II 

118TH CONGRESS 

2D SESSION S. 5629 

To support marine carbon dioxide removal activities, and for other purposes. 

IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES 

DECEMBER 19 (legislative day, DECEMBER 16), 2024 

Mr. SCHATZ introduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred 

to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation 

A BILL 

To support marine carbon dioxide removal activities, and 

for other purposes. 

1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 

3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

4 (a) SHORT TITLE.—This Act may be cited as the 

5 ‘‘Removing and Sequestering Carbon Unleashed in the 

6 Environment and Oceans Act’’ or the ‘‘ReSCUE Oceans 

7 Act’’. 

8 (b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.—The table of contents for 

9 this Act is as follows: 

Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. 

Sec. 2. Definitions. 

Sec. 3. Purposes. 

Sec. 4. Rule of construction. 


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Sec. 5. Research security. 

TITLE I—MATTERS RELATING TO THE NATIONAL OCEANIC AND 

ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION 

Sec. 101. Establishment of program for advancing marine carbon dioxide removal. 

Sec. 102. Monitoring of marine carbon dioxide removal. 

Sec. 103. Research areas for marine carbon dioxide removal. 

Sec. 104. Interagency working group for marine carbon dioxide removal. 

Sec. 105. Biennial report on marine carbon dioxide removal. 

Sec. 106. Authorization of appropriations. 

TITLE II—MATTERS RELATING TO THE NATIONAL SCIENCE 

FOUNDATION 

Sec. 201. Researching marine carbon dioxide removal. 

TITLE III—MATTERS RELATING TO THE NATIONAL 

AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION 

Sec. 301. Measuring marine carbon dioxide removal from space. 

Sec. 302. Authorization of appropriations. 

TITLE IV—MATTERS RELATING TO THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE 

OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY 

Sec. 401. Validating marine carbon dioxide removal. 

Sec. 402. Authorization of appropriations. 

1 SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS. 

2 In this Act: 

3 (1) CARBON REMOVAL CREDIT.—The term 

4 ‘‘carbon removal credit’’ means 1 metric tonne of 

5 carbon dioxide or equivalent (tCOe) that— 

6 (A) is removed through marine carbon di7 oxide removal and durably stored; 

8 (B) is unique, registered, and validated; 

9 and 

10 (C) may be traded on a voluntary carbon 

11 market and retired after purchase. 

12 (2) COASTAL WATERS.—The term ‘‘coastal 

13 waters’’ has the meaning given that term in section 


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1 304 of the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 

2 (16 U.S.C. 1453). 

3 (3) CONTIGUOUS ZONE.—The term ‘‘contiguous 

4 zone’’ has the meaning given that term in section 

5 502 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (33 

6 U.S.C. 1362). 

7 (4) EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE.—The term 

8 ‘‘exclusive economic zone’’ has the meaning given 

9 that term in section 3532 of the Maritime Security 

10 and Fisheries Enforcement Act (16 U.S.C. 8001). 

11 (5) INDIAN.—The term ‘‘Indian’’ has the mean12 ing given that term in section 6151 of the Elemen13 tary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (20 

14 U.S.C. 7491). 

15 (6) INDIAN TRIBAL GOVERNMENT.—The term 

16 ‘‘Indian tribal government’’ means the recognized 

17 governing body of any Indian or Alaska Native tribe, 

18 band, nation, pueblo, village, community, component 

19 band, or component reservation, individually identi20 fied (including parenthetically) in the list published 

21 most recently as of the date of the enactment of this 

22 Act pursuant to section 104 of the Federally Recog23 nized Indian Tribe List Act of 1994 (25 U.S.C. 

24 5131). 


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1 (7) INTERAGENCY WORKING GROUP.—The term 

2 ‘‘interagency working group’’ means the interagency 

3 working group established under section 104. 

4 (8) INTERNAL WATERS.—The term ‘‘internal 

5 waters’’ means the waters shoreward of the baseline 

6 of the territorial seas, which is normally the mean 

7 low water line along the coast of the United States. 

8 (9) MARINE CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL.—The 

9 term ‘‘marine carbon dioxide removal’’ means an in10 tentional intervention in the marine environment 

11 that results in the net removal of carbon dioxide 

12 from the atmosphere as measured on a life-cycle 

13 basis, taking into account all greenhouse gasses 

14 measured in carbon dioxide equivalents. 

15 (10) NATIONAL SEA GRANT COLLEGE PRO16 GRAM.—The term ‘‘national sea grant college pro17 gram’’ means the program maintained under section 

18 204(a) of the National Sea Grant College Program 

19 Act (33 U.S.C. 1123(a)). 

20 (11) NATIVE AMERICAN INDIVIDUAL OR ENTI21 TY.—The term ‘‘Native American individual or enti22 ty’’ means— 

23 (A) an Indian; 

24 (B) a Native Hawaiian; 

25 (C) a Tribal organization; 


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1 (D) the Office of Hawaiian Affairs; or 

2 (E) a Native Hawaiian organization. 

3 (12) NATIVE HAWAIIAN.—The term ‘‘Native 

4 Hawaiian’’ has the meaning given that term in sec5 tion 6207 of the Elementary and Secondary Edu6 cation Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 7517). 

7 (13) NATIVE HAWAIIAN ORGANIZATION.—The 

8 term ‘‘Native Hawaiian organization’’ means a pri9 vate nonprofit organization that— 

10 (A) serves and represents the interests of 

11 Native Hawaiians; 

12 (B) has as its primary and stated purpose 

13 the provision of services to Native Hawaiians; 

14 (C) has Native Hawaiians serving in sub15 stantive policymaking positions; and 

16 (D) is recognized for having expertise in 

17 Native Hawaiian affairs. 

18 (14) OFFICE OF HAWAIIAN AFFAIRS.—The 

19 term ‘‘Office of Hawaiian Affairs’’ has the meaning 

20 given that term in section 6207 of the Elementary 

21 and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 

22 7517). 

23 (15) PROGRAM.—The term ‘‘Program’’ means 

24 the program established and maintained under sec25 tion 101. 


