# United States Court of Appeals For the First C ircuit

Nos. 04-2532 04-2533 RICHARD BELINI; THERESA LUSCIER-BELINI,

Plaintiffs, Appellants,

v. WASHINGTON MUTUAL BANK, FA, Defendant, Appellee.

APPEALS FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS [Hon. Michael A. Ponsor, U.S. District Judge ]

Before Boudin, Chief Judge , Lynch and Lipez, Circuit Judges . Christopher M. Lefebvre , with whom Family and Consumer Law Center was on brief, for appellant. Kevin C. Maynard , with whom Bulkley, Richardson and Gelinas, LLP was on brief, for appellee.

June 15, 2005-2- LYNCH, Circuit Judge . This Truth in Lending Act (TILA)

case rai ses difficult and rarely seen issues that arise when transactions regulated by a given state -- here, Massachusetts -- have been exempt ed bythe Federal Reserve from most of the Act's requirements. See 15 U.S.C. § 1633; see also Bizier v. Globe Fin. Servs., Inc. , 654 F.2d 1, 2 (1st Cir. 1981). Only five states have receivedsuch exemptions. See 12 C.F.R. Pt. 226, Supp. I. In the end, however, this c ase turns on a narrower issue, one of first impression for this court under TILA. The question is whether TILA permits a damages claim to be stated by the debtor under 15 U.S.C. § 1640 based on the creditor's alleged failure to respond properly to the d ebtor's notice of rescission. We hold that it does. In doing so, we join the approach of four other circuits, and we know of no circuit which has held to the contrary.

The plaintiffs, Richard and Theresa Belini, alleged that the defe ndant, Washington Mutual Bank, sold them a high-cost mortgage without making disclosures required by TILA and equivalent Mass achuse tts law. They sued in federal court, asserting claims for damages for failure to make these disclosures, for rescission, andfor damages for Washington Mutual's alleged failure to respond properlyto their notice of rescission, under both TILA and similar Massachusetts law. The district court held that all of the Be linis' damages claims were time barred, without discussing separately their claim for Washington Mutual's alleged failure to-3-

respondto their notice of rescission. This left the rescission claim itself and the question of whether there was either federal question jurisdiction or diversity jurisdiction. The court found th at t he amount-in-controversy requirement was not met, so there

was no diversity jurisdiction, and t hat there was no federal question jurisdiction over a claim for rescission (as opposed to a claimfor damages) bec ause of the Massachusetts exemption from certain TILA requirements.

Although it is clear from the Federal Reserve regulations that a debtor's ability to bring a federal damages action under 15 U.S.C. § 1640 is preserved despite the Massachusetts exemption, see 12 C.F.R. § 226.29(b), it is much murkier, given the current drafting of these regulations, whether a debtor's right to sue for rescission under federal lawis preserved. Similarly, the question of how to measur e t he amount in controversy in an action for rescission is difficult.

We r eve rse. We find it unnecessary to resolve the difficult question of whether the federal court had either federal question jurisdiction or diversity jurisdiction over the rescission claim, because we find that the Belinis have a viable, non-timebarredfederal damages claim under TILA based on the def endant 's allegedfailure to respond properly to t he Bel inis' notice of rescission. This damages claim provides a basis fo r federal question jurisdiction. That means that the Belinis' claim for-4-

rescission , which has virtually identical elements under TILA and Massachusetts law, is within the court's supplemental jurisdiction. This case does not fall into a category that would render the district court's exercise of supplemental jurisdiction discretionary. I.

We begin with a brief overview of the relevant provisions of TILA, which was passed in 1968. The purpose of TI LA is to "assure a meaningful disclosure of credit terms so that the

consumer will be able to compare more readily the various credit terms available to him and avoid the uninformeduse of credit, and to protect the consumer against inaccurate and u nfai r credit billing and credit card practices." 15 U.S.C. § 1601(a). The Act requires creditors to make "clear and accurate disclosures of terms dealing with things like finance charges, annual percentage rates of interest, and the borrower's rights." Beach v. Ocwen Fed. Bank , 523 U.S. 410, 412 (1998).

