If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to 

revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

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S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N

C O U R T O F A P P E A L S

DIANA RICHARDSON, Personal Representative of 

the ESTATE OF NAOMI RICHARDSON,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

UNPUBLISHED

January 19, 2023

V No. 359818

Wayne Circuit Court

RYAN JALEN MENIFEE and SHERRI MENIFEE,

Defendants,

and

INTEGON NATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANY,

Defendant-Appellee.

LC No. 19-013475-NI

Before: M. J. KELLY, P.J., and BOONSTRA and SWARTZLE, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

In this case, arising out of an automobile accident involving Naomi Richardson, plaintiff, 

Diana Richardson, as personal representative of Richardson’s estate,1appeals the trial court’s order 

granting summary disposition in favor of defendant, Integon National Insurance Company, and 

dismissing plaintiff’s claim for payment of no-fault benefits, on the basis that Richardson’s 

insurance policy was void ab initio because she made a material misrepresentation in her 

application regarding the use of her vehicle. We vacate that order and remand for the trial court 

to consider whether Integon should be permitted to amend its affirmative defenses to assert 

rescission.

 

1 For ease of reference, references to “Richardson” will be to Naomi Richardson and references to 

“plaintiff” will refer to the personal representative of her estate.
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I. BASIC FACTS

Richardson worked for Shipt, a grocery-delivery service. She worked five days a week,

while her daughters attended school, and completed several deliveries per day. She used her 

personal vehicle to transport the groceries. On March 4, 2019, Richardson finished her last grocery 

delivery for the day, and was driving her vehicle to pick her daughters up from school when she 

was involved in an automobile accident. She was not treated for any injuries at the scene, but 

afterward experienced pain in her back, neck, and shoulders, for which she sought treatment, 

including pain management, medication, physical therapy, and chiropractic services.

Richardson applied for no-fault benefits from her no-fault insurer, Integon, who initially 

paid some personal injury protection (PIP) benefits. However, after Richardson underwent a 

defense medical examination (DME),

2

Integon suspended her benefits in May 2019 on the basis 

of the DME’s results, which indicated that she could return to her pre-accident physical activities 

without any limitation. Richardson did not return to work and, despite Integon’s refusal to 

continue PIP benefits, continued treatment for her alleged accident-related injuries. Richardson 

initiated this lawsuit, on October 10, 2019, for payment of no-fault benefits.

During discovery, in March 2020, Richardson was deposed and revealed that she had used 

her vehicle to deliver groceries in her job as a driver for Shipt. This use was contrary to the 

representation on her insurance application that she did not use her vehicle for business purposes. 

According to Integon, that misrepresentation was material, thereby triggering Integon’s right to 

rescind the policy under its terms and Michigan law. In particular, Gina Akrawi, an insurance 

agent with LA Insurance, was deposed in June 2020, during which she testified that Integon would 

not have issued the policy had it known of Richardson’s commercial use. Integon moved for 

summary disposition, asserting that Richardson’s policy was void ab initio because of her

misrepresentation. To establish that the misrepresentation was material, Integon relied on 

Akrawi’s testimony.

In response, plaintiff challenged the sufficiency of the evidence to establish the materiality 

of the misrepresentation, arguing that Akrawi, who was not an Integon representative, was not 

competent to testify regarding Integon’s underwriting requirements. Plaintiff also raised equitable 

arguments, asserting that Integon should be precluded from raising rescission as a defense because 

it initially denied Richardson’s no-fault benefits solely on the basis of her DME, and did not

properly raise her misrepresentation as an affirmative defense, or otherwise, as a basis for denying 

benefits, before moving for summary disposition. Plaintiff claimed that Integon’s delayed 

assertion of its right to rescind the policy prejudiced Richardson, who incurred medical costs of 

 

2 Although the parties refer to the examination as an “independent” medical examination, this 

opinion will refer to it as a defense medical examination because it is an examination requested by 

the defense that is conducted by a medical examiner selected by the defense. See Muci v State 

Farm Mut Auto Ins Co, 478 Mich 178, 182; 732 NW2d 88 (2007) (stating that a medical 

examination requested by the defense is “customarily referred to as a defense medical examination 

or a DME”).
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over $200,000 while believing that Integon’s sole basis for denying coverage was the DME and 

that her policy would otherwise remain in effect.

