IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

No. 96-40115

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus

BEN D. CAMPBELL,

Defendant-Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Texas

February 7, 1997

Before GARWOOD, DAVIS and STEWART, Circuit Judges.

CARL E. STEWART, Circuit Judge:

Ben D. Campbell appeals what he calls a “vindictive” sentence imposed by the district court.

He was convicted of making a false entry in bank records (“Count I”), conspiracy to commit bank

fraud (“Count II”), and bank fraud (“Count III”). The district court sentenced Campbell to five

years’ probation on Count I and fifty-one months’ imprisonment on Counts II and III, the sentences

to run concurrently. The court also ordered restitution in the amount of $540,229.56.

In United States v. Campbell, 64 F.3d 967, 978 (5th Cir. 1995), we reversed Campbell’s

convictions on Counts II and III because of insufficient evidence and remanded the case for
1Asthis case is on appealfor the second time, we do not recite all the factsthat were adduced

at the initial trial. A more detailed statement of the facts can be found in United States v. Campbell,

64 F.3d 967 (5th Cir. 1995).

2

resentencing without further instructions. On remand, the district court overruled all of Campbell’s

objections to the imposition of a greater sentence than probation, and sentenced Campbell to forty

months’ imprisonment on Count I and ordered him to pay restitution in the amount of $211,082.18.

Campbell timely filed his notice of appeal. For the following reasons, we AFFIRM Campbell’s

sentence and REVERSE and VACATE the restitution order.

BACKGROUND1

In 1978, John Campbell (“John”) purchased 6.2 acres of land near Crested Butte, Colorado

(“Crested Butte”) for development as a resort. In 1984, Campbell, his father John, and Daniel

Thurman formed West-Butte Corporation (“West-Butte”) to continue with development of the

Crested Butte property. West-Butte’s Articles of Incorporation listed Thurman as president,

Campbell as vice-president, and ShirleyThurman assecretary/treasurer. The corporation’ssole asset

was the Crested Butte property, which John had conveyed to West-Butte by warranty deed.

In 1986, Campbell began experiencing financial difficulties with other companies he owned.

In an effort to solve his debt problems, Campbell approached Mbank Fort Worth for a loan, and

offered to pledge the Crested-Butte property as collateral. Mbank refused to approve the loan when

it discovered that West-Butte, not Campbell, owned Crested Butte and that there was a defect in the

warranty deed that conveyed it from John to West-Butte. Undeterred, Campbell then turned to

Flower Mound Bank (“FMB”) for the loan, a bank which already had eleven other unsecured notes

executed by Campbell on prior occasions. Viewing his prior unsecured notes as a potential pitfall,

Campbell offered to pledge the property as collateral both for his new loan and as security on his
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existing loans. FMB, as did Mbank, noticed the defect in the deed and that Campbell did not own

Crested Butte, but nevertheless agreed to lend Campbell $90,000 if he could cure the defect and

obtain a corporate resolution from West-Butte, granting Campbell the authority to encumber it.

Although no corporate resolution was obtained, Campbell managed to remedy the defect in the deed,

which apparently was enough for FMB, as it eventually approved the loan. Campbell executed the

mortgage in favor of FMB, signing the mortgage on behalf of West-Butte as its president. Crested

Butte was collateral for all twelve of Campbell’s loans, including the most recent $90,000 loan.

In 1987, Campbell filed for bankruptcy. Security Bank of Flower Mound (“SecurityBank”),

which had acquired all of FMB’s assets when it became insolvent, made a demand on Campbell for

the amount ofthe defaulted promissory notessecured by the mortgage on Crested Butte. Eventually,

SecurityBank filed suit in Colorado state court. West-Butte initially fought to keep the property, but

after negotiations with Security Bank, the parties agreed upon and signed a settlement. The Crested

Butte property was then sold for $320,000, with Security bank receiving $123,917.82. Based on the

actions taken by Campbell, he was indicted on the charges of conspiracy to commit bank fraud, on

the substantive offense of bank fraud, and on the charge of making a false entry in bank records with

intent to deceive because of his false signature as president of West-Butte on the mortgage to FMB.

