Filed 7/8/14 Carmona v. Preston Waters Corp. CA2/3

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

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publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION THREE

BRENDA CARMONA et al.,

Plaintiffs and Appellants,

v.

PRESTON WATERS 

CORPORATION et al.,

Defendants and Respondents.

B251637

(Los Angeles County

Super. Ct. No. BC490190)

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, 

William F. Fahey, Judge. Affirmed in part and reversed in part, with directions.

Egerman Law Group and Lee A. Egerman for Plaintiffs and Appellants.

No Reply Brief for Defendants and Respondents.

_______________________________________
2

The plaintiffs Brenda Carmona et al.1appeal from the trial court’s denial of their 

request for entry of default judgment against the defendants Preston Waters Corporation 

(PWC), Preston Waters Entertainment, Inc. (PW Entertainment), and Nicholas 

Mussolini. The plaintiffs contend that default judgment should have been entered

because they had presented sufficient evidence supporting their breach of contract 

causes of action. We reverse, in part, on the ground that the trial court improperly 

required the plaintiffs to present evidence of the defendants’ liability in support of the 

request for default judgment. The trial court should have evaluated whether the 

plaintiffs had presented prima facie evidence of damages as to all properly pled causes 

of action in the complaint. However, we affirm, in part, on the ground that the plaintiffs 

sought default judgment based on evidence that directly contradicted the complaint’s 

allegations establishing liability.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

1. The Complaint

On August 14, 2012, the plaintiffs filed a complaint against the defendants with 

multiple causes of action for breach of contract, among other causes of action.

2

The 

complaint’s first cause of action for breach of contract alleged that, on February 15, 

2012, Carmona entered into a written contract with PWC whereby PWC agreed to 

employ Carmona as “President of Film and Television” and pay her over $2 million for 

 

1

The plaintiffs in this action are Brenda Carmona, Bennett McCord, 

Charles Wachtel, Liron Artzi, Jesse McCullum, Max Lugavere, and Alexcy Aranguren.

2

This appeal only concerns the plaintiffs’ breach of contract causes of action.
3

“past due” debts as well as $300,000 in annual salary and a 3.5% commission on any 

film project funded by PWC.

The contract was attached to the complaint and provided that the contract’s 

“terms” would “commence” when PWC “ha[d] in its corporate accounts . . . in excess of 

$10,000,000.00,” and that the “past due” debts would be paid “according to [] time 

frames” commencing on the date of the “compan[y’s] capital accumulation.” The 

complaint further alleged that the defendants had “obtained funding in excess of 

Fifty Million Dollars” and that “[p]ursuant to the [] written contract, Carmona became 

President of Film and Television for PWC” at some unspecified time. PWC allegedly 

breached the contract by failing to pay Carmona the amounts due under the contract and 

by terminating her employment on June 1, 2012. The cause of action was alleged 

against all of the defendants and “each of the Defendants” was alleged to be “an alter 

ego of each of the other Defendants.”

The complaint also alleged a cause of action for breach of oral contract based on 

two oral contracts between Carmona and PWC: (1) in November 2011, “PWC hired 

Carmona to do work on behalf of the PWC and agreed to compensate Carmona for that 

work,” and (2) in February 2012, “PWC and Carmona entered into a second oral 

agreement . . . containing the same terms as the [] Written Contract, except that the 

obligations PWC owed Carmona were not conditional.” PWC allegedly breached these

agreements by failing to pay Carmona amounts owed under these contracts, and by

terminating her employment.
4

With respect to the other plaintiffs (co-employee plaintiffs), the complaint 

alleged causes of action for breach of written contract and breach of oral contract based 

on their respective contracts with PW Entertainment. Each co-employee plaintiff

allegedly entered into written employment contracts with PW Entertainment. The 

written contracts were attached to the complaint and each provided that the co-employee 

plaintiffs could be terminated without cause. Each agreement was signed by Carmona 

in her capacity as a representative of PW Entertainment. PW Entertainment also 

allegedly entered into oral contracts “containing the same terms” as those written 

contracts with the additional promise that the co-employee plaintiffs would not be 

terminated “except for cause.” PW Entertainment allegedly breached these written and 

oral agreements by failing to pay “amounts owed” under the contracts and terminating 

the employment of the co-employee plaintiffs in June 2012.

