COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Chief Judge Decker, Judges Malveaux and Friedman

Argued at Richmond, Virginia

NASHWAN ALI GUBARI

MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY

v. Record No. 0416-21-2 CHIEF JUDGE MARLA GRAFF DECKER

JANUARY 11, 2022

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF GREENSVILLE COUNTY

W. Allan Sharrett, Judge

Jennifer A. Quezada (Miriam R. Airington-Fisher; Bianca A. White; 

Airington Law, PLLC, on briefs), for appellant.

Liam A. Curry, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring, 

Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

Nashwan Ali Gubari appeals his conviction for a felony violation of Code § 58.1-1017, 

which proscribes the possession or transport of 500 or more packages of unstamped cigarettes “for 

the purpose of evading the payment of the taxes on such products.” On appeal, he argues that the 

circuit court erred by denying his motion to suppress the cigarettes and concluding that the evidence 

was sufficient to support his conviction. We hold that the court did not err in determining that 

reasonable suspicion supported the ongoing detention that led to discovery of the cigarettes and 

denying the motion to suppress on that basis. We further conclude that the appellant failed to 

preserve his challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence for appeal. As a result, the appellant’s 

conviction is affirmed.

* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.

UNPUBLISHED
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I. BACKGROUND1

On June 25, 2019, Special Agent Matthew Hand, a sergeant with the Virginia Department 

of State Police, encountered the appellant while on patrol in Greensville County. Hand initiated 

a traffic stop of a vehicle traveling north on Interstate 95 that appeared to be in violation of 

window tint laws, and he radioed for backup. The car was “slow to stop.” It pulled to the side of 

the highway at 1:14 p.m. Hand walked up to the passenger side of the car, but due to the dark 

window tint, he could not see into the back seat. He knocked on the back window, and the driver 

rolled down the electric window, allowing him to see luggage in that area.

Special Agent Hand spoke with the driver through the front passenger-side window. The 

driver was “nervous” and had “a scared look on his face.” The appellant was the front seat 

passenger and appeared to have just awakened. Both men were “breathing heavy [sic],” and “the 

pulse in . . . their necks” was “visible” and “rapid[].”

Hand identified himself to the driver, explained the reason for the stop, and asked for his 

license and registration. The driver provided an identification card issued by the state of New 

York. Special Agent Hand then asked the driver to accompany him back to his vehicle, where he 

“ran” the driver’s information and learned that he did not have a valid license. The driver told 

Hand that he was driving because the appellant, his cousin, was tired. The driver also reported 

that they had gone to South Carolina to visit his daughter and had arrived there at about 2:00 a.m. 

on the day of the traffic stop. He further stated that they had slept until 7:00 or 8:00 a.m. and 

departed South Carolina at 9:00 a.m. Hand thought it odd that the men had traveled such a long 

distance to spend only about an hour with the driver’s daughter.

1

“[W]hen reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence to support a 

conviction, an appellate court considers the evidence in the light most favorable to the 

Commonwealth, the prevailing party below . . . .” Jiddou v. Commonwealth, 71 Va. App. 353, 

359 (2019) (quoting Marshall v. Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 648, 652-53 (2019)).
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At 1:18 p.m., four minutes after the stop began, Virginia State Trooper Austin Albright 

arrived at the scene with his narcotics canine. At that same time, Special Agent Hand checked 

the window tint on the car, which exceeded the amount allowed by law. He asked the appellant, 

who remained in the car, for his driver’s license. The appellant provided his license. Outside the 

presence of the driver, the appellant told Hand that the men were traveling from South Carolina, 

where they had arrived the previous day. This information contradicted the driver’s statement 

that the men had arrived in South Carolina at 2:00 a.m. that same day. While interacting with the 

appellant, Hand saw “green, dry plant material” on the car’s center console. When Hand asked 

the appellant what the material was, he “brushed it off with his hand” and “showed [the agent] 

some cookie crumb or something” instead. Hand believed, based on his training and experience, 

that the green substance was khat, a Schedule 1 narcotic. The agent described khat as a stimulant

that people “chew . . . to keep them awake while they’re traveling long distances on the 

interstate.” At 1:21 p.m., Special Agent Hand “ran” the appellant’s New York driver’s license, 

which “came back not valid.” Because neither of the car’s occupants had a valid driver’s license, 

Hand knew he would not be “let[ting] them drive away.”