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1 (16) PROTOCOL.—The term ‘‘protocol’’ means a 

2 systematic approach for generating a carbon removal 

3 credit that follows a transparent and thorough 

4 science-based methodology— 

5 (A) for the development of projects to re6 move greenhouse gas emissions or sequester 

7 carbon; and 

8 (B) for demonstrating how to measure, 

9 monitor, report, and verify the removal of 

10 greenhouse gas emissions or carbon sequestra11 tion by projects described in subparagraph (A). 

12 (17) RELEVANT CONGRESSIONAL COMMIT13 TEES.—The term ‘‘relevant congressional commit14 tees’’ means— 

15 (A) the Committee on Commerce, Science, 

16 and Transportation of the Senate; 

17 (B) the Committee on Natural Resources 

18 of the House of Representatives; and 

19 (C) the Committee on Science, Space, and 

20 Technology of the House of Representatives. 

21 (18) SECRETARY.—The term ‘‘Secretary’’ 

22 means the Secretary of Commerce. 

23 (19) STANDARD.—The term ‘‘standard’’ means 

24 a broad principle or set of criteria established to en25 sure the credibility and integrity of a carbon removal 


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1 credit or marine carbon dioxide removal by providing 

2 guidance on measurement, monitoring, reporting, 

3 and verification of greenhouse gas removals. 

4 (20) STATE.—The term ‘‘State’’ means any of 

5 the several States of the United States, the District 

6 of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the 

7 United States Virgin Islands, American Samoa, 

8 Guam, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mar9 iana Islands. 

10 (21) TERRITORIAL SEAS.—The term ‘‘terri11 torial seas’’ has the meaning given that term in sec12 tion 502 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act 

13 (33 U.S.C. 1362). 

14 (22) TRIBAL ORGANIZATION.—The term ‘‘Trib15 al organization’’ has the meaning given that term in 

16 section 4 of the Indian Self-Determination and Edu17 cation Assistance Act (25 U.S.C. 5304). 

18 (23) VOLUNTARY CARBON MARKET .—The term 

19 ‘‘voluntary carbon market’’ means a voluntary mar20 ket through which carbon removal credits may be 

21 bought or sold. 

22 SEC. 3. PURPOSES. 

23 The purposes of this Act are— 


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1 (1) to support research, development, and field 

2 trials of safe and responsible marine carbon dioxide 

3 removal; 

4 (2) to ensure robust monitoring and protection 

5 of coastal and marine ecosystems; and 

6 (3) to coordinate Federal actions on marine 

7 carbon dioxide removal. 

8 SEC. 4. RULE OF CONSTRUCTION. 

9 Nothing in this Act shall be construed in derogation 

10 of applicable law regulating or restricting the use of the 

11 contiguous zone, the territorial seas, the exclusive eco12 nomic zone of the United States, or coastal waters other 

13 than internal waters. 

14 SEC. 5. RESEARCH SECURITY. 

15 The activities authorized under this Act shall be car16 ried out in a manner consistent with subtitle D of title 

17 VI of the Research and Development, Competition, and 

18 Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 19231 et seq.). 


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1 TITLE I—MATTERS RELATING 

2 TO THE NATIONAL OCEANIC 

3 AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINIS4 TRATION 

5 SEC. 101. ESTABLISHMENT OF PROGRAM FOR ADVANCING 

6 MARINE CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL. 

7 (a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary, through the Na8 tional Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and in 

9 consultation with the interagency working group, shall es10 tablish, not later than 90 days after the date of the enact11 ment of this Act, and maintain a program to support and 

12 conduct activities to advance the science and under13 standing of marine carbon dioxide removal consistent with 

14 the objectives and focal areas described in subsection (b). 

15 (b) OBJECTIVES AND FOCAL AREAS.— 

16 (1) OBJECTIVES.—In carrying out the Pro17 gram, the Secretary shall seek to— 

18 (A) generate, through research, develop19 ment, and field trials, the necessary knowledge, 

20 theoretical basis, and empirical evidence to 

21 evaluate— 

22 (i) the efficacy of marine carbon diox23 ide removal, including measurability, dura24 bility, magnitude, and additionality; 


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1 (ii) environmental and ecosystem re2 sponses to marine carbon dioxide removal; 

3 and 

4 (iii) the social and economic impacts, 

5 including on public health and safety, of 

6 marine carbon dioxide removal to adjacent 

7 and associated coastal communities; and 

8 (B) apply the knowledge described in sub9 paragraph (A) to— 

10 (i) develop best practices for how ma11 rine carbon dioxide removal efficacy is 

12 measured, monitored, reported, and 

13 verified; 

14 (ii) establish a methodology for defin15 ing actionable thresholds of environmental 

16 and ecosystem impacts for the deployment 

17 of marine carbon dioxide removal; 

18 (iii) evaluate and recommend marine 

19 carbon dioxide removal approaches that 

20 could be safe and effective for larger-scale 

21 deployment for climate mitigation, consid22 ering potential positive and negative cli23 mate, environmental, and social outcomes; 

24 (iv) evaluate the sustainability of ma25 rine carbon dioxide removal approaches, inVerDate Sep 11 2014 21:42 Jan 29, 2025 Jkt 059200 PO 00000 Frm 00010 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\S5629.IS S5629

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1 cluding resource requirements, life-cycle ef2 ficiency of net carbon removal on a carbon 

3 dioxide equivalent basis, scalability, and 

4 potential for cost reductions; 

5 (v) analyze viable commercialization 

6 pathways and requisite enabling conditions 

7 for safe and effective marine carbon diox8 ide removal; and 

9 (vi) as necessary or appropriate, sup10 port the implementation of this Act. 

11 (2) FOCAL AREAS.—In carrying out the Pro12 gram, the Secretary shall support and conduct ac13 tivities to advance the science and understanding 

14 of— 

15 (A) ocean alkalinity enhancement; 

16 (B) electrochemical engineering ap17 proaches; 

18 (C) macroalgae cultivation; 

19 (D) nutrient fertilization; 

20 (E) artificial upwelling and downwelling; 

21 (F) coastal marine ecosystems as a natural 

22 climate solution; and 

23 (G) other marine carbon dioxide removal 

24 approaches as the Secretary considers appro25 priate. 