2. The Defendants’ Default

The defendants were served with the complaint on August 21, 2012. Mussolini 

answered on September 21, 2012, but his answer was later “voided” for nonpayment of 

fees. On October 11, 2012, default was entered against all of the defendants. On 

April 15, 2013, the plaintiffs requested that the trial court enter default judgment against 

the corporate defendants, and Mussolini as the alter ego of those corporations, with 

respect to the breach of contract causes of action.

In support of this request, the plaintiffs submitted their own declarations, copies 

of each of the written contracts, and additional evidence. In Carmona’s declaration, she 

stated that she, in fact, had not become “President of the Television & Film Division of 
5

PWC,” but instead her contract had been “modified” and she had been appointed

president of PW Entertainment. Carmona further stated in her declaration that “all 

claims that PWC had secured funding . . . are false.”

3. The Trial Court Dismissed the Case

On June 25, 2013, the trial court denied the plaintiffs’ request for default 

judgment on the following grounds: (1) “the evidence submitted by plaintiffs shows 

that Carmona never had a written contract with PWC”; (2) Carmona’s written 

employment contract only “commence[d] on ‘the date of capital accumulation by the 

company’ . . . ‘in excess of $10,000,000.00 USD’ ” and there was no evidence PWC 

had ever raised this capital; (3) Carmona “did not have the authority to enter into 

employment contracts, purportedly on behalf of PWC and/or PW [Entertainment], with 

the other plaintiffs”; (4) the plaintiffs’ breach of oral contract claims fail because the 

plaintiffs did not provide “admissible evidence . . . on these claims;” and (5) “the claim 

that Mussolini is the alter ego of the corporate entities is not supported by competent 

evidence.” The plaintiffs timely appealed.

CONTENTIONS

The plaintiffs contend that the trial court erred in denying their request for 

default judgment because the evidence established that (1) Carmona had a written 

contract with PWC, (2) the $10 million “capital accumulation” condition to Carmona’s 

employment contract had been waived by the defendants, (3) Carmona had the authority 

to enter into employment contracts on behalf of PW Entertainment, and (4) Mussolini 

was the alter ego of the corporate defendants.
6

DISCUSSION

1. Applicable Law

“ ‘[J]udgment by default is said to “confess” the material facts alleged by the

plaintiff, i.e., the defendant’s failure to answer has the same effect as an express 

admission of the matters well pleaded in the complaint. . . . [Citation.]’ ” 

(Steven M. Garber & Associates v. Eskandarian (2007) 150 Cal.App.4th 813, 823.) 

“Because the default confesses those properly pleaded facts, a plaintiff has no 

responsibility to provide the court with sufficient evidence to prove them—they are 

treated as true for purposes of obtaining a default judgment. [Citation.]” (Kim v. 

Westmoore Partners, Inc. (2011) 201 Cal.App.4th 267, 281.) “And if the well-pleaded 

allegations of the complaint do not state any proper cause of action, the default 

judgment in the plaintiff’s favor cannot stand.” (Id. at p. 282; Falahati v. Kondo (2005) 

127 Cal.App.4th 823, 829 [a default judgment cannot be based on a complaint that fails 

to state a cause of action against the defaulting party.])

Accordingly, where a cause of action is stated in the complaint, the plaintiff need 

not prove liability of a defaulting defendant. (Ostling v. Loring (1994) 27 Cal.App.4th 

1731, 1745 (Ostling).) However, the plaintiff must prove the amount of damages and is

required to present evidence establishing a prima facie case of those damages. (Johnson 

v. Stanhiser (1999) 72 Cal.App.4th 357, 361.) The trial court, in turn, must hear the 

evidence offered by the plaintiff and render judgment “ ‘in [its] favor for such sum, not 

exceeding the amount stated in the complaint, or for such relief, not exceeding that 
7

demanded in the complaint, as appears from the evidence to be just. [Citations.]’ ”

(Id. at p. 362.)

2. The Trial Court Erred in Requiring the Plaintiffs to Prove Liability

Here, the trial court improperly required the plaintiffs to present evidence of the 

defendants’ liability in support of the request for default judgment. As stated above, 

a defendant who defaults admits the truth of properly pled causes of action in the 

complaint and no further proof of liability with respect to those claims is required. 

