UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

CENTER FOR PUBLIC INTEGRITY,

Plaintiff,

v. 

FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION,

Defendant. 

Case No. 17-cv-1162 (CRC)

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Following the 2017 presidential inauguration, a wave of anonymous accounts claiming to 

have ties to federal government agencies cropped up on Twitter. The account “handles” were 

styled as “@alt” followed by the particular agency’s name, such as @altFEC or @ALT_USCIS. 

Run by those professing to be current or former agency employees, these Twitter accounts 

publicly criticized the associated agencies and the current Administration. This naturally raised

legal questions. After receiving a summons from U.S. Customs and Border Protection for 

information related to the @ALT_USCIS account, Twitter filed suit on First Amendment 

grounds, voluntarily dismissing only after the government withdrew the summons. See Twitter, 

Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., No. 3:17-cv-01916-JCS (C.D. Cal. 2017). And, not 

surprisingly, journalists wanted to know what other agencies were planning to do about the 

accounts.

One group of journalists, the Center for Public Integrity, filed two requests under the

Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”) with the Federal Election Commission (“FEC”) seeking 

records regarding the “@altFEC” Twitter account and communications from the “EOP.gov” 

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domain. 1 The FEC produced some responsive documents and redacted or withheld others. The 

parties have filed cross-motions for summary judgment regarding these redactions and 

withholdings. For the reasons below, the Court will grant the FEC’s motion for summary 

judgment and deny the Center for Public Integrity’s cross-motion.

I. Background

This case involves two FOIA requests. By email on February 1, 2017, plaintiff first 

requested from the FEC:

Any emails, memoranda or other correspondence or communication that discuss,

mention, reference or otherwise pertain to the Twitter account “altFEC.” This

includes direct mention of the account “@altFEC”, as well as other obvious

references to the @altFEC account, which should include, but not be limited to:

“alt FEC Twitter,” “alt FEC account” and “fake @FEC account.”

Decl. of Katie A. Higginbothom Supp. Def.’s Mot. Summ. J. (“Higginbothom Decl.”) Ex. A. 

The FEC’s searches generated twenty-one pages of communications. Higginbothom Decl. ¶ 5. 

The agency released seven pages of these responsive records and withheld fourteen pursuant to 

FOIA Exemption 5. Id. ¶¶ 6–7. The agency affirmed the withholding in an administrative 

appeal. Id. ¶ 9.

By email on February 6, 2018, plaintiff submitted a second records request to the FEC, 

this time for “[a] copy of all emails from the domain ‘EOP.gov’ to senior managers and 

commissioners encompassed within the required agency system for retaining emails of senior 

officials.” Higginbothom Decl. Ex. G. The FEC found fourteen pages of responsive documents, 

all of which originated from the Office of Management and Budget (“OMB”). Higginbothom 

Decl. ¶ 11. The agency referred those documents to OMB for disposition and OMB suggested 

 

1 EOP.gov refers to the Executive Office of the President. 

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redactions pursuant to FOIA Exemptions 5 and 6. Id. ¶¶ 12, 14. The FEC adopted those 

suggestions and released all fourteen pages with redactions.

2

 Id. ¶ 14.

The parties have both moved for summary judgment, and those motions are ripe for 

review.

II. Legal Standard

The agency bears the burden of proving that any redactions or withheld records fall 

within the scope of an exemption to FOIA. AquAlliance v. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, 856 

F.3d 101, 102–03 (D.C. Cir. 2017). Exemption 5 of FOIA, which the FEC has invoked, permits 

the withholding of “inter-agency or intra-agency memorandums or letters that would not be 

available by law to a party other than an agency in litigation with the agency.” 5 U.S.C. 

§ 552(b)(5). As relevant here, this exemption includes documents protected by the deliberative 

process privilege. Abtew v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 808 F.3d 895, 898 (D.C. Cir. 2015). 

To qualify for this privilege, the document must be both “predecisional” and “deliberative.” Id.

