P.1 

OAR Box 1784 

Prepped by Ollie Stewart 

Document Number: 

24) ll-A-6 

Docket Number: 

A-84-44 

Printed 10/31/2008 8:05:39 AM Sheet 24 of 143 
P.2 

lh 

United States 

Environment P 

Agency 

Office of Air Quality 

Planning and Standards 

Research Triangle Park NC 2771 1 

EPA-450/4-84-028 

December 1984 

•Air 

National 

Air Pollutant 

Emission Estimates, 

1940-1983 

fit-84-44 
P.3 

EPA-450/4-84-028 

National Air Pollutant 

Emission Estimates, 1940-1983 

Monitoring and Data Analysis Division 

U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 

Office of Air and Radiation 

Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards 

Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711 

December 1 984 
P.4 

This report is published by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to report information of general 

interest in the field of air pollution. Copies are available free of charge to Federal employees, current 

contractors and grantees, and nonprofit organizations - as supplies permit - from the Library Services 

Office (MD-35), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711; or, 

for a fee, from the National Technical Information Services, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 

22161. 

Publication No. EPA-450/4-84-028 
P.5 

ABSTRACT 

This report presents estimates of trends in nationwide air pollutant emissions for the six major pollutants: 

particulates, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide and lead. 

Estimates are presented for each year from 1940 through 1983. Emission estimates are broken down 

according to major classifications of air pollution sources. A short analysis of trends is given, along with a 

discussion of methods used to develop the data. 

in 
P.6 

CONTENTS 

Section Page 

LIST OF TABLES vi i 

1. SUMMARY 1 

2. NATIONWIDE EMISSION TRENDS, 1940-1983 3 

2.1 Particulates 3 

2.2 Sulfur Oxides 3 

2.3 Nitrogen Oxides 4 

2.4 Volatil e Organic Compounds 4 

2.5 Carbon Monoxide 4 

2.6 Lead 5 

3. METHODS 33 

3.1 Transportation 34 

3.1.1 Motor Vehicles 34 

3.1.2 Aircraft 35 

3.1.3 Railroads 35 

3.1.4 Vessels 35 

3.1.5 Nonhi ghway Use of Motor Fuels 35 

3.2 Fuel Combustion i n Stationar y Sources 35 

3.2.1 Coal 35 

3.2.2 Fuel Oi l 36 

3.2.3 Natural Gas 36 

3.2.4 Other Fuels 36 

3.3 Industrial Processes 36 

3.3.1 Miscellaneous Industrial Processes 37 

3.4 Solid Waste Disposal 37 

3.5 Miscellaneous Sources 37 

3.5.1 Forest Fires 37 

3.5.2 Agricultural Burning 38 

3.5.3 Coal Refuse Burning 38 

3.5.4 Structural Fires 38 

3.5.5 Nonindustrial Organic Solvent Use 38 
P.7 

CONTENTS (continued) 

Page 

4. ANALYSIS OF TRENDS 39 

4.1 Particulates 40 

4.2 Sulfur Oxides 42 

4.3 Nitrogen Oxides 43 

4.4 Volatile Organic Compounds 44 

4.5 Carbon Monoxide 45 

4.6 Lead 46 

5. REFERENCES 49 

TECHNICAL REPORT DATA AND ABSTRACT 53 

vi 
P.8 

LIST OF TABLES 

Table Page 

1. Summary of National Emission Estimates 2 

2. Summary of Estimated Particulate Emissions, 1940-1970 6 

3. Summary of Estimated Sulfur Oxide Emissions, 1940-1970 7 

4. Summary of Estimated Nitrogen Oxide Emissions, 1940-1970. .. . 8 

5. Summary of Estimated Volatile Organic Compound 

Emissions, 1940-1970 9 

6. Summary of Estimated Carbon Monoxide Emissions, 1940-1970 .. . 10 

7. National Estimates of Particulate Emissions, 1970-1983 11 

8. National Estimates of Sulfur Oxide Emissions, 1970-1983 ... . 12 

9. National Estimates of Nitrogen Oxide Emissions, 1970-1983 .. . 13 

10. National Estimates of Volatile Organic Compound Emissions, 

1970-1983 14 

11. National Estimates of Carbon Monoxide Emissions, 1970-1983. . . 15 

12. National Estimates of Lead Emissions, 1970-1983 16 

13. Particulate Emissions from Transportation 17 

14. Sulfur Oxide Emissions from Transportation 18 

15. Nitrogen Oxide Emissions from Transportation 19 

16. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Transportation ... . 20 

17. Carbon Monoxide Emissions from Transportation 21 

18. Particulate Emissions from Fuel Combustion 22 

19. Sulfur Oxide Emissions from Fuel Combustion 23 

20. Nitrogen Oxide Emissions from Fuel Combustion 24 

21. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Fuel Combustion. .. . 25 

22. Carbon Monoxide Emissions from Fuel Combustion 26 

v n 
P.9 

LIST OF TABLES (continued) 

Table Page 

23. Particulate Emissions from Industrial Processes 27 

24. Sulfur Oxide Emissions from Industrial Processes 28 

25. Nitrogen Oxide Emissions from Industrial Processes 29 

26. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Industrial 

Processes 30 

27. Carbon Monoxide Emissions from Industrial Processes 31 

28. Lead Emissions from Industrial Processes 32 

29. Theoretical 1983 National Emission Estimates with 1970 

Level of Control 48 

v n I 
P.10 

NATIONAL AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION ESTIMATES 

1940-1983 

1. SUMMARY 

The primary objectives of this publication are to provide current 

estimates of nationwide emissions for six major pollutants: particulate matter (PM), sulfur oxides (SO?), nitrogen oxides (N0X), volatile 

organic compounds (VOC), carbon monoxide (CO) and lead (Pb). Estimates are presented for 1940, 1950, and 1960 to give an historical 

perspective of national air pollutant emissions, and for 1970 through 

1983 as an indication of recent trends. These data entirely replace 

those published earlier for 1940-1982 in EPA report National Air 

Pollutant Emission Estimates, 1940-1982 (EPA-450/4-83-024). Because 

of modifications in methodology and use of more refined emission 

factors, data from thi s report should not be compared with data in 

the earlier report. 

Reporting of emissions on a nationwide basis, while useful as a 

general indicator of pollutant levels, has definite limitations . 

National totals or averages are not the best guide for estimating 

trends for particular localities . Yet, i t i s important that some 

criteri a be established for measurement of national progress in the 

control of air pollutant emissions. The emission estimates presented 

herein represent calculated estimates based on standard emission in -

ventory procedures. Since these data are estimates only and do not 

represent the results of any program for the measurement of actual 

emissions, their accuracy i s somewhat limited . Similarly, i t would 

not necessarily be expected that these emission estimates would be in 

agreement with emission estimates derived through a different emission 

inventory procedure. The principal objective of compiling these data 

is to identif y probable overall changes in emissions on a national 

scale. I t should be recognized that these estimated national trends 

in emissions may not be representative of local trends in emissions 

or ai r quali ty . 
P.11 

TABLE 1 

SUMMARY OF NATIONAL EMISSION ESTIMATES 

Units of 

Measurement 

PM, SO? NOx, VOC, CO: 

Teragrams/Year 

(106 metric tons/year) 

Lead (Pb): 

Gigagrams/Year 

(103 metric ton/year) 

PM, SO?, N0X, VOC, CO: 

(106 short tons/year) 

Lead (Pb): 

(103 short ton/year) 

Year 

1940 

1950 

1960 

1970 

1971 

1972 

1973 

1974 

1975 

1976 

1977 

1978 

1979 

1980 

1981 

1982 

1983 

1940 

1950 

1960 

1970 

1971 

1972 

1973 

1974 

1975 

1976 

1977 

1978 

1979 

1980 

1981 

1982 

1983 

Particulates 

22.4 

24.2 

20.9 

18.0 

16.7 

15.0 

13.9 

12.2 

10.3 

9.6 

9.0 

8.9 

8.8 

8.3 

7.7 

6.8 

6.9 

24.7 

26.7 

23.0 

19.8 

18.4 • 

16.5 

15.3 

13.4 

11.4 

10.6 

9.9 

9.8 

9.7 

9.1 

8.5 

7.5 

7.6 

Sulfur 

Oxides 

18.0 

20.3 

20.0 

28.2 

26.8 

27.4 

28.7 

27.0 

25.6 

26.2 

26.3 

24.5 

24.5 

23.2 

22.3 

21.3 

20.8 

19.8 

22.4 

22.0 

31.1 

29.5 

30.2 

31.6 

29.8 

28.2 

28.9 

29.0 

27.0 

27.0 

25.6 

24.6 

23.5 

22.9 

Nitrogen 

Oxides 

6.7 

9.3 

12.8 

18.1 

18.5 

19.7 

20.2 

19.6 

19.1 

20.3 

20.9 

21.0 

21.1 

20.3 

20.5 

19.6 

19.4 

7.4 

10.3 

14.1 

20.0 

20.4 

21.7 

22.3 

21.6 

21.1 

22.4 

23.0 

23.1 

23.3 

22.4 

22.6 

21.6 

21.4 

Volatile 

Organics 

17.7 

20.3 

23.3 

27.0 

26.3 

26.3 

25.7 

24.1 

22.7 

23.8 

23.6 

24.2 

23.5 

22.3 

21.0 

19.4 

19.9 

19.5 

22.4 

25.7 

29.8 

29.0 

29.0 

28.3 

26.6 

25.0 

26.2 

26.0 

26.7 

25.9 

24.6 

23.1 

21.4 

21.9 

Carbon 

Monoxide 

79.4 

84.8 

87.5 

98.3 

96.3 

93.8 

89.5 

84.6 

80.5 

85.3 

81.1 

80.6 

77.4 

75.0 

72.3 

66.1 

67.6 

87.5 

93.5 

96.5 

108.4 

106.2 

103.4 

98.7 

93.3 

88.7 

94.0 

89.4 

88.8 

85.3 

82.7 

79.7 

72.9 

74.5 

Lead 

NA 

NA 

NA 

203.8 

220.8 

231.7 

202.7' 

162.1 

147.0 

153.1 

141.2 

127.9 

108.7 

70.6 

55.9 

54.4 

46.9 

NA 

NA 

NA 

224.6 

243.4 

255.4 

223.4 

178.7 

162.0 

168.8 

155.6 

141.0 

119.8 

77.8 

61.6 

60.0 

51.7 

Change 1940-1983 -69% +16% +190% +12% -15% NA 

Change 1970-1983 -62% -26% +7% -26% -31% -77% 

Change 1975-1983 -33% -19% +2% -12% -16% -68% 
P.12 

2. NATIONWIDE EMISSION TRENDS, 1940-1983 

Table 1 gives a summary of total national emission estimates for 

1940-1983. Tables 2 through 12 present summaries for each year 

according to the five major categories of sources: transportation, 

stationary source fuel combustion, industrial processes, solid waste 

disposal, and miscellaneous sources. More detailed breakdowns of 

emissions for 1970 through 1983 are given in Tables 13 through 17 for 

transportation, Tables 18 through 22 for stationary source fuel 

combustion, and in Tables 23 through 28 for industrial processes. 

The Standard Industrial Classifications (SIC) are shown for each 

process category in the industrial process tables. These designations are not intended to represent the complete emissions for al l 

SIC categories and serve only to identif y and classify the industrial 

process shown. 

In al l tables, data are reported in metric units , either as teragrams 

(10*2 grams) or gigagrams (10^ grams) per year. One teragram equals 

approximately 1.1 x 10^ short tons and one gigagram equals approximately 1.1 x 103 short tons. 

2.1 Particulates (PM) 

Particulate emi ssions result primarily from industrial processes 

and from fuel combustion in stationary sources. For 1940 and 1950, 

emissions from transportation (coal combustion by railroads) and 

miscellaneous sources (forest f i res) were also si gni f i cant. Emissions 

from fuel combustion and industrial processes did not change substantiall y from 1940 to 1970. Since 1970, emissions from these 

categories have been substantially reduced as the result of installa -

tion of air pollution control equipment. Particulate emissions from 

transportation decreased substantially from 1940 to 1960 as the result 

of the obsolescence of coal-burning railroad locomotives. From 1960 

to 1983, particulates from transportation increased due to increased 

travel by highway motor vehicles. Miscellaneous source emissions 

decreased substantially from 1940 to 1970, primarily due to a major 

reduction in the acreage burned by forest wildfires . Solid waste 

emissions increased from 1940 to 1970, but declined substantially to 

1983 as the result of air pollution regulations prohibiting or 

limitin g the burning of solid waste. 

2.2 Sulfur Oxides (S02) 

Sulfur oxide emissions occur mostly from stationary source fuel 

combustion and to some extent, from industrial processes. Sulfur 

oxide emissions from combustion of coal by railroad locomotives were 

also significant i n 1940 and 1950. Emissions from solid waste dis -

posal and miscellaneous sources have always been minor. Emissions 

from stationary source fuel combustion increased greatly from 1940 to 
P.13 

From 1970 to 1983, emissions from fuel combustion have decreased 

slightly. During this time period, fuel combustion, particularly of 

sulfur-bearing coal and oil, continued to increase, but the average 

sulfur contents of fuels decreased and a limited number of pollution 

control systems (flue gas desulfurization) were installed. Emissions 

from industrial processes increased from 1940 to 1970 reflecting 

increased industrial production. From 1970 to 1983, industrial 

process emissions decreased primarily due to control measures by 

primary nonferrous smelters and sulfuric acid plants. 

2.3 Nitrogen Oxides (N0X) 

Nitrogen oxide emissions are produced largely by stationary source 

fuel combustion and transportation sources. Emissions have steadily 

increased over the period from 1940 to 1970 as the result of increased 

fuel combustion. From 1970 to 1983, the size of the increase was 

reduced somewhat by controls installed on highway motor vehicles and 

to a lesser extent by controls on coal-fired electric utility boilers. 

Since 1979, N0X emissions have actually decreased slightly. Nitrogen 

oxide emissions by industrial processes increased from 1940 to 1970, 

but have remained about constant since then. 

2.4 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) 

The largest sources of VOC emissions are transportation sources and 

industrial processes. Miscellaneous sources, primarily forest wildfires and non-industrial consumption of organic solvents, also contribute significantly to total VOC emissions. Emissions from stationary 

source fuel combustion and solid waste disposal are relatively small. 

Transportation source emissions increased greatly from 1940 to 1970, 

primarily as the result of increased travel by highway motor vehicles. 

Since 1970, air pollution controls installed on motor vehicles have 

been effective in reducing VOC emissions. Industrial process emissions have increased through the late 70's, generally reflecting 

increased levels of industrial production. Controls installed on 

industrial processes since 1970 have had a modest effect in preventing 

additional increases in VOC emissions. Since 1979, VOC emissions from 

industrial processes have decreased. This reflects both the installation of controls and a lower level of industrial output during these 

years. Emissions from stationary source combustion declined from 

1940 through the mid-1970's and then increased to 1983, reflecting 

primarily the trend in residential wood combustion. 

2.5 Carbon Monoxide (CO) 

Transportation sources are the largest emitters of carbon monoxide. 

Major increases in emissions occurred from 1940 to 1970 as the result 

of increased motor vehicle travel. From 1970 to 1983, transportation 

emissions decreased as the result of highway vehicle emission controls, 
P.M 

despite continued increases in highway vehicle travel. Emissions 

from stationary source fuel combustion have declined from 1940 

through the mid-1970's and then increased slightly to 1983. 

Prior to 1970, residential coal and wood combustion contributed 

significantly to CO emissions. However, as residential use of coal 

has been replaced by other fuels, residential emissions have declined. 

Beginning in the late 1970's, residential combustion of wood has 

increased, however, and as a result CO emissions from residential 

fuel combustion increased. Carbon monoxide emissions from industrial 

processes increased from 1940 to 1950 but have declined somewhat 

since then. The decline is due largely to the obsolesence of a few 

high-polluting industrial processes such as carbon black manufacture 

by the channel process and limited installation of control equipment 

on other processes. These factors have been significant enough to 

offset growth in industrial production which would otherwise have 

caused a net increase in emissions. Carbon monoxide emissions from 

solid waste disposal increased from 1940 to 1970, but have subsequently declined as the result of air pollution control efforts. 

Substantial emissions of carbon monoxide from forest fires occurred 

in 1940. In later years, these emissions have been much smaller due 

to improved fire prevention efforts and more effective suppression of 

wildfires. 

2.6 Lead (Pb) 

Lead emissions result primarily from transportation sources and 

industrial processes. Emissions for lead were not computed before 

1970 because of missing data, especially for transportation sources. 

