APPENDIX D0

Executive Summary 

Highway Vehicle Sources Inventory Information 

Bureau of Air Quality 

Department of Environmental Protection 
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APPENDIX D 

The Allentown Nonattainment Area 

for the 2006 24-Hour PM2.5 NAAQS: 

Emissions Inventory Using MOVES2010a 

Technical Support Document 

Mobile Source Highway Emissions Inventory 

Executive Summary 

January 2013 

Prepared for:

Mobile Sources Section, Bureau of Air Quality

Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection

PO Box 8468

Harrisburg, PA 17105-8468

Prepared by:

Michael Baker, Jr., Inc.

1304 Concourse Drive

Linthicum, MD 21090

410-689-3400
Allentown Nonattainment Area:

Mobile Source Emissions Inventory 

Executive Summary 

January 2013

Exhibit of Contents 

SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................................................................1

REVISED EMISSIONS INVENTORY...............................................................................................................................1

ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY........................................................................................................................................2

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS TOOLS ...........................................................................................................4

ANALYSIS TOOLS ......................................................................................................................................................4

TRAFFIC DATA SOURCE/FLEET DATA INPUTS ...........................................................................................................5

TRAFFIC GROWTH ASSUMPTIONS..............................................................................................................................6

VEHICLE POPULATION GROWTH ASSUMPTIONS ........................................................................................................7

I/M AND FUEL PARAMETERS .....................................................................................................................................8

METEOROLOGY DATA ...............................................................................................................................................9

VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMS ..........................................................................................................................9

RESOURCES .............................................................................................................................................................10

List of Exhibits 

EXHIBIT 1: SUMMARY OF APPENDICES........................................................................................................................... 1

EXHIBIT 2: MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSIONS USING MOVES2010A.................................................................................... 2

EXHIBIT 3: SUMMARY OF ANALYSIS TOOLS................................................................................................................... 4

EXHIBIT 4: PPSUITE PROCESS ...................................................................................................................................... 5

EXHIBIT 5: VMT GROWTH ASSUMPTIONS...................................................................................................................... 7

Summary of Appendices 

Appendix D-1: Mobile Source Highway Emissions Inventory – An Explanation of Methodology 

Appendix D-2: Emission Results for PM2.5 (PM2.5, PM10, VOC, CO, NOx, SO2, NH3) 

(By Year, Road Type, Source Type and Process) 

Appendix D-3: MOVES Sample Input Files 
Allentown Nonattainment Area Emissions Inventory: Executive Summary 1

SUMMARY

This technical appendix supports the PM2.5 State Implementation Plan (SIP) for the Allentown Area

including Lehigh and Northampton counties. To meet emission inventory requirements of section 

172(c)(3) of the Clean Air Act, a regional mobile source highway inventory has been prepared for direct 

and precursor PM2.5 emissions. Emissions are estimated for the 2002, 2007, 2017 and 2025 analysis 

years. The pollutants included in the inventory are primary emissions (including condensibles) of PM2.5

and PM10 and the precursor emissions of VOC, CO, NOx, SO2, and NH3.

On March 2, 2010, EPA officially released MOVES2010a to be used for all SIP submittals and future 

transportation conformity analyses after a grace period through March 2, 2012. On February 15, 2012, 

EPA extended the grace period to March 2, 2013. This state implementation plan provides emission 

inventory for the 2002, 2007, 2017 and 2025 analysis years using MOVES2010a. 

Appendix D has been provided to summarize the methodology and analysis results for the motor vehicle 

emissions inventory. To complement this executive summary, attachments have been provided with 

additional detail regarding the analysis methodology, the MOVES input parameters, and the output 

vehicle miles of travel (VMT) and emission results for the Allentown Nonattainment Area. These 

include: 

Exhibit 1: Summary of Appendices

Appendix Title Description

D-1 Explanation of Methodology Provides a detailed summary of the methodology used to 

calculate the VMT and emissions.

D-2

(PM2.5, PM10 ,VOC, CO, NOx, 

SO2, and NH3) 

Emission Results

Provides annual emission exhibits by county, road type, 

source type and process categories in 2002, 2007, 2017 

and 2025.

D-3

MOVES Sample 

Input File Provides examples of the MOVES input files.

Revised Emissions Inventory 

A summary of the motor vehicle emissions for the Allentown Area is provided in Exhibit 2 in the 

following page. The emission estimates for all pollutants have been developed using the MOVES2010a 

emission model and latest planning assumptions. Emissions have been estimated for 2002, 2007, 2017 

and 2025. 
Allentown Nonattainment Area Emissions Inventory: Executive Summary 2

Exhibit 2: Motor Vehicle Emissions Using MOVES2010a 

(Short Tons/Year) 

Pollutants/

Year PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Lehigh

2002 369.80 432.35 4,407.13 60,853.47 12,097.53 253.43 162.13

2007 311.88 375.76 3,768.59 46,056.33 9,216.28 69.41 145.16

2017 150.21 220.06 2,037.20 29,940.16 4,247.48 25.62 104.06

2025 120.36 214.69 1,313.10 26,181.45 2,849.62 28.29 104.96

Northampton

2002 270.22 318.68 3,877.75 50,395.79 8,780.48 181.08 114.02

2007 224.62 271.20 3,167.67 36,775.45 6,640.83 48.74 99.59

2017 108.03 157.63 1,753.62 24,265.58 3,098.44 17.86 70.93

2025 83.09 142.89 1,096.71 21,062.25 1,971.35 18.91 68.87

Nonattainment Area Total

2002 640.02 751.03 8,284.88 111,249.26 20,878.02 434.52 276.15

2007 536.50 646.97 6,936.26 82,831.78 15,857.10 118.15 244.76

2017 258.24 377.69 3,790.82 54,205.74 7,345.93 43.48 174.99

2025 203.45 357.59 2,409.81 47,243.70 4,820.97 47.20 173.82

Analysis Methodology 

Guidance documents from EPA were used to develop the base and future year emissions inventories for 

the Allentown Nonattainment Area. They include: 

 Policy Guidance on the Use of MOVES2010 for SIP Development, Transportation 

Conformity, and Other Purposes, US EPA Office of Air and Radiation, EPA-420-B-09-

046, December 2009. 

 Technical Guidance on the Use of MOVES2010 for Emission Inventory Preparation in 

State Implementation Plans and Transportation Conformity, US EPA Office of Air and 

Radiation, and Office of Transportation and Air Quality, EPA-420-B-10-023, April 

2010. 

 Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator, User Guide for MOVES2010a, EPA-420-B-10-036, 

August 2010. 

The highway mobile source emission inventory was developed using available travel data and EPA’s 

MOVES2010a emission model. The methodologies used to produce the emission data conform to the 

recommendations provided in EPA’s Technical Guidance. A mix of local data and national default 

(internal to MOVES2010a) data has been used for this submission. Local data has been used for the 

primary data items that have a significant impact on emissions. These include: 

 Vehicle miles of travel (VMT) by vehicle type. 

 Average speed distribution. 

 Vehicle type mixes. 

 Source type population (for light-duty vehicles). 

 Vehicle age distribution. 
Allentown Nonattainment Area Emissions Inventory: Executive Summary 3

 Hourly distributions. 

 Meteorology data. 

 Inspection/Maintenance program. 

 Fuel supply. 

For this submission, the 2002 base year traffic data source and environmental assumptions are consistent 

with past analyses and submissions. For the rest of the years, most local data inputs to the analysis 

process reflect the latest planning assumptions based on 2008 data obtained from the Pennsylvania 

Department of Transportation (PennDOT), the Bureau of Motor Vehicles, and other local/national 

sources. Newer data was available and was used for traffic forecast growth rates, control strategies (e.g. 

Inspection-Maintenance programs), vehicle age distributions and fuel characteristics. 

The analysis methodology is consistent with past statewide inventory efforts including the 2008 National 

Emissions Inventory (NEI) submission. This includes the use of custom post processing software to 

calculate hourly speeds and prepare key traffic input files to the MOVES2010a emission model. A 

detailed methodology is provided in Appendix D-1. The following sections address the key input data 

sources and analysis tools used for the emissions inventory for the Allentown Area. 
Allentown Nonattainment Area Emissions Inventory: Executive Summary 4

DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS TOOLS 

This section provides a summary of the key input data and analysis tools used for producing the emissions 

inventory. The key elements to the modeling protocol are described in the sections below. A more 

detailed description of the analysis process and tools is provided in the methodology reports in Appendix 

D-1 through D-3. 

Analysis Tools 

The mobile vehicle emissions inventory analysis utilizes several key software/programs for producing the 

county emissions totals. These tools are outlined in Exhibit 3.

Exhibit 3: Summary of Analysis Tools 

Tool Purpose

MOVES2010a

Produces emission rates for primary 

emissions (including condensibles) of PM2.5

and PM10 and the precursor emissions of 

VOC, CO, NOx, SO2, and NH3

PPSUITE

Processes the highway data; Calculates 

hourly congested speeds for each state 

roadway segment; Prepares MOVES2010a

input files; Processes MOVES2010a output 

files into a summary report.

CENTRAL

Provides a batch menu driven process to 

execute PPSUITE, MOVES2010a and other 

MYSQL steps. 

The inventory reflects the highway mobile source emission estimations using EPA’s MOVES2010a 

emission model. EPA’s MOVES model was officially released on March 2, 2010 and was followed with 

a revised version (MOVES2010a) in August 2010. Subsequent to the start of this analysis, EPA released 

a newer version, MOVES2010b, in April 2012; however, the emission rates for criteria pollutants remain 

consistent to previous versions. The MOVES2010a model provides a more robust estimate of emissions 

as compared to its predecessor MOBILE6.2. MOVES2010a has been integrated with local traffic, vehicle 

fleet, environmental, fuel, and control strategy data to estimate emissions. 

PPSUITE represents an enhanced version of the Post Processor for Air Quality (PPAQ) software system 

that has been used for previous inventory and conformity submissions in Pennsylvania. The software has 

undergone significant revisions to ensure consistency with the MOVES2010a. PPSUITE was used to 

calculate hourly congested speeds for each roadway link, apply vehicle type fractions, aggregate VMT, 

prepare MOVES2010a traffic-related input files and process MOVES2010a outputs. 

The PPSUITE software and process methodologies are consistent with that used for state inventories and 

transportation conformity analyses throughout Pennsylvania. Exhibit 4 summarizes the key functions of 

PPSUITE. 
Allentown Nonattainment Area Emissions Inventory: Executive Summary 5

CENTRAL is a menu-driven software platform that executes the PPSUITE and MOVES2010a processes 

in batch mode. The software allows users to execute runs for a variety of input options and integrates 

custom MYSQL steps into the process. CENTRAL provides important quality control and assurance 

steps including file naming and storage automation. 

Traffic Data Source/Fleet Data Inputs 

Traffic Volume Data: The PennDOT Roadway Management System (RMS) data serves as the primary 

highway data source for the county and functional class VMT estimates. The data source is used to 

provide a “snapshot” of the regional roadway system and traffic volumes in 2002 and 2008 (consistent 

with past triennial updates of traffic data). The 2008 data is also integrated with traffic signal locations. 

The data includes the average annual daily traffic (AADT) volumes for all state roadways in 

Pennsylvania. To account for additional local roadway VMT and to ensure consistency with reported 

Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) VMT totals, the VMT totals estimated from 

PennDOT’s RMS are adjusted to match the annual 2002 and 2008 HPMS VMT totals respectively, as 

reported to FHWA. For analysis year 2007, VMT is adjusted to match the annual 2007 HPMS VMT 

total.

Seasonal Adjustments: Within MOVES, annual VMT is split to monthly sub-totals and then to 

weekdays and weekends using seasonal factors. The monthly seasonal factors are developed from data 

contained in the documents, 2002 Pennsylvania Traffic Data and 2008 Pennsylvania Traffic Data, 

prepared by PennDOT’s Bureau of Planning and Research (BPR). The seasonal and daily factors 

provided in this document are based on statistical analyses of 2002 and 2008 traffic counts taken at 

permanent and in-pavement ATR (automatic traffic recorder) locations throughout the state. 

Exhibit 4: PPSUITE Process
Allentown Nonattainment Area Emissions Inventory: Executive Summary 6

Congested Speeds: Based on the average annual daily traffic, a single set of hourly speed distributions 

are estimated by the PPSUITE post processing system and input to MOVES. To disaggregate the daily 

RMS volumes to hourly volumes, auto and truck hourly pattern data from PennDOT’s 2002 Pennsylvania 

Traffic Data and 2008 Pennsylvania Traffic Data reports are used to determine the temporal variations in 

traffic volumes. 

Vehicle Population: Vehicle population is a key input that has an important impact on start and 

evaporative emissions. MOVES2010a requires the number of vehicles by 13 source types to determine 

evaporative emissions. State 2002 and 2008 vehicle registration data (consistent with past triennial 

updates of traffic data) was used to estimate vehicle population for light-duty vehicles and school buses. 

The data was split to source types using MOVES2010a default population data. For transit buses, data 

from PennDOT and the National Transit Database (NTD) was used to estimate transit bus populations by 

county. For all other heavy-duty vehicles, PPSUITE calculates vehicle population based on the analysis 

year VMT for each source type and default MOVES2010a ratios of VMT and source type population (e.g. 

the number of miles per vehicle by source type). 

VMT by Source Type: The total VMT is disaggregated to the 13 MOVES2010a source types. For this 

inventory, the vehicle mix was calculated for each county and functional class grouping utilizing a 

combination of: 

 2002 and 2008 RMS truck percentages 

 2008 PennDOT and NTD transit data 

 2008 school bus registration data 

EPA’s MOVES2010a default distribution of VMT by source type was used to determine the remaining 

source type VMT percentages. The development of vehicle type pattern data input to the MOVES2010a 

software is described in more detail in Appendix D-1. 

Vehicle Age Distribution: Vehicle age distributions are required to be input by 13 source types. The 

distributions reflect the percentage of vehicles in the fleet up to 31 years old. The 2002 vehicle age 

distributions have been used for the 2002 emissions inventory. A recent 2010 registration download from 

PennDOT’s Bureau of Motor Vehicles Registration Database has indicated a substantially older fleet than 

recorded in the 2002-2008 period. As a result, the 2010 vehicle age distributions have been used for this 

inventory. Due to insufficient data, only data for light-duty vehicles are used as local inputs; and heavyduty vehicle ages are calculated using the internal MOVES2010a defaults for each Pennsylvania County. 

The registration data download is based on MOBILE6.2 vehicle categories. The data was converted to 

source types using the EPA convertor spreadsheets provided with the MOVES2010a emission model. 

Traffic Growth Assumptions 

Traffic growth forecasting plays a pivotal role in estimating future year emissions for the region. There 

are many uncertainties affecting projections of traffic growth including the current economic conditions, 

potential fuel prices, the impacts of natural gas industry activities in many counties throughout the state, 

and the future growth in population and employment. Growth rates for this emissions inventory were 

based on an assessment of available data sources including the regional travel model maintained by the 

Lehigh Valley Planning Commission (LVPC) and PennDOT’s BPR growth rate forecasting system. 

All SIP mobile source highway inventories include the review and assessment of county-specific growth 

rates from a PennDOT study originally completed in 2005 and documented in the report, Statistical 

Evaluation of Projected Traffic Growth, Traffic Growth Forecasting System: Final Report, March 14, 

2005. As part of that study, a statewide traffic growth forecasting system was developed that incorporates 
Allentown Nonattainment Area Emissions Inventory: Executive Summary 7

traffic data from PennDOT’s Traffic Information System and socioeconomic forecasts. That forecasting 

system is maintained by the PennDOT BPR and is updated on a periodic basis. This system was last 

updated in December of 2009 to develop new statistical relationships between historic VMT growth and 

population (thru 2008). The forecast population was estimated from the Woods and Poole data “2010 

State Profile”. The results of the study have been shared between PennDOT, PaDEP, and other 

Interagency Consultation Group members, including the Pennsylvania Transportation - Air Quality Work 

Group (which also includes EPA, FHWA, and representatives from larger MPOs within the state). 

The growth rates from the PennDOT BPR forecasting system are evaluated against other available data 

including travel model growth and other insights. For the development of MVEBs, upper estimates of the 

VMT growth range are used for the forecast analyses. From an air quality perspective, the use of the 

upper boundary is conservative, and provides for factors outside PennDOT or PaDEP control (e.g., 

potential socio-economic growth above current forecasts, fleet age distributions, vehicle type distribution) 

that influence motor vehicle emissions. Exhibit 5 summarizes the assumed projected growth of VMT for 

future analysis years in the Allentown Nonattainment Area. 

Exhibit 5: VMT Growth Assumptions 

Analysis 

Year

Total Growth 

from 2002

Annualized Growth Rate 

from Previous Year

Lehigh

2002 ---- ----

2007 5.7% 1.1%

2017 24.4% 1.6%

2025 46.8% 2.0%

Northampton

2002 ---- ----

2007 2.8% 0.6%

2017 20.6% 1.4%

2025 41.1% 1.8%

Vehicle Population Growth Assumptions 

Vehicle population growth forecasting plays an important key role in determining emissions for future 

years for the region. For this inventory, vehicle population was forecasted considering the growth from 

three different sources: 

 Household growth 

 Population Growth 

 VMT Growth 

The household and population data were obtained from the PennDOT study documented in the report as 

discussed above, Statistical Evaluation of Projected Traffic Growth, Traffic Growth Forecasting System: 

Final Report, March 14, 2005. The forecast household and population were estimated from the Woods 

and Poole data “2010 State Profile”. The final growth rate was calculated assuming the highest growth 

rate of household and population data but then limiting it to the VMT growth rate. This methodology has 

been used for past conformity analyses and has been accepted using the interagency consultation process 

(Pennsylvania Air Quality Workgroup). 
Allentown Nonattainment Area Emissions Inventory: Executive Summary 8

I/M and Fuel Parameters 

I/M Program: The inspection maintenance (I/M) program inputs to the MOVES2010a model are based 

on past and current programs within each county (all Pennsylvania I/M programs are based on county 

boundaries). All analysis years include Pennsylvania’s statewide program. The MOVES2010a model 

has simplified the I/M program input parameters compared to MOBILE6.2. The default I/M program 

parameters included in MOVES2010a were examined for each county and necessary changes made to the 

defaults to match the actual local program. 