(citing Coastal States Gas Corp. v. Dep’t of Energy, 617 F.2d 854, 866 (D.C. Cir. 1980)). A 

predecisional communication is one that “precedes, in a temporal sense, the ‘decision’ to which 

it relates.” Id. (citation omitted). A deliberative communication is one that is “a part of the 

agency give-and-take—of the deliberative process—by which the decision itself is made.” Id.

(citation omitted).

FOIA disputes are generally resolved on cross-motions for summary judgment. Lantz v. 

U.S. Dep’t of Commerce, 316 F. Supp. 3d 523, 527 (D.D.C. 2018). Summary judgment is 

 

2 The Center for Public Integrity does not challenge the redactions made pursuant to 

Exemption 6, which protects personal information in the interest of privacy. See Pl.’s CrossMot. Summ. J. (“Pl.’s MSJ”) at 3 n.1; see also 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(6). 

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appropriate where the pleadings and records show “that there is no genuine dispute as to any 

material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). 

Summary judgment may be granted in the FOIA context “on the basis of agency affidavits if 

they contain reasonable specificity of detail rather than merely conclusory statements, and if they 

are not called into question by contradictory evidence in the record or by evidence of agency bad 

faith.” Consumer Fed’n of Am. v. Dep’t of Agric., 455 F.3d 283, 287 (D.C. Cir. 2006).

III. Analysis

A. @altFEC request

The Center for Public Integrity objects to the FEC’s reliance on FOIA Exemption 5 to 

withhold fourteen documents responsive to its @altFEC request. The Center argues that the 

agency’s declaration justifying application of the deliberative process privilege is “conclusory” 

and that, even if the privilege were to apply, the agency would still have to produce redacted 

versions of the documents revealing non-exempt factual information. Pl.’s MSJ at 4.

1. Deliberative process privilege

The FEC has met its burden of demonstrating the applicability of Exemption 5 and the 

deliberative process privilege. The agency’s declaration explains that the withheld emails 

“consisted of communications among attorneys at different levels in the FEC’s Office of General 

Counsel working to identify and analyze potential legal issues that the ‘altFEC’ Twitter account 

might raise.’” Higginbothom Decl. ¶ 6. In other words, agency lawyers were engaged in a backand-forth discussion on a specific legal question. “There can be no doubt that such legal advice, 

given in the form of intra-agency memoranda prior to any agency decision on the issues 

involved, fits exactly within the deliberative process rationale for Exemption 5.” Brinton v. 

Dep’t of State, 636 F.2d 600, 604 (D.C. Cir. 1980).

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2. Segregable information

Perhaps because the documents contain exactly the kind of information the deliberative 

process privilege was designed to protect, the Center for Public Integrity focuses more of its 

attention on the agency’s conclusion that the emails contain no reasonably segregable nonexempt information. But the Center’s arguments here, too, are unavailing.

Factual information is generally not covered by the deliberative privilege exemption. 

However, such information “may also be withheld as deliberative material when it is so 

thoroughly integrated with deliberative material that its disclosure would expose or cause harm 

to the agency’s deliberations.” Elec. Frontier Found. v. DOJ, 739 F.3d 1, 13 (D.C. Cir. 2014). 

According to the agency’s declaration, that is the case here, see Higginbothom Decl. ¶ 6, and the 

Center for Public Integrity has produced no evidence of agency bad faith to suggest otherwise. 

See Consumer Fed’n of Am., 455 F.3d at 287; see also Sussman v. U.S. Marshals Serv., 494 

F.3d 1106, 1117 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (“Agencies are entitled to a presumption that they complied 

with the obligation to disclose reasonably segregable material.”).

Moreover, to the extent the Center counters that there must be some non-exempt 

information that can be released like the names of senders and recipients, Pl.’s MSJ at 5, the FEC 

has disclosed that very information in the Vaughn index attached to its reply.3 To provide 

further context to the communications, the index identifies the senders, recipients, and dates of 

each withheld email chain. Def.’s Reply Ex. A; see also Def.’s Reply at 3. Requiring the agency 

to release additional factual information beyond that in the Vaughn index would risk revealing 

 

3 A “Vaughn index” is a document that summarizes the government’s withholdings of 

documents responsive to a FOIA request. See Vaughn v. Rosen, 484 F.2d 820 (D.C. Cir. 1973).

