i

Program Handbook: Exportation of Live Animals, Hatching 

Eggs, and Animal Germplasm from the United States

Introduction

The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of 

Agriculture (USDA) regulates the exportation of live animals, hatching eggs, and animal 

germplasm. The regulations are codified in Title 9 of the Code of Regulations (CFR), part 91, 

“Exportation of Live Animals, Hatching Eggs or Other Embryonated Eggs, Animal Semen, Animal 

Embryos, and Gametes from the United States.” 

These export regulations, which are referred to below as “the regulations,” require use of 

disinfectants approved by the Administrator of APHIS. As provided in the regulations, the 

Administrator will approve a disinfectant for the specified use upon determining that it is 

effective against the pathogens that may be spread by the animals and, if the disinfectant is a 

chemical disinfectant, that it is registered or exempted for the specified use by the U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This handbook discusses disinfectants approved by the

Administrator for use under §§ 91.6, 91.12, and 91.13. Other disinfectants may also be 

approved by the Administrator in accordance with the regulations.

The regulations also contain requirements for export inspection facilities, export isolation 

facilities, and ocean vessels. This handbook includes guidance on how to comply with these 

requirements. The guidance is intended to assist owners and operators by describing 

acceptable ways to meet the requirements. The methods described in this handbook are one 

way, but not the only way, to comply with the requirements. Owners and operators may 

submit alternative plans for complying with the requirements to APHIS for evaluation and 

approval. Alternatives must be at least as effective in meeting the requirements of the 

regulations as the methods described in this handbook. We must approve an alternate plan 

before it can be used. For this reason, plans should be submitted well in advance of when 

approval is needed to allow time for APHIS review and to avoid unnecessary or wasteful 

expenditures. For additional information and to discuss how much time may be needed for 

APHIS review of a plan, contact APHIS VS, National Import Export Services, (301) 851-3300. 

The regulations also contain reporting requirements for ocean vessels. This handbook contains 

contact numbers and addresses for submitting reports, as well as an optional template that 

may be used for the operator’s report required by § 91.12(f).

The most recent edition of this handbook is available for viewing and downloading at the 

following address: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/index.shtml. 
ii

APHIS will notify the public of changes to the handbook via announcements on its Web site. 

Any substantive changes to guidance will also be made available for public comment through a 

notice in the Federal Register.

Table of Contents

Introduction

 

1. Approved Disinfectants

1.1 For use on conveyances, containers, and facilities under § 91.6, 

“Cleaning and disinfection of means of conveyance, containers, and facilities used 

during movement; approved disinfectants.”

1.2 For use on fittings, utensils, containers, and equipment on ocean vessels under 

§ 91.12, “Ocean vessels.”

1.3 For use on aircraft and associated loading ramps, fittings, and equipment 

under § 91.13, “Aircraft.”

1.4 Disinfectants permitted under 9 CFR 71.10, “Permitted disinfectants.” 

2. Approval of Export Inspection Facilities

2.1 Isolation of animals.

2.2 Space to accommodate animals.

2.3 Protection from inclement weather.

2.4 Floors.

2.5 Fences, gates, and other parts of the facility used for animals.

2.6 Cleaning and disinfection.

2.7 Drainage system.

2.8 Inspection space.

2.9 Animals of questionable health status.

2.10 Personnel tending the animals.

2.11 Water for the animals.

2.12 Lighting.

2.13 Office and restrooms.
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3. Approval of Export Isolation Facilities

3.1 Cleaning and disinfection.

3.2 Water supply.

3.3 Feed, bedding, and other essential items.

3.4 Drainage.

3.5 Isolation.

3.6 Personnel authorized entry.

3.7 Unannounced inspections.

3.8 Removal of livestock from the export isolation facility.

4. Approval for Pre-export Inspection of Livestock at Export Isolation Facilities

4.1 Space.

4.2 Lighting.

4.3 Handling.

5. Approval for Pre-export Inspection of Livestock at Export Inspection Facilities

Other Than the Export Inspection Facilities Associated with the Port of 

 Embarkation

6. Ocean Vessels: Cleaning and Disinfection

7. Ocean Vessels: Determining Sufficient Amounts of Feed and Water

8. Ocean Vessels: Accommodations for the Humane Transport of Livestock 

8.1 Pens.

8.2 Ramps, doors, and alleyways used for livestock.

8.3 Feed, water, and bedding.

8.4 Ventilation.

8.5 Waste management.

8.6 Lighting.
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9. Ocean Vessels Using Shipping Containers

9.1 Size.

9.2 Construction materials.

9.3 Water.

9.4 Waste management.

9.5 Ventilation.

10. Contact Information and an Optional Form for Ocean Vessel Reports Required 

under § 91.12(f)

11. Laboratories Approved to Conduct Tests for Program Diseases

12. Designated Ports of Embarkation

Appendix I – Ocean Vessels: Use of Wood for Pen Construction

Appendix II--Cargo Containers for Livestock Shipped by Air

 

 
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1. Approved Disinfectants

Regulatory authority: 9 CFR 91.6, 91.12(b), and 91.13(a).

Background:

The regulations require use of disinfectants approved by the Administrator for:

 Conveyances or containers in which livestock are moved from the premises of export 

and any facilities into which such livestock are unloaded;

 All fittings, utensils, containers, and equipment, including halters, ropes, and similar 

equipment (unless new) to be used in the loading, stowing, or other handling of 

livestock aboard ocean vessels; and

 The stowage area of any aircraft to be used for the export of livestock and any loading 

ramps, fittings, and equipment to be used in loading the livestock.

The disinfectants listed below have been approved by the Administrator for the purposes listed. 

The Administrator may approve other disinfectants for use as required by the regulations upon 

determining that the disinfectant is effective against the pathogens that may be spread by the 

animals and, if the disinfectant is a chemical disinfectant, that it is registered or exempted for 

the specified use by EPA. Disinfectants must be approved by the Administrator before they 

may be used to meet the requirements of the regulations.

Approved disinfectants:

1.1 For use on conveyances, containers, and facilities under § 91.6, “Cleaning and 

disinfection of means of conveyance, containers, and facilities used during movement; 

approved disinfectants.” 

Chemical disinfectants registered with or exempted by EPA for this specified use. A list 

of these is available at: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/index.shtml

1.2 For use on fittings, utensils, and equipment on ocean vessels under § 91.12, “Ocean 

vessels.”

1.2.1 On ocean vessels last used to carry livestock to or from a region affected with footand-mouth disease:

 Sodium carbonate (4 percent) in the proportion of 1 pound to 3 gallons of water.

 4 percent sodium carbonate plus 0.1 percent sodium silicate.
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 Sodium hydroxide (Lye) prepared in a fresh solution in the proportion of not less 

than 1 pound avoirdupois of sodium hydroxide of not less than 95 percent purity 

to 6 gallons of water, or one 131⁄2 –ounce can to 5 gallons of water. (Due to the 

extremely caustic nature of sodium hydroxide solution, precautionary measures 

such as the wearing of rubber gloves, boots, raincoat, and goggles should be 

observed. An acid solution such as vinegar should be kept readily available in case 

any of the sodium hydroxide solution should come in contact with the body.)

1.2.2 On ocean vessels returning from other foreign countries:

 Disinfectants listed in 9 CFR 71.10 (see section 1.4 of this Handbook).

1.3 For use on aircraft and associated loading ramps, fittings, and equipment under 

§ 91.13, “Aircraft.” 

1.3.1 For use in stowage areas:

 A freshly prepared solution of 4 percent sodium carbonate plus 0.1 percent sodium 

silicate.

1.3.2 For use on loading ramps, fittings, and equipment:

 Chemical disinfectants registered with or exempted by EPA for this specified 

use. A list of these is available at: 

http://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/index.shtml

1.4 Disinfectants permitted under 9 CFR 71.10, “Permitted disinfectants.”

These disinfectants are set out here for the convenience of Handbook users.

 “Cresylic disinfectant”* in the proportion of at least 4 fluid ounces to 1 gallon of 

water.

 Liquefied phenol (U.S.P. strength 87 percent phenol) in the proportion of at least 6 

fluid ounces to 1 gallon of water.

 Chlorinated lime (U.S.P. strength, 30 percent available chlorine) in the proportion of 

1 pound to 3 gallons of water.
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 Sodium hydroxide (Lye) prepared in a fresh solution in the proportion of not less 

than 1 pound avoirdupois of sodium hydroxide of not less than 95 percent purity to 

6 gallons of water, or one 13-1⁄2 ounce can to 5 gallons of water. Due to the 

extremely caustic nature of sodium hydroxide solution, precautionary measures 

such as the wearing of rubber gloves, boots, raincoat, and goggles should be 

observed. An acid solution such as vinegar shall be kept readily available in case any 

of the sodium hydroxide solution should come in contact with the body.

