If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to 

revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

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S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N

C O U R T O F A P P E A L S

DEUTSCHE BANK NATIONAL TRUST 

COMPANY,

Plaintiff/CounterdefendantAppellee,

UNPUBLISHED

January 30, 2020

v No. 347040

Wayne Circuit Court

ANDREW HARGREAVES, LC No. 18-008390-CZ

Defendant/CounterplaintiffAppellant,

and

LAWRENCE M. HAVER,

Defendant,

and

JOAN HAVER, also known as JOAN SANBORN,

Defendant/Counterplaintiff.

Before: METER, P.J., and FORT HOOD and REDFORD, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

Defendant/counterplaintiff Andrew Hargreaves (Hargreaves) appeals as of right the trial 

court’s order granting plaintiff/counterdefendant, Deutsche Bank National Trust Company 

(Deutsche Bank) summary disposition of his counterclaims and the trial court’s order granting 

Deutsche Bank immediate possession of property commonly known as 1951 Alanson, Westland, 

Michigan (the Property). We affirm.
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I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

On November 2, 1993, the Secretary of Veterans Affairs (the VA) entered into a land 

contract for the sale of the Property to defendants Lawrence Haver (Lawrence) and Joan Haver 

(Joan) (collectively, the Havers) under which they agreed to purchase the Property. The land 

contract required the Havers to make a down payment and to pay the balance plus interest in 

monthly installments. The land contract provided further in pertinent part as follows:

14. Delivery to and acceptance of this Agreement by Buyer shall 

constitute delivery to and acceptance by Buyer of possession of the property 

described herein and shall constitute an acknowledgment by the Buyer that he/she 

has inspected and examined the property, is satisfied with its condition and Buyer 

acknowledges that he/she is buying the property “as is.” . . .

15. Time is of the essence of this Agreement and if default be made and 

continue for a period of thirty (30) days in the payment of any of the installments 

of principal, interest, or any other items hereinbefore stipulated, when the same 

become severally due hereunder, or in the payment of any other sum herein 

agreed to be paid by Buyer, or if default be made in the performance by Buyer of 

any other agreement, covenant, or obligation of Buyer hereunder, then in either, 

or any of said events, the whole unpaid balance due under the terms of this 

Agreement shall, at the option of Seller, immediately become due and payable 

and Seller may, at his/her option, (a) terminate by simple declaration of the 

election so to do, with or without notice, all of Buyer’s rights under this 

Agreement and all of Buyer’s right, title, and interest in the property; or (b) 

terminate all of Buyer’s right under this Agreement and all of Buyer’s right, title, 

and interest in the property in any appropriate proceeding, legal or equitable, or 

(c) enforce Buyer’s obligations hereunder in any appropriate proceeding, legal or 

equitable. Buyer agrees to pay all costs and expenses, including a reasonable sum 

for attorney’s fees incurred by Seller in terminating Buyer’s rights under this 

Agreement or claims to the property or in enforcing any or all of the terms of this 

Agreement, and in appropriate judicial proceedings, if any are initiated to 

establish or maintain Seller’s right or title to, and possession of said property after 

breach by Buyer, free of any title or claims of Buyer.

* * *

17. (a) Upon Seller exercising the right of termination as provided in 

paragraph 15 hereof, all rights and interest hereby created and then existing in 

Buyer and in all claiming under Buyer, shall wholly cease and determine. Buyer 

shall thereupon quit and surrender to Seller, without demand, peaceful possession 

of said property in as good condition as it is now, reasonable wear and tear alone 

excepted. . . .

18. Upon (a) Payment in full of all sums agreed to be paid under this 

contract; or (b) At Seller’s option, upon execution of a note and purchase money 

mortgage, as provided in paragraph 19 hereof, the Seller shall execute and deliver 
-3-

a deed conveying to Buyer all the Seller’s right, title, and interest in said property, 

subject to the exceptions indicated in paragraph 3 hereof, with covenant only that 

the grantor has not done, committed or wittingly or willingly suffered to be done 

or committed, any act, matter, or thing whatsoever, whereby the premises, or any 

part thereof, is, are or shall be charged or encumbered in title, estate or otherwise.

* * *

22. If all or any part of Buyer’s interest in the property or this Agreement 

be assigned without first obtaining the written consent of the Seller, the whole 

unpaid balance payable under the terms of this Agreement shall immediately 

become due and payable at the election of the Seller. . . . .

* * *

24. Failure or delay of the Seller to enforce any right or to exercise any 

option hereunder available because of any default shall not operate as a waiver of 

the right of the Seller to thereafter enforce such right or to exercise such option or 

any other option, for this same or any other default.

* * *

The covenants in this Agreement contained shall be binding upon, and the 

benefits and advantages hereunder shall inure to, the respective heirs, executors, 

administrators, successors, and assigns of the parties hereto.

On February 24, 1994, the VA quitclaim deeded the Property to Bankers Trust Company 

of California, as trustee on behalf of Vendee Mortgage Trust 1994-1, a trust established under 

New York law. The deed expressly stated that the Property was conveyed “subject to an 

installment contract for the purchase of said real estate dated November 2, 1993, between the 

[VA] as vendor and Lawrence M. Haver and Joan Haver as vendees.” The trial court record 

includes a title search performed by Carrington Title Services for Joan, having an effective date 

of December 4, 2017. It indicates that the quitclaim deed was recorded, but a copy of the land 

contract could not be located in the Wayne County Register of Deeds. The title search described 

various later transfers of the Property including one that indicated that the Havers transferred the 

Property on February 5, 2003, by quitclaim deed from themselves to the Lawrence M. Haver 

Revocable Trust Agreement. On April 23, 2008, Joan, as successor trustee of the Lawrence M. 

