AM-64-16 

AVIATION MEDICINE TRANSLATIONS: 

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF RECENTLY 

TRANSLATED MATERIAL. II. 

Approved by 

JERRY V. TOBIAS, Ph.D. 

WILLIAM E. COLLINS, Ph.D. 

MARY ELLEN ALLEN 

PSYCHOLOGY LABORATORIES 

S-b~\.e.y R ~~~~ 

STANLEY R. MOHLER, M.D. 

DIRECTOR, CARl 

FEDERAL AVIATION AGENCY 

Office of Aviation Medicine 

Civil Aeromedical Research Institute 

Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 

October 1964 

Released by 

M. s. WHITE, M.D. 

FEDERAL AIR SuRGEON 
FOREWORD 

This annotated bibliography of recently translated, selected research 

papers is presented as a scientific service of the Civil Aeromedical Research 

Institute and the FAA Medical Librarian. The aims of the publication 

are: (a) to provide interested researchers with information concerning 

translations of foreign-language articles as soon as the translations are 

available; and (b) to prevent duplication of translation costs and efforts. 

In achieving these aims, bibliographic listings such as the present one 

are necessarily limited in number. They are also limited by the range of 

activities represented in the agency preparing the material. Thus, selective factors exist. Further, no attempt is made to evaluate the scientific 

worth of a given article. However, by providing a central repository from 

which such translated material can be obtained, it is hoped that interested 

scientists will derive otherwise unavailable benefits. 

Copies of the translated material cited in this report may be obtained 

by writing to: 

Medical Librarian, HQ-640 

Federal Aviation Agency 

Washington 25, D.C. 

Please provide the librarian with the complete reference information. 
AVIATION MEDICINE TRANSLATIONS: 

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF RECENTLY 

TRANSLATED MATERIAL. II. 

Prepared by 

Jerry V. Tobias, Ph.D., William E. Collins, Ph.D. and Mary Ellen Allen 

Abderhalden, Emil, and Buadze, Severian. 

Uber das Auftreten von Saccharase im 

Blutserum bzw. Harn nach parenteraler 

Zufuhr von Rohrzucker. (On the appearance 

of saccharase in blood serum or urine after 

parenteral administration of cane-sugar.) 

Fermentforschung (Enzyme Research), 1931-

1933, 13, 228-243. 

It was proved clearly by means of several 

series of experiments, using various methods -

reduction and polarimentric method and by 

using acetone precipitates of urine, plain extracts and eluates -, that the action of saccharase can be established in urine after parenteral administration of cane - sugar. The 

decomposition of lactose in the presence of a 

cane-sugar fermenting enzyme could not be 

established with certainty. The parenteral administration of cane-sugar did not produce the 

appearance of proteolytic protective ferments. 

Our experiments prove conclusively and 

clearly that the results obtained in his time by 

Weinland and later by one of us (Abderhalden) with collaborators, according to which 

parenteral administration of cane-sugar causes 

the appearance of saccharase in the blood and 

subsequently in the urine, are completely valid. 

It is of particular interest that after cessation of 

saccharase elimination in the urine a fresh parenteral administration of cane-sugar causes an 

earlier appearance of saccharase in the urine 

than is the case with the first cane-sugar injection. The negative results found in bibliography on the subject are based, on the one 

hand, on improperly performed experiments 

frequently for too short a period and, on the 

other hand, on inadequate methodology. 

(Translated summary.) 

Arslan, M. Les accel€rations de Coriolis dans 

la stimulation vestibulaire (recherches electronystagmographiques) ( Coriolis accelerations in vestibular stimulation [Electronystagmic research].) Confina Neurologica, 

1961, 21, 403-411. 

The author has analysed the modification 

which appears in the nystagmus provoked by 

angular acceleration, when this angular acceleration is acting during the action of a linear 

acceleration. 

This finding can be explained, in the author's 

opinion, by two hypotheses: ( 1) either the 

linear acceleration interferes as a decreasing 

action on that inhibition, which in normal conditions otoliths have upon ampullar reflexes; 

( 2) or, the finding is the effect of a Coriolis acceleration deriving from the contemporaneous 

action of linear acceleration and angular acceleration ( this second hypothesis is proposed 

on the basis of the analogy with the Coriolis 

nystagmus, discovered by Schubert and Bornschein, through the contemporaneous action of 

an angular speed and an angular acceleration.) 

( English summary. ) 

Berg, Steffen P. Das postmortale Verhalten 

des Blutes; Beitrage zur Pharmakologie und 

Fermentkinetik des Blutes bei verschiedenen 

Todesursachen, insbesondere der Erstickung. 

