II 

118TH CONGRESS 

1ST SESSION S. 938 

To establish a trust fund to provide for adequate funding for water and 

sewer infrastructure, and for other purposes. 

IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES 

MARCH 22, 2023 

Mr. SANDERS (for himself, Mr. WYDEN, Mr. BLUMENTHAL, Mr. MERKLEY, 

Ms. WARREN, and Mr. WELCH) introduced the following bill; which was 

read twice and referred to the Committee on Finance 

A BILL 

To establish a trust fund to provide for adequate funding 

for water and sewer infrastructure, and for other purposes. 

1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 

3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

4 (a) SHORT TITLE.—This Act may be cited as the 

5 ‘‘Water Affordability, Transparency, Equity, and Reli6 ability Act of 2023’’. 

7 (b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.—The table of contents for 

8 this Act is as follows: 

Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. 

Sec. 2. Definition of Administrator. 

Sec. 3. Water Affordability, Transparency, Equity, and Reliability Trust Fund. 


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Sec. 4. Report on affordability, discrimination and civil rights violations, public 

participation in regionalization, and data collection. 

Sec. 5. Household water well systems. 

Sec. 6. Use of State revolving funds under the Federal Water Pollution Control 

Act. 

Sec. 7. Use of State revolving loan funds under the Safe Drinking Water Act. 

Sec. 8. Drinking water grant programs. 

Sec. 9. Labor provisions. 

Sec. 10. Drinking water assistance to colonias. 

1 SEC. 2. DEFINITION OF ADMINISTRATOR. 

2 In this Act, the term ‘‘Administrator’’ means the Ad3 ministrator of the Environmental Protection Agency. 

4 SEC. 3. WATER AFFORDABILITY, TRANSPARENCY, EQUITY, 

5 AND RELIABILITY TRUST FUND. 

6 (a) ESTABLISHMENT.— 

7 (1) IN GENERAL.—Subchapter A of chapter 98 

8 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 is amended by 

9 adding at the end the following: 

10 ‘‘SEC. 9512. WATER AFFORDABILITY, TRANSPARENCY, EQ11 UITY, AND RELIABILITY TRUST FUND. 

12 ‘‘(a) CREATION OF TRUST FUND.—There is estab13 lished in the Treasury of the United States a trust fund 

14 to be known as the ‘Water Affordability, Transparency, 

15 Equity, and Reliability Trust Fund’ (referred to in this 

16 section as the ‘Trust Fund’), consisting of such amounts 

17 as may be appropriated or credited to such Trust Fund 

18 as provided in this section or section 9602(b). 

19 ‘‘(b) TRANSFERS TO FUND.— 

20 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—There are hereby appro21 priated to the Trust Fund such amounts as the SecVerDate Sep 11 2014 00:06 Apr 05, 2023 Jkt 047007 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\S938.IS S938

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1 retary from time to time estimates are equal to the 

2 increase in Federal revenues attributable to the 

3 amendment made by section 3(b) of the Water Af4 fordability, Transparency, Equity, and Reliability 

5 Act of 2023. 

6 ‘‘(2) LIMITATION.—The sum of the amounts 

7 appropriated under paragraph (1) during any fiscal 

8 year shall not exceed the larger of— 

9 ‘‘(A) $35,000,000,000, and 

10 ‘‘(B) one-twentieth of the sum of— 

11 ‘‘(i) the 20-year need identified in the 

12 most recent assessment conducted by the 

13 Administrator of the Environmental Pro14 tection Agency in accordance with section 

15 1452(h) of the Safe Drinking Water Act 

16 (42 U.S.C. 300j–12(h)), plus 

17 ‘‘(ii) the 20-year need identified in the 

18 most recent needs survey submitted by the 

19 Administrator pursuant to sections 205(a), 

20 516, and 609 of the Federal Water Pollu21 tion Control Act (33 U.S.C. 1285(a), 

22 1375, 1389). 

23 ‘‘(c) EXPENDITURES.—Amounts in the Trust Fund 

24 are available, without further appropriation and without 

25 fiscal year limitation, for the purposes described in section 


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1 3(c) of the Water Affordability, Transparency, Equity, 

2 and Reliability Act of 2023.’’. 

