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HONORING THE PROTECTORS OF THE

CAPITOL: THE PASSENGERS OF

FLIGHT 93

(109–30)

HEARING

BEFORE THE

SUBCOMMITTEE ON

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON

TRANSPORTATION AND

INFRASTRUCTURE

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

ONE HUNDRED NINTH CONGRESS

FIRST SESSION

JULY 26, 2005

Printed for the use of the

Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure

(
COMMITTEE ON TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE

DON YOUNG, Alaska, Chairman

THOMAS E. PETRI, Wisconsin, Vice-Chair

SHERWOOD L. BOEHLERT, New York

HOWARD COBLE, North Carolina

JOHN J. DUNCAN, JR., Tennessee

WAYNE T. GILCHREST, Maryland

JOHN L. MICA, Florida

PETER HOEKSTRA, Michigan

VERNON J. EHLERS, Michigan

SPENCER BACHUS, Alabama

STEVEN C. LATOURETTE, Ohio

SUE W. KELLY, New York

RICHARD H. BAKER, Louisiana

ROBERT W. NEY, Ohio

FRANK A. LOBIONDO, New Jersey

JERRY MORAN, Kansas

GARY G. MILLER, California

ROBIN HAYES, North Carolina

ROB SIMMONS, Connecticut

HENRY E. BROWN, JR., South Carolina

TIMOTHY V. JOHNSON, Illinois

TODD RUSSELL PLATTS, Pennsylvania

SAM GRAVES, Missouri

MARK R. KENNEDY, Minnesota

BILL SHUSTER, Pennsylvania

JOHN BOOZMAN, Arkansas

JIM GERLACH, Pennsylvania

MARIO DIAZ-BALART, Florida

JON C. PORTER, Nevada

TOM OSBORNE, Nebraska

KENNY MARCHANT, Texas

MICHAEL E. SODREL, Indiana

CHARLES W. DENT, Pennsylvania

TED POE, Texas

DAVID G. REICHERT, Washington

CONNIE MACK, Florida

JOHN R. ‘RANDY’ KUHL, JR., New York

LUIS G. FORTUN ̃ O, Puerto Rico

LYNN A. WESTMORELAND, Georgia

CHARLES W. BOUSTANY, JR., Louisiana

JEAN SCHMIDT, Ohio

JAMES L. OBERSTAR, Minnesota

NICK J. RAHALL, II, West Virginia

PETER A. DEFAZIO, Oregon

JERRY F. COSTELLO, Illinois

ELEANOR HOLMES NORTON, District of

Columbia

JERROLD NADLER, New York

CORRINE BROWN, Florida

BOB FILNER, California

EDDIE BERNICE JOHNSON, Texas

GENE TAYLOR, Mississippi

JUANITA MILLENDER-MCDONALD,

California

ELIJAH E. CUMMINGS, Maryland

EARL BLUMENAUER, Oregon

ELLEN O. TAUSCHER, California

BILL PASCRELL, JR., New Jersey

LEONARD L. BOSWELL, Iowa

TIM HOLDEN, Pennsylvania

BRIAN BAIRD, Washington

SHELLEY BERKLEY, Nevada

JIM MATHESON, Utah

MICHAEL M. HONDA, California

RICK LARSEN, Washington

MICHAEL E. CAPUANO, Massachusetts

ANTHONY D. WEINER, New York

JULIA CARSON, Indiana

TIMOTHY H. BISHOP, New York

MICHAEL H. MICHAUD, Maine

LINCOLN DAVIS, Tennessee

BEN CHANDLER, Kentucky

BRIAN HIGGINS, New York

RUSS CARNAHAN, Missouri

ALLYSON Y. SCHWARTZ, Pennsylvania

JOHN T. SALAZAR, Colorado

JOHN BARROW, Georgia

(II)
SUBCOMMITTEE ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND EMERGENCY

MANAGEMENT

BILL SHUSTER, Pennsylvania, Chairman

JIM GERLACH, Pennsylvania

KENNY MARCHANT, Texas, Vice-Chair

CHARLES W. DENT, Pennsylvania

JOHN R. ‘RANDY’ KUHL, JR., New York

DON YOUNG, Alaska

(Ex Officio)

ELEANOR HOLMES NORTON, District of

Columbia

MICHAEL H. MICHAUD, Maine

LINCOLN DAVIS, Tennessee

JULIA CARSON, Indiana

JAMES L. OBERSTAR, Minnesota

(Ex Officio)

(III)

(V)

CONTENTS

TESTIMONY

Page

Conrad, Hon. Kent, a Senator from the State of North Dakota .......................... 19

Glass, Brent, Mmember Flight 93 Memorial Advisory Commission and Director, Snithsonian Museum of American History ................................................. 10

Mankamyer, Clay and Mary Alice, Residents of Shanksville, Pennsylvania,

Ambassadors at the Shanksville Memorial Site ................................................ 10

Nacke, Ken, Family Member of a Passenger on Flight 93 ................................... 10

Peterson, Hamilton, President, Families of Flight 93 .......................................... 10

PREPARED STATEMENTS SUBMITTED BY MEMBERS OF CONGRESS

Kennedy, Hon. Mark, of Minnesota ....................................................................... 35

Norton, Hon. Eleanor Holmes, of the District of Columbia ................................. 45

PREPARED STATEMENTS SUBMITTED BY WITNESSES

Conrad, Hon. Kent, of North Dakota ..................................................................... 26

Glass, Brent ............................................................................................................. 31

Mankamyer, Clay .................................................................................................... 36

Mankamyer, Mary Alice .......................................................................................... 39

Nacke, Ken ............................................................................................................... 43

Peterson, Hamilton .................................................................................................. 46

SUBMISSIONS FOR THE RECORD

Hantman. Alan, FAIA Architect of the Capitol, statement .................................. 24

Shuster, Hon. Bill, Chairman, Subcommittee on Economic Development, Public Buildings and Emergency Mangement, ′′The Battle for United 93′′, from

the 9/11 Commision Report ................................................................................. 3

(1)

HONORING THE PASSENGERS AND CREW OF

FLIGHT 93

House of Representatives, Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, Subcommittee on Economic Development, Public

Buildings and Emergency Management, Washington, D.C.

The committee met, pursuant to call, at 10:00 a.m. in room 2167,

Rayburn House Office Building, Hon. Bill Shuster [chairman of the

subcommittee] presiding.

