EM UPDATE

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

Working Today To Protect Your Future

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AMEM Corner

Page 2

Page 3-4

Page 5-6

Page 13

Page 7-8

Page 9-10

Page 11-12

Spotlight on UGTA

EM Partner - Defense Threat Reduction Agency

New Developments in the Soils Sub-Project

Safely Stepping Toward TRU Completion

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Page 14

Page 15

Information Request 

Contact Information 

Nevada Test Site Public Tours

by Stephen Mellington

by John Myers

by John Myers

by Josh Dinsman and Dona Stevens

by Josh Dinsman

by Craig Jordan

DOE/NV - 1224

Summer 2007

Kicking Off the Last Industrial Sites Complex CAU
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As the saying goes, nothing is 

constant but change itself. This 

holds true even here at the 

Nevada Site Office where the 

recent incorporation of the Environmental Protection Team has 

infused Environmental Management with a new synergy. As 

announced by the Nevada Site 

Office Manager, Jerry Talbot, the 

consolidation of all environmentalrelated activities will better enable the 

Nevada Site Office to “...work smarter 

to meet our mission requirements.”

I’m excited about this opportunity since the Environmental 

Protection Team is comprised of dedicated and experienced 

members who manage the permitting, monitoring, reporting, 

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), ecology, geology, 

hydrology, and cultural resources for the Nevada Site Office. 

I strongly believe that the business end of environmental 

activities will function more efficiently and the environmental 

mission will be streamlined. This will be evident during the 

required review and analysis of the NEPA documentation for 

the Nevada Test Site. The results will be included in the Draft 

Supplement Analysis for the Site-Wide Environmental 

Impact Statement and are anticipated for public review in 

January 2008. Stakeholders will be kept informed as this 

project progresses. 

In addition to the local changes instituted to ensure we are 

“working smarter,” James Rispoli, the Assistant Secretary for 

Environmental Management has initiated an independent 

review of the relationship between U.S. Department of 

Energy Headquarters and its sites across the United States. 

As a result, members of the National Academy of Public 

Administration (NAPA) visited the Nevada Site Office in the 

spring. The resulting recommendations will be published in a

report on the NAPA web site at:

http://www.napawash.org/index.html.

While we continue to look at ways to work smarter, we never 

forget about the need to work safely. This summer, assessment activities have peaked to ensure we have the right 

safety culture in place. In particular, the Underground Test 

Area and Soils sub-projects have been rigorously assessed 

to ensure that work is being performed according to policies 

and procedures. I’m proud to report that although we 

continually self-assess and seek opportunities for improvement, the Environmental Management team reflects a 

conscientious and vigilant approach to completing mission 

requirements in the safest manner possible.

DOE/NV - 1224 Back to First Page 2

Community Environmental Monitoring 

Program – Milford 

Station

The Community Environmental Monitoring 

Program is a network of 

29 monitoring stations 

that screens communities 

surrounding the Nevada 

Test Site for manmade 

radioactivity. Each 

station collects a variety 

of environmental, radiological, and meteorological data. During the 

weeks of July 2 and July 

9, 2007, elevated readings were detected at the 

Milford, Utah station. Air 

filter samples from the 

station were analyzed, 

and have indicated the 

radioactivity is consistent 

with normal background 

levels.

Extreme heat and static 

discharge at the Milford 

station are believed to 

have caused a piece of 

equipment, the pressurized ion chamber (PIC), 

to malfunction, resulting 

in the inaccurately 

elevated readings. The 

PIC has been replaced 

and sent to a laboratory 

for further testing. Additional information will be 

posted on the Community 

Environmental Monitoring 

Program webpage as it 

becomes available. 

AMEM Corner

by Stephen Mellington

Stephen Mellington, 

Assistant Manager 

for Environmental 

Management 
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Spotlight on UGTA

by John Myers

The Underground Test Area (UGTA) Sub-Project makes up 

a significant part of the Environmental Management 

Program, but what does UGTA really do? Yes, they drill 

deep wells, create colorful maps, compile huge tables of 

analytical data, and produce large documents, but the realm 

of groundwater modeling is a mystery to many. 