At some point during the traffic stop, Hand learned that the car was a rental vehicle and 

saw the rental agreement bearing the appellant’s name. He further noted that the agreement had 

been in effect since January of that year. Hand calculated that at the stated rate of $300 per 

week, the appellant would have paid $7,200 to rent the car during that six-month period, which 

he thought seemed “excessive.” He also knew based on his training and experience that rental 

car companies do not tint the windows of their vehicles beyond the legal limit but that criminals 

do so in order to conceal contraband from law enforcement.

At 1:23 p.m., nine minutes after the traffic stop began, Special Agent Hand gave the 

driver a verbal warning for the excessive window tint and driving without a license. He also 
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returned both the driver’s and the appellant’s identification to the driver, along with the vehicle 

registration. He told the driver, outside the presence of the appellant, that he was free to go. 

Special Agent Hand testified, however, that he did not actually plan to let the driver or the 

appellant leave the scene in the vehicle, due to “all the criminal indicators that [he] observed 

[during] the traffic stop.”

Hand opted to “tr[y] to conduct a consensual encounter” with the driver, who agreed to 

speak with him. Hand asked the driver if he could search the car. The driver responded that 

Hand would have to ask the appellant because he was the person who had rented it. Hand 

instead asked Trooper Albright, who was already on the scene, to “run [his drug] dog around the 

vehicle.”

At 1:25 p.m., eleven minutes after the stop was initiated, Trooper Albright had his trained 

narcotics dog sniff the exterior of the rental car. The dog was trained to “alert” to multiple types 

of illegal narcotics, including marijuana, as well as to “the residue” of such drugs. Albright 

explained that although the dog was not trained to detect khat, that substance, like marijuana, 

contains a “high level of THC” and could also cause the dog to alert. By 1:28 p.m., the dog 

“alerted to the odor of narcotics coming from” the car.

As a result of the dog’s alert, Hand searched the car. He opened the trunk, which was 

“completely full” of cigarette cartons. Hand also found cigarette cartons on the rear floorboard

and under the driver’s and passenger’s seats, concealed beneath the floor mats and some black 

sheets. Finally, Special Agent Hand located “what appeared to be marijuana residue” on the 

driver’s side floorboard. Based on the presence of the significant amount of contraband, another 

trooper drove the rental vehicle to the area office of the State Police. Hand later counted 467 

cartons of cigarettes, for a total of 4,670 packs of cigarettes, none of which “b[ore] a Virginia tax 

stamp” proving payment of the state’s excise tax.
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The appellant was indicted for cigarette trafficking. Prior to trial, he filed a motion to 

suppress the cigarettes, alleging that the dog sniff of the vehicle violated Rodriguez v. United 

States, 575 U.S. 348 (2015), because it occurred after the “mission” of the stop had concluded.

The trial court heard the suppression motion and trial evidence together. In addition to 

the evidence regarding the stop and search, Special Agent Hand testified that his department’s 

policy regarding a car stopped on the interstate was to inventory and tow it if none of the 

occupants was licensed to drive it from the scene.

Detective Robert Matson, of the Henrico County Police Department, testified as an expert 

witness in the area of illegal cigarette trafficking. Due to the absence of excise tax stamps on the 

seized cigarettes, he opined that they originated in North Carolina or North Dakota, the only 

states not requiring such stamps. He noted that due to differences in tax rates, buying cigarettes 

in North Carolina and selling them in New York would allow for “a significant profit.” Matson 

further opined that a northbound rental vehicle on a two-day trip carrying 467 cartons of 

unstamped cigarettes “from Carolina” was “consistent with cigarette trafficking.” He noted that 

using a rental vehicle protects traffickers from having a personal vehicle seized if detected.

After the evidence had been presented, the parties argued the motion to suppress and filed 

legal memoranda.