In reply, Integon presented the affidavit of Rose Chrustic, a Senior Underwriting Manager 

for Integon, who averred that Integon’s underwriting guidelines provided, “We will not insure: 

Vehicles used for emergency, racing, livery, and delivery or pick up of goods, limousine, or taxi 

service or used to haul explosives.” Chrustic further averred that Richardson’s misrepresentation 

“materially affected the risk because Integon would have never accepted the risk (i.e., written this 

insurance policy) had this information been disclosed, because it does not insure vehicles used for 

business purposes, specifically, the delivery or pick up of goods.” In responding to plaintiff’s 

equitable arguments, Integon argued that it could properly demand rescission on the basis of the 

newly discovered information and that Richardson could not have been prejudiced by any delayed 

assertion of its right to rescind the policy because she was responsible for the misrepresentation 

on which Integon relied, and aware that false or misleading answers on her application could result 

in rescission.

After a hearing, the trial court agreed with Integon that there was a material 

misrepresentation, and that “rescission is an equitable remedy that is allowed.” The court then 

entered an order granting Integon’s motion for summary disposition, declaring the subject 

insurance policy void ab initio, and dismissing all claims against Integon with prejudice. Plaintiff 

moved for reconsideration, which the trial court denied.

II. AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE

A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

Plaintiff argues that Integon waived its right to assert rescission of her policy by failing to 

properly raise that as an affirmative defense. Although the trial court did not directly address this 

issue, plaintiff raised it before the trial court and more fully developed it on appeal. This Court 

has recognized that, “so long as the issue is not novel, a party is generally free to make a more 

sophisticated or fully developed argument on appeal than was made in the trial court.” GlaskerDavis v Auvenshine, 333 Mich App 222, 228; 964 NW2d 809 (2020). Therefore, we conclude that 

plaintiff preserved this issue for appellate review. We “review de novo the sufficiency of any 

assertions of affirmative defenses.” Id. at 229.

B. ANALYSIS

“[T]he primary function of a pleading in Michigan is to give notice of the nature of the 

claim or defense sufficient to permit the opposing party to take a responsive position.” GlaskerDavis, 333 Mich App at 229 (quotation marks and citation omitted). Under our court rules, a party 

generally must raise an affirmative defense in its first responsive pleading, as originally filed or 

amended, or is deemed to have waived it. MCR 2.111(F)(2) and (3); Meridian Mut Ins Co v 

Mason-Dixon Lines, Inc (On Remand), 242 Mich App 645, 647; 620 NW2d 310 (2000). 

Affirmative defenses include allegations of fraud, MCR 2.111(F)(3)(a); any defense “that by 

reason of an affirmative matter seeks to avoid the legal effect of or defeat the claim,” MCR 

2.111(F)(3)(b); and “a ground of defense that, if not raised in the pleading, would be likely to take 

the adverse party by surprise,” MCR 2.111(F)(3)(c). Thus, the defense of rescission on the basis 
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of Richardson’s material misrepresentation in her insurance application was an affirmative defense 

that Integon was required to raise in its first responsive pleading, as originally filed or amended.