In order to assure that emission controls are working properly, vehicle inspection and maintenance (I/M) 

programs have been adopted in some nonattainment areas. These programs have the added benefit of 

improving the fuel efficiency of vehicles. The Pennsylvania inspection and maintenance (I/M) program 

was upgraded and expanded throughout the state with a phase-in period starting in September 2003 and 

fully implemented by June 2004. 

The program requirements vary by region (five regions) and include on-board diagnostics (OBD) 

technology that uses the vehicle’s computer for model years 1996 and newer to identify potential engine 

and exhaust system problems that could affect emissions. The program, named PAOBDII, is 

implemented by region, as follows: 

 Philadelphia Region - Bucks, Chester, Delaware, Montgomery and Philadelphia Counties 

 Pittsburgh Region - Allegheny, Beaver, Washington and Westmoreland Counties 

 South Central and Lehigh Valley Region - Berks, Cumberland, Dauphin, Lancaster, Lebanon, 

Lehigh, Northampton and York Counties 

 North Region - Blair, Cambria, Centre, Erie, Lackawanna, Luzerne, Lycoming, and Mercer 

Counties 

The OBDII program is implemented in Philadelphia and Pittsburgh along with tailpipe (idle in Pittsburgh 

and idle and ASM in Philadelphia) and gas cap tests. Tests in other regions include: 

 Subject vehicles registered in the South Central and Lehigh Valley counties receive the visual, 

OBD and gas cap tests. 

 Subject vehicles registered in the North region receive a gas cap test and visual inspection. 

 Subject vehicles registered in the other 42 counties (67 total counties) receive a visual inspection 

as part of the annual safety inspection. 

Fuel Assumptions: The MOVES2010a default fuel formulation and fuel supply data were reviewed and 

updated based on available local volumetric fuel property information. The gasohol market penetration 

and RVP values were updated but MOVES2010a default data was used for the remaining parameters. 

Updated assumptions included: 

 Using 8.7 RVP for summer months. 

 Conventional gasoline used throughout the year for analysis years 2002. 

 32% market share of conventional gasoline and 68% market share of 10% ethanol used 

throughout the year for analysis year 2007. 

 10% ethanol used throughout the year for analysis years 2017 and 2025. 
Allentown Nonattainment Area Emissions Inventory: Executive Summary 9

Meteorology Data 

Updated weather information has been obtained from WeatherBank, Inc. (www.weatherbank.com). The 

10-year (1998-2008) average minimum and maximum monthly temperature and relative humidity values 

were obtained for each of the 9 airport locations in Pennsylvania. 

The MOVES2010a model requires temperature and relative humidity data for each hour of the day and 

for all the 12 months for the annual analysis. EPA’s data converters were used to convert minimum and 

maximum daily temperatures to an hourly temperature profile that could be input to MOVES2010a. 

These assumptions are consistent with the 2008 NEI inventory submission. 

Vehicle Technology Programs 

Federal Programs 

Current federal vehicle emissions control and fuel programs are incorporated into the MOVES2010a 

software. These include the National Program standards covering model year vehicles through 2016. 

Modifications of default emission rates are required to reflect the early implementation of the National 

Low Emission Vehicle Program (NLEV) program in Pennsylvania. To reflect these impacts, EPA has 

released instructions and input files that can be used to model these impacts. This inventory utilized the 

August 2010 version of the files (http://www.epa.gov/oms/models/moves/tools.htm). 

State Programs 

The Pennsylvania Clean Vehicles (PCV) Program, adopted in 1998, incorporated the California Low 

Emission Vehicle Program (CA LEVII) by reference, although it allowed automakers to comply with the 

NLEV program as an alternative to this Pennsylvania program until MY 2006. Beginning with MY 2008, 

“new” passenger cars and light-duty trucks with a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of 8,500 pounds 

or less that are sold or leased and titled in Pennsylvania must be certified by the California Air Resources 

Board (CARB) or be certified for sale in all 50 states. For this program, a “new” vehicle is a qualified 

vehicle with an odometer reading less than 7,500 miles. PaDEP and PennDOT worked with the 

automobile manufacturers, dealers and other interested business partners and finalized procedures for 

complying with these new requirements. DEP focuses its outreach effort with the manufacturers and 

dealers regarding what vehicles can be offered for sale and how to certify that the vehicles are compliant. 

PennDOT’s role is to ensure licensing and registration records include these certifications of compliance 

or that the vehicle owner qualifies for an exemption to the requirements. In all cases, DEP will use 

information obtained during PennDOT’s title and registration process to oversee and audit, as needed, 

certain vehicle title transactions to determine compliance to the program. 

The impacts of this program are modeled for all analysis years beyond 2008 using the same instructions 

and tools as downloaded for the early NLEV analysis. EPA provided input files to reflect the CAL LEVII 

program. Modifications to those files were made to reflect a 2008 start date for Pennsylvania. 
Allentown Nonattainment Area Emissions Inventory: Executive Summary 10

RESOURCES 

Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator, User Guide for MOVES2010a, EPA-420-B-10-036, August 2010. 

Technical Guidance on the Use of MOVES2010 for Emission Inventory Preparation in State 

Implementation Plans and Transportation Conformity, US EPA Office of Air and Radiation, and Office 

of Transportation and Air Quality, EPA-420-B-10-023, April 2010. 

2008 Pennsylvania Traffic Data, PennDOT Bureau of Planning and Research, 2008. 

Policy Guidance on the Use of MOVES2010 for SIP Development, Transportation Conformity, and Other 

Purposes, US EPA Office of Air and Radiation, EPA-420-B-09-046, December 2009. 

Instructions for Using LEV and NLEV Inputs for MOVES, US EPA, EPA-420-B-10-003a, August 2010. 

Statistical Evaluation of Projected Traffic Growth, Traffic Growth Forecasting System: Final Report, 

Michael Baker Jr., Inc., March 14, 2005. 

Metrological Data from Weather Bank, Inc., www.weatherbank.com 
APPENDIX D1

Mobile Source Highway Emissions Inventory 

An Explanation of Methodology 

Bureau of Air Quality 

Department of Environmental Protection 
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APPENDIX D-1 

Allentown Area - An Explanation of Methodology 
An Explanation of Methodology

Explanation of Methodology 

January 2013

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................................1

OVERVIEW OF EMISSIONS INVENTORIES....................................................................................................................1

HIGHWAY VEHICLE EMISSION INVENTORIES.............................................................................................................1

WHERE DOES PENNSYLVANIA OBTAIN ITS DATA? .....................................................................................4

SUMMARY OF MOVES INPUTS..................................................................................................................................4

VEHICLE MILES OF TRAVEL (VMT) ..........................................................................................................................5

ADJUSTMENTS TO ROADWAY DATA..........................................................................................................................8

VEHICLE TYPE PROCESSING ......................................................................................................................................9

VEHICLE FLEET AND POPULATION DATA ................................................................................................................10

ENVIRONMENTAL, FUEL AND TECHNOLOGY ASSUMPTIONS ....................................................................................11

SPEED/EMISSION ESTIMATION PROCEDURE ..............................................................................................12

VOLUME/VMT DEVELOPMENT ...............................................................................................................................12

SPEED/DELAY DETERMINATION ..............................................................................................................................15

HPMS AND VMT ADJUSTMENTS ............................................................................................................................16

MOVES EMISSIONS RUN ........................................................................................................................................17

RESOURCES .............................................................................................................................................................18

HIGHWAY VEHICLE INVENTORY GLOSSARY .............................................................................................19

List of Exhibits

EXHIBIT 1: SUMMARY OF PPSUITE PROCESS................................................................................................................3

EXHIBIT 2: MOVES LOCAL DATA INPUT SUMMARY .....................................................................................................4

EXHIBIT 3: PENNDOT URBAN/RURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CLASS CODES .......................................................................6

EXHIBIT 4: EMISSION FACTOR VS. SPEED VARIANCES (PM2.5) .....................................................................................7

EXHIBIT 5: MOVES SOURCE TYPES AND HPMS VEHICLE GROUPS ..............................................................................9

EXHIBIT 6: PPSUITE SPEED / EMISSION ESTIMATION PROCEDURE..............................................................................13
Appendix D-1 1

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this document is to explain how the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental 

Protection (Department) estimates emissions from highway vehicles for inclusion in its emission 

inventories and State Implementation Plans. 

Overview of Emissions Inventories 

The Department’s inventories generally categorize emissions into four categories: 

 Highway vehicles. 

 Stationary sources (major industrial, commercial and utility sources). 

 Area sources (smaller industrial/commercial sources, consumer products). 

 Nonroad mobile sources (including construction and agricultural equipment, lawn and garden 

equipment). 

An evaluation of emissions from point, area, and mobile sources is needed to develop a complete 

inventory needed for a maintenance demonstration plan. This documentation addresses the mobile source 

activity and emissions for base and future years used to support such a demonstration. 

Of all of the sources of air pollution, only the emissions of some stationary sources are measured directly 

and continuously through instrumentation. Emissions from all other sources must be modeled based on 

available local data, including those from highway vehicles. In their very simplest form, estimates of 

emissions follow the following pattern: 

Emission rate x activity level = emissions per time period (usually day or year) 

Most emission rates have been developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in 

cooperation with industry and states, and are compiled and documented into key references or emission 

models. These include Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors (AP-42), the Motor Vehicle 

Emission Simulator (MOVES) model, and the NONROAD model. Adding up the products of the 

emission rates and activity levels for all sources of a given pollutant constitutes the emission inventory for 

that pollutant. 

Highway Vehicle Emission Inventories 

Highway vehicles contribute significantly to air pollution, particularly to ground-level ozone, which is the 

most persistent air pollutant in Pennsylvania. Ground-level ozone is not emitted directly to the 

atmosphere, but is formed by photochemical reactions between volatile organic compounds 

(VOCs) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) in the presence of sunlight. The long, hot, humid days of 

summer are particularly conducive to ozone formation, so ozone levels are of concern primarily 

during the months of May through September. Both VOCs and NOx are emitted from highway 

vehicles. In addition, fine particulates are also emitted directly by motor vehicles as a result of the 

combustion process (tailpipe emissions), re-entrained and transportation construction dust; and formed 

through reactions in the atmosphere among the precursors VOC, CO, NOx, NH3 and SOx. 

Pennsylvania’s PM-related emission inventory efforts focus on these pollutants. 
Appendix D-1 2

Obviously, direct measurement of emission levels from all vehicles in use is impossible. In comparison 

to highway vehicles, estimating residential heating emissions is a fairly simple calculation because there 

is a constant emission rate and a fairly simple measure of activity. However, for highway vehicles 

estimating the emission rate and activity levels of all vehicles on the road during a typical summer day is 

a complicated endeavor. 

If every vehicle emitted the same amount of pollution all the time, one could simply multiply those 

emission standards (emission rate in grams of pollution per mile) times the vehicle miles traveled (VMT) 

to estimate total emissions. But emission rates from all vehicles vary over the entire range of conditions 

under which they operate. These variables include air temperature, speed, traffic conditions, operating 

mode and fuel characteristics. The inventory must also account for non-exhaust or evaporative emissions. 

In addition, the fleet is composed of several generations and types of vehicles with different emission 

control technologies. This requires the estimation algorithm include the composition of the fleet (vehicle 

ages and types). 

In order to estimate both the rate at which emissions are being generated and to calculate vehicle miles 

traveled (activity level), Pennsylvania examines its road network and fleet to estimate vehicle activity. 

For ozone-related inventories, this is done for a typical summer weekday. For carbon monoxide (CO) and 

particulate matter (PM) emission inventories, this may be done for a typical winter weekday, summer 

weekday and/or annual conditions. Not only must this be done for a baseline year, but it must also be 

projected into the future. This process involves a large quantity of data and is extremely complex. 

Computer models have been developed to perform these calculations by simulating the travel of vehicles 

on the Commonwealth’s roadway system. The models also generate emissions rates (also called emission 

factors) for different vehicle types for area-specific conditions, and then combine them in summary form. 

The area-specific conditions include vehicle and highway data, plus control measure characteristics and 

future year projections of all variables. The key models used to generate this mobile source emissions 

inventory are: 

MOVES: EPA’s MOVES model was officially released on March 2, 2010 and was followed with a 

revised version (MOVES2010a) in August 2010. The MOVES model provides a more robust estimate of 

emissions as compared to its predecessor MOBILE6.2. MOVES calculates average in-use fleet emissions 

for each of thirteen categories of vehicles under various conditions affecting in-use emission levels (e.g., 

ambient temperatures, average traffic speeds, gasoline volatility) as specified by the model user. 

For this mobile source inventory, Pennsylvania used MOVES2010a as approved by EPA. MOVES can 

be used to estimate national, state, and county level inventories of criteria air pollutants, precursors, 

greenhouse gas emissions, and some mobile source air toxics from highway vehicles. Additionally, 

MOVES can make projections for energy consumption (total, petroleum-based, and fossil-based). 

PPSUITE: For the Department’s highway emissions inventory, a post processor named PPSUITE 

(formerly named PPAQ - Post Processor for Air Quality) is used, which consists of a set of programs that 

perform the following functions: 

 Analyzes highway operating conditions. 

 Calculates highway speeds. 

 Compiles vehicle miles of travel (VMT) and vehicle type mix data. 

 Prepares MOVES runs and processes MOVES outputs. 

PPSUITE is a widely used and accepted tool for estimating speeds and processing emissions rates. The 

software is based upon accepted transportation engineering methodologies. For example, PPSUITE uses 

speed and delay estimation procedures based on planning methods provided in the Highway Capacity 
Appendix D-1 3

Manual, a report prepared by the Transportation Research Board (TRB) summarizing current knowledge 

and analysis techniques for capacity and level-of-service analyses of the transportation system. 

The PPSUITE process is integral to producing key input files to the MOVES emission model. Exhibit 1 

summarizes the key functions of PPSUITE and the traffic-related input files prepared for the MOVES 

County Data Manager (CDM). 

Exhibit 1: Summary of PPSUITE Process 

The following sections summarize the key data and methodologies used to produce the mobile source 

emissions inventory. This includes a summary of local data sources and a step-by-step review of the 

speed calculation process. The emission data and process has been developed according to 

recommendations provided by EPA in key policy and technical guidance as provided below:

 Policy Guidance on the Use of MOVES2010 for SIP Development, Transportation 

Conformity, and Other Purposes, US EPA Office of Air and Radiation, EPA-420-B-09-

046, December 2009. 

 Technical Guidance on the Use of MOVES2010 for Emission Inventory Preparation in 

State Implementation Plans and Transportation Conformity, US EPA Office of Air and 

Radiation, and Office of Transportation and Air Quality, EPA-420-B-10-023, April 

2010. 

The process has focused on developing an emissions inventory using the available tools and data to its 

fullest extent. This includes the use of available local data for items that have a significant impact on 

emissions and applying a robust calculation process to estimate hourly traffic speeds. 
Appendix D-1 4

WHERE DOES PENNSYLVANIA OBTAIN ITS DATA?

Summary of MOVES Inputs 

A large number of inputs to MOVES are needed to fully account for the numerous vehicle and 

environmental parameters that affect emissions. These include traffic flow characteristics (as determined 

from the PPSUITE software), vehicle descriptions, fuel parameters, inspection/maintenance program 

parameters, and environmental variables. MOVES includes a default national database of meteorology, 

vehicle fleet, vehicle activity, fuel, and emission control program data for every county; but EPA cannot 

certify that the default data is the most current or best available information for any specific area. As a 

result, local data is recommended for use for analyses supporting state implementation plans (SIPs). 

A mix of local and default data is used for this inventory. Local data sources are used for all inputs that 

have a significant impact on calculated emission rates. Exhibit 2 summarizes Pennsylvania-specific 

inputs assembled and used for this inventory. These data items are discussed in the following sections. 

Exhibit 2: MOVES Local Data Input Summary

 Traffic Vehicle Fuel Inspection Environmental 

 Data Descriptions Parameters Maintenance Variables 

 Vehicle Type Vehicle Type RVP Start Year Hourly 

 VMT Mix Model Years Temperatures 

 Vehicle Vehicle Age Sulfur Test Standards, 

 Population Distribution Level Source Types, Humidity 

 Frequency 

 VMT Average Speeds Ethanol Stringency, 

 Fractions (PPSUITE) Volume Waiver Rate, 

 (PPSUITE) Compliance 

 Road Type Hourly Refueling 

 Distribution Distributions Controls 

 (PPSUITE) 

 Ramp 

 Fraction 

 (PPSUITE) 

 Emission Rates 

 
Appendix D-1 5

Vehicle Miles of Travel (VMT) 

The VMT input to emissions calculations for Pennsylvania is based on information from the Roadway 

Management System (RMS) maintained by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation’s 

(PennDOT’s) Bureau of Planning and Research (BPR). PennDOT obtains this information from periodic 

visual and electronic traffic counts. RMS data is dynamic, since it is continually reviewed and updated 

from new traffic counts and field visits conducted by PennDOT. Information on roadways included in the 

National Highway System is reviewed at least annually, while information on other roadways is reviewed 

at least biennially. 