Since the 1950s, 828 underground nuclear tests took place 

on the Nevada Test Site (NTS). Approximately one-third of 

the tests occurred near or below the water table, causing 

radioactive contamination of the groundwater within the 

boundaries of the NTS. Since no feasible technology exists 

to remove this deep contamination, UGTA seeks to identify 

the extent of radiological risks in the groundwater, predict 

movement of contaminated groundwater, and define the 

extent of contaminant migration. Although no groundwater 

contamination has yet been detected beyond the NTS 

boundaries, the tasks of well-drilling, groundwater sampling, 

contaminant characterization, and computer modeling will 

ultimately provide a greater understanding of groundwater 

movement and continue to enhance the existing long-term 

groundwater monitoring system. 

UGTA first evaluated NTS groundwater pathways on a 

regional scale. Secondly UGTA will “fine-tune” the data by 

evaluating contaminant movement and boundaries unique 

to each of the underground test areas at a smaller scale 

(Yucca Flat or Pahute Mesa, for example). To do so, threedimensional computer models are developed to include rock 

units, faults, groundwater flow, and sampling results to 

predict the boundary of groundwater contamination for the 

1,000-year timeframe regulated under the Federal Facilities 

Agreement and Consent Order. Work has begun in all five 

UGTA areas; however, no contaminant boundaries have 

been identified to date.

This evaluation will continue for many years to come. Sampling, characterization, and modeling activities are planned 

until the year 2022. After each area is modeled, the UGTA 

Sub-Project will undergo a five-year “proof of concept” 

period to confirm the validity of the computer models. If the 

results are accepted by the Nevada Site Office and the State 

of Nevada, the sites will enter into a long-term monitoring 

program. The long-term monitoring program will continue 

for 100 years.

A three-dimensional 

groundwater computer 

model generated from 

data compiled through 

Underground Test Area 

activities at the NTS.

DOE/NV - 1224 Continued 3

No groundwater contamination resulting from 

historic nuclear testing 

has been detected outside 

the boundaries of the 

NTS.

The water systems from 

which Las Vegas and 

Pahrump draw water are 

separate and distinct from 

that of the NTS. Neither 

Las Vegas nor Pahrump is 

at risk from contaminant 

migration from underground testing.

What is a contaminant 

boundary? UGTA SubProject scientists are 

working to distinguish 

where water is considered 

safe or not safe for 

domestic or municipal use. 

This boundary will be 

based on contaminant 

dose limits over a maximum of 1,000 years
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Over the years, public involvement has been an integral part of planning for the UGTA project. 

The U.S. Department of Energy Nevada Site Office has worked alongside the Community 

Advisory Board for NTS Programs to initiate an independent peer review of the UGTA strategy, 

and has implemented several recommendations resulting from the peer review. More than 

$3,000,000 has been spent by the U.S. Department of Energy to ensure Community Advisory 

Board members’ recommendations are considered in the UGTA strategy. “This open communication has led to an increased understanding of UGTA activities for Community Advisory 

Board members, and promoted greater community involvement in the development of the 

UGTA strategy,” adds Bill Wilborn, the Nevada Site Office UGTA Sub-Project Director.

DOE/NV - 1224 Back to First Page 4
EM UPDATE

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by John Myers

When you hear the name Defense Threat Reduction Agency 

(DTRA), the first thoughts that come to mind probably do not 

include environmental management. After all, DTRA is a 

separate operating agency within the U.S. Department of 

Defense and its primary mission is to safeguard the United 

States from weapons of mass destruction. But DTRA is also 

involved in environmental management activities on the 

Nevada Test Site.

In fact, DTRA, including its predecessors, has been a part of 

the Nevada Test Site’s history as far back as 1948 when the 

Armed Forces Special Weapons Project identified the 

Nevada Test Site as a suitable continental atomic testing 

site. Over time, the name of the organization changed to the 

Defense Atomic Support Agency (1959), the Defense 

Nuclear Agency (1971), and the Defense Special Weapons 

Agency (1996). In 1998, the organization became known as 

DTRA. 