If the creditor fails to do so, it can be held liable for criminal penalties, see 15 U.S.C. § 1611, and a debtor can sue for damages (including a statutory penalty of twice the finance charge ), see 15 U.S.C. § 1640(a). Beach , 523 U.S. at 412. Further, for certain loan transactions -- those involving security interests in a debtor's primary residence -- the debtor can demand that the c redi tor rescind the mortgage if certain material-5-

disclosures are not made. See 15 U.S.C. § 1635(a). If the creditor does not take steps t o do so w ithin twenty days, the debtor can bring suit in federal c ourt to enforce her right of rescission. Id. § 1635(b). Several agencies have administrative authorityunder TILA, but the relevant implementing agency for our purposes is the Federal Reserve, which has promulgated a set of regulations ("Regulation Z") in this area. See 12 C.F.R. Pt. 226.

The Federal Reserve can allo w exem ptions from some federal requirements if it finds that a state has ad equ ately regulated in the area:

The [Federal Reserve] shall by regulation exempt from the requirements of this part any class of credit transactions within any State if it determines that under the law of that State that class of transactions is subject to requirements substantially similar to those impos edunder this part, and that there is adequate provision for enforcement. 15 U.S.C. § 1633. The Federal Reserve has granted exemptions under section 1633 to certain classes of credit transaction s in M aine, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Wyoming, and Oklahoma. 12 C.F.R. Pt. 226, Supp. I. In these few states, as to certain TILA requirements the federal provisions have no force and creditors are subject to state requirements that are generally quite similar and often identica l to the federal requirements. See Ives v. W. T. Gr an t Co. , 522 F.2d 749, 755 (2d Cir. 1975).

However, according to the Federal Reserve's regulations, the exemption's displacement of federal law in favor of state law-6-

is not absolute. See 12 C.F.R. § 226.29(b). It is well establishedthat debtors retain at least the ability t o f ile federal suits for damages in federal court under 15 U.S.C. § 1640, regardless of the exemption. See id. ; Ives , 522 F.2d at 752-56. II. The Belinis reside in a home in Nort h Adams, Massachusetts, which they have owned since before the transaction at issue here. On December 29, 2000, plaintiffs obtained a $102,750 loan from a now defunct company, Foundation Funding Group, Inc., secured by this home. Defendant Washington Mutual Bank is, according to the complaint, the assignee and current owner of the mortgage obtained by the Belinis from Foundation Funding Group, Inc. The Belinis allege that they were not provided with variou s disclosures prior to closing this mortgage transaction, which are required under bot h TILA and its Massachusetts equivalent. In particular, they allege that the mortgage was a hi gh-cos t mortgage under both TILA (as amended by the Home Ownership Equity Protection Act of 1994 (HOEPA)) a nd i ts imple men ting regulations, see 15 U.S.C. § 1602(aa); 12 C.F.R. § 226.32, as well as the relevant Massachusetts regulation s, s ee Mass. Regs. Code tit. 209, § 32.3 2(1). They further allege that Foundation Funding did not furnish the Belinis with all the-7-

requ ireddisclosures for such high-cost mortgages, including the following required disclosure:

You are not required to complete this agreement merely because you have received these disclosures or have signed a loan application. If you obta in th is loan, the lender will have a mortgage on your home. You couldlose your home, and a ny m oney you have put into it, if you do not meet yo u r obligations under the loan. 15 U. S.C. § 1639(a)(1)(A),(B); 12 C.F.R. § 226.32(c)(1); Mass. Regs. Code tit. 209, § 32.32(3)(a).

The Belinis alleg e that under both federal and Massachusetts law, the failure by Foundation to make the required disclosures, which -- they allege -- were "material," gave the Belinis the right to rescind the m ortgage until such time as the disclosures were actually delivered. See 15 U.S.C. § 1635(a); Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 140D, § 10(a). United States Code section 1635(a) and Massachusetts General Laws section 10(a), which contain essentiallyidentical language, provide that in any consumer credit transaction

in which a security interest . . . is or will be retained or acquired in any property which is us ed as the principal dwelling of th e person to whom credit is extended, the [debtor] shall have the r ight to rescind the transaction until midnight of the third business day following the consummation of the transaction or the delivery of the information andrescission forms required under this section together with a statement containing the material disclosures required by this subchapter, whichever is later . . . .-8-