On a triennial basis, a current “snapshot” of the RMS database is taken and downloaded to provide an upto-date record of the Commonwealth’s highway system for estimating emissions. This emissions 

inventory is based on the most current snapshot of the RMS data. 

The RMS database contains all state highways, including the Pennsylvania Turnpike, divided into 

segments approximately 0.5 miles in length. These segments are usually divided at important 

intersections or locations where there is a change in the physical characteristics of the roadway (e.g. the 

number of lanes changes). There are approximately 99,000 state highway segments for the 67 

Pennsylvania counties contained in the RMS. Each of these segments contains an abundance of 

descriptive data, but only the following information is extracted for emission calculations: 

 Lanes. 

 Distances. 

 Volumes representing Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT). 

 Truck percentages. 

 PennDOT urban/rural classifications. 

 PennDOT functional class codes. 

 Number of signals (based on linkage to PennDOT GIS signal location data). 

RMS volumes and distances are used in calculating highway VMT totals for each county. As discussed 

in the next section, adjustments are needed to convert the volumes to reflect annual conditions. In 

addition, the traffic volumes must be forecast to support future year emission inventories. Lane values 

and traffic signals are an important input for determining the congestion and speeds for individual 

highway segments. Truck percentages are used in the speed determination process and are used to split 

volumes to individual vehicle types used by the MOVES software. 

 

Road segments are classified by function, as well as whether it is located in an urban, small urban or rural 

area, as indicated below in Exhibit 3. The PennDOT urban/rural (UR) and functional classes (FC) are 

important indicators of the type and function of each roadway segment. The variables provide insights 

into other characteristics not contained in the RMS data that are used for speed and emission calculations. 
Appendix D-1 6

Exhibit 3: PennDOT Urban/Rural and Functional Class Codes

 

Urban/Rural Code 1=Rural 

 2=Small Urban 

 3=Urban 

Functional Class Rural Functional Classes Used Urban Functional Classes Used 

 For Rural Areas For Small Urban and Urban Areas 

 ------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------ 

 1=Rural Freeway 11=Urban Freeway 

 2=Rural Other Principal Arterial 12=Urban Expressway 

 6=Rural Minor Arterial 14=Urban Principal Arterial 

 7=Rural Major Collector 16=Urban Minor Arterial 

 8=Rural Minor Collector 17=Urban Collector 

 9=Rural Local 19=Urban Local 

Additional Network Information: The PPSUITE software system allows for many additional variables 

other than those available in the RMS database. Using these variables improves the ability of the 

Department to incorporate real roadway conditions into its estimates. The variables include information 

regarding free-flow speeds and capacities, signal characteristics and other physical roadway features that 

can affect a roadway’s calculated congested speed. This data can be determined from lookup tables based 

on a roadway segment’s urban/rural code and functional class. Much of the lookup table data was 

developed from information contained in the Highway Capacity Manual, PennDOT information on 

speeds and signal densities, and other engineering judgment. 

MOVES Traffic Inputs: The PPSUITE software uses RMS traffic data to prepare key inputs to the 

MOVES emission model including: 

 VMT. 

 Travel speeds. 

 Road type distributions. 

 Ramp fractions. 

VMT is the primary traffic input that affects emission results. The roadway segment distances and traffic 

volumes are used to prepare estimates of VMT. PPSUITE performs these calculations and outputs the 

MOVES annual VMT input file to the County Data Manager (CDM). 

Emissions for many pollutants (including PM and precursors) vary significantly with travel speed. For 

PM, higher emission rates are associated with lower speeds and lower rates are associated with higher 

speeds, as illustrated in Exhibit 4. To obtain the best estimate of vehicle speeds, the Department uses the 

PPSUITE set of programs, whose primary function is to calculate speeds and to organize and simplify the 

handling of large amounts of data needed for calculating speeds and for preparing MOVES input files. 

The PPSUITE software prepares the MOVES vehicle hours of travel (VHT) by speed bin file which 

summarizes the distribution of speeds across all links into each of 16 MOVES speed bins for each hour of 

the day. This robust process ensures that MOVES emission rates are used to the fullest extent and is 

consistent with the methods and recommendations provided in EPA’s Technical Guidance on the Use of 

MOVES2010 for Emissions Inventory Preparation in State Implementation Plans and Transportation 

Conformity. 
Appendix D-1 7

Exhibit 4: Emission Factor vs. Speed Variances (PM2.5)

In MOVES, typical drive cycles and associated operating conditions vary by the type of roadway. 

MOVES defines five different road types as follows: 

1 Off-Network. 

2 Rural Restricted Access. 

3 Rural Unrestricted Access. 

4 Urban Restricted Access. 

5 Urban Unrestricted Access. 

The off-network road type includes emissions from vehicle starts, extended idle activity, and evaporative 

emissions. Off-network activity in MOVES is primarily determined by the Source Type Population 

input, as discussed in a following section. The remaining distribution among road types is determined by 

equating the PennDOT functional class with each MOVES road type as follows: 

 MOVES Road Type (2) = PennDOT Functional Class (1). 

 MOVES Road Type (3) = PennDOT Functional Class (2,6,7,8,9). 

 MOVES Road Type (4) = PennDOT Functional Class (11,12). 

 MOVES Road Type (5) = PennDOT Functional Class (14,16,17,19). 

For this inventory, the MOVES road type distribution file is automatically generated by PPSUITE using 

the defined equivalencies. 

Since ramps are not directly represented within the RMS database information, it is assumed that 8% of 

the Freeway VHT is Ramp VHT. This is consistent with the recommendations provided in EPA’s 

technical guidance. 

Source: Figure 3 from Implications of the MOVES2010 Model on Mobile 

Source Emission Estimates, Air & Waste Management Association, July 2010.
Appendix D-1 8

Adjustments to Roadway Data 

Before the RMS data can be used by PPSUITE for speed and emission calculations, several adjustments 

and additions must be made to the roadway data. These adjustments are summarized below. 

HPMS Adjustments: According to EPA guidance, baseline inventory VMT computed from the RMS 

highway segment volumes must be adjusted to be consistent with Highway Performance Monitoring 

System (HPMS) VMT totals. The HPMS VMT reported for Pennsylvania is a subsystem of the RMS 

established to meet the data reporting requirements of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and 

to serve as PennDOT’s official source of highway information. Although it has some limitations, the 

HPMS system is currently in use in all 50 states and is being improved under FHWA direction. 

Although the HPMS VMT and the roadway data used for an inventory emissions analysis are both based 

on data from the RMS system, differences do exist between them and include the following. First, the 

HPMS and inventory roadway data are “snapshots” of the RMS data taken at different times. Since the 

RMS is dynamic, changing constantly due to new data, differences will result between the data used for 

calculating HPMS VMT totals and the inventory data used for an emissions analysis. Second, since the 

RMS does not contain many of the local roadways, local road estimates of HPMS VMT are obtained 

through alternative procedures developed by PennDOT. To account for such differences, adjustment 

factors are calculated and used to adjust the inventory roadway data to the reported HPMS VMT totals 

submitted to FHWA. The VMT contained in the HPMS reports are considered to represent average 

annual daily traffic (AADT). 

Adjustment factors are calculated which adjust the base year RMS download VMT to the reported HPMS 

totals for that year. These factors are developed for each county and functional class combination and are 

also applied to all future year runs. Adjustments for the “higher” functional classes (e.g. Freeway, 

Arterials - major routes) are close to 1.000 since HPMS VMT is derived from RMS information, and the 

only difference in the data is that the “snapshot” for the emission calculations is taken at a different time 

than for the HPMS. “Lower” classes (e.g. local roads) require greater adjustment since a large part of the 

local system is not under state jurisdiction and is not in the RMS database. There is, of course, a 

significant amount of local road mileage in the state. It is assumed that those local streets that are in RMS 

are representative of all local streets in their area with respect to volume and speed, so that roadway 

mileage adjustment is appropriate. 

Seasonal Adjustments to Volumes: The RMS contains AADT volumes that are an average of all days in 

the year, including weekends and holidays. PM and CO analyses require volumes representing monthly 

average conditions (needed for producing annual totals). Therefore, the RMS volumes must be seasonally 

adjusted. Seasonal factors were developed for each functional class and urban/rural code based on yearly 

count information prepared by PennDOT’s BPR. These factors are applied to the existing RMS AADT 

volumes to produce the monthly volumes. The same factors are also used to develop the MOVES daily 

and monthly VMT fraction files. 

Hourly Adjustments: Speeds and emissions vary considerably depending on the time of day. 

Therefore, it is important to estimate the pattern by which roadway volume varies by hour of the day. 

The 24-hour pattern data provides PPSUITE with information used to split the daily roadway segment 

volumes to each of the 24 hours in a day. Pattern data is in the form of a percentage of the daily volumes 

for each hour. Distributions are provided for each county and functional class grouping. This data is 

developed from 24-hour count data compiled by PennDOT’s BPR, according to the process in the 

agencies annual traffic data reports. The same factors are also used to develop the MOVES hourly 

fraction file. 
Appendix D-1 9

Traffic Volume Forecasts: Traffic growth forecasting plays a pivotal role in estimating future year 

emissions for the region. There are many uncertainties affecting projections of traffic growth, including 

the current economic conditions, potential fuel prices, the impacts of Marcellus Shale activities in many 

counties throughout the state, and the future growth in population and employment. Growth rates for the 

Department’s emissions inventories are based on an assessment of available data sources which include: 

 PennDOT BPR growth rate forecasting system. 

 Regional travel model, if available. 

 Estimates of Marcellus Shale related activity growth, if applicable. 

All SIP mobile source highway inventories include the review and assessment of county-specific growth 

rates from a PennDOT study originally completed in 2005 and documented in the report, Statistical 

Evaluation of Projected Traffic Growth, Traffic Growth Forecasting System: Final Report, March 14, 

2005. As part of that study, a statewide traffic growth forecasting system was developed that incorporates 

traffic data from PennDOT’s Traffic Information System and socioeconomic forecasts. That forecasting 

system is maintained by the PennDOT BPR and is updated on a periodic basis to develop new statistical 

relationships between historic VMT growth and population and updated demographic forecasts from 

Woods and Poole, Inc. The growth rates from the PennDOT BPR forecasting system are evaluated 

against other available data including travel model growth and other insights. 

Vehicle Type Processing 

Emission rates within MOVES vary significantly by the type of vehicle. The MOVES model produces 

emissions and rates by thirteen MOVES vehicle source types. However, VMT is input to MOVES by six 

HPMS vehicle groups. Exhibit 5 summarizes the distinction between each classification scheme. 

Exhibit 5: MOVES Source Types and HPMS Vehicle Groups

SOURCE TYPES HPMS Class Groups 

11 Motorcycle 10 Motorcycle 

21 Passenger Car 20 Passenger Car 

31 Passenger Truck 30 Passenger/Light Truck 

32 Light Commercial Truck 40 Buses 

41 Intercity Bus 50 Single Unit Trucks 

42 Transit Bus 60 Combination Trucks 

43 School bus 

51 Refuse Truck 

52 Single Unit Short-haul Truck 

53 Single Unit Long-haul Truck 

54 Motor Home 

61 Combination Short-haul Truck 

62 Combination Long-haul Truck 

The process used for this inventory includes a method to disaggregate the RMS traffic volumes to the 

thirteen source types and then to recombine the estimates to the six HPMS vehicle classes. Vehicle type 

pattern data is used by PPSUITE to divide the hourly roadway segment volumes to the thirteen MOVES 

source types. Similar to the 24-hour pattern data, this data contains percentage splits to each source type 

for every hour of the day. The vehicle type pattern data for this inventory is developed from several 

sources of information: 
Appendix D-1 10

 PennDOT truck percentages from the RMS database. 

 Hourly distributions for trucks and total traffic compiled by PennDOT’s BPR. 

 Transit data from PennDOT and the National Transit Database. 

 School bus registration data from PennDOT’s Bureau of Motor Vehicles Registration Database. 

The vehicle type pattern data is developed for each county and functional class combination. First, RMS 

truck percentages are averaged for all roadways within a county and functional class grouping. Using this 

percentage data, the total roadway volume for any segment is divided to auto and truck vehicle type 

categories. The transit data and school bus data is used to further disaggregate trucks, resulting in four 

vehicle groups (light-duty, school, transit, and other heavy-duty). 

From these groups, MOVES default Pennsylvania county VMT distributions by source type are used to 

divide the four groups into each of the MOVES source types. PennDOT hourly distributions for trucks 

and total traffic are used to create source type percentage breakdowns for each hour of the day. 

Vehicle Type Capacity Analysis Factors: Vehicle type percentages are provided to the capacity 

analysis section of PPSUITE to adjust the speeds in response to trucks. That is, a given number of larger 

trucks take up more roadway space than a given number of cars, and this is accounted for in the speed 

estimation process by adjusting capacity using information from the Highway Capacity Manual. 

Vehicle Fleet and Population Data

The information on the vehicle fleet including the number and age of vehicles has a significant impact on 

forecasted start and evaporative emissions within MOVES. The MOVES Model requires the population 

of vehicles by the thirteen source type categories. Pennsylvania county vehicle registration data is used to 

estimate vehicle population for light-duty vehicles and school buses. The data is split to source types 

using MOVES2010a default Pennsylvania county population data. For transit buses, data from PennDOT 

and the National Transit Database (NTD) is used to estimate county transit bus totals. Other heavy-duty 

vehicle population values are based on VMT for each source type using the vehicle mix and pattern data 

discussed previously. The PPSUITE software automatically applies default MOVES2010a ratios of VMT 

and source type population (e.g. the number of miles per vehicle by source type) to the local VMT 

estimates to produce vehicle population. 

Vehicle population is forecast based on projected household and population growth from Woods and 

Poole Inc. for each Pennsylvania county. The growth rate methodology includes: 

 Choosing the highest growth rate between population and households. 

 Limiting growth as to not exceed the VMT growth assumptions. 

Vehicle Age: Vehicle age distributions are input to MOVES for each county by the thirteen source types. 

The distributions reflect the percentage of vehicles in the fleet up to 31 years old. The most recent 

available registration download from PennDOT’s Bureau of Motor Vehicles Registration Database has 

been used for the inventory. Due to insufficient data, only information for light-duty vehicles are used as 

local inputs; and, heavy-duty vehicles use the internal MOVES2010a national defaults. The registration 

data download is based on MOBILE6.2 vehicle categories. As a result, the data was converted to source 

types using the EPA convertor spreadsheets provided with the MOVES2010a emission model. 
Appendix D-1 11

Environmental, Fuel and Technology Assumptions

Information on environmental, fuel, vehicle technology and other control strategy assumptions were 

determined based on a review of MOVES2010a default information by the PaDEP. 

Fuel Parameters: The same vehicle will produce different emissions using a different type of gasoline. 

Fuel control strategies can be powerful emission reduction mechanisms. The MOVES2010a default fuel 

formulation and fuel supply data were reviewed and updated based on available local volumetric fuel 

property information. The gasohol market penetration and RVP values were updated for all the counties. 

MOVES2010a default data was used for the rest of the parameters. 

Refueling Emissions: MOVES also allows users to calculate refueling emissions, the emissions created 

when vehicles are refueled at service stations. Pennsylvania includes refueling emissions in its area 

source inventory and not in its highway vehicle inventory. Refueling emissions are not included in the 

highway emissions inventory. 

Vehicle Emission Inspection/Maintenance (I/M) Parameters: MOVES allows users to vary inputs 

depending on the I/M program in place for the area. The inputs include: 

 Program start year. 

 Stringency level. 

 First and last model years subject to the program. 

 Waiver rates. 

 Compliance rates. 

 Program type (test-only, test-and-repair, etc.) and effectiveness. 

 Frequency of inspection (annual, biennial). 

 Vehicle type coverage. 

 Test type (idle, loaded, etc.) 

The MOVES2010a default Pennsylvania assumptions were reviewed and modifications were made per 

actual program parameters. 

Environmental Variables: Evaporative emissions are influenced significantly by the temperatures of the 

surrounding air. Hourly temperatures have been compiled for each county based on information from 

WeatherBank, Inc. to specify temperatures from nine airports within the state. Ozone analysis 

temperature and humidity values were determined using the procedures documented in EPA’s technical 

guidance. Minimum and maximum temperatures for each month were converted to hourly temperatures 

using EPA convertors supplied with the MOVES2010a model. 

A summary of the MOVES related inputs used for the inventory and future year estimates are attached 

with the submission. 

 
Appendix D-1 12

SPEED/EMISSION ESTIMATION PROCEDURE 

The previous sections have summarized the input data used for computing speeds and emissions for 

Pennsylvania. This section explains how PPSUITE and MOVES uses that input data to produce emission 

estimates. Exhibit 6 summarizes PPSUITE’s analysis procedure used for each of the RMS highway 

segments in the state. 

Producing an emissions inventory with PPSUITE requires a process of disaggregation and aggregation. 

Data is available and used on a very small scale -- individual 1⁄2 mile roadway segments 24 hours of the 

day. This data needs to be processed individually to determine the distribution of vehicle hours of travel 

(VHT) by speed and then aggregated by vehicle class to determine input VMT to the MOVES emission 

model. 