In asserting an affirmative defense, a defendant must plead the “facts constituting” the 

defense. MCR 2.111(F)(3). This Court addressed the sufficiency of asserting affirmative defenses 

in Glasker-Davis. In that case, the plaintiff was injured in an automobile accident and claimed 

PIP benefits from her no-fault insurer, Meemic Insurance Co, for replacement-care services that 

her daughter had allegedly provided on a daily basis for several months. Glasker-Davis, 333 Mich 

App at 223-224. Meemic set forth a list of “boilerplate” affirmative defenses, including that “[t]he 

Plaintiff has given false and/or conflicting information to Defendant, thus, are [sic] fraudulent in 

nature.” Id. at 224 (alteration in original). The plaintiff had testified at her deposition that her 

daughter actually performed the replacement-care services on a daily basis for only a brief period 

and thereafter did so only two or three times a week. This prompted Meemic to move for summary 

disposition on the basis that the plaintiff made material misrepresentations that voided her policy 

under its antifraud provision. Id. at 225-226. The plaintiff, however, argued that Meemic waived 

its fraud defense by failing to properly assert it as an affirmative defense, on the ground that it was 

not pleaded with the requisite particularity. Id. at 226. She asserted that she was prejudiced by 

Meemic’s assertion of fraud after the close of discovery because she was precluded from deposing 

her daughter, particularly over whether the plaintiff had intentionally provided inaccurate 

information regarding her claim for the daughter’s replacement-care services. Id. at 226-227. 

Concluding that there was no question of fact that the plaintiff intentionally made material 

misrepresentations, the trial court granted Meemic’s motion, without addressing the plaintiff’s 

waiver argument. Id. at 227.

The Glasker-Davis Court reversed, on the ground that Meemic “did not adequately raise 

the affirmative defense of fraud.” Id. at 233. The Court concluded that a “defense premised on an 

alleged violation of an antifraud provision in an insurance policy constitutes an affirmative fraud 

defense” that must be pleaded with particularity. Id. at 232; see also MCR 2.112(B)(1). Noting 

that “the affirmative defense of fraud . . . is a notable exception to the general notice-pleading 

requirements and requires significantly more detailed and stringent allegations[,]” this Court 

concluded that “it is insufficient simply to state that a plaintiff’s conduct was fraudulent.” GlaskerDavis, 333 Mich App at 232. The Court instructed that “a defending party is not required to 

inundate a plaintiff with a laundry list of every conceivable affirmative defense from the outset, 

irrespective of whether there is reason to believe any of the defenses might ultimately be 

supportable.” Id. at 231. Indeed, “[s]hoehorning every conceivable possibility, appropriate or not, 

into a first responsive pleading lest it be lost forever is not only unnecessary, but also inappropriate, 

unhelpful, and essentially contrary to the purpose of pleading.” Id. at 231. This Court added, “a 

tome of disconnected boilerplate affirmative defenses, many of questionable relevance, does not 

provide the opposing party with any meaningful way to respond.” Id. at 232. Instead, a party may 

“move to amend its affirmative defenses at any time, and leave should be granted freely unless 

doing so would prejudice the other party.” Id. at 230. Thus, “a defending party may, and should, 

amend its affirmative defenses on an ongoing basis as supported by the actual evidence discovered 

in a matter.” Id. at 231.

The Glasker-Davis Court concluded:
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A defense premised on an alleged violation of an antifraud provision in an 

insurance policy constitutes an affirmative fraud defense. “In allegations of fraud 

or mistake, the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake must be stated with 

particularity.” MCR 2.112(B)(1). Thus, it is insufficient simply to state that a 

plaintiff’s conduct was fraudulent. Meemic accurately points out that it went 

beyond merely stating that plaintiff committed fraud. However, Meemic still only 

vaguely stated that plaintiff had provided Meemic with some unidentified information, at an unidentified time, that was incorrect or inconsistent in an unidentified 

way. Meemic argues that some of its other affirmative-defense allegations provide 

adequate context to render its fraud claim sufficient. However, as with the fraud 

allegation, few of those other allegations set forth any facts or circumstances with 

particularity, and they only barely rise to the level of something more specific than 

mere citations.

Consequently, it is obvious that Meemic’s affirmative defenses did not 

adequately raise the affirmative defense of fraud. The trial court erred by granting 

summary disposition in Meemic’s favor on the basis of fraud under the present 

procedural posture of this matter. [Glasker-Davis, 333 Mich App at 232-233 

(quotation marks and citations omitted).]