From 1970 to 1974, the transportation emissions varied based on the 

amount of gasoline consumed and the average lead content. From 1975 

to 1983, transportation emissions decreased as a result of the conversion to unleaded gasoline. Emissions from industrial processes 

have declined from 1970 to 1983 as the result of installation of air 

pollution control equipment. 
P.15 

TABLE 2 

1940-1970 SUMMARY OF ESTIMATED 

EMISSIONS OF PARTICULATES 

(TERAGRAMS/YEAR) 

Source Category 

Transportation 

Highway Vehicles 

Aircraft 

Railroads 

Vessels 

Other Off-Highway 

Transportation Total 

Stationary Source Fuel Combustion 

Electric Utilities 

Industrial 

Commercial Institutional 

Residential 

Fuel Combustion Total 

1940 

2.7 

7.1 

1950 

2.1 

6.7 

1960 

0.7 

5.5 

1970 

0.2 

0.0 

2.4 

0.1 

0.0 

0.3 

0.0 

1.7 

0.1 

0.0 

0.6 

0.0 

0.1 

0.0 

0.0 

0.9 

0.1 

0.1 

0.0 

0.1 

1.2 

1.3 

3.3 

0.4 

2.1 

2.0 

2.7 

0.5 

1.5 

2.8 

1.7 

0.1 

0.9 

2.3 

1.6 

0.1 

0.5 

4.5 

Industrial Processes 

Iron and Steel Mills 

Primary Metal Smelting 

Secondary metals 

Mineral Products 

Chemicals 

Petroleum Refining 

Wood Products 

Food and Agriculture 

Mining Operations 

Industrial Processes Total 

Solid Waste Disposal 

Incineration 

Open Burning 

Solid Waste Total 

3.0 

0.6 

0.3 

1.7 

0.3 

0.0 

0.4 

0.8 

1.3 

3.5 

0.6 

0.3 

2.6 

0.4 

0.0 

0.7 

0.8 

3.4 

1.7 

0.5 

0.2 

3.4 

0.3 

0.1 

0.8 

0.9 

4.1 

1.2 

0.5 

0.2 

2.6 

0.2 

0.1 

0.6 

0.8 

3.9 

8.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.5 

12.3 

0.3 

0.3 

0.6 

12.0 

0.4 

0.5 

0.9 

10.1 

0.4 

0.7 

1.1 

Miscellaneous 

Forest Fires 

Other Burning 

Misc. Total 

2.9 

0.8 

3.7 

1.7 

0.8 

2.5 

1.0 

0.8 

1.8 

Total of All Sources 22.4 24.2 20.9 18.0 

NOTE: One teragram equals 10*2 grams (10^ metric tons) or approximately 

1.1 x 10° short tons. A value of zero indicates emissions of less than 

50,000 metric tons. 
P.16 

TABLE 3 

1940-1970 SUMMARY OF ESTIMATED 

EMISSIONS OF SULFUR OXIDES 

(TERAGRAMS/YEAR) 

Source Category 

Transportation 

Highway Vehicles 

Aircraft 

Railroads 

Vessels 

Other Off-Highway 

Transportation Total 

Stationary Source Fuel Combustion 

Electric Utilities 

Industrial 

Commercial Institutional 

Residential 

Fuel Combustion Total 

Industrial Processes 

Primary Metal Smelting 

Pulp Mills 

Chemicals 

Petroleum Refining 

Iron & Steel 

Secondary Metals 

Mineral Products 

Natural Gas Processing 

Industrial Processes Total 

Solid Waste Disposal 

Incineration 

Open Burning 

Solid Waste Total 

Miscellaneous 

Forest Fires 

Other Burning 

Misc. Total 

1940 1950 1960 1970 

0.0 

0.0 

2.7 

0.2 

0.0 

0.1 

0.0 

2.0 

0.2 

0.0 

0.1 

0.0 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 

0.3 

0.0 

0.1 

0.1 

0.1 

2.9 

11.0 

3.6 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.5 

0.5 

2.3 

12.9 

4.6 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.5 

0.5 

0.4 

14.0 

5.1 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.5 

0.5 

0.6 

2.2 

5.5 

1.0 

2.3 

4.1 

5.2 

1.7 

1.9 

8.4 

3.5 

1.0 

1.1 

15.8 

4.1 

0.9 

0.5 

21.3 

2.5 

0.1 

0.2 

0.2 

0.3 

0.0 

0.3 

0.0 

2.8 

0.1 

0.4 

0.3 

0.5 

0.0 

0.5 

0.0 

3.0 

0.1 

0.4 

0.6 

0.4 

0.0 

0.5 

0.1 

3.6 

0.1 

0.6 

0.7 

0.5 

0.0 

0.6 

0.1 

6.2 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.1 

0.1 

Total of Al 1 Sources 

NOTE 

18.0 20.3 20.0 28.2 

One teragram equals 10 ^ grams (10^ metric tons) or approximately 

1.1 x 10° short tons. A value of zero indicates emissions of less than 

50,000 metric tons. 
P.17 

TABLE 4 

1940-1970 SUMMARY OF ESTIMATED 

EMISSIONS OF NITROGEN OXIDES 

(TERAGRAMS/YEAR) 

Source Category 1940 1950 

Fuel Combustion Total 3.3 4.7 

1960 

6.7 

1970 

Transportation 

Highway Vehicles 

Aircraft 

Railroads 

Vessels 

Other Off-Highway 

Transportation Total 

Stationary Source Fuel Combustion 

Electric Utilitie s 

Industrial 

Commercial Institutional 

Residential 

1.3 

0.0 

0.6 

0.1 

0.2 

2.2 

* 

0.6 

2.2 

0.2 

0.3 

2.1 

0.0 

0.9 

0.1 

0.4 

3.5 

1.2 

2.9 

0.3 

0.3 

3.6 

0.0 

0.7 

0.1 

0.5 

4.9 

2.3 

3.7 

0.3 

0.4 

6.0 

0.1 

0.6 

0.1 

0.8 

7.6 

4.5 

3.9 

0.3 

0.4 

9.1 

Industrial Processes 

Petroleum Refining 

Chemicals 

Iron and Steel Mills 

Pulp Mills 

Mineral Products 

Industrial Processes Total 

Solid Waste Disposal 

Incineration 

Open Burning 

Solid Waste Total 

Miscellaneous 

Forest Fires 

Other Burning 

Misc. Total 

Total of All Sources 

NOTE: One teragram equals 10 ^ grams 

1.1 x 10° short tons. A value 

50,000 metric tons. 

0.1 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.1 

0.1 

0.0 

0.1 

0.0 

0.1 

0.2 

0.1 

0.1 

0.0 

0.1 

0.2 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 

0.2 

0.2 

0.0 

0.1 

0.1 

0.3 

0.1 

0.1 

0.2 

0.5 

0.1 

0.2 

0.3 

0.7 

0.1 

0.3 

0.4 

0.7 

0.2 

0.9 

6.7 

0.4 

0.2 

0.6 

9.3 

0.2 

0.2 

0.4 

12.8 

0.2 

0.1 

0.3 

18.1 

(106 metric tons) or approximately 

of zero indicates emissions of less than 
P.18 

TABLE 5 

1940-1970 SUMMARY OF ESTIMATED 

EMISSIONS OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 

(TERAGRAMS/YEAR) 

Source Category 

Transportation 

Highway Vehicles 

Aircraft 

Railroads 

Vessels 

Other Off-Highway 

Transportation Total 

Stationary Source Fuel Combustion 

Electric Utilities 

Industrial 

Commercial Institutional 

Residential 

Fuel Combustion Total 

Industrial Processes 

Chemicals 

Petroleum Refining 

Iron and Steel Mills 

Mineral Products 

Food and Agriculture 

Industrial Organic Solvent Use 

Petroleum Product Production 

and Marketing 

Industrial Processes Total 

Solid Waste Disposal 

Incineration 

Open Burning 

1940 1950 1960 1970 

4.5 

0.0 

0.5 

0.0 

0.2 

6.8 

0.1 

0.5 

0.1 

0.4 

10.0 

0.2 

0.2 

0.2 

0.5 

11.1 

0.2 

0.2 

0.3 

0.5 

5.2 

3.9 

3.2 

0.4 

0.5 

Misc. Total 

Total of All Sources 

4.5 

17.7 

7.9 

2.6 

5.2 

0.4 

0.6 

3.6 

20.3 

11.1 

1.6 

6.1 

0.5 

0.9 

3.1 

23.3 

12.3 

0.0 

0.1 

0.0 

3.8 

0.0 

0.1 

0.0 

2.5 

0.0 

0.1 

0.0 

1.5 

0.0 

0.1 

0.0 

0.8 

0.9 

0.8 

0.4 

0.1 

0.0 

0.1 

1.0 

0.8 

1.2 

0.5 

0.1 

0.0 

0.1 

2.1 

1.2 

1.1 

0.7 

0.1 

0.0 

0.2 

2.4 

1.6 

1.6 

0.7 

0.1 

0.0 

0.2 

4.0 

2.1 

8.7 

0.5 

1.3 

Solid Waste Total 

Miscellaneous 

Forest Fires 

Other Burning 

Misc. Organic Solvent Use 

0.9 

3.1 

0.6 

0.8 

1.0 

1.7 

0.6 

1.3 

1.4 

0.9 

0.5 

1.7 

1.8 

0.7 

0.3 

2.3 

3.3 

27.0 

NOTE: One teragram equals 10*2 grams (10& metric tons) or approximately 

1.1 x 10° short tons. A value of zero indicates emissions of less than 

50,000 metric tons. 
P.19 

TABLE 6 

1940-1970 SUMMARY OF ESTIMATED 

EMISSIONS OF CARBON MONOXIDE 

(TERAGRAMS/YEAR) 

Fuel Combustion Total 

Industrial Processes 

Chemicals 

Petroleum Refining 

Iron and Steel Mills 

Primary Metal Smelting 

Secondary Metals 

Pulp Mills 

Industrial Processes Total 

Solid Waste Disposal 

Incineration 

Open Burning 

Solid Waste Total 

Miscellaneous 

Forest Fires 

Other Burning 

Misc. Total 

Total of All Sources 

13.7 9.9 

6.6 

2.0 

1.3 

3.3 

22.8 

3.7 

26.5 

79.4 

10.5 

2.5 

1.8 

4.3 

12.8 

3.7 

16.5 

84.8 

6.1 

9.3 

2.5 

2.6 

5.1 

6.7 

3.3 

10.0 

87.5 

Source Category 

Transportation 

Highway Vehicles 

Aircraft 

Railroads 

Vessels 

Other Off-Highway 

Transportation Tote 

Stationary Source Fuel 

Electric Utilitie s 

Industrial 

il 

Combustion 

Commercial Institutional 

Residential 

1940 

22.0 

0.0 

3.7 

0.2 

3.4 

29.3 

0.0 

0.4 

0.1 

13.2 

.1950 

33.1 

0.8 

2.8 

0.2 

6.7 

43.6 

0.1 

0.5 

0.1 

9.2 

1960 

46.5 

1.6 

0.3 

0.6 

8.0 

57.0 

0.1 

0.6 

0.0 

5.4 

1970 

62.7 

0.9 

0.3 

1.1 

6.8 

71.8 

0.2 

0.7 

0.1 

2.9 

3.9 

3.8 

0.2 

1.5 

0.0 

1.0 

0.1 

5.3 

2.4 

1.1 

0.1 

1.4 

0.2 

3.6 

2.8 

1.3 

0.3 

1.0 

0.3 

3.1 

2.0 

1.6 

0.6 

1.1 

0.6 

9.0 

2.7 

3.7 

6.4 

5.1 

2.1 

7.2 

98.3 

NOTE: One teraqram equals 10 ^ grams (10^ metric tons) or approximately 

1.1 x 10° short tons. A value of zero indicates emissions of less than 

50,000 metric tons. 

10 
TABLE 7 

PARTICULATE 

NATIONAL EMISSION ESTIMATES 

(TERAGRAMS/YEAR) 

Source Category 

Transportation 

Highway Vehicles 

Aircraft 

Railroads 

Vessels 

Other Off-Highway 

Transportation Total 

1970 

1.2 

1971 

1.2 

1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 

1.3 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 

1982 

1.3 

1983 

0.9 

0.1 

0.1 

0.0 

0.1 

0.9 

0.1 

0.1 

0.0 

0,1 

1.0 

0.1 

0.1 

0.0 

0.1 

1.1 

0.1 

0.1 

0.0 

0.1 

1.0 

0.1 

0.1 

0.0 

0.1 

1.1 

0.1 

0.1 

0.0 

0.1 

1.1 

0.1 

0.1 

0.0 

0.1 

1.1 

0.1 

0.1 

0.0 

0.1 

1.1 

0.1 

0.1 

0.0 

0.1 

1.1 

0.1 

0.1 

0.0 

0.1 

1.1 

0.1 

0.1 

0.0 

0.1 

1.1 

0.1 

0.1 

0.0 

0.1 

1.1 

0.1 

0.0 

0.0 

0.1 

1.1 

0.1 

0.0 

0.0 

0.1 

1.3 

Stationary Source Fuel Combustion 

Electric Utilities 

Industrial 

Commercial Institutional 

Residential 

Fuel Combustion Total 

Industrial Processes 

Solid Waste Disposal 

Incineration 

Open Burning 

2.3 

1.6 

0.1 

0.5 

4.5 

10.1 

0.4 

0.7 

2.1 

1.2 

0.1 

0.5 

3.9 

9.4 

0.4 

0.5 

1.9 

0.9 

0.1 

0.4 

3.3 

8.8 

0.3 

0.4 

1.8 

0.8 

0.1 

0.4 

3.1 

7.9 

0.3 

0.3 

1.7 

0.7 

0.1 

0.4 

2.9 

6.4 

0.3 

0.3 

1.5 

0.6 

0.1 

0.4 

2.6 

5.0 

0.3 

0.3 

1.3 

0.5 

0.1 

0.5 

2.4 

4.4 

0.2 

0.2 

1.2 

0.5 

0.1 

0.6 

2.4 

4.0 

0.2 

0.2 

1.2 

0.4 

0.1 

0.6 

2.3 

4.0 

0.2 

0.2 

1.0 

0.5 

0.1 

0.7 

2.3 

3.8 

0.2 

0.2 

0.8 

0.5 

0.1 

0.8 

2.2 

3.2 

0.2 

0.2 

0.7 

0.5 

0.1 

0.9 

2.2 

2.8 

0.2 

0.2 

0.6 

0.4 

0.1 

0.9 

2.0 

2.4 

0.2 

0.2 

0.5 

0.4 

0.1 

1.0 

2.0 

2.3 

0.2 

0.2 

Solid Haste Total 

Miscellaneous 

Forest Fires 

Other burning 

Misc. Organic Solvent 

Misc. Total 

Total of Al l Sources 

NOTE: One teragram equals 10*2 

than 50,000 metric tons . 

1.1 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 

0.7 

0.4 

0.0 

1.1 

18.0 

(IO6 

0.9 

0.4 

0.0 

1.3 

16.7 

metric 

0.7 

0.2 

0.0 

0.9 

15.0 

tons) or a| 

0.7 

0.2 

0.0 

0.9 

13.9 

jproximat 

0.8 

0.2 

0.0 

1.0 

12.2 

ely 1. 

0.6 

0.1 

0.0 

0.7 

10.3 

I x IO6 

0.9 

0.1 

0.0 

1.0 

9.6 

short tons 

0.7 

0.1 

0.0 

0.8 

9.0 

. A 

0.7 

0.1 

0.0 

0.8 

8.9 

value of 

0.8 

0.1 

0.0 

0.9 

8.8 

1.0 

0.1 

0.0 

1.1 

8.3 

zero indicates 

0.8 

0.1 

0.0 

0.9 

7.7 

emissions 

0.6 

0.1 

0.0 

0.7 

6.8 

of less 

0.8 

0.1 

0.0 

0.9 

6.9 
TABLE 8 

SULFUR OXIDE 

NATIONAL EMISSION ESTIMATES 

(TERAGRAMS/YEAR) 

Source Category 

Transportation 

Highway Vehicles 

Aircraft 

Railroads 

Vessels 

Other Off-Highway 

Transportation Total 

1970 

0.6 

1971 

0.6 

1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.8 

1982 

0.8 

1983 

0.3 

0.0 

0.1 

0.1 

0.1 

0.3 

0.0 

0.1 

0.1 

0.1 

0.3 

0.0 

0.1 

0.1 

0.1 

0.3 

0.0 

0.1 

0.1 

0.1 

0.3 

0.0 

0.1 

0.1 

0.1 

0.3 

0.0 

0.1 

0.1 

0.1 

0.3 

0.0 

0.1 

0.2 

0.1 

0.4 

0.0 

0.1 

0.2 

0.1 

0.4 

0.0 

0.1 

0.2 

0.1 

0.4 

0.0 

0.1 

0.3 

0.1 

0.4 

0.0 

0.1 

0.3 

0.1 

0.4 

0.0 

0.1 

0.2 

0.1 

0.4 

0.0 

0.1 

0.2 

0.1 

0.5 

0.0 

0.1 

0.2 

0.1 

0.9 

Stationary Source Fuel Combustion 

Electric Utilities 

Industrial 

Commercial Institutional 

Residential 

Fuel Combustion Total 

Industrial Processes 

Solid Waste Disposal 

Incineration 

Open Burning 

Solid Waste Total 

Miscellaneous 

Forest Fires 

Other burning 

Misc. Organic Solvent 

Misc. Total 

Total of All Sources 

15.8 

4.1 

0.9 

0.5 

21.3 

6.2 

0.0 

0.0 

15.5 

3.5 

0.9 

0.4 

20.3 

5.8 

0.0 

0.0 

15.8 

3.5 

0.9 

0.3 

20.5 

6.2 

0.0 

0.0 

17.2 

3.3 

0.9 

0.3 

21.7 

6.3 

0.0 

0.0 

16.6 

3.1 

0.8 

0.3 

20.8 

5.6 

0.0 

0.0 

16.6 

2.7 

0.7 

0.3 

20.3 

4.7 

0.0 

0.0 

17.1 

2.7 

0.8 

0.3 

20.9 

4.6 

0.0 

JU) 

17.2 

2.8 

0.8 

0.3 

21.1 

4.4 

0.0 

JU) 

15.8 

2.7 

0.8 

0.3 

19.6 

4.1 

0.0 

_0J0 

16.0 

2.6 

0.6 

0.2 

19.4 

4.2 

0.0 

0.0 

15.5 

2.4 

0.7 

0.2 

18.8 

3.5 

0.0 

0.0 

14.7 

2.3 

0.6 

0.2 

17.8 

3.7 

0.0 

(U) 

14.2 

2.3 

0.6 

0.2 

17.3 

3.2 

0.0 

0.0 

14.0 

2.1 

0.5 

0.2 

16.8 

3.1 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.1 

0.0 

0.1 

28.2 

0.0 

0.0 

0.1 

0.0 

0.1 

26.8 

0.0 

0.0 

0.1 

0.0 

0.1 

27.4 

0.0 

0.0 

0.1 

0.0 

0.1 

28.7 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

27.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

25.6 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

26.2 

NOTE: One teragram equals 1012 grams (IO6 metric tons) or approximately 1.1 x IO6 short tons, 

than 50,000 metric tons. 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

26.3 

A 

0.0 0.0 0.0 

0.0 0. 