Volume/VMT Development 

Before speeds can be calculated and MOVES run, volumes acquired from RMS must be adjusted and 

disaggregated. Such adjustments include factoring to future years, seasonal adjustments, and 

disaggregating daily volumes to each hour of the day and to each of the thirteen MOVES source types. 

Determine Future Year Volumes: The RMS database contains up-to-date current year volumes. 

However, to conduct a future year analysis, these volumes must be factored to the year being analyzed. 

Growth factors have been prepared for each county and functional class grouping. These growth factors 

are applied to the base year RMS volumes to obtain future year estimates that can be utilized by 

PPSUITE. 

Example: 

A typical freeway link in the RMS database is I-80 segment 2500 in Luzerne County, 

Pennsylvania. This link has an urban/rural code=1 which indicates the link is in a rural area, and a 

functional class=1 indicating a rural freeway. 

The average annual daily traffic (AADT) from the RMS database for this link in 2008 is 12,077 

vehicles/day. 

Growth factors have been developed to factor the 2008 volume to future years. For example, to 

factor the 2008 volume to the year 2014, a growth factor of 1.282 would yield: 

2014 volume = 12,077 vehicles/day x 1.282 = 15,483 vehicles/day 

 
Appendix D-1 13

Exhibit 6: PPSUITE Speed / Emission Estimation Procedure

Data From PPSUITE Input Files PPSUITE Analysis Process Data from Roadway Source (RMS) 

 The Following is Performed For 

 Each RMS Roadway Segment 

 

Percent Pattern Distributions Expand to 24 hourly volumes RMS AWDT Adjusted Volumes 

 

Apply VMT Adjustments Adjust Volumes for Peak Spreading 

(V/C thresholds for spreading) 

Vehicle Type Patterns Disaggregate to Vehicle Type RMS Truck Percentages 

 

 Transit Data 

 School Bus Data 

 Calculate Link & Signal Capacities Roadway Attributes 

 (Lanes, FC code, UR code) 

Speed/Capacity Lookup Table 

 Calculate Link Calculate 

 Midblock Speed Approach Delay 

Apply Post Speed VMT Adjustments 

 

 

 Prepare MOVES CDM Files 

 

 

 VHT by Annual RoadType SourceType Hourly Ramp 

 Speed Bin VMT Fractions Population Fractions Fractions 

 Per VMT 

 <Optional> 

Off-line File Preparation 

 

 Vehicle Age 

 Distribution Run MOVES Importer 

 to convert county input data 

 Hourly into MYSQL data format 

 Temps/Humidity 

 

 I/M 

 Parameters 

 

 Fuel Run MOVES 

 Parameters 

 
Appendix D-1 14

Seasonal Adjustments: PPSUITE takes the input daily volumes from RMS (which represents annual 

average daily traffic (AADT)) and seasonally adjusts the volumes to an average weekday in July. This 

adjustment utilizes factors developed for each functional class and urban/rural code. VMT can then be 

calculated for each link using the adjusted weekday volumes. 

Example: 

Again, assume the rural freeway link: I-80 segment 2500 in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania. The 

AADT for this link in 2008 is 12,077 vehicles/day. 

Seasonal factors have been developed for urban/rural code and functional class combinations. For 

an urban/rural code=1 and a functional class=1, the factor to convert from AADT to an average 

weekday in July is = 1.15. 

Average Weekday July Volume = 12,077 x 1.15 = 13,889 vehicles/day. 

Total VMT (daily) for this link is calculated as volume x distance. The distance of this link as 

obtained from RMS is 0.296 miles. 

2008 VMT = 13,889 vehicles/day x 0.296 miles = 4,111 vehicle-miles / day. 

Disaggregation to 24 Hours: After seasonally adjusting the link volume, the volume is split to each hour 

of the day. This allows for more accurate speed calculations (effects of congested hours) and allows 

PPSUITE to prepare the hourly VMT and speeds for input to the MOVES model. 

Example:

To support speed calculations and emission estimates by time of day, the July weekday volume is 

disaggregated to 24 hourly volumes. Temporal patterns were previously developed from 

PennDOT count data and input to PPSUITE. For the I-80 rural freeway link with morning peak 

volumes similar to evening peak hours (neutral), the following temporal pattern is applied: 

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

13579

1 11 31 51 71 92 12 3

Hour of Day

Percent of Daily

Using the I-80 segment, typical hourly volumes which result include: 

 8-9 a.m. 6.0% x (4,111 vehicle miles/ 0.296mi.) = 833 vehicles/hour (vph) 

12-1 p.m. 5.0% x (4,111 vehicle .miles/ 0.296mi.) = 694 vph 

 5-6 p.m. 6.3% x (4,111 vehicle miles/ 0.296mi.) = 875 vph 
Appendix D-1 15

After dividing the daily volumes to each hour of the day, PPSUITE identifies hours that are unreasonably 

congested. For those hours, PPSUITE then spreads a portion of the volume to other hours within the 

same peak period, thereby approximating the “peak spreading” that normally occurs in such over-capacity 

conditions. 

 

Disaggregation to Vehicle Type: EPA requires VMT estimates to be prepared by source type, reflecting 

specific local characteristics. As a result, for Pennsylvania’s emission inventory runs, the hourly volumes 

are disaggregated to the thirteen MOVES source types based on count data assembled by PennDOT in 

combination with MOVES defaults. 

Example: 

Disaggregation of the total I-80 VMT to the various source types would include the following: 

 

Total Volume 8-9 am = 833 vph 

Source Type Volume 8-9 am: 

Motorcycle 11 0.5% 4 vph 

Passenger Car 21 54.7% 456 vph 

Passenger Truck 31 27.9% 232 vph 

Light Commercial Truck 32 9.3% 78 vph 

Intercity Bus 41 0.1% 1 vph 

Transit Bus 42 0.1% 1 vph 

School bus 43 0.1% 1 vph 

Refuse Truck 51 0.0% 0 vph 

Single Unit Short-haul Truck 52 2.2% 19 vph 

Single Unit Long-haul Truck 53 0.3% 2 vph 

Motor Home 54 0.1% 1 vph 

Combination Short-haul Truck 61 1.9% 16 vph 

Combination Long-haul Truck 62 2.6% 22 vph 

 

Speed/Delay Determination 

EPA recognizes that the estimation of vehicle speeds is a difficult and complex process. Because 

emissions are so sensitive to speeds, it recommends special attention be given to developing reasonable 

and consistent speed estimates; it also recommends that VMT be disaggregated into subsets that have 

roughly equal speed, with separate emission factors for each subset. At a minimum, speeds should be 

estimated separately by road type. 

The computational framework used for this analysis meets and exceeds that recommendation. Speeds are 

individually calculated for each roadway segment and hour and include the delays encountered at signals. 

Rather than accumulating the roadway segments into a particular road type and calculating an average 

speed, each individual link hourly speed is represented in the MOVES vehicle hours of travel (VHT) by 

speed bin file. This MOVES input file allows the specification of a distribution of hourly speeds. 

For example, if 5% of a county’s arterial VHT operates at 5 mph during the AM peak hour and the 

remaining 95% operates at 65 mph, this can be represented in the MOVES speed input file. For the 

model runs, distributions of speeds are input to MOVES by road type and source type by each hour of the 

day; VMT and VHT is accumulated by the same groupings for the application of the emission factors to 

produce resulting emission totals. 
Appendix D-1 16

To calculate speeds, PPSUITE first obtains initial capacities (how much volume the roadway can serve 

before heavy congestion) and free-flow speeds (speeds assuming no congestion) from the speed/capacity 

lookup data. As described in previous sections, this data contains default roadway information indexed 

by the urban/rural code and functional class. For areas with known characteristics, values can be directly 

coded to the RMS database and the speed/capacity data can be overridden. However, for most areas 

where known information is not available, the speed/capacity lookups provide valuable default 

information regarding speeds, capacities, signal characteristics, and other capacity adjustment information 

used for calculating congested delays and speeds. An effort has been made to enhance the RMS data with 

traffic signal locations using other GIS signal data available from PennDOT’s Bureau of Highway Safety 

and Traffic Engineering. 

Example: 

The speed/capacity lookup table is used to obtain important data used for link speed calculations. 

For the I-80 link with an urban/rural code = 1 (rural) and a functional class = 1 (freeway), the 

lookup table provides information including the following: 

 freeflow speed = 65 mph 

 capacity = 1800 vph per lane 

 number of signals = 0 (per RMS linkage to GIS traffic signal locations) 

This information is used along with the physical characteristics of the roadway to calculate the 

delay (including congestion) to travel this link during each hour of the day: 

For example: The I-80 link is calculated to have a travel time, including delay of 17.76 seconds 

for the 8-9am hour. 

Total travel time, in vehicle hours, for the 8-9am hour is calculated as: 

VHT (8-9am) = 17.76 seconds x 833vph / 3600 sec/hr = 4.12 vehicle hours. 

The result of this process is an estimated average travel time for each hour of the day for each highway 

segment. The average time can be multiplied by the volume to produce vehicle hours of travel (VHT). 

HPMS and VMT Adjustments 

Volumes must also be adjusted to account for differences with the HPMS VMT totals, as described 

previously. VMT adjustment factors are provided as input to PPSUITE, and are applied to each of the 

roadway segment volumes. These factors were developed from the latest HPMS download (conducted 

triennially); however, they are also applied to any future year runs. The VMT added or subtracted to the 

RMS database assumes the speeds calculated using the original volumes for each roadway segment for 

each hour of the day. 
Appendix D-1 17

Example: 

Using the Luzerne County I-80 rural freeway link example, the daily assigned volume is adjusted 

to account for reconciliation with the HPMS VMT. RMS VMT (in AADT) for Luzerne County 

rural freeways totals 962,559 vehicle miles in 2008. HPMS VMT (in AADT) as supplied by 

PennDOT and reported to FHWA totals to 990,088 vehicle miles for the rural freeways. A factor 

is developed by dividing the HPMS VMT by the RMS VMT: 

HPMS adjustment factor for Luzerne County rural freeways = 990,088 / 962,559 = 1.029. 

This factor is held constant in all future years. As an example, this adjustment is made to the 

I-80 freeway link VMT for the 8-9am hour after speed calculations are made, and produces the 

final July weekday VMT for this hour used for Ozone runs. 

I-80 Link VMT (8-9am) = 833vph x 0.296 miles x 1.029 = 254 vehicle miles. 

MOVES Emissions Run 

After computing speeds and aggregating VMT and VHT, PPSUITE prepares traffic-related inputs needed 

to run EPA’s MOVES software, which is used to estimate emission factors in grams of pollutant per 

vehicle mile and to produce total emissions based on input VMT to the model. The process uses 

MOVES2010a, the officially released emissions model that was obtained directly from EPA. 

 

The MOVES inputs prepared by PPSUITE include the following: 

 Vehicle Type VMT. 

 Vehicle Population. 

 VMT fractions. 

 Average speed distributions. 

 Road Type Distribution. 

 Ramp Fractions. 

These files are text formatted files with a *.csv extension. The files are provided as inputs within the 

MOVES county data importer. In addition the remaining MOVES input data including temperatures, 

I/M programs, fuel and vehicle ages are prepared manually outside of the PPSUITE process. 

The MOVES county importer is run in batch mode. This program converts all data files into the MYSQL 

formats used by the MOVES model. At that point a MOVES run specification file (*.mrs) is created 

which specifies options and key data locations for the run. MOVES is then executed in batch mode. 

MOVES can be executed using either the inventory or rate-based approaches. For this highway 

emissions inventory, MOVES is applied using the inventory-based approach. Under this method, actual 

VMT and population are provided as inputs to the model; MOVES is responsible for producing the total 

emissions for the region. Under the rate-based approach, MOVES would produce emission factors, after 

which PPSUITE would apply the emission factors to the link data and calculate total regional emissions. 
Appendix D-1 18

RESOURCES 

MOVES model 

Modeling Page within EPA’s Office of Mobile Sources Website 

(http://www.epa.gov/omswww/models.htm) contains a downloadable model, MOVES users guide and 

other information. 

Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator, User Guide for MOVES2010a, EPA-420-B-10-036, August 2010. 

Technical Guidance on the Use of MOVES2010 for Emission Inventory Preparation in State 

Implementation Plans and Transportation Conformity, US EPA Office of Air and Radiation, and Office 

of Transportation and Air Quality, EPA-420-B-10-023, April 2010. 

Policy Guidance on the Use of MOVES2010 for SIP Development, Transportation Conformity, and Other 

Purposes, US EPA Office of Air and Radiation, EPA-420-B-09-046, December 2009. 

Traffic Engineering

Highway Capacity Manual, Transportation Research Board, presents current knowledge and techniques 

for analyzing the transportation system.

Traffic Data Collection and Factor Development Report, 2008 Data, Pennsylvania Department of 

Transportation, Bureau of Planning and Research. 
Appendix D-1 19

Highway Vehicle Inventory Glossary 

AADT: Average Annual Daily Traffic, average of ALL days. 

AWDT: Average Weekday Daily Traffic. 

Basic emission rates: MOBILE emission rates based on the applicable Federal emission standards and 

the emission control technologies characterizing the fleet in various model years. 

Emission rate or factor: Expresses the amount of pollution emitted per unit of activity. For highway 

vehicles, usually in grams of pollutant emitted per mile driven. 

FC: Functional code, applied in data management to road segments to identify their type (freeway, local, 

etc.). 

Fuel volatility: The ability of fuel components to evaporate, thus entering the atmosphere as pollution. 

Fuel volatility is usually measured as Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP) in pounds per square inch. The lower 

the RVP, the less volatile the fuel. 

Growth factor: Factor used to convert volumes to future years. 

HPMS: Highway Performance Monitoring System, PENNDOT’s official source of highway information 

and a subset of RMS. 

I/M: Vehicle emissions inspection/maintenance programs ensure that vehicle emission controls are in 

good working order throughout the life of the vehicle. The programs require vehicles to be tested for 

emissions. Most vehicles that do not pass must be repaired. 

MOBILE: The model EPA has developed and which Pennsylvania uses to estimate emissions from 

highway vehicles. 

MOVES: The latest model EPA has developed with which Pennsylvania uses to estimate emissions from 

highway vehicles. 

Pattern data: Extrapolations of traffic patterns (such as how traffic volume on road segment types varies 

by time of day, or what kinds of vehicles tend to use a road segment type) from segments with observed 

data to similar segments. 

PPSUITE: Post-Processor for Air Quality, a set of programs that estimate speeds and processes MOBILE 

emission rates. 

RMS: Roadway Management System, a database maintained by PENNDOT from traffic counts and field 

visits. 

Segment (also referred to as link): Division of roadway in the PENNDOT Roadway Management 

System. Usually represents 0.5 mile segments of roadway. 

UR: Urban/rural code, applied in data management to identify whether a road segment is urban, small 

urban or rural. 
Appendix D-1 20

VHT: Vehicle hours traveled.

VMT: Vehicle miles traveled. In modeling terms, it is the simulated traffic volumes times link length. 

Vehicle Type: One of eight types, distinguished primarily by fuel type and/or weight, used in MOBILE 

modeling. 

Source Type: One of thirteen types, distinguished primarily by weight, used in MOVES modeling. 

Road Type: Functional code, applied in data management to road segments to identify their type 

(rural/urban highways, rural/urban arterials, etc.) 

County Data Manager: User interface developed to simplify importing specific local data for a single 

county or a user-defined custom domain without requiring direct interaction with the underlying MySQL 

database. 
APPENDIX D2 

Highway Emissions Estimates 

2002, 2007, 2017, 2025 

(Provided in Electronic Form Only) 

Bureau of Air Quality 

Department of Environmental Protection 
[This page intentionally left blank.] 
APPENDIX D-2

Allentown Area Emission Summary Tables

Appendix D-2-1

2002 Annual Emissions

Emission Summary

Emission Summary by Road Type

Emission Summary by Source Type

Emission Summary by Process

Appendix D-2-2

2007 Annual Emissions

Emission Summary

Emission Summary by Road Type

Emission Summary by Source Type

Emission Summary by Process

Appendix D-2-3

2017 Annual Emissions

Emission Summary

Emission Summary by Road Type

Emission Summary by Source Type

Emission Summary by Process

Appendix D-2-4

2025 Annual Emissions

Emission Summary

Emission Summary by Road Type

Emission Summary by Source Type

Emission Summary by Process

Cover Appendix D-2
Appendix D-2-1

2002 Allentown Area Emission Summary

 Annual (Tons/Year)

County VMT Speed (mph) PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Lehigh 2,788,559,481 41.0 369.80 432.35 4,407.13 60,853.47 12,097.53 253.43 162.13

Northampton 1,965,677,297 38.5 270.22 318.68 3,877.75 50,395.79 8,780.48 181.08 114.02

Lehigh Valley MPO 4,754,236,778 - 640.02 751.03 8,284.88 111,249.26 20,878.02 434.52 276.15

2002_County Appendix D-2 Page 2 of 17
Appendix D-2-1

2002 Allentown Area Emission Summary by Road Type

Annual (Tons/Year)

County Road Type VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Lehigh Off-Network - 38.94 41.87 2,303.44 24,447.66 1,489.44 11.11 0.00

Rural Restricted Access 317,426,124 57.30 62.32 191.12 4,216.49 1,821.53 36.67 18.63

Rural Unrestricted Access 480,622,621 49.61 59.45 352.09 5,767.91 1,629.53 38.11 27.70

Urban Restricted Access 743,440,138 115.82 129.10 486.05 10,086.07 3,518.43 74.46 43.04

Urban Unrestricted Access 1,247,070,598 108.13 139.61 1,074.44 16,335.35 3,638.61 93.08 72.75

Total 2,788,559,481 369.80 432.35 4,407.13 60,853.47 12,097.53 253.43 162.13

County Road Type VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Northampton Off-Network - 37.84 40.76 2,327.97 24,664.05 1,427.10 10.49 0.00

Rural Restricted Access 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Rural Unrestricted Access 650,429,641 66.02 79.00 471.74 7,776.59 2,199.03 51.37 37.83

Urban Restricted Access 525,401,563 89.50 98.86 337.70 7,041.93 2,718.96 56.41 30.09

Urban Unrestricted Access 789,846,093 76.87 100.05 740.34 10,913.23 2,435.40 62.80 46.10

Total 1,965,677,297 270.22 318.68 3,877.75 50,395.79 8,780.48 181.08 114.02

2002_Roadtype Appendix D-2 Page 3 of 17
Appendix D-2-1

2002 Allentown Area Emission Summary by Source Type

Annual (Tons/Year)

VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Miles Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct.