2

 The arguments included discussion of reasonable suspicion, probable cause, 

and inevitable discovery. At a subsequent hearing, the trial court denied the motion. Indicating 

acceptance of Special Agent Hand’s testimony, it specifically ruled that Rodriguez did not apply 

because the objective evidence established that the car’s occupants were not free to leave and 

Hand had reasonable suspicion to continue the stop. The dog sniff occurred before the officers’ 

“business” had been concluded and, thus, did not impermissibly extend the stop. Both men were 

unlicensed and could not drive the car from the scene, so it had to be removed from the shoulder 

2 The appellant opted not to present any evidence.
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of the interstate in some other way. Based on the facts before it, the court also reasoned that an 

inventory search of the vehicle would be required before the towing. As a result, it held that the 

contraband found in the search following the dog’s alert would also have inevitably been 

discovered during an inventory search.3

After denying the suppression motion, the court found the appellant guilty of cigarette 

trafficking. It sentenced him to five years in prison with four years six months suspended, as 

well as payment of restitution of $2,500.

II. ANALYSIS

The appellant raises two issues on appeal. He argues that the trial court erred by denying his 

motion to suppress. He also contends that it incorrectly concluded that the evidence is sufficient to 

support his conviction.

A. Motion to Suppress

The challenge to the denial of the motion to suppress rests on two grounds. The appellant 

suggests that neither reasonable suspicion nor inevitable discovery, the alternative bases upon which 

the trial court relied, supports the ruling. The Court first considers whether reasonable suspicion 

validates the challenged portion of the stop.

On appeal of a trial court’s ruling denying a motion to suppress, the appellate court 

“give[s] deference to the factual findings of the circuit court” but “independently determine[s] 

whether the manner in which the evidence was obtained meets the requirements of the Fourth 

Amendment.” Cole v. Commonwealth, 294 Va. 342, 354 (2017) (quoting Cost v. 

Commonwealth, 275 Va. 246, 250 (2008)). Consequently, the appellate court defers to any 

explicit factual findings and views the remaining evidence “in the light most favorable to the 

3 The judge expressly refrained from ruling on whether the police had probable cause to 

conduct a warrantless vehicle search prior to the dog sniff.
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Commonwealth,” which includes “giving it the benefit of any reasonable inferences” from that 

evidence. See Hill v. Commonwealth, 297 Va. 804, 808 (2019) (quoting Commonwealth v. 

White, 293 Va. 411, 413 (2017)). But whether the facts establish a Fourth Amendment violation 

is reviewed de novo. See Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 697-99 (1996) (analyzing 

reasonable suspicion and probable cause). We consider whether reasonable suspicion supports 

the challenged portion of the detention in light of these well-established principles.

The appellant contends that once Special Agent Hand told the driver that he was free to 

leave, the agent lacked a basis under Rodriguez for the “prolonged” detention that included the 

dog sniff.4 The appellant misconstrues the mandate of Rodriguez. In Rodriguez, the United 

States Supreme Court held that “the tolerable duration of police inquiries in the traffic-stop 

context is determined by the seizure’s ‘mission’—to address the traffic violation that warranted 

the stop and attend to related safety concerns.” Rodriguez, 575 U.S. at 354 (citation omitted) 

(quoting Illinois v. Caballes, 543 U.S. 405, 407 (2005)). Beyond that blanket statement, the 

Court made clear that an officer “may conduct certain unrelated checks during an otherwise 

lawful traffic stop,” but “he may not do so in a way that prolongs the stop, absent the 

[independent] reasonable suspicion ordinarily demanded to justify detaining an individual.” Id.

at 355; see id. at 356 (recognizing that “a dog sniff . . . is not an ordinary incident of a traffic 

stop”). “If an officer develops independent reasonable suspicion . . . that an occupant has 

committed an additional traffic offense or crime,” the holding in Rodriguez permits the officer to 

“extend the stop for a reasonable amount of time in order to confirm or dispel that new 

suspicion.” Williams v. Commonwealth, 71 Va. App. 462, 482 (2020); see Rodriguez, 575 U.S. 

at 355. The question here then becomes whether Special Agent Hand had independent 

reasonable suspicion at the time that the narcotics dog was deployed to sniff the car.

4 The appellant does not challenge the lawfulness of the initial stop.
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Reasonable suspicion requires proof of “some objective manifestation that the person 

stopped is, or is about to be, engaged in criminal activity.” United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S.