(The post-mortem behavior of the blood.) 

Deutsche Zeitschrift fur gerichtliche Medizin, 

1950, 40, 175. 

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The varying post-mortem state of .coagulation of the blood in connection with various 

causes of death had already been the subject 

of numerous attempts at interpretation and experimental studies. In this article an attempt 

has been made to show that the morphological 

findings are to be regarded as a partial product 

of fermentative processes, which vary with the 

time of the autopsy and the course of which 

is causally related to the functional effects of 

the final circulatory reactions. 

In agreement with the decoagulation theory 

the view is supported that even in cases where 

at a later autopsy liquid blood is found there 

is a primary coagulation. The liquid state of 

the blood in suffocations is explained by a 

rapid post-mortem decoagulation which is to be 

attributed to enzymic fibrinolysis. 

The increase in post-mortem fibrinolysis may 

be set off by a reaction chain which has its 

starting point in a great outpouring of adrenaline. This possesses the necessary intensity 

primarily: 

1. In suffocation, understood as comprising 

all those conditions in which circulation occurs 

without oxygenation. 

2. In bleeding to death. 

A similar effect can be obtained by administration before death of large doses of sympathicomimetic drugs. - As a physiological consequence of the outpouring of adrenaline an 

emptying out of the blood storage organs of the 

splanchnic region comes about, particularly of 

the spleen, which results in a striking rise in 

the phosphatide level in the blood. The insurge of phospholipoids in tum finally leads, 

probably by way of an adsorptive union with 

substances which inhibit fibrinolysis ( antifibrinolysin), to the dissolution of the coagulates. 

Apart from the secretion of adrenaline, an 

increase in serum phosphatides can come about 

as part of an acute lipemia under the effects of 

gross violence and in phosphorus poisoning. 

The height of the phosphatide level in itself is 

of no importance to fibrinolysis. 

Another mechanism of increase in fibrinolysis 

seems to be present in uremia, inasmuch as 

here the presence of urea catalyzes the fibrinolytic process. A similar process may also play 

a part in alcoholic poisonings. 

All in all the agonal processes with their effects on the phosphatide-fibrinolysis system are 

to be considered primarily responsible for the 

occurrence of post-mortem decoagulation. Hyperinosis due to inflammatory processes is not 

significant with reference to the post-mortem 

condition of the blood. The view is therefore 

supported that suffocations with coagulated 

blood do not occur. 

As compared to the causes of post-mortem 

decoagulation mentioned the chronological relationships in the death events are of only subordinate importance. 

In particular the following findings are 

emphasized: 

1. Pharmacologically active substances are 

to be found in cadaveric blood in varying 

quantities, and pressor and vasodilating substances can be differentiated,, as well as substances that excite and substances that relax 

smooth muscular organs. It has been possible 

to show that this is principally a matter of the 

simultaneous or separate occurrence of adrenaline and/or arterenol, histamine, adenylic 

acid, and substance P (von Euler) in variable 

proportions, and definite relationships with the 

causes of death, especially suffocation, have 

been shown. Post-mortem conditions were also 

not without influence. 

2. The isolated smooth muscular organs of 

the Syrian golden hamster behave pharmacologically similarly to the corresponding organs 

of the rat. 

3. The pressor effect of serum specimens is 

increased by brief treatment with ultrasonic 

vibrations, but reduced by ultrasonic irradiation of longer duration. 

4. Besides the previously known conditions 

that are accompanied by an increase in the 

serum phosphatides, a rise in the phosphatide 

level in cadaveric blood is found with atherosclerosis of the vascular system. 

5. The phosphatide content of the blood of 

the portal and splenic veins is higher than that 

of the other venous blood. 

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6. After electric shock there is an increase 

in serum phosphatides. 

7. Extirpation of the spleen in animal experiments seems to effect a lowering of the 

phosphatide level. 

8. Treatment of serum specimens with ultrasonic vibration lowers the phosphatide figure. 

9. The phosphatide level in cadaveric serum 

undergoes only trifling changes during the first 

48 hours after death. 

10. A new procedure is given for determining the fibrinolytic activity of cadaveric serum 

and its effectiveness checked in detail by experimental methods. 

11. Serum specimens from the portal and 

lienal veins show more intense- fibrinolysis on 

the average than those from the vena cava. 

The figures for the portal vein, however, are 

evidently raised only when a digestive state 

is present. 

12. In vitro a heightening of fibrinolysis can 

be induced by the addition of urea; adenosintriphosphoric acid leaves the fibrin dissolution 

unaffected. 