Lehigh Motorcycle 14,078,251 0.5% 0.89 0.2% 1.01 0.2% 67.39 1.5% 666.00 1.1% 25.84 0.2% 0.71 0.3% 0.31 0.2%

Passenger Car 1,496,086,400 53.7% 50.94 13.8% 72.48 16.8% 1,734.64 39.4% 21,518.80 35.4% 2,577.99 21.3% 74.19 29.3% 92.76 57.2%

Passenger Truck 761,965,730 27.3% 58.77 15.9% 75.77 17.5% 1,696.44 38.5% 26,247.32 43.1% 2,721.00 22.5% 54.88 21.7% 46.94 29.0%

Light Commercial Truck 255,384,180 9.2% 30.21 8.2% 36.31 8.4% 551.76 12.5% 8,284.12 13.6% 966.46 8.0% 20.07 7.9% 14.46 8.9%

Intercity Bus 3,290,906 0.1% 4.96 1.3% 5.28 1.2% 2.55 0.1% 18.02 0.0% 94.75 0.8% 1.40 0.6% 0.08 0.1%

Transit Bus 878,636 0.0% 0.93 0.3% 0.98 0.2% 0.77 0.0% 10.85 0.0% 20.50 0.2% 0.29 0.1% 0.02 0.0%

School Bus 3,898,108 0.1% 2.71 0.7% 2.98 0.7% 8.23 0.2% 140.35 0.2% 52.80 0.4% 0.89 0.4% 0.09 0.1%

Refuse Truck 1,963,635 0.1% 2.04 0.6% 2.18 0.5% 1.72 0.0% 19.51 0.0% 47.13 0.4% 0.79 0.3% 0.05 0.0%

Single Unit Short-haul Truck 77,107,855 2.8% 33.55 9.1% 37.41 8.7% 128.86 2.9% 2,513.19 4.1% 749.74 6.2% 15.42 6.1% 2.42 1.5%

Single Unit Long-haul Truck 10,596,838 0.4% 3.56 1.0% 4.04 0.9% 11.03 0.3% 193.72 0.3% 85.85 0.7% 2.04 0.8% 0.33 0.2%

Motor Home 4,457,496 0.2% 1.12 0.3% 1.30 0.3% 12.55 0.3% 298.46 0.5% 40.47 0.3% 0.72 0.3% 0.17 0.1%

Combination Short-haul Truck 65,808,420 2.4% 75.44 20.4% 80.54 18.6% 52.52 1.2% 379.80 0.6% 1,846.34 15.3% 32.04 12.6% 1.84 1.1%

Combination Long-haul Truck 93,043,027 3.3% 104.68 28.3% 112.07 25.9% 138.66 3.1% 563.35 0.9% 2,868.66 23.7% 49.98 19.7% 2.65 1.6%

Total 2,788,559,481 100.0% 369.80 100.0% 432.35 100.0% 4,407.13 100.0% 60,853.47 100.0% 12,097.53 100.0% 253.43 100.0% 162.13 100.0%

VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Miles Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct.

Northampton Motorcycle 9,971,651 0.5% 0.62 0.2% 0.70 0.2% 56.74 1.5% 484.55 1.0% 18.08 0.2% 0.51 0.3% 0.22 0.2%

Passenger Car 1,059,680,400 53.9% 39.76 14.7% 56.62 17.8% 1,574.90 40.6% 18,115.33 35.9% 1,993.91 22.7% 54.79 30.3% 65.40 57.4%

Passenger Truck 539,703,630 27.5% 45.80 16.9% 59.22 18.6% 1,506.58 38.9% 22,004.07 43.7% 2,079.69 23.7% 40.27 22.2% 33.04 29.0%

Light Commercial Truck 180,886,860 9.2% 23.26 8.6% 28.06 8.8% 490.98 12.7% 7,066.61 14.0% 743.53 8.5% 14.75 8.1% 10.19 8.9%

Intercity Bus 2,472,494 0.1% 3.82 1.4% 4.08 1.3% 1.97 0.1% 13.84 0.0% 70.60 0.8% 1.05 0.6% 0.06 0.1%

Transit Bus 407,179 0.0% 0.42 0.2% 0.44 0.1% 0.36 0.0% 4.82 0.0% 9.13 0.1% 0.13 0.1% 0.01 0.0%

School Bus 400,173 0.0% 0.27 0.1% 0.30 0.1% 0.82 0.0% 13.22 0.0% 5.12 0.1% 0.09 0.0% 0.01 0.0%

Refuse Truck 1,335,312 0.1% 1.43 0.5% 1.54 0.5% 1.22 0.0% 13.41 0.0% 31.67 0.4% 0.53 0.3% 0.04 0.0%

Single Unit Short-haul Truck 52,477,163 2.7% 23.48 8.7% 26.37 8.3% 90.85 2.3% 1,689.24 3.4% 514.66 5.9% 10.63 5.9% 1.67 1.5%

Single Unit Long-haul Truck 7,206,061 0.4% 2.50 0.9% 2.86 0.9% 7.80 0.2% 129.59 0.3% 58.92 0.7% 1.41 0.8% 0.23 0.2%

Motor Home 3,035,564 0.2% 0.77 0.3% 0.90 0.3% 8.77 0.2% 193.82 0.4% 27.08 0.3% 0.49 0.3% 0.12 0.1%

Combination Short-haul Truck 44,758,359 2.3% 53.44 19.8% 57.30 18.0% 37.05 1.0% 267.04 0.5% 1,256.65 14.3% 21.98 12.1% 1.25 1.1%

Combination Long-haul Truck 63,342,450 3.2% 74.66 27.6% 80.28 25.2% 99.74 2.6% 400.24 0.8% 1,971.43 22.5% 34.45 19.0% 1.80 1.6%

Total 1,965,677,297 100.0% 270.22 100.0% 318.68 100.0% 3,877.75 100.0% 50,395.79 100.0% 8,780.48 100.0% 181.08 100.0% 114.02 100.0%

County Sourcetype

County Sourcetype

2002_Sourcetype Appendix D-2 Page 4 of 17
Appendix D-2-1

2002 Allentown Area Emission Summary by Process

Annual (Tons/Year)

PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct.

Lehigh Running Exhaust 275.48 74.5% 288.37 66.7% 1,638.15 37.2% 36,398.49 59.8% 10,605.29 87.7% 224.29 88.5% 162.13 100.0%

Start Exhaust 32.75 8.9% 35.48 8.2% 1,791.64 40.7% 24,336.05 40.0% 1,189.57 9.8% 8.29 3.3% 0.00 0.0%

Brakewear 10.82 2.9% 41.31 9.6% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Tirewear 4.73 1.3% 19.74 4.6% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Evap Permeation 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 99.01 2.2% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Evap Fuel Vapor Venting 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 667.73 15.2% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Evap Fuel Leaks 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 91.96 2.1% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Crankcase Running Exhaust 39.83 10.8% 41.06 9.5% 22.48 0.5% 7.32 0.0% 2.81 0.0% 18.03 7.1% 0.00 0.0%

Crankcase Start Exhaust 0.57 0.2% 0.61 0.1% 23.67 0.5% 3.14 0.0% 0.04 0.0% 0.14 0.1% 0.00 0.0%

Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust 0.94 0.3% 0.96 0.2% 1.42 0.0% 0.32 0.0% 0.15 0.0% 0.45 0.2% 0.00 0.0%

Refueling Displacement Vapor Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Refueling Spillage Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Extended Idle Exhaust 4.68 1.3% 4.82 1.1% 71.07 1.6% 108.15 0.2% 299.68 2.5% 2.23 0.9% 0.00 0.0%

Total 369.80 100.0% 432.35 100.0% 4,407.13 100.0% 60,853.47 100.0% 12,097.53 100.0% 253.43 100.0% 162.13 100.0%

PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct.

Northampton Running Exhaust 192.13 71.1% 201.05 63.1% 1,199.54 30.9% 25,726.58 51.0% 7,351.47 83.7% 158.21 87.4% 114.02 100.0%

Start Exhaust 33.13 12.3% 35.89 11.3% 1,824.78 47.1% 24,580.95 48.8% 1,206.21 13.7% 8.39 4.6% 0.00 0.0%

Brakewear 8.79 3.3% 33.58 10.5% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Tirewear 3.46 1.3% 14.41 4.5% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Evap Permeation 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 100.70 2.6% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Evap Fuel Vapor Venting 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 572.55 14.8% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Evap Fuel Leaks 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 86.19 2.2% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Crankcase Running Exhaust 28.01 10.4% 28.88 9.1% 16.43 0.4% 5.16 0.0% 1.91 0.0% 12.38 6.8% 0.00 0.0%

Crankcase Start Exhaust 0.57 0.2% 0.60 0.2% 24.10 0.6% 3.09 0.0% 0.04 0.0% 0.13 0.1% 0.00 0.0%

Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust 0.69 0.3% 0.71 0.2% 1.05 0.0% 0.24 0.0% 0.11 0.0% 0.33 0.2% 0.00 0.0%

Refueling Displacement Vapor Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Refueling Spillage Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Extended Idle Exhaust 3.45 1.3% 3.55 1.1% 52.42 1.4% 79.76 0.2% 220.74 2.5% 1.65 0.9% 0.00 0.0%

Total 270.22 100.0% 318.68 100.0% 3,877.75 100.0% 50,395.79 100.0% 8,780.48 100.0% 181.08 100.0% 114.02 100.0%

County Process

County Process

2002_Process Appendix D-2 Page 5 of 17
Appendix D-2-2

2007 Allentown Area Emission Summary

 Annual (Tons/Year)

County VMT Speed (mph) PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Lehigh 2,946,610,816 40.5 311.88 375.76 3,768.59 46,056.33 9,216.28 69.41 145.16

Northampton 2,020,042,147 39.5 224.62 271.20 3,167.67 36,775.45 6,640.83 48.74 99.59

Lehigh Valley MPO 4,966,652,963 - 536.50 646.97 6,936.26 82,831.78 15,857.10 118.15 244.76

2007_County Appendix D-2 Page 6 of 17
Appendix D-2-2

2007 Allentown Area Emission Summary by Road Type

Annual (Tons/Year)

County Road Type VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Lehigh Off-Network - 37.30 40.12 2,444.99 23,109.73 1,636.51 3.60 0.00

Rural Restricted Access 91,090,972 15.40 16.83 36.11 743.24 421.32 2.50 4.43

Rural Unrestricted Access 278,105,325 22.84 28.40 120.37 1,967.86 641.83 5.90 13.51

Urban Restricted Access 987,575,812 115.10 129.93 386.27 8,222.98 3,146.03 22.87 49.09

Urban Unrestricted Access 1,589,838,707 121.25 160.48 780.86 12,012.52 3,370.60 34.54 78.13

Total 2,946,610,816 311.88 375.76 3,768.59 46,056.33 9,216.28 69.41 145.16

County Road Type VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Northampton Off-Network - 33.24 35.80 2,240.27 21,124.73 1,438.30 3.23 0.00

Rural Restricted Access 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Rural Unrestricted Access 361,691,244 27.75 33.92 146.86 2,486.57 822.34 7.51 17.83

Urban Restricted Access 597,997,510 73.91 83.17 236.14 4,965.33 1,999.42 14.15 29.52

Urban Unrestricted Access 1,060,353,394 89.71 118.30 544.39 8,198.82 2,380.76 23.84 52.24

Total 2,020,042,147 224.62 271.20 3,167.67 36,775.45 6,640.83 48.74 99.59

2007_Roadtype Appendix D-2 Page 7 of 17
Appendix D-2-2

2007 Allentown Area Emission Summary by Source Type

Annual (Tons/Year)

VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Miles Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct.

Lehigh Motorcycle 14,827,725 0.5% 0.86 0.3% 0.98 0.3% 80.02 2.1% 460.18 1.0% 17.51 0.2% 0.27 0.4% 0.51 0.4%

Passenger Car 1,575,732,484 53.5% 39.72 12.7% 61.53 16.4% 1,181.61 31.4% 13,840.73 30.1% 1,617.61 17.6% 26.80 38.6% 77.35 53.3%

Passenger Truck 801,482,080 27.2% 53.50 17.2% 70.98 18.9% 1,648.59 43.7% 21,702.09 47.1% 2,397.41 26.0% 19.47 28.1% 45.22 31.1%

Light Commercial Truck 270,027,395 9.2% 26.98 8.7% 33.20 8.8% 536.66 14.2% 6,974.94 15.1% 886.19 9.6% 6.44 9.3% 13.80 9.5%

Intercity Bus 4,022,872 0.1% 4.63 1.5% 4.99 1.3% 3.00 0.1% 20.21 0.0% 87.25 0.9% 0.23 0.3% 0.10 0.1%

Transit Bus 860,772 0.0% 0.73 0.2% 0.78 0.2% 0.74 0.0% 9.70 0.0% 15.01 0.2% 0.04 0.1% 0.02 0.0%

School Bus 3,959,770 0.1% 2.30 0.7% 2.57 0.7% 6.08 0.2% 84.40 0.2% 42.10 0.5% 0.14 0.2% 0.09 0.1%

Refuse Truck 2,140,535 0.1% 1.61 0.5% 1.76 0.5% 1.55 0.0% 14.04 0.0% 33.30 0.4% 0.12 0.2% 0.06 0.0%

Single Unit Short-haul Truck 84,158,697 2.9% 27.35 8.8% 31.37 8.3% 102.15 2.7% 1,725.71 3.7% 600.59 6.5% 3.13 4.5% 2.60 1.8%

Single Unit Long-haul Truck 11,253,915 0.4% 3.17 1.0% 3.69 1.0% 10.14 0.3% 155.11 0.3% 70.03 0.8% 0.40 0.6% 0.35 0.2%

Motor Home 5,026,387 0.2% 1.09 0.3% 1.29 0.3% 11.23 0.3% 229.43 0.5% 37.13 0.4% 0.22 0.3% 0.19 0.1%

Combination Short-haul Truck 72,750,326 2.5% 60.05 19.3% 65.15 17.3% 49.05 1.3% 306.06 0.7% 1,291.92 14.0% 4.82 6.9% 2.03 1.4%

Combination Long-haul Truck 100,367,858 3.4% 89.90 28.8% 97.50 25.9% 137.78 3.7% 533.72 1.2% 2,120.22 23.0% 7.33 10.6% 2.85 2.0%

Total 2,946,610,816 100.0% 311.88 100.0% 375.76 100.0% 3,768.59 100.0% 46,056.33 100.0% 9,216.28 100.0% 69.41 100.0% 145.16 100.0%

VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Miles Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct.

Northampton Motorcycle 10,175,742 0.5% 0.59 0.3% 0.67 0.2% 67.29 2.1% 331.61 0.9% 12.14 0.2% 0.19 0.4% 0.35 0.4%

Passenger Car 1,081,369,300 53.5% 29.42 13.1% 45.18 16.7% 1,016.01 32.1% 11,148.72 30.3% 1,212.76 18.3% 18.89 38.8% 53.08 53.3%

Passenger Truck 550,030,280 27.2% 40.33 18.0% 53.10 19.6% 1,403.72 44.3% 17,518.90 47.6% 1,793.87 27.0% 13.77 28.2% 31.03 31.2%

Light Commercial Truck 185,308,460 9.2% 19.99 8.9% 24.52 9.0% 455.62 14.4% 5,696.83 15.5% 663.40 10.0% 4.56 9.4% 9.48 9.5%

Intercity Bus 2,856,373 0.1% 3.36 1.5% 3.63 1.3% 2.18 0.1% 14.64 0.0% 61.74 0.9% 0.17 0.3% 0.07 0.1%

Transit Bus 370,335 0.0% 0.31 0.1% 0.33 0.1% 0.32 0.0% 4.08 0.0% 6.31 0.1% 0.02 0.0% 0.01 0.0%

School Bus 377,393 0.0% 0.22 0.1% 0.24 0.1% 0.58 0.0% 7.80 0.0% 3.92 0.1% 0.01 0.0% 0.01 0.0%

Refuse Truck 1,473,129 0.1% 1.14 0.5% 1.25 0.5% 1.10 0.0% 9.80 0.0% 22.84 0.3% 0.08 0.2% 0.04 0.0%

Single Unit Short-haul Truck 57,863,698 2.9% 19.23 8.6% 22.20 8.2% 72.11 2.3% 1,186.43 3.2% 417.45 6.3% 2.17 4.5% 1.80 1.8%

Single Unit Long-haul Truck 7,736,453 0.4% 2.23 1.0% 2.61 1.0% 7.19 0.2% 106.52 0.3% 48.61 0.7% 0.27 0.6% 0.24 0.2%

Motor Home 3,454,666 0.2% 0.75 0.3% 0.90 0.3% 7.87 0.2% 154.85 0.4% 25.39 0.4% 0.15 0.3% 0.13 0.1%

Combination Short-haul Truck 50,043,281 2.5% 42.81 19.1% 46.63 17.2% 34.81 1.1% 216.11 0.6% 894.49 13.5% 3.35 6.9% 1.40 1.4%

Combination Long-haul Truck 68,983,038 3.4% 64.25 28.6% 69.95 25.8% 98.86 3.1% 379.14 1.0% 1,477.90 22.3% 5.10 10.5% 1.96 2.0%

Total 2,020,042,147 100.0% 224.62 100.0% 271.20 100.0% 3,167.67 100.0% 36,775.45 100.0% 6,640.83 100.0% 48.74 100.0% 99.59 100.0%

County Sourcetype

County Sourcetype

2007_Sourcetype Appendix D-2 Page 8 of 17
Appendix D-2-2

2007 Allentown Area Emission Summary by Process

Annual (Tons/Year)

PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct.

