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2024 IL App (5th) 230382-U 

NO. 5-23-0382 

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

FIFTH DISTRICT

______________________________________________________________________________ 

STEFNEE D. WILSON, ) Appeal from the 

 ) Circuit Court of 

Plaintiff-Appellant, ) Madison County. 

 ) 

v. ) No. 19-CH-666 

 ) 

BRENDAN F. KELLY, JEFFREY ) 

YENCHKO, THOMAS HAINE, and ) 

MIKE FRERICHS, ) 

 ) 

Defendants ) Honorable 

 ) Ronald S. Motil,

(Brendan F. Kelly, Defendant-Appellee). ) Judge, presiding.

______________________________________________________________________________ 

JUSTICE MOORE delivered the judgment of the court.

Justices Welch and Boie concurred in the judgment.

 

 ORDER

¶ 1 Held: The circuit court’s granting of summary judgment in favor of the defendants was

not error where the plaintiff failed to present or support certain arguments in her

opening brief, expressly abandoned certain arguments in her reply brief, and where

ultimately, the complained of provision banning the sale of firearms manufactured

using certain materials did not violate the second amendment or fourteenth

amendment to the United States Constitution because it merely regulated the sale

of firearms and historical precedent existed to support such restrictions.

¶ 2 The plaintiff, Stefnee D. Wilson, appeals the May 25, 2023, written order and October 3, 

2022, written order, as well as the oral pronouncement issued on September 27, 2022, and “such 

other, further and different orders as is necessary for the full and complete review of those orders,” 

of the circuit court of Madison County that granted the summary judgment motions in favor of the 

NOTICE

This order was filed under 

Supreme Court Rule 23 and is 

not precedent except in the 

limited circumstances allowed 

under Rule 23(e)(1).

NOTICE

Decision filed 07/22/24. The 

text of this decision may be 

changed or corrected prior to 

the filing of a Petition for 

Rehearing or the disposition of 

the same.
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defendants. For the following reasons, we affirm the October 3, 2022, order and all related orders 

which plaintiff has appealed. 

¶ 3 I. BACKGROUND

¶ 4 This appeal stems from the circuit court’s orders that, inter alia, granted summary 

judgment in favor of Brendan F. Kelly, Director of the Illinois State Police (Kelly), on the 

plaintiff’s claims brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 that alleged section 24-3(A)(h) of the 

Criminal Code of 2012 (Code) (720 ILCS 5/24-3(A)(h) (West 2022)) violated the plaintiff’s rights 

under the second and fourteenth amendments to the United States Constitution. The action 

originally included numerous defendants; however, all of the defendants except for Kelly were 

dismissed prior to the final orders currently at issue. The circuit court dismissed the other 

defendants as unnecessary parties, and the plaintiff does not challenge their dismissal in this 

appeal. The action also included other claims; however, none of those have been appealed.

¶ 5 The relevant provision the plaintiff complains of in her complaint is section 24-3 of the 

Code, which provides, in relevant part:

 “(A) A person commits the offense of unlawful sale or delivery of firearms when 

he or she knowingly does any of the following:

 * * * 

 (h) While holding any license as a dealer, importer, manufacturer or 

pawnbroker under the federal Gun Control Act of 1968, manufactures, sells or 

delivers to any unlicensed person a handgun having a barrel, slide, frame or receiver 

which is a die casting of zinc alloy or any other nonhomogeneous metal which will 

melt or deform at a temperature of less than 800 degrees Fahrenheit.” 720 ILCS 

5/24-3(A)(h) (West 2022).
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¶ 6 In her complaint, Wilson alleges that she “does not presently own any firearms” because 

she “cannot afford most handguns on the market.” She claims that the handguns which are within 

her budget of approximately $100 “are generally made of a zinc alloy.” In count III, she contends 

that the statute prevents her from purchasing an affordable “handgun of her choice.” In count IV, 

she asserts that the statute “discriminates against out of state handguns in favor of Illinois made 

handguns.” 

¶ 7 The trial court ultimately dismissed both counts on summary judgment. The trial court first 

found that the statute does not prohibit the plaintiff from possessing a firearm of her choice. 

