*Honorable Joseph A. DiClerico, Jr., of the District of New

Hampshire, sitting by designation.

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United States Court of Appeals

For the First Circuit

No. 00-1640

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff, Appellee,

v.

ROBERT J. ROWE,

Defendant, Appellant.

APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS

[Hon. William G. Young, U.S. District Judge] 

Before

 Boudin, Chief Judge,

Lynch, Circuit Judge,

and DiClerico*, District Judge.

Stephen Hrones for appellant.

Mark J. Balthazard, Assistant United States Attorney, with whom

James B. Farmer, United States Attorney, was on brief for appellee.

October 18, 2001
1Additional background information appears in Rowe I and Rowe II.

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DICLERICO, District Judge. The appellant, Robert Rowe,

brings a third appeal from his conviction and sentence for bankruptcy

fraud. See United States v. Rowe, 144 F.3d 15 (1st Cir. 1998) (“Rowe

I”); United States v. Rowe, 202 F.3d 37 (1st Cir. 2000) (“Rowe II”).

In the present appeal, Rowe contends that the district court erred in

imposing a $10,000 fine and in ruling that the mandate in Rowe II

precluded consideration of Rowe’s motion to dismiss Count II of the

indictment. For the reasons that follow, we affirm the decisions of

the district court.

Background1

Rowe filed a personal bankruptcy petition under chapter 7 of

the Bankruptcy Code in September of 1992. As part of his bankruptcy

proceeding, Rowe was obligated to file bankruptcy schedules listing

specified assets. When asked in Schedule A to provide a description of

real property in which he had an interest, Rowe answered “NONE,”

although he then owned, with his ex-wife, a house in Nahant,

Massachusetts. In Schedule J, pertaining to current expenditures, Rowe

listed one rent payment but omitted another.

In May of 1996, Rowe was indicted on three charges of

bankruptcy fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C.A. § 152. Following an

eleven-day trial, he was acquitted on Count I but was convicted on

Counts II and III, which charged him with making false statements in
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his bankruptcy schedules. He was sentenced to serve thirty-three

months in prison and to pay a $100 special assessment. Neither

restitution nor a fine was imposed. The sentence was stayed pending

appeal. 

On appeal, Rowe argued that the district court mishandled

incidents involving two jurors. He also argued that the district court

erred in not granting his motion for judgment of acquittal on Count

III, in calculating the intended loss from his fraud, in imposing

upward adjustments to his offense level, and in failing to put a

juror’s post-verdict communication in the record. We affirmed Rowe’s

conviction on Count II, reversed his conviction on Count III, vacated

his sentence, and remanded for resentencing. See Rowe I, 144 F.3d at

23-24.

Before the resentencing proceeding was held, the United

States Attorney’s Office filed an ethical complaint with the

Massachusetts Board of Bar Overseers against Rowe’s counsel. The

district court continued the resentencing proceeding while Rowe’s

counsel responded to the complaint. After the complaint was dismissed,

Rowe’s counsel argued that the complaint was brought in retaliation for

his charges that a government agent had given perjured testimony at

Rowe’s trial. Rowe asked for an evidentiary hearing on his allegations

of government misconduct. The district court denied his request for a

hearing.
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Resentencing occurred on November 12, 1998. Rowe was

sentenced to eighteen months in prison and twenty-four months of

supervised release. The court also imposed a $50 special assessment

and a fine of $10,000. See Rowe II, 202 F.3d at 39-40.

Rowe again appealed, arguing that the district court erred

in refusing to hold an evidentiary hearing on the issue of governmental

misconduct, in determining the intended loss from his criminal conduct,

and in increasing his base offense level for violating a judicial

order or process and obstructing justice. He also contended that the

fine imposed was vindictive. We affirmed the district court’s

decisions not to hold an evidentiary hearing and to increase the base

offense level based on a finding that Rowe violated a judicial order or

process. We concluded, however, that the district court erred in

determining the amount of Rowe’s intended loss and in imposing an

obstruction of justice enhancement based on Rowe’s testimony about his

property interests. We did not address the question of the fine,

noting that Rowe would have to be resentenced in any case, and we urged

the district court to consider Rowe’s arguments about the fine at that

time. See Rowe II, 202 F.3d at 42, 43-44.

Rowe’s sentence was vacated, and the case was remanded for

further proceedings before a newly-assigned judge. On remand from Rowe

II, Rowe filed a motion to dismiss Count II of the indictment,

asserting that our decision in Rowe II, reversing the district court’s
2The presentence report was prepared on April 2, 1997, before the

original sentencing, held on May 16, 1997. The probation department

supplemented the report, before the May 16 sentencing proceeding, with

an addendum containing information based on an interview with the

bankruptcy judge and responding to the government’s objections. A

supplemental addendum responded to the defendant’s objections, which

were submitted on May 8, 1997. The record indicates no further

revisions or addenda to the report, which was subsequently used as the

basis for resentencing before Judge Keeton on November 12, 1998, and

again before Judge Young, on April 20, 2000.