13. Brief treatment of serum specimens with 

ultrasonic vibration leads to considerable activation of fibrinolysis; longer ultrasonic irradiation to reduction of it. 

14. The fibrinolytic activity of cadaveric 

blood after a slight initial increase slowly declines within one or two days to zero. (Translated summary. ) 

Borghesan, E. Alterations du "planum semilunatum" dans la labyrinthite sereuse exp~imentale. (Alterations of the "planum 

semilunatum" in serouse experimental labyrinthitis.) Rev. Laryngol. (Bordeaux), 1963, 

85, 13-20. 

In the serouse experimental labyrinthitis the 

author observed that each zone constituting the 

planum semilunatum of rabbits reacts in a different way; the reaction of the glands is characterized by the increasing of a fluid deficient 

in osmio-reducing substance, which, on the 

contrary, is abundant in the crista and in the 

reticular zone. Such substance is variously 

distributed in the above said zones and the 

author attributes a functional significance to 

this fact. The anatomical formations implied 

in the ampullar humoral system, consequently, 

show an organization similar to the one which, 

according to the author, secretes and absorbs 

the cochlear endolymph. 

The author, besides, suggests that certain 

vestibular syndromes, due to vasomotorious 

troubles, may be provoked by alterations, reversible or not, of the ampullar glands. (English summary.) 

Borghesan, E. Modifications des glandes ampoullait·es dans la labyrinthite sereuse experimentale. (Modifications of ampullar 

glands in experimental serous labyrinthitis.) 

Acta Otolaryngol., 1963, 56, 176-180. 

In experimental labyrinthitis, the glands of 

the crista ampullaris, after an early hyperactivity, show the secreting duct larger and many 

degenerating cells; these cells, therefore, assume a cystic aspect. The substance enclosed 

there may be the interstitial fluid of the crista, 

which in the ampulla mixes with the endolymph, 

altering its physico-chemical composition. 

(English summary. ) 

Brandt, U. Une "ffpreuve selective da la fonction utriculaire. (A selective examination of 

the utricular function.) Acta Otolaryngol., 

1958, 140, 101-110. 

The study of the utricular function in man is 

rendered singularly difficult for anatomic, physiologic, psychological, and functional reasons. 

The author describes a method, founded on an 

experiment of van Egmond, Groen and 

J ongkees, using the apparent inclination which 

a subject feels when subjected to a centrifugal 

force. The experiments were conducted in a 

human centrifuge. A special gadget permitted 

the measurement of the oculogravic illusion. 

The results of the set for a group of ten normal 

subjects is a conformation of Mach's hypothesis, 

according as the degree of apparent inclination 

corresponds perceptibly to the deviation of the 

resultant of the forces. The absence of the 

oculogravic illusion in two deaf-mutes showing 

all the signs of vestibular non-functioning seems 

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to prove that the illusion is intimately bound 

to the otolithic mechanism. The individual 

variations in the normal group, occasionally 

very .important and consistent in underestimation and more often in the overestimation of 

the angle of the resultant, seems to give a 

measure of static sensitivity. The results obtained are most often reproducible. There is 

not any adaptation. (Translated summary.) 

Buchborn, Eberhard. Ein quantitativer biologischer Adiuretin- (Vasopressin-) Nachweis 

an der Krote. (A quantitative biological 

adiuretin [Vasopressin] test with the toad.) 

Zeitschrift fur die gesamte experimentelle 

Medizin, 1955, 125, 614-625. 

Attention is called to the possibility of a very 

sensitive biological method of determination 

for the posterior pituitary lobe hormone with 

the toad on the basis of the so-called Brunn 

reaction of the amphibia. The results of studies 

for the development of a toad test for ADH 

are reported. Under suitable experimental conditions a regular relationship can be demonstrated between ADH dose and diuresis inhibition in the hydrated toad, resulting in a 

characteristic dose-effect curve with constant 

direction coeffiCients. The sensitivity of the 

method is higher by a factor of ten than that 

of previous methods and embraces the range 

from 0.01 to 1.0 mU of the international ADH 

standard. Its accuracy corresponds to the precision of the rat and dog tests. (Translated 

summary.) 

Caporale, R. Comportamento del nistagmo 

oculare d' origine labirintica nell' uomo e nel 

conniglio sottoposti ad accelerazione radiale. 

(The behavior. of ocular nystagmus of labyrinthine origin in men and rabbits subjected 

to radial acceleration. ) Rivista di M edicina 

Aeronautica, 1962, 2 ( 4), 653-666. 