266, 273 (2002) (quoting United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 417 (1981)). “[A]n officer’s 

reliance on a mere ‘“hunch”’ is insufficient” to provide the reasonable suspicion necessary to 

support or continue a stop. See id. at 274 (quoting Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 27 (1968)). 

Nonetheless, the “process allows officers to draw on their own experience and specialized 

training to make inferences from and deductions about the cumulative information available to 

them that ‘might well elude an untrained person.’” Id. at 273 (quoting Cortez, 449 U.S. at 418). 

The relevant assessment involves the “totality of the circumstances”—“‘the whole picture’” 

rather than a “‘technical dissection’ of the [supporting] factors.” Curley v. Commonwealth, 295 

Va. 616, 623 (2018) (quoting District of Columbia v. Wesby, 138 S. Ct. 577, 588 (2018)).

“The degree of certitude required for ‘“reasonable suspicion” is “considerably less than 

proof of wrongdoing by a preponderance of the evidence[]” and “obviously less demanding than

that for probable cause.”’” Hill, 297 Va. at 815 (emphasis omitted) (quoting Perry v. 

Commonwealth, 280 Va. 572, 581 (2010)). Manifestly, it “need not rule out the possibility of 

innocent conduct.” Id. at 815 n.6 (quoting Navarette v. California, 572 U.S. 393, 403 (2014)). 

Additionally, for purposes of evaluating reasonable suspicion, “the officer’s subjective thoughts 

are irrelevant. The Fourth Amendment imposes a standard of objective reasonableness.” Mason 

v. Commonwealth, 291 Va. 362, 368 (2016) (citation omitted); see id. at 369. In other words, the 

relevant analysis is based on the meaning of the facts viewed “objectively through the eyes of a 

reasonable police officer with the knowledge, training[,] and experience of the investigating 
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officer.”5 Jones v. Commonwealth, 52 Va. App. 548, 560 (2008) (quoting Blevins v. 

Commonwealth, 40 Va. App. 412, 422 (2003), aff’d on other grounds, 267 Va. 291 (2004)); see 

Armstead v. Commonwealth, 56 Va. App. 569, 579 n.7 (2010).

Here, the evidence, viewed objectively, provided Special Agent Hand with independent 

reasonable suspicion to justify continuing the detention of the appellant and his rental vehicle to 

investigate whether he possessed the controlled substance khat or was using the vehicle to traffic 

contraband. Hand’s initial basis for stopping the vehicle was his suspicion that it was in 

violation of window tint laws. Additionally, however, he knew that criminals often equip 

vehicles with illegal window tint to conceal contraband from law enforcement. Hand noted that 

when he activated his emergency lights to initiate the traffic stop, the car was slow to pull over, 

and when he first approached the car on foot, the driver was “nervous” and had “a scared look on 

his face.” The appellant and the driver were breathing heavily, and “the pulse in . . . their necks” 

was “visible” and “rapid[].” See McCain v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 546, 554 (2008) (citing 

Illinois v. Wardlow, 528 U.S. 119, 124 (2000)).

During the course of the stop, Special Agent Hand saw on the center console what he 

suspected was khat, an illegal narcotic. He knew that traffickers sometimes use khat to remain 

awake while driving long distances. When he asked the appellant about the obvious plant 

material, the appellant physically brushed it aside, picked up a miniscule amount of some other 

5 Neither the officer’s nor the detainee’s subjective view of the circumstances has any 

direct legal relevance in a reasonable suspicion analysis. See Mason, 291 Va. at 368

(recognizing that reasonable suspicion requires an objective assessment of the facts); cf. United 

States v. Reis, 906 F.2d 284, 289 (7th Cir. 1990) (observing that “a defense based on the 

offender’s perception of the circumstances is not sufficient to defeat probable cause [or 

reasonable suspicion], because [both are] based on what is known to the . . . officer at the time,

not what goes on in the offender’s mind” (emphasis added)). The detainee’s subjective 

understanding may be relevant in determining whether an ongoing detention is justified by 

consent, but as long as reasonable suspicion continues to exist under an objective view of the 

facts, reasonable suspicion justifies the stop and consent is irrelevant. See Harris v. 

