Energy Conservation Standard

Residential Furnaces and Boi

Webcast Presentation 

Building Technologies Progra

m

Office o

f Energy Efficiency and Renewable E

U.S. Department of Energy

August 17, 2004
Purpose: Prepare Stakeholders for the P

 The Department wants to assist stakeholders in 

and interpreting the material developed for the AProposed Rulemaking (

ANOPR)

 ANOPR Federal Register notice published July  Focus on the spreadsheet tools developed for th Explain how to use and apply the spreadsheet to

meeting
Webcast Protocol: Education & Familia

 Familiarize stakeholders with ANOPR spreadsh Opportunity to ask clarification questions at the e

section discussed today relating to the material 

 The webcast is not part of the formal process an

provision for capturing comments for the record

 This is not a forum to critique the ANOPR analys The Department requests comments at the publ

writing
1 Rulemaking Overview2 Engineering Analysis3 Life-Cycle Cost Analysis4 National Impact Analysis
Stages of the Rulemaking Proc

Stakeholder Participation

9 Federal Register Notices

9 Written Comments9 Meetings a

nd Or

al Com

m

ents

9

W

eb-post

9 Consultat9 Webcasts

Framework

Document ANOPR NOPR Final Rule

Today
ANOPR Analyses Flow Diagra

Standards Rulemaking

Market & Technology

Screeni

n

g

Analysis

Engineeri

n

g

Analysis

Energy Consumpti

o

n

ShipmentsAnalysis

Markups forEquipmentPriceDeterminati

o

n

Life-Cycl

e

Cost an

d

Payback Period Analyses

1

2

3

4

5

6

7
ANOPR Documents and Material Pu

www.e

ere.e

n

erg

y.go

v/building

s/applianc

e

_

sta

n

d

ard

s/re

sid

e

ntial/f

ur

 Federal Register Notice Technical Support Doc

ument 

(ANOPR version)

 Engineering Analysis

(1 spreadsheet)

 Installation Model

(2 spreadsheets)

 Life-Cycle Cost 

(6 spreadsheets

 National Impact 

(2 spreadsheets

 RECS Database 

Model Database
How to Submit Comments...

 Public Meeting on September 29, 2004

–

oral comme

in the transcript and become part of the public record

 Written comments

–

comment period open until Nove

Reference docket #: EE–RM/STD–01–350 and/or RIN 

Email: ResidentialFBANOPRComments@ee.doe.govMail: Ms. Brenda Edwards-Jones

U.S. Department of EnergyBuildingTechnologies Program, Mailstop EE–2JANOPR for Residential Furnaces and BoilersDocket number EE–RM/STD–01–350 and/or R1000 Independence Avenue, SW.Washington, DC 20585–0121

Courier: Ms. Brenda Edwards-Jones

U.S. Department of EnergyBuilding Technologies Program, Room 1J–0181000 Independence Avenue, SWWashington, DC 20585
1 Rulemaking Overview2 Engineering Analysis3 Life-Cycle Cost Analysis4 National Impact Analysis
The purpose of the Engineering Analysis is incremental energy savings potential and coincreased equipment efficiency levels.

Select efficiency increases (design options) relative Develop cost-efficiency relationships to show the e

installation costs of achieving increased efficien

Account for ranges and uncertainties in data and g

distributions

Determine the simple payback for each efficiency l

calculating energy consumption based on the Dsatisfy NAECA rebuttable payback requirement
BaselineUnits

Engineering Analysis O

EquipmentMarkup

EquipmentCostEfficiencyRelationship

First C

OperatCost

EnergyPrice

(Life-Cycle 

Design DistribuOptions

InstallationCost

Energy

Usage

Maintenance Cost
Engineering Analysis O

BaselineUnits

EquipmentMarkup

EnergyPrice

First C

(Life-Cycle 

Distribu

OperatCost

EquipmentCostEfficiencyRelationship Design Options

InstallationCost

EnergyUsag

e

Mainten

ance 

Cost
Baseline units are the lowest efficiency prodavailable that meet current NAECA standard

Equipment Type Mobile Homes Gas-Fired Furnaces Gas-Fired 

Hot Water Boilers

Furnaces Boilers Oil-Fired Furnaces Oil-Fired 

Hot Water BoilersW

eathe

riz

ed 

Gas-Fired Furnaces

Sources:1 Stakeholders’ Input2 NAECA Minimum Standards 3 Manufacturer Intervi

ews, Market Assessment

Input 

Capacity1

(Btu/hr)