15 U.S.C. § 1635(a).

On May 9, 2003, counsel for the Belinis sent a letter to Washington Mutual Bank, giving it notice that the Belinis were

as sertin gtheir right to rescind the mortgage transaction. This rescission notice read in part:

Please be advised that I have been authorized bymy clients to rescind [the mortgage] transaction and hereby exercise that right pursuant to [TILA], 15 U.S.C. Section 1635 and Regulation Z, [15 C.F.R.] Section 226.23. The primary basis for the res cission is that Mr. and Mrs. Belini were not pro vided with a completedcopy of the notice of their right to rescindthe above consumer credit transaction, in violation of 15 U.S.C. Section 1635(a) and Regulation Z, [15 C.F.R.] Sections 226.17 and 226.23, and the advanced [HOEPA] disclosures required by 15 U.S.C. § 1639(b)(1). The noti ce didnot mention any provisions of Massachusetts state law. The rescission notice from the Belinis conc lu ded by instructingWashington Mutual that "[p]ursuant to Regulation Z, you have twenty days after receipt of this Notice of Rescission to return to my clients all monies paid and to take action necessary andappropriate to terminate the security interest." The requirement that creditors return a debtor's moneyand take action to terminate their security interest in the debtor's property within twenty days of receiving a rightful notice of rescission is, again, the same under both federal and Massachusetts law. See15 U.S.C. § 1635(b); Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 140D, § 10(b). The Belinis-9-

allege that the notice was received by Washington Mutual Bank (and theypresent a signed return receipt to prove this), and yet, Washington Mutual did not return the payments and fees that the Belinis had paid on the mortgage, nor did it take any steps to terminate its security interest on the property. There is no allegation concerning whether Washington Mutual replied to th e notice in any way. III.

The Belinis sued Washington Mutual Bank in Massachusetts federal district court on July 11, 2003, Civil Action No. 03-30175, anda first amended complaint was filed on November 17, 2003. The first amended complaint alleged that the court had federal question jurisdiction, premised on TILA, and alleg ed that Foundation Fundin g, at the time the loan was closed, failed to provid e th e Belinis with requireddisclosures under both state and federal law. The first amended complaint sought rescission of the loan under both federal and state law, damages under both federal and state law, and costs and attorney's fees.

Washington Mutual moved to dis miss the complaint under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6). Washington Mutual argued first that the exemp tion g ranted by the Federal Reserve to Massachusetts from the requirements of TILA extended to a claim for rescission; such a claim therefore had to be bro ught under Massachusetts state law and not federal law. Washington Mu tual-10-

notedthat, according to the Federal Reserve, the Massachusetts exemption extended to "chapters 2 and 4" of TILA, although it did not extend "to the civil liability provisions of [15 U.S.C. §§] 16 40 and 1 641." 12 C.F.R. § 226.29; 12 C.F.R. Pt. 226, Supp. I. Washington Mutual argued that since the right to rescind was rooted in 15 U.S.C. § 1635, which was part of Chapter 2 but not found in sections 1640 or 1641 (which, they argue, provided only for damages), any right to sue for rescission fell under the exemption.

As to the Belinis' suit for damages under TILA, see 15 U.S.C. § 1640, Washington Mutual conceded that the plain language of the Federal Reserve's regulation allowed such an action to be brought in federal court under section 1640 despite the Massachusetts exemption, see 12 C.F.R. § 226.29(b), and Washington Mutual did not challenge this re gula tion. However, Washington Mutual conte nded that any action under section 1640 was timebarred, because the section contained a one-year statute of limitations, see 15 U.S.C. § 1640(e), and suit was brought more than one year after the closing of the loan, when the required disclosures were allegedly not furnished to the Belinis. Since the only federal claim in the case was time barred, Washington Mutual argued, t he cou rt should dismiss the state law rescission and damages claims. Finally, Washington Mutual argued that the complaint should be dismissed as well for a wholly independent-11-

reason: service was not made upon Washington Mutual within 120 days of the filing of the action, as required by Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(m).

