IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

STATE OF ARIZONA

DIVISION TWO

CHRIS FOSTER and DEBRA FOSTER,

husband and wife, on behalf of

themselves and their minor daughter,

KARA FOSTER,

Plaintiffs/Appellees/

Cross-Appellants,

v.

G. THOMAS WEIR, JR., D.D.S., and

JANE DOE WEIR, husband and wife;

G. THOMAS WEIR, JR., D.D.S., P.C., an

Arizona corporation; and

ORTHODONTIC CENTERS OF

ARIZONA, INC., an Arizona corporation,

Defendants/Appellants/

Cross-Appellees.

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2 CA-CV 2005-0096

DEPARTMENT B

O P I N I O N

APPEAL FROM THE SUPERIOR COURT OF PIMA COUNTY

Cause No. C20035760

Honorable Carmine Cornelio, Judge

VACATED AND REMANDED

Law Office of JoJene Mills, P.C.

 By JoJene Mills, P.C.C. Tucson

Attorney for Plaintiffs/

Appellees/Cross-Appellants

FEB 28 2006

FILED BY CLERK

COURT OF APPEALS

DIVISION TWO
2

Jardine, Baker, Hickman & Houston

 By Gerald T. Hickman and John Drazkowski Phoenix

Attorneys for Defendants/

Appellants/Cross-Appellees

E C K E R S T R O M, Presiding Judge.

¶1 In this appeal, appellants/cross-appellees Dr. Thomas Weir and Orthodontic

Centers of Arizona, Inc., and appellees/cross-appellants Chris, Debra, and Kara Foster

challenge only the propriety and reasonableness of the trial court’s award of expert witness

fees under Rule 54(f)(2), Ariz. R. Civ. P., 16 A.R.S., Pt. 2. For the reasons stated below,

we vacate the award and remand the case for further proceedings.

Background

¶2 Debra and Chris Foster filed an action against Weir, alleging negligence in his

treatment of Kara Foster, their minor daughter, who suffered root resorption as a result of

the orthodontic treatment she had received from Weir. The jury returned a verdict in favor

of the Fosters and awarded $109,200 in damages. The Fosters sought $12,425.73 and

$1,575 respectively to recoup the costsincurred for their expert witnesses, Dr. Boyd and Dr.

Cueva. Weir objected to the requested amounts.

¶3 The trial court awarded the Fosters $7,444 for Boyd’s fees, which included

compensation for histime reviewing the case file, time spent with the Fosters’ attorney, and
3

his 3.5 hours of trial testimony. The trial court also awarded the Fosters the entire amount

requested for Cueva’s fees. Both Weir and the Fosters now appeal those awards.

Discussion

¶4 As a general rule, the partiesto a civil proceeding are responsible for their own

litigation expenses. Wichita v. Pima County, 131 Ariz. 576, 577, 643 P.2d 21, 22 (App.

1982). Those expenses may not be recovered as costs unless a statute so provides. Schritter

v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 201 Ariz. 391, ¶ 6, 36 P.3d 739, 740 (2001). Costs in

superior court are awarded pursuant to A.R.S. § 12-332 and include the “[f]ees of officers

and witnesses.” § 12-332(A)(1). In the narrow context of medical malpractice lawsuits,

“witness fees, set forth in A.R.S. § 12-332([A])(1) as taxable costs in the Superior Court,

shall include reasonable fees paid expert witnesses for testifying at trial.” Ariz. R. Civ. P.

54(f)(2).

¶5 The parties disagree on the intended scope ofthat provision. Weir claims that

only the cost of an expert’s time actually spent testifying in superior court is recoverable

under the rule. Accordingly, he argues, the Fosters should have been awarded costs for

Boyd’s 3.5 hours of testimony but not for the time he spent preparing for trial. Moreover,

Weir argues, because Cueva had not been disclosed as an expert witness before trial, the

Fostersshould not have recovered any of hisfees under Rule 54(f)(2). In their cross-appeal,

the Fosters claimthe trial court erred by not awarding themmore ofBoyd’sfees under Rule

54(f)(2)—specifically, some additional time Boyd spent in trial preparation following the
4

settlement conference, including his review of other witnesses’ deposition testimony and

Weir’s medical literature. Because no Arizona court has considered the reach of Rule

54(f)(2), this is a matter of first impression. As an issue of statutory interpretation, whether

certain expenditures are taxable costs is a matter of law that we review de novo. See

Schritter, 201 Ariz. 391, ¶ 5, 36 P.3d at 740.