Glasker-Davis confirms that, in asserting fraud as an affirmative defense, general pleading 

is not sufficient. Instead, MCR 2.112(B)(1) requires that the insurer set forth specific facts or 

circumstances constituting any alleged fraud. MCR 2.112(D)(2)(b) similarly states that a defense 

of “failure to furnish proof of loss as required by the policy must be stated specifically and with 

particularity.” For these reasons, we conclude that an insurer must assert, “specifically and with 

particularity,” an affirmative defense of rescission based on a material misrepresentation.

Integon contends that its affirmative defenses were sufficient to provide plaintiff with 

notice that Integon was relying on Richardson’s material misrepresentation to rescind her policy 

under its terms. However, in its answer, which, under a separate heading, listed 54 general 

affirmative defenses, Integon did not specifically include rescission based on material misrepresentation. Integon’s stated affirmative defenses arguably might have provided plaintiff with 

some general notice that it might rely on such a defense, i.e., that her claims might be barred by 

“misrepresentation(s) which breach policy terms”3; that Integon “relies on its defense, upon the 

 

3 This defense was set forth as follows:

1. That the subject matter involved in the Complaint has been initiated 

between the same parties in another matter and is or may be barred pursuant to 

Release, payment, prior settlement, prior judgment, immunity by law, statute of 

limitations, statute of frauds, agreement for arbitration, one or more parties do not 

have the capacity to sue or be sued, disability of one or more parties, misrepresentations(s) which breach policy terms, and/or the claim was disposed before 

commencement of this action.
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terms, covenants, conditions, and/or immunities set forth in the subject policy of insurance”; that 

her claims are “in some manner fraudulent . . .”4; and that the claims “are barred due to his [sic] 

failure to comply with requests for application, information and/or documents as required by any 

policy.” Integon also referred to rescission in its affirmative defenses, by stating that “Plaintiff 

has failed to attach the policies of insurance and other documents upon which they rely, in violation 

of MCR 2.113; that, in point of fact, the specific policy of insurance herein sued upon may have 

been canceled, revoked, rescinded and/or otherwise been invalid and/or otherwise not in force at 

the time of the accident herein at issue.”

As in Glasker-Davis, Integon’s long list merely presents boilerplate affirmative defenses 

that are general in nature and lack any specific facts or circumstances presenting the misrepresentation theory as it has developed, and thus we agree that they were not sufficient to provide 

plaintiff with the requisite particularity. Although Integon referred generally to fraud, misrepresentation, and rescission as a possible affirmative defense in its answer, it did not specify 

Richardson’s purportedly false representation or the circumstances surrounding it, or its intent to 

rescind her policy because of it, and thus failed to provide plaintiff with notice that Integon was 

invoking the defense at issue. As Glasker-Davis, 333 Mich App at 232-233 instructs, such general 

references, without any context or specific facts, were inadequate.

Nevertheless, as Integon asserts, the record showsthat Integon first learned of Richardson’s 

misrepresentation regarding the business use of her vehicle during discovery, several months after 

filing its answer, and thus, as a practical matter, could not have specifically asserted that as a basis 

for rescission with its original answer.

5

 However, as this Court acknowledged, “Michigan’s 

procedural rules recognize and account for the fact that it may not be possible to plead fraud, or 

indeed anything else, with particularity at the commencement of a case,” and thus “[a] party may 

move to amend its affirmative defenses at any time, and leave should be granted freely unless 

doing so would prejudice the other party.” Id. at 230. See also MCR 2.118(A)(2). “Under MCR 

2.118(C), amendments to conform to the evidence ‘may be made on motion of a party at any time, 

even after judgment.’ ” Glasker-Davis, 333 Mich App at 230. “Just as affirmative defenses may 

be added by amendment without waiving them, . . . it makes sense to allow them to be raised when 

they become legally available.” Meridian Mut Ins, 242 Mich App at 648 (quotation marks and 

citation omitted). Indeed, this Court has instructed that a defending party should amend its 

 

4 With that affirmative defense, defendant stated, “Plaintiff’s claims are in some manner fraudulent 

or so clearly excessive as to have no reasonable founding within the meaning of MCL 

§ 500.3148(2).”