3 (2) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of 

4 parts for subchapter A of chapter 98 of such Code 

5 is amended by inserting after the item relating to 

6 section 9511 the following new item: 

‘‘Sec. 9512. Water Affordability, Transparency, Equity, and Reliability Trust 

Fund.’’. 

7 (b) INCREASE IN CORPORATE TAX RATE.— 

8 (1) IN GENERAL.—Section 11(b) of the Internal 

9 Revenue Code of 1986 is amended by striking ‘‘21’’ 

10 and inserting ‘‘24.5’’. 

11 (2) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendment made 

12 by this subsection shall apply to taxable years begin13 ning after December 31, 2022. 

14 (c) ALLOCATION OF FUNDS.—The Administrator, 

15 the Secretary of Agriculture, and the Secretary of Health 

16 and Human Services shall allocate, for a fiscal year, the 

17 amount available, at the beginning of that fiscal year, in 

18 the Water Affordability, Transparency, Equity, and Reli19 ability Trust Fund established by section 9512(a) of the 

20 Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as follows: 

21 (1) CLEAN WATER PROGRAMS.—Of that 

22 amount, the Administrator shall use— 


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1 (A) 0.5 percent for making grants under 

2 section 104(b)(8) of the Federal Water Pollu3 tion Control Act (33 U.S.C. 1254(b)(8)); 

4 (B) 1.5 percent for making grants under 

5 section 106 of that Act (33 U.S.C. 1256); 

6 (C) 2.5 percent for making grants under 

7 section 226 of that Act (33 U.S.C. 1302d); 

8 (D) 2.5 percent for making grants under 

9 subsections (h) and (i) of section 319 of that 

10 Act (33 U.S.C. 1329); and 

11 (E) 42.25 percent for making capitaliza12 tion grants under title VI of that Act (33 

13 U.S.C. 1381 et seq.). 

14 (2) SAFE DRINKING WATER FUNDING.—Of that 

15 amount, the Administrator shall use— 

16 (A) 0.5 percent for providing technical as17 sistance under section 1442(e) of the Safe 

18 Drinking Water Act (42 U.S.C. 300j–1(e)); 

19 (B) 42.25 percent for making capitaliza20 tion grants under section 1452 of that Act (42 

21 U.S.C. 300j–12); 

22 (C) 3 percent for making grants under sec23 tion 1465 of that Act (42 U.S.C. 300j–25); and 

24 (D) 0.5 percent for making grants under 

25 section 1456 of that Act (42 U.S.C. 300j–16) 


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1 and for making grants under section 307 of the 

2 Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996 

3 (33 U.S.C. 1281 note; Public Law 104–182). 

4 (3) HOUSEHOLD WATER WELL SYSTEMS.—Of 

5 that amount, the Secretary of Agriculture shall use 

6 1 percent for making grants under section 306E of 

7 the Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act 

8 (7 U.S.C. 1926e). 

9 (4) COLONIAS.—Of that amount, the Secretary 

10 of Agriculture shall use 0.5 percent for making 

11 grants under section 306C of the Consolidated Farm 

12 and Rural Development Act (7 U.S.C. 1926c) to en13 tities described in subsection (c) of that section. 

14 (5) INDIAN HEALTH SERVICE.—Of that 

15 amount, the Secretary of Health and Human Serv16 ices, acting through the Director of the Indian 

17 Health Service, shall use 3 percent for making 

18 grants for the planning, design, construction, mod19 ernization, improvement, and renovation of water, 

20 sewer, and solid waste sanitation facilities that are 

21 funded, in whole or part, by the Indian Health Serv22 ice— 

23 (A) through, or provided for in, a contract 

24 or compact with the Indian Health Service 


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1 under the Indian Self-Determination and Edu2 cation Assistance Act (25 U.S.C. 5301 et seq.); 

3 (B) pursuant to section 7 of the Act of Au4 gust 5, 1954 (68 Stat. 674, chapter 658; 42 

5 U.S.C. 2004a); or 

6 (C) pursuant to section 302 of the Indian 

7 Health Care Improvement Act (25 U.S.C. 

8 1632). 