 Disinfectants which are registered with EPA under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, 

and Rodenticide Act (7 U.S.C. 135 et seq.), with tuberculocidal claims, as 

disinfectants for general use, may be used in accordance with directions on the 

labels accepted in connection with their registration. However, disinfectants which 

fall in this category are not permitted for use in outbreaks of foreign animal diseases 

unless in specific cases such use is approved in advance by the Administrator.

*As provided in 9 CFR 71.10, the use of “cresylic disinfectant” is permitted 

subject to the following conditions:

 The manufacturer has obtained specific permission from APHIS for the use of the 

products in official disinfection. To obtain such permission, manufacturers must first 

submit a sample of at least 8 ounces for examination, together with a statement of 

the formula employed and a guarantee that the product will be maintained of a 

quality uniform with the sample submitted.

 To prevent confusion, the product of each manufacturer and distributor must bear a 

distinctive trade name or brand, together with the name of the manufacturer or 

distributor.

 The product must at all times conform to specifications for composition and 

performance issued by the Administrator.
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2. Approval of Export Inspection Facilities

Regulatory authority: 9 CFR 91.7(a) and (b), 91.10.

Background:

All livestock intended for export by sea or air must receive a visual health inspection from an 

APHIS veterinarian within 48 hours prior to embarkation. Unless otherwise authorized by the 

Administrator, the inspection must be done at the export inspection facility affiliated with the 

port of embarkation. Such facilities must be approved in advance by the Administrator as a 

location where APHIS will conduct pre-export inspections of livestock. 

In order to be approved, facilities must be constructed, equipped, and managed in a manner 

that prevents transmission of disease to and from livestock in the facility, provides for the safe 

and humane handling and restraint of livestock, and provides sufficient offices, space, and 

lighting, for APHIS veterinarians to safely conduct required inspections of livestock and related 

business.

Following approval, if the owner of the facility changes or significant structural changes are 

made to the facility, the facility will need to be reapproved.

Guidance:

This section of the Handbook describes how facilities can meet the requirements for approval. 

Owners and operators may submit alternative plans for meeting the requirements to APHIS for 

evaluation and approval. Alternatives must be at least as effective in meeting the requirements 

as those described below in order to be approved, and must be approved by APHIS before 

being used. Facilities must be approved prior to receiving any livestock for exportation from 

the United States. Approval may be sought by contacting the APHIS-VS Air and Sea Port 

Services Director.

2.1 Isolation of animals. 

The facility is arranged and located to isolate all animals in the facility from all other animals.

2.2 Space to accommodate animals.

The facility has adequate space and/or scheduling to accommodate the animals in a single 

export shipment. A minimum space twice the size contained in the guidelines for space per 

animal on ocean vessels is acceptable. (See section 8 of this Handbook.)
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2.3 Protection from inclement weather.

The facility has a roof adequate to protect the animals from inclement weather over at least 

three-fourths of the pens and alleys and over all of the inspection area.

2.4 Floors.

The floors of pens, alleys, and chutes are disinfectable and skid resistant, or are cleaned on a 

regular basis to remove effluent and feces. Disinfectable materials are those which resist the 

absorption of fluids, such as concrete, asphalt, brick, and metal. 

2.5 Fences, gates, and other parts of the facility used for animals.

Fences, gates, and other parts of the facility used for animals are constructed of material, such 

as wood or metal, that can securely restrain the animals in a safe and humane manner.

2.6 Cleaning and disinfection.

The facility has running water available to wash the facility. The facility and all equipment used 

with animals are cleaned and disinfected with a chemical disinfectant registered with or 

exempted by EPA for this specified use. A list of these is available at: 

http://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/index.shtml

2.7 Drainage system.

The facility has a drainage system that controls surface drainage into and from the facility in a 

manner that prevents any significant risk of livestock diseases being spread into or from the 

facility.

2.8 Inspection space. 

The facility has a separate area for inspection of animals that is equipped with animal 

restraining devices that allow for the safe and humane handling of animals during inspection. 

If horses will be inspected at the facility, areas where horses are inspected have ceilings at least 

12-feet high and there are walkways in front of horse stalls wide enough to allow APHIS 

personnel to safely remove horses from the stalls for inspection if necessary. 

2.9 Animals of questionable health status. 

Separate pens or yards are provided for segregation and/or treatment of animals of 

questionable health status apart from animals qualified for export. 
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2.10 Personnel tending the animals.

Personnel tending the animals who have had contact with animals outside the facility are 

required to change or sanitize their outer clothing and footwear before entering areas used for 

animals.

2.11 Water for the animals.

The facility has an ample supply of potable running water that is made available to the 

livestock. In cold weather, the water is kept free from ice.

2.12 Lighting.

The facility is equipped with artificial lighting that provides sufficient lighting in the inspection 

area for inspectors to conduct inspections.

2.13 Office and restrooms.

A suitable office and restroom facilities are provided for use of APHIS representatives. 
7

3. Approval of Export Isolation Facilities 

Regulatory authority: 9 CFR 91.11(a).

Background:

Livestock may be isolated for a period of time prior to export in order to meet the 

health requirements of the country to which they will be shipped. If an importing 

country requires livestock to undergo pre-export isolation approved by the U.S. 

Department of Agriculture, APHIS must approve the export isolation facility to be used 

for the livestock prior to each isolation. APHIS will approve a facility for export isolation 

only if the Administrator determines, upon inspection of the facility, that the facility 

meets standards identified by the importing country. If the importing country does not 

identify specific standards, APHIS will approve the export isolation facility only if the 

Administrator determines, upon APHIS inspection of the facility, that the facility has 

adequate measures in place to protect the livestock in the facility from exposure to 

animals of different health status and fomites in order to prevent transmission of 

diseases of livestock during the isolation period. 

Guidance:

This section of the Handbook describes how facilities can meet APHIS’ requirement to

have adequate measures in place to protect the livestock in the facility from exposure to

animals of different health status and fomites in order to prevent transmission of 

diseases of livestock during the isolation period. Owners and operators may submit 

alternative measures to APHIS for evaluation and approval. Alternatives must be at 

least as effective in meeting the requirements as those described below in order for the 

facility to be approved as a location for export isolation, and must be approved by APHIS 

before they may be used for purposes of meeting the requirement. Facilities must be 

approved prior to receiving livestock for export isolation. Approval may be sought be 

contacting the Service Center Director for the State in which the isolation would occur 

(see 

http://www.aphis.usda.gov/wps/portal/aphis/ourfocus/importexport?1dmy&urile=wc

m%3apath%3a%2Faphis_content_library%2Fsa_our_focus%2Fsa_animal_health%2Fsa_

export_from_us%2Fct_export_contacts for State-by-State contact information.) 
8

3.1 Cleaning and disinfection.

 Pastures and exercise areas included in the export isolation facility are clean.

 All stables, barns, walkways, and equipment to be used in the export isolation facility 

have been cleaned prior to use for isolation. 

 During the isolation period, the export isolation facility requires all protective outer

clothing for personnel and all feeding, grooming, and cleaning equipment to be used 

exclusively within the export isolation facility or to be properly cleaned and disinfected 

between uses if used with animals outside the export isolation facility. A chemical 

disinfectant registered with or exempted by EPA for this specified use must be used. A 

list of these is available at: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/index.shtml

3.2 Water supply.

The export isolation facility has an adequate supply of water available at all times for the 

isolated animals to drink and for cleaning purposes.

3.3 Feed, bedding, and other essential items.

Supplies of feed, bedding material, and other essential items are delivered and stored in 

a manner that prevents contact with animals not intended for export.

3.4 Drainage.

Drainage is channeled away from areas in the export isolation facility.

3.5 Isolation.

 The isolation period starts when the last animal to be exported enters the export 

isolation facility, at which time the supervising accredited veterinarian (or, if requested 

by the importing country, APHIS veterinarian) completes and signs an inventory of all 

livestock in the export isolation facility. 

 All isolated animals are confined within the export isolation facility. 

 Measures are taken to prevent other animals from approaching within 30 feet of the 

isolated livestock (including in any outdoor facilities, pastures, tracks, paddocks, or fields

that are part of the export isolation facility).
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3.6 Personnel authorized entry.

 Only personnel authorized by the supervising accredited veterinarian or APHIS 

veterinarian may enter the export isolation facility. The export isolation facility 

maintains an entry/exit log and/or a list of authorized personnel.

3.7 Unannounced inspections.

The export isolation facility is available during the isolation period for unannounced 

inspections by an accredited veterinarian or APHIS representative.

3.8 Removal of livestock from the export isolation facility.

 No animal is removed from the export isolation facility until testing for Program diseases 

(e.g., tuberculosis, brucellosis, pseudorabies) required by the importing country is 

completed and the isolated herd is found negative.

 Animals may be removed from the export isolation facility only with the approval of the 

supervising accredited veterinarian or APHIS veterinarian. 