A series of investigations has been carried out 

in men and rabbits, with the aim of ascertaining 

the possible effects of hypergravity on vestibular reflectiveness. 

Three different kinds of tests were conducted, i.e.: a) analysis of the behavior of the 

ocular nystagmus in recently hemilabyrinthectomized rabbits, during centrifuge runs 

at 1 - 2 - 3 G; b) rotatory stimulation and simultaneous centrifugation of another group of 

rabbits; c) film recording of the nystagmus, 

provoked by caloric stimulation, in men submitted to positive g in the human centrifuge. 

The results show that the ocular nystagmus, 

whichever may be the mean of eliciting it, decreases in frequency and duration when acceleration values in the centrifuge surpass 1 g. 

Although one cannot establish the mechanism 

through which hypergravity acts as an inhibitor of the nystagmus, it is possible to make the 

hypothesis that the augmentation of gravity 

produces its effects either peripherally through 

a retarding action at eyeball level, or on the 

complex corticalvestibular-cerebellar system, or 

even at the level of the otoliths. 

The hypothesis is made that, if the inhibitory 

effect is due to the action of hypergravity on 

the labyrinth, one could inversely assume that 

the threshold of vestibular reflectiveness is enhanced in zero gravity conditions. (English 

summary.) 

Causse, R. and Chavasse, P. Etudes sur la fatigue auditive. (Studies in auditory fatigue.) 

Annee Psychol., 1947, 42-43, 265-298. 

I. - Fatigue is a normal physiological property of the aural apparatus. It must not be 

confused with the symptoms which follow on 

from an acoustic trauma. Would it perhaps be 

more accurate to speak of aural adaptation? 

II. - Auditory fatigue appears even as a result of feeble stimuli of short duration. 

III. - The action of low frequencies is different from that of high frequencies. Under 

40 decibels and 40 secondes sounds under 600 

c.p,.s. cause no fatigue: This fact supports 

those theories according to which the mechanism by which low frequencies are perceived 

is different from that of high frequencies. 

IV.- Auditory fatigue is a peripheral phenomenon but it is impossible to locate more 

precisely the structure in which it arises. 

V. - Auditory fatigue makes it possible to 

define a frequency band corresponding to an 

area of resonance and it is equally possible to 

objectivate to some extent a differential threshold of frequencies. 

-4-
VI. - The differential threshold of frequencies obtained by means of auditory fatigue 

differs little from one subject to another. On 

the contrary this same threshold subjectively 

determined is highly variable. Differences of 

musical aptitude as judged according to tonal 

discrimination are not due to differences in the 

structure of the ear. It is personal judgment 

which is here concerned. (English summary). 

Cenacchi, V., & Fenu, G. Problemi relativi al 

nistagmo da stimolazione dei canali semicircolari verticali. (Problems concerning 

nystagmus caused by stimulation of the vertical semicircular canals.) Clin. Otorinolaring., 1961, 13, 445-466. 

Problems concerning the clinical investigation of the function of vertical semicircular 

canal and corresponding neural pathways, as 

well as technical problems in connection with 

electrographic recording and quantitative evaluation of nystagmic response following rotacceleratory stimulation performed on the sagittal! plane, are discussed. 

Investigation carried out on 11 normal subjects showed, as the most important finding, 

that vertical nystagmus directed upwards is 

consistently stronger in its quantitative characters (duration, number of beats, amplitude 

and angular velocity) than nystagmus directed 

downwards, for stimulations of equal intensity. 

On the basis of present knowledge on this 

subject, the asymmetry of anatomical and physiological nature in the muscles responsible for 

the performance of eye movements ·upwards 

and downwards seems to be the most significant factor, in the search for a satisfactory 

explanation of the observed phenomenon. 

The possibility that other factors, more 

closely linked to the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the receptors and 

of vestibula-ocular neural structures, may play 

a role is also considered. (English summary.) 

Cerri, 0., and Spialtini, A. Determinazions 

Anslitiche Quali e Quantitative Del Meprobamato. (Qualitative and quantitative analytical determinations of meprobamate.) 

Bollettino Chemico-Farmaceutico, 1958, 97, 

259-261. 

New, accurate, specific analytical methods 

are given for the determination of meprobamate. 

These new methods of determination of the 

well-known tranquillizer offer several advantages over the recently published American 

method (Drug Standards, Vol. 25, 1957, p. 88). 

Quantitative determination is made more 

accurately and in less time and is more specific; 

in fact, any impurities which may be present 

in the product, for example, 2-methyl-2npropyl-1,3 propanediol and biuret, will not interfere with the determination. (Translated 

summary.) 