Haver Revocable Trust Agreement, transferred the Property to herself as trustee of the Joan 

Leslie Haver Revocable Trust Agreement by fiduciary deed. Then, on December 30, 2013, the 

Joan Leslie Haver Revocable Trust Agreement transferred the Property to Hargreaves by a 

purported warranty deed. The title search did not disclose any conveyance of title to the property 

to the Havers.

In May 2018, Deutsche Bank, as successor in interest to Bankers Trust Company of 

California, as trustee of the Vendee Mortgage Trust 1994-1, brought summary proceedings in 

district court on the grounds that the Havers forfeited the land contract and it had the right to 

recover possession of the Property because no installment payments had been made on the land 

contract since February 2013. Deutsche named Hargreaves and the Havers as defendants. 
-4-

Deutsche Bank alleged that the principal balance due equaled $29,190.99 and the total amount in 

arrears equaled $33,423.54. Joan answered the complaint by admitting the allegation of the 

existence of a land contract, but generally denied the remaining allegations. She asserted two

counterclaims in which she acknowledged the existence of the land contract and that the Havers 

made payments to the VA until Bank of America began servicing the debt after which they paid 

it. She alleged that Bank of America violated the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, 12 

USC 2609(c), and the Fair Debt Collections Practices Act, 15 USC 1692d, related to servicing 

and collection of her debt. Hargreaves answered the complaint by asserting that he lacked 

knowledge or notice of a land contract when he purchased the Property and obtained a warranty 

deed that was recorded in 2014. Hargreaves counterclaimed seeking equitable relief including 

quiet title to the Property claiming that he had superior right to it by virtue of a warranty deed 

from Joan.

1 Hargreaves alleged that he lacked notice of any land contract and for unjust 

enrichment because he paid $20,000 to purchase the Property and invested additional money to 

improve it.2 Hargreaves alleged that the land contract constituted a mortgage loan and because 

plaintiff treated it as a mortgage it waived any right to foreclose upon the Property under 

summary proceedings. Hargreaves also moved for removal of the case to the circuit court. The 

district court transferred the case to the trial court because Hargreaves asserted equitable claims 

over which the district court lacked jurisdiction.

Deutsche Bank moved for and was granted summary disposition of Hargreaves’s 

counterclaims because Joan lacked transferable title in 2013 when she attempted to convey the 

Property to Hargreaves, and Hargreaves had notice of the land contract in the record title and 

could have discovered it through a proper title search. The trial court also granted Deutsche 

Bank’s motion for summary disposition for judgment of possession and entered an order that 

Deutsche Bank could take immediate possession of the Property and obtain assistance from the 

sheriff for execution of eviction.

II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW

We review de novo a trial court’s decision on a motion for summary disposition, Loweke 

v Ann Arbor Ceiling & Partition Co, LLC, 489 Mich 157, 162; 809 NW2d 553 (2011), issues of 

statutory construction, Estes v Titus, 481 Mich 573, 578-579; 751 NW2d 493 (2008), a trial 

court’s ruling on equitable matters, including a quiet-title determination, Richards v Tibaldi, 272 

Mich App 522, 528; 726 NW2d 770 (2006), and jurisdictional questions, Kar v Nanda, 291 Mich

App 284, 286; 805 NW2d 609 (2011). We review de novo a trial court’s ruling on a summary 

disposition motion. In Bodnar v St John Providence, Inc, 327 Mich App 203, 212; 933 NW2d 

363 (2019), this Court summarized the standard for summary disposition motions under MCR 

2.116(C)(8) as follows:

 1 Lawrence passed away in 2007 and Joan ultimately agreed by stipulation to dismiss her 

counterclaims and relinquish any claim to the Property.

2 Hargreaves has not presented arguments on appeal regarding his unjust enrichment claim.
-5-

Summary disposition is appropriately granted under MCR 2.116(C)(8) 

when the opposing party has failed to state a claim upon which relief may be 

granted. Dalley v Dykema Gossett PLLC, 287 Mich App 296, 304; 788 NW2d 

679 (2010). A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of a 

complaint on the basis of the pleadings alone. Id. All well-pleaded factual 

allegations are to be accepted as true and are to be construed in the light most 

favorable to the nonmoving party. Johnson v Pastoriza, 491 Mich 417, 435; 818 

NW2d 279 (2012). A party may not support a motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8) 

with documentary evidence such as affidavits or depositions. Patterson v 

Kleiman, 447 Mich 429, 432; 526 NW2d 879 (1994). However, when an action is 

premised on a written contract, the contract generally must be attached to the 

complaint and thus becomes part of the pleadings. Laurel Woods Apartments v 

Roumayah, 274 Mich App 631, 635; 734 NW2d 217 (2007); see also MCR 

2.113(C).

A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8) may be granted if a claim is clearly unenforceable and no 

factual development could possibly justify recovery. El-Khalil v Oakwood Healthcare, Inc, 504 

Mich 152, 160; 934 NW2d 665 (2019). But where the parties and trial court relied on matters 

outside the pleadings, MCR 2.116(C)(10) is the appropriate basis for review. Silberstein v ProGolf of America, Inc, 278 Mich App 446, 457; 750 NW2d 615 (2008) (citation omitted). A 

motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10) challenges the “factual adequacy of a 

complaint on the basis of the entire record, including affidavits, depositions, admissions, or other 

documentary evidence.” Gorman v American Honda Motor Co, Inc, 302 Mich App 113, 115; 

839 NW2d 223 (2013). A trial court’s grant of summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10) is 

proper when the evidence, “viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, show that 

there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and the moving party is therefore entitled to 

judgment as a matter of law.” Lowrey v LMPS & LMPJ, Inc, 500 Mich 1, 5; 890 NW2d 344 

(2016). “A genuine issue of material fact exists when the record, giving the benefit of reasonable 

doubt to the opposing party, leaves open an issue upon which reasonable minds might differ.” 