The Belinis argued in opposition to this motion that the Federal Reserve regulations in effect interpreted TILA's exemption provision, 15 U.S.C. § 1633, to say that any federal private right of action, whether for damages or rescission , was pr eserved from the exemption. The exemption in the Belinis' view extended only to substantive requirements and public, agency-based enforcement, but not to the jurisdiction of the federal court. The Belinis argued

as well that the right to sue to enforce the right of rescission

was properly located under section 1640 (which was expressly preservedfrom the exemption), and not section 1635 (which was not). On the damages claim, the Belinis argued that Washington Mutual misunderstood the nature of their claim: they were suing for damages not based on the initial failure to make the required disclosures (although this also violated the statute), but rather for Washington Mutual's improper failure to take the required steps to return the Belinis' money and void their security interest upon receipt of their rescission notice. The latter event occurred within one year of the filing of the complaint.

In addition to filing an opposition, the Belinis took two prophylactic steps in response to Washington Mutual's motion to dismiss. First, they moved to file a second amended complaint: this second amended complaint differed from the first amended1 The district court did not specifically discuss the Belinis'

damages claim based on Washington Mutual's fa ilure to respond to the Belinis' allegedly v alid n otice of rescission, but the claim was adequately raised below both by the complaint and by other -12- complaint chiefly in that it alleged diversity as an alternate basis for jurisdiction, should the court find no basis for federal question jurisdiction. The Belinis alleged that the amount in controversyrequirement was met becau se the face value of the mortgage that they sought to rescind was $102,750, which exceeded $75,000. Second, the Belinis on May 4, 2004, filed an altogether new, second action, No. 04-30083, with an identical complaint; the purpose of filing this second action was to protect against adverse statute of limitations consequences in case the first action was dismissed for lack of timely service.

On October 26, 2004, the district co urt granted Washington Mutual's motion to dismiss the f irs t action, No. 03- 30175. It cited two bankruptcy court cases, In re Fidler , 226 B.R. 734, 736 (Bankr. D. Mass. 1998 ), and In re Desrosiers , 212 B.R. 716, 722 n.6 (Bankr. D. Mass. 1997), as support for its conclusion that the Belinis' right to sue for rescission existed solely under state l aw, an d not under federal law, given the Massachusetts exemption. It further held that the correct starting date for all of plaintiffs' da mages claims was the time the loan was consummated, and that date was well more than one year before this action was filed, so any damages claims under TILA were timebarred. 1 The court then dismissed the Belinis' remaining state lawfilings. -13-

clai ms, noting the principle that the unfavorable disposition of all a plaintiff's federal claims at an early date usually will trigger the dismissal without prejudice of any supplemental state law claims.

The court also disallowed the Beli nis' motion to amend their complaint and add diversity as a basis for jurisdiction. The court held that the amount in controversy requirement was not met, since the proper value of rescission for these purposes was not the total face value of the mortgage, $102,750, but instead only the total of the down payment, closing fees, and past payments that Washington Mutual would be obligated to return to the Belinis if rescission were effected, which was fa r le ss than $75,000. Finally, as an independent basis for dismissal of this first action, the court cited the Belinis' failu re to effect timely service. The district court dismissedthe Belinis' second action, No. 04-30083, on November 2, 2004, adopting the same reasons that it used to dismiss the first action ex cept for the failure to effect timel y ser vice. The Belinis filed a timely appeal of the dismissal of both actions. However, the Beli nis have not challengedthe dismissal because of untimely service on appeal. Thus, they cannot prevail on the appeal of their first action, No. 03-30175, and we will affirm the dis missa l of this action. That-14-

ground, however, does not apply to the dismissal of their second action, No. 04-30083.

On appeal, the Belinis advance three contentions: (1) the Massachusetts exemption under 15 U.S.C. § 1633 and 12 C.F.R. § 226.29 does not eclipse the federal cause of action to enforce the right of rescission ; ( 2) although the Belinis concede on appeal that the statute of limitations under 15 U.S.C. § 1640(e) has run for any federal damages claims based on the creditor's failure to make disclosures at the time of the mortgage closing, they properly state a separate damages claim basedon Washington Mutual's failure to respond to their notice of rescission; and (3) jurisdiction also lies based on diversity because the district court improperly undervaluedthe rescission remedy. Below, the Belinis asserted state law damages claims under Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 140D, § 32, the Massachusetts counterpart to 15 U.S.C. § 1640, but the Belinis have not challenged the dismissal of these claims on appeal and thus these claims are waived.

