# Patent

## Title
Adaptive filtering

## Abstract

A system and method including equalizing filtering with a controllable transfer function in a signal path downstream of an input signal path, and controlling with filter control signals of the controllable transfer function for filtering according to an adaptive control algorithm based on at least one error signal and an input signal on the input signal path. The adaptive control algorithm includes a windowed magnitude constraint with an integrated post-ringing constraint.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims priority to EP Application No. 14 163 702.5, filed Apr. 7, 2014, the disclosure of which is incorporated in its entirety by reference herein.
TECHNICAL FIELD
The disclosure relates to an adaptive filter system and method.
BACKGROUND
Spatial sound field reproduction techniques utilize a multiplicity of loudspeakers to create a virtual auditory scene over a large listening area. Several sound field reproduction techniques, for example, wave field synthesis (WFS) or Ambisonics, make use of a loudspeaker array equipped with a plurality of loudspeakers to provide a highly detailed spatial reproduction of an acoustic scene. In particular, wave field synthesis is used to achieve a highly detailed spatial reproduction of an acoustic scene to overcome limitations by using an array of, for example, several tens to hundreds of loudspeakers.
Spatial sound field reproduction techniques overcome some of the limitations of stereophonic reproduction techniques. However, technical constraints prohibit the employment of a high number of loudspeakers for sound reproduction. WFS and Ambisonics are two similar types of sound field reproduction. Though they are based on different representations of the sound field (the Kirchhoff-Helmholtz integral for WFS and the spherical harmonic expansion for Ambisonics), their aim is congruent and their properties are alike. Analysis of the existing artifacts of both principles for a circular setup of a loudspeaker array came to the conclusion that Higher-Order Ambisonics (HOA), or more exactly near-field-corrected HOA, and WFS meet similar limitations. Both WFS and HOA and their unavoidable imperfections cause some differences in terms of the process and quality of the perception. In HOA, with a decreasing order of the reproduction, the impaired reconstruction of the sound field will probably result in a blur of the localization focus and a certain reduction in the size of the listening area.
For audio reproduction techniques such as WFS or Ambisonics, the loudspeaker signals are typically determined according to an underlying theory, so that the superposition of sound fields emitted by the loudspeakers at their known positions describes a certain desired sound field. Typically, the loudspeaker signals are determined assuming free-field conditions. Therefore, the listening room should not exhibit significant wall reflections, because the reflected portions of the reflected wave field would distort the reproduced wave field. In many scenarios such as the interior of a car, the necessary acoustic treatment to achieve such room properties may be too expensive or impractical.
SUMMARY
A system including a filter module and a filter control module. The filter module is arranged in a signal path downstream of an input signal path and has a controllable transfer function. The filter control module is configured to control the transfer function of the filter module according to an adaptive control algorithm based on at least one error signal and an input signal on the input signal path. The adaptive control algorithm includes a windowed magnitude constraint with an integrated post-ringing constraint.
A method includes equalizing filtering with controllable transfer functions in a signal path downstream of an input signal path, and controlling with filter control signals of the controllable transfer function for filtering according to an adaptive control algorithm based on at least one error signal and an input signal on the input signal path. The adaptive control algorithm includes a windowed magnitude constraint with an integrated post-ringing constraint.
Other systems, methods, features and advantages will be, or will become, apparent to one with skill in the art upon examination of the following figures and detailed description. It is intended that all such additional systems, methods, features and advantages be included within this description, be within the scope of the invention, and be protected by the following claims.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The system and methods may be better understood with reference to the following drawings and description. The components in the figures are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention. Moreover, in the figures, like referenced numerals designate corresponding parts throughout the different views.
FIG. 1 is a flow chart illustrating a simple acoustic Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) system with M recording channels (microphones) and K output channels (loudspeakers), including a multiple error least mean square (MELMS) system or method.
FIG. 2 is a flowchart illustrating a 1×2×2 MELMS system or method applicable in the MIMO system shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a pre-ringing constraint curve in the form of a limiting group delay function (group delay differences over frequency).
FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating the curve of a limiting phase function (phase difference curve over frequency) derived from the curve shown in FIG. 3.
FIG. 5 is an amplitude time diagram illustrating the impulse response of an all-pass filter designed according to the curve shown in FIG. 4.
FIG. 6 is a Bode diagram illustrating the magnitude and phase behavior of the all-pass filter shown in FIG. 5.
FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating a setup for generating individual sound zones in a vehicle.
FIG. 8 is a magnitude frequency diagram illustrating the magnitude frequency responses at each of the four zones (positions) in the setup shown in FIG. 7 using a MIMO system solely based on more distant loudspeakers.
FIG. 9 is an amplitude time diagram (time in samples) illustrating the corresponding impulse responses of the equalizer filters of the MIMO system that forms the basis of the diagram shown in FIG. 8.
FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of a headrest with integrated close-distance loudspeakers applicable in the setup shown in FIG. 7.
FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of an alternative arrangement of close-distance loudspeakers in the setup shown in FIG. 7.
FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram illustrating the alternative arrangement shown in FIG. 11 in more detail.
FIG. 13 is a magnitude frequency diagram illustrating the frequency characteristics at the four positions in the setup shown in FIG. 7 when a modeling delay of half the filter length and only close-distance loudspeakers are used.
FIG. 14 is an amplitude time diagram illustrating the impulse responses corresponding to the equalization filter of the MIMO system, which results in the frequency characteristics at the four desired positions shown in FIG. 13.
FIG. 15 is a magnitude frequency diagram illustrating the frequency characteristics at the four positions in the setup shown in FIG. 7 when a length-reduced modeling delay and only close-distance loudspeakers are used.
FIG. 16 is an amplitude time diagram illustrating the impulse responses corresponding to the equalization filter of the MIMO system, which results in the frequency characteristics at the four desired positions shown in FIG. 15.
FIG. 17 is a magnitude frequency diagram illustrating the frequency characteristics at the four positions in the setup shown in FIG. 7 when a length-reduced modeling delay and only system, i.e., far-distance, loudspeakers are used.
FIG. 18 is an amplitude time diagram illustrating the impulse responses corresponding to the equalization filter of the MIMO system, which results in the frequency characteristics at the four desired positions shown in FIG. 17.
FIG. 19 is a magnitude frequency diagram illustrating the frequency characteristics at the four positions in the setup shown in FIG. 7 when an all-pass filter implementing the pre-ringing constraint instead of a modeling delay and only close-distance loudspeakers are used.
FIG. 20 is an amplitude time diagram illustrating the impulse responses corresponding to the equalization filter of the MIMO system, which results to the frequency characteristics at the four desired positions shown in FIG. 19.
FIG. 21 is an amplitude frequency diagram illustrating the upper and lower thresholds of an exemplary magnitude constraint in the logarithmic domain.
FIG. 22 is a flow chart of a MELMS system or method with a magnitude constraint that is based on the system and method described above in connection with FIG. 2.
FIG. 23 is a Bode diagram (magnitude frequency responses, phase frequency responses) of the system or method using a magnitude constraint, as shown in FIG. 22.
FIG. 24 is a Bode diagram (magnitude frequency responses, phase frequency responses) of a system or method using no magnitude constraint.
FIG. 25 is a magnitude frequency diagram illustrating the frequency characteristics at the four positions in the setup shown in FIG. 7 when only the eight more distant loudspeakers in combination with a magnitude and pre-ringing constraint are used.
FIG. 26 is an amplitude time diagram illustrating the impulse responses corresponding to the equalization filter of the MIMO system, which results in the frequency characteristics at the four desired positions shown in FIG. 25.
FIG. 27 is a magnitude frequency diagram illustrating the frequency characteristics at the four positions in the setup shown in FIG. 7 when only more distant loudspeakers in combination with a pre-ringing constraint and a magnitude constraint based on windowing with a Gauss window are used.
FIG. 28 is an amplitude time diagram illustrating the impulse responses corresponding to the equalization filter of the MIMO system, which results in the frequency characteristics at the four desired positions shown in FIG. 27.
FIG. 29 is an amplitude time diagram illustrating an exemplary Gauss window.
FIG. 30 is a flow chart of a MELMS system or method with a windowing magnitude constraint that is based on the system and method described above in connection with FIG. 2.
FIG. 31 is a Bode diagram (magnitude frequency responses, phase frequency responses) of a system or method when only more distant loudspeakers in combination with a pre-ringing constraint and a magnitude constraint based on windowing with the modified Gauss window are used.
FIG. 32 is an amplitude time diagram illustrating an exemplary modified Gauss window.
FIG. 33 is a flow chart of a MELMS system or method with a spatial constraint that is based on the system and method described above in connection with FIG. 22.
FIG. 34 is a flow chart of a MELMS system or method with an alternative spatial constraint that is based on the system and method described above in connection with FIG. 22.
FIG. 35 is a flow chart of a MELMS system or method with a frequency-dependent gain constraint LMS, which is based on the system and method described above in connection with FIG. 34.
FIG. 36 is a magnitude frequency diagram illustrating the frequency-dependent gain constraints corresponding to four more distant loudspeakers when using crossover filters.
FIG. 37 is a magnitude frequency diagram illustrating the frequency characteristics at the four positions in the setup shown in FIG. 7 when only more distant loudspeakers in combination with a pre-ringing constraint, a windowed magnitude constraint and an adaptive frequency (dependent gain) constraint are used.
FIG. 38 is an amplitude time diagram illustrating the impulse responses corresponding to the equalization filter of the MIMO system, which results in the frequency characteristics at the four desired positions shown in FIG. 37.
FIG. 39 is a Bode diagram of a system or method when only more distant loudspeakers in combination with a pre-ringing constraint, a windowed magnitude constraint and an adaptive frequency (dependent gain) constraint are used.
FIG. 40 is a flow chart of a MELMS system or method that is based on the system and method described above in connection with FIG. 34, with an alternative frequency (dependent gain) constraint.
FIG. 41 is a magnitude frequency diagram illustrating the frequency characteristics at the four positions in the setup shown in FIG. 7, with applied equalizing filters when only more distant loudspeakers in combination with a pre-ringing constraint, a windowed magnitude constraint and the alternative frequency (dependent gain) constraint in the room impulse responses are used.
FIG. 42 is an amplitude time diagram illustrating the impulse responses corresponding to the equalization filter of the MIMO system, which results in the frequency characteristics at the four desired positions shown in FIG. 41.
FIG. 43 is a Bode diagram of the equalizing filters applied to the setup shown in FIG. 7 when only more distant loudspeakers in combination with a pre-ringing constraint, a windowed magnitude constraint and the alternative frequency (dependent gain) constraints in the room impulse responses are used.
FIG. 44 is a schematic diagram illustrating the sound pressure levels over time for pre-masking, simultaneous masking and post-masking.
FIG. 45 is a diagram illustrating a post-ringing constraint curve in the form of a limiting group delay function as group delay differences over frequency.
FIG. 46 is a diagram illustrating the curve of a limiting phase function as phase difference curve over frequency derived from the curve shown in FIG. 45.
FIG. 47 is a level time diagram illustrating the curve of an exemplary temporal limiting function.
FIG. 48 is a flow chart of a MELMS system or method that is based on the system and method described above in connection with FIG. 40, with a combined magnitude post-ringing constraint.
FIG. 49 is a magnitude frequency diagram illustrating the frequency characteristics at the four positions in the setup shown in FIG. 7, with applied equalizing filters when only more distant loudspeakers in combination with a pre-ringing constraint, a magnitude constraint-based non-linear smoothing, a frequency (dependent gain) constraint and a post-ringing constraint are used.
FIG. 50 is an amplitude time diagram illustrating the impulse responses corresponding to the equalization filter of the MIMO system, which results in the frequency characteristics at the four desired positions shown in FIG. 49.
FIG. 51 is a Bode diagram of the equalizing filters applied to the setup shown in FIG. 7 when only more distant loudspeakers in combination with a pre-ringing constraint, a magnitude constraint-based non-linear smoothing, a frequency (dependent gain) constraint and a post-ringing constraint are used.
FIG. 52 is a magnitude time diagram illustrating the curve of an exemplary level limiting function.
FIG. 53 is an amplitude time diagram corresponding to the magnitude time curve shown in FIG. 52.
FIG. 54 is a magnitude time diagram illustrating the curve of exemplary window functions with exponential windows at three different frequencies.
FIG. 55 is a magnitude frequency diagram illustrating the frequency characteristics at the four positions in the setup shown in FIG. 7, with applied equalizing filters when only more distant loudspeakers in combination with a pre-ringing constraint, a magnitude constraint, a frequency (dependent gain) constraint and a windowed post-ringing constraint are used.
FIG. 56 is an amplitude time diagram illustrating the impulse responses of the equalization filter of the MIMO system, which results in the frequency characteristics at the four desired positions shown in FIG. 55.
FIG. 57 is a Bode diagram of the equalizing filters applied to the setup shown in FIG. 7, with applied equalizing filters when only more distant loudspeakers in combination with a pre-ringing constraint, a magnitude constraint, a frequency (dependent gain) constraint and a windowed post-ringing constraint are used.
FIG. 58 is a magnitude frequency diagram illustrating an exemplary target function for the tonality of a bright zone.
FIG. 59 is an amplitude time diagram illustrating the impulse responses in the linear domain of an exemplary equalizing filter with and without applied windowing.
FIG. 60 is a magnitude time diagram illustrating the impulse responses in the logarithmic domain of an exemplary equalizing filter with and without applied windowing.
FIG. 61 is a magnitude frequency diagram illustrating the frequency characteristics at the four positions in the setup shown in FIG. 7, with applied equalizing filters when all loudspeakers in combination with a pre-ringing constraint, a magnitude constraint, a frequency (dependent gain) constraint and a windowed post-ringing constraint are used and the response at the bright zone is adjusted to the target function depicted in FIG. 58.
FIG. 62 is an amplitude time diagram illustrating the impulse responses of the equalization filter of the MIMO system, which results in the frequency characteristics at the four desired positions shown in FIG. 61.
