NOT PRECEDENTIAL 

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

____________

No. 13-4278

____________

In Re: DDMG ESTATE, et al.,

Debtors

Walt Disney Studios Motion Picture Production, 

Briar Rose Production, Ltd.,

and Extinction Productions, Ltd.,

 Appellants

On Appeal from the United States District Court

for the District of Delaware

(D. C. No. 1-13-cv-00007)

District Judge: Honorable Sue L. Robinson

Argued on September 9, 2014

Before: SMITH, SHWARTZ and ROTH, Circuit Judges

(Opinion filed: February 5, 2015)

Lisa H. Fenning, Esquire (Argued)

Arnold & Porter

777 South Figueroa Street

44th Floor

Los Angeles, CA 90017

Counsel for Appellants
2

Paige H. Forster, Esquire (Argued)

Eric A. Schaffer, Esquire

Reed Smith

225 Fifth Avenue

Suite 1200

Pittsburgh, PA 15222

Counsel for Appellee

O P I N I O N*

ROTH, Circuit Judge:

Walt Disney Studios Motion Picture Production1appeals the order of the District 

Court, which affirmed a Bankruptcy Court decision overruling Disney’s objections to the 

sale of six patents pursuant to Sections 363(b) and 365 of Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy 

Code. In re DDMG Estate, No. 12-12568 (Doc. No. 658) (Bankr. D. Del. Dec. 10, 

2012). Because we agree that the sale was not subject to a broad license to the patents

beyond the G-Force film, we will affirm.2

 

* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not 

constitute binding precedent.

1 Appellants include Walt Disney and several affiliates (collectively, Disney), and 

appellees include debtor Digital Domain Media Group (DDMG) with other affiliated 

entities and RealD Inc. (collectively, Appellees).

2

Judge Smith concurs dubitante.
3

I. Background

On April 18, 2008, Disney and In Three, Inc. agreed that In Three would perform 

3D conversion services for the film G-Force (the G-Force Agreement).3 In 2010, well 

after the production and release of G-Force, In Three sold all of its assets, including the 

3D patents used in G-Force, to DDMG. It is undisputed that DDMG did not assume or 

take by assignment the G-Force Agreement when it acquired the In Three patents. In 

September 2012, DDMG filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy and sought approval of the sale 

of all of its assets, including the 3D patents, to RealD Inc. Disney objected, asserting a 

continuing interest in the 3D patents. Disney argued that, pursuant to Sections 16(a) and 

16(b) of the G-Force Agreement, the holder of the 3D patents could not sue Disney for 

infringement by vendors “engaged in ‘work’ for Disney,” even if the work was not for 

the film G-Force.

Section 16(a), captioned “Covenant Not to Sue” provides that In Three: 

will not pursue any claim or cause of action or otherwise assert any 

Company IP4. . . against [Disney], its Affiliates or any of their respective 

customers, agents and distributors . . . based on work for any of the 

Producer Parties by a third party vendor. Such agreement does not restrict 

[In Three’s] right to pursue a claim or cause of action against a third party 

for services performed by such third party for the Producer Parties; 

 

3 The G-Force Agreement, titled “G-FORCE/Conversion Work,” sets forth the terms 

“with respect to [In Three’s] services for the theatrical motion picture tentatively entitled 

‘G-Force.’” It refers to Acceleration Productions, Inc., which for our purposes is Disney, 

as the “Producer” and refers to In Three as the “Company.”

4 Section 16(c) of the G-Force Agreement defines “Company IP” as “patents and patent 

applications owned, controlled, or acquired by [In Three] or its Affiliates as of the 

effective date of this Agreement or at any time in the future that relate to or are otherwise 

associated with the creation, capture, development, distribution, editing, production or 

display of a motion picture, television show, animation, or other entertainment image or 

depiction of any kind of nature, in any form of medium.”
4

provided, however, [In Three] and its Affiliates agree that they will not 

pursue any claim or cause of action or otherwise assert any Company IP 

against such third party entity which might interrupt such third party 

entity’s services to or on behalf of the Producer Parties. 