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valuation of the intended loss in Count II, constituted a ruling that

the property was worthless, thereby negating any intent to defraud.

During argument on the motion, the district court construed the motion

as one for a new trial. At the close of the hearing, the district

court denied the motion on the ground that the mandate from Rowe II did

not permit consideration of the issue raised.

The third sentencing was held on April 20, 2000. Rowe was

sentenced to five years of probation, a fine of $10,000, and a special

assessment of $50. The court adopted the factual findings and

guideline application contained in the presentence report in its

statement of reasons for the sentence.2 Rowe did not object to any part

of the sentence.

Discussion

Rowe raises two issues on appeal. He argues that the court

erred in imposing a fine of $10,000 in the absence of evidence that he

was able to pay such a fine. He also argues that the district court

erred in not considering his motion to dismiss. A. Fine
3Neither did Rowe object to the $10,000 fine imposed at the second

sentencing proceeding, following Rowe I.

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Rowe did not object below to the imposition of the $10,000

fine by Judge Young but first raised his objection to the fine in this

appeal.3 As a result, the district court’s decision is reviewable only

for plain error. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b); see also United States v.

Peppe, 80 F.3d 19, 22 (1st Cir. 1996). “Review for plain error

requires four showings: (1) that there was error; (2) that it was

plain; (3) that the error affected substantial rights; and (4) that the

error affected the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial

proceedings.” United States v. Terry, 240 F.3d 65, 73 (1st Cir. 2001)

(quotation marks omitted). 

“Deviation from a rule is ‘error’ unless the rule has been

waived.” United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 732-33 (1993). Rowe

argues that the district court, in imposing the fine, failed to provide

factual findings in support of the fine, as required by Federal Rule of

Criminal Procedure 32(c)(1), 18 U.S.C.A. § 3572(a), and United States

Sentencing Guidelines (“U.S.S.G.”) § 5E1.2. Rowe also contends that

the district court erred because no fine was imposed as part of his

first sentence and the government presented no additional evidence at

the subsequent sentencings to show that he was able to pay a fine. 

A presumption exists that a fine will be imposed as part of

a sentence, and the defendant bears the burden of showing that an
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exception should be made in his case. See U.S.S.G. § 5E1.2(a); United

States v. Merric, 166 F.3d 406, 408 (1st Cir. 1999). To meet his

burden, a defendant must establish that it is more likely than not that

he is both unable to pay a fine and will not be able to pay in the

future. See United States v. Kadonsky, 242 F.3d 516, 520 (3d Cir.

2001). A defendant may rely on the information provided in the

presentence report or he may make an independent evidentiary showing.

See id. A present lack of assets or even a negative net worth will not

preclude imposition of a fine unless a defendant also demonstrates that

he lacks the ability to earn and to pay a fine in the future. See

Peppe, 80 F.3d at 23. 

“When imposing a fine and its conditions, a district court

must consider, inter alia, ‘any evidence presented as to the

defendant’s ability to pay the fine (including the ability to pay over

a period of time) in light of his earning capacity and financial

resources’ and ‘the burden that the fine places on the defendant and

his dependents relative to alternative punishments.’” Peppe, 80 F.3d

at 22 (quoting U.S.S.G. § 5E1.2(d) and citing 18 U.S.C.A. § 3572(a)).

Express findings about a defendant’s financial condition are not

necessary to support the imposition of a fine if the record is

sufficient to permit appellate review. See Merric, 166 F.3d at 408.

As long as the record evidence supports a fine, the district court is
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presumed to have considered the applicable statutory criteria. See

United States v. Saxena, 229 F.3d 1, 11 (1st Cir. 2000).

Following Rowe II, Judge Young, in the third sentencing

proceeding, adopted the presentence report in support of his decision

to impose a $10,000 fine. Although the report was three years old and

had not been revised or updated since May of 1997, Rowe did not object

or indicate that the information was out of date. The report

establishes that Rowe is college educated, that he has a strong work

ethic, having been employed for most of his adult life doing

residential and general contracting, construction and home design, and

that he is in good health. He has usually held managerial or ownership

roles in his undertakings, and he also possesses a real estate sales

license that requires him to work under the authority of a broker. 