0.0 0. 

0.0 0. 

0 0.0 

0 0.0 

0 0.0 

0.0 0. 

24.5 24. 

value of zero 

0 0.0 

5 23.2 

indicates 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

22.3 

emissions 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

21.3 

of less 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

20.8 
TABLE 9 

NITROGEN OXIDE 

NATIONAL EMISSION ESTIMATES 

(TERAGRAMS/YEAR) 

Source Category 

Transportation 

Highway Vehicles 

Aircraft 

Railroads 

Vessels 

Other Off-Highway 

Transportation Total 

1970 

7.6 

1971 

8.0 

1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 

8.9 9.3 8.9 8.9 9.3 9.5 9.7 9.6 9.2 9.3 

1982 

8.9 

1983 

6.0 

0.1 

0.6 

0.1 

0.8 

6.4 

0.1 

0.6 

0.1 

0.8 

7.1 

0.1 

0.7 

' 0.1 

0.9 

7.5 

0.1 

0.7 

0.1 

0.9 

7.1 

0.1 

0.7 

0.1 

0.9 

7.1 

0.1 

0.7 

0.1 

0.9 

7.4 

0.1 

0.7 

0.1 

1.0 

7.6 

0.1 

0.7 

0.1 

1.0 

7.6 

0.1 

0.7 

0.2 

1.1 

7.4 

0.1 

0.8 

0.2 

1.1 

7.2 

0.1 

0.8 

0.1 

1.0 

7.4 

0.1 

0.7 

0.2 

0.9 

7.0 

0.1 

0.7 

0.2 

0.9 

7.0 

0.1 

0.6 

0.2 

0.9 

8.8 

CA> 

Stationary Source Fuel Combustion 

Electric Utilities 

Industrial 

Commercial Institutional 

Residential 

Fuel Combustion Total 

Industrial Processes 

Solid Waste Disposal 

Incineration 

Open Burning 

4.5 

3.9 

0.3 

0.4 

9.1 

. 0.7 

0.1 

0.3 

4.7 

3.8 

0.3 

0.4 

9.2 

0.7 

0.1 

0.2 

5.0 

3.9 

0.3 

0.4 

9.6 

0.7 

0.1 

0.1 

5.3 

3.9 

0.3 

0.4 

9.9 

0.8 

0.0 

0.1 

5.3 

3.7 

0.3 

0.4 

9.7 

0.7 

0.0 

0.1 

5.2 

3.4 

0.3 

0.4 

9.3 

0.7 

0.0 

0.1 

5.6 

3.7 

0.3 

0.4 

10.0 

0.7 

0.0 

0.1 

6.0 

3.7 

0.3 

0.4 

10.4 

0.7 

0.0 

0.1 

5.9 

3.7 

0.3 

0.4 

10.3 

0.7 

0.0 

0.1 

6.2 

3.6 

0.3 

0.4 

10.5 

0.7 

0.0 

0.1 

6.4 

3.0 

0.3 

0.4 

10.1 

0.7 

0.0 

0.1 

6.5 

3.0 

0.3 

0.4 

10.2 

0.7 

0.0 

0.1 

6.2 

3.0 

0.3 

0.4 

9.9 

0.6 

0.0 

0.1 

6.3 

2.8 

0.2 

0.4 

9.7 

0.6 

0.0 

0.1 

Solid Waste Total 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 

Miscellaneous 

Forest Fires 

Other burning 

Misc. Organic Solvent 

Misc. Total 

Total of Al l Sources 

NOTE: One teragram equals IO* 2 grams (IO6 metric tons ) or approximately 1.1 x IO6 short tons . A value of zero indicates emissions of less 

than 50,000 metric tons . 

0.1 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 

0.3 

18.1 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 

0.3 

18.5 

0.2 

0.1 

0.0 

0.3 

19.7 

0.1 

0.0 

0.0 

0.1 

20.2 

0.2 

0.0 

0.0 

0.2 

19.6 

0.1 

0.0 

0.0 

0.1 

19.1 

0.2 

0.0 

0.0 

0.2 

20.3 

0.2 

0.0 

0.0 

0.2 

20.9 

0.2 

0.0 

0.0 

0.2 

21.0 

0.2 

0.0 

0.0 

0.2 

21.1 

0.2 

0.0 

0.0 

0.2 

20.3 

0.2 

0.0 

0.0 

0.2 

20.5 

0.1 

0.0 

0.0 

0.1 

19.6 

0.2 

0.0 

0.0 

0.2 

19.4 
TABLE 10 

VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND 

NATIONAL EMISSION ESTIMATES 

(TERAGRAMS/YEAR) 

Source Category 

Transportation 

Highway Vehicles 

Aircraft 

Railroads 

Vessels 

Other Off-Highway 

Transportation Total 

1970 

12.3 

1971 

12.2 

1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 

12.1 11.5 10.5 10.3 10.4 10.0 9.8 8.9 8.2 8.0 

1982 

7.5 

1983 

11.1 

0.2 

0.2 

0.3 

0.5 

10.9 

0.2 

0.2 

0.4 

0.5 

10.8 

0.2 

0.2 

0.4 

0.5 

10.2 

0.2 

0.2 

0.4 

0.5 

9.2 

0.2 

0.2 

0.4 

0.5 

9.0 

0.2 

0.2 

0.4 

0.5 

9.1 

0.2 

0.2 

0.4 

0.5 

8.7 

0.2 

0.2 

0.4 

0.5 

8.5 

0.2 

0.2 

0.4 

0.5 

7.6 

0.2 

0.2 

0.4 

0.5 

6.9 

0.2 

0.2 

0.4 

0.5 

6.7 

0.2 

0.2 

0.4 

0.5 

6.2 

0.2 

0.2 

0.4 

0.5 

6.0 

0.2 

0.2 

0.4 

0.4 

7.2 

Stationary Source Fuel Combustion 

Electric Utilities 

Industrial 

Commercial Institutional 

Residential 

Fuel Combustion Total 

Industrial Processes 

Solid Waste Disposal 

Incineration 

Open Burning 

0.0 

0.1 

0.0 

0.8 

0.9 

8.7 

0.5 

1.3 

0.0 

0.1 

0.0 

0.7 

0.8 

8.4 

0.5 

1.0 

0.0 

0.1 

0.0 

0.7 

0.8 

9.1 

0.4 

0.7 

0.0 

0.1 

0.0 

0.7 

0.8 

9.4 

0.4 

0.6 

0.0 

0.1 

0.0 

0.7 

0.8 

9.0 

0.4 

0.5 

0.0 

0.1 

0.0 

0.8 

0.9 

8.1 

0.4 

0.5 

0.0 

0.1 

0.0 

0.9 

1.0 

8.7 

0.4 

0.4 

0.0 

0.1 

0.0 

1.0 

1.1 

9.0 

0.4 

0.4 

0.0 

0.1 

0.0 

1.2 

1.3 

9.6 

0.4 

0.4 

0.0 

0.1 

0.0 

1.4 

1.5 

9.5 

0.4 

0.3 

0.0 

0.1 

0.0 

1.6 

1.7 

8.9 

0.3 

0.3 

0.0 

0.1 

0.0 

1.8 

1.9 

8.0 

0.3 

0.3 

0.0 

0.1 

0.0 

1.9 

2.0 

7.1 

0.3 

0.3 

0.0 

0.1 

0.0 

2.0 

2.1 

7.5 

0.3 

0.3 

Solid Waste Total 

Miscellaneous 

Forest Fires 

Other burning 

Misc. Organic Solvent 

Misc. Total 

Total of Al l Sources 

1.8 

0.7 

0.3 

2.3 

3.3 

27.0 

1.5 

0.9 

0.3 

2.2 

3.4 

26.3 

1.1 

0.7 

0.2 

2.3 

3.2 

26.3 

1.0 

0.6 

0.2 

2.2 

3.0 

25.7 

0.9 

0.7 

0.1 

2.1 

2.9 

24.1 

0.9 

0.5 

0.1 

1.9 

2.5 

22.7 

0.8 

0.9 

0.1 

1.9 

2.9 

23.8 

0.8 0.8 

7 0.7 

1 0.1 

9 1.9 

0.7 

0.8 

0.1 

2.0 

0.6 

0.9 

0.1 

1.9 

NOTE: One teragram equals 10^2 grams (IO6 metric tons ) or approximately 1.1 x IO6 short tons , 

than 50,000 metric tons . 

2.7 2.7 2.9 2.9 

23.6 24.2 23.5 22.3 

A value of zero indicate s 

0.6 

0.8 

0.1 

1.6 

2.5 

21.0 

emissions 

0.6 

0.6 

0.1 

1.5 

2.2 

19.4 

of less 

0.6 

0.8 

0.1 

1.6 

2.5 

19.9 
TABLE 11 

Source Category 

Transportation 

Highway Vehicles 

Aircraf t 

Railroads 

Vessels 

Other Off-Highway 

Transportation Total 71.8 70.5 

1970 

62.7 

0.9 

0.3 

1.1 

6.8 

1971 

61.7 

0.9 

0.2 

1.2 

6.5 

1972 

62.3 

0.9 

0.3 

1.3 

6.3 

CARBON MONOXIDE 

NATIONAL EMISSION ESTIMATES 

(TERAGRAMS/YEAR) 

1973 

59.7 

0.8 

0.3 

1.3 

6.2 

1974 

55.1 

0.9 

0.3 

1.3 

5.6 

1975 

54.2 

0.9 

0.2 

1.4 

5.3 

1976 

56.4 

0.9 

0.3 

1.4 

5.3 

1977 

53.4 

0.9 

0.3 

1.4 

5.1 

1978 

52.8 

1.0 

0.3 

1.5 

4.8 

1979 

48.7 

1.0 

0.3 

1.4 

4.5 

1980 

45.3 

1.0 

0.3 

1.4 

4.7 

1981 

44.2 

1.0 

0.3 

1.4 

4.7 

1982 

41.1 

1.0 

0.2 

1.4 

4.4 

1983 

41 

1 

0 

1 

3. 

2 

0 

2 

4 

9 

71.1 68.3 63.2 62.0 64.3 61.1 60.4 55.9 52.7 51.6 48.1 47.7 

cn 

Stationary Source Fuel Combustion 

• Electric Utilities 

Industrial 

Commercial Institutional 

Residential 

Fuel Combustion Total 

Industrial Processes 

Solid Waste Disposal 

Incineration 

Open Burning 

0.2 

0.7 

0.1 

2.9 

3.9 

9.0 

2.7 

3.7 

0.2 

0.7 

0.1 

2.7 

3.7 

8.7 

2.3 

2.7 

0.3 

0.7 

0.1 

2.5 

3.6 

8.4 

2.2 

2.1 

0.3 

0.7 

0.1 

2.3 

3.4 

8.5 

2.1 

1.7 

0.3 

0.7 

0.1 

2.4 

3.5 

8.1 

1.9 

Jbl 

0.3 

0.6 

0.1 

2.7 

3.7 

6.9 

1.8 

1.3 

0.3 

0.7 

0.1 

3.0 

4.1 

7.1 

1.5 

1.2 

0.3 

0.7 

0.1 

3.3 

4.4 

7.2 

1.5 

1.1 

0.3 

0.7 

0.1 

3.8 

4.9 

7.1 

1.4 

1.1 

0.3 

0.7 

0.1 

4.5 

5.6 

7.1 

1.3 

1.0 

0.3 

0.6 

0.1 

5.2 

6.2 

6.3 

1.2 

1.0 

0.3 

0.6 

0.1 

5.3 

6.3 

5.9 

1.2 

0.9 

0.3 

0.6 

0.1 

5.7 

6.7 

4.4 

1.1 

0.9 

0.3 

0.6 

0.1 

jyi 

7.0 

4.6 

1.1 

0^9 

Solid Waste Total 

Miscellaneous 

Forest Fires 

Other burning 

Misc. Organic Solvent 

Misc. Total 

Total of Al l Sources 

6.4 

5.1 

2.1 

0.0 

7.2 

98.3 

5.0 

6.7 

1.7 

0.0 

8.4 

96.3 

4.3 

5.2 

1.2 

0.0 

6.4 

93.8 

3.8 

4.5 

1.0 

0.0 

5.5 

89.5 

3.4 

5.6 

0.8 

0.0 

6.4 

84.6 

3.1 

4.0 

0.8 

0.0 

4.8 

80.5 

2.7 

6.4 

0.7 

0.0 

7.1 

85.3 

2.6 

5.1 

0.7 

0.0 

5.8 

81.1 

NOTE: One teragram equals IO*2 grams (IO6 metric tons) or approximately 1.1 x IO6 short tons. A 

than 50,000 metric tons. 

2.5 

5.0 

0.7 

0.0 

5.7 

80.6 

value of 

2.3 

5.8 

0.7 

0.0 

2.2 

6.9 

0.7 

0.0 

6.5 7.6 

77.4 75.0 

zero indicates 

2.1 

5.8 

0.6 

0.0 

6.4 

72.3 

emissions 

2.0 

4.3 

0.6 

0.0 

4.9 

66.1 

of less 

2.0 

5.7 

0.6 

0.0 

6.3 

67.6 
TABLE 12 

LEAD 

NATIONAL EMISSION ESTIMATES 

(GIGAGRAMS/YEAR) 

Source Category 

Transportation 

Highway Vehicles 

Off-Highway 

Transportation Total 

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 

156.0 

7.6 

~"—""* 

174.8 

7.8 

190.4 

7.6 

"~ 

166.0 

6.3 

129.6 

4.7 

118.1 

4.5 

127.5 

4.9 

119.5 

4.7 

108.2 

4.2 

163.6 182.6 198.0 172.3 134.3 122.6 132.4 124.2 112.4 

1979 

90.8 

3.8 

94.6 

1980 

56.4 

3.0 

59.4 

1981 

43.9 

2.5 

46.4 

1982 

44.4 

2.5 

46.9 

1983 

38.7 

2.0 

40.7 

<7i 

Stationary Source Fuel Combustion 

Electric Utilitie s 

Industrial 

Commercial Institutional 

Residential 

Fuel Combustion Total 

Industrial Processes 

Solid Waste Disposal 

Total of All Sources 

0.3 

9.3 

0.0 

0.0 

9.6 

23.9 

6.7 

203.8 

0.3 

9.2 

0.0 

0.0 

9.5 

22.5 

6.2 

220.8 

0.2 

9.2 

0.0 

0.0 

9.4 

18.6 

5.7 

231.7 

0.2 

9.2 

0.0 

0.0 

9.4 

15.6 

5.4 

202.7 

0.2 

9.2 

0.0 

0.0 

9.4 

13.3 

5.1 

162.1 

0.2 

9.1 

0.0 

0.0 

9.3 

10.3 

4.8 

147.0 

0.2 

8.1 

0.0 

0.0 

8.3 

8.1 

4.3 

153.1 

0.2 

7.0 

0.0 

0.0 

7.2 

5.7 

4.1 

141.2 

0.2 

5.9 

0.0 

0.0 

6.1 

5.4 

4.0 

127.9 

0.1 

4.8 

0.0 

0.0 

4.9 

5.2 

4.0 

108.7 

0.1 

3.8 

0.0 

0.0 

3.9 

3.6 

3.7 

70.6 

0.1 

2.7 

0.0 

0.0 

2.8 

3.0 

3.7 

55.9 

0.1 

1.6 

0.0 

0.0 

1.7 

2.7 

3.1 

54.4 

0.1 

0.5 

0.0 

0.0 

0.6 

2.5 

3.1 

46.9 

NOTE: One gigagram equals IO9 grams or IO3 metric tons (1.1 x IO3 short tons). 
TABLE 13 

PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORTATION 

(GIGAGRAMS/YEAR) 

Source Category 

Highway Vehicles 

Gasoline-powered 

Passenger cars 

Light truck s - 1 

Light truck s - 2 

Heavy duty vehicles 

Motorcycles 

Total - Gasoline 

Diesel-powered 

Passenger cars 

Light truck s 

Heavy duty vehicles 

Total- Diesel 

Highway Vehicle Total 

Aircraf t 

Railroads 

Vessels 

Farm Machinery 

Construction Machinery 

Industria l Machinery 

Other Off-highway Vehicles 

Transportation Total 

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 

610 

80 

20 

60 

4 

640 

90 

20 

50 

5 

670 

100 

30 

60 

6 

690 

100 

30 

60 

7 

670 

100 

30 

50 

8 

680 

100 

30 

50 

8 

680 

100 

40 

60 

8 

670 

100 

50 

60 

8 

670 

90 

60 

60 

8 

620 

90 

70 

60 

8 

570 

90 

70 

60 

7 

540 

90 

70 

60 

5 

560 

80 

70 

50 

4 

550 

90 

60 

50 

4 

770 

0 

0 

130 

130 

900 

100 

60 

40 

40 

10 

20 

4 

1,170 

810 

0 

0 

140 

140 

950 

90 

60 

30 

40 

10 

20 

4 

NOTE: One gigagram equals 10^ grams or IO3 

t o independent rounding. 