 The export isolation facility keeps records of all removed animals and the reason for the 

removal (e.g., calving, no longer wanted by buyer).

 
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4. Approval for Pre-export Inspection of Livestock at Export Isolation Facilities 

Regulatory authority: 9 CFR 91.7(b) and (c).

Background:

Livestock may be isolated for a period of time prior to export in order to meet the health 

requirements of the country to which they will be shipped. The Administrator may allow preexport health inspection of livestock to be conducted at an export isolation facility, rather than 

at the export inspection facility associated with the port of embarkation, when the exporter can 

show to the satisfaction of the Administrator that the livestock would suffer undue hardship if 

they had to be inspected at the export inspection facility, when the distance from the export 

isolation facility to the port of embarkation is significantly less than the distance from the 

export isolation facility to the export inspection facility associated with the port of 

embarkation, when inspection at the export isolation facility would be a more efficient use of 

APHIS resources, or for other reasons acceptable to the Administrator. Approval is contingent 

upon APHIS having personnel available to provide services at that location. The export isolation 

facility must also have space, and lighting, and humane means of handling livestock sufficient 

for APHIS veterinarians to safely conduct required inspections. Requests to use an export 

isolation facility in order to conduct pre-export inspection should be submitted to the Service 

Center Director for the State in which the inspection would occur (see 

http://www.aphis.usda.gov/wps/portal/aphis/ourfocus/importexport?1dmy&urile=wcm%3apa

th%3a%2Faphis_content_library%2Fsa_our_focus%2Fsa_animal_health%2Fsa_export_from_us

%2Fct_export_contacts for State-by-State contact information.) 

Guidance:

This section of the Handbook describes how export isolation facilities can meet the 

requirements for approval as locations for pre-export inspection of livestock. Owners and 

operators may submit alternative plans for meeting the requirements to APHIS for evaluation 

and approval. Alternatives must be at least as effective in meeting the requirements as those 

described below in order for the facility to be approved as a location for pre-export inspections. 

Alternate plans must be approved by APHIS before the facility may be used for purposes of the 

regulations.
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4.1 Space 

 The export isolation facility has a designated area for inspection of livestock.

 The designated inspection area is wide enough to allow easy movement of livestock 

through the area during inspections.

 The designated inspection area is of sound construction and sturdy enough to 

accommodate large numbers of large/heavy livestock.

 The sides of the designated inspection area are high enough to preclude livestock from 

jumping over them during inspection. 

 Any ceilings of the designated inspection area are high enough to safely allow ingress 

and egress of livestock. In any area where horses will be inspected, the ceilings are at 

least 12-feet high, and walkways in front of horse stalls are wide enough to allow APHIS 

personnel to safely remove horses from the stall for inspection, if necessary.

 The designated inspection area is sheltered from inclement weather.

 The facility has the ability to restrict access to the inspection area during inspections to 

authorized personnel involved in the inspection itself. 

4.2 Lighting 

 Lighting in the inspection area provides sufficient lighting for inspectors to conduct 

inspections. 

 The facility maintains at least temporary artificial lighting in order to inspect animals 

during periods of low light or night operations. 

4.3 Handling

 All animals that will be inspected at the facility will be officially identified prior to 

inspection.

 The facility has sufficient personnel to ensure that animals can be unloaded and moved 

into the inspection area in a safe and humane manner.

 The fences, gates, and other parts of the designated inspection area are constructed of 

material that can securely restrain animals in a safe and humane manner during 

inspection.

 The inspection area is equipped with animal restraining devices that allow for the safe 

and humane handling of animals during inspection. 
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5. Approval for Pre-export Inspection of Livestock at Export Inspection Facilities 

Other Than the Export Inspection Facilities Associated with the Port of 

Embarkation

Regulatory authority: 9 CFR 91.7(b) and (d)

Background:

The Administrator may allow pre-export inspection of livestock to be conducted at an export 

inspection facility other than the export inspection facilities associated with the port of 

embarkation, when the exporter can show to the satisfaction of the Administrator that the 

livestock would suffer undue hardship if they had to be inspected at the export inspection 

facility associated with the port of embarkation, when inspection at this different export 

inspection facility would be a more efficient use of APHIS resources, or for other reasons 

acceptable to the Administrator. Requests to use an export inspection facility other than the 

facilities associated with the port of embarkation in order to conduct pre-export inspection 

should be submitted to the Service Center Director for the State in which the inspection would 

occur (see 

http://www.aphis.usda.gov/wps/portal/aphis/ourfocus/importexport?1dmy&urile=wcm%3apa

th%3a%2Faphis_content_library%2Fsa_our_focus%2Fsa_animal_health%2Fsa_export_from_us

%2Fct_export_contacts for State-by-State contact information.) . 
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6. Ocean Vessels: Cleaning and Disinfection 

Regulatory authority: 9 CFR 91.12(b).

Background:

Any vessel intended for use in exporting livestock, and all fittings, utensils, containers, and 

equipment (unless new) used for loading, stowing, or other handling of livestock aboard the 

vessel, must be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected to the satisfaction of an APHIS 

representative prior to any livestock being loaded. 

Guidance:

After all traces of manure have been removed, disinfectant (see 1.2.1 and 1.2.2 of this 

Handbook) should be applied to all surfaces of the livestock cargo areas, including floors, 

ceilings, walls, rails, and gates, and to all equipment and utensils that have been used in the 

livestock cargo areas, including automatic water cups, feed and water troughs, wheelbarrows, 

shovels, rakes, pitchforks, ropes, and boots. Any surface of the ocean vessel on which the crew 

walks with the same footwear worn in the livestock cargo areas should also be cleaned and 

disinfected. 
14

7. Ocean Vessels: Determining Sufficient Amounts of Feed and Water

Regulatory authority: 9 CFR 91.12(c).

Background:

The owner or operator of an ocean vessel carrying livestock from the United States to a foreign 

country must provide the livestock with sufficient feed and water after the animals are loaded 

onto the vessel, taking into consideration the livestock’s species, body weight, the expected 

duration of the voyage, and the likelihood of adverse climatic conditions during transport. 

Guidance:

This section of the Handbook describes how ocean vessels can meet the requirement for having 

sufficient amounts of water and feed. Owners and operators may submit alternative plans for 

meeting the requirement to APHIS for evaluation and approval. Alternative plans must show 

that the livestock will receive at least an equivalent level of hydration and nutrition in order to 

be approved.

Determining Sufficient Water 

The vessel has an ample supply of potable running water that is made available to the livestock. 

Watering devices are in good working function and “deiced” in cold weather. If not 

automatically refilled, drinking water devices or troughs are filled ad libitum during transport. 

Determining Sufficient Feed

The minimum amount of feed needed for a voyage is 2.25 percent of the body weight of all 

livestock on board, multiplied by the number of days estimated for the voyage, plus 15 percent 

of that amount for unforeseen circumstances. The number of days estimated for the voyage 

should include the time from completion of loading to the time of arrival at the port of 

discharge. 
15

8. Ocean Vessels: Accommodations for the Humane Transport of Livestock 

Regulatory authority: 9 CFR 91.12 (a) and (d).

Background: 

Ocean vessels used to transport livestock intended for export must be designed, constructed, 

and managed to reasonably assure the livestock are protected from injury and remain healthy 

during loading and transport to the importing country. To meet these expectations, ocean 

vessels must comply with standards in the regulations for the humane transport of livestock. 

No livestock may be loaded onto an ocean vessel unless an APHIS representative has 

determined that the vessel meets those standards.

The vessel must be inspected for compliance with the standards prior to initial use to transport 

any livestock from the United States. APHIS will issue a certificate to vessels deemed to be 

compliant. Subsequently, prior to each voyage, a certified vessel will be evaluated for ongoing 

compliance with the standards, as well as the vessel’s suitability to transport that particular 

shipment of livestock. 

Guidance:

This section of the Handbook describes how ocean vessels can comply with the standards in the 

regulations for the humane transport of livestock. Owners and operators may submit 

alternative plans for complying with the standards to APHIS for evaluation and approval. 

Alternatives must be at least as effective in meeting the requirements as those described below 

in order for the ocean vessel to be approved by APHIS for the transport of livestock. 

Standards below that pertain to the construction of the vessel and its overall suitability to 

transport livestock (e.g., 8.1 and its subsections, 8.5, 8.6) will be evaluated at the initial 

inspection for certification and will be reevaluated for ongoing suitability prior to each voyage 

to export livestock. Standards below that pertain to the vessel’s suitability to transport a 

particular shipment of livestock (e.g., 8.2, 8.4) will be evaluated prior to the voyage containing 

that shipment.
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8.1 Pens1.

8.1.1 Stanchions, rails, and gates; general construction: 

All pens, including gates and portable rails used to close access ways, are designed and 

constructed of material of sufficient strength to securely contain the livestock. They are

properly formed, closely fitted, and rigidly secured in place. They have smooth finished 

surfaces free from sharp protrusions. They have no worn, decayed, unsound, or otherwise 

defective parts.