Commonwealth, 266 Va. 28, 33 (2003).
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substance, and gave an evasive response regarding cookie crumbs. See id. Hand also confirmed 

during the stop that the degree of window tint exceeded the legal limit.6

Both occupants of the vehicle produced identification issued by the New York 

Department of Motor Vehicles but lacked valid driver’s licenses. They claimed to have been 

visiting family in South Carolina. Yet they provided conflicting information regarding when 

they arrived, and the driver’s rendition was that the “visit” lasted only an hour. Additionally, the 

appellant’s statement regarding their itinerary appeared to be a lie intended to obscure the fact 

that their stay was so short. Hand also learned during the stop that the car was rented by the 

appellant and had been in his possession for about six months. Based on the terms of the rental 

contract, the special agent calculated that the appellant had paid $7,200 in rental fees during that 

time, which seemed “excessive.” This information provided further support for Hand’s belief 

that the appellant, not the rental company, had applied the window tint and had done so to 

obscure the contents of the vehicle from law enforcement. Finally, the record established that 

the use of a rental vehicle was evidence of possible illegal trafficking because it allowed the 

renter to protect a personal vehicle from seizure if the criminal activity was detected.

These facts, viewed together, provided reasonable suspicion permitting the special agent 

to briefly extend the detention of the appellant and the rental car for additional investigation to 

confirm or dispel his suspicion that it was carrying illegal contraband. See Adams v. Williams, 

407 U.S. 143, 145 (1972) (“The Fourth Amendment does not require a policeman who lacks . . . 

probable cause to arrest to simply shrug his shoulders . . . . Terry recognizes that it may be the 

6 Regardless of the fact that Hand only issued a verbal warning to the driver about the 

illegal tint, the tint was a factor that the agent was entitled to consider in assessing whether the 

men might be engaged in other criminal activity. See Hairston v. Commonwealth, 67 Va. App. 

552, 563 (2017) (“[I]t it irrelevant whether the accused is . . . charged with[] the offense that 

provided [reasonable suspicion or] probable cause for . . . [the] seizure in the first instance.”); see 

also United States v. Torres-Ramos, 536 F.3d 542, 552 (6th Cir. 2008) (considering window tint 

in the totality analysis for reasonable suspicion).
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essence of good police work to adopt an intermediate response.”), quoted in Simmons v. 

Commonwealth, 217 Va. 552, 554 (1977). The trial court did not err by concluding that the 

circumstances permitted extending the stop for the brief additional time necessary to conduct the 

dog sniff, which produced the canine’s alert for narcotics. The alert, in turn, justified the vehicle 

search and discovery of the contraband.

Consequently, the evidence supports the conclusion that the trial court’s denial of the 

appellant’s motion to suppress was not error. In light of our conclusion that independent 

reasonable suspicion supports the denial of the motion to suppress, we do not reach the 

appellant’s challenge to the alternative ruling on inevitable discovery or the Commonwealth’s 

related waiver argument. See, e.g., Watson-Scott v. Commonwealth, 298 Va. 251, 258 n.2 (2019) 

(recognizing that an appellate court must decide cases “on the best and narrowest grounds” 

(quoting White, 293 Va. at 419)); see also Armstead, 56 Va. App. at 575-76 & n.3 (holding that 

the constitutionality of the seizure and search rather than the exclusionary rule or procedural bar 

was the best and narrowest ground for decision), cited with approval in Abdo v. Commonwealth, 

64 Va. App. 468, 473 n.1 (2015).

B. Sufficiency of the Evidence

The appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to prove that he sold, purchased, 

or possessed cigarettes “for the purpose of evading tax.” The Commonwealth argues that he 

failed to preserve this challenge for appeal.

Rule 5A:18 provides that “[n]o ruling of the trial court . . . will be considered as a basis 

for reversal unless an objection was stated with reasonable certainty at the time of the ruling, 

except for good cause shown or to enable this Court to attain the ends of justice.” “Specificity 

and timeliness undergird the contemporaneous-objection rule . . . [‘]so that the trial judge . . . 

know[s] the particular point being made in time to do something about it.’” Bethea v. 
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Commonwealth, 297 Va. 730, 743 (2019) (quoting Dickerson v. Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 

351, 356 (2011)); see Scialdone v. Commonwealth, 279 Va. 422, 437 (2010) (noting that a 

“specific, contemporaneous objection” also “gives the opposing party the opportunity to meet the 

objection” (quoting Weidman v. Babcock, 241 Va. 40, 44 (1991))). “To preserve an argument 

concerning the sufficiency of the evidence in a bench trial, a defendant ‘must make a motion to 

strike at the conclusion of all the evidence, present an appropriate argument in summation, or

make a motion to set aside the verdict.’” Taylor v. Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 185, 189 (2011) 

(quoting Howard v. Commonwealth, 21 Va. App. 473, 478 (1995)).

