CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES

CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE

2000 to Present

CBO Publications CBO Publications

The Congress of the United States O Congressional Budget Office

CBOC

CBO Publications

2000 to Present
Maureen Costantino took the cover photograph.
Foreword

Created by the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974, the 

Congressional Budget Office (CBO) provides the Congress with budgetary information 

and analyses of budgetary, economic, fiscal, and programmatic policies. The agency began 

operation in February 1975 and published its first study in June of that year. This listing 

includes the agency’s major publications—sorted by topic—from 2000 through June 2007. 

A companion volume lists the major publications from 1975 through 1999. CBO publications are available to Members of Congress and their staff and to the general public.

All recent CBO publications are available on the agency’s Web site—www.cbo.gov—as are a 

growing number of older CBO publications. 

Single copies of publications can be obtained free of charge by contacting CBO’s Management, Business, and Information Services Division:

B publications@cbo.gov or 

B (202) 226-2809.

Alternatively, write to this address (but be aware that security screening adds time to the 

delivery of mail): Publications Office, Congressional Budget Office, Ford House Office 

Building, Second and D Streets, SW, Washington, DC 20515.

Multiple copies of some CBO publications may be purchased online from the U.S. 

Government Printing Office (GPO) at http://bookstore.gpo.gov. Contact GPO otherwise by 

calling (202) 512-1800 or (202) 512-0132.

In addition, the U.S. government depository libraries include many CBO publications in 

their collections.

Contents

Agriculture 1

Budget and Economic Information 3

Analysis of the President’s Budgetary Proposals 3

Appropriations 3

Budget Accounting and Process 3

Budget and Economic Outlook 4

Budget Options 6

Long-Term Budgetary Issues 6

Sequestration Reports 7

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations 7

Computers and Information Sciences 9

Disaster Assistance 11

Education 13

Energy and Natural Resources 15

Environment 17

Federal Personnel 19

Financial Institutions 21

Government Management 23

Government-Sponsored Enterprises 25

Health 27

Homeland Security 29

Housing 31

Intergovernmental Relations 33

International Programs 35

Labor 37

Macroeconomic Analysis 39
VI CBO PUBLICATIONS

National Security 41

Defense Budgets 41

Defense Systems 42

Infrastructure and Support 43

Military Forces 43

Regulatory Analysis 45

Science and R&D 47

Social Security and Pensions 49

Taxes 51

Telecommunications 53

Trade 55

Transportation and Infrastructure 57

Welfare and Social Services 59
Agriculture

Agricultural Trade Liberalization (Brief), November 2006.

How Federal Policies Affect the Allocation of Water (Paper), 

August 2006.

The Effects of Liberalizing World Agricultural Trade: 

A Review of Modeling Studies (Paper), June 2006.

The Effects of Liberalizing World Agricultural Trade: 

A Survey (Paper), December 2005.

Policies That Distort World Agricultural Trade: Prevalence 

and Magnitude (Paper), August 2005,

Limiting Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Prices Versus Caps

(Brief), March 2005.

Uncertainty in Analyzing Climate Change: Policy Implications (Paper), January 2005.

Budget and Economic Information

Analysis of the President’s Budgetary 

Proposals

An Analysis of the President’s Budgetary Proposals for Fiscal 

Year 2008 (Report), March 2007.

An Analysis of the President’s Budgetary Proposals for Fiscal 

Year 2007 (Report), March 2006.

Analyzing the Economic and Budgetary Effects of a 

10 Percent Cut in Income Tax Rates (Brief), 

December 2005.

An Analysis of the President’s Budgetary Proposals for Fiscal 

Year 2006 (Report), March 2005.

An Analysis of the President’s Budgetary Proposals for Fiscal 

Year 2005 (Report), March 2004.

How CBO Analyzed the Macroeconomic Effects of the 

President’s Budget (Paper), July 2003.

An Analysis of the President’s Budgetary Proposals for Fiscal 

Year 2004 (Report), March 2003.

An Analysis of the President’s Budgetary Proposals for Fiscal 

Year 2004: An Interim Report (Report), March 2003.

An Analysis of the President’s Budgetary Proposals for Fiscal 

Year 2003 (Report), March 2002.

An Analysis of the President’s Budgetary Proposals for Fiscal 

Year 2002 (Report), May 2001.

An Analysis of the President’s Budgetary Proposals for Fiscal 

Year 2001 (Report), April 2000.

Appropriations

A Budgetary Analysis of NASA’s New Vision for Space 

Exploration (Study), September 2004.

Paying for Iraq’s Reconstruction (Paper), January 2004.

Supplemental Appropriations in the 1990s (Study), 

March 2001.

Budget Accounting and Process

Comparing Budget and Accounting Measures of the 

Federal Government’s Fiscal Condition (Paper), 

December 2006.

Valuing the Student Loan Consolidation Option 

(Background Paper), October 2006.

Factors That May Increase Future Spending from the 

Universal Service Fund (Paper), June 2006.

Subsidy Estimates for Guaranteed and Direct Student Loans 

(Paper), November 2005.

The Risk Exposure of the Pension Benefit Guaranty 

Corporation (Paper), September 2005.

Federal Funding for Homeland Security: An Update (Brief), 

July 2005.

Third-Party Financing of Federal Projects (Brief), 

June 2005.

Financing Universal Telephone Service (Paper), 

March 2005.
4 CBO PUBLICATIONS

A Review of CBO’s Activities in 2002 Under the Unfunded 

Mandates Reform Act (Report), March 2005.

Identifying Intergovernmental Mandates (Brief), 

January 2005.

Estimating the Value of Subsidies for Federal Loans and 

Loan Guarantees (Paper), August 2004.

Measures of the U.S. Government’s Fiscal Position Under 

Current Law (Paper), August 2004.

How CBO Analyzes the Sources of Senders’ Interest Income 

on Guaranteed Student Loans (Background Paper), 

June 2004.

A Review of CBO’s Activities in 2003 Under the Unfunded 

Mandates Reform Act (Report), April 2004.

Federal Funding for Homeland Security (Brief), 

April 2004.

Subsidy Estimates for FHA Mortgage Guarantees (Paper), 

November 2003.

Comparing Budgetary and Trust Fund Measures of the 

Outlook for Social Security and Medicare (Brief), 

October 2003.

A Comparison of Tax-Credit Bonds, Other Special-Purpose 

Bonds, and Appropriations in Financing Federal Transportation Programs (Report), June 2003.

A Review of CBO’s Activities in 2002 Under the Unfunded 

Mandates Reform Act (Report), May 2003.

The Budgetary Treatment of Leases and Public/Private 

Ventures (Paper), February 2003.

Evlauating and Accounting for Federal Investment in 

Corporate Stocks and Other Private Securities (Paper), 

January 2003.

The Impact of Social Security and Medicare on the Federal 

Budget (Brief), November 2002.

The Impact of Trust Fund Programs on Federal Budget 

Surpluses and Deficits (Brief), November 2002.

Federal Debt and the Commitments of Federal Trust Funds 

(Brief), October 2002.

The President’s Proposal to Accrue Retirement Costs for 

Federal Employees (Paper), June 2002.

A Review of CBO’s Activities in 2001 Under the Unfunded 

Mandates Reform Act (Paper), June 2002.

Accrual Budgeting for Military Retirees’ Health Care 

(Paper), March 2002.

Preemptions in Federal Legislation in the 106th Congress 

(Paper), June 2001.

CBO’s Activities Under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act 

1996–2000 (Paper), May 2001.

Federal Subsidies and Housing GSEs (Study), May 2001.

Supplemental Appropriations in the 1990s (Study), 

March 2001.

Reforming the Federal Royalty Program for Oil and Gas 

(Paper), November 2000.

Credit Subsidy Reestimates, 1993–1999 (Report), 

September 2000.

The Budgetary Treatment of Personal Retirement Accounts

(Paper), March 2000.

A Framework for Projecting Interest Rate Spreads and 

Volatilities (Memorandum), January 2000.