Colquhoun, W. P. Effets d'une faible dosed' 

alcool et de certains autres facteurs sur la 

performance dans une t"liche de vigilance. 

(Effects of a weak dose of alcohol and of certain other factors on performance in a task 

of vigilance.) Bull. du C.E.R.P., 1962, 11, 

27-44. 

In a prelininary study of the effects of a 

small dose of alcohol on proficiency at signal 

detection in a task of visual vigilance, it was 

found that the time of day at which the test 

session was held, and the temperamental characteristics of individual subjects, were of at 

least equal, if not greater importance in determining the average level of detection efficiency 

achieved as the alcohol dose investigated. A 

further series of experiments explored the action 

of these other factors under various task conditions. The effects of time of day on detection efficiency persisted when task speed was 

varied under paced conditions of work, but appeared as a difference in speed when the task 

was unpaced. The relationship between temperament and efficiency was undisturbed by a 

change in the difficulty of the discrimination 

required to detect a signal, or by an alteration 

in the speed of pacing (it was obscured, however, when the task was unpaced), but its direction was found to depend on whether the 

test session was held in the forenoon or afternoon. The practical importance of the findings 

for the organization of monitoring work is discussed. (English summary.) 

Desmedt, J. E., and Delwaide, P. J. Particularites fonctionnelles de l'inhibition efferente cochleaire chez le pigeon. ( Functional 

-5-
characteristics of the efferent cochlear inhibition in the pigeon.) Archives Internationa{es de Physiologie et de Biochimie, 1964, 

72, 1-8. 

The activation of the efferent cochlear 

bundle in the high spinal pigeon, immobilized 

by Flaxedil, produces simultaneously two effects at the level of the inner ear: a potentiation of the microphonic receptor potential produced by the cilliated cells and a depression 

of· the potential of the auditory nerve (Fig. 1, 

C). When one increases the interval between 

the end of the faradization of the efferent 

bundle and the application of the testing sound 

click, the microphonic potentiation persists up 

until around 400 msec. (Fig. 1, D) while neural 

inhibition disappears for intervals around 50 

msec. at a normal central temperature of 42° C. 

This remarkable difference persists when these 

dissipations are reduced by artificially bringing 

the temperature of the animal down. 

Such a dissociation between the two effects 

produced by the efferent bundle at the level 

of the inner ear is characteristic of the pigeon, 

and is not observed in the cat. The possible 

significance of this phenomenon as concerning 

synaptic organizations at the level of the organ 

of Corti is discussed. (Translated summary.) 

Desnuelle, P. Quelques exemples d' adaptation enzymatique chez les mammiferes. 

( Several examples of enzyme adaptation in 

mammals.) Rev. Franc. Etudes Clin. et 

Biol., 1963, No.8, 494-506. 

This paper contains a discussion of a series of 

experiments suggesting that the enzyme levels 

in mammals may be changed by a modification 

of the diet or the injection of various 

metabolites. 

The first part is devoted to general considerations on the way enzymatic activities should 

be measured. Some examples are given which 

show that large errors may be made by selecting wrongly the experimental conditions of the 

measurement, the chemical or physical nature 

of the substrate and finally by activating the 

proteolytic precursors under unsuitable 

conditions. 

The still dubious case of hepatic tryptophan 

pyrrolase is discussed in the second part. The 

available information suggests that the raise of 

the enzyme level in liver after injection of 

tryptophan into rats is due, at least partly, to 

a tighter binding of a cytoplasmic apoprotein 

and a microsomal coenzyme. 

In the third part, the interesting case of 

pancreas exocrine enzymes is studied. It is 

shown that the levels of these enzymes in rat 

pancreatic tissue and rat pancreatic juice are 

modified by the composition of the diet. On a 

starch-rich diet, amylase is high and the proteolytic enzymes are low. On a casein-rich 

diet, amylase is low and the proteolytic enzymes 

are high. In contrast, a lipid-rich diet induces 

no significant changes of the lipase level. The 

adaptation of amylase and of the proteolytic 

enzymes to the main component of the diet 

starts at once and lasts about 3-5 days. The 

new levels attained at the end of the adaptation period are stable and reproducible. 

Similar experiments performed on the ureagenetic enzymes in liver are described ·in the 

fourth part. Protein-rich diet, associated with 

high urea outputs, raise the levels of all liver 

enzymes involved in urea formation. By using 

tissue cultures, it can further be shown that 

high concentrations of arginine repress 

arginine-forming enzymes and, in contrast, enhance arginase. Therefore, the possibility exists that at least one of the mechanisms of 

enzyme regulation in mammals is similar to, if 

not identical with, the one already found in 

microorganisms. (English summary.) 