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1 (c) GRANTS.— 

2 (1) IN GENERAL.—In carrying out the Pro3 gram, the Secretary shall award grants, on a com4 petitive basis, to fund research in accordance with 

5 the objectives described in subsection (b)(1) and the 

6 Federal research plan described in section 104. 

7 (2) CODE OF CONDUCT.—The Secretary shall 

8 require grantees under this subsection conducting 

9 activities in the field to abide by the code of conduct 

10 established under section 104. 

11 (3) FUNDING FOR ENGAGEMENT AND CON12 SULTATION.— 

13 (A) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided in 

14 subparagraph (B), not more than 15 percent of 

15 the value of any grant awarded under this sub16 section may be expended in support of engage17 ment and consultation activities. 

18 (B) EXCEPTION.—The limitation described 

19 in subparagraph (A) shall not apply to any 

20 grant awarded for a proposal the primary focus 

21 of which is the study of outreach, engagement, 

22 or social science. 

23 (d) ADDITIONAL AUTHORITY.—The Secretary may 

24 enter into contracts, public-private partnerships, cooperaVerDate Sep 11 2014 21:42 Jan 29, 2025 Jkt 059200 PO 00000 Frm 00012 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\S5629.IS S5629

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1 tive agreements, or other financial agreements in further2 ance of this Act. 

3 (e) DATA MANAGEMENT.— 

4 (1) STRATEGIES.—The Secretary, in coopera5 tion with such partners as the Secretary considers 

6 relevant, shall develop and implement data manage7 ment strategies to ensure all non-proprietary data 

8 collected pursuant to this Act are— 

9 (A) properly stewarded for the long-term; 

10 and 

11 (B) findable, accessible, interoperable, and 

12 reusable. 

13 (2) IMPLEMENTATION; PRESERVATION AND

14 CURATION.—The Secretary shall— 

15 (A) ensure management of data collected 

16 under this Act is implemented in accordance 

17 with— 

18 (i) chapter 35 of title 44, United 

19 States Code; and 

20 (ii) the Foundations for Evidence21 Based Policymaking Act of 2018 (Public 

22 Law 115–435; 132 Stat. 5529) and the 

23 amendments made by that Act; and 

24 (B) preserve and curate such data in ac25 cordance with chapter 31 of title 44, United 


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1 States Code (commonly known as the ‘‘Federal 

2 Records Act of 1950’’), in order to maximize 

3 use of such data. 

4 (f) INTERNATIONAL COORDINATION.—In carrying 

5 out this section, the Secretary shall coordinate with the 

6 Secretary of State and appropriate international entities. 

7 SEC. 102. MONITORING OF MARINE CARBON DIOXIDE RE8 MOVAL. 

9 (a) IN GENERAL.—For field activities conducted as 

10 part of the Program, the Secretary shall, as practicable, 

11 provide or otherwise develop the instrumentation, infra12 structure, and personnel for efficient and rigorous moni13 toring to— 

14 (1) understand and minimize negative eco15 system, community, and economic impacts related to 

16 marine carbon dioxide removal; and 

17 (2) maximize co-benefits of marine carbon diox18 ide removal for communities and ecosystems. 

19 (b) MONITORING GOALS.—In carrying out subsection 

20 (a), the Secretary shall— 

21 (1) use monitoring assets to achieve the objec22 tives described in section 101(b)(1); 

23 (2) support compliance with applicable environ24 mental law; 


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1 (3) support rigorous, science-based approaches 

2 for the research, development, and trialing of tech3 nologies for marine carbon dioxide removal; 

4 (4) develop and improve technologies for moni5 toring, modeling, analyzing, remediating, or miti6 gating impacts from marine carbon dioxide removal; 

7 (5) study ecosystem responses to marine carbon 

8 dioxide removal technology; and 

9 (6) collect data to inform the development of 

10 uniform standards and protocols for marine carbon 

11 dioxide removal, including— 

12 (A) the amount of carbon dioxide removed 

13 from the ocean and the atmosphere attributable 

14 to marine carbon dioxide removal; 

15 (B) the duration of carbon sequestration 

16 and risk of reversal of sequestration, as applica17 ble; 

18 (C) for marine carbon dioxide removal 

19 technologies that rely on an energy source, the 

20 amount of energy consumed by the technology; 

21 and 

22 (D) other metrics the Secretary considers 

23 necessary or advisable. 

24 (c) TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE.—To support the devel25 opment of reliable, fair, and efficient voluntary carbon 


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1 markets and best practices, the Secretary, in consultation 

2 with the Secretary of the Treasury and the Secretary of 

3 Energy, may provide technical assistance to promote con4 sistency, reliability, effectiveness, efficiency, and trans5 parency, including through protocol documents and details 

6 relating to— 

7 (1) calculations; 

8 (2) sampling methodologies; 

9 (3) accounting principles; 

10 (4) systems for measurement, monitoring, re11 porting, and verification; and 

12 (5) methods to account for additionality, dura13 bility and duration of carbon storage, leakage, and, 

14 as appropriate, avoidance of double counting. 

15 (d) PUBLIC-PRIVATE-ACADEMIC PARTNERSHIPS.— 

16 The Secretary may examine and develop models for public17 private-academic partnerships to efficiently monitor ma18 rine carbon dioxide removal, including with respect to— 

19 (1) data sharing and standardization; 

20 (2) cost sharing; 

21 (3) in-kind contributions; and 

22 (4) contracts and grants for third-party moni23 toring activities. 


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1 (e) CONTRACTS.—In carrying out this section, the 

2 Secretary may enter into contracts the Secretary considers 

3 necessary or advisable. 

4 (f) UNLIMITED RIGHT DATA.— 

5 (1) IN GENERAL.—Subject to contracts pro6 tecting confidential proprietary data, the Secretary 

7 shall make monitoring data collected, and protocols 

8 created, under this section available to the public at 

9 no cost and with no restrictions on copying, pub10 lishing, distributing, citing, adapting, or otherwise 

11 using such data or protocols. 

12 (2) LIMITATION.—The Secretary may enter 

13 into cooperative research and development agree14 ments that restrict data sharing and ensure protec15 tion of intellectual property for such users of re16 search areas designated or established under section 

17 103 as the Secretary considers appropriate. 

18 SEC. 103. RESEARCH AREAS FOR MARINE CARBON DIOXIDE 

19 REMOVAL. 

20 (a) IN GENERAL.—In carrying out the Program, the 

21 Secretary may— 

22 (1) designate federally administered oceanic, 

23 coastal, estuarine, riverine, or terrestrial areas for 

24 research related to one or more marine carbon diox25 ide removal approaches; or 


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1 (2) award grants to eligible entities to establish 

2 such areas for such research. 

3 (b) PURPOSE.—The purpose of the research areas 

4 designated or established under this section shall be to en5 able— 

6 (1) the basic and applied science needed to 

7 achieve the objectives described in section 101(b)(1), 

8 including through— 

9 (A) bench-scale, mesocosm, and wet lab ex10 periments; and 

11 (B) field trials, other field research, and 

12 demonstration projects; 

13 (2) coordinated permitting and compliance with 

14 applicable environmental law, engagement and con15 sultation with relevant stakeholders, and risk mitiga16 tion; 

17 (3) sensing networks that can reliably return 

18 accurate observations across a wide field of variables 

19 in support of the monitoring goals set forth in sec20 tion 102(b); 

21 (4) a community of practice among Federal and 

22 non-Federal researchers, entrepreneurs, and other 

23 stakeholders; 

24 (5) the incubation or acceleration of businesses 

25 that can safely deploy— 


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1 (A) marine carbon dioxide removal; or 

2 (B) technologies to measure, monitor, re3 port, or verify approaches; and 

4 (6) long-term community engagement and par5 ticipation in marine carbon dioxide removal activi6 ties. 

7 (c) INVENTORY.—Not later than 180 days after the 

8 date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall— 

9 (1) conduct an inventory of existing Federal fa10 cilities and oceanic, coastal, estuarine, riverine, or 

11 terrestrial areas that may be suitable for designation 

12 as federally administered research areas under this 

13 section; 

14 (2) submit the inventory to the interagency 

15 working group for review; 

16 (3) following submittal of the inventory under 

17 paragraph (2), publish the inventory to the Federal 

18 Register for public comment; and 

19 (4) use such public comments to inform the se20 lection of research areas. 

21 (d) GRANTS.— 

22 (1) ELIGIBLE ENTITIES.—For purposes of 

23 grants under this section, an eligible entity is any of 

24 the following: 


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1 (A) A National Laboratory (as defined in 

2 section 2 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 

3 U.S.C. 15801)). 

4 (B) An institution of higher education (as 

5 defined in section 101 of the Higher Education 

6 Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1001)). 

7 (C) A State, local, or Indian tribal govern8 ment. 

9 (D) Any other private or public entity. 

10 (E) A consortium of entities described in 

11 any of subparagraphs (A) through (D). 

12 (2) APPLICATIONS.—An eligible entity seeking 

13 a grant under this section shall submit to the Sec14 retary an application at such time, in such manner, 

15 and containing such information as the Secretary 

16 may require. 

17 (3) PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENT.—In award18 ing grants under this section, the Secretary shall 

19 seek to leverage private sector investment, to the ex20 tent possible. 

21 (e) SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT.— 

22 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall assess 

23 the suitability of each research area under consider24 ation for designation or establishment under this 

25 section. 


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1 (2) DATA; TOOLS; CONSIDERATIONS.—In car2 rying out paragraph (1), the Secretary— 

3 (A) shall use relevant scientific, social, and 

4 economic data, including baseline environmental 

5 data and any assessments of baseline environ6 mental data; and 

7 (B) may— 

8 (i) develop and employ marine spatial 

9 planning tools; and 

10 (ii) consider non-contiguous areas that 

11 are proximate to one another and con12 nected by ecological or oceanographic fac13 tors. 

14 (3) FACTORS.—In carrying out paragraph (1), 

15 the Secretary may assess the following: 

16 (A) Matters relating to oceanographic and 

17 ecological characteristics, including— 

18 (i) proximity and access to geologic 

19 storage formations; 

20 (ii) impacts to coastal and marine eco21 systems, biodiversity, protected species, 

22 and the habitat of such species; 

23 (iii) proximity and impacts to existing 

24 protected areas, such as marine monu25 ments and sanctuaries; and 


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1 (iv) bathymetry, ocean circulation, 

2 and carbon chemistry baselines. 

3 (B) Matters relating to human uses and 

4 communities, including— 

5 (i) current and possible future human 

6 uses of the research area and the areas in 

7 reasonable proximity to the research area; 

8 (ii) availability of existing sensor net9 works, technology, infrastructure, and 

10 land-based facilities; 

11 (iii) where appropriate, potential co12 location with existing infrastructure such 

13 as desalination plants, ships, moorings, 

14 and renewable energy; and 

15 (iv) potential socioeconomic or 

16 sociocultural impacts on adjacent coastal 

17 communities, including Native American 

18 individuals or entities. 

19 (C) Potential downstream impacts beyond 

20 the research area. 

21 (D) Such other factors as the Secretary 

22 considers appropriate, in consultation with— 

23 (i) States or Indian tribal govern24 ments that are in reasonable proximity to 

25 the research area; or 


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1 (ii) the interagency working group. 

2 (f) TERMS AND CONDITIONS.— 

3 (1) IN GENERAL.—For each research area des4 ignated or established under this section, and sub5 ject to subsection (i), the Secretary shall develop 

6 terms and conditions by which all users of the re7 search area shall abide. 

8 (2) ELEMENTS.—At a minimum, the terms and 

9 conditions developed under this subsection shall in10 clude— 

11 (A) a requirement for any user of the re12 search area to abide by the code of conduct es13 tablished under section 104; 

14 (B) stewardship, management, and con15 servation measures that incorporate local and 

16 traditional knowledge, to the greatest extent 

17 practicable; 

18 (C) a requirement for the user to develop 

19 and follow a plan to— 

20 (i) mitigate risks and conflicts regard21 ing local ecological conditions, biological 

22 sensitivities, protected resources, and com23 mercial and human uses; 


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1 (ii) monitor ecosystem responses with2 in, and in reasonable proximity to, the re3 search area; 

4 (iii) address potential environmental 

5 degradation resulting from activities at the 

6 research area; and 

7 (iv) following the expiration of a re8 search area, remove— 

9 (I) the user’s fixtures, fur10 nishings, equipment; and 

11 (II) any improvements made to 

12 the research area; 

13 (D) clear, objective thresholds of environ14 mental harm that require the immediate ces15 sation of a user’s activities at the research area; 

16 (E) the user’s consent for— 

17 (i) remote monitoring of the user’s ac18 tivities and the impacts of those activities 

19 on the environment; and 

20 (ii) regular and unannounced inspec21 tions of the user’s activities by the advisory 

22 board for the research area appointed 

23 under subsection (j); 

24 (F) a requirement that the user will com25 ply with all applicable law and policies; and 


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1 (G) additional terms and conditions as the 

2 Secretary considers necessary or appropriate in 

3 furtherance of this Act. 

4 (g) DURATION.— 

5 (1) IN GENERAL.—The duration of research 

6 areas designated or established under this section 

7 shall be determined as provided in this subsection. 

8 (2) RESEARCH AREAS ADMINISTERED BY A

9 FEDERAL AGENCY.— 

10 (A) REASSESSMENT.—Not less frequently 

11 than once every 5 years, the Secretary shall re12 assess each research area administered by a 

13 Federal agency to ensure that the research area 

14 advances the purpose set forth in subsection 

15 (b), the research area is suitable under sub16 section (e), and users of the research area are 

17 in compliance with applicable terms and condi18 tions developed under subsection (f). 

19 (B) TERMINATION OF ACTIVITIES.—If, 

20 pursuant to a reassessment carried out with re21 spect to a research area under subparagraph 

22 (A), the Secretary finds that the research area 

23 does not advance the purpose set forth in sub24 section (b), the research area is not suitable 

25 under subsection (e), or users of the research 


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1 area are noncompliant with applicable terms 

2 and conditions developed under subsection (f), 

3 the Federal agency administering the research 

4 area shall— 

5 (i) terminate activities at the research 

6 area; and 

7 (ii)(I) close down operations at the re8 search area pursuant to applicable terms 

9 and conditions; or 

10 (II) remediate the research area to 

11 comport with subsections (b), (e), and (f). 

12 (3) RESEARCH AREAS ADMINISTERED BY AN

13 ELIGIBLE ENTITY.— 

14 (A) INITIAL PERIOD.—An eligible entity 

15 administering a research area under this Act 

16 may carry out activities at the research area for 

17 an initial period of 5 years. 

18 (B) REASSESSMENT.—Before the conclu19 sion of an initial period for a research area de20 scribed in subparagraph (A), the Secretary shall 

21 reassess the research area to ensure that the re22 search area advances the purpose set forth in 

23 subsection (b), the research area is suitable 

24 under subsection (e), and users of the research 


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1 are in compliance with applicable terms and 

2 conditions developed under subsection (f). 

3 (C) ADDITIONAL PERIOD.—If, pursuant to 

4 a reassessment carried out with respect to a re5 search area under subparagraph (B), the Sec6 retary finds that the research area advances the 

7 purpose set forth in subsection (b), the research 

8 area is suitable under subsection (e), and users 

9 of the research area are in compliance with ap10 plicable terms and conditions developed under 

11 subsection (f), the Secretary may authorize the 

12 eligible entity administering the research area 

13 to carry out activities at the research area for 

14 a single, additional period of 5 years. 

15 (D) TERMINATION OF ACTIVITIES.—If, 

16 pursuant to a reassessment carried out with re17 spect to a research area under subparagraph 

18 (B), the Secretary finds that the research area 

19 does not advance the purpose set forth in sub20 section (b), the research area is not suitable 

21 under subsection (e), or users of the research 

22 area are noncompliant with applicable terms 

23 and conditions developed under subsection (f), 

24 the eligible entity administering the research 

25 area shall— 


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1 (i) terminate activities at the research 

2 area; and 

3 (ii)(I) close down operations at the re4 search area pursuant to applicable terms 

5 and conditions; or 

6 (II) remediate the research area to 

7 comport with subsections (b), (e), and (f). 

8 (E) REESTABLISHMENT.—In order to 

9 allow for continuity of operations, not later 

10 than 1 year prior to the conclusion of an addi11 tional 5-year period for a research area author12 ized under subparagraph (C), the eligible entity 

13 administering the research area may reapply for 

14 the establishment of the research area under 

15 this section. 

16 (h) COMMUNITY BENEFITS.—For each research area 

17 designated or established under this section, and subject 

18 to subsection (i), the Secretary shall develop, to the extent 

19 possible, opportunities to deliver benefits to communities 

20 with interest in the research area, such as— 

21 (1) community benefit agreements; 

22 (2) workforce development opportunities; 

23 (3) mitigation measures; 

24 (4) public education efforts; and 


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1 (5) other socioeconomic or educational benefit 

2 schemes. 

3 (i) ENGAGEMENT OR CONSULTATION; PARTNER4 SHIPS.—In carrying out subsections (f) and (h), the Sec5 retary— 

6 (1) shall engage or consult, as appropriate, re7 garding the terms and conditions and community 

8 benefits described in such subsections with— 

9 (A) State, local, and Indian tribal govern10 ments with jurisdiction over any part of the re11 search area; 

12 (B) members of communities proximate to 

13 the research area, including relevant rec14 reational and commercial users, academic insti15 tutions, Native American individuals or entities, 

16 and nongovernmental organizations; and 

17 (C) other stakeholders as the Secretary 

18 considers necessary to ensure full and fair en19 gagement with potentially impacted community 

20 members; and 

21 (2) may leverage existing partnerships and as22 sets to support meaningful public participation, in23 cluding— 

24 (A) the national sea grant college program; 

25 (B) Regional Ocean Partnerships; and 


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1 (C) the Regional Collaboration Network. 

2 (j) ADVISORY BOARDS.— 

3 (1) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided in para4 graph (3), the Secretary shall appoint an advisory 

5 board to support oversight of each research area 

6 designated or established under this section, con7 sisting of— 

8 (A) one or more representatives of each 

9 Federal agency participating in activities at the 

10 research area; 

11 (B) one or more representatives of each 

12 State, county, or Indian tribal government adja13 cent to the research area; 

14 (C) one or more members from each com15 munity adjacent to the research area; 

16 (D) one or more representatives of the 

17 users of the research area; and 

18 (E) additional members as the Secretary 

19 considers appropriate. 

20 (2) DUTIES.— 

21 (A) IN GENERAL.—A board appointed 

22 under this subsection shall— 

23 (i) monitor the delivery of community 

24 benefits, compliance with the applicable 

25 terms and conditions, and, as necessary or 


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1 advisable, inspections of activities at the 

2 research area; 

3 (ii) meet regularly with the Secretary 

4 to provide advice and guidance for the 

5 management, conservation, and steward6 ship of the research area; 

7 (iii) provide advice and recommenda8 tions to the Secretary on whether a pro9 posed use or user of the research area 

10 should be allowed; and 

11 (iv) take other actions to support the 

12 safe, effective, orderly, and lawful oper13 ation of the research area at the discretion 

14 of the Secretary. 

15 (B) ADDITIONAL DUTIES.—Upon the re16 quest of a board appointed under this sub17 section, the Secretary may assign additional du18 ties to the board as the Secretary considers ap19 propriate. 

20 (3) SPECIAL RULE FOR REGIONAL OCEAN PART21 NERSHIPS.—At the discretion of the Secretary or 

22 upon the request of a State, local, or Indian tribal 

23 government, the Secretary may request that the Re24 gional Ocean Partnership in which the research area 

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1 graph (2) instead of appointing a board as provided 

2 in paragraph (1). 

3 SEC. 104. INTERAGENCY WORKING GROUP FOR MARINE 

4 CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL. 

5 (a) IN GENERAL.—There is established an inter6 agency working group for marine carbon dioxide removal 

7 under the Subcommittee on Ocean Science and Tech8 nology of the National Science and Technology Council. 

9 (b) MEMBERSHIP.—The interagency working group 

10 shall be composed of one or more representatives from 

11 each of the following: 

12 (1) The Army Corps of Engineers. 

13 (2) The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ad14 ministration. 

15 (3) The National Institute of Standards and 

16 Technology. 

17 (4) The Department of Energy. 

18 (5) The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. 

19 (6) The Bureau of Safety and Environmental 

20 Enforcement. 

21 (7) The United States Fish and Wildlife Serv22 ice. 

23 (8) The United States Geological Survey. 

24 (9) The Department of State. 

25 (10) The Environmental Protection Agency. 


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1 (11) The National Aeronautics and Space Ad2 ministration. 

3 (12) The National Science Foundation. 

4 (13) The Smithsonian Institution. 

5 (14) The Office of Naval Research. 

6 (15) The Department of the Navy. 

7 (16) The Coast Guard. 

8 (17) The Department of Agriculture. 

9 (18) The Council on Environmental Quality. 

10 (19) The Office of Science and Technology Pol11 icy. 

12 (c) CO-CHAIRS.—One or more representatives from 

13 the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

14 and one or more representatives from the Department of 

15 Energy shall serve as co-chairs of the interagency working 

16 group. 

17 (d) MEETINGS.—The interagency working group 

18 shall meet not less frequently than once each year, at the 

19 call of the co-chairs. 

20 (e) DUTIES.—The interagency working group shall— 

21 (1) not later than 90 days after the date of the 

22 enactment of this Act, establish a plan to coordinate 

23 Federal research on marine carbon dioxide removal 

24 in accordance with subsection (f); 


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1 (2) not later than 1 year after the date of the 

2 enactment of this Act— 

3 (A) establish a code of conduct in accord4 ance with subsection (g); and 

5 (B) standardize the implementation of that 

6 code of conduct; 

7 (3) coordinate efforts among Federal agencies 

8 to support compliance with existing law; 

9 (4) support research and development of safe 

10 and effective marine carbon dioxide removal; 

11 (5) coordinate Federal funding opportunities in 

12 a manner that avoids duplication of funding and re13 search efforts and maximizes funding for marine 

14 carbon dioxide removal; 

15 (6) as appropriate, provide recommendations 

16 to— 

17 (A) support the transition from research to 

18 operations of safe and effective marine carbon 

19 dioxide removal; and 

20 (B) integrate marine carbon dioxide re21 moval into voluntary carbon markets; 

22 (7) publish and submit the biennial report re23 quired by section 105; 

24 (8) not later than 90 days after the date on 

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1 ventory submitted under section 103(c), review the 

2 inventory and provide recommendations to the Sec3 retary for the selection of research areas; 

4 (9) ensure the public availability of and public 

5 access to the results of marine carbon dioxide re6 moval research in accordance with subsection (h); 

7 and 

8 (10) take other actions, as the interagency 

9 working group considers necessary, to coordinate 

10 Federal support for safe and effective marine carbon 

11 dioxide removal. 

12 (f) FEDERAL RESEARCH PLAN.— 

13 (1) ADOPTION OF EXISTING PLANS.—In car14 rying out subsection (e)(1), the interagency working 

15 group may adopt one or more research plans pre16 pared by agencies represented on the interagency 

17 working group or through other interagency efforts. 

18 (2) UPDATES.—Not later than 5 years after the 

19 date on which the plan described in subsection (e)(1) 

20 is established, and every 5 years thereafter, the 

21 interagency working group shall update the plan. 

22 (3) REQUIREMENTS.—The plan described in 

23 subsection (e)(1) shall— 

24 (A) prioritize public engagement and eco25 system impacts; and 


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1 (B) further the objectives and focal areas 

2 described in section 101(b). 

3 (g) CODE OF CONDUCT.— 

4 (1) IN GENERAL.—The interagency working 

5 group shall, after publication and an opportunity for 

6 public comment in the Federal Register, establish a 

7 code of conduct for research relating to marine car8 bon dioxide removal (in this subsection referred to 

9 as the ‘‘code of conduct’’). 

10 (2) ADOPTION BY AGENCIES.—The agencies 

11 represented on the interagency working group shall 

12 adopt the code of conduct. 

13 (3) APPLICABILITY.—Each grantee under this 

14 Act conducting activities in the field and each user 

15 of a research area designated or established under 

16 section 103 shall abide by the code of conduct. 

17 (4) MINIMUM SUBSTANTIVE REQUIREMENTS.— 

18 The code of conduct shall, at minimum, require— 

19 (A) open access to research data, findings, 

20 codes of conduct, mitigation plans, and sci21 entific publications arising from the research; 

22 (B) that open-water testing is preceded 

23 and informed by laboratory, mesocosm, and 

24 modeling research; 

25 (C) public disclosure of funding sources; 


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1 (D) educational materials and community 

2 learning opportunities to increase awareness 

3 and literacy of proposed research activities, 

4 findings, risks, uncertainties, potential benefits, 

5 and the distribution of anticipated benefits and 

6 harms; 

7 (E) opportunities for interested stake8 holders to provide input on research design; 

9 (F) where applicable, solicitation and in10 corporation of local and traditional knowledge 

11 into research design and decisions; 

12 (G) reasonable efforts to deconflict re13 search with existing commercial and human 

14 uses; 

15 (H) for each experiment, a mitigation plan 

16 that describes— 

17 (i) potential ecosystem responses; 

18 (ii) potential social outcomes, includ19 ing to health and safety; 

20 (iii) any measures taken to minimize 

21 harm; and 

22 (iv) liability and guidelines for remedi23 ation of adverse impacts, including envi24 ronmental degradation, resulting from re25 search; 


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1 (I) compliance with all applicable domestic 

2 and international laws and policies; and 

3 (J) other requirements or best practices, as 

4 the interagency working group determines nec5 essary, to assess and communicate positive and 

6 negative social and environmental impacts and 

7 uncertainties. 

8 (5) MINIMUM ENGAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS.— 

9 In fulfilling the requirements described in paragraph 

10 (4), grantees and users described in paragraph (3) 

11 shall maximize participation of and consultation 

12 with, at minimum— 

13 (A) State, local, and Indian tribal govern14 ments with jurisdiction over any part of the 

15 area in which field research relating to marine 

16 carbon dioxide removal is conducted; 

17 (B) members of communities proximate to 

18 the area, including relevant recreational and 

19 commercial users, academic institutions, Native 

20 American individuals or entities, and non21 governmental organizations; and 

22 (C) other stakeholders as the head of the 

23 Federal agency providing resources for the 

24 grantee or user considers necessary to ensure 


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1 full and fair engagement with potentially im2 pacted community members. 

3 (6) UPDATES.—Not less frequently than once 

4 each year for the first 5 years following the date of 

5 the enactment of this Act, and once every 5 years 

6 thereafter, the interagency working group shall re7 view, and, as appropriate update, the code of con8 duct to ensure that it remains timely and relevant. 

9 (h) PUBLIC AVAILABILITY AND ACCESS.— 

10 (1) IN GENERAL.—Subject to contracts pro11 tecting confidential proprietary data, the interagency 

12 working group may make research papers and other 

13 results generated under this Act available to the 

14 public at no cost and with no restrictions on copy15 ing, publishing, distributing, citing, adapting, or oth16 erwise using such papers or results. 

17 (2) PORTAL.—Not later than 1 year after the 

18 date of the enactment of this Act, the interagency 

19 working group shall establish a new portal or des20 ignate an existing information portal to ensure, 

21 while protecting sensitive proprietary information, 

22 that data and information on marine carbon dioxide 

23 removal generated under this Act, or by other Fed24 eral programs and relevant stakeholders, is easily, 

25 digitally accessible, including information that would 


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1 be useful to policymakers, researchers, and other 

2 stakeholders for advancing research or evaluating 

3 the deployment of marine carbon dioxide removal. 

4 (i) MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT.—Not later than 

5 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the 

6 members of the interagency working group shall enter into 

7 a memorandum of agreement to implement this Act. 

8 SEC. 105. BIENNIAL REPORT ON MARINE CARBON DIOXIDE 

9 REMOVAL. 

10 (a) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 2 years after the 

11 date of the enactment of this Act, and not less frequently 

12 than once every 2 years thereafter, the interagency work13 ing group shall— 

14 (1) publish a report on marine carbon dioxide 

15 removal carried out pursuant to this Act, in accord16 ance with subsection (c); and 

17 (2) submit the report to the relevant congres18 sional committees. 

19 (b) ELEMENTS.—Each report required by subsection 

20 (a) shall include, for the period covered by the report, the 

21 following: 

22 (1) A description of progress made toward the 

23 objectives described in section 101(b)(1), including— 


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1 (A) findings generated under subparagraph 

2 (A) of such section and the information on 

3 which those findings are based; and 

4 (B) efforts and outcomes related to sub5 paragraph (B) of such section. 

6 (2) A summary of the activities conducted at all 

7 research areas designated or established under sec8 tion 103, including— 

9 (A) the number of entities and personnel 

10 using each research area for marine carbon di11 oxide removal; and 

12 (B) the specific marine carbon dioxide re13 moval approaches studied or deployed. 

14 (3) A summary of key findings from data col15 lection and monitoring, including— 

16 (A) the amount of carbon dioxide removed 

17 from the ocean and the atmosphere, as meas18 ured on a life-cycle basis, by each removal tech19 nology; 

20 (B) whether a particular removal tech21 nology results in net removals of greenhouse 

22 gasses from the atmosphere over its life cycle, 

23 and the duration of sequestration, as applicable; 


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1 (C) for removal technologies that rely on 

2 an energy source, the amount of energy con3 sumed by the technology; and 

4 (D) any other metrics the interagency 

5 working group considers necessary or advisable. 

6 (4) A summary of research findings, knowledge 

7 gaps, and future research priorities. 

8 (5) An assessment of the permitting regime 

9 regulating marine carbon dioxide removal that in10 cludes recommendations for improved efficiency or 

11 coordination, as applicable. 

12 (6) An identification of barriers in resources, 

13 capacity, technology, infrastructure, or expertise to 

14 advancing the science and application of marine car15 bon dioxide removal. 

16 (7) Strategic updates to the objectives described 

17 in section 101(b)(1). 

18 (8) Any additional matters the interagency 

19 working group considers relevant. 

20 (c) PUBLIC AVAILABILITY.—The interagency work21 ing group shall— 

22 (1) publish each report required by subsection 

23 (a) on a publicly accessible website; and 

24 (2) make each such report available to the pub25 lic at no cost and with no restrictions on copying, 


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1 publishing, distributing, citing, adapting, or other2 wise using the report. 