1,200 

metric 

870 

0 

0 

160 

160 

1,020 

90 

60 

30 

50 

20 

20 

4 

1,290 

tons (1. 

890 

0 

0 

170 

170 

1,060 

70 

60 

30 

40 

20 

20 

5 

860 

0 

0 

180 

870 

1 

0 

180 

890 

1 

0 

190 

890 

1 

0 

200 

890 

2 

1 

210 

850 

5 

1 

230 

800 

9 

3 

250 

770 

10 

5 

280 

180 

1,040 

80 

60 

30 

50 

10 

20 

4 

180 

1,050 

80 

50 

30 

50 

10 

20 

5 

190 

1,080 

70 

200 

1,090 

70 

210 

1,100 

70 

230 

1,070 

70 

260 

1,050 

70 

300 

1,070 

70 

760 

20 

5 

270 

290 

1,050 

70 

50 

20 

60 

20 

20 

5 

50 

30 

60 

20 

30 

5 

50 

30 

70 

20 

30 

5 

60 

30 

70 

20 

30 

5 

50 

30 

60 

20 

20 

5 

50 

30 

60 

20 

20 

5 

50 

30 

60 

20 

20 

5 

750 

20 

7 

280 

310 

1,060 

80 

40 

20 

60 

20 

20 

5 

1,300 1,290 1,290 1,320 1,350 1,370 1,350 1,300 1,320 1,300 1,300 

1 x IO3 short tons). Total may differ slightly from summary table value due 
TABLE 14 

SULFUR OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORTATION 

(GIGAGRAMS/YEAR) 

Source Category 

Highway Vehicles 

Gasoline-powered 

Passenger cars 

Light trucks - 1 

Light trucks - 2 

Heavy duty vehicles 

Motorcycles 

Total - Gasoline 

Diesel-powered 

Passenger cars 

Light trucks 

Heavy duty vehicles 

Total - Diesel 

Highway Vehicle Total 

oo Aircraft 

Railroads 

Vessels 

Farm Machinery 

Construction Machinery 

Industrial Machinery 

Other Off-highway Vehicles 

Transportation Total 

NOTE: One gigagram equals 10$ grams 

to independent rounding. 

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 

160 160 

1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 

120 

20 

6 

10 

0 

120 

20 

6 

10 

0 

130 

20 

7 

20 

0 

130 

30 

8 

10 

0 

130 

30 

8 

10 

0 

130 

30 

9 

10 

0 

140 

30 

10 

10 

1 

150 

30 

10 

10 

1 

150 

30 

20 

10 

1 

150 

30 

20 

10 

1 

140 

30 

20 

10 

1 

140 

30 

20 

10 

0 

150 

30 

20 

10 

0 

160 

30 

20 

10 

0 

180 180 180 180 190 200 210 210 200 200 210 

or IO3 metric tons (1.1 x IO3 short tons). Total may differ slightly from summary table value due to 

220 

0 

0 

100 

100 

260 

10 

130 

150 

30 

10 

20 

1 

610 

0 

0 

110 

110 

280 

10 

110 

130 

30 

10 

20 

1 

590 

0 

0 

130 

130 

300 

10 

120 

120 

30 

20 

20 

1 

620 

0 

0 

140 

140 

320 

10 

120 

140 

30 

20 

20 

1 

660 

0 

0 

140 

140 

320 

10 

120 

140 

30 

20 

20 

1 

660 

0 

0 

140 

140 

320 

10 

110 

140 

30 

20 

20 

1 

650 

0 

0 

150 

150 

350 

10 

120 

160 

40 

20 

20 

1 

720 

1 

0 

160 

160 

360 

10 

120 

180 

40 

20 

30 

1 

760 

1 

0 

170 

170 

380 

10 

110 

210 

40 

20 

30 

1 

800 

3 

1 

180 

180 

390 

10 

120 

250 

50 

20 

20 

1 

860 

5 

2 

200 

210 

420 

10 

120 

270 

40 

20 

20 

1 

900 

10 

3 

220 

230 

450 

10 

110 

250 

40 

20 

20 

1 

900 

10 

3 

210 

220 

440 

10 

110 

200 

40 

20 

10 

1 

830 

10 

4 

220 

230 

450 

10 

100 

180 

40 

20 

10 

1 

810 
TABLE 15 

NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORTATION 

(GIGAGRAMS/YEAR) 

U3 

Source Category 

Highway Vehicles 

Gasoline-powered 

Passenger cars 

Light trucks - 1 

Light trucks - 2 

Heavy duty vehicles 

Motorcycles 

Total- Gasoline 

Diesel-powered 

Passenger cars 

Light trucks 

Heavy duty vehicles 

Total - Diesel 

Highway Vehicle Total 

Aircraft 

Railroads 

Vessels 

Farm Machinery 

Construction Machinery 

Industrial Machinery 

Other Off-highway Vehicles 

Transportation Total 

NOTE: One gigagram equals 10^ 

to independent rounding. 

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 

3,890 

490 

210 

440 

3 

5,030 

0 

0 

950 

950 

5,990 

110 

640 

90 

400 

180 

220 

10 

7,640 

grams or IO3 

4,190 

550 

220 

430 

4 

5,390 

0 

0 

1,050 

1,050 

6,440 

110 

620 

100 

410 

190 

230 

9 

8,120 

metric 

4,510 

630 

270 

480 

5 

5,890 

0 

0 

1.220 

1,220 

7.110 

100 

690 

100 

430 

200 

240 

10 

8,880 

tons (1 

4,710 

650 

300 

470 

6 

6,140 

0 

0 

1,340 

1,340 

7,480 

100 

730 

120 

410 

220 

240 

10 

9,310 

1 x IO3 

4,370 

610 

300 

460 

7 

5.750 

0 

0 

1,390 

1,390 

7.140 

100 

730 

110 

440 

190 

250 

10 

8,970 

4.370 

600 

310 

430 

7 

5.720 

1 

0 

1,410 

1,410 

7,120 

100 

660 

120 

430 

190 

240 

10 

8,890 

4,410 

640 

380 

440 

6 

5,880 

1 

0 

1,520 

1,520 

7,410 

100 

690 

130 

490 

210 

260 

10 

9,290 

short tons). Total may 

4.410 

660 

450 

420 

7 

5,950 

2 

0 

1,620 

1,620 

7,570 

100 

700 

150 

510 

250 

260 

10 

9,550 

differ 

4,360 

650 

510 

410 

7 

5,940 

3 

1 

1,710 

1,710 

7,650 

UO 

710 

170 

540 

260 

260 

10 

9,710 

slightly 

3,960 

640 

530 

380 

10 

5,520 

8 

2 

1,840 

1.850 

7,380 

120 

750 

180 

560 

230 

260 

10 

9,490 

3,660 

640 

520 

360 

10 

5,190 

10 

6 

2,020 

2,040 

7,230 

110 

750 

150 

460 

230 

260 

10 

9,200 

3,490 

690 

570 

350 

10 

5,110 

20 

10 

2,230 

2.260 

7,370 

110 

710 

190 

480 

200 

240 

10 

9,310 

from summary table value 

3,470 

640 

510 

300 

10 

4,930 

30 

10 

2,080 

2.120 

7,040 

110 

660 

160 

470 

200 

220 

10 

8,870 

due 

3,380 

660 

510 

290 

10 

4,850 

30 

10 

2,090 

2,130 

6,980 

UO 

650 

150 

440 

200 

220 

10 

8,760 
TABLE 16 

VOC EMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORTATION 

(GIGAGRAMS/YEAR) 

Source Category 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 

Highway Vehicles 

Gasoline-powered 

Passenger cars 

Light trucks - 1 

Light trucks - 2 

Heavy duty vehicles 

Motorcycles 

ro 

O 

Total- Gasoline 

Diesel-powered 

Passenger cars 

Light trucks 

Heavy duty vehicles 

Total - Diesel 

Highway Vehicle Total 

Aircraf t 

Rail roads 

Vessels 

Farm Machinery 

Construction Machinery 

Industria l Machinery 

Other Off-highway Vehicles 

8,530 

1,130 

450 

830 

80 

11,020 

0 

0 

100 

100 

11,120 

250 

160 

330 

250 

40 

120 

110 

8 

1 

10 

10 

,340 

,120 

430 

740 

120 

,750 

0 

0 

110 

110 

,860 

230 

150 

350 

240 

40 

120 

130 

8 

1 

10 

10 

,040 

,220 

500 

800 

140 

,700 

0 

0 

120 

120 

,820 

210 

170 

380 

240 

40 

130 

140 

7 

1 

10 

10 

,560 

,140 

520 

730 

160 

,110 

0 

0 

130 

130 

,230 

190 

180 

390 

240 

40 

120 

150 

6 

1 

9 

9 

,760 

,040 

500 

640 

170 

,110 

0 

0 

130 

130 

,240 

190 

180 

380 

230 

40 

90 

140 

6,520 

990 

520 

610 

180 

8,820 

0 

0 

130 

130 

8,950 

190 

160 

400 

220 

30 

80 

160 

6 

1 

8 

9 

.400 

,060 

650 

640 

180 

,930 

0 

0 

150 

150 

,080 

170 

170 

410 

230 

40 

90 

160 

6 

1 

8 

8 

,020 

,030 

730 

580 

180 

,540 

0 

0 

160 

160 

,700 

170 

170 

420 

220 

40 

90 

160 

5,770 

970 

830 

570 

180 

8,320 

1 

0 

170 

170 

8,490 

180 

170 

430 

220 

40 

90 

160 

5,010 

900 

860 

540 

150 

7,460 

2 

1 

180 

180 

7,640 

180 

180 

420 

220 

40 

80 

160 

4,440 

870 

790 

630 

110 

6,740 

3 

2 

200 

200 

6,930 

180 

180 

400 

190 

40 

80 

160 

4,080 

910 

840 

530 

80 

6,440 

4 

3 

220 

220 

6,660 

160 

170 

430 

180 

40 

100 

160 

3,940 

800 

720 

440 

60 

5,960 

4 

3 

210 

220 

6,180 

160 

160 

410 

180 

30 

90 

160 

3,860 

800 

680 

420 

60 

5,820 

5 

3 

220 

230 

6,040 

170 

160 

410 

160 

30 

80 

160 

Transportation Total 12,380 12,120 12,130 11,540 10,490 10,190 10,350 9,970 9,780 8,920 8,160 7,900 7,370 7,210 

NOTE: One gigagram equals IO9 grams or IO3 metric tons (1. 1 x IO3 short tons) . Total may diffe r slightl y from summary tabl e value due 

t o independent rounding. 
TABLE 17 

CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORTATION 

(GIGAGRAMS/YEAR) 

Source Category 

Highway Vehicles 

Gasoline-powered 

Passenger cars 

Light trucks - 1 

Light trucks - 2 

Heavy duty vehicles 

Motorcycles 

Total - Gasoline 

Diesel-powered 

i\> 

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 

47,610 

5,650 

2,020 

6,880 

240 

46,990 

5,760 

1,920 

6,390 

360 

45,990 

6,230 

2,200 

7,060 

400 

43,870 

5,900 

2,300 

6,750 

450 

40,170 

5,650 

2,250 

6,140 

510 

39,390 

5,490 

2,390 

5,990 

510 

39,660 

6,180 

3,100 

6,470 

520 

36,920 

6,010 

3,470 

6.000 

510 

35,790 

5,860 

4,030 

6,060 

520 

32,000 

5,690 

4,230 

5,800 

430 

29.200 

5,480 

4,000 

5.690 

310 

27.280 

5,920 

4,400 

5,730 

230 

26,360 

5,240 

3,860 

4,820 

160 

26,520 

5.310 

3,850 

4,700 

160 

62.400 61,420 61.880 59,270 54,720 53,770 55,930 52,910 52,260 48,150 44,680 43,560 40,440 40,540 

Passenger cars 

Light trucks 

3 Heavy duty vehicles 

Total - Diesel 

Highway Vehicle Total 

Aircraft 

Railroads 

Vessels 

Farm Machinery 

Construction Machinery 

Industrial Machinery 

Other Off-highway Vehicles 

Transportation Total 

NOTE: One gigagram equals 109 

0 

0 

290 

290 

62,690 

900 

250 

1,150 

3,570 

580 

1,780 

840 

71,760 

grams or IO3 

0 

0 

320 

320 

61,750 

890 

240 

1,220 

3,450 

510 

1.710 

870 

70,640 

metric 

0 

0 

370 

370 

62,250 

860 

260 

1,230 

3.140 

470 

1,810 

910 

70,930 

tons (1.1 

0 

0 

400 

400 

59,680 

840 

270 

1,350 

3,250 

450 

1,580 

950 

68,370 

0 

0 

390 

390 

55,110 

860 

270 

1,300 

3,000 

430 

1.230 

960 

63,160 

x 103 short tons). 

0 

0 

390 

390 

54,170 

880 

240 

1,360 

2,930 

370 

1.060 

990 

62,000 

Total 

1 

0 

440 

440 

56,370 

860 

250 

1,400 

2,780 

410 

1,070 

1,000 

64,140 

may differ 

1 

0 

470 

470 

53,390 

900 

260 

1,420 

2,600 

360 

1,100 

1,020 

61,050 

slightly 

2 

1 

500 

500 

52,770 

960 

260 

1.470 

2,370 

340 

1,070 

1,050 

60,290 

4 

2 

530 

530 

48,670 

990 

270 

1,420 

2,240 

370 

820 

1,080 

55,860 

from summary tabl 

7 

3 

590 

600 

45,290 

990 

270 

1,380 

2,040 

460 

1,110 

1,090 

52,630 

e value 

10 

6 

680 

690 

44,250 

960 

250 

1,440 

1,880 

370 

1,330 

1,100 

51,580 

due to 

10 

6 

630 

650 

41,090 

950 

240 

1,390 

1,780 

320 

1,190 

1,110 

48,070 

20 

7 

660 

690 

41,230 

980 

230 

1,400 

1,460 

260 

1,030 

1,120 

47,710 

independent rounding. 
TABLE 18 

PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION 

(GIGAGRAMS/YEAR) 

Source Category 

Coal 

Electric utilities 

Industrial 

Residential/Commercial 

Coal Total 

1970 1971 1972 1973 

2,220 

1,300 

120 

1,960 

920 

110 

1,750 

650 

80 

1,690 

550 

80 

1974 

1,560 

440 

70 

1975 

1,420 

360 

60 

1976 1977 

1,150 1,060 

250 230 

50 50 

1978 

1,050 

220 

50 

1979 1980 

860 720 

250 250 

50 50 

3,640 2,990 2,480 2,320 2,070 1,840 1.450 1,340 1,320 1,160 1,020 

1981 

640 

280 

50 

970 

1982 

490 

220 

50 

760 

1983 

480 

210 

60 

750 

Fuel Oil 

Electric utilities 

Industrial 

Residential/Commercial 

Fuel Oil Total 

110 

80 

80 

270 

120 

80 

70 

270 

120 

80 

70 

270 

130 

90 

70 

290 

130 

80 

60 

270 

120 

70 

60 

250 

120 

80 

60 

260 

140 

90 

60 

290 

140 

80 

60 

280 

120 

70 

50 

240 

110 

60 

50 

220 

90 

50 

40 

180 

70 

50 

40 

160 

60 

30 

30 

120 

ro 

ro 

Natural Gas 

Electric utilities 

Industrial 

Residential/Commercial 

Natural Gas Total 

6 

20 

10 

6 

20 

10 

6 

20 

10 

6 

20 

10 

5 

20 

10 

5 

20 

10 

5 

20 

10 

5 

20 

10 

5 

20 

10 

5 

20 

10 

6 

20 

10 

6 

20 

10 

5 

20 

10 

4 

20 

9 

36 36 36 36 35 35 35 35 35 35 36 36 35 33 

Wood 

Industrial 

Residential 

Wood Total 

140 

380 

520 

130 

360 

490 

140 

360 

500 

140 

330 

470 

130 

350 

480 

90 

40O 

490 

90 

450 

540 

100 

510 

610 

100 

590 

690 

100 

700 

800 

100 

800 

900 

90 

830 

920 

80 

890 

90 

940 

970 1,030 

40 

3 

40 

3 

30 

3 

30 

3 

30 

3 

30 

2 

20 

2 

20 

2 

Other Fuels 

Industrial 40 40 40 40 30 

Residential 4 4 4 4 3 

Other Fuels Total 44 

Fuel Combustion Total 4,510 

NOTE: One gigagram equals IO9 grams or IO3 metric tons (1.1 x IO3 short tons). Total may differ slightly from summary table value due 

to independent rounding. 