Gorman, 302 Mich App at 116 (citation omitted). The interpretation of a deed is reviewed de 

novo on appeal. In re Rudell Estate, 286 Mich App 391, 402-403; 780 NW2d 884 (2009). We 

review de novo an equitable action, and we review the trial court’s findings of fact for clear 

error. See Canjar v Cole, 283 Mich App 723, 727; 770 NW2d 449 (2009). Quiet-title actions are 

equitable in nature. Id. The decision to grant equitable relief rests within the sound discretion of 

the deciding court. See Tkachik v Mandeville, 487 Mich 38, 45; 790 NW2d 260 (2010).

III. ANALYSIS

A. STIPULATED DISMISSAL OF CLAIMS BETWEEN JOAN AND DEUTSCHE BANK

Hargreaves first argues that the trial court erred by entering a stipulated order dismissing 

the claims between Joan and Deutsche Bank in violation of MCR 2.602(B) because the trial 

court did not hold a hearing, he never approved the order, the order had not been submitted under 

the seven-day rule, and the order had not been submitted to the trial court for settlement. We 

disagree.
-6-

“For an issue to be preserved for appellate review, it must be raised, addressed, and 

decided by the lower court.” Mouzon v Achievable Visions, 308 Mich App 415, 419; 864 NW2d 

606 (2014) (quotation marks and citation omitted). Because Hargreaves failed to raise this issue 

below, it is unpreserved. “We review unpreserved challenges for plain error.” Total Armored 

Car Serv, Inc v Dep’t of Treasury, 325 Mich App 403, 412; 926 NW2d 276 (2018). To establish 

plain error, Hargreaves must show (1) that an error occurred, (2) that the error was plain, and (3) 

that the plain error affected his substantial rights. Henderson v Dept of Treasury, 307 Mich App 

1, 9; 858 NW2d 733 (2014). To merit relief, Hargreaves must establish prejudice, i.e., that the 

error affected the outcome of the proceedings. Id.

MCR 2.504(A) governs voluntary dismissal of an action. MCR 2.504(A)(1) allows 

dismissal without a court order when the parties stipulate to dismissal or when the plaintiff 

dismisses an action before the adverse party serves an answer. Otherwise, “an action may not be 

dismissed at the plaintiff’s request except by order of the court on terms and conditions the court 

deems proper.” MCR 2.504(A)(2); Walbridge Aldinger Co v Walcon Corp, 207 Mich App 566, 

570; 525 NW2d 489 (1994). Dismissal under this subrule is without prejudice unless the order 

indicates otherwise. MCR 2.504(A)(2)(b). A trial court has discretion to grant requests for 

voluntary dismissal but it should consider the competing interests of the parties, any resultant 

inconvenience to the court, and protect defendants from abuse. African Methodist Episcopal 

Church v Shoulders, 38 Mich App 210, 212; 196 NW2d 16 (1972).

In this case, the record reflects that, on October 12, 2018, Deutsche Bank and Joan 

stipulated and agreed to the dismissal of all of Joan’s claims respecting the Property including 

her land contract interest and any possessory interest she had. Further, Joan agreed to the entry 

of an order of land contract forfeiture and possession against her. She stipulated to Deutsche 

Bank’s possession of the Property. Pursuant to the stipulation, Joan agreed to dismiss her claims 

against Deutsche Bank with prejudice. Deutsche Bank similarly agreed to dismiss its claims 

against Joan related to her debt under the land contract and any claim for a deficiency. Deutsche 

Bank and Joan also stipulated that Deutsche Bank had no responsibility to defend claims that 

Hargreaves may have against Joan. Deutsche Bank and Joan electronically filed their stipulated 

order on October 15, 2018. The trial court entered the order on October 16, 2018. That same 

day, Deutsche Bank and Hargreaves appeared for a hearing at which the trial court indicated on 

the record that the status of the case had been discussed in chambers, including the dismissal of 

Joan’s counterclaims. The trial court made no reference to the order of land contract forfeiture 

included in the stipulation, but its reference to the order and entry of the same indicates that the 

trial court considered and agreed to grant the relief requested in the stipulated order by Deutsche 

Bank and Joan. 

MCR 2.602(B)(1) authorized the trial court to sign the order at the time it granted the 

relief provided by the order. The trial court, therefore, addressed the issue with the parties, acted 

well within its discretion, and appropriately entered the stipulated order between Deutsche Bank

and Joan. The order disposed of their competing claims. Entry of the order did not affect any 

claims Hargreaves had against Joan. Hargreaves has neither established plain error nor that the 

trial court’s entry of the stipulated order affected his substantial rights. Accordingly, he lacks

entitlement to relief in this regard.

B. SUMMARY DISPOSITION OF HARGREAVES’S COUNTERCLAIMS
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Hargreaves also argues that the trial court erred by granting Deutsche Bank’s motion for 

summary disposition of his counterclaims. We disagree.

The record reflects that the land contract and relevant deeds appearing in the Property’s

chain of title were attached to the parties’ respective pleadings and submissions in this case. 

Accordingly, the trial court could appropriately consider those documents for purposes of 

deciding Deutsche Bank’s motion.