¶6 Rules are interpreted in accord with the drafters’ intent, the best evidence of

which is the plain language of the rule. Fragoso v. Fell, 210 Ariz. 427, ¶ 7, 111 P.3d 1027,

1030 (App. 2005). We rely on alternative methods of construction only if the language is

ambiguous. Zamora v. Reinstein, 185 Ariz. 272, 275, 915 P.2d 1227, 1230 (1996); see

Nielson v. Patterson, 204 Ariz. 530, ¶ 5, 65 P.3d 911, 912 (2003) (applying rules of

statutory construction to interpret ambiguous procedural rules). Those alternative methods

include consideration of the rule’s context, background, effect, or purpose. See Zamora,

185 Ariz. at 275, 915 P.2d at 1230.

¶7 Here, the pertinent clause of Rule 54(f)(2)—“witness fees . . . shall include

reasonable fees paid expert witnesses for testifying at trial”—is subject to two plausible

interpretations. On one hand, Weir contends provisions related to the recovery of litigation

costs are construed narrowly and we should therefore interpret the language of the rule to

exclude expenses incurred in trial preparation. See Ahwatukee Custom Estates Mgmt.

Ass’n, Inc. v. Bach, 193 Ariz. 401, ¶ 7, 973 P.2d at 106, 107-08 (1999) (noting “consistent
5

refusal” of courts to interpret cost statute broadly). In essence, Weir argues the phrase “for

testifying at trial” encompasses only the time an expert actually spends testifying.

¶8 The Fosters counterthat an expert’sfee “for testifying at trial” necessarily also

includesthe cost oftime spent preparing for that testimony and associated travel time. They

contend a narrow interpretation of the rule would not only lead to absurd and unjustifiable

results but would frustrate the rule’s purpose and intent. See City of Phoenix v. Superior

Court, 101 Ariz. 265, 267, 419 P.2d 49, 51 (1966) (statutory construction should not

produce absurd results). For the reasons explained below, we conclude that Rule 54(f)(2)

encompasses as a taxable cost only those fees incurred for an expert witness’s actual

attendance at trial to testify and that the additional expenses incurred to retain and prepare

an expert witness for trial are not recoverable under the rule.

¶9 Rule 54(f)(2) must be read in conjunction with § 12-332 and the other

provisions in Title 12, chapter 3, A.R.S., relating to fees and costs. See State ex rel.

McDougall v. Superior Court, 173 Ariz. 385, 386, 843 P.2d 1277, 1278 (App. 1992)

(procedural rules and statutes must be construed together). Because these provisions are in

pari materia, that is, on the same subject, they must be interpreted in a “harmonious and

consistent” manner. State ex rel. Larson v. Farley, 106 Ariz. 119, 122, 471 P.2d 731, 734

(1970). Indeed, Rule 54(f)(2) itself requires us to determine which expert fees can be

considered taxable costs by referring to those fees allowed by the legislature in § 12-

332(A)(1). See Ariz. R. Civ. P. 54(f)(2) (“[W]itness fees, set forth in A.R.S. § 12-
6

332([A])(1) as taxable costs . . . shall include reasonable fees paid expert witnesses for

testifying at trial.”) (emphasis added). When read together with a related provision, A.R.S.

§ 12-303, § 12-332 restricts witness fees to costs associated with actual attendance at trial

to testify. See § 12-303 (limiting witness fees taxable as costs in non-medical malpractice

cases to twelve dollars per day, plus mileage, for each day witness attends trial). Thus, the

language of Rule 54(f), when read in conjunction with § 12-332 as the rule itself requires,

suggests that expert witness fees are only taxable as costs to the extent they represent time

actually spent testifying or being available for testimony at trial.