Mr. SHUSTER. The Subcommittee will come to order.

I’d like to welcome the Subcommittee to this important hearing

to consider the establishment of a permanent memorial in the U.S.

Capitol to honor the heroes of United Airlines Flight 93. I’d also

like to like to extend a special welcome to our invited witnesses,

the family members of the heroes of Flight 93 who are in attendance, and a couple of my constituents from Somerset County,

where Shanksville is located. Welcome to all of you today.

On the morning of September 11th, 2001, terrorists viciously attacked the United States of America and unleashed a global war

on terror. The first counterattack in this war began that morning

in the skies over Ohio by the civilian passengers and crew of Flight

93. The profound courage and sacrifice they demonstrated under

such horrifying circumstances truly makes them among the first

heroes in the war on terror.

Much of what we know about Flight 93 was compiled by the 9/

11 Commission and made public in its final report in July 2004.

In a section entitled ‘‘The Battle For United 93,’’ the 9/11 Commission presented for the first time a more complete picture of the hijacking, the resolve to resist by the passengers and crew and their

struggle to retake the plane.

On the morning of September 11th, United Airlines Flight 93 departed from Newark, New Jersey, bound for San Francisco, California. At approximately 9:28 a.m., somewhere over eastern Ohio and

just 46 minutes into the flight, four terrorists hijacked Flight 93

and took control of the aircraft. The terrorists then reprogrammed

the autopilot system of the aircraft to turn 180 degrees and head

east toward Washington, D.C.

What is now known about the events following the hijacking of

the aircraft and the plane crashing into a field in Shanksville,

Pennsylvania, is based on telephone conversations with passengers

and recordings from the cockpit of the aircraft. It was from these

telephone conversations that the passengers and crew of Flight 93

learned of the attacks that had already occurred, including the two

planes that had struck the World Trade Center Towers in New

York City.
2

Based on this knowledge and the belief that the terrorists were

involved in the same plot, the passengers and crew took a vote and

decided to retake the plan. At 9:57 a.m., the passengers acted and

attacked the terrorists that had hijacked the plane. After approximately six minutes of intense struggle, the terrorist pilot maneuvered the aircraft in such a way as to crash it into an empty field

in Shanksville, Pennsylvania, killing all aboard. According to the 9/

11 Commission report, the hijacker’s objective was to ‘‘crash his

airliner into symbols of the American republic, the Capitol or the

White House. He was defeated by the alerted, unarmed passengers

of United 93.’’

At this point, I would ask unanimous consent to insert ‘‘The Battle for United 93’’ from the 9/11 Commission report into the hearing record. Without objection, so ordered.

[The referenced document follows:]
3
4
5
6
7
8

Mr. SHUSTER. I believe there is no doubt that the passengers and

crew of Flight 93 were true heroes and deserve a memorial in their

honor. America, and I believe, the Congress in particular, owe them

a tremendous debt of gratitude for their courage and for their sacrifice. I believe we should extend that same gratitude to the family

members of the passengers and crew. I am very pleased that we

have family members testifying and in the audience today.

As we all know, the Congress authorized a national memorial in

honor of Flight 93’s passengers and crew at the Shanksville, Pennsylvania crash site. Shanksville is a small, rural community in the

southern portion of my Congressional district. Shortly after the

crash, residents and visitors to the area created small and spontaneous memorials. Soon, family members and thousands of inspired

travelers, pilgrims, if you will, descended on the hallowed ground

of the crash site to pay their respects.

These interactions between locals and guests, the shared grieving, consolation, pride, inspiration generated by the heroes of

Flight 93 have created a unique and special relationship between

the people of Somerset County and the families and heroes of

Flight 93. I am pleased that we will be receiving testimony from

a number of witnesses who are involved with the memorial at

Shanksville, and I look forward to hearing their views on creating

an additional memorial in the Capitol.

As I had mentioned earlier, there is no doubt the heroes of Flight

93 deserve a memorial in their honor. Yet there is a legitimate

question of whether we should create one in the Capitol. Personally

I believe the 9/11 Commission report was clear when it said the

target was most likely the Capitol or the White House. Perhaps we

will never know for sure. But I do not believe that should prevent

us from placing a symbol of our respect and a reminder of their

courage for all to see in the Capitol.

I believe a memorial can be designed that accurately portrays the

facts as we know them, honors their sacrifice and reflects the uncertainty of the intended target. It is for these reasons that I introduced a resolution to establish the Capitol memorial. The actions

taken by the heroes of Flight 93 hits particularly close to home,

considering that your family members likely saved the lives of

many of my colleagues and co-workers who were here that day. I

believe I can say on behalf of all members of Congress and the

Capitol Hill community, thank you. Thank you for the sacrifices

your families have endured to keep this Nation and its people safe.

We are profoundly grateful.

With that, I would like to recognize our Ranking Member, Ms.

Norton from the District of Columbia, for any opening statement

she may have.

Ms. NORTON. Thank you very much, Chairman Shuster. I very

much appreciate that you have called this hearing this morning.

I want to especially welcome the witnesses we have invited, and

especially the relatives and the volunteers at the Shanksville site.

I do want to say the special kinship those of us, especially those

of us who live in the Nation’s Capital, in the District of Columbia,

feel and will always feel with Shanksville.

I do want to also apologize. I have left a hearing, a Homeland

Security hearing, where a rail security bill that I am a major spon-
9

sor of is being considered. So I am not going to be able to hear the

testimony personally, but I will have staff here and I will look

closely at the testimony and read the testimony personally.

As I am sure you know, we are profoundly grateful to you for

your dedication and devotion, Mr. Chairman, to ensuring the contributions and to the witnesses for keeping alive the contributions

of their loved ones, their neighbors and the appropriateness that

we find a way to acknowledge their contribution. Through the testimony this morning, I hope we can identify creative and legislative

options, non-controversial if we think hard, I think we can do that,

to honor those who died and sacrificed at Shanksville and in Pennsylvania, and their contributions and the contributions that you

continue to make.

I look forward to reading the testimony and to hearing your suggestions for a suitable memorial.

Thank you again, Mr. Chairman, for your thoughtfulness in calling this hearing.

Mr. SHUSTER. Thank you, Ms. Norton.

