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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  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| Sexually          Transmitted Diseases  >  Human          Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection  >  HPV Vaccine Information For Young Women
HPV Vaccine Information For Young Women

en español

There is now a vaccine that prevents the types of genital human papillomavirus	  (HPV) that cause most cases of cervical cancer and genital warts. The vaccine,	  Gardasil®, is given in three shots over six-months. The vaccine is routinely	  recommended for 11 and 12 year old girls. It is also recommended for girls	  and women age 13 through 26 who have not yet been vaccinated or completed	  the vaccine series.	
-  Why the HPV vaccine is important 
-  Who should get the HPV vaccine 
-  Effectiveness of the HPV vaccine 
-  Safety of the HPV vaccine 
-  Cost and paying for the HPV vaccine 
-  What vaccinated girls/women need to know 
-  Other ways to prevent HPV and Cervical Cancer
Why the HPV vaccine is important
Genital HPV is a common virus that is passed on through genital contact,      most often during sex. Most sexually active people will get HPV at some      time in their lives, though most will never even know it. It is most common      in people in their late teens and early 20s. 

There are about 40 types of HPV that can infect the genital areas of men      and women. Most HPV types cause no symptoms and go away on their own. But      some types can cause cervical cancer in women and other less common genital      cancers— like cancers of the anus, vagina, and vulva (area around      the opening of the vagina). Other types of HPV can cause warts in the genital      areas of men and women, called genital warts. Genital warts are not a life-threatening      disease. But they can cause emotional stress and their treatment can be      very uncomfortable.

Every year, about 12,000 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer and      almost 4,000 women die from this disease in the U.S.

About 1% of sexually active adults in the U.S. (or 1 million people) have      visible genital warts at any point in time. 
Who should get the HPV vaccine
The HPV vaccine is recommended for 11 and 12 year-old girls.**1** It is also		  recommended for girls and women age 13 through 26 years of age who      have not yet been vaccinated or completed the vaccine series. 

**1** Note: The vaccine can      also be given to girls 9 or 10 years of age.
**Will sexually active females benefit from the vaccine?**
		  Ideally females should get the vaccine before they become sexually		    active, when they may be exposed to HPV. Females who are sexually active		    may also benefit from the vaccine, but they may get less benefit from it.		    This is because they may have already gotten an HPV type targeted by the		    vaccine. Few sexually active young women are infected with all HPV types		    covered by the vaccine so they would still get protection from those types		    they have not yet gotten. Currently, there is no test available to tell	    if a girl/woman has had HPV in the past, or which types.
**Can pregnant women get the vaccine?**
		  The vaccine is not recommended for pregnant women. There has been limited		    research looking at vaccine safety for pregnant women and their unborn		    babies. So far, studies suggest that the vaccine does not cause health		    problems for pregnant women or their developing child. But more research		    is still needed. For now, pregnant women should wait until their pregnancy		    is over before getting the vaccine. If a woman finds out she is pregnant		    after she has started getting the vaccine series, she should wait until	    her pregnancy is over before finishing the three-dose series.
**Should girls/women be screened for cervical cancer before getting vaccinated?**
		  No. Girls/women do not need to get an HPV test or Pap test to find		  out if they should get the vaccine. Neither of these tests can tell		    the specific HPV type(s) that a woman has (or has had in the past), so		    there’s		  no way to know if she has already had the HPV types covered by the		    vaccine. 
**Why is the HPV vaccine only recommended for girls/women through age 26?**
		  The vaccine has been widely tested in girls/women 9 through 26 years		  of age. New research is being done on the vaccine’s safety and efficacy		  in women older than 26 years of age. The FDA will consider licensing		  the vaccine for these women when there is enough research to show that it		  is safe and effective for them. 
**What about vaccinating boys and men?**
		  We do not yet know if the vaccine is effective in boys or men. It is		    possible that vaccinating males will have health benefits for them by preventing		    genital warts and rare cancers, such as penile and anal cancer. It is also		    possible that vaccinating boys/men will have indirect health benefits for		    girls/women. Studies are now being done to find out if the vaccine works		    to prevent HPV infection and disease in males. When more information is		    available, this vaccine may be licensed and recommended for boys/men as	    well.
Effectiveness of the HPV Vaccine
This vaccine targets the types of HPV that most commonly cause cervical		  cancer and genital warts. The vaccine is highly effective in preventing those	    types of HPV and related diseases in young women. 

The vaccine is less effective in preventing HPV-related disease in young		  women who have already been exposed to one or more HPV types. That is because		  the vaccine does not treat existing HPV infections or the diseases they may		  cause. It can only prevent HPV before a person gets it. 
**How long does vaccine protection last? Will a booster shot be needed?**
		  Research suggests that vaccine protection will last a long time. More		    research is being done to find out if women will need a booster vaccine	    many years after getting vaccinated to boost protection. 
**What does the vaccine *not* protect against?**
		  The vaccine does not protect against all types of HPV— so it will not		  prevent all cases of cervical cancer. About 30% of cervical cancers		  will not be prevented by the vaccine, so it will be important for women to		  continue getting screened for cervical cancer (regular Pap tests). Also,		  the vaccine does not prevent other sexually transmitted infections (STIs).		  So it will still be important for sexually active persons to lower		  their risk for other STIs. 
**Will girls/women be protected against HPV and related diseases,		  even if they don’t get all three doses?**
		  It is not yet known how much protection girls/women would get from		  receiving only one or two doses of the vaccine. For this reason, it is very	    important that girls/women get all three doses of the vaccine.
Safety of the HPV vaccine
This vaccine has been licensed by the FDA and approved by CDC as safe and		  effective. It was studied in thousands of females (ages 9 through 26 years)		  around the world and its safety continues to be monitored by CDC and the		  FDA. Studies have found no serious side effects. The most common side effect		  is soreness in the arm (where the shot is given). There have recently been		  some reports of fainting in teens after they got the vaccine. For this reason,		  it is recommended that patients wait in their doctor’s office for 15		  minutes after getting the vaccine.
Cost and Paying for the HPV vaccine
The retail price of the vaccine is about $125 per dose ($375 for full series). 
**Is the HPV vaccine covered by insurance plans?**
		  While some insurance companies may cover the vaccine, others may not.	    Most large insurance plans usually cover the costs of recommended vaccines. 
**How can I get help paying for the vaccine?**
		  Children age 18 and younger may be eligible to get vaccines, including		    the HPV vaccine, for free through the Vaccines		    for Children (VFC) program		    if they are: Medicaid eligible; uninsured; or American Indian or Alaska		    Native. Doctors may charge a small fee to give each shot. However VFC vaccines	    cannot be denied to an eligible child if the family cannot afford the fee. 