Fabry, P., Petrasek, R., Kujalova, V.,_, and 

Holeckova, E. Adaptace na zmeny privodu 

potravy. (Adaptation to changes in food ingestion.) Ceskoslovenska gastroenterologie, 

1962, 16, 246-251. 

It is common knowledge that the mammalian 

organism is able, within a relatively wide range, 

to adapt to changes in the intake of the most 

important nutriments 'and of calories. Very 

little attention, however, has been given to 

questions of adaptation and changes in the time 

distribution of food intake. The significance 

of this factor is pointed up by experiments with 

intermittently fasting rats who are alternated 

between periods of fasting and feeding. While 

there is hyperphagia in these animals on feed-

-6-
ing days the total caloric intake is substantially 

lowered. Despite this we find in these animals 

that there is a number of adaptive changes 

which are basically different from described 

results of chronic malnutrition. 

As a result of an intermittent increase in food 

ingestion there are many morphological and 

functional adaptations of the digestive system, 

a strengthening of anabolic processes (increased 

glycogen synthesis and lipogenesis). The energy metabolism is also significantly modified; 

we find increased oxygen consumption in vivo 

and in individual tissues in vitro. Similarly the 

activity of many tissue enzymes is accelerated 

markedly. 

Our findings show, in agreement with the 

results of Tepperman and Tepperman ( 1958) 

and Cohn and Joseph ( 1959, 1960), that not 

only the total volume and composition of 

nourishment but also the time distribution of 

its intake are important factors influencing 

metabolic processes. (Translated summary.) 

Greiner, G. F., Conraux, C., and Picart, P; 

Principles physiques, experimentaux et 

cliniques des stimulations pendulaires dans 

f examen vestibulaire. (Physical principles, 

experimental and clinical of pendular stimulations in vestibular examination. ) Acta Otolaryngol., 1963, 56, 338-351. 

The method of vestibular stimulation by 

sinusoidal rotatory movements rests on clinical, 

experimental, and theoretic foundations already 

old since the beginning of labyrinthology. It 

has benefited from recent clarifications. Necessitating only relatively simple equipment, it 

can bring us incontestable information on the 

function of the vestibular apparatus. 

The study of vertical movements will follow, 

because it will probably permit the completion -

of the examination of the otolithic function. 

(Translated conclusion. ) 

Gugenheim, C. L' aspect affectif des phenomettes de fatigue. (The affective aspect of 

fatigue phenomena.) Travail hum., 1953, 16, 

98-102. 

One French, one German and 8 English 

articles are reviewed. By comparing physiological studies with psychological observations made in industry, the author differentiates 

between objective and subjective fatigue. 

Gugenheim, C. f:tude exp-erimentale des aspects objectifs et subjectifs de la fatigue 

pendent un travail monotone. 1. Recherche 

effectuee sur un groupe d'etudiants. (An 

experimental study of objective and subjective aspects of fatigue during monotonous 

work. 1. A study on a group of students.) 

Travail hum., 1953, 16, 219-240. 

Twenty students, taking voluntary part in 

this experiment, carried out a monotonous, 

free rhythm work, requiring a rather small 

muscular effort but constant attention ( adaptation of "punching machine test" by J. M. Lahy). 

These test-subjects were asked to report fa- · 

tigue experienced during the test. Performance 

and accuracy of work were recorded every 

minute. 

The test-subjects reported a temporary "muscular" fatigue and a "nervous" fatigue which 

caused the interruption of the work. The examination of the experimental results led to 

classify the test-subjects into four groups. First 

group: the quantitative and qualitative work 

of the subjects belonging to this group was not 

changed in spite of fatigue experienced. Second group: the performance increases and the 

deviation from accuracy ·is greatly increased 

while fatigue is being experienced. Third 

group: deviation from precision, but mainly 

performance increase when the subject reports 

fatigue. Fourth group: adaptation to monotonous work is very unsatisfactory, the results 

become irregular early in the test, and the work 

is discontinued at an: early stage of the test. 

It is therefore possible to state: 

1 - that subjective and objective characteristics of fatigue may Iiot be concomitant; 

2 - that sometimes, increased performance 

together with an increasing deviation from precision, accompany fatigue sensation; 

3 - that deviation (from precision or performance, or both) is a behavior characteristic 

of a fatigued subject carrying out a monotonous, free rhythm work requiring continuous 

attention. 

-7-
The experimental conditions are discussed 

and the influence of previous work for the 

adaptation to a monotonous work is mentioned 

as a hypothesis. (Translated summary.) 

