COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Chief Judge Decker, Judges Malveaux and Friedman Argued at Richmond , Virginia

NASHWAN ALI GUBARI MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY v. Record No. 0416

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- 2 CHIEF JUDGE MARLA GRAFF DECKER JANUARY 11, 2022 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF GREENSVILLE COUNTY

W. Allan Sharrett , Judge Jennifer A. Quez a da (Miriam R. Airington

- Fisher ; Bianca A. White; Airington Law, PLLC, on briefs) , for appellant. Liam A. Curry, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring, Attorney General, on brief) , for appellee.
Nashwan Ali Gubari appeals his conviction for a felony violation of Code § 58.1

- 1017, which proscribes the possession or transport of 500 or more packages of unstamped cigarettes “ for the purpose of evading the payment of the tax es on such products

. ” On appeal, he argues that the circuit court erred by denying his motion to suppress the cigarettes and concluding that the evidence

was sufficien t to support his conviction. We hold tha t the court did not err in determining that reasonable suspicion supported the ongoing detention that led to discovery of the cigarettes and denying the motion to suppress on that basis. We further conclude that the appellant faile d to preserve his challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence for appeal. As a result, the appellant’s convictio n is affirmed.

* Pursuant to Code § 17.1

- 413, this opinion is not designated for publication. UNPUBLISHED- 2

- I. BACKGROUND 1
O n June 25, 2019, Special Agent Matthew Hand, a sergeant with the Virginia Department of State Police, encountered the appellant while on patrol in Greensville County. Hand initiated a traffic stop of a vehicle traveling north on Interstate 95 that appeared to be in violation of window tint laws , and he radioed for backup. The car was “slow to stop

. ” It pulled to the side of the highway at 1:14 p.m. Hand walked up to the passenger side of the car , but d ue to the dark window tint, he could not see into the back seat. H e knocked on the back window, and the driver rolled down the electric win dow, allowing him to see luggage in that area. Special Agent Hand spoke with the driver through the front passenger

- side window

. The driver was “nervous” and had “a scared look on his face.” The appellant was the front seat
passenger and appeared to hav e just awakened. Both men were “breathing heavy [sic],” and “the pulse in .

. . their necks” was “visible” and “rapid [] .” Hand identified himself to the driver, explained the reason for the stop, and asked for his license and registration. The driver pr ovided an identification card issued by the state of New York. Special Agent Hand then asked the driver to accompany him back to his vehicle, where he “ran” the driver’s information and learned that he did not have a valid license. T he driver told Hand t hat he was driving because the appellant, his cousin, was tired. The driver also reported that they had gone to South Carolina to visit his daughter and had arrived there at about 2 :00 a.m. on the day of the traffic stop. He further stated that they had slept until 7 :00 or 8 :00 a.m. and departed South Carolina at 9 :00 a.m. Hand thought it odd that the men had traveled such a long distance to spend only about an hour with the driver’s daughter.

1 “[W]hen reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction, an appellate court considers the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party below .

. . .” Jiddou v. Commonwealth , 71 Va. App. 3 53, 359 (2019) (quoting Marshall v. Commonwealth , 69 Va. App. 648, 652

- 53 (2019)).- 3

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At 1:18 p.m., four minutes after the stop began , Virginia State Trooper Austin Albright arrived at the scene with his narcotics canine. At that same time, Special Agent Hand checked the window tint on the car, which exceeded the amount allowed b y law . He asked the appellant , who remained in the car, for his driver’s license . The appellant provided his license

. Outside the presence of the driver, t he appellant told Hand that the men were traveling from South Carolina, where they had arrived the previous day. This information contradicted the driver’s statement that the men had arrived in South Carolina at 2 :00 a.m. that same day. While interacting with the appellant, Hand s aw “green, dry plant material” on the car’s center console. When Hand asked the appellant what the material was, he “brushed it off with his hand” and “showed [ the agent ] some cookie crumb or something ” instead . Hand believed, based on his training and experience, that the green substance was khat, a Schedule 1 narcotic. T he agent described khat as a stimulant that people “chew

. . . to keep them awake while they’re traveling long distances on the interstate.” At 1:21 p.m., Special Agent Hand “ran” the appellant’s New York driver’s license , which “came back not valid.” Because neither of the car’s occupants had a valid driver’s license, Hand knew he would not be “let[ting] them drive away.” At some point during the traffic stop, Hand learned that the car was a rental vehicle and saw the rental agr eement bearing the appellant’s name. He further noted that the agreement had been in effect since January of that year. H and calculated that at the stated rate of $300 per week, the appellant would have paid $7,200 to rent the car during that six