Efficiency2

(AFUE) Conf. 3 Heat Exc

NonWeathe

rized 

Gas-Fired Furnaces 75,000

70,000

105,000140,000105,000

7875788080

Upflow

N/A

Downflow

Upflow

N/A

Clam S

Tub

DruDru

Section

base, C

Sectiona

base, C

Clam S

Tub

75,000 75 Horizontal 
Equipment Cost-Efficiency Process

1) Define Baseline Units2) Perform Physical Teardowns

• Select Teardown Unit

s

• Develop Bill of Materials• Cost Model Assumptions

Cost ($) 3) Design Option Simulations

• Identify Design Options• Performance Model AFUE• Cost Design Options

4) Stakeholder Review, Finalize 

= P= D
Engineering Spreadsheet File Structure

Data Inputs All inputsIntroduction Overview Worksheet instru

Sheet Type C

InstallationCostScenarios Scenario Selector Installation data TP-TwoStageCtrl

Burner operating furnace/boiler avenergy consumpproduct class at 

TP-SingleStageCtrl Energy CalculationsTable-Lookup Lookup Tables For energy calcuTP-StepModCtrl

Oil BoilerGas BoilerOil FurnaceMH Gas FurnaceWeath

Gas F

urnace

Contains first coinstallation), and (repair/maintenasimple first year each product clalevel.

NonWeath Gas Furnace Class Cal

culati

ons
The incremental manufacturing cost results on the class calculation sheets.
Engineering Analysis O

BaselineUnits Equipment

CostEfficiencyRelationship

EquipmentMarkup

EnergyPrice

First C

(Life-Cycle 

Distribu

OperatCost

DesignOptions

InstallationCost

EnergyUsag

e

Mainten

ance 

Cost
Installation Cost Components

Installation costs are usually higher than the equipment efficiency, installation configuration, and installation size

VentVent Modifications

Removal/Replacement

Condensate Drainage

Electrical Hookup

Nominal Ducting/Piping
Installation Cost Sources Initially Consid

1996 Wisconsin 12 Wisconsi

n Narrow

Energy Center

>16

34

Sample 

Size

4 Canadian 

cities

USA

Geographic 

Sprea

d

App

1999 NR Canada Narrow

study

New 

1994 GRI Report Wide

Inflation index 

updated in 2002

Source Breadth Data Source

>1500

U

S

A

Wid

Bill of M

aterial Wide

Cost Model

The Department created its own installation cost model, bused RS Means construction-cost estimation method, and with the above sources when equivalent assumptions are 
Installation Model File Structure

Assumption O

verview Assumptions List of all assumptions 

Summary for all class“SSE-AFUE Analysis.

SSE-AFUE 

Calculati

ons

SSEAFUE Sum

mary

Model Model input and outpu

Calculati

ons

ControlsMaster BOM BOM w/ activated line

Absolute cost breakdostandard level; weight

Sub-Results

Top-level results for eLevel

Overall Results

Installation Cost Effici

Results

Results for Most Classes

Glossary Venti

ng T

erms List of Venti

ng Terms 

Mod

el Overview Overview Sheet Description and 

Installation Model, Type Co

Selected Sheets
Installation Model Cost Calculation Ste

Configuration

Vent Configuration

– Nationally weig

according to prefield. 

1

Bill of

Material

Bill of Material (BOM)

– Single venting c

BOMs are deterinstallation manu

2

Quantity

Line Item Quantity 

– “Installation size

parameters (vendiameter, etc.) ausing a Monte C

3

Material 

+ Labor

Material & Labor

– Material quotatio

Means labor cos

4
Step 1: Vent Configuration - Common Configu

Configuration

Bill of

Material

Quantity

Material 

+ Labor

Furnac

e

Category

Water Heater

Venting

Market

Existing 

Vent Type

Chimney 

Liner

Existing Vent 

Connector

Vent 

Orientation
Step 1: Vent Configuration - Weighting

Configuration

Bill of

Material

Quantity

Material 

+ Labor
Step 1: Vent Configuration - Vent Category 

(Non-weatherized Gas Furnaces)