During the era of nuclear testing, DTRA’s predecessors 

evaluated the effects of nuclear detonations on military 

offensive and defensive systems. Today DTRA’s environmental management activities concentrate on any surface or 

near-surface contamination as a result of those evaluations. 

Current activities include identifying the nature and extent of 

contamination, determining the potential risk to humans and 

the environment, and performing appropriate corrective 

actions for the 119 DTRA sites. 

Corrective actions may be as simple as removing an old 

vehicle battery or as complex as closure of a muckpile which 

contains approximately 8 million cubic feet of rock debris 

and waste excavated during reentry into a tunnel. Appropriate corrective actions are determined using a risk-based 

approach that considers many different factors such as the 

type and extent of contamination, current and future land 

use scenarios, and potential exposure routes to humans, 

plants, and animals. Not only does a risk-based approach 

ensure that the appropriate solution is selected for the 

specific problem, but it has also resulted in a cost savings of 

more than $100 million to taxpayers.

DOE/NV - 1224 Continued 5

Excavated rock and 

debris removed from a 

tunnel DTRA used for 

nuclear testing on the 

northern portion of the 

Nevada Test Site.

EM PARTNER – Defense Threat Reduction Agency

If DTRA’s environmental 

management activities 

sound similar to Industrial Sites clean up 

activities, it is because 

DTRA’s sites are categorized as Industrial Sites. 

So what’s the difference? 

The difference is the 

owner of the potentially 

contaminated area. 

While DTRA tackles 

contamination resulting 

from its U.S. Department 

of Defense predecessor 

agencies, the rest of the 

Industrial Sites project 

addresses contamination 

resulting from U.S. 

Department of Energy 

activities.
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The DTRA will soon be completing its closure activities on the Nevada Test Site. However, 

DTRA will still be involved in other activities over the next few years. In cooperation with State 

of Nevada Division of Environmental Protection, the Nevada Site Office, and the Desert 

Research Institute, DTRA is developing Comprehensive Cultural Resources Evaluations to 

preserve the history of six tunnels on the Nevada Test Site that were used by DTRA predecessor agencies for nuclear weapons effects tests. According to Tiffany Lantow, the Federal Project Lead for DTRA’s environmental management activities on the Nevada Test Site, “a great 

deal of research is involved in each tunnel evaluation, but the end result is certainly worth the 

time and effort. These tunnels have been an important part of our nation’s history, and DTRA 

is privileged to ensure that valuable historical details are captured for future generations.” 

When each report is complete, it will be submitted to the Nevada State Historical Preservation 

Office and the State of Nevada Division of Environmental Protection. The evaluations are 

expected to be completed by 2011.

DOE/NV - 1224 Back to First Page 6
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By Josh Dinsman

A momentous occasion is quickly approaching for the Industrial Sites Sub-Project as it prepares to kick-off work on its 

final Complex Corrective Action Unit (CAU) for the Environmental Restoration Project (ERP). While this does not mean 

that the work is over, it does signal the beginning of the end 

for a project that, when complete, will have closed more than 

1,100 ERP Corrective Action Sites (CAS) across the Nevada 

Test Site and the Tonopah Test Range. 

As part of the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Environmental Management Program (EM), the Industrial Sites 

Sub-Project was established to conduct investigations and 

corrective actions at sites that were potentially impacted as 

a result of nuclear testing and support activities. Cleanup 

activities for the sub-project include identifying the nature 

and extent of contamination, determining its potential risk to 

the public and the environment, and performing the necessary corrective actions in compliance with guidelines and 

requirements. When complete, 71 of the 196 Industrial Sites 

ERP CAUs will have been closed using the Complex closure 

process, which involves planning and executing characterization activities, comparing and choosing appropriate 

corrective actions, and implementing the chosen corrective 

actions.