His wife worked as a professional dance teacher until she was

injured and has worked as a nanny since that time. Rowe has two

daughters by his first marriage, one of whom was in college on a

scholarship in 1997. His second wife has a daughter who was sixteen

years old in 1997. The report shows that Rowe had a negative net worth

and negative monthly cash flow. 

The only additional potentially relevant information

presented was the statement made by Rowe’s counsel at the resentencing
4Rowe’s lack of attention to the issue of his ability to pay a

fine, despite this court’s mandate to the district court to consider

his arguments on the fine issue, along with his counsel’s explanation

at oral argument that they concentrated their efforts on avoiding a

prison sentence rather than on avoiding a fine, suggest waiver. See

Olano, 507 U.S. at 733. Since we conclude that no error occurred,

however, we do not reach the issue of waiver. 

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proceeding, which was made in the context of arguing against a prison

sentence.4 Counsel argued:

 Bob Rowe has already suffered tremendously as

a result of this matter. He’s been unemployed

for a substantial period of time. He’s in debt

now since his bankruptcy up to $110,000. He’s

now working on, he just got a job on a commission

basis, but he’s seeing nothing out of that. He

has two kids in college. His wife is here. And

friends. 

 Your Honor, this is not a case that calls for

incarceration in any way, your Honor.

United States v. Rowe, No. 96-10150-WGY, transcript, Apr. 20, 2000, at

36. Rowe presented no evidence in support of his counsel’s argument.

To the extent counsel’s proffer is credited, it adds very

little to the financial picture presented in the presentence report.

The record demonstrates that Rowe had a negative net worth but that he

also had the ability to work and, in fact, was working. Although his

commission job was not then producing income, it was reasonable to

expect Rowe would earn money and would be able to pay a fine. 

The record also demonstrates that the district court

considered Rowe’s financial condition. Judge Young stated that he knew
5Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 32(c)(1) does not apply in

these circumstances where Rowe has not shown that there were unresolved

objections to pertinent sections of the presentence report. See United

States v. Sawyer, 239 F.3d 31, 46 (1st Cir. 2001).

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Rowe had debts and realized that a fine would not be paid unless Rowe

was able to pay. Judge Young’s decision to waive interest on the fine

is a further indication that he considered the evidence of record

pertaining to Rowe’s financial condition. See Peppe, 80 F.3d at 22-23.

We conclude that the record supports the district court’s determination

that Rowe had the capability to pay the fine imposed.5

Rowe also argues that because Judge Keeton decided not to

impose a fine as part of his first sentence, and because the government

did not challenge that decision, his indigence was established for the

subsequent two sentencings. Explicit findings pertinent to sentencing,

which are “unchallenged in a subsequent appeal despite the existence of

ample opportunity to do so, become[] law of the case for future stages

of the same litigation.” United States v. Bell, 988 F.2d 247, 250 (1st

Cir. 1993); accord United States v. Ticcharelli, 171 F.3d 24, 28 (1st

Cir. 1999). Rowe’s characterization of Judge Keeton’s decision not to

impose a fine as tantamount to a finding of indigence misconstrues the

decision. 

In the course of the first sentencing proceeding, Judge

Keeton said that the record indicated that Rowe’s bankruptcy proceeding

would be reopened and that Rowe’s debts would be determined to be
6The district court did not quantify the anticipated debts or give

any indication of when such debts might accrue. Since the issue is not

before us, we express no opinion as to the propriety of the district

court’s decision.

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nondischargeable. Judge Keeton concluded that a fine would be

inappropriate because Rowe’s resources were likely to be insufficient

to pay both a fine and his anticipated nondischargeable debts, which

the court determined should be given priority.6 Judge Keeton did not

find that Rowe was indigent, as Rowe now argues, nor did he find that

Rowe would be unable to pay a fine in the future. Instead, as a matter

of policy, he gave priority to Rowe’s anticipated bankruptcy debts.

See Rowe I, 144 F.3d at 23. 

Judge Keeton’s second sentence was later vacated, and the

case was again remanded for resentencing before a newly assigned judge.

In a multi-count case based on the same course of conduct, after

convictions on one or more counts have been reversed and the sentence

has been vacated, the district court on remand is authorized, within

statutory and constitutional limits, to re-evaluate and reconstruct the

sentence. See United States v. Blasini-Lluberas, 169 F.3d 57, 68 (1st

Cir. 1999) (citing United States v. Pimienta-Redondo, 874 F.2d 9, 14

(1st Cir. 1989)); see also United States v. Rodriguez, 112 F.3d 26, 30

(1st Cir. 1997). The new sentence, in the aggregate, may be more

severe than the original sentence, as long as it is not vindictive.