Some states also provide free or low-cost vaccines at public health department		  clinics to people without health insurance coverage for vaccines. Contact		  your State Health Department to see if your state has such a program.
What vaccinated girls/women need to know**Will girls/women who have been vaccinated still need cervical cancer		  screening?**
          Yes, women will still need regular cervical cancer screening (Pap tests)          because the vaccine will NOT protect against all HPV types that cause          cervical cancer. Also, women who got the vaccine after becoming sexually          active may not get the full benefit of the vaccine if they had already        acquired HPV.
Other ways to prevent HPV and Cervical Cancer
Another HPV vaccine is now being considered for licensure by the FDA.          This vaccine would protect against the types of HPV that cause most        cervical cancers, but it would not protect against genital warts. 
**Are there other ways to prevent cervical cancer?**
          Regular cervical cancer screening and follow-up can prevent most cases            of cervical cancer. The Pap test can detect cell changes in the cervix            before they turn into cancer. Pap tests can also detect most, but            not all, cervical cancers at an early, treatable stage. Most women            diagnosed with cervical cancer in the U.S. have either never had            a Pap test, or have not had a Pap test in the last 5 years. The HPV            test can tell if a woman has HPV on her cervix. This test can be            used with the Pap test to help your doctor determine next steps in        cervical cancer screening. 
**Are there other ways to prevent HPV?**
          The only sure way to prevent HPV is to abstain from all          sexual activity. For those who are sexually active, condoms may lower          the chances of getting HPV, if used all the time and the right way.          Condoms may also lower the risk of developing HPV-related diseases          (genital warts and cervical cancer). But HPV can infect areas that        are not covered by a condom—so condoms may not fully protect against HPV. 

Sexually active adults can also lower their risk of HPV by being in          a mutually faithful relationship with someone who has had no or few          sex partners, or by limiting their number of sex partners. The fewer          partners a person has had – the less likely he or she is to have          HPV. But even persons with only one lifetime sex partner can get HPV,          if their partner has had previous partners. 
**Sources**
Food and Drug Administration (FDA). FDA News: FDA            Licenses New Vaccine for Prevention of Cervical Cancer and Other        Diseases in Females Caused by Human Papillomavirus.

          The FUTURE II Study Group. Prophylactic efficacy of a quadrivalent          human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine in women with virological evidence          of HPV infection. J Infect Dis. 2007; 196:1438-1446.

          FUTURE II Study Group. Quadrivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus          to prevent high-grade cervical lesions. N Engl J Med. 2007; 356(19):1915-27. 

Garland SM, Hernandez-Avila M, Wheeler CM, Perez G, Harper DM, Leodolter          S, et al. Females United to Unilaterally Reduce Endo/Ectocervical Disease          (FUTURE) I Investigators. Quadrivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus          to prevent anogenital diseases. N Engl J Med. 2007; 356(19):1928-43. 

Harper DM, Franco EL, Wheeler C, et al; HPV Vaccine Study Group. Sustained          efficacy up to 4.5 years of a bivalent L1 virus-like particle vaccine          against human papillomavirus types 16 and 18: follow-up from a randomised          controlled trial. Lancet. 2006; 367(9518): 1247-1255.

Ho GY, Bierman R, Beardsley L, et al. Natural history of cervicovaginal          papillomavirus infection as measured by repeated DNA testing in adolescent          and young women. N Engl J Med. 1998; 338(7):423-428.

Koutsky LA. Epidemiology of genital human papillomavirus infection.          Am J Med. 1997; 102(5A):3-8. 

National Institutes of Health (NIH). NIH Consensus Statement: Cervical          Cancer. 1996; 14:1-38. 

Paavonen J, Jenkins D, Bosch FX, Naud P, Salmeron J, Wheeler CM et          al. Efficacy of a prophylactic adjuvanted bivalent L1 virus-like-particle          vaccine against infection with human papillomavirus types 16 and 18          in young women: an interim analysis of a phase III double-blind, randomised          controlled trial. Lancet 2007;370(9596):1414.

United States Cancer Statistics, National Program of Cancer Registries          (NPCR). U.S.          Cancers by Type.

Weinstock H, Berman S, Cates W, Jr. Sexually transmitted diseases          among American youth: incidence and prevalence estimates, 2000. Perspect          Sex Reprod Health. 2004; 36(1):6-10.

Winer R, Hughes JP, Feng Q, et al. Consistent condom use from time          of first vaginal intercourse and the risk of genital human papillomavirus          infection in young women. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:2645–2654.
Page last modified: June 26, 2008 Page last reviewed: June 26, 2008Content Source: Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention |
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