We reverse based on th e Belinis' second contention, therebyrendering consideration of the more difficult issues in this case -- whether the exemption eclipses any federal action to enforce the right of rescission and how to val ue the remedy of rescission for diversity purposes -- unnecessary.2 This statutorypenalty is unavailable for certain violations

of more mino r requ irements of TILA Chapter 2, although actual damages and attorney's fees are still available even for violations of these requirements. See 15 U.S.C. § 1640(a). The language of the Act allows a statutory penalty to be assessed for a creditor's failure to take adequate steps to respond, within twenty days, to a debtor's rightful notice of rescission. -15- IV. Washington Mutual does not di sp ute that the Federal Reserve regulations expressly allowa damages action to be brought under 15 U.S.C. § 1640 despite the Massachuset ts exemption from most of the requirements of TILA's Chapter 2. See 12 C.F.R. § 226.29(b)(1) ("No exemptions granted under thi s section shall extendto the civil liability provisions of sections [1640 and 1641] of the act."). Nor does Washington Mutual challenge the regulations themselves, as inconsistent with the statute allowing the Board to grant these exemptions, 15 U.S.C. § 1633, or for any other reason. See Ives v. W. T. Grant Co. , 522 F. 2d 749, 753-56 (2dCir. 1975) (upholding these regulations from statutory challenge) .

Section 1640 allows damages actions to be brought against "anycreditor who fails to comply with any requirement imposed under this part, includi ng anyrequirement under section 1635 of this title . . . ." 15 U.S.C. § 1640(a). Such a creditor can generally be held liable for actual damages suffered, a statutory penalty equal to twice the finance charge (with a minimum penalty of $200 and a maximum penalty of $2,000), 2 and attorney's fees and3 After the creditor has carried out these obligations, the

debtor has her own obl igations. "Upon performance of the -16- costs. See id. Rescission is not a remedy for such a violation, althou gh i t can be sought in the same action along with actual damages and the statutory penalty. Se e id. § 1635(g). Before 1974, liability under section 1640(a) was imposed only for failure to "disclose to any person any information required . . . to be disclosedto that person"; in 1974, however, this language was changedto refer to failure to "complywith any requirement." See id. § 1640, Historical and Statutory Notes; see also Gerasta v. Hibernia Nat'l B ank , 575 F.2d 580, 583-84 (5th Cir. 1978). In 1980, Congress added the specific reference to section 1635. See 15 U.S.C. § 1640(a), Historical and Statutory Notes. Most of the requirements under TILA are disclosure requirements, but Congress clearly did not limit liability to disclosure requirements alone.

Section 1635, in relevant part, provides that "[w]ithin 20 days after receipt of a notice of rescission [fro m a d ebtor], the creditor shall return to the [debtor] any money or property given as earnest money, down payment, or otherwise, and shall take any action necessary or appropriate to reflect the termination of any security interest created upon the transaction." 15 U.S.C. § 1635(b). Thus, section 1635(b) places certain requirements upon a creditor: upon receiving a debtor's valid notice of rescission, the creditor must, within twenty days, return all money paid by the debtor a nd m ust void the security interest. 3 Should the creditorcreditor's obligations under this section, the [debtor] s hall