9 (d) PROHIBITION.—None of the funds allocated pur10 suant to subsection (c) may be used for any activity de11 scribed in paragraphs (1) through (5) of section 203(a) 

12 of the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act 

13 of 1959 (29 U.S.C. 433(a)). 

14 SEC. 4. REPORT ON AFFORDABILITY, DISCRIMINATION AND 

15 CIVIL RIGHTS VIOLATIONS, PUBLIC PARTICI16 PATION IN REGIONALIZATION, AND DATA 

17 COLLECTION. 

18 (a) STUDY.— 

19 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Administrator shall con20 duct a study on water and sewer services in accord21 ance with this subsection. 

22 (2) AFFORDABILITY.—In conducting the study 

23 under paragraph (1), the Administrator shall study 

24 water affordability across the United States, includ25 ing— 


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1 (A) rates for water and sewer services, in2 creases in those rates during the 10-year period 

3 preceding the study, and water service dis4 connections due to unpaid water service 

5 charges; and 

6 (B) the effectiveness of funding under sec7 tion 1452 of the Safe Drinking Water Act (42 

8 U.S.C. 300j–12) and under title VI of the Fed9 eral Water Pollution Control Act (33 U.S.C. 

10 1381 et seq.) for promoting affordable, equi11 table, transparent, and reliable water and sewer 

12 service. 

13 (3) DISCRIMINATION AND CIVIL RIGHTS.—In 

14 conducting the study under paragraph (1), the Ad15 ministrator, in collaboration with the Civil Rights 

16 Division of the Department of Justice, shall study— 

17 (A) discriminatory practices of water and 

18 sewer service providers; 

19 (B) discriminatory practices of State pro20 gram administrators in allocating funding; and 

21 (C) violations by those service providers 

22 and program administrators that receive Fed23 eral assistance of civil rights under title VI of 

24 the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (42 U.S.C. 2000d 


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1 et seq.) with respect to equal access to water 

2 and sewer services. 

3 (4) PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN REGIONALIZA4 TION.—In conducting the study under paragraph 

5 (1), the Administrator shall evaluate efforts to re6 gionalize public water systems (as defined in section 

7 1401 of the Safe Water Drinking Act (42 U.S.C. 

8 300f)) and sewer services with respect to public par9 ticipation in— 

10 (A) the decision to undergo that regional11 ization; and 

12 (B) decisionmaking by the board of direc13 tors (or other governing body) of the entity that 

14 provides, or oversees or coordinates the provi15 sion of, water by the public water systems sub16 ject to such regionalization. 

17 (5) DATA COLLECTION.—In conducting the 

18 study under paragraph (1), the Administrator shall 

19 collect information, assess the availability of infor20 mation, and evaluate the methodologies used to col21 lect information with respect to— 

22 (A) people living without water or sewer 

23 services; 

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1 tions experienced by households containing chil2 dren, elderly persons, disabled persons, chron3 ically ill persons, or other vulnerable popu4 lations; 

5 (C) tax liens and foreclosures due to un6 paid water service charges; and 

7 (D) disparate effects, on the basis of race, 

8 gender, or socioeconomic status, of water serv9 ice disconnections, tax liens and foreclosures 

10 due to unpaid water service charges, and the 

11 lack of public water service. 

12 (b) REPORT.—Not later than 1 year after the date 

13 of enactment of this Act, the Administrator shall submit 

14 to Congress a report that contains— 

15 (1) the results of the study conducted under 

16 subsection (a)(1); and 

17 (2) recommendations for utility companies, 

18 Federal agencies, and States relating to those re19 sults. 

20 SEC. 5. HOUSEHOLD WATER WELL SYSTEMS. 

21 Section 306E(d) of the Consolidated Farm and Rural 

22 Development Act (7 U.S.C. 1926e(d)) is amended by 

23 striking ‘‘$20,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2019 

24 through 2023’’ and inserting ‘‘$348,500,000 for each fis25 cal year’’. 


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1 SEC. 6. USE OF STATE REVOLVING FUNDS UNDER THE FED2 ERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT. 

3 (a) SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS.—Section 602(b) of 

4 the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (33 U.S.C. 