In an action to quiet title, the claimant must establish a prima facie case of title in the 

subject property; the burden then shifts to the adverse party to prove a superior interest. Beulah 

Hoagland Appleton Qualified Personal Residence Trust v Emmet Co Road Comm, 236 Mich 

App 546, 550; 600 NW2d 698 (1999). Although the parties disagree about the legal effect of the 

recorded instruments in this case, there is no dispute regarding which instruments were recorded 

in the chain of title. The record title for the Property indicates that America’s Lending Network, 

Inc. acquired title to the Property and thereafter conveyed title to the Property to the VA in 

February 1993. The VA quitclaim deeded its interest in the Property to Bankers Trust Company

of California, N.A., as trustee of the Vendee Mortgage Trust 1994-1, subject to the 1993 land 

contract between the VA and the Havers. Deutsche Bank claims title to the Property as the 

successor in interest by merger with Bankers Trust Company of California, N.A.

The Havers quitclaim deeded their interest in the Property to Lawrence’s trust, and after 

Lawrence died, Joan, as the successor trustee of Lawrence’s trust, transferred the trust’s interest 

in the Property to Joan’s trust. Joan’s trust later attempted to convey the Property by a purported 

warranty deed to Hargreaves. Hargreaves contended that he held superior title to the Property 

under that warranty deed.

Under MCL 565.1, conveyances of land may be made by deed. Under MCL 565.3, a 

quitclaim deed suffices to pass all of the interest one holds in property that the grantor could 

convey by a deed of bargain of sale. “A quitclaim deed is, by definition, a deed that conveys a 

grantor’s complete interest or claim in certain real property but that neither warrants nor 

professes that the title is valid.” Mich Dept of Natural Resources v Carmody-Lahti Real Estate, 

Inc, 472 Mich 359, 377-378; 699 NW2d 272 (2005) (quotation marks, citations, and alteration 

omitted). Under MCL 565.4, a deed holder may convey only the interest held. When a 

conveyance is made by a warranty deed, it “shall be deemed and held to be a conveyance in fee 

simple to the grantee, his heirs and assigns, with covenant from the grantor for himself and his 

heirs and personal representatives, that he is lawfully seized of the premises, has good right to 

convey the same, and guarantees the quiet possession thereof; that the same are free from all 

incumbrances, and that he will warrant and defend the title to the same against all lawful claims.” 

MCL 565.151. The “covenant of seisin is a covenant of ownership in fee simple.” 1 Cameron, 

Michigan Real Property Law (3d ed), Deeds, § 10.21, p 361, citing Peck v Houghtaling, 35 Mich 

127 (1876).

The record does not reflect that the Havers ever acquired legal title to the Property. The 

record chain of title does not indicate any recorded deed that conveyed the Property to the

Havers. It indicates only that the Havers entered the subject land contract for purchase of the 

Property by installments.
-8-

The proper disposition of Hargreaves’s quiet title claim turned on the respective rights 

held by the parties to the land contract and the legal effects of their later conveyances. A land 

contract and a mortgage are not synonymous:

The term land contract is commonly used in Michigan as particularly referring to 

agreements for the sale of an interest in real estate in which the purchase price is 

to be paid in installments (other than an earnest money deposit and a lump-sum 

payment at closing) and no promissory note or mortgage is involved between the 

seller and the buyer. [Zurcher v Herveat, 238 Mich App 267, 291; 605 NW2d 

329 (1999) (quotation marks and citations omitted).]

A land contract is a form of “executory contract in which legal title remains in the 

seller/vendor until the buyer/vendee performs all the obligations of the contract while equitable 

title passes to the buyer/vendee upon proper execution of the contract.” Id. at 291. Upon 

complete performance of a land contract vendee’s contractual duties, i.e., complete payment of 

the purchase price and satisfaction of any other conditions, the vendor is obligated to convey 

legal title to the vendee. MCL 565.361(1).

Our Supreme Court “has consistently held that under a land contract, although the vendor 

retains legal title until the contractual obligations have been fulfilled, the vendee is given 

equitable title, and that equitable title is a present interest in realty that may be sold, devised, or 

encumbered.” Graves v American Acceptance Mortg Corp, 469 Mich 608, 614; 677 NW2d 829 

(2004). In Graves, our Supreme Court considered the rights incident to legal and equitable 

ownership of land and explained that, in a land contract situation,

the vendee purchases the property upon signing the land contract and acquiring an 

equitable interest therein. At that point, the vendee acquires “seisin” and a 

present interest in the property that may be sold, devised, or encumbered. That 

the vendee may ultimately default on the contract does not negate the fact that the 

vendee has, in a real sense, purchased the relevant property. That legal title 

remains in the vendor until full performance of all contractual obligations 

likewise does not negate the fact that the vendee has already purchased the 

property. The vendor’s legal title, . . . is only a trust coupled with an interest by 

way of security for a debt[.] It represents but an ordinary money debt, secured by 

the contract. [Id. at 616-617 (quotation marks and citations omitted).]

The parties to the subject land contract did not include the term “mortgage” anywhere 

within the document and the Havers never executed a promissory note in relation to the 

transaction. Because the Havers purchased the Property under a land contract, they held only an 

equity ownership interest in the Property. When they quitclaim deeded their interest to 

Lawrence’s trust, the trust acquired their equity ownership interest. When Joan, as successor 

trustee of Lawrence’s trust, conveyed by fiduciary deed Lawrence’s trust’s interest, Joan’s trust 

acquired the Havers’ equity ownership interest. Joan’s trust did not hold a fee interest, legal and 

equitable title to the Property. To acquire full ownership and fee title to the Property, the terms 

of the land contract had to be fulfilled. The Havers, Lawrence’s trust, and Joan’s trust failed to 

ever do so. Moreover, the record title to the Property reflects that no conveyance of legal title to 

the Havers, Lawrence’s trust, or Joan’s trust ever occurred. Therefore, they never acquired fee 
-9-

simple title to the Property. “A person having all possible rights incident to ownership of a 

parcel of property has the entire bundle of sticks or a fee simple title to the property.” Eastbrook 

Homes, Inc v Treasury Dept, 296 Mich App 336, 348; 820 NW2d 242 (2012) (citation omitted). 

