2022 IL 126940 

IN THE 

SUPREME COURT 

OF 

THE STATE OF ILLINOIS 

(Docket No. 126940) 

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellee, v. KARL SMITH, Appellant. 

Opinion filed May 19, 2022. 

JUSTICE GARMAN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. 

Chief Justice Anne M. Burke and Justices Theis, Neville, Michael J. Burke, 

Overstreet, and Carter concurred in the judgment and opinion. 

OPINION 

¶ 1 Karl Smith, petitioner, appealed the second-stage dismissal of his 

postconviction petition. Petitioner sought to have his petition remanded for 

additional second-stage proceedings because the attorney appointed to represent 

him at the State’s motion to dismiss did not independently demonstrate compliance 

with Illinois Supreme Court Rule 651(c) (eff. July 1, 2017), although prior 

appointed counsel had filed a Rule 651(c) certificate. The appellate court affirmed, 
 

 

 

 

 

and we allowed petitioner’s petition for leave to appeal pursuant to Illinois Supreme 

Court Rule 315 (eff. Oct. 1, 2020). 

¶ 2 BACKGROUND 

¶ 3 In January 2008, petitioner and two others entered by force an apartment that 

was shared by Gabriel Curiel and Jonathon Collazo. Gabriel’s children were 

present. During the incident, money and cannabis were stolen; David, one of 

Gabriel’s three children, was shot in the head; and Gabriel was beaten, stabbed, and 

shot. Both David and Gabriel survived. 

¶ 4 At the 2011 trial, nine-year-old David, who had been six years old at the time 

of the crime, was called to testify. Prior to trial, petitioner had requested a hearing 

on David’s competency, but the Cook County circuit court deferred addressing the 

issue until trial. After taking the stand, David lost his composure, leading to the 

excusal of the jury. The court denied defense counsel’s motion for a mistrial and 

explained that it would conduct a competency hearing if the State recalled David to 

the stand. The State declined to do so, and the jury was instructed to disregard 

David’s testimony and what had unfolded. 

¶ 5 Petitioner was found guilty of two counts of attempted first degree murder; two 

counts of aggravated battery with a firearm; and one count each of home invasion, 

armed robbery, and aggravated battery of a child. On direct appeal, petitioner 

sought to have his aggravated battery convictions vacated under the one-act, onecrime rule. One of petitioner’s aggravated-battery-with-a-firearm convictions and 

his aggravated-battery-of-a-child conviction were vacated, but the appellate court 

affirmed petitioner’s other convictions. 

¶ 6 In March 2014, petitioner filed a pro se postconviction petition, complaining 

that 

“(1) he was not proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt; (2) the State violated 

Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963), by failing to disclose David’s pretrial 

statement identifying him; (3) the trial court erred in rejecting his request for a 

pretrial hearing on David’s competency to testify, which caused him prejudice 

when David had an emotional breakdown in front of the jury; (4) the trial court 

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erred in imposing consecutive sentences for convictions arising from the same 

course of conduct and not informing him before trial that he could receive 

consecutive sentences; and (5) his appellate counsel was ineffective for failing 

to raise the preceding claims on direct appeal.” 2020 IL App (1st) 181220, ¶ 7. 

Because the trial court failed to rule on the petition within 90 days, the petition 

automatically advanced to the second stage of postconviction proceedings. 

Assistant Public Defender Denise Avant was appointed to represent petitioner in 

January 2015. On April 22, 2016, Avant filed a Rule 651(c) certificate representing 

that she had complied with the rule and that a supplemental petition was not 

necessary for the presentation of petitioner’s claims. 

¶ 7 The State filed a motion to dismiss on April 7, 2017, asserting that (1) the 

petition was time-barred and (2) petitioner failed to make a substantial showing of 

the denial of a constitutional right. Specifically, the State maintained that petitioner 

had forfeited his claims of trial error and that he had no meritorious claim that his 

direct appeal counsel was ineffective. 

