allowed to flow out through a port in the top
of the chamber where the pressure-indicating
gauge was originally attached. An electrical re-
sistance heating bar, 2 inches by 14 inches by
VA inch, with a fully enclosed element, was sup-
ported on insulated legs in the bottom of the
chamber, with the attached electrical cord pas-
sing through a gas inlet port and sealed against
leakage with a plastic material. A surface tem-
perature sensor, Yellow Springs Instrument
Company #408, was attached to the surface of
the heater with the lead wires passing through
a sealed gas port and connected to a Yellow

Springs Instrument Company “Tele-Thermo-
meter”.

For those experiments in which a spark was
discharged through the test material, a length
of plastic-insulated, high-voltage wire was pas-
sed through the chamber wall and positioned
approximately 4 inch above the test material
surface. The high voltage was supplied by a
Model T Ford ignition coil operated with a
12-volt D.C. power supply.

For the determination of ignition tempera-
tures in an oxygen atmosphere, a ceramic cru-
cible, 6 inches high by 3 inches diameter at
the top and 11% inches diameter at the bottom,
was filled 14 full with gand and the sample
planchets were partially embedded in this sand.
Oxygen from a cylinder was passed through a
pressure regulator, a flow-meter and a glass
delivery tube which was positioned approxi-
mately 14 inch above the surface of the sand.
A calibrated copper-constantan thermocouple
was embedded in the test material and the leads
connected to a recording potentiometer (Texas
Instrument, Servo-Riter). .The crycible was
placed on an electric hot plate and, pp addition,
the lower 14 of the crucible was wrapped with
electrical heating tape. Both the hot plate and
the heating tape were controlled through vari- }
able transformers. '

The materials to be tested, which were ob-
tained through local retail outlets consisted of
the following:

ap-Stick (Chap Stick Company), Chap-

id (L. Perrigo), Lip-Eze (Chap Stick
Company), CamPhor Ice (McKesson &
Robbins), Lipstick (Revlon), Lanolin
U.S.P., Vaseline (Cheesebrough-Pond’s)
Bryleream (Beecham), Vitalis (Bristol-

Myers), Skin Bracer (Mennen), ’Lectric
Shave (William’s), Afta (Mennen), Hand
Lotion (Jergen’s), Chap-Ans (Chap Stick
Company), Electric Motor Oil (Gulf).

PROCEDURE:

Spontaneous Ignition in
Oxygen Atmosphere

The material to be tested was placed in
stainless steel] planchets, one inch in diameter
by \% inch high. These were placed on the
heating strip in the chamber and oxygen was
allowed to flush through the chamber until its
concentration exceeded 95%, as determined by
a Chemtronics, Inc., Oxygen Analyzer.

The chamber was then sealed off, at ambient
pressure, and the material allowed to stand in
the oxygen atmosphere at various temperatures
for a given period of time. The samples were
observed constantly for any indication of spon-
taneous combustion.

Ignition by a Static Discharge
in Air and in Oxygen

Planchets containing the samples were placed
on the heating strip and the high-voltage elec-
trode was positioned over them. In both air
and oxygen atmospheres, the samples were im-
mediately exposed to a series of momentary as
well as sustained (approximately three-second)
electrical discharges. The samples were then
allowed to stand in the oxygen atmosphere for
varying periods of time before exposure to
additional electrical discharges.

Ignition Temperatures in an
Oxygen Atmosphere

The sample planchets were placed in the
sand bath with the thermocouple embedded in
the sample material and the oxygen flow-rate
adjusted so that the O2 concentration inside the
crucible remained abaye 95%. The two heaters
were turned on and the variable transformers
adjusted so that the temperature of the sample
increased about 5° C/minute. A continuous
record of time vs. temperature was obtained
from the: recorder.

Exposures to Oxygen Pressures

in Excess of One Atmosphere

Samples were placed on the heating strip in
the modified autoclave and sufficient oxygen

—2—



a

9

the routine precautions taken against static
sparking in their operation.

While sparks have been responsible for mask
ignition in industry, it is generally believed that
static sparking is insufficient to ignite a solid
material. However, it is possible, though un-
likely, for a static spark of 2.5 millijoules
energy (much weaker than the ones we used)
to ignite tufts of paper or cloth fibers at room
temperature and at an oxygen partial pressure
of 480 mm Hg, but these materials are not
present about a clean oxygen mask.