At this point, I would like to note that Senator Kent Conrad from

North Dakota, the sponsor of Senate Resolution 26, might be joining us this morning. I understand he has an ongoing markup this

morning and he will have a fairly short window of opportunity to

testify. But he desperately wanted to testify this morning, which I

appreciate. Given his tight schedule, when he arrives, I would like

to wait for a logical break in the hearing, then ask consent to allow

the Senator to testify at that point. After his testimony and a brief

period for questions, we will pick up the hearing where we left off.

So I ask unanimous consent that all of our witnesses’ full statements be included in the record. And without objection, so ordered.

I am pleased to introduce the first witness of our panel, Mr. D.

Hamilton Peterson, whose father, Donald A. Peterson and stepmother, Jean H. Peterson, were both passengers aboard Flight 93.

Mr. Peterson is also the current President of Families of Flight 93.

Our second witness is from Baltimore County, police officer Ken

Nacke, whose brother, Louis Joseph Nacke, II, was aboard Flight

93. Officer Nacke is also a board member of the Families of Flight

93.

We also have with us Dr. Brent Glass. He is the Director of the

Smithsonian’s National Museum of American History. Dr. Glass

also serves as a member of the Flight 93 National Memorial Commission. And our fourth and fifth witnesses are Mr. Clay

Mankamyer, a Flight 93 volunteer ambassador, and his wife, Mary

Alice Mankamyer, also a Flight 93 volunteer ambassador from

Somerset County. Welcome to my two constituents.

And for those of you that don’t know the ambassador program,

it formed spontaneously as visitors came to the town of Shanksville

and to the site, there was nobody there to show them around. But

folks like the Mankamyers just started this with a bunch of other

folks and have really done a great job, not only for the site, but to

help the families and all those involved.

So again, welcome to all of you. Since your written testimony has

been made part of the record, the Subcommittee requests that all

witnesses limit their summary to five minutes. There will be time
10

for questions after all the witnesses have offered their prepared remarks. So Mr. Peterson, if you would proceed first.

STATEMENTS OF HAMILTON PETERSON, PRESIDENT, FAMILIES OF FLIGHT 93; KEN NACKE, FAMILY MEMBER OF A PASSENGER ON FLIGHT 93; BRENT GLASS, MEMBER, FLIGHT 93

MEMORIAL ADVISORY COMMISSION AND DIRECTOR, SMITHSONIAN MUSEUM OF AMERICAN HISTORY; CLAY

MANKAMYER AND MARY ALICE MANKAMYER, RESIDENTS OF

SHANKSVILLE, PENNSYLVANIA, AMBASSADORS AT THE

SHANKSVILLE MEMORIAL SITE

Mr. PETERSON. Thank you very much, Chairman Shuster.

Good morning. Thank you for your invitation to appear today to

discuss the importance of a permanent memorial in the United

States Capitol and yours and Mr. Murtha’s very important sponsorship of this resolution. I would also like to thank Ranking Member

Norton and the other members of the Committee for inviting us to

testify today. It is a privilege and an honor to speak before you regarding your proposed United States Capitol memorial to Flight 93.

My name is Hamilton Peterson, and again, as you said, my father, Donald A. Peterson and my stepmother, Jean Hoadley Peterson, both perished aborad United Flight 93. I am president of Families of Flight 93, a 501(c)(3) non-profit, incorporated under Pennsylvania law, comprised of family members who lost relatives on

Flight 93.

In addition, as you mentioned, Mr. Chairman, we have a member

of our family board also present today, seated in the first row, Ms.

Allison Vadhan. She lost her mother, Ms. Kristin Gould White, on

Flight 93.

Our group, in conjunction with a Federal advisory commission,

the National Park Service and the National Park Foundation, is

working to build a memorial in Shanksville, Pennsylvania, honoring the passengers and crew of Flight 93. On behalf of the Families

of Flight 93, I am grateful for this opportunity to present our views

concerning the permanent memorial in the U.S. Capitol.

Also present and testifying with me today in support of this honorable resolution is my fellow board member to my immediate left,

and also a Flight 93 federal advisory commissioner, Ken Nacke,

who lost his brother Joey aboard Flight 93. Unable to attend today

is board member Patrick White of Naples, Florida. Mr. White is our

board government affairs liaison and he has worked closely with

Congress with respect to our Shanksville site memorial.

It is with extreme enthusiasm and heartfelt appreciation that

Mr. White, Mr. Nacke and I report back to you, Chairman Shuster,

that without objection, our family board endorses your kind and

generous resolution to memorialize Flight 93 at the United States

Capitol. The 9/11 Commission aptly titled the section of its report

describing Flight 93 as the Battle for United 93. These simple

words alone provide enormous insight into what happened on that

plane on the morning of September 11th, as heroic passengers and

crews, aided by information provided to them by friends and family, began their struggle to prevent their flight from becoming another missile of death and destruction.
11

The four hijackers had armed themselves with knives and

claimed to have a bomb. The passengers and crew were armed only

with their ability to believe the unbelievable news they heard in

phone calls with those on the ground and with their determination

to engage their hijackers in a battle of historic proportions. Of

course, the exact details of the battle for United 93 may never be

fully known. What we do know is that those aboard the plane

mounted a heroic effort to fight back and thwart the hijackers. Information pieced together from phone conversations, the cockpit

voice recorder and radio transmissions from Flight 93 reveal that

the passengers and crew had devised a plan to revolt against the

hijackers and began that revolt shortly before 10:00 a.m.

Based on information passengers and crews provided to friends

and family, it is believed that at least two people had been stabbed

and lay either dead or injured on the cabin floor. Many who have

listened to the cockpit voice recorder from United 93, including myself, also surmise that a female flight attendant who may have

been held hostage in the cockpit fought back against the hijackers

and was subsequently murdered.

As the plane raced towards Washington, the passengers and crew

raced towards the cockpit and began their courageous battle. The

cockpit voice recorder contains heart-wrenching sounds of their efforts to break through the cockpit door. Voices of passengers and

crew, while muffled and difficult to identify, could be discerned as

could the sounds of breaking glasses and plates.

In my mind, as I listened to the cockpit voice recorder, I could

see those brave individuals using the food service cart as a battering ram, trying with all of their might to break through the cockpit

door. At least one passenger was a pilot, another had training as

an air traffic controller. Had the cockpit been retaken, it is entirely

possible that these passengers and crew could have brought Flight

93 to safety.