FIG. 63 is a flow chart of a system and method for reproducing wave fields or virtual sources using a modified MELMS algorithm.
FIG. 64 is a flow chart of a system and method for reproducing virtual sources corresponding to a 5.1 loudspeaker setup using a modified MELMS algorithm.
FIG. 65 is a flow chart of an equalizing filter module arrangement for reproducing virtual sources corresponding to a 5.1 loudspeaker setup at the driver position of a vehicle.
FIG. 66 is a flow chart of a system and method that uses a modified MELMS algorithm to generate virtual sound sources corresponding to a 5.1 loudspeaker setup at all four positions of a vehicle.
FIG. 67 is a diagram illustrating spherical harmonics up to fourth order.
FIG. 68 is a flow chart of a system and method for generating spherical harmonics in a target room at a distinct position using a modified MELMS algorithm.
FIG. 69 is a schematic diagram illustrating a two-dimensional measuring microphone array disposed on a headband.
FIG. 70 is a schematic diagram illustrating a three-dimensional measuring microphone array disposed on a rigid sphere.
FIG. 71 is a schematic diagram illustrating a three-dimensional measuring microphone array disposed on two ear cups.
FIG. 72 is a process chart illustrating an exemplary process for providing a magnitude constraint with integrated post-ringing constraint.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
As required, detailed embodiments of the present invention are disclosed herein; however, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely exemplary of the invention that may be embodied in various and alternative forms. The figures are not necessarily to scale; some features may be exaggerated or minimized to show details of particular components. Therefore, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the present invention.
FIG. 1 is a signal flow chart of a system and method for equalizing a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system, which may have a multiplicity of outputs (e.g., output channels for supplying output signals to K≧1 groups of loudspeakers) and a multiplicity of (error) inputs (e.g., recording channels for receiving input signals from M≧1 groups of microphones). A group includes one or more loudspeakers or microphones that are connected to a single channel, i.e., one output channel or one recording channel. It is assumed that the corresponding room or loudspeaker-room-microphone system (a room in which at least one loudspeaker and at least one microphone is arranged) is linear and time-invariant and can be described by, for example, its room acoustic impulse responses. Furthermore, Q original input signals such as a mono input signal x(n) may be fed into (original signal) inputs of the MIMO system. The MIMO system may use a multiple error least mean square (MELMS) algorithm for equalization, but may employ any other adaptive control algorithm such as a (modified) least mean square (LMS), recursive least square (RLS), etc. Input signal x(n) is filtered by M primary paths 101, which are represented by primary path filter matrix P(z) on its way from one loudspeaker to M microphones at different positions, and provides M desired signals d(n) at the end of primary paths 101, i.e., at the M microphones.
By way of the MELMS algorithm, which may be implemented in a MELMS processing module 106, a filter matrix W(z), which is implemented by an equalizing filter module 103, is controlled to change the original input signal x(n) such that the resulting K output signals, which are supplied to K loudspeakers and which are filtered by a filter module 104 with a secondary path filter matrix S(z), match the desired signals d(n). Accordingly, the MELMS algorithm evaluates the input signal x(n) filtered with a secondary pass filter matrix Ŝ(z), which is implemented in a filter module 102 and outputs K×M filtered input signals, and M error signals e(n). The error signals e(n) are provided by a subtractor module 105, which subtracts M microphone signals y′(n) from the M desired signals d(n). The M recording channels with M microphone signals y′(n) are the K output channels with K loudspeaker signals y(n) filtered with the secondary path filter matrix S(z), which is implemented in filter module 104, representing the acoustical scene. Modules and paths are understood to be at least one of hardware, software and/or acoustical paths.
The MELMS algorithm is an iterative algorithm to obtain the optimum least mean square (LMS) solution. The adaptive approach of the MELMS algorithm allows for in situ design of filters and also enables a convenient method to readjust the filters whenever a change occurs in the electro-acoustic transfer functions. The MELMS algorithm employs the steepest descent approach to search for the minimum of the performance index. This is achieved by successively updating filters' coefficients by an amount proportional to the negative of gradient ∇(n), according to which w(n+1)=w(n)+μ(−∇(n)), where μ is the step size that controls the convergence speed and the final misadjustment. An approximation may be in such LMS algorithms to update the vector w using the instantaneous value of the gradient ∇(n) instead of its expected value, leading to the LMS algorithm.
FIG. 2 is a signal flow chart of an exemplary Q×K×M MELMS system or method, wherein Q is 1, K is 2 and M is 2 and which is adjusted to create a bright zone at microphone 215 and a dark zone at microphone 216; i.e., it is adjusted for individual sound zone purposes. A “bright zone” represents an area where a sound field is generated in contrast to an almost silent “dark zone”. Input signal x(n) is supplied to four filter modules 201-204, which form a 2×2 secondary path filter matrix with transfer functions Ŝ11(z), Ŝ12(z), Ŝ21(z) and Ŝ22(z), and to two filter modules 205 and 206, which form a filter matrix with transfer functions W1(z) and W2(z). Filter modules 205 and 206 are controlled by least mean square (LMS) modules 207 and 208, whereby module 207 receives signals from modules 201 and 202 and error signals e1(n) and e2(n), and module 208 receives signals from modules 203 and 204 and error signals e1(n) and e2(n). Modules 205 and 206 provide signals y1(n) and y2(n) for loudspeakers 209 and 210. Signal y1(n) is radiated by loudspeaker 209 via secondary paths 211 and 212 to microphones 215 and 216, respectively. Signal y2(n) is radiated by loudspeaker 210 via secondary paths 213 and 214 to microphones 215 and 216, respectively. Microphone 215 generates error signals e1(n) and e2(n) from received signals y1(n), y2(n) and desired signal d1(n). Modules 201-204 with transfer functions Ŝ11(z), Ŝ12(z), Ŝ21(z) and Ŝ22(z) model the various secondary paths 211-214, which have transfer functions S11(z), S12(z), S21(z) and S22(z).
Furthermore, a pre-ringing constraint module 217 may supply to microphone 215 an electrical or acoustic desired signal d1(n), which is generated from input signal x(n) and is added to the summed signals picked up at the end of the secondary paths 211 and 213 by microphone 215, eventually resulting in the creation of a bright zone there, whereas such a desired signal is missing in the case of the generation of error signal e2(n), hence resulting in the creation of a dark zone at microphone 216. In contrast to a modeling delay, whose phase delay is linear over frequency, the pre-ringing constraint is based on a non-linear phase over frequency in order to model a psychoacoustic property of the human ear known as pre-masking. An exemplary graph depicting the inverse exponential function of the group delay difference over frequency is and the corresponding inverse exponential function of the phase difference over frequency as a pre-masking threshold is shown in FIG. 4. “Pre-masking” threshold is understood herein as a constraint to avoid pre-ringing in equalizing filters.
As can be seen from FIG. 3, which shows a constraint in the form of a limiting group delay function (group delay differences over frequency), the pre-masking threshold decreases when the frequency increases. While at a frequency of approximately 100 Hz, a pre-ringing represented by a group delay difference of about 20 ms is acceptable for a listener, at a frequency of approximately 1,500 Hz, the threshold is around 1.5 ms and may reach higher frequencies with an asymptotic end-value of approximately 1 ms. The curve shown in FIG. 3 can be easily transformed into a limiting phase function, which is shown in FIG. 4 as phase difference curve over frequency. By integrating the limiting phase difference function, a corresponding phase frequency characteristic can be derived. This phase frequency characteristic may then form the basis for the design of an all-pass filter with a phase frequency characteristic that is the integral of the curve shown in FIG. 4. The impulse response of an accordingly designed all-pass filter is depicted in FIG. 5, and its corresponding Bode diagram is depicted in FIG. 6.
Referring now to FIG. 7, a setup for generating individual sound zones in a vehicle 705 using the MELMS algorithm may include four sound zones 701-704 corresponding to listening positions (e.g., the seat positions in the vehicle) arranged front left FLPos, front right FRPos, rear left RLPos and rear right RRPos. In the setup, eight system loudspeakers are arranged more distant from sound zones 701-704. For example, two loudspeakers, a tweeter/midrange loudspeaker FLSpkrH and a woofer FLSpkrL, are arranged closest to front left position FLPos and, correspondingly, a tweeter/midrange loudspeaker FRSpkrH and a woofer FRSpkrL are arranged closest to front right position FRPos. Furthermore, broadband loudspeakers SLSpkr and SRSpkr may be arranged next to sound zones corresponding to positions RLPos and RRPos, respectively. Subwoofers RLSpkr and RRSpkr may be disposed on the rear shelf of the vehicle interior, which, due to the nature of the low-frequency sound generated by subwoofers RLSpkr and RRSpkr, impact all four listening positions front left FLPos, front right FRPos, rear left RLPos and rear right RRPos. Additionally, vehicle 705 may be equipped with yet other loudspeakers, arranged close to sound zones 701-704, for example, in the headrests of the vehicle. The additional loudspeakers are loudspeakers FLLSpkr and FLRSpkr for zone 701; loudspeakers FRLSpkr and FRRSpkr for zone 702; loudspeakers RLLSpkr and RLRSpkr for zone 703; and loudspeakers RRLSpkr and RRRSpkr for zone 704. All loudspeakers in the setup shown in FIG. 7 form respective groups (groups with one loudspeaker) except loudspeaker SLSpkr, which forms a group of passively coupled bass and tweeter speakers, and loudspeaker SRSpkr, which forms a group of passively coupled bass and tweeter speakers (groups with two loudspeakers). Alternatively or additionally, woofer FLSpkrL may form a group together with tweeter/midrange loudspeaker FLSpkrH and woofer FRSpkrL may form a group together with tweeter/midrange loudspeaker FRSpkrH (groups with two loudspeakers).
FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating the magnitude frequency responses at each of the four zones 701-704 (positions) in the setup shown in FIG. 7 using equalizer filters, a psychoacoustically motivated pre-ringing constraint module and the system loudspeakers, i.e., FLSpkrH, FLSpkrL, FRSpkrH, FRSpkrL, SLSpkr, SRSpkr, RLSpkr and RRSpkr. FIG. 9 is an amplitude time diagram (time in samples) illustrating the corresponding impulse responses of the equalizer filters for generating a desired crosstalk cancellation in the respective loudspeaker paths. In contrast to the simple use of a modeling delay, the use of a psychoacoustically motivated pre-ringing constraint provides sufficient attenuation of the pre-ringing. In acoustics, pre-ringing designates the appearance of noise before the actual sound impulse occurs. As can be seen from FIG. 9, the filter coefficients of the equalizing filters, and thus the impulse responses of the equalizing filters, exhibit only little pre-ringing. It can additionally be seen from FIG. 8 that the resulting magnitude frequency responses at all desired sound zones tend to deteriorate at higher frequencies, for example, above 400 Hz.
As shown in FIG. 10, loudspeakers 1004 and 1005 may be arranged in a close distance d to listener's ears 1002, for example, below 0.5 m, or even 0.4 or 0.3 m, in order to generate the desired individual sound zones. One exemplary way to arrange loudspeakers 1004 and 1005 so close is to integrate loudspeakers 1004 and 1005 into headrest 1003 on which listener's head 1001 may rest. Another exemplary way is to dispose (directive) loudspeakers 1101 and 1102 in ceiling 1103, as shown in FIGS. 11 and 12. Other positions for the loudspeakers may be the B-pillar or C-pillar of the vehicle in combination with loudspeakers in the headrest or the ceiling. Alternatively or additionally, directional loudspeakers may be used instead of loudspeakers 1004 and 1005 or combined with loudspeakers 1004 and 1005 at the same position as or another position than loudspeakers 1004 and 1005.
Referring again to the setup shown in FIG. 7, additional loudspeakers FLLSpkr, FLRSpkr, FRLSpkr, FRRSpkr, RLLSpkr, RLRSpkr, RRLSpkr and RRRSpkr may be disposed in the headrests of the seats in positions FLPos, FRPos, RLPos and RRPos. As can be seen from FIG. 13, only loudspeakers that are arranged in close distance to a listener's ears, such as additional loudspeakers FLLSpkr, FLRSpkr, FRLSpkr, FRRSpkr, RLLSpkr, RLRSpkr, RRLSpkr and RRRSpkr, exhibit an improved magnitude frequency behavior at higher frequencies. The crosstalk cancellation is the difference between the upper curve and the three lower curves in FIG. 13. However, due to the short distance between the loudspeaker and the ears such as a distance less than 0.5 m, or even less than 0.3 or 0.2 m, pre-ringing is relatively low, as shown in FIG. 14, which illustrates the filter coefficients and thus the impulse responses of all equalizing filters, for providing crosstalk cancellation when using only headrest loudspeakers FLLSpkr, FLRSpkr, FRLSpkr, FRRSpkr, RLLSpkr, RLRSpkr, RRLSpkr and RRRSpkr, and, instead of the pre-ringing constraint, a modeling delay whose delay time may correspond to half of the filter length. Pre-ringing can be seen in FIG. 14 as noise on the left side of the main impulse. Arranging loudspeakers in close distance to a listener's ears may in some applications already provide sufficient pre-ringing suppression and sufficient crosstalk cancellation if the modeling delay is sufficiently shortened in psychoacoustic terms, as can be seen in FIGS. 15 and 16.
When combining less distant loudspeakers FLLSpkr, FLRSpkr, FRLSpkr, FRRSpkr, RLLSpkr, RLRSpkr, RRLSpkr and RRRSpkr with a pre-ringing constraint instead of a modeling delay, the pre-ringing can be further decreased without deteriorating the crosstalk cancellation at positions FLPos, FRPos, RLPos and RRPos (i.e., the inter-position magnitude difference) at higher frequencies. Using more distant loudspeakers FLSpkrH, FLSpkrL, FRSpkrH, FRSpkrL, SLSpkr, SRSpkr, RLSpkr and RRSpkr instead of less distant loudspeakers FLLSpkr, FLRSpkr, FRLSpkr, FRRSpkr, RLLSpkr, RLRSpkr, RRLSpkr and RRRSpkr and a shortened modeling delay (the same delay as in the example described above in connection with FIGS. 15 and 16) instead of a pre-ringing constraint exhibits worse crosstalk cancellation, as can be seen in FIGS. 17 and 18. FIG. 17 is a diagram illustrating the magnitude frequency responses at all four sound zones 701-704 using only loudspeakers FLSpkrH, FLSpkrL, FRSpkrH, FRSpkrL, SLSpkr, SRSpkr, RLSpkr and RRSpkr disposed at a distance of more than 0.5 m from positions FLPos, FRPos, RLPos and RRPos in combination with equalizing filters and the same modeling delay as in the example described in connection with FIGS. 15 and 16.
However, combining loudspeakers FLLSpkr, FLRSpkr, FRLSpkr, FRRSpkr, RLLSpkr, RLRSpkr, RRLSpkr and RRRSpkr, which are arranged in the headrests with the more distant loudspeakers of the setup shown in FIG. 7, i.e., loudspeakers FLSpkrH, FLSpkrL, FRSpkrH, FRSpkrL, SLSpkr, SRSpkr, RLSpkr and RRSpkr, and, as shown in FIGS. 19 and 20, using a pre-ringing constraint instead of a modeling delay with reduced length can further decrease (compare FIGS. 18 and 20) the pre-ringing and increase (compare FIGS. 17 and 19) the crosstalk cancellation at positions FLPos, FRPos, RLPos and RRPos.
Alternative to a continuous curve, as shown in FIGS. 3-5, a stepped curve may also be employed in which, for example, the step width may be chosen to be frequency-dependent according to psychoacoustic aspects such as the Bark scale or the mel scale. The Bark scale is a psychoacoustic scale that ranges from one to 24 and corresponds to the first 24 critical bands of hearing. It is related to but somewhat less popular than the mel scale. It is perceived as noise by a listener when spectral drops or narrow-band peaks, known as temporal diffusion, occur within the magnitude frequency characteristic of a transfer function. Equalizing filters may therefore be smoothed during control operations or certain parameters of the filters such as the quality factor may be restricted in order to reduce unwanted noise. In case of smoothing, nonlinear smoothing that approximates the critical bands of human hearing may be employed. A nonlinear smoothing filter may be described by the following equation:




  
    
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                  1
                
                ,
                
                  ⌈
                  
                    
                      n
                      ⁢
                      
                        
                      
                      ⁢
                      α
                    
                    -
                    
                      1
                      2
                    
                  
                  ⌉
                
              
              }
            
          
        
        ⁢
        
          
          
            A
            ⁡
            
              (
              
                j
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                
                  ω
                  k
                
              
              )
            
          
          
        
      
    
  
  ,




wherein n=[0, . . . , N−1] relates to the discrete frequency index of the smoothed signal; N relates to the length of the fast Fourier transformation (FFT); ┌x−1⁄2┐ relates to rounding up to the next integer; α relates to a smoothing coefficient, e.g., (octave/3-smoothing) results in α=21/3, in which Ā(jω) is the smoothed value of A(jω); and k is a discrete frequency index of the non-smoothed value A(jω), kε[0, . . . , N−1].
As can be seen from the above equation, nonlinear smoothing is basically frequency-dependent arithmetic averaging whose spectral limits change dependent on the chosen non-linear smoothing coefficient α over frequency. To apply this principle to a MELMS algorithm, the algorithm is modified so that a certain maximum and minimum level threshold over frequency is maintained per bin (spectral unit of an FFT), respectively, according to the following equation in the logarithmic domain:




  
    
      
        MaxGainLim
        
          d
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          B
        
      
      ⁡
      
        (
        f
        )
      
    
    =
    
      
        MaxGain
        
          d
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          B
        
      
      
        max
        ⁢
        
          {
          
            1
            ,
            
              (
              
                f
                ⁡
                
                  (
                  
                    α
                    -
                    1
                  
                  )
                
              
              )
            
          
          }
        
      
    
  
  ,
  
    

  
  ⁢
  
    
      
        MinGainLim
        
          d
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          B
        
      
      ⁡
      
        (
        f
        )
      
    
    =
    
      
        MinGain
        
          d
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          B
        
      
      
        max
        ⁢
        
          {
          
            1
            ,
            
              (
              
                f
                ⁡
                
                  (
                  
                    α
                    -
                    1
                  
                  )
                
              
              )
            
          
          }
        
      
    
  
  ,




wherein f=[0, . . . , fs/2] is the discrete frequency vector of length (N/2+1), N is the length of the FFT, fs is the sampling frequency, MaxGaindB is the maximum valid increase in [dB] and MinGaindB is the minimum valid decrease in [dB].
In the linear domain, the above equation reads as:




  
    
      MaxGainLim
      ⁡
      
        (
        f
        )
      
    
    =
    
      10
      
        
          
            MaxGainLim
            
              d
              ⁢
              
                
              
              ⁢
              B
            
          
          ⁡
          
            (
            f
            )
          
        
        20
      
    
  
  ,
  
    

  
  ⁢
  
    
      MinGainLim
      ⁡
      
        (
        f
        )
      
    
    =
    
      
        10
        
          
            
              MinGainLim
              
                d
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                B
              
            
            ⁡
            
              (
              f
              )
            
          
          20
        
      
      .
    