Configuration

Bill of

Material

Quantity

Material 

+ Labor

8

0

% AFUE Category I (s

7

8

% AFUE Category I (s

92

% Category 

8

% Category III (sta

81

% 1-stag

e

Category IV (p

Category III (stain

65

% Category 

35

% Category III (sta

Category I (s

Type B vent connec

Vent Assum

83

%

90

% Condensing

82

%

81

% 2-stage Mod

ulatin

g

Efficiency Level
Step 2: Bill of Material (BOM)

Configuration

Bill of

Material

Quantity

Material 

+ Labor
Step 3: Line Item Quantity 

- Installation Size-re

Configuration

Bill of

Material

Quantity

Material 

+ Labor
Step 4: Material & Labor - Line Item Costs

Configuration

Bill of

Material

Quantity

Material 

+ Labor
Sensitivity Analysis
Class Dropdown Switch
1 Rulemaking Overview2 Engineering Analysis (Rebuttable P3 Life-Cycle Cost Analysis4 National Impact Analysis
Rebuttable Payback

 EPCA requires DOE to recalculate a “rebuttable p

*“(iii) If the Secretary finds that the additional cost to the consumer of p

complying with an energy conservation standard level will be less than 

energy savings during the first year that the consumer will receive as a 

calculated under the applicable test procedure, there shall be a rebuttabstandard is economically justified;”

 Calculations shall be performed using the DOE te

 Rebuttable payback differs from the LCC payback

conditions.

*per (42 U.S.C. 6295 (l)(2)(B)(i)(V)(iii) Part B of Title III of the Energy Policy and Conse

Public Law 94–163—as amended by the National Appliance Energy Conservation 
Rebuttable Payback

Pay

back

Consumer First Cost

Change

Operating Cost

Change
Rebuttable Payback Overvie

Markup

EquipmentCostEfficiencyRelationship

First C

OperatCost

EnergyPrice

InstallationCost

Energy

Usage

Mainten

ance 

Cost
The markup results are on the class calcula
Energy Usage Calculations
Maintenance Costs and Energy P

Sources: Maintenance cost is based on information from GRI, MThe residential energy prices are based on EIA Annual Energy 2003 data.
Rebuttable Payback
1 Rulemaking Overview2 Engineering Analysis3 Life-Cycle Cost Analysis4 National Impact Analysis
Furnace/Boiler ANOPR Analysis O

 This presentation is focused on the Life-Cycle Cost 

of the Furnace/Boiler ANOPR.

Market & Technology

Screeni

n

g

Analysis

Engineeri

n

g

Analysis

Energy Use & House LoadCalculation

ShipmentsAnalysis

Markups forEquipmentPriceDeterminati

o

n

Life-Cycl

e

Cost Analy
Statutory Requirements

LCC Analysis satisfies a statutory requirement:

“(i) In determining whether a standard is economically 

Secretary shall ... determine whether the benefits its burden by ... considering

(ii) the savings in operating costs throughout the estim

the covered product in the type compared to any inof, or in the initial charges for, or maintenance expcovered products which are likely to result from the standard;”*

*per (42 U.S.C. 6295 (l)(2)(B)(i)(II)) Part B of 

Title III of the Energ

y Policy and Conservation A

a

mended by the National Appliance Energ

y Conservation Act (

NAEC

A) of 198

7
Basic LCC Process

Economic evaluation from the customer perspective

Change in First Cost

Com

Change in Operating Costs

LC
Basic LCC Process

 LCC equals first cost plus the sum of operat

discounted to a particular base year

 Implemented in an Excel® spreadsheet Key sensitivities can be tested

 Results are expressed as LCC difference (ba

candidate standard)

 One LCC spreadsheet for each product class
LCC Formula

Life-Cycle Cost is expressed as the First Cost plus tdiscounted Operating Cost.