3 SEC. 106. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS. 

4 There are authorized to be appropriated to the Under 

5 Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere to 

6 carry out this title— 

7 (1) $264,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; 

8 (2) $263,200,000 for fiscal year 2026; 

9 (3) $256,400,000 for fiscal year 2027; 

10 (4) $256,200,000 for fiscal year 2028; 

11 (5) $244,400,000 for fiscal year 2029; 

12 (6) $149,200,000 for fiscal year 2030; 

13 (7) $149,200,000 for fiscal year 2031; 

14 (8) $149,200,000 for fiscal year 2032; 

15 (9) $149,200,000 for fiscal year 2033; and 

16 (10) $149,200,000 for fiscal year 2034. 

17 TITLE II—MATTERS RELATING 

18 TO THE NATIONAL SCIENCE 

19 FOUNDATION 

20 SEC. 201. RESEARCHING MARINE CARBON DIOXIDE RE21 MOVAL. 

22 (a) RESEARCH.—The Director of the National 

23 Science Foundation shall award grants to support the 

24 Federal research plan described in section 104, including 

25 research related to— 


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1 (1) the efficacy of marine carbon dioxide re2 moval, including measurability, magnitude of green3 house gas removal, durability, and additionality; 

4 (2) ecosystem responses to and social dimen5 sions of marine carbon dioxide removal; 

6 (3) tools and technologies to support under7 standing and measurement of the efficacy and envi8 ronmental impacts of marine carbon dioxide re9 moval; and 

10 (4) other relevant research areas, as determined 

11 by the Director of the National Science Foundation. 

12 (b) COORDINATION.—In carrying out subsection (a), 

13 the Director of the National Science Foundation shall co14 ordinate with the heads of appropriate Federal agencies, 

15 including the Secretary. 

16 (c) SCIENCE WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT.—The Di17 rector of the National Science Foundation shall leverage, 

18 as appropriate, the existing scientific training, workforce 

19 development programs, and networks of the National 

20 Science Foundation to build and expand scientific capacity 

21 and expertise related to marine carbon dioxide removal. 


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1 TITLE III—MATTERS RELATING 

2 TO THE NATIONAL AERO3 NAUTICS AND SPACE ADMIN4 ISTRATION 

5 SEC. 301. MEASURING MARINE CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL 

6 FROM SPACE. 

7 (a) MARINE CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL ACTIVI8 TIES.—To the extent practicable, the Administrator of the 

9 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (referred 

10 to in this title as the ‘‘Administrator’’) shall ensure that 

11 the capabilities and assets of the National Aeronautics and 

12 Space Administration are used to advance understanding 

13 of the efficacy and impacts of marine carbon dioxide re14 moval and to support the Federal research plan described 

15 in section 104, including by— 

16 (1) leveraging the research portfolio of the Na17 tional Aeronautics and Space Administration; 

18 (2) enhancing the monitoring and modeling pro19 grams of the National Aeronautics and Space Ad20 ministration to incorporate relevant data for marine 

21 carbon dioxide removal; 

22 (3) leveraging and aligning the Mission Direc23 torates of the National Aeronautics and Space Ad24 ministration; and 


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1 (4) carrying out any other relevant activity, as 

2 determined by the Administrator. 

3 (b) COORDINATION AND PROGRAM CONSISTENCY.— 

4 In carrying out the activities described in subsection (a), 

5 the Administrator shall coordinate with the head of any 

6 appropriate Federal agency, including the Under Sec7 retary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere, to ensure 

8 that the research activities of the National Aeronautics 

9 and Space Administration are carried out in cooperation 

10 with the efforts of such agency. 

11 SEC. 302. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS. 

12 There are authorized to be appropriated to Adminis13 trator to carry out this title— 

14 (1) $4,900,000 for fiscal year 2025; 

15 (2) $4,900,000 for fiscal year 2026; 

16 (3) $4,800,000 for fiscal year 2027; 

17 (4) $4,800,000 for fiscal year 2028; 

18 (5) $4,600,000 for fiscal year 2029; 

19 (6) $2,800,000 for fiscal year 2030; 

20 (7) $2,800,000 for fiscal year 2031; 

21 (8) $2,800,000 for fiscal year 2032; 

22 (9) $2,800,000 for fiscal year 2033; and 

23 (10) $2,800,000 for fiscal year 2034. 


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1 TITLE IV—MATTERS RELATING 

2 TO THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE 

3 OF STANDARDS AND TECH4 NOLOGY 

5 SEC. 401. VALIDATING MARINE CARBON DIOXIDE RE6 MOVAL. 

7 (a) MARINE CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL INITIA8 TIVE.—The Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards 

9 and Technology shall carry out an initiative to develop and 

10 standardize benchmark materials, measurements, data, 

11 and models to accelerate innovation in and validate per12 formance of materials and technologies for marine carbon 

13 dioxide removal. 

14 (b) COORDINATION.—In carrying out the activities 

15 described in subsection (a), the Under Secretary of Com16 merce for Standards and Technology shall coordinate with 

17 the heads of such Federal agencies as the Under Secretary 

18 considers appropriate, including the Under Secretary of 

19 Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere. 

20 (c) INTERNATIONAL ENGAGEMENT.—The Under 

21 Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology, in 

22 coordination with the Secretary of State, shall engage 

23 international bodies to promote global adoption of the 

24 standards referred to in subsection (a). 


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1 SEC. 402. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS. 

2 There are authorized to be appropriated to the Under 

3 Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology to 

4 carry out this title— 

5 (1) $11,500,000 for fiscal year 2025; 

6 (2) $11,500,000 for fiscal year 2026; 

7 (3) $11,200,000 for fiscal year 2027; 

8 (4) $11,200,000 for fiscal year 2028; 

9 (5) $10,700,000 for fiscal year 2029; 

10 (6) $6,500,000 for fiscal year 2030; 

11 (7) $6,500,000 for fiscal year 2031; 

12 (8) $6,500,000 for fiscal year 2032; 

13 (9) $6,500,000 for fiscal year 2033; and 

14 (10) $6,500,000 for fiscal year 2034. 

Æ 


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