8.1.2 Stanchions, rails and gates; materials:

A variety of construction materials, such as wood, metal plate, or pipe, including a 

combination of materials, may be used for pens aboard ocean vessels. Pipe fittings 

have the advantage of smooth surfaces, easy maintenance, long range economy and 

spaces between pipe rails to allow for feeding, watering, cleaning and better 

ventilation. The nonporous surfaces of pipe area also easy to disinfect. Special care 

should be taken to design and finish all edges, welds, and hardware that are 

accessible to animals.

Stanchions, rails, and gates made of pipe:

 Pipes are made of extra strong, medium carbon steel and are either galvanized (coated 

with zinc) or painted. 

 All parts are cut from seamless pipe with no threaded pipe connections.

 Rails and gates use at least 4 pipes, with the top one having a diameter of at least 3

inches (7.62 cm) and the others a diameter of at least 2-1⁄2 inches (6.35 cm). 

 Stanchions are at least 3-1⁄2 inches (8.89 cm) in diameter, at least 5⁄16 inches (0.79 cm) 

thick, and placed no more than 8 feet (2.438 m) apart center to center.

 Bolt and pin holes are properly located and centered on the pipe and are not more than 

1⁄32 inch (0.08 cm) oversize.

 Pipes are not deformed or weakened by welding of such items as reinforcing rods or 

hinges onto them. Welding is exposed in the finished work. Pins, plates, and parts 

other than pipe are made of galvanized steel. 

 All areas where galvanizing of the steel has eroded or has been damaged have been 

finished with a rust preventative. 

 Pipe rails are aligned with the tops of all gates at the same height.

 

1

As used in this Handbook, pen may mean the space for one animal (often referred to as a stall) or the space for 

more than one animal. 
17

 If feed or water dispensers are mounted externally, or if feed will be placed on the floor 

outside pens, pipe rails are arranged to allow livestock access to the feed and water.

Stanchions, rails, and gates made of wood:

Although acceptable, lumber is rarely used for pen construction on modern ocean vessels 

used to transport livestock. For this reason, and because descriptions of acceptable 

construction for wooden pens are quite lengthy, they are located in Appendix I, rather than 

in this section of the Handbook. 

8.1.3 Flooring.

Flooring must be strong enough to support the weight of the livestock to be transported and 

must provide a non-slip foothold. 

Acceptable surfaces include epoxy and concrete flooring with roughened texture (taking care 

to ensure the surface is not so sharp it will hurt the animals’ feet). Footlocks may also be 

used to prevent the animals from slipping. Flooring made of 3-inch (7.62-cm) concrete 

pavement, proportioned and mixed to give 2000 psi. compressive strength in 28 days, or 

material of equivalent strength, is acceptable.

Although acceptable, lumber is rarely used for flooring on modern ocean vessels used to 

transport livestock. For this reason, and because descriptions of acceptable construction for 

wooden flooring are quite lengthy, they are located in Appendix I, rather than in this section 

of the Handbook.

8.1.4 Pens adjacent to ship’s sides:

Any fittings or protrusions from ships’ sides that abut pens are covered to protect livestock 

from injury.

If the sides of pens are adjacent to ship’s sides that have steel casings, frames, stays, or 

similar fittings, these profiles are covered or the sides of pens are fitted with rump boards to 

protect the livestock from injury. The coverings or rump boards are of sufficient dimensions 

and strength to protect animals from injury. Acceptable coverings include wooden battens 

made of at least 2-inch (5.08 cm) thick lumber or plywood of similar strength. Rump boards 

may be made of tongue and groove lumber at least 1-1/2 inches (3.81 cm) thick or square 
18

edged lumber at least 2 inches (5.08 cm) thick or plywood of similar strength. Rump boards 

should form a solid wall at least 4-1/2 feet (1.372 m) high for horses, 4-feet (1.219 m) high 

for cattle, and 2-1/2 feet (0.76 m) high for sheep, goats, and swine.

8.1.5 Pens adjacent to engine or boiler rooms or other sources of heat:

Boiler rooms or similar sources of heat are fitted to protect livestock in nearby pens from 

injury due to transfer of heat.

The sides of engine or boiler rooms or other sources of heats are covered with a tongue and 

groove tight sheathing producing a 3-inch wide air space. On ships powered with internal 

combustion engines, this sheathing may not be required at the discretion of the APHIS 

representative.

8.1.6 Pens on exposed upper decks: 

Pens on exposed upper decks protect livestock from the weather.

If animals will be transported on exposed upper decks in space abutting the outside rails or 

ship’s sides, the rails or sides are at least 4 feet (1.219 m) high from the deck, and barriers

are erected at all unprotected ends of pens to prevent animals from being lost overboard. 

Additionally, the rails or sides are of sufficient strength to securely hold any pen fittings 

attached to them. 

All pens on exposed upper decks are covered securely with watertight roofing that extends 

at least 2 feet (0.610 m) beyond the pens. 

All open spaces on the sides of exposed decks used to carry livestock are covered with 

planking, except that the top course planking may be left off in warm weather to allow a free 

circulation of air. 

8.1.7 Pens on hatches: 

No pen is positioned where the pen or livestock in the pen can damage or obstruct hatches

or hatch covers, or where the hatches or hatch covers can result in injury to the livestock. 
19

8.1.8 Size of transport spaces.

Pens are of an appropriate size for the species, size, weight, and condition of the livestock 

being transported, as well as the ship’s route.

8.1.8.1 General: 

Generally, any individual animal should have pen space 6 inches (15.24 cm) more in 

height, depth, and width than the measurements of the animal concerned. 

Space should be arranged so that an animal handler can observe each animal regularly 

and clearly.

Guidelines on pen size are set out below. 

 If the vessel will be moving into or through a tropical area (the area of the world 

situated between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn), increase the 

space for each animal by 10 percent or more (e.g., more for unshorn sheep). 

 If any animal to be loaded is in the third trimester of pregnancy, increase the space 

by at least 10 percent for cattle and horses and at least 50 percent for sheep, goats, 

and swine. This increase is in addition to any increase due to movement into or 

through a tropical area (e.g., increase size by 20 percent for cattle that are in the 

third trimester of pregnancy and will be moving into or through a tropical area). 

An APHIS representative will make the final determination of space needed for each 

animal at the port of embarkation based upon the size and type of livestock presented, 

weather, destination, route, cubic inches of air available to each animal, and the 

ventilation capability of the vessel. Irregularly shaped pens may be used only if the APHIS 

representative determines they will be safe for the livestock and allow all livestock in the 

pen adequate access to feed and water.

8.1.8.2 Horses2:

Horses have at least 6 feet 6 inches (1.981 m) of space from roof or beams overhead to floor 

under foot. 

Pens for horses are no larger than 120 square feet (11.155 square meters) and are between 

8 feet (2.438 m) and 9 feet (2.743 m) wide measured across the ship from side to side, 

 

2

Please note: 15 U.S.C. 1824(a) prohibits the export of horses destined for slaughter by means of ocean vessels.
20

except that an APHIS representative may allow pens 7 feet (2.134 m) wide for medium-sized 

horses.

Single stalls for horses are at least 8 feet (2.438 m) long by 2-1/2 feet (0.762 m) wide. Mares 

in foal are shipped in single stalls that are at least 8 feet (2.438 m) long by 3 feet (0.914 m) 

wide. Stalls for stallions are at least 8 feet (2.438 m) long by 5 feet (1.524 m) wide. Stalls for 

mares in foal and stallions are readily accessible to ship personnel. 

8.1.8.3 Cattle:

Except in containers, space for cattle weighing 1,000 pounds or more is at least 8 feet (2.438

m) wide and 6 feet 3 inches (1.911 m) from roof or beams overhead to flooring under foot, 

except that the height may be 6 feet (1.829 m) or more, at the discretion of the APHIS 

representative, when floors are raised over pipes and similar obstructions. Pens for cattle 

weighing less than 1,100 pounds are no more than 226 square feet (20.996 square meters). 

When pens include stanchions, sounding tubes, ventilators, or other obstructions, 20 

percent more space for each animal is provided. Single stalls for cattle weighing 1,000 

pounds or more are at least 8 feet (2.438 m) long by 3 feet (0.914 m) wide.

8.1.8.4 Calves and yearlings: 

Calves and yearlings may be stowed in pens or stalls at the discretion of the APHIS 

representative at the port of embarkation.

8.1.8.5 Sheep, goats, and swine: 

Space for sheep, goats, and swine is at least 3 feet (0.914 m) in height. The length and width 

of pens do not exceed 15 feet (4.572 m) × 8 feet (2.438 m). 