¶ 8 On August 4, 2017, after discussing the State’s motion to dismiss with 

petitioner, Avant filed a response. The response argued that the late filing should 

be excused because the petition was merely a few weeks late. Avant filed an 

affidavit from petitioner, which attested that petitioner only had a tenth-grade 

education and that he was unfamiliar with the filing requirements of the PostConviction Hearing Act (Act) (725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West 2014)). Before the 

hearing on the State’s motion to dismiss, however, Avant left the public defender’s 

office. Assistant Public Defender Christine Underwood was subsequently 

appointed and represented petitioner at the hearing on March 26, 2018. The trial 

court granted the State’s motion to dismiss, and petitioner appealed. 

¶ 9 On appeal, petitioner argued that he was entitled to a remand for further secondstage proceedings because Underwood did not demonstrate independent 

compliance with Rule 651(c). Petitioner made no argument that Avant had not 

complied with Rule 651(c)’s requirements. 2020 IL App (1st) 181220, ¶ 13. 

According to petitioner, Underwood—as the attorney who represented him at the 

hearing on the State’s motion to dismiss—was also required to comply with Rule 

651(c). Id. 

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¶ 10 The appellate court concluded that neither the Act nor Rule 651(c) supported 

petitioner’s argument. Id. ¶ 16. The court analogized Underwood’s role to that of 

an attorney at the third stage of postconviction proceedings, given that all that was 

left for her to do was orally argue against the State’s motion to dismiss. Id. ¶¶ 17-

20. Underwood’s role did not necessitate a duplicative undertaking of the Rule 

651(c) responsibilities. Id. ¶ 20. Additionally, Avant’s Rule 651(c) certificate 

created a rebuttable presumption that she had rendered reasonable assistance, and 

petitioner did not argue otherwise. Id. ¶ 19. The appellate court affirmed. Id. ¶ 26. 

We allowed petitioner’s petition for leave to appeal. Ill. S. Ct. R. 315 (eff. Oct. 1, 

2020). 

¶ 11 ANALYSIS 

¶ 12 At issue is whether each attorney that represents a postconviction petitioner at 

the second stage must demonstrate compliance with Rule 651(c)—even after 

petitioner’s predecessor counsel had already filed a valid Rule 651(c) certificate 

giving rise to the presumption that there was compliance with the rule. “Because 

the question presented in this appeal concerns the proper interpretation of a supreme 

court rule, our review is de novo.” People v. Suarez, 224 Ill. 2d 37, 41-42 (2007) 

(citing People v. Henderson, 217 Ill. 2d 449, 458 (2005)). “When interpreting our 

supreme court rules, we apply the same principles of construction applicable to 

statutes.” People v. Perkins, 229 Ill. 2d 34, 41 (2007) (citing People v. Roberts, 214 

Ill. 2d 106, 116 (2005)). We endeavor to ascertain and give effect to the drafters’ 

intent, which is most reliably indicated by the language of the provision under 

consideration. See In re Estate of Rennick, 181 Ill. 2d 395, 404-05 (1998). 

¶ 13 As mentioned, our review pertains to matters that are unique to the second stage 

of postconviction proceedings. The Act “provides a remedy to criminal defendants 

who claim that substantial violations of their constitutional rights occurred at trial.” 

People v. Flores, 153 Ill. 2d 264, 272 (1992) (citing People v. Eddmonds, 143 Ill. 

2d 501, 510 (1991)). “At the second stage of postconviction proceedings, counsel 

may be appointed for defendant, if defendant is indigent.” People v. Pendleton, 223 

Ill. 2d 458, 472 (2006); see also 725 ILCS 5/122-4 (West 2018). “Once counsel is 

appointed for an indigent defendant, he or she is entitled only to the level of 

assistance guaranteed by the Act.” (Emphasis omitted.) People v. Greer, 212 Ill. 2d 

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192, 204 (2004) (citing People v. McNeal, 194 Ill. 2d 135, 142 (2000)). This is 

because the right to counsel in postconviction proceedings is statutorily rather than 

constitutionally derived. People v. Turner, 187 Ill. 2d 406, 410 (1999); 725 ILCS 

5/122-4 (West 2018). Furthermore, “[s]ection 122-4 of the Code of Criminal 

Procedure [citation] and Supreme Court Rule 651 together ensure that postconviction petitioners in this State receive a reasonable level of assistance by 

counsel in post-conviction proceedings.” People v. Owens, 139 Ill. 2d 351, 359 

(1990). 