See North Carolina v. Pearce, 395 U.S. 711, 726 (1969); see also
7The record from the second sentencing proceeding includes no

information about reopening the bankruptcy proceeding, and Judge Keeton

did not reiterate his previous intent to give priority to Rowe’s

nondischarged bankruptcy debts. 

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Alabama v. Smith, 490 U.S. 794, 795 (1989). In addition, the court may

impose a fine, although no fine, or a smaller fine, was imposed in the

original sentence. See, e.g., United States v. Versaglio, 85 F.3d 943,

948-49, modified on other grounds, 96 F.3d 637 (2d Cir. 1996); United

States v. Young, 932 F.2d 1035, 1037-38 (2d Cir. 1991).

On the second remand, Judge Keeton imposed a fine of $10,000,

stating that the record did not show that Rowe was incapable of paying

a fine.7 Rowe failed to object to the fine during the second sentencing

proceeding, but later, on appeal, he challenged the fine as vindictive.

Rowe did not pursue the issue of vindictiveness during the third

sentencing proceeding before Judge Young, nor has he raised that issue

in this appeal. 

The second sentence was vacated by Rowe II. On remand, Judge

Young resentenced Rowe on Count II as directed in the mandate from Rowe

II. Consonant with Judge Keeton’s finding in the second sentencing

proceeding, Judge Young found that Rowe had the capability to pay a

fine of $10,000. As stated above, Judge Young’s decision to impose a

fine is properly supported by the record in that proceeding.

Therefore, Judge Young did not err in imposing a fine, despite Judge

Keeton’s initial decision not to do so.
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There being no error, plain or otherwise, we need not

consider the remaining factors in the analysis.

B. Motion to Dismiss Count II

Rowe was charged in Count II with bankruptcy fraud for

writing “NONE” in Schedule A, despite his interest in the Nahant

property. Rowe’s defense was that the mortgage and attachments on the

Nahant property, together with his agreement with his ex-wife that she

would get any equity in the house, rendered his interest in the

property worthless. Despite his defense, Rowe was convicted on Count

II. Count II is the only conviction remaining in the case.

Before the third sentencing proceeding, Rowe filed a motion

to dismiss Count II, relying on part of our decision in Rowe II. We

reversed the district court’s determination of the intended loss in

Count II because record evidence of encumbrances on the Nahant

property, which the district court had not considered, “arguably

rendered Rowe’s interest in the property worthless.” Rowe II, 202 F.3d

at 42. Rowe argued in support of his motion to dismiss that Rowe II

established as a matter of law that his interest in the Nahant property

was worthless. He also argued that the evidence at trial was
8Since Rowe did not move for judgment of acquittal on Count II at

the close of the government’s case against him, that issue was lost

unless he could show on appeal that his conviction was “clearly and

grossly unjust.” United States v. Neal, 36 F.3d 1190, 1206-07 (1st

Cir. 1994). However, Rowe did not raise the sufficiency issue in

either of his previous appeals, leaving the unchallenged guilty verdict

as the law of the case. See, e.g., Ticchiarelli, 171 F.3d at 30-31;

Bell, 988 F.2d at 251. Rowe has not shown that his case falls within

the limited flexibility in the application of the law-of-the-case rule.

See Ticcharelli, 171 F.3d at 29; see also United States v. Connell, 6

F.3d 27, 31 (1st Cir. 1993).

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insufficient to convict him on Count II.8 As a result, he contended,

his conviction should be overturned and the charge dismissed.

At the hearing on Rowe’s motion, the district court construed

the motion as one for a new trial. Although mention was made at the

hearing of possible new evidence, the district court did not consider

the effect of such evidence in the context of a motion for a new trial.

Instead, the court denied the motion on the ground that the mandate

from Rowe II directed only that Rowe be resentenced on Count II and did

not permit consideration of the sufficiency of the evidence to support

Rowe’s conviction on Count II.

“The ‘mandate rule’ generally requires that a district court

conform with the remand order from an appellate court.” Ticcharelli,

171 F.3d at 31. In Rowe II, we vacated Rowe’s sentence on Count II and

remanded the case for further proceedings consistent with that opinion.

The mandate from Rowe II was limited to resentencing Rowe on Count II.

Therefore, the district court correctly ruled that the mandate in Rowe

II did not permit consideration of Rowe’s motion to the extent he
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challenged the sufficiency of the evidence to convict him on Count II

based on either the evidence at trial or the ruling in Rowe II. 

 Although the district court raised the question of whether

Rowe’s motion was intended as a motion for a new trial, Judge Young did

not rule on the motion in that context. As a result, the issue of a

motion for a new trial was not resolved by the district court and is

not before this court on appeal.

Affirmed.