The hijackers were, of course, aware of the revolt taking place in

the cabin. The valiant efforts of the passengers and crew to enter

the cockpit were answered almost immediately by the hijacker piloting the plane. Ziad Jarrah started to roll United 93 violently to

the left and right, obviously attempting to frustrate the mounting

counter-attack by the passengers and crew by throwing them off

balance in the airplane.

Another aircraft in the skies above Pennsylvania that morning

reported seeing Flight 93 ‘‘waving his wings.’’ Several people on the

ground who witnessed Flight 93 in its last minutes in the sky later

commented on seeing the plane dip its wings sharply to the left

and then to the right. In spite of these attempts to thwart them,

the passengers and crew continued their fight. They never gave up.

The cockpit voice recorder continued as well, recording the

sounds of the persistent assault on the cockpit right up until the

end when the plane crashed into an empty field at 580 miles per

hour. At the time that it crashed, Flight 93 was only 20 minutes

flying time from where we sit today. Had the plane reached its destination, which we surmise was the Capitol Building, it would have

crashed here at approximately 10:30 when the Capitol would have

been teeming with people.
12

Information gleaned from interviews of conspirators to the 9/11

attacks as well as the recent Zacarias Moussaoui guilty plea in

Federal Court in the Eastern District of Virginia indeed indicates

that the hijackers most likely intended to fly Flight 93 into our

Capitol Building. The hijackers were no doubt aware of the success

of their confederates earlier that morning and were intent on carrying out their mission here as well. The 9/11 plan, apparently years

in the making, was being successfully played out.

The passengers and crew of Flight 93, however, had a different

plan. Against all odds, they banded together to foil four armed terrorists. Of course, there was a qualified success: the passengers

and crew saved countless lives here in Washington but lost their

own. Al Qaeda had been handed its first defeat by a small group

of unarmed individuals, all regular people that morning they

boarded the plane, all remarkable heroes by that afternoon.

It is against this backdrop that we sit here today. You have

asked us, Chairman, whether a memorial in the United States

Capitol Building is appropriate. After all, memorials in our Capitol

must be special. To have them at every turn for everything and

anything would no doubt dilute their intended effect: to give people

pause to remember a person or event that made a significant difference in the history of our Country. With all we know about what

happened on board Flight 93, there can be no doubt that a permanent memorial in the United States Capitol is both appropriate and

indeed necessary, as is the memorial being planned for the crash

site in Shanksville, Pennsylvania.

How many people working here or visiting this Capitol would not

be here today had the passengers and crew of that plane chosen

to remain passive? The tolls of death and destruction at the World

Trade Center and the Pentagon are grim reminders of what could

have been, in this very spot, almost to the minute at 10:30 as we

testify here today.

In summary, my two sons were five and a half and one and a

half on September 11th, 2001. The older was well aware of what

had happened that day and how it affected our Nation. Many

young Americans, of course, were not directly impacted by the

events, and know little of the bravery exhibited that day by countless people: firefighters, office workers, citizens, airplane passengers and police. This memorial to Flight 93 would be a permanent reminder of the power of a handful of good people. In this age

when evildoers get most of the news coverage, how important it is

to have a tribute to those who faced evil with courage and conviction and refused to give up.

In closing, I am often asked why it is so important that we honor

and memorialize the actions of those aboard Flight 93. My constant

refrain is, ask yourself what message would have been sent to the

world had the terrorists prevailed in destroying one of the greatest

icons of democracy and of the free world: the U.S. Capitol and all

that it represents. Instead of a complete victory of evil over good

on that dark day, a beautiful ray of hope emerged, a message of

hope and survival and ultimate triumph. Not three months later,

in December of 2001, that positive message inspired passengers

and crew aboard a trans-Atlantic flight to thwart Richard Reid in

his attempt to detonate a shoe bomb powerful enough to have pene-
13

trated the fuselage of a trans-Atlantic flight flying from Paris to

Miami. Indeed, every day across the world as passengers and crew

board flights, there is an implicit understanding that people are

ready to take action and prevent terrorists from stealing our freedom and our lives.

Flight 93’s eternal gift is the knowledge that good can and must

prevail. On my own behalf and behalf of the Families of Flight 93,

I thank you, Ms. Shuster, as well as Mr. Murtha, members of this

Committee, as well as Senators Santorum and Conrad, for your efforts to memorialize the sacrifice and bravery of our families.

Mr. SHUSTER. Thank you, Mr. Peterson. I also want to say how

we appreciate that endorsement by the Families of Flight 93 also.

Thank you.

I also want the record to reflect that Allison White Vadhan is

present today. We thank you very much for coming, the daughter

of Kristin White Gould, who was on Flight 93. Thank you very

much for coming. I want to make sure the record reflects that you

are here.

With that, Mr. Nacke, you may proceed.

Mr. NACKE. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

My testimony will be a little bit shorter than my cohort next to

me. Good morning, and thank you for inviting me.

Please allow me to introduce myself. My name is Ken Nacke. I

am currently a police officer with the Baltimore County Police Department for almost the past 18 years in the great State of Maryland. My brother, Louis Joseph Nacke, II, sometimes I will slip and

call him Joey, because that’s how he is fondly known through our

family, was one of the heroes aboard Flight 93.

I use the word hero because most people always say the word

victim, and I truly believe our loved ones were not victims, but they

were heroes, and they rose above. They took their own destiny in

their hands and acted upon it, instead of just waiting for things to

be played out.

On September 11th, 2001, the extraordinary acts of the 40 individuals united the Nation and showed what true patriotism is all

about. They thwarted a planned attack on our Nation’s Capitol,

thereby saving the lives of countless others and truly winning the

first battle in the war against terrorism. The actions of the passengers and crew have not gone unnoticed by the citizens of this

great Nation.

I truly feel that placing a memorial honoring the heroes of Flight

93 inside the Capitol Building would ensure that our loved ones are

cherished, honored and remembered for generations to come. And

it is truly what I would want to convey today to your Committee

and to our Nation, that these loved ones should be remembered,

honored and cherished. Three words always come to mind when I

talk to Dr. Brent Glass and to Hamilton or anybody else, it is

unity, hope and trust. Our loved ones united, they had hoped to

prevail and they trusted each other. And that’s the backbone of our

Country.

My whole family and I support this endeavor, what you’re trying

to do, placing some type of memorial in the Capitol. I truly believe

that our Country is a better place because of the actions of the pas-
14

sengers and crew of Flight 93. I for one know that I am a better

person because of their actions.

