FAA-S-8081-17

U.S. Department

of Transportation

Federal Aviation

Administration

PRIVATE PILOT

Practical Test Standards

for

LIGHTER-THAN-AIR

 BALLOON

 AIRSHIP

JUNE 1996

FLIGHT STANDARDS SERVICE

Washington, DC 20591
PRIVATE PILOT

LIGHTER-THAN-AIR

Practical Test Standards

1996

FLIGHT STANDARDS SERVICE

Washington, DC 20591
NOTE

Material in FAA-S-8081-17 will be effective June 1, 1996. All previous

editions of the Private Pilot – Lighter-Than-Air (Balloon and Airship) Practical

Test Standards will be obsolete as of this date.
FOREWORD

The Private Pilot – Lighter-Than-Air (Ballon and Airship) Practical Test

Standards (PTS) book has been published by the Federal Aviation

Administration (FAA) to establish the standards for private pilot certification

practical tests for the lighter-than-air category, balloon and airship classes.

FAA inspectors and designated pilot examiners shall conduct practical tests

in compliance with these standards. Flight instructors and applicants should

find these standards helpful during training and when preparing for the

practical test.

 

William J. White

Deputy Director, Flight Standards Service
1 FAA-S-8081-17

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................iii

PRACTICAL TEST STANDARDS CONCEPT ...........................iv

PRIVATE PILOT LIGHTER-THAN-AIR PRACTICAL TEST 

STANDARDS BOOK DESCRIPTION ........................................iv

PRACTICAL TEST STANDARDS DESCRIPTION ....................iv

USE OF THE PRACTICAL TEST STANDARDS BOOK............vi

PRIVATE PILOT LIGHTER-THAN-AIR PRACTICAL TEST

PREREQUISITES......................................................................vii

AIRCRAFT AND EQUIPMENT REQUIRED FOR

THE PRACTICAL TEST ............................................................vii

METRIC CONVERSION INITIATIVE........................................viii

POSITIVE EXCHANGE OF FLIGHT CONTROLS...................viii

USE OF DISTRACTIONS DURING PRACTICAL TESTS .......viii

APPLICANT’S USE OF CHECKLISTS ....................................viii

CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (CRM).............................ix

MANUFACTURER’S RECOMMENDATION ..............................ix

SPECIFIED BY THE EXAMINER...............................................ix

FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR RESPONSIBILITY................................ix

EXAMINER RESPONSIBILITY .................................................. x

SATISFACTORY PERFORMANCE ........................................... x

UNSATISFACTORY PERFORMANCE...................................... x

SECTION 1: PRIVATE PILOT LIGHTER-THAN-AIR — BALLOON

CONTENTS ..............................................................................1-i

APPLICANT’S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST (BALLOON).1-iii

EXAMINER’S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST (BALLOON) ..1-v

AREAS OF OPERATION:

I. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION.......................................1-1

II. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES .......................................1-5

III. AIRPORT OPERATIONS .............................................1-8

IV. LAUNCHES AND LANDINGS ......................................1-9

V. PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS................................1-11

VI. NAVIGATION ..............................................................1-14

VII. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS....................................1-15

VIII. POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES...................................1-17
FAA-S-8081-17 2

SECTION 2: PRIVATE PILOT LIGHTER-THAN-AIR — AIRSHIP

CONTENTS ..............................................................................2-i

APPLICANT’S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST (AIRSHIP)....2-iii

EXAMINER’S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST (AIRSHIP).....2-v

AREAS OF OPERATION:

I. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION.......................................2-1

II. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES .......................................2-6

III. AIRPORT OPERATIONS .............................................2-9

IV. TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-AROUND ...........2-11

V. PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS................................2-14

VI. GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVERS.....................2-16

VII. NAVIGATION ..............................................................2-17

VIII. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS....................................2-19

IX. POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES...................................2-21
1 FAA-S-8081-17

INTRODUCTION

The Flight Standards Service of the Federal Aviation Administration

(FAA) has developed this practical test book as a standard to be used

by FAA inspectors and designated pilot examiners when conducting

private pilot – lighter-than-air (balloon and airship) practical tests. Flight

instructors are expected to use this book when preparing applicants for

practical tests. Applicants should be familiar with this book and refer to

these standards during their training.

Information considered directive in nature is described in this practical

test book in terms such as “shall” and “must” indicating the actions are

mandatory. Guidance information is described in terms such as

“should” and “may” indicating the actions are desirable or permissive

but not mandatory.

The FAA gratefully acknowledges the valuable assistance provided by

the many individuals and organizations who contributed their time and

talent in assisting with the revision of these practical test standards.

This practical test standard may be accessed through the FedWorld

Information System. It may also be accessed via the Internet using the

following addresses:

Telenet access via Internet: fedworld.gov

FTP site access access via Internet: ftp://ftp.fedworld.gov/pub/faa

World Wide Web: http://www.fedworld.gov

This publication may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents,

U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.

Comments regarding this publication should be sent to:

U.S. Department of Transportation

Federal Aviation Administration

Flight Standards Service

Operations Support Branch, AFS-630

P.O. Box 25082

Oklahoma City, OK 73125
FAA-S-8081-17 2

PRACTICAL TEST STANDARDS CONCEPT

Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) specifies the

areas in which knowledge and skill must be demonstrated by the

applicant before the issuance of a private pilot certificate. The CFR's

provide the flexibility to permit the FAA to publish practical test

standards containing specific TASKS in which pilot competency must

be demonstrated. The FAA will revise this book whenever it is

determined that changes are needed in the interest of safety.

Adherence to the provisions of the regulations and the practical test

standards is mandatory for the evaluation of private pilot applicants.

PRIVATE PILOT LIGHTER-THAN-AIR PRACTICAL TEST

STANDARDS BOOK DESCRIPTION

This test book contains the following private pilot practical test

standards:

Section 1 Lighter-Than-Air, Balloon

Section 2 Lighter-Than-Air, Airship

The Private Pilot Lighter-Than-Air Practical Test Standards include the

AREAS OF OPERATION and TASKS for the issuance of an initial

private pilot certificate and for the addition of category and/or class

ratings to that certificate.

PRACTICAL TEST STANDARDS DESCRIPTION

AREAS OF OPERATION are phases of the practical test arranged in a

logical sequence. They begin with preflight preparation and end with

postflight procedures. The examiner, however, may conduct the

practical test in any sequence that results in a complete and efficient

test. The roman numerals preceding each AREA OF OPERATION

relate that AREA OF OPERATION to the corresponding regulatory

requirement.

TASKS represent knowledge, flight procedures, and/or maneuvers

appropriate to an AREA OF OPERATION.

The REFERENCE identifies the publication(s) that describe(s) the

TASK. Descriptions of TASKS are not included in the standards

because this information can be found in the current issue of the listed

reference. Publications other than those listed may be used, if their

content conveys substantially the same meaning as the listed

publications.
3 FAA-S-8081-17

Reference list:

14 CFR part 43 Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, 

Rebuilding, and Alteration

14 CFR part 61 Certification: Pilots and Flight Instructors

14 CFR part 67 Medical Standards and Certification

14 CFR part 91 General Operating and Flight Rules

NTSB Part 830 Notification and Reporting of Aircraft 

Accidents and Incidents

AC 00-2 Advisory Circular Checklist

AC 00-6 Aviation Weather

AC 00-45 Aviation Weather Services

AC 61-21 Flight Training Handbook

AC 61-23 Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge

AC 61-84 Role of Preflight Preparation

AC 91-13 Cold Weather Operation of Aircraft

AC 91-23 Pilot's Weight and Balance Handbook

AIM Aeronautical Information Manual

AFD Airport Facility Directory

NOTAM's Notices to Airmen

Balloon Flight Manual

Airship Flight Manual

Industry Related Manuals

The Objective lists the important elements that must be satisfactorily

performed to demonstrate competency in a TASK. The Objective

includes:

1. specifically what the applicant should be able to do;

2. the conditions under which the TASK is to be performed; and

3. the minimum acceptable standards of performance.
FAA-S-8081-17 4

USE OF THE PRACTICAL TEST STANDARDS BOOK

The FAA requires that all private pilot practical tests be conducted in

accordance with the appropriate Private Pilot Practical Test Standards

and the policies set forth in this INTRODUCTION. Private pilot

applicants shall be evaluated in ALL TASKS included in the AREAS

OF OPERATION of the appropriate practical test standard.

In preparation for the practical test, the examiner shall develop a written

“plan of action.” The “plan of action” shall include all TASKS in each

AREA OF OPERATION. Each TASK selected shall be evaluated in its

entirety. However, if the elements in one TASK have already been

evaluated in another TASK, they need not be repeated. 

The examiner is not required to follow the precise order in which the

AREAS OF OPERATION and TASKS appear in this book. The

examiner may change the sequence or combine TASKS with similar

Objectives to meet the orderly and efficient flow of the practical test. For

example, a rectangular course may be combined with an airport traffic

pattern or lost procedures may be combined with radio navigation. 

However, the Objectives of all TASKS must be demonstrated and

evaluated at some time during the practical test. The examiner's “plan

of action” shall include the order and combination of TASKS to be

demonstrated by the applicant in a manner that will result in an efficient

and valid test.

Examiners shall place special emphasis upon areas of aircraft

operation that are most critical to flight safety. Among these areas are

precise aircraft control and sound judgment in decision making.

Although these areas may or may not be shown under each TASK,

they are essential to flight safety and shall receive careful evaluation

throughout the practical test. THE EXAMINER SHALL ALSO

EMPHASIZE WAKE TURBULENCE AVOIDANCE, LOW LEVEL

WIND SHEAR, IN-FLIGHT COLLISION AVOIDANCE, RUNWAY

INCURSION AVOIDANCE, AND CHECKLIST USAGE.
5 FAA-S-8081-17

PRIVATE PILOT LIGHTER-THAN-AIR PRACTICAL TEST

PREREQUISITES

An applicant for the private pilot lighter-than-air practical test is required

by Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations to:

1. pass the appropriate private pilot knowledge test since the

beginning of the 24th month before the month in which the

practical test is taken;

2. obtain the applicable instruction and aeronautical experience

prescribed for the private pilot certificate or training sought;

3. hold at least a current third-class medical certificate issued

under 14 CFR part 67; or posses a Medical Statement

declaring that they have no known physical defect which

makes them unable to pilot a free balloon;

4. meet the age requirement for the issuance of the certificate

or rating sought; (16 years of age for the free balloon, 17

years of age for the airship), and;

5. obtain a written statement from an appropriately certificated

flight instructor certifying that the applicant has been given

flight instruction in preparation for the practical test within 60

days preceding the date of application. The statement shall

also state that the instructor finds the applicant competent to

pass the practical test and that the applicant has satisfactory

knowledge of the subject area(s) in which a deficiency, if any,

 was indicated by the airman knowledge test report.

NOTE: AC 61-65, Certification: Pilots and Flight Instructors, states

that the instructor may sign the instructor’s recommendation on the

reverse side of FAA Form 8710-1, Airman Certificate and/or Rating

Application, in lieu of the previous statement, provided all appropriate

14 CFR part 61 requirements are substantiated by reliable records.

AIRCRAFT AND EQUIPMENT REQUIRED FOR THE PRACTICAL

TEST

The private pilot applicant is required by 14 CFR section 61.45 to

provide an appropriate, airworthy, certificated aircraft for use during the

practical test. The aircraft must be equipped for, and its operating

limitations must not prohibit, the performance of all TASKS required on

the test. 
FAA-S-8081-17 6

METRIC CONVERSION INITIATIVE

To assist the pilots in understanding and using the metric measurement

system, the practical test standards refer to the metric equivalent of

various altitudes throughout. The inclusion of meters is intended to

familiarize pilots with its use. The metric altimeter is arranged in 10

meter increments; therefore, when converting from feet to meters, the

exact conversion, being too exact for practical purposes, is rounded to

the nearest 10 meter increment or even altitude as necessary.

POSITIVE EXCHANGE OF FLIGHT CONTROLS

During the practical test, there must always be a clear understanding of

who has control of the aircraft. Prior to the flight, a briefing should be

conducted that includes the procedure for the exchange of flight

controls. A positive three-step process in the exchange of flight controls

between pilots is a proven procedure and one that is recommended.

When the examiner wishes to take the controls to allow the applicant to

adjust the seat, headset, etc., he/she will say “I have the flight controls.”

The applicant will acknowledge immediately by saying, “You have the

flight controls.” The examiner again says, “I have the flight controls.”

When control is returned to the applicant, follow the same procedure. A

visual check is recommended to verify that the exchange has occurred.

There should never be any doubt as to who is flying the aircraft.

USE OF DISTRACTIONS DURING PRACTICAL TESTS

Numerous studies indicate that many accidents have occurred when

the pilot has been distracted during critical phases of flight. To evaluate

the pilot's ability to utilize proper control technique while dividing

attention both inside and/or outside the cockpit, the examiner shall

cause a realistic distraction during the flight portion of the practical test

to evaluate the applicant's ability to divide attention while maintaining

safe flight.

APPLICANT'S USE OF CHECKLISTS

Throughout the practical test, the applicant is evaluated on the use of

the appropriate checklist. Its proper use is dependent on the specific

TASK being evaluated. The situation may be such that the use of the

checklist while accomplishing the elements of the Objective would be

either unsafe or impractical, especially in a single-pilot operation. In this

case, a review of the checklist after the elements have been

accomplished, would be appropriate. Use of the checklist must consider

proper scanning and division of attention at all times.
7 FAA-S-8081-17

CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (CRM)

CRM “ ...refers to the effective use of ALL available resources; human

resources, hardware, and information.” Human resources “...includes all

groups routinely working with the cockpit crew (or pilot) who are

involved in decisions that are required to operate a flight safely. These

groups include, dispatchers, cabin crewmembers, maintenance

personnel, air traffic controllers, and weather services.” CRM is not a

single TASK, it is a set of knowledge and skill competencies that must

be evident in all TASKS in this PTS as applied to either single pilot or a

crew operation.

MANUFACTURER’S RECOMMENDATION

The term “recommended” refers to the manufacturer’s recommendation.

If the manufacturer’s recommendation is not available, the description

in AC 61-21 shall be used.

FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR RESPONSIBILITY

An appropriately rated flight instructor is responsible for training the

private pilot applicant to acceptable standards in all subject matter

areas, procedures, and maneuvers included in the TASKS within the

appropriate private pilot practical test standard. Because of the impact

of their teaching activities in developing safe, proficient pilots, flight

instructors should exhibit a high level of knowledge, skill, and ability.

Additionally, the flight instructor must certify that the applicant is able to

perform safely as a private pilot and is competent to pass the required

practical test.

Throughout the applicant's training, the flight instructor is responsible

for emphasizing the performance of effective visual scanning, collision

avoidance, and runway incursion avoidance procedures.
FAA-S-8081-17 8

EXAMINER1 RESPONSIBILITY

The examiner conducting the practical test is responsible for

determining that the applicant meets the acceptable standards of

knowledge and skill of each TASK within the appropriate practical test

standard. Since there is no formal division between the oral and skill

portions of the practical test, this becomes an ongoing process

throughout the test. To avoid unnecessary distractions, oral questioning

should be used judiciously at all times, especially during the flight

portion of the practical test.

Examiners shall test to the greatest extent practicable the applicant's

correlative abilities rather than mere rote enumeration of facts

throughout the practical test.

Throughout the flight portion of the practical test, the examiner shall

evaluate the applicant's use of visual scanning and collision avoidance

procedures.

SATISFACTORY PERFORMANCE

Satisfactory performance to meet the requirements for certification is

based on the applicant's ability to safely:

1. perform the approved AREAS OF OPERATION for the

certificate or rating sought within the approved standards;

2. demonstrate mastery of the aircraft with the successful

outcome of each task performed never seriously in doubt;

3. demonstrate sound judgment, aeronautical decision making,

and skill competencies in CRM.

UNSATISFACTORY PERFORMANCE

If, in the judgment of the examiner, the applicant does not meet the

standards of performance of any TASK performed, the associated

AREA OF OPERATION is failed and therefore, the practical test is

failed. The examiner or applicant may discontinue the test any time

after the failure of an AREA OF OPERATION makes the applicant

ineligible for the certificate or rating sought. The test will be continued

ONLY with the consent of the applicant. If the test is either continued or

discontinued, the applicant is entitled credit for only those TASKS

satisfactorily performed. However, during the retest and at the

discretion of the examiner, any TASK may be re-evaluated including

those previously passed.

 

 

1

 The word “examiner” denotes either the FAA inspector or FAA designated pilot

examiner who conducts the practical test.
9 FAA-S-8081-17

Typical areas of unsatisfactory performance and grounds for

disqualification are:

1. Any action or lack of action by the applicant that requires

corrective intervention by the examiner to maintain safe flight.

2. Failure to use proper and effective visual scanning

techniques to clear the area before and while performing

maneuvers.

3. Consistently exceeding tolerances stated in the Objectives.

4. Failure to take prompt corrective action when tolerances are

exceeded.

When a notice of disapproval is issued, the examiner will record the

applicant's unsatisfactory performance in terms of AREA OF

OPERATIONS and TASKS appropriate to the practical test conducted.

1-1 FAA-S-8081-17

SECTION 1

PRIVATE PILOT

LIGHTER-THAN-AIR

BALLOON

Practical Test Standards
FAA-S-8081-7A 1-2

CONTENTS: SECTION 1

CHECKLISTS:

Applicant's Practical Test Checklist (Balloon).................................1-iii

Examiner's Practical Test Checklist (Balloon) ................................1-v

AREAS OF OPERATION:

I. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION

A. CERTIFICATES AND DOCUMENTS ......................................1-1

B. WEATHER INFORMATION.....................................................1-1

C. FLIGHT PLANNING .................................................................1-2

D. NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM ............................................1-3

E. PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS.....................................1-3

F. OPERATION OF SYSTEMS....................................................1-4

G. AEROMEDICAL FACTORS.....................................................1-4

II. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES

A. LAUNCH SITE SELECTION....................................................1-5

B. CREW BRIEFING AND PREPARATION ................................1-5

C. LAYOUT AND ASSEMBLY......................................................1-6

D. PREFLIGHT INSPECTION ......................................................1-6

E. INFLATION...............................................................................1-7

F. BASKET/GONDOLA MANAGEMENT.....................................1-7

G. PRE-LAUNCH CHECK............................................................1-7

III. AIRPORT OPERATIONS

RADIO COMMUNICATIONS AND ATC LIGHT SIGNALS............1-8

IV. LAUNCHES AND LANDINGS

A. NORMAL LAUNCH..................................................................1-9

B. LAUNCH OVER OBSTACLE...................................................1-9

C. APPROACH TO LANDING......................................................1-9

D. NORMAL LANDING.................................................................1-10

E. HIGH-WIND LANDING ............................................................1-10
1-3 FAA-S-8081-17

V. PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS

A. ASCENTS ................................................................................1-11

B. ALTITUDE CONTROL (LEVEL FLIGHT).................................1-11

C. DESCENTS..............................................................................1-11

D. CONTOUR FLYING .................................................................1-12

E. OBSTRUCTION CLEARANCE................................................1-12

F. TETHERING.............................................................................1-12

G. WINTER FLYING .....................................................................1-13

H. MOUNTAIN FLYING ................................................................1-13

VI. NAVIGATION

NAVIGATION.................................................................................1-14

VII. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS

A. SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONS ...................1-15

B. EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT AND SURVIVAL GEAR ............1-15

C. WATER LANDING...................................................................1-16

D. THERMAL FLIGHT ..................................................................1-16

VIII. POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES

A. RECOVERY.............................................................................1-17

B. DEFLATION AND PACKING ...................................................1-17

C. REFUELING.............................................................................1-17
FAA-S-8081-7A 1-4

APPLICANT'S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST

(BALLOON)

APPOINTMENT WITH EXAMINER:

EXAMINER’S NAME__________________________

LOCATION _________________________________

DATE/TIME _________________________________

ACCEPTABLE AIRCRAFT

Aircraft Documents:

Airworthiness Certficate

Registration Certificate

Operating Limitations

Aircraft Maintenance Records:

Logbook Record of Airworthiness Inspections

and AD Compliance

Pilot’s Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Flight Manual

FCC Station License (if applicable)

PERSONAL EQUIPMENT

PTS

Current Aeronautical Charts

Computer and Plotter

Flight Logs

Current AIM

PERSONAL RECORDS

Identification - Photo/Signature ID

Pilot Certificate

Current and Appropriate Medical Certificate or Statement

Completed FAA Form 8710-1, Airman Certificate

and/or Rating Application with Instructor’s Signature

AC Form 8080-2, Airman Written Test Report or Computer

Test Report

Pilot Logbook with Appropriate Instructor Endorsements

FAA Form 8060-5, Notice of Disapproval (if applicable)

Approved School Graduation Certificate (if applicable)

Examiner's Fee (if applicable)
1-5 FAA-S-8081-17

EXAMINER'S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST

PRIVATE PILOT - LIGHTER-THAN-AIR

(BALLOON)

APPLICANT'S NAME ___________________

LOCATION ___________________________

DATE/TIME ___________________________

I. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION

A. Certificates and Documents

B. Weather Information

C. Flight Planning

D. National Airspace System

E. Performance and Limitations

F. Operations of Systems

G. Aeromedical Factors

II. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES

A. Launch Site Selection

B. Crew Briefing and Preparation

C. Layout and Assembly

D. Preflight Inspection

E. Inflation

F. Baskett/Gondola Management

G. Pre-launch Check

III. AIRPORT OPERATIONS

Radio Communications and ATC Light Signals

IV. LAUNCHES AND LANDINGS

A. Normal Launch

B. Launch Over Obstacle

C. Approach to Landing

D. Normal Landing

E. High-wind Landing
FAA-S-8081-7A 1-6

V. PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS

A. Ascents

B. Altitude control (Level Flight)

C. Descents

D. Contour Flying

E. Obstruction Clearance

F. Tethering

G. Winter Flying

H. Mountain Flying

VI. NAVIGATION

Navigation

VII. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS

A. Systems and Equipment Malfunctions

B. Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear

C. Water Landing

D. Thermal Flight

VIII. POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES

A. Recovery

B. Deflation and Packing

C. Refueling
1-7 FAA-S-8081-17

I. AREA OF OPERATION:

PREFLIGHT PREPARATION

A. TASK: CERTIFICATES AND DOCUMENTS

REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 43, 61, 91; AC 61-21, AC 61-23;

Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to certificates and

documents by explaining the appropriate—

a. pilot certificate privileges and limitations.

b. medical statement.

c. pilot logbook or flight record, required entries.

2. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to certificates and

documents by locating and explaining the—

a. airworthiness and registration certificates.

b. operating limitations, placards, instrument markings,

handbooks, and manuals.

c. weight data, including the equipment list as appropriate.

d. airworthiness directives and compliance records,

maintenance/inspection requirements and appropriate

records.

B. TASK: WEATHER INFORMATION

REFERENCES: AC 00-6, AC 00-45, AC 61-23, AC 61-84; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to weather

information by analyzing weather reports and forecasts from

various sources with emphasis on—

a. surface wind.

b. winds aloft.

c. wind shear.

d. PIREP’s.

e. SIGMET’s and AIRMET’s.
FAA-S-8081-7A 1-8

2. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to weather

information by explaining various atmospheric conditions, and

their effect on balloon flight, including—

a. temperature and pressure variations.

b. atmospheric stability.

c. cloud formations.

d. thunderstorms and associated turbulence.

e. thermals.

f. land and sea or lake breezes.

g. orographic winds.

3. Makes a competent “go/no-go” decision based on available

weather information.

C. TASK: FLIGHT PLANNING

REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 61-84; Navigation Charts;

NOTAM’s; Airport/Facility Directory; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to flight planning

by presenting and explaining a preplanned flight of maximum

duration, appropriate to the balloon used for the flight test, as

previously assigned by the examiner. The final flight plan shall

include real-time weather.

2. Uses appropriate, current aeronautical charts and appropriate,

current local road/street maps.

3. Plots a course for the intended route of flight based on the

winds aloft forecast.

4. Selects the appropriate VHF communication frequencies, if

radio equipped.

5. Identifies airspace, obstructions, and terrain features.

6. Selects suitable landing areas.

7. Extracts and applies pertinent information from NOTAM’s,

Airport/Facility Directory, and AIM as necessary.
1-9 FAA-S-8081-17

D. TASK: NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM

REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 91; Navigation Charts; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the

elements related to the National Airspace System by explaining:

1. Basic VFR Weather Minimums – for all classes of airspace.

2. Airspace classes – their boundaries, pilot certification, and

equipment requirements for the following—

a. Class A.

b. Class B.

c. Class C.

d. Class D.

e. Class E.

f. Class G.

3. Special use airspace and other airspace areas.

E. TASK: PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS

REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 61-84, AC 91-23; Balloon

Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to performance

and limitations by explaining the use of appropriate data, if

available from the manufacturer, to determine performance.

This shall include operational characteristics and loading, and

the adverse effects of exceeding limitations.

2. Computes operating weight, maximum load, and expected

envelope temperature, as related to maximum envelope

temperature.

3. Determines balloon performance, considering density altitude,

wind, other weather related conditions, and terrain.

4. Determines normal and maximum rates of ascent and

descent, and the altitude required to arrest high rates of

descent.

5. Determines envelope temperatures, including never-exceed

temperature and maximum continuous temperature, if

appropriate.

6. Determines whether the computed performance is within the

balloon’s capabilities and operating limitations.
FAA-S-8081-7A 1-10

F. TASK: OPERATION OF SYSTEMS

REFERENCE: Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the

elements related to the operation of systems on the balloon provided

for the practical test by explaining the following:

1. Fuel system and associated gauges.

2. Venting and/or deflation systems.

3. Flight instruments and gauges.

4. Avionics/communications system, as appropriate.

G. TASK: AEROMEDICAL FACTORS

REFERENCES: AC 61-21; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the

elements related to aeromedical factors by explaining:

1. The symptoms, causes, effects, and corrective actions of at

least three of the following—

a. hypoxia.

b. hyperventilation.

c. middle ear and sinus problems.

d. spatial disorientation.

e. stress and fatigue.

2. The effects of alcohol and drugs, including over-the-counter

drugs.

3. The effects of nitrogen excesses during scuba dives upon a

pilot and/or passenger in flight.
1-11 FAA-S-8081-17

II. AREA OF OPERATION:

PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES

A. TASK: LAUNCH SITE SELECTION

REFERENCE: Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to launch site

selection.

2. Arranges to launch with adequate time to complete the flight

safely considering wind, weather conditions, and landing sites.

3. Selects a launch site with emphasis on—

a. suitable landing areas.

b. airspace considerations.

c. surface wind and winds aloft.

d. accessibility.

e. surface condition.

f. size.

g. hazards and obstacles in the vicinity of the site.

4. Makes a competent “go/no-go” decision considering all of the

factors involved in the selection of a safe launch site.

B. TASK: CREW BRIEFING AND PREPARATION

REFERENCE: Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to crew briefing

and preparation.

2. Designates a crew chief, if appropriate, and assigns each

crewmember specific duties and responsibilities, considering

the experience level of each crewmember.

3. Briefs crewmembers in all areas of the flight, including layout

and assembly; tie-off, if appropriate; inflation; in-flight; landing;

recovery; and emergency procedures.

4. Establishes a common means of communication such as

hand signals and/or two-way radio.

5. Describes the proposed direction of flight and the estimated

time aloft.

6. Ensures that all necessary equipment is on board.

7. Supervises and coordinates all activities.

8. Completes the appropriate checklist.
FAA-S-8081-7A 1-12

C. TASK: LAYOUT AND ASSEMBLY

REFERENCE: Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to layout and

assembly.

2. Positions balloon properly, considering wind conditions and

obstacles.

3. Checks fuel system for security, leaks, and correct fuel

pressure.

4. Uses tie-off, if appropriate.

5. Assembles balloon as appropriate.

6. Completes the appropriate checklist.

D. TASK: PREFLIGHT INSPECTION

REFERENCE: Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to visual

inspection. This shall include which items must be inspected,

the reasons for checking each item, and how to detect

possible defects.

2. Inspects the balloon with reference to the checklist

emphasizing the—

a. basket.

b. fuel system.

c. flight instruments.

d. items.

e. envelope.

f. venting and/or deflation systems.

3. Verifies the balloon is in condition for safe flight.

4. Completes the appropriate checklist.
1-13 FAA-S-8081-17

E. TASK: INFLATION

REFERENCE: Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to inflation.

2. Accomplishes the proper tie-off procedure, if appropriate.

3. Inflates the balloon to equilibrium as appropriate.

4. Positions and secures the vent/deflation lines.

5. Completes the appropriate checklist.

F. TASK: BASKET/GONDOLA MANAGEMENT

REFERENCE: Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to basket/gondola

management procedures.

2. Ensures all loose items in the basket/gondola are secured.

3. Briefs passengers on the proper boarding, in-flight, and

landing behavior and procedures.

4. Organizes material and equipment in a logical, efficient

manner.

5. Utilizes all appropriate checklists.

G. TASK: PRE-LAUNCH CHECK

REFERENCE: Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the pre-launch

check. This shall include the reasons for checking each item

and how to detect malfunctions.

2. Reviews the wind conditions, temperatures, and obstructions.

3. Divides attention inside and outside the basket/gondola.

4. Performs final instrument check.

5. Ensures that the vent/deflation lines are positioned and

secured properly.

6. Determines equilibrium.

7. Accomplishes the pre-launch check and confirms that the

balloon is in safe operating condition.

8. Accomplishes final coordination with the ground crew,

including signals and emergency procedures.

9. Assures no conflict with traffic prior to launch.

10. Completes the appropriate checklist.
FAA-S-8081-7A 1-14

III. AREA OF OPERATION

AIRPORT OPERATIONS

TASK: RADIO COMMUNICATIONS AND ATC LIGHT 

SIGNALS

REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to radio

communications and ATC light signals.

2. Selects appropriate frequencies.

3. Transmits using recommended phraseology.

4. Acknowledges radio communications and complies with

instructions.

5. Interprets and complies with ATC light signals, as appropriate.
1-15 FAA-S-8081-17

IV. AREA OF OPERATION

LAUNCHES AND LANDINGS

A. TASK: NORMAL LAUNCH

REFERENCE: Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a normal

launch.

2. Directs ground crew to clear the area.

3. Recognizes equilibrium.

4. Uses tie-off quick release line correctly, if appropriate.

5. Recognizes presence of false lift and wind conditions.

6. Coordinates lift-off and initial ascent.

7. Completes the appropriate checklist.

B. TASK: LAUNCH OVER OBSTACLE

REFERENCE: Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a launch over

an obstacle.

2. Determines the height of the obstacle.

3. Considers the distance to the obstacle relative to the wind

conditions.

4. Recognizes the presence of false lift.

5. Acts decisively so as to clear the obstacle safely.

6. Completes the appropriate checklist.

C. TASK: APPROACH TO LANDING

REFERENCE: Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to an approach to

 landing.

2. Considers the wind conditions, landing area, obstructions, and

surface, and selects the most suitable touchdown point. 

3. Establishes the appropriate approach profile and rate(s) of

descent.

4. Ensures that each passenger is thoroughly briefed and

positioned properly in accordance with landing conditions.

5. Stows loose articles and secures equipment, as appropriate.

6. Makes a timely decision to abort the approach, if necessary.

7. Completes the appropriate checklist.
FAA-S-8081-7A 1-16

D. TASK: NORMAL LANDING

REFERENCE: Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a normal

landing.

2. Prepares vent/deflation system for use.

3. Touches down within the designated area or aborts the

landing and ascends as specified by the examiner.

4. Uses burner controls, vent/deflation system properly to

stabilize balloon on touchdown.

5. Stabilizes balloon prior to passengers exiting.

6. Completes the appropriate checklist.

E. TASK: HIGH-WIND LANDING

NOTE: If a high-wind condition does not exist, the applicant’s

knowledge of the TASK shall be evaluated through oral testing.

REFERENCE: Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a high-wind

landing.

2. Identifies hazards associated with a high-wind landing.

3. Prepares vent/deflation system for use.

4. Uses burner controls and vent/deflation system to land the

balloon and control ground travel.

5. Touches down within the designated area or aborts the

landing and ascends as specified by the examiner.

6 Extinguishes pilot lights at the appropriate time.

7. Completes the appropriate checklist.
1-17 FAA-S-8081-17

V. AREA OF OPERATION:

PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS

A. TASK: ASCENTS

REFERENCE: Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to ascents.

2. Transitions from level flight to ascent, as specified by the

examiner.

3. Ascends at an appropriate rate, ±100 feet (30 meters) per

minute.

4. Transitions from ascent to level flight at an altitude specified

by the examiner, ±100 feet (30 meters).

5. Completes the appropriate checklist.

B. TASK: ALTITUDE CONTROL (LEVEL FLIGHT)

REFERENCE: Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to altitude control.

2. Recognizes vertical movement.

3. Maintains equilibrium by smooth use of burner controls.

4. Uses instruments to assist in altitude control.

5. Maintains assigned altitudes, ±100 feet (30 meters).

6. Completes the appropriate checklist.

C. TASK: DESCENTS

REFERENCE: Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to descents.

2. Transitions from level flight to descent, as specified by the

examiner.

3. Descends at a specified rate, ±100 feet (30 meters) per

minute.

4. Transitions from descent to level flight at an altitude specified

by the examiner, ±100 feet (30 meters).

5. Completes the appropriate checklist.
FAA-S-8081-7A 1-18

D. TASK: CONTOUR FLYING

REFERENCE: Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to contour flying.

2. Uses all controls properly to maintain the desired altitude,

based on the appropriate clearance over terrain and

obstacles.

3. Considers the effects of wind gusts, wind shear, thermal

activity and orographic conditions.

4. Allows adequate clearance for livestock and other animals.

5. Divides attention between balloon control, ground track, and

forward surveillance.

E. TASK: OBSTRUCTION CLEARANCE

REFERENCE: Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to obstruction

clearance.

2. Recognizes obstructions, including powerlines, and allows

time to take appropriate action. 

3. Uses proper procedures to avoid obstructions, including

powerlines.

4. Uses proper procedures when collision is imminent.

F. TASK: TETHERING

REFERENCE: Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the

elements related to tethering by explaining:

1. The proper recognition of wind conditions and obstructions.

2. The recognition of the effects of false lift and wind gusts.

3. The recommended tethering procedure with emphasis on

utilizing an adequate number of appropriate tether lines of

adequate strength, in the proper location.

4. The briefing for ground crewmembers, to include crowd

control.
1-19 FAA-S-8081-17

G. TASK: WINTER FLYING

REFERENCE: Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the

elements related to winter flying by explaining:

1. The proper preparation, equipment, and survival supplies

necessary for flight in cold temperatures.

2. The proper methods for pressurizing fuel tanks.

3. The added concerns for fuel vaporization, leaks, and risk of

fire during cold weather.

H. TASK: MOUNTAIN FLYING

REFERENCE: Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge

of the elements related to mountain flying by explaining:

1. The proper preparation, equipment, and survival supplies

necessary for flight over mountainous terrain.

2. The accessibility to landing areas.

3. The recognition of cloud formations and descending air

currents on the leeward side of mountains as evidence of

possible turbulence.

4. The caution required in regard to windshear encounters and

possible rapid weather changes.
FAA-S-8081-7A 1-20

VI. AREA OF OPERATION:

NAVIGATION

TASK: NAVIGATION

REFERENCE: Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to navigation.

2. Identifies airspace and altitude restrictions.

3. Recognizes the preplanned course by reference to

landmarks.

4. Identifies landmarks by relating surface features to chart

symbols.

5. Verifies the balloon’s position at all times.

6. Manages fuel properly.

7. Determines the duration of the flight, considering—

a. availability of suitable landing areas.

b. fuel consumption.

c. wind and other atmospheric conditions.

d. obstructions.

e. payload.

8. Notes the differences, if any, between preflight flight planning 

and the actual flight.

9. Completes the appropriate checklist.
1-21 FAA-S-8081-17

VII. AREA OF OPERATION:

EMERGENCY OPERATIONS

A. TASK: SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONS

REFERENCE: Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to systems and

equipment malfunctions appropriate to the balloon used for

the practical test.

2. Analyzes the situation and takes the appropriate action for

simulated emergencies, such as—

a. pilot light flameout or failure.

b. blast valve failure.

c. fuel exhaustion.

d. propane leak.

e. envelope failure.

f. any other systems and equipment malfunction

appropriate to the balloon provided for the flight test.

3. Follows the appropriate emergency checklist.

B. TASK: EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT AND SURVIVAL

GEAR

REFERENCE: Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to emergency

equipment and survival gear appropriate to the balloon

provided for the practical test, such as—

a. location and purpose.

b. method of operation or use.

c. servicing requirements.

d. method of safe storage.

e. equipment and survival gear appropriate for operation in

various climates and topographical environments.

2. Follows the appropriate emergency checklist.
FAA-S-8081-7A 1-22

C. TASK: WATER LANDING

REFERENCE: Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of 

the elements related to a water landing by explaining:

1. The emergency conditions under which water landings are

necessary.

2. The effect of wind direction and speed, and water current.

3. The preparation required for contact with water, to include

briefing passengers.

4. The procedure to be used for actual water landing.

D. TASK: THERMAL FLIGHT

REFERENCE: Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the

elements related to thermal flight by explaining:

1. The conditions that cause thermal activity.

2. The recognition of convective conditions and associated

hazards.

3. The effects of thermal activity on balloon flight.

4. The procedures to be used upon encountering thermal

activity.
1-23 FAA-S-8081-17

VIII. AREA OF OPERATION:

POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES

A. TASK: RECOVERY

REFERENCE: Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to recovery.

2. Coordinates landing and recovery with landowner, as

appropriate.

3. Minimizes property damage during recovery.

4. Supervises ground crew during recovery, including vehicle and

spectator control.

5. Completes the appropriate checklist.

B. TASK: DEFLATION AND PACKING

REFERENCE: Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to deflation and

packing.

2. Ensures the fuel system is secure.

3. Deflates envelope properly, considering wind conditions and

obstacles.

4. Disassembles envelope and basket components, as

appropriate.

5. Packs and stores envelope, basket and components, and fuel

system, as appropriate.

6. Performs satisfactory postflight inspection.

7. Completes the appropriate checklist.

C. TASK: REFUELING

REFERENCE: Balloon Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the

elements related to refueling by explaining:

1. A crewmember briefing on safety precautions.

2. The danger of explosion and burns when handling propane.

3. The need for adequate ventilation.

4. Water contamination.

5. The proper method of filling the cylinders, as appropriate.

2-1 FAA-S-8081-17

SECTION 2

PRIVATE PILOT

LIGHTER-THAN-AIR

AIRSHIP

Practical Test Standards
FAA-S-8081-7A 2-2

CONTENTS: SECTION 2

CHECKLISTS:

Applicant's Practical Test Checklist (Airship)..................................2-iii

Examiner's Practical Test Checklist (Airship) .................................2-v

AREAS OF OPERATION:

I. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION

A. CERTIFICATES AND DOCUMENTS ......................................2-1

B. WEATHER INFORMATION.....................................................2-1

C. CROSS-COUNTRY FLIGHT PLANNING ................................2-2

D. NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM ............................................2-3

E. PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS.....................................2-3

F. OPERATION OF SYSTEMS....................................................2-4

G. AEROMEDICAL FACTORS.....................................................2-5

II. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES

A. PREFLIGHT INSPECTION ......................................................2-6

B. COCKPIT MANAGEMENT ......................................................2-6

C. ENGINE STARTING ................................................................2-6

D. UNMASTING AND POSITIONING FOR TAKEOFF ................2-7

E. GROUND HANDLING..............................................................2-7

F. BEFORE TAKEOFF CHECK...................................................2-8

III. AIRPORT OPERATIONS

A. RADIO COMMUNICATIONS AND ATC LIGHT SIGNALS......2-9

B. TRAFFIC PATTERNS..............................................................2-9

C. AIRPORT AND RUNWAY MARKINGS AND LIGHTING ........2-10

IV. TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-AROUND

A. GROUND WEIGH-OFF............................................................2-11

B. UP-SHIP TAKEOFF.................................................................2-11

C. WHEEL TAKEOFF...................................................................2-12

D. APPROACH AND LANDING ...................................................2-12

E. GO-AROUND...........................................................................2-13
2-3 FAA-S-8081-17

V. PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS

A. STRAIGHT-AND-LEVEL FLIGHT............................................2-14

B. ASCENTS AND DESCENTS...................................................2-14

C. LEVEL TURNS.........................................................................2-14

D. IN-FLIGHT WEIGH-OFF ..........................................................2-15

E. MANUAL PRESSURE CONTROL ..........................................2-15

F. STATIC AND DYNAMIC TRIM.................................................2-15

VI. GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVERS

A. RECTANGULAR COURSE .....................................................2-16

B. TURNS AROUND A POINT.....................................................2-16

VII. NAVIGATION

A. PILOTAGE AND DEAD RECKONING.....................................2-17

B. NAVIGATION SYSTEMS AND RADAR SERVICES...............2-17

C. DIVERSION..............................................................................2-18

D. LOST PROCEDURES .............................................................2-18

VIII. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS

A. ENGINE FIRE DURING FLIGHT .............................................2-19

B. ENVELOPE EMERGENCIES..................................................2-19

C. FREE BALLOONING ...............................................................2-19

D. DITCHING AND EMERGENCY LANDING..............................2-20

E. SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONS ...................2-20

IX. POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES

A. MASTING.................................................................................2-21

B. POST-MASTING......................................................................2-21
FAA-S-8081-7A 2-4

APPLICANT'S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST

(AIRSHIP)

APPOINTMENT WITH EXAMINER:

EXAMINER’S NAME_________________________

LOCATION________________________________

DATE/TIME _______________________________

ACCEPTABLE AIRCRAFT

Aircraft Documents:

Airworthiness Certficate

Registration Certificate

Operating Limitations

Aircraft Maintenance Records:

Logbook Record of Airworthiness Inspections

and AD Compliance

Pilot's Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Flight Manual

FCC Station License

PERSONAL EQUIPMENT

PTS

Current Aeronautical Charts

Computer and Plotter

Flight Plan and Flight Log Forms

Current AIM, Airport Facility Directory, and Appropriate 

Publications

PERSONAL RECORDS

Identification - Photo/Signature ID

Pilot Certificate

Current and Appropriate Medical Certificate

Completed FAA Form 8710-1, Airman Certificate

and/or Rating Application with Instructor’s Signature, if

applicable

AC Form 8080-2, Airman Written Test Report or Computer

Test Report

Pilot Logbook with Appropriate Instructor Endorsements

FAA Form 8060-5, Notice of Disapproval (if applicable)

Approved School Graduation Certificate (if applicable)

Examiner's Fee (if applicable)
2-5 FAA-S-8081-17

EXAMINER'S PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST

PRIVATE PILOT - LIGHTER-THAN-AIR

(AIRSHIP)

APPLICANT'S NAME ___________________

LOCATION ___________________________

DATE/TIME ___________________________

I. PREFLIGHT PREPARATION

A. Certificates and Documents

B. Weather Information

C. Cross-country Flight Planning

D. National Airspace System

E. Performance and Limitations

F. Operation of Systems

G. Aeromedical Factors

II. PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES

A. Preflight Inspection

B. Cockpit Management

C. Engine Starting

D. Unmasting and Positioning for Takeoff

E. Ground Handling

F. Before Takeoff Check

III. AIRPORT OPERATIONS

A. Radio Communications and ATC Light Signals

B. Traffic Patterns

C. Airport and Runway Markings and Lighting

IV. TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-AROUND

A. Ground Weigh-off

B. Up-Ship Takeoff

C. Wheel Takeoff

D. Approach and Landing

E. Go-around
FAA-S-8081-7A 2-6

V. PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS

A. Straight-and-Level Flight

B. Ascents and Descents

C. Level Turns

D. In-flight Weigh-off

E. Manual Pressure Control

F. Static and Dynamic Trim

VI. GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVERS

A. Rectangular Course

B. Turns Around a Point

VII. NAVIGATION

A. Pilotage and Dead Reckoning

B. Navigation Systems and Radar Services

C. Diversion

D. Lost Procedures

VIII. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS

A. Engine Fire During Flight

B. Envelope Emergencies

C. Free Ballooning

D. Ditching and Emergency Landing

E. Systems and Equipment Malfunctions

IX. POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES

A. Masting

B. Post-Masting
2-7 FAA-S-8081-17

I. AREA OF OPERATION:

PREFLIGHT PREPARATION

A. TASK: CERTIFICATES AND DOCUMENTS

REFERENCES: 14 CFR parts 43, 61, 91; AC 61-21, AC 61-23;

Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to certificates and

documents by explaining the appropriate—

a. pilot certificate privileges and limitations.

b. medical certificate, class and duration.

c. pilot logbook or flight record, required entries.

2. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to certificates and

documents by locating and explaining the—

a. airworthiness and registration certificates.

b. operating limitations, placards, instrument markings,

handbooks, and manuals.

c. weight and lift data, including the equipment list.

d. airworthiness directives and compliance records,

maintenance/inspection requirements, and appropriate

records.

B. TASK: WEATHER INFORMATION

REFERENCES: AC 00-6, AC 00-45, AC 61-23, AC 61-84; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to weather

information by analyzing weather reports and forecasts from

various sources with emphasis on—

a. PIREP’s.

b. SIGMET’s and AIRMET’s.

c. wind shear reports.
FAA-S-8081-7A 2-8

2. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to weather

information by explaining various atmospheric conditions, and

their effect on airship flight, including—

a. atmospheric influence.

b. atmospheric stability.

c. pressure and temperature changes.

d. terrain effect on winds.

e. cloud formations.

3. Makes a competent “go/no-go” decision based on available

weather information.

C. TASK: CROSS-COUNTRY FLIGHT PLANNING

REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 61-84; Navigation Charts;

Airport/Facility Directory; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to cross-country

flight planning by presenting and explaining a preplanned VFR

cross-country flight of maximum duration, appropriate to the

airship used for the flight test, as previously assigned by the

examiner. The final flight plan shall include real-time weather

to the first fuel stop, with maximum allowable passenger and

baggage loads.

2. Uses appropriate, current aeronautical charts.

3. Plots a course for the intended route of flight, considering

terrain and service ceiling.

4. Identifies airspace, obstructions, and alternate airports.

5. Selects easily identifiable en route checkpoints.

6. Selects the most favorable altitudes, considering weather

conditions and equipment capabilities.

7. Computes headings, flight time, and fuel requirements.

8. Selects appropriate navigation systems/facilities and

communication frequencies.

9. Considers availability of facilities and ground crew at

destination.

10. Extracts and applies pertinent information from NOTAM’s, the

Airport/Facility Directory, and other flight publications.

11. Completes a navigation log and simulates filing a VFR flight

plan.
2-9 FAA-S-8081-17

D. TASK: NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM

REFERENCES: 14 CFR part 91; Navigation Charts; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the

elements related to the National Airspace System by explaining:

1. Basic VFR Weather Minimums – for all classes of airspace.

2. Airspace classes – their boundaries, pilot certification, and

equipment requirements for the following—

a. Class A.

b. Class B.

c. Class C.

d. Class D.

e. Class E.

f. Class G.

3. Special use airspace and other airspace areas.

E. TASK: PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS

REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 61-84, AC 91-23; Airship

Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to performance

and limitations by explaining the use of charts, tables, and

appropriate data, if available from the manufacturer, to

determine performance in various phases of flight, including

operational characteristics and loading, and the adverse

effects of exceeding limitations.

2. Computes operating weight, maximum load, and trim

condition.

3. Determines airship performance under the following

conditions—

a. weight limitations.

b. static and dynamic lift capability.

c. effect of superheat on ballonets(s) and percent of

fullness.

d. effect of gas purity and superheat on lift.

e. temperature and humidity changes on performance and

lift.

f. temperature inversion on descents.

g. leaks in ballonet(s) and envelope.

h. average ballonet volume with respect to total envelope

volume and service ceiling.

I. loss of gross lift when above pressure height.
FAA-S-8081-7A 2-10

j. relationship of ballonet fullness to pressure height.

4. Determines airship performance, considering the effects of

the following conditions—

a. weights and lift (static and dynamic).

b. relationship of ballonet fullness to pressure height.

c. superheat on percent of fullness.

d. average ballonet volume with respect to total envelope

volume.

e. loss of gross lift when above pressure height.

f. leaks in ballonets and envelope.

g. gas purity on lift.

h. superheat on lift.

I. maximum rate climb and descent limitations.

F. TASK: OPERATION OF SYSTEMS

REFERENCE: Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the

elements related to the operation of systems on the airship provided

for the flight test by explaining at least three of the following:

1. Surface control systems.

2. Flight instruments and associated controls.

3. Landing gear.

4. Engines.

5. Propellers.

6. Fuel and oil system.

7. Electrical system.

8. Envelope/ballonet pressure systems.

9. Environmental system.

10. Avionics and auxiliary equipment.

11. Any system unique to the airship flown.

12. Ground support equipment.
2-11 FAA-S-8081-17

G. TASK: AEROMEDICAL FACTORS

REFERENCES: AC 61-21; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the

elements related to aeromedical factors by explaining:

1. The symptoms, causes, effects, and corrective actions of at

least three of the following—

a. hypoxia.

b. hyperventilation.

c. middle ear and sinus problems.

d. spatial disorientation.

e. motion sickness.

f. carbon monoxide poisoning.

g. stress and fatigue.

2. The effects of alcohol, and drugs, including over-the-counter

drugs.

3. The effects of nitrogen excesses during scuba dives upon a

pilot and/or passenger in flight.
FAA-S-8081-7A 2-12

II. AREA OF OPERATION

PREFLIGHT PROCEDURES

A. TASK: PREFLIGHT INSPECTION

REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to preflight

inspection. This shall include which items must be inspected,

the reasons for checking each item, and how to detect

possible defects.

2. Inspects the airship with reference to the checklist.

3. Verifies the airship is in condition for safe flight.

B. TASK: COCKPIT MANAGEMENT

REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to cockpit

management procedures.

2. Ensures all loose items in the cockpit and passenger area are

secured.

3. Briefs passengers on the use of safety belts and emergency

procedures.

4. Organizes essential material and equipment in a logical,

efficient flow pattern.

5. Maintains orderly records reflecting progress of the flight, as

appropriate.

6. Utilizes all appropriate checklists.

C. TASK: ENGINE STARTING

REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 91-13; Airship Flight

Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to engine starting.

 This shall include the use of an external power source and

starting under various atmospheric conditions, as appropriate.

2. Observes safety precautions related to starting, considering

open hangars, other aircraft, and the safety of nearby persons

and property on the ramp.
2-13 FAA-S-8081-17

3. Accomplishes the correct starting procedure including proper

adjustment of engine controls.

4. Prevents movement of airship during and after start.

5. Completes the appropriate checklist.

D. TASK: UNMASTING AND POSITIONING FOR TAKEOFF

REFERENCE: Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Briefs ground crew and coordinates hand signals and voice

commands.

2. Prevents airship from riding up on the mast.

3. Ensures proper envelope pressure and trim before coming off

the mast.

4. Uses ground crew and airship controls properly to move away

from the mast and into position for takeoff.

5. Divides attention inside and outside the cockpit so as to avoid

possible immediate takeoff after coming off the mast.

6. Completes the appropriate checklist.

E. TASK: GROUND HANDLING

REFERENCE: Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to ground

handling, appropriate to the airship provided for the practical

test.

2. Determines the required number of crew members,

considering the weather conditions, the status of the airship,

and the method of handling.

3. Briefs the ground crew on all pertinent phases of ground

handling procedures.

4. Maintains coordination with the crew chief and the proper use

of hand signals and voice commands with the crew.

5. Recognizes undesirable airship movement and takes

appropriate action.

6. Maintains proper envelope pressure and trim and alertness for

wind shifts.

7. Maintains proper position while controlled by the ground crew.
FAA-S-8081-7A 2-14

F. TASK: BEFORE TAKEOFF CHECK

REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to the before

takeoff check.

2. Positions the airship properly to avoid hazards.

3. Divides attention inside and outside the cockpit.

4. Ensures that engine temperatures and pressures are suitable

for run-up and takeoff.

5. Accomplishes the before takeoff check and confirms that the

airship is in safe operating condition.

6. Reviews takeoff performance, wind direction and speed,

expected takeoff distance, emergency procedures, and the

departure procedure.

7. Ensures that the takeoff path is clear of obstacles.

8. Assures no conflict with traffic prior to takeoff.

9. Completes the appropriate checklist.
2-15 FAA-S-8081-17

III. AREA OF OPERATION

AIRPORT OPERATIONS

A. TASK: RADIO COMMUNICATIONS AND ATC LIGHT 

SIGNALS

REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to radio

communications and ATC light signals.

2. Selects appropriate frequencies.

3. Transmits using recommended phraseology.

4. Acknowledges radio communications and complies with

instructions.

5. Uses prescribed procedures following radio communications

failure.

6. Interprets and complies with ATC light signals.

B. TASK: TRAFFIC PATTERNS

REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to traffic patterns.

 This shall include operations at controlled and uncontrolled

airports, runway incursion and collision avoidance, wake

turbulence avoidance, and wind shear.

2. Complies with traffic pattern procedures.

3. Maintains proper spacing from other traffic.

4. Corrects for wind drift to maintain the proper ground track.

5. Maintains orientation with the runway or landing area to be

used.

6. Establishes a final approach at an appropriate distance from

the runway or landing area.

7. Maintains the appropriate traffic pattern altitude, ±200 feet (60

meters).

8. Maintains airspeed for the current static condition of the

airship.

9. Completes the appropriate checklist.
FAA-S-8081-7A 2-16

C. TASK: AIRPORT AND RUNWAY MARKINGS AND 

LIGHTING

REFERENCES: AC-61-21, AC 61-23; AIM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to airport and

runway markings and lighting.

2. Identifies and interprets airport, runway and taxiway markings.

3. Identifies and interprets airport, runway and taxiway lighting.
2-17 FAA-S-8081-17

IV. AREA OF OPERATION:

TAKEOFFS, LANDINGS, AND GO-AROUND

A. TASK: GROUND WEIGH-OFF

REFERENCE: Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to ground weighoff.

2. Determines the static and trim condition.

3. Maintains zero inclination and heading into the wind.

4. Prevents fore-and-aft surge.

5. Checks weigh-off and trim with neutral elevators when

HANDS OFF command is given.

6. Ballasts the airship according to the conditions and type of

flight contemplated without exceeding the weight limits.

7. Completes the appropriate checklist.

B. TASK: UP-SHIP TAKEOFF

REFERENCE: Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to an upwind

takeoff.

2. Determines heaviness limitations and weather conditions

under which an up-ship takeoff may be made.

3. Ensures that sufficient ground crew are available so as to

obtain adequate upward velocity.

4. Idles engines and uses the rudder as necessary during weighoff.

5. Remains within the takeoff heaviness limits.

6. Uses proper and timely hand signals and voice commands

with ground crew.

7. Applies up elevator pressure as ground crew lifts airship and

transitions to a nose-up attitude keeping tail clear of the

ground.

8. Applies power as the airship nears the top of its upward thrust.

9. Prevents the tail from striking the ground.

10. Increases airspeed sufficiently to carry the load dynamically.

11. Completes the appropriate checklist.
FAA-S-8081-7A 2-18

C. TASK: WHEEL TAKEOFF

REFERENCE: Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a wheel takeoff.

This shall include a wheel takeoff under various degrees of

heaviness, including maximum heavy conditions.

2. Determines the approximate takeoff roll and ensures that the

area is clear and sufficient, considering wind conditions and

field surface.

3. Positions the airship to utilize the maximum available takeoff

area and maintains trim.

4. Uses the proper hand signals and voice commands with the

ground crew.

5. Applies power slowly, in a timely manner.

6. Attains sufficient airspeed to carry the load dynamically while

on the wheel.

7. Uses elevators to assist the airship in lifting dynamically.

8. Maintains directional control and the proper inclination to keep

the tail off the ground.

9. Completes the appropriate checklist.

D. TASK: APPROACH AND LANDING

REFERENCE: Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to an approach

and landing, including light and heavy airships.

2. Accomplishes static weigh-off prior to commencing the

approach.

3. Adjusts trim, as necessary, for landing, considering weight

and condition of air.

4. Coordinates flight and power controls, as necessary.

5. Makes smooth and gradual approach maintaining direction

and angle of descent.

6. Recognizes and adheres to waveoff signals.

7. Lands at a speed appropriate for approaching the ground

crew.

8. Reverses thrust, if applicable.

9. Completes the appropriate checklists.
2-19 FAA-S-8081-17

E. TASK: GO-AROUND

REFERENCE: Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Makes a timely decision to discontinue the approach to

landing.

2. Uses correct procedures for a light or heavy airship, as

appropriate.

3. Coordinates use of power and flight controls to effect a

smooth transition to a climb attitude.

4. Completes the appropriate checklist.
FAA-S-8081-7A 2-20

V. AREA OF OPERATION:

PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS

A. TASK: STRAIGHT-AND-LEVEL FLIGHT

REFERENCE: Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to straight-andlevel flight.

2. Uses the flight controls in a smooth, coordinated manner with

minimum pitching and yawing.

3. Adjusts and maintains dynamic trim.

4. Maintains the specified altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters) and the

specified heading, ±20°.

B. TASK: ASCENTS AND DESCENTS

REFERENCE: Airship flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to ascents and

descents, including limitations.

2. Ascends and descends while keeping the gas pressure within

operating limits.

3. Demonstrates proper pressure control and makes smooth

altitude changes.

4. Controls rates of ascent and descent, ±300 feet (90 meters)

per minute.

C. TASK: LEVEL TURNS

REFERENCE: Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to level turns.

2. Enters, maintains, and rolls out of level turns with smooth,

coordinated control application.

3. Uses elevators and rudders properly to control effects of

rolling tendency, loss of dynamic lift.

4. Maintains the specified altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters) and

rolls out on the assigned heading, ±20°.
2-21 FAA-S-8081-17

D. TASK: IN-FLIGHT WEIGH-OFF

REFERENCE: Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to in-flight weighoff.

2. Steers the airship into the wind in level flight at a minimum

altitude of at least 500 feet (150 meters) AGL.

3. Reduces the power to the specified airspeed and stabilizes

the airship.

4. Determines if the airship is being affected by updrafts or 

downdrafts.

5. Neutralizes the elevator and rudder controls.

6. Observes the attitude of the airship and pressure differential in

the ballonets.

7. Determines trim and static condition.

8. Adjusts trim properly.

E. TASK: MANUAL PRESSURE CONTROL

REFERENCE: Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to manual

pressure control.

2. Controls the pressure manually as recommended by the

manufacturer to a predetermined valve(s) setting.

3. Monitors operation of pressure valves and system.

4. Maintains a constant altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters).

F. TASK: STATIC AND DYNAMIC TRIM

REFERENCE: Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to static and

dynamic trim.

2. Establishes static trim for various weight conditions.

3. Establishes dynamic trim for various flight conditions.
FAA-S-8081-7A 2-22

VI. AREA OF OPERATION:

GROUND REFERENCE MANEUVERS

A. TASK: RECTANGULAR COURSE

REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a rectangular

course.

2. Selects a suitable altitude and ground reference.

3. Plans the maneuver so as to enter at traffic pattern altitude, at

an appropriate distance from the selected reference area.

4. Applies adequate wind drift correction during straight-andturning flight to maintain a constant ground track around the

rectangular reference area.

5. Divides attention between coordinated airship control and the

ground track.

6. Maintains altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters).

B. TASK: TURNS AROUND A POINT

REFERENCES: AC 61-21; Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to turns around a

point.

2. Selects the ground reference point.

3. Plans the maneuver so as to enter at 600 to 1,000 feet (180

to 300 meters) AGL at an appropriate distance from the

reference point.

4. Applies adequate wind drift correction to track a constant

radius circle around the selected reference point.

5. Divides attention between airship control and the ground track,

and maintains coordinated flight.

6. Maintains altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters).
2-23 FAA-S-8081-17

VII. AREA OF OPERATION

NAVIGATION

A. TASK: PILOTAGE AND DEAD RECKONING

REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23, AC 61-84.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to pilotage and

dead reckoning.

2. Follows the preplanned course solely by visual reference to

landmarks.

3. Identifies landmarks by relating the surface features to chart

symbols.

4. Navigates by means of precomputed headings, groundspeed,

and elapsed time.

5. Makes a reasonable estimate of heading, groundspeed,

arrival time, and fuel consumption to the destination.

6. Corrects for, and records, the differences between preflight

fuel, groundspeed, and heading calculations and those

determined en route.

7. Verifies the airship’s position within 3 nautical miles of the

flight planned route at all times.

8. Arrives at the en route checkpoints or destination within 5

minutes of the ETA.

9. Maintains the appropriate altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters) and

established heading, ±20°.

10. Completes all appropriate checklists.

B. TASK: NAVIGATION SYSTEMS AND RADAR

SERVICES

REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23; Navigation Equipment

Operation Manuals.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to navigation

systems and radar services.

2. Selects and identifies the appropriate navigation

system/facility.

3. Locates the airship’s position using radials, bearings, or

coordinates, as appropriate.

4. Intercepts and tracks a given radial or bearing, if appropriate.

5. Recognizes and describes the indication of station passage, if

appropriate.

6. Recognizes signal loss and takes appropriate action.
FAA-S-8081-7A 2-24

7. Uses proper communication procedures when utilizing ATC

radar services.

8. Maintains the appropriate altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters).

C. TASK: DIVERSION

REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC 61-23.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to diversion.

2. Selects an appropriate alternate airport and route.

3. Diverts promptly toward the alternate airport.

4. Makes a reasonable estimate of heading, groundspeed,

arrival time, and fuel consumption to the alternate airport.

5. Maintains the appropriate altitude, ±200 feet (60 meters) and

established heading, ±20°.

D. TASK: LOST PROCEDURES

REFERENCES: AC 61-21, AC-23.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to lost procedures.

2. Selects the best course of action when given a lost situation.

3. Maintains the original or an appropriate heading and climbs, if

necessary.

4. Identifies the nearest concentration of prominent landmarks.

5. Uses navigation systems/facilities and/or contacts an

appropriate ATC facility for assistance.
2-25 FAA-S-8081-17

VIII. AREA OF OPERATION:

EMERGENCY OPERATIONS

A. TASK: ENGINE FIRE DURING FLIGHT

REFERENCE: Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the

elements related to engine fire during flight by explaining the

procedures used for:

1. Applying full power in an attempt to blow out the fire in the

affected engine.

2. Extinguishing the fire.

3. Shutting down the engine, using the checklist, if the fire

persists.

4. Preparing to land at the earliest opportunity.

B. TASK: ENVELOPE EMERGENCIES

REFERENCE: Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits knowledge of the

elements related to envelope emergencies by explaining the

procedures used for:

1. A puncture or rip in the gas envelope and/or in a ballonet. 

2. An excessive helium loss.

3. Rain /icing on the envelope.

4. Emergency valve operations.

5. Emergency air-to-helium operations.

C. TASK: FREE BALLOONING

REFERENCE: Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to free ballooning.

2. Assesses airship static condition and determines ballast

needs.

3. Establishes equilibrium in a timely manner.

4. Turns off all nonessential electrical equipment.

5. Determines cause of engine failure and attempts restart.

6. Selects suitable landing site and establishes communications

with the crew.

7. Uses minimum helium valving and ballast dumping during

descent.

8. Secures loose equipment.
FAA-S-8081-7A 2-26

9. Completes the appropriate emergency checklist.

D. TASK: DITCHING AND EMERGENCY LANDING

REFERENCE: Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to ditching and

emergency landing.

2 Simulates jettisoning ballast, considering potential fire hazard

when dumping fuel.

3. Instructs passengers in safety procedures.

4. Ensures life jackets are on correctly, if ditching.

5. Secures loose equipment.

6. Simulates securing all systems to minimize chance of fire or

other damage.

7. Completes the appropriate emergency checklist.

E. TASK: SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONS

REFERENCE: Airship Flight Manual.

NOTE: The examiner shall not simulate a system or equipment

malfunction in a manner that may jeopardize safe flight or result in

possible damage to the airship.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to systems and

equipment malfunctions appropriate to the airship used for the

practical test.

2. Takes appropriate action for simulated emergencies such

as—

a. Control system/actuator malfunction.

b. Fuel starvation.

c. Electrical system malfunction.

d. Propeller malfunction.

e. Pressure system malfunction.

f. Engine or nacelle fire.

g. APU fire.
2-27 FAA-S-8081-17

IX. AREA OF OPERATION:

POSTFLIGHT PROCEDURES

A. TASK: MASTING

REFERENCE: Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to masting.

2. Maintains coordination with crew chief through use of proper

hand signals and voice commands.

3. Remains in control of airspeed and positions airship properly.

4. Coordinates use of power and flight controls.

5. Places airship in proper trim and ballast when approaching the

mast.

6. Completes the appropriate checklist.

B. TASK: POST-MASTING

REFERENCE: Airship Flight Manual.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to post-masting,

appropriate to the airship used for the practical test.

2. Uses proper engine shutdown procedures.

3. Complies with equipment requirements for maintaining

envelope pressure.

4. Ensures mast security relative to weather conditions.

5. Gives consideration to weather with the airship on the mast.

6. Completes the appropriate checklist.