Lehigh Running Exhaust 224.44 72.0% 234.74 62.5% 1,018.90 27.0% 22,940.99 49.8% 7,577.72 82.2% 62.87 90.6% 145.16 100.0%

Start Exhaust 31.57 10.1% 34.20 9.1% 1,830.07 48.6% 22,985.34 49.9% 1,302.72 14.1% 3.16 4.6% 0.00 0.0%

Brakewear 11.93 3.8% 45.57 12.1% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Tirewear 5.07 1.6% 21.14 5.6% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Evap Permeation 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 148.04 3.9% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Evap Fuel Vapor Venting 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 521.73 13.8% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Evap Fuel Leaks 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 138.15 3.7% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Crankcase Running Exhaust 33.15 10.6% 34.19 9.1% 14.48 0.4% 5.62 0.0% 2.05 0.0% 2.95 4.3% 0.00 0.0%

Crankcase Start Exhaust 0.54 0.2% 0.57 0.2% 24.20 0.6% 3.04 0.0% 0.05 0.0% 0.04 0.1% 0.00 0.0%

Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust 0.86 0.3% 0.89 0.2% 1.43 0.0% 0.36 0.0% 0.17 0.0% 0.07 0.1% 0.00 0.0%

Refueling Displacement Vapor Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Refueling Spillage Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Extended Idle Exhaust 4.32 1.4% 4.46 1.2% 71.60 1.9% 120.98 0.3% 333.57 3.6% 0.33 0.5% 0.00 0.0%

Total 311.88 100.0% 375.76 100.0% 3,768.59 100.0% 46,056.33 100.0% 9,216.28 100.0% 69.41 100.0% 145.16 100.0%

PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct.

Northampton Running Exhaust 155.71 69.3% 162.78 60.0% 711.39 22.5% 15,646.84 42.5% 5,201.12 78.3% 43.47 89.2% 99.59 100.0%

Start Exhaust 28.98 12.9% 31.40 11.6% 1,685.81 53.2% 21,033.75 57.2% 1,195.93 18.0% 2.91 6.0% 0.00 0.0%

Brakewear 8.85 3.9% 33.82 12.5% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Tirewear 3.55 1.6% 14.80 5.5% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Evap Permeation 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 136.31 4.3% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Evap Fuel Vapor Venting 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 429.06 13.5% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Evap Fuel Leaks 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 119.60 3.8% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Crankcase Running Exhaust 23.27 10.4% 24.00 8.8% 10.11 0.3% 3.88 0.0% 1.41 0.0% 2.04 4.2% 0.00 0.0%

Crankcase Start Exhaust 0.48 0.2% 0.51 0.2% 22.27 0.7% 2.71 0.0% 0.04 0.0% 0.03 0.1% 0.00 0.0%

Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust 0.63 0.3% 0.65 0.2% 1.04 0.0% 0.26 0.0% 0.12 0.0% 0.05 0.1% 0.00 0.0%

Refueling Displacement Vapor Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Refueling Spillage Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Extended Idle Exhaust 3.15 1.4% 3.24 1.2% 52.08 1.6% 88.00 0.2% 242.21 3.6% 0.24 0.5% 0.00 0.0%

Total 224.62 100.0% 271.20 100.0% 3,167.67 100.0% 36,775.45 100.0% 6,640.83 100.0% 48.74 100.0% 99.59 100.0%

County Process

County Process

2007_Process Appendix D-2 Page 9 of 17
Appendix D-2-3

2017 Allentown Area Emission Summary

 Annual (Tons/Year)

County VMT Speed (mph) PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Lehigh 3,469,151,132 38.7 150.21 220.06 2,037.20 29,940.16 4,247.48 25.62 104.06

Northampton 2,370,708,819 38.6 108.03 157.63 1,753.62 24,265.58 3,098.44 17.86 70.93

Lehigh Valley MPO 5,839,859,951 - 258.24 377.69 3,790.82 54,205.74 7,345.93 43.48 174.99

2017_County Appendix D-2 Page 10 of 17
Appendix D-2-3

2017 Allentown Area Emission Summary by Road Type

Annual (Tons/Year)

County Road Type VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Lehigh Off-Network - 23.08 24.92 1,541.71 17,230.87 1,235.08 1.38 0.00

Rural Restricted Access 118,460,535 6.12 7.50 14.88 464.20 172.62 0.92 3.71

Rural Unrestricted Access 312,529,255 9.90 15.60 41.49 1,008.47 240.59 2.06 9.10

Urban Restricted Access 1,208,183,772 51.20 67.96 155.76 4,942.67 1,273.22 8.49 37.18

Urban Unrestricted Access 1,829,977,570 59.91 104.08 283.36 6,293.96 1,325.97 12.76 54.07

Total 3,469,151,132 150.21 220.06 2,037.20 29,940.16 4,247.48 25.62 104.06

County Road Type VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Northampton Off-Network - 20.87 22.55 1,412.60 15,683.18 1,052.40 1.25 0.00

Rural Restricted Access 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Rural Unrestricted Access 399,901,386 11.76 17.89 49.55 1,257.73 304.28 2.59 11.80

Urban Restricted Access 731,425,628 31.72 41.30 92.43 2,988.26 800.28 5.16 22.40

Urban Unrestricted Access 1,239,381,805 43.69 75.89 199.04 4,336.42 941.49 8.85 36.73

Total 2,370,708,819 108.03 157.63 1,753.62 24,265.58 3,098.44 17.86 70.93

2017_Roadtype Appendix D-2 Page 11 of 17
Appendix D-2-3

2017 Allentown Area Emission Summary by Source Type

Annual (Tons/Year)

VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Miles Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct.

Lehigh Motorcycle 17,413,721 0.5% 0.96 0.6% 1.09 0.5% 84.54 4.2% 327.71 1.1% 13.80 0.3% 0.11 0.4% 0.91 0.9%

Passenger Car 1,850,543,812 53.3% 32.71 21.8% 58.30 26.5% 552.92 27.1% 9,923.43 33.1% 563.86 13.3% 10.76 42.0% 47.09 45.3%

Passenger Truck 940,569,230 27.1% 37.50 25.0% 56.98 25.9% 933.74 45.8% 12,967.74 43.3% 1,283.47 30.2% 7.59 29.6% 34.92 33.6%

Light Commercial Truck 317,814,288 9.2% 16.24 10.8% 22.98 10.4% 306.50 15.0% 4,486.65 15.0% 519.31 12.2% 2.45 9.6% 11.19 10.8%

Intercity Bus 4,842,732 0.1% 2.13 1.4% 2.47 1.1% 1.81 0.1% 12.53 0.0% 44.63 1.1% 0.07 0.3% 0.12 0.1%

Transit Bus 1,022,055 0.0% 0.33 0.2% 0.37 0.2% 0.44 0.0% 6.20 0.0% 7.15 0.2% 0.01 0.0% 0.02 0.0%

School Bus 4,762,241 0.1% 1.29 0.9% 1.58 0.7% 3.07 0.2% 46.35 0.2% 25.52 0.6% 0.04 0.2% 0.11 0.1%

Refuse Truck 2,941,048 0.1% 0.51 0.3% 0.68 0.3% 0.64 0.0% 8.23 0.0% 11.97 0.3% 0.04 0.1% 0.08 0.1%

Single Unit Short-haul Truck 101,014,286 2.9% 9.18 6.1% 13.45 6.1% 50.76 2.5% 1,394.29 4.7% 294.57 6.9% 1.04 4.0% 3.09 3.0%

Single Unit Long-haul Truck 13,500,499 0.4% 1.27 0.8% 1.84 0.8% 6.27 0.3% 161.33 0.5% 38.68 0.9% 0.13 0.5% 0.41 0.4%

Motor Home 6,140,335 0.2% 0.65 0.4% 0.87 0.4% 7.01 0.3% 178.32 0.6% 26.40 0.6% 0.08 0.3% 0.21 0.2%

Combination Short-haul Truck 89,043,881 2.6% 17.33 11.5% 22.15 10.1% 16.58 0.8% 111.56 0.4% 409.45 9.6% 1.33 5.2% 2.49 2.4%

Combination Long-haul Truck 119,543,005 3.4% 30.11 20.0% 37.30 16.9% 72.89 3.6% 315.81 1.1% 1,008.69 23.7% 1.98 7.7% 3.41 3.3%

Total 3,469,151,132 100.0% 150.21 100.0% 220.06 100.0% 2,037.20 100.0% 29,940.16 100.0% 4,247.48 100.0% 25.62 100.0% 104.06 100.0%

VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Miles Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct.

Northampton Motorcycle 11,913,021 0.5% 0.65 0.6% 0.74 0.5% 72.93 4.2% 236.86 1.0% 9.59 0.3% 0.08 0.4% 0.62 0.9%

Passenger Car 1,265,989,000 53.4% 24.04 22.3% 42.10 26.7% 488.88 27.9% 8,144.16 33.6% 437.65 14.1% 7.52 42.1% 32.10 45.3%

Passenger Truck 643,459,460 27.1% 27.96 25.9% 41.80 26.5% 816.01 46.5% 10,649.77 43.9% 981.82 31.7% 5.32 29.8% 23.82 33.6%

Light Commercial Truck 217,421,910 9.2% 11.97 11.1% 16.76 10.6% 265.68 15.2% 3,721.52 15.3% 393.88 12.7% 1.72 9.6% 7.64 10.8%

Intercity Bus 3,418,473 0.1% 1.53 1.4% 1.78 1.1% 1.31 0.1% 8.96 0.0% 31.32 1.0% 0.05 0.3% 0.09 0.1%

Transit Bus 447,343 0.0% 0.14 0.1% 0.16 0.1% 0.19 0.0% 2.64 0.0% 3.03 0.1% 0.00 0.0% 0.01 0.0%

School Bus 455,913 0.0% 0.12 0.1% 0.15 0.1% 0.29 0.0% 4.30 0.0% 2.36 0.1% 0.00 0.0% 0.01 0.0%

Refuse Truck 2,011,227 0.1% 0.36 0.3% 0.48 0.3% 0.45 0.0% 5.71 0.0% 8.14 0.3% 0.03 0.1% 0.05 0.1%

Single Unit Short-haul Truck 69,214,851 2.9% 6.40 5.9% 9.48 6.0% 35.42 2.0% 959.07 4.0% 202.31 6.5% 0.71 4.0% 2.13 3.0%

Single Unit Long-haul Truck 9,250,450 0.4% 0.89 0.8% 1.30 0.8% 4.38 0.2% 110.75 0.5% 26.53 0.9% 0.09 0.5% 0.28 0.4%

Motor Home 4,208,568 0.2% 0.45 0.4% 0.61 0.4% 4.87 0.3% 121.42 0.5% 17.97 0.6% 0.05 0.3% 0.15 0.2%

Combination Short-haul Truck 60,994,644 2.6% 12.24 11.3% 15.75 10.0% 11.64 0.7% 77.93 0.3% 281.63 9.1% 0.92 5.1% 1.70 2.4%

Combination Long-haul Truck 81,923,960 3.5% 21.29 19.7% 26.53 16.8% 51.58 2.9% 222.50 0.9% 702.23 22.7% 1.36 7.6% 2.33 3.3%

Total 2,370,708,819 100.0% 108.03 100.0% 157.63 100.0% 1,753.62 100.0% 24,265.58 100.0% 3,098.44 100.0% 17.86 100.0% 70.93 100.0%

County Sourcetype

County Sourcetype

2017_Sourcetype Appendix D-2 Page 12 of 17
Appendix D-2-3

2017 Allentown Area Emission Summary by Process

Annual (Tons/Year)

PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct.

Lehigh Running Exhaust 96.06 63.9% 101.41 46.1% 359.25 17.6% 12,706.82 42.4% 3,011.84 70.9% 23.86 93.1% 104.06 100.0%

Start Exhaust 20.93 13.9% 22.69 10.3% 1,100.60 54.0% 17,078.54 57.0% 851.94 20.1% 1.26 4.9% 0.00 0.0%

Brakewear 15.28 10.2% 58.37 26.5% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Tirewear 6.07 4.0% 25.32 11.5% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Evap Permeation 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 92.43 4.5% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Evap Fuel Vapor Venting 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 223.02 10.9% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Evap Fuel Leaks 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 193.40 9.5% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Crankcase Running Exhaust 9.72 6.5% 10.04 4.6% 4.91 0.2% 2.47 0.0% 0.55 0.0% 0.38 1.5% 0.00 0.0%

Crankcase Start Exhaust 0.29 0.2% 0.30 0.1% 14.50 0.7% 2.21 0.0% 0.03 0.0% 0.01 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust 0.24 0.2% 0.24 0.1% 0.42 0.0% 0.12 0.0% 0.05 0.0% 0.01 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Refueling Displacement Vapor Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Refueling Spillage Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Extended Idle Exhaust 1.63 1.1% 1.68 0.8% 48.67 2.4% 150.00 0.5% 383.06 9.0% 0.10 0.4% 0.00 0.0%

Total 150.21 100.0% 220.06 100.0% 2,037.20 100.0% 29,940.16 100.0% 4,247.48 100.0% 25.62 100.0% 104.06 100.0%

PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct.

Northampton Running Exhaust 65.38 60.5% 69.00 43.8% 246.66 14.1% 8,580.73 35.4% 2,045.67 66.0% 16.35 91.6% 70.93 100.0%

Start Exhaust 19.28 17.9% 20.91 13.3% 1,014.35 57.8% 15,574.46 64.2% 780.42 25.2% 1.16 6.5% 0.00 0.0%

Brakewear 10.89 10.1% 41.60 26.4% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Tirewear 4.22 3.9% 17.59 11.2% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Evap Permeation 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 85.19 4.9% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Evap Fuel Vapor Venting 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 188.90 10.8% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Evap Fuel Leaks 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 166.89 9.5% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Crankcase Running Exhaust 6.68 6.2% 6.90 4.4% 3.37 0.2% 1.68 0.0% 0.37 0.0% 0.26 1.4% 0.00 0.0%

Crankcase Start Exhaust 0.26 0.2% 0.27 0.2% 13.37 0.8% 1.98 0.0% 0.03 0.0% 0.01 0.1% 0.00 0.0%

Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust 0.17 0.2% 0.17 0.1% 0.30 0.0% 0.08 0.0% 0.04 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Refueling Displacement Vapor Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Refueling Spillage Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Extended Idle Exhaust 1.16 1.1% 1.19 0.8% 34.60 2.0% 106.65 0.4% 271.91 8.8% 0.07 0.4% 0.00 0.0%

Total 108.03 100.0% 157.63 100.0% 1,753.62 100.0% 24,265.58 100.0% 3,098.44 100.0% 17.86 100.0% 70.93 100.0%

County Process

County Process

2017_Process Appendix D-2 Page 13 of 17
Appendix D-2-4

2025 Allentown Area Emission Summary

 Annual (Tons/Year)

County VMT Speed (mph) PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Lehigh 4,092,666,234 33.1 120.36 214.69 1,313.10 26,181.45 2,849.62 28.29 104.96

Northampton 2,773,298,994 36.9 83.09 142.89 1,096.71 21,062.25 1,971.35 18.91 68.87

Lehigh Valley MPO 6,865,965,228 - 203.45 357.59 2,409.81 47,243.70 4,820.97 47.20 173.82

2025_County Appendix D-2 Page 14 of 17
Appendix D-2-4

2025 Allentown Area Emission Summary by Road Type

Annual (Tons/Year)

County Road Type VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Lehigh Off-Network - 19.27 20.84 966.97 15,429.78 1,032.10 1.43 0.74

Rural Restricted Access 148,561,237 3.76 5.38 9.64 430.57 107.11 1.05 3.93

Rural Unrestricted Access 345,203,937 7.02 13.25 24.34 770.95 129.05 2.03 8.19

Urban Restricted Access 1,473,148,292 41.20 72.14 126.36 4,519.73 827.49 10.29 40.09

Urban Unrestricted Access 2,125,752,768 49.11 103.08 185.80 5,030.41 753.88 13.48 52.01

Total 4,092,666,234 120.36 214.69 1,313.10 26,181.45 2,849.62 28.29 104.96

County Road Type VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Northampton Off-Network - 17.40 18.84 876.04 13,932.03 784.81 1.27 0.46

Rural Restricted Access 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Rural Unrestricted Access 441,741,002 8.29 14.97 28.73 965.82 163.49 2.55 10.62

Urban Restricted Access 891,815,895 22.70 35.95 63.54 2,719.13 491.25 5.81 22.67

Urban Unrestricted Access 1,439,742,097 34.69 73.13 128.40 3,445.28 531.80 9.28 35.12

Total 2,773,298,994 83.09 142.89 1,096.71 21,062.25 1,971.35 18.91 68.87

2025_Roadtype Appendix D-2 Page 15 of 17
Appendix D-2-4

2025 Allentown Area Emission Summary by Source Type

Annual (Tons/Year)

VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Miles Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct.