¶10 No legal authority compels a broader construction of Rule 54(f)(2). In fact,

we have found that, when the legislature hasintended to permit recovery of fees incurred in

preparing for expert testimony, it has done so in explicit terms. For example, in certain

actions involving the state, the opposing party may recover the expenses associated with an

expert’s “actual time expended in representing the party.” A.R.S. § 12-348(D). These

expenses are awarded “[i]n addition to any costs which are awarded as prescribed by

statute.” § 12-348(B) (emphasis added). Notably, § 12-348(B), like Rule 54(f)(2), was

enacted against the backdrop of § 12-332, and we believe our supreme court crafts its rules

in full cognizance of the statutory context within which those rules operate. Had the

supreme court intended to expand the costs recoverable in medical malpractice casesto the

extent Foster suggests, we believe it would have done so in clearer, more specific language,

such as that used by the legislature in § 12-348 and its own language in drafting other cost-
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shifting provisions. See, e.g., Ariz. R. Civ. P. 68(d), 16 A.R.S., Pt. 2 (supreme court

articulating enlarged scope of expert witness fees recoverable as sanction for not accepting

offer of judgment).

¶11 In a somewhat different context, the supreme court has addressed the

implications of cost-shifting for less wealthy litigants. In Schritter, the court considered

whether the language of§ 12-332 permitted recovering as coststhe fees paid to depose one’s

own expert witnesses when the deposition testimony was used in lieu of live testimony at

trial. 201 Ariz. 391, ¶ 1, 36 P.3d at 739. In reviewing the policy arguments for and against

allowing such expensesto be taxed as costs, the supreme court noted that “wealthier parties

could depose their highly-paid experts at length, plan to use the depositions in lieu of live

trial testimony, and then use the possibility ofrecovering the deposition fees astaxable costs

as a means of gaining settlement leverage.” Schritter, 201 Ariz. 391, ¶ 16, 36 P.3d at 742.

¶12 Here, the Fostersseek an interpretation ofRule 54(f)(2)that would shift to the

losing party in every medical malpractice trial the prevailing party’s expert witness fees

incurred in preparation fortrial. Because the expert witnesses in medical malpractice actions

are usually highly trained medical specialists, those fees will often be so substantial that

poorer litigantssimply could not afford to risk incurringthem. The Fosters counter that their

interpretation of Rule 54(f) would actually benefit litigants of modest means because it

would potentially allow such litigants to escape paying their own prohibitively expensive

expert witness fees. But Rule 68(d) already provides such a mechanism. And, we find it
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unlikely that the supreme court—sensitive to any potential impact of cost shifting on less

wealthy litigants—would promulgate in Rule 54(f) a rule dramatically reallocating the

ultimate responsibility for expert witness fees without using language that clearly

demonstrates its intent to do so.

¶13 At oral argument, the Fosters emphasized that, if the rule was intended only

to tax as costs those expert witness fees incurred for the expert’s time spent attending trial

to testify, its effect would be too insignificant to have been worth the supreme court’s effort

to promulgate it. But, in the absence of that rule, a court could impose taxable costs of no

more than twelve dollars a day for witness fees. See § 12-303. Thus, although the rule, as

we interpret it, does not authorize the dramatic shift in responsibility for experts’ preparation

expenses envisioned by the Fosters, its effect is far from insignificant. Indeed, even under

the narrow interpretation we apply here, the Fosters will be entitled to recover over two

thousand dollars of their own expert witness fees as taxable costs.

¶14 The Fosters observe correctly that the rule was originally promulgated as part

of the Uniform Rules for Medical Malpractice Cases, whose stated purpose was to create a

“more efficient and less expensive system” for such litigation. See Preamble, Ariz. Unif. R.

P. Med. MalpracticeCases, adopted Nov. 9, 1989, effective Jan. 1, 1990 (superseded 2000).

But the Fosters have not explained why the supreme court’sintent to create a more efficient

and less expensive system would necessarily cause it to promulgate a more dramatic costshifting measure in Rule 54(f). Accordingly, we conclude the trial court abused its
1Alternatively, they assert that, even if Cueva’s fee was an appropriate taxable cost,

the amount of his fee was unreasonable. Because they did not present this claim to the trial

court, we do not address it. See Van Loan v. Van Loan, 116 Ariz. 272, 274, 569 P.2d 214,

216 (1977).