Accordingly, to the extent the plaintiffs properly pled certain causes of action, the trial 

court should have evaluated whether the plaintiffs had presented a prima facie case on 

the issue of damages as to those claims. However, in doing so, the trial court was not 

required to ignore evidence volunteered by the plaintiffs that directly contradicted

allegations in the complaint.

a. The Breach of Written Contract Cause of Action 

With Respect to Carmona

The complaint adequately alleges facts stating a cause of action for breach of 

contract with respect to the written contract between PWC and Carmona. “A cause of 

action for breach of contract requires pleading of a contract, plaintiff’s performance or 

excuse for failure to perform, defendant’s breach and damage to plaintiff resulting 

therefrom. [Citation.]” (McKell v. Washington Mutual, Inc. (2006) 142 Cal.App.4th 

1457, 1489.) “ ‘ “Ordinarily, a written contract is sufficiently pleaded if it is set out in 

full or its terms alleged according to their legal effect. . . . ” ’ [Citations.]” (Beck v. 

American Health Group Internat., Inc. (1989) 211 Cal.App.3d 1555, 1561.)
8

Here, the complaint alleges that (1) Carmona entered into a written contract with 

PWC for employment, (2) Carmona performed all of her obligations under the contract

or was excused from performance, (3) PWC breached the contract by terminating her 

employment and failing to pay her amounts owed under the contract after she “became 

President of Film and Television for PWC,” and (4) Carmona was damaged as a result 

of these breaches. In addition, the terms of the written contract were sufficiently set 

forth as the contract was attached to the complaint. Although the written contract 

provided that it would only go into effect once PWC obtained in excess of $10 million, 

it was reasonable to infer that this condition had been satisfied from the complaint’s

allegations that the defendants had “obtained funding in excess of Fifty Million Dollars” 

and Carmona had begun her employment under the contract. Accordingly, these 

allegations were sufficient to state a cause of action for breach of written contract.

However, in support of the request for default judgment, the plaintiffs submitted 

a declaration by Carmona directly contradicting certain of these allegations. In her 

declaration, Carmona stated that she had not, in fact, ever been employed as PWC’s 

President of Film and Television, and that PWC had never obtained funding. As

Carmona had never been employed pursuant to the written contract, PWC could not 

have breached the contract by terminating her employment and failing to pay her salary. 

In addition, as PWC had never obtained the “capital accumulation” specified in the 

contract, its payment obligations were never triggered. Instead, the plaintiffs argued

that Mussolini waived the “capital accumulation” condition to this written contract.

However, the complaint alleged facts showing that this condition had been fulfilled. In 
9

order to rely on the argument that this condition had been waived, the plaintiffs should 

have amended their complaint to allege this.

Although by defaulting, the defendants admitted the allegations in this properly 

pled cause of action, the plaintiffs sought to prove a different claim at the default 

hearing. Their attempt to rely on argument and evidence directly at odds with the 

complaint’s allegations constituted a “de facto amendment” to the complaint. (Jackson 

v. Bank of America (1986) 188 Cal.App.3d 375, 390 (Jackson) [holding that the 

plaintiff’s argument and proof at the default hearing showing that he had incurred 

damages after the complaint had been filed through the defendant’s sale of bonds, 

constituted a de facto amendment to the complaint that entitled the defendant to be 

served anew and then to answer].) “A material amendment to the complaint opens

a default because it permits the plaintiff to prove matters not in issue when the default 

was taken, which ‘would materially affect the defendant’s decision not to contest the 

action . . . . ’ [Citation.] . . . Unless the plaintiff properly obtains an amendment of his 

pleading, the defaulting defendant is not subject to this unfair prospect.” (Ostling, 

supra, 27 Cal.App.4th at p. 1744.) (Emphasis added.)

Here, the de facto amendment to the complaint  alleging that PWC had never 

been funded and Carmona had never been employed in the position provided for by the 

written contract  was material as these new allegations undercut the basis for PWC’s

liability with respect to Carmona’s breach of written contract cause of action. 

Accordingly, the plaintiffs should have formally amended their pleading (and served the 

defendants with it) prior to seeking default judgment based on these allegations.
10

The Jackson court’s holding that a plaintiff that makes arguments at the default 

hearing based on events that occurred after the complaint had been filed effects

a “de facto amendment” to the complaint has been criticized for “impl[ying] that 

immaterial evidence and inappropriate argument at a default judgment hearing requires 

setting aside a properly obtained default.” (Ostling, supra, 27 Cal.App.4th at p. 1744.) 

According to the Ostling court, “[i]f the plaintiff wholly departs from the existing 

complaint at a hearing on damages, beyond the limitations of the doctrine of curable 

variance, the trial court should hew to the complaint. [Citation.]” (Id. at p. 1745.)