8.1.8.6 Space guidelines: 

The following space guidelines apply to livestock other than as described in section 8.1.8.5 of 

this Handbook.
21

Space per head: 

Live weight 

(lb./kg)

Minimum pen 

area 

(ft2/m2/head)

Live 

weight 

(lb/kg)

Minimum pen 

area 

(ft2/m2/head)

Live 

weight 

(lb/kg)

Minimum 

pen area 

(ft2/m2/head)

88/40 2.36/0.226 9.39/0.872 924/420 16.34/1.518

110/50 2.73/0.260 9.76/0.906 946/430 16.70/1.552

 132/60 3.10/0.294 10.13/0.940 968/440 17.07/1.586

154/70 3.47/0.328 10.50/0.974 990/450 17.44/1.620

176/80 3.84/0.362 10.85/1.008 1012/460 17.80/1.654

198/90 4.21/0.396 11.22/1.042 1034/470 17.80/1.688

220/100 4.58/0.430 11.58/1.076 1056/480 18.53/1.722

242/110 4.95/0.464 12.95/1.110 1078/490 18.90/1.756

264120 5.32/0.498 12.31/1.144 1100/500 19.27/1.790

286/130 5.69/0.532 12.68/1.178 1122/510 19.63/1.824

308/140 6.06/0.566 13.05/1.212 1144/520 20.00/1.858

330/150 6.43/0.600 13.41/1.246 1166/530 20.37/1.892

352/160 6.80/0.634 13.78/1.280 1188/540 20.73/1.926

374/170 7.17/0.668 14.147/1.314 1210/550 21.10/1.960

396/180 7.54/0.702 14.51/1.348 1232/560 21.46/1.994

418/190 7.91/0.736 15.88/1.382 1254/570 21.83/2.028

440/200 8.28/0.770 15.24/1.416 1276/580 22.20/2.062

462/210 8.65/0.804 15.60/1.450 1298/590 22.56/2.096

 9.02/0.838 15.97/1.484 1320/600 22.92/2.130
22

(1) Pen-group live weight range: the live weight range in each pen of cattle should not 

exceed the pen average plus or minus 110/50 lb. /kg.

(2) For animals weighing between 88/40lb. /kg and 1320/600 lb. /kg, for weights 

between those shown in the table, the minimum pen area per head should be 

calculated by linear interpolation.

(3) The time for a voyage is calculated from completion of loading in United States until 

anticipated arrival at the port of discharge overseas.

(4) For animals weighing more than 1320/600 lb. /kg, the minimum pen area per head 

is 22.92/2.13ft2/m2plus 0.37/0.034 ft2/m2for each 22/10 lb. /kg above 600 kg.

8.1.8.7 Space guidelines for large animals transported in containers: 

The following space guidelines apply to livestock that are transported in containers and 

whose length exceeds the width of the container.

Containers used aboard containerized ocean vessels measure 8 feet (2.438 m) in width 

outside but vary from 7 feet 3 inches (2.210 m) to 7 feet 9 inches (2.362 m) in width inside 

and from 17 feet (5.182 m) to 40 feet (12.192 m) in length. The following chart provides 

space guidelines for livestock whose length exceeds the inside width of the container. For 

ready measurement of dairy cattle only, the distance from the withers to the pin bone 

multiplied by 1.65 gives the approximate total length. Other cattle and large animals must 

be measured to determine their total length. Animals weighing more than shown in the 

following charts shall be stowed subject to the approval of the APHIS representative at the 

port of embarkation. 

The maximum inside length of container pens is 12 feet 9 inches (3.886 m).
23

Animal 

weight, 

pounds

3 head 4 head

Minimum space per 

head

Minimum pen size Minimum pen width Minimum pen size Minimum pen width

Square feet

Square 

meters

Square feet

Square 

meters

Feet Meters Square feet

Square 

meters

Feet Meters

Containers 7 feet 9′′wide

800 18.5 1.719 ----- ----- ----- ----- 74.0 6.875 9′7′′ 2.921

850 19.5 1.812 ----- ----- ----- ----- 78.0 7.246 10′1′′ 3.073

900 20.4 1.895 61.2 5.686 7′11′′ 2.413 81.6 7.581 10′6′′ 3.200

950 21.4 1.988 64.2 5.964 8′4′′ 2.540 85.6 7.953 11′1′′ 3.378

1,000 22.4 2.081 67.5 6.271 8′9′′ 2.667 90.6 8.417 11′7′′ 3.531

1,050 23.4 2.174 70.2 6.522 9′1′′ 2.769 93.6 8.696 12′1′′ 3.683

1,100 24.5 2.276 73.5 6.828 9′6′′ 2.896 98.0 9.105 12′8′′ 3.861

1,150 25.5 2.369 76.2 7.079 9′10′′ 2.997 ----- ----- ----- -----
24

1,200 26.5 2.462 79.5 7.386 10′3′′ 3.124 ----- ----- ----- -----

1,250 27.4 2.546 82.2 7.637 10′6′′ 3.200 ----- ----- ----- -----

1,300 28.4 2.638 85.2 7.915 11′0′′ 3.353 ----- ----- ----- -----

1,350 29.6 2.750 88.8 8.250 11′6′′ 3.505 ----- ----- ----- -----

1,400 30.8 2.861 92.4 8.584 12′0′′ 3.658 ----- ----- ----- -----

1,450 31.9 2.964 95.7 8.891 12′4′′ 3.759 ----- ----- ----- -----

1,500 32.9 3.057 98.7 9.170 12′9′′ 3.886 ----- ----- ----- -----

Containers 7 feet 3 inches wide

700 16.3 1.514 65.2 6.057 9′9′′ 2.972

750 17.5 1.626 52.2 4.850 7′3′′ 2.210 70.0 6.503 9′8′′ 2.946

800 18.9 1.756 56.7 5.268 7′9′′ 2.362 75.6 7.024 10′5′′ 3.175

850 20.1 1.867 60.3 5.602 8′3′′ 2.515 80.4 7.469 11′1′′ 3.378

900 21.3 1.979 63.9 5.937 8′9′′ 2.667 85.2 7.915 11′9′′ 3.581
25

950 22.3 2.072 66.9 6.215 9′2′′ 2.794 89.2 8.287 12′4′′ 3.759

1,000 23.7 2.202 71.1 6.605 9′8′′ 2.946 ----- ----- ----- -----

1,050 24.8 2.304 74.1 6.884 10′1′′ 3.073 ----- ----- ----- -----

1,100 26.0 2.416 78.6 7.302 10′9′′ 3.277 ----- ----- ----- -----

1,150 27.1 2.518 81.3 7.553 11′3′′ 3.429 ----- ----- ----- -----

1,200 28.4 2.638 85.5 7.943 11′10′′ 3.607 ----- ----- ----- -----

1,250 29.6 2.750 88.8 8.250 12′3′′ 3.734 ----- ----- ----- -----

1,300 30.9 2.871 92.7 8.612 12′9′′ 3.886 ----- ----- ----- -----
26

8.1.9 Hospital pens:

The ocean vessel has an appropriate number of appropriately sized and located pens set 

aside to segregate livestock that become sick or injured from other animals.

At least 1 percent of the pen space in each compartment or deck where livestock area 

loaded is set aside to be used as hospital pens for any animals that become sick or disabled 

aboard ship. 

 Hospital pens provide at least 3 feet x 8 feet (0.914 m x 2.438 m) for each animal.

8.2 Ramps, doors, and alleyways used for livestock.

Ramps, doors, and passageways used for livestock are of sufficient width and height for their 

use and allow the safe passage of the species transported. Ramps may not have an incline that 

is excessive for the species of livestock transported and have to be fitted with foot battens at 

intervals suitable for the species. They also must have a non-slip surface. Acceptable surfaces 

include epoxy and concrete flooring with roughened texture (taking care to ensure the surface 

is not so sharp it will hurt the animals’ feet). The sides of ramps have to be of sufficient height 

and strength to prevent escape of the species of livestock that is transported. 

Ramps connecting one deck of a ship to another have a clear width of 2-1/2 to 3 feet (0.762 x 

0.914 m) and a clear height of not less than 6 feet 6 inches (1.981 m). The incline of the ramps 

does not exceed 1:2 (26

1

⁄2 degrees) between the ramps and the horizontal plane. The ramps 

are fitted with foot battens of approximately 2 × 2 inches (5.08 x 5.08 cm) spaced no more than 

1 foot (0.305 m) apart. The ramps have side fencing not less than 5 feet (1.524 m) high. Side 

doors in ship's shell plating through which livestock are to be loaded are not less than 6 feet 

(1.829 m) high for cattle and 6 feet 6 inches (1.981 m) high for horses. 