  




From the above equations, a magnitude constraint can be derived that is applicable to the MELMS algorithm in order to generate nonlinear smoothed equalizing filters that suppress spectral peaks and drops in a psychoacoustically acceptable manner. An exemplary magnitude frequency constraint of an equalizing filter is shown in FIG. 21, wherein upper limit U corresponds to the maximum valid increase MaxGainLimdB (f) and lower limit L corresponds to the minimum allowable decrease MinGainLimdB(f). The diagrams shown in FIG. 21 depict upper threshold U and lower threshold L of an exemplary magnitude constraint in the logarithmic domain, which is based on the parameters fs=5,512 Hz, α=21/24, MaxGaindB=9 dB and MinGaindB=−18 dB. As can be seen, the maximum allowable increase (e.g., MaxGaindB=9 dB) and the minimum allowable decrease (e.g., MinGaindB=−18 dB) is achieved only at lower frequencies (e.g., below 35 Hz). This means that lower frequencies have the maximum dynamics that decrease with increasing frequencies according to the nonlinear smoothing coefficient (e.g., α=21/24), whereby according to the frequency sensitivity of the human ear, the increase of upper threshold U and the decrease of lower threshold L are exponential over frequency.
In each iteration step, the equalizing filters based on the MELMS algorithm are subject to nonlinear smoothing, as described by the equations below.
Smoothing:




  
    
      
        A
        _
      
      SS
    
    ⁡
    
      (
      
        j
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        
          ω
          n
        
      
      )
    
  
  =
  
    {
    
      
        
          
            
              
                
                  
                  
                    A
                    ⁡
                    
                      (
                      
                        j
                        ⁢
                        
                          
                        
                        ⁢
                        
                          ω
                          
                            n
                            -
                            1
                          
                        
                      
                      )
                    
                  
                  
                
                ⁢
                
                  MaxGainLim
                  ⁡
                  
                    (
                    n
                    )
                  
                
              
              ,
            
          
          
            
              
                
                  
                    
                      if
                      ⁢
                      
                        
                      
                      ⁢
                      
                        
                        
                          A
                          ⁡
                          
                            (
                            
                              j
                              ⁢
                              
                                
                              
                              ⁢
                              
                                ω
                                n
                              
                            
                            )
                          
                        
                        
                      
                    
                    >
                  
                
              
              
                
                  
                    
                      
                        
                        
                          
                            
                              A
                              _
                            
                            SS
                          
                          ⁡
                          
                            (
                            
                              j
                              ⁢
                              
                                
                              
                              ⁢
                              
                                ω
                                
                                  n
                                  -
                                  1
                                
                              
                            
                            )
                          
                        
                        
                      
                      ⁢
                      
                        MaxGainLim
                        ⁡
                        
                          (
                          n
                          )
                        
                      
                    
                    ,
                  
                
              
            
          
        
        
          
            
              
                
                  
                  
                    A
                    ⁡
                    
                      (
                      
                        j
                        ⁢
                        
                          
                        
                        ⁢
                        
                          ω
                          
                            n
                            -
                            1
                          
                        
                      
                      )
                    
                  
                  
                
                ⁢
                
                  MinGainLim
                  ⁡
                  
                    (
                    n
                    )
                  
                
              
              ,
            
          
          
            
              
                
                  
                    
                      if
                      ⁢
                      
                        
                      
                      ⁢
                      
                        
                        
                          A
                          ⁡
                          
                            (
                            
                              j
                              ⁢
                              
                                
                              
                              ⁢
                              
                                ω
                                n
                              
                            
                            )
                          
                        
                        
                      
                    
                    <
                  
                
              
              
                
                  
                    
                      
                        
                        
                          
                            
                              A
                              _
                            
                            SS
                          
                          ⁡
                          
                            (
                            
                              j
                              ⁢
                              
                                
                              
                              ⁢
                              
                                ω
                                
                                  n
                                  -
                                  1
                                
                              
                            
                            )
                          
                        
                        
                      
                      ⁢
                      
                        MinGainLim
                        ⁡
                        
                          (
                          n
                          )
                        
                      
                    
                    ,
                  
                
              
            
          
        
        
          
            
              
                
                
                  A
                  ⁡
                  
                    (
                    
                      j
                      ⁢
                      
                        
                      
                      ⁢
                      
                        ω
                        n
                      
                    
                    )
                  
                
                
              
              ,
            
          
          
            otherwise
          
        
      
      ,
      
        

      
      ⁢
      
        
      
      ⁢
      
        n
        ∈
        
          [
          
            1
            ,
            ...
            ⁢
            
              
            
            ,
            
              N
              2
            
          
          ]
        
      
      ,
    
  




Double Sideband Spectrum:




  
    
      
        A
        _
      
      DS
    
    ⁡
    
      (
      
        j
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        
          ω
          n
        
      
      )
    
  
  =
  
    {
    
      
        
          
            
              
                
                  
                    A
                    _
                  
                  SS
                
                ⁡
                
                  (
                  
                    j
                    ⁢
                    
                      
                    
                    ⁢
                    
                      ω
                      n
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
              ,
            
          
          
            
              
                n
                =
                
                  [
                  
                    0
                    ,
                    ...
                    ⁢
                    
                      
                    
                    ,
                    
                      N
                      2
                    
                  
                  ]
                
              
              ,
            
          
        
        
          
            
              
                
                  
                    
                      A
                      _
                    
                    SS
                  
                  ⁡
                  
                    (
                    
                      j
                      ⁢
                      
                        
                      
                      ⁢
                      
                        ω
                        
                          N
                          -
                          n
                        
                      
                    
                    )
                  
                
                *
              
              ,
            
          
          
            
              n
              =
              
                [
                
                  
                    (
                    
                      
                        N
                        2
                      
                      +
                      1
                    
                    )
                  
                  ,
                  ...
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ,
                  
                    N
                    -
                    1
                  
                
                ]
              
            
          
        
      
      ,
    
  




with ĀSS(jωN-m)*=complex conjugate of ĀSS(jωN-n).
Complex Spectrum:

ANF(jω)=ĀDS(jω)

Impulse Response of the Inverse Fast Fourier Transformation (IFFT):

αNF(n)={IFFT{ANF(jω)}}.

A flow chart of an accordingly modified MELMS algorithm is shown in FIG. 22, which is based on the system and method described above in connection with FIG. 2. Magnitude constraint module 2201 is arranged between LMS module 207 and equalizing filter module 205. Another magnitude constraint module 2202 is arranged between LMS module 208 and equalizing filter module 206. The magnitude constraint may be used in connection with the pre-ringing constraint (as shown in FIG. 22), but may be also used in standalone applications, in connection with other psychoacoustically motivated constraints or in connection with a modeling delay.
However, when combining the magnitude constraint with the pre-ringing constraint, the improvements illustrated by way of the Bode diagrams (magnitude frequency responses, phase frequency responses) shown in FIG. 23 may be achieved in contrast to systems and methods without magnitude constraints, as illustrated by the corresponding resulting Bode diagrams shown in FIG. 24. It is clear that only the magnitude frequency responses of systems and methods with magnitude constraints are subject to nonlinear smoothing, while the phase frequency responses are not essentially altered. Furthermore, systems and methods with magnitude constraints and pre-ringing constraints exert no negative influence on the crosstalk cancellation performance, as can be seen from FIG. 25 (compared to FIG. 8), but post-ringing may deteriorate, as shown in FIG. 26, compared to FIG. 9. In acoustics, post-ringing designates the appearance of noise after the actual sound impulse has occurred and can be seen in FIG. 26 as noise on the right side of the main impulse.
An alternative way to smooth the spectral characteristic of the equalizing filters may be to window the equalizing filter coefficients directly in the time domain. With windowing, smoothing cannot be controlled according to psychoacoustic standards to the same extent as in the system and methods described above, but windowing of the equalizing filter coefficients allows for controlling the filter behavior in the time domain to a greater extent. FIG. 27 is a diagram illustrating the magnitude frequency responses at sound zones 701-704 when using equalizing filters and only the more distant loudspeakers, i.e., loudspeakers FLSpkrH, FLSpkrL, FRSpkrH, FRSpkrL, SLSpkr, SRSpkr, RLSpkr and RRSpkr, in combination with a pre-ringing constraint and a magnitude constraint based on windowing with a Gauss window of 0.75. The corresponding impulse responses of all equalizing filters are depicted in FIG. 28.
If windowing is based on a parameterizable Gauss window, the following equation applies:




  
    
      w
      ⁡
      
        (
        n
        )
      
    
    =
    
      e
      
        
          -
          
            1
            2
          
        
        ⁢
        
          
            (
            
              ∝
              
                
                  2
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  n
                
                N
              
            
            )
          
          2
        
      
    
  
  ,




The signal flow chart of the resulting system and method shown in FIG. 30 is based on the system and method described above in connection with FIG. 2. A windowing module 3001 (magnitude constraint) is arranged between LMS module 207 and equalizing filter module 205. Another windowing module 3002 is arranged between LMS module 208 and equalizing filter module 206. Windowing may be used in connection with the pre-ringing constraint (as shown in FIG. 22), but may be also used in standalone applications, in connection with other psychoacoustically motivated constraints or in connection with a modeling delay.
Windowing results in no significant changes in the crosstalk cancellation performance, as can be seen in FIG. 27, but the temporal behavior of the equalizing filters is improved, as can be seen from a comparison of FIGS. 26 and 28. Using a window as a magnitude constraint, however, does not result in such a huge smoothing of the magnitude frequency curve as with the other version, as will be apparent when comparing FIG. 31 with FIGS. 23 and 24. Instead, the phase time characteristic is smoothed since smoothing is performed in the time domain, as will also be apparent when comparing FIG. 31 with FIGS. 23 and 24. FIG. 31 is a Bode diagram (magnitude frequency responses, phase frequency responses) of a system or method when only more distant loudspeakers in combination with a pre-ringing constraint and a magnitude constraint based on windowing with the modified Gauss window are used.
As windowing is performed after applying the constraint in the MELMS algorithm, the window (e.g., the window shown in FIG. 29) is shifted and modified periodically, which can be expressed as follows:




  
    Win
    ⁡
    
      (
      n
      )
    
  
  =
  
    {
    
      
        
          
            
              
                w
                ⁢
                
                  (
                  
                    
                      N
                      2
                    
                    +
                    n
                  
                  )
                
              
              ,
            
          
          
            
              
                n
                =
                
                  [
                  
                    0
                    ,
                    ...
                    ⁢
                    
                      
                    
                    ,
                    
                      
                        N
                        2
                      
                      -
                      1
                    
                  
                  ]
                
              
              ,
            
          
        
        
          
            
              0
              ,
            
          
          
            
              n
              =
              
                [
                
                  
                    N
                    2
                  
                  ,
                  ...
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ,
                  
                    N
                    -
                    1
                  
                
                ]
              
            
          
        
      
      .
    
  




The Gauss window shown in FIG. 29 tends to level out when parameter a gets smaller and thus provides less smoothing at smaller values of parameter a. Parameter a may be chosen dependent on different aspects such as the update rate (i.e., how often windowing is applied within a certain number of iteration steps), the total number of iterations, etc. In the present example, windowing was performed in each iteration step, which was the reason for choosing a relatively small parameter a, since repeated multiplications of the filter coefficients with the window are performed in each iteration step and the filter coefficients successively decrease. An accordingly modified window is shown in FIG. 32.
Windowing allows not only for a certain smoothing in the spectral domain in terms of magnitude and phase, but also for adjusting the desired temporal confinement of the equalizing filter coefficients. These effects can be freely chosen by way of a smoothing parameter such as a configurable window (see parameter a in the exemplary Gauss window described above) so that the maximum attenuation and the acoustic quality of the equalizing filters in the time domain can be adjusted.
Yet another alternative way to smooth the spectral characteristic of the equalizing filters may be to provide, in addition to the magnitude, the phase within the magnitude constraint. Instead of an unprocessed phase, a previously adequately smoothed phase is applied, whereby smoothing may again be nonlinear. However, any other smoothing characteristic is applicable as well. Smoothing may be applied only to the unwrapped phase, which is the continuous phase frequency characteristic, and not to the (repeatedly) wrapped phase, which is within a valid range of −π≦φ<π.
In order also to take the topology into account, a spatial constraint may be employed, which can be achieved by adapting the MELMS algorithm as follows:

Wk(ejΩ,n+1)=Wk(ejΩ,n)+μΣm=1M(X′k,m(ejΩ,n)E′m(ejΩ,n)), wherein

E′m(ejΩ, n)=Em(ejΩ, n)Gm(ejΩ) and Gm (ejΩ) is the weighting function for the mth error signal in the spectral domain.
A flow chart of an accordingly modified MELMS algorithm, which is based on the system and method described above in connection with FIG. 22 and in which a spatial constraint LMS module 3301 substitutes LMS module 207 and a spatial constraint LMS module 3302 substitutes LMS module 208, is shown in FIG. 33. The spatial constraint may be used in connection with the pre-ringing constraint (as shown in FIG. 33), but may also be used in standalone applications, in connection with psychoacoustically motivated constraints or in connection with a modeling delay.
A flow chart of an alternatively modified MELMS algorithm, which is also based on the system and method described above in connection with FIG. 22, is shown in FIG. 34. A spatial constraint module 3403 is arranged to control a gain control filter module 3401 and a gain control filter module 3402. Gain control filter module 3401 is arranged downstream of microphone 215 and provides a modified error signal e′1(n). Gain control filter module 3402 is arranged downstream of microphone 216 and provides a modified error signal e′2(n).
In the system and method shown in FIG. 34, (error) signals e1(n) and e2(n) from microphones 215 and 216 are modified in the time domain rather than in the spectral domain. The modification in the time domain can nevertheless be performed such that the spectral composition of the signals is also modified, e.g., by way of the filter that provides a frequency-dependent gain. However, the gain may also simply be frequency independent.
In the example shown in FIG. 34, no spatial constraint is applied, i.e., all error microphones (all positions, all sound zones) are weighted equally so that no special emphasis or insignificance is applied to particular microphones (positions, sound zones). However, a position-dependent weighting can be applied as well. Alternatively, sub-areas may be defined so that, for example, areas around the listener's ears may be amplified and areas at the back part of the head may be damped.
It may be desirable to modify the spectral application field of the signals supplied to the loudspeakers since the loudspeakers may exhibit differing electrical and acoustic characteristics. But even if all characteristics are identical, it may be desirable to control the bandwidth of each loudspeaker independently from the other loudspeakers since the usable bandwidths of identical loudspeakers with identical characteristics may differ when disposed at different locations (positions, vented boxes with different volume). Such differences may be compensated by way of crossover filters. In the exemplary system and method shown in FIG. 35, a frequency-dependent gain constraint, herein also referred to as a frequency constraint, may be used instead of crossover filters to make sure that all loudspeakers are operated in an identical or at least similar fashion, for example, such that none of the loudspeakers are overloaded, which leads to unwanted non-linear distortions. Frequency constraints can be realized in a multiplicity of ways, two of which are discussed below.
A flow chart of an accordingly modified MELMS algorithm, which is based on the system and method described above in connection with FIG. 34, but may be based on any other system and method described herein, with or without particular constraints, is shown in FIG. 35. In the exemplary system shown in FIG. 35, LMS modules 207 and 208 are substituted by frequency-dependent gain constraint LMS modules 3501 and 3502 to provide a specific adaptation behavior, which can be described as follows:

{circumflex over (X)}′k,m(ejΩ,n)=Xk,m(ejΩ,n)Ŝk,m(ejΩ,n)|Fk(ejΩ)|,

wherein k=1, . . . , K, K being the number of loudspeakers; m=1, . . . , M, M being the number of microphones; Ŝk,m(ejΩ, n) is the model of the secondary path between the kth loudspeaker and the mth (error) microphone at time n (in samples); and |Fk(ejΩ)| is the magnitude of the crossover filter for the spectral restriction of the signal supplied to the kth loudspeaker, the signal being essentially constant over time n.
As can be seen, the modified MELMS algorithm is essentially only a modification with which filtered input signals are generated, wherein the filtered input signals are spectrally restricted by way of K crossover filter modules with a transfer function Fk(ejΩ). The crossover filter modules may have complex transfer functions, but in most applications, it is sufficient to use only the magnitudes of transfer functions |Fk(ejΩ)| in order to achieve the desired spectral restrictions since the phase is not required for the spectral restriction and may even disturb the adaptation process. The magnitude of exemplary frequency characteristics of applicable crossover filters are depicted in FIG. 36.
The corresponding magnitude frequency responses at all four positions and the filter coefficients of the equalizing filters (representing the impulse responses thereof) over time (in samples), are shown in FIGS. 37 and 38, respectively. The magnitude responses shown in FIG. 37 and the impulse responses of the equalizing filters for establishing crosstalk cancellation shown in FIG. 38 relate to four positions when applying equalizing filters in connection with exclusively more distant loudspeakers such as loudspeakers FLSpkrH, FLSpkrL, FRSpkrH, FRSpkrL, SLSpkr, SRSpkr, RLSpkr and RRSpkr in the setup shown in FIG. 7 in combination with a frequency constraint, a pre-ringing constraint and a magnitude constraint, including windowing with a Gauss window of 0.25.
FIGS. 37 and 38 illustrate the results of the spectral restriction of the output signals by way of the crossover filter modules below 400 Hz, which is the minor influence of the front woofers FLSpkrL and FRSpkrL in the setup shown in FIG. 7, and the absence of any significant influence on the crosstalk cancellation, as can be seen from a comparison of FIGS. 37 and 27. These results are also supported when comparing the Bode diagrams shown in FIGS. 39 and 31, in which the diagrams shown in FIG. 39 are based on the same setup that forms the basis of FIGS. 37 and 38 and shows a significant change of the signal supplied to woofers FLSpkrL and FRSpkrL when they are next to front positions FLPos and FRPos. Systems and methods with frequency constraints as set forth above may tend to exhibit a certain weakness (magnitude drops) at low frequencies in some applications. Therefore, the frequency constraint may be alternatively implemented, e.g., as discussed below in connection with FIG. 40.
A flow chart of an accordingly modified MELMS algorithm, as shown in FIG. 40, is based on the system and method described above in connection with FIG. 34, but may be alternatively based on any other system and method described herein, with or without particular constraints. In the exemplary system shown in FIG. 40, a frequency constraint module 4001 may be arranged downstream of equalizing filter 205, and a frequency constraint module 4002 may be arranged downstream of equalizing filter 206. The alternative arrangement of the frequency constraint allows for reducing the complex influence (magnitude and phase) of the crossover filters in the room transfer characteristics, i.e., in the actual occurring transfer functions Sk,m(ejΩ,n) by way of pre-filtering the signals supplied to the loudspeakers, and in the transfer functions of their models Ŝk,m(ejΩ,n), which is indicated in FIG. 40 by Ŝ′k,m(ejΩ,n). This modification to the MELMS algorithm can be described with the following equations:

S′k,m(ejΩ,n)=Sk,m(ejΩ,n)Fk(ejΩ),

Ŝ′k,m(ejΩ,n)=Ŝk,m(ejΩ,n)Fk(ejΩ),

wherein Ŝ′k,m(ejΩ, n) is an approximation of S′k,m(ejΩ,n).
FIG. 41 is a diagram illustrating the magnitude frequency responses at the four positions described above in connection with FIG. 7 when equalizing filters are applied and only the more distant loudspeakers, i.e., FLSpkrH, FLSpkrL, FRSpkrH, FRSpkrL, SLSpkr, SRSpkr, RLSpkr and RRSpkr in the setup shown in FIG. 7, are used in connection with a pre-ringing constraint, a magnitude constraint (windowing with a Gauss window of 0.25) and a frequency constraint that is included in the room transfer functions. The corresponding impulse responses are shown in FIG. 42, and the corresponding Bode diagrams are shown in FIG. 43. As can be seen in FIGS. 41-43, the crossover filters have a significant impact on woofers FLSpkr L and FRSpkrL next to front positions FLPos and FRPos. Particularly when comparing FIGS. 41 and 37, it can be seen that the frequency constraint on which the diagram of FIG. 41 is based allows for a more distinct filtering effect at lower frequencies and that the crosstalk cancellation performance deteriorates a little bit at frequencies above 50 Hz.
Depending on the application, at least one (other) psychoacoustically motivated constraint may be employed, either alone or in combination with other psychoacoustically motivated or not psychoacoustically motivated constraints such as a loudspeaker-room-microphone constraint. For example, the temporal behavior of the equalizing filters when using only a magnitude constraint, i.e., non-linear smoothing of the magnitude frequency characteristic when maintaining the original phase (compare the impulse responses depicted in FIG. 26), is perceived by the listener as annoying tonal post-ringing. This post-ringing may be suppressed by way of a post-ringing constraint, which can be described based on an energy time curve (ETC) as follows:
Zero Padding:




  
    
      w
      k
    
    =
    
      [
      
        
          
            
              
                w
                k
              
              _
            
          
        
        
          
            0
          
        
      
      ]
    
  
  ,




wherein wk is the final set of filter coefficients for the kth equalizing filter in a MELMS algorithm with length N/2, and 0 is the zero column vector with length N.
FFT Conversion:

Wk,t(ejΩ)={FFT{wk(t, . . . ,t+N)}}.

ETC Calculation:




  
    
      E
      ⁢
      
        
      
      ⁢
      T
      ⁢
      
        
      
      ⁢
      
        
          C
          
            k
            
              
                N
                2
              
              ⁢
              
                N
                2
              
            
          
        
        ⁡
        
          (
          
            n
            ,
            t
          
          )
        
      
    
    =
    
      [
      
        
          
            W
            
              k
              ,
              t
            
          
          ⁡
          
            (
            
              e
              
                j
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                
                  Ω
                  
                    n
                    =
                    0
                  
                
              
            
            )
          
        
        ,
        ...
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ,
        
          
            W
            
              k
              ,
              t
            
          
          (
          
            e
            
              j
              ⁢
              
                
              
              ⁢
              
                Ω
                
                  n
                  =
                  
                    
                      N
                      2
                    
                    -
                    1
                  
                
              
            
          
          )
        
      
      ]
    
  
  ,
  
    

  
  ⁢
  
    
      E
      ⁢
      
        
      
      ⁢
      T
      ⁢
      
        
      
      ⁢
      
        
          C
          
            d
            ⁢
            
              
            
            ⁢
            B
            ⁢
            
              
            
            ⁢
            
              k
              
                
                  N
                  2
                
                ⁢
                
                  N
                  2
                
              
            
          
        
        ⁡
        
          (
          
            n
            ,
            t
          
          )
        
      
    
    =
    
      20
      ⁢
      
        
      
      ⁢
      
        
          log
          10
        
        (
        
          
          
            E
            ⁢
            
              
            
            ⁢
            T
            ⁢
            
              
            
            ⁢
            
              
                C
                
                  k
                  
                    
                      N
                      2
                    
                    ⁢
                    
                      N
                      2
                    
                  
                
              
              ⁡
              
                (
                
                  n
                  ,
                  t
                
                )
              
            
          
          
        
        )
      
    
  
  ,
  
    

  
  ⁢
  
    n
    ∈
    
      [
      
        0
        ,
        ...
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ,
        
          N
          2
        
      
      ]
    
  
  ,
  
    

  
  ⁢
  
    t
    ∈
    
      [
      
        0
        ,
        ...
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ,
        
          
            N
            2
          
          -
          1
        
      
      ]
    
  
  ,




wherein Wk,t(ejΩ) is the real part of the spectrum of the kth equalizing filter at the tth iteration step (rectangular window) and




  E
  ⁢
  
    
  
  ⁢
  T
  ⁢
  
    
  
  ⁢
  
    
      C
      
        d
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        B
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        
          k
          
            
              N
              2
            
            ⁢
            
              N
              2
            
          
        
      
    
    ⁡
    
      (
      
        n
        ,
        t
      
      )
    
  




represents me waterfall diagram of the kth equalizing filter, which includes all N/2 magnitude frequency responses of the single sideband spectra with a length of N/2 in the logarithmic domain.