However, the case here is distinguishable from Jackson, and Ostling’s criticism 

of Jackson does not apply. In Jackson, “the complaint fail[ed] to state a cause of 

action” as no damages were adequately alleged, and the plaintiff attempted to remedy 

that error by providing evidence as to damages that occurred only after the complaint 

had been filed. (Id. at p. 1746.) The proper remedy in this situation, according to the 

Ostling court, was to “hew to the complaint,” and “deny relief or limit relief to that 

which is appropriate considering only the evidence which is within this pale.” (Id. at 

p. 1745.) The Ostling court’s reasoning was based on the principle that “[p]reserving 

the default advances the public interest in the avoidance of unwarranted contested trials 

of matters in which a default has lawfully been taken after the time to set aside the 

default has passed.” (Id. at p. 1747.)

However, unlike in Jackson, the complaint in this case did state a cause of action 

for breach of written contract with respect to Carmona. The plaintiffs’ argument and 

evidence at the default hearing directly contradicted key allegations in this properly pled 
11

claim. In such a scenario, the trial court should not “hew to the complaint” as doing so 

would support the fiction that the complaint’s allegations were true, when the plaintiff 

has already admitted they are not. Under these circumstances, “preserving the default” 

would lead to an inequitable result, therefore, default judgment on the original 

allegations is properly denied.

b. The Breach of Oral Contract Cause of Action 

With Respect to Carmona

The plaintiffs’ cause of action for breach of oral contract with respect to 

contracts between Carmona and PWC is stated in conclusory terms and fails to allege 

facts sufficient to state this cause of action. “ ‘Under California law, a contract will be 

enforced if it is sufficiently definite (and this is a question of law) for the court to 

ascertain the parties’ obligations and to determine whether those obligations have been 

performed or breached.’ [Citation.] . . . ‘The terms of a contract are reasonably certain 

if they provide a basis for determining the existence of a breach and for giving an 

appropriate remedy.’ [Citations.] But ‘[if] . . . a supposed “contract” does not provide 

a basis for determining what obligations the parties have agreed to, and hence does not 

make possible a determination of whether those agreed obligations have been breached, 

there is no contract.’ [Citation.]” (Bustamante v. Intuit, Inc. (2006) 141 Cal.App.4th 

199, 209.)

Here, the complaint alleges first that PWC and Carmona “entered into an oral 

employment agreement” in November 2011, pursuant to which “PWC hired Carmona to 

do work on behalf of [] PWC and agreed to compensate Carmona for that work.” PWC 
12

and Carmona are also alleged to have entered into a second oral agreement, one that 

“contain[ed] the same terms as the [] Written Contract, except that the obligations PWC 

owed Carmona were not conditional . . . . ”

These allegations do not set forth sufficient details regarding the parties’ 

obligations under these agreements. With respect to the first oral agreement, the 

complaint does not allege what kind of work Carmona agreed to perform for PWC, how 

much PWC agreed to pay Carmona for this work, or when those payments would be 

made. With respect to the second oral agreement, the complaint’s allegation that this 

agreement contained the terms of the written contract “except” that PWC’s 

“obligations” “were not conditional” is excessively vague. There are multiple 

conditions in the contract  including the condition that commissions would only be 

paid once projects were funded  and it is unclear which of these this allegation refers 

to. In addition, even if, as the plaintiffs argue, this refers to the “capital accumulation” 

condition, this renders certain terms of the contract unclear: many of PWC’s payments

to Carmona were to be disbursed according to “time frames” running from when the 

company received the “capital accumulation,” thus, it is unclear when those payments 

became due under the non-conditional oral agreement.

Accordingly, the complaint did not allege facts stating a cause of action for 

breach of Carmona’s alleged oral contracts with PWC. Furthermore, as stated above, 

although the complaint adequately alleged that PWC breached the written contract with 

Carmona  or on an oral contract with the same terms  allegations in support of those 
13

causes of action were directly contradicted by evidence later submitted by the plaintiffs 

to the court. Therefore, default judgment on this cause of action would have been 

improper.

c. The Co-Employee Plaintiffs’ Causes of Action for 

Breach of Written Contract

The complaint, however, does adequately allege causes of action for breach of 

written contract with respect to the claims of the co-employee plaintiffs. These causes 

of action allege that (1) those plaintiffs each entered into individual contracts for 

employment with PW Entertainment, (2) PW Entertainment breached those contracts by 

“failing to pay amounts owed” and terminating their employment, (3) the co-employee 

plaintiffs performed their obligations under the contracts or were excused from 

performance, and (4) the co-employee plaintiffs suffered damages as a result. The 

terms of the written contracts were adequately set forth as these agreements were 

attached to the complaint.