There are bizarre ironies in life. Twenty years ago I was a policeman here in Washington, D.C., and so was Hamilton Peterson,

next to me. One of my first footposts was right outside of the Capitol Building, walking up and down Pennsylvania Avenue, just

blocks up the road. I can remember times going up and down and

seeing this building and marveled at what it stood for. It is so

strange that our family members would sacrifice their lives decades

later to protect our great Nation, in an area where I once walked.

In closing, I consider it a great honor that you ladies and gentlemen are placing a memorial and honoring my brother Joey and the

heroes of Flight 93. If and when you guys choose to place a fitting

memorial, with whatever you want the design to be, because I truly

believe it is not what the families or I would want to see, it is what

our Nation would want honoring those loved ones. That’s the important thing here, is that it is the Nation that is honoring the 40

true heroes of Flight 93.

When that date does come, I would like to be invited to see that,

when it is placed on the hallowed walls of the Capitol Building. I

do really thank you for the time and the honor of speaking in front

of you.

Mr. SHUSTER. Thank you very much. It is an honor to have you

here with us today.

Next, Dr. Glass, you may proceed.

Mr. GLASS. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Thank you for the invitation to speak at this hearing. It is a privilege for me to join my fellow panelists at this hearing and also to speak to you and recognize

other members of the Committee, two members I have worked with

closely when I was in Pennsylvania, Mr. Gerlock and Mr. Dent. It

is nice to be in your company again.

I am Brent Glass, Director of the Smithsonian’s National Museum of American History. I am also a member of the Flight 93

National Memorial Commission. However, I need to mention, I am

not representing the Smithsonian today, nor am I representing or

speaking for the Memorial Commission. I am speaking as a professional historian who has worked for over 30 years in the field of

public history. This work has involved planning, developing and

preserving public monuments, memorials and historical markers.

Within days after the tragic events of September 11th, 2001, people from around the world visited the locations near the crash site

of Flight 93 and left personal tributes to the passengers and crew.

A number of those tributes are here on display at this hearing.

At the time of September 11th, 2001, I served as Executive Director of the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission.

The Somerset Historical Center, located a few miles from the crash

site, is one of the museums administered by the commission.

At the request of the Somerset County commissioners, I agreed

to collaborate with the county historical society to maintain the extensive collections that were being left at these locations and at the

temporary memorial constructed by the county near the crash site.

These tribes consisted of flags, hats, buttons, poems, signs, many

other expressions of grief, pride and patriotism. The story of Flight

93 very quickly captured the public’s imagination, and the tem-
15

porary memorial became a destination for thousands of people from

around the Country and around the world.

The makeshift, informal quality of this memorial, in my opinion,

made it even more beautiful and meaningful, because it reflected

a grassroots effort to remember and honor the 40 passengers and

crew who died on that fateful day. The work of the Flight 93 ambassadors, and you will hear from them shortly, who guide visitors

and provide information at the temporary memorial, added to the

experience of visiting the site.

Standing at the temporary memorial, within site of a former coal

mine, farm lands, game lands, a visitor can feel an emotional and

spiritual power that is similar to a visit to Gettysburg or Antietam.

The Flight 93 Memorial Commission is in the final stages of selecting a design for the permanent memorial and the location will be

near the crash site. The commission, under the direction of the National Park Service, has worked hard to identify boundaries for the

memorial and to select jurors for the design competition who represent the variety of stakeholders in addition to design professionals.

As a member of the commission, I have been most impressed by

the dedication and passion of everyone involved in this process to

ensure that we develop a memorial that pays tribute to the sacrifice of 40 people who were passengers and crew, and that places

the story of Flight 93 within the larger context of the events of September 11th. The commission has posted the designs of five finalists on its web site, www.Flight93memorialproject.org. I encourage

everyone to take a look at the five finalists. They are most interesting.

I provide this background to the Committee because it is important that the focus of the effort to memorialize the passengers and

crew of Flight 93 remain on the development of the memorial in

Somerset County. I am supportive of a memorial in Washington to

recognize the sacrifice of passengers and crew, provided it does not

draw attention or support away from the permanent memorial. I

do not expect that this will happen, but I did want to express my

concern.

As a historian, I am more concerned that a memorial in Washington reflects the facts about Flight 93. There is much that we do

not know and may never know about those terrifying moments

prior to the crash. If a memorial is developed, we should avoid trying to fill in the gaps. For example, we do not know the motivations of the people who resisted the hijackers. We do not know the

intended target of the hijackers.

The 9/11 Commission Report is the best source I know of to offer

guidance about the sequence of events on that day. That report

makes it clear that an active resistance took place during that

flight that directly contributed to the crash in a remote field in

Pennsylvania. That story alone is inspirational and compelling. We

do not need to improve upon it by adding details that are not supported by physical, written or oral evidence. The memorial can be

inspirational and respectful of the sacrifices and loss and still be

true to the historical record.

By acknowledging that we do not know all the details of Flight

93, we will allow visitors to reflect on what might have happened
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and how they might have reacted if they were in those awful circumstances. Good history always involves imagination. I am confident that we can honor the passengers and crew, even if we have

to imagine what took place in their final moments.

Thank you.

Mr. SHUSTER. Thank you, Dr. Glass, and I couldn’t agree with

you more. We will make certain that Oliver Stone is not going to

participate in this historical event. If you have seen his movies, he

tends to fill in the blanks, as you say, which I think is very inappropriate.

Thank you, Dr. Glass, and thank you for your service on the

Flight 93 memorial and your good work at the Smithsonian.

Next up, Mr. Mankamyer, you can proceed.

Mr. MANKAMYER. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

The events of September 11th, 2001, and subsequent related

events, hold special significance for me as a volunteer ambassador

at the temporary memorial and a resident of the nearby town of

Shanksville. I also serve on the Flight 93 task force design solicitation committee.

I have witnessed my fellow ambassadors standing in a wind chill

well below zero as well as in the burning sun with a heat index

around 100, just to welcome total strangers to the site and to tell

the story of the historic, heroic deeds that ended there. Bear in

mind, not all the volunteers are as young as my wife and I.