Although there are still some sites that will be addressed 

using the Streamlined Approach for Environmental Restoration (SAFER) process, the kick-off of CAU 546 means that 

all Complex Industrial Sites ERP CAUs are on their way to 

completion. “This sends a significant signal to the stakeholders that we are serious about completing the cleanup 

mission with which we have been entrusted by DOE,” states 

Steve Mellington, Assistant Manager for Environmental 

Management. “It is a bittersweet moment, as we have an 

outstanding group of people and everyone is proud of the 

work, the outcome, and the contribution it has made to our 

country.”

When asked for his thoughts regarding the kick-off of CAU 

546, Industrial Sites Federal Sub-Project Director Kevin 

Cabble discussed the importance of teamwork. According to 

Mr. Cabble, “This project has required a tremendous team 

effort between contractors, U.S. Department of Energy 

personnel, and the State of Nevada. We have had very 

supportive stakeholders and regulators who were instrumental in helping us accomplish our mission. Hundreds of 

hard-working, dedicated people have contributed to this 

project and each one is responsible for its success.”

DOE/NV - 1224 Continued 7

Corrective Action Site 

(CAS): A site that has 

been identified as needing remediation. These 

sites can include everything from a simple 

vehicle battery to entire 

buildings.

Corrective Action Unit 

(CAU): A CAU is a 

grouping of CASs that 

are similar in remediation 

technique, type of 

contaminants, or proximity to each other.

Three different 

processes are used to 

clean up Industrial Sites:

The Housekeeping 

process is assumed 

when the extent of the 

waste for a site is clearly 

defined and can be 

readily removed.

The SAFER process is 

used when the site is 

clearly defined without 

the need for further 

characterization.

The Complex process is 

a method of cleaning up 

sites that require characterization and corrective 

action. Sites such as 

septic tanks, leachfields, 

sewage lagoons, waste 

dumps, mud pits, and 

facilities used in testing 

and support activities are 

often more complex to 

clean than a site containing a discarded vehicle 

battery, and thus require 

Complex closure.

Kicking Off the Last Industrial Sites Complex CAU
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While the end is in sight, there is still plenty of work left to be 

done, as Complex closure sites can take several years to 

complete. All of those involved should be proud of their 

accomplishments, because the kickoff of CAU 546 signifies 

an important step in reaching EM’s primary goal of risk 

reduction and cleanup of the environmental legacy of our 

nation’s nuclear weapons program. 

DOE/NV - 1224 Back to First Page

The Complex closure 

process includes the 

following steps:

 Corrective Action

 Investigation Plan

 Site Investigation

 Corrective Action 

 Decision Document

 Corrective Action 

 Plan

 Plan Implementation

 Closure Report

Corrective Action Unit 

(CAU) 546, the last 

Complex Industrial Sites 

Corrective Action Unit for 

the Environmental 

Restoration Sub-Project, 

currently includes one 

Corrective Action Site, 

which consists of an 

injection well at the 

bottom of a fenced 

potential crater.

8
EM UPDATE

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

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by Craig Jordan

Activities have intensified on the Nevada Test Site (NTS) 

and Nevada Test and Training Range (NTTR) in preparation for an aggressive campaign that will focus on managing and, where necessary, cleaning up contaminated soil 

resulting from more than 40 years of nuclear weapons 

testing.

Although some soils remediation has taken place, there 

has not been a comprehensive emphasis on remediating 

these sites. This is due to the fact that there is an absence 

of regulatory guidance dictating the minimum level of 

contamination at which remediation is required on the vast 

amount of land affected by nuclear testing. Also, as John 

Jones the Federal Sub-Project Director for the Soils SubProject stated, “The Community Advisory Board (citizen 

volunteers from Nevada who study Environmental Management projects and provide stakeholder feedback and 

recommendations) has placed a higher priority on the 

Underground Testing Area and the Industrial Sites subprojects. They tend to view the Soils Sub-Project as a lower 

work priority since it likely poses less risk to workers and 

surrounding communities.” 

However, with the Industrial Sites Sub-Project anticipating 

completion within the next five years, new focus is being 

placed on the Soils sites. An increase in staff and plans for 

categorization and corrective actions are being formulated 

for implementation in 2008.