Section 16(b) granted Disney the option of acquiring a broader license to the 3D 

patents and technology: 

[Disney] may, in its sole discretion, request from [In Three] a license under 

the Company IP. Within thirty (30) days of receiving such request, [In 

Three] shall grant to such entity a non-exclusive, transferable (but only to 

an Affiliate), non-sublicensable, irrevocable, perpetual, worldwide license 

to make, have made, use, sell, offer for sale, and import any product and 

perform any method under the Company IP at a fee to be negotiated by the 

parties in good faith in accordance with then-current industry standards, 

provided that such fee shall not exceed the lowest license fee provided by 

Company to any third party.... [I]n the event that [In Three] seeks to sell, 

assign or otherwise transfer any of the Company IP, or its interest in any of 

the Company IP, to a third party, [In Three] shall provide prompt written 

notice to [Disney] not less than sixty (60) days prior to the completion of 

such sale, assignment, or transfer, and [Disney] or its Affiliates may 

thereafter obtain a license under the same terms set forth herein.

On December 10, 2012, the Bankruptcy Court overruled Disney’s objections. The 

Bankruptcy Court determined that Disney did not hold a broad license to the patents 

under either subsection. Specifically, the Bankruptcy Court found that the covenant not 

to sue in Section 16(a) does not grant Disney a perpetual license to the patents, and

Disney never exercised the option to acquire broad rights to the patents in Section 16(b). 

Disney moved for reconsideration and requested that the Bankruptcy Court hold that “the 

Section 16(a) [covenant not to sue] [r]ights are not limited to the G-Force film, but rather 

to any ‘work’ being done for [Disney].” After a hearing, the Bankruptcy Court approved 

the sale and entered the Patent Sale Order on December 21, 2012. The U.S. District 
5

Court for the District of Delaware affirmed for the same reasons as the Bankruptcy Court. 

Disney now appeals.

II. Standard of Review5

“We exercise plenary review over the District Court’s appellate review of the 

Bankruptcy Court’s decision and exercise the same standard of review as the District 

Court in reviewing the Bankruptcy Court’s determinations.” In re Miller, 730 F.3d 198, 

203 (3d Cir. 2013) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “[W]e review a 

bankruptcy court’s legal determinations de novo, its factual findings for clear error, and 

its exercises of discretion for abuse thereof.” Id. (alteration in original) (internal 

quotation marks and citations omitted).

III. Discussion

The sole issue on appeal is the scope of the covenant not to sue in Section 16(a) of 

the G-Force Agreement.6 Disney argues that the covenant created a general license to 

use the 3D patents that extended to all films, not just G-Force. Disney contends that 

(1) as a matter of patent law, any sale of the patents should have been held subject to the 

Section 16(a) covenant not to sue because covenants not to sue for infringement are 

enforceable as patent licenses; and (2) the debtor’s rights in the patents are limited by 

prior licenses and covenants not to sue. DDMG and RealD counter that (1) the covenant 

 

5 The U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware had jurisdiction under 28 

U.S.C. §§ 157 and 1334(a), the District Court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 158(a), 

and this Court has jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 158(d)(1).

6 On appeal, Disney “elected to discontinue [its] efforts to enforce [subsection 16(b)].”
6

not to sue relates only to G-Force; (2) the covenant not to sue does not grant a broad 

license; and (3) the sale of the patents was not subject to the covenant not to sue.

We conclude that the G-Force Agreement, including Section 16(a), is limited to 

the G-Force film. 

Reading the G-Force Agreement in its entirety, as we must, see State v. 

Continental Ins. Co., 281 P.3d 1000, 1004-05 (Cal. 2012), the contract is generally 

limited to the use of In Three’s 3D patents in the G-Force film. At the outset, the GForce Agreement clearly “set[s] forth the principal terms of the Agreement . . . with 

respect to [In Three’s] services for the theatrical motion picture tentatively entitled ‘GForce.’” The G-Force Agreement provides specific instructions for delivery of the 

completed material for G-Force, “including a left eye and right eye digital 3D conversion 

of 17 minutes of [G-Force],” and formatting instructions specific to the G-Force film. 