PROCEDURAL HISTORY

BenCampbell(“Campbell”) was convicted ofmaking a false entry in bank records, 18 U.S.C.

§ 1005 (“Count I”), conspiracy to commit bank fraud, 18 U.S.C. § 371 (“Count II”), and bank fraud,

18 U.S.C. § 1344 (“Count III”). The district court sentenced Campbell to five years’ probation on

Count I and 51 months’ imprisonment on Counts II and III, the sentence to run concurrently. The

court ordered restitution in the amount of $540, 229.56. On appeal, we reversed Campbell’s
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convictions on Counts II and III because of insufficient evidence and remanded the case for

resentencing without further instructions. There was no challenge to the sentence in the first appeal.

On remand, Campbell objected to the imposition of any sentence greater than the five years’

probation that he had originally received on Count I on the grounds that a longer sentence would

violate the rule against vindictive resentencing established in North Carolina v. Pearce, 395 U.S. 711

(1969). Campbell also objected to any sentence requiring restitution because he alleged there were

no losses resulting from the offense of conviction. The district court overruled all of Campbell’s

objections and sentenced him to forty months’ imprisonment on Count I and ordered him to pay

restitution in the amount of $211,082.18. This appeal followed.

STANDARDS OF REVIEW

We review the question of whether a sentence is vindictive, and thus unconstitutional, de

novo. However, a district court retains wide discretion in sentencing, and the sentencing decision is

entitled to considerable deference. Wasman v. United States, 468 U.S. 559, 563 (1984). We review

the legality of a court’s order ofrestitution de novo, and ifthe sentence islegal, the award isreviewed

for abuse of discretion. United States v. Jimenez, 77 F.3d 95, 99 (5th Cir. 1996); United States v.

Reese, 998 F.2d 1275, 1280 (5th Cir. 1993).

DISCUSSION

In this appeal, we are faced with two questions: (1) whether the sentence imposed by the

district court on remand was violative of Pearce, as a vindictive sentence, and (2) whether the district

court erred by ordering Campbell to payrestitution. We affirmthe district court’ssentencing decision

and hold that Campbell’s sentence on remand was not vindictive in violation of North Carolina v.
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Pearce, 395 U.S. 711 (1969), overruled on other grounds, Alabama v. Smith, 490 U.S. 794 (1989).

However, we reverse and vacate the district court’s restitution order.

I. VINDICTIVE RESENTENCING

A. The Supreme Court’s Decision in Pearce

In the seminal Pearce decision, the Supreme Court set out guidelines regarding vindictive

sentencing occurring after a defendant successfully appeals a conviction (or convictions). The Court

held that 

due process of law, then, requires that vindictiveness against a defendant for having

successfully attacked hisfirst conviction must play no part in the sentence he receives

after a new trial. And since the fear of such vindictiveness may unconstitutionally

deter a defendant’s exercise of the right to appeal or collaterally attack his first

conviction, due process also requires that a defendant be freed of apprehension of

such a retaliatory motivation on the part of the sentencing judge.

Pearce, 395 U.S. at 725. Further, “whenever a judge imposes a more severe sentence upon a

defendant after a new trial, the reasons for doing so must affirmatively appear.” Id. at 726. This rule

has since been read to “[apply] a presumption of vindictiveness, which may be overcome only by

objective information in the record justifying the increased sentence.” Wasman, 468 U.S. at 565.

Although Pearce was addressing the situation where a harsher sentence was imposed on retrial, we

have said that Pearce should not be so narrowly read to preclude its application to a resentence on

remand. United States v. Vontsteen, 950 F.2d 1086, 1089 (5th Cir. 1992).