Life-Cycle Cost = First Cost 

+ sum of discounted Operating 

( 

∑ + = +

lifetime

year

DiscountR

Operating

LCC FirstCost

1
Uncertainty and Variability

 LCC calculation done for a representative sam

 Monte Carlo analysis to capture uncertainty an

• Inputs sampled from probability distributions of valu• 10,000 iterations• Range of LCC results

 Identify the percentage of consumers with LCC 

to possible stand

ard levels
First Cost

First Costconsists of:1) Equipment 

Price

2) Installation

Cost

Operating Cost

Operating Costis derived from:1) Energy

Consumption

2) Energy

Prices

3) Maintenance

Cost

Discount Rate

Discount RateIs the interestconsumers payfor purchasing a furnace

Lifetime

Lifetime is howlong a furnace will be usedbefore it isreplaced

Lto oaa fo

Components of the LCC Analysis
All 

Markups

Equipment Price

Manufacturer

Cost

First C

Elements of First Cost

Firs

InstallationCost
Manufacturer Costs

Cost of Virtual Models varies by Input Capacity and A

0.93 0.94 0.96 0.99 1 1.01 1.04 1.04 1.12 

Cost Scalars

Input Capacity (kBTUH)

372 381 397 

2000 CFM (5 tons)

344 348 352 362 373 388 

1600 CFM (4 tons)

317 321 329 338 341 346 357 367 1200 CFM (3 tons)307 311 320 800 CFM (2 tons)

45 50 60 70 75 80 90 100 115 

Max. Airflow (at 0.5 in.w.g. ESP)
Manufacturer Markup

Sales Tax

New or

Retrofit

New Retrofit

Contractor Markup -

New Construction

Contractor Markup -

Retrofit

Builder Markup

Manufacturer Costs

Equipment Price

Wholesaler Markup

Markup

Markups acrossthe distributionchain.
Baseline and Incremental Markups for WholesContractorsBaseline markups are the ratio of price to cost prior to standards

Wholesaler’s or Contractor’s expenses plus profit, direct labor and o

Incremental markups are the ratio of the additional price after stcost due to standards. 

For b

aseline condit

Per Dollar Cost of Goods SolLab

or Exp

enses 

Other Expenses 

Bas

eline Markup = 

Markups for Wholesalers

BASELINE

For an incremental chang

Per Dollar Cost of Goods SoLabor Expens

e

s

Other Expenses 

Incre

ment

al Markup = 

INCREMENTAL
Installation Cost

Catego

Category 

Category I +Vent con

nector

Category I
OpeCos

EnergyConsumption

EnergyPrice

Elements of Operating Cost

MaintenanceCost
Assign Furnace

Calculate House Load

Select House

Calculate EnergyUse

Select Baseline

Energy Consumption
Selection of Houses

A sample of 1,986 households is extracted This sample represents 37.3 million house

replacement and new constructio
Assign Furnace

 Input capacity correlated to size of house Airflow capacity correlated to size of house AFUE for existing furnace is correlated to climate of 
Calculate Heating Load

B(

Annual House

Heating Load

Electric Use Rate

(heat from Blower

Motor)

Fuel Use Rate
Calculate Energy Use
Select Baseline

 Baseline furnace efficiency varies from house to hous Assign AFUE as a function of climate of sample hous

• Use same approach as for existing furnace• Except that:

– AFUE distributions are from current GAMA shipme– AFUE assignment is done according census divisio
Energy Price

Average residential price of natural gas is expected to 

$6.50$7.00$7.50$8.00$8.50$9.00$9.50

$10.00

1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 

Year

$/MMBtu
Maintenance Cost

Maintenance cost is the annual cost of maintaining a fuworking condition.

96% $102 (±15%)

90% and 92% $61 (±15%)

82-83% $58 (±15%)

81% and less $35 (±15%)

AFUE Mean
Discount Rate

Rates for Household Debt and Equity Type

Total/Weighted-average discount rate 100 

New construction 100 Mutual funds 19.8 Stocks (S&P500) 30.2 

Bonds (Corporate AAA) 8.3 

Savings bonds (Treasury) 1.6 

CD (6-month) 7.9 

Transaction (checking) accounts 20 

Credit card and installment 9.1 Second mortgage 3 

Average Share o

Household Debt pl

Type Equity (%)
Furnace Lifetimes

0%2%4%6%8%

10%12%

0 10 20 

Lifetime (years)

Probability

Source: Appliance Magazine, Sept. 2001.