Budget and Economic Outlook

Labor Productivity: Developments Since 1995 (Paper), 

March 2007.

The Uncertainty of Budget Projections: A Discussion of Data 

and Methods (Report), March 2007.

The Budget and Economic Outlook: Fiscal Years 2008 to 

2017 (Report), January 2007.

The Treatment of Federal Receipts and Expenditures in the 

National Income and Product Accounts (Paper), 

January 2007.

CBO’s Economic Forecasting Record (Web Only), 

November 2006.
BUDGET AND ECONOMIC OUTLOOK BUDGET AND ECONOMIC INFORMATION 5

The Cyclically Adjusted and Standardized Budget Measures: 

An Update (Web Only), October 2006.

The Treatment of Federal Receipts and Expenditures in the 

National Income and Product Accounts (Web Only), 

September 2006.

The Budget and Economic Outlook: An Update (Report), 

August 2006.

How CBO Forecasts Income (Background Paper), 

August 2006.

Projections of Net Migration to the United States (Paper), 

June 2006.

The Cyclically Adjusted and Standardized Budget Measures

(Report), March 2006.

The Budget and Economic Outlook: Fiscal Years 2007 to 

2016 (Report), January 2006.

CBO’s Economic Forecasting Record (Report), 

October 2005.

The Treatment of Federal Receipts and Expenditures in the 

National Income and Product Accounts (Report), 

September 2005.

The Cyclically Adjusted and Standardized Budget Measures: 

Updated Estimates (Paper), September 2005.

The Budget and Economic Outlook: An Update (Report), 

August 2005.

What Is a Current-Law Economic Baseline? (Brief), 

June 2005.

R&D and Productivity Growth (Background Paper), 

June 2005.

The Uncertainty of Budget Projections: A Discussion of Data 

and Methods (Report), February 2005.

The Cyclically Adjusted and Standardized Budget Measures 

(Report), February 2005.

The Budget and Economic Outlook: Fiscal Years 2006 to 

2015 (Report), January 2005.

CBO’s Revised Method for Estimating and Projecting Potential TFP (Background Paper), January 2005.

The Budget and Economic Outlook: An Update (Report), 

September 2004.

The Cyclically Adjusted and Standardized Budget Measures: 

Updated Estimates (Report), September 2004.

CBO’s Economic Forecasting Record (Report), 

September 2004.

CBO’s Projections of the Labor Force (Background Paper), 

September 2004.

The Cyclically Adjusted and Standardized-Budget Measures 

(Report), May 2004.

The Uncertainty of Budget Projections: A Discussion of 

Data and Methods (Report), April 2004.

A Summary of Alternative Methods for Estimating Potential 

GDP (Background Paper), March 2004.

The Budget and Economic Outlook: Fiscal Years 2005 to 

2014 (Report), January 2004.

The Cyclically Adjusted and Standardized Budgets: Updated 

Estimates (Report), October 2003.

CBO’s Economic Forecasting Record (Report), 

October 2003.

The Budget and Economic Outlook: An Update (Report), 

August 2003. 

The Uncertainty of Budget Projections: A Discussion of Data 

and Methods (Report), April 2003.

The Standardized and Cyclically Adjusted Budgets 

(Report), March 2003.

The Budget and Economic Outlook: Fiscal Years 2004–

2013 (Report), January 2003.

CBO’s Economic Forecasting Record (Report), 

November 2002.

The Standardized and Cyclically Adjusted Budgets: Updated 

Estimates (Report), September 2002.
6 CBO PUBLICATIONS

The Budget and Economic Outlook: An Update (Report), 

August 2002.

The Standardized Budget and Other Adjusted Budget Measures (Paper), April 2002.

The Effect of Recent Changes in Labor Markets on the 

Natural Rate of Unemployment (Paper), April 2002.

CBO’s Economic Forecasting Record (Report), 

February 2002.

Uncertainties in Projecting Budget Surpluses: A Discussion 

of Data and Methods (Report), February 2002.

The Budget and Economic Outlook: Fiscal Years 2003–

2012 (Report), January 2002.

The Budget and Economic Outlook: An Update (Report), 

August 2001.

The Budget and Economic Outlook: Fiscal Years 2002–

2011 (Report), January 2001.

The Budget and Economic Outlook: An Update (Report), 

July 2000.

The Budget and Economic Outlook: Fiscal Years 2001–

2010 (Report), February 2000.

The Budget and Economic Outlook: Fiscal Years 2001–

2010 (Report), January 2000.

Budget Options

Budget Options (Report), February 2007.

Budget Options (Report), February 2005.

How CBO Analyzes the Sources of Lenders’ Interest Income 

on Guaranteed Student Loans (Background Paper), 

June 2004.

Budget Options (Report), March 2003.

Budget Options (Report), February 2001.

Budget Options (Report), March 2000.

Long-Term Budgetary Issues

Designing a Premium Support System for Medicare (Study), 

December 2006.

Is Social Security Progressive? (Brief) December 2006.

Comparing Budget and Accounting Measures of the Federal 

Government’s Fiscal Condition (Paper), 

December 2006.

Projections of Net Migration to the United States (Paper), 

June 2006.

The Cost of the Consolidation Option for Student Loans 

(Paper), May 2006.

Global Population Aging in the 21st Century and Its 

Economic Implications (Paper), December 2005.

The Long-Term Budget Outlook (Study), December 2005.

Quantifying Uncertainty in the Analysis of Long-Term 

Social Security Projections (Background Paper), 

November 2005.

Long-Term Economic Effects of Chronically Large Federal 

Deficits (Brief), October 2005.

The Risk Exposure of the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (Paper), September 2005.

Remittances: International Payments by Migrants (Paper), 

May 2005.

Updated Long-Term Projections for Social Security (Paper), 

March 2005.

The Potential Cost of Meeting Demand for Veterans’ Health 

Care (Paper), March 2005.

A Description of the Immigrant Population (Paper), 

November 2004.

A Budgetary Analysis of NASA’s New Vision for Space 

Exploration (Study), September 2004.

Measures of the U.S. Government’s Fiscal Position Under 

Current Law (Paper), August 2004.
SEQUESTRATION REPORTS BUDGET AND ECONOMIC INFORMATION 7

The Outlook for Social Security (Study) June 2004.

Tax-Deferred Retirement Savings in Long-Term Revenue 

Projections (Paper), May 2004.

The Long-Term Budget Outlook (Study), December 2003.

Baby Boomers’ Retirement Prospects: An Overview (Study), 

November 2003.

Comparing Budgetary and Trust Fund Measures of the 

Outlook for Social Security and Medicare (Brief), 

October 2003.

Growth in Medical Spending by the Department of Defense 

(Brief), September 2003.

Growth in Medical Spending by the Department of Defense

(Study), September 2003.

The Future Growth of Social Security: It’s Not Just Society’s 

Aging (Brief), July 2003.

Acquiring Financial Assets to Fund Future Entitlements 

(Brief), June 2003.

Social Security Reform: The Use of Private Securities and the 

Need for Economic Growth (Brief), January 2003.

Evaluating and Accounting for Federal Investment in 

Corporate Stocks and Other Private Securities (Paper), 

January 2003.

The Impact of Social Security and Medicare on the Federal 

Budget (Brief), November 2002.

The Impact of Trust Fund Programs on Federal Budget 

Surpluses and Deficits (Brief), November 2002.

Federal Debt and the Commitments of Federal Trust Funds

(Brief), October 2002.

The Looming Budgetary Impact of Society’s Aging (Brief), 

July 2002.

Social Security and the Federal Budget: The Necessity of 

Maintaining a Comprehensive Long-Range Perspective 

(Brief), July 2002.

A 125-Year Picture of the Federal Government’s Share of the 

Economy, 1950 to 2075 (Brief), June 2002.

Uncertainty in Social Security’s Long-Term Finances: 

A Stochastic Analysis (Paper), December 2001.

The Long-Term Budget Outlook (Report), October 2000.

Sequestration Reports

Final Sequestration Report for Fiscal Year 2003 (Report), 

December 2002.