Instead, the trial court found that the provision only prevents her from purchasing one from a 

licensed firearms dealer and prevents a licensed firearm dealer from selling one. Thus, the trial 

court determined that the challenged statute merely regulates the commercial sale of arms, rather 

than possession of handguns, and therefore, the statute falls outside of the plain text of, and 

therefore is not protected by, either the second amendment of the United States Constitution, or 

the Illinois Constitution. Additionally, the trial court found other cases and historical analogues 

where statutes regulated the kinds of weapons that persons could carry, and in those matters the 

trial courts had upheld the statutes as constitutional. However, the trial court failed to cite explicitly 

to the historically analogous statutes. Ultimately, the trial court, finding no constitutional 

protection for these firearms, dismissed counts III and IV of the complaint. 

¶ 8 This timely appeal followed, and we include additional facts below in our analysis where 

relevant.

¶ 9 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 10 As an initial matter, the plaintiff has failed to articulate any argument as to the claims 

alleged against the other defendants which are no longer a party to this suit, Yenchko and Frerichs, 
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nor does she make any arguments relating to the claims about license application fees. 

Additionally, she expressly abandons any claims alleged under count IV of her complaint. Thus, 

the only issue properly before us is count III regarding the constitutionality of section 24-3(A)(h) 

against Kelly. Due to her failure to articulate any argument as to the other issues, including the 

granting of summary judgment on her fees claims which were alleged in counts I and II, she has 

forfeited any review of those claims. See Kim v. St. Elizabeth’s Hospital of the Hospital Sisters of 

the Third Order of St. Francis, 395 Ill. App. 3d 1086, 1092 (2009); Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7) (eff. 

Oct. 1, 2020) (“Points not argued are forfeited and shall not be raised in the reply brief, in oral 

argument, or on petition for rehearing.”). Also, in her brief, the plaintiff expressly waives any 

objection to dismissal of the other defendants; thus, she has waived review of any of those issues. 

See, e.g., People v. Whitfield, 217 Ill. 2d 177, 184 (2005).

¶ 11 Turning now to the issue before us, we first examine our standard of review. Summary 

judgment is proper where “there is no genuine issue as to any material fact” and “the moving party 

is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” 735 ILCS 5/2-1005(c) (West 2022); see Sun-Times v. 

Cook County Health & Hospitals System, 2022 IL 127519, ¶ 24. This court “review[s] de novo a 

constitutional challenge to a statute because it presents a question of law.” People v. Masterson, 

2011 IL 110072, ¶ 23. 

¶ 12 In District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570, 598 (2008), the United States Supreme 

Court found that the second amendment of the United States Constitution conferred an individual 

right to keep and bear arms. 

 “Some have made the argument, bordering on the frivolous, that only those arms 

in existence in the 18th century are protected by the Second Amendment. We do not 

interpret constitutional rights that way. Just as the First Amendment protects modern forms 
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of communications, e.g., Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union, 521 U.S. 844, 849 

(1997), and the Fourth Amendment applies to modern forms of search, e.g., Kyllo v. United 

States, 533 U.S. 27, 35-36 (2001), the Second Amendment extends, prima facie, to all 

instruments that constitute bearable arms, even those that were not in existence at the time 

of the founding.” Id. at 582. 

¶ 13 “Like most rights, the right secured by the Second Amendment is not unlimited.” Id. at 

626. “From Blackstone through the 19th-century cases, commentators and courts routinely 

explained that the right was not a right to keep and carry any weapon whatsoever in any manner 

whatsoever and for whatever purpose.” Id. Our United States Supreme Court especially noted in 

Heller that “nothing in our opinion should be taken to cast doubt on longstanding prohibitions on 

the possession of firearms by felons and the mentally ill, or laws forbidding the carrying of firearms 

in sensitive places such as schools and government buildings, or laws imposing conditions and 

qualifications on the commercial sale of arms.” (Emphasis added.) Id. at 626-27. 