“Important rights flowing from property ownership include the right to exclusive possession, the 

right to personal use and enjoyment, the right to manage its use by others, and the right to 

income derived from the property.” Id. (citation omitted). “A warranty deed conveys the entire 

bundle of rights to the property from the grantor to the grantee in fee simple; it also includes the 

grantor’s covenant that the grantor has good, marketable title and guarantees to the grantee the 

right of quiet possession.” Id. (citation omitted). Here, the Havers, Lawrence’s trust, and Joan’s 

trust lacked fee simple ownership and had no authority to convey fee simple title to the Property. 

Accordingly, Joan’s trust could not convey fee title to the Property by warranty deed to 

Hargreaves.

Hargreaves sought to quiet title in his favor as fee owner of the Property. Among other 

things, he argued that, under Michigan’s race-notice statute, MCL 565.29, he had the highest 

priority interest in the Property under the purported warranty deed from Joan’s trust. His 

argument lacks merit because Joan’s trust could not convey fee title to him and a preexisting 

superior interest was recorded in the record title.

“Michigan is a race-notice state, and owners of interests in land can protect their interests 

by properly recording those interests.” Richards, 272 Mich App at 539 (quotation marks and 

citation omitted). Under MCL 565.29, 

[e]very conveyance of real estate within the state hereafter made, which shall not 

be recorded as provided in [MCL 565.1 et seq.], shall be void as against any 

subsequent purchaser in good faith and for a valuable consideration, of the same 

real estate or any portion thereof, whose conveyance shall be first duly recorded.

In other words, “the holder of a real estate interest who first records his or her interest generally 

has priority over subsequent purchasers.” Richards, 272 Mich App at 539. Because Bankers 

Trust Company of California, N.A., as trustee of the Vendee Mortgage Trust 1994-1, acquired 

the Property through the quitclaim deed from the VA recorded on April 1, 1994, Hargreaves

cannot claim an interest prior and superior to that recorded interest. The record title indicates 

that he recorded his interest more than 20 years after Deutsche Bank’s predecessor acquired and 

recorded its interest in the Property.

Hargreaves makes much of the fact that there was no recorded assignment of the VA’s 

interest in the land contract, and that the Havers had possession of the Property for over 20 years 

before he purchased it from Joan’s trust. Hargreaves’s argument lacks merit because “[t]he 

conveyance of land by a vendor subject to an outstanding contract operates as an assignment to 

the grantee of the contract between the vendor and the purchaser . . . .” Kramer v Davis, 371 

Mich 464, 469; 124 NW2d 292 (1963) (quotation marks and citation omitted). Neither the VA 

nor its successor in interest had any obligation to record a separate assignment of the land 

contract because the conveyance of the Property itself by quitclaim deed operated as an 

assignment of the VA’s interest in the land contract. Moreover, the VA’s quitclaim deed to 

Bankers Trust Company of California, N.A., as trustee of the Vendee Mortgage Trust 1994-1, 
-10-

specifically stated that the conveyance was subject to the 1993 land contract between the VA and 

the Havers.

The fact that the Havers physically possessed the Property for 20 years is not dispositive 

because they owned an equitable interest that permitted them possession. Possession under a 

land contract for 20 years, however, did not ripen into legal title nor could it. For the Havers, or 

any of their successors, the terms of the land contract had to be fulfilled for them to acquire legal

title and fee ownership of the Property. Michigan law does not support Hargreaves’s contention 

that he obtained superior title to Deutsche Bank. Hargreaves cannot establish any right to quiet 

title to the Property in himself because the Havers could not convey a fee simple interest to him 

since they did not own fee title. Because Joan’s trust did not own the Property in fee simple it

could not convey by warranty deed title to the Property. Hargreaves purported warranty deed,

based on an interest Joan’s trust never had, lacks validity and conveyed no legal estate or present 

title to him.

Further, MCL 565.29 only protects a later interest holder who purchases in “good faith”

without actual or constructive notice of a defect in the grantor’s title. Coventry Parkhomes 

Condo Ass’n v Fed Nat’l Mtg Ass’n, 298 Mich App 252, 256; 827 NW2d 379 (2012). For 

purposes of determining interests in real property, notice refers to the following:

When a person has knowledge of such facts as would lead any honest man, using 

ordinary caution, to make further inquiries concerning the possible rights of 

another in real estate, and fails to make them, he is chargeable with notice of what 

such inquiries and the exercise of ordinary caution would have disclosed. 

[Richards, 272 Mich App at 539, quoting Kastle v Clemons, 330 Mich 28, 31; 46 

NW2d 450 (1951).]

Notice does not require actual knowledge of another’s interest in property; the mere possibility 

of the rights held by another will suffice. Penrose v McCullough, 308 Mich App 145, 153; 862 

NW2d 674 (2014). A properly recorded interest provides constructive notice to all later interest 

holders. Id.

Hargreaves cannot claim good-faith purchaser status because he had constructive notice 

that Joan’s trust lacked fee title and could not convey a fee simple interest in the Property. Id.; 

Coventry Parkhomes Condo Ass’n, 298 Mich App at 256. Although the land contract between 

the Havers and the VA was not recorded, the recorded 1994 quitclaim deed from the VA 

explicitly conveyed title “subject to an installment contract for the purchase of said real estate 

dated November 2, 1993, between the Secretary of Veterans Affairs as vendor and Lawrence M. 