Sequestration Update Report for Fiscal Year 2003 (Report), 

August 2002.

Sequestration Preview Report for Fiscal Year 2003 (Report), 

February 2002.

Final Sequestration Report for Fiscal Year 2002 (Report), 

January 2002.

Sequestration Update Report for Fiscal Year 2002 (Report), 

August 2001.

Sequestration Preview Report for Fiscal Year 2002 (Report), 

January 2001.

Final Sequestration Report for Fiscal Year 2001 (Report), 

December 2000.

Sequestration Update Report for Fiscal Year 2001 (Report), 

August 2000.

Sequestration Preview Report for Fiscal Year 2001 (Report), 

February 2000.

Unauthorized Appropriations and 

Expiring Authorizations

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations, 

Appropriations Version (Report), January 2007.

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations, 

Senate Version (Report), January 2007.

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations, 

House Version (Report), January 2007.

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations, 

House Version (Report), January 2006.
8 CBO PUBLICATIONS

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations, 

Senate Version (Report), January 2006.

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations, 

Appropriations Version (Report), January 2006.

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations, 

House Version (Report), January 2006.

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations, 

Senate Version (Report), January 2006.

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations, 

Appropriations Version (Report), January 2006.

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations, 

House Version (Report), January 2005.

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations, 

Senate Version (Report), January 2005.

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations, 

Appropriations Version (Report), January 2005.

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations, 

House Version (Report), January 2004.

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations, 

Senate Version (Report), January 2004.

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations, 

Appropriations Version (Report), January 2004.

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations 

(Report), January 2003.

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations 

(Report), January 2002.

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations 

(Report), January 2001.

Unauthorized Appropriations and Expiring Authorizations 

(Report), January 2000.
Computers and Information Sciences

Factors That May Increase Future Spending from the 

Universal Service Fund (Paper), June 1006.

Small Bidders in License Auctions for Wireless Personal 

Communications Services (Paper) October 2005.

Financing Universal Telephone Service (Paper), 

March 2005.

Copyright Issues in Digital Media (Paper), August 2004.

Is the United States Falling Behind in Adopting Broadband? 

(Brief), February 2004.

Does the Residential Broadband Market Need Fixing? 

(Paper), December 2003.

The Role of Computer Technology in the Growth of 

Productivity (Paper), May 2002.

The Need for Better Price Indices for Communications 

Investment (Paper), June 2001.

Disaster Assistance

Federal Terrorism Reinsurance: An Update (Paper), 

January 2005.

Homeland Security and the Private Sector (Paper), 

December 2004.

Federal Reinsurance for Disasters (Study), September 2002.

Education

Changes in Low-Wage Labor Markets Between 1979 and 

2005 (Paper), December 2006.

Valuing the Student Loan Consolidation Option (Background Paper), October 2006.

The Cost of the Consolidation Option for Student Loans 

(Paper), May 2006.

The Role of Immigrants in the U.S. Labor Market (Paper), 

November 2005.

Subsidy Estimates for Guaranteed and Direct Student Loans

(Paper), November 2005.

A Description of the Immigrant Population (Paper), 

November 2004.

Estimating the Value of Subsidies for Federal Loans and 

Loan Guarantees (Paper), August 2004.

How CBO Analyzes the Sources of Lenders’ Interest Income 

on Guaranteed Student Loans (Background Paper), 

June 2004.

Private and Public Contributions to Financing College 

Education (Paper), January 2004.

Options to Expand Federal Health, Retirement, and 

Education Activities (Memorandum), June 2000. 

Energy and Natural Resources

Trade-Offs in Allocating Allowances for CO2 Emissions 

(Brief), April 25, 2007.

Evaluating the Role of Prices and R&D in Reducing Carbon 

Dioxide Emissions (Paper), September 2006.

How Federal Policies Affect the Allocation of Water (Paper), 

August 2006.

The Economic Effects of Recent Increases in Energy Prices 

(Paper), July 2006.

China’s Growing Demand for Oil and Its Impact on 

U.S. Petroleum Markets (Paper), April 2006.

Small Bidders in License Auctions for Wireless Personal 

Communications Services (Paper), October 2005.

Limiting Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Prices Versus Caps 

(Brief), March 2005.

Uncertainty in Analyzing Climate Change: Policy Implications (Paper), January 2005.

Homeland Security and the Private Sector (Paper), 

December 2004.

Fuel Economy Standards Versus a Gasoline Tax (Brief), 

March 2004.

The Economic Costs of Fuel Economy Standards Versus a 

Gasoline Tax (Study), December 2003.

Issues in the Design of a Cap-and-Trade Program for Carbon 

Emissions (Brief), November 2003.

Bonding for Reclaiming Federal Lands (Paper), 

October 2003.

Prospects for Distributed Electricity Generation (Paper), 

September 2003.

Shifting the Cost Burden of a Carbon Cap-and-Trade 

Program (Paper), July 2003.

Addressing the Uncertain Prospect of Climate Change 

(Brief), April 2003.

The Economics of Climate Change: A Primer (Study), 

April 2003.

Reducing Gasoline Consumption: Three Policy Options 

(Study), November 2002.

Causes and Lessons of the California Electricity Crisis 

(Paper), September 2001.

An Evaluation of Cap-and-Trade Programs for Reducing 

U.S. Carbon Emissions (Study), June 2001.

Reforming the Federal Royalty Program for Oil and Gas 

(Paper), November 2000. 

Environment

Trade-Offs in Allocating Allowances for CO2 Emissions 

(Brief), April 25, 2007.

Evaluating the Role of Prices and R&D in Reducing Carbon 

Dioxide Emissions (Paper), September 2006.

How Federal Policies Affect the Allocation of Water (Paper), 

August 2006.

China’s Growing Demand for Oil and Its Impact on 

U.S. Petroleum Markets (Paper), April 2006.

Limiting Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Prices Versus Caps

(Brief), March 2005.

Uncertainty in Analyzing Climate Change: Policy Implications (Paper), January 2005.

Fuel Economy Standards Versus a Gasoline Tax (Brief), 

March 2004.

The Economic Costs of Fuel Economy Standards Versus a 

Gasoline Tax (Study), December 2003.

Issues in the Design of a Cap-and-Trade Program for Carbon 

Emissions (Brief), November 2003.

Bonding for Reclaiming Federal Lands (Paper), 

October 2003.

Prospects for Distributed Electricity Generation (Paper), 

September 2003.

Shifting the Cost Burden of a Carbon Cap-and-Trade 

Program (Paper), July 2003.

Addressing the Uncertain Prospect of Climate Change 

(Brief), April 2003. 

The Economics of Climate Change: A Primer (Study), 

April 2003.

Future Investment in Drinking Water and Wastewater 

Infrastructure (Study), November 2002.

Reducing Gasoline Consumption: Three Policy Options 

(Study), November 2002.

Causes and Lessons of the California Electricity Crisis 

(Paper), September 2001.

An Evaluation of Cap-and-Trade Programs for Reducing 

U.S. Carbon Emissions (Study), June 2001.

Reforming the Federal Royalty Program for Oil and Gas 

(Paper), November 2000.

Who Gains and Who Pays Under Carbon-Allowance 

Trading? The Distributional Effects of Alternative 

Policy Designs (Study), June 2000. 

Federal Personnel

Characteristics and Pay of Federal Civilian Employees 

(Paper), March 2007.

Comparing the Pay of Federal and Nonfederal Law Enforcement Officers (Paper), August 2005.

Comparing the Pay of Federal and Nonprofit Executives: 

An Update (Paper), July 2003.

Measuring Differences Between Federal and Private Pay 

(Paper), November 2002.

The President’s Proposal to Accrue Retirement Costs for 

Federal Employees (Paper), June 2002.

The Warrant Officer Ranks: Adding Flexibility to Military 

Personnel Management (Paper), March 2002.

Changes in Federal Civilian Employment: An Update 

(Paper), May 2001. 