These allegations were sufficient to state a cause of action for breach of contract,

at least with respect to PW Entertainment’s failure to pay the plaintiffs their salary for 

work performed. However, the written contracts provided that PW Entertainment could 

terminate these plaintiffs without cause, therefore, the complaint did not allege facts 

showing that PW Entertainment had breached those contracts by terminating the 

co-employee plaintiffs’ employment.

In support of their request for default judgment, the co-employee plaintiffs each 

submitted declarations stating that PW Entertainment failed to pay them any amount for 
14

the work they performed. At that point, the trial court should have evaluated whether 

a prima facie case for damages had been made. The trial court’s analysis of whether the 

evidence was sufficient to establish that Carmona had authority to enter into the 

employment contracts as a representative of PW Entertainment was improper. By 

defaulting to the complaint’s properly pled causes of actions for breach of written 

contract, PW Entertainment admitted that it had entered into the written contracts with 

the co-employee plaintiffs.

d. The Co-Employee Plaintiffs’ Causes of Action for Breach of 

Oral Contract

The complaint also adequately alleged causes of action for breach of oral 

contract between the co-employee plaintiffs and PW Entertainment. The complaint 

alleged that (1) they each had entered into respective oral agreements with PW

Entertainment “containing the same terms” as their respective written contracts with the 

additional promise that the co-employee plaintiffs would not be terminated “except for 

cause,” (2) the co-employee plaintiffs timely performed their contractual obligations or 

were excused from performance, (3) PW Entertainment breached these oral contracts by 

“failing to pay the amounts owed” and terminating the co-employee plaintiffs’ 

employment in June 2012, and (4) they suffered damages as a result.

Although the trial court found that the plaintiffs had not provided “admissible 

evidence” of the “nature of” these oral contracts, their terms or duration, PW 

Entertainment had already admitted the existence of valid oral agreements with the 

co-employee plaintiffs by defaulting to these properly pled causes of action. 
15

Accordingly, the trial court erred in concluding that the plaintiffs could not “prevail on 

these claims,” and in failing to evaluate whether the plaintiffs had provided prima facie 

evidence of damages.3

e. The Claim for Alter Ego Liability

With respect to the plaintiffs’ claim for alter ego liability, the complaint alleges 

only that “each of the Defendants was an alter ego of each of the other Defendants.” 

“ ‘The allegation that a corporation is the alter ego of [] individual[s] is insufficient to 

justify the court in disregarding the corporate entity in the absence of allegations of facts 

from which it appears that justice cannot otherwise be accomplished. . . . ’ [Citations.]

[¶] The rule is firmly settled that no reliance can be had on th[e] [alter ego] theory in 

the absence of pleading that recognition of the corporate entity would sanction a fraud 

or promote injustice. [Citations.]” (Meadows v. Emett & Chandler (1950) 

99 Cal.App.2d 496, 498-499.) Here, the bare allegation that the defendants were alter 

egos of each other without supporting facts showing that it would be equitable to 

disregard PWC’s and PW Entertainment’s corporate status, did not meet these 

requirements. Therefore, the complaint did not allege facts showing that Mussolini was 

 

3

The complaint also alleged causes of action for “breach of implied-in-fact 

contract” that are identical to the causes of action for breach of oral contract except that 

these causes of action refer to “implied-in-fact” rather than “oral” agreements. 

However, the complaint does not allege any facts as to conduct by the corporate 

defendants’ representatives that allegedly established these contracts, and therefore, 

does not succeed in stating a cause of action based on this theory. (Donahue v. 

United Artists Corp. (1969) 2 Cal.App.3d 794, 808 [in an implied-in-fact contract, “the 

promise is not expressed in words but is implied from the promisor’s conduct.”])
16

the alter ego of the corporate defendants, and default judgment based on this theory

would have been improper.
17

DISPOSITION

That portion of the judgment ordering dismissal of the co-employee plaintiffs’

causes of action for breach of written and oral contracts is reversed. In all other respects 

the judgment is affirmed. Upon remand, the trial court is directed to reconsider the 

issue of damages allegedly sustained by the co-employee plaintiffs in light of the views 

expressed in this opinion, and to enter judgment in accordance with its findings on such 

evidence as to damages as may be presented by the co-employee plaintiffs. The 

co-employee plaintiffs are to recover their costs on appeal. The plaintiff Carmona shall 

not recover her costs on appeal.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

CROSKEY, Acting P. J.

WE CONCUR:

KITCHING, J.

ALDRICH, J.