GAS FURNACE (NON-WEATHERIZED) Simulation Results

# Samples = 10000

number Design Option: AFUE/Electricity Average Average Savings Net Cost No Impact Net Benefit M

0 78% AFUE - NAECA Min. $9,9661 80% AFUE - Incr. HX Area $9,795 $0 0% 99% 1% 2 80% AFUE - PSC+ $9,784 $7 17% 27% 56% 3 80% AFUE - ECM $9,873 -$59 60% 27% 14% 4 80% AFUE - BC/ECM+ $9,822 -$21 51% 27% 23% 5 80% 2-stage Mod $9,718 $41 33% 27% 40% 6 80% 2-stage Mod ECM $9,795 -$13 48% 27% 26% 7 80% 2-stage Mod BC/ECM+ $9,782 $1 45% 27% 28% 8 81% AFUE - Incr. HX Area $9,789 -$3 32% 27% 41% 9 81% AFUE - PSC+ $9,779 $5 30% 26% 44% 

10 81% AFUE - ECM $9,868 -$62 51% 26% 23% 11 81% AFUE - BC/ECM+ $9,816 -$24 45% 26% 29% 12 81% 2-stage Mod $9,680 $63 29% 26% 45% 13 81% 2-stage Mod ECM $9,796 -$20 44% 26% 29% 14 81% 2-stage Mod BC/ECM+ $9,782 -$5 43% 26% 31% 15 82% AFUE - Incr. HX Area $10,170 -$292 70% 26% 4% 16 82% AFUE - PSC+ $10,159 -$284 69% 26% 5% 17 82% AFUE - ECM $10,249 -$351 71% 26% 3% 18 82% AFUE - BC/ECM+ $10,197 -$312 68% 26% 6% 19 82% 2-stage Mod $10,103 -$256 65% 26% 9% 20 82% 2-stage Mod ECM $10,179 -$310 67% 26% 7% 21 82% 2-stage Mod BC/ECM+ $10,164 -$295 65% 26% 9% 22 83% AFUE - Incr. HX Area $10,400 -$468 73% 26% 1% 23 90% AFUE $9,917 -$154 56% 26% 18% 24 90% AFUE - PSC+ $9,907 -$145 57% 15% 27% 26 90% AFUE - BC/ECM+ $9,957 -$180 63% 15% 22% 27 91% 2-stage Mod ECM $9,898 -$141 58% 15% 26% 28 91% 2-stage BC/ECM+ $9,878 -$118 58% 15% 27% 29 91% Step Mod ECM $10,119 -$328 67% 15% 18% 30 91% Step Mod BC/ECM+ $10,110 -$315 66% 15% 18% 31 92%AFUE - Incr. HX Area $9,924 -$166 60% 15% 25% 32 92% AFUE - PSC+ $9,914 -$156 63% 2% 35% 33 92% AFUE - ECM $10,015 -$255 76% 2% 22% 34 92% AFUE - BC/ECM+ $9,965 -$205 73% 2% 25% 35 93% 2-stage Mod ECM $9,912 -$154 67% 2% 32% 36 93% 2-stage Mod BC/ECM+ $9,891 -$133 66% 2% 32% 37 93% Step Mod ECM $10,134 -$373 78% 2% 21% 38 93% Step Mod BC/ECM+ $10,124 -$362 77% 2% 21% 39 96% AFUE Step Mod ECM $10,724 -$954 89% 2% 9% 40 96% AFUE Step Mod BC/ECM+ $10,738 -$967 91% 0% 9% 

LCC 
1 Rulemaking Overview2 Engineering Analysis3 Life-Cycle Cost Analysis4 National Impact Analysis
ANOPR Analyses Flow Diagra

Market & Technology

Screeni

n

g

Analysis

Engineeri

n

g

Analysis

Energy Use & House LoadCalculation

ShipmentsAnalysis

Markups forEquipmentPriceDeterminati

o

n

Life-Cycl

e

Cost Analysis
The Need for National Impact Ana

Q. Why isn’t the LCC the end of t

he economic analysis f

or t

A. Specifically,

1. LCC is performed from the perspective of househ

and is not the sole expression of natio

nal impacts

2. Total National Energy Savings is not estimated by 3. Manufacturers impacts are not estimated by LCC
The Need for National Impact Ana

Q. How does national impact analysis differ from the 

A. Specifically,

1. Utilizes a shipments model to estimate the tota

furnaces in service in any year.

2. Aggregates the costs and energy use, by vinta

that the proposed standard is in effect.

3. The energy consumed at the site is not the ene

at the power plant or wellhead.
Purpose

 Estimate the National Energy Savings (NES) (Quads) by calcu

cumulative energy savings for the forecast period 2012-2035

 Estimate the Net Present Value (national NPV) by calculating 

equipment shipped during the period 2012-2035.