¶ 14 In count III, the plaintiff argues that section 24-3(A)(h) of the Code (720 ILCS 5/24-

3(A)(h) (West 2022)) violated her right to bear arms under the second and fourteenth amendments 

to the United States Constitution (U.S. Const., amends. II, XIV). Specifically, plaintiff contends 

that the record demonstrates that handguns of this type are legal under federal law, and the law of 

most states. She argues that but for this statute, at least one licensed firearm dealer would sell these 

types of firearms in Illinois. She further contends that these firearms are of good quality, are safe 

to fire, and do not deform or explode when fired; that these firearms are in common use in the 

United States, for lawful purposes; and that about half of the .22 revolvers made and sold in the 

United States in a given year are the Heritage .22 revolver, which is her handgun of choice. The 

claim by the plaintiff is that what truly distinguishes these types of firearms from others is that 
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they tend to cost less than firearms made with more traditional materials. Among those handguns 

banned under the statute at issue, are the Heritage brand, Rough Rider .22 revolver. Other banned 

firearms include certain handguns made by such premium manufacturers as Colt, Smith and 

Wesson, and Walther. Thus, the grand contention is that the statute is meant only to prevent 

individuals with less financial resources from procuring handguns. 

¶ 15 Our supreme court in Wilson v. County of Cook addressed our approach in reviewing 

second amendment constitutional challenges:

“These courts have generally followed a two-pronged approach. The threshold 

question we must consider is whether the challenged law imposes a burden on conduct 

falling within the scope of the second amendment guarantee. That inquiry involves a 

textual and historical inquiry to determine whether the conduct was understood to be within 

the scope of the right at the time of ratification. [Citations.] If the government can establish 

that the challenged law regulates activity falling outside the scope of the second 

amendment right, then the regulated activity is categorically unprotected. [Citation.] 

However, ‘if the historical evidence is inconclusive or suggests that the regulated 

activity is not categorically unprotected—then there must be a second inquiry into the 

strength of the government’s justification for restricting or regulating the exercise of 

Second Amendment rights.’ [Citation.] What form that takes has been articulated in various 

ways, but courts generally recognize that Heller rejected rational-basis review and requires 

some form of heightened scrutiny. [Citations.]” Wilson v. County of Cook, 2012 IL 112026, 

¶¶ 41-42. 

¶ 16 First, we recognize that the plaintiff has a fundamental constitutional right to keep and bear 

arms and that this right extends to handguns. See Heller, 554 U.S. 570. Second, we note that the 
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plaintiff has failed to articulate explicitly whether she is making a facial challenge or as-applied 

challenge to the statute’s constitutionality. Based upon the complaint’s allegations and the 

arguments made, it appears that ultimately the plaintiff is making an as-applied challenge because 

the complaint puts forth alleged violations which depend upon her individual circumstances. See 

Napleton v. Village of Hinsdale, 229 Ill. 2d 296, 318 (2008) (as-applied claim “challenges a 

legislative enactment as applied to the specific facts of a plaintiff’s case”). Here, the allegations 

are that the only handguns within her limited budget “are generally made of zinc alloy,” and that 

the ban on selling such guns prevents her from buying an affordable “handgun of her choice.”

¶ 17 However, as to her as-applied challenge, we find that the plaintiff on appeal has failed to 

put forth any direct argument on this issue, and thus, has forfeited review under such a claim. In 

her brief, Wilson does not mention any facts concerning her financial ability to purchase a 

handgun. Nor does she develop any argument that summary judgment was improper given her 

“specific facts and circumstances,” as would be required. See Awkerman v. Illinois State Police, 

2023 IL App (2d) 220434, ¶¶ 37-38. Thus, Wilson has forfeited any argument that section 24-

3(A)(h) is unconstitutional as applied to her. See Maun v. Department of Professional Regulation, 

299 Ill. App. 3d 388, 399 (4th Dist. 1998) (argument regarding as-applied challenge forfeited 

where omitted from opening brief on appeal and raised in reply brief); Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7) (eff. 

Oct. 1, 2020) (“Points not argued are forfeited and shall not be raised in the reply brief, in oral 

argument, or on petition for rehearing.”).

¶ 18 Even if we did not find it forfeited, we would still find that the circuit court did not err. The 

plaintiff put forth an affidavit of Scott Pulaski, a licensed gun dealer in Illinois, who testified only 

that he would sell the alloy guns if it were not illegal to do so, that they are guns that are commonly 

owned and used in other parts of the United States, and that he believes the guns to be generally 
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safe and good quality. Mr. Pulaski did not offer any testimony regarding pricing of alloy guns 

versus steel guns or aver that the plaintiff could not afford a steel gun. However, the State presented 

an expert, Bill Oglesby, also a licensed gun dealer in Illinois, who testified that a legal gun, not 

made of alloy, could be purchased for nearly the same price as that sought by the plaintiff. He 

named two specific models which were listed within $20 of the plaintiff’s preferred firearm. He 

also testified that steel guns were much more durable and generally of better quality. The plaintiff 

failed to put forward any evidence which contradicted this claim. 