9

discretion when it taxed to Weirsome ofthe fees charged by the Fosters’ expert witness, Dr.

Boyd, in preparing for his trial testimony. In so concluding, we necessarily reject the

Fosters’ cross-appeal challenging the trial court’sfailure to tax to Weirsome additional fees

the Fosters claimed for Boyd’s trial preparation.

¶15 The trial court also erred by includingBoyd’stravel expenses fromCalifornia

astaxable costs. As noted, the supreme court has expressly anchored Rule 54(f)(2) to § 12-

332(A)(1), which authorizestaxingwitnessfees as costs. The legislature has limited witness

fees in § 12-303 to include compensation only for mileage for traveling to court from the

witness’s “place of residence in the state of Arizona to the place of trial.” See Ponderosa

Plaza v. Siplast, 181 Ariz. 128, 134, 888 P.2d 1315, 1321 (App. 1993) (travel expenses of

out-of-state witnesses not taxable as costs pursuant to § 12-332). And, as discussed at

length, we do not interpret Rule 54(f)(2) to expand the statutory limits on taxable costs set

forth in § 12-332, except to the extent expressly stated in the rule.

¶16 Finally, Weir claims the Fosters were not entitled to recover Dr. Cueva’s fee

because the Fosters had not disclosed Cueva as an expert witness in a timely fashion

pursuant to Rule 16(c), Ariz. R. Civ. P., 16 A.R.S., Pt. 1.1 Under Rule 16(c)(2), the parties

to a medical malpractice action must disclose their expert witnesses on the issues ofstandard
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of care and causation within thirty to ninety days after the pretrial conference. Furthermore,

Rule 16(c)(3)requiresthe partiesto disclose all other expert witnesses within forty-five days

before the close of discovery. Any witness not disclosed in accordance with these rules is

precluded fromtestifyingabsent “a showingof extraordinary circumstances.” Id. We decide

witness-disclosure issues on a case-by-case basis. See Perguson v. Tamis, 188 Ariz. 425,

428, 937 P.2d 347, 350 (App. 1996).

¶17 Here, following the pretrial conference, the court ordered the parties to

disclose all expert witnesses by July 2, 2004, and all lay witnesses by August 1, 2004. On

June 29, 2004, the Fosters disclosed that Cueva “may be characterized as[an] expert witness

. . . concerning the cost and frequency of necessary future care caused by Kara’s root

resorption.” Thereafter, the Fosters did not include Cueva as an expert witness in their

December 2004 disclosure statement. He was, however, among the Fosters’ witnesses listed

in the joint pretrial statement filed on December 23, 2004, but nothing in the statement

indicated that he would be called as an expert. Cueva testified on the fourth day of trial.

The trial court noted that he had testified as an expert and awarded the Fosters $1,575 for

Cueva’s fees.

¶18 The available record is silent on a number of important issues, including the

content of Cueva’s testimony. Nor is there any record of whether Weir objected to Cueva’s

testimony or to any expert opinion he may have given. In the absence of such material, we

must assume the full record supports the trial court’s implied conclusion that, under the
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specific circumstances of this case, Cueva had been sufficiently disclosed as an expert

witness pursuant to Rule 16(c) to justify taxing Cueva’s fees for testifying at trial as a

recoverable cost. See Aguirre v. Forrest, 186 Ariz. 393, 397, 923 P.2d 859, 863 (App.

1996) (presuming omissions in record support trial court’s ruling).

Disposition

¶19 We vacate the award of$7,444 in taxable costsfor Dr.Boyd’sfees and remand

the case to the trial court to determine the appropriate amount taxable for Boyd’s expert’s

trial testimony consistent with this holding. We affirm the award of $1,575 in taxable costs

for Dr. Cueva’s fees.

____________________________________

PETER J. ECKERSTROM, Presiding Judge

CONCURRING:

____________________________________

J. WILLIAM BRAMMER, JR., Judge

____________________________________

JOSEPH W. HOWARD, Judge