tender the property to the creditor . . . ." 15 U.S.C. § 1635. As we noted in Large v. Conseco Fin. Servicing Corp. , 292 F.3d 49, 55- 56 (1st Cir. 2002), TILA alters common law rescission by forcing the creditor to tender before the debtor, although the court has the power under section 1635(b) to change these procedures where appropriate. The creditor cannot use section 1640 to ob tain damages in instances where the debtor fails to tender, because section 1640 only imposes liability on creditors. In Large , we held that rescission of a mortgage governed by T ILAd oes not automatically occur at the time a debtor sends the creditor a notice o f rescission. See id. at 54-56. Rescission only occurs when the parties agree to rescind or when a court (or arbitrator) orders the remedy. See id. Large is not in conflict with our holding here: rescission is not automatic when a notice of resciss ion is sent, but a creditor can still be held liable fo r wrongfully refusing to rescind when asked to do so by a debtor. -17- not take these steps within twenty days, then the debtor has generallyviolated a "requirement" of section 1635 and can be held liable for damage s under section 1640. See, e.g. , Mijo v. Avco Fin. Servs. of Haw., Inc. , 1991 WL 126660, at *1 (9th Cir. July 1, 1991) (unpublished); Smith v. Fid. Consumer Disc. Co. , 89 8 F .2d 896, 903 (3d Cir. 1990); Smith v. Am. Fin. Sys., Inc. , 737 F.2d 1549, 1552 (11th Cir. 1984); Arnoldv. W.D.L. Invs., Inc. , 703 F.2d 848, 850 (5th Cir. 1983); Gerasta , 575 F.2d at 584 ; Ro wlandv. Novus Fin. Corp. , 949 F. Supp. 1447, 1455 (D. Haw. 1996); see also Ralph C. Clontz, Jr., 2 Truth in Lending Manual § 10.03[4], at 10-4 (2000). We know of no court that has come to the contrary position . Further, this result is sensible: section 1635 is written with the goal of making the rescission process a private one, worked out between creditor and debtor without the4 Afew lower courts have hi ntedthat it may be inappropriate

to impose liability under section 1640 for a creditor's failure to respondto a rescission notice even in certain circumstances where the debtor is entitled to rescind, such as where the creditor fails to tender within twenty days but instead seeks immediate equitable relief before a court to change the order of tender under section 1635(b). See, e.g. , Abel v. Knickerbocker RealtyCo. , 846 F. Supp. 445, 450 (D. Md. 1994). No such argument has been raised in this case, at least not at this early stage. -18- intervention of the courts. The potential for damages (including penalties and attorney's fees) creates incentives for creditors to rescindmortgages when faced with valid requ ests without forcing debtors to resort to the courts, for such resort causes substantial delayandexpense to debtors. Of course, where the debtor's notice of rescission is invalid -- for example, where the creditor has not actually failed to satisfy a material disclosure requirement that wouldentitle the debtor to resci nd -- the n no damages can be assessedagainst the creditor for failing to respond to the notice. 4 See Fid. Cons. Disc. Co. , 737 F.2d at 903.

The statute of limitations for bringing an action under section 1640 is "one year from the date of the occurrence of the violation." 15 U.S.C. § 1640(e). The "date of the occurrence of the violation," here, is at the earliest the date that Washington Mutual received the Belinis' notice of rescission; i n trut h, the date of the occurrence is likely twenty days later, when Washington Mutual's time for responding to that notice expired. See Fid. Consumer Disc. Co. , 898 F.2d at 903. The Belinis' notice was not maileduntil May 9, 2003. The "date of the occurrence of the-19-

violation" cannot be the date the loan was closed; the closing is not the source of the debtor's complaint, andsuch a ru le would create nonsensical results. 15 U.S.C. § 1635(f) states that "[a de btor's ] right of rescission shall expire three years after the date of consummation of the transaction or upon the sale of th e property, whichever occurs first," notwithstanding that the necessarymaterial disclosures or forms have not been received. It cannot be that the one-yea r stat ute of limitations under section 1640 for a creditor's failing to respond properly to a debtor's notice of rescission expires before the debtor is required to send that notice in the first place. Since the Belinis' second action

was filed on May 4, 2004, the action was obviously filed within one year of the "occurrence of the violation."

Washington Mutual does not contest the correctness of this analysis. It argues, however, that the Belinis' notice of rescission did not require any response because it failed to state a claim and so was invalid. This argument has no force.

In an exempt state, the Federal Reserve has constructed

a system whereby a creditor can be held liable under 15 U.S.C. § 1640 for failing to comply with any state law requirement that is equivalent to an actionable requirement under TILA (however, violations of sta te law requirements that go beyond TILA are generallynot actionable under secti on 164 0 in an exempt state). See 12 C.F.R. § 226.29(b)(2) ("If an exemption has been granted,5 The Federal Reserve uses the term "disclosure" here, rather

than the broader term "requirement," but we think this choice of language makes no difference. The remedial system in exempt states would become hopelessly confused if some requirements (those that constituted"disclosures") were actionable under section 1640, while others wer e not. As well, the purpose of preserving the federal civil liability provisions is to ensure that "consumers retain access to both federal and state courts in seeking damages or civil penalties for violations, while creditors retain the defenses specified in those sections." 12 C.F.R. Pt. 226, Supp. I. This purpose would not be well served by a rule tha t pr eserved federal court jurisdiction for only some section 1640 damages actions. -20- the di sclosures required by the applicable state law (except any additional r equi rements not imposed by federal law) shall constitute the disclosures required by this act [f or purposes of

se cti on 1640]."); 5 Ives , 522 F.2d at 753-54. Otherwise, section 1640 would be a nullity in an exempt state, since the substantive federal requirements have been superceded by the exemption.