It is clear to us that the presumption of vindictiveness in Pearce is designed to prevent

miscarriages of justice by a sentencing judge who exacts revenge on a defendant who succeeds on

appeal. The rule is a prophylactic one, addressed more to protect future litigants who appeal than to

the injustice done in the actual case. Tolerance of a court’s vindictiveness might “chill” a defendant’s
2We said in Vontsteen that

[t]he en banc court in United States v. Henry suggested in dicta that Pearce is implicated

when a defendant’s sentence is increased on even a single count of a multi count conviction

at resentencing. 709 F.2d 298, 315, 323 (5th Cir. 1983). The panel in United States v.

Cataldo, 832 F.2d 869, 875 (5th Cir. 1987), questioned the Henry dicta, but this statement

by the Cataldo court was itself dicta. In contrast, the panel in Paul v. United States, 734 F.2d

1064, 1067 n. 3 (5th Cir. 1984), in dicta yet again, advocated the Henry approach, without

citing Henry. In United States v. Forester, 874 F.2d 983, 984 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 493

United States 920 (1989), the court seemed to endorse the total aggregate approach; this is

subject to some doubt, however, because the panel reviewed the claimed Pearce error under

a plain error standard.

Vontsteen, 950 F.2d at 1093. Vontsteen reviewed the alleged Pearce violation for plain error. The

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right to seek an appeal of her sentence. Wasman, 468 U.S. at 564. Such a situation contravenes basic

constitutionalprinciplesfounded in the Due ProcessClause ofthe Fifth and FourteenthAmendments.

Id. A sentencing court, however, must have the discretion to fashion a sentence commensurate with

the crime(s) for which the defendant is convicted. Id. at 563. Hence, Pearce is not implicated in every

case inwhich a sentence imposed after a successful appeal is harsher than the originalsentence. Texas

v. McCullough, 475 U.S. 134, 138 (1986). Moreover, “when, as in the instant case, the effect of an

appellant’s challenge implicates the sentencing scheme with respect to interrelated or intertwining

counts, the presumption of vindictiveness does not arise if the overall sentence is not increased.”

United States v. Schoenhoff, 919 F.2d 936, 939 (5thCir. 1990) (citing United States v. Forester, 874

F.2d 983, 984 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 920 (1989)).

B. Post-PearceConfusion—The “AggregatePackage”Approachversusthe “Remainder

Aggregate” Approach

The precise standard for measuring whether a sentence is so harsh that it triggers Pearce has

been the subject ofsome confusion in this Circuit and among our sister circuits. We have recognized

that our Pearce cases have been somewhat “muddled.”2 At the same time, our sister circuits have
court noted that “our own circuit’s jurisprudence on the subject is, admittedly, a bit muddled,” but

found it “unnecessary to resolve the conflict in methodologies” because it was reviewing for plain

error due to Vontsteen’s failure to make a contemporaneous objection at his resentencing hearing.

Id. at 1089.

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endorsed two different methodologies for analyzing a Pearce claim. The majority of circuits have

applied the “aggregate package” approach. See United States v. Pimienta-Redondo, 874 F.2d 9, 15

(1st Cir.) (en banc) (plurality), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 890 (1989); Kelly v. Neubert, 898 F.2d 15, 16

(3d Cir. 1990); United States v. Gray, 852 F.2d 136, 138 (4th Cir. 1988); United States v. Mancari,

914 F.2d 1014, 1021-22 (7th Cir. 1990); United States v. Bay, 820 F.2d 1511, 1513 (9th Cir. 1987);

United States v. Sullivan, 967 F.2d 370, 374 (10th Cir. 1992). Under this approach, courts compare

the total originalsentence to the totalsentence after resentencing. If the new sentence is greater than

the original sentence, the new sentence is considered more severe.

The Second and Eleventh Circuits, however, have endorsed a different Pearce methodology.

These circuits apply the “remainder aggregate” or “count-by-count” approach. See United States v.

Monaco, 702 F.2d 860, 885 (11th Cir. 1983); United States v. Markus, 603 F.2d 409, 413 (2d Cir.