The process of characterizing Soils Sub-Project sites will 

be concentrated on surface and shallow subsurface soils. 

Contaminants typically include radioactive materials as well 

as contaminated instruments and structures resulting from 

weapons testing activities. In addition, Soils team members 

are collecting information from radiological surveys and 

“flyovers” (aerial surveys) as well as conducting investigations to locate and gather data obtained during historic soil 

sampling activities.

This data will be presented to the State of Nevada Division 

of Environmental Protection (NDEP) for the purpose of 

negotiating corrective action strategies to address the 

potential risk to the public and the environment. This 

collaboration with the NDEP is driven by the Federal Facility Agreement and Consent Order (FFACO). In accordance 

with the FFACO, NDEP must approve all corrective actions 

which are planned and documented in advance and range 

from restricting access to removing contaminated soil from 

an area.

What is the Soils 

Sub-Project?

The Soils Sub-Project is 

responsible for: identifying the nature and 

extent of any surface 

contamination present 

at sites affected by 

nuclear testing on the 

Nevada Test Site and 

Nevada Test and Training Range; remediating 

the sites using a variety 

of methods, such as 

closing in place or 

removing soil; ensuring 

that appropriate 

controls (i.e., 

signage/postings, 

barriers, etc.) are in 

place at the sites where 

residual contamination 

remains, and; conducting long-term monitoring of sites with use 

restrictions.

DOE/NV - 1224 Continued 9

New Developments in the Soils Sub-Project
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Although scheduled for completion by fiscal year 2022, it is likely that some 

Soils Sub-Project sites will be maintained with use restrictions and monitored 

indefinitely. The sub-project team will also continue to provide information to 

the CAB, interested stakeholders, and the State of Nevada.

 

TONOPAH

TEST 

RANGE

NEVADA TEST AND

TRAINING RANGE

NEVADA 

TEST

SITE 

Schooner

Double

Tracks

Cabriolet

Palanquin

Little Feller I

Little Feller II

Danny

Boy Johnnie

Boy

Buggy

North

Yucca Flat

South

Yucca Flat

Smokey Sedan

GMX

Small Boy

Frenchman

Flat

Plutonium Valley

Project 57

Clean

Slate I

Clean

Slate II

Clean

Slate III

Soils Sub-Project sites on 

the NTS and NTTR

Soil Sampling

DOE/NV - 1224 Back to First Page 10
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by Josh Dinsman and Dona Stevens

The Transuranic Waste Sub-Project is gaining momentum to 

achieve completion following the disposition of one-third of 

the remaining legacy drum inventory and after making progress toward repackaging the 58 oversize boxes at the 

Nevada Test Site (NTS).

These accomplishments began with the re-evaluation of 

existing characterization data and performance of additional 

characterization using non-destructive assay on approximately 150 drums of TRU waste. By conducting assay on 

these drums, the presence and amount of radionuclides 

were identified by detecting unique energy signatures using 

specialized equipment. As a result of these activities, 50 

drums were determined to contain low-level and mixed lowlevel waste. The low-level waste was disposed on-site at the 

NTS Area 5 Radioactive Waste Management Site and treatment of the mixed low-level waste is underway at approved 

facilities in Tennessee and Texas. Treatment is required for 

the mixed low-level waste to meet Land Disposal Restrictions in accordance with the NTS Resource Conservation 

and Recovery Act permit issued by the State of Nevada Division of Environmental Protection. Once treatment of the 

mixed low-level waste is complete, it will be returned to the 

NTS and disposed in the Mixed Waste Disposal Unit located 

within the Area 5 Radioactive Waste Management Site.

Concurrent with the above drum characterization and 

disposal activities, a team completed the design modifications for the Visual Examination and Repackaging Building. 

This building will house a self-contained structure where 

workers breathing supplied air and wearing protective suits 

will cut open 58 oversize boxes to sort and repackage radioactive waste contents. Construction modifications are 

underway and completion is expected in November. Once 

complete, workers will practice the process on demonstration boxes and prepare for a rigorous safety evaluation 

which must be passed before actual operations can commence.