Because of the Massachusetts exemption, the substantive requirements of state laware the requirements that creditors must follow. This includes any disclosure requiremen ts. T he federal requirements on the mechanics of rescission, found in 15 U.S.C. § 1635, are also superceded by state requirements: these include how

a creditor must notify a debtor of the right to rescind, how a debtor s houldnotify a creditor if he is taking advantage of his right to rescind, and how long and what steps a creditor must take to respond to that request. The Belinis' complaint alleges a failure by the creditor to comply with certain state law disclosure requirements applicable to high-cost mortg a ges, see Mass. Regs.-21-

Code tit. 209, § 32.32, which are identical to the federal requirements embodied in the H OEPA a mendments to TILA, see 15 U.S.C. § 1639. The complaint also alleges that Washington Mutual violated state law rescission procedures by failing to respond to the Belinis' allegedly meritorious rescission notice (whi c h was premisedon the creditor's failure to provide these disclosures) by retu rnin gthe Belinis' money and voiding their security interest within twenty days. The relevant state law rescission procedures

are also substantively identical to the federal rescission procedures under TILA. Compare 15 U.S.C. § 1635(b), and12 C.F.R. § 226.23, with Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 140D, § 10(b), andMass. Regs. Code tit. 209, § 32.15. Because the Belinis allege that Washington Mutual failed to comply with an applicable state law requirement on the mechanics of rescission th at is also imposed by TILA -- the requirement that a creditor return a debtor's money and take steps to void its security interest within twenty days of receiving the validnotice of rescission -- they have stated a damages claim under section 1640.

The Belinis' rescission notice did not explicitly mention Massachuse tts state law: it instead relied entirely on the disclosure requirements and rescission procedures found in TILA (as amendedby HOE PA) and its implementing regulation, Regulation Z. But this cannot relieve Washington Mutual of potential liability. The relevant substantive disclosure requirements under federal and6 Alt hou gh we can conceive of a situation where the creditor

might be prejudiced by a letter of rescission that failed to state the proper statutory bases on which the request for rescission was founded, Washington Mutual has made no such claim here. Although it is free to raise such a claim on remand, we are dubious of such an argument where, as here, the disclosure and rescission provisions of the sta te and federal statutes appear to be identical.

7 Washington Mutual was not the Belinis' initial creditor, but rather an assignee of their initial creditor. See 15 U.S.C. § 1641 (stating when TILA causes of action may b e brou ght against assignees). Washington Mutual does not claim that its status as an assignee is relevant to the questions presented in this appeal. -22- state law are generally the same and the precise disclosures that the Be lini s allege the creditor did not make are found both in Massachusetts and federal law. Moreover, the creditor's duties upon receiving a valid notice of re scission are identical under federal and state law. Washi ngton Mutual was on notice from the Belinis' letter of exactly which disclosure requi rem ents it allegedly violated and how it ought to respond to the notice. 6

We conclude that the Belinis' claim that they are entitledto damages under 15 U.S.C. § 1640 because of Washington Mutual's failure to return th eir money and void the security interest on their home within twenty days of receiving their notice of rescission was timely and therefore survives Washington Mutual's motio n to dismiss. 7 This claim furnishes a basis for federal question jurisdiction. Through this claim, the Belinis can seek to prove their case for actual damages due to Washington Mutual's failure to respond to their notice, the statutory penalty, and8 The one difference that we see is that under TILA, "[a

debtor's] right of rescission shall expire three years after the date of consummation of the transaction o r upon the sale of the prop erty, whichever occurs first," 15 U.S.C. § 1635(f) (emphasis added); while under Massachusetts law, "[a debtor's] right of rescission shall expire four years after the date of consummation of the transaction or upon the sale of the property, whichever occurs first," Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 140D, § 10(f) (emphasis added). Washington Mutual has not argued to the district court or on appeal that the rescission claim in either of the Belinis' two actions was barredby a statute of limit ations, a nd it filed no answer or motions at all in respon se to the Belinis' second action, so any such statute of limitations argument has been waived. -23- attorney's fees. The request for rescission, however, constitutes a separate claim.