Alleyways running fore and aft on the ocean vessel that are used for feeding, watering, and 

loading animals, including horses in box stalls, are at least 3 feet wide and have non-slip 

flooring. Acceptable surfaces include epoxy and concrete flooring with roughened texture 

(taking care to ensure the surface is not so sharp it will hurt the animals’ feet). If the alleyways 

are used for feeding or watering livestock, but not for loading or unloading of livestock, they 

may be at least 28 inches (0.711 m) wide. However, for a distance not to exceed 8 feet (2.438

m) at the end of alleyways in the bow and the stern of ship, and where obstructions of less than 

3 feet (0.914 m) in length occur, the width may be reduced to a minimum of 24 inches (0.610

m). A sufficient number of alleyways at least 24 inches (0.610 m) wide running across the ship 

afford ready access to deck drains and to ends of alleyways running fore and aft. However, on 
27

exposed decks where deck drains and the ends of fore and aft alleyways are readily accessible 

across the ship, alleyways across the ship are not required.

8.3 Feed, water, and bedding.

The feeding and watering system is designed to permit all livestock in each pen adequate 

access to feed and water. The system is designed to minimize soiling of pens and to prevent 

animal waste from contaminating feed and water.

8.3.1 Dispensers:

All stalls and pens are equipped with proper troughs for feeding the livestock and with 

proper troughs, containers, or other dispensers for watering animals.

The troughs/dispensers are made of sturdy material that is easy to disinfect, such as metal 

or plastic, and may be either removable or fixed.

The troughs/dispensers are arranged to ensure that all livestock in each pen have adequate 

access to the feed and water.

The troughs/dispensers are arranged to minimize soiling of pens and prevent animal waste 

from contaminating feed and water.

Hay is dispensed from racks or nets of a type acceptable to the APHIS representative or by 

placing the hay on the floor of the pens in which the animals are confined. 

8.3.2 Storage:

Hay, feed, and bedding are stored below deck or otherwise covered to protect them from 

weather at sea.

If kept under livestock transport spaces, hay, feed, and bedding are protected from spillage 

from animal watering and feeding and animal waste.

8.4 Ventilation.

Ventilation is adequate for variations in climate and weather and meets the needs of the 

livestock being transported.

Under-deck compartments are equipped with a system of mechanical ventilation, including a 

backup system or equipment in working order, that furnishes a complete change of air in each 

compartment every 2 minutes when the deck height (height from floor to ceiling) is less than 8

feet (2.438 m), and every 2-1/2 minutes when the deck height is 8 feet (2.438 m) or more. 
28

A spare motor and fan of an approved type in working order is aboard the vessel for each type 

of motor or fan used. 

Net pen space in any compartment does not exceed 80 percent of the deck area.

The adequacy of any mechanical ventilation will be evaluated using the engineering report.

8.5 Waste management.

The vessel has a system or arrangements for managing waste to prevent excessive buildup in 

livestock transport spaces during the voyage. This includes a backup system or alternate 

arrangements.

There is adequate drainage away from all areas used for livestock, including sufficient deck 

drains. A walkway provides easy access to the deck drains. The vessel has adequate 

arrangements for the removal of feces and other waste from animal transport spaces. APHIS 

recognizes that laws exist that prevent the discharge of waste from ships in certain locations. 

However, to the extent possible, the route should be managed to avoid excessive buildup of 

waste in animal transport spaces. 

Livestock on lower decks and their feed and water are protected from being soiled by feces and 

urine from livestock on upper decks.

8.6 Lighting.

The vessel has adequate illumination to allow clear observation of livestock during loading, 

transport, and unloading.
29

9. Ocean Vessels Using Shipping Containers

Regulatory authority: 9 CFR 91.12(e)

Background:

An inspector may exempt an ocean vessel that uses shipping containers to transport livestock 

to an importing country from any of the accommodation standards for ocean vessels that he or 

she specifies, if the inspector determines that the containers themselves are designed, 

constructed, and managed in a manner to reasonably assure the livestock are protected from 

injury and remain healthy during loading, unloading, and transport to the importing country.

Guidance:

This section of the handbook provides guidance regarding how inspectors will evaluate 

containers on container vessels. While APHIS will make determinations regarding the suitability 

of container vessels on a case-by-case basis, vessels that use containers that follow the 

guidance in this section are more likely to be exempted from the standards for ocean vessels. 

9.1. Size.

Shipping containers should meet the size standards specified in 8.1.8.7 of the Handbook.

9.2 Construction materials.

Shipping containers must be constructed of materials able to support livestock weight, and

durable enough to withstand normal shocks and climatic conditions incidental to transit. 

Flooring must provide a non-slip foothold and support the weight of the livestock to be 

transported. Acceptable surfaces include epoxy and concrete flooring with roughened texture 

(taking care to ensure the surface is not so sharp it will hurt the animals’ feet). Footlocks may 

also be used to prevent the animals from slipping. 

9.3 Water.

The container has access to a supply of fresh potable water that will be made available to the 

livestock. It is preferred, although not required, that shipping containers be able to connect to 

the ocean vessel’s water supply system. All watering devices are in good working function and 

“deiced” in cold weather.

9.4 Waste management.

Shipping containers must ensure that there is not significant, prolonged contact between 

livestock and their effluent.
30

9.5 Ventilation.

Ventilation is adequate for variations in climate and weather and meets the needs of the 

livestock being transported. A spare motor and fan of an approved type in working order is 

aboard the vessel for each type of motor or fan used.
31

10. Contact Information and an Optional Form for Ocean Vessel Reports 

Required under § 91.12(f).

Regulatory authority: 9 CFR 91.12(f).

Background:

The owner or operator of any ocean vessel used to transport livestock from the United States 

must submit a written report to APHIS within 5 business days after completing a voyage. The 

report must include information required by 9 CFR 91.12(f). Additionally, if an ocean vessel 

used to export livestock experiences any failure of a major life support system for livestock 

during the voyage, the owner or operator must notify APHIS immediately by telephone, 

facsimile, or other electronic means. 

The report must be submitted to APHIS by facsimile or e-mail to:

Facsimile:

Email address:

This section of the Handbook contains a form that may be used for the required reports.
32

OPERATOR’S REPORT

Required by 9 CFR 91.12(f).

Operator’s name: Date:

Telephone number:

E-mail address:

SHIP DETAILS

Name of ship: Names and addresses of all livestock exporters:

Duration of voyage:

LOADING DETAILS

Port Type of livestock Number loaded Date loading completed

DISCHARGE DETAILS

Port Type of 

livestock

Number 

discharged

Date 

discharge 

completed

Number of 

deaths

Explanation of deaths
33

FAILURE OF ANY LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS* FOR LIVESTOCK (if applicable)

(including, but not limited to, systems for providing feed and water, ventilation systems, and systems for 

removing livestock waste)

System that failed:

Description of failure, including 

time and duration, effects on 

livestock, and any alternative 

measures implemented or other 

resolution.
34

11. Laboratories Approved to Conduct Tests for Program Diseases

Regulatory authority: 9 CFR 91.3(d).

Background:

All tests required by an importing country for Program diseases must be conducted in 

laboratories approved by the Administrator.

Guidance:

Lists of laboratories approved by APHIS to conduct testing for specific diseases may be found at 

the following Web site:

http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/lab_info_services/approved_labs.shtml
35

12. Designated Ports of Embarkation

Regulatory authority: 9 CFR 91.9(a).

Background:

Livestock exported by air or sea may be exported only through ports designated as ports of 

embarkation by the Administrator. 

Guidance:

The following ports that have export inspection facilities which the Administrator has 

determined satisfy the requirements of 9 CFR 91.9(a) and are designated as ports of 

embarkation:

(1) California.

• Los Angeles—airport and ocean port.

o Jet Pets, Inc., 9014 Pershing Drive, Plaza del Rey, CA 90291, (213) 823–8901.

o Valley Livestock, 14380 South Euclid Avenue, Chino, CA 91710, (909) 597–1756.

• San Francisco—airport and ocean port.

o Cow Palace, P.O. Box 34206, San Francisco, CA 94134, (415) 469–6000.

o Petair, 145 Bel Air Road, P.O. Box 2431, South San Francisco, CA 94080, 

(415) 877-0200.

(2) Delaware.

• Wilmington – sea port

o Pennsylvania Holstein Farm Export Inspection Facility, 1806 River Road, Middletown,

PA 17057, (814) 234-0364.

o McCartney Livestock, 19273 Back Road, Dry Run, PA 17220, (717) 349-2393.

o King’s Ranch, 1325 Doe Run Road, Coatsville, PA 19320 (484) 614-7184.

o Wilkinson Farm, 1020 Broad Run Road, Landenburg, PA 19350 (610) 274-8670.
36

(3) Florida.

• Miami--airport and ocean port.

o Horse Country Club (horses, cattle, and small ruminants only), 6610 SW 123 Avenue,

Miami, FL 33183, (305) 273-1075.

o Sagamore Farm (horses, cattle, and small ruminants only), 6375 SW 125th Ave, Miami,

FL 33183 (305) 270-1928.

o Thebas Farms (horses, cattle, small ruminants, and swine), 12401 SW 51 Street, 

Miami, FL, 33175, ( 305) 381-0222

o Blue Sky Farms, 12325 SW 51 Street, Miami, FL 33175 (786)301-0464.