Haver and Joan Haver as vendee(s).” Further, the record title did not indicate a conveyance of 

fee title by any form of deed to the Havers at any time. The Havers, therefore, only held an 

equitable interest in the Property under the land contract. Consequently, Hargreaves was on 

notice of the existence of Bankers Trust Company of California, N.A., as trustee of the Vendee 

Mortgage Trust 1994-1’s prior and superior interest in the Property subject to the 1993 land 

contract between the VA and the Havers. 

Further, the lack of any conveyance of fee simple interest in the Property to the Havers, 

Lawrence’s trust, or Joan’s trust, placed him on notice that Joan’s trust neither held fee title to 
-11-

the Property nor could convey such title to him by warranty deed. A reasonable person under the 

circumstances, using ordinary caution, at the very least, would be aware that further inquiries 

were required to determine the interests in the Property. See Penrose, 308 Mich App at 153; 

Richards, 272 Mich App at 539. Hargreaves’s failure to attain actual knowledge of Deutsche 

Bank’s superior interest did not negate the fact that the record title placed him on notice of others 

holding interests superior to Joan’s trust’s limited interest in the Property. Hargreaves, therefore,

cannot claim bona fide purchaser status under the circumstances presented in this case. A bona 

fide purchaser is one who has acquired a property interest for consideration and without notice of 

claims of interest in the property by a third party. Richards, 272 Mich App at 539. The trial 

court correctly discerned that Hargreaves’s claims lacked merit as a matter of law because his 

claim to quiet title was clearly unenforceable. The record reflects that no genuine issue of 

material fact existed in this regard. The trial court, therefore, did not err by dismissing 

Hargreaves’s counterclaims against Deutsche Bank.

In its complaint, Deutsche Bank alleged that Joan last made a payment under the land 

contract on February 1, 2013, leaving a principal balance unpaid and in arrears. Although Joan 

initially disputed the balance due, she did not deny that she never fully satisfied her payment 

obligations under the land contract. Further, she stipulated to the dismissal of her claims against 

Deutsche Bank with prejudice which constituted an adjudication of her claims on the merits. Her 

stipulation also conceded that she forfeited the land contract which triggered Deutsche Bank’s 

right to enforce the land contract and take possession of the Property. The record reflects that 

Deutsche Bank gave the Havers notice of forfeiture and then commenced summary proceedings 

for possession of the Property. Hargreaves cannot establish that Joan was not in default and that 

Deutsche Bank lacked entitlement to pursue possession of the Property because of the Havers’

defaults.

Hargreaves also argues that the equitable doctrine of laches served as a defense to 

Deutsche Bank’s action and that it precluded Deutsche Bank from obtaining any relief. He 

asserts that Deutsche Bank waited five years from the date on which its cause of action accrued 

to commence this action and in so doing caused him prejudice because he purchased the Property 

from Joan’s trust without notice of the unrecorded land contract. This argument lacks merit.

In Knight v Northpointe Bank, 300 Mich App 109, 114-115; 832 NW2d 439 (2013), this 

Court explained the laches doctrine and the circumstances in which it may be invoked:

As our Supreme Court has explained, a complainant in equity must come 

to the court with a clean conscience, in good faith, and after acting with 

reasonable diligence: “ ‘Nothing can call forth this court into activity but 

conscience, good faith and reasonable diligence; where these are wanting the 

court is passive, and does nothing.’ ” Henderson v Connolly’s Estate, 294 Mich 

1, 19; 292 NW 543 (1940), quoting Campau v Chene, 1 Mich 400, 405 (1850). If 

a plaintiff has not exercised reasonable diligence in vindicating his or her rights, a 

court sitting in equity may withhold relief on the ground that the plaintiff is 

chargeable with laches. Lothian v Detroit, 414 Mich 160, 168; 324 NW2d 9 

(1982). “[W]hen laches appears, the court merely leaves the parties where it finds 

them.” Duck v McQueen, 263 Mich 325, 328; 248 NW 637 (1933). This is so 

because equity will not lend aid to those who are not diligent in protecting their 
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own rights. Mogk v Stroecker, 243 Mich 668, 672; 220 NW 730 (1928). The rule 

that equity aids the vigilant is designed to discourage laches by making it a bar to 

relief and to prevent the enforcement of stale demands. Henderson, 294 Mich at 

19.

Although considerations of timing are important when determining 

whether laches applies to the facts, laches is not triggered by the passage of time 

alone. Lothian, 414 Mich at 168. Laches is an equitable tool used to provide a 

remedy for the inconvenience resulting from the plaintiff’s delay in asserting a 

legal right that was practicable to assert. Dep’t of Pub Health v Rivergate Manor, 

452 Mich 495, 507; 550 NW2d 515 (1996). As such, “when considering whether 

a plaintiff is chargeable with laches, we must afford attention to prejudice 

occasioned by the delay.” Lothian, 414 Mich at 168. It is the prejudice 

occasioned by the delay that justifies the application of laches. Dunn v Minnema, 

323 Mich 687, 696; 36 NW2d 182 (1949) (“This Court has repeatedly held that 

mere delay in attempting to enforce a right does not constitute laches, but that it 

must further appear that the delay resulted in prejudice to the party claiming 

laches of such character as to render it inequitable to enforce the right.”).

For laches to apply, the person invoking the doctrine must establish inexcusable delay by 

the plaintiff in bringing suit, and that the delay resulted in prejudice. Tenneco Inc v Amerisure 

Mut Ins Co, 281 Mich App 429, 457; 761 NW2d 846 (2008). Equitable relief, however, “is not 

strictly a matter of right, but rather a remedy, the granting of which rests in the sound discretion 

of the court.” Bazzi v Sentinel Ins Co, 502 Mich 390, 409; 919 NW2d 20 (2018), quoting Amster 

v Stratton, 259 Mich 683, 686; 244 NW 201 (1932). Further, “one who seeks equity must do 

equity.” Id., quoting Windisch v Mortgage Security Corp of America, 254 Mich 492, 495; 236 

NW 880 (1931).