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the underlying deliberations themselves. Thus, the Center for Public Integrity’s challenge to the 

FEC’s response on this basis fails as well.

B. EOP.gov request

The Center for Public Integrity also objects to the FEC’s reliance on FOIA Exemption 5 

to redact responsive documents related to its EOP.gov request. Because the Center does not 

challenge the redactions made pursuant to Exemption 6, that leaves just two pages of responsive 

documents at issue. The Court addresses those pages in turn.

1. The agenda

The first page, Document No. 7 in the Vaughn index, is an email which includes an

“[a]genda for an OMB/Agency Performance team call.” Def.’s Reply Ex. A at 3. According to 

the agency, the agenda was redacted because “disclosure would reveal preliminary plans 

regarding subjects to be addressed in a future meeting.” Id. The email does not provide more 

detail of those “subjects” and instead describes the agenda as covering “several areas.” Def.’s 

Reply Ex. B.

A meeting agenda prepared before the meeting is necessarily predecisional and inherently 

deliberative in that staff are suggesting the topics to be discussed at the meeting. Other courts in 

this district have likewise concluded that an agency properly redacted the contents of a typed 

meeting agenda pursuant to the deliberative process privilege of FOIA Exemption 5. See, e.g.,

Nat’l Right to Work Legal Defense & Educ. Found., Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Labor, 828 F. Supp. 2d 

183, 190–91 (D.D.C. 2011). Thus, the FEC has met its burden of demonstrating that the 

redacted agenda is covered by the deliberative process privilege. 

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2. The CISO email

The second page, Document No. 8 in the Vaughn index, is an email “to Small Agency 

CISOs”—i.e., chief information security officers—which was partially redacted because the 

email contains “suggestions regarding assessments of agency management of information 

resources.” Def.’s Reply Ex. A at 3. In other words, relevant agency experts engaged in backand-forth consultation about possibilities for evaluating the manner by which agencies handle 

data and other forms of information. As such, this email reflects “recommendations[] and 

deliberations comprising part of the process by which government decisions and policies”—such 

as how to evaluate information resource management—“are formulated.” See Pub. Citizen, Inc. 

v. Office of Mgmt. & Budget, 598 F.3d 865, 875 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (citation omitted). Thus, the 

FEC has met its burden of demonstrating that the redacted discussion is covered by the 

deliberative process privilege.

C. In camera review

As an alternative to ordering disclosure, the Center for Public Integrity urges the Court to 

conduct an in camera review of the redacted or withheld documents because the FEC’s 

“justifications for not releasing segregable, non-exempt information are vague and conclusory.” 

Pl.’s Mot. In Camera Judicial Rev. at 3. 

This Court has “‘broad discretion’ to decide whether in camera review is necessary to 

determine whether the government has met its burden” regarding the production of reasonably 

segregable information and the application of the deliberative process privilege. Loving v. DOD, 

550 F.3d 32, 41 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (quoting Armstrong v. Exec. Office of the President, 97 F.3d 

575, 577–778 (D.C. Cir. 1996)). “If the agency’s affidavits provide specific information 

sufficient to place the documents within the exemption category, if this information is not 

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contradicted in the record, and if there is no evidence in the record of agency bad faith, then 

summary judgment is appropriate without in camera review of the documents.” ACLU v. DOD, 

628 F.3d 612, 626 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (quoting Larson v. Dep’t of State, 565 F.3d 857, 870 (D.C. 

Cir. 2009)). 

In camera review is not necessary here. The agency’s declaration and Vaughn index 

provide sufficiently specific information for the Court to determine that the documents in 

question were properly withheld or redacted pursuant to the deliberative process privilege, and 

there is no evidence to the contrary.

IV. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, the Court will grant Defendant’s Motion for Summary 

Judgment and deny Plaintiff’s Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment and Motion for In Camera

Review. A separate Order shall accompany this memorandum opinion.

CHRISTOPHER R. COOPER

United States District Judge

Date: September 18, 2018

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