¶ 19 Therefore, where legal firearms exist which do fall within the alleged budget of the 

plaintiff, there can be no legitimate infringement upon her right under an as-applied challenge. The 

right to get the “gun of your choice” is not protected by the second amendment.

¶ 20 Assuming that the plaintiff was putting forth a facial challenge to the statute’s 

constitutionality, we also find that her claim would fail. This is because “there is no set of 

circumstances under which the statute would be valid.” People v. Bochenek, 2021 IL 125889, ¶ 10 

(facial challenge poses “particularly heavy burden”); see Burns v. Municipal Officers Electoral 

Board of the Village of Elk Grove Village, 2020 IL 125714, ¶ 13 (“facial challenge to a statute is 

the most difficult challenge”).

¶ 21 As previously stated, at the first step, the plaintiff must show that “the Second 

Amendment’s plain text covers [the regulated] conduct” and thus “presumptively protects that 

conduct.” New York State Rifle & Pistol Ass’n v. Bruen, 597 U.S. 1, 17 (2022); see also id. at 44 

n.11. If the plaintiff satisfies that burden, then at the second step, “the government must 

demonstrate that the regulation is consistent with this Nation’s historical tradition of firearm 

regulation.” Id. at 17.
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¶ 22 Then, in order to succeed, the plaintiff must show that the second amendment protects the 

sale of zinc alloy and similar handguns that are prohibited for sale under section 24-3(A)(h). 

Importantly, the statute does not prohibit the possession or use of such handguns, and the United 

States Supreme Court has repeatedly stated, “laws imposing conditions and qualifications on the 

commercial sale of arms” are “presumptively lawful.” Heller, 554 U.S. at 626-27 & n.26.

¶ 23 We do recognize that in Heller, the Supreme Court did find that the second amendment 

does protect against unusually “severe” restrictions that would result in a “total[ ] ban[ ] [on] 

handgun possession.” Id. at 628-29. This is the argument that the plaintiff is seemingly putting 

forward. That the banning of zinc alloy guns acts as a “ban on a whole class of guns.” We disagree. 

This is not a blanket ban on the possession or sale of a true class or type of gun, such as a handgun, 

long gun, machine gun, etc. This is the banning of only the sale of a gun manufactured in a certain 

way using certain materials. Handguns are still readily available for purchase in Illinois and, as 

evidenced above through Bill Ogelsby’s unrefuted affidavit, steel guns of equal or better quality 

are for sale at similar price points. Additionally, we note that this particular statute has been in 

effect in Illinois since August 1973, nearly 51 years. Thus, if it was truly the total ban on a class 

of firearms that the plaintiff claims it to be, it would be evident today. Thus, analyzing the issue 

under the first step, a factfinder could not reasonably find that the ban on zinc alloy handguns 

“meaningfully constrain[s]” an individual’s ability to “acquir[e] firearms.” Gazzola v. Hochul, 88 

F.4th 186, 197 (2d Cir. 2023) (upholding denial of preliminary injunction on second amendment 

claim challenging regulations on firearms sellers).

¶ 24 Secondly, even if the plain text did cover the statute, we would find that the prohibition of 

the selling of firearms based upon the material they are constructed out of is analogous to a robust 

historical tradition of regulating the types of weapons that citizens may possess or sell based on 
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the weapons’ physical characteristics. See Bruen, 597 U.S. at 17. The ban on selling zinc alloy and 

similar handguns that melt at a certain temperature is analogous to this tradition because the statute 

aims to regulate the firearm based upon its physical attributes, i.e., type of metal from which the 

gun is manufactured. This is similar to the limitations commonly imposed today regarding the 

caliber of handguns, the length of barrels, the size of the gun, the firing mechanisms, and a 

multitude of others. Thus, we would find that, like in previous cases limiting the sale of weapons 

based upon physical characteristics, section 24-3(A)(h) does not amount to a total prohibition on 

the sale of handguns in Illinois.

¶ 25 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 26 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the October 3, 2022, order and all related orders.

¶ 27 Affirmed.