5 1382(b)) is amended— 

6 (1) in paragraph (2), by striking ‘‘which will be 

7 made to the State with funds to be made available’’ 

8 and inserting ‘‘that were made to the State with 

9 funds made available for fiscal year 2021’’; 

10 (2) in paragraph (13)(B)(iii), by striking ‘‘and’’ 

11 at the end; 

12 (3) in paragraph (14), by striking the period at 

13 the end and inserting a semicolon; and 

14 (4) by adding at the end the following: 

15 ‘‘(15) the State will not provide financial assist16 ance using amounts from the fund for any project 

17 that will provide substantial direct benefits to new 

18 communities, lots, or subdivisions, other than a 

19 project to construct an advanced decentralized 

20 wastewater system; and’’. 

21 (b) PROJECTS AND ACTIVITIES ELIGIBLE FOR AS22 SISTANCE.—Section 603(c) of the Federal Water Pollution 

23 Control Act (33 U.S.C. 1383(c)) is amended— 

24 (1) in paragraph (11)(B), by striking ‘‘and’’ at 

25 the end; 


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1 (2) in paragraph (12)(B), by striking the period 

2 at the end and inserting ‘‘; and’’; and 

3 (3) by adding at the end the following: 

4 ‘‘(13) to any municipality or intermunicipal, 

5 interstate, or State agency for— 

6 ‘‘(A) purchasing from a willing or unwill7 ing seller a privately owned treatment works; 

8 and 

9 ‘‘(B) expenses related to canceling a con10 tract for the operation or management of a 

11 publicly owned treatment works.’’. 

12 (c) INCREASING THE AMOUNT OF ADDITIONAL SUB13 SIDIZATION BY THE STATE.—Section 603(i)(3) of the 

14 Federal Water Pollution Control Act (33 U.S.C. 

15 1383(i)(3)) is amended by striking subparagraph (B) and 

16 inserting the following: 

17 ‘‘(B) REQUIREMENT.—To the extent that 

18 there are sufficient applications, a State shall 

19 use not less than 50 percent of the total 

20 amount received by the State in capitalization 

21 grants under this title for a fiscal year for pro22 viding additional subsidization under this sub23 section.’’. 


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1 SEC. 7. USE OF STATE REVOLVING LOAN FUNDS UNDER 

2 THE SAFE DRINKING WATER ACT. 

3 Section 1452 of the Safe Drinking Water Act (42 

4 U.S.C. 300j–12) is amended— 

5 (1) in subsection (a)— 

6 (A) in paragraph (2)— 

7 (i) in subparagraph (A), by inserting 

8 ‘‘publicly owned, operated, and managed’’ 

9 before ‘‘community water systems’’; and 

10 (ii) by striking subparagraph (E) and 

11 inserting the following: 

12 ‘‘(E) ACQUISITION OF PRIVATELY OWNED

13 COMMUNITY WATER SYSTEMS.—The funds 

14 under this section may be used— 

15 ‘‘(i) to purchase from a willing or un16 willing seller a privately owned community 

17 water system; and 

18 ‘‘(ii) for expenses related to canceling 

19 a contract for the operation or manage20 ment of a community water system.’’; and 

21 (B) by adding at the end the following: 

22 ‘‘(6) EXCEPTION TO PUBLIC OWNERSHIP, OPER23 ATION, AND MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENT.—Not24 withstanding paragraph (2)(A), public water systems 

25 that regularly serve fewer than 10,000 persons and 

26 which are not owned, operated, or managed by any 


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1 person who owns, operates, or manages any other 

2 public water system may receive assistance under 

3 this section.’’; 

4 (2) in subsection (d), by striking paragraph (2) 

5 and inserting the following: 

6 ‘‘(2) REQUIREMENT.—To the extent that there 

7 are sufficient applications for loans to communities 

8 described in paragraph (1), of the amount of the 

9 capitalization grant received by a State in a fiscal 

10 year, the total amount of loan subsidies made by the 

11 State in the fiscal year pursuant to paragraph (1) 

12 may not be less than 50 percent.’’; 