Financial Institutions

Measuring the Capital Positions of Fannie Mae and Freddie 

Mac (Paper), June 2006.

The Risk Exposure of the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (Paper), September 2005.

A Guide to Understanding the Pension Benefit Guaranty 

Corporation (Paper), September 2005.

Remittances: International Payments by Migrants (Paper), 

May 2005.

Federal Terrorism Reinsurance: An Update (Paper), 

January 2005.

Estimating the Value of Subsidies for Federal Loans and 

Loan Guarantees (Paper), August 2004.

How CBO Analyzes the Sources of Lenders’ Interest Income 

on Guaranteed Student Loans (Background Paper), 

June 2004.

Accounting for Employee Stock Options (Paper), 

April 2004.

Limiting Tort Liability for Medical Malpractice (Brief), 

January 2004.

The Economics of U.S. Tort Liability: A Primer (Study), 

October 2003.

Effects of Repealing Fannie Mae’s and Freddie Mac’s SEC 

Exemptions (Paper), May 2003.

Federal Reinsurance for Disasters (Study), September 2002.

Raising Federal Deposit Insurance Coverage (Paper), 

May 2002.

U.S. Banks’ Exposure to Foreign Financial Losses (Paper), 

May 2002.

Federal Reinsurance for Terrorism Risks (Paper), 

October 2001.

Federal Subsidies and the Housing GSEs (Study), 

May 2001.

Interest Rate Differentials Between Jumbo and Conforming 

Mortgages, 1995-2000 (Paper), May 2001.

Personal Bankruptcy: A Literature Review (Paper), 

September 2000. 

Government Management

Characteristics and Pay of Federal Civilian Employees 

(Paper), March 2007.

Comparing the Pay of Federal and Nonfederal Law 

Enforcement (Paper), August 2005.

Homeland Security and the Private Sector (Paper), 

December 2004.

The Past and Future of U.S. Passenger Rail Service (Study), 

September 2003.

Comparing the Pay of Federal and Nonprofit Executives: 

An Update (Paper), July 2003.

The Budgetary Treatment of Leases and Public/Private 

Ventures (Paper), February 2003.

Measuring Differences Between Federal and Private Pay 

(Paper), November 2002.

The President’s Proposal to Accrue Retirement Costs for 

Federal Employees (Paper), June 2002.

Accrual Budgeting for Military Retirees’ Health Care

(Paper), March 2002.

Credit Subsidy Reestimates, 1993-1999 (Report), 

September 2000.

The One-Courtroom, One-Judge Policy: A Preliminary 

Review (Paper), April 2000. 

Government-Sponsored Enterprises

Measuring the Capital Positions of Fannie Mae and Freddie 

Mac (Paper), June 2006.

Estimating the Value of Subsidies for Federal Loans and 

Loan Guarantees (Paper), August 2004.

Effects of Repealing Fannie Mae’s and Freddie Mac’s SEC 

Exemptions (Paper), May 2003.

The Budgetary Treatment of Leases and Public/Private 

Ventures (Paper), February 2003.

Federal Subsidies and the Housing GSEs (Study), 

May 2001.

Interest Rate Differentials Between Jumbo and Conforming 

Mortgages, 1995–2000 (Paper), May 2001. 

Health

The State Children’s Health Insurance Program (Paper), 

May 2007.

Prescription Drug Pricing in the Private Sector (Paper), 

January 2007.

Consumer-Directed Health Plans: Potential Effects on 

Health Care Spending and Outcomes (Study), 

December 2006.

Designing a Premium Support System for Medicare (Study), 

December 2006.

Nonprofit Hospitals and the Provision of Community 

Benefits (Paper), December 2006.

Research and Development in the Pharmaceutical Industry 

(Study), October 2006.

The Sustainable Growth Rate Formula for Setting 

Medicare’s Physician Payment Rates (Brief), 

September 2006.

Medical Malpractice Tort Limits and Health Care Spending 

(Background Paper), April 2006.

The Price Sensitivity of Demand for Nongroup Health 

Insurance (Background Paper), August 2005.

Prices for Brand-Name Drugs Under Selected Federal Programs (Paper), June 2005.

High-Cost Medicare Beneficiaries (Paper), May 2005.

Changes in Participation in Means-Tested Programs (Brief), 

April 2005.

The Potential Cost of Meeting Demand for Veterans’ Health 

Care (Paper), March 2005.

Medicaid’s Reimbursement to Pharmacies for Prescription 

Drugs (Paper), December 2004.

Homeland Security and the Private Sector (Paper), 

December 2004.

CBO’s Analysis of Regional Preferred Provider Organizations 

Under the Medicare Modernization Act (Paper), 

October 2004.

A Detailed Description of CBO’s Cost Estimate for the 

Medicare Prescription Drug Benefit (Paper), July 2004.

Financing Long-Term Care for the Elderly (Paper), 

April 2004.

Would Prescription Drug Importation Reduce U.S. Drug 

Spending? (Brief), April 2004.

Limiting Tort Liability for Medical Malpractice (Brief), 

January 2004.

The Economics of U.S. Tort Liability: A Primer (Study), 

October 2003.

Comparing Budgetary and Trust Fund Measures of the 

Outlook for Social Security and Medicare (Brief), 

October 2003.

Growth in Medical Spending by the Department of Defense 

(Brief), September 2003.

Growth in Medical Spending by the Department of Defense

(Study), September 2003.

How Many People Lack Health Insurance and for How 

Long? (Brief), May 2003.

How Many People Lack Health Insurance and For How 

Long? (Paper), May 2003.
28 CBO PUBLICATIONS

The Budgetary Treatment of Leases and Public/Private 

Ventures (Paper), February 2003.

The Impact of Social Security and Medicare on the Federal 

Budget (Brief), November 2002.

The Impact of Trust Fund Programs on Federal Budget 

Surpluses and Deficits (Brief), November 2002.

Issues in Designing a Prescription Drug Benefit for Medicare 

(Study), October 2002.

Social Security and the Federal Budget: The Necessity of 

Maintaining a Comprehensive Long-Range Perspective 

(Brief), July 2002.

Options to Expand Federal Health, Retirement, and 

Education Activities (Memorandum), June 2000.

Increasing Small-Firm Health Insurance Coverage Through 

Association Health Plans and Health Marts (Paper), 

January 2000. 
Homeland Security

Projections of Net Migration to the United States (Paper), 

June 2006.

Immigration Policy in the United States (Paper), 

February 2006.

Federal Funding for Homeland Security: An Update (Brief), 

July 2005.

Comparing the Pay of Federal and Nonfederal Law Enforcement Officers (Paper), August 2005.

Remittances: International Payments by Migrants (Paper), 

May 2005.

Federal Terrorism Reinsurance: An Update (Paper), 

January 2005.

Homeland Security and the Private Sector (Paper), 

December 2004.

A Description of the Immigrant Population (Paper), 

November 2004.

Federal Funding for Homeland Security (Brief), 

April 2004. 

Housing

Housing Wealth and Consumer Spending (Background 

Paper), January 2007.

Taxing Capital Income: Effective Rates and Approaches to 

Reform (Paper), October 2005.

Subsidy Estimates for FHA Mortgage Guarantees (Paper), 

November 2003.

Interest Rate Differentials Between Jumbo and Conforming 

Mortgages, 1995–2000 (Paper), May 2001. 

Intergovernmental Relations

A Review of CBO’s Activities in 2006 Under the Unfunded 

Mandates Reform Act (Report), April 2007.

A Review of CBO’s Activities Under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act, 1996 to 2005 (Report), March 2006.

A Review of CBO’s Activities in 2002 Under the Unfunded 

Mandates Reform Act (Report), March 2005.

Identifying Intergovernmental Mandates (Brief), 

January 2005.

A Review of CBO’s Activities in 2003 Under the Unfunded 

Mandates Reform Act (Report), April 2004.

Economic Issues in Taxing Internet and Mail-Order Sales 

(Paper), October 2003.

Bonding for Reclaiming Federal Lands (Paper), 

October 2003.