- month p eriod , which he thought seemed “excessive.” He also knew based on his training and experience that rental

car companies do not tint the windows of their vehicles beyond the legal limit but that criminals do so in order to conceal contraband from law enfor cement. At 1:23 p.m., nine minutes after the traffic stop began, Special Agent Hand gave the driver a verbal warning for the excessive window tint and driving without a license. H e also- 4

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returned both the driver’s and the appellant’s identification to the driver, along with the vehicle registration . He told the driver , outside the presence of the appellant, that he was free to go. Special Agent Hand testified, however, that he did not actually plan to let the driver or the appellant leave the scene in the vehicle, due to “all the criminal indicators that [he] observed [during] the traffic stop

. ” Hand o pted to “tr[y] to conduct a consensual encounter” with the driver , who agreed to speak with him

. Hand asked the driver if he could search the car. T he driver responded that Hand would have to ask the appellant because he was the person who had rented it . Hand instead asked Trooper Albright, who was already on the scene, to “run [his drug] dog around the vehicle. ” At 1:25 p.m., eleven minutes after th e stop was initiated, Trooper Albright had his trained narcotics dog sniff the exterior of t he rental car. Th e dog was trained to “ alert ” to multiple types of illegal narcotics, including marijuana, as well as to “the residue” of such drugs. Albright
exp lained that a lthough the dog was not trained to detect khat, that substance, like marijuana, contains a “high level of THC” and could also cause the dog to alert. By 1:28 p.m., the dog “alerted to the odor of narcotics coming from” the car.
As a result of the dog’s alert, Hand searched the car. He opened the trunk, which was “completely full” of cigarette cartons. Hand also f ound cigarette cartons on the rear floor board and under the driver’s and passenger’s seats , concealed beneath the floor mats and some black sheets. Finally, Special Agent Hand located “what appeared to be marijuana residue” on the driver’s side floorboard. B ased on the presence of the significant amount of contraband, another trooper drove the rental vehicle to the area office of the State Police . Hand later counted 467 cartons of cigarettes, for a total of 4,670 packs of cigarettes, none of which “b[ore] a Virginia tax stamp” proving payment of the state’s excise tax.- 5

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The appellant was indict ed for cigarette trafficking. Prior to trial, he filed a motion to suppress the cigarettes, alleging that the dog sniff of the vehicle violated Rodriguez v. United
States , 575 U.S. 348 (2015), because it occurred after the “mission” of the stop had conclu ded. The trial court heard the suppression motion and trial evidence together. In addition to the evidence regarding the stop and search, Special Agent Hand testified that his department’s policy regarding a car stopped on the interstate was to inventory a nd tow it i f n one of the occupant s was licensed to drive it from the scene. Detective Robert Matson, of the Henrico County Police Department, testified as an expert witness in the area of illegal cigarette trafficking. Due to the absence of excise tax stamps on the seized cigarettes, he opined that the y originated in North Carolina or North Dakota, the only states not requiring such stamps . He noted that due to difference s in tax rates, buying cigarettes
in North Carolina and sell ing them in New York w ould allow for “a significant profit.” Matson further opined that a northbound rental vehicle on a two

- day trip carrying 467 cartons of unstamped cigarettes “from Carolina” was “consistent with cigarette trafficking.” He noted that using a rental vehicle protect s traffickers from having a personal vehicle seized if detect ed

. After th e evidence had been presented, t he parties a rgu ed the motion to suppress and filed legal memoranda

. 2 The arguments included discussion of reasonable suspicion , probable caus e , and inevitable discovery . At a subsequent hearing, the trial court denied the motion. I ndicating acceptance of Special Agent Hand’s testimony, i t specifically ruled that Rodriguez did not apply because the objective evidence established that the car’s occupant s were not free to leave and Hand had reasonable suspicion to continu e the stop . The dog sniff occurred before the officers’ “business” had been concluded and, thus, did not impermissibly extend th e stop. Both men were unlicensed and could not drive the car from the scene, so it had to be removed from the shoulder

2 The appellant opted not to present any evidence.- 6

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of the interstate in some other way. Based on the facts before it, the court also reasoned that an inventory search of the vehicle woul d be required before the towing. As a result, i t held that the contraband found in the search following the dog’s alert would also have inevitably been discovered during an inventory search. 3
After de nying the suppression motion, the court found the appe llant guilty of cigarette trafficking . It sentenced him to five years in prison with four years six months suspended, as well as payment of restitution of $2,500.
II