5 We disagree with plaintiff’s contention that Integon had notice of the alleged misrepresentation 

shortly after the accident occurred on the basis that Richardson disclosed her employment with 

Shipt in her application for benefits and during a phone call with an Integon representative 

regarding the status of her work-loss benefits. While this evidence may establish that, shortly after 

the accident, Integon had notice that Richardson worked for Shipt as a shopper/driver, nothing 

indicated that Richardson had additionally disclosed that she used her insured vehicle in that work 

so as to put Integon on notice that she may have made a material misrepresentation in her insurance 

application.
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affirmative defenses as evidentiary development suggests. Glasker-Davis, 333 Mich App at 231. 

And “[a]mendment is generally a matter of right.” VHS of Mich, Inc v State Farm Mut Auto Ins 

Co, 337 Mich App 360, 373; 976 NW2d 109 (2021).

As a result, upon learning that Richardson made a material misrepresentation in her 

insurance application, Integon should have promptly moved to amend its affirmative defenses to 

set forth the requisite specific facts constituting its defense of rescission on the basis of that

misrepresentation. But the record does not indicate, nor does Integon assert, that Integon ever 

moved to amend its affirmative defenses for that purpose. And, there is no indication that Integon 

otherwise notified Richardson of its intent to rescind her policy over her misrepresentation before 

it moved for summary disposition on that basis, after discovery, and several months after 

Richardson first disclosed her misrepresentation at her deposition. We further note that Integon 

does not dispute plaintiff’s assertion that Richardson was not so specifically notified.6 As plaintiff 

points out, well after Richardson’s disclosure, Integon, in responding to plaintiff’s interrogatories 

asking Integon to state fully its basis for its nonpayment of PIP benefits, referred to the DME report 

as the basis for suspending Richardson’s benefits, but did not mention that it was also electing to 

rescind the policy on the basis of Richardson’s misrepresentation regarding the use of her vehicle.7

On this record, we hold that Integon failed to adequately assert, with requisite factual 

specificity, its affirmative defense of rescission based on Richardson’s material misrepresentation 

in its responsive pleading, as originally filed or amended.

However, this does not mean that Integon necessarily waived that defense, because, as 

noted, a defendant may move to amend its affirmative defenses at any time, and leave should be 

freely granted unless doing so would prejudice the opposing party. See Glasker-Davis, 333 Mich 

App at 230. Therefore, as in Glasker-Davis, we conclude that it is appropriate to vacate the trial 

court’s order granting summary disposition and remand this case to the trial court to allow Integon 

to move to amend its affirmative defenses, and plaintiff to respond to the motion, in order for the 

court to decide the matter of amendment and waiver in the first instance. See id. at 231-233.

8

 

6 Under the policy, rescission was not automatic in the event of a material misrepresentation; 

rather, Integon had the discretion to void or rescind the policy in the event of misrepresentation or 

fraud. Likewise, the insurance application states that Integon “may” rescind the policy if the 

applicant provides false or misleading answers that materially affect the risk assumed by issuing 

the policy. Thus, assuming Richardson was aware that she had materially misrepresented the 

nature of the use of her vehicle in her application, that did not necessarily mean that she was aware 

that Integon had elected to rescind her policy because of that.

7

Integon also generally answered that discovery was ongoing, it was unable to provide the specific 

factual basis for its affirmative defenses, and it would supplement its affirmative defenses upon 

completion of discovery.

8

In light of our holding, we decline to address plaintiff’s additional arguments on appeal.
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For the reasons stated, we vacate the trial court’s order granting Integon summary 

disposition and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain 

jurisdiction. Plaintiff may tax costs as the prevailing party. MCR 7.219(A).

/s/ Michael J. Kelly

/s/ Mark T. Boonstra

/s/ Brock A. Swartzle