Koch, C. Risposte elettroencefalografiche dopo 

stimolazione vestibolare. ( Electro-encephalographic reactions after vestibular stimulation.) Riv. Med. Aero., 1963, 26, 263-272. 

Having acquired the possibility of simultaneously executing on the same individual the 

electro-encephalographic and the electronystagmographic examinations, the author examines the advantages deriving from the comparative examination of the two diagrams. 

First of all, it is possible to observe 

comparatively the bioelectrical manifestations 

which are joined to the activity of the central 

nerve cells and of the cells reproducing the 

vestibular function through the nystagmic reflex. Moreover, a lot of time can be spared 

when these researches have to be made on a 

great number of individuals whose future activity requests special requirements, such as 

airplane pilots, drivers, railway men, etc. 

The study of diagrams concerning a first 

contingent of individuals has re-confirmed the 

discussed existence of vestibular cortical areas, 

where it is probably realized the sensorial. perception of the effect of angular speeds and thus 

the sensation of the movements of our body in 

space. 

As to the EEG modifications after vestibular 

stimulation in individuals with clear cerebral 

pathologic signs, after these first observations 

it can be said that in most cases vestibular 

stimulation (by the rotation method) probably 

determines a lowering of the cortical bioelectrical activity, due to the inhibitive action 

from the nystagmogenous and oculomotor 

areas. (English summary.) 

Ledoux, A. L' adaptation du systeme vestibu· 

Zaire peripherique. (Adaptation of the peripheral vestibular system. ) Acta Otolaryngol., 1961, 53, 307-315. 

The inverse effects observed in the nystagmic responses to the rotatory test and to the 

caloric test may not oo the manifestation of an 

adaptation of the sensory organ during a displacement of the cupula for a prolonged 

duration. 

As a matter of fact, the modification of the 

electrical activity by prolonged stimulation of 

the cupula, shows a tendency to return to the 

level of spontaneous activity in spite of all the 

stimulating forces persisting in their action on 

the cupula. ( Transiated summary.) 

Ledoux, A. Reponses ~lectriques de l' ampoule 

du canal semi-circulaire a l'epreuve calorique. (Electrical responses of the semicircular canal to the caloric test. ) Acta 

Otolaryngol., 1956, 46, 290-299. 

The experimental test of the electrical responses of the ampulla of the semi-circular 

canal at the time of the caloric test show that: 

1. The optimal position of the head is that 

one which puts the semi-circular canal ampullaup. 

2. The most constant measure of the caloric 

effects, warm and cold, is the duration of the 

reactions (excitation or inhibition of the spontaneous activity) which seems independent, 

within certain limits, of the temperature of the 

water. 

3. Within very strict experimental conditions, the intensity of the response is proportional to the temperature of the irrigating 

water. 

4. For a given temperature, this intensity 

remains identical whatever is the duration of 

the irrigation or the strength (of flow) of the 

water. The latency and the duration of the 

response, for these experimental conditions, are 

factors dependent on the conditions of transmission of the calories, or on circumstances opposing the temperature modification of the 

labyrinth (circulation, etc. ) 

5. The action of heat or cold upon the semicircular canals gives responses which are in 

perfect concordance with the hypothesis of 

Barany. Nevertheless, other phenomena (cupular or liquid) intervene, which modify, for 

example, the rotatory response, if this test is 

given too soon after the caloric tests. 

6. The caloric excitation is clearly distinguished from the rotatory excitation. The 

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liquid movement caused by the first is influenced by numerous factors (transmission of 

heat, thermal regulation, influence of the temperature upon the physical chemistry of the 

liquid and of the cupula) which makes an exact 

quantitative measure difficult. The liquid 

movement provoked by the second, acts upon 

a cupula with immutable characteristics which 

give responses of intensity and duration proportional to the intensity of the excitation. 

7. In the practical irrigations, the canal is 

placed horizontally, then tipping the ampulla 

up gives responses quantitatively identical to 

those of the test done with the canal first 

placed with the ampulla up. But this first 

method introduces a disturbing factor in the 

response due to the action of gravity upon the 

cupula, at the moment of changing head position. (Translated summary.) 

Maggiorelli, E. Determinazions Spattrophotometrica Del M eprobamato. ( Spectrophotometric determination of meprobamate.) 

F armaco; Edizions Pratica (Pavia), 1958, 

13 ( 12)' 656-661. 

Describes a spectrophotometric method for 

determination of meprobamate based on its 

reaction with pdimethylaminobenzaldehyde. 