• Port Everglades – ocean

o Horse Country Club (horses, cattle, and small ruminants only), 6610 SW 123 Avenue,

Miami, 33183, 305- 273-1075.

o Sagamore Farm (horses, cattle, and small ruminants only), 6375 SW 125th Ave, Miami,

FL 33183. 305 270-1928.

o Thebas Farms (horses, small ruminants, and swine), 12401 SW 51 Street, Miami, FL, 

33175, 305-381-0222.

o Blue Sky Farms, 12325 SW 51 Street, Miami, FL 33175(786)301-0464.

• Jacksonville– Ocean

o Victoria Farms (cattle), 23011 NW 78th Ave., Alachua, FL 32615 352 274-5481.

• Tampa – Ocean and airport

o Blue Rein Ranch (horses), 5651 NW 165th Street, Reddick, FL 32686 352 274-5481.

o Victoria Farms (cattle), 23011 NW 78th Ave., Alachua, FL 32615 352 274-5481.

o Port of Tampa (cattle), 2002 Maritime Blvd., Dock 201, Tampa, FL 33605 352 274-5481.
37

(4) Georgia.

• Atlanta Hartsfield International Airport.

o Cartersville (horses only), 118 Old Mill Road, Cartersville, GA 30120 770 547-8916.

o Legends Barn (horses only), 3139 Smokey Road, Newnan, GA 30263 678 378-3268.

o Big Sky Farm (horsesonly), 2625 Jones Phillips Road, Dacula, GA 30019, 770 307-6057.

(5) Hawaii.

• Honolulu—airport and ocean port.

o Hawaii State Quarantine Station, 99–762 Moanalua Road, Aiea, Hawaii 96701, (808) 

487–5351.

(6) Illinois.

• Chicago—airport only.

o C&R Midwest Quarantine Facilities, Ltd., Box 470, Route 31, Dundee, IL 60118, 

(312) 426–5009.

o Chicago Equine Export Center (horses only), 8600 N. North Avenue, Melrose Park, IL 

60160, 708-615-0700.

(7) Kentucky.

• Greater Cincinnati Airport, Covington; and Standiford Field Airport, Louisville—airport only.

o Considine Farm (Horses only), 3221 Combs Ferry Road, Lexington, KY 40509, 

(859) 293-1470.

• Standiford Field Airport, Louisville

o Considine Farm (Horses only), 3221 Combs Ferry Road, Lexington, KY 40509, 

(859) 293-1470.

(8) Louisiana.

• New Iberia—airport only.

o Acadiana Regional Airport, Star R–3, Box 390–H (ARA), New Iberia, LA 70560, (318) 

365–7204.
38

(9) Missouri.

• Kansas City—airport only.

o KCI Multipurpose Export Facility, 12600 NW Prairie View Road, Kansas City, MO 64195, 

(314) 751–4338 (mailing address: P.O. Box 20462, Kansas City, MO 64195-0462).

(10) New Jersey.

• Elizabeth--ocean port.

o Mannington Meadows Farm (horses and ruminants only), 60 Oechsle Road, 

Woodstown, NJ 08098, (609) 769-2009.

o The U.S. Equestrian Team's headquarters (horses only), Pottersville Road, Gladstone, 

NJ 07934, (908) 234-1251.

o Redfield Farm (horses only), 35 Salters Farm Rd, Califon, NJ 07830, 908-832-5848.

• Newark International Airport.

o Mannington Meadows Farm (horses and ruminants only), 60 Oechsle Road, 

Woodstown, NJ 08098, (609) 769-2009.

o The U.S. Equestrian Team's headquarters (horses only) Pottersville Road, Gladstone, 

NJ 07934, (908) 234-1251.

o Redfield Farm (horses only), 35 Salters Farm Rd, Califon, NJ 07830, 908-832-5848.

• Salem—ocean port.

o Mannington Meadows Farm (horses and ruminants only), 60 Oechsle Road, 

Woodstown, NJ 08098, (609) 769-2009.

(11) New York.

• New York—airport and ocean port.

o The U.S. Equestrian Team's headquarters (horses only), Pottersville Road, Gladstone, NJ 

07934, (908) 234–1251.

o Vetport, Inc., Bldg. 189, J.F. Kennedy International Airport (Cargo Area), Jamaica, NY 11430, 

(212) 656–6042.

o Redfield Farm (horses only), 35 Salters Farm Rd, Califon, NJ 07830, 908-832-5848.
39

(12) North Dakota.

• Fargo — Hector International Airport.

o Global Beef Consultants Export Inspection Facility; 3155 44th Ave., Fargo, ND 58102; 701-541-

3834.

(13) Ohio.

• Wilmington --airport.

o FTW LLC (cattle, small ruminants, and swine), 197 North Jefferson Street, Sabina, OH 

45169, (740) 572-2888.

(14) Pennsylvania.

• Harrisburg—airport only.

o Penn. Holstein Farm Export Inspection Facility, R.D. #1, Middletown, PA 17057, (717) 

944–1374.

(15) Puerto Rico.

• San Juan—airport.

o El Commandante Race Track (Horses Only), P.O. Box 1304, Rio Piedras, PR 00929, 

(809) 724–6060.

(16) Texas.

• Brownsville—airport, ocean port, and border port.

o Texas Department of Agriculture, Livestock Inspection Facility, International Airport, 

Brownsville, TX 78520, (512) 546–5135.

• Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport.

o DFW Quarantine (horses only), 1010 A Chinn Chapel Road, Lewisville, TX 75067, (214) 

317–6861.

• Del Rio—border port.

o Texas Department of Agriculture, Livestock Export Facility, Box 1046, Del Rio, TX 

78840, (512) 775–1518.
40

• Eagle Pass—border port.

o Texas Department of Agriculture, Livestock Export Facility, Box 1164, Eagle Pass, TX 

78852, (512) 773–2359.

• El Paso—border port.

o Texas Department of Agriculture, Livestock Export Facility, 10800 Socorro Drive, El 

Paso, TX 79927, (915) 543–7419.

• Houston—airport and ocean port.

o Texas Department of Agriculture, Livestock Export Facility, Box 60107, AMF, Houston, 

TX 77205, (713) 443–2447.

• Laredo—airport and border port.

o El Primero Equine Export Facility (horses only), Route 7, Box 305, Laredo, TX 78041, 

(512) 723–5436.

o Texas Department of Agriculture, Livestock Export Facility, Route 1, Box 67–P, Laredo, 

TX 78040, (512) 722–6308.

(17) Washington.

• Moses Lake—airport only.

o Port of Moses Lake, Grant County Airport, Terminal Bldg., Moses Lake, WA 98837, 

(509) 762–5363.

• Seattle—airport and ocean port.

o Stevedoring Service of America, 3415 11th Avenue SW., Seattle, WA 98134, 

(800) 422– 3505.

• Olympia—ocean port.

o Port of Olympia Animal Export Facility, 915 Washington Street NE., Olympia, WA

98507–0827, (206) 586–6150.

• Tacoma—airport and ocean port.

o Pacific Rim Livestock Quarantine, 17835 Highway 507 SE., Yelm, WA 98507, 

(206) 458–1762.
41
42

Appendix I – Ocean Vessels: Use of Wood for Pen Construction

The following construction is acceptable when wood is used for stanchions, rails, gates, or 

flooring:

1. Stanchions, rails, and gates. 

1.1 General construction:

All pens3, including gates and portable rails used to close access ways, are designed and 

constructed of material of sufficient strength to securely contain the livestock. They are 

properly formed, closely fitted, and rigidly secured in place. They have smooth finished 

surfaces free from sharp protrusions. They have no worn, decayed, unsound, or otherwise 

defective parts.

1.2 For cattle and horses:

 Rail stanchions are constructed of at least 4 x 6-inch (10.16 x 15.24 cm) lumber set no 

more than 5 feet (1.524 m) apart from center to center and secured to the ship's rails or 

sides with 5⁄8-inch (1.59 cm) or larger bolts or collars and with heels braced to the side of 

the hull or waterway (narrow passage along the edge of a deck for drainage). Inboard 

stanchions are constructed of at least 4 × 6-inch (10.16 x 15.24 cm) lumber set in line with 

the rail stanchions and properly braced. (The method of securing and bracing stanchions 

may be modified as approved by the underwriter of the cargo bureau and the APHIS

representative.)

 On open rail ships, spaces between the rails are blocked out to permit the affixing of 

outside planking. 

 If supplementary stanchions are required for rump boards, these are at least 3 × 4 inches 

(7.62 x 10.16 cm) in size and are secured to beams and decks as provided above. 

 On upper deck fittings at ends of unprotected stalls, a stanchion not less than 3 × 4 inches 

(7.62 x 10.16 cm) in size is similarly spaced and secured to beams and decks and properly 

braced.