When calculating the ETC of the room impulse response of a typical vehicle and comparing the resulting ETC with the ETC of the signal supplied to front left high-frequency loudspeaker FLSpkrH in a MELMS system or method described above, it turns out that the decay time exhibited in certain frequency ranges is significant longer, which can be seen as the underlying cause of post-ringing. Furthermore, it turns out that the energy contained in the room impulse response of the MELMS system and method described above might be too much at a later time in the decay process. Similar to how pre-ringing is suppressed, post-ringing may be suppressed by way of a post-ringing constraint, which is based on the psychoacoustic property of the human ear called (auditory) post-masking.
Auditory masking occurs when the perception of one sound is affected by the presence of another sound. Auditory masking in the frequency domain is known as simultaneous masking, frequency masking or spectral masking. Auditory masking in the time domain is known as temporal masking or non-simultaneous masking. The unmasked threshold is the quietest level of the signal that can be perceived without a present masking signal. The masked threshold is the quietest level of the signal perceived when combined with a specific masking noise. The amount of masking is the difference between the masked and unmasked thresholds. The amount of masking will vary depending on the characteristics of both the target signal and the masker, and will also be specific to an individual listener. Simultaneous masking occurs when a sound is made inaudible by a noise or unwanted sound of the same duration as the original sound. Temporal masking or non-simultaneous masking occurs when a sudden stimulus sound makes other sounds that are present immediately preceding or following the stimulus inaudible. Masking that obscures a sound immediately preceding the masker is called backward masking or pre-masking, and masking that obscures a sound immediately following the masker is called forward masking or post-masking Temporal masking's effectiveness attenuates exponentially from the onset and offset of the masker, with the onset attenuation lasting approximately 20 ms and the offset attenuation lasting approximately 100 ms, as shown in FIG. 44.
An exemplary graph depicting the inverse exponential function of the group delay difference over frequency is shown in FIG. 45, and the corresponding inverse exponential function of the phase difference over frequency as the post-masking threshold is shown in FIG. 46. “Post-masking” threshold is understood herein as a constraint to avoid post-ringing in equalizing filters. As can be seen from FIG. 45, which shows a constraint in the form of a limiting group delay function (group delay differences over frequency), the post-masking threshold decreases when the frequency increases. While at a frequency of approximately 1 Hz, a post-ringing with a duration of around 250 ms may be acceptable for a listener, at a frequency of approximately 500 Hz, the threshold is already at around 50 ms and may reach higher frequencies with an approximate asymptotic end-value of 5 ms. The curve shown in FIG. 45 can easily be transformed into a limiting phase function, which is shown in FIG. 46 as phase difference curve over frequency. As the shapes of the curves of post-ringing (FIGS. 45 and 46) and pre-ringing (FIGS. 3 and 4) are quite similar, the same curve may be used for both post-ringing and pre-ringing but with different scaling. The post-ringing constraint may be described as follows:
Specifications:




  
    t
    S
  
  =
  
    [
    
      0
      ,
      
        N
        
          2
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          
            f
            S
          
        
      
      ,
      ...
      ⁢
      
        
      
      ,
      
        (
        
          
            N
            2
          
          -
          1
        
        )
      
    
    ]
  




is the time vector with a length of N/2 (in samples),

t0=0 is the starting point in time,
a0db=0 dB is the starting level and
a1db=−60 dB is the end level.
Gradient:




  
    m
    ⁡
    
      (
      n
      )
    
  
  =
  
    
      
        a
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        
          1
          dB
        
      
      -
      
        a
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        
          0
          dB
        
      
    
    
      
        
          τ
          GroupDelay
        
        ⁡
        
          (
          n
          )
        
      
      -
      
        t
        0
      
    
  




is the gradient of the limiting function (in dB/s),

τGroupDelay(n) is the difference function of the group delay for suppressing post-ringing (in s) at frequency n (in FFT bin).
Limiting Function:
LimFctdB (n, t)=m(n)tS is the temporal limiting function for the nth frequency bin (in dB), and




  n
  =
  
    [
    
      0
      ,
      ...
      ⁢
      
        
      
      ,
      
        N
        2
      
    
    ]
  




is the frequency index representing the bin number of the single sideband spectrum (in FFT bin).

Time Compensation/Scaling:




  
    
      [
      
        
          
            
              ETC
              
                dB
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                k
              
            
            ⁡
            
              (
              n
              )
            
          
          Max
        
        ,
        
          t
          Max
        
      
      ]
    
    =
    
      max
      ⁢
      
        {
        
          
            ETC
            
              dB
              ⁢
              
                
              
              ⁢
              k
            
          
          ⁡
          
            (
            
              n
              ,
              t
            
            )
          
        
        }
      
    
  
  ,
  
    

  
  ⁢
  
    
      
        LimFct
        dB
      
      ⁡
      
        (
        
          n
          ,
          t
        
        )
      
    
    =
    
      [
      
        0
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        
          
            LimFct
            dB
          
          (
          
            n
            ,
            
              [
              
                0
                ,
                ...
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ,
                
                  
                    N
                    2
                  
                  -
                  
                    t
                    Max
                  
                  -
                  1
                
              
              ]
            
          
          )
        
      
      ]
    
  
  ,




0 is the zero vector with length tMax, and
tMax is the time index in which the nth limiting function has its maximum.
Linearization:




  
    
      LimFct
      dB
    
    ⁡
    
      (
      
        n
        ,
        t
      
      )
    
  
  =
  
    
      10
      
        
          
            LimFct
            dB
          
          ⁡
          
            (
            
              n
              ,
              t
            
            )
          
        
        20
      
    
    .
  




Limitation of ETC:




  
    
      ETC
      k
    
    ⁡
    
      (
      
        n
        ,
        t
      
      )
    
  
  =
  
    {
    
      
        
          
            
              
                
                  
                    LimFct
                    ⁡
                    
                      (
                      
                        n
                        ,
                        t
                      
                      )
                    
                  
                  
                    
                    
                      
                        ETC
                        k
                      
                      ⁡
                      
                        (
                        
                          n
                          ,
                          t
                        
                        )
                      
                    
                    
                  
                
                ⁢
                
                  
                    ETC
                    k
                  
                  ⁡
                  
                    (
                    
                      n
                      ,
                      t
                    
                    )
                  
                
              
              ,
            
          
          
            
              
                
                  if
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                      ETC
                      
                        dB
                        ⁢
                        
                          
                        
                        ⁢
                        k
                      
                    
                    ⁡
                    
                      (
                      
                        n
                        ,
                        t
                      
                      )
                    
                  
                
                >
                
                  LimFct
                  ⁡
                  
                    (
                    
                      n
                      ,
                      t
                    
                    )
                  
                
              
              ,
            
          
        
        
          
            
              
                
                  ETC
                  k
                
                ⁡
                
                  (
                  
                    n
                    ,
                    t
                  
                  )
                
              
              ,
            
          
          
            otherwise
          
        
      
      .
    
  




Calculation of the Room Impulse Response:




  
    
      w
      ~
    
    k
  
  =
  
    
      2
      
        N
        +
        2
      
    
    ⁢
    
      
        ∑
        
          n
          =
          0
        
        
          N
          /
          2
        
      
      ⁢
      
        
          ETC
          k
        
        ⁡
        
          (
          
            n
            ,
            t
          
          )
        
      
    
  




is the modified room impulse response of the kth channel (signal supplied to loudspeaker) that includes the post-ringing constraint.

As can be seen in the equations above, the post-ringing constraint is based here on a temporal restriction of the ETC, which is frequency dependent and whose frequency dependence is based on group delay difference function τGroupDelay (n) An exemplary curve representing group delay difference function τGroupDelay(n) is shown in FIG. 45. Within a given time period τGroupDelay(n)fS, the level of a limiting function LimFctdB(n,t) shall decrease according to thresholds a0dB and a1db, as shown in FIG. 47.
For each frequency n, a temporal limiting function such as the one shown in FIG. 47 is calculated and applied to the ETC matrix. If the value of the corresponding ETC time vector exceeds the corresponding threshold given by LimFctdB (n, t) at frequency n, the ETC time vector is scaled according to its distance from the threshold. In this way, it is assured that the equalizing filters exhibit in their spectra a frequency-dependent temporal drop, as required by group delay difference function τGroupDelay(n). As group delay difference function τGroupDelay(n) is designed according to psychoacoustic requirements (see FIG. 44), post-ringing, which is annoying to a listener, can be avoided or at least reduced to an acceptable degree.
Referring now to FIG. 48, the post-ringing constraint can be implemented, for example, in the system and method described above in connection with FIG. 40 (or in any other system and method described herein). In the exemplary system shown in FIG. 48, combined magnitude and post-ringing constraint modules 4801 and 4802 are used instead of magnitude constraint modules 2201 and 2202. FIG. 49 is a diagram illustrating the magnitude frequency responses at the four positions described above in connection with FIG. 7 when equalizing filters are applied and only the more distant loudspeakers, i.e., FLSpkrH, FLSpkrL, FRSpkrH, FRSpkrL, SLSpkr, SRSpkr, RLSpkr, and RRSpkr in the setup shown in FIG. 7, are used in connection with a pre-ringing constraint, a magnitude constraint (windowing with a Gauss window of 0.25), a frequency constraint that is included in the room transfer functions and a post-ringing constraint.
The corresponding impulse responses are shown in FIG. 50, and the corresponding Bode diagrams are shown in FIG. 51. When comparing the diagram shown in FIG. 49 with the diagram shown in FIG. 41, it can be seen that the post-ringing constraint slightly deteriorates the crosstalk cancellation performance. On the other hand, the diagram shown in FIG. 50 shows that post-ringing is less than in the diagram shown in FIG. 42, which relates to the system and method shown in FIG. 40. As is apparent from the Bode diagrams shown in FIG. 51, the post-ringing constraint has some effect on the phase characteristics, for example, the phase curves are smoothed.
Another way to implement the post-ringing constraint is to integrate it in the windowing procedure described above in connection with the windowed magnitude constraint. The post-ringing constraint in the time domain, as previously described, is spectrally windowed in a similar manner as the windowed magnitude constraint so that both constraints can be merged into one constraint. To achieve this, each equalizing filter is filtered exclusively at the end of the iteration process, beginning with a set of cosine signals with equidistant frequency points similar to an FFT analysis. Afterwards, the accordingly calculated time signals are weighted with a frequency-dependent window function. The window function may shorten with increasing frequency so that filtering is enhanced for higher frequencies and thus nonlinear smoothing is established. Again, an exponentially sloping window function can be used whose temporal structure is determined by the group delay, similar to the group delay difference function depicted in FIG. 45.
The implemented window function, which is freely parameterizable and whose length is frequency dependent, may be of an exponential, linear, Hamming, Hanning, Gauss or any other appropriate type. For the sake of simplicity, the window functions used in the present examples are of the exponential type. Endpoint a1dB of the limiting function may be frequency dependent (e.g., a frequency-dependent limiting function a1dB(n) in which a1dB(n) may decrease when n increases) in order to improve the crosstalk cancellation performance.
The windowing function may be further configured such that within a time period defined by group delay function τGroupDelay (n), the level drops to a value specified by frequency-dependent endpoint a1dB(n), which may be modified by way of a cosine function. All accordingly windowed cosine signals are subsequently summed up, and the sum is scaled to provide an impulse response of the equalizing filter whose magnitude frequency characteristic appears to be smoothed (magnitude constraint) and whose decay behavior is modified according to a predetermined group delay difference function (post-ringing constraint). Since windowing is performed in the time domain, it affects not only the magnitude frequency characteristic, but also the phase frequency characteristic so that frequency-dependent nonlinear complex smoothing is achieved. The windowing technique can be described by the equations set forth below.
Specifications:




  
    t
    S
  
  =
  
    [
    
      0
      ,
      
        N
        
          2
          ⁢
          
            f
            S
          
        
      