The Economics of U.S. Tort Liability: A Primer (Study), 

October 2003.

A Review of CBO’s Activities in 2002 Under the Unfunded 

Mandates Reform Act (Report), May 2003.

The President’s Proposal to Accrue Retirement Costs for 

Federal Employees (Paper), June 2002.

A Review of CBO’s Activities in 2001 Under the Unfunded 

Mandates Reform Act (Paper), June 2002.

Preemptions in Federal Legislation in the 106th Congress 

(Paper), June 2001.

CBO’s Activities Under the Unfunded Mandates Reform 

Act, 1996–2000 (Paper), May 2001.

An Assessment of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act in 

1999 (Paper), March 2000. 

International Programs

Projections of Net Migration to the United States (Paper), 

June 2006.

China’s Growing Demand for Oil and Its Impact on U.S. 

Petroleum Markets (Paper), April 2006.

Immigration Policy in the United States (Paper), 

February 2006.

The Effects of Liberalizing World Agricultural Trade: A 

Survey (Paper), December 2005.

Global Population Aging in the 21st Century and Its 

Economic Implications (Paper), December 2005.

The Role of Immigration in the U.S. Labor Market (Paper), 

November 2005.

Why Does U.S. Investment Abroad Earn Higher Returns 

Than Foreign Investment in the United States? (Brief), 

November 2005.

Policies That Distort World Agricultural Trade: 

Prevalence and Magnitude (Paper), August 2005.

Remittances: International Payments by Migrants (Paper), 

May 2005.

A Description of the Immigrant Population (Paper), 

November 2004.

Options for Changing the Army’s Overseas Basing (Study), 

May 2004.

Paying for Iraq’s Reconstruction (Paper), January 2004.

The Economics of Climate Change: A Primer (Study), 

April 2003.

NATO Burdensharing After Enlargement (Paper), 

August 2001.

Integrating New Allies into NATO (Paper), October 2000. 

Labor

Changes in the Economic Resources of Low-Income Households with Children (Paper), May 2007.

The Effect of Tax Changes on Labor Supply in CBO’s 

Microsimulation Tax Model (Background Paper), 

April 2007.

Characteristics and Pay of Federal Civilian Employees 

(Paper), March 2007.

Changes in Low-Wage Labor Markets Between 1979 and 

2005 (Paper), December 2006.

Is Social Security Progressive? (Brief), December 2006.

Projecting Labor Force Participation and Earnings in CBO’s 

Long-Term Microsimulation Model (Background 

Paper), October 2006.

Projections of Net Migration to the United States (Paper), 

June 2006.

Immigration Policy in the United States (Paper), 

February 2006.

Global Population Aging in the 21st Century and Its 

Economic Implications (Paper), December 2005.

The Role of Immigrants in the U.S. Labor Market (Paper), 

November 2005.

The Risk Exposure of the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (Paper), September 2005.

A Guide to Understanding the Pension Benefit Guaranty 

Corporation (Paper), September 2005.

Comparing the Pay of Federal and Nonfederal Law 

Enforcement Officers (Paper), August 2005.

Employment During the 2001-2003 Recovery (Background 

Paper), August 2005.

Remittances: International Payments by Migrants (Paper), 

May 2005.

The Effects of Reserve Call-Ups on Civilian Employers 

(Paper), May 2005.

A Description of the Immigrant Population (Paper), 

November 2004.

Disability and Retirement: The Early Exit of Baby Boomers 

from the Labor Force (Paper), November 2004.

What Is Happening to Youth Employment Rates? 

(Background Paper), November 2004.

CBO’s Projections of the Labor Force (Background Paper), 

September 2004.

Accounting for Employee Stock Options (Paper), 

April 2004.

Family Income of Unemployment Insurance Recipients 

(Paper), March 2004.

What Accounts for the Decline in Manufacturing 

Employment? (Brief), February 2004.

Is the United States Falling Behind in Adopting Broadband?

(Brief), February 2004.

Limiting Tort Liability for Medical Malpractice (Brief), 

January 2004.

Does the Residential Broadband Market Need Fixing? 

(Paper), December 2003.
38 CBO PUBLICATIONS

The Economics of U.S. Tort Liability: A Primer (Study), 

October 2003.

The Past and Future of U.S. Passenger Rail Service (Study), 

September 2003.

Effects of Repealing Fannie Mae’s and Freddie Mac’s SEC 

Exemptions (Paper), May 2003.

The Effect of Recent Changes in Labor Markets on the 

Natural Rate of Unemployment (Paper), April 2002.

The Warrant Officer Ranks: Adding Flexibility to Military 

Personnel Management (Paper), February 2002.

Federal Reinsurance for Terrorism Risks (Paper), 

October 2001.

Causes and Lessons of the California Electricity Crisis 

(Paper), September 2001.

An Economic Analysis of the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 

(Paper), April 2000.

A Framework for Projecting Interest Rate Spreads and 

Volatilities (Memorandum), January 2000.
Macroeconomic Analysis

Labor Productivity: Developments Since 1995 (Paper), 

March 2007.

The Budget and Economic Outlook: Fiscal Years 2008 to 

2017 (Report), January 2007.

Housing Wealth and Consumer Spending (Background 

Paper), January 2007.

The Treatment of Federal Receipts and Expenditures in the 

National Income and Product Accounts (Web Only), 

September 2006.

How CBO Forecasts Income (Background Paper), 

August 2006.

The Economic Effects of Recent Increases in Energy Prices 

(Paper), July 2006.

Analyzing the Economic and Budgetary Effects of a 

10 Percent Cut in Income Tax Rates (Brief), 

December 2005.

Why Does U.S. Investment Abroad Earn Higher Returns 

Than Foreign Investment in the United States? (Brief), 

November 2005.

Long-Term Economic Effects of Chronically Large Federal 

Deficits (Brief), October 2005.

Employment During the 2001-2003 Recovery (Background 

Paper), August 2005.

Recent Shifts in Financing the U.S. Current-Account Deficit 

(Brief), July 2005.

R&D and Productivity Growth (Background Paper), 

June 2005.

What Is a Current-Law Economic Baseline? (Brief), 

June 2005.

The Uncertainty of Budget Projections: A Discussion of Data 

and Methods (Report), February 2005.

CBO’s Revised Method for Estimating and Projecting 

Potential TFP (Background Paper), January 2005.

A Description of the Immigrant Population (Paper), 

November 2004.

CBO’s Projections of the Labor Force (Background Paper), 

September 2004.

The Decline in the U.S. Current-Account Balance Since 

1991 (Brief), August 2004.

Retirement Age and the Need for Saving (Brief), May 2004.

The Uncertainty of Budget Projections: A Discussion of Data 

and Methods (Report), April 2004.

A Summary of Alternative Methods for Estimating Potential 

GDP (Background Paper), March 2004.

The Retirement Prospects of the Baby Boomers (Brief), 

March 2004.

Baby Boomers’ Retirement Prospects: An Overview (Study), 

November 2003.

How CBO Analyzed the Macroeconomic Effects of the 

President’s Budget (Paper), July 2003.

The Effects of NAFTA on U.S.-Mexican Trade and GDP 

(Paper), May 2003.

The Uncertainty of Budget Projections: A Discussion of Data 

Methods (Report), April 2003.
40 CBO PUBLICATIONS

Evaluating and Accounting for Federal Investment in 

Corporate Stocks and Other Private Securities (Paper), 

January 2003.

Social Security Reform: The Use of Private Securities and the 

Need for Economic Growth (Brief), January 2003.

The Impact of Social Security and Medicare on the Federal 

Budget (Brief), November 2002.

The Impact of Trust Fund Programs on Federal Budget 

Surpluses and Deficits (Brief), November 2002.

Federal Debt and the Commitments of Federal Trust Funds 

(Brief), October 2002.

The Role of Computer Technology in the Growth of 

Productivity (Paper), May 2002.

The Effect of Recent Changes in Labor Markets on the 

Natural Rate of Unemployment (Paper), April 2002.

CBO’s Method for Estimating Potential Output: An Update 

(Paper), August 2001.

The Need for Better Price Indices for Communications 

Investment (Paper), June 2001.

Personal Bankruptcy: A Literature Review (Paper), 

September 2000.

The Standardized Budget: Revised Historical Estimates 

(Memorandum), June 2000.

Causes and Consequences of the Trade Deficit: An Overview 

(Memorandum), March 2000.

A Framework for Projecting Interest Rate Spreads and 

Volatilities (Memorandum), January 2000.
National Security

Defense Budgets

Some Implications of Increasing U.S. Forces in Iraq (Paper), 

April 2007.

Comparing Working-Capital Funding and Mission Funding 

for Naval Shipyards (Paper), April 2007.

Alternatives for Military Space Radar (Study),

January 2007.

Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans: 

Summary Update for Fiscal Year 2007 (Paper), 

October 2006.

The Army’s Future Combat Systems Program and Alternatives (Study), August 2006.

Options for the Navy’s Future Fleet (Study), May 2006.

Alternatives for Long-Range Ground-Attack Systems 

(Study), March 2006.

The Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans and 

Alternatives: Detailed Update for Fiscal Year 2006 

(Paper), January 2006.

The Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans and 

Alternatives: Summary Update for Fiscal Year 2006 

(Paper), October 2005.

Federal Funding for Homeland Security: An Update (Brief), 

July 2005.

Prices for Brand-Name Drugs Under Selected Federal 

Programs (Paper), June 2005.

Options for Restructuring the Army (Study), May 2005.

The Future of the Navy’s Amphibious and Maritime 

Prepositioning Froces (Study), November 2004.

The Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans: 

Detailed Update for Fiscal Year 2005 (Paper), 

September 2004.

Options for Changing the Army’s Overseas Basing (Study), 

May 2004.

Federal Funding for Homeland Security (Brief), 

April 2004.

Educational Attainment and Compensation of Enlisted 

Personnel (Paper), February 2004.

The Long-Terms Implications of Current Defense Plans: 

Detailed Update for Fiscal Year 2004 (Paper), 

February 2004.

Military Compensation: Balancing Cash and Noncash 

Benefits (Brief), January 2004.

Paying for Iraq’s Reconstruction (Paper), January 2004.

Growth in Medical Spending by the Department of Defense 

(Brief), September 2003.

Growth in Medical Spending by the Department of Defense 

(Study), September 2003.

The Army’s Bandwidth Bottleneck (Study), August 2003.

The Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans: 

Summary Update for Fiscal Year 2004 (Paper), 

July 2003.

Transforming the Navy’s Surface Combatant Force (Brief), 

April 2003.
42 CBO PUBLICATIONS

Transforming the Navy’s Surface Combatant Force (Study), 

March 2003.

The Budgetary Treatment of Leases and Public/Private 

Ventures (Paper), February 2003.

The Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans 

(Study), January 2003.

Accrual Budgeting for Military Retirees’ Health Care 

(Paper), March 2002.

Increasing the Mission Capability of the Attack Submarine 

Force (Study), March 2002.

NATO Burdensharing After Enlargement (Paper), 

August 2001.

The Effects of Aging on the Costs of Operating and Maintaining Military Equipment (Paper), August 2001.

Budgeting for Naval Forces: Structuring Tomorrow’s Navy at 

Today’s Funding Level (Study), October 2000.

Integrating New Allies into NATO (Paper), October 2000.

Budgeting for Defense: Maintaining Today’s Forces (Study), 

September 2000.

Budget Options for National Defense (Study), March 2000.

Defense Systems

Alternatives for Military Space Radar (Study), 

January 2007.

Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans: 

Summary Update for Fiscal Year 2007 (Paper), 

October 2006.

The Army’s Future Combat Systems Program and Alternatives (Study), August 2006.

Options for the Navy’s Future Fleet (Study), May 2006.

Alternatives for Long-Range Ground-Attack Systems 

(Study), March 2006.

The Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans and 

Alternatives: Summary Update for Fiscal Year 2006 

(Paper), October 2005.

Options for Strategic Military Transportation Systems 

(Study), September 2005.

The Future of the Navy’s Amphibious and Maritime 

Prepositioning Forces (Study), November 2004.

The Long-Term Implications for Current Defense Plans: 

Detailed Update for Fiscal Year 2005 (Paper), 

September 2004.

The Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans: 

Detailed Update for Fiscal Year 2004 (Paper), 

February 2004.

Alternatives for Boost-Phase Missile Defense (Paper), 

July 2004.

The Army’s Bandwidth Bottleneck (Study), August 2003.

The Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans: 

Summary Update for Fiscal Year 2004 (Paper), 

July 2003.

Transforming the Navy’s Surface Combatant Force (Brief), 

April 2003.

Transforming the Navy’s Surface Combatant Force (Study), 

March 2003.

The Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans 

(Study), January 2003.

Increasing the Mission Capability of the Attack Submarine 

Force (Study), March 2002.

The Effects of Aging on the Costs of Operating and Maintaining Military Equipment (Paper), August 2001.

Budgeting for Defense: Maintaining Today’s Forces (Study), 

September 2000.

Budgetary and Technical Implications of the Administration’s Plan for National Missile Defense (Paper), 

April 2000.

Budget Options for National Defense (Study), March 2000.
INFRASTRUCTURE AND SUPPORT NATIONAL SECURITY 43

Infrastructure and Support

Comparing Working-Capital Funding and Mission Funding 

for Naval Shipyards (Paper), April 2007.

Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans: 

Summary Update for Fiscal Year 2007 (Paper), 

October 2006.

The Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans and 

Alternatives: Summary Update for Fiscal Year 2006 

(Paper), October 2005.

The Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans: 

Detailed Update for Fiscal Year 2005 (Paper), 

September 2004.

Options for Changing the Army’s Overseas Basing (Study), 

May 2004.

The Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans: 

Detailed Update for Fiscal Year 2004 (Paper), 

February 2004.

Educational Attainment and Compensation of Enlisted 

Personnel (Paper), February 2004.

Military Compensation: Balancing Cash and Noncash 

Benefits (Brief), January 2004.

Growth in Medical Spending by the Department of Defense 

(Brief), September 2003.

Growth in Medical Spending by the Department of Defense 

(Study), September 2003.

The Army’s Bandwidth Bottleneck (Study), August 2003.

The Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans: 

Summary Update for Fiscal Year 2004 (Paper). 

July 2003.

The Budgetary Treatment of Leases and Public/Private 

Ventures (Paper), February 2003.

The Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans 

(Study), January 2003.

Accrual Budgeting for Military Retirees’ Health Care 

(Paper), March 2002.

The Warrant Officer Ranks: Adding Flexibility to Military 

Personnel Management (Paper), February 2002.

The Effects of Aging on the Costs of Operating and Maintaining Military Equipment (Paper), August 2001.

Integrating New Allies into NATO (Paper), October 2000.

Budgeting for Defense: Maintaining Today’s Forces (Study), 

September 2000.

Budget Options for National Defense (Study), March 2000.

Military Forces

Some Implications of Increasing U.S. Forces in Iraq (Paper), 

April 2007.

Recruiting, Retention, and Future Levels of Military 

Personnel (Study), October 2006.

Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans: 

Summary Update for Fiscal Year 2007 (Paper), 

October 2006.

The Army’s Future Combat Systems Program and Alternatives (Study), August 2006.

Options for the Navy’s Future Fleet (Study), May 2006.

Alternatives for Long-Range Ground-Attack Systems 

(Study), March 2006.

Logistics Support for Deployed Military Forces (Study), 

October 2005.

The Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans and 

Alternatives: Summary Update for Fiscal Year 2006 

(Paper), October 2005.

Options for Restructuring the Army (Study), May 2005.

The Effects of Reserve Call-Ups on Civilian Employers 

(Paper), May 2005.

The Future of the Navy’s Amphibious and Maritime 

Prepositioning Forces (Study), November 2004.
44 CBO PUBLICATIONS

The Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans: 

Detailed Update for Fiscal Year 2005 (Paper), 

September 2004.

Options for Changing the Army’s Overseas Basing (Study), 

May 2004.

The Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans: 

Detailed Update for Fiscal Year 2004 (Paper), 

February 2004.

The Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans: 

Summary Update for Fiscal Year 2004 (Paper), 

July 2003.

Transforming the Navy’s Surface Combatant Force (Brief), 

April 2003.

Transforming the Navy’s Surface Combatant Force (Study), 

March 2003.

The Long-Term Implications of Current Defense Plans 

(Study), January 2003.

Increasing the Mission Capability of the Attack Submarine 

Force (Study), March 2002.

Accrual Budgeting for Military Retirees’ Health Care 

(Paper), March 2002.

The Warrant Officer Ranks: Adding Flexibility to Military 

Personnel Management (Paper), February 2002.

Budgeting for Naval Forces: Structuring Tomorrow’s Navy at 

Today’s Funding Level (Study), October 2000.

Integrating New Allies into NATO (Paper), October 2000.

Budgeting for Defense: Maintaining Today’s Forces (Study), 

September 2000.

Budget Options for National Defense (Study), March 2000.
Regulatory Analysis

A Review of CBO’s Activities in 2006 Under the Unfunded 

Mandates Reform Act (Report), April 2007.

Medical Malpractice Tort Limits and Health Care Spending 

(Background Paper), April 2006.

A Review of CBO’s Activities Under the Unfunded 

Mandates Reform Act, 1996 to 2005 (Report), 

March 2006.

Freight Rail Transportation: Long-Term Issues (Paper), 

January 2006.

Small Bidders in License Auctions for Wireless Personal 

Communications Services (Paper), October 2005.

Freight Rail Transportation: A Review of the 2004 

Experience (Paper), May 2005.

A Review of CBO’s Activities in 2002 Under the Unfunded 

Mandates Reform Act (Report), March 2005.

Homeland Security and the Private Sector (Paper), 

December 2004.

Copyright Issues in Digital Media (Paper), August 2004.

The Effects of Tort Reform: Evidence from the States (Paper), 

June 2004.

Is the United States Falling Behind in Adopting Broadband? 

(Brief), February 2004.

Limiting Tort Liability for Medical Malpractice (Brief), 

January 2004.

Bonding for Reclaiming Federal Lands (Paper), 

October 2003.

The Economics of U.S. Tort Liability: A Primer (Study), 

October 2003.

The Past and Future of U.S. Passenger Rail Service (Study), 

September 2003.

Prospects for Distributed Electricity Generation (Paper), 

September 2003.

Shifting the Cost Burden of a Carbon Cap-and-Trade 

Program (Paper), July 2003.

A Review of CBO’s Activities in 2002 Under the Unfunded 

Mandates Reform Act (Report), May 2003.

Reducing Gasoline Consumption: Three Policy Options 

(Study), November 2002.

A Review of CBO’s Activities in 2001 Under the Unfunded 

Mandates Reform Act (Paper), June 2002.

Raising Federal Deposit Insurance Coverage (Paper), 

May 2002.

U.S. Banks’ Exposure to Foreign Financial Losses (Paper), 

May 2002.

Causes and Lessons of the California Electricity Crisis 

(Paper), September 2001.

An Evaluation of Cap-and-Trade Programs for Reducing 

U.S. Carbon Emissions (Study), June 2001.

Preemptions in Federal Legislation in the 106th Congress 

(Paper), June 2001.

CBO’s Activities Under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act 

1996–2000 (Paper), May 2001.

An Assessment of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act in 

1999 (Paper), March 2000.

Science and R&D

Alternatives for Future U.S. Space-Launch Capabilities 

(Study), October 2006.

Research and Development in the Pharmaceutical Industry 

(Study), October 2006.

Small Bidders in License Auctions for Wireless Personal 

Communications Service (Paper), October 2005.

R&D and Productivity Growth (Background Paper), 

June 2005.

Limiting Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Prices Versus Caps 

(Brief), March 2005.

Uncertainty in Analyzing Climate Change: Policy Implications (Paper), January 2005.

A Budgetary Analysis of NASA’s New Vision for Space 

Exploration (Study), September 2004.

Copyright Issues in Digital Media (Paper), August 2004.

The Economics of Climate Change: A Primer (Study), 

April 2003.

The Budgetary Treatment of Leases and Public/Private 

Ventures (Paper), February 2003.

Social Security and Pensions

Utilization of Tax Incentives for Retirement Saving: Update 

to 2003 (Background Paper), March 2007.

Is Social Security Progressive? (Brief), December 2006.

Projecting Labor Force Participation and Earnings in CBO’s 

Long-Term Microsimulation Model (Background 

Paper), October 2006.

The Budgetary Impact of Current and Proposed Border 

Security and Immigration Policy (Testimony), 

August 2006.

Evaluating Benefit Guarantees in Social Security 

(Background Paper), March 2006.

Utilization of Tax Incentives for Retirement Saving: 

An Update (Background Paper), February 2006.

Quantifying Uncertainty in the Analysis of Long-Term 

Social Security Projections (Background Paper), 

November 2005.

A Guide to Understanding the Pension Benefit Guaranty 

Corporation (Paper), September 2005.

The Risk Exposure of the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (Paper), September 2005.

Differences in Wage and Salary Income Included in Various 

Tax Bases (Background Paper), June 2005.

Updated Long-Term Projections for Social Security (Paper), 

March 2005.

Disability and Retirement: The Early Exit of Baby Boomers 

from the Labor Force (Paper), November 2004.

A Description of the Immigrant Population (Paper), 

November 2004.

A Model to Project Flows into and out of Tax-Deferred 

Retirement Savings Accounts (Background Paper), 

October 2004.

How Pension Financing Affects Returns to Different 

Generations (Brief), September 2004.

The Outlook for Social Security (Study), June 2004.

Retirement Age and the Need for Saving (Brief), May 2004.

Tax-Deferred Retirement Savings in Long-Term Revenue 

Projections (Paper), May 2004.

The Retirement Prospects of the Baby Boomers (Brief), 

March 2004.

Measuring Changes to Social Security Benefits (Brief), 

December 2003.

Baby Boomers’ Retirement Prospects: An Overview (Study), 

November 2003.

Comparing Budgetary and Trust Fund Measures of the 

Outlook for Social Security and Medicare (Brief), 

October 2003.

Utilization of Tax Incentives for Retirement Saving (Paper), 

August 2003.

CBO’s On-Line Guide to Tax Incentives for Retirement 

Saving (Report), August 2003.

The Future Growth of Social Security: It’s Not Just Society’s 

Aging (Brief), July 2003.

Social Security Reform: The Use of Private Securities and the 

Need for Economic Growth (Brief), January 2003.
50 CBO PUBLICATIONS

Evaluating and Accounting for Federal Investment in 

Corporate Stocks and Other Private Securities (Paper), 

January 2003.

The Impact of Social Security and Medicare on the Federal 

Budget (Brief), November 2002.

The Impact of Trust Fund Programs on Federal Budget 

Surpluses and Deficits (Brief), November 2002.

Federal Debt and the Commitments of Federal Trust Funds 

(Brief), October 2002.

The Looming Budgetary Impact of Society’s Aging (Brief), 

July 2002.

Social Security and the Federal Budget: The Necessity of 

Maintaining a Comprehensive Long-Range Perspective 

(Brief), July 2002.

Accrual Budgeting for Military Retirees’ Health Care 

(Paper), March 2002.

Uncertainty in Social Security’s Long-Term Finances: 

A Stochastic Analysis (Paper), December 2001.

Social Security: A Primer (Study), September 2001 

(Released December 2001).

Options to Expand Federal Health, Retirement, and 

Education Activities (Memorandum), June 2000.

An Economic Analysis of the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 

(Paper), April 2000.

The Budgetary Treatment of Personal Retirement Accounts 

(Paper), March 2000.
Taxes

The Effect of Tax Changes on Labor Supply in CBO’s 

Microsimulation Tax Model (Background Paper), 

April 2007.