44 44 44 33 43 43 33 33 33 32 22 22 

3,830 3,330 3,160 2,890 2,660 2,330 2,310 2,360 2,270 2,210 2,130 1,950 

20 

2 

22 

1,950 
TABLE 19 

SULFUR OXIOE EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION 

(GIGAGRAMS/YEAR) 

Source Category 

Coal 

Electric utilities 

Industrial 

Residential/Commercial 

Coal Total 

1970 1971 

14,330 14,080 

2,840 2.300 

340 320 

1972 

14.410 

2.180 

230 

1973 

15,600 

1,970 

220 

1974 

15,100 

1,800 

240 

1975 

15,200 

1,700 

210 

1976 

15.650 

1,490 

200 

1977 

15.580 

1,450 

200 

1978 

14,080 

1,500 

230 

1979 

14,550 

1.610 

190 

1980 

14,190 

1,380 

140 

1981 

13,580 

1,560 

170 

1982 1983 

13,270 13,250 

1,500 1,540 

210 220 

17,510 16,700 16,820 17.790 17.140 17,110 17,340 17,230 15,810 16,350 15,710 15,310 14,980 15,010 

Fuel Oil 

Electric utilities 

Industrial 

Residential/Commercial 

Fuel Oil Total 

1,460 

1,140 

1.000 

1.460 

1,070 

950 

1.390 

1,170 

990 

1.570 

1.180 

930 

1,520 

1,110 

860 

1.380 

880 

760 

1,440 

1.090 

870 

1,630 

1,210 

850 

1.680 

1,100 

780 

1.450 

910 

640 

1,310 

850 

720 

1,130 

680 

560 

950 

700 

550 

3,600 3,480 3,550 3,680 3.490 3.020 3,400 3,690 3,560 3,000 2,880 2,370 2.200 

770 

440 

400 

1,610 

Natural Gas 

£J Electric utilities 

Industrial 

Residential/Commercial 

Natural Gas Total 

1 

2 

2 

1 

2 

2 

1 

2 

2 

1 

2 

2 

1 

2 

2 

1 

2 

2 

1 

2 

2 

CV

1 J 2 1 

2 

2 

1 

2 

2 

1 

2 

2 

1 

2 

2 

1 

2 

2 

1 

2 

2 

Wood 

Industrial 

Residential 

Wood Total 10 10 11 12 

4 

10 

14 

4 

10 

14 

4 

10 

14 

4 

10 

14 

Other Fuels 

Industrial 

Residential 

Other Fuels Total 

Fuel Combustion Total 

NOTE: One gigagram equals 10' grams or IO3 metric tons (1.1 x IO3 short tons). Total may differ slightly from summary table value due to 

independent rounding. 

160 

20 

180 

21.300 

140 

20 

160 

20,350 

140 

10 

150 

20.530 

130 

10 

140 

21,620 

160 

10 

170 

20,810 

100 

10 

110 

20,250 

140 

10 

150 

20,900 

110 

10 

120 

21,060 

130 

9 

139 

19,520 

130 

9 

139 

19,510 

120 

6 

126 

18.740 

100 

6 

106 

17,800 

80 

5 

85 

17,280 

80 

5 

85 

16,720 
TABLE 20 

NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION 

(GIGAGRAMS/YEAR) 

' ro 

•Pk 

Source Category 

Coal 

Electri c utilitie s 

Industria l 

Residential/Commercial 

Coal Total 

Fuel Oi l 

Electri c utilitie s 

Industria l 

Residential/Commercial 

Fuel Oi l Total 

Natural Gas 

Electri c utilitie s 

Industria l 

Residential/Commercial 

1970 

3.170 

700 

40 

3,910 

390 

300 

300 

990 

940 

2,770 

330 

1971 

3,230 

580 

40 

3,850 

480 

310 

300 

1,090 

960 

2,830 

340 

1972 

3,410 

560 

40 

4,010 

600 

320 

300 

1,220 

960 

2,900 

350 

1973 

3,740 

510 

40 

4,290 

700 

340 

300 

1,340 

870 

2,930 

340 

1974 

3,780 

480 

40 

4.300 

670 

310 

280 

1,260 

830 

2,820 

330 

1975 

3,880 

470 

40 

4,390 

600 

270 

260 

1,130 

740 

2,570 

340 

1976 

4,270 

440 

30 

4,740 

620 

340 

290 

1,250 

710 

2,800 

350 

1977 

4,550 

420 

40 

5,010 

730 

360 

280 

1,370 

730 

2,810 

330 

1978 

4,470 

420 

30 

4,930 

680 

350 

280 

1,310 

720 

2,790 

340 

1979 

4,820 

460 

30 

5,310 

570 

260 

230 

1,060 

790 

2,710 

350 

1980 

5,150 

400 

30 

5,580 

440 

220 

220 

880 

830 

2,240 

330 

1981 

5,250 

460 

30 

5,740 

380 

190 

180 

750 

820 

2,140 

320 

1982 

5,200 

450 

30 

5,680 

270 

200 

170 

640 

730 

2,230 

330 

1983 

5,410 

460 

30 

5,900 

260 

150 

140 

550 

620 

2,020 

300 

Natural Gas Total 4,040 4,130 4,210 4,140 3,980 3,650 3,860 3,870 3,850 3,850 3,400 3,280 3,290 2,940 

Wood 

Industrial 

Residential 

Wood Total 

70 

30 

100 

70 

30 

100 

70 

30 

100 

70 

30 

100 

70 

30 

100 

70 

30 

100 

80 

40 

120 

80 

40 

120 

90 

50 

140 

90 

60 

150 

90 

60 

150 

90 

70 

160 

80 

70 

150 

90 

70 

160 

Other Fuels 

Industrial 

Residential 

Other Fuels Total 

Fuel Combustion Total 

NOTE: One gigagram equals 10^ grams or IO3 metric tons (1.1 x IO3 short tons). Total may differ slightly from summary table value due 

to independent rounding. 

50 

60 

no 

9,150 

50 

50 

100 

9,270 

50 

60 

110 

9.650 

50 

50 

100 

9,970 

50 

50 

100 

9,740 

50 

40 

90 

9,360 

60 

50 

110 

10,080 

50 

40 

90 

10,460 

60 

40 

100 

10,330 

70 

30 

100 

10,470 

70 

30 

100 

10,110 

60 

30 

90 

10,020 

60 

20 

80 

9.840 

60 

20 

80 

9,630 
TABLE 21 

VOC EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION 

(GIGAGRAMS/YEAR) 

Source Category 

Coal 

Electri c utilitie s 

Industria l 

Residential/Commercial 

Coal Total 

1970 

84 

1971 

73 

1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 

53 53 43 43 43 32 32 43 42 43 

1982 

43 

1983 

20 

4 

60 

20 

3 

50 

20 

3 

30 

20 

3 

30 

20 

3 

20 

20 

3 

20 

20 

3 

20 

20 

2 

10 

20 

2 

10 

30 

3 

10 

30 

2 

10 

30 

3 

10 

30 

3 

10 

30 

3 

10 

43 

Fuel Oi l 

Electri c utilitie s 

Industria l 

Residential/Commercial 

Fuel Oi l Total 

7 

4 

8 

9 

5 

8 

10 

5 

8 

10 

5 

8 

10 

5 

7 

10 

5 

7 

10 

5 

8 

20 

6 

7 

20 

6 

7 

10 

4 

6 

8 

3 

6 

6 

3 

5 

5 

3 

4 

4 

3 

4 

19 22 23 23 22 22 23 33 33 20 17 14 12 11 

ro 

Natural Gas 

Electri c utilitie s 

Industria l 

Residential/Commercial 

Natural Gas Total 

5 

70 

20 

5 

70 

20 

5 

70 

20 

5 

70 

20 

5 

70 

20 

4 

60 

20 

4 

70 

20 

4 

70 

20 

4 

70 

20 

5 

70 

20 

5 

50 

20 

5 

50 

20 

4 

50 

20 

4 

50 

20 

95 95 95 95 95 84 94 94 94 95 75 75 74 74 

Wood 

Industria l 

Residential 

Wood Total 

40 

700 

740 

40 

660 

700 

40 

660 

700 

40 

620 

660 

40 

640 

680 

40 

740 

780 

50 

840 

890 

50 

940 

990 

50 

1,130 

50 50 

1,380 1,600 

50 50 50 

1,730 1,870 2,000 

1,180 1,430 1,650 1,780 1,920 2,050 

Other Fuels 

Industria l 

Residential 

Other Fuels Total 

Fuel Combustion Total 

NOTE: One gigagram equals IO9 grams or IO3 metric tons (1.1 x IO3 short tons) . Total may diffe r slightl y from summary tabl e value due 

t o independent rounding. 

7 

2 

9 

950 

7 

2 

9 

900 

8 

2 

10 

880 

7 

2 

9 

840 

7 

2 

9 

850 

10 

2 

12 

940 

10 

2 

12 

1,060 

9 

2 

11 

1.160 

10 

2 

12 

1,350 

10 

1 

11 

1,600 

10 

1 

11 

1,800 

9 

1 

10 

1,920 

7 

1 

8 

2,060 

8 

1 

9 

2,190 
TABLE 22 

CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION 

(GIGAGRAMS/YEAR) 

Source Category 

Coal 

Electric utilities 

Industrial 

Residential/Commercial 

Coal Total 700 630 450 420 400 350 340 330 330 340 320 350 

1970 

100 

90 

510 

1971 

100 

80 

450 

1972 

100 

70 

280 

1973 

120 

70 

230 

1974 

120 

60 

220 

1975 

120 

60 

170 

1976 

130 

60 

150 

1977 

140 

50 

140 

1978 

140 

60 

130 

1979 

160 

60 

120 

1980 

170 

50 

100 

1981 

180 

60 

110 

1982 

180 

60 

120 

1983 

190 

60 

130 

360 380 

Fuel Oil 

Electric utilities 

Industrial 

Residential/Commercial 

Fuel Oil Total 

40 

40 

50 

50 

40 

50 

60 

50 . 

60 

70 

50 

50 

70 

40 

50 

60 

40 

50 

70 

50 

50 

80 

50 

50 

80 

50 

50 

60 

30 

50 

40 

30 

40 

40 

30 

30 

30 

30 

30 

30 

20 

30 

130 140 170 170 160 150 170 180 180 140 110 100 90 80 

^ Natural Gas 

o» Electric utilities 

Industrial 

Residential/Commercial 

Natural Gas Total 

80 

420 

70 

90 

430 

70 

90 

440 

70 

80 

440 

70 

70 

430 

70 

70 

390 

70 

70 

420 

70 

70 

420 

70 

70 

420 

70 

80 

410 

70 

80 

350 

70 

80 

330 

60 

70 

340 

70 

60 

310 

70 

570 590 600 590 570 530 560 560 560 560 500 470 480 440 

Wood 

Industrial 

Residential 

Wood Total 

10 110 120 120 120 110 130 130 150 150 140 150 140 150 

2,310 2,200 2,190 2,040 2,140 2,450 2,780 3,120 3,640 4,340 5,020 5,130 5,500 5,810 

2,420 2,310 2,310 2,160 2,260 2,560 2,910 3,250 3,790 4,490 5,160 5,280 5,640 5, 960 

Other Fuels 

Industria l 

Residential 

Other Fuels Total 

Fuel Combustion Total 

10 

10 

10 

10 

20 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

20 

10 

20 

10 

20 

10 

20 

10 

20 

8 

20 

6 

20 

6 

20 

5 

20 20 30 20 20 30 30 30 30 28 26 26 25 

3,840 3.690 3,560 3,360 3,410 3,620 4,010 4,350 4,890 5,560 6,120 6,230 6,600 

NOTE: One gigagram equals IO9 grams or IO3 metric tons (1.1 x IO3 short tons). Total may diffe r slightl y from summary table value due 

t o independent rounding. 

20 

5 

25 

6,880 
ro 

Source Category 

Cattle Feed lots (0211) 

Cotton Ginning (0724) 

Metallic Ore Mining (10) 

Coal Mining (1211) 

Crushed Stone (142) 

Sand and Gravel (144) 

Clays (145) 

Potash/Phosphate Rock (1474,1475) 

Feed and Grain Milling (204) 

Lumber and Plywood (24) 

Pulp Mills (261,262) 

Chemicals (28) 

Petroleum Refining (2911) 

Asphalt Paving and Roofing (295) 

Glass (321,322) 

Cement (3241) 

Brick and Tile (3251) 

Concrete, Lime, Gypsum (327) 

Clay Sintering (3295) 

Iron and Steel (3312) 

Ferroalloys (3313) 

Iron and Steel Foundries (332) 

Primary Nonferrous Smelters (333) 

Secondary Nonferrous Smelters (334,336) 

Grain Elevators (4421,5153) 

TOTAL 

1970 

20 

20 

530 

350 

1.350 

50 

1.610 

40 

80 

80 

520 

220 

60 

560 

40 

1,380 

40 

520 

100 

1,190 

160 

170 

320 

50 

670 

TABLE 

PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM 

1971 

20 

20 

490 

300 

1,260 

50 

1,350 

40 

80 

80 

460 

180 

70-

560 

50 

1,350 

50 

430 

100 

970 

140 

170 

300 

60 

790 

23 

INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES 

(GIGAGRAMS/YEAR) 

1972 

20 

30 

480 

300 

1,210 

50 

1,140 

40 

80 

90 

440 

170 

70 

550 

50 

1,190 

50 

390 

100 

970 

150 

160 

280 

50 

730 

1973 

20 

20 

480 

280 

1,180 

50 

950 

40 

70 

90 

310 

150 

70 

590 

50 

870 

50 

370 

90 

890 

160 

130 

250 

50 

720 

1974 

20 

20 

400 

250 

980 

50 

560 

40 

60 

80 

270 

130 

70 

500 

40 

690 

40 

320 

70 

760 

150 

120 

200 

50 

570 

1975 

20 

20 

320 

250 

760 

40 

290 

30 

60 

70 

180 

100 

70 

320 

40 

560 

30 

240 

40 

570 

90 

80 

170 

50 

590 

1976 

20 

20 

260 

260 

660 

40 

220 

30 

50 

80 

150 

100 

60 

220 

40 

540 

40 

210 

30 

500 

80 

80 

140 

50 

550 

1977 

20 

30 

180 

260 

560 

50 

210 

30 

50 

90 

150 

110 

60 

130 

40 

550 

40 

150 

20 

440 

70 

70 

100 

40 

500 

1978 

20 

20 

210 

250 

610 

50 

210 

30 

50 

90 

110 

110 

60 

120 

30 

560 

40 

140 

10 

450 

60 

70 

100 

40 

500 

1979 

20 

20 

210 

280 

570 

50 

150 

30 

50 

80 

110 

UO 

50 

130 

30 

480 

40 

130 

10 

400 

40 

60 

100 

50 

550 

1980 

20 

20 

180 

290 

450 

40 

130 

30 

50 

70 

110 

100 

50 

110 

30 

350 

30 

120 

10 

310 

30 

50 

90 

40 

440 

1981 

20 

30 

200 

290 

380 

40 

70 

10 

50 

70 

80 

90 

40 

90 

30 

280 

20 

100 

10 

300 

30 

40 

80 

40 

440 

1982 

20 

20 

110 

290 

340 

30 

60 

10 

60 

60 

90 

70 

40 

90 

30 

210 

20 

80 

10 

200 

10 

40 

60 

30 

450 

1983 

20 

10 

110 

280 

360 

30 

70 

10 

40 

70 

90 

80 

30 

90 

30 

230 

20 

80 

to 

210 

10 

40 

60 

30 

270 

10,130 9,350 8,770 7,910 6,440 5,030 4,420 3,950 3,960 3,760 3,170 2,830 2,420 2,310 

NOTE: One gigagram equals 10^ grams or IO3 metric tons (1. 1 x IO3 short tons). 

Independent rounding of data. 