      ,
      ...
      ⁢
      
        
      
      ,
      
        (
        
          
            N
            2
          
          -
          1
        
        )
      
    
    ]
  




is the time vector with a length of N/2 (in samples),

t0=0 is the starting point in time,
a0db=0 dB is the starting level and
a1db=−120 dB is the lower threshold.
Level Limiting:




  
    
      LimLev
      dB
    
    ⁡
    
      (
      n
      )
    
  
  =
  
    (
    
      
        2
        ⁢
        a
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        
          1
          
            dB
            Min
          
        
      
      N
    
    )
  




n is a level limit,





  
    
      LevModFct
      dB
    
    ⁡
    
      (
      n
      )
    
  
  =
  
    
      -
      
        1
        2
      
    
    ⁢
    
      (
      
        
          cos
          (
          
            n
            ⁢
            
              
            
            ⁢
            
              
                2
                ⁢
                π
              
              N
            
          
          )
        
        +
        1
      
      )
    
  




is a level modification function,

a1dB (n)=LimLevdB(n)LevModFctdB(n), wherein




  n
  =
  
    [
    
      0
      ,
      ...
      ⁢
      
        
      
      ,
      
        N
        2
      
    
    ]
  




is the frequency index representing the bin number of the single sideband spectrum.

Cosine Signal Matrix:
Cos Mat(n, t)=cos(2πntS) is the cosine signal matrix.
Window Function Matrix:




  
    m
    ⁡
    
      (
      n
      )
    
  
  =
  
    
      
        a
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        
          1
          dB
        
        ⁢
        
          (
          n
          )
        
      
      -
      
        a
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        
          0
          dB
        
      
    
    
      
        
          τ
          GroupDelay
        
        ⁡
        
          (
          n
          )
        
      
      -
      
        t
        0
      
    
  




is the gradient of the limiting function in dB/s,

τGroupDelay(n) is the group delay difference function for suppressing post-ringing at the nth frequency bin,
LimFctdB(n,t)=m(n)tS is the temporal limiting function for the nth frequency bin,




  
    WinMat
    ⁡
    
      (
      
        n
        ,
        t
      
      )
    
  
  =
  
    10
    
      
        
          LimFct
          dB
        
        ⁡
        
          (
          
            n
            ,
            t
          
          )
        
      
      20
    
  




is the matrix that includes all frequency-dependent window functions.

Filtering (Application):




  
    
      CosMatFilt
      k
    
    ⁡
    
      (
      
        n
        ,
        t
      
      )
    
  
  =
  
    
      ∑
      
        t
        =
        0
      
      
        
          (
          
            N
            2
          
          )
        
        -
        1
      
    
    ⁢
    
      
        
          w
          k
        
        ⁡
        
          (
          t
          )
        
      
      ⁢
      
        CosMat
        ⁡
        
          (
          
            n
            ,
            t
          
          )
        
      
    
  




is the cosine matrix filter, wherein wk is the kth equalizing filter with length N/2.

Windowing and Scaling (Application):




  
    
      w
      ~
    
    k
  
  =
  
    
      2
      
        N
        +
        2
      
    
    ⁢
    
      
        ∑
        
          t
          =
          0
        
        
          N
          /
          2
        
      
      ⁢
      
        
          
            CosMatFilt
            k
          
          ⁡
          
            (
            
              n
              ,
              t
            
            )
          
        
        ⁢
        
          WinMat
          ⁡
          
            (
            
              n
              ,
              t
            
            )
          
        
      
    
  




is a smoothed equalizing filter of the kth channel derived by means of the previously described method.

The magnitude time curves of an exemplary frequency-dependent level limiting function a1dB(n) and an exemplary level limit LimLevdB (n) are depicted in FIG. 52. Level limiting function a1dB(n) has been amended according to level modification function LevModFctdB(n), shown as the amplitude frequency curve in FIG. 53, to the effect that the lower frequencies have been less limited than the upper frequencies. The windowing functions WinMat(n,t), based on exponential windows, are illustrated in FIG. 54 at frequencies 200 Hz (a), 2,000 Hz (b) and 20,000 Hz (c). Magnitude and post-ringing constraints can thus be combined with each other without any significant performance drops, as can further be seen in FIGS. 55-57.
FIG. 55 is a diagram illustrating the magnitude frequency responses at the four positions described above in connection with FIG. 7 when equalizing filters are applied and only the more distant loudspeakers, i.e., FLSpkrH, FLSpkrL, FRSpkrH, FRSpkrL, SLSpkr, SRSpkr, RLSpkr and RRSpkr in the setup shown in FIG. 7, are used in connection with a pre-ringing constraint, a frequency constraint, a windowed magnitude and a post-ringing constraint. The corresponding impulse responses (amplitude time diagram) are shown in FIG. 56, and the corresponding Bode diagrams are shown in FIG. 57. The previously described windowing technique allows for a significant reduction of spectral components at higher frequencies, which is perceived by the listener as more convenient. It has to be noted that this special windowing technique is not only applicable in MIMO systems, but can also be applied to any other system and method that use constraints such as general equalizing systems or measurement systems.
In most of the aforementioned examples, only the more distant loudspeakers, i.e., FLSpkrH, FLSpkrL, FRSpkrH, FRSpkrL, SLSpkr, SRSpkr, RLSpkr and RRSpkr in the setup shown in FIG. 7, were used. However, employing more closely arranged loudspeakers such as loudspeakers FLLSpkr, FLRSpkr, FRLSpkr, FRRSpkr, RLLSpkr, RLRSpkr, RRLSpkr and RRRSpkr may provide additional performance enhancement. Accordingly, in the setup shown in FIG. 7, all loudspeakers, including the eight loudspeakers disposed in the headrests, are employed to assess the performance of a windowed post-ringing constraint in view of the crosstalk cancellation performance. It is assumed that a bright zone is established at the front left position and three dark zones are generated at the three remaining positions.
FIG. 58 illustrates, by way of a magnitude frequency curve, a target function that is the reference for tonality in the bright zone and may be simultaneously applied to the pre-ringing constraint. The impulse responses of an exemplary equalizer filter based on the target function shown in FIG. 58 with and without applied windowing (windowed post-ringing constraint) are depicted in FIG. 59 as amplitude time curves in the linear domain and in FIG. 60 as magnitude time curves in the logarithmic domain. It is apparent from FIG. 60 that the windowed post-ringing constraint is capable of significantly reducing the decay time of the equalizing filter coefficients and thus of the impulse responses of the equalizing filters based on the MELMS algorithm.
From FIG. 60, it can be seen that the decay is in accordance with psychoacoustic requirements, which means that the effectiveness of the temporal reduction increases successively when frequency increases without deteriorating the crosstalk cancellation performance. Furthermore, FIG. 61 proves that the target function illustrated in FIG. 58 is met almost perfectly. FIG. 61 is a diagram illustrating the magnitude frequency responses at the four positions described above in connection with FIG. 7 when using all loudspeakers (including the loudspeakers in the headrests) in the setup shown in FIG. 7 and equalizing filters in combination with a pre-ringing constraint, a frequency constraint, a windowed magnitude and a windowed post-ringing constraint. The corresponding impulse responses are shown in FIG. 62. In general, all types of psychoacoustic constraints such as pre-ringing constraints, magnitude constraints, post-ringing constraints and all types of loudspeaker-room-microphone constraints such as frequency constraints and spatial constraints may be combined as required.
Referring to FIG. 63, the system and method described above in connection with FIG. 1 may be modified not only to generate individual sound zones, but also to generate any desired wave fields (known as auralization). To achieve this, the system and method shown in FIG. 1 has been modified in view of primary path 101, which has been substituted by controllable primary path 6301. Primary path 6301 is controlled according to source room 6302, for example, a desired listening room. The secondary path may be implemented as a target room such as the interior of vehicle 6303. The exemplary system and method shown in FIG. 63 is based on a simple setup in which the acoustics of desired listening room 6302 (e.g., a concert hall) are established (modeled) within a sound zone around one particular actual listening position with the same setup as shown in FIG. 7 (e.g., the front left position in vehicle interior 6303). A listening position may be the position of a listener's ear, a point between a listener's two ears or the area around the head at a certain position in the target room 6303.
Acoustic measurements in the source room and in the target room may be made with the same microphone constellation, i.e., the same number of microphones with the same acoustic properties, and disposed at the same positions relative to each other. As the MELMS algorithm generates coefficients for K equalizing filters that have transfer function W(z), the same acoustic conditions may be present at the microphone positions in the target room as at the corresponding positions in the source room. In the present example, this means that a virtual center speaker may be created at the front left position of target room 6303 that has the same properties as measured in source room 6302. The system and method described above may thus also be used for generating several virtual sources, as can be seen in the setup shown in FIG. 64. It should be noted that front left loudspeaker FL and front right loudspeaker FR correspond to loudspeaker arrays with high-frequency loudspeakers FLSpkrH and FRSpkrH and low-frequency loudspeakers FLSpkrL and FRSpkrL, respectively. In the present example, both source room 6401 and target room 6303 may be 5.1 audio setups.
However, not only may a single virtual source be modeled in the target room, but a multiplicity I of virtual sources may also be modeled simultaneously, wherein for each of the I virtual sources, a corresponding equalizing filter coefficient set Wi(z), I being 0, . . . , I−1, is calculated. For example, when modeling a virtual 5.1 system at the front left position, as shown in FIG. 64, I=6 virtual sources are generated that are disposed according to the ITU standard for 5.1 systems. The approach for systems with a multiplicity of virtual sources is similar to the approach for systems with only one virtual source, which is that I primary path matrixes Pi(z) are determined in the source room and applied to the loudspeaker set up in the target room. Subsequently, a set of equalizing filter coefficients Wi(z) for K equalizing filters is adaptively determined for each matrix Pi(z) by way of the modified MELMS algorithm. The I×K equalizing filters are then superimposed and applied, as shown in FIG. 65.
FIG. 65 is a flow chart of an application of accordingly generated I×K equalizing filters that form I filter matrixes 6501-6506 to provide I=6 virtual sound sources for the approximate sound reproduction according to the 5.1 standard at the driver's position. According to the 5.1 standard, six input signals relating to loudspeaker positions C, FL, FR, SL, SR and Sub are supplied to the six filter matrixes 6501-6506. Equalizing filter matrixes 6501-6506 provide I=6 sets of equalizing filter coefficients W1(z)-W6(z) in which each set includes K equalizing filters and thus provides K output signals. Corresponding output signals of the filter matrixes are summed up by way of adders 6507-6521 and are then supplied to the respective loudspeakers arranged in target room 6303. For example, the output signals with k=1 are summed up and supplied to front right loudspeaker (array) 6523, the output signals with k=2 are summed up and supplied to front left loudspeaker (array) 6522, the output signals with k=6 are summed up and supplied to subwoofer 6524 and so forth.
A wave field can be established in any number of positions, e.g., microphone arrays 6603-6606 at four positions in a target room 6601, as shown in FIG. 66. The microphone arrays providing 4×M are summed up in a summing module 6602 to provide M signals y(n) to subtractor 105. The modified MELMS algorithm allows not only for control of the position of the virtual sound source, but also for the horizontal angle of incidence (azimuth), the vertical angle of incidence (elevation) and the distance between the virtual sound source and the listener.
Furthermore, the field may be coded into its eigenmodes, i.e., spherical harmonics, which are subsequently decoded again to provide a field that is identical or at least very similar to the original wave field. During decoding, the wave field may be dynamically modified, e.g., rotated, zoomed in or out, clinched, stretched, shifted back and forth, etc. By coding the wave field of a source in a source room into its eigenmodes and coding the eigenmodes by way of a MIMO system or method in the target room, the virtual sound source can thus be dynamically modified in view of its three-dimensional position in the target room. FIG. 67 depicts exemplary eigenmodes up to an order of M=4. These eigenmodes, for example, wave fields that have the frequency-independent shapes shown in FIG. 67, may be modeled by way of specific sets of equalizing filter coefficients to a certain degree (order). The order basically depends on the sound system present in the target room such as the sound system's upper cutoff frequency. The higher the cutoff frequency is, the higher the order should be.
For loudspeakers in the target room that are more distant from the listener and that thus exhibit a cutoff frequency of fLim=400 . . . 600 Hz, a sufficient order is M=1, which are the first N=(M+1)2=4 spherical harmonics in three dimensions and N=(2M+1)=3 in two dimensions.