1979). Using this approach, appellate courts compare the district court’s aggregate sentence on the

nonreversed counts after appeal with the original sentence imposed on those same counts before

appeal. If the new sentence on the remaining counts exceeds the original sentence on those counts,

the Pearce presumption attaches.

This case provides a ripe opportunity for us to clarify our methodology in this area. After

careful consideration of the two positions endorsed by other circuits, we adopt the majority

“aggregate approach” as the rule in this Circuit. We choose the majority rule for two reasons.
3The district court’s reasoning on remand is consistent with our observations. Specifically,

Judge Brown noted:

Now, in imposing your sentence, I want to state for the record that when I sentenced

you originally, I had an obligation to sentence you on three counts, and I took all

three of those counts into consideration and came up with what might be termed a

package ofsentencing on the three counts together. Had I sentenced you on count 1

alone at that time, I would not have given you five years of probation. I would have

given you a sentence, I believe, commensurate with the sentence I have given you

today. And I want to explain that on the record as to -- as to why I am imposing this

sentence.

Appellants Record Excerpts, tab 9 at 19. (Emphasis added).

4We leave to another day the situation where the counts are not related, or where it otherwise

appearsthat the package approach was not utilized at the initialsentencing, or where the district court

does not give an explanation for itsresentencing which is nonvindictive and not plainly unreasonable

in light of the record as a whole. None of these factors are present here.

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First, cases in our Circuit have, although not explicitly, endorsed the aggregate approach to

determiningwhetherthePearce presumption of vindictiveness arises. See, e.g., Schoenhoff, 919 F.2d

at 939; Forester, 874 F.2d at 984; Cataldo, 832 F.2d at 875. Because our cases are aligned in the

direction of the aggregate approach, we see no reason to reverse the trend. Second, and perhaps

most importantly, the aggregate approach best reflectsthe realitiesfaced by district court judges who

sentence a defendant on related counts of an indictment. Sentencing is a fact-sensitive exercise that

requires district court judges to consider a wide array of factors when putting together a “sentencing

package.” When an appellate court subsequently reverses a conviction (or convictions) that was part

of the original sentence, the district court’s job on remand is to reconsider the entirety of the (nowchanged) circumstances and fashion a sentence that fits the crime and the criminal.3

 See PimientaRedondo, 874 F.2d at 15. The aggregate approach’s inherent flexibility best comports with this

important goal.4

Having chosen the aggregate approach, we now evaluate Campbell’s claim that his sentence
5The court reached this amount by subtracting both the amount FMB received from the

proceedsfromthe sale ofCrested Butte—$123,917.82—and $15,000 as estimated feesthat it would

have cost FMB to recover the property through foreclosure from the overall value of the property

($350,000).

6Section 3663 (b) provides:

The order may require that such defendant--

(1) in the case of an offense resulting in damage to or loss or destruction of property of a

victim of the offense--

(A) return the property to the owner of the property or someone designated by the owner;

or

(B) ifreturn ofthe property undersubparagraph (A) isimpossible, impractical, or inadequate,

pay an amount equal to the greater of--

(I) the value of the property on the date of the damage, loss, or destruction, or

(ii) the value of the property on the date of sentencing,

less the value (as of the date the property is returned) of any part of the property that is

returned; . . . .

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was vindictive to determine whether the Pearce presumption of vindictiveness attaches. We hold that

it does not. Campbell was originally sentenced to fifty-one months’ imprisonment. On remand, he

was sentenced to forty months’ imprisonment. The sentence on remand was plainly less severe than

the originalsentence, and therefore under the aggregate approach we have adopted today, the Pearce

presumption does not arise. Campbell’s sentence is thereby affirmed.

II. RESTITUTION ORDER

As we have stated, we review the legality of a restitution order de novo. Jimenez, 77 F.3d at

99. Campbell arguesthat the district court erred when it determined that the “loss” suffered by FMB

totaled $211,082.185 and ordered him to pay FMB restitution in that amount. We agree.