The presence on oxygen masks of normal
skin oils, which are comparable in combusti-
bility to the materials tested, has been found
not to contribute significantly to the ignition
and combustion of masks.* The importance of
an added amount of an oily preparation was
not evaluated, however. Since ignition of fibers
can be facilitated by the presence of oily sub-
stances, we view the presence of oils upon oxy-
gen masks as an increased hazard, albeit small
and unmeasured. The addition to the face of a
commercial preparation is-undoubtedly of more
importance quantitatively than qualitatively.
Therefore their presence probably constitutes a
problem greater than that of the normal skin
oils solely because of the greater amount
present.

Rather extensive correspondence with per-
sons engaged in aviation physiology revealed
three cases of oxygen fires and explosions. One
involved contact between a high velocity stream
of oxygen and an oily hair preparation on the
hands; one was an oxygen mask firy which
burned the face and hands: of a U.S. Navy
pilot who denied using any Ip, face or hair
preparation;* and the other was a commercial
pilot whose oxygen mask, which was hanging
on his chest, burst into flames while he jwas
lighting a cigarette. Adequate explanations
exist for the causes of these fires, to ali one
to exclude as a cause, the exposure of ’oils to
oxygen at pressures of less than one atmosphere.

A “burning” sensation, occasionally severd
qough to lead to mission abort, which has re-
sulted from expqsure to 100% oxygen follow-
ing use of some of these preparations, is un-
explained by our study.

* Not the same incident cited from Reference two.

CONCLUSIONS

A large margin of safety exists in using
hydrocarbon face, lip, and hair preparations in
the presence of 100% oxygen at or below one
atmosphere. Their presence upon the hands,
which may come into contact with high pressure
oxygen sources probably constitutes the chief
hazard.

There is some evidence that contamination
with oily preparations will slightly increase the
chances of ignition of solid material. Once ig-
nition occurs, most materials burn furiously in
high concentrations and partial pressures of
oxygen.

Once the alcohol evaporates from pre- and
post-shave compounds (in about one minute),
the chances of ignition of these compounds by
a static spark is negligible.

Because of the marked increase in the effects
of a static spark upon these compounds at two
atmospheres oxygen pressure (1520 mm Hg),
their use is not deemed safe under these con-
ditions, despite all precautions taken to prevent
static sparking.

The temperatures required to ignite these
compounds may occur around high pressure
systems and from cigarettes, matches, micro-
phone short circuits, or static spark.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors wish to express their appreciation
for the valuable technical assistance offered by
Donald E. Rowlan, Mackie A. Allgood, and John
W. Fitch, = *

REFERENCES

1. Kidera, G. J., and Marbarger, J. P.: Effect of oxygen on
freshly’ applied lipetick and chapstick. Aerospace Med.,
30: 481, 1959,

xv

McCandless, R. T. J., and Sturrock, P. E.: Hazard of
Anti-Chap Lipstick in the Presence of 100% Oxygen.
WADC TN 56-311, 1956.

Miller, A. E.: Gaseous oxygen fires and explosions. NFPA
Quarterly, July 1959,

Miller, A. E.: Personal communication.

2

al

U.S, GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE ; 1966 0—732-434



THE FLAMMABILITY OF LIP, FACE
AND HAIR PREPARATIONS IN THE
| PRESENCE OF 100% OXYGEN

J. ROBERT DILLE, M.D.
CHARLES R. CRANE, Ph.D,
GEORGE E. PENDERGRASS, CAPT., USAF

ABSTRACT

The effects of high concentrations and pressures of oxygen and of static sparks upon
lip, face, and hair preparations were determined because of questions that frequently
arise and apprehension that exists. A wide margin of safety was found for their use at
or below one atmosphere of pressure. However, their use in experimental or therapeutic
compressions is not deemed safe due to a marked increase in the effects of a static spark
upon these compounds at two atmospheres oxygen pressure.

npr emt

Oxygen itself does not burn but it is both
necessary for and greatly accelerates the burn-
ing of combustible materials. Even iron and
steel are combustible at elevated temperatures
in the presence of high concentrations of oxy-
gen. The most common cause of oxygen explo-
sions probably is contact between oxygen under
high pressure and valves, gauges, and fittings
that are contaminated with oil.

Because of the widespread use in aviation of
high concentrations of oxygen and the common
practice of using hydrocarbon preparations on
the lips, face, and hair, it is little wonder that
pilots have long been concerned that this com-
bination might be hazardous. Two previous
studies were undertaken to answer questions
that have been raised.” ' One of these’ was pbr-
formed after a reported case of gpontaneous
combustion which burned the lipséof a pilot
who had previously applied “chap ‘stick” and
who was on 100% oxygen. There are wide-
spread rumors within the aviation community /
of other similar episodes, but no documentation’
of these could be found. There is serious doubt
that many of these reported incidents actually
occurred. It has been pointed out, however, that
the investigation of all types of oxygen fire and
explosfon problems has been notoriously under-
reported.® v

The two previous studies cited above con-
cluded that there was no increased hazard in-

volved: in the use of lip preparations in the
.

presence of 100% oxygen. Apprehension still
exists, however, among both military and civili-
an pilots, fostered by the rumored incidents and
by local policies against the use of such pre-
parations. Unanswered are questions pertaining
to the use of face and hair preparations (many
of which contain alcohol), the hazard intro-
duced by a static spark, the effects of oxygen
at elevated pressures as seen with experimental
or therapeutic compressions, and the signifi-
cance of an intolerable “burning” sensation
noted by some individuals when these prepara-
tions are used in the presence of 100% oxygen.

Since antichap preparations and oxygen-by-
mask are frequently used together without ill
effects, any hazard which exists under condi-
tions of normal use is extremely small. There-
fore no statistically valid determination of the
chances of combustion of various products
under cohditions of normal use was feasible.
Instead, the combustibility of these products
under conditions of jycreased temperature, in-
creased oxygen pressure, and in the presence of
a static spark was investigated.

METHODS AND MATERIALS:

Aw oxygen-exposure chamber was construct-
ed from a small, cylindrical, steam autoclave
by replacing the metal door with a plexiglass
plate machined from 114 inch thick stock. Oxy-
gen was introduced through the original steam-
inlet port in the bottom of the chamber and was

—1—



was flushed through to raise the concentration
above 95%. The exit port was closed and the
oxygen pressure inside the chamber increased
to 15, 30, and 45 psi gauge, which was equiva-
lent to an absolute Oz pressure of approxi-
mately two, three, and four atmospheres re-
spectively. The samples were then allowed to
‘stand at 94° F for one hour at 45 psi gauge.
Selected samples were placed in the chamber
at either 15 or 30 psi gauge and then tested
with the spark discharge.

RESULTS:

Spontaneous ignition in
Oxygen Atmosphere

None of the compounds tested ignited spon-
taneously on exposure to a 100%, oxygen en-
vironment at a pressure of one atmosphere for

periods up to 3 hours and at temperatures of
94° F and 112° F.

Ignition by a Static Discharge
in Air and in Oxygen

Table I lists the compounds that were ex-
posed to a spark discharge in both air and
100% oxygen at a pressure of one atmosphere;
they were tested at both 94° F and 112° F;
((—) = no ignition; (+) = ignition). Each
material was tested at least three times under
each set of conditions.

TABLE I

COMPOUND AIR
Chap-Aid -
Chap-Stick _
Camphor Ice _
Lip-Eze = f
Lipstick +
Vaseline -
Lanolin v -—!} -— 3
Brylcream => -—/
Afta - _
Skin Bracer _
Vitalis + (a)

*Lectric Shave + (a) + (a)
lotor Oil - — (b)

(af These 5 samples were all (—) if the alco-

hol was allowétt to evaporate before spark-
ing.

(b) A momentary flame appeared in one of

“six trials.

ae ane)

+a)
+ (a)

Ignition Temperatures in an
Oxygen Atmosphere

Sample materials were slowly heated in an
Oz atmosphere, using the arrangement describ-
ed previously, until they reached the tempera-
ture at which they would ignite spontaneously,
ie, in the absence of an externally-applied
flame. The upper limit of the calibration for
the thermocouple used was 350° C; however,
no samples were heated above 300° C.

The results are described in Table II.

TABLE II
COMPOUND IGNITION REMARKS
Vaseline + — IRgnited @ 290.300°C.
Lanolin ~ No ignition below
300° C.

Bryleream (1) + Ignited @ 147° C,
still boiling at ignition.
Bryleream (2) — Heated slowly to b.p.
in air, continued heat-
ing at this temp. until
boiling stopped. Re-
newed heating in Oz,
the non-volatile resi-
due darkened, then
charred, but no
ignition below 300°C.
Afta — Same procedure as
Brylcream (2), No ig-
nition below 300° C.
@ 252° C.
Boiled 85-100° C;
residue ignited @
240° C.
Chap-Aid + No boiling; smoked @
‘ 200° C; ignited @
265° C.
Lipstick «gk Slight boiling 170-
190° C; ignited @
. 290-300° C.
Lip-Eze + Boiling @ 100° C;
smoke @ 175-250° C;
’ ignited @ 275° C.
Chap-Stick + Smoke @ 250° C; ig.
nited @ 255-260° C.
Skin Bracer — Boiling began @ 93°
C; all evaporated by
120° C; no residue.

Camphor Ice
Vitalis

++

—3~—



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yi

THE FLAMMABILITY OF LIP,
FACE AND HAIR
PREPARATIONS IN THE
PRESENCE OF 100% QXYGEN

** 63-27

te

FEDERAL AVIATION AGENCY
a AEROMEDICAL RESEARCH DIVISION . “
.. 1 OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLAHOMA > -

NS



COMPOUND IGNITION REMARKS
*Lectric Shave + Boil @ 94° C; ceased
boiling by 148° C;
smoked @ 186° C;
ignited @ 230° C.
Boil @ 100° C;
smoke @ 140° C;
ignited @ 290° C.
Boil @ 100° C; spat-
tered @ 140-170° C;
evaporated by 250°C;
no residue.

Electric Motor + Smoke @ 230° C;
Oil ignited @ 290° C.

Exposures to Oxygen Pressures
in Excess of One Atmosphere

Twelve preparations were exposed for one
hour at 94° F in an O2 environment of ap-
proximately four atmospheres absolute pressure
(45 psi gauge), without exposure to the spark
discharge. There was no spontaneous ignition
of any of these twelve samples: Lip-Eze, Lip-
stick, Chap-Stick, Brylcream, Afta, "Lectric
Shave, Chap-Aid, Camphor Ice, Lanolin, Vase-
line, Vitalis, Skin Bracer.

Three compounds were tested with a spark

Chap-Ans-- +

Jergens Lotion —

, discharge in the presence of an elevated O2

pressure, but the resulting fires were so intense
that no more compounds were tested in this
fashion. The three which were tested with a
spark and did ignite were:

Chap-Stick, @ 30 psi gauge.

Bryleream, @ 15 psi gauge.

Camphor Ice, @ 15 psi gauge. ’

DISCUSSION;

i

Oxygen fires require oxygen, heat and a
combustible material. Their chances of occur-
rence depend upon the ‘concentration and par- }
tial pressure of the oxygen, the temperatur
and the combustibility of the material.

It was not considered essential for our pur-
poses to know the exact composition of the
proprietary items tested, and such information
is frequently difficult to obtain anyway. How-
ever, cosmetic and protective preparations of
this nature usually contain one or more of the
following types of demulcent or emollient sub-
stances: complex carbohydrates (polysaccha-
rides) of plant origin; glycerol; sterols or ste-

rol esters; fatty acids or fatty-acid esters, in-
cluding neutral fats of plant or animal origin;
fatty alcohols; oils, greases or waxes from
petroleum; and in recent years the polyethy-
lene glycols (carbowaxes) and the silicones.
The three simple substances, i.e., lanolin, vase-
line (petrolatum) and a light mineral oil, in-
cluded in this study were considered to cover
the range of combustibility of the principal
constituents likely to be encountered in any

commercial preparations available for similar
uses.

The ignition temperatures determined for the
compounds tested indicate there is relative
safety in the use of lip, face and hair prepara-
tions in the presence of 100% oxygen at pres-
sures of less than 760 mm Hg. The presence of
these compounds in or on a high pressure oxy-
gen distribution system is contraindicted, how-
ever, since temperatures as high as 1700° F
can be attained by the impinging of gas into
a dead-end cavity or friction from a small
volume, high velocity leak. Static discharges
are possible from the flow of gas and from
solid particles in the stream. The presence of
combustible materials on the hands following
application to the face or hair can result in
their exposure to these high pressure, high
velocity conditions. Ignition must also be as-
sumed possible from cigarettes, matches, light-
ers, and from short-circuits in mask-mounted
microphones.

Alcohol vapors from some preparations were
ignited with a spark in oxygen at ground level
atmospheric pressure. Since evaporation from
the thin film of applied material is rapid, this
would not be likely to constitute an inflight
hazard. With this exception, none of the com-
pounds cduld be ignited at one atmosphere O2
pressure and at skin temperature even with sus-
tained, high-energy sparking.

Ignition of two out of three compounds tested
did occur when the same spark was applied in
the presence of 100% Oz at a pressure of two
atmospheres (1520 mm Hg); another was ig-
nited at three atmospheres. Furious combus-
tion ensued once ignition occurred. Because of
this, use of these preparations is felt to be con-
traindicted in positive pressure chambers where
Oz pressure will exceed one atmosphere despite

—4—



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-Xa UT as Joy} ‘WeAaMORT ‘ainssord jo azaydsouyje au0
MOjaq JO 3e 9sn sayy Joy punoy sed Aoyes Jo WBsEU
apm Vy ‘Sisixa yey) UoIsUayardde pue ase Apuenbaay
yey} suonsenb yo asnesaq peutuneyep azam suoHeredaid
wey pue acey ‘dy uodn syseds oneys jo pue weBhxo
jo samssaid pue suogenusoucs Ysry Jo Saya ayy,

“E961 JoquieAoN ‘sseiBiepueg “q ad10en pue
‘ouery “y S9pTeYO ‘TNC Heqou ‘f Aq NFOAXO %4O0T
4O SONSSHYd HHL NI SNOLLVEVdaad MIVH
GNV dOVA ‘afl JO ALYNSVWAVLI AL (22-29
podey RIV "eunoYETIQ ‘A471 euYeLYO ‘Aouesy uoH
-e14y [erepag ‘enjYSU] YPressey [eorpeuloIey T1AID

suoryeredard
ey
pue ‘soey ‘dy
<Ayrqeurare,y
suorjexedaad
ayey pue
‘anny ‘diy uo
“09778 ‘UaBAXO ‘T

ai

-aanssaid

uaBkxo sasoydsouje omy ye spunoduioo asayy uodn yzeds

DHe}S eB JO Saye oy] Ul SseasoUT payreUI B oO} aNp oFes
paursap jou st suorssaiduioo onnedeseyy 10 peyauried

*x@ UT asn zou) ‘1eAemoH ‘amssard Jo asaydsouye 20

of2q 4078 2s sToty Joy punoy sem AJozes jo UTAIeW

pia y “Sisixe yeu) uolsuayardde pue asize Apuenbayy

~ jeu) suonsanb yo. asneseq paujuueyep erem suoteredaid
“~~ Grey pue aoey ‘dy uodn syseds ones jo pue ueBAxo
Jo Samnssord pue suopesusoucs yay jo saya ayL

“S961 aequieaon ‘sseaBxepueg “| e109 pue
“euera “y sepreu “Td weqou ‘f 44 NEDAXO %001
40 SONSSI¥d AHL NI SNOLLV¥Vaaud ¥IVH
GNV SOV ‘aI dO ALYHAVWWVL SRL “12-69
oday TEVD “eMOoYEPIO ‘AD eMOYETYO ‘Aouasy Uo
~elay [erepag ‘empAsuT yoreesey [eopeurosey [41D

o

~.



THE FLAMMABILITY OF LIP, FACE
AND HAIR PREPARATIONS IN THE
PRESENCE OF 100% OXYGEN

J. ROBERT DILLE, M.D.
Program Advisory Officer

CHARLES R. CRANE, Ph.D.
Chief, General Biochemistry Section
PHARMACOLOGY-BIOCHEMISTRY BRANCH

GEORGE E. PENDERGRASS, CAPT., U.S.A.F.
Chief, Technical Service Staff

63-27

FEDERAL AVIATION AGENCY
CIVIL AEROMEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
AERONAUTICAL CENTER
OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLAHOMA
NOVEMBER 1963