  
    
      f
      Lim
    
    =
    
      cM
      
        2
        ⁢
        π
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        R
      
    
  
  ,




wherein c is the speed of sound (343 m/s at 20° C.), M is the order of the eigenmodes, N is the number of eigenmodes and R is the radius of the listening surface of the zones.
By contrast, when additional loudspeakers are disposed much closer to the listener (e.g., headrest loudspeakers), order M may increase dependent on the maximum cutoff frequency to M=2 or M=3. Assuming that the distant field conditions are predominant, i.e., that the wave field can be split into plane waves, the wave field can be described by way of a Fourier Bessel series, as follows:

P(r,ω)=S(jω)(Σm=0∞jmjm(kr)Σ0≦n≦m,σ=±1Bm,nσYm,nσ(θ,φ)),

wherein Bm,nσ are the Ambisonic coefficients (weighting coefficients of the Nth spherical harmonic), Ym,nσ (θ, φ) is a complex spherical harmonic of mth order, nth grade (real part σ=1, imaginary part σ=−1), P(r, ω) is the spectrum of the sound pressure at a position r=(r, θ, φ), S(jω) is the input signal in the spectral domain, j is the imaginary unit of complex numbers and jm(kr) is the spherical Bessel function of the first species of mth order.
The complex spherical harmonics Ym,nσ(θ, φ) may then be modeled by the MIMO system and method in the target room, i.e., by the corresponding equalizing filter coefficients, as depicted in FIG. 68. By contrast, the Ambisonic coefficients Bm,nσ are derived from an analysis of the wave field in the source room or a room simulation. FIG. 68 is a flow chart of an application in which the first N=3 spherical harmonics are generated in the target room by way of a MIMO system or method. Three equalizing filter matrixes 6801-6803 provide the first three spherical harmonics (W, X and Y) of a virtual sound source for the approximate sound reproduction at the driver's position from input signal x[n]. Equalizing filter matrixes 6801-6803 provide three sets of equalizing filter coefficients W1(z)-W3(z) in which each set includes K equalizing filters and thus provides K output signals. Corresponding output signals of the filter matrixes are summed up by way of adders 6804-6809 and then supplied to the respective loudspeakers arranged in target room 6814. For example, the output signals with k=1 are summed up and supplied to front right loudspeaker (array) 6811, the output signals with k=2 are summed up and supplied to front left loudspeaker (array) 6810 and the last output signals with k=K are summed up and supplied to subwoofer 6812. At listening position 6813 then, the first three eigenmodes X, Y and Z are generated that together form the desired wave field of one virtual source.
Modifications can be made in a simple manner, as can be seen from the following example in which a rotational element is introduced while decoding:

P(r,ω)=S(jω)(Σm=0∞jmjm(kr)Σ0≦n≦m,σ=±1Bm,nσYm,nσ(θ,φ)Ym,nσ(θDes,φDes)),

wherein Ym,nσ (θDes, φDes) are modal weighting coefficients that turn the spherical harmonics in the desired direction (θDes, φDes).
Referring to FIG. 69, an arrangement for measuring the acoustics of the source room may include microphone array 6901 in which a multiplicity of microphones 6903-6906 are disposed on a headband 6902. Headband 6902 may be worn by a listener 6907 when in the source room and positioned slightly above the listener's ears. Instead of a single microphone microphone arrays may be used to measure the acoustics of the source room. The microphone arrays include at least two microphones arranged on a circle with a diameter corresponding to the diameter of an average listener's head and in a position that corresponds to an average listener's ears. Two of the array's microphones may be disposed at or at least close to the position of the average listener's ears.
Instead of a listener's head, any artificial head or rigid sphere with properties similar to a human head may also be used. Furthermore, additional microphones may be arranged in positions other than on the circle, for example, on further circles or according to any other pattern on a rigid sphere. FIG. 70 depicts a microphone array including a multiplicity of microphones 7002 on rigid sphere 7001 in which some of microphones 7002 may be arranged on at least one circle 7003. Circle 7003 may be arranged such that it corresponds to a circle that includes the positions of a listener's ears.
Alternatively, a multiplicity of microphones may be arranged on a multiplicity of circles that include the positions of the ears but that the multiplicity of microphones concentrates to the areas around where the human ears are or would be in case of an artificial head or other rigid sphere. An example of an arrangement in which microphones 7102 are arranged on ear cups 7103 worn by listener 7101 is shown in FIG. 71. Microphones 7102 may be disposed in a regular pattern on a hemisphere around the positions of the human ears.
Other alternative microphone arrangements for measuring the acoustics in the source room may include artificial heads with two microphones at the ears' positions, microphones arranged in planar patterns or microphones placed in a (quasi-)regular fashion on a rigid sphere, able to directly measure the Ambisonic coefficients.
Referring again to the description above in connection with FIGS. 52-54, an exemplary process for providing a magnitude constraint with integrated post-ringing constraint as shown in FIG. 72 may include iteratively adapting the transfer function of the filter module (7201), inputting a set of cosine signals with equidistant frequencies and equal amplitudes into the filter module upon adaption (7202), weighting signals output by the filter module with a frequency-dependent windowing function (7203), summing up the filtered and windowed cosine signals to provide a sum signal (7204), and scaling the sum signal to provide an updated impulse response of the filter module for controlling the transfer functions of the K equalizing filter modules (7205).
It is to be noted that in the system and methods described above that both the filter modules and the filter control modules may be implemented in a vehicle but alternatively only the filter modules may be implemented in the vehicle and the filter control modules may be outside the vehicle. As another alternative both the filter modules and the filter control modules may be implemented outside vehicle, for example, in a computer and the filter coefficients of the filter module may be copied into a shadow filter disposed in the vehicle. Furthermore, the adaption may be a one-time process or a consecutive process as the case may be.
While various embodiments of the invention have been described, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that many more embodiments and implementations are possible within the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not to be restricted except in light of the attached claims and their equivalents.
While exemplary embodiments are described above, it is not intended that these embodiments describe all possible forms of the invention. Rather, the words used in the specification are words of description rather than limitation, and it is understood that various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Additionally, the features of various implementing embodiments may be combined to form further embodiments of the invention.

## Claims

1. A loudspeaker-room-microphone system comprising:
an input signal path that is configured to provide an input signal;
a loudspeaker that is configured to convert an output signal into sound;
a recording channel that includes a microphone and that is configured to provide an error signal, the microphone configured to pick up the sound;
a filter that is arranged in a signal path downstream the input signal path and upstream of the loudspeaker, the filter configured to filter the input signal according to a controllable transfer function to provide the output signal; and
a filter control that is operatively coupled to the filter and configured to control the transfer function of the filter based on the error signal and the input signal; wherein
the filter control comprises a combined windowed magnitude and a post-ringing constraint.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the filter control is configured to:
control the transfer function of the filter with an iterative adaption process;
receive a set of cosine signals with equidistant frequencies and equal amplitudes at an end of the iterative adaption process and to output a time signal;
weigh the time signal output by the filter with a frequency-dependent windowing function and, based on the;
filtered and weighted cosine signals to provide
an updated impulse response of the filter for controlling the transfer function of the filter.

3. The system of claim 2, wherein the frequency-dependent windowing function has a temporal length that decreases with increasing frequency.

4. The system of claim 2, wherein the frequency-dependent windowing function is of exponential, linear, Hamming, Hanning or Gauss type.

5. The system of claim 2, wherein the filter control is configured to apply a temporal limiting function with a start value and an end value to signals output by the filter.

6. The system of claim 5, wherein the end value of the temporal limiting function decreases with increasing frequency.

7. The system of claim 5, wherein the end value of the temporal limiting function decreases according to a cosine function.

8. A method comprising:
filtering an input signal with a controllable transfer function to provide an output signal;
providing an error signal, via a recording channel that includes a microphone that picks up sound from a loudspeaker, based on the output signal; and
controlling the controllable transfer function based on the error signal and the input signal; wherein:
controlling the controllable transfer function comprises a combined windowed magnitude constraint and a post-ringing constraint.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein controlling comprises:
controlling the controllable transfer function with an iterative adaption process;
filtering a set of cosine signals with equidistant frequencies and equal amplitudes with the controllable transfer function at an end of the adaption process and outputting a time signal;
weighing the time signals with a frequency-dependent windowing function; and
based on the filtered and weighted cosine signals,
providing an updated impulse response of the filtering for controlling the transfer function of the filtering.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the frequency-dependent windowing function has a temporal length that decreases with increasing frequency.

11. The method of claim 9, wherein the frequency-dependent windowing function is of exponential, linear, Hamming, Hanning or Gauss type.

12. The method of claim 9, wherein controlling further comprises applying a temporal limiting function with a start value and an end value to signals output by a filter.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein the end value of the limiting function decreases with increasing frequency.

14. The method of claim 12, wherein the end value of the limiting function decreases according to a cosine function.

15. A loudspeaker-room-microphone system comprising:
a filter including a transfer function, the filter receiving an input signal and providing an output signal;
a recording channel including a microphone that picks up sound from a loudspeaker, the recording channel providing an error signal based on the output signal; and
a filter control that is configured to control the transfer function of the filter based on the error signal and the input signal; wherein
the filter control comprises a combined windowed magnitude and post-ringing constraint.

16. The system of claim 15, wherein the filter control is further configured to:
control the transfer function of the filter with an iterative adaption process;
receive a set of cosine signals with equidistant frequencies and equal amplitudes at an end of the iterative adaption process and to output a time signal;
weigh the time signal output by the filter with a frequency-dependent windowing function and, based on the
filtered and weighted cosine signals to provide
an updated impulse response of the filter for controlling the transfer function of the filter.

17. The system of claim 16, wherein the frequency-dependent windowing function has a temporal length that decreases with increasing frequency.

18. The system of claim 17, wherein the frequency-dependent windowing function is of exponential, linear, Hamming, Hanning or Gauss type.

19. The system of claim 17, wherein the filter control is configured to apply a temporal limiting function with a start value and an end value to signals output by the filter.

20. The system of claim 19, wherein the end value of the temporal limiting function decreases with increasing frequency.