I still often have to wipe away tears and choke back my emotions

as I watch men, women and children do the same, as they relive

the tragic yet so very inspiring end to Flight 93. The story is special to me because 40 ordinary people, the vast majority of whom

were total strangers, agreed, at least without known and open dissent, to take action which they knew would likely cost them their

lives. Not only was this the site of the first battle fought on the

war on terror, but the first victory. This victory came at a great

price. It was a victory, nonetheless.

It is the place where the battle cry for the war against terror was

coined. Todd Beamer joined the insurrection on board with the

command, ‘‘Let’s roll.’’ This battle cry will go down in history, much

like ‘‘no taxation without representation’’ or ‘‘remember the Alamo.’’

‘‘Let’s roll’’ was used by our President to inspire a Nation still in

shock but needing to prepare for war.

This inspiring slogan was placed on the cockpit of bombers in Afghanistan and appeared on jet fighters over Iraq. Now it is time

to honor the heroes of Flight 93 in our Nation’s Capitol with a permanent memorial, and with a memorial in that field of honor near

Shanksville, Pennsylvania.

This story must be told down through the generations to continue to inspire our Nation to remain vigilant in guarding our Godgiven liberties, as do the battlefields of the war of liberation and

the Alamo. It must serve as a reminder of the cost of complacency

or underestimating the threat to our way of life posed by the enemies of free speech, freedom of religion and the right to be secure

in our own properties. The story must remain unedited by the

forces of political correctness, heralding the deep religious conviction and strong moral character that motivated the passengers and

crew of Flight 93.
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They have done their part, and we ambassadors are doing ours.

The partners, including the families of the heroes, the Park Service, the task force, committee members and the commission are

doing their part in working to erect a fitting memorial at the crash

site.

It is now time for Congress to do its part. Please pass this resolution, erect a commemorative plaque in the Capitol. Help us finish

the work that needs to be done on that sacred ground in Pennsylvania on behalf of a grateful Nation which is in desperate need of

heroes and inspiration to carry on in the fight begun on September

11th, 2001.

Mr. SHUSTER. Thank you, Mr. Mankamyer.

Mrs. Mankamyer, please proceed.

Mrs. MANKAMYER. I’m a volunteer ambassador for Flight 93, and

live in the small town of Shanksville with only 245 residents.

Soon after the crash of Flight 93, the people in town thought

they needed to honor the heroes who died so near to our town. At

the end of Main Street, a small memorial started to take shape,

with board, a sign, a cross, flag and a fence. People came from everywhere and many tributes were left there. A wreath with a note

attached said ‘‘Thanks for saving us,’’ signed by Capitol Hill employees, was left at the site.

On October 2001, a temporary memorial was opened to the public. Visitors to the site were often confused as to where the plane

crashed. A meeting was held on January 26th, 2002, and those attending agreed about the need to be at the site to greet the visitors

and give accurate information. We now have 40 volunteer ambassadors to staff the site every day.

Our purpose is to honor those who died on Flight 93, to answer

questions, to give a hug, cry with them and provide a listening ear.

Well over 130,000 people have come each year. At this time we are

greeting more then 5,000 visitors every week from all over the

world. Somerset County commissioners erected a bronze plaque

bearing the names of the passengers and crew along with flag poles

that fly the United States and Pennsylvania State flags. A large

wooden cross draped in the white cloth was erected near the command post to offer comfort and hope to the arriving families of the

heroes of Flight 93.

Two men climbed a 200 foot boom of a drag line and huge a huge

American flag. A Guatemalan man sent a large granite plaque

weighing more than 450 pounds. People come to pray, meditate and

reflect at the site. I met a woman who was trapped in the Pentagon

rubble who said how difficult it was for her to go back to work. I

held her for a long time as we cried together. I especially remember

a Native American Indian sitting, in his costume, in 22 inches of

snow and it was 18 below zero, to meditate and show his respect.

Many visitors feel compelled to leave something at the memorial

fence as a tribute. Among the tributes are a flight attendant’s uniform, military ribbons, medals, miliary boots, Bibles, children’s toys

and a newspaper article about a Bible that survived the crash. A

note read: ‘‘My son works on Capitol Hill, the Hart Building, and

I feel he was saved because of the heroes of Flight 93.’’

One of the main things written and said at the site is ‘‘God Bless

America’’ and ‘‘God bless you’’ to the heroes and families of Flight
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93. Things which cannot remain outdoors are collected by the curator, cleaned, cataloged and stored. To date we have more than

20,000 items. In the front of the room here there is a display at

the table with some of these items. I hope you will take time to

look at them.

We are in the process of an oral history project to preserve this

historical account. There were over 1,063 entries to the permanent

memorial design competition. The top five designs are being displayed in Somerset. A jury will announce the winning design on

September 7th in Washington, D.C.

We are grateful for your efforts to see that the permanent memorial is built at the site in Stonycreek Township where we saw the

resolve, strength and courage of those 40, one of whom was pregnant, brave people to overcome their fears and in so doing, their

story was heard around the world. These men and women who,

only about 15 minutes away from Washington, D.C., came together

to stop the destructive actions of the terrorists and in so doing

turned the crash into a place of victory.

I am reminded of a Bible verse in John 15:13 that says, ‘‘Greater

love hath no man than this, than a man lay down his life for his

friends.’’ They laid down their lives for you and me, not even

friends, but strangers. A peaceful field is the final resting place for

the heroes of Flight 93. This memorial is needed so we as a Nation

and world have a place to grieve and show respect for what has

happened in our Country; a place of healing and inspiration for all

who come.

The Flight 93 national memorial statement says it well: ‘‘May all

who visit this place remember the collective acts of courage and

sacrifice of the passengers and crew, revered as hallowed ground

as the final resting place for these heroes, and reflect the power of

the individuals who chose to make a difference.’’

Therefore, it is certainly fitting that a placque to honor the passengers and crew of Flight 93 should be placed in this, our Nation’s

Capitol, so all who come to visit can likewise read it and reflect for

this and all generations to come to never forget the events that

took place on September 11th, 2001. The Flight 93 memorial mission states so wonderfully, ‘‘A common field one day, a field of

honor forever.’’

In closing, I would like to thank you for the opportunity of testifying here today. It was truly an honor. Please know that there are

many people who are thankful for all that you do here for us and

that we are praying for you.

Thank you.

Mr. SHUSTER. Thank you, Mrs. Mankamyer. And thank you and

your husband for your role there at the site. I know there are hot

summers, but many people don’t know how bitterly cold Somerset

County can be in the winter. I have been there when it has been

cold and when it has been hot. We appreciate what you and all the

ambassadors do at the Flight 93 site.