Section 7(b) grants Disney “a perpetual, irrevocable, fully paid-up, royalty-free, 

worldwide right and license,” but expressly in conjunction with “displaying, developing, 

enhancing, marketing, distributing or providing, maintaining, supporting, or otherwise 

using or exploiting [G-Force].” The integration clause in Section 19, captioned “Entire 

Understanding,” reiterates that this “Agreement expresses the entire understanding 

between [Disney] and [In Three] with respect to [In Three’s] services in connection with 

[G-Force].” Thus, key provisions in the contract limit the scope and use of the 3D 

patents to G-Force.

Although Section 16(a) does not expressly mention G-Force, its scope is limited 

to G-Force when read in conjunction with other provisions of the G-Force Agreement. 
7

Section 16(b), for example, grants Disney the option to request a broad license to the 3D 

patents from In Three, but includes a detailed and multi-step negotiation process for 

doing so. Section 16(b) would have allowed Disney to do the work in-house, pursuant to 

an agreement between the parties. Similarly, Section 3(a), titled “Additional Services,”

allows Disney the option to use In Three on additional Disney projects for a period of 

five years when In Three has been offered an outside project, but that option, like Section 

16(b), contains a formal mechanism by which Disney and In Three would have to 

separately negotiate and accept the terms of the additional Disney project. Thus, 

although Sections 3(a) and 16(b) of the G-Force Agreement provide options for 

additional work and a broader license, the inclusion of a formal negotiating process and 

the requirement of separate approvals for any additional projects suggests that the GForce Agreement, including Section 16(a), is limited to the G-Force film absent further 

action and agreement. 

Turning to patent law, Disney argues that DDMG and RealD acquired the 3D 

patent rights subject to the preexisting rights in Section 16(a). Specifically, Disney 

contends, “[a]s a matter of well-established patent law, pre-existing licenses are binding 

upon successors in interest and subsequent exclusive licensees.” See, e.g., U.S. Philips 

Corp. v. Int’l Trade Comm’n, 424 F.3d 1179, 1189 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (“A nonexclusive 

patent license is simply a promise not to sue for infringement.”). Disney’s argument 

assumes that the G-Force Agreement provides Disney with a broad license to the 3D 

patents beyond work on G-Force. Disney, however, did not exercise the option for an 

expansive license in Section 16(b) and, for the same reasons discussed above with respect 
8

to the narrow covenant in Section 16(a), Disney’s rights to the 3D patents are limited to

G-Force. We agree with the District Court that, “[h]aving never exercised the option 

under the Agreement, Disney may not now claim that it has rights to the patents at issue 

that have survived the sale of such to RealD.” Thus, to the extent there was a license to 

the 3D patents, it was limited to the work performed on G-Force and there was no patent 

right beyond G-Force to transfer. 

In addition, Disney contends that Sections 16(d) and 19 of the G-Force Agreement 

confirm that In Three granted the covenant not to sue with the intention to bind 

subsequent owners. Section 16(d) provides that Section 16 “shall survive the expiration 

or termination of this Agreement.” Section 19 provides “[t]he provisions hereof shall be 

binding upon the Company and the Company’s heirs, executors, administrators, 

successors, and assigns.” Yet under Section 10 of the G-Force Agreement, In Three did 

not have the right to assign the limited license: “This Agreement and Company’s rights 

and obligations hereunder may not be assigned by Company.” Disney, not In Three, had 

the right to assign the Agreement. Therefore, Section 19 is inapplicable to DDMG and 

RealD as neither was a party to the G-Force Agreement, neither has contractual privity 

with Disney, and neither could have served as an assignee under Section 10. Moreover, 

the Bankruptcy Court determined that RealD, the successful bidder, is not a successor to 

the debtor. 

Finally, at oral argument on September 9, 2014, Disney asserted that the 

Bankruptcy Court should not have reached the issue of the scope of Section 16(a). This 

is a new argument, inconsistent with Disney’s position at the bankruptcy hearing and on 
9

appeal. Disney advocated for a particular interpretation of Section 16(a) in its objections 

to the Bankruptcy Court’s letter ruling and at the second bankruptcy hearing. In its 

opening brief, it argued that Section 16(a) should be given effect beyond work on GForce. It continued to press its argument in its reply brief. We find that Disney 

presented the issue for adjudication to the Bankruptcy Court and on appeal. It cannot 

now argue that we should remand the case for further hearings if we find that Section 

16(a) is ambiguous.

IV. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the judgment of the District Court.