¶ 14 Rule 651, “Appeals in Post-Conviction Proceedings,” contains the pertinent 

subsection relevant to this appeal. Ill. S. Ct. R. 651(c) (eff. July 1, 2017). 

Subparagraph (c), “Record for Indigents; Appointment of Counsel,” provides in 

relevant part: 

“The record filed in that court shall contain a showing, which may be made 

by the certificate of petitioner’s attorney, that [(1)] the attorney has consulted 

with petitioner by phone, mail, electronic means or in person to ascertain his or 

her contentions of deprivation of constitutional rights, [(2)] has examined the 

record of the proceedings at the trial, and [(3)] has made any amendments to 

the petitions filed pro se that are necessary for an adequate presentation of 

petitioner’s contentions.” Id. 

¶ 15 Petitioner asserts that Underwood did not file a Rule 651(c) certificate attesting 

that she fulfilled that rule’s three requirements nor does a review of the record 

demonstrate the performance of those three obligations. See People v. Lander, 215 

Ill. 2d 577, 584 (2005) (noting that “[t]he failure to file a certificate showing 

compliance with Rule 651(c) is harmless error if the record demonstrates that 

counsel adequately fulfilled the required duties”). Though Avant had filed a Rule 

651(c) certificate before departing the public defender’s office, petitioner maintains 

that Underwood needed to independently demonstrate compliance with Rule 

651(c). This is so, according to petitioner, because of Rule 651(c)’s plain language 

and purpose. We begin with petitioner’s arguments as to the plain language and 

purpose of Rule 651(c). 

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¶ 16 Plain Language and Purpose of Rule 651(c) 

¶ 17 Petitioner contends that Rule 651(c)—by its present-tense reference to 

“petitioner’s attorney”—plainly demands that the attorney who “ultimately 

represents” a petitioner demonstrate compliance with Rule 651(c). According to 

petitioner, although Avant filed a Rule 651(c) certificate, it cannot be said that she 

was “petitioner’s attorney” after she withdrew. At the time of the hearing on the 

State’s motion to dismiss, Underwood was “petitioner’s attorney” and thus needed 

to comply with Rule 651(c). 

¶ 18 The State counters that the rule is unambiguous and does not state that once 

there has been a showing that the petitioner’s attorney has completed the Rule 

651(c) duties that every new attorney who subsequently appears must redo the same 

tasks and file a new certificate. According to the State, the rule refers to one 

“showing” by one “attorney.” It is undisputed that Avant complied with Rule 

651(c), and therefore the State concludes that petitioner has no valid claim that he 

did not receive the reasonable assistance of postconviction counsel. 

¶ 19 We are not persuaded by petitioner’s argument that Rule 651(c)’s present-tense 

reference to “petitioner’s attorney” demands that every attorney who represents a 

postconviction petitioner at “the dispositive hearing” must show compliance with 

Rule 651(c). Avant was “petitioner’s attorney” at the time petitioner’s pro se claims 

needed to be shaped into the proper legal form. See Owens, 139 Ill. 2d at 365. 