Lehigh Motorcycle 20,510,891 0.5% 1.13 0.9% 1.30 0.6% 97.67 7.4% 367.37 1.4% 15.61 0.5% 0.14 0.5% 1.14 1.1%

Passenger Car 2,179,677,042 53.3% 36.85 30.6% 70.52 32.8% 399.32 30.4% 9,639.99 36.8% 356.27 12.5% 11.67 41.3% 48.74 46.4%

Passenger Truck 1,107,847,640 27.1% 35.96 29.9% 61.27 28.5% 510.76 38.9% 10,016.91 38.3% 672.31 23.6% 8.07 28.5% 31.30 29.8%

Light Commercial Truck 374,349,479 9.1% 12.89 10.7% 21.54 10.0% 173.08 13.2% 3,746.99 14.3% 319.38 11.2% 2.66 9.4% 10.66 10.2%

Intercity Bus 6,040,584 0.1% 1.18 1.0% 1.67 0.8% 1.11 0.1% 8.49 0.0% 25.32 0.9% 0.08 0.3% 0.16 0.2%

Transit Bus 1,181,464 0.0% 0.16 0.1% 0.21 0.1% 0.24 0.0% 4.50 0.0% 3.90 0.1% 0.01 0.0% 0.03 0.0%

School Bus 5,472,483 0.1% 0.76 0.6% 1.18 0.5% 1.91 0.1% 40.72 0.2% 16.60 0.6% 0.05 0.2% 0.13 0.1%

Refuse Truck 3,134,285 0.1% 0.23 0.2% 0.45 0.2% 0.35 0.0% 6.73 0.0% 6.25 0.2% 0.04 0.1% 0.09 0.1%

Single Unit Short-haul Truck 121,301,559 3.0% 5.53 4.6% 11.72 5.5% 40.66 3.1% 1,598.54 6.1% 253.29 8.9% 1.30 4.6% 3.86 3.7%

Single Unit Long-haul Truck 16,084,758 0.4% 0.80 0.7% 1.62 0.8% 5.38 0.4% 192.50 0.7% 33.70 1.2% 0.16 0.6% 0.51 0.5%

Motor Home 7,410,411 0.2% 0.46 0.4% 0.78 0.4% 5.51 0.4% 172.25 0.7% 23.46 0.8% 0.10 0.3% 0.26 0.3%

Combination Short-haul Truck 105,337,315 2.6% 8.48 7.0% 15.65 7.3% 7.86 0.6% 69.13 0.3% 227.92 8.0% 1.59 5.6% 3.06 2.9%

Combination Long-haul Truck 144,318,324 3.5% 15.94 13.2% 26.79 12.5% 69.24 5.3% 317.33 1.2% 895.63 31.4% 2.42 8.5% 5.00 4.8%

Total 4,092,666,234 100.0% 120.36 100.0% 214.69 100.0% 1,313.10 100.0% 26,181.45 100.0% 2,849.62 100.0% 28.29 100.0% 104.96 100.0%

VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Miles Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct.

Northampton Motorcycle 13,917,789 0.5% 0.77 0.9% 0.88 0.6% 82.21 7.5% 259.69 1.2% 10.77 0.5% 0.09 0.5% 0.76 1.1%

Passenger Car 1,479,034,500 53.3% 25.89 31.2% 47.88 33.5% 345.57 31.5% 7,850.18 37.3% 277.01 14.1% 7.82 41.4% 32.02 46.5%

Passenger Truck 751,735,850 27.1% 25.99 31.3% 42.52 29.8% 439.23 40.0% 8,253.64 39.2% 501.67 25.4% 5.44 28.8% 20.61 29.9%

Light Commercial Truck 254,017,810 9.2% 9.22 11.1% 14.86 10.4% 146.64 13.4% 3,113.85 14.8% 233.45 11.8% 1.79 9.5% 7.01 10.2%

Intercity Bus 4,102,143 0.1% 0.78 0.9% 1.08 0.8% 0.72 0.1% 5.63 0.0% 16.55 0.8% 0.05 0.3% 0.11 0.2%

Transit Bus 503,982 0.0% 0.06 0.1% 0.08 0.1% 0.09 0.0% 1.81 0.0% 1.51 0.1% 0.00 0.0% 0.01 0.0%

School Bus 505,988 0.0% 0.06 0.1% 0.09 0.1% 0.16 0.0% 3.68 0.0% 1.39 0.1% 0.00 0.0% 0.01 0.0%

Refuse Truck 2,124,274 0.1% 0.15 0.2% 0.28 0.2% 0.23 0.0% 4.55 0.0% 4.07 0.2% 0.03 0.1% 0.06 0.1%

Single Unit Short-haul Truck 82,218,027 3.0% 3.52 4.2% 7.30 5.1% 26.40 2.4% 1,076.79 5.1% 166.56 8.4% 0.85 4.5% 2.53 3.7%

Single Unit Long-haul Truck 10,902,395 0.4% 0.51 0.6% 1.01 0.7% 3.48 0.3% 129.17 0.6% 22.10 1.1% 0.11 0.6% 0.34 0.5%

Motor Home 5,021,766 0.2% 0.30 0.4% 0.49 0.3% 3.58 0.3% 115.57 0.5% 15.38 0.8% 0.06 0.3% 0.17 0.3%

Combination Short-haul Truck 71,380,013 2.6% 5.49 6.6% 9.70 6.8% 5.02 0.5% 45.76 0.2% 150.05 7.6% 1.05 5.6% 2.00 2.9%

Combination Long-haul Truck 97,834,457 3.5% 10.36 12.5% 16.73 11.7% 43.38 4.0% 201.94 1.0% 570.84 29.0% 1.60 8.5% 3.24 4.7%

Total 2,773,298,994 100.0% 83.09 100.0% 142.89 100.0% 1,096.71 100.0% 21,062.25 100.0% 1,971.35 100.0% 18.91 100.0% 68.87 100.0%

County Sourcetype

County Sourcetype

2025_Sourcetype Appendix D-2 Page 16 of 17
Appendix D-2-4

2025 Allentown Area Emission Summary by Process

Annual (Tons/Year)

PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct.

Lehigh Running Exhaust 67.69 56.2% 72.26 33.7% 218.23 16.6% 10,750.12 41.1% 1,817.35 63.8% 26.59 94.0% 104.22 99.3%

Start Exhaust 17.83 14.8% 19.34 9.0% 600.68 45.7% 15,214.06 58.1% 495.92 17.4% 1.27 4.5% 0.00 0.0%

Brakewear 22.91 19.0% 87.51 40.8% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Tirewear 7.41 6.2% 30.89 14.4% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Evap Permeation 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 51.97 4.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Evap Fuel Vapor Venting 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 143.17 10.9% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Evap Fuel Leaks 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 231.40 17.6% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Crankcase Running Exhaust 3.08 2.6% 3.19 1.5% 2.63 0.2% 1.54 0.0% 0.17 0.0% 0.27 1.0% 0.00 0.0%

Crankcase Start Exhaust 0.19 0.2% 0.20 0.1% 7.82 0.6% 1.90 0.0% 0.02 0.0% 0.01 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust 0.08 0.1% 0.08 0.0% 0.17 0.0% 0.06 0.0% 0.03 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Refueling Displacement Vapor Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Refueling Spillage Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Extended Idle Exhaust 1.18 1.0% 1.21 0.6% 57.04 4.3% 213.76 0.8% 536.13 18.8% 0.15 0.5% 0.74 0.7%

Total 120.36 100.0% 214.69 100.0% 1,313.10 100.0% 26,181.45 100.0% 2,849.62 100.0% 28.29 100.0% 104.96 100.0%

PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct.

Northampton Running Exhaust 44.72 53.8% 47.74 33.4% 141.33 12.9% 7,129.21 33.8% 1,186.43 60.2% 17.46 92.3% 68.41 99.3%

Start Exhaust 16.45 19.8% 17.85 12.5% 552.72 50.4% 13,796.87 65.5% 450.71 22.9% 1.17 6.2% 0.00 0.0%

Brakewear 13.93 16.8% 53.23 37.3% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Tirewear 5.04 6.1% 21.02 14.7% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Evap Permeation 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 47.87 4.4% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Evap Fuel Vapor Venting 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 117.42 10.7% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Evap Fuel Leaks 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 192.75 17.6% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Crankcase Running Exhaust 1.99 2.4% 2.07 1.4% 1.70 0.2% 1.01 0.0% 0.11 0.0% 0.18 0.9% 0.00 0.0%

Crankcase Start Exhaust 0.17 0.2% 0.18 0.1% 7.20 0.7% 1.70 0.0% 0.01 0.0% 0.01 0.1% 0.00 0.0%

Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust 0.05 0.1% 0.05 0.0% 0.11 0.0% 0.04 0.0% 0.02 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Refueling Displacement Vapor Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Refueling Spillage Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Extended Idle Exhaust 0.74 0.9% 0.76 0.5% 35.60 3.2% 133.42 0.6% 334.07 16.9% 0.09 0.5% 0.46 0.7%

Total 83.09 100.0% 142.89 100.0% 1,096.71 100.0% 21,062.25 100.0% 1,971.35 100.0% 18.91 100.0% 68.87 100.0%

County Process

County Process

2025_Process Appendix D-2 Page 17 of 17
APPENDIX D3

MOVES Input Parameter Summary 

Bureau of Air Quality 

Department of Environmental Protection 
[This page intentionally left blank.] 
APPENDIX D-3 

Allentown Area MOVES Sample Input Files 
Appendix D-3 1 

MOVES Run Specification File Settings 

Sample xml file format 

<moves> 

 <importer mode="county" > 

 <filters>

 <geographicselections> 

 (Specify County to be run)

 <geographicselection type="COUNTY" key="42077" description="PENNSYLVANIA - Lehigh County"/> 

 </geographicselections> 

 <timespan>

 <year key="2025"/> 

 <month id="00"/> 

 <day id="2"/> 

 <day id="5"/> 

 <beginhour id="1"/> 

<endhour id="24"/> 

 <aggregateBy key="Hour"/> 

 </timespan> 

 <onroadvehicleselections> 

 <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="62" sourcetypename="Combination Long-haul Truck"/> 

 <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="61" sourcetypename="Combination Short-haul Truck"/> 

 <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="41" sourcetypename="Intercity Bus"/> 

 <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="32" sourcetypename="Light Commercial Truck"/> 

 <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="54" sourcetypename="Motor Home"/> 

 <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="11" sourcetypename="Motorcycle"/> 

 <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="21" sourcetypename="Passenger Car"/> 

 <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="31" sourcetypename="Passenger Truck"/> 

 <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="51" sourcetypename="Refuse Truck"/> 

 <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="43" sourcetypename="School Bus"/> 

 <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="53" sourcetypename="Single Unit Long-haul Truck"/> 

 <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="52" sourcetypename="Single Unit Short-haul Truck"/> 

 <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="42" sourcetypename="Transit Bus"/> 

 <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="62" sourcetypename="Combination Long-haul Truck"/> 

 <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="61" sourcetypename="Combination Short-haul Truck"/> 

 <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="41" sourcetypename="Intercity Bus"/> 

<onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="32" sourcetypename="Light Commercial Truck"/> 

 <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="54" sourcetypename="Motor Home"/> 

 <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="11" sourcetypename="Motorcycle"/> 

 <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="21" sourcetypename="Passenger Car"/> 

 <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="31" sourcetypename="Passenger Truck"/> 

 <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="51" sourcetypename="Refuse Truck"/> 

 <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="43" sourcetypename="School Bus"/> 

 <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="53" sourcetypename="Single Unit Long-haul Truck"/> 

 <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="52" sourcetypename="Single Unit Short-haul Truck"/> 

 <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="42" sourcetypename="Transit Bus"/> 

 </onroadvehicleselections> 

 <offroadvehicleselections> 

 </offroadvehicleselections> 

 <offroadvehiclesccs> 

 </offroadvehiclesccs> 

 <roadtypes> 

 <roadtype roadtypeid="1" roadtypename="Off-Network"/>

 <roadtype roadtypeid="2" roadtypename="Rural Restricted Access"/> 

 <roadtype roadtypeid="3" roadtypename="Rural Unrestricted Access"/> 

 <roadtype roadtypeid="4" roadtypename="Urban Restricted Access"/> 

 <roadtype roadtypeid="5" roadtypename="Urban Unrestricted Access"/> 

 </roadtypes> 

 </filters> 

 <databaseselection servername="localhost" databasename="42077_2025_00_25_Avgann_mi"/> 

 <agedistribution> 
Appendix D-3 2 

 <description><![CDATA[]]></description> 

 <parts> 

 <sourceTypeAgeDistribution> 

 (Specify Age Distribution data file name for county being run)

 <filename>C:\PAMOVES\MOVESInputs\AgeDistribution\10Reg_RepCty\2025\42011_2025_SourceTypeAgeDistribution.csv</filename> 

 </sourceTypeAgeDistribution> 

 </parts> 

 </agedistribution> 

 <avgspeeddistribution> 

 <description><![CDATA[]]></description> 

<parts> 

 <avgSpeedDistribution> 

(Specify Average Speed Distribution data file name for county being run – As prepared by PPSUITE post processor) 

 <filename>C:\PAMOVES\Out\PA_2025_Avgann_Inv\\42077_2025_00_25_Avgann\CDM\avgSpeedDistribution.csv</filename> 

 </avgSpeedDistribution> 

 </parts> 

 </avgspeeddistribution>

 <imcoverage> 

 <description><![CDATA[]]></description> 

 <parts> 

 <imcoverage> 

(Specify I/M Parameters file name for county being run)

 <filename>C:\PAMOVES\MOVESInputs\IM\42000_2025_IMCoverage.csv</filename> 

 </imcoverage> 

 </parts> 

 </imcoverage> 

 <fuel> 

 <description><![CDATA[]]></description> 

 <parts> 

 <FuelSupply> 

 (Specify Fuel Supply data file name for county being run)

 <filename>C:\PAMOVES\MOVESInputs\Fuel\MOVES2010a\42000_2012_FuelSupply.csv</filename> 

 </FuelSupply> 

 <FuelFormulation> 

 (Specify Fuel Formulation data file name for county being run)

 <filename>C:\PAMOVES\MOVESInputs\Fuel\42000_FuelFormulation_MOVES2010a.csv</filename> 

 </FuelFormulation> 

 </parts> 

 </fuel> 

 <zonemonthhour> 

 <description><![CDATA[]]></description> 

 <parts> 

 <zoneMonthHour> 

 (Specify Meteorology data file name for county being run)

 <filename>C:\PAMOVES\MOVESInputs\Meteorology\2008\42077_2008_met.csv</filename> 

 </zoneMonthHour> 

 </parts> 

 </zonemonthhour> 

 <roadtypedistribution> 

 <description><![CDATA[]]></description> 

 <parts> 

 <roadTypeDistribution> 

 (Specify Road Type Distribution data file name for county being run – As prepared by PPSUITE post processor) 

 <filename>C:\PAMOVES\Out\PA_2025_Avgann_Inv\\42077_2025_00_25_Avgann\CDM\roadTypeDistribution.csv</filename> 

 </roadTypeDistribution> 

 </parts> 

 </roadtypedistribution> 

 <sourcetypepopulation> 

 <description><![CDATA[]]></description> 

 <parts> 

 <sourceTypeYear> 

 (Specify Vehicle Population data file name for county being run)
Appendix D-3 3 

 <filename>C:\PAMOVES\Out\PA_2025_Avgann_Inv\\42077_2025_00_25_Avgann\CDM\SourceTypePopulation.csv</filename> 

 </sourceTypeYear> 

 </parts> 

 </sourcetypepopulation> 

 <rampfraction> 

 <description><![CDATA[]]></description> 

 <parts> 

 <roadType> 

(Specify Ramp Fractions data file name for county being run – As prepared by PPSUITE post processor) 

 <filename>C:\PAMOVES\MOVESInputs\RampFraction\rampfraction_defaults.csv</filename> 

 </roadType> 

 </parts> 

 </rampfraction> 

 <vehicletypevmt> 

 <description><![CDATA[]]></description> 

 <parts> 

(Specify Annual VMT and VMT Fractions file names for county being run – As prepared by PPSUITE post processor) 

 <hpmsVTypeYear> 

 <filename>C:\PAMOVES\Out\PA_2025_Avgann_Inv\\42077_2025_00_25_Avgann\CDM\hpmsVTypeYear.csv</filename> 

 </hpmsVTypeYear> 

 <monthvmtfraction> 

 <filename>C:\PAMOVES\MOVESInputs\MonthDayHourFractions\2025_MonthFraction\42077_2025_MonthVMTFraction.csv</filename> 

 </monthvmtfraction> 

 <dayvmtfraction> 

 <filename>C:\PAMOVES\MOVESInputs\MonthDayHourFractions\dayvmtfraction_avgday.csv</filename>