An additional safety measure taken is the installation of 

vents in the 58 oversize boxes to release filtered gases. 

These gases are generated by the “break down” or deterioration of TRU elements over time and could cause an explosion when workers cut open the boxes. Since these boxes 

have been stored in the NTS TRU Pad Cover Building for 

more than 20 years, the primary contractor responsible for 

the TRU Sub-Project, National Security Technologies, LLC, 

determined that extra precautions were needed to protect its 

workers. Venting is accomplished by inserting a small filter 

vent into the boxes using a special device that punctures 

and seals the vent in place. 

DOE/NV - 1224 Continued 11

What is Transuranic 

Waste?

Transuranic waste 

contains man-made 

radioactive elements 

heavier than uranium, 

hence the name “trans” 

or “beyond” uranium. 

Transuranic waste that 

contains both radioactive 

and hazardous (as 

defined by the Resource 

Conservation and Recovery Act) components is 

referred to as mixed 

transuranic. Most of the 

transuranic waste managed at the Nevada Test 

Site was generated as 

part of a U.S. nuclear 

weapons research and 

development program at 

Lawrence Livermore 

National Laboratory near 

Oakland, California. This 

legacy waste, which was 

shipped to the Nevada 

Test Site in drums and 

oversize boxes for 

temporary storage 

between 1974 and 1990, 

includes protective 

clothing and miscellaneous equipment 

contaminated with 

transuranic elements. 

A worker prepares to 

vent an oversize box 

using a portable, singleoperator, pneumatic 

driver that inserts a vent 

by penetrating the metal 

of the boxes.

Safely Stepping Toward TRU Completion
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This activity allows any gas that accumulates to safely vent and effectively prevents the 

release of radionuclides. Using equipment available at the NTS, workers have installed vents 

in approximately 80 percent of the oversize boxes and completion of the remaining 12 boxes 

is expected by October.

Taking the extra time needed to ensure the safety of the workers, the public, and the environment is a top priority throughout the entire TRU sub-project. According to Federal TRU SubProject Director Joni Norton, “We are pleased with the progress, but to be absolutely certain 

that all safety measures are in place, we have decided to extend the Sub-Project completion 

date to September 30, 2008.” As the Sub-Project gets closer to reaching its objective of 

disposing all NTS legacy TRU waste, regular progress updates will be provided. Next up will 

be the results of the safety evaluation and details on the commencement of characterization.

DOE/NV - 1224 Back to First Page 12
Radioactive Waste

Management Complex

Sedan Crater

Railroad Bridge

Apple II House

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 October 23, 2007 

November 20, 2007 

December 20, 2007

January 29, 2008

February 26, 2008

March 20, 2008

April 17, 2008

Nevada Test Site Public Tour Schedule

For a complete listing of tour dates, go to: http://www.nv.doe.gov/nts/tours.htm. Tour 

participants will visit historic nuclear test locations, such as Sedan Crater, as well as 

observe areas where work activities are currently taking place, like the Radioactive 

Waste Management Complex. The tour covers approximately 250 miles. Call (702) 

295-0944 for more information.

DOE/NV - 1224 Back to First Page 13
DOE/NV--1197

EM Update Spring 2007 EM UPDATE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

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DOE/NV - 1224 Back to First Page 14

To join the the Environmental Management 

mailing list and receive electronic news 

regarding activities, please e-mail us at:

envmgt@nv.doe.gov

You can also request specific information on activities 

including the Community Advisory Board, by 

sending your name, address, and phone number to 

envmgt@nv.doe.gov 
DOE/NV--1197

EM Update Spring 2007

Questions should be directed to:

Office of Public Affairs

702-295-3521

U.S. Department of Energy

National Nuclear Security Administration

Nevada Site Office

Office of Environmental Management

P.O. Box 98518

Las Vegas, NV 89193-8518

EM Update is published by:

Office of Environmental Management

Nevada Site Office

Editor:

Carla Sanda

Layout:

Craig Jordan

EM UPDATE

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DOE/NV - 1224 Back to First Page 15