13 (3) in subsection (e), by striking ‘‘to be made 

14 to the State’’ and inserting ‘‘that was made to the 

15 State in fiscal year 2021’’; 

16 (4) in subsection (g)(3)— 

17 (A) by redesignating subparagraphs (A) 

18 through (C) as clauses (i) through (iii), respec19 tively, and indenting appropriately; 

20 (B) in the undesignated matter following 

21 clause (iii) (as so redesignated), by striking 

22 ‘‘The guidance and regulations shall also’’ and 

23 inserting the following: 


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1 ‘‘(B) GENERALLY ACCEPTED ACCOUNTING

2 STANDARDS.—The guidance and regulations re3 quired under subparagraph (A) shall’’; 

4 (C) in the matter preceding clause (i) (as 

5 so redesignated), by striking ‘‘The Adminis6 trator’’ and inserting the following: 

7 ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—The Administrator’’; 

8 and 

9 (D) in subparagraph (A) (as so des10 ignated)— 

11 (i) in clause (ii) (as so redesignated), 

12 by striking ‘‘and’’ at the end; 

13 (ii) in clause (iii) (as so redesignated), 

14 by striking the period at the end and in15 serting ‘‘; and’’; and 

16 (iii) by inserting after clause (iii) the 

17 following: 

18 ‘‘(iv) guidance to ensure affordable, 

19 equitable, transparent and reliable water 

20 service provision, to provide protections for 

21 households facing service disconnection due 

22 to unpaid water service charges, and to 

23 promote universal equal access to water 

24 services.’’; and 


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1 (5) in subsection (k)(1), by adding at the end 

2 the following: 

3 ‘‘(E) Provide assistance in the form of a 

4 grant to owners of private property on which a 

5 lead service line (as defined in section 

6 1459B(a)) is or may be located, for the purpose 

7 of replacing the lead service line with a service 

8 line that is lead free (as defined in section 

9 1417(d)). 

10 ‘‘(F) Provide assistance to a publicly 

11 owned, operated, and managed community 

12 water system for the purpose of updating treat13 ment plants or switching water sources due to 

14 contamination from a perfluoroalkyl or 

15 polyfluoroalkyl substance (as defined by the 

16 State in which the community water system is 

17 located). 

18 ‘‘(G) Provide assistance in the form of a 

19 grant to owners of a household water well that 

20 has been contaminated by a perfluoroalkyl or 

21 polyfluoroalkyl substance (as defined by the 

22 State in which the household well is located) for 

23 the purpose of purchasing and installing a 

24 household filtration system.’’. 


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1 SEC. 8. DRINKING WATER GRANT PROGRAMS. 

2 (a) SCHOOL DRINKING WATER IMPROVEMENT.— 

3 Section 1465 of the Safe Drinking Water Act (42 U.S.C. 

4 300j–25) is amended— 

5 (1) in the section heading, by striking ‘‘FOUN6 TAIN’’ and inserting ‘‘INFRASTRUCTURE’’; 

7 (2) in subsection (a), by striking ‘‘fountains 

8 manufactured prior to 1988’’ and inserting ‘‘infra9 structure’’; 

10 (3) by striking subsection (b) and inserting the 

11 following: 

12 ‘‘(b) USE OF FUNDS.—Funds awarded under the 

13 grant program may be used to pay costs associated with— 

14 ‘‘(1) installing, repairing, or replacing the infra15 structure necessary to ensure that drinking water 

16 fountains, drinking water coolers, and bottle filling 

17 stations at schools are lead free (as defined in sec18 tion 1417(d)); and 

19 ‘‘(2) monitoring and reporting of lead levels in 

20 the drinking water of schools, as determined appro21 priate by the Administrator.’’; and 

22 (4) in subsection (d)— 

23 (A) by striking ‘‘$5,000,000’’ and inserting 

24 ‘‘$1,050,000,000’’; and 

25 (B) by striking ‘‘2019 through 2021’’ and 

26 inserting ‘‘2024 and 2025’’. 


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1 (b) TRIBAL DRINKING WATER.—Section 1452(i)(1) 

2 of the Safe Drinking Water Act (42 U.S.C. 300j–12(i)(1)) 

3 is amended, in the first sentence— 

4 (1) by striking ‘‘1 1/2’’ and inserting ‘‘3’’; and 

5 (2) by striking ‘‘may’’ and inserting ‘‘shall’’. 