Petitioner’s argument improperly inserts language into the rule. Rule 651(c) does 

not reference the “dispositive hearing” or qualify that “petitioner’s attorney” is the 

“attorney who ultimately represents petitioner at the dispositive hearing.” See 

People v. Daniels, 172 Ill. 2d 154, 163 (1996) (stating that, “[w]hen the language 

of a statute or a supreme court rule is plain and unambiguous, courts will not read 

in exceptions, limitations, or other conditions”). Additionally, petitioner ignores 

that the plain language of the rule contemplates that “petitioner’s attorney” make 

“any amendments to the petitions filed pro se”—not to a petition that was filed 

pro se and subsequently amended or not amended by previous postconviction 

counsel. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 651(c) (eff. July 1, 2017). 

¶ 20 Further, we find petitioner’s plain language argument to be implicitly 

undermined by People v. Marshall, 375 Ill. App. 3d 670 (2007), which was relied 

upon by the appellate court below and is cited by the State. Relevant here, after the 

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petitioner’s petition was dismissed after an evidentiary hearing, the petitioner 

argued that the dismissal should be reversed because the attorneys who represented 

her at the third stage did not comply with Rule 651(c), even though second-stage 

postconviction counsel had filed a Rule 651(c) certificate. Id. at 672. Similarly, the 

petitioner argued that, “for an appointed attorney to effectively represent a client at 

the third stage of postconviction proceedings, counsel must consult with the 

defendant and review the trial court record.” Id. at 681. To address the petitioner’s 

contention, the appellate court considered the petitioner’s citation of another case, 

People v. Rankins, 277 Ill. App. 3d 561 (1996). Marshall, 375 Ill. App. 3d at 681. 

¶ 21 In Rankins, after the court concluded that second-stage postconviction counsel 

did not file a certificate and that the record did not show compliance with the rule, 

the court went on to consider whether third-stage counsel met the requirements. 

Rankins, 277 Ill. App. 3d at 564. Based on the Rankins court’s consideration of 

whether third-stage counsel met Rule 651(c) requirements, the petitioner in 

Marshall argued that compliance with Rule 651(c) was required of counsel at each 

stage. Marshall, 375 Ill. App. 3d at 682. 

¶ 22 The Marshall court, however, distinguished Rankins on the basis that secondstage counsel did not comply with Rule 651(c). Id. The court also explained that 

“Rankins supports the conclusion that Rule 651(c)’s requirements must be met 

only once and not, as defendant suggests, by attorneys representing a defendant 

at each stage of postconviction proceedings. Rankins illustrates that one 

postconviction attorney must comply with Rule 651(c), not that the process 

must be repeated at each level of postconviction proceedings.” Id. 

Furthermore, the court observed that, although Rule 651(c) does not explicitly state 

what stage of postconviction proceeding it pertains to, “the rule’s purpose is to 

require appointed postconviction counsel to consult with the defendant to ascertain 

his claims of constitutional deprivation.” Id. at 683. The Rule 651(c) tasks “are 

performed by counsel at the second stage of postconviction review so that the State 

can fully review the defendant’s claims and determine if it will move to dismiss 

them.” (Emphasis added.) Id. (citing Pendleton, 223 Ill. 2d at 472, and People v. 

Fiedler, 303 Ill. App. 3d 236, 238 (1999)). Finally, the court explained: 

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“Defendant’s position that her third-stage postconviction counsel also must 

comply with Rule 651(c), even when the rule’s requirements have been met at 

the previous stage, is illogical. An attorney at the evidentiary hearing stage must 

argue the merits of the postconviction petitioner’s claims as presented in the 

petition following review by counsel at the second stage.” Id. 

¶ 23 The instant petitioner disputes the relevance of Marshall. According to 

petitioner, Marshall addressed a different issue—whether counsel who represents 

a petitioner at the third stage of proceedings is required to comply with Rule 651(c), 

even though second-stage counsel had previously met the rule’s requirements. 

¶ 24 We note that petitioner does not acknowledge that Marshall undermines her 

plain language argument. If, as petitioner argues, Rule 651(c)’s reference to 

“petitioner’s attorney” means the attorney who is representing petitioner at present, 

the propriety of the Marshall decision—holding that a petitioner’s third-stage 

counsel were not obliged to comply with the rule—would be called into doubt. As 

the Marshall court observed, Rule 651(c) does not explicitly state which stage of 

postconviction proceedings it controls. Id. Thus, the rule’s present-tense use of the 

term “petitioner’s attorney” would be absolutely controlling. 