 </dayvmtfraction> 

 <hourvmtfraction> 

 <filename>C:\PAMOVES\Out\PA_2025_Avgann_Inv\\42077_2025_00_25_Avgann\CDM\hourvmtfraction.csv</filename> 

 </hourvmtfraction> 

 </parts> 

 </vehicletypevmt> 

 </importer> 

</moves>

Sample mrs file format 

<runspec> 

 <description><![CDATA[MOVES2010 RunSpec Created by CENTRAL4 Scenario: LEHI 2025 ANNAVG Avgann Emission Inventory with user's data]]></description> 

<modelscale value="INV"/> 

 <modeldomain value="SINGLE"/> 

 <geographicselections> 

(Specify County to be run)

 <geographicselection type="COUNTY" key="42077" description="PENNSYLVANIA - Lehigh County"/> 

 </geographicselections> 

 <timespan> 

 <year key="2025"/> 

<month id="1"/>

<month id="2"/> 

<month id="3"/> 

<month id="4"/> 

<month id="5"/> 

<month id="6"/> 

<month id="7"/>

<month id="8"/> 

<month id="9"/> 

<month id="10"/> 

<month id="11"/> 

<month id="12"/> 

<day id="2"/> 

<day id="5"/> 
Appendix D-3 4 

 <beginhour id="1"/> 

 <endhour id="24"/> 

<aggregateBy key="Hour"/>

 </timespan> 

 <onroadvehicleselections> 

<onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="3" fueltypedesc="Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)" sourcetypeid="11" sourcetypename="Motorcycle"/> 

<onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="3" fueltypedesc="Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)" sourcetypeid="21" sourcetypename="Passenger Car"/> 

<onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="3" fueltypedesc="Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)" sourcetypeid="31" sourcetypename="Passenger Truck"/> 

<onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="3" fueltypedesc="Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)" sourcetypeid="32" sourcetypename="Light Commercial Truck"/> 

<onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="11" sourcetypename="Motorcycle"/> 

<onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="21" sourcetypename="Passenger Car"/> 

<onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="31" sourcetypename="Passenger Truck"/> 

<onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="32" sourcetypename="Light Commercial Truck"/> 

<onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="11" sourcetypename="Motorcycle"/>

<onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="21" sourcetypename="Passenger Car"/> 

<onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="31" sourcetypename="Passenger Truck"/> 

<onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="32" sourcetypename="Light Commercial Truck"/> 

<onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="3" fueltypedesc="Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)" sourcetypeid="41" sourcetypename="Intercity Bus"/> 

<onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="3" fueltypedesc="Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)" sourcetypeid="42" sourcetypename="Transit Bus"/> 

<onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="3" fueltypedesc="Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)" sourcetypeid="43" sourcetypename="School Bus"/> 

<onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="41" sourcetypename="Intercity Bus"/>

<onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="42" sourcetypename="Transit Bus"/> 

<onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="43" sourcetypename="School Bus"/> 

<onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="41" sourcetypename="Intercity Bus"/> 

<onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="42" sourcetypename="Transit Bus"/> 

<onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="43" sourcetypename="School Bus"/> 

<onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="3" fueltypedesc="Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)" sourcetypeid="51" sourcetypename="Refuse Truck"/> 

<onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="3" fueltypedesc="Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)" sourcetypeid="52" sourcetypename="Single Unit Short-haul Truck"/> 

<onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="3" fueltypedesc="Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)" sourcetypeid="53" sourcetypename="Single Unit Long-haul Truck"/> 

<onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="3" fueltypedesc="Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)" sourcetypeid="54" sourcetypename="Motor Home"/> 

<onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="3" fueltypedesc="Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)" sourcetypeid="61" sourcetypename="Combination Short-haul Truck"/> 

<onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="3" fueltypedesc="Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)" sourcetypeid="62" sourcetypename="Combination Long-haul Truck"/> 

<onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="51" sourcetypename="Refuse Truck"/>

<onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="52" sourcetypename="Single Unit Short-haul Truck"/>

<onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="53" sourcetypename="Single Unit Long-haul Truck"/>

<onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="54" sourcetypename="Motor Home"/> 

<onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="61" sourcetypename="Combination Short-haul Truck"/>

<onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="62" sourcetypename="Combination Long-haul Truck"/>

<onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="51" sourcetypename="Refuse Truck"/> 

<onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="52" sourcetypename="Single Unit Short-haul Truck"/>

<onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="53" sourcetypename="Single Unit Long-haul Truck"/>

<onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="54" sourcetypename="Motor Home"/> 

<onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="61" sourcetypename="Combination Short-haul Truck"/>

<onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="62" sourcetypename="Combination Long-haul Truck"/>

 </onroadvehicleselections> 

 <offroadvehicleselections> 

 </offroadvehicleselections> 

 <offroadvehiclesccs> 

 </offroadvehiclesccs> 

 <roadtypes> 

 <roadtype roadtypeid="1" roadtypename="Off-Network"/>

 <roadtype roadtypeid="2" roadtypename="Rural Restricted Access"/> 

 <roadtype roadtypeid="3" roadtypename="Rural Unrestricted Access"/> 

 <roadtype roadtypeid="4" roadtypename="Urban Restricted Access"/> 

 <roadtype roadtypeid="5" roadtypename="Urban Unrestricted Access"/> 

 </roadtypes> 

 <pollutantprocessassociations> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="2" pollutantname="Carbon Monoxide (CO)" processkey="1" processname="Running Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="2" pollutantname="Carbon Monoxide (CO)" processkey="2" processname="Start Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="2" pollutantname="Carbon Monoxide (CO)" processkey="15" processname="Crankcase Running Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="2" pollutantname="Carbon Monoxide (CO)" processkey="16" processname="Crankcase Start Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="2" pollutantname="Carbon Monoxide (CO)" processkey="17" processname="Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="2" pollutantname="Carbon Monoxide (CO)" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle Exhaust"/>
Appendix D-3 5 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="3" pollutantname="Oxides of Nitrogen" processkey="1" processname="Running Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="3" pollutantname="Oxides of Nitrogen" processkey="2" processname="Start Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="3" pollutantname="Oxides of Nitrogen" processkey="15" processname="Crankcase Running Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="3" pollutantname="Oxides of Nitrogen" processkey="16" processname="Crankcase Start Exhaust"/>

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="3" pollutantname="Oxides of Nitrogen" processkey="17" processname="Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="3" pollutantname="Oxides of Nitrogen" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="79" pollutantname="Non-Methane Hydrocarbons" processkey="1" processname="Running Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="79" pollutantname="Non-Methane Hydrocarbons" processkey="2" processname="Start Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="79" pollutantname="Non-Methane Hydrocarbons" processkey="11" processname="Evap Permeation"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="79" pollutantname="Non-Methane Hydrocarbons" processkey="12" processname="Evap Fuel Vapor Venting"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="79" pollutantname="Non-Methane Hydrocarbons" processkey="13" processname="Evap Fuel Leaks"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="79" pollutantname="Non-Methane Hydrocarbons" processkey="15" processname="Crankcase Running Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="79" pollutantname="Non-Methane Hydrocarbons" processkey="16" processname="Crankcase Start Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="79" pollutantname="Non-Methane Hydrocarbons" processkey="17" processname="Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="79" pollutantname="Non-Methane Hydrocarbons" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="1" pollutantname="Total Gaseous Hydrocarbons" processkey="1" processname="Running Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="1" pollutantname="Total Gaseous Hydrocarbons" processkey="2" processname="Start Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="1" pollutantname="Total Gaseous Hydrocarbons" processkey="11" processname="Evap Permeation"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="1" pollutantname="Total Gaseous Hydrocarbons" processkey="12" processname="Evap Fuel Vapor Venting"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="1" pollutantname="Total Gaseous Hydrocarbons" processkey="13" processname="Evap Fuel Leaks"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="1" pollutantname="Total Gaseous Hydrocarbons" processkey="15" processname="Crankcase Running Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="1" pollutantname="Total Gaseous Hydrocarbons" processkey="16" processname="Crankcase Start Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="1" pollutantname="Total Gaseous Hydrocarbons" processkey="17" processname="Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="1" pollutantname="Total Gaseous Hydrocarbons" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="87" pollutantname="Volatile Organic Compounds" processkey="1" processname="Running Exhaust"/>

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="87" pollutantname="Volatile Organic Compounds" processkey="2" processname="Start Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="87" pollutantname="Volatile Organic Compounds" processkey="11" processname="Evap Permeation"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="87" pollutantname="Volatile Organic Compounds" processkey="12" processname="Evap Fuel Vapor Venting"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="87" pollutantname="Volatile Organic Compounds" processkey="13" processname="Evap Fuel Leaks"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="87" pollutantname="Volatile Organic Compounds" processkey="15" processname="Crankcase Running Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="87" pollutantname="Volatile Organic Compounds" processkey="16" processname="Crankcase Start Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="87" pollutantname="Volatile Organic Compounds" processkey="17" processname="Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="87" pollutantname="Volatile Organic Compounds" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="110" pollutantname="Primary Exhaust PM2.5 - Total" processkey="1" processname="Running Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="110" pollutantname="Primary Exhaust PM2.5 - Total" processkey="2" processname="Start Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="110" pollutantname="Primary Exhaust PM2.5 - Total" processkey="15" processname="Crankcase Running Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="110" pollutantname="Primary Exhaust PM2.5 - Total" processkey="16" processname="Crankcase Start Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="110" pollutantname="Primary Exhaust PM2.5 - Total" processkey="17" processname="Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="110" pollutantname="Primary Exhaust PM2.5 - Total" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="116" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5 - Brakewear Particulate" processkey="9" processname="Brakewear"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="112" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5 - Elemental Carbon" processkey="1" processname="Running Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="112" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5 - Elemental Carbon" processkey="2" processname="Start Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="112" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5 - Elemental Carbon" processkey="15" processname="Crankcase Running Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="112" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5 - Elemental Carbon" processkey="16" processname="Crankcase Start Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="112" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5 - Elemental Carbon" processkey="17" processname="Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="112" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5 - Elemental Carbon" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="111" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5 - Organic Carbon" processkey="1" processname="Running Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="111" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5 - Organic Carbon" processkey="2" processname="Start Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="111" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5 - Organic Carbon" processkey="15" processname="Crankcase Running Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="111" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5 - Organic Carbon" processkey="16" processname="Crankcase Start Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="111" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5 - Organic Carbon" processkey="17" processname="Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="111" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5 - Organic Carbon" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="115" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5 - Sulfate Particulate" processkey="1" processname="Running Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="115" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5 - Sulfate Particulate" processkey="2" processname="Start Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="115" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5 - Sulfate Particulate" processkey="15" processname="Crankcase Running Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="115" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5 - Sulfate Particulate" processkey="16" processname="Crankcase Start Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="115" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5 - Sulfate Particulate" processkey="17" processname="Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="115" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5 - Sulfate Particulate" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="117" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5 - Tirewear Particulate" processkey="10" processname="Tirewear"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="91" pollutantname="Total Energy Consumption" processkey="1" processname="Running Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="91" pollutantname="Total Energy Consumption" processkey="2" processname="Start Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="91" pollutantname="Total Energy Consumption" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="100" pollutantname="Primary Exhaust PM10 - Total" processkey="1" processname="Running Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="100" pollutantname="Primary Exhaust PM10 - Total" processkey="2" processname="Start Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="100" pollutantname="Primary Exhaust PM10 - Total" processkey="15" processname="Crankcase Running Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="100" pollutantname="Primary Exhaust PM10 - Total" processkey="16" processname="Crankcase Start Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="100" pollutantname="Primary Exhaust PM10 - Total" processkey="17" processname="Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust"/> 
Appendix D-3 6 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="100" pollutantname="Primary Exhaust PM10 - Total" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="106" pollutantname="Primary PM10 - Brakewear Particulate" processkey="9" processname="Brakewear"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="102" pollutantname="Primary PM10 - Elemental Carbon" processkey="1" processname="Running Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="102" pollutantname="Primary PM10 - Elemental Carbon" processkey="2" processname="Start Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="102" pollutantname="Primary PM10 - Elemental Carbon" processkey="15" processname="Crankcase Running Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="102" pollutantname="Primary PM10 - Elemental Carbon" processkey="16" processname="Crankcase Start Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="102" pollutantname="Primary PM10 - Elemental Carbon" processkey="17" processname="Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="102" pollutantname="Primary PM10 - Elemental Carbon" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="101" pollutantname="Primary PM10 - Organic Carbon" processkey="1" processname="Running Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="101" pollutantname="Primary PM10 - Organic Carbon" processkey="2" processname="Start Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="101" pollutantname="Primary PM10 - Organic Carbon" processkey="15" processname="Crankcase Running Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="101" pollutantname="Primary PM10 - Organic Carbon" processkey="16" processname="Crankcase Start Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="101" pollutantname="Primary PM10 - Organic Carbon" processkey="17" processname="Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="101" pollutantname="Primary PM10 - Organic Carbon" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="105" pollutantname="Primary PM10 - Sulfate Particulate" processkey="1" processname="Running Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="105" pollutantname="Primary PM10 - Sulfate Particulate" processkey="2" processname="Start Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="105" pollutantname="Primary PM10 - Sulfate Particulate" processkey="15" processname="Crankcase Running Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="105" pollutantname="Primary PM10 - Sulfate Particulate" processkey="16" processname="Crankcase Start Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="105" pollutantname="Primary PM10 - Sulfate Particulate" processkey="17" processname="Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="105" pollutantname="Primary PM10 - Sulfate Particulate" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="107" pollutantname="Primary PM10 - Tirewear Particulate" processkey="10" processname="Tirewear"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="116" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5 - Brakewear Particulate" processkey="9" processname="Brakewear"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="117" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5 - Tirewear Particulate" processkey="10" processname="Tirewear"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="91" pollutantname="Total Energy Consumption" processkey="1" processname="Running Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="91" pollutantname="Total Energy Consumption" processkey="2" processname="Start Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="91" pollutantname="Total Energy Consumption" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="31" pollutantname="Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)" processkey="1" processname="Running Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="31" pollutantname="Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)" processkey="2" processname="Start Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="31" pollutantname="Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)" processkey="15" processname="Crankcase Running Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="31" pollutantname="Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)" processkey="16" processname="Crankcase Start Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="31" pollutantname="Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)" processkey="17" processname="Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="31" pollutantname="Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="91" pollutantname="Total Energy Consumption" processkey="1" processname="Running Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="91" pollutantname="Total Energy Consumption" processkey="2" processname="Start Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="91" pollutantname="Total Energy Consumption" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="30" pollutantname="Ammonia (NH3)" processkey="1" processname="Running Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="30" pollutantname="Ammonia (NH3)" processkey="2" processname="Start Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="30" pollutantname="Ammonia (NH3)" processkey="15" processname="Crankcase Running Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="30" pollutantname="Ammonia (NH3)" processkey="16" processname="Crankcase Start Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="30" pollutantname="Ammonia (NH3)" processkey="17" processname="Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust"/> 

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="30" pollutantname="Ammonia (NH3)" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle Exhaust"/> 

 </pollutantprocessassociations> 

 <databaseselections> 

<databaseselection servername="localhost" databasename="early_NLEV" description=""/>

<databaseselection servername="localhost" databasename="calevii08" description=""/> 

 </databaseselections> 

 <inputdatabase servername="" databasename="" description=""/> 

 <uncertaintyparameters uncertaintymodeenabled="false" numberofrunspersimulation="0" numberofsimulations="0"/> 

<geographicoutputdetail description="COUNTY"/> 

 <outputemissionsbreakdownselection> 

<modelyear selected="false"/> 

<fueltype selected="false"/> 

<emissionprocess selected="true"/> 

 <onroadoffroad selected="true"/> 

<roadtype selected="true"/>

<sourceusetype selected="true"/> 

 <movesvehicletype selected="false"/> 

<onroadscc selected="false"/>

 <offroadscc selected="false"/>

 <estimateuncertainty selected="false" numberOfIterations="2" keepSampledData="false" keepIterations="false"/> 

 <sector selected="false"/> 

 <engtechid selected="false"/> 

 <hpclass selected="false"/>

 </outputemissionsbreakdownselection> 

 (Specify output database file name for county being run)

 <outputdatabase servername="localhost" databasename="42077_2025_00_25_Avgann_mo" description=""/>> 

<outputtimestep value="Month"/> 

 <outputvmtdata value="true"/> 
Appendix D-3 7 

 <outputsho value="true"/> 

 <outputsh value="true"/> 

 <outputshp value="true"/> 

 <outputshidling value="true"/> 

 <outputstarts value="true"/> 

 <outputpopulation value="true"/> 

 (Specify input database file name for county being run)

 <scaleinputdatabase servername="localhost" databasename="42077_2025_00_25_Avgann_mi" description=""/> 

 <pmsize value="0"/> 

 <outputfactors> 

 <timefactors selected="true" units="Hours"/> 

 <distancefactors selected="false" units="Miles"/> 

 <massfactors selected="false" units="Grams" energyunits="Million BTU"/> 

 </outputfactors> 

 <savedata> 

 </savedata> 

 <donotexecute> 

 </donotexecute> 

 <generatordatabase shouldsave="false" servername="" databasename="" description=""/> 

 <donotperformfinalaggregation selected="false"/> 

<lookuptableflags scenarioid="" truncateoutput="false" truncateactivity="false"/> 

 <internalcontrolstrategies> 

<internalcontrolstrategy classname="gov.epa.otaq.moves.master.implementation.ghg.internalcontrolstrategies.rateofprogress.RateOfProgressStrategy"><![CDATA[ 

useParameters No 

]]></internalcontrolstrategy>

 </internalcontrolstrategies> 

</runspec>