257 

P-202-220-4200 

F-202-220-420 1 

Allen J. Baden, Esq. 

KENYON & KENYON 

River Park Towers 

333 West San Carlos Street 

Suite 600 

San Jose, CA 95 1 10 

P-408-975-7500 

Wang Jiabin, Esq. 

KING & WOOD 

40TH Floor, Tower A, Beijing Fortune 

Plaza, 7 Dongsanhuan Zhonglu 

Chaoyang District, Beijiing 100020 

China 

P (86 10) 5878-5080 

F (861 0) 5878-5599 

ON BEHALF OF RESPONDENT KALAN 

LP (dba Kalan Trendsetting Gifts & 

Novelties) 

Tom M. Schaumberg, Esq. 

Michael L. Doane, Esq. 

ADDUCI, MASTRIANI & 

SCHAUMBERG, LLP 

1200 Seventeenth Street, NW 

Washington, DC 20036 

P-202-467-6300 

RESPONDENTS: 

Tung Fong International Promotion Co., Ltd. 

Unit C9-21/F., Wah Lok Industrial Ctr. 

31-41 Shan Mei St., Fo Tan, N.T., Kln., 

Hong Kong 

P-852 2609 2 128 

F-852- 2602 2536 
Certificate of Service - page 2 

Taizhou Rongshi Lighter Development Co., 

Ltd. (aka Rongshi Enterprise) 

Chayu Industrial Zone 

Zeguo Wen] ing 

Zhejiang, China 

P-86-576-6402253 

F-86-576-6402256 

Wenzhou Tailier Smoking Set Co., Ltd. 

(aka Wenzhou Tailier Smoking Set 

Manufacturing Co., Ltd.) 

No. 58 Zhugong Rod 

JinZhu Industrial Zone 

Wenzhou, China 325000 

P-0086-577-88330888 

F-0086-577-889 12303 

beWild.com 

2357 Bedford Avenue 

Bellmore, New York 11710 

P-5 16-22 1-4700 

Vista Wholesale 

1010 Meadow Lane 

Greencastle, Indiana 46 135 

P-765-653-9708 


the above named respondents in default upon failure to show cause. In addition, Zippo’s motion 

included a request for immediate entry of a limited exclusion order, cease and desist order, and/or 

other appropriate relief upon finding the above named respondents in default. On July 28, 2006, 

August 3,2006, and August 15,2006, the Commission Investigative Staff (“Staff’) filed responses 

supporting Zippo’s motions, and took no position with respect to Zippo’s request for immediate 

entry of relief upon finding of default. No other responses to Zippo’s motion were filed. 

Order No. 6, issued on August 16,2006, granted Zippo’s motions ordering the above named 

respondents to show, by the close of business on September 1,2006, why they should not be found 

in default for failure to respond to the Complaint and Notice of Investigation pursuant to Rule 2 1 0.1 6 

of the Commission’s Rules of Practice and Procedure, 19 C.F.R. $ 2 10.16. No responses to Order 

No. 6 were filed by the deadline date, and no responses have been filed as of the present date. 

Commission Rule 2 10.16 provides in pertinent part, as follows: 

A party shall be found in default if it fails to respond to the complaint and notice of 

investigation in the manner prescribed in $2 10.13 or $ 2 10.59(c), or otherwise fails 

to answer the complaint and notice, and fails to show cause why it should not be 

found in default. 

19 C.F.R. $ 21 O.l6(a)( 1). The Commission’s Rules further provide that “[a] party found in default 

shall be deemed to have waived its right to appear, to be served with documents, and to contest the 

allegations at issue in the investigation.” 19 C.F.R. $ 2 10.16(b)(3). 

Accordingly, it is the INITIAL DETERMINATION of the Administrative Law Judge that 

Respondents bewild, Vista, Tung Fong, Rongshi, and Wenzhou Tailier be found to be in default. 

Consequently, Respondents bewild, Vista, Tung Fong, Rongshi, and Wenzhou Tailier have waived 

-2- 
their right to appear, to be served with documents, and to contest the allegations at issue in the 

investigation. 

Pursuant to 19 C.F.R. 9 21 0.42(h), this initial determination shall become the determination 

of the Commission unless a party files a petition for review of the initial determination pursuant to 

19 C.F.R. 9 210.43(a), or the Commission, pursuant to 19 C.F.R. 3 210.44, orders on its own motion 

a review of the initial determination or certain issues contained herein. 

SO ORDERED. 

Administrative Law Judge 

-3 - 
IN THE MATTER OF CERTAIN LIGHTERS 337-TA-575 

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE 

I, Marilyn R. Abbott, hereby certifjr that the attached ORDER was served upon, Thomas S. 

FUSCO, Esq., Commission Investigative Attorney, and the following parties via first class mail 

Sowstreet, S.W., Room 112A 

Washington, DC 20436 

FOR COMPLAINANTS ZIPPO MANUFACTURING CO., INC. & ZIPPMARK, INC.: 

Kevin M. O’Brien, Esq. 

Michael E. Murphy, Esq. 

Brian F. Burke, Esq. 

Lisa A. Murphy, Esq. 

Robert W. Busby, Esq. 

W. Jackson Matney, Jr., Esq. 

Jennifer A. Semko, Esq. 

BAKER & MCKENZIE LLP 

8 15 Connecticut Avenue, N. W. 

Washington, DC 20006-4078 

RESPONDENTS: 

TUNG FONG INTERNATIONAL PROMOTION CO., LTD. 

Unit C9-21/F., Wah Lok Industrial Ctr. 

31-41 Shan Mei St., Fo Tan, N.T., Kln., 

Hong Kong 
IN THE MATTER OF CERTAIN LIGHTERS 337-TA-575 

FOR RESPONDENT WENZHOU STAR SMOKING SET CO., LTD. (aka WENZHOU 

HENGXING SMOKING SET CO., LTD.) 

Marcia H. Sundeen, Esq. 

KENYON & KENYON, LLP 

1500 K Street, N.W. 

Washington, DC 20005-1257 

Wang Jiabin, Esq. 

KING &WOOD 

40m Floor, Tower A, Beijing Fortune 

Plazq, 7 Dongsanhuan Zhonglu 

Chaoyang District, Beijing 1000020, China 

TAIZHOU RONGSHI LIGHTER DEVELOPMENT CO., LTD. (aka RONGSHI 

ENTERPRISE) 

Chap Industrial Zone 

Zeguo Wenling 

Zhejiang, China 

WENZHOU TAILIER SMOKING SET CO., LTD. (aka WENZHOU TAILIER 

SMOKING SET MANUFACTURING CO., LTD.) 

No. 58 Zhugong Road 

Wenzhou, China 325000 

BEWILD.COM 

2357 Bedford Avenue 

Bellmore, NY 1 17 10 

FOR RESPONDENT KALAN LP (dba KALAN TRENDSETTING GIFTS & 

NOVELTIES) 

Tom M. Schaumberg, Esq. 

Michael L. Doane, Esq. 

ADDUCI, MASTRIANI & SCHAUMBERG, L.L.P. 

1200 Seventeenth Street, N.W. 

Washington, DC 20036 

VISTA WHOLESALE 

10 10 Meadow Lane 

Greencastle, IN 46 135 
IN THE MATTER OF CERTAIN LIGHTERS 

PUBLIC MAILING LIST 

Sherry Robinson 

8891 Gander Creek Drive 

Miamisburg, OH 45342 

LEXIS - NEXIS 

Ronnita Green 

Thomson West 

1100 - 13* Street NW 

Suite 200 

Washington, DC 20005 

337-TA-575