 Stanchions on under decks are constructed, spaced, and secured in the same manner as 

upper deck fittings.

 

3

As used in this Handbook, pen may mean the space for one animal (often referred to as a stall) or the space for 

more than one animal.
43

1.3 For sheep, goats, and swine:

Stanchions for single or double tier pens are constructed of lumber at least 3 × 4 inches (7.62 x 

10.16 cm) set no more than 5 feet (1.524 m) apart center to center and secured as provided 

under 1.2 above for cattle and horses.

1.4 For all species:

 Two beams of at least 2 × 6-inch (5.08 x 15.24 cm) lumber are bolted on each side of the 

stanchions using 5⁄8-inch (1.59 cm) or larger bolts, nuts, and washers. The beams 

extend from outside planking to at least 2 feet (.610 m) beyond the line of the breast 

boards unless the beams butt on the ship's deck fittings. Two beams of at least 2 × 6-

inch (5.08 x 15.24 cm) lumber are used to support the roof of single tier pens on 

exposed decks and the floor of double tier pens on all decks.

 All gates have pivot pins at least 3⁄4 inch (1.91 cm) in diameter.

2. Breast or front boards, rump boards, division boards, and foot boards. 

2.1 General construction:

Pens are fitted with breast boards, rump boards, and division boards between pens at a height 

suitable for the species in order to provide support for the animals. If feed and water 

dispensers are mounted externally to the stalls or pens, breast boards are arranged as 

necessary (including through use of removable boards) to allow livestock access to the feed and 

water. 

2.2 For horses:

 Breast boards: All pens are equipped with breast boards of not less than 2 × 10-inch 

(5.08 x 25.4 cm) dressed lumber with the top edge placed 3 feet 10 inches (1.168 m) 

from the floor and securely nailed to the stanchions. Where butting occurs, the joints 

are on the stanchions and are covered with metal plates 3 inches (7.62 cm) square or 5 

inches (12.7 cm) in diameter and not less than 1⁄4 inch (.64 cm) thick. A 5⁄8-inch (1.59 

cm) or larger bolt passes through the plate, joint, and stanchion and is securely fastened 

with a nut. All breast boards have 1-inch (2.54 cm) holes bored through them at proper 

distances for tying animals. An occasional pen may have a removable breast board so 

that animals may be loaded into and removed from the pen. 

 Foot boards: All pens have foot boards of not less than 2 × 10-inch (5.08 x 25.4 cm)

lumber securely nailed or bolted to the stanchions. At the discretion of the APHIS 

representative, small ponies, asses, small mules, mares with foal at foot, young 
44

unbroken horses or gentle horses of any size may be stowed loose in pens. In these 

cases, a sufficient number of finished lumber at least 2 × 10 inches (5.08 x 25.4 cm) are 

placed between the breast and foot boards to effectively contain the animals.

 Rump boards: All pens have rump boards that form a solid wall at least 4 feet 6 inches 

(1.372 m) high and made of lumber not less than 1-1⁄2 inch (3.8 cm) thick if tongued 

and grooved or 2 inches (5.08 cm) thick if square edged or of plywood of the same 

strength. Where the deck is clear of obstructions, rump boards may be set on the inside 

of the rail stanchions. Otherwise, sections affected are brought forward to clear such 

obstructions and are fastened by stanchions provided for this purpose. On lower decks 

where the ship's construction so justifies, rump boards may be affixed to wooden pieces 

at least 2 x 6 inches (5.08 x 15.24 cm) set the same as described for stanchions. Rump 

boards may be formed by filling spaces between cargo battens. Rump boards in pens 

built alongside hatches need be carried down only to the coaming line (vertical 

boundary of a hatch).

 Division boards: Division boards are used to separate all pens and to close the sides of 

pens at the ends of rows. They are used in sets of four boards of 2 × 10-inch (5.08 x 25.4 

cm) dressed lumber separated by 3-inch (7.62 cm) spacers, extend from the rump 

boards to the inboard stanchions, and are fitted into appropriate channels or slots at 

both ends in a manner that permits their ready removal.

2.3 For cattle:

 Breast or front boards and foot boards: All pens have breast or front boards and foot 

boards as described above for horses, except that the breast or front boards are 

constructed in sets of three or more boards of dressed lumber at least 2 x 10 inches 

(5.08 x 25.4 cm) separated by 3-inch (7.62 cm) spacers and placed on the foot board so 

that the front of the pen extends 48 inches (1.219 m) or more in height from the floor. 

One or more of the breast boards may be left off if feed or water troughs are to be 

mounted externally.

 Rump boards: All pens have rump boards as described above for horses, except that the 

rump boards for cattle form a solid wall at least 4 feet (1.219 m) high. 

 Division boards: Division boards as described above for horses are used to separate all 

pens and to close the sides of pens at the ends of rows. 
45

2.4 For sheep, goats, and swine:

 Front boards: All pens are fitted with front boards of not less than 1 × 6-inch (2.54 x 15.24 

cm) lumber approximately spaced and extending to the proper height for these species. A 

section of front boards may be removable to allow animals to be moved into or out of 

pens and for feeding or watering.

 Rump boards: All pens on exposed decks have rump boards as described above for 

horses, except that the rump boards for sheep, goats, and swine form a solid wall 2-1/2

feet (0.762 m) high.

 Division boards: Division boards and boards forming the ends of pens are as described for 

rump boards for these animals.

3. Wooden flooring.

3.1 For cattle and horses:

 Flooring is laid athwartship and secured by placing ends beneath the underside of foot and 

rump boards or under a 2 × 4-inch (5.08 x 10.16 cm) strip nailed along these boards. 

Floors may be either of two types, flush or raised. The flush type is constructed of not less 

than 1-inch (2.54 cm) thick lumber laid flat on the deck. The raised type is constructed of 

not less than 2-inch (5.08 cm) thick lumber nailed to scantlings of at least 2 × 3-inch (5.08 x 

7.62 cm) dimensions laid 2 feet 6 inches (0.762 m) apart. If desired, flooring may be laid in 

portable sections. Flooring is not necessary on ships with wooden decks provided foot 

locks are secured to the decks. 

 Floors have four foot locks of 1 × 4-inch (2.54 x 10.16 cm) lumber laid fore and aft with 

flat side down, and so placed as to provide in-between spaces of 12, 14, 26, and 14 inches

(30.48, 35.56, 66.04, and 35.56 cm), beginning at inside of the footboard. Additional foot 

locks are placed at 14-inch (35.56 cm) intervals in pens having a depth of 9 feet (2.743 m) 

or more. They are well secured with nails of a length that will permit 1-inch (2.54 cm) 

clinch in 1-inch (2.54 cm) flooring and 2-inch (5.08 cm) penetration in 2-inch (5.08 cm) 

flooring.

3.2 For sheep, goats, and swine:

 Flooring is laid as described above for horses and cattle, except that the raised flooring 

need not be greater than 12 inches (30.48 cm) thick.

 Floors have foot locks of not less than 1 × 2-inch (2.54 x 5.08 cm) lumber, four to each pen, 

equally distributed and laid as described above for horses and cattle. 
46

Appendix II – Cargo Containers for Livestock Shipped by Air

APHIS does not require the use of any particular material for cargo containers used for livestock 

shipped for export by air. However, any such materials must be of sufficient strength to 

securely contain the animals shipped. The Live Animal Regulations (LAR) of the International 

Air Transport Association (IATA) provides a useful guidance regarding suitable materials. The 

IATA guide is available at http://www.iata.org/publications/Pages/live-animals.aspx. (Please 

note: IATA charges a fee for the LAR.) 

Additionally, APHIS inspectors using the following standards as guidelines in determining 

whether a cargo container has sufficient space for animals destined for export:

Table 1: Calves, Cattle, Pigs, and Sheep

Species Weight 

(lb)

Density 

(lb/m2)

Space per 

Animal 

(ft2)

No. of 

Animals per 

100 ft2

Animals per single tier 

pallet

88 X

108” 

88 X

125”

96 X 

125” 

Calves 110

154

176

198

45

50

54

56

2.45

3.10

3.25

3.50

40

32

30

28

24

20

18

17

28

23

21

20

31

25

24

22

Cattle 660

1100

1320

1540

70

80

84

87

9.00

13.75

15.66

17.60

11

7

6

5

6

4

3-4

3

7

5

4

3-4

8

5

4-5

4

Pigs 55

220

35

40

1.60

5.50

64

18

37

10

44

12

48

14

Sheep 55

154

30

40

1.80

3.85

55

26

32

15

37

18

42

20
47

Table 2: Horses

Weight (lbs) Space per horse (ft2)

0-220

221-440

441-680

661-880

881-1000

1101-1320

1321-1540

1541-1760

4.52

7.10

9.36

11.19

12.81

14.42

16.25

18.62