Total may diffe r slightl y from sum of source category total s due to 
TABLE 24 

SULFUR OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES 

(GIGAGRAMS/YEAR) 

Source Category 

Natural Gas Production (1311) 

Pulp Mills (261,262) 

Sulfuric Acid (2819) 

Carbon Black (2895) 

Petroleum Refining (2911) 

Glass (321,322) 

Cement (3241) 

L1me (3274) 

ro Iron and Steel (3312) 

CO 

Primary Copper (3331) 

Primary Lead and Zinc (3332,3333) 

Primary Aluminum (3334) 

Secondary Lead (3341) 

TOTAL 

1970 

100 

110 

540 

0 

700 

20 

560 

30 

480 

3,180 

410 

70 

20 

1971 

100 

100 

530 

0 

750 

20 

550 

30 

390 

2,840 

360 

70 

20 

1972 

120 

110 

570 

10 

790 

20 

560 

30 

440 

3.130 

310 

70 

20 

1973 

150 

110 

570 

10 

850 

30 

560 

30 

510 

3,210 

190 

80 

20 

1974 

160 

110 

440 

10 

850 

30 

540 

30 

460 

2,710 

160 

80 

20 

1975 

160 

100 

330 

10 

830 

30 

460 

30 

480 

2,140 

110 

60 

20 

1976 

130 

110 

250 

10 

850 

30 

510 

30 

450 

2,040 

110 

70 

30 

1977 

120 

100 

260 

10 

890 

30 

580 

30 

450 

1,770 

90 

80 

30 

1978 

130 

100 

260 

10 

900 

30 

630 

30 

430 

1,370 

100 

80 

30 

1979 

140 

100 

250 

10 

880 

30 

630 

30 

440 

1,450 

120 

80 

40 

1980 

140 

110 

250 

10 

840 

30 

570 

30 

390 

990 

70 

90 

30 

1981 

150 

110 

220 

10 

770 

30 

550 

30 

370 

1,270 

70 

80 

30 

1982 

140 

100 

170 

10 

740 

30 

480 

20 

240 

970 

160 

60 

30 

6,210 5,750 

NOTE: One gigagram equals IO9 grams or IO3 metric tons (1.1 

Independent rounding of data. 

6,170 6,320 5,610 4.740 4,610 4.430 4,100 4.210 3,540 3,690 3,150 

x IO3 short tons). Total may differ slightly from sumof source category totals due to 

1983 

160 

110 

180 

10 

740 

30 

520 

20 

220 

880 

140 

60 

20 

3.090 
TABLE 25 

NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES 

(GIGAGRAMS/YEAR) 

ro 

to 

Source Category 

Pulp Mills (261,262) 

Organic Chemicals (286) 

Ammonia (2873) 

Nitric Acid (2873) 

Petroleum Refining (2911) 

Glass (321,322) 

Cement (3241) 

L1me (3274) 

Iron and Steel (3312) 

TOTAL 

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 

20 

60 

30 

150 

220 

40 

90 

20 

70 

710 

20 

70 

40 

140 

230 

40 

90 

20 

70 

720 

30 

60 

40 

140 

230 

50 

100 

20 

70 

730 

30 

80 

40 

140 

240 

50 

100 

20 

80 

770 

30 

70 

40 

130 

240 

50 

100 

20 

80 

750 

20 

60 

40 

110 

240 

50 

80 

20 

70 

690 

30 

60 

40 

110 

240 

50 

90 

20 

70 

710 

30 

60 

40 

110 

260 

60 

90 

20 

70 

740 

30 

60 

40 

100 

260 

60 

100 

20 

80 

750 

30 

70 

50 

100 

250 

60 

100 

20 

70 

740 

30 

50 

50 

100 

240 

50 

90 

20 

60 

690 

30 

50 

50 

90 

210 

60 

80 

20 

60 

650 

30 

40 

40 

60 

200 

50 

70 

20 

40 

560 

30 

50 

30 

50 

200 

50 

80 

20 

40 

560 

NOTE: One gigagram equals 10$ grams or IO3 metric tons (1.1 x IO3 short tons). Total may differ slightl y from sum 

of source category totals due to independent rounding of data. 

to 

oo 
TABLE 26 

VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES 

(GIGAGRAMS/YEAR) 

co 

o 

Source Category 

Crude oil production, storage and 

transfer (1311,4463) 

Food and beverages (20) 

Textiles (22) 

Graphic arts (27) 

Plastics (2821,3079) 

Organic chemicals (286) 

Other chemicals (28) 

Petroleum refining (2911) 

Rubber tires (3011) 

Iron and steel (3312) 

Petroleum product storage and 

transfer (5171,5541) 

Dry cleaning (721) 

Adhesives* 

Degreasing* 

Solvent extraction processes* 

Surface coating* 

Other organic solvent use* 

TOTAL 

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 

550 

190 

10 

290 

380 

570 

590 

720 

50 

110 

1,570 

240 

50 

640 

40 

2,390 

270 

560 

190 

10 

270 

360 

600 

530 

760 

50 

80 

1,640 

230 

40 

560 

40 

2,230 

240 

560 

190 

10 

310 

410 

680 

530 

790 

60 

100 

1,720 

240 

50 

590 

40 

2,550 

270 

560 

180 

10 

320 

430 

740 

550 

820 

60 

110 

1,780 

240 

50 

600 

40 

2,570 

290 

540 

180 

20 

300 

410 

770 

520 

850 

50 

100 

1,730 

240 

50 

540 

40 

2,340 

280 

530 

170 

20 

250 

350 

690 

460 

880 

50 

90 

1,740 

230 

40 

450 

30 

1,880 

220 

530 

170 

20 

280 

390 

810 

510 

890 

50 

100 

1,780 

250 

40 

490 

30 

2,090 

250 

550 

170 

20 

290 

410 

820 

560 

940 

60 

90 

1,780 

260 

50 

490 

40 

2,190 

290 

570 

180 

20 

350 

470 

820 

560 

970 

60 

90 

1,810 

290 

60 

550 

50 

2,510 

280 

570 

180 

20 

350 

490 

810 

580 

970 

50 

90 

1,660 

290 

60 

560 

40 

2,500 

300 

560 

170 

20 

340 

460 

710 

530 

970 

40 

80 

1,490 

290 

50 

510 

40 

2,320 

290 

540 

180 

20 

260 

390 

650 

540 

960 

50 

70 

1,440 

240 

40 

420 

40 

1,820 

300 

530 

180 

20 

240 

350 

490 

470 

900 

40 

50 

1,370 

210 

40 

360 

30 

1,560 

250 

530 

180 

10 

280 

420 

570 

500 

810 

50 

40 

1,370 

210 

40 

410 

40 

1,780 

260 

8,670 8,410 9,100 9,360 8.960 8,090 8,690 9,020 9,620 9,500 8,870 7,980 7,100 7,490 

iThis is a general category which includes process emissions from organic solvent use in a wide variety of industries. Thus no specific SIC is 

given. 

NOTE: One gigagram equals IO9 grams or IO3 metric tons (1.1 x IO3 short tons). Total may differ slightly from sum of source category totals due to 

Independent rounding of data. 
TABLE 27 

CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES 

(GIGAGRAMS/YEAR) 

•CO 

Source Category 

Pulp Mills (261,262) 

Inorganic Pigments (2816) 

Charcoal (2861) 

Organic Chemicals (286) 

Ammonia (2873) 

Carbon Black (2895) 

Petroleum Refining (2911) 

Asphalt Roofing (2952) 

Lime (3274) 

Iron and Steel (3312) 

Iron Foundries (3321) 

Primary Aluminum (3334) 

1970 

550 

20 

50 

310 

100 

2,600 

2,000 

10 

10 

1,620 

1,090 

590 

1971 

550 

20 

50 

320 

110 

2,380 

2,070 

10 

10 

1,470 

1,160 

580 

1972 

590 

20 

50 

380 

110 

1,780 

2,100 

10 

20 

1,560 

1,180 

610 

1973 

610 

20 

50 

400 

110 

1,890 

2,140 

10 

20 

1,580 

1,060 

670 

1974 

610 

30 

40 

410 

110 

1,680 

2,060 

10 

20 

1,460 

920 

730 

1975 

550 

20 

30 

410 

120 

1,420 

2,040 

10 

10 

1.100 

590 

580 

1976 

620 

30 

30 

410 

120 

1,550 

1,960 

10 

20 

1,180 

590 

630 

1977 

630 

30 

40 

450 

130 

1,760 

1,870 

20 

20 

1,160 

470 

680 

1978 

650 

30 

40 

490 

120 

1,630 

1,780 

20 

20 

1,210 

440 

720 

1979 

660 

30 

50 

510 

130 

1,590 

1,690 

20 

20 

1,200 

410 

750 

1980 

720 

30 

40 

450 

140 

1,290 

1,600 

10 

10 

910 

310 

760 

1981 

720 

30 

40 

470 

140 

1,320 

1,110 

10 

10 

990 

290 

740 

1982 

700 

30 

30 

420 

110 

950 

690 

10 

10 

640 

280 

540 

1983 

760 

30 

30 

470 

100 

1,030 

630 

10 

10 

660 

280 

550 

TOTAL 8,950 8,730 8,410 8,550 8,080 6,870 7,150 

NOTE: One gigagram equals 10^ grams or IO3 metric tons (1.1 x IO3 short tons) 

source category totals due to independent rounding of data. 

7,230 7,140 7,060 6,340 5,870 4,420 4,580 

Total may differ slightly from sum of 
TABLE 28 

LEAD EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES 

(MEGAGRAMS/YEAR) 

Source Category 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 lj)77 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 

Iron & Steel Industry 

Primary Nonferrous Metals 

Secondary Nonferrous Metals 

Mineral Products 

Miscellaneous 

Total Industrial 23,863 22,480 18,567 15,640 13,293 10,325 8,059 5,687 5,419 5,161 3,584 3,049 2,710 2,525 

NOTE: One megagram equals IO6 grams or one metric ton (1.1 short ton). 

3.087 

2,350 

5,612 

764 

2,050 

2,441 

11,960 

5,484 

716 

1,879 

2,352 

8,414 

4,650 

630 

2,221 

2,326 

7,116 

3,286 

464 

2,448 

1.772 

6,416 

2.890 

422 

1,793 

1,073 

5,569 

1,905 

440 

1,338 

913 

3,465 

1,682 

400 

1,599 

873 

1,519 

1,510 

374 

1,411 

911 

1.463 

1.440 

378 

1.227 

769 

1,316 

1,391 

296 

1,389 

476 

1,038 

1,020 

272 

778 

468 

859 

883 

254 

585 

335 

874 

784 

202 

515 

369 

872 

724 

171 

389 

CO 

ro 

TJ 

Jk 
P.42 

3. METHODS 

The generation of an emission inventory involves many steps to 

achieve the desired result, which is to estimate the amount of 

emissions for selected pollutants in a defined geographical area. 

Ideally, nationwide emission estimates should result from a summation 

of county, State, and regional data in which each component is reported 

separately. The National Emissions Data System (NEDS) uses this 

procedure. The methods used to prepare data for this publication are 

as similar as possible to those used for NEDS data preparation. 

Since NEDS uses a more detailed procedure involving calculation of 

emissions for individual sources and summation of these individual 

emission totals to produce national totals, there is a much greater 

chance for errors or omissions to occur in the NEDS data. Because of 

the basic similarity of techniques, discrepancies between national 

totals reported herein and those given in NEDS reports are due largely 

to incomplete data reporting and errors in the NEDS data. The quality 

of NEDS data over time has improved so that the differences between 

NEDS emission reports for 1977 and later years and national emission 

totals determined by the procedure used for this publication are not 

as great as in earlier NEDS reports. Moreover, historical NEDS data 

are not revised to account for updated emission factors, errors or 

omissions in the data. As a result annual NEDS publications do not 

necessarily represent a consistent trend in estimated emissions. 

Because it is impossible to test every pollutant source individually, particularly area sources, an estimating procedure must be 

used. In order to do this, however, one must either estimate the 

emissions directly or estimate the magnitude of other variables that 

can then be related to emissions. These indicators include fuel consumption, vehicle miles, population, sales, tons of refuse burned, raw 

materials processed, etc., which are then multiplied by appropriate 

emission factors to obtain emission estimates. 

The limitations and applicability of emission factors must be 

understood. In general, emission factors are not precise indicators 

of emissions from a single source; rather, they are quantitative 

estimates of the average rate of pollutant released as a result of 

some activity. They are most valid when applied to a large number of 

sources and processes. If their limitations are recognized, emission 

factors are extremely useful in determining emission levels. A 

detailed discussion of emission factors and related information is 

contained in Reference 2. The emission factor thus relates quantity 

of pollutants emitted to indicators such as those noted above, and is 

a practical approach for determining estimates of emissions from 

various source categories. 

A basic discussion of trends is meaningful only when there is a 

common basis for evaluation. It was necessary, therefore, to quantify 

emissions using the same criteria for each year. This meant using the 

33 
P.43 

same estimation techniques, using equal or equivalent data sources, 

covering the same pollutant sources, and using compatible estimates 

of pollutant control levels from year to year. Estimates for previous 

years were updated using current emission factors and including the 

most recent information available. The criteria used in calculating 

emissions was the same for all years. 

The methodology used in generation of emission estimates for 

individual source categories follows. 

3.1 Transportation 

3.1.1 Motor Vehicles 

Emission estimates from gasoline-and diesel-powered motor vehicles 

were based upon vehicle-mile tabulations and emission factors. Eight 

vehicle categories are considered; light duty gasoline (mostly passenger cars), light duty diesel passenger cars, light duty gasoline 

trucks (trucks less than 6000 pounds in weight), light duty gasoline 

trucks 6000 to 8500 pounds in weight, light duty diesel trucks, heavy 

duty gasoline trucks and buses, and heavy duty diesel trucks and 

buses, and motorcycles. The emission factors used are based on the 

latest available data from Reference 3. The M0BILE3 model, developed 

by the EPA Office of Mobile Sources was used to calculate emission 

factors for each year. The current M0BILE3 model does not provide 

emission factors for California. The earlier model, M0BILE2, was 

used for California. The use of M0BILE2 for California may cause VOC 

emissions from highway vehicles to be slightly underestimated, but 

should have a negligible effect on CO and N0X emissions. The emission 

factors are weighted to consider the approximate amount of motor 

vehicle travel in low altitude areas, high altitude areas, and 

California to obtain overall national average emission factors. For 

each area a representative average annual temperature, together with 

national averages for motor vehicle model year distributions and 

hot/cold start vehicle operation percentages were used to calculate 

the emission factors. Average speed is taken into account according 

to the published distribution of vehicle-miles travelled (VMT) as 

published in Reference 4. The published VMT are divided into three 

road categories corresponding to roads with assumed average speeds of 

55 miles per hour for interstates and other primary highways, 45 

miles per hour for other rural roads, and 19.6 miles per hour for 

other urban streets. For 1940 and 1950, average speeds were assumed 

to be 45, 35 and 19.6 miles per hour for these roadway classifications. 

Lead emission estimates from gasoline-powered-motor vehicles, were 

based on highway gasoline consumption, lead content of gasoline, percent unleaded gasoline, and emission factors. The gasoline consumption is based on highway gasoline usage as published in Reference 4. 

The lead content of gasoline was obtained from Reference 13 for 

1970-74 and Reference 31 for 1975-83. The percent unleaded gasoline 

is obtained from Reference 6. The emission factor was also obtained 

from Reference 31. 

34 
P.44 

3.1.2 Aircraft 

Aircraft emissions are based on emission factors and aircraft activity statistics reported by the Federal Aviation Administration.5 

Emissions are based on the number of landing-takeoff (LTO) cycles. 

Any emissions in cruise mode, which is defined to be above 3000 feet 

(1000 meters) are ignored. Average emission factors for each year, 

which take into account the national mix of aircraft types for general 

aviation, military, and commercial aircraft, are used to compute the 

emissions. 

3.1.3 Railroads 

The Department of Energy reports consumption of diesel fuel and 

residual fuel oil by railroads.6 Average emission factors applicable to diesel fuel consumption were used to calculate emissions. 

The average sulfur content of each fuel was used to estimate S0X 

emissions. Coal consumption by railroads was obtained from References 

7 and 13. 

3.1.4 Vessels 

Vessel use of diesel fuel, residual oil, and coal is reported by 

the Department of Energy.6.7 Gasoline use is based on national boat 

and motor registrations, coupled with a use factor (gallons/motor/ 

year) from Reference 8 and marine gasoline sales as reported in 

Reference 4. Emission factors from AP-42^ are used to compute emissions. Since AP-42 does not contain an emission factor for coal use 

by vessels, an average emission factor for coal combustion in boilers 

was used. 

3.1.5 Nonhighway Use of Motor Fuels 

Gasoline and diesel fuel are consumed by off-highway vehicles. The 

fuel use is divided into seven categories; farm tractors , other farm 

machinery, construction equipment, industrial machinery, small general 

utilit y engines such as lawnmowers and snowthrowers, snowmobiles, and 

motorcycles. Fuel use is estimated for each category from estimated 

equipment population and an annual use factor of gallons per unit per 

yearo, together with reported off-highway diesel fuel deliveries 

given in Reference 6 and off-highway gasoline sales reported in 

Reference 4. 

3.2 Fuel Combustion in Stationary Sources 

3.2.1 Coal 

Bituminous coal, lignite, and anthracite coal use are reported by 

the Department of Energy.'»H Most coal is consumed by electric 

utilities. Average emission factors and the sulfur content of each 

type of coal were used to estimate emissions. Degree of particulate 

35 
P.45 

control was based on a report by Midwest Research Institute^ together 

with data from NEDSlO. Sulfur content data for electric utilities 

are available from the Department of Energyll. Sulfur contents for 

other categories are based on coal shipments data reported in Reference 7 and average sulfur contents of coal shipped from each production district as reported in Reference 13 or 24. For electric 

utilities, SO2 emissions are adjusted to account for flue gas desulfurization controls, based on data reported in Reference 25. 