Utilization of Tax Incentives for Retirement Saving: 

Update to 2003 (Background Paper), March 2007.

Nonprofit Hospitals and the Provision of Community 

Benefits (Paper), December 2006.

Computing Effective Tax Rates on Capital Income 

(Background Paper), December 2006.

Historical Effective Federal Tax Rates: 1979 and 2005 

(Web Only), December 2006.

How CBO Forecasts Income (Background Paper), 

August 2006.

Utilization of Tax Incentives for Retirement Saving: 

An Update (Background Paper), February 2006.

Analyzing the Economic and Budgetary Effects of a 

10 Percent Cut in Income Tax Rates (Brief), 

December 2005.

Historical Effective Federal Tax Rates: 1979 to 2003 

(Paper), December 2005.

Corporate Income Tax Rates: International Comparisons 

(Paper), November 2005.

Effective Marginal Tax Rates on Labor Income (Paper), 

November 2005.

Taxing Capital Income: Effective Rates and Approaches to 

Reform (Paper), October 2005.

Effects of the Federal Estate Tax on Farms and Small 

Businesses (Paper), July 2005.

Taxing the Untaxed Business Sector (Background Paper), 

July 2005.

What Is a Current-Law Economic Baseline? (Brief) 

June 2005.

Differences in Wage and Salary Income Included in Various 

Tax Bases (Background Paper), June 2005.

Changes in Participation in Means-Tested Programs (Brief), 

April 2005.

Historical Effective Federal Tax Rates: 1979 to 2002 

(Paper), March 2005.

Effective Tax Rates: Comparing Annual and Multiyear 

Measures (Paper), January 2005.

A Model to Project Flows into and out of Tax-Deferred 

Retirement Savings Accounts (Background Paper), 

October 2004.

Effective Federal Tax Rates Under Current Law, 2001 to 

2014 (Paper), August 2004.

The Estate Tax and Charitable Giving (Paper), July 2004.

Tax-Credit Bonds and the Federal Cost of Financing Public 

Expenditures (Paper), July 2004.

Tax-Deferred Retirement Savings in Long-Term Revenue 

Projections (Paper), May 2004.

The Alternative Minimum Tax (Brief), April 2004.

Effective Federal Tax Rates: 1979–2001 (Paper), 

April 2004.

The Taxation of Distributions from Retirement Savings 

Plans (Background Paper), April 2004.
52 CBO PUBLICATIONS

Fuel Economy Standards Versus a Gasoline Tax (Brief), 

March 2004.

The Economic Costs of Fuel Economy Standards Versus a 

Gasoline Tax (Study), December 2003.

Issues in the Design of a Cap-and-Trade Program for Carbon 

Emissions (Brief), November 2003.

Economic Issues in Taxing Internet and Mail-Order Sales

(Paper), October 2003.

CBO’s On-Line Guide to Tax Incentives for Retirement 

Saving (Report), August 2003.

Effective Federal Tax Rates, 1997 to 2000 (Paper), 

August 2003.

Utilization of Tax Incentives for Retirement Saving (Paper), 

August 2003.

How CBO Analyzed the Macroeconomic Effects of the President’s Budget (Paper), July 2003.

Shifting the Cost Burden of a Carbon Cap-and-Trade Program (Paper), July 2003.

A Comparison of Tax-Credit Bonds, Other Special-Purpose 

Bonds, and Appropriations in Financing Federal Transportation Programs (Report), June 2003.

The Economics of Climate Change: A Primer (Study), 

April 2003.

Effects of Allowing Nonitemizers to Deduct Charitable 

Contributions (Paper), December 2002.

Revenue Projections and the Stock Market (Brief), 

December 2002.

Reducing Gasoline Consumption: Three Policy Options 

(Study), November 2002.

Capital Gains Taxes and Federal Revenues (Brief), 

October 2002.

Where Did the Revenues Go? (Brief), August 2002.

Economic Stimulus: Evaluating Proposed Changes in Tax 

Policy (Paper), January 2002.

Effective Federal Tax Rates, 1979–1997 (Study), 

October 2001.

An Evaluation of Cap-and-Trade Programs for Reducing 

U.S. Carbon Emissions (Study), June 2001.

Description of CBO’s Models and Methods for Projecting 

Federal Revenues (Paper), May 2001.

Who Gains and Who Pays Under Carbon-Allowance Trading? The Distributional Effects of Alternative Policy 

Designs (Study), June 2000.

Options to Cut Taxes (Memorandum), June 2000.

An Economic Analysis of the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 

(Paper), April 2000.
Telecommunications

Factors That May Increase Future Spending from the 

Universal Service Fund (Paper), June 2006.

Small Bidders in License Auctions for Wireless Personal 

Communications Services (Paper), October 2005.

Financing Universal Telephone Service (Paper), 

March 2005.

Copyright Issues in Digital Media (Paper), August 2004.

Is the United States Falling Behind in Adopting Broadband? 

(Brief), February 2004.

Does the Residential Broadband Market Need Fixing? 

(Paper), December 2003.

The Need for Better Price Indices for Communications 

Investment (Paper), June 2001.

Trade

Agricultural Trade Liberalization (Brief), November 2006.

The Effects of Liberalizing World Agricultural Trade: 

A Review of Modeling Studies (Paper), June 2006.

China’s Growing Demand for Oil and Its Impact on U.S. 

Petroleum Markets (Paper), April 2006.

The Effects of Liberalizing World Agricultural Trade: 

A Survey (Paper), December 2005.

Policies That Distort World Agricultural Trade: Prevalence 

and Magnitude (Paper), August 2005.

Recent Shifts in Financing the U.S. Current-Account Deficit 

(Brief), July 2005.

The Decline in the U.S. Current-Account Balance Since 

1991 (Brief), August 2004.

Would Prescription Drug Importation Reduce U.S. Drug 

Spending (Brief), April 2004.

The Pros and Cons of Pursuing Free-Trade Agreements 

(Brief), July 2003.

The Effects of NAFTA on U.S.-Mexican Trade and GDP 

(Paper), May 2003.

The Economics of Climate Change: A Primer (Study), 

April 2003.

Antidumping Action in the United States and Around the 

World: An Update (Paper), June 2001.

Causes and Consequences of the Trade Deficit: An Overview 

(Memorandum), March 2000.

Transportation and Infrastructure

Freight Rail Transportation: Long-Term Issues (Paper), 

January 2006.

Freight Rail Transportation: A Review of the 2004 

Experience (Paper), May 2005.

Tax-Credit Bonds and the Federal cost of Financing Public 

Expenditures (Paper), July 2004.

Does the Residential Broadband Market Need Fixing? 

(Paper), December 2003.

The Past and Future of U.S. Passenger Rail Service (Study), 

September 2003.

A Comparison of Tax-Credit Bonds, Other Special-Purpose 

Bonds, and Appropriations in Financing Federal 

Transportation Programs (Report), June 2003.

Future Investment in Drinking Water and Wastewater 

Infrastructure (Study), November 2002.

Welfare and Social Services

Changes in the Economic Resources of Low-Income Households with Children (Paper), May 2007.

Changes in Low-Wage Labor Markets Between 1979 and 

2005 (Paper), December 2006.

Research and Development in the Pharmaceutical Industry

(Study), October 2006.

Global Population Aging in the 21st Century and Its 

Economic Implications (Paper), December 2005.

Quantifying Uncertainty in the Analysis of Long-Term 

Social Security Projections (Background Paper), 

November 2005.

Changes in Participation in Means-Tested Programs (Brief), 

April 2005.

Disability and Retirement: The Early Exit of Baby Boomers 

in the Labor Force (Paper), November 2004.

A Description of the Immigrant Population (Paper), 

November 2004.

Estimating the Value of Subsidies for Federal Loans and 

Loan Guarantees (Paper), August 2004.

Administrative Costs of Private Accounts in Social Security

(Study), March 2004.

Options to Expand Federal Health, Retirement, and 

Education Activities (Memorandum), June 2000.