At this time, I would like to welcome Senator Conrad and invite

him to come up to the desk. I would also ask unanimous consent

that he be able to address the Subcommittee. Without objection, so

ordered.
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Senator Conrad is the original sponsor of the Senate Concurrent

Resolution 26, which would establish a memorial to the heroes of

Flight 93 in the U.S. Capitol. Through Senator Conrad’s leadership

in the Senate, along with Senators Santorum and Specter, S. Con.

Res. 26 was unanimously approved by the Senate on July 18th. We

are very pleased that you are able to join us here this morning and

look forward to your testimony, Senator. Please proceed.

STATEMENT OF THE HONORABLE KENT CONRAD, A SENATOR

FROM THE STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA

Senator CONRAD. Mr. Chairman, thank you very much for this

opportunity, and to the members of the Committee, as well. I also

first want to apologize to the other witnesses here. The Senate is

about to have a series of roll call votes, and of course, as usual in

the Senate, without notice. So I apologize.

I thank you, Mr. Chairman, very much, for holding this hearing.

I thank you very much for your co-sponsorship of this important

resolution. We are here today to talk about a resolution to honor

the passengers of Flight 93 for their heroic actions on 9/11. Again

I want to thank you, Mr. Chairman, and Congressman Murtha for

sponsoring this legislation in the House. As you have indicated, it

has passed the Senate on a unanimous consent provision. It passed

last year in the Senate as well. The House did not have a chance

to act before the adjournment of the 108th Congress. I am hopeful

that this hearing will provide impetus to the House passage of this

resolution as well.

As the story of 9/11 continues to unfold, it becomes even more

clear how critically important the actions of the passengers and

crew of Flight 93 were. The 9/11 Commission reports that the passengers of Flight 93 learned through a series of phone calls to loved

ones that hijackers on three other flights had turned airplanes into

flying bombs that morning. As we all know, those planes were

crashed into the World Trade Center and the Pentagon.

Armed only with that knowledge and their own courage and resolve, those brave passengers attacked the hijackers. They attempted to regain control of the aircraft which tragically crashed

in rural Pennsylvania.

However, as a result of their actions, the terrorists on Flight 93

were prevented from executing another devastating and deadly attack. The 9/11 Commission concluded, ‘‘The Nation owes them a

debt, a deep debt.’’ Mr. Chairman, it is time for us in Congress to

acknowledge that debt. The 9/11 Commission also concluded that

their actions saved the lives of countless others and likely saved either the United States Capitol or the White House.

As I watched the Nation respond to the events of 9/11, I fully expected that there would be a memorial to the extraordinary heroism of the passengers and crew of Flight 93. And in fact, actions

have been taken. But Mr. Chairman and members of this Committee, as you all know well, we have not recognized their heroism in

this Capitol complex. I believe we need to do that. If there were

ever true American heroes, these passengers and crew of Flight 93

fit that description.

As I have read the reports of what occurred on that plane, those

that gathered to take on the terrorists had to know they were risk-
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ing everything. I think it is forever embedded on the American consciousness the two words, ‘‘Let’s roll.’’ I got back in my own mind

to those moments. I remember being told by security forces to evacuate the Capitol because there was a plane eight minutes out,

that’s what we were told. They thought the Capitol complex might

be a target.

I remember hundreds of people streaming out of the Capitol that

morning, not knowing what was occurring in our Country, seeing

the smoke billowing from the Pentagon, watching the television reports of planes flying into the World Trade Center. And then this

fourth plane, fate unknown. Moments later, finding out that it had

crashed in Pennsylvania, not knowing the cause. And to have

learned afterwards of the courage, of the bravery of the people who

rallied to America’s cause that morning. They deserve our deepest

gratitude. And it must be recognized in the Capitol.

Mr. Chairman, I hope very much the House will take prompt action on this matter. I thank you very much for your co-sponsorship.

This is a bit of unfinished business for America from 9/11, and we

ought to conclude it promptly and correctly. And we ought to recognize our profound respect for the passengers and crew of Flight 93,

and send our deepest condolences to the families of those affected.

I thank the Chairman.

Mr. SHUSTER. Thank you, Senator, and you are absolutely right,

this is unfinished business. I have asked the Speaker to hold at the

desk your resolution so that we can take it straight to the Floor

when we come back from August recess. I am very hopeful and confident that that will happen and we will be able to get this passed

and move forward.

So thank you for your leadership in the Senate. We certainly appreciate that. Thank you for being here today.

Senator CONRAD. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and members of the

Committee as well. Thank you very much.

Mr. SHUSTER. Thank you.

With that, we are going to open it up for some questions, to anybody on the panel. I will go ahead and start—Mr. Dent, do you

have a question you want to ask? I will start with you if you like.

Mr. DENT. I just want to applaud you and Senators Conrad and

Santorum for your leadership on this issue, along with Representative Murtha. As a Pennsylvanian, I certainly support this measures, and as one who represents eastern Pennsylvania, I had constituents who perished on 9/11, and a family member on the 91st

floor of the first tower who remarkably escaped after the first plane

hit the 93rd floor where he worked.

The only thing I really wanted to add to this is that I think, Dr.

Glass, your comments are right on point. I also want to note for

the record that those of you from Somerset County should know

that, and Dr. Glass, you might want to clarify this point, that not

only did we experience the horrible plane crash on September 11th,

but I believe the coal miners, that incident occurred not very far

from the site in Somerset County. I believe back in the 18th century, a young Army officer named George Washington was in that

general vicinity as well, and he was captured at Fort Necessity.

There is a lot of historical significance to what has occurred out

there near Shanksville.
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Again, I just support this effort and I do want to express my condolences to those of you who are here today and all the other families who lost so much on that day. Thank you, and I applaud your

measure.

Mr. SHUSTER. Thank you. I also wanted to point out, which I regularly do, that just about eight miles south of Shanksville is a little

town called Berlin, Pennsylvania. Most people don’t remember, but

that was the epicenter for the Whiskey Rebellion that occurred in

the first year of George Washington’s second term. There was a rebellion here, farmers rose up, they didn’t want to pay the tax on

their whiskey. George Washington got on his horse and rode up

into Pennsylvania to put down the rebellion.