6 SEC. 9. LABOR PROVISIONS. 

7 (a) PREVAILING RATE OF WAGE.—Nothing in this 

8 Act or an amendment made by this Act shall affect the 

9 applicability of the requirements relating to labor stand10 ards of sections 513 and 602(b)(6) of the Federal Water 

11 Pollution Control Act (33 U.S.C. 1372, 1382(b)(6)) and 

12 section 1450(e) of the Safe Drinking Water Act (42 

13 U.S.C. 300j–9(e)) to projects carried out under those 

14 Acts. 

15 (b) PROJECT LABOR AGREEMENTS.— 

16 (1) CLEAN WATER REVOLVING FUNDS.—Sec17 tion 602(b) of the Federal Water Pollution Control 

18 Act (33 U.S.C. 1382(b)) (as amended by section 

19 6(a)), is amended by adding at the end the fol20 lowing: 

21 ‘‘(16) the State will— 

22 ‘‘(A) permit recipients of assistance under 

23 this title to enter into agreements authorized 

24 under section 8(f) of the National Labor Rela25 tions Act (29 U.S.C. 158(f)) (commonly known 


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1 as ‘project labor agreements’) with respect to 

2 projects for building or construction carried out 

3 with that assistance; and 

4 ‘‘(B) ensure that, to the maximum extent 

5 practicable, recipients of assistance under this 

6 title carry out those projects through the use of 

7 those agreements.’’. 

8 (2) DRINKING WATER REVOLVING FUNDS.— 

9 Section 1452 of the Safe Drinking Water Act (42 

10 U.S.C. 300j–12) is amended— 

11 (A) in subsection (a) (as amended by sec12 tion 7(1)(B)), by adding at the end the fol13 lowing: 

14 ‘‘(7) PROJECT LABOR AGREEMENTS.—Each 

15 agreement under this subsection shall require that 

16 the State permit recipients of assistance under this 

17 section to enter into agreements authorized under 

18 section 8(f) of the National Labor Relations Act (29 

19 U.S.C. 158(f)) (commonly known as ‘project labor 

20 agreements’) with respect to projects for building or 

21 construction carried out with that assistance.’’; and 

22 (B) in subsection (b)(3)(A)— 

23 (i) in clause (ii), by striking ‘‘and’’ at 

24 the end; 


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1 (ii) in clause (iii), by striking the pe2 riod at the end and inserting ‘‘; and’’; and 

3 (iii) by adding at the end the fol4 lowing: 

5 ‘‘(iv) with respect to projects for 

6 building or construction, will be carried out 

7 through the use of agreements authorized 

8 under section 8(f) of the National Labor 

9 Relations Act (29 U.S.C. 158(f)) (com10 monly known as ‘project labor agree11 ments’).’’. 

12 SEC. 10. DRINKING WATER ASSISTANCE TO COLONIAS. 

13 Section 1456 of the Safe Drinking Water Act (42 

14 U.S.C. 300j–16) is amended— 

15 (1) in subsection (a)— 

16 (A) by redesignating paragraph (2) as 

17 paragraph (3); and 

18 (B) by inserting after paragraph (1) the 

19 following: 

20 ‘‘(2) COVERED ENTITY.—The term ‘covered en21 tity’ means each of the following: 

22 ‘‘(A) A border State. 

23 ‘‘(B) A local government with jurisdiction 

24 over an eligible community.’’; 

25 (2) in subsection (b)— 


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1 (A) by striking ‘‘of the Environmental Pro2 tection Agency’’; and 

3 (B) by striking ‘‘border State’’ and insert4 ing ‘‘covered entity’’; 

5 (3) by striking subsection (d); 

6 (4) by redesignating subsection (e) as sub7 section (d); and 

8 (5) in subsection (d) (as so redesignated)— 

9 (A) by striking ‘‘$25,000,000’’ and insert10 ing ‘‘$100,000,000’’; and 

11 (B) by striking ‘‘1997 through 1999’’ and 

12 inserting ‘‘2023 through 2027’’. 

Æ 


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