In this case, Hargreaves lacks entitlement to equitable relief under the laches doctrine 

because he cannot establish inexcusable delay by Deutsche Bank or that Deutsche Bank’s 

conduct caused him prejudice. The record does not reflect that Deutsche Bank inexcusably 

delayed seeking enforcement of its rights under the land contract. Deutsche Bank’s claims were 

based upon the land contract, and the Havers’ nonpayment of their installment obligations which 

constituted a breach of the terms of the land contract. A claim based upon a contract accrues 

when the wrong is committed. MCL 600.5827. Deutsche Bank alleged that the Havers ceased 

payment of the required installments as of February 2013 and it commenced summary 

proceedings after giving the Havers notice of forfeiture in 2018. Deutsche Bank did not waive or 

release any rights to enforce the land contract and it sought enforcement of its rights well within 

the 15-year limitation period applicable to actions for possession of land. MCL 600.5801(4). 

The land contract provided that failure or delay of enforcement of any right under the land 

contract because of any default shall not operate as a waiver of the right to enforce. The record 

does not indicate definitively why Deutsche Bank waited before declaring the land contract 

forfeited and taking action to obtain possession of the Property. The record does indicate, 

however, that its servicing agent, Bank of America, had customer relations managers contact the 

Havers regarding their nonpayment of their debt in an effort to rectify the situation before taking 

action to enforce rights under the land contract. Joan responded by having an attorney send a 

letter on her behalf that incorrectly denied the existence of the debt. That appears to have 
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triggered Deutsche Bank’s action to enforce its rights. Based upon the record before us, we 

cannot say that Deutsche Bank inexcusably delayed enforcing its rights.

Moreover, of greater significance, the record reflects that the prejudice about which 

Hargreaves complains resulted from Hargreaves’s own conduct. The Property’s record title 

placed him on notice of the existence of the land contract and that fee title to the Property had 

never passed and vested in the Havers. Because he had such notice, he had the obligation to 

prudently inquire further and determine the interests in the Property before entering the 

transaction with Joan’s trust. That he failed to do so and transacted to his prejudice cannot be 

blamed upon Deutsche Bank. Further, the fact that he purchased a title policy from a title 

insurance company that insured a purported fee simple interest in the Property does not negate 

that the record title plainly gave him notice that an interest existed in the Property prior and 

superior to the interest he hoped to acquire. The record reflects that a proper search of the 

record title would have plainly disclosed the status of title to the Property and that Joan’s trust 

could not convey to him by warranty deed a fee ownership interest. Although he believed that he 

obtained fee title to the Property, in actuality, he did not. Equity will not lend aid to those who 

are not diligent in protecting their own rights. Mogk, 243 Mich at 672. Under the circumstances 

presented in this case, Hargreaves could not invoke the laches doctrine with a clean conscience 

and in good faith because he failed to act with reasonable diligence to discover the prior and 

superior interests in the Property. Therefore, he cannot establish prejudice attributable to 

Deutsche Bank warranting the application of the laches doctrine in this case to prevent Deutsche 

Bank from exercising its rights under the land contract. Accordingly, the trial court did not err 

by declining to apply the laches doctrine nor by granting Deutsche Bank’s motion for summary 

disposition of Hargreaves’s equitable counterclaims.

C. JUDGMENT OF POSSESSION

Hargreaves next argues that the trial court erred by granting Deutsche Bank’s motion for 

judgment of possession by not complying with the procedures and requirements specified in 

Michigan’s judicial foreclosure statute, MCL 600.3101 et seq. We disagree.

MCL 600.5741 authorizes district courts to enter judgments of possession if the plaintiff 

proves entitlement to possession of land because of nonpayment of moneys under an executory 

contract for purchase of the premises. MCR 4.201 authorizes district courts to conduct summary 

proceedings in cases involving the forfeiture of land contracts. MCR 4.201 further authorizes 

district courts to determine the rights of parties to possess properties subject to land contracts and 

sets forth the requirements for judgments entered pursuant to such summary proceedings.

In this case, after giving the Havers notice of their forfeiture of the land contract, 

Deutsche Bank initiated summary proceedings for possession of the Property in the district court 

as permitted under MCL 600.5701 et seq. and as provided under MCR 4.201. Deutsche Bank 

based the action on the Havers’ failure to perform their payment obligations. After Hargreaves 

counterclaimed against Deutsche Bank and moved for removal, the district court removed the 
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case to the trial court because Hargreaves asserted equitable claims that the district court ruled

deprived it of jurisdiction.

3

Hargreaves argues that Deutsche Bank and the trial court needed to follow the procedures 

and requirements specified in Michigan’s judicial foreclosure statute, MCL 600.3101 et seq., 

before the trial court could enter an order of possession of the Property for Deutsche Bank. He

argues without citation to authority that Deutsche Bank could not seek possession, the relief 

requested in its complaint. Hargreaves argues that Deutsche Bank first had to obtain a judgment 

on the underlying debt, obtain a determination by the trial court as to who personally had liability

under the land contract, and then, the trial court had to permit such liable defendant an 

opportunity to bring the arrearage current, and if that did not occur, the trial court needed to

conduct a judicial sale of the Property, whereupon the proceeds would be applied to the 

outstanding debt, and a person like himself, claiming an interest under the land contract vendee,

would be entitled to redeem the Property within six months from the sale.