In the instant case, the transcript and conviction order demonstrate that the appellant did 

not make a motion to strike the evidence or deliver a closing argument in the combined 

suppression hearing and trial. When the trial court asked whether the appellant intended to make 

closing argument, the appellant’s counsel responded only that he wished to “preserve for the 

record the issue related to the motion to suppress.” The appellant also did not make a post-trial 

motion to set aside the verdict.

Making a motion to suppress evidence challenges only the admissibility of the specific 

evidence addressed. See Arrington v. Commonwealth, 53 Va. App. 635, 642-43 (2009). It does 

not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence as a whole to prove the offense, which only a 

motion to strike, closing argument, or motion to set aside the verdict can do. See Taylor, 58 

Va. App. at 189. Accordingly, the appellant failed to preserve his challenge to the sufficiency of 

the evidence for appeal under Rule 5A:18.

The appellant asks this Court to apply Rule 5A:18’s ends-of-justice exception to his 

failure to challenge the sufficiency of the evidence below. The ends-of-justice exception “is 

narrow and is to be used sparingly.” Holt v. Commonwealth, 66 Va. App. 199, 209 (2016) (en 

banc) (quoting Redman v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 215, 220 (1997)). The record must 
- 13 -

establish that application of the ends-of-justice exception is necessary to avoid “a grave 

injustice.” Commonwealth v. Bass, 292 Va. 19, 27 (2016) (quoting Gheorghiu v. 

Commonwealth, 280 Va. 678, 689 (2010)). As a result, to successfully invoke this exception, an 

appellant must show both that an error has occurred, id., and that it was “clear, substantial and 

material,” Brown v. Commonwealth, 279 Va. 210, 219 (2010) (quoting West v. Commonwealth, 

43 Va. App. 327, 338 (2004)).

In practical terms, to invoke the ends-of-justice exception in the case of a sufficiency 

challenge, the appellant must provide a record “affirmatively prov[ing]” that he was “convicted 

for conduct that was not a criminal offense” or “that an element of the offense did not occur.” 

Redman, 25 Va. App. at 221-22, cited with approval in Ali v. Commonwealth, 280 Va. 665, 671 

(2010); see Jiddou v. Commonwealth, 71 Va. App. 353, 374 (2019). A mere failure of proof is 

insufficient to permit application of the exception. Brittle v. Commonwealth, 54 Va. App. 505, 

514 (2009). Otherwise, the exception would swallow the rule. Id. at 513-14; see Winslow v. 

Commonwealth, 62 Va. App. 539, 546-47 (2013).

The appellant’s only articulated challenge on appeal to the sufficiency of the evidence to 

prove the charged offense is that the record did not eliminate the possibility that he did not 

knowingly possess the cigarette cartons in the car and was unaware that the taxes on them had 

not been paid. Specifically with regard to the ends-of-justice exception, he states only that a 

miscarriage of justice has occurred because “the evidence of his crime is insufficient” and “the 

Commonwealth failed to affirmatively prove” the elements of the offense. “Arguing that the 

record is [deficient in or] devoid of evidence of an element does not equate with affirmative 

proof that an element did not occur.” Le v. Commonwealth, 65 Va. App. 66, 75 (2015) 

(emphasis added); see Redman, 25 Va. App. at 221-22. Accordingly, the appellant has failed to 

establish a basis to support the exception.
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III. CONCLUSION

We hold that the trial court did not err in determining that reasonable suspicion independent 

from the original basis for the stop supported the denial of the appellant’s motion to suppress. We 

further conclude that the appellant failed to preserve his challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence 

for appeal under Rule 5A:18 and is not entitled to invoke the ends-of-justice exception. For these 

reasons, the appellant’s conviction is affirmed.

Affirmed.