We need to go no further than Hughey v. United States, 495 U.S. 411 (1990). In Hughey,

the Supreme Court interpreted the restitution provision of the Victim and Witness Protection Act

(VWPA), 18 U.S.C. § 36636and concluded that restitution for victims can only be awarded for the
7Although the district court in this case did not specify whether it relied upon the VWPA or

the Federal Probation Act (“FPA”) (the applicability of which was made possible because the offense

on count I occurred in December 1986, one year prior to the November 1987 repeal of the FPA), the

broader provisions of the VWPA are presumed to control. See Chaney v. United States, 964 F.2d

437, 451 (5th Cir. 1992).

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loss caused by the specific offense that is the basis of the conviction.

The district court ordered restitution pursuant to the VWPA.7 The district court determined

that the loss suffered by FMB was the value of the encumbered property for which FMB loaned

Campbell $90,000. The property, Crested Butte, was said to be worth $350,000, and based on this

appraisal FMB loaned Campbell $90,000. However, in the instant case, FMB received $123, 917.82

from the sale of Crested Butte, thus, they received $33,917.82 in excess of the amount they loaned

Campbell on this property.

The losses attributed to Campbell’s false entries—the conduct for which he was convicted

under Count I—amounted to the $90,000 he received by using the Crested Butte property as

collateral. Moreover, we have previously held that in such a situation—where a piece of property is

utilized to procure a loan—the loan amounts to a lien thus the lender is nothing more than a lien

holder. Reese, 998 F.2d at 1283. We doubted that such a security interest would qualify as “property

of the victim” for purposes of ordering restitution under the VWPA. Id. As such, the FMB was

entitled to restitution in the amount of the loss suffered by making a loan to Campbell, i.e., $90,000.

See id. (holding that “the ‘property’ as to which Lamar might have suffered ‘damage to or loss or

destruction of’ could only be the loan funded in cash at the original closing of his loan.”).

Furthermore, according to § 3663 (b), the loss attributed to the illegal act may be offset by the value

of any part of the property that isreturned. Because FMB had already received value in excess of the

loss attributed to Campbell’s false statement, they were not entitled to an award of restitution.
8The Government assertsthat the eleven outstanding loans were “hidden” byCampbell’sfalse

statement on the loan application and mortgage thusthey became uncollectible because the mortgage

on the Butte property was unenforceable. This argument, though, fails to assert how in the absence

of the new mortgage, they would not have suffered a loss, in other words, what loss did Campbell’s

loan cause FMB that they would not have suffered anyway.

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The government argues that, because Campbell agreed to attach eleven outstanding loans

previously made by FMB to his company, the losses due to Campbell’s false entry included the value

of the twelve loans. However, notwithstanding the validity of Campbell’s agreement with FMB,

Hughey precludes such a conclusion. Hughey stands for the proposition that the loss incurred may

not exceed the losses directly stemming from the conduct for which the defendant is convicted. We

are aware that in Reese, a panel of this Court held that “as long as there is any illegal taint to a

transaction, the entire transaction is considered illegal.” 998 F.2d at 1280. This conclusion, however,

cannot undermine the purpose of the VWPA, which is to put the plaintiff in the same position as if

the illegal activity had not occurred.

Finally, we do not read the indictment charging Campbell with making a false entry to mean

that his other outstanding lo ans were also procured by fraud. To the contrary, no evidence was

produced that the eleven other outstanding loans had any illegal nature to them. Their only link to

anything illegal was Campbell cross collateralizing them to procure the $90,000 loan.8 There is no

evidence that absent Campbell’s loan application and mortgage, FMB would have been able to

collect on the other outstanding loans.

In sum, FMB suffered no property loss. It was therefore not entitled to restitution. The

district court’s decision to the contrary is therefore reversed and vacated.

CONCLUSION
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Having rejected Campbell’s claimthat hissentence after remand was vindictive, we AFFIRM

the district court’s sentence. However, finding that the court erred by ordering Campbell to pay

restitution, we REVERSE and VACATE the court’s restitution order.