Had Deutsche Bank initiated a land contract foreclosure action in the circuit court, the 

foreclosure statute would have applied. Deutsche Bank, however, never sought foreclosure. We 

are unaware of any caselaw or other authority that requires that a circuit court, upon removal of 

summary proceedings for possession of a forfeited land contract, must apply the judicial 

foreclosure statute and impose the strictures of a judicial foreclosure proceeding upon a plaintiff 

who elected not to go through that process. Further, in this case, the land contract vendee, Joan, 

stipulated that the land contract had been forfeited, gave up any possessory interest she had, and

dismissed her claims against Deutsche Bank with prejudice. Deutsche Bank in turn stipulated 

that it would hold Joan harmless for the debt and agreed not to seek a deficiency judgment 

against her. Moreover, at a hearing held by the trial court, Deutsche Bank affirmed that it sought 

no deficiency in this action and only sought to obtain possession of the Property. Finding no 

Michigan law that imposes upon Deutsche Bank the obligation to judicially foreclose the 

forfeited land contract, or any Michigan law that provides that a summary proceeding for 

possession upon removal becomes an action for judicial foreclosure of a land contract, we find 

no merit to Hargreaves’s contentions. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in this regard.

Hargreaves also contends for the first time on appeal that the summary proceedings were 

defective because Deutsche Bank failed to serve him with the statutory notice of forfeiture. We 

disagree.

MCL 600.5728 provides:

(1) Possession may be recovered under section 5726 only after the vendee 

or person holding possession under him has been served with a written notice of 

 3 MCR 4.201(G) specifies that a district court is not required to remove a summary proceedings 

case upon the filing of a counterclaim for equitable relief, but if a counterclaim exceeds the 

court’s jurisdictional limit, the district court must remove that portion of the action to the circuit 

court. MCR 4.202(I)(4) provides similarly that the district court must remove that portion of the 

action if a money claim or counterclaim exceeds the court’s jurisdictional limit.
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forfeiture and has failed in the required time to pay moneys required to be paid 

under the contract or to cure any other material breach of the contract. Unless the 

parties have agreed in writing to a longer time, the person served with a notice of 

forfeiture shall have 15 days thereafter before he is required to pay moneys 

required to be paid under the contract and cure other material breaches of the 

contract or to deliver possession of the premises.

(2) The notice of forfeiture shall state the names of the parties to the 

contract and the date of its execution, give the address or legal description of the 

premises, specify the unpaid amount of moneys required to be paid under the 

contract and the dates on which payments thereof were due, specify any other 

material breaches of the contract and shall declare forfeiture of the contract 

effective in 15 days, or specified longer time, after service of the notice, unless 

the money required to be paid under the contract is paid and any other material 

breaches of the contract are cured within that time. The notice shall be dated and 

signed by the person entitled to possession, his attorney or agent.

MCL 600.5730 specifies that service of the notice of forfeiture may be made on the 

vendee or person holding possession under him. Both MCL 600.5728(1) and MCL 600.5730 

use the disjunctive term “or,” which this Court has recognized as permitting a choice between 

alternatives. Ellison v Dep’t of State, 320 Mich App 169, 179; 906 NW2d 221 (2017). Thus, 

under the plain language of these statutory provisions, a land contract vendor may seek 

possession after providing the vendee notice. The record reflects that Deutsche Bank provided 

Joan the requisite notice in February 2018. She did not cure her material breach of the land 

contract which gave Deutsche Bank the right to initiate summary proceedings. Because the 

record indicates that Deutsche Bank properly served the notice of forfeiture on the vendees by 

first-class mail, Hargreaves cannot establish plain error on the basis of Deutsche Bank’s failure 

to give him notice of the land contract forfeiture.

Hargreaves also argues that the trial court erred by entering the judgment of possession 

without determining the amount due under the land contract and stating the amount in the 

judgment as required under MCL 600.5741, and in so doing, the trial court deprived him of the 

right to redeem the Property from forfeiture. Hargreaves, however, failed to raise this before the 

trial court.

Michigan generally follows a raise or waive rule of appellate review. Walters v Nadell, 

481 Mich 377, 387-388; 751 NW2d 431 (2008). Although the Michigan Supreme Court has 

held that this Court must review unpreserved errors in criminal cases for plain error affecting the 

defendant’s rights, see People v Carines, 460 Mich 750, 763; 597 NW2d 130 (1999), it has not 

established a similar holding for civil cases. See Walters, 481 Mich at 387-388; see also Johnson 

Family Ltd Partnership v White Pine Wireless, LLC, 281 Mich App 364, 377-378; 761 NW2d 

353 (2008) (stating that the failure to properly raise a claim of error before the trial court in a 

civil case normally constitutes a waiver of that claim and declining to exercise its discretion to 

review the unpreserved claim under the facts of that case). Nevertheless, this Court has the 

discretion to overlook preservation requirements. See Smith v Foerster-Bolser Constr, Inc, 269 

Mich App 424, 427; 711 NW2d 421 (2006) (stating that this Court may overlook preservation 

requirements where the failure to consider the issue would result in a manifest injustice, or if 
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consideration is necessary for a proper determination of the case, or if the issue involves a 

question of law and the facts necessary for its resolution have been presented). But this Court 

will exercise its discretion sparingly and only where exceptional circumstances warrant review. 

Booth Newspapers, Inc v University of Michigan Bd of Regents, 444 Mich 211, 234 n 23; 507 

NW2d 422 (1993). In this case, Hargreaves waived this issue for review and we decline to 

consider this claim of error because we do not find the existence of exceptional circumstances 

warranting our review.

Affirmed.

/s/ Patrick M. Meter 

/s/ Karen M. Fort Hood 

/s/ James Robert Redford