I often remind people of Berlin because the war on terror started

at Shanksville, the first counter-attack, and it is ongoing. We in

America today want things to be over so quick and to be so neat.

But when you look back in our history, five years into the founding

of our Nation, we had to put up with a rebellion ourselves. I think

it is providence that it is only about eight miles from Shanksville,

Berlin. So we should all be remembered of our history and that it

is never easy when you are building a nation and building democracy.

I have a couple of questions, first for Mr. Peterson. Given your

experience with the memorial in Shanksville, do you believe that

a memorial here at the Capitol can detract in any way from the

memorial in Shanksville?

Mr. PETERSON. Absolutely not, Chairman Shuster. If anything, I

believe both of these very necessary memorials reaffirm the commitment by the citizens and the passengers and crew on that

flight. I think both need to exist, at a minimum, and I think they

will send a message appropriately. Senator Conrad also said it

well, with respect to that debt, that duty, that obligation.

Mr. SHUSTER. Mr. Nacke, in your experience, are there any lessons that you may have taken away, as you have been watching

what’s happened in Shanksville, that we might be able to apply to

a memorial that we set up here in the Capitol?

Mr. NACKE. I think the first thing that comes to mind is inclusion. Like I said in my testimony, it is the Nation, it is not truly

what Hamilton wants or what I want, it is what the Nation wants.

It is your job pretty much to represent the Nation’s wishes. So I

think you have your finger on the pulse, so to speak, and you are

headed in the right direction.

There are things I would like to see, and there are probably

things Hamilton would like to see, but like I said, it is not truly

what we would like to see, it is truly what our Nation wants to see.

And what a fitting place to be, in the hallowed halls of the Capitol

Building.

Mr. SHUSTER. And to the Mankamyers, anything, your thoughts?

Do you believe we can do a memorial here in the Capitol and not

detract or take away anything from Shanksville?

Mr. MANKAMYER. I think there will be quite a number of visitors

to the Capitol who may never make it to Shanksville. They need

the benefit of that inspiration as well. If anything, that might inspire them to want to make a trip up to Shanksville and see our
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memorial there as well. I think it will be a plus, not a minus at

all.

The only concern that I offer is, you can only put so much on a

placque, of course, but as the debate goes on, once it is considered

what should go on that plaque, that political correctness not be one

of the considerations, that truth and a fitting memorial be the consideration for what appears here as well as in Shanksville.

Mr. SHUSTER. And Dr. Glass, my question to you is, what do you

see, I know we had mentioned, and I couldn’t agree with you more,

we have to make sure we stay to the facts and not fill in the gaps

anywhere. Do you see any protect against?

Mr. GLASS. I think that Senator Conrad said that information

about 9/11 and Flight 93 in particular are still unfolding. I think

that was an important phrase, because the historical record was

never complete. Certainly recent history is, the evidence about recent history continues to unfold and continues to become more accessible.

So in designing a memorial or writing a placque, just basing that

design and that text on what we know and not trying to improvise

or improve on what is already, as I said, a very inspirational and

compelling story. So the pitfalls are, the devil is in the details, I

guess, as you go. From my experience in writing historical markers, for example, all over Pennsylvania, there is just so much you

can put on a marker. The text becomes very challenging. The location becomes challenging, the design becomes challenging. So I

think there are, it is doable and it has been done everywhere.

But there are some technical challenges. I know putting a plaque

in the Capitol is not an easy proposition. There are many worthy

causes and competing claims, I am sure. So that is something that

would be up to the process that is here in the Capitol.

Mr. SHUSTER. Would you have any specific recommendations as

we move forward on the design and construction of a memorial?

Mr. GLASS. I thought that Ken made a good point, that the process that has been used in Shanksville has been very inclusive. It

has been a very deliberate process that has really reached out to

a number of different perspectives, even the composition of the two

juries, one that went through over 1,000 designs that had been

submitted to narrow the list down to five, and now a second jury

that is reviewing the five finalists. Even the composition of those

two juries are very representative of a number of different points

of view.

And so I think here in the Capitol, obviously, there are more constraints in terms of how many points of view you can bring to bear.

But I would encourage the process to be deliberative and inclusive

and transparent.

Mr. SHUSTER. Everybody keeps talking about a plaque. I have

mentioned it, too. It seems logical. But it could be something else,

as long as it is tastefully done. My thought has always been, I was

here on September 11th in the Capitol, but this is one of the events

that is going to go down in our history, like Lexington and Concord

or the Alamo or one of these significant events. We can do a lot of

different things.

I am not certain about this, but in the Capitol there are frescoes

of some of those events, maybe Lexington and Concord or the Bos-
23

ton Tea Party. So I don’t know when the last time was that a

fresco was painted in the Capitol, that may be something we can

take into consideration. As you said, and as Mr. Nacke said, it is

important to be inclusive, and that we do something that reflects

what the Nation wants.

Mr. GLASS. I certainly would be happy to assist, if you would like

me to.

Mr. SHUSTER. I am certain we will be calling on you, that your

experience would be greatly utilized.

Again, I want to thank all of you for being here. I appreciate

your making the trip down here and for your input. As I told Senator Conrad, we actually had the Speaker hold the Senate Resolution at the desk which means we can take it straight to the Floor

when we pick up. They put a few things into it that we liked. I

hope that we can have it scheduled the first week when we get

back from the August recess and take it up and vote on it and start

to move forward on it. I think that would be appropriate.

I also wanted to mention, thanks to Jack Murtha, who actually

represented Shanksville on 9/11, but then we have this thing we

call redistricting. Shanksville became part of the Ninth Congressional District, which is my district. But Jack Murtha has been

very instrumental and very supportive on this and I want to make

sure that we mention that.

Again, I want to thank everybody for being here today. Your testimony has been very valuable. As we move forward, we will make

sure that we faithfully reflect the events of what happened on 9/

11 with Flight 93.

I need to ask unanimous consent that the record of today’s hearing remain open for 30 days so that additional comments offered

by members, individuals or groups might be included in the record

of today’s hearing. Without objection, so ordered.

And if no other members—I see there are no other members of

the Subcommittee—we again want to thank you all for being here

today and look forward to talking to you as we move forward. With

that, the Subcommittee stands adjourned.

[Mr. Alan Hantman’s prepared statement follows:]
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[Whereupon, at 11:11 a.m., the subcommittee was adjourned.]
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