The difficult issue of whether a TILA exemption, under 15 U.S.C. § 1633 and the Federal Reserve regulations, preserves a federal rescission claim is effectively an issue of wheth er the Belinis can bring their separate request for rescission under federal law, or instead can only bring such a claim un der state law. We need not answer this question now, since the answer has no practical effect on the district court's jurisdiction over the Belini s' r escission claim. The remedial provisions accompanying suits for rescission under T ILA ar e essentially identical to the remedial provisions accompanying suits for rescission under Massachusetts law. 8 Under either, the victorious debtor can obtain both attorney's fees and costs, see 15 U.S.C. § 1640(a)(3); Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 14 0D, § 32(a)(3); a debtor can seek both civil damages and rescission in the same action, see 15 U.S.C. §§ 1635(g), 1640(g); Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 140D, §§ 10(g), 32(f); and a-24-

debto r can seek rescission against an assignee as though tha t assignee were the original creditor, see 15 U.S.C. § 1641(c); Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 140D, § 33(c).

Even if the rescission claim couldonly be brought under state law, the district court would still have supplemental jurisdiction over this claim because it is part of the same "case or controversy" as the section 1640 damages claim. See 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a). The district court has discretion to decline such jurisdiction in a few circumstances: where the state law issues are difficult or novel, where the state law claims "substantially predominate[]" over other claims in the action, where the district court has dismissed all claims over which i t h as original jurisdiction, and in other "exceptional circumstances" raising "compelling reasons for declining jurisdiction." Id. § 1367(c).

The district court correctly stated the general rule that

an earlydismissal of all federal claims will generally lead to the dismissal of all supplemental st ate law claims, see Gonzalez-DeBlasini v. Family Dep't , 377 F.3d 81, 89 (1st Cir. 2004), but we have reversed the district court's holding that all federal damages claims were time barred and found that a viable federal damages claim remains in the case. Moreover, application of the relevant state law should be straightforward and this application implicates important federal concerns, since th e Mas sachusetts statute is usuallyidentical to TILA. State law applies only through a-25-

statutoryexemption from T ILA for transactions subject to "substantiallysimilar" requirements in a given state. 15 U.S.C. § 1633. For the same reason, state claims do not predominate: the overarchingstructure is provided by TILA, which itself creates the exemption for certain state requirements. The implicit suggestion in the district court's opinion is that it would have exercised supplemental jurisdiction over the state law claims if it had found anyviable federal claims in the case, and now that we have held that there is a viable federal claim for damages, the district court shouldexercise supplemental jurisdiction over the rescission claim. Finally, we emph asiz e that the question of whether the exemption vitiates the possibility of bringing a federal claim to enforce the right of rescissio n r aises very difficult issues of regulatoryand statutory construction; the Federal Reserve regulations lack clarity on this point. Further, this question is unlikelyto be litigated often, given that there are only five states that have exemptions from parts of TILA, see 12 C.F.R. Pt. 226, Supp. I, and that even in these exempt states, an alternative ground for federal jurisdiction will usually exist because of the clear preservation of damages claims under section 1640. Issu es regarding the scope of the exemption have seldom arisen in the almost forty years since TILA was passed.9 In the event that anything in this case should end up turning

on whether the rescission remedy is pursued as a state or federal claim-- or under supplemental, federal question, o r di versity jurisdiction -- these issues can be considered if and when they arise. -26-

It is also unnecessary for us to address the issue of diversityjurisdiction , wh ich involves the difficult question of the proper valuation of a rescission remedy, since we have held that the district court has federal question jurisdiction. 9 V. The district court's dis missa l of the Belinis' first action, No. 03-30175, is affirmed . The district court's dismissal of the Belinis' second action, No. 04-30083, is reversed , and the case is remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion.