APPENDIX 8-C. ENERGY PRICE CALCULATIONS FOR COMMERCIAL

PACKAGED BOILERS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

8-C.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 8-C-1

8-C.2 COMMERCIAL BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 

SURVEY/RESIDENTAIL ENERGY CONSUMPTION SURVEY SAMPLE 

MAPPING PROCESS ................................................................................................. 8-C-1

8-C.3 AVERAGE MARGINAL MONTHLY PRICES ........................................................ 8-C-2

8-C.3.4 Average Annual Prices Determination .................................................................. 8-C-2

8-C.3.4.1 Annual Electrical Prices....................................................................... 8-C-2

8-C.3.4.2 Annual Natural Gas Prices................................................................... 8-C-6

8-C.3.4.3 Annual Liquified Petroleum Gas Prices ............................................ 8-C-10

8-C.3.4.4 Annual Fuel Oil Prices....................................................................... 8-C-13

8-C.3.5 Monthly Energy Price Factors Determination ..................................................... 8-C-17

8-C.3.5.1 Monthly Commercial Electricity Price Factor Calculations.............. 8-C-17

8-C.3.5.2 Monthly Residential Electricity Price Factor Calculations................ 8-C-20

8-C.3.5.3 Monthly Commercial Natural Gas Price Factor Calculations ........... 8-C-21

8-C.3.5.4 Monthly Residential Natural Gas Price Factor Calculations............. 8-C-24

8-C.3.5.1 Monthly Commercial Liquified Petroleum Gas Price Factor 

Calculations........................................................................................ 8-C-25

8-C.3.5.2 Monthly Residential Liquified Petroleum Gas Price Factor 

Calculations........................................................................................ 8-C-26

8-C.3.5.1 Monthly Commercial Oil Price Factor Calculations ......................... 8-C-28

8-C.3.6 Monthly Residential Oil Price Factor Calculations............................................. 8-C-28

8-C.3.7 Seasonal Marginal Price Factors Determination.................................................. 8-C-30

8-C.3.7.1 Marginal Price Factor Calculation for Electricity and Natural Gas... 8-C-30

8-C.3.8 Results.................................................................................................................. 8-C-33

8-C.4 HOUSEHOLD ENERGY PRICE ADJUSTMENT FACTOR.................................. 8-C-40

8-C.5 ENERGY PRICE TRENDS ...................................................................................... 8-C-41

8-C.5.1 Commercial Energy Price Trends........................................................................ 8-C-41

8-C.5.2 Residential Energy Price Trends.......................................................................... 8-C-45

LIST OF TABLES

Table 8-C.3.1 2012 Monthly Commercial Electricity Prices by State (2012¢/kWh)....... 8-C-2

Table 8-C.3.2 2012 Monthly Residential Electricity Prices by State (2012¢/kWh)......... 8-C-3

Table 8-C.3.3 Average Commercial Electricity Prices by Region in 2012 ...................... 8-C-5

Table 8-C.3.4 Average Residential Electricity Prices by Region in 2012........................ 8-C-5

Table 8-C.3.5 2012 Monthly Commercial Natural Gas Prices by State (2012$/tcf)........ 8-C-6

Table 8-C.3.6 2012 Monthly Residential Natural Gas Prices by State (2012$/tcf).......... 8-C-7

Table 8-C.3.7 Average Commercial Natural Gas Prices by Region in 2012.................... 8-C-9

Table 8-C.3.8 Average Residential Natural Gas Prices by Region in 2012 ..................... 8-C-9

8-C-i
Table 8-C.3.9 2012 Commercial Average Liquified Petroleum Gas Prices by State 

(2012$/MMBtu)....................................................................................... 8-C-10

Table 8-C.3.10 2012 Residential Average Liquified Petroleum Gas Prices by State 

(2012$/MMBtu)....................................................................................... 8-C-11

Table 8-C.3.11 Average Commercial Liquified Petroleum Gas Prices by Region in 

2012.......................................................................................................... 8-C-12

Table 8-C.3.12 Average Residential Liquified Petroleum Gas Prices by Region in 

2012.......................................................................................................... 8-C-13

Table 8-C.3.13 2012 Commercial Average Fuel Oil Prices by State (2012$/MMBtu).... 8-C-13

Table 8-C.3.14 2012 Residential Average Fuel Oil Prices by State (2012$/MMBtu) ..... 8-C-15

Table 8-C.3.15 Average Commercial Fuel Oil Prices by Region in 2012........................ 8-C-16

Table 8-C.3.16 Average Residential Fuel Oil Prices by Region in 2012 ......................... 8-C-17

Table 8-C.3.17 1993-2012 Average Commercial Electricity Prices for New York 

(nominal cents/kWh)................................................................................ 8-C-18

Table 8-C.3.18 Monthly Commercial Electricity Price Factors for 1993-2012 for New 

York ......................................................................................................... 8-C-19

Table 8-C.3.19 Monthly Commercial Electricity Price Factors ....................................... 8-C-20

Table 8-C.3.20 Monthly Residential Electricity Price Factors......................................... 8-C-21

Table 8-C.3.21 1993-2012 Average Commercial Natural Gas Prices for New York 

($/tcf)........................................................................................................ 8-C-22

Table 8-C.3.22 1993-2012 Monthly Commercial Natural Gas Price Factors for New 

York ......................................................................................................... 8-C-23

Table 8-C.3.23 Monthly Commercial Natural Gas Energy Price Factors........................ 8-C-24

Table 8-C.3.24 Monthly Residential Natural Gas Energy Price Factors.......................... 8-C-25

Table 8-C.3.25 Average Liquified Petroleum Gas Prices for the Northeast (nominal 

cents/gallon)............................................................................................. 8-C-26

Table 8-C.3.26 Monthly Price Factors for 1995-2009 for the Northeast.......................... 8-C-27

Table 8-C.3.27 Monthly Residential Liquified Petroleum Gas Energy Price Factors...... 8-C-28

Table 8-C.3.28 Average Residential Oil Prices for the Northeast (nominal 

cents/gallon)............................................................................................. 8-C-28

Table 8-C.3.29 Monthly Oil Price Factors for 1995-2009 for Census Division 1............ 8-C-29

Table 8-C.3.30 Monthly Residential Oil Energy Price Factors........................................ 8-C-30

Table 8-C.3.31 Commercial Marginal Electricity Price Factors using EIA 2003-2012 

Data .......................................................................................................... 8-C-31

Table 8-C.3.32 Residential Marginal Electricity Price Factors using EIA 2003-2012 

Data .......................................................................................................... 8-C-31

Table 8-C.3.33 Commercial Marginal Natural Gas Price Factors using EIA 2002-2011 

Data .......................................................................................................... 8-C-32

Table 8-C.3.34 Residential Marginal Natural Gas Price Factors using EIA 2002-2011 

Data .......................................................................................................... 8-C-32

Table 8-C.3.35 Commercial Marginal Monthly Electricity Prices for 2012 Using 

Marginal Price Factors (2013$/MMBtu) ................................................. 8-C-33

Table 8-C.3.36 Residential Marginal Monthly Electricity Prices for 2012 Using 

Marginal Price Factors (2013$/MMBtu) ................................................. 8-C-34

8-C-ii
Table 8-C.3.37 Commercial Marginal Monthly Natural Gas Prices for 2012 Using 

Marginal Price Factors (2012$/MMBtu) ................................................. 8-C-35

Table 8-C.3.38 Residential Marginal Monthly Natural Gas Prices for 2012 Using 

Marginal Price Factors (2012$/MMBtu) ................................................. 8-C-36

Table 8-C.3.39 Commercial Monthly Liquified Petroleum Gas Prices for 2012 Using 

Average Price Factors (2012$/MMBtu) .................................................. 8-C-37

Table 8-C.3.40 Residential Monthly Liquified Petroleum Gas Prices for 2012 Using 

Average Price Factors (2013$/MMBtu) .................................................. 8-C-38

Table 8-C.3.41 Commercial Monthly Oil Prices for 2012 Using Average Price Factors 

(2013$/MMBtu)....................................................................................... 8-C-39

Table 8-C.3.42 Residential Monthly Oil Prices for 2012 Using Average Price Factors 

(2013$/MMBtu)....................................................................................... 8-C-40

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 8-C.1.1 Energy Price Calculation Process.............................................................. 8-C-1

Figure 8-C.3.1 Monthly Commercial Electricity Price Factors for 1993-2012 for New 

York ......................................................................................................... 8-C-19

Figure 8-C.3.2 1989-2011 Monthly Commercial Natural Gas Price Factors for New 

York ......................................................................................................... 8-C-23

Figure 8-C.3.3 Monthly Liquified Petroleum Gas Factors for 1995-2009 for the 

Northeast.................................................................................................. 8-C-27

Figure 8-C.3.4 Monthly Oil Price Factors for 1995-2009 for Census Division 1............ 8-C-29

Figure 8-C.5.1 Projected Commercial National Electricity Price .................................... 8-C-41

Figure 8-C.5.2 Projected Commercial Division Electricity Prices .................................. 8-C-42

Figure 8-C.5.3 Projected Commercial National Natural Gas Price ................................. 8-C-42

Figure 8-C.5.4 Projected Commercial Division Natural Gas Prices................................ 8-C-43

Figure 8-C.5.5 Projected Commercial National Liquified Petroleum Gas Prices............ 8-C-43

Figure 8-C.5.6 Projected Commercial Division Liquified Petroleum Gas Prices............ 8-C-44

Figure 8-C.5.7 Projected Commercial National Fuel Oil Prices...................................... 8-C-44

Figure 8-C.5.8 Projected Commercial Division Fuel Oil Prices...................................... 8-C-45

Figure 8-C.5.9 Projected Residential National Electricity Price...................................... 8-C-46

Figure 8-C.5.10 Projected Residential Division Electricity Prices.................................... 8-C-46

Figure 8-C.5.11 Projected Residential National Natural Gas Price ................................... 8-C-47

Figure 8-C.5.12 Projected Residential Division Natural Gas Prices.................................. 8-C-47

Figure 8-C.5.13 Projected Residential National Liquified Petroleum Gas Prices ............. 8-C-48

Figure 8-C.5.14 Projected Residential Division Liquified Petroleum Gas Prices ............. 8-C-48

Figure 8-C.5.15 Projected Residential National Fuel Oil Prices........................................ 8-C-49

Figure 8-C.5.16 Projected Residential Division Fuel Oil Prices........................................ 8-C-49

8-C-iii
APPENDIX 8-C. ENERGY PRICE CALCULATIONS FOR COMMERCIAL

PACKAGED BOILERS

8-C.1 INTRODUCTION

Figure 8-C.1.1 depicts the energy price calculation process, which also encompasses 

average energy price, seasonal marginal price factor, and monthly price factor calculations.

Figure 8-C.1.1 Energy Price Calculation Process

8-C.2 COMMERCIAL BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 

SURVEY/RESIDENTIAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION SURVEY SAMPLE

MAPPING PROCESS

To match the State data from the Energy Information Administration (EIA) to the

Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS) building and Residential Energy 

Consumption Survey (RECS) household samples, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) uses

2007-2014 commercial packaged boiler models data from the Air-Conditioning, Heating, and 

Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) Directory of Certified Product Performance. 1 See appendix 7-A 

for more details. CBECS 2003 provides 9 census divisions and RECS 2009 utilizes 27 regions,

also called reportable domains. The 27th region originally included Oregon, Washington, Alaska, 

and Hawaii. Alaska and Hawaii were subdivided into regions 28 and 29, respectively, based on 

cooling and heating degree days. In addition, region 14 originally included West Virginia, which 

has been disaggregated into region 30 based on cooling and heating degree days. 

EIA Historical 

Data

Seasonal 

Marginal Price 

Factors

Energy 

Prices

Average 

Marginal 

Monthly Prices

Energy Price 

Trends by 

Census Division

Location

Monthly Price 

Factors

RECS/CBECS 

Sample

AEO Energy 

Price Trends

Average Energy 

Prices

8-C-1
8-C.3 AVERAGE MARGINAL MONTHLY PRICES

8-C.3.4 Average Annual Prices Determination

8-C.3.4.1 Annual Electrical Prices

DOE derives 2012 annual electricity prices from EIA Form 826 data.

2 The EIA Form 

826 data include energy prices by State. DOE calculates both commercial and residential annual 

electricity prices for each geographical area by averaging monthly energy prices by State to get 

State electricity prices. For areas with more than one State, DOE weighs each State’s average 

price by its number of households and commercial buildings. Table 8-C.3.1 shows the monthly

commercial electricity prices for each State. Table 8-C.3.2 shows the monthly residential 

electricity prices for each State. Note that all energy prices were converted from 2012$ to 2013$

in the LCC spreadsheet using the consumer price index (CPI).

Table 8-C.3.1 2012 Monthly Commercial Electricity Prices by State (2012¢/kWh)

Geographical 

Area

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Avg. 

2012

United States 10.16 10.28 10.23 10.20 10.37 10.61 10.60 10.52 10.54 10.35 10.22 10.22 10.36

Alabama 10.52 10.71 10.56 10.50 10.38 10.74 10.74 10.83 10.59 10.76 10.62 10.58 10.63

Alaska 15.16 14.83 14.99 14.69 15.26 15.13 15.14 14.90 14.14 15.53 14.70 14.69 14.93

Arizona 8.61 8.69 8.77 9.27 10.03 10.09 10.23 10.19 9.87 9.72 8.94 9.00 9.45

Arkansas 7.57 7.53 7.57 7.43 7.57 7.83 7.87 7.88 7.90 7.76 7.73 7.75 7.70

California 11.73 11.99 11.70 11.93 12.65 15.19 14.80 15.52 15.86 13.52 12.66 11.81 13.28

Colorado 8.49 8.86 8.94 9.04 9.27 9.93 9.80 9.83 9.82 9.70 9.53 9.19 9.37

Connecticut 15.00 14.73 14.53 14.76 14.69 14.55 14.59 14.51 14.51 14.73 14.86 14.45 14.66

Delaware 9.77 10.05 9.92 9.84 9.88 10.17 10.10 10.27 10.14 10.36 10.48 10.51 10.12

District of 

Columbia 12.33 12.27 12.22 12.30 12.26 12.03 11.86 11.76 11.74 12.10 11.63 11.88 12.03

Florida 9.93 9.85 9.53 9.67 9.36 9.61 9.46 9.56 9.68 9.69 10.10 9.69 9.68

Georgia 9.51 9.51 9.40 9.38 9.65 9.58 10.10 9.65 9.61 9.56 9.47 9.33 9.56

Hawaii 34.02 34.45 34.99 35.30 35.85 37.21 35.41 34.31 34.81 34.32 34.15 33.81 34.89

Idaho 6.52 6.50 6.55 6.72 6.78 7.06 7.41 7.42 6.79 6.94 6.84 6.70 6.85

Illinois 8.06 8.24 8.10 8.16 8.26 7.76 7.98 7.99 8.04 7.79 7.88 7.64 7.99

Indiana 9.10 9.30 9.41 9.49 9.21 9.14 8.92 8.96 9.01 8.99 9.05 9.25 9.15

Iowa 7.22 7.37 7.53 7.79 7.83 8.45 8.82 9.25 8.38 7.88 7.51 7.65 7.97

Kansas 8.74 9.04 8.95 9.06 9.23 9.70 9.45 9.50 9.53 9.36 9.01 8.93 9.21

Kentucky 8.34 8.63 8.79 8.70 9.10 8.91 8.54 8.63 9.03 8.47 8.79 8.84 8.73

Louisiana 8.08 8.15 7.95 7.73 7.67 7.20 7.52 7.40 7.69 7.91 7.92 8.16 7.78

Maine 12.72 12.51 11.60 11.31 11.33 10.74 11.31 11.13 11.32 11.19 11.57 11.84 11.55

Maryland 10.67 10.71 10.36 10.46 10.25 10.62 10.45 10.44 10.51 10.54 9.79 10.35 10.43

Massachusetts 13.67 13.90 14.05 13.28 13.68 14.27 14.17 13.59 14.12 13.05 13.32 14.90 13.83

Michigan 10.35 10.67 10.70 10.52 11.29 11.10 11.58 11.05 11.08 10.90 10.85 10.87 10.91

Minnesota 8.26 8.42 8.60 8.44 8.59 9.25 9.18 9.44 9.50 8.93 8.66 8.61 8.82

Mississippi 9.55 9.57 9.62 9.22 9.16 9.26 9.29 9.16 9.13 9.20 9.45 9.53 9.35

Missouri 7.25 7.37 7.40 7.43 8.67 9.54 9.46 9.50 8.41 7.55 7.40 7.40 8.12

8-C-2
Montana 8.89 8.95 9.05 9.04 9.17 9.10 9.12 9.15 9.21 9.37 9.31 9.20 9.13

Nebraska 7.80 7.91 8.11 8.01 8.07 8.71 9.12 8.90 9.08 8.52 7.98 8.02 8.35

Nevada 8.65 9.27 8.73 9.06 8.83 8.60 8.75 8.72 8.89 8.90 8.78 8.94 8.84

New Hampshire 13.59 13.53 13.46 13.44 13.40 13.34 13.32 13.09 13.18 13.21 13.40 13.46 13.37

New Jersey 12.85 12.54 12.29 12.19 12.72 13.56 13.65 13.47 13.09 12.13 12.31 11.98 12.73

New Mexico 8.68 8.97 8.83 8.52 8.93 9.79 10.04 10.15 9.69 9.41 8.93 9.39 9.28

New York 14.44 14.25 14.30 14.53 14.61 15.93 16.46 15.31 16.22 15.14 14.25 14.48 14.99

North Carolina 8.35 8.67 8.72 8.40 8.53 8.64 9.06 8.84 8.90 8.78 8.36 8.56 8.65

North Dakota 7.07 7.60 7.77 7.95 7.92 8.70 8.30 8.62 8.61 8.14 8.00 7.78 8.04

Ohio 9.52 9.68 9.49 9.59 9.43 9.28 9.33 9.37 9.54 9.59 9.59 9.33 9.48

Oklahoma 7.18 7.42 7.14 6.93 7.15 7.54 7.47 7.92 7.72 7.31 6.88 6.88 7.30

Oregon 8.20 8.22 8.31 8.42 8.47 8.35 8.28 8.19 8.33 8.40 8.47 8.13 8.31

Pennsylvania 9.54 9.57 9.48 9.49 9.51 9.28 9.34 9.33 9.32 9.34 9.55 9.54 9.44

Rhode Island 12.97 13.15 12.59 11.03 11.68 12.13 11.63 11.20 11.44 11.01 11.23 12.57 11.89

South Carolina 9.28 9.54 9.51 9.33 9.19 9.96 9.87 9.87 9.84 9.30 9.95 9.75 9.62

South Dakota 7.75 7.85 7.89 8.02 8.15 8.21 8.36 8.39 8.51 8.24 7.95 7.76 8.09

Tennessee 10.15 10.02 10.09 10.08 10.22 10.47 10.48 10.21 10.42 10.23 10.45 10.82 10.30

Texas 8.41 8.51 8.27 8.18 8.09 8.15 8.08 8.15 8.14 8.06 7.96 7.97 8.16

Utah 7.37 7.73 7.57 7.82 8.50 8.84 8.29 8.16 8.57 8.28 7.72 7.49 8.03

Vermont 14.22 14.24 14.26 14.73 14.63 14.42 14.58 14.22 14.27 14.62 13.75 13.86 14.32

Virginia 8.16 8.29 8.32 8.18 8.38 8.29 8.03 7.87 7.93 7.85 7.89 7.81 8.08

Washington 7.66 7.73 7.75 7.68 7.56 7.59 7.58 7.58 7.63 7.70 7.87 7.76 7.67

West Virginia 8.23 8.46 8.60 8.51 8.71 8.01 8.49 8.04 8.57 8.70 8.59 8.27 8.43

Wisconsin 10.28 10.36 10.41 10.40 10.53 10.64 10.78 10.80 10.90 10.49 10.46 9.95 10.50

Wyoming 7.79 7.97 8.08 8.28 8.37 8.34 8.23 8.25 8.43 8.59 8.49 8.15 8.25

Table 8-C.3.2 2012 Monthly Residential Electricity Prices by State (2012¢/kWh)

Geographical Area Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Avg. 

2012

United States 11.41 11.51 11.70 11.92 11.90 12.09 12.00 12.17 12.30 12.03 11.75 11.62 11.87

Alabama 10.91 11.21 11.48 11.56 11.14 11.56 11.58 11.71 11.76 11.71 11.04 10.96 11.39

Alaska 18.04 17.44 17.97 17.64 18.43 18.10 19.44 19.07 17.34 17.82 17.10 17.06 17.95

Arizona 10.01 10.26 10.44 11.17 11.88 11.90 11.86 11.83 11.66 11.36 10.73 10.41 11.13

Arkansas 8.41 8.68 8.99 9.35 9.14 9.58 9.62 9.69 9.80 9.39 9.46 9.07 9.27

California 15.29 14.56 14.70 14.66 15.02 15.92 15.22 16.46 16.82 14.22 14.88 15.49 15.27

Colorado 10.61 10.76 10.84 11.04 11.27 12.01 12.32 12.15 12.11 11.33 11.38 11.07 11.41

Connecticut 17.32 17.09 17.16 17.64 17.71 17.30 17.08 17.12 17.24 18.08 17.82 17.06 17.39

Delaware 13.03 13.17 13.52 13.93 14.37 13.98 13.32 13.57 13.74 14.53 13.63 13.03 13.65

District of Columbia 11.78 12.21 12.20 12.49 12.39 13.18 12.26 12.23 12.22 12.35 12.21 11.98 12.29

Florida 11.55 11.33 11.09 11.42 11.00 11.49 11.31 11.49 11.60 11.53 11.82 11.38 11.42

Georgia 10.23 10.61 10.58 10.77 11.08 11.88 12.13 12.18 11.87 10.89 10.28 10.29 11.07

Hawaii 36.25 36.80 37.05 37.51 38.21 40.16 37.84 37.18 37.21 36.96 36.81 36.33 37.36

Idaho 8.15 8.09 8.18 8.16 8.39 9.04 9.75 9.77 8.31 9.11 8.67 8.54 8.68

Illinois 11.21 11.45 11.97 12.45 12.73 11.24 10.81 10.78 11.36 11.91 11.35 10.62 11.49

Indiana 10.00 10.18 10.85 11.56 10.85 10.54 9.94 10.44 10.92 11.09 10.45 10.49 10.61

Iowa 9.74 9.77 10.26 11.23 10.98 11.32 11.54 12.03 11.38 10.99 10.34 10.16 10.81

Kansas 10.23 10.71 10.81 11.15 11.28 11.69 11.74 11.72 11.52 11.29 10.96 10.90 11.17

8-C-3
Kentucky 8.98 9.07 9.47 9.63 9.72 9.48 9.27 9.45 9.83 9.72 9.41 9.46 9.46

Louisiana 8.15 8.40 8.40 8.38 8.48 8.01 8.38 8.29 8.56 8.68 8.39 8.47 8.38

Maine 15.02 15.07 14.28 14.46 14.41 14.21 14.63 14.66 14.81 14.76 14.83 14.70 14.65

Maryland 12.48 12.55 12.86 12.90 12.95 13.14 12.88 13.09 13.17 13.03 12.40 12.67 12.84

Massachusetts 15.10 15.41 15.72 14.80 15.39 15.48 14.58 14.16 15.20 14.38 13.77 15.19 14.93

Michigan 13.48 13.48 13.63 13.69 14.39 14.13 15.06 14.53 14.37 14.22 13.98 14.08 14.09

Minnesota 10.76 10.71 10.94 11.14 11.30 11.79 11.84 12.18 12.09 11.54 11.03 10.95 11.36

Mississippi 10.03 10.43 10.62 10.66 10.37 10.26 10.14 9.95 9.98 10.31 10.65 10.29 10.31

Missouri 8.66 8.90 9.33 10.06 10.90 11.53 11.31 11.49 10.46 9.89 9.20 9.03 10.06

Montana 9.57 9.59 9.70 9.86 10.13 10.43 10.60 10.52 10.74 10.54 10.04 9.89 10.13

Nebraska 8.61 8.86 9.16 9.95 9.68 10.71 11.38 11.24 11.50 10.43 9.43 9.13 10.01

Nevada 11.38 12.55 12.16 12.40 12.10 11.80 11.52 11.46 11.58 12.04 12.45 11.82 11.94

New Hampshire 16.17 16.12 16.33 16.45 16.53 16.51 15.81 15.59 15.88 16.03 15.90 15.83 16.10

New Jersey 16.07 16.22 15.86 15.91 15.93 15.67 16.12 15.81 15.57 15.17 15.24 15.49 15.76

New Mexico 10.79 10.62 10.71 10.77 11.04 12.08 12.19 12.49 11.98 11.51 10.69 10.71 11.30

New York 16.79 16.51 16.64 16.70 17.33 18.31 18.38 18.12 18.52 18.44 17.44 17.47 17.55

North Carolina 10.09 10.76 11.00 11.42 10.80 11.00 11.03 11.23 11.52 11.41 10.53 10.41 10.93

North Dakota 7.65 8.12 8.43 9.22 9.60 10.57 10.00 10.27 10.47 9.42 8.61 8.61 9.25

Ohio 11.08 11.04 11.35 11.93 11.85 12.24 12.16 12.14 12.27 12.06 11.67 11.39 11.77

Oklahoma 8.70 9.48 9.87 10.31 9.53 9.50 9.12 9.70 10.13 10.09 9.57 8.71 9.56

Oregon 9.58 9.63 9.66 9.73 9.86 9.92 10.01 10.01 10.00 10.00 9.82 9.74 9.83

Pennsylvania 12.82 12.79 12.77 12.97 12.99 12.89 12.62 12.68 12.57 12.80 12.60 12.62 12.76

Rhode Island 14.75 14.94 14.82 13.15 14.41 15.32 13.90 14.00 15.09 13.66 13.06 15.70 14.40

South Carolina 11.15 11.64 12.04 11.94 11.40 12.32 11.48 12.14 11.85 11.80 11.67 11.87 11.78

South Dakota 9.22 9.26 9.49 10.22 10.61 10.47 10.59 10.60 10.85 10.66 10.01 9.59 10.13

Tennessee 9.80 9.64 9.83 10.11 10.24 10.24 10.14 10.00 10.18 10.41 10.33 10.48 10.12

Texas 10.77 11.05 11.01 11.02 10.84 10.97 10.87 10.96 11.11 11.16 11.11 10.99 10.99

Utah 9.23 9.33 9.36 9.47 9.87 10.35 10.68 10.66 10.23 9.59 9.70 9.73 9.85

Vermont 16.52 17.07 16.76 16.87 16.41 16.93 16.77 16.38 16.38 17.51 19.26 17.20 17.01

Virginia 10.45 10.89 11.09 11.38 11.50 11.84 11.42 11.25 11.10 11.03 10.71 10.51 11.10

Washington 8.37 8.28 8.35 8.46 8.52 8.70 8.70 8.72 8.79 8.68 8.61 8.53 8.56

West Virginia 9.49 9.68 9.85 9.84 10.48 9.92 9.88 9.85 10.04 10.18 9.85 9.63 9.89

Wisconsin 12.66 12.88 13.10 13.36 13.35 13.36 13.28 13.50 13.83 13.43 13.16 12.61 13.21

Wyoming 9.12 9.16 9.40 9.74 10.08 10.22 10.38 10.27 10.38 10.36 10.01 9.89 9.92

All prices in 2012$ are then converted to 2013$ to be consistent with the rest of the prices 

used in the analysis. This conversion uses the Consumer Price Index.

a

 Table 8-C.3.3 shows the 

shipment-weighted average commercial electricity prices for each geographic area. Table 8-

C.3.4 shows the shipment-weighted average residential electricity prices for each geographic 

area.

a ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/cpi/cpiai.txt

8-C-4

 
Table 8-C.3.3 Average Commercial Electricity Prices by Region in 2012

Geographic Area 2013$/kWh

1 New England $0.14

2 Middle Atlantic $0.13

3 East North Central $0.10

4 West North Central $0.09

5 South Atlantic $0.09

6 East South Central $0.10

7 West South Central $0.08

8 Mountain $0.09

9 Pacific $0.13

10 U.S. Average $0.11

Table 8-C.3.4 Average Residential Electricity Prices by Region in 2012

Geographic Area 2013$/kWh

1 Connecticut, Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont $0.17

2 Massachusetts $0.15

3 New York $0.18

4 New Jersey $0.16

5 Pennsylvania $0.13

6 Illinois $0.12

7 Indiana, Ohio $0.12

8 Michigan $0.14

9 Wisconsin $0.13

10 Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota $0.11

11 Kansas, Nebraska $0.11

12 Missouri $0.10

13 Virginia $0.11

14 Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland $0.13

15 Georgia $0.11

16 North Carolina, South Carolina $0.11

17 Florida $0.12

18 Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi $0.11

19 Tennessee $0.10

20 Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma $0.09

21 Texas $0.11

22 Colorado $0.12

23 Idaho, Montana, Utah, Wyoming $0.10

24 Arizona $0.11

25 Nevada, New Mexico $0.12

26 California $0.15

27 Oregon, Washington $0.09

28 Alaska $0.18

29 Hawaii $0.38

30 West Virginia $0.10

31 U.S. Average $0.12

8-C-5
8-C.3.4.2 Annual Natural Gas Prices

DOE obtains data for natural gas prices from EIA’s Natural Gas Navigator, which 

includes monthly natural gas prices by State for residential, commercial, and industrial 

customers.3 For areas with more than one State, DOE weighs each State’s average price by its

number of households and number of commercial buildings. Table 8-C.3.5 shows the monthly

commercial natural gas prices for each State. Table 8-C.3.6 shows the monthly residential natural 

gas prices for each State.

Table 8-C.3.5 2012 Monthly Commercial Natural Gas Prices by State (2012$/tcf)

Geographical 

Area

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Avg. 

2012

United States 8.06 7.77 8.16 8 8.12 8.4 8.49 8.65 8.32 8.03 8.01 8.11 8.18

Alabama 11.95 11.91 12.32 12.99 13.22 13.49 13.55 13.51 13.16 12.85 12.43 12.26 12.80

Alaska 8.29 8.32 8.09 7.99 7.93 7.88 8.08 7.99 7.91 7.87 7.79 8.4 8.05

Arizona 9.43 9.99 9.64 9.33 9.32 9.34 9.37 9.37 9.26 9.02 8.89 8.88 9.32

Arkansas 8.47 8.61 8.88 8.46 7.15 7.24 7.19 7.12 6.86 6.55 7.42 7.85 7.65

California 7.71 6.58 7.31 6.34 5.98 6.76 7.09 7.14 6.77 6.82 7.45 8.05 7.00

Colorado 7.15 7.55 7.32 7.27 8.41 8.68 9.09 8.7 8.43 7.98 7.68 7.09 7.95

Connecticut 7.78 7.49 7.63 8.32 8.86 10.02 10.13 9.02 9.48 9.09 9.07 7.97 8.74

Delaware 12.82 12.86 13.18 13.77 14.4 15.35 15.87 16.01 16.45 15.12 12.58 11.39 14.15

District of 

Columbia 11.57 11 11.46 11.19 11.28 11.63 11.97 11.6 11.02 10.48 10.63 11.18 11.25

Florida 10.47 10.99 10.52 10.53 10.67 10.42 10.31 10.34 10.08 10.21 10.22 10.02 10.40

Georgia 9.98 9.63 9.18 8.96 9.91 9.6 9.72 10.32 10.06 10.05 9.84 10 9.77

Hawaii 43.59 49.01 51.72 49.37 45.75 45.12 45.99 49.81 50.58 46.61 43.39 43.77 47.06

Idaho 7.65 7.43 7.49 7.61 7.54 7.54 7.32 7.35 7.4 7.08 7 7 7.37

Illinois 6.92 6.52 7.77 7.63 10.34 10.61 12.04 11.79 10.02 8.29 7.5 7.27 8.89

Indiana 7.54 7.68 10.01 7.9 9.53 8.58 9.28 8.83 7.52 6.45 6.42 7.27 8.08

Iowa 6.97 6.8 8.09 6.16 6.51 7.45 9.02 8.76 7.44 6.2 7.52 7.07 7.33

Kansas 7.62 8.12 8.02 10.02 10.84 11 11.49 11.83 11.94 10.71 8.84 8.44 9.91

Kentucky 7.85 8.33 9.57 8.98 9.51 9.13 9.49 9.6 9.15 7.84 7.3 7.51 8.69

Louisiana 9.95 9.23 9.19 7.72 7.03 7.61 7.79 7.82 7.64 7.88 8.36 8.8 8.25

Maine 12.76 13.39 12.56 12.6 11.28 9.41 10.14 10.44 9.91 9.35 11.4 13.67 11.41

Maryland 9.9 9.59 11.02 10.94 10.71 11.25 11.87 11.23 11.29 10.21 8.4 9.32 10.48

Massachusetts 11.95 10.83 11 10.24 8.75 8.7 8.85 8.91 9.02 9.57 11.24 11.18 10.02

Michigan 8.35 8.27 8.41 8.03 8.67 9.44 10.31 10.6 9.6 8.39 7.93 7.78 8.82

Minnesota 6.63 6.51 6.79 5.62 5.53 6.46 6.36 6.97 5.92 5.76 6.38 6.58 6.29

Mississippi 7.48 8.23 8.54 6.59 6.81 6.57 6.74 6.74 6.65 7.07 7.3 7.8 7.21

Missouri 8.58 8.59 9.05 10.93 10.97 11.82 12.12 12.91 11.7 10.49 9.57 8.75 10.46

Montana 8.13 7.86 7.89 7.98 7.74 8.24 9.25 9.4 9.67 7.73 7.58 7.62 8.26

Nebraska 6.48 6.33 6.14 6.32 5.44 5.1 6.08 6.19 6.2 5.8 5.93 6.52 6.04

Nevada 7.35 7.58 7.62 7.74 8.11 8.21 8.07 7.96 7.87 7.44 6.52 6.26 7.56

New Hampshire 12.15 12.21 12.55 13.67 11.7 11.58 12.66 13.3 12.58 10.89 10.59 10.84 12.06

New Jersey 8.79 8.12 7.92 7 6.7 8.11 8.03 9.07 8.35 8.6 9.78 9.86 8.36

New Mexico 6.19 6 5.88 6.1 6.18 6.11 6.85 6.99 7.32 6.97 6.65 6.56 6.48

New York 8.26 7.76 8.88 7.87 7.56 6.96 6.62 6.5 6.39 7.61 7.72 8.64 7.56

8-C-6
North Carolina 9.01 8.33 8.66 8.34 8.8 8.59 8.99 8.45 8.52 8.3 8.67 8.68 8.61

North Dakota 6.49 5.96 5.97 5.41 5.4 6.17 6.85 6.94 6.7 5.47 5.81 6.15 6.11

Ohio 6.58 6.05 6.14 8.31 10.5 12.94 11.64 14.43 12.79 8.83 7.27 7.74 9.44

Oklahoma 7.39 6.93 7.75 10.84 12.74 14.67 15.03 14.65 14.36 12.86 9.82 7.68 11.23

Oregon 9.38 9.26 8.85 8.54 8.96 8.82 8.65 9.44 9.67 9.22 8.34 8.34 8.96

Pennsylvania 10.16 10.24 10.33 10.12 11.43 12.31 11.81 11.99 11.57 10.13 9.29 9.5 10.74

Rhode Island 12.07 12.07 12.23 13.54 13.87 16.59 16.57 16.56 14.04 12.7 11.15 9.93 13.44

South Carolina 9.09 8.63 8.79 8.24 8.08 9.08 8.41 8.14 7.17 8.21 8.86 9.87 8.55

South Dakota 6.62 6.36 7.2 5.43 5.56 5.97 7.01 7.33 6.73 6.19 6.47 6.46 6.44

Tennessee 8.52 8.12 8.11 8.81 8.82 8.04 8.25 9.14 8.68 8.68 8.05 8.1 8.44

Texas 6.89 6.66 6.19 5.88 6.14 6.36 6.22 6.89 6.87 6.99 6.89 7.1 6.59

Utah 6.63 6.98 7.23 7.3 6.76 6.78 7.06 7.43 7.33 7.33 7.09 7.05 7.08

Vermont 12.34 12.14 12.18 12.14 12.14 12.86 12.85 12.58 12.38 11.75 11.56 11.39 12.19

Virginia 9.4 8.82 9 8.45 8.56 9.79 9.65 9.61 9.04 7.88 7.66 8.63 8.87

Washington 9.56 9.65 9.63 9.9 10.11 10.4 10.78 10.86 11.16 10.23 9.55 8.88 10.06

West Virginia 9.33 9.25 9.5 9.74 10.82 11.43 11.64 11.5 10.74 9.78 8.45 8.28 10.04

Wisconsin 7.54 7.57 8.1 7.64 5.77 6.43 6.87 7.06 6.64 5.99 7.45 7.65 7.06

Wyoming 8.08 6.65 6.49 6.3 5.97 6.43 7.27 7.4 7.16 6.31 6.19 6.23 6.71

Table 8-C.3.6 2012 Monthly Residential Natural Gas Prices by State (2012$/tcf)

Geographical 

Area

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Avg. 

2012

United States 9.67 9.52 10.45 11.01 12.66 14.25 15.2 15.89 14.81 11.78 10.06 9.75 12.09

Alabama 14.27 14.41 15.25 18.67 19.77 21.34 21.77 21.96 21.04 20.05 15.9 15.25 18.31

Alaska 8.26 8.48 8.17 8.47 8.93 9.57 9.7 10.07 8.74 8.21 7.86 8.57 8.75

Arizona 13.3 14.09 14.68 15.94 18.55 20.39 21.99 22.43 21.8 19.34 15.74 14.94 17.77

Arkansas 10.57 10.78 11.84 15.02 13.59 15.26 16.64 17.47 16.27 13.67 10.96 10.71 13.57

California 9.27 8.36 8.69 8.48 9.04 9.7 9.97 10.12 10.07 9.79 9.09 9.33 9.33

Colorado 7.68 7.79 8.65 8.23 10.36 12.9 12.92 12.93 11.44 8.62 7.64 7.06 9.69

Connecticut 12.11 12.16 12.54 14.53 16.24 20.41 20.85 21.47 20.45 17.85 14.74 13.08 16.37

Delaware 13.87 14.03 14.52 16.12 17.76 22.2 23.55 24.59 24.14 20.49 14.52 12.8 18.22

District of 

Columbia 11.92 11.11 12.64 11.93 17.28 17.62 17.96 14.31 13.35 12.38 11 11.58 13.59

Florida 16.19 15.93 16.65 18.02 19.39 21.14 21.43 22.42 21.81 21.43 17.98 16.29 19.06

Georgia 14 14.66 14.86 16.65 20.53 21.52 22.29 23.82 23.03 21.8 16.39 15.09 18.72

Hawaii 49.97 54.89 57.26 54.93 50.72 51.23 51.92 54.81 56.21 52.76 49.59 49.76 52.84

Idaho 8.43 8.27 8.45 8.37 8.6 9.07 8.8 9.28 9.15 8.01 7.71 7.81 8.50

Illinois 7.09 6.66 8.25 7.62 11.49 12.67 15.31 15.68 13.14 9.12 7.83 7.56 10.20

Indiana 8.06 8.31 11.24 11.18 12.18 12.89 14.84 14.7 12.23 8.04 7.04 7.63 10.70

Iowa 8.26 7.97 10.34 9.04 10.86 13.41 17.34 17.16 14.6 11.78 8.84 8.23 11.49

Kansas 8.16 8.66 8.92 12.31 14.22 16.09 17.69 19.11 18.15 13.67 9.87 9.07 12.99

Kentucky 8.62 9.2 11.41 11.97 15.02 16.95 19.34 18.81 17.68 11.16 8.36 8.44 13.08

Louisiana 10.24 10.91 11.63 12.3 12.24 13.48 14.12 14.92 13.86 13.51 10.84 10.06 12.34

Maine 15.87 16.65 16.44 17.12 16.33 16.62 16.47 17.93 16.55 13.28 13.41 15.81 16.04

Maryland 11.33 11.06 13.63 13.91 16.1 17.83 18.44 18.5 15.81 12.91 10.01 10.74 14.19

Massachusetts 13.69 12.59 12.83 12.75 12.54 12.18 14.1 14.84 14.9 12.74 13.77 13.28 13.35

Michigan 10.32 10.35 11.12 10.64 13.95 14.34 15.99 16.16 13.66 10.79 9.99 9.67 12.25

8-C-7
Minnesota 7.53 7.42 8.2 7.41 9.34 10.56 11.47 11.86 9.95 7.85 7.81 7.55 8.91

Mississippi 7.55 9.41 10.28 12.28 12.26 12.21 12.59 13.05 12 11.6 8.52 8.39 10.85

Missouri 9.41 9.6 11.07 17.24 18.56 22.53 24.82 26.15 23.73 16.25 11.86 9.9 16.76

Montana 8.05 7.78 7.82 7.99 8.03 8.48 10.61 10.81 11.02 8.06 7.61 7.56 8.65

Nebraska 7.57 7.37 7.47 10.34 10.64 12.06 12.4 15.01 14.43 11.49 8.61 8.08 10.46

Nevada 9.07 9.43 9.77 10.62 12.08 12.75 13.36 13.8 13.37 12.43 9.44 8.46 11.22

New Hampshire 13.02 13.25 13.56 15.41 13.94 16.03 18.18 19.98 18.85 14.63 12.74 12.19 15.15

New Jersey 10.29 9.82 10.46 11.11 12.01 13.21 13.77 14.34 13.83 12.51 11.61 11.27 12.02

New Mexico 7.41 7.41 7.48 8.65 10.23 11.82 13.71 14.31 14.3 12.59 9.32 8.17 10.45

New York 11.67 11.69 12.99 13.06 15.13 18 17.4 18.78 18.16 15.26 11.35 11.97 14.62

North Carolina 10.95 10.44 13.92 15.21 16.87 18.85 21.56 21.41 20.48 14.26 10.32 10.84 15.43

North Dakota 7.18 6.53 7.28 7.2 8.78 12.45 13.95 14.17 11.99 7.1 6.55 6.69 9.16

Ohio 8.56 8.05 8.53 10.74 13.9 22.17 28.1 29.98 25.43 14.67 9.93 9.27 15.78

Oklahoma 8.33 8.07 9.03 14.4 17.92 19.96 22.84 24.51 23.52 17.7 11.78 9.16 15.60

Oregon 11.47 11.53 10.7 10.56 12.33 12.25 12.53 13.18 14.12 11.79 10.49 10.27 11.77

Pennsylvania 11 11.12 11.34 12.04 13.42 18.09 18.65 19.7 18.56 13.9 11 10.68 14.13

Rhode Island 13.1 13.96 14.16 16.06 18.05 17.88 18.91 19.36 19.58 14.84 12.33 12.01 15.85

South Carolina 11.28 11.18 13.94 17.96 19.81 23.52 25.17 22.38 24.25 15.79 10.63 11.78 17.31

South Dakota 7.84 7.64 9.14 7.78 8.55 10.89 13.37 13.71 12.44 8.82 7.81 7.66 9.64

Tennessee 8.97 8.73 9.48 12.53 13.79 14.54 15.55 17.35 15.22 12.3 9.13 8.87 12.21

Texas 8.56 8.2 9.7 12.05 13.18 14.18 14.51 16.21 15.67 14.54 11.35 10.11 12.36

Utah 7.97 8.5 8.66 9.13 8.87 9.09 9.92 10.24 10.13 9.88 8.76 8.47 9.14

Vermont 15.64 15.45 15.79 16.53 17.4 21.35 23.4 24.02 23.23 19.28 16.62 15.21 18.66

Virginia 11.86 11.14 13.19 13.43 15.77 19.29 19.93 20.13 19.31 12.97 9.94 11.04 14.83

Washington 11.25 11.38 11.45 11.9 12.7 13.53 14.85 15.59 15.63 13.1 11.41 10.56 12.78

West Virginia 10.32 10.29 10.81 11.1 14.33 18 18.38 17.85 14.51 12.02 9.65 9.35 13.05

Wisconsin 8.63 8.73 10.05 9.73 9.58 11.44 13.35 13.6 10.83 8.25 9.03 8.93 10.18

Wyoming 7.87 7.7 7.59 8.06 8.74 10.58 14.37 14.9 14.23 9.7 7.87 7.51 9.93

All prices in 2012$ are converted to 2013$ to be consistent with the rest of the prices 

used in the analysis. This conversion uses the Consumer Price Index.b DOE also uses a 

conversion factor (1.023) to convert from cubic feet of natural gas to MMBtu.c Table 8-C.3.7

displays the 2012 shipment-weighted average commercial natural gas prices by geographic 

region. Table 8-C.3.8 displays the 2012 shipment-weighted average residential natural gas prices

by geographic region.

b ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/cpi/cpiai.txt

c http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=45&t=7

8-C-8

 
Table 8-C.3.7 Average Commercial Natural Gas Prices by Region in 2012

Geographic Area 2013$/kWh

1 New England $10.26

2 Middle Atlantic $8.64

3 East North Central $8.59

4 West North Central $8.05

5 South Atlantic $9.64

6 East South Central $9.35

7 West South Central $7.26

8 Mountain $7.93

9 Pacific $8.61

10 U.S. Average $8.11

Table 8-C.3.8 Average Residential Natural Gas Prices by Region in 2012

Geographic Area 2013$/kWh

1 Connecticut, Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont $16.09

2 Massachusetts $13.24

3 New York $14.50

4 New Jersey $11.92

5 Pennsylvania $14.01

6 Illinois $10.12

7 Indiana, Ohio $13.80

8 Michigan $12.15

9 Wisconsin $10.10

10 Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota $9.69

11 Kansas, Nebraska $11.89

12 Missouri $16.62

13 Virginia $14.71

14 Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland $14.51

15 Georgia $18.57

16 North Carolina, South Carolina $15.91

17 Florida $18.90

18 Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi $14.49

19 Tennessee $12.10

20 Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma $13.65

21 Texas $12.25

22 Colorado $9.61

23 Idaho, Montana, Utah, Wyoming $8.89

24 Arizona $17.62

25 Nevada, New Mexico $10.80

26 California $9.25

27 Oregon, Washington $12.32

28 Alaska $8.68

29 Hawaii $52.40

30 West Virginia $12.94

31 U.S. Average $12.26

8-C-9
8-C.3.4.3 Annual Liquified Petroleum Gas Prices

DOE collects 2012 average liquified petroleum gas (LPG) prices from EIA’s 2012 State 

Energy Consumption, Price, and Expenditures Estimates (SEDS).4 SEDS includes annual LPG 

prices for residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation consumers by State. For areas 

with more than one State, DOE weighs each State’s average price by its number of households 

and number of commercial buildings. Table 8-C.3.9 shows the annual commercial LPG prices 

for each State. Table 8-C.3.10 shows the annual residential LPG prices for each State.

Table 8-C.3.9 2012 Commercial Average Liquified Petroleum Gas Prices by State 

(2012$/MMBtu)

Geographical Area Avg. 2012

United States 21.06

Alabama 22.14

Alaska 20.16

Arizona 21.49

Arkansas 22.57

California 21.62

Colorado 19.09

Connecticut 25.55

Delaware 23.21

District of Columbia 24.6

Florida 17.38

Georgia 17.05

Hawaii 20.96

Idaho 19.67

Illinois 19.47

Indiana 19.6

Iowa 19.42

Kansas 19.47

Kentucky 19.42

Louisiana 22.14

Maine 25.23

Maryland 24.6

Massachusetts 25.53

Michigan 19.42

Minnesota 19.58

Mississippi 22.78

Missouri 19.09

Montana 18.55

Nebraska 19.33

Nevada 21.54

New Hampshire 24.03

New Jersey 24.83

New Mexico 22.38

New York 24.14

North Carolina 17.17

8-C-10
North Dakota 19.24

Ohio 19.33

Oklahoma 19.14

Oregon 20.16

Pennsylvania 24.6

Rhode Island 25.71

South Carolina 17.38

South Dakota 19.05

Tennessee 19.6

Texas 22.62

Utah 19.66

Vermont 25.47

Virginia 17.21

Washington 21.47

West Virginia 17.38

Wisconsin 19.24

Wyoming 19.3

Table 8-C.3.10 2012 Residential Average Liquified Petroleum Gas Prices by State 

(2012$/MMBtu)

Geographical Area Avg. 2012

United States 28.18

Alabama 29.73

Alaska 38.46

Arizona 35.22

Arkansas 30.25

California 33.84

Colorado 21.93

Connecticut 34.13

Delaware 33.37

District of Columbia 35.37

Florida 42.42

Georgia 28.42

Hawaii 64.01

Idaho 22.59

Illinois 23.02

Indiana 24.78

Iowa 22.97

Kansas 23.03

Kentucky 28.49

Louisiana 29.68

Maine 36

Maryland 38.13

Massachusetts 38.04

Michigan 22.97

Minnesota 23.16

8-C-11
Mississippi 30.74

Missouri 22.58

Montana 21.31

Nebraska 22.86

Nevada 35.45

New Hampshire 34.83

New Jersey 37.58

New Mexico 28.8

New York 35.44

North Carolina 30.28

North Dakota 22.75

Ohio 28.19

Oklahoma 22.64

Oregon 28.85

Pennsylvania 31.96

Rhode Island 43.86

South Carolina 31.84

South Dakota 22.53

Tennessee 29.9

Texas 30.76

Utah 22.58

Vermont 34.44

Virginia 26.67

Washington 29.24

West Virginia 35.78

Wisconsin 20.8

Wyoming 22.16

All prices in 2012$ are converted to 2013$ to be consistent with the rest of the prices 

used in the analysis. This conversion uses the Consumer Price Index.

d Table 8-C.3.11 shows the 

shipment-weighted average commercial LPG prices for each geographic area. Table 8-C.3.12

shows the shipment-weighted average residential LPG prices for each geographic area.

Table 8-C.3.11 Average Commercial Liquified Petroleum Gas Prices by Region in 2012

Geographic Area 2013$/MMBtu

1 New England $26.29 

2 Middle Atlantic $25.30 

3 East North Central $20.11 

4 West North Central $20.03 

5 South Atlantic $18.77 

6 East South Central $21.45 

7 West South Central $23.01 

8 Mountain $21.19 

9 Pacific $22.21 

10 U.S. Average $21.81 

d ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/cpi/cpiai.txt

8-C-12

 
Table 8-C.3.12 Average Residential Liquified Petroleum Gas Prices by Region in 2012

Geographic Area 2013$/MMBtu

1 Connecticut, Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont $32.61 

2 Massachusetts $34.94 

3 New York $33.08 

4 New Jersey $34.31 

5 Pennsylvania $31.19 

6 Illinois $21.69 

7 Indiana, Ohio $25.34 

8 Michigan $23.30 

9 Wisconsin $21.51 

10 Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota $22.34 

11 Kansas, Nebraska $21.47 

12 Missouri $22.09 

13 Virginia $24.48 

14 Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland $33.46 

15 Georgia $26.61 

16 North Carolina, South Carolina $26.64 

17 Florida $27.55 

18 Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi $23.64 

19 Tennessee $26.99 

20 Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma $20.27 

21 Texas $15.30 

22 Colorado $24.35 

23 Idaho, Montana, Utah, Wyoming $23.48 

24 Arizona $29.91 

25 Nevada, New Mexico $24.84 

26 California $28.49 

27 Oregon, Washington $26.18 

28 Alaska $28.45 

29 Hawaii $38.22 

30 West Virginia $31.69 

31 U.S. Average $18.28 

8-C.3.4.4 Annual Fuel Oil Prices

DOE collects 2012 average fuel oil prices from EIA’s SEDS.4 SEDS includes annual fuel 

oil prices for residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation consumers by State. For areas 

with more than one State, DOE weighs each State’s average price by its number of households 

and number of commercial buildings. Table 8-C.3.13 shows the annual commercial fuel oil 

prices for each State. Table 8-C.3.14 shows the annual residential fuel oil prices for each State.

Table 8-C.3.13 2012 Commercial Average Fuel Oil Prices by State (2012$/MMBtu)

Geographical Area Avg. 2012

8-C-13
United States 25.08

Alabama 24.1

Alaska 27.47

Arizona 25.64

Arkansas 24.57

California 25.8

Colorado 24.05

Connecticut 25.39

Delaware 23.58

District of Columbia 24.94

Florida 24.57

Georgia 24.1

Hawaii 25.02

Idaho 27.08

Illinois 24.19

Indiana 24.78

Iowa 24.65

Kansas 24.72

Kentucky 24.65

Louisiana 24.1

Maine 25.96

Maryland 24.4

Massachusetts 26.17

Michigan 24.27

Minnesota 25.11

Mississippi 24.8

Missouri 24.23

Montana 23.37

Nebraska 24.53

Nevada 25.7

New Hampshire 27.33

New Jersey 25.69

New Mexico 24.37

New York 25.55

North Carolina 24.28

North Dakota 24.41

Ohio 24.49

Oklahoma 24.3

Oregon 23.99

Pennsylvania 24.76

Rhode Island 26.46

South Carolina 24.57

South Dakota 24.18

Tennessee 24.88

Texas 24.63

Utah 24.76

Vermont 27.28

Virginia 24.34

8-C-14
Washington 25.18

West Virginia 25.14

Wisconsin 24.37

Wyoming 24.31

Table 8-C.3.14 2012 Residential Average Fuel Oil Prices by State (2012$/MMBtu)

Geographical Area Avg. 2012

United States 28.59

Alabama 24.54

Alaska 27.55

Arizona 29.36

Arkansas 25.01

California 29.54

Colorado 25.51

Connecticut 28.87

Delaware 27.79

District of Columbia 29.46

Florida 27

Georgia 26.49

Hawaii 28.65

Idaho 26.28

Illinois 27.06

Indiana 27.25

Iowa 27

Kansas 27.08

Kentucky 27

Louisiana 24.54

Maine 28.5

Maryland 29.46

Massachusetts 28.61

Michigan 27

Minnesota 27.22

Mississippi 25.25

Missouri 26.55

Montana 24.8

Nebraska 26.87

Nevada 29.43

New Hampshire 26.82

New Jersey 29.74

New Mexico 24.81

New York 28.43

North Carolina 26.68

North Dakota 26.74

Ohio 26.87

Oklahoma 26.62

Oregon 27.54

8-C-15
Pennsylvania 29.56

Rhode Island 29.04

South Carolina 27

South Dakota 26.49

Tennessee 27.25

Texas 25.07

Utah 26.27

Vermont 29.21

Virginia 26.74

Washington 29.33

West Virginia 27

Wisconsin 26.74

Wyoming 25.79

All prices in 2012$ are converted to 2013$ to be consistent with the rest of the prices 

used in the analysis. This conversion uses the Consumer Price Index.

e

 Table 8-C.3.15 shows the 

shipment-weighted average commercial fuel oil prices for each geographic area. Table 8-C.3.16

shows the shipment-weighted average residential fuel oil prices for each geographic area.

Table 8-C.3.15 Average Commercial Fuel Oil Prices by Region in 2012

Geographic Area 2013$/MMBtu

1 New England $26.51 

2 Middle Atlantic $25.71 

3 East North Central $24.74 

4 West North Central $24.98 

5 South Atlantic $24.76 

6 East South Central $24.97 

7 West South Central $24.89 

8 Mountain $25.38 

9 Pacific $25.95 

10 U.S. Average $25.45 

e ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/cpi/cpiai.txt

8-C-16

 
Table 8-C.3.16 Average Residential Fuel Oil Prices by Region in 2012

Geographic Area 2013$/MMBtu

1 Connecticut, Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont $28.93 

2 Massachusetts $29.03 

3 New York $28.84 

4 New Jersey $30.17 

5 Pennsylvania $29.99 

6 Illinois $27.45 

7 Indiana, Ohio $27.40 

8 Michigan $27.39 

9 Wisconsin $27.13 

10 Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota $27.45 

11 Kansas, Nebraska $27.39 

12 Missouri $26.94 

13 Virginia $27.13 

14 Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland $29.68 

15 Georgia $26.88 

16 North Carolina, South Carolina $27.17 

17 Florida $27.39 

18 Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi $25.97 

19 Tennessee $27.65 

20 Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma $25.73 

21 Texas $25.44 

22 Colorado $25.88 

23 Idaho, Montana, Utah, Wyoming $26.37 

24 Arizona $29.79 

25 Nevada, New Mexico $27.86 

26 California $29.97 

27 Oregon, Washington $29.11 

28 Alaska $27.95 

29 Hawaii $29.07 

30 West Virginia $27.39 

31 U.S. Average $29.01 

8-C.3.5 Monthly Energy Price Factors Determination

For residential boilers, DOE derives monthly energy price factors for the life-cycle cost 

and payback period calculation from annual energy prices and seasonal trends.

8-C.3.5.1 Monthly Commercial Electricity Price Factor Calculations

DOE collects historical electricity prices from 1993 to 2012 from EIA’s Form 826, 

Database Monthly Electric Utility Sales and Revenue Data, 2013.

2 These data are published 

annually and include annual electricity sales, revenues from electricity sales, and average prices

for the residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation sectors by State. DOE aggregates

the data into nine census divisions as described in section 8-C.2.

8-C-17
For each geographic region, DOE determines average electricity prices from 1993 to 

2012 by weighting the average commercial electricity prices for each State by the number of 

shipments projected in 2019 in each State. 

As an example, to illustrate the methodology for producing monthly price factors, the 

following tables and charts show the calculation of monthly average electricity price factors, 

based on New York historic electricity price data. Table 8-C.3.17 shows the average commercial

electricity prices for New York. 

Table 8-C.3.17 1993-2012 Average Commercial Electricity Prices for New York (nominal 

cents/kWh)

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Avg

1993 10.49 10.26 10.31 10.87 11.56 12.52 13.09 12.81 12.89 12.54 10.99 11.01 11.61

1994 10.68 10.52 10.64 10.87 11.05 12.31 13.42 13.05 13.42 12.24 10.42 10.71 11.61

1995 10.76 10.75 11.03 11.21 11.59 12.78 13.94 13.03 13.11 12.40 10.93 10.88 11.87

1996 11.06 10.97 11.25 11.33 11.77 12.78 13.77 13.35 13.31 12.69 10.98 11.20 12.04

1997 11.38 11.39 11.41 11.23 11.23 12.69 13.92 13.27 13.23 12.54 11.18 11.33 12.07

1998 11.30 11.02 10.92 11.25 11.28 11.79 12.57 12.25 12.28 11.62 10.22 10.23 11.39

1999 9.96 10.15 11.00 9.01 10.24 9.96 11.85 11.09 11.19 11.57 10.62 10.62 10.60

2000 10.78 11.04 10.95 10.82 11.09 13.17 15.34 14.70 14.11 13.47 12.28 13.30 12.59

2001 12.70 12.31 12.09 11.49 11.88 12.72 14.55 14.74 13.95 13.74 11.66 11.79 12.80

2002 11.45 11.18 11.53 11.66 11.77 12.72 13.89 13.58 13.07 12.92 11.55 11.83 12.26

2003 11.01 11.69 12.43 12.97 12.82 13.44 14.27 14.25 14.10 13.60 12.24 11.88 12.89

2004 11.97 12.07 12.11 11.71 12.17 13.30 14.46 14.45 14.27 13.51 12.61 12.59 12.93

2005 12.71 12.42 12.66 12.91 13.53 14.79 15.37 15.79 15.90 15.72 14.81 14.83 14.29

2006 14.53 14.94 14.26 14.45 14.80 16.10 16.76 17.27 16.60 15.98 14.95 14.71 15.44

2007 14.46 15.56 14.68 15.08 16.05 16.64 16.95 17.20 16.80 15.83 15.48 15.73 15.87

2008 15.64 15.29 15.26 15.70 16.24 18.97 19.44 19.10 18.24 16.45 15.54 15.01 16.74

2009 15.85 15.28 14.06 13.66 14.88 16.21 16.21 16.54 16.60 15.95 14.73 15.52 15.46

2010 15.50 15.54 15.17 15.57 16.39 17.56 18.32 17.13 15.97 16.23 15.92 15.65 16.25

2011 15.40 15.18 14.80 15.09 15.58 17.01 17.26 17.05 16.73 15.71 14.61 14.43 15.74

2012 14.44 14.25 14.30 14.53 14.61 15.93 16.46 15.31 16.22 15.14 14.25 14.48 14.99

DOE then calculates monthly commercial energy price factors by dividing the monthly 

commercial prices by the annual average for each year. Table 8-C.3.18 and Figure 8-C.3.1 show 

the results for New York. 

8-C-18
Table 8-C.3.18 Monthly Commercial Electricity Price Factors for 1993-2012 for New 

York

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

1993 0.90 0.88 0.89 0.94 1.00 1.08 1.13 1.10 1.11 1.08 0.95 0.95

1994 0.92 0.91 0.92 0.94 0.95 1.06 1.16 1.12 1.16 1.05 0.90 0.92

1995 0.91 0.91 0.93 0.94 0.98 1.08 1.17 1.10 1.10 1.05 0.92 0.92

1996 0.92 0.91 0.93 0.94 0.98 1.06 1.14 1.11 1.11 1.05 0.91 0.93

1997 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.93 0.93 1.05 1.15 1.10 1.10 1.04 0.93 0.94

1998 0.99 0.97 0.96 0.99 0.99 1.03 1.10 1.08 1.08 1.02 0.90 0.90

1999 0.94 0.96 1.04 0.85 0.97 0.94 1.12 1.05 1.06 1.09 1.00 1.00

2000 0.86 0.88 0.87 0.86 0.88 1.05 1.22 1.17 1.12 1.07 0.98 1.06

2001 0.99 0.96 0.94 0.90 0.93 0.99 1.14 1.15 1.09 1.07 0.91 0.92

2002 0.93 0.91 0.94 0.95 0.96 1.04 1.13 1.11 1.07 1.05 0.94 0.96

2003 0.85 0.91 0.96 1.01 0.99 1.04 1.11 1.11 1.09 1.05 0.95 0.92

2004 0.93 0.93 0.94 0.91 0.94 1.03 1.12 1.12 1.10 1.04 0.98 0.97

2005 0.89 0.87 0.89 0.90 0.95 1.04 1.08 1.10 1.11 1.10 1.04 1.04

2006 0.94 0.97 0.92 0.94 0.96 1.04 1.09 1.12 1.07 1.03 0.97 0.95

2007 0.91 0.98 0.93 0.95 1.01 1.05 1.07 1.08 1.06 1.00 0.98 0.99

2008 0.93 0.91 0.91 0.94 0.97 1.13 1.16 1.14 1.09 0.98 0.93 0.90

2009 1.03 0.99 0.91 0.88 0.96 1.05 1.05 1.07 1.07 1.03 0.95 1.00

2010 0.95 0.96 0.93 0.96 1.01 1.08 1.13 1.05 0.98 1.00 0.98 0.96

2011 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.96 0.99 1.08 1.10 1.08 1.06 1.00 0.93 0.92

2012 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.97 0.97 1.06 1.10 1.02 1.08 1.01 0.95 0.97

Figure 8-C.3.1 Monthly Commercial Electricity Price Factors for 1993-2012

for New York

0.80

0.85

0.90

0.95

1.00

1.05

1.10

1.15

1.20

1.25

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Electricity Price Factors

1992 1993 1994

1995 1996 1997

1998 1999 2000

2001 2002 2003

2004 2005 2006

2007 2008 2009

2010 2011

8-C-19
DOE then averages the monthly energy price factors for 1993 to 2012 to develop an 

average energy price factor for each month. DOE performs the same calculations for each 

geographic region to develop the shipment-weighted average monthly energy price factors 

shown in Table 8-C.3.19, which includes the results for New York.

Table 8-C.3.19 Monthly Commercial Electricity Price Factors

Geographical Area Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

New England 0.98 0.99 0.97 0.98 0.97 1.03 1.04 1.03 1.04 1.00 0.97 1.00

Middle Atlantic 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.99 1.05 1.08 1.07 1.06 1.01 0.97 0.96

East North Central 0.95 0.98 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.03 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.03 0.99 0.97

West North Central 0.91 0.93 0.95 0.96 1.02 1.11 1.12 1.12 1.05 0.96 0.95 0.93

South Atlantic 0.97 0.99 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.01 1.00 0.99

East South Central 0.97 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.00 1.01 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.01

West South Central 0.98 1.00 1.01 0.99 1.00 1.02 1.01 1.02 1.00 1.01 0.99 0.98

Mountain 0.95 0.97 0.97 0.99 1.01 1.04 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.03 0.99 0.97

Pacific 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.97 1.06 1.11 1.10 1.08 1.05 0.99 0.94

United States 0.95 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.99 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.04 1.02 0.98 0.97

8-C.3.5.2 Monthly Residential Electricity Price Factor Calculations

DOE collects historical electricity prices from 1993 to 2012 from EIA’s Form 826.2

These data are published annually and include annual electricity sales, revenues from electricity 

sales, and average price for the residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation sectors by 

State. DOE aggregates the data into 30 geographical areas described in section 8-C.2

For each geographic area, DOE determines average natural gas prices from 1993 to 2012

by weighting the average residential natural gas prices for each State by the number of shipments

projected in 2019 in each State. Table 8-C.3.20 shows monthly residential electricity price 

factors.

8-C-20
Table 8-C.3.20 Monthly Residential Electricity Price Factors

Geographical Area Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Connecticut, Maine, 

New Hampshire, Rhode 

Island, Vermont

0.98 0.98 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.00 0.99

Massachusetts 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.03 1.00 1.00 1.02 1.01 0.99 1.01

New York 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.98 1.00 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.02 0.99 0.97

New Jersey 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.98 1.06 1.08 1.08 1.06 0.97 0.97 0.97

Pennsylvania 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.98 1.02 1.06 1.07 1.06 1.04 1.02 0.98 0.95

Illinois 0.89 0.93 0.96 1.01 1.05 1.07 1.06 1.04 1.05 1.06 0.97 0.91

Indiana, Ohio 0.90 0.92 0.95 1.02 1.05 1.06 1.03 1.03 1.05 1.05 1.01 0.94

Michigan 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.98 0.99 1.03 1.05 1.05 1.02 0.99 0.98 0.99

Wisconsin 0.96 0.99 0.98 1.00 1.02 1.03 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.00 0.98

Iowa, Minnesota, North 

Dakota, South Dakota

0.91 0.93 0.95 0.98 1.03 1.07 1.08 1.07 1.05 1.02 0.97 0.94

Kansas, Nebraska 0.87 0.91 0.94 0.98 1.02 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.10 1.00 0.96 0.91

Missouri 0.84 0.86 0.90 0.96 1.08 1.18 1.17 1.16 1.06 0.98 0.94 0.87

Virginia 0.91 0.93 0.95 0.99 1.04 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.04 1.02 0.98 0.93

Delaware, District of 

Columbia, Maryland

0.90 0.90 0.92 0.94 1.03 1.12 1.11 1.11 1.08 1.00 0.95 0.93

Georgia 0.90 0.93 0.96 0.97 1.01 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.06 1.00 0.95 0.91

North Carolina, South 

Carolina

0.94 0.96 0.98 1.01 1.01 1.00 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.05 1.01 0.97

Florida 0.98 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.00

Alabama, Kentucky, 

Mississippi

0.92 0.94 0.97 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.02 1.03 1.02 1.03 1.01 0.96

Tennessee 0.96 0.96 0.98 1.01 1.02 1.01 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.04 1.03 1.01

Arkansas, Louisiana, 

Oklahoma

0.90 0.93 0.97 1.00 1.02 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.07 1.04 0.99 0.93

Texas 0.92 0.93 0.97 0.99 1.02 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.04 1.04 0.98 0.96

Colorado 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.99 1.02 1.03 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.02 1.00 0.97

Idaho, Montana, Utah, 

Wyoming

0.96 0.96 0.97 0.98 1.01 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.03 1.02 0.99 0.98

Arizona 0.88 0.91 0.93 0.98 1.09 1.08 1.07 1.06 1.06 1.06 0.94 0.95

Nevada, New Mexico 0.96 0.98 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.03 1.02 0.99

California 1.00 0.97 0.97 0.97 1.00 1.02 1.05 1.05 1.01 0.96 1.00 1.01

Oregon, Washington 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.98 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.02

Alaska 0.95 0.96 0.98 0.99 1.02 1.02 1.04 1.03 1.01 1.01 1.00 0.99

Hawaii 0.96 0.97 0.96 0.97 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.02

West Virginia 0.94 0.95 0.98 1.01 1.04 1.02 1.00 1.00 1.02 1.05 1.02 0.97

United States 0.93 0.94 0.96 0.99 1.02 1.04 1.04 1.05 1.04 1.02 0.99 0.96

8-C.3.5.3 Monthly Commercial Natural Gas Price Factor Calculations

DOE collects historical natural gas prices from 1993 to 2012 from the Energy 

Information Administration’s (EIA’s) Natural Gas Navigator,2013.

3 The Natural Gas Navigator

includes annual and monthly natural gas prices for residential, commercial, and industrial 

8-C-21
consumers by State. DOE aggregates the 30 geographical areas for residential buildings and nine

census divisions for commercial buildings as described in section 8-C.2. 

For each geographic area, DOE determines average natural gas prices from 1993 to 2012

by weighting the average commercial natural gas prices for each State by the number of 

shipments projected in 2019 in each State. 

Again, as an example for how DOE determines monthly natural gas price factors, the 

methodology used to determine monthly average price factors can be seen below. Table 8-C.3.21

shows the historic average commercial gas prices for New York.

Table 8-C.3.21 1993-2012 Average Commercial Natural Gas Prices for New York ($/tcf)

Year* Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Avg

1993 6.15 5.90 5.78 6.32 7.18 6.69 6.16 5.94 5.88 5.94 6.15 6.50 6.22

1994 6.56 6.73 6.93 7.07 6.86 6.49 6.16 5.86 6.01 5.84 6.02 6.23 6.40

1995 6.29 6.38 6.10 6.34 6.45 6.43 5.86 5.74 5.73 5.46 5.51 6.16 6.04

1997 8.17 7.61 6.78 6.15 5.95 5.32 4.40 4.86 5.09 5.62 6.58 6.80 6.11

1998 6.67 6.79 6.15 6.55 6.36 5.15 5.49 4.59 5.64 5.40 5.61 6.05 5.87

1999 5.86 6.31 4.58 5.87 5.31 3.99 3.91 3.77 4.24 4.38 5.34 5.90 4.96

2000 10.53 10.86 6.65 7.88 6.72 5.48 4.80 4.94 5.72 6.59 8.73 12.11 7.58

2001 11.96 12.02 10.86 10.38 10.46 9.26 8.19 7.63 7.12 6.47 6.92 7.32 9.05

2002 6.72 6.51 6.30 6.43 6.33 6.37 5.53 5.36 5.55 6.40 6.58 7.55 6.30

2003 7.85 8.34 9.79 9.48 9.27 8.95 8.09 7.62 7.73 7.87 8.42 9.14 8.55

2004 10.22 10.42 10.11 9.49 9.36 9.69 9.47 9.35 8.88 9.23 10.92 11.63 9.90

2005 10.64 10.67 10.65 10.63 10.32 10.02 9.55 10.29 12.28 15.51 16.37 15.10 11.84

2006 15.22 13.39 12.14 11.31 11.11 10.03 9.44 9.97 10.15 9.58 11.05 12.75 11.35

2007 12.09 12.39 12.77 12.15 11.07 11.62 10.72 10.20 9.84 10.83 11.98 12.21 11.49

2008 12.24 12.30 12.84 12.79 13.98 14.58 15.22 13.26 11.76 12.26 12.43 12.87 13.04

2009 12.70 12.09 11.64 10.19 9.22 8.72 8.78 8.46 9.20 9.23 10.32 10.81 10.11

2010 11.85 11.55 11.77 10.96 10.33 10.14 9.68 9.67 10.03 10.31 10.32 10.58 10.60

2011 9.72 9.49 9.87 9.38 9.80 9.03 8.14 8.55 8.63 9.02 9.19 9.19 9.17

2012 8.26 7.76 8.88 7.87 7.56 6.96 6.62 6.50 6.39 7.61 7.72 8.64 7.56

*There are no energy prices for 1996.

DOE then calculates monthly energy price factors for each year by dividing the 

commercial natural gas prices for each month by the natural gas annual average price for each 

year. Table 8-C.3.22 and Figure 8-C.3.2 show the calculated results for New York.

8-C-22
Table 8-C.3.22 1993-2012 Monthly Commercial Natural Gas Price Factors for New York

Year* Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

1993 0.99 0.95 0.93 1.02 1.16 1.08 0.99 0.96 0.95 0.96 0.99 1.05

1994 1.03 1.05 1.08 1.11 1.07 1.01 0.96 0.92 0.94 0.91 0.94 0.97

1995 1.04 1.06 1.01 1.05 1.07 1.07 0.97 0.95 0.95 0.90 0.91 1.02

1997 1.34 1.25 1.11 1.01 0.97 0.87 0.72 0.80 0.83 0.92 1.08 1.11

1998 1.14 1.16 1.05 1.12 1.08 0.88 0.94 0.78 0.96 0.92 0.96 1.03

1999 1.18 1.27 0.92 1.18 1.07 0.81 0.79 0.76 0.86 0.88 1.08 1.19

2000 1.39 1.43 0.88 1.04 0.89 0.72 0.63 0.65 0.75 0.87 1.15 1.60

2001 1.32 1.33 1.20 1.15 1.16 1.02 0.91 0.84 0.79 0.71 0.76 0.81

2002 1.07 1.03 1.00 1.02 1.00 1.01 0.88 0.85 0.88 1.02 1.04 1.20

2003 0.92 0.98 1.15 1.11 1.08 1.05 0.95 0.89 0.90 0.92 0.99 1.07

2004 1.03 1.05 1.02 0.96 0.95 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.90 0.93 1.10 1.18

2005 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.87 0.85 0.81 0.87 1.04 1.31 1.38 1.28

2006 1.34 1.18 1.07 1.00 0.98 0.88 0.83 0.88 0.89 0.84 0.97 1.12

2007 1.05 1.08 1.11 1.06 0.96 1.01 0.93 0.89 0.86 0.94 1.04 1.06

2008 0.94 0.94 0.98 0.98 1.07 1.12 1.17 1.02 0.90 0.94 0.95 0.99

2009 1.26 1.20 1.15 1.01 0.91 0.86 0.87 0.84 0.91 0.91 1.02 1.07

2010 1.12 1.09 1.11 1.03 0.97 0.96 0.91 0.91 0.95 0.97 0.97 1.00

2011 1.06 1.04 1.08 1.02 1.07 0.99 0.89 0.93 0.94 0.98 1.00 1.00

2012 1.09 1.03 1.17 1.04 1.00 0.92 0.88 0.86 0.84 1.01 1.02 1.14

*There are no energy prices for 1996.

Figure 8-C.3.2 1989-2011 Monthly Commercial Natural Gas Price Factors for 

New York

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Natural Gas Price Factors

1993 1994

1995 1997

1998 1999

2000 2001

2002 2003

2004 2005

2006 2007

2008 2009

2010 2011

2012

8-C-23
DOE then averages the monthly energy price factors for 1993 to 2012 to develop an 

average energy price factor for each month. DOE performs the same calculations for each 

geographic area to develop the shipment-weighted average monthly energy price factors shown 

in Table 8-C.3.23, which also includes the monthly energy price factor results calculated for 

New York.

Table 8-C.3.23 Monthly Commercial Natural Gas Energy Price Factors

Geographical Area Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

New England 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.05 0.96 0.93 0.96 0.94 0.94 0.92 1.02 1.07

Middle Atlantic 1.06 1.04 1.02 1.00 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.93 0.94 0.95 1.00 1.05

East North Central 0.93 0.93 0.94 0.96 1.01 1.08 1.12 1.11 1.05 0.96 0.95 0.94

West North Central 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.96 1.00 1.03 1.06 1.06 1.03 0.97 0.98 0.98

South Atlantic 0.98 0.99 0.98 0.98 0.99 1.01 1.03 1.01 1.01 1.00 0.99 0.99

East South Central 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.98 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.01 1.02 1.01 1.00

West South Central 1.00 0.99 0.95 0.96 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.01

Mountain 0.97 0.97 0.98 0.97 0.99 1.01 1.03 1.05 1.03 1.00 1.00 0.98

Pacific 1.07 1.04 1.02 0.99 0.95 0.98 0.97 0.98 0.96 0.96 0.99 1.04

United States 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.00 0.99 0.98 1.00 1.00

8-C.3.5.4 Monthly Residential Natural Gas Price Factor Calculations

DOE collects historical natural gas prices from 1993 to 2012 from the Energy 

Information Administration’s (EIA’s) Natural Gas Navigator.

3 The Natural Gas Navigator 

includes annual and monthly natural gas prices for residential, commercial, and industrial 

consumers by State. DOE aggregates the data into 30 geographical areas for residential buildings 

and 9 census division for commercial buildings as described in section 8-C.2. 

For each geographic area, DOE determines average natural gas prices from 1993 to 2012

by weighting the average residential natural gas prices for each State by the number of shipments

projected in 2019 in each State. Table 8-C.3.24 shows the monthly residential natural gas energy 

price factors.

8-C-24
Table 8-C.3.24 Monthly Residential Natural Gas Energy Price Factors

Geographical Area Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Connecticut, Maine, 

New Hampshire, Rhode 

Island, Vermont

0.89 0.90 0.91 0.93 0.97 1.05 1.14 1.16 1.13 1.01 0.96 0.93

Massachusetts 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.99 0.93 0.96 1.05 1.11 1.07 0.93 1.00 1.00

New York 0.88 0.87 0.88 0.92 1.02 1.16 1.23 1.16 1.13 1.00 0.89 0.84

New Jersey 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.93 0.98 1.08 1.12 1.12 1.10 1.01 0.96 0.94

Pennsylvania 0.82 0.82 0.84 0.88 0.99 1.14 1.26 1.29 1.23 1.00 0.89 0.84

Illinois 0.80 0.81 0.81 0.86 1.04 1.20 1.29 1.31 1.21 0.96 0.85 0.80

Indiana, Ohio 0.82 0.82 0.85 0.92 1.02 1.18 1.28 1.29 1.20 0.96 0.85 0.83

Michigan 0.83 0.83 0.84 0.89 0.99 1.13 1.25 1.29 1.19 0.99 0.90 0.87

Wisconsin 0.95 0.93 0.94 0.96 0.96 1.10 1.14 1.15 1.06 0.88 0.97 0.95

Iowa, Minnesota, North 

Dakota, South Dakota

0.85 0.84 0.85 0.87 0.99 1.16 1.25 1.29 1.20 0.95 0.89 0.85

Kansas, Nebraska 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.88 0.99 1.15 1.24 1.30 1.26 1.08 0.88 0.82

Missouri 0.73 0.73 0.74 0.83 0.96 1.17 1.34 1.42 1.32 1.12 0.88 0.78

Virginia 0.82 0.79 0.78 0.87 1.03 1.20 1.29 1.27 1.26 1.02 0.84 0.82

Delaware, District of 

Columbia, Maryland

0.82 0.81 0.83 0.91 1.04 1.16 1.24 1.24 1.21 1.00 0.88 0.84

Georgia 0.72 0.77 0.80 0.89 1.10 1.23 1.29 1.28 1.24 1.07 0.82 0.77

North Carolina, South 

Carolina

0.79 0.79 0.81 0.87 1.00 1.18 1.25 1.30 1.25 1.04 0.87 0.84

Florida 0.81 0.83 0.88 0.94 1.02 1.09 1.12 1.14 1.13 1.11 1.02 0.90

Alabama, Kentucky, 

Mississippi

0.81 0.80 0.83 0.92 1.04 1.16 1.19 1.21 1.19 1.08 0.92 0.85

Tennessee 0.82 0.83 0.83 0.90 0.99 1.13 1.20 1.24 1.19 1.08 0.91 0.86

Arkansas, Louisiana, 

Oklahoma

0.77 0.77 0.79 0.87 1.04 1.14 1.21 1.25 1.22 1.14 0.96 0.82

Texas 0.77 0.78 0.80 0.92 1.05 1.17 1.21 1.24 1.23 1.11 0.91 0.80

Colorado 0.81 0.82 0.85 0.88 0.97 1.23 1.24 1.31 1.22 0.97 0.88 0.83

Idaho, Montana, Utah, 

Wyoming

0.93 0.93 0.95 0.92 0.96 1.04 1.12 1.17 1.10 0.97 0.96 0.94

Arizona 0.77 0.79 0.82 0.90 1.01 1.11 1.21 1.26 1.22 1.14 0.96 0.83

Nevada, New Mexico 0.80 0.82 0.84 0.91 1.04 1.21 1.18 1.23 1.19 1.05 0.89 0.81

California 1.00 0.99 0.95 0.95 0.99 1.04 1.05 1.03 1.01 1.01 0.98 0.98

Oregon, Washington 0.90 0.91 0.91 0.93 0.97 1.02 1.12 1.17 1.14 1.03 0.95 0.93

Alaska 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.96 1.01 1.05 1.13 1.10 1.02 0.97 0.94 0.97

Hawaii 0.95 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.99 1.00 1.02 1.05 1.05 1.04 1.02 1.00

West Virginia 0.83 0.84 0.84 0.87 0.97 1.17 1.30 1.29 1.18 0.96 0.88 0.86

United States 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.91 1.00 1.12 1.19 1.22 1.16 1.00 0.91 0.87

8-C.3.5.1 Monthly Commercial Liquified Petroleum Gas Price Factor 

Calculations

8-C-25
The commercial LPG price factors were calculated using the same historical LPG prices 

from 1995 to 2009 from EIA’s Short-Term Energy Outlook as the residential LPG price factors 

(section 8-C.3.2.2).5

8-C.3.5.2 Monthly Residential Liquified Petroleum Gas Price Factor 

Calculations

DOE collects historical LPG prices from 1995 to 2009 from EIA’s Short-Term Energy 

Outlook.5 The Short-Term Energy Outlook includes monthly LPG prices by Census Region 

(Northeast, South, Midwest, and West).f

The same process as used for electricity and natural gas price factors is used for 

calculating the monthly LPG price factors. These monthly price factors are calculated below, 

using data from the Northeast region. Table 8-C.3.25 shows the Northeast residential LPG prices 

from 1995 to 2009.

Table 8-C.3.25 Average Liquified Petroleum Gas Prices for the Northeast (nominal 

cents/gallon)

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

1995 119 118 120 121 124 126 126 125 122 121 118 117

1996 123 125 128 125 130 131 129 127 127 133 135 145

1997 143 137 131 131 130 130 130 127 126 127 123 122

1998 121 120 120 123 124 124 122 121 119 118 115 114

1999 112 113 114 118 122 124 126 129 127 129 128 128

2000 132 148 148 145 148 151 155 154 157 159 156 160

2001 176 170 162 160 162 160 156 152 150 150 144 139

2002 139 138 139 143 142 144 143 141 141 142 142 142

2003 150 166 182 164 161 161 159 156 155 155 155 158

2004 169 173 171 168 170 173 173 176 181 187 193 187

2005 186 186 190 197 199 200 202 205 217 224 220 217

2006 221 220 220 225 231 237 242 244 240 232 229 228

2007 227 229 235 239 247 252 253 252 254 260 274 275

2008 282 280 284 292 306 320 333 329 324 305 280 267

2009 268 267 267 263 258 255 255 251 249 250 252 255

DOE then calculates monthly energy price factors for each year by dividing the prices for 

each month by the average price for each year. Table 8-C.3.26 and Figure 8-C.3.3 show the 

calculated results for the Northeast.

f Refer to https://www.census.gov/geo/www/us_regdiv.pdf.

8-C-26

 
Table 8-C.3.26 Monthly Liquified Petroleum Gas Price Factors for 1995-2009 for the 

Northeast

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

1995 0.98 0.97 0.99 1.00 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.03 1.00 1.00 0.97 0.96

1996 0.94 0.97 0.99 0.96 1.00 1.01 0.99 0.98 0.98 1.02 1.04 1.12

1997 1.10 1.06 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.00 1.00 0.98 0.97 0.98 0.95 0.94

1998 1.01 1.00 1.00 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.02 1.01 0.99 0.98 0.96 0.95

1999 0.92 0.92 0.93 0.96 1.00 1.02 1.03 1.05 1.04 1.06 1.05 1.04

2000 0.87 0.98 0.98 0.96 0.98 1.00 1.03 1.02 1.04 1.05 1.03 1.06

2001 1.12 1.08 1.03 1.02 1.04 1.02 0.99 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.92 0.89

2002 0.98 0.97 0.98 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.01 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.00 1.00

2003 0.94 1.04 1.13 1.03 1.01 1.00 1.00 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.99

2004 0.95 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.96 0.98 0.98 1.00 1.02 1.06 1.09 1.06

2005 0.91 0.91 0.93 0.97 0.98 0.98 0.99 1.01 1.07 1.10 1.08 1.07

2006 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.98 1.00 1.03 1.05 1.06 1.04 1.01 0.99 0.99

2007 0.91 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.99 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.04 1.10 1.10

2008 0.94 0.93 0.95 0.97 1.02 1.06 1.11 1.10 1.08 1.02 0.93 0.89

2009 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.02 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.98 0.99

Avg 0.97 0.98 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.00 1.00

Figure 8-C.3.3 Monthly Liquified Petroleum Gas Factors for 1995-2009 for 

the Northeast

DOE then averages the monthly energy price factors for 1995 to 2009 to develop an 

average energy price factor for each month. DOE performs the same calculations for each 

Census Region to develop the shipment-weighted average monthly energy price factors shown in

Table 8-C.3.27, which includes the calculated Northeast region monthly LPG energy price 

factors from 1995 to 2009.

0.85

0.90

0.95

1.00

1.05

1.10

1.15

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Avg

8-C-27
Table 8-C.3.27 Monthly Residential Liquified Petroleum Gas Energy Price Factors

Census Regions Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Northeast 0.97 0.98 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.00 1.00

South 1.04 1.04 1.03 1.01 1.00 0.97 0.94 0.93 0.96 0.98 1.03 1.07

Midwest 1.04 1.04 1.03 1.01 0.99 0.97 0.95 0.93 0.96 1.00 1.03 1.06

West 1.05 1.05 1.03 1.01 0.99 0.96 0.92 0.91 0.95 1.01 1.04 1.08

U.S. 1.02 1.03 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.00 0.95 0.93 0.96 0.99 1.02 1.05

8-C.3.5.1 Monthly Commercial Oil Price Factor Calculations

The commercial fuel oil price factors are calculated using the same historical fuel oil 

prices from 1995 to 2009 from EIA’s Short-Term Energy Outlook as the residential fuel oil price 

factors (section 8-C.3.3).5

8-C.3.6 Monthly Residential Oil Price Factor Calculations

DOE collects historical oil prices from 1995 to 2009 from EIA’s Short-Term Energy 

Outlook.5 The Short-Term Energy Outlook includes monthly oil prices by Census Region 

(Northeast, South, Midwest, and West). 

The same methodology is used for calculating monthly energy price factors for 

residential fuel oil. These monthly price factors are calculated below, using data from the 

Northeast region. Table 8-C.3.28 shows the Northeast residential oil prices from 1995 to 2009.

Table 8-C.3.28 Average Residential Oil Prices for the Northeast (nominal cents/gallon)

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

1995 91.9 92.6 91.7 90.2 91.7 90.2 87.2 86 87.2 88.9 91.2 96.8

1996 101.1 102.6 106.1 108.3 103.8 96.6 92.5 92.4 99.4 109 111.6 114.1

1997 114.4 111.6 107.5 105.4 102.6 98.4 93.6 91.2 93.3 97.8 99.5 99.6

1998 98.3 97.6 95.3 93.2 90.7 86.5 82.3 79.6 81.1 83.2 84.6 83.6

1999 85.4 84.7 85.4 87.2 86.4 85.1 85 86 93.6 99.5 105 109.8

2000 135 154 130.5 123.7 124 124 122.2 125.6 139.3 144.2 147.8 149.3

2001 146 141.4 136.9 134.7 131.9 127 121 121.2 123.7 121.4 118.4 115.9

2002 117.7 116.2 118.2 119.9 118.4 116 112.5 111.9 117.1 121.2 124.8 130.9

2003 140.9 159.8 163.4 143.6 137.3 132 125.5 125.9 128.4 132 136.7 142.4

2004 150.8 153 150.1 149.2 151 151 152.1 159.1 168.7 189.6 192.3 189.5

2005 191 194.4 203.8 206.4 202 211 216.8 229.6 252.3 251.8 242.9 243.7

2006 246.2 243.5 247.3 255 259.7 260 259.2 262.7 252.2 244.6 247.4 251.3

2007 245 254.2 258.2 261 261.6 263 269.6 263.4 273.7 288 318 325.3

2008 330.2 333.7 363.6 378.9 409.7 442 454.5 407.7 384.9 334.2 296.3 262.6

2009 259.4 246.9 237 236.6 231.8 246 240.7 253 248 259.7 272.1 276.4

DOE then calculates monthly energy price factors by dividing the monthly prices by the 

average price for each year. Table 8-C.3.29 and Figure 8-C.3.4 show the calculated results for 

the Northeast.

8-C-28
Table 8-C.3.29 Monthly Oil Price Factors for 1995-2009 for Census Division 1

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

1995 1.02 1.02 1.01 1.00 1.01 1.00 0.96 0.95 0.96 0.98 1.01 1.07

1996 0.98 0.99 1.03 1.05 1.01 0.94 0.90 0.90 0.96 1.06 1.08 1.11

1997 1.13 1.10 1.06 1.04 1.01 0.97 0.92 0.90 0.92 0.97 0.98 0.98

1998 1.12 1.11 1.08 1.06 1.03 0.98 0.94 0.90 0.92 0.95 0.96 0.95

1999 0.94 0.93 0.94 0.96 0.95 0.93 0.93 0.94 1.03 1.09 1.15 1.21

2000 1.00 1.14 0.97 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.91 0.93 1.03 1.07 1.10 1.11

2001 1.14 1.10 1.07 1.05 1.03 0.99 0.94 0.94 0.96 0.95 0.92 0.90

2002 0.99 0.98 1.00 1.01 1.00 0.98 0.95 0.94 0.99 1.02 1.05 1.10

2003 1.01 1.15 1.18 1.03 0.99 0.95 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.95 0.98 1.02

2004 0.93 0.94 0.92 0.92 0.93 0.92 0.93 0.98 1.04 1.16 1.18 1.16

2005 0.87 0.88 0.92 0.94 0.92 0.95 0.98 1.04 1.14 1.14 1.10 1.11

2006 0.98 0.96 0.98 1.01 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.00 0.97 0.98 1.00

2007 0.90 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.99 0.96 1.00 1.05 1.16 1.19

2008 0.90 0.91 0.99 1.03 1.12 1.21 1.24 1.11 1.05 0.91 0.81 0.72

2009 1.04 0.99 0.95 0.94 0.92 0.98 0.96 1.01 0.99 1.04 1.09 1.10

Avg 0.99 1.01 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.99 1.02 1.04 1.05

Figure 8-C.3.4 Monthly Oil Price Factors for 1995-2009 for Census Division 1

DOE then averages the monthly energy price factors for 1995 to 2009 to develop an 

average energy price factor for each month. DOE performs the same calculations for each 

Census Region to develop the shipment-weighted average monthly energy price factors shown in

Table 8-C.3.30 which includes the calculated Northeast region monthly oil energy price factors.

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

1.10

1.20

1.30

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Avg

8-C-29
Table 8-C.3.30 Monthly Residential Oil Energy Price Factors

Census Regions Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Northeast 0.99 1.01 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.99 1.02 1.04 1.05

South 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 0.98 0.98 0.98 1.00 1.03 1.05 1.05 1.04

Midwest 1.00 1.02 1.01 1.00 0.97 0.95 0.96 0.96 1.00 1.03 1.05 1.06

West 0.93 0.95 0.99 1.01 1.01 1.00 0.99 0.99 1.02 1.04 1.04 1.02

U.S. 0.99 1.01 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.98 0.96 0.97 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.05

8-C.3.7 Seasonal Marginal Price Factors Determination

Marginal energy prices are the prices commercial consumers pay for the last unit of 

energy used. DOE uses the marginal energy prices for each building for the cost of saved energy 

associated with the use of higher-efficiency equipment. Because marginal prices reflect a change 

in a commercial consumer’s bill associated with a change in energy consumed, such prices are 

appropriate for determining energy cost savings associated with possible changes to efficiency 

standards.

EIA provides historical monthly consumption and expenditures by State. This data is

used to determine 10-year average marginal prices for the RECS 2009 geographical areas, which 

are then used to convert average monthly energy prices into marginal monthly energy prices. 

Because a boiler operates during both the heating and cooling seasons, DOE determines summer 

and winter marginal price factors. EIA provides RECS 2009 billing data that has been gathered 

from a subset of RECS housing records. For each household with billing data, the following are 

provided for each billing cycle: the start and end date, the electricity consumption in kWh, the 

electricity cost in dollars, the natural gas bill in dollars, and the gas consumption in hundreds of 

cubic feet. This data is used to validate marginal energy price factors by RECS 2009 

geographical area.

For oil-fired boilers, DOE uses the average oil prices for each house for both base-case 

equipment and higher-efficiency equipment, because the data necessary for estimating marginal 

prices are not available. DOE uses the same method for LPG-fired boilers.

8-C.3.7.1 Marginal Price Factor Calculation for Electricity and 

Natural Gas

EIA provides historical monthly consumption and expenditures by State. This data is

used to determine 10-year average marginal prices for the RECS 2009 geographical areas. DOE 

interprets the slope of the regression line (consumption vs. expenditures) for each State as the 

marginal energy price for that State. 

Table 8-C.3.31 through Table 8-C.3.34 show the resulting marginal electricity and 

natural gas marginal price factors.

8-C-30
Table 8-C.3.31 Commercial Marginal Electricity Price Factors using EIA 2003-2012 

Data

Geographical Area Summer Winter

New England 1.14 0.88

Middle Atlantic 1.44 0.86

East North Central 1.10 0.73

West North Central 1.57 0.66

South Atlantic 1.09 0.89

East South Central 1.03 0.76

West South Central 1.16 0.72

Mountain 1.14 1.07

Pacific 1.57 0.85

United States 1.34 0.80

Table 8-C.3.32 Residential Marginal Electricity Price Factors using EIA 2003-2012 Data

Geographical Area Summer Winter

Connecticut, Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont 0.95 1.00

Massachusetts 0.96 1.04

New York 1.13 0.87

New Jersey 1.21 0.98

Pennsylvania 1.08 0.83

Illinois 0.98 0.72

Indiana, Ohio 1.00 0.75

Michigan 1.14 0.97

Wisconsin 1.01 0.89

Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota 1.07 0.84

Kansas, Nebraska 1.16 0.74

Missouri 1.21 0.76

Virginia 1.08 0.85

Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland 1.16 0.91

Georgia 1.16 0.84

North Carolina, South Carolina 0.97 0.83

Florida 1.01 0.93

Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi 1.00 0.82

Tennessee 0.93 0.84

Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma 1.04 0.74

Texas 1.05 0.90

Colorado 1.08 0.79

Idaho, Montana, Utah, Wyoming 1.11 0.94

Arizona 1.05 0.84

Nevada, New Mexico 1.04 0.88

California 1.21 1.13

Oregon, Washington 0.88 0.95

Alaska 0.85 0.91

Hawaii 1.46 0.89

West Virginia 0.92 0.84

United States 1.07 0.81

8-C-31
Table 8-C.3.33 Commercial Marginal Natural Gas Price Factors using EIA 2002-2011 

Data

Geographical Area Summer Winter

New England 1.04 0.99

Middle Atlantic 1.02 0.98

East North Central 0.82 0.97

West North Central 0.85 0.97

South Atlantic 0.93 0.96

East South Central 0.93 0.95

West South Central 0.78 0.91

Mountain 0.90 0.96

Pacific 0.96 1.17

United States 0.93 0.98

Table 8-C.3.34 Residential Marginal Natural Gas Price Factors using EIA 2002-2011 

Data

Geographical Area Summer Winter

Connecticut, Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont 0.82 0.91

Massachusetts 0.89 1.03

New York 0.75 0.89

New Jersey 0.84 0.95

Pennsylvania 0.73 0.93

Illinois 0.68 0.97

Indiana, Ohio 0.73 0.92

Michigan 0.78 0.93

Wisconsin 0.79 0.98

Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota 0.72 0.97

Kansas, Nebraska 0.69 0.93

Missouri 0.60 0.82

Virginia 0.68 0.93

Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland 0.70 0.92

Georgia 0.56 0.87

North Carolina, South Carolina 0.66 0.89

Florida 0.64 0.82

Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi 0.75 0.87

Tennessee 0.74 0.94

Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma 0.65 0.84

Texas 0.59 0.85

Colorado 0.69 0.91

Idaho, Montana, Utah, Wyoming 0.84 0.96

Arizona 0.64 0.85

Nevada, New Mexico 0.72 0.89

California 0.85 1.08

Oregon, Washington 0.84 0.94

Alaska 0.86 0.96

Hawaii 0.77 0.91

West Virginia 0.80 0.95

United States 0.74 0.94

8-C-32
8-C.3.8 Results

DOE then applies the marginal price factors to the monthly energy prices to develop 

marginal residential and commercial monthly energy prices for 2012 for electricity and natural 

gas (Table 8-C.3.35 to Table 8-C.3.38).

Table 8-C.3.35 Commercial Marginal Monthly Electricity Prices for 2012 Using 

Marginal Price Factors (2013$/MMBtu)

Geographical Area Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

New England 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.14

Middle Atlantic 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.12

East North Central 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.09

West North Central 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08

South Atlantic 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09

East South Central 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10

West South Central 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08

Mountain 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09

Pacific 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.12

United States 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10

8-C-33
Table 8-C.3.36 Residential Marginal Monthly Electricity Prices for 2012 Using Marginal 

Price Factors (2013$/MMBtu)

Geographical Area Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Connecticut, Maine, 

New Hampshire, Rhode 

Island, Vermont

0.16 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.16

Massachusetts 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15

New York 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.17

New Jersey 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.16

Pennsylvania 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.12

Illinois 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11

Indiana, Ohio 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11

Michigan 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.14

Wisconsin 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.13

Iowa, Minnesota, North 

Dakota, South Dakota

0.10 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.10

Kansas, Nebraska 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.10

Missouri 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.09

Virginia 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.10

Delaware, District of 

Columbia, Maryland

0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.12

Georgia 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.10

North Carolina, South 

Carolina

0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11

Florida 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12

Alabama, Kentucky, 

Mississippi

0.10 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.10

Tennessee 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.10

Arkansas, Louisiana, 

Oklahoma

0.08 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09

Texas 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11

Colorado 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11

Idaho, Montana, Utah, 

Wyoming

0.09 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10

Arizona 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11

Nevada, New Mexico 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12

California 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.16

Oregon, Washington 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09

Alaska 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18

Hawaii 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39

West Virginia 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.10

United States 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11

8-C-34
Table 8-C.3.37 Commercial Marginal Monthly Natural Gas Prices for 2012 Using 

Marginal Price Factors (2012$/MMBtu)

Geographical Area Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

New England 10.82 10.86 10.84 10.74 9.81 9.58 9.80 9.68 9.63 9.45 10.51 11.02

Middle Atlantic 9.15 9.02 8.79 8.66 8.62 8.50 8.27 8.05 8.09 8.24 8.67 9.05

East North Central 8.03 7.97 8.04 8.24 8.72 9.32 9.59 9.56 9.03 8.24 8.16 8.10

West North Central 7.82 7.72 7.67 7.69 8.02 8.30 8.49 8.57 8.31 7.80 7.86 7.87

South Atlantic 9.44 9.51 9.49 9.44 9.57 9.79 9.93 9.78 9.71 9.60 9.56 9.57

East South Central 9.09 9.04 9.01 9.16 9.31 9.41 9.52 9.60 9.46 9.49 9.45 9.34

West South Central 7.27 7.17 6.88 6.96 7.25 7.23 7.25 7.13 7.26 7.43 7.58 7.33

Mountain 7.68 7.72 7.74 7.70 7.82 7.97 8.17 8.30 8.16 7.92 7.91 7.78

Pacific 9.18 8.99 8.80 8.54 8.16 8.44 8.33 8.45 8.29 8.25 8.50 8.95

United States 8.09 8.07 8.03 8.03 8.08 8.19 8.16 8.07 8.05 7.91 8.08 8.13

8-C-35
Table 8-C.3.38 Residential Marginal Monthly Natural Gas Prices for 2012 Using 

Marginal Price Factors (2012$/MMBtu)

Geographical Area Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Connecticut, Maine, 

New Hampshire, Rhode 

Island, Vermont

14.4 14.5 14.6 14.9 15.6 16.9 18.4 18.7 18.2 16.3 15.5 15.0

Massachusetts 12.9 12.9 12.8 13.1 12.3 12.6 13.9 14.7 14.2 12.3 13.3 13.2

New York 12.8 12.6 12.8 13.3 14.8 16.9 17.8 16.8 16.4 14.4 12.9 12.1

New Jersey 10.9 10.7 10.7 11.0 11.7 12.9 13.4 13.4 13.2 12.1 11.5 11.2

Pennsylvania 11.4 11.6 11.8 12.3 13.8 15.9 17.6 18.1 17.2 14.0 12.4 11.8

Illinois 8.1 8.2 8.2 8.7 10.6 12.2 13.1 13.3 12.3 9.7 8.6 8.1

Indiana, Ohio 11.3 11.4 11.8 12.6 14.0 16.2 17.6 17.9 16.6 13.3 11.8 11.5

Michigan 10.1 10.1 10.3 10.8 12.0 13.7 15.2 15.7 14.5 12.1 10.9 10.5

Wisconsin 9.6 9.3 9.5 9.6 9.7 11.1 11.5 11.7 10.7 8.8 9.8 9.6

Iowa, Minnesota, North 

Dakota, South Dakota

8.3 8.1 8.3 8.4 9.6 11.2 12.1 12.5 11.6 9.2 8.6 8.2

Kansas, Nebraska 9.5 9.5 9.5 10.4 11.7 13.7 14.7 15.4 15.0 12.9 10.4 9.8

Missouri 12.2 12.2 12.3 13.8 15.9 19.4 22.2 23.5 21.9 18.6 14.6 13.0

Virginia 12.1 11.6 11.5 12.8 15.1 17.6 18.9 18.6 18.6 15.1 12.4 12.0

Delaware, District of 

Columbia, Maryland

11.9 11.8 12.1 13.2 15.0 16.9 18.0 18.0 17.6 14.6 12.7 12.1

Georgia 13.4 14.2 14.9 16.5 20.5 22.8 24.0 23.8 23.1 19.9 15.3 14.3

North Carolina, South 

Carolina

12.6 12.5 12.9 13.9 15.9 18.8 19.9 20.7 19.8 16.5 13.8 13.3

Florida 15.4 15.7 16.7 17.7 19.3 20.5 21.2 21.6 21.3 20.9 19.2 17.0

Alabama, Kentucky, 

Mississippi

11.7 11.6 12.0 13.3 15.1 16.8 17.2 17.6 17.2 15.6 13.3 12.4

Tennessee 9.9 10.0 10.0 10.9 12.0 13.7 14.6 15.0 14.3 13.0 11.0 10.4

Arkansas, Louisiana, 

Oklahoma

10.6 10.5 10.8 11.9 14.1 15.6 16.5 17.1 16.6 15.5 13.1 11.2

Texas 9.5 9.5 9.8 11.2 12.9 14.4 14.8 15.2 15.1 13.6 11.2 9.9

Colorado 7.8 7.9 8.2 8.4 9.3 11.8 11.9 12.6 11.7 9.3 8.4 8.0

Idaho, Montana, Utah, 

Wyoming

8.3 8.3 8.4 8.2 8.6 9.2 10.0 10.4 9.8 8.6 8.6 8.4

Arizona 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.8 17.7 19.6 21.4 22.1 21.4 20.0 16.9 14.6

Nevada, New Mexico 8.7 8.9 9.1 9.9 11.3 13.1 12.8 13.3 12.8 11.3 9.6 8.7

California 9.2 9.1 8.8 8.8 9.2 9.6 9.7 9.6 9.3 9.4 9.0 9.0

Oregon, Washington 11.0 11.2 11.2 11.5 12.0 12.6 13.9 14.4 14.0 12.7 11.7 11.4

Alaska 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.8 9.1 9.8 9.6 8.9 8.4 8.2 8.4

Hawaii 49.6 50.7 50.8 51.0 51.8 52.3 53.6 54.9 54.8 54.5 53.7 52.6

West Virginia 10.8 10.8 10.9 11.3 12.5 15.1 16.9 16.6 15.3 12.5 11.5 11.1

United States 10.5 10.5 10.6 11.2 12.3 13.8 14.6 14.9 14.3 12.3 11.2 10.7

DOE then applies the regional monthly energy price factors to the annual LPG data 

presented in section 8-C.3.4.3 to develop commercial and residential monthly energy prices for 

2012 (Table 8-C.3.39 and Table 8-C.3.40). Each geographical area is matched with the 

appropriate Census Region.

8-C-36
Table 8-C.3.39 Commercial Monthly Liquified Petroleum Gas Prices for 2012 Using 

Average Price Factors (2012$/MMBtu)

Geographical Area Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

New England 25.55 25.81 25.95 25.97 26.37 26.63 26.71 26.55 26.53 26.65 26.38 26.36

Middle Atlantic 24.59 24.84 24.97 24.99 25.37 25.62 25.71 25.55 25.53 25.65 25.39 25.37

East North Central 20.94 20.93 20.68 20.36 20.11 19.40 18.82 18.77 19.20 19.77 20.67 21.59

West North Central 20.87 20.86 20.61 20.29 20.04 19.33 18.76 18.70 19.13 19.70 20.60 21.51

South Atlantic 19.51 19.57 19.27 18.90 18.60 18.25 17.84 17.50 17.94 18.68 19.26 19.88

East South Central 22.30 22.36 22.03 21.60 21.26 20.86 20.38 20.00 20.50 21.35 22.01 22.72

West South Central 23.91 23.99 23.63 23.17 22.81 22.38 21.86 21.45 21.99 22.90 23.61 24.38

Mountain 22.27 22.31 21.93 21.43 20.91 20.31 19.58 19.34 20.10 21.30 21.99 22.84

Pacific 23.34 23.38 22.98 22.46 21.92 21.29 20.52 20.27 21.07 22.33 23.04 23.94

United States 22.31 22.45 22.30 22.15 22.16 21.71 20.74 20.27 20.88 21.56 22.25 22.93

8-C-37
Table 8-C.3.40 Residential Monthly Liquified Petroleum Gas Prices for 2012 Using 

Average Price Factors (2013$/MMBtu)

Geographical Area Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Connecticut, Maine, 

New Hampshire, Rhode 

Island, Vermont

31.7 32.0 32.2 32.2 32.7 33.0 33.1 32.9 32.9 33.1 32.7 32.7

Massachusetts 34.0 34.3 34.5 34.5 35.0 35.4 35.5 35.3 35.3 35.4 35.1 35.0

New York 32.1 32.5 32.7 32.7 33.2 33.5 33.6 33.4 33.4 33.5 33.2 33.2

New Jersey 33.3 33.7 33.9 33.9 34.4 34.8 34.9 34.6 34.6 34.8 34.4 34.4

Pennsylvania 30.3 30.6 30.8 30.8 31.3 31.6 31.7 31.5 31.5 31.6 31.3 31.3

Illinois 22.6 22.6 22.3 22.0 21.7 20.9 20.3 20.3 20.7 21.3 22.3 23.3

Indiana, Ohio 26.4 26.4 26.1 25.7 25.3 24.5 23.7 23.7 24.2 24.9 26.1 27.2

Michigan 24.3 24.3 24.0 23.6 23.3 22.5 21.8 21.8 22.3 22.9 24.0 25.0

Wisconsin 22.4 22.4 22.1 21.8 21.5 20.8 20.1 20.1 20.5 21.2 22.1 23.1

Iowa, Minnesota, North 

Dakota, South Dakota

23.3 23.3 23.0 22.6 22.3 21.6 20.9 20.9 21.3 22.0 23.0 24.0

Kansas, Nebraska 22.4 22.4 22.1 21.7 21.5 20.7 20.1 20.0 20.5 21.1 22.1 23.1

Missouri 23.0 23.0 22.7 22.4 22.1 21.3 20.7 20.6 21.1 21.7 22.7 23.7

Virginia 25.4 25.5 25.1 24.7 24.3 23.8 23.3 22.8 23.4 24.4 25.1 25.9

Delaware, District of 

Columbia, Maryland

34.8 34.9 34.4 33.7 33.2 32.5 31.8 31.2 32.0 33.3 34.3 35.5

Georgia 27.7 27.8 27.3 26.8 26.4 25.9 25.3 24.8 25.4 26.5 27.3 28.2

North Carolina, South 

Carolina

27.7 27.8 27.4 26.8 26.4 25.9 25.3 24.8 25.5 26.5 27.3 28.2

Florida 28.6 28.7 28.3 27.7 27.3 26.8 26.2 25.7 26.3 27.4 28.3 29.2

Alabama, Kentucky, 

Mississippi

24.6 24.7 24.3 23.8 23.4 23.0 22.5 22.0 22.6 23.5 24.3 25.0

Tennessee 28.1 28.1 27.7 27.2 26.8 26.2 25.6 25.2 25.8 26.9 27.7 28.6

Arkansas, Louisiana, 

Oklahoma

21.1 21.1 20.8 20.4 20.1 19.7 19.3 18.9 19.4 20.2 20.8 21.5

Texas 15.9 15.9 15.7 15.4 15.2 14.9 14.5 14.3 14.6 15.2 15.7 16.2

Colorado 25.6 25.6 25.2 24.6 24.0 23.3 22.5 22.2 23.1 24.5 25.3 26.2

Idaho, Montana, Utah, 

Wyoming

24.7 24.7 24.3 23.7 23.2 22.5 21.7 21.4 22.3 23.6 24.4 25.3

Arizona 31.4 31.5 30.9 30.2 29.5 28.7 27.6 27.3 28.4 30.1 31.0 32.2

Nevada, New Mexico 26.1 26.1 25.7 25.1 24.5 23.8 22.9 22.7 23.6 25.0 25.8 26.8

California 29.9 30.0 29.5 28.8 28.1 27.3 26.3 26.0 27.0 28.6 29.6 30.7

Oregon, Washington 27.5 27.6 27.1 26.5 25.8 25.1 24.2 23.9 24.8 26.3 27.2 28.2

Alaska 29.9 29.9 29.4 28.8 28.1 27.3 26.3 26.0 27.0 28.6 29.5 30.7

Hawaii 40.2 40.2 39.5 38.6 37.7 36.6 35.3 34.9 36.3 38.4 39.7 41.2

West Virginia 32.9 33.0 32.5 31.9 31.4 30.8 30.1 29.5 30.3 31.5 32.5 33.6

United States 18.7 18.8 18.7 18.6 18.6 18.2 17.4 17.0 17.5 18.1 18.7 19.2

DOE then applies the regional monthly energy price factors to the annual oil data 

presented in section 8-C.3.4.4 to develop commercial and residential monthly energy prices for 

2012 (Table 8-C.3.41 and Table 8-C.3.42). Each Census Division and large State is matched 

with the appropriate Census Region. 

8-C-38
Table 8-C.3.41 Commercial Monthly Oil Prices for 2012 Using Average Price Factors 

(2013$/MMBtu)

Geographical Area Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

New England 26.38 26.76 26.58 26.35 26.19 26.01 25.60 25.56 26.38 27.05 27.50 27.79

Middle Atlantic 25.57 25.95 25.77 25.55 25.39 25.22 24.82 24.79 25.58 26.23 26.66 26.95

East North Central 23.63 23.90 24.23 24.38 24.35 24.29 24.13 24.66 25.54 26.09 26.05 25.64

West North Central 23.86 24.13 24.46 24.62 24.58 24.52 24.36 24.90 25.78 26.34 26.30 25.89

South Atlantic 24.87 25.15 25.03 24.70 23.94 23.63 23.66 23.89 24.77 25.43 25.90 26.17

East South Central 25.08 25.36 25.25 24.91 24.15 23.83 23.86 24.09 24.98 25.65 26.12 26.39

West South Central 25.00 25.27 25.16 24.82 24.07 23.75 23.78 24.01 24.89 25.56 26.03 26.30

Mountain 23.71 24.11 25.18 25.63 25.58 25.49 25.10 25.14 26.00 26.42 26.40 25.79

Pacific 24.24 24.66 25.75 26.21 26.16 26.07 25.66 25.71 26.58 27.01 27.00 26.38

United States 25.24 25.60 25.50 25.32 25.10 24.89 24.54 24.59 25.41 26.05 26.45 26.66

8-C-39
Table 8-C.3.42 Residential Monthly Oil Prices for 2012 Using Average Price Factors 

(2013$/MMBtu)

Geographical Area Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Connecticut, Maine, 

New Hampshire, Rhode 

Island, Vermont

28.8 29.2 29.0 28.8 28.6 28.4 27.9 27.9 28.8 29.5 30.0 30.3

Massachusetts 28.9 29.3 29.1 28.8 28.7 28.5 28.0 28.0 28.9 29.6 30.1 30.4

New York 28.7 29.1 28.9 28.7 28.5 28.3 27.8 27.8 28.7 29.4 29.9 30.2

New Jersey 30.0 30.5 30.2 30.0 29.8 29.6 29.1 29.1 30.0 30.8 31.3 31.6

Pennsylvania 29.8 30.3 30.1 29.8 29.6 29.4 29.0 28.9 29.8 30.6 31.1 31.4

Illinois 26.2 26.5 26.9 27.1 27.0 26.9 26.8 27.4 28.3 29.0 28.9 28.5

Indiana, Ohio 26.2 26.5 26.8 27.0 27.0 26.9 26.7 27.3 28.3 28.9 28.9 28.4

Michigan 26.2 26.5 26.8 27.0 27.0 26.9 26.7 27.3 28.3 28.9 28.8 28.4

Wisconsin 25.9 26.2 26.6 26.7 26.7 26.6 26.5 27.0 28.0 28.6 28.6 28.1

Iowa, Minnesota, North 

Dakota, South Dakota

26.2 26.5 26.9 27.1 27.0 26.9 26.8 27.4 28.3 28.9 28.9 28.4

Kansas, Nebraska 26.2 26.5 26.8 27.0 27.0 26.9 26.7 27.3 28.3 28.9 28.8 28.4

Missouri 25.7 26.0 26.4 26.5 26.5 26.4 26.3 26.9 27.8 28.4 28.4 27.9

Virginia 27.3 27.6 27.4 27.1 26.2 25.9 25.9 26.2 27.1 27.9 28.4 28.7

Delaware, District of 

Columbia, Maryland

29.8 30.1 30.0 29.6 28.7 28.3 28.4 28.6 29.7 30.5 31.0 31.4

Georgia 27.0 27.3 27.2 26.8 26.0 25.7 25.7 25.9 26.9 27.6 28.1 28.4

North Carolina, South 

Carolina

27.3 27.6 27.5 27.1 26.3 25.9 26.0 26.2 27.2 27.9 28.4 28.7

Florida 27.5 27.8 27.7 27.3 26.5 26.1 26.2 26.4 27.4 28.1 28.6 28.9

Alabama, Kentucky, 

Mississippi

26.1 26.4 26.3 25.9 25.1 24.8 24.8 25.1 26.0 26.7 27.2 27.4

Tennessee 27.8 28.1 28.0 27.6 26.7 26.4 26.4 26.7 27.7 28.4 28.9 29.2

Arkansas, Louisiana, 

Oklahoma

25.8 26.1 26.0 25.7 24.9 24.6 24.6 24.8 25.7 26.4 26.9 27.2

Texas 25.5 25.8 25.7 25.4 24.6 24.3 24.3 24.5 25.4 26.1 26.6 26.9

Colorado 24.2 24.6 25.7 26.1 26.1 26.0 25.6 25.6 26.5 26.9 26.9 26.3

Idaho, Montana, Utah, 

Wyoming

24.6 25.1 26.2 26.6 26.6 26.5 26.1 26.1 27.0 27.4 27.4 26.8

Arizona 27.8 28.3 29.6 30.1 30.0 29.9 29.5 29.5 30.5 31.0 31.0 30.3

Nevada, New Mexico 26.0 26.5 27.6 28.1 28.1 28.0 27.6 27.6 28.5 29.0 29.0 28.3

California 28.0 28.5 29.7 30.3 30.2 30.1 29.6 29.7 30.7 31.2 31.2 30.5

Oregon, Washington 27.2 27.7 28.9 29.4 29.3 29.2 28.8 28.8 29.8 30.3 30.3 29.6

Alaska 26.1 26.6 27.7 28.2 28.2 28.1 27.6 27.7 28.6 29.1 29.1 28.4

Hawaii 27.2 27.6 28.8 29.4 29.3 29.2 28.7 28.8 29.8 30.3 30.2 29.5

West Virginia 27.5 27.8 27.7 27.3 26.5 26.1 26.2 26.4 27.4 28.1 28.6 28.9

United States 28.8 29.2 29.1 28.9 28.6 28.4 28.0 28.0 29.0 29.7 30.2 30.4

8-C.4 HOUSEHOLD ENERGY PRICE ADJUSTMENT FACTOR

RECS 2009 reports the total annual consumption and expenditure of each energy use 

type. From this data DOE determines average energy prices per geographical area. To take into 

account that household energy prices vary inside a geographical area, DOE develops an 

8-C-40
adjustment factor based on the reported average energy price in RECS 2009 divided by the 

average energy price of the geographical region. This factor is then multiplied times the monthly 

marginal energy prices (for natural gas and electricity) or the monthly price developed above to 

come up with the household energy price.

8-C.5 ENERGY PRICE TRENDS

8-C.5.1 Commercial Energy Price Trends

DOE applies the same methodology to the projected energy price for each of the nine 

census divisions to each building in the commercial sample, based on the building’s location.

To arrive at prices in future years, DOE multiplies the prices described in the preceding 

section by the forecast of annual average price changes in EIA’s Annual Energy Outlook 2014

with Projections to 2040, 2014 (AEO 2014).

6 Figure 8-C.5.1 shows the national commercial 

electricity price trend. To estimate the trend after 2035, DOE follows past guidelines provided to 

the Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) by EIA and uses the average rate of change 

during 2020–2035 for electricity, natural gas, and LPG. 

Figure 8-C.5.1 Projected Commercial National Electricity Price

Figure 8-C.5.2 shows the commercial national electricity price trends, disaggregated by the nine 

census divisions. 

27.00

29.00

31.00

33.00

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

2012$/MMBtu

Year

8-C-41
Figure 8-C.5.2 Projected Commercial Division Electricity Prices

Figure 8-C.5.3 shows the commercial national natural gas price trends.

Figure 8-C.5.3 Projected Commercial National Natural Gas Price

Figure 8-C.5.4 shows the commercial national natural gas price trends, disaggregated by the nine 

census divisions. 

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00

40.00

45.00

50.00

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

2012$/MMBtu

Year

Div 1

Div 2

Div 3

Div 4

Div 5

Div 6

Div 7

Div 8

Div 9

5.00

7.00

9.00

11.00

13.00

15.00

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

2012$/MMBtu

Year

8-C-42
Figure 8-C.5.4 Projected Commercial Division Natural Gas Prices

Figure 8-C.5.5 shows the commercial national LPG price trends.

Figure 8-C.5.5 Projected Commercial National Liquified Petroleum Gas

Prices

Figure 8-C.5.6 shows the commercial national LPG price trends, disaggregated by the nine 

census divisions. 

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

16.00

18.00

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

2012$/MMBtu

Year

Div 1

Div 2

Div 3

Div 4

Div 5

Div 6

Div 7

Div 8

Div 9

15.00

17.00

19.00

21.00

23.00

25.00

27.00

29.00

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

2012$/MMBtu

Year

8-C-43
Figure 8-C.5.6 Projected Commercial Division Liquified Petroleum Gas

Prices

Figure 8-C.5.7 shows the commercial national fuel oil price trends.

Figure 8-C.5.7 Projected Commercial National Fuel Oil Prices

Figure 8-C.5.8 shows the commercial national fuel oil price trends, disaggregated by the nine 

census divisions. 

14.00

16.00

18.00

20.00

22.00

24.00

26.00

28.00

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

2012$/MMBtu

Year

Div 1

Div 2

Div 3

Div 4

Div 5

Div 6

Div 7

Div 8

Div 9

20.00

22.00

24.00

26.00

28.00

30.00

32.00

34.00

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

2012$/MMBtu

Year

8-C-44
Figure 8-C.5.8 Projected Commercial Division Fuel Oil Prices

8-C.5.2 Residential Energy Price Trends

DOE uses AEO 2014 Reference Case scenarios for the nine census divisions. DOE

applies the projected energy price for each of the nine census divisions to each household in the 

sample based on the household’s location.

To arrive at prices in future years, DOE multiplies the prices described in the preceding 

section by the forecast of annual average price changes in EIA’s AEO 2014. Figure 8-C.5.9

shows the national residential electricity price trend. To estimate the trend after 2040, DOE 

follows past guidelines provided to the Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) by EIA 

and uses the average rate of change during 2025–2040 for electricity, natural gas, and LPG. 

15.00

17.00

19.00

21.00

23.00

25.00

27.00

29.00

31.00

33.00

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

2012$/MMBtu

Year

Div 1

Div 2

Div 3

Div 4

Div 5

Div 6

Div 7

Div 8

Div 9

8-C-45
Figure 8-C.5.9 Projected Residential National Electricity Price

Figure 8-C.5.10 shows the residential national electricity price trends, disaggregated by the nine 

census divisions. 

Figure 8-C.5.10 Projected Residential Division Electricity Prices

Figure 8-C.5.11 shows the residential national natural gas price trends.

30.00

32.00

34.00

36.00

38.00

40.00

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

2012$/MMBtu

Year

23.00

28.00

33.00

38.00

43.00

48.00

53.00

58.00

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

2012$/MMBtu

Year

Div 1

Div 2

Div 3

Div 4

Div 5

Div 6

Div 7

Div 8

Div 9

8-C-46
Figure 8-C.5.11 Projected Residential National Natural Gas Price

Figure 8-C.5.12 shows the residential national natural gas price trends, disaggregated by the nine 

census divisions. 

Figure 8-C.5.12 Projected Residential Division Natural Gas Prices

Figure 8-C.5.13 shows the residential national LPG price trends.

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

16.00

18.00

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

2012$/MMBtu

Year

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

16.00

18.00

20.00

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

2012$/MMBtu

Year

Div 1

Div 2

Div 3

Div 4

Div 5

Div 6

Div 7

Div 8

Div 9

8-C-47
Figure 8-C.5.13 Projected Residential National Liquified Petroleum Gas Prices

Figure 8-C.5.14 shows the residential national LPG price trends, disaggregated by the nine 

census divisions. 

Figure 8-C.5.14 Projected Residential Division Liquified Petroleum Gas Prices

Figure 8-C.5.15 shows the residential national fuel oil price trends.

20.00

22.00

24.00

26.00

28.00

30.00

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

2012$/MMBtu

Year

15.00

17.00

19.00

21.00

23.00

25.00

27.00

29.00

31.00

33.00

35.00

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

2012$/MMBtu

Year

Div 1

Div 2

Div 3

Div 4

Div 5

Div 6

Div 7

Div 8

Div 9

8-C-48
Figure 8-C.5.15 Projected Residential National Fuel Oil Prices

Figure 8-C.5.16 shows the residential national fuel oil price trends, disaggregated by the nine 

census divisions. 

Figure 8-C.5.16 Projected Residential Division Fuel Oil Prices

20.00

22.00

24.00

26.00

28.00

30.00

32.00

34.00

36.00

38.00

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

2012$/MMBtu

Year

18.00

20.00

22.00

24.00

26.00

28.00

30.00

32.00

34.00

36.00

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

2012$/MMBtu

Year

Div 1

Div 2

Div 3

Div 4

Div 5

Div 6

Div 7

Div 8

Div 9

8-C-49
REFERENCES

1. Air Conditioning Heating and Refrigeration Institute, Directory of Certified Product 

Performance for Commercial Boilers, 2007-2014. (Last accessed February, 2014.) 

<http://www.ahridirectory.org/ahridirectory/pages/home.aspx>

2. U.S. Department of Energy - Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-826 

Database Monthly Electric Utility Sales and Revenue Data, 2013.

<http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/page/eia826.html>

3. U.S. Department of Energy - Energy Information Administration, Natural Gas 

Navigator. 2013. http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/ng/ng_pri_sum_dcu_nus_m.htm

4. Energy Information Administration, 2012 State Energy Consumption, Price, and 

Expenditure Estimates (SEDS), 2013. Washington, DC. 

<http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/_seds.html>

5. U.S. Department of Energy - Energy Information Administration, Short-Term Energy 

Outlook. 2009. http://eia.doe.gov/steo

6. U.S. Department of Energy-Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Outlook 

2014 with Projections to 2040, 2014. Washington, DC. 

<http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/>

8-C-50