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Tribal Water Quality 

Accomplishments 

Tribal Water Quality

Accomplishments

Pacific Southwest Region 9

Water Division 

EPA-909-K-06-001 

Table of Contents 

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Water Pollution Control Program 

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Definition of Accomplishments 

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Funding 

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Introduction The reservation’s surface waterbodies consist of 

small seeps,springs,and meandering creeks. The tribuThe Hualapai Reservation encompasses approximately one million acres of land on the southern rim 

of the Grand Canyon in Arizona. It is bordered on 

the north by a section of the Colorado River that 

extends 108 miles, on the south by the lands of the 

State of Arizona, on the east by the Cononino Plateau,and on the west by the Lake Mead National Park. 

There are two satellite areas of the Reservation which 

are noncontiguous to the main body. One of these 

satellite areas is located at the community of Valentine, about fifteen miles west of Peach Springs, and 

the other area is on the Big Sandy River, about fifty 

miles southwest of Peach Springs. Approximately 

2,300 tribal members live on the reservation. 

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based on hunting, gathering, and farming. In recent 

years, the economic base of the Tribe has shifted to 

forestry, recreation, tourism, wildlife, and livestock. 

Most of the business and infrastructure is located in 

Peach Springs, the principal city of the Reservation. 

Since 1995,the tribe has hosted approximately 14,000 

visitors per month every summer at its Grand Canyon West river-raft launching and heliport facilities. 

The tribe operates a river-rafting business that runs 

on sixty miles of the Colorado River, from Diamond 

Creek to Pierce Ferry. 

taries drain three major watersheds — Diamond 

Creek, Spencer Canyon, and Truxton Wash — which 

supply water to the Colorado River. The Colorado 

River contains human waste from numerous rafters 

and power boat vacationers on the river,and the drainage from these tributaries contributes additional sediment and nutrient loadings from flash floods and runoff 

into the river. As a result of all this pollution, the 

Colorado River has become impaired for recreation 

and freshwater habitat use. 

Description of Program 

The tribe’s Water Pollution Control Program 

began in 1991, when it received its first Clean Water 

Act (CWA) Section §106 grant. Using CWA §106 

funds, the tribe developed its first EPA-approved 

Quality Assurance Program Plan (QAPP) and developed and implemented its water quality monitoring 

program. 

The Tribe’s monitoring network currently consists of three U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) streamflow-gauging stations, eleven miscellaneous surfacewater sites, and fifty-two springs. These sites have 

been continually monitored for basic water quality 

parameters, which include pH, total dissolved solids, 

salinity, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, fecal 

coliform, and temperature. In addition, the tributaries on the reservation have been continually monitored to ensure that they are not contributing to further impairment of the Colorado River. 

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 and Environmental Results 

Many of the tribe’s Nonpoint Source (NPS) 

projects are targeted at springs, streams, and seeps 

which were identified as impacted or potentially 

impacted by NPS because they were water sources 

for livestock and wildlife. This livestock and wildlife 

watering resulted in sediment loading of the springs 

and water quality problems caused by bacteria, 

nitrogen, and phosphorus. Through the installation 

of management measures, these impacted waterbodies were either restored or protected from further degradation. The removal of feral animals and 

the construction of reservation boundary fencing to 

exclude their access has significantly improved the 

water quality on the reservation. In addition, the 

removal of sagebrush and the fostering of native 

grasses to reduce erosion and sediment loading have 

also helped to improve the water quality. Coliform 

counts indicate that these improvements have significantly lowered the nutrient and total and fecal 

coliform levels, as well as the ambient temperature 

of the waterbodies. 

The tribe developed its Water Quality Standards 

and Certification Programs under the CWA §303 and 

§401. It also developed its EPA Network Readiness 

grant application and workplan. Funding from this 

grant was used to develop the tribe’s water quality 

database. The system uses Microsoft Access applications for multivariate approaches to looking at data. 

Currently,the system is used for entering and storing 

all water quality data, including all applicable field pictures which will be used to perform water quality 

trend analysis. 

In 1995, the tribe developed its Water Quality 

Assessment Report in accordance with CWA §305(b). 

This report was updated in 2005, and contains monitoring data which indicates significant environmental 

improvement, with respect to use-support. This 

improvement is the result of the implementation of 

the NPS and wetlands restoration projects which 

primarily focused upon feral animal exclusion from 

primary wetland habitats. The data indicates that there 

are decreased levels of fecal coliform, conductivity, 

TDS,and turbidity,and soil erosion and increased wetland vegetation. 

The tribe’sWater QualityAssessment Report also 

indicates that all 170 perennial river and stream miles 

were assessed along with fifty-two springs,representing all of the perennial stream miles on the Reservation and approximately ninety-eight percent of all 

springs. Since the implementation of the NPS and 

wetland projects, these waters now support certain 

types of recreation, wildlife, livestock, and municipal 

and domestic uses. 

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Introduction 

The Navajo Nation encompasses 17,627,262 acres 

and is situated in the Four Corners Region, with the 

Reservation extending into the states ofArizona,New 

Mexico, and Utah. The Navajo Nation has 255,543 

enrolled members with approximately 180,000 

residing on the Reservation. There are approximately 

39,184 miles of streams, mostly intermittent or 

ephemeral, 17,057 acres of lakes and ponds, and five 

major drainage systems: San Juan River, Little Colorado River, Lower Colorado River-Lake Mead,Upper 

Colorado River-Dirty Devil,and Rio Grande-Elephant 

Butte. These five systems are further divided into 

thirty-three watersheds. Other water resources on 

the Navajo Nation include groundwater (five major 

hydrologic basins), wetlands, springs, and seepages. 

Surface water on the Navajo Nation historically 

served as the primary source of potable water. 

Today, potable water comes primarily from groundwater sources. Currently, surface water is used as a 

dependable water source for farming and livestock 

production and plays a significant role in Navajo 

culture. 

Description of Program 

The Navajo Nation’s Water Quality Program 

began in October 1992, and its first CleanWater Act 

(CWA) §106 grant was received in August 1993. 

From 1993 to1995,the program began assessing available Navajo Nation water quality data in the U.S. 

Geological Survey (USGS) and EPA databases. It 

established a water quality monitoring network 

utilizing active USGS and Navajo Water Resources 

stream-gauging sites, collected water quality samples 

that were analyzed for conventional water quality 

parameters, planned for the tribal water quality code 

and standards, and drafted a Tribal Nonpoint Source 

Assessment Report. 

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From 1996 to 1998, the program developed a 

water quality database, drafted the initial Navajo 

Nation Water Quality Assessment Report in accordance with CWA §305(b), established an educational 

outreach component, including the Adopt-A-Stream 

program (a program that gives middle school and 

high school students an opportunity to learn about 

water quality monitoring), and prepared a Nonpoint 

Source Assessment Report and Management Plan 

(NPS A&MP). 

In 1999,the nation implemented a new water quality monitoring strategy, drafted annual water quality 

watershed monitoring reports, began collecting 

benthic macroinvertebrate data, and implemented 

extensive rulemaking and associated enforcement. 

The nation also used other EPA grants including 

Nonpoint Source (NPS) grants to implement the 

management measures outlined in the (NPS A&MP), 

and the recommendations from the wetlands grants 

to further its water pollution control efforts on critical waterbodies. The management measures identified sediments and nutrients such as nitrogen and 

phosphorous water quality parameters that they plan 

to address. In addition, surface water quality assessment reports have been developed for the Chinle 

Creek Watershed (2001), Lower San Juan-Four 

Corners Watershed (2003) and the Lower Lake 

Powell Watershed (2005). 

Page 12
Water Quality Accomplishments

 and Environmental Results 

In August 1999, the Navajo Nation Clean Water 

Act (NNCWA) was signed into tribal law after passage by the Navajo Nation Council (NNC). In 

Biological assessments are also being conducted at 

five reference sites to characterize base-line biological conditions in surface waters. All water quality 

monitoring and biological assessments are conducted 

in accordance with EPA-approved Quality Assurance 

Program Plans (QAPPs). 

November 1999 and July 2004, the Navajo Nation 

Surface Water Quality Standards (NNSWQS) were The NPS A&MP identified the following sources 

approved and amended by the NNC Resources Com- of water quality impairment on tribal land: livestock 

mittee. Uses currently designated for surface waters grazing and irrigated agriculture; hydromodification; 

in the NNSWQS include primary human contact, habitat modification; land disposal; resource extracsecondary human contact, domestic water supply, tion;construction projects;and land development. The 

agriculture water supply, fish consumption, aquatic management measures developed to address these 

habitat, and livestock and wildlife watering. The sources of water quality impairment on tribal lands 

NNSWQS and associated program authorization include: diminishing the impact to upland areas; 

application are currently undergoing review for EPA intercepting tributary runoff and directing it onto field 

approval. plots using low-tech constructions;improving the handling and disposal of pesticides and herbicides; workDuring the past six years, water quality assess- ing with EPA to identify, inspect, and assess potenments have been conducted in over seventy water- tial pollution sites,manage cleanups and enforcement 

bodies in twenty-three watersheds. Long-term sur- activities, and participate in emergency reface water quality monitoring sites have been estab- sponses; remediating abandoned mines; sequencing 

lished and are monitored at least yearly in order to clearing and grading activities; limiting vegetation recharacterize the quality of Navajo Nation waters. moval;using temporary fencing,buffers and additional 

Long-term water quality monitoring consists of building setbacks; limiting land use; developing site 

obtaining samples of metals, nutrients, bacteria, management plans; restoring the site; and reducing 

organics, and inorganics for analyses by a contract streambank and channel erosion. 

laboratory. Program staff collects physical parameters 

(pH, temperature, conductivity/TDS, reduction/ In addition, the nation implemented a NPS prooxidation potential,dissolved oxygen,salinity) at each ject to address sediment loading from the Asaayi 

monitoring site. All field and laboratory water qual- (Bowl) LakeWatershed into the Asaayi Lake because 

ity data collected for surface waterbodies since 1995 the lake is a major recreation area and irrigation 

are organized by watershed into a water quality source. The main logging and fire access roads redatabase. Queries within the database provide quick 

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were closed, and determinations of compliance with the Nation’s 

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recontoured, and 

livestock controls Findings of the nation’s water quality monitoring 

were installed. As program indicate numerous numeric NNSWQS 

a result, there has exceedances from mining operations including those been a decrease in for mercury, aluminum, and other compounds. The 

sediment loading nation is in the process of creating a methodology to that is benefiting determine if individual waterbodies are in attainment 

the flora and fauna of their designated uses based on Navajo’s numeric 

in the area. surface water quality standards. Once these determinations are made,the waterbodies and watersheds 

can be managed to protect the designated uses. 

Page 13 Page 13
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Introduction 

The White Mountain Apache Tribe is located in 

the east-central region of Arizona, 194 miles northeast of Phoenix. It encompasses 1.7 million acres 

(more than 2,600 square miles) in Gila,Apache, and 

Navajo Counties on its ancestral homeland on the 

Fort Apache Reservation. The Reservation ranges in 

elevation from 2,600 feet above mean sea level, in the 

Salt River Canyon on the southwest corner, to more 

than 11,400 feet at the top of Mount Baldy, one of 

the tribe’s sacred peaks. It includes oak woodlands 

and an 800,000-acre Ponderosa pine forest,which supports a large stand of spruce and fir and is the resource base for a thriving tribal forest products 

industry. 

Within the reservation,there are twenty-six coldwater lakes and more than 400 miles of streams. The 

major water bodies are the East Fork River, North 

Fork River, Cedar Creek, Carizo Creek, Cibecue 

Creek, Canyon Creek, White River, Salt River, and 

Black River. The streams are home to the Apache 

trout, a species brought back from the brink of extinction through the efforts of the Tribe and its many 

partners. The primary source of groundwater used 

for drinking water is the Coconino aquifer. The Reservation also provides some of the richest wildlife 

habitats in the state for elk, deer, sheep, bears, turkeys, and eagles. 

Description of Program 

The White Mountain Apache Tribe began its 

Water Quality Program in 1994, when it developed 

itsWatershed Department and received its first Clean 

Water Act (CWA) §106 grant. Its Quality Assurance 

Program Plan (QAPP) was completed and approved 

by EPA in 1996, and an addendum FishTissueAnalysis 

was approved by EPA in 2003. The use of water bodies by free range cattle, and the occurrence of 

droughts, which cause water levels to drop and 

water temperatures to rise, were identified as areas 

of concern in previous assessments. As a result, in 

accordance with the tribe’s EPA-approved QAPP, the 

environmental staff has continuously monitored 

fecal coliform and temperature in priority waterbodies. These water bodies are used for swimming, 

camping, and other recreational purposes, and it is 

important to theTribe to keep them safe and clean. 

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cross section monitoring to assess the changes in 

channel shapes and pebble counts to determine the 

size of the sediments in streams at specific locations 

on the reservation. A multi-parameter probe is used 

to monitor pH, temperature, turbidity, and specific 

conductivity. In addition,stream morphology studies, 

which examine rock and channel type, are conducted in order to compare the number of pools formed 

in different streams at the same elevation and in different streams at different elevations. 

Page 14
The tribe’sWatershed Department has also been 

developing a tribal water quality database to ensure 

reliable, easy, and secure access to all of the water 

quality data that has been collected over the years by 

environmental staff, including information on pH, 

temperature, fecal coliform, metals, fish tissue, and 

nutrients. The Datasight software program is used to 

store and analyze the data. 

Water Quality Accomplishments

 and Environmental Results 

In 1997, the White Mountain Apache Tribe’s 

Watershed Department developed a Nonpoint 

Source Assessment and Management Plan (NPS 

A&MP) which was approved by EPA in 1998. The 

Tribe also became eligible for funding under the 

CWA §319 Nonpoint Source Pollution Control 

Program. Since then,the tribe has been awarded multiple Nonpoint Source (NPS) competitive grants to 

implement its NPS control program and help protect 

and restore watershed health through integrated land 

management planning and the Tribal project review 

process. 

One of the tribe’s ongoing NPS restoration 

projects is at Lofer Cienega, where an eight-foot-tall 

fence is being constructed to keep elk from entering 

and trampling the stream, destroying wetland springheads, and causing increased sedimentation and turbidity in the water. Another ongoing NPS project is 

at Sunrise Ski Resort, where a stream runs through 

the parking lot of the resort. In the spring, when the 

plowed snow melts and water flow is high, the 

resort’s parking lot becomes flooded with water that 

is sediment loaded and high in turbidity. To correct 

this problem, the tribe is replanting wetland 

springheads that will help reduce erosion and reroute 

the stream so it will no longer run through the 

parking lot. 

Using CWA §106 funds,White Mountain Apache 

Tribe developed their Water Quality Protection 

Ordinance, which requires that tribal waters be free 

of toxic substances, such as metals, for the protection of human health and wildlife. The tribe also 

developed and adopted Water Quality Standards, 

approved by EPA on September 27,2001. As required 

by the CWA,theTribe initiated a tri-annual review of 

itsWater Quality Standards in 2005.

 In June 2002, the Rodeo-Chediski Fire marked 

a big change in watershed conditions in the Cibecue 

and Carrizo watersheds, which are located upstream 

of two White Mountain Apache Tribe communities. 

About 470,000 acres were destroyed in the fire,making it the largest fire that ever occurred in the Southwest. Nearly 275,000 acres of the reservation were 

destroyed, including vast areas of the Ponderosa pine 

forest. 

The White Mountain Apache Tribe’s Water Quality Department has been monitoring and documenting changes in water quality resulting from the fire. 

Their findings show that, as a result of the fire,stream 

flow levels, which used to be 10 to 15 cfs during the 

winter, are now about 3000 to 4000 cfs. These high 

levels are causing increased flooding and turbidity, 

resulting in a scouring effect which wipes out wetland vegetation. As a result,replanting of spring-heads, 

revegetation, and bank stabilization has been implemented to help prevent additional erosion. 

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Introduction and Management Plan (NPS A&MP); water quality

ordinance development and implementation, includThe Gila River Indian Community (GRIC) encompasses approximately 580 square miles in centralArizona, adjacent to the Phoenix metropolitan area. 

There are approximately 20,000 Pima and Maricopa 

tribal members living in the community. The 

community’s water resources are influenced by seven 

major watersheds. Within the community, there are 

approximately 20 million acre-feet of groundwater, 

which is used industrially and commercially, and is 

the sole source of the community’s drinking water. 

The community has more than eight miles of perennially flowing riverine habitat, including the Salt River 

and the Lower Gila River, and 116 miles of ephemeral surface waters, including the Upper Gila River, 

the Santa Cruz River, and the Santa Rosa,Vekol, and 

McClellanWashes that only flow in response to precipitation. It also has more than 1,500 acres of wetlands, including the Lower Gila River Wetlands and 

the Pee Posh Wetlands, more than eighty miles of 

canals, and twenty miles of spillage and riparian areas. 

The current uses of the community’s surface water 

resources include recreation, wildlife habitat, fisheries, livestock watering, and agriculture irrigation. 

Description of Program 

On March 30, 1990, the Gila River Indian Community was the first Region 9 tribe approved for 

Financial Assistance Eligibility (FAE) under the Clean 

Water Act (CWA) §106 grant program. Since then, 

GRIC has been receiving CWA §106 grant funds to 

conduct a variety of water quality activities, including 

but not limited to: water quality monitoring in 

accordance with its EPA-approved QualityAssurance 

Program Plan and Sampling and Analysis Plan; development of a water quality database for over 19,000 

analyses; development of a Geographic Information 

System (GIS) database for geospatial data, including 

over twenty complex surface and groundwater mapping projects; assessments, characterizations, and 

studies, including a Nonpoint Source Assessment 

ing a Groundwater Quality Management Ordinance, 

associated protection strategy, inventory and mapping of all community water wells, and oversight of 

groundwater remediation of a petroleum product 

plume; providing water quality education to elementary schools; conducting water quality inspections 

and providing compliance assistance at GRIC facilities, and; conducting a Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act 

(CERCLA) type investigation of groundwater for an 

approximately twelve-square-mile area for contaminants, including but not limited to the chemicals 

TCE, PCE, PCA, DCE, DCA, carbon tetrachloride, 

1,4-dioxane, benzene, and perchlorate. The objectives of this investigation are to locate contaminant 

source areas, identify responsible parties, and mitigate the source to protect three local drinking water 

sources. 

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contamination across the community, including an 

evaluation of vertical distribution and stratification 

of the contaminant in the drinking water aquifer. The 

study compared nitrate in groundwater conditions 

on the community with other groundwater basins 

across the state to better understand the extent 

of the problem and possible innovative solutions for 

mitigation. 

Page 16
In addition, GRIC has developed Water Quality 

Indicators that are used to evaluate support of Community Water Quality Goals and the effectiveness of 

GRIC Department of Environmental Quality water 

quality programs. For example,Aquatic Ecosystems 

Protection is measuread by tracking stream channel 

stability, changes in ambient stream chemistry (e.g., 

nutrients, pH, DO), and macroinvertebrate richness, 

and Designated Uses Support is measured by tracking water bodies that have E. coli, nutrient, and metals 

criteria exceedances. 

Water Quality Accomplishments

 and Environmental Results 

GRIC’s ongoing water quality investigations 

include surface water and groundwater sampling and 

continuous monitoring and streambed sediment sampling. Data from these investigations are entered into 

their integrated water quality database, and are used 

to advance water quality assessments, promote the 

development and implementation of tribal Water 

Quality Standards (WQS), help develop Nonpoint 

Source (NPS) management programs with data to 

support management decisions, and evaluate water 

quality trends. 

Surface water sampling is collected seasonally as 

flow-weighted composites using the DH-81 Teflon7 

sampler (basic ions and inorganics,total and dissolved 

metals,and pesticides),along with manual streamflow 

measurements and in-situ parameters (pH,temperature, conductance, dissolved oxygen, and turbidity). 

Continuous surface water monitoring is conducted 

at the Gila River wetlands with a data-logging water 

quality sensor system to measure temperature,conductivity, dissolved oxygen, pH, and turbidity, along 

with two continuously recording streamflow gauges 

to monitor stream base flows and stormwater discharges. Sampling at the Gila River (1998 - 2004) 

has shown a reduction in the average value of turbidity from 99 NATU to 33 NATU (see graph below). 

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Page 17
Groundwater sampling is conducted at drinking 

water wells, agriculture production wells, and monitoring wells to measure the presence of pesticides, 

TDS, nitrates, metals, and organic contaminants. Monitoring wells are sampled using the low-flow “micropurge” sampling technique. To conduct continuous 

groundwater monitoring,GRIC installed continuously 

recording water level sensors in four monitoring wells. 

This data assists GRIC with understanding the 

effects of land uses on the Community’s groundwater system, the dynamic hydrologic and water 

quality nature of the Gila River Wetlands, and appropriate timing of future groundwater quality investigations,since monitoring wells are typically shallow and 

are used as an early indicator of potential future 

water quality problems at deeper depths. 

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Water Quality Processing Lab that provides a clean, 

air-conditioned room in the field for sampling activities,including wet-sieve processing of streambed sediment samples, and “micro-purge” groundwater sampling using plastic sample chambers to ensure no 

sample contamination. In addition, a utility trailer 

houses a generator, air compressor, pressure washer, 

welding equipment, crane, and various tools for 

convenience in the field. 

In preparing the NPS A&MP, GRIC used monitored data — 19,000 separate water quality analyses 

for five key parameter groups of physiochemical, 

pathogens, nutrients, metals, and toxics from 

stormwater, rivers, canals, agricultural related spillage riparian areas, sumps and tailwater, groundwater, 

sediment in river bottoms, fish tissue, and macroinvertebrates — and evaluation techniques, including best professional judgment. The assessment 

identified the following NPS impacts to the Pee Posh 

Wetlands: groundwater containing nitrates and 

naturally occurring metals (arsenic and fluoride), 

and surface water containing nutrients, pathogens, 

TDS, turbidity, sedimentation, toxics, and trash in 

the rivers and wetlands. The primary sources of 

these NPS impacts include natural, industrial, open 

space,rangeland,residential,commercial,agricultural, 

and waste disposal sources and hydrological modification from both on and off of the Community. 

To improve the water quality at the Pee Posh 

Wetlands, GRIC will implement on-the-ground 

management measures with NPS grant funds to mitigate the effects of nutrients, pathogens, sediment 

and turbidity, toxics, trash, and salt cedar. Shortterm plans include removal of illegal trash dumps, 

installation of signs, and other measures to prevent 

future dump sites. Future activities will include the 

installation of water quality improvement cells and 

an inflowing trash reduction feature for both low 

flows and larger stormwater flows, and the mitigation of salt cedar and replacement with native riparian vegetation. 

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Introduction 

The Twenty-Nine Palms Band of Mission Indians 

has two noncontiguous land areas in Southern California. The 250-acre Riverside County portion of 

the Reservation, in the eastern Coachella Valley, is 

approximately 30 miles east of Palm Springs and 13 

miles west of the Salton Sea. The 150-acre San 

Bernardino County portion is next to Joshua Tree 

National Park in the City ofTwenty-Nine Palms. The 

tribe’s water quality efforts have focused primarily 

on the Riverside County Reservation lands. The primary surface water on the Riverside portion of the 

reservation is the Whitewater River, a perennial 

water body which begins its flow near where it 

bisects the reservation and, after exiting the Reservation, flows toward the Salton Sea. Tribal monitoring data has revealed that the surface water quality 

on the reservation is directly related to the groundwater and the impaired Whitewater River. In addition to the intermittent natural flows, the river 

conveys wastewater plant discharge, agricultural, and 

stormwater runoff through the lower Coachella 

Valley. 

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reservation and for the lower watershed down to 

the Salton Sea. There is intensive agriculture and 

explosive population growth in the northern twothirds of the watershed. Impacts to the Whitewater 

River stem from both point and nonpoint sources. 

The State of California lists theWhitewater River on 

the CleanWater Act (CWA) §303(d) list of impaired 

surface waters because of exceedances of the bacterial and chemical water quality objectives. Groundwater is also a concern for the Tribe because there 

are increasing water demands from agriculture, 

recreation, and population growth on lands adjacent 

to the reservation. This has resulted in chronic overdraft of the tribe’s groundwater basin. In addition, 

groundwater recharge from the Colorado River 

water is having an impact on further degradation of 

the area’s groundwater quality. This is because the 

Colorado River water is of considerably lesser quality than area groundwater. 

Cqhkkhmf
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Twenty-Nine Palms Band began receiving CWA 

§106 funding in 1997. Since that time, long-term 

sampling programs for surface water (Whitewater 

River) and groundwater have been implemented. 

Most laboratory analyses are performed in-house 

using the Twenty-Nine Palms Laboratory. The lab 

(owned, operated by the tribe, and funded by EPA’s 

General Assistance Program [GAP], Bureau of Indian 

Affairs [BIA], and the tribe) provides laboratory 

services to theTribal EPA,other tribes, and non-tribal 

entities. The lab is certified by the State of California 

and EPA Region 9. The lab’s capabilities include: 

microbiology, wet chemistry, organic chemistry, 

inorganic chemistry, and molecular biology. 

Page 20
The tribe uses seven groundwater monitoring 

wells (four in the semi-perched aquifer, two in the 

upper aquifer and one deep well in the lower aquifer). Monitoring wells are sampled routinely for nutrients, microorganisms, organic contaminants such 

as pesticides, petroleum products, MTBE and other 

volatiles, toxic trace metals, and perchlorate. In addition, surface water samples are collected at four 

locations on the Reservation, along the Whitewater 

River where preliminary data indicates high 

heterotrophic plate counts, total fecal coliform, and 

fecal coliform. 

Water Quality Accomplishments

 and Environmental Results 

The tribe prepared a Preliminary Water Quality 

Assessment Report in accordance with CWA §305(b) 

in 1998 which identified contamination of both surface and groundwater on the Reservation. Sampling 

and analyses have been conducted for multiple years 

along the Whitewater River and in various well locations under EPA-approved QualityAssurance Project 

Plans (QAPPs) for water quality, National Pollutant 

Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), pesticides, and 

nonpoint source. In 2000, the tribe developed and 

received approval for the NPSAssessment and Management Program Plan (NPS A&MP) and became eligible for CWA §319 funding. The Tribe has developed a multi-user geodatabase system to store monitoring data, which is then integrated with the Geographic Information System (GIS) and modeling 

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trends and changes in water quality on the Reservation and in the watershed as a whole, as well as to 

update theTribe’s CWA §305(b) Report. 

The tribe has been working with federal, state, 

and local government entities including BIA,Coachella 

Valley Water District, the Valley Sanitation District, 

and State Water Quality Control Boards towards 

developing Water Quality Standards and ultimately 

Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDL) for the Whitewater River. The Valley Sanitation District discharges wastewater just upstream of the reservation. 

Besides bacteria and nutrients, the wastewater may 

contain endocrine disrupting chemicals which flow 

through the Reservation and towards the Salton Sea. 

Setting standards and developing TMDLs would ultimately reduce pollutant loading of the Whitewater 

River and the Salton Sea. 

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With the water quality monitoring efforts that 

the tribe has conducted over the past several years, 

it has been able to identify more specifically the surface and groundwater quality problems on the Reservation and is recognizing trends for both quantity 

and quality. The tribe has noted seasonal and spatial 

trends for bacteria, nitrates, and sulfates. It has also 

found evidence of perchlorate. The data collected 

enables the tribe to prevent further degradation of 

water quality on the Reservation and engage in constructive dialogue with off-reservation jurisdictions 

and parties who share an interest in the health of the 

water resourcess. 

Page 21 Page 21
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Introduction 

The Coyote Valley Reservation encompasses 76 

acres located 10 miles north of Ukiah, in Mendocino 

County in northwestern California. The Reservation 

is bordered by the Russian River and one of its tributaries, Forsythe Creek, and is also traversed by busy 

U.S. Highway 101. A key beneficial use for these 

waters is as a coldwater fishery, since both water 

bodies are anadromous fish streams supporting Chinook salmon and steelhead trout. The tribe has 

depended upon these waters for food as well as for 

its cultural and spiritual well being. However, over 

the years, siltation from timber harvesting, agricultural runoff, cattle grazing, gravel mining, and development by upstream and off-reservation landowners 

have contributed to the decline of this coldwater fishery. There are 1.6 acres of wetlands on the Reservation, and groundwater sources include three active and two inactive wells. 

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Coyote Valley’s water quality program began in 

1991 as a summer program in water monitoring for 

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mission of Coyote Valley Tribal EPA, which is to conduct environmental projects that spring from traditional tribal mores, and to educate tribal youth to 

their full potential. Since then,tribal youth,under the 

supervision of the tribal technical staff, have monitored surface waters bordering the reservation 

using an EPA-approved Quality Assurance Program 

Plan (QAPP). The Tribal EPA has monitored Forsythe 

Creek and the West Bank of the Russian River for 

temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and turbidity. 

Monitoring methods include sampling using temperature loggers, grab sampling, and rapid bioassessment. 

Most of the sampling involves continuous field 

measurements including Onset Hobo temps,although 

a small number of grab samples are sent to a contract lab. Rapid bioassessment is conducted to assist 

with the determination of the health of the river for 

fish and other aquatic life. Data is collected into 

Boxcar® software which is used to graph hourly 

temperatures on a 24-hour basis from May through 

October,which is the period critical to juvenile salmonoid survival. Tribal EPA conducts winter and spring 

spawning surveys and fish counts in its water quality 

monitoring program in order to measure progress 

in the tribe’s restoration activities in and along the 

Russian River and Forsythe Creek. 

Page 22
Water Quality Accomplishments

 and Environmental Results 

Coyote Valley’s Clean Water Act (CWA) §106 

program has been instrumental in identifying sites for 

restoration in theTribe’s CWA §319 Nonpoint Source 

Pollution Control Program, which began in 2001. 

After identifying areas of the Russian River and 

Forsythe Creek most in need of restoration through 

water quality monitoring,theTribe began stream bank 

restoration, using funds from EPA’s Nonpoint Source 

Program. Since the start of the restoration project, 

the Tribe has prevented nearly 10,000 cubic yards of 

sediment from entering Forsythe Creek by installing 

stream way laybacks and using native plants as vegetative cover to stabilize the banks. 

Improvement in water quality has been demonstrated through field monitoring and spawning surveys.These studies indicate that, as a result of using 

bioengineering techniques to create more and deeper 

pools of water,the summer habitat for juvenile salmonoids has become cooler. Late springtime surveys of 

juvenile Chinook and steelhead populations, using a 

snorkel survey protocol as standard operating procedure,are providing a baseline gauge of stream health 

by which the tribe can judge the success of their 

restoration efforts. 

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take time to demonstrate empirically due to many 

variables, such as year-to-year weather cycles (hot 

years, cold years) and rainfall fluctuation. In the 

meantime, three additional grant programs from 

Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), U.S. Fish and Wildlife, 

and California Fish and Game augment the tribe’s 

CWA §106 grant program to help support an ongoing assessment of the watershed through upstream 

stakeholder outreach,education,and cooperation. The 

assessment includes stream channel surveys, hydrological flow models, road/culvert impacts, and a siteby-site prescription for repairs. Now,landowners who 

wish to repair stream banks have a comprehensive 

framework to base restoration efforts on. These efforts will ultimately benefit CoyoteValley tribal lands 

as less silt will enter the channel from overburden. In 

addition, planted trees in the riparian zone will help 

to hold the banks and provide shade,which yield cool 

temperatures for improved salmonoid conditions. 

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program have also been used to identify other 

polluted runoff on the Reservation. CoyoteValley is 

located adjacent to U.S.Highway 101 and has approximately 300-500 visitors per year. During storm events, 

oil and other auto fluids enter the streams. In addition to water quality data, runoff was observable as 

oil film disappeared into the drain and then into the 

stream. In 2003, the tribe installed a riparian buffer 

zone, the largest in Mendocino County, with a 100 ft. 

setback from the high water mark, and native plants 

and grasses were planted to act as a filter. As a result 

of water quality program efforts, no oil film has been 

observed entering the stream during storm events. 

Page 23 Page 23
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Introduction 

Introduction 

The Manzanita Band of the Kumeyaay Nation 

(Manzanita) is situated in southeastern San Diego 

County, California within 10 miles of the Mexican 

Border, and approximately 60 miles east of the 

Pacific Ocean. The Manzanita Reservation occupies 

approximately 3,580 acres and is comprised of high 

chaparral and grazing lands, with elevations ranging 

from 3,900 to 5,100 feet above mean sea level. Surface water resources of the Manzanita Reservation 

include 7.5 miles of Tule Creek and La Posta Creek 

and their tributaries,9.1 miles of intermittent streams, 

21 acres of freshwater wetlands, 14 springs, and the 

1.8 acre Manzanita Lake formed by the Manzanita 

Dam. Groundwater from springs and wells is the 

sole source of drinking water for the Manzanita Reservation. Surface and groundwater uses include recreation, cultural/traditional, agriculture, wildlife and 

warm freshwater habitats,and groundwater recharge. 

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Manzanita’s water pollution control program 

began in 1998 in order to implement its water quality management program, including the following 

activities: monitoring the quality of groundwater and 

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Quality Assurance Program Plan; issuing Water 

QualityAssessment Reports in accordance with Clean 

Water Act (CWA) §305(b); developing and implementing a Nonpoint Source Assessment and Management Plan (NPS A&MP) in March of 2000; and 

developing and implementing a source water protection program. Manzanita’s surface water monitoring 

activities have been severely limited due to several 

years of drought in the region. 

Manzanita determines its critical water quality 

sampling needs using the information from previous 

years’ CWA §305(b) reports and conducts groundwater monitoring at least twice a year. Tribal wells 

are sampled and the analysis for nitrate-nitrogen is 

performed in the Manzanita laboratory using its Hach 

DREL-2000 spectrophotometer. For coliform analysis, Colisure media, an incubator, and a UV lamp are 

used to determine the presence or absence of total 

and fecal coliform. Manzanita has recently purchased 

supplies for the enumeration of E. Coli and Entercocci 

bacteria for use in 2005. In addition, groundwater 

samples are collected and sent to a laboratory to 

measure the presence of pollutants, including 

general minerals,dissolved metals,radionuclides,volatile organic chemicals, pesticides, and bacteria. 

Page 24
Water Quality Accomplishments

 and Environmental Results 

To ensure that its sole source of drinking water is 

protected,Manzanita has developed and implemented 

a Wellhead Protection Program. Using EPA’s Wellhead Analytic Element Model (WhAEM2000) along 

with the Calculated Fixed Radius Capture Zone 

method, Manzanita delineated fourteen wellhead 

protection areas (WHPAs),comprised of sixteen wells. 

These methods used several input parameters,including discharge (pumping rate), aquifer base 

elevation, ravel time (pumping duration), aquifer 

porosity, groundwater flow direction, hydraulic 

gradient, transmissivity, and saturated aquifer thickness. TheWHPA delineations and well locations were 

mapped on United States Geological Survery (USGS) 

Digital Orthophoto Quarter Quadrangle (DOQQ) 

infrared aerial photograph base maps, using Manzanita’s Geographic Information System (GIS). The GIS 

system also facilitates the identification of potential 

areas of contamination and well interference, and is 

instrumental in the public education and outreach 

activities of itsWellhead Protection Program. 

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potential contaminant sources for each well, including septic wastewater disposal systems, vehicular 

activities, agricultural activities, and solid waste disposal sites. The immediacy and degree of risk associated with each potential contaminant source will 

be evaluated after field inspection and monitoring, 

which will be conducted regularly to ensure that information is updated and accurate. Manzanita’sWellhead Protection Program includes a management plan 

for water supply protection and is comprised of the 

following components: regular monitoring of water 

supply wells and inspection of each wellhead and 

surrounding area using a wellhead inspection form; 

remediation of existing contamination pursuant to 

an applicable remediation plan and a special monitoring plan; prevention of future contamination by posting signage denoting WHPAs; pollution prevention 

education and outreach to residents and visitors 

through literature and workshops; and implementation of management measures per its NPS A&MP. 

In addition, Manzanita’s NPS A&MP identified the 

following priority categories of NPS pollution and 

associated needs that contribute to diminished 

water quality: unrestricted livestock grazing, land 

disposal (septic systems, animal waste disposal), 

construction (road grading and drainage),erosion and 

sedimentation control, spring development and 

rehabilitation, and wetlands restoration. During 2000 

through 2004,Manzanita, with NPS grant funding and 

with guidance from the National Resource Conservation Service (NRCS), improved water quality by 

implementing the following successful management 

measures that focused on livestock control, erosion 

control, revegetation, and stream bank restoration: 

installation and inspection of livestock restriction fencing around the wetland areas and springs; establishment of alternate water sources for livestock; use of 

straw bale and sediment basins during grading activities; construction of check dams made of natural 

materials to reduce bank scour by trapping sediment, 

slowing water velocity, building up the bottom of the 

creek bed, and filling the bank areas scoured by 

erosion; and clearing of sagebrush and thinning of 

willows to encourage willow growth and native plant 

revegetation. 

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Introduction 

The Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation is the largest in California, encompassing 89,572 acres. The 

Reservation is located in the northeastern corner 

of Humboldt County in Northern California, about 

50 miles inland from the Pacific Ocean, and 300 miles 

north of San Francisco. The reservation is nearly a 

perfect square with each side 12 miles in length, 

making it approximately 144 square miles, and it 

encompasses roughly 50 percent of Hupa (Hoopa’s 

traditional name) aboriginal territory. 

The reservation is bisected by the north flowing 

Trinity River. The west flowing Klamath River flows 

through a small portion of the far northeastern part 

of the reservation. A number of smaller streams,with 

watersheds less than 6,000 acres in size, flow into 

the Trinity and Klamath Rivers within the reservation. The largest of these include: Mill Creek, Hostler Creek,Tish-Tang Creek, Campbell Creek, Supply 

Creek,Soctish Creek,and Pine Creek. Although these 

streams are relatively small, each of them provides 

habitat for anadromous fish. 

The Hupa people’s cultural integrity, along with 

the physical health of the people is dependant on clean, 

healthy water. Since time immemorial, the Hupa 

people have inhabited the banks of the Trinity River, 

dwelling in pit houses near the mouths ofTrinity River 

tributaries. The Trinity River and its tributaries have 

proven to be an abundant source of life for the Hupa, 

providing fish,drinking water,bathing and many more 

beneficial uses throughout the course of the year. 

The hydrology of Hoopa Valley is characterized 

by relatively wet, cool winters and dry summers. The 

reservation is mountainous,ranging in elevation from 

320 feet to 5000 feet above mean sea level. The 

Valley floor consists of a sequence of prominent 

stream terrace benches carved out by the meandering channel of the Trinity River. The terraces represent ancient to modern flood plain levels. Along the 

ancient floodplains, the topography is relatively flat. 

These areas are suitable for habitation and have been 

designated into “fields” throughout the reservation. 

During the rainy season,surface water on the Reservation is abundant. In contrast, groundwater aquifers are quite limited. The total amount of wetlands 

on the reservation is estimated at 3,200 acres with 

over 98 percent categorized as riparian or wet brush 

field. The groundwater basin in the Hoopa Valley is 

restricted to alluvial fans which encompass the area 

where streams deposit sediment and enter into the 

Trinity River. 

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Hoopa Valley’s water quality program began in 

1990 when it received its Financial Assistance Eligibility (FAE) approval for a Clean Water Act (CWA) 

§106 Water Pollution Control grant. This grant was 

used to assist with the development of the Tribal 

Environmental ProtectionAgency (TEPA) to conduct 

water quality planning and management programs on 

the Reservation. 

Since 1990,the tribe has continuously monitored 

its streams for water level, conductivity,pH,temperature, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, and fecal coliform. 

Hoopa Valley’s Water Quality Standards (WQS), 

approved by EPA in 2002, contain water quality criteria that are monitored by environmental staff and are 

Page 26
designed to protect the uses of the reservation’s 

surface waters. Two of these criteria, temperature 

and turbidity, are the keys to the Tribe’s efforts to 

maintain and restore the natural populations of 

migratory salmon and steelhead. 

In September of 2002, the Trinity and Klamath 

Rivers experienced a massive fish kill, where an estimated 34,000 salmon were killed. The Fish Kill of 

2002 was caused by a number of factors in combination with one another. Increased in-river temperatures and decreased flow, coupled with a large run 

size, created stress on returning salmon,which led to 

wide spread pathogen infection. Increased water temperatures are closely associated with and probably 

caused by decreased flows, which are ultimately controlled by upstream dams. The tribe’s temperature 

criterion is based on temperature-flow relationships, 

and is designed to protect the holding and spawning 

of adult salmon in theTrinity River and its tributaries. 

Logging is the main economic industry on the Reservation. The Tribe has been concerned about the 

soil runoff into streams from logging, which affects 

salmon spawning as well as other aquatic life. TEPA 

has established, under its WQS, turbidity criteria for 

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Trinity River and its tributaries. TEPA also has 13 

locations where Continuous Data Recorders monitor temperature, turbidity, and dissolved oxygen 

(DO) along with other parameters (see chart below.) 

All monitoring data is collected and added to TEPA’s 

database for analysis. 

Trinity River Dissolved Oxygen Levels Over a 5-year Period (2000-2005)

Page 27
The data is then analyzed for trends and noticeable 

violations of existing water quality standards in the 

ordinances that are stated in the tribe’s Water Quality Control Plan (WQCP). The tribe can enforce these 

ordinances against violators both on and off the 

Reservation for degrading, through point source or 

nonpoint source pollution, the Reservation’s water 

bodies. 

Water Quality Accomplishments

 and Environmental Results 

Since 1990, the Hoopa Valley Tribe has been successful in monitoring and investigating water quality 

on the Reservation,based on its EPA-approved Quality 

Assurance Program Plan (QAPP). Other water quality accomplishments include the completion and 

approval of its Nonpoint Source Assessment Report 

and Management Program (NPS A&MP), which made 

it eligible for CWA §319 NPS funding. The tribe uses 

its NPS funding to address other pollutants such as 

dissolved oxygen (DO),pH,conductivity,phosphates, 

nitrates, and soil runoff from logging into the streams 

within the reservation. An example of an NPS project 

is theAbandonedAutomobile Clean-up Project,where 

over 180 abandoned autos were removed from the 

banks of nearby creeks/streams, wells, and other 

water sources on the reservation. These vehicles were 

leaking brake fluid, antifreeze, and hydrocarbons 

including diesel and gasoline into the creeks and 

streams that could be seen with the naked eye. This 

leakage was harmful to the aquatic life and posed a 

threat to groundwater quality. As a result of the 

cleanup, the number of abandoned vehicle in these 

areas has been reduced, and auto fluids are no longer 

seen in the water. 

The Hoopa Valley Tribe has completed a Water 

QualityAssessment Report in accordance with CWA 

§305(b) and developed EPA-approved Tribal Water 

Quality Standards. The tribe has also developed a 

database to store monitoring data, ordinances, and 

reports related to water quality. The database stores 

all the environmental data in its raw form and all analysis files. The analysis files contain all the information 

that has been compiled and graphed so that it can be 

easily disseminated to the public. The database also 

contains standard operating procedures and the software necessary to carry out the functions of the water quality program. 

CWA §106 funding has also enabled the Hoopa 

Valley Tribe to foster relationships with various federal, state, and tribal agencies to promote and further protect the waters of the Hoopa Indian Reservation. It now has cooperative agreements with integral agencies such as the US Fish & Wildlife Service 

(USFWS),North CoastWater Quality Control Board 

(NCWQCB),and all of the Klamath BasinTribes. The 

working relationships are intended to protect the 

long-term beneficial uses and anadromous fisheries 

of the Trinity and Klamath Rivers. Through interagency cooperation, the tribe has been able to 

accomplish several things including recognizing and 

incorporating tribal cultural beneficial uses into the 

NCWQCB Basin Plan, and working with USFWS 

personnel to develop dissolved oxygen (DO) water 

quality criteria for theTrinity River. 

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Introduction The Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe has been investigating its water quality since 1975 and, in 1989,

The Pyramid Lake Paiute Indian Reservation is received its first CleanWaterAct (CWA) §106 grant.

located in western Nevada, about 30 miles northeast Since that time, the Pyramid Lake Fisheries Departof Reno, and encompasses about 474,000 acres. ment staff (from 1989 – 1997) and the EnvironmenPyramid Lake, a slightly saline terminal desert lake, tal Department staff (from 1997 – present) have 

is located entirely within the reservation. The lake continuously monitored the water quality of creeks, 

covers approximately 114,000 acres and is the focal Truckee River, and Pyramid Lake on the Reservation, 

point of the reservation. The Truckee River, which sampling water for nitrates + nitrites, total ammonia, 

originates in Lake Tahoe, flows through the reserva- total phosphorus, and dissolved reactive phosphorus. 

tion for 31 miles and terminates in Pyramid Lake. The Water is monitored, using a YSI sonde, for water 

beneficial uses of Pyramid Lake and Truckee River temperature, pH, total dissolved solids, salinity, 

include provision of a cold freshwater habitat, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen. All water quality 

protection of threatened or endangered species, monitoring data are kept in the Tribe’s water quality 

preservation of indigenous aquatic life, and the database and used for trend analysis. 

protection of aquaculture. Other water resources at 

Pyramid Lake include groundwater, streams, creeks, The Environmental Department staff has 

wetlands, springs, and seepages. The beneficial uses conducted Rapid Bioassessment to help evaluate the 

of groundwater and wetlands include cultural, indig- biological conditions at multiple sites on the Lower 

enous aquatic life, livestock watering, and water Truckee River. This involves the collection of aquatic 

quality enhancement. The tribe has depended upon insects, riparian/bank/vegetation/river substrate 

Pyramid Lake and Truckee River for food, clothing assessments, and the collection of water samples at 

and shelter materials, and cultural and spiritual health each site. The data helps the tribe track the health of 

for time immemorial. the river for the benefit of aquatic life, wildlife, and 

the fish of Pyramid Lake. A multi-year Pyramid Lake 

Bioaccumulation Mercury Study is underway on Pyramid Lake to address concerns that elevated mercury 

loading and bioaccumulation in theTruckee River may 

affect the fisheries in downstream Pyramid Lake. This 

study includes the collection of fish to determine the 

extent and causes of mercury in the lake. Recent 

findings show that mercury came from the upstream 

Truckee RiverWatershed. 

Description of Program 

Members of the Environmental Department have 

been active in stakeholder efforts with state and 

local officials,water quality coordination meetings,and 

Truckee River Implementation Team meetings for 

ongoing Truckee River water quality monitoring and 

restoration efforts. 

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Water Quality Accomplishments

 and Environmental Results 

Since 1989, the Pyramid Lake Fisheries Department and the Pyramid Lake Environmental Department have been successful in investigating the water 

quality on the reservation, based on the tribe’s 1992 

EPA-approved Quality Assurance Program Plan, in 

order to better protect Tribal waters. In 1994, the 

tribe’s Nonpoint Source Assessment Report and 

Management Program Plan (NPSA&MP) was approved 

by EPA and the tribe became eligible for funding under CWA §319 Nonpoint Source (NPS) Pollution 

Control Program. The tribe has been awarded multiple competitive NPS grants to carry out its NPS 

pollution control program to address pollutants found 

through its water quality monitoring program. Specifically, the NPS program mitigated and prevented 

the effects of uncontrolled grazing by cattle that led 

to turbidity from soil erosion, nutrient loads, loss of 

native vegetation, and destabilized streambanks. This 

was accomplished through the implementation of 

management measures such as fencing and providing 

alternate water sources. 

During 1999 to 2004, water quality monitoring 

and sampling on the Lower Truckee River has shown 

that riparian habitat has improved as a direct result 

of the implementation of NPS on-the-ground projects 

including the fencing out of livestock and improved 

water flow management for cottonwood and willow 

trees. The environmental results of the NPS projects 

show reduction in velocity and sedimentation and 

increased bank stability in the Truckee River. Specifically,nitrate and nitrite levels have declined from 0.17 

mg/l in May 2000 to about 0.01 mg/l in July 2004 (see 

chart below). The riparian areas restored under the 

NPS grant program will continue to recover through 

the intensive management of cattle grazing,which will 

allow the water level to rise back to support native 

vegetation and become properly functioning systems. 

The water quality monitoring conducted over the 

past several years has enabled the tribe to identify 

water quality trends,particularly for drought seasons 

versus wet seasons. With macro-invertebrate and 

fish data collected during the drought years,the environmental staff has found that increased nutrients have 

resulted in increased algal blooms and higher temperatures in the river which have taken their toll on 

water quality and aquatic life. In contrast, during wet 

years,water quality monitoring during high river flows 

has shown improved water quality and increased 

abundant species richness values. 

Recently,the tribe developedWater Quality Standards (WQS) to protect tribal waters. In 2004, the 

Tribal Council approved theWQS and a“Water Quality Enabling Ordinance,” which implements theWQS 

within the Pyramid Lake Indian Reservation. As of 

2006, the Tribe’s WQS and program authorization 

application are undergoing review for EPA approval. 

Page 31 Page 31
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Introduction 

The Shoshone-PaiuteTribes of DuckValley reside 

on the Duck Valley Indian Reservation located in 

southwestern Idaho and northeastern Nevada. The 

reservation encompasses approximately 289,820 

acres, and has two major terrain types according to 

elevation. The first is the basin where the developed 

resources are located (community of Owyhee, rural 

residences and productive farmlands), and the second is the upper elevations on the east and west sides 

of the reservation, consisting of rim-rock from 

ancient volcanic flows. The Owyhee River system, 

which is made up of the Upper (East Fork and South 

Fork), Middle (Middle and North Forks) and Lower 

Forks of the Owyhee River, is on the southern end of 

the Columbia River Basin and flows into the Snake 

River. The East Fork Owyhee River provides water 

to the Billy Shaw, Sheep Creek and Mountain View 

Reservoirs, which are used primarily for fishing. The 

river itself is used mainly for irrigation and livestock 

watering. The streams flowing from the high elevations provide recharge water to the East Fork all year. 

The primary land uses on the reservation are agriculture and livestock grazing. Other water resources 

at DuckValley include groundwater,wetlands,springs, 

and seeps. 

Description of Program 

The Shoshone-Paiute Tribes of Duck Valley’s 

water quality program began in 1997,when the tribes 

received their first Clean Water Act (CWA) §106 

funds. Since that time, the tribes have continuously 

monitored the water quality of creeks, the Owyhee 

River, reservoirs, and groundwater on the Reservation in accordance with its EPA-approved Quality 

Assurance Management Program (QAPP). The tribes’ 

monitoring program includes water quality parameters for nutrients,temperature,turbidity,pathogens, 

pesticides, and petroleum hydrocarbons. 

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annually,and aquatic insects were collected from three 

sites in 2001 and seven sites in 2002. In 2003, water 

quality monitoring was increased to allow for seasonal characterization of the water quality and 

included Rapid Bioassessment. Rapid Bioassessment 

includes collecting aquatic insects and physical habitat such as epifaunal substrate assessment data, bank 

stability information, and riparian vegetation assessment. Rapid Bioassessment is conducted on the East 

Fork Owyhee River and five of its major tributaries. 

It is used to help theTribes evaluate the health of the 

Owyhee River system for aquatic life and wildlife. 

The tribes have also completed a well monitoring program. An agreement with the U.S. Bureau of 

Reclamation resulted in the collection of groundwater depth measurements of seven monitoring wells 

dispersed on the reservation and located mostly on 

agricultural land. Water samples were analyzed for 

nutrients, trace metals, and pesticides. When comparing the results with National DrinkingWater Standards, it was found that one of the seven wells has 

exceedance above secondary standards for iron, but 

no pesticides were detected. The interpretation of 

these monitoring results on well depth trends and 

possible contamination from iron and pesticides will 

be submitted toTribal Resource Management. 

Page 32
The confluence of the Mill Creek Tributary/East 

Fork of the Owyhee River is located approximately 

three miles southeast of the Duck Valley Indian 

Reservation boundary, and the Rio Tinto Mine is 

located about a mile and a half west of the confluence. 

In 2000, in support of EPA efforts to close Rio Tinto 

Mine, the tribes’ water quality program began water 

quality monitoring of Mill Creek and found that it is 

impaired by metals, temperature, pH,TDS, turbidity, 

andTSS. In addition, acid mine drainage continues to 

move from the tailings at the closed mine into the 

creek. Data from the tribes’ water quality monitoring of Mill Creek are being used to design the 

remediation plan for the Rio Tinto Mine site. All 

water quality monitoring data are kept in the tribes’ 

EPA water quality database. The tribes will be working with a contractor to input the data into EPA 

Storage Retrieval Database (STORET). Data entry is 

scheduled to begin in early 2006. 

Water Quality Accomplishments

 and Environmental Results 

Since 1997,the tribes have been successfully monitoring water quality on the Reservation. They have 

learned that as a result of the seasonal effects of livestock grazing, bacteria counts at some locations 

increase substantially from midsummer to November. For this reason, beginning in 2003, three sites 

are monitored in December, January and February, 

and sixteen sites are monitored from March through 

November. Physical habitat data are also collected at 

this time. 

The tribes drafted theirWater Quality Standards 

in 2001, but the water quality criteria did not reflect 

the seasonal effects of livestock grazing. With the 

monthly data that is now being collected,the numerical criteria in the Water Quality Standards will be 

reviewed and modified as necessary. In addition, the 

tribes’ comprehensive monitoring program will 

provide information that is needed for the Water 

QualityAssessment Report in accordance with CWA 

§305(b) and for interpretive reports that the tribal 

government will use for management purposes. 

The water quality data collected by the tribes 

were used to develop the tribe’s Nonpoint Source 

Assessment Report and Management Plan (NPS 

A&MP) which indicated that nonpoint source pollution is the primary source of water pollution on the 

Reservation. As a result, the tribes became eligible 

for funding under the CWA §319 Nonpoint Source 

Pollution Control Program in 2000, and received 

several competitive NPS grants to carry out its NPS 

pollution control program. 

Through the NPS grants,the tribes have mitigated 

NPS pollution from poorly maintained roads and recent wildfires on the reservation, worked to install alternative livestock watering, restored springs 

previously used for watering,and completed bank restoration along the Owyhee River. As a result of management measures implemented on the Reservation, 

the tribes hope to realize water quality improvement 

by showing decreases in temperature, turbidity, and 

nutrients found in the streams and tributaries of the 

Owyhee River. The recent change from annual to 

monthly water quality monitoring collection should 

allow the tribes to show water quality trends and 

improvements. This information will then allow the 

tribes to make adjustments to future management 

measures implementation to ensure the effectiveness 

of their projects. In addition, the tribes are planning 

to integrate the biological monitoring data and the 

water quality data to give a better picture of the health 

of the reservation waters. 

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The Washoe Tribe of Nevada and California is 

comprised of four communities located in western 

Nevada and eastern California. Carson, Stewart, and 

Dresslerville Communities are located in Nevada 

while Woodfords Community is located in Alpine 

County, California. The tribe also has at least ten 

additional uninhabited parcels and holds interests in 

about 61,000 acres of allotment land. These lands 

are located in the southeastern region of traditional 

Washoe territory, which encompasses both the east 

and west slopes of the Sierra Nevada and adjoining 

valleys centered around LakeTahoe. 

The tribe has employed a Watershed Protection 

Approach (WPA) as the framework for meeting the 

Tribe’s water resources challenges. The WPA coordinates any point source, nonpoint source, wetland 

area, surface water, groundwater, and drinking water 

programs in support of the watershed approach. The 

tribe’s Unified Watershed Assessment identified six 

hydraulic areas, prioritized based on water quality: 

Doud Springs, Bryant Creek, Jacks Valley Creek, 

Indian Creek, and James Canyon Creek in the Carson 

Watershed; and Upper and Lower Clear Creek in 

the Clear Creek Watershed. The designated beneficial uses of all surface water include, at a minimum, 

the protection and propagation of fish, shellfish, and 

wildlife, and recreation in and on the water. The 

traditional, spiritual, and physical life of Washoe 

Tribal members is focused around Lake Tahoe, the 

numerous springs/hot springs, and the Carson,West 

Walker, andTruckee Rivers. 

Description of Program 

Washoe Tribe’s water quality program began in 

1998 when it received its first CleanWaterAct (CWA) 

§106 grant. Since then, the Washoe Environmental 

Protection Department (WEPD) staff has put in place 

a regimented routine water quality monitoring 

program, based on their EPA-approved Quality 

Assurance Program Plan (QAPP), defining the water 

quality conditions that will allow the tribe to better 

understand their surface water resources. The program will also help to ensure that tribal natural 

resources are used in a traditional and customary 

manner to better promote the health and well being 

of the tribe and members of the tribal communities. 

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Lntms`hmrThe WEPD monitors surface water at fourteen 

sites, primarily in the Carson River and Clear Creek 

Watersheds, for physical, inorganic, biological, and 

metals parameters including total phosphorus, color, 

temperature, turbidity, total suspended solids, total 

coliform, nitrate, and iron. In addition, during spring 

and fall runoff periods, the tribe monitors for organic 

parameters and pesticides. Clear Creek at Stewart 

Community has been monitored closely for total 

phosphorus, temperature, and turbidity due to 

historical conditions, including a high flooding event 

Page 34
in 1997, which caused negative impacts such as 

degradation of the creek channel and the floodplain; 

loss of riparian vegetation; and surrounding 

development pressure. 

For several years, WEPD has been conducting 

aquifer characterization studies to investigate the 

quality of the tribe’s groundwater resources and identify potential impacts for future management. Washoe 

Tribe is developing their own water quality laboratory to increase institutional capacity and provide 

faster turnaround time in receiving water quality 

analytic results. WEPD staff conducts community 

outreach and education programs including“Washoe 

on the River Day,” which allows staff to discuss 

water quantity and quality issues with their local tribal 

youth and community members. WEPD staff 

participation at meetings on local, state, and federal 

levels for water quality protection on tribal lands 

has provided the WEPD staff the ability to bring 

issues to the forefront and build partnerships. 

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 and Environmental Results 

TheWEPD staff has been successful in investigating the water quality on tribal lands in order to better protect their waters. In 1999, the Tribal Council 

approved a water code which protects the quality of 

Washoe’s water resources for present and future 

generations. WEPD developed a water quality database in 2003 to track water quality and surface water 

data trends over time. The tribe is in the process of 

developing and revising its Water Quality Standards 

for approval by the Washoe Tribal Council. 

The tribe developed an approved Nonpoint 

SourceAssessment Report and Management Program 

Plan (NPS A&MP) and became eligible for funding 

under the CWA §319 Nonpoint Source Pollution 

Control Program in 2000. The tribe carried out a 

multi-year project funded by the Nonpoint Source 

(NPS) program on the Carson River. The program 

addressed temperature and turbidity water quality 

concerns, as identified in the water quality monitoring program, by stabilizing and revegetating the 

riverbanks within the boundaries of the reservation. 

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parameters such as high turbidity, temperature, and 

bacterial levels in the Carson River and the Clear 

Creek water systems. The tribe’s EPA-approved 

Sampling andAnalysis Program (SAP) and QAPP provide a systematic means to obtain and evaluate data 

that will allow the tribe to more effectively manage 

its surface water resources. WEPD plans to continue its monitoring program to determine the causes 

of these water quality pollutants. 

Water quality monitoring on Clear Creek at 

Stewart Community has enabledWEPD staff to identify water quality pollutants that are negatively 

impacting the riparian area such as heavy sediment 

loading, turbidity, high fecal coliform, low dissolved 

oxygen, and physical (high sediment loading) parameter trends. In 2004 and 2005,the tribe was awarded 

NPS grants to begin restoration work on Lower Clear 

Creek including streambank restoration. Long-term 

results will reduce turbidity and sediment, and 

correct temperature impairments. 

Page 35 Page 35
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Introduction 

The Yerington Paiute Tribe is located in western 

Nevada, approximately 85 miles southeast of Reno, 

nearYerington,Nevada. The reservation has two noncontiguous land areas: a 22-acre parcel located within 

the City of Yerington’s boundaries, and a larger 

reservation of 1,631 acres located 10 miles north of 

the City of Yerington. 

The Yerington PaiuteTribe recognizes that protection of groundwater is vital to the subsistence of its 

tribal members because groundwater is the only 

source of drinking water on the reservation. The 

tribe owns and operates a municipal water system 

that serves ninety homes and provides water to 

multiple administrative buildings including the Tribal 

Administration building,Tribal Health Clinic,and Social 

Services/Education building. The remainder of the 

residents on the reservation get their drinking water 

from private domestic wells. 

There are two surface water conveyances on the 

reservation. The Campbell Canal is a partially unlined irrigation water delivery canal that originates 

from the diversion of water from the Walker River, 

just southeast of the Yerington Anaconda Mine site, 

and flows north through the Reservation. The 

Wabuska Drain is an irrigation return-flow drain that 

originates immediately north of the Yerington 

Anaconda Mine site and flows north through the 

reservation to theWalker River. TheWabuska Drain 

operates primarily by collecting return flows from 

crop irrigation and by intercepting shallow groundwater (see map of the area above right.) 

In response to concerns expressed by local residents, U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) officials investigated and determined that the Yerington 

Anaconda Mine site exhibits radiation levels 200 times 

above probable naturally occurring levels in soils. 

Although elemental uranium occurs naturally in the 

area, in addition to past Vat Leach extraction processing (mining activities), appear to have resulted in 

a significant increase in uranium concentrations at 

Yerington 

Mine Site 

Yerington Paiute 

Tribe Reservation 

Yerington Paiute 

Tribe Colony 

the mine site.Currently,the mine site includes a large 

pit containing groundwater and numerous unlined 

evaporation ponds containing primarily storm water. 

Groundwater is also being pumped and stored in lined 

evaporation ponds on the site to prevent contaminated groundwater from migrating to the north 

toward the Reservation. 

Description of Program 

The Yerington Paiute Tribe’s water quality program began in 2000, when the tribe received its first 

Clean Water Act (CWA) §106 grant and established 

a Water Quality Monitoring Program. Since May 

2002, the Yerington Paiute Environmental Office has 

been monitoring water quality on the Reservation 

under an EPA-approved Sampling and Analysis Plan 

(SAP). The Environmental Office conducts quarterly 

sampling on the reservation to evaluate potential 

impacts from the Yerington Anaconda Mine site and 

other potential nonpoint sources, such as naturally 

occurring mineral deposits and agricultural runoff. 

The tribe collects groundwater samples from a 

network of municipal supply and monitoring wells. 

In addition, when surface water is present, samples 

are collected from three locations in the Campbell 

Canal, and two locations in the Wabuska Drain. The 

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Page 36
tribe’s water quality technicians measure and record 

field parameters, using a YSI 600 XL Sonde and a YSI 

500. Field parameters include water levels, pH, 

temperature, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen. 

Groundwater and quality control samples, which are 

collected using a submersible pump, are submitted to 

a contract laboratory for analysis of contaminants of 

concern. Current site investigations being conducted 

at the site by the Atlantic Richfield Company (ARCO) 

as a result of a Unilateral Administrative Order for 

Initial ResponseActivities (UAO 0-2005-2011) at the 

Yerington Anaconda Mine site have identified contaminants of concern including uranium, thorium, radium, gross alpha and gross beta. As a result, the 

tribe added uranium analysis to the monitoring program inAugust 2002. The tribe will also add radium 

226/228, gross alpha, and gross beta to the list of field 

parameters to be analyzed during the 2005 – 2006 

quarterly monitoring period. 

Water Quality Accomplishments

 and Environmental Results 

The Yerington Paiute Tribe has identified arsenic 

and uranium as contaminants of concern in 

groundwater on the reservation. Arsenic concentrations, which may be naturally occurring, routinely 

exceed the Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) in 

the municipal wells. Uranium,which may be naturally 

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monitoring well (MW-7 [see figure below]) on the 

reservation. In October 2004, EPA sampled private 

residential drinking water wells on the reservation 

and uranium was detected in several residential wells 

at concentrations up to three times the current MCL 

(0.030 mg/L). As a result, ARCO, the potentially 

responsble party for theYerington Anaconda Mine, is 

voluntarily supplying bottled drinking water to 

residents and administrative buildings on the 

reservation. The tribe continues to routinely monitor 

these contaminants to ensure safe drinking water for 

tribal members. 

In an effort to protect water quality on the reservation, theYerington Paiute Tribe has also developed 

and implemented a Source Water Assessment and 

Protection Plan and prepared an EPA-approved 

Nonpoint Source Assessment and Management Plan 

(NPS A&MP). In addition, it conducts ongoing oversight and monitoring of the progress on theYerington 

Anaconda Mine site, and provides community 

outreach and environmental education. The tribe is 

also in the process of developing a water quality 

database to store data collected from the tribe’s 

Water Quality Monitoring Program and from other 

monitoring activities conducted on or near the 

reservation, and will use this data for historical 

reference. 

Page 37
GLOSSARY 

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