3.2.2 Fuel Oil 

Distillate oil, residual oil, and kerosene are consumed by stationary sources nationwide. Consumption by user category is reported by 

the Department of Energy.6 Average emission factors and the sulfur 

content of each fuel were used to estimate emissions. 

3.2.3 Natural Gas 

Natural gas consumption data are also reported by the Department of 

Energy.12 Average emission factors from AP-422 were used to calculate 

the emission estimates. 

3.2.4 Other Fuels 

Consumption of wood has been estimated by the Department of Energy.27 

Consumption of bagasse is based on data reported in NEDS.10 Sales of 

liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) are reported in Reference.6 Estimated 

consumption of coke and coke-oven gas are based on Reference 13 and 

26, together with data from NEDS. Average emission factors were used 

to calculate emissions. 

Lead emissions from the combustion of waste oil were based on 

information obtained from Reference 32. The amount of waste oil 

burned has been assumed to remain constant and the emissions have been 

changed as a result of a decrease in the lead content of the waste oil. 

3.3 Industrial Processes 

In addition to fuel combustion, certain other industrial processes 

generate and emit varying quantities of pollutants into the air. The 

lack of published national data on production, type of equipment, and 

controls, as well as an absence of emission factors, makes it impossible to include estimates of emissions from all industrial process 

sources. 

Production data for industries that produce the great majority of 

emissions were derived from literature data. Generally, the Minerals 

Yearbook,13 published by the Bureau of Mines, and Current Industrial 

Reports,14 published by the Bureau of the Census, provide adequate 

data for most industries. Average emission factors were applied to 

36 
P.46 

production data to obtain emissions. Control efficiencies applicable 

to various processes were estimated on the basis of published reports^ 

and from NEDS data.10 

For the purposes of this report, petroleum product storage and 

marketing operations (gasoline, crude oil, and distillate fuel oil 

storage and transfer, gasoline bulk terminals and bulk plants, retail 

gasoline service stations) are included as industrial processes. 

Also included as industrial processes are industrial surface coating 

and degreasing operations, graphic arts (printing and publishing), 

and dry cleaning operations. All of these processes involve the use 

of organic solvents. Emissions from the consumption of organic 

solvents are estimated based on data reported in Reference 15. It is 

assumed that all solvents consumed are eventually released as air 

pollution, except for industrial surface coating operations. Estimates of the level of control for surface coating operations have 

been derived from References 10 and 28. In addition, the methodology 

given in Reference 15 has been updated to be consistent with similar 

procedures used for estimating organic solvent emissions in the 

National Emissions Data System (NEDS).29 

3.3.1 Miscellaneous Industrial Processes for Lead 

Lead emissions from miscellaneous industrial processes include the 

major source of lead alkyl production as well as other minor sources 

such as type metal production, can soldering, cable covering, and 

other minor sources. The lead alkyl production is based on information from Reference 33. The production information for the other 

minor sources is from Reference 13. 

3.4 Solid Waste Disposal 

A study conducted in 1968 on solid waste collection and disposal 

practices^ was the basis for estimating emissions from solid waste 

disposal. Results of this study indicate that the average collection 

rate of solid waste is about 5.5 pounds per capita per day in the 

United States. It has been stated that a conservative estimate of 

the total generation rate is 10 pounds per capita per day. The 

results of this survey were updated based on data reported in NEDS 

and used to estimate, by disposal method, the quantities of solid 

waste generated. Average emission factors were applied to these 

totals to obtain estimates of total emissions from the disposal of 

solid wastes. 

3.5 Miscellaneous Sources 

3.5.1 Forest Fires 

The Forest Service of the Department of Agriculture publishes information on the number of forest fires and the acreage burned.17 Estimates of the amount of material burned per acre are made to estimate 

37 
P.47 

the total amount of material burned. Similiar estimates are made to 

account for managed burning of forest areas. Average emission factors 

were applied to the quantities of materials burned to calculate 

emissions. 

3.5.2 Agricultural Burning 

A studyl8 was conducted by EPA to obtain from local agricultural 

and pollution control agencies estimates of the number of acres and 

estimated quantity of material burned per acre in agricultural burning 

operations. These data have been updated and used to estimate agricultural burning emissions, based on average emission factors. 

3.5.3 Coal Refuse 

Estimates of the number of burning coal-refuse piles existing in 

the United States are made in reports by the Bureau of Mines. 19 

Their publication presents a detailed discussion of the nature, 

origin, and extent of this source of pollution. Rough estimates of 

the quantity of emissions were obtained using this information by 

applying average emission factors for coal combustion. It was assumed 

that the number of burning refuse piles decreased to a negligible 

amount by 1975. 

3.5.4 Structural Fires 

The United States Department of Commerce publishes, in their statistical abstracts, information on the number and types of structures 

damaged by fire.20 Emissions were estimated by applying average 

emission factors for wood combustion to these totals. 

3.5.5 Nonindustrial Organic Solvent Use 

This category includes nonindustrial sales of surface coatings 

(primarily for architectural coating) solvent evaporation from consumer products (aerosols, space deodorants, polishes, toiletries, 

etc.), use of volatile organic compounds as general cleaning solvents, 

paint removers, and liquefaction of asphalt paving compounds, and 

other undefined end uses. Total national organic solvent use is 

estimated from chemical production reports of Reference 21, together 

with estimates of the portion of total production for use as solvent 

for each chemical.15,29 it is assumed that all solvent production is 

equal to the amount necessary to make up for solvent lost through 

evaporation. 

38 
P.48 

4. ANALYSIS OF TRENDS 

National trends in air pollutant emissions are a function of a number 

of factors. Air pollution control measures and economic conditions 

have the strongest impact on total emissions. National emission trends 

do not provide any insight into the distribution or concentration of 

air pollution sources within the United States. Therefore, local 

emission trends do not necessarily coincide with national emission 

trends. Based on the national implementation of control measures for 

some classes of sources, such as highway motor vehicles, i t i s reasonable 

to infer that for most localities , the national trend in emissions 

reasonably approximates local trends in emissions for the same class of 

sources. 

In addition to the fact that national emission trends do not measure 

local changes in emission densities, national emission trends may not 

be consistent with air quality trends because of the impact of 

meteorological factors on air quality data. Also, the estimates for 

PM, SOx, and NOx emissions include more substances than are routinely 

measured by ambient air monitoring equipment. For example, high-volume 

a ir samplers collect only suspended particulates approximately 0.3 to 

100 micro-meters in diameter, but particulate emission inventories 

include both suspended and settled particulates generated by man's 

activities . Likewise, sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 

ambient air monitors measure only those two compounds while oxides of 

sulfur (SOx) and nitrogen (NOx) are included in the emission estimates. 

In each case, the substance measured by the ambient air monitor i s the 

most prevalent constituent of it s pollutant class or i s acknowledged to 

be it s most representative indicator. In this report, emissions of 

sulfur oxides are reported as the equivalent weight of SO2, which i s 

the predominant sulfur oxide species. Some emissions of sulfur trioxide 

(SO3) are also included, expressed at the equivalent weight of SO2. 

Similarly , nitrogen oxides include predominantly nitri c oxide (NO) and 

nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Other nitrogen oxides are probably emitted i n 

small amounts. In this report al l nitrogen oxide emissions are expressed as the equivalent weight of NO2. Estimates of oxidant emissions are 

not provided because most oxidant species are secondary pollutants 

generated by photochemical reactions in the atmosphere. Emission 

estimates of VOC, a major ingredient in oxidant-producing reactions, 

were developed from current emission factors.2,3 Generally excluded 

from VOC estimates were emissions of methane, ethane, methyl chloroform, 

and other compounds which are considered to be of neglible photochemical 

reactivity . Organic species were identified based on Reference 22. I f 

no data were available for a source category, the total nonmethane hydrocarbon or the total hydrocarbon emission factor from Reference 2 was 

used. Highway vehicle emissions were estimated as nonmethane VOCs.3 

The following sections discuss the most important factors influencing 

the emission trends for each pollutant. 

39 
P.49 

4.1 Particulates 

1940-1970 

The estimated particulate emissions for 1940, 1950 and 1960 are 15 to 

30 percent higher than in 1970. Even though industrial production 

levels and the quantities of fuels consumed were lower than the post1970 period, the general lack of air pollution controls before 1970 

resulted in relatively large particulate emissions. Also, for the 

years 1940 and 1950, particulate emissions from coal combustion by 

railroads and from forest wildfires were significant. 

A large portion of the particulate emissions from stationary source 

fuel combustion, result from the combustion of coal. In 1940, coal was 

consumed largely in the industrial and residential sectors. Residential 

coal use has declined substantially since 1940, resulting in a corresponding reduction in emissions. Industrial coal use has also declined, 

but not to the same extent. The degree of control employed by industrial 

coal consumers has increased, however, so that overall industrial coal 

combustion emissions decreased by 1970 to only about 40 percent of the 

estimated 1940 level. On the other hand, coal combustion by electric 

utilities has increased greatly, from an estimated 51 million tons in 

1940 to 321 million tons in 1970. This increased consumption resulted 

in increased emissions from 1940 to 1950. Since then, particulate emissions from electric utilities have decreased, despite continued increases in coal consumption. Installation of improved control equipment is responsible for this reduction. 

Particulate emissions from industrial processes increased from 1940 

to 1950, reflecting increased industrial production. From 1950 to 1970, 

industrial output continued to grow, but installation of pollution 

control equipment helped to offset the increase in industrial production. As a result, from 1950 to 1960 industrial process emissions 

stayed about the same, and decreased slightly from 1960 to 1970. 

1970-1983 

Since 1970, particulate emissions have decreased substantially as the 

result of air pollution control efforts. The extent of the reduction is 

most evident from the data in Table 29 which shows theoretical 1983 

national emission estimates, assuming that pollutant control levels did 

not change since 1970. Overall, particulate emissions would have 

increased by about 7 percent from 1970 to 1983 with no change in the 

degree of control from 1970. In comparison, as shown in Table 1, 

particulate emissions decreased about 62 percent from 1970 to 1983. 

Thus, 1983 actual particulate emissions were about a third of what 

they might have been without additional control efforts since 1970. 

A large portion of the particulate emissions from stationary source 

fuel combustion result from the combustion of coal. In 1970, a larger 

portion of coal was consumed in the industrial and residential sectors. 

40 
P.50 

Residential coal use has declined substantially since 1970, resulting 

in a corresponding reduction in emissions. Industrial coal use has 

also declined, but not to the same extent. The degree of control 

employed by industrial coal consumers has increased, however, so that 

overall industrial coal combustion emissions have decreased by 1983 to 

only about 16 percent of the estimated 1970 level. On the other hand, 

coal combustion by electric utilities has increased greatly, from an 

estimated 321 million tons in 1970 to 625 million tons in 1983. However, 

particulate emissions from electric utilities have decreased, despite 

continued increases in coal consumption. Installation of improved 

control equipment is responsible for this reduction. New facilities 

constructed in the 1970's were required to meet New Source Performance 

Standards (NSPS) requirements to achieve a high degree of control. 

From Tables 2 and 29, it can be seen that if the 1970 level of control 

had remained in effect in 1983, electric utility emissions would have 

nearly doubled, from 2.3 teragrams to 4.6 teragrams. Estimated actual 

1983 emissions from electric utilities were 0.5 teragrams, a decrease 

of 78 percent from 1970. 

Particulate emissions from industrial processes have been reduced 

substantially due to installation of improved control equipment mandated 

by air pollution control programs. Since 1970, actual emissions from 

industrial processes declined by over 77 percent. If the 1970 control 

level had remained unchanged to 1983, emissions would have decreased 

only about 14 percent. It should be noted that industrial production 

levels for many sectors in 1983 were significantly lower than in the 

previous few years, reflecting poor economic conditions. This down-turn 

in industrial production also contributes to a decreased level of 

emissions relative to 1970. Table 23 shows estimated emissions for 

specific processes. These annual emissions estimates reflect changes in 

production levels along with an increase in average control levels from 

1970 to 1983. 

Comments on Particulate Emission Estimates 

Caveats that should be noted with respect to these particulate 

emission estimates are first that the estimates represent total particulate emissions, without any distinction of particle sizes. Thus, both 

large particles and small particles are included. Emissions of yery 

large particles are more likely to settle out of the atmosphere and not 

be measured as total suspended particulate by air quality monitoring 

equipment. Small and intermediate size particles are more likely to 

remain airborne and are more efficiently captured by total suspended 

particulate air monitoring equipment. Small particles are also capable 

of being inhaled into the human respiratory system, possibly causing 

adverse health effects. The particulate emission controls that have 

been employed to date have been most effective in reducing emissions 

of large and intermediate size particles. The trend in the emissions 

of small particles is not clearly known. It is very doubtful whether 

small particle emissions have been reduced to the extent that total 

particulate emissions have been reduced, however. It should be noted 

41 
P.51 

that some small particles may be formed in the atmosphere as the result 

of various chemical and physical processes. Such particles are not 

included in the estimated total particulate emissions. A second caveat 

is that fugitive particulate (emissions from unconfined sources such as 

storage piles, material loading, etc.) emissions are incompletely accounted for in the emission totals. Rough estimates of industrial process fugitive emissions are included for some industries. Area source 

fugitive dust emissions (unpaved roads, construction activities, etc.) 

are not included at all. Similarly, natural sources of particulates, 

such as wind erosion or dust, are not included. (An exception is forest 

fires, some of which result from natural causes). In total, these 

fugitive emissions may amount to a considerable portion of total 

particulate emissions. The controls applied to these sources have so 

far been minimal. Due to the lack of adequate emission factors and 

emission inventory techniques for these sources, fugitive particulate 

emissions have not been included in most emission inventories. As 

additional data become available, it is expected that estimates of 

fugitive particulate emissions will be included in future emission 

inventories. It should be noted, however, that a major portion of the 

fugitive particulate emissions are relatively large particles that 

are not readily captured by particulate air quality monitors. Similarly, these large particles do not effectively enter into the human 

respiratory system. 

4.2 Sulfur Oxides 

1940-1970 

From 1940 to 1970, major increases in sulfur oxide emissions occurred 

as the result of increased combustion of fossil fuels such as coal and 

oil. Industrial process emissions also increased, but to a lesser 

extent. Sulfur oxide emissions from other source categories decreased, 

primarily as the result of the obsolescence of coal-fired railroad 

locomotives and a decrease in coal refuse burning. 

1970-1983 

Since 1970, total sulfur oxide emissions have declined about 26 

percent as the result of use of fuels with lower average sulfur contents, 

some scrubbing of sulfur oxides from flue gases, and controls on industria l process sources. Significant emission reductions from industrial 

processes have occurred, mostly from non-ferrous smelters and sulfuri c 

acid plants. By-product recovery of sulfuric acid at smelters has 

increased since 1970. As a result, sulfur oxide emissions that previously would have been released to the atmosphere are recovered as 

sulfuri c acid. Since 1972, new sulfuri c acid manufacturing plants have 

been subject to New Source Performance Standards requirements. These 

rules have contributed to decreased emissions, as new plants built to 

meet new product demands or replace old facilities , must meet more 

stringent emission limitations than old facilities . 

42 
P.52 

As shown in the tables, since 1970 sulfur oxide emissions from electric 

utilities account for more than half of the total emissions. Combustion 

of sulfur-bearing fuels, chiefly coal and residual fuel oil, is 

responsible. Between 1970 and 1983, utility use of coal increased by 

about 95 percent. Emissions from utilities have decreased, however, 

because fuels with lower sulfur content have been used to the extent 

that they were available. Also, flue gas desulfurization systems have 

been installed so that by the late 1970's enough units were in service 

to prevent increases in electric utility emissions. 1983 electric 

utility emissions would have been approximately 15 percent higher 

without the operation of flue gas desulfurization controls. The 

theoretical 1983 national emission estimates given in Table 29 for 

stationary fuel combustion sources are based on 1983 fuel amounts but 

fuel sulfur contents that represent 1970 average levels for fuel oil 

and an estimated average sulfur content of coal that would have been 

consumed if there were no changes in air pollution regulations since 

1970. It is estimated that the national average sulfur content of 

coal burned would have declined anyway even without new air pollution 

regulations due to the greater use of coal from the Western U.S., 

which generally has a lower sulfur content than coal from the Eastern 

States. On this basis, electric utility emissions would have increased 

24 percent. In fact, emissions decreased by 11 percent. Sulfur oxide 

emissions from other fuel combustion sectors decreased, primarily due 

to less coal burning by these industrial, commercial and residential 

consumers. 

Comments on Sulfur Oxide Emission Estimates 

Emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides have been identified as 

precursors of acidic precipitation and deposition. To support Federal 

research activities on the subject, more detailed historical emissions 

estimates of sulfur and nitrogen oxides have been developed. Interested 

readers may wish to review Reference 30, which contains State level 

estimates of sulfur and nitrogen oxide emissions from 1900 through 

1980. 

4.3 Nitrogen Oxides 

1940-1970 

Nitrogen oxide emissions result almost entirely from fuel combustion 

by stationary sources and motor vehicles. From 1940 through 1970, NOx 

emissions increased steadily as the result of increased fuel combustion. 