¶ 25 We reject petitioner’s assertion that Marshall is undermined by this court’s 

subsequent decision in People v. Custer, 2019 IL 123339. Petitioner observes that, 

there, this court stated that the limited duties required by Rule 651(c) “persist 

throughout the proceedings under the Act.” Id. ¶ 32. Simply put, in Custer, this 

court did not consider or address the issue at hand. At issue in Custer was whether 

this court should extend Krankel procedures (see People v. Krankel, 102 Ill. 2d 181 

(1984)) to the postconviction context where a petitioner claims unreasonable 

assistance of postconviction counsel. Custer, 2019 IL 123339, ¶ 1. We will not read 

a general statement that Rule 651(c) duties “persist throughout the proceedings 

under the Act” as decisively speaking to the distinct issue here and ignore the plain 

language of Rule 651(c). Our case law does not treat Rule 651(c) as the exclusive 

mechanism for ensuring reasonable assistance. See Owens, 139 Ill. 2d at 361 

(stating that “section 122-4 of the [Act] and Rule 651 together ensure that postconviction petitioners will receive a reasonable level of assistance” (emphasis 

added)); see also People v. Anguiano, 2013 IL App (1st) 113458, ¶ 37 (noting that 

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“[n]either Turner nor Owens suggests that the right to a reasonable level of 

assistance has been subsumed by Rule 651(c)”). 

¶ 26 Still, petitioner maintains that his position is the only one that does justice to 

the purpose of the rule—which he contends is to ensure that petitioners receive 

adequate representation such that their claims of constitutional deprivation are 

properly set forth. Without a certificate filed by the “petitioner’s attorney,” it 

cannot, according to petitioner, be presumed that counsel complied with Rule 

651(c). Petitioner asserts that a postconviction counsel’s consultation with a 

petitioner might reveal facts that could justify a late filing. Petitioner also argues 

that postconviction counsel may not make the necessary amendments to avoid 

forfeiture or waiver. Petitioner likewise maintains that, “more generally,” a 

postconviction petitioner has a right to have an attorney who has consulted with the 

petitioner and who is familiar with the record and the claims. 

¶ 27 In a similar vein, petitioner references the “realities of post-conviction 

proceedings” in support of his argument. Specifically, petitioner notes that 

postconviction petitioners routinely linger at the second stage for years. In turn, 

petitioner states that the law continuously evolves, such that a later-appointed 

attorney should be required to read the record and consult with the petitioner to 

adequately present the petitioner’s claims under the law as it exists at the time of 

the second-stage hearing. According to petitioner, for example, if the State’s motion 

to dismiss focuses on timeliness and new counsel does not comply with Rule 

651(c), counsel might not realize that new law supports one of the petitioner’s 

claims that should be brought to the court’s attention. 

¶ 28 The State counters that Rule 651(c) guarantees that postconviction counsel will 

“shape [a petitioner’s] complaints into the proper legal form and *** present those 

complaints to the court.” Owens, 139 Ill. 2d at 365. Once done, Rule 651(c)’s 

purpose has been satisfied. According to the State, the scope of postconviction 

counsel’s duties at subsequent hearings turns on the requirement to provide 

reasonable representation—not on Rule 651(c)’s mandates. The State does not 

dispute petitioner’s contention that petitions linger at the second stage but maintains 

that petitioner’s position will inevitably delay the resolution of postconviction cases 

if new attorneys are required to duplicate the Rule 651(c) tasks. For example, the 

State notes that it took almost 16 months for Avant to carry out her Rule 651(c) 

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duties. Petitioner’s proposed reading of Rule 651(c), in the State’s view, would 

have delayed the disposition of the case months longer. As for “meritorious claims” 

that may be missed, the State asserts that Rule 651(c) does not require 

postconviction counsel to search for claims that are not presented in the pro se 

petition. 

¶ 29 We agree with the State and the appellate court below. In the instant case, Avant 

complied with Rule 651(c)—which petitioner does not dispute—and the State 

already filed its motion to dismiss before Underwood took over representation. At 

that point, petitioner had consulted with appointed postconviction counsel, had the 

record of his trial proceedings examined by appointed postconviction counsel, and 

had appointed postconviction counsel determine whether any amendments were 

necessary “to the petitions filed pro se that [were] necessary for an adequate 

presentation of petitioner’s contentions.” (Emphases added.) Ill. S. Ct. R. 651(c) 

(eff. July 1, 2017). “Moreover, ‘[p]ost-conviction counsel is only required to 

investigate and properly present the petitioner’s claims.’ ” (Emphasis in original.) 

Pendleton, 223 Ill. 2d at 472 (quoting People v. Davis, 156 Ill. 2d 149, 164 (1993)). 

By virtue of Avant filing a Rule 651(c) certificate, a rebuttable presumption arose 

that petitioner received reasonable assistance of postconviction counsel. See People 

v. Profit, 2012 IL App (1st) 101307, ¶ 19. Petitioner did not seek to rebut that 

presumption. Instead, petitioner attempts to attack Underwood’s representation by 

arguing that Rule 651(c) compliance is required of all postconviction counsel who 

are appointed at the second stage. In the absence of any argument otherwise, we 

will not speculate that petitioner’s claims were not sufficiently presented by Avant 

nor create a rule that would have required Underwood to do so either. 

¶ 30 By virtue of Avant’s presumptively reasonable representation and compliance 

with Rule 651(c), “all that was left to do was orally argue [petitioner’s] position at 

the hearing on the State’s motion to dismiss.” 2020 IL App (1st) 181220, ¶ 20. 

Accordingly, like the appellate court, we find that Underwood’s role was limited 

and different from Avant’s role. Petitioner would have us treat Avant’s filing of a 

Rule 651(c) certificate as a legal nullity. On one hand, if Avant had remained 

petitioner’s counsel, there would be a rebuttable presumption he had received 

reasonable representation. Yet, on the other hand, because Avant left the public 

defender’s office before the hearing on the State’s motion to dismiss, petitioner 

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argues that we are required to presume the opposite. It is petitioner’s argument that 

undermines Rule 651(c). 

¶ 31 We also note the self-defeating nature of petitioner’s assertions. According to 

petitioner, only compliance by the attorney who ultimately represents the petitioner 

at the second-stage hearing on the State’s motion to dismiss guarantees adequate 

presentation of a pro se petitioner’s claims. Yet, as petitioner observes, the hearing 

on the State’s motion to dismiss took place nearly two years after Avant filed her 

Rule 651(c) certificate. Avant filed her Rule 651(c) certificate on April 22, 2016. 

The State requested time to review the petition and filed its motion to dismiss on 

April 7, 2017—nearly a year later. No one disputes that the law evolves every day. 

If Avant had remained petitioner’s postconviction counsel, petitioner does not and 

cannot argue that she would have violated Rule 651(c) if she did not again 

undertake the tasks mandated by Rule 651(c) to ensure that petitioner’s claims 

would be presented under the law as it existed at the time of the hearing—which 

took place on March 26, 2018. 

¶ 32 Accordingly, we dismiss petitioner’s argument that only Rule 651(c) 

compliance by postconviction counsel who “ultimately represents” the petitioner at 

the motion to dismiss “guarantees” adequate presentation of claims. Rule 651(c) 

itself imposes no timeframe in terms of how soon before the hearing on the State’s 

motion to dismiss the certificate must be filed. See also Turner, 187 Ill. 2d at 411 

(noting that there is nothing in the language of Rule 651(c) requiring “appointed 

counsel to consult with petitioner a certain number of times”). Furthermore, as the 

State notes, where private counsel is retained and files the postconviction petition, 

postconviction counsel need not comply with Rule 651(c) (People v. Mitchell, 189 

Ill. 2d 312, 358 (2000)) but must still perform reasonably (Anguiano, 2013 IL App 

(1st) 113458, ¶¶ 25-31). See also Mitchell, 189 Ill. 2d at 358 (holding that, because 

the defendant did not file a pro se petition, his attorneys could not have violated the 

provision of Rule 651(c), which requires “counsel to affirm that he ‘has made any 

amendments to the petitions filed pro se that are necessary for an adequate 

presentation of petitioner’s contentions’ ” (quoting Ill. S. Ct. R. 651(c) (eff. Dec. 1, 

1984))). Though not determinative to our analysis, we note that, at the time 

Underwood took over representation, it is inaccurate to characterize petitioner’s 

petition as simply existing in its original, pro se form. See People v. Richmond, 188 

Ill. 2d 376, 382 (1999) (stating that “[n]o less than appointed counsel, retained 

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counsel should have the same duties in these circumstances to consult with the 

defendant, to examine the record of the trial proceedings, and to make any 

necessary amendments to the original, pro se petition” (emphasis added)). Stated 

differently, here, it cannot be said that Underwood was undertaking representation 

on the “original” pro se petition filed by petitioner (see id.), where Avant had 

already undertaken the Rule 651(c) requirements and thus ascertained whether any 

amendments were necessary to shape petitioner’s complaints into the proper legal 

form (see Owens, 139 Ill. 2d at 365; see also Turner, 187 Ill. 2d at 411 (noting that 

“Rule 651(c) does require that appointed counsel consult with petitioner to ascertain 

his constitutional claims, but there is no reason as a matter of law why this cannot 

be accomplished in one meeting with defendant”)). 

¶ 33 We also note the waste of state resources that would result if we were to adopt 

petitioner’s reading of Rule 651(c). As mentioned, it took the State almost a year 

to review petitioner’s petition and file its motion to dismiss. Petitioner’s argument 

would prejudice the State as it would also—like subsequent postconviction 

counsel—be required to “start over” and respond to a potentially modified petition. 

Adopting petitioner’s argument would quite simply prolong the postconviction 

process for ideational reasons that are not present in the instant case. 

¶ 34 Next, petitioner analogizes the necessity of filing a Rule 651(c) certificate to 

that of a Rule 604(d) certificate. Rule 604(d) provides that, in the event that a 

defendant moves to withdraw his guilty plea or to reconsider the sentence imposed 

following the plea, the defendant’s attorney 

“shall file with the trial court a certificate stating that the attorney has consulted 

with the defendant *** to ascertain defendant’s contentions of error in the 

sentence and the entry of the plea of guilty, has examined the trial court file and 

both the report of proceedings of the plea of guilty and the report of proceedings 

in the sentencing hearing, and has made any amendments to the motion 

necessary for adequate presentation of any defects in those proceedings.” Ill. S. 

Ct. R. 604(d) (eff. July 1, 2017). 

Petitioner adds that case law holds that the attorney who represents a defendant at 

such a hearing may not rely on a Rule 604(d) certificate filed by an attorney who 

no longer represents the defendant. See, e.g., People v. Ritchie, 258 Ill. App. 3d 

164, 165-66 (1994); People v. Herrera, 2012 IL App (2d) 110009. According to 

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petitioner, the purpose of each certificate is to ensure “adequate” representation. 

Petitioner disputes the instant appellate court determination that, because an 

attorney who must file a Rule 604(d) certificate is subject to the higher standard of 

effective assistance of counsel, Rule 604(d) case law is inapposite. See 2020 IL 

App (1st) 181220, ¶¶ 21-23. Petitioner maintains that the difference between 

effective and reasonable assistance is the scope of representation, not its 

competence. Though counsel’s scope of representation in the postconviction 

context is narrower, it still must be competent. 