Method

 Spreadsheet-based analysis Utilizes energy use and installed cost from LCC analysis

 Impacts totaled for all US households with projections to the 

future

• Purchases to 2035• Energy Impact to 2035 (source)

 Annual time series
Process Chart

Key Inputs

y Construction Forecast Shipmentsy Product Lifetimey Market Share Model

Key Inputs National Energy

Savings

(Quads)

y Annual Energy Usey Site-to-Source

Conversion

National Net 

Present Value

(NPV)
Shipments Model

 Generates base case shipments, which is the case witho

standards, and a standard case shipments, which is the equipment standards have taken effect (for the years 20

 Accounts for equipment installed in new housing, conve

replacements to develop the total shipments 

 Provides retirements forecast according to age distribut

each year. 

 Incorporates market share model to account for fuel sw
Shipments Flowchart

Total Shipments

New Construction

Shipments Conversions 

• R

saty

• Install heating 

systems into new construction

• Replace with 

equipment utilizing a different fuel
A

Sta

Annu

Standard

Annual En

Base Case Annual 

Energy Cost

2035

Base Case Annual 

Energy Cost

2014

Base Case Annual 

Energy Cost

2013

Base Case Annual

Energy Cost

2012

NES Flowchart Historical

Shipments

Base Case

Projected Shipments

P

Base Case 

Cumulative

Energy Consumption

Standa

Cum

Energy Co

Cumulative Energy Savings 

(Base Case – Standards Case)

Site-to-Source

Energy

Conversion
National Energy Savings Key In

Annual Energy Use

 Weighted average per unit values as a function o

level taken from LCC analysis

 Weighted average calculated according to efficie

share
National Energy Savings Key In

Site-to-Source Conversion

 Electricity consumed at the site does not equal en

plant

• Conversion losses• Transmission and distribution losses• Generation fuel mix and plant efficiency• Generation plant mix change over time

 Natural Gas fuel consumed at the site does not eq

point of extraction

• Production losses• Transmission and distribution losses

 Conversion done with DOE’s National Energy Mod

(NEMS)
National NPV 

Flowchart

Base Case 

Cumulative

Total Equip Cost

2012 -2035

Base Case 

Cumulative

Energy Cost

2012 -2035

Base Case

Projected Shipments

P

Standards Cas

Cumulative

Energy Cost

2012 -2035

Shipment 

Forecast

Cumulative Operating

Cost Savings

(Base Case – Standards Case)

Cumulative Total 

Cost Incre

(Standards Case – 

Net

Present

Value
National Net Present Value Key In

Discount Rate

 National average Office of Management and Budget (OMB) man

and 3% real
Annual Energy Cost

Base Case Annual 

Energy Cost

2035

Base Case Annual 

Energy Cost

2014

Base Case Annual 

Energy Cost

2013

Base Case 

Annual Energy

Cost

2012

x 

Marginal 

Energy

Price

2012

x

Base Case 

Annual Energy

Cost

(Non-discounted)

2012

Base Case 

Cumulative

Energy Cost

2012 -2035
National NPV 

Flowchart

Base Case 

Cumulative

Total Equip Cost

2012 -2035

Base Case 

Cumulative

Energy Cost

2012 -2035

Base Case

Projected Shipments

P

Standards Cas

Cumulative

Energy Cost

2012 -2035

Shipment 

Forecast

Cumulative Operating

Cost Savings

(Base Case – Standards Case)

Cumulative Total 

Cost Incre

(Standards Case – 

Net

Present

Value






-10

-8-6-4-2

02468

10

80% 81% (a) 8%

Cat. III

81% 2-stage

Mod (b) no

Cat. III

82% 90% 

Quads

Source Energy Savings (Quads)Net Present Value (Billions)

Thank you and for more informat

 U.S. Department of Energy Appliance Rulemaking Website



www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards/residentia

 U.S. Department of Energy

 Mohammed Khan tel: 202 586 7892, mohammed.khan

 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

 Alex Lekov tel: 510 486 6849, ablekov@lbl.gov James Lutz tel: 510 486 7302, jdlutz@lbl.gov

 Navigant Consulting

 Graham Stevens tel: 202 973 8405, gstevens@naviga