(Translated summary. ) 

Nato, A. Studies on the second phase of nystagmus. Nippon jibiinkoka gakkai kaiho, 

1960, 63, 40-53. 

Experiments were carried out on the secondary phase of nystagmus using healthy persons 

and rabbits. The following conclusions were 

obtained. 

1. The secondary phase of nystagmus is a 

basic pattern of the nystagmus reaction common to rotatory, caloric, and optokinetic 

nystagmus. 

2. The second phase of nystagmus is a function of the basic reflex arc of nystagmus reaction and is regulated by the higher control 

pathways involving the cerebrum and cerebellum. (English summary.) 

Obersteg, J. I. Tod und Blutgerinnung; Experimentelle Untersuchungen uber das postmorale V erhalten des Blutes in der 2. Phase 

der Blutgerinnung. (Death and blood clotting; experimental research on the postmortal 

behavior of blood in the second phase of 

blood clotting. ) Deutsche Zeitschrift fllr 

gerichtliche Medizin, 1954, 43, 177-216. 

The blood of healthy cats and dogs remains 

fluid in the vascular system after sudden death. 

This fluidity did not depend on a continuation 

of circulation after cessation of breathing; thus 

hypercapnia could not be excluded as a possible factor. Clot formation with subsequent 

fibrinolysis was not detected. 

The fluid cadaver blood retained its coagulability in vitro until about three hours after 

death and coagulability was not lost during in 

vitro storage for several days. The author concludes that this blood did not contain a 

fibrinogen-destroying activity. 

Fibrinogen was measured by an electrophoretic technique; using this criterion the 

author concludes that the loss of coagulability 

at about three hours after death is a result of 

fibrinogen destruction. 

Stenger, E. Simulation und Dissimulation 

von Ohrenkrankheiten und deren Feststellung. ( Detection of malingering. ) Deutsche 

Medizinisches Wochenschrift, 1907, 33, 970-

973. 

Several methods of detecting auditory malingering must be used since it is only the consistency of the results that determines the validity of diagnosis. Repeated observations are 

required. A number of methods of misdirecting 

the patient by incompletely closing his good 

ear are described in detail. Other, related 

tests are also surveyed. In addition, the author 

describes his own observation that a sound 

presented to both ears, but louder in one, will 

be perceived only on the louder side. 

From this observation, he suggests a malingering test. 

Vidic, E. Papierchromatographische und 

spektralphotometrische Identifizierung 

barbitursaurefreier Sedativa, insbesondere 

von Meprobamat. (Paper-chromatographic 

and spectrophotometric identification of nonbarbituric sedatives and specifically mepro-

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hamate.) Archiv fur Toxikologie, 1959, 17, 

379-386. 

For the group of sedatives consisting of 

ureides, carbamates, and derivatives of pyridine 

and piperidine, the conditions of their separation from . barbituric-acid derivatives were 

investigated. 

For the separation and identification of the 

individual nonbarbituric sedatives, a paperchromatographic procedure was developed. 

The mobile phase of this procedure is benzine 

with the addition of 3-7.5% of butanol. The 

visible demonstration of all substances, especially of meprobamate and of the ureides, 

can be accomplished th:.:ough their transfer to 

chloramine and conversion of the reaction products with a .solution of benzidine and potassium iodide in diluted acetic acid. 

The solution of the sedatives in chloroform 

and aqueous alkaline media were investigated 

spectrophotometrically. 

Through distillation in water vapor and boiling in acid solution, meprobamate furnishes a 

conversion product with the grouping -CO-NHCO- which shows ultraviolet absorption maxima in chloroform and in alkaline buffer solution. The maximum in alkaline solution 

corresponds to the maxima of the ureides. In 

a strongly alkaline environment, the ureides 

show, in contrast to meprobamate, a timedependent change of the spectrum which is 

based on the formation of hydantoins by ring 

closure. 

Within the group investigated, meprobamate 

produces a specific color reaction with pdimethylamino-benzaldehyde which is suitable 

for quantitative determination. The reaction 

product shows a characteristic absorption curve 

in the visible and ultraviolet light. (Translated summary. ) II 

Weinland, Ernst. Uber das Auftreten von 

Invertin im Blut. (The appearance of invertin in the blood.) Zeitschrift fur Biologie, 

1906, 41, 279-288. 

The young dog can produce invertin in the 

blood serum when injected for long periods of 

time with subcutaneous sucrose, while under 

normal circumstances the invertin is found only 

in the small intestine. With inulin (a polysaccharide for which the body normally does not 

possess an enzyme) this behavior could not be 

demonstrated until now. (Translated summary.) 

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