¶ 35 We need not address the propriety of the Ritchie or Herrera decisions to 

conclude that a Rule 651(c) certificate is distinguishable from a Rule 604(d) 

certificate. Petitioner attempts to muddle the distinction between reasonable and 

effective assistance by collectively referring to each as “adequate” assistance. This 

court has been very clear that the standard of reasonable assistance is “significantly 

lower than the [standard] mandated at trial by our state and federal constitutions.” 

Custer, 2019 IL 123339, ¶ 30; 2020 IL App (1st) 181220, ¶ 22. Additionally, as 

observed by the State, Rule 604(d)’s purpose “is to ensure that any errors that may 

have resulted in a guilty plea and subsequent sentence are brought to the attention 

of the circuit court before appeal, while memories are fresh and witnesses are 

available.” (Emphasis added.) People v. Gorss, 2022 IL 126464, ¶ 15. By contrast, 

Rule 651(c) lacks the same caliber of critically time-sensitive considerations that 

are attendant to withdrawal of a guilty plea or reconsideration of a sentence imposed 

following the plea. Accordingly, petitioner fails to set forth a compelling argument 

to overcome the significantly different contexts and standards between Rule 604(d) 

and Rule 651(c) to support his contention. 

¶ 36 Finally, we reject petitioner’s argument that not requiring the attorney who 

ultimately represents a petitioner to comply with Rule 651(c) deprives the petitioner 

of the ability to rebut the presumption created by the previous attorney. According 

to petitioner, the record that could rebut Rule 651(c) compliance can include (1) any 

supplemental or amended petitions and (2) counsel’s argument at the second-stage 

hearing. For example, petitioner notes that, in People v. Landa, the appellate court 

found that what petitioner characterizes as counsel’s insufficient argument at the 

hearing on the State’s motion to dismiss partially rebutted the presumption of Rule 

651(c). 2020 IL App (1st) 170851, ¶¶ 60, 65. Because postconviction counsel is not 

required to file an amended or supplemental petition, petitioner asserts that the only 

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aspect of counsel’s performance that is mandatory and thus can be used to rebut 

compliance is counsel’s argument at the hearing. However, as Avant did not argue 

at the hearing, petitioner claims he is deprived of the record that he could use to 

rebut the presumption that earlier counsel complied with Rule 651(c). 

¶ 37 Landa instead involved a much different set of facts. For example, among other 

failings, postconviction counsel failed to notarize the petitioner’s detailed 

evidentiary affidavit that was in turn supported by other affidavits, did not file a 

response to the State’s motion to dismiss, and “fail[ed] to make any argument at 

all, when there were compelling arguments to be made” at the hearing on the State’s 

motion to dismiss. Id. ¶¶ 59-70. Again, where petitioner presents us with no reason 

to doubt Avant’s compliance with Rule 651(c) or Underwood’s performance at the 

hearing, we entertain this argument no further. 

¶ 38 We stress that if postconviction counsel performs unreasonably—even after a 

presumption has arisen that there has been compliance with Rule 651(c)— 

postconviction petitioners are not foreclosed from pursuing a claim that counsel 

failed to provide a reasonable standard of representation. See People v. Cotto, 2016 

IL 119006, ¶ 41; Landa, 2020 IL App (1st) 170851, ¶ 74; People v. Pabello, 2019 

IL App (2d) 170867, ¶ 23. Because we conclude that Underwood was not required 

to independently demonstrate compliance with Rule 651(c) when all that remained 

for her to do upon assuming the role of second-stage postconviction counsel was 

orally argue against the State’s motion to dismiss, we need not address the State’s 

argument that petitioner failed to demonstrate that postconviction counsel 

performed unreasonably or that he was prejudiced. We affirm the judgment of the 

appellate court. 

¶ 39 CONCLUSION 

¶ 40 For the foregoing reasons, petitioner is not entitled to a remand for further 

second-stage proceedings. 

¶ 41 Judgments affirmed. 

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