1970-1983 

Controls applied to sources of NOx emissions have had a limited effect 

in reducing emissions through 1983. Table 29 shows that with the 1970 

control level, national NOx emissions would have been only 18 percent 

higher than actual 1983 emissions. The emissions from stationary fuel 

43 
P.53 

combustion sources largely reflect the actual growth in fuel consumption. For electric utilities, NSPS control requirements have held down 

the growth in NOx emissions somewhat. Nevertheless, NOx emissions from 

electric utilities increased 40 percent from 1970 to 1983. For mobile 

sources, NOx emissions were controlled as a result of the Federal Motor 

Vehicle Control Program (FMVCP). Nitrogen oxide emissions from highway 

vehicles would have increased 57 percent, had there been no change in 

control level since 1970. The estimates of actual NOx emissions show 

a 17 percent increase. 

4.4 Volatile Organic Compounds 

1940-1970 

From 1940 through 1970, VOC emissions increased about 50 percent. 

Major increases in highway vehicle travel and industrial production 

were chiefly responsible. Emissions from these source categories were 

about two and a half times higher in 1970 than in 1940. Emissions from 

residential fuel combustion and forest fires declined substantially, 

however. In 1940, residential fuel combustion and forest fires accounted for 40 percent of total national VOC emissions. By 1970, their 

contribution to total VOC emissions had been reduced to 6 percent. 

1970-1983 

Since 1970, emissions of VOC decreased primarily due to motor vehicle 

controls and less burning of solid waste. Had controls not been 

implemented, a substantial increase in emissions from highway vehicles 

would have occurred. From 1970 to 1983, vehicle-miles of travel in the 

U.S. increased by about 47 percent.4 A comparable increase in emissions 

would have occurred had 1970 control levels remained unchanged. As a 

result of the controls put in place, VOC emissions from highway vehicles 

actually decreased 46 percent. VOC emissions also decreased due to the 

substitution of water-based emulsified asphalts (used for road paving) 

for asphalts liquefied with petroleum distillates (cutback asphalts). 

This is reflected in the decreased emissions reported for miscellaneous 

organic solvent use. 

jgh 1978 these decreases were offset by increases in industrial 

> emissions. Since then, industrial process emissions have also 

Throui 

process 

declined, so that overall total VOC emissions were reduced about 26 

percent from 1970 to 1983. Industrial process emissions increased 

due to higher production levels, particularly in industrial sectors 

such as petroleum refining, organic chemical production, and industrial 

uses of organic solvents. Control procedures employed were effective 

in limiting the growth in emissions, however. In addition, source 

production levels in 1980 through 1983 were relatively low due to poor 

economic conditions. Through the mid-1970's, emissions from petroleum 

product storage and marketing operations also increased as the result 

of increased demand for petroleum products, particularly motor gasoline. 

44 
P.54 

Since 1978, emissions from this source sector are estimated to have 

decreased as the result of declining product demand and more effective 

control measures. 

In 1970, VOC emissions from residential fuel combustion were insignificant. However, in the late 1970's emissions began to increase due to 

the popularity of wood stoves and fireplaces for residential space 

heating. In 1983, residential fuel combustion accounted for about 10 

percent of total VOC emissions. 

Comments on VOC Emission Estimates 

Volatile organic compounds along with nitrogen oxides are participants 

in atmospheric chemical and physical processes that result in the 

formation of ozone and other photochemical oxidants. Emissions of VOC 

that are most likely to have a role in such atmospheric processes are 

included in the reported emissions estimates. Photochemically nonreactive compounds such as methane are not included in the estimated 

emissions of VOC. Biogenic sources of organic compounds such as trees 

and other vegetation are not included either. Initial estimates are 

that emissions of VOC from naturally-occurring sources exceed the amount 

of anthropogenic emissions. The extent to which biogenic sources of VOC 

contribute to oxidant formation, if at all, has not been clearly established, however. Ambient concentrations of ozone are typically higher 

during the summer months. As a result, analysis of seasonal, rather 

than annual VOC emissions may be more appropriate to understand the 

relationship between VOC emissions and high ozone concentrations in 

the atmosphere. Sources such as residential space heating, which 

occurs primarily during the winter would have little impact on summer 

ozone levels. 

4.5 Carbon Monoxide 

1940-1970 

From 1940 through 1970, the relative contribution by the various 

source categories to total CO emissions changed considerably. In 1940, 

highway vehicles contributed only about 28 percent of carbon monoxide 

emissions. Residential fuel combustion (primarily of wood and coal), 

forest fires and other burning (agricultural crop residues and coal 

refuse) contributed about 50 percent of total CO emissions. From 1940 

to 1970, highway vehicle emissions nearly tripled, while emissions from 

residential fuel combustion and miscellaneous burning sources decresed 

substantially. As a result, in 1970 highway vehicles accounted for 64 

percent of total CO emissions. Industrial process CO emissions increased from 1940 to 1970 by about 36 percent. The largest increase 

occurred in the petroleum refining sector, primarily as the result of 

expansion of catalytic cracking capacity to meet increased demand for 

gasoline and other middle distillates. 

45 
P.55 

1970-1983 

Since 1970, highway motor vehicles have been the largest contributing 

source of CO emissions. The implementation of the Federal Motor Vehicle 

Control Program (FMVCP) has been successful in reducing CO emissions 

since the early 1970's. From 1970 through 1978, motor vehicle miles of 

travel increased 38 percent, but because of controls on new vehicles, 

total CO emissions from highway vehicles decreased 16 percent. From 

1978 to 1980, VMT declined by 1.7 percent. Since 1980, growth in VMT 

has resumed, similar to the growth rate that occurred in the 1970's. 

Overall, from 1978 to 1983, VMT grew by only 6.5 percent, however. 

This lack of growth in vehicle travel together with an increased degree 

of control because of stricter emission standards for new vehicles and 

the gradual disappearance of older uncontrolled vehicles from the 

vehicle fleet, produced an estimated 22 percent drop in highway vehicle 

emissions in the four year period from 1978 to 1982. Overall from 1970 

to 1983, without the implementation of FMVCP, highway vehicle emissions 

would have increased 34 percent. By comparison, actual emissions are 

estimated to have decreased 34 percent. 

CO emissions from other sources have also generally decreased. In 

1970, emissions from burning of agricultural crop residues were greater 

than in more recent years. Solid waste disposal emissions have also 

decreased as the result of implementation of regulations limiting or 

prohibiting burning of solid waste in many areas. Emissions of CO from 

stationary source fuel combustion occur mainly from the residential 

sector. These emissions were reduced somewhat through the mid-1970's as 

residential consumers converted to natural gas, oil, or electric heating 

equipment. Recent growth in the use of residential wood stoves has 

reversed this trend, but increased CO emissions from residential 

sources continue to be small compared to highway vehicle emissions. 

Nevertheless, in 1983 residential wood combustion accounted for about 

9 percent of national CO emissions, more than any source category except 

highway vehicles. CO emissions from industrial processes have generally 

been declining since 1970 as the result of the obsolescence of a few 

high polluting processes such as manufacture of carbon black by the 

channel process and installation of controls on other processes. 

4.6 Lead 

1970-1983 

The emissions of lead have decreased due to the implementation of the 

Federal Motor Vehicle Control Program (FMVCP). The implementation of 

FMVCP has resulted in the use of catalytic converters to reduce NOx, 

VOC, and CO emissions and has required the use of unleaded gasoline for 

vehicles with converters. From 1970 through 1974, the highway use of 

gasoline increased 13 percent, but because of the decrease in lead 

content in leaded gasoline, lead emissions from highway vehicles 

decreased 17 percent. From 1975 to 1983, the percent unleaded gasoline 

46 
P.56 

sales increased from 13 to 55 percent, and the lead emissions decreased 

67 percent. From 1970 through 1983, off highway consumption of gasoline 

decreased 44 percent while lead emissions decreased 74 percent. 

Lead emissions also decreased from other sources. The 94 percent 

decrease in stationary source fuel combustion is a result of the decrease 

in lead concentration in waste oil utilized in industrial boilers. 

Lead emissions decreased 90 percent for industrial processes from 1970 

through 1983. Part of this decrease reflects the changes that result 

from installation of air pollution control equipment. As shown in 

Tables 12 and 29, the change in emissions as a result of changes in 

operating rates would be a 32 percent reduction. Lead emissions from 

solid waste disposal have decreased 84 percent from 1970 through 1983 

as a result of the decreased amount of solid waste disposed of by 

incineration. 

47 
TABLE 29 

THEORETICAL 1983 NATIONAL EMISSION ESTIMATES 

BASED ON 1970 LEVEL OF CONTROL 

(TERAGRAMS/YEAR) 

Source Category PM SO, NOtf VOC CO 

Percentage of 1970 Actual Emissions 

iLead emissions are expressed i n gigagrams/year. 

PB' 

Transportation 

Highway Vehicles 

Non-Highway 

Transportation Total 

Stationary Source Fuel Combustion 

Electric Utilities 

Industrial 

Residential/Commercial 

Fuel Combustion Total 

Industrial Processes (SIC) 

Mining Operations (10,2,13,14) 

Food and Agriculture (02,07,20) 

Wood Products (24,26) 

Chemicals (28) 

Petroleum Refining (29) 

Mineral Products (32) 

Metals (33) 

Miscellaneous 

Industrial Processes Total 

Solid Waste 

Miscellaneous 

Total 

1983 Actual Emissions (Table 1) 

Theoretical 1983 Emissions As A 

Percentage Of 1983 Actual Emissions 

1970 Actual Emissions (Table 1) 

Theoretical 1983 Emissions As A 

1.4 

0.2 

1.6 

4.6 

1.1 

1.1 

6.8 

3.3 

0.9 

0.7 

0.2 

0.1 

2.4 

1.1 

0.0 

8.7 

1.2 

0.9 

19.2 

6.9 

278S 

18.0 

107% 

0.5 

0.4 

0.9 

19.6 

2.1 

0.7 

22.4 

0.4 

0.0 

0.1 

0.7 

0.9 

0.7 

2.5 

0^0 

5.3 

0.1 

0.0 

28.7 

20.8 

138? 

28.2 

102? 

9.4 

1.8 

11.2 

7.1 

2.8 

0.6 

10.5 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.2 

0.2 

0.2 

0.0 

0.0 

0.6 

0.4 

0.2 

22.9 

19.4 

118* 

18.1 

127? 

15.7 

1.2 

16.9 

0.0 

0.1 

2.0 

2.1 

0.0 

0.2 

0.0 

2.0 

1.0 

0.0 

0.0 

5.8 

9.0 

2.0 

3.3 

33.3 

19.9 

167? 

27.0 

1232 

83.9 

6.6 

90.5 

0.3 

0.6 

6.1 

7.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.7 

2.4 

2.0 

0.0 

2.2 

0.0 

7.3 

7.0 

6.3 

118.1 

67.6 

175? 

98.3 

120? 

181.2 

4.3 

185.5 

0.5 

9.2 

0.0 

9.7 

0.2 

0.0 

0.0 

0.4 

0.0 

0.5 

15.1 

0.1 

16.3 

3.3 

0.0 

214.8 

46.9 

458? 

203.8 

105? 

48 
P.58 

5. REFERENCES 

* 1 . National Emissions Report, National Emissions Data System (NEDS). 

NADB, OAQPS, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle 

Park, NC. Publication No. EPA-450/4-84-026. November 1984. 

2. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Third Edition 

(Including Supplements 1-15). US Environmental Protection Agency, 

Research Triangle Park, NC. Publication No. AP-42. 

3. User's Guide to M0BILE3 (Mobile Source Emissions Model), US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile Source Air Pollution 

Control, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Publication No. EPA-460/3-89-002. 

June 1984. 

* 4. Highway Statistics . Federal Highway Administration, US Department 

of Transportation, Washington, DC. 1983. 

*5. FAA Air Traffi c Activity . Federal Aviation Administration, US 

Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. 1983. 

*6. Petroleum Supply Annual 1983, Energy Information Administration, 

US Department of Energy. Washington, DC. Publication No. DOE/EIA0340(83)/l. June 1984. 

*7. Coal Distribution January-December, Energy Information Administration, 

US Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Publication No. DOE/EIA0125(83/4Q). April 1984. 

8. Exhaust Emissions from Uncontrolled Vehicles and Related Equipment 

Using Internal Combustion Engines. Southwest Research Institute , 

San Antonio, TX. Prepared for US Environmental Protection Agency, 

Research Triangle Park, NC. EPA Contract No. EHS 70-108. Oct 1973. 

9. Particulate Pollutant Systems Study. Midwest Research Institute , 

Kansas City , MO. Prepared for US Environmental Protection Agency, 

Research Triangle Park, NC. National Air Pollution Control 

Administration Contract No. CPA 22-69-104. May 1971. 

10. Standard Computer Retrievals from the National Emissions Data 

System (NEDS). Unpublished computer report available from NADB, 

OAQPS, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, 

NC. 

*These publications are issued periodically . The most recent publication 

available when thi s document was prepared i s cited . 

49 
P.59 

*11. Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Utility Plants-1983, Energy 

Information Administration, US Department of Energy, Washington, 

D.C. Publication No. DOE/EIA-0191(83). July 1984. 

*12. Natural Gas Annual, Energy Information Administration, US Department 

of Energy, Washington, DC. Publication No. DOE/EIA-0131(82). October 

1983. 

*13. Minerals Yearbook. Bureau of Mines, US Department of the Interior, 

Washington, DC. 1982. 

*14. Current Industrial Reports. Bureau of the Census, US Department 

of Commerce, Washington, DC. 

15. End Uses of Solvents Containing Volatile Organic Compounds, The 

Research Corporation of New England, Wethersfield, CT, EPA 

Publication EPA-450/3-79-032, May 1979. 

16. 1968 National Survey of Community Solid Waste Practices. Public 

Health Service, US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 

Cincinnati, OH. PHS Publication No. 1867. 1968. 

*17. Wildfire Statistics. Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture, 

Washington, DC. 1978. 

18. Emissions Inventory from Forest Wildfires, Forest Managed Burns, 

and Agricultural Burns. US Environmental Protection Agency, 

Research Triangle Park, NC 27711. Publication No. EPA-450/3-74-

062. November 1974. 

19. Coal Refuse Fires, An Environmental Hazard. Bureau of Mines, US 

Department of the Interior, Washington, DC. Information Circular 

8515. 1971. 

*20. Statistical Abstract of the United States. Bureau of the Census, 

US Department of Commerce, Washington, DC. 1984 (104th ed.). 

*21. Chemical and Engineering News, Annual Facts and Figures Issue, 

American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. June 11, 1984. 

22. Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Species Data Manual Second Edition, 

US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. 

Publication No. EPA-450/4-80-015. July 1980. 

23. Standard Industrial Classification Manual 1972, Executive Office 

of the President, Office of Management and Budget, Washington, DC. 

*These publications are issued periodically. The most recent 

publication available when this document was prepared is cited. 

50 
P.60 

*24. Coal Production, Energy Information Administration, US Department 

of Energy, Washington, DC. Publication No. DOE/EIA-0118(83). 

October 1984. 

*25. Project Summary Utilit y FGD Survey April-June 1983. PEDCo 

Environmental, Inc., Cincinnati, OH. Prepared for Electric Power 

Research Institute , Contract No. RP982-32. October 1983. 

*26. Quarterly Coal Report, Energy Information Administration, U.S. 

Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Publication No. DOE/EIA0121(84/2Q). September 1984. 

27. Estimates of U.S. Wood Energy Consumption from 1949 to 1981. U.S. 

Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Publication No. DOE/EIA0341. August 1982. 

28. Organic Solvent Use in Web Coating Operations, Emission Standards 

and Engineering Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, 

Research Triangle Park, NC. Publication No. EPA-450/3-81-012. 

September 1981. 

29. AEROS Manual Series Volume IV: NADB Internal Operations Manual. 

OAQPS Guidelines No. 1.2-041. U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. January 1978. 

30. Historic Emissions of Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxides in the United 

States from 1900 to 1980. Pacific Environmental Services, Inc. 

Durham, NC. Prepared under EPA Contract 68-02-3511, Task No. 31 

and 47. November 1984. 

31. Supplementary Guidelines for Lead Implementation Plans--Updated 

Projections for Motor Vehicle Lead Emissions, OAQPS/OMS Research 

Triangle Park, NC 27711/Ann Arbor, MI 48105. Publication No. 

EPA-450/2-83-002. March 1983. 

32. Telephone communication between Jacob Summers, OAQPS, and Michael 

Petruska, Office of Solid Waste, US EPA, Washington, DC, November 

9, 1984. 

*33. Synthetic Organic Chemicals, United States Production Sales, 

1983, United States International Trade Commission, Washington, 

DC 20436. 

•These publications are issued periodically . The most recent publication 

available when thi s document was prepared is cited . 

51 
P.61 

TECHNICAL REPORT DATA 

(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing) 

1. REPORT NO. 

EPA-450/4-84-028 

3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO. 

4. TITLE ANO SUBTITLE 5. REPORT DATE 

December 1984 

6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE 

National Air Pollutant Emission Estimates, 1940-1983 

7. AUTHOR(S) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO. 

Monitoring and Data Analysis Division 

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

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15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 

16. ABSTRACT 

This report presents estimates of trends 1n nationwide air pollutant emissions for 

the six major pollutants: sulfur oxides, particulates, carbon monoxide, volatile 

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17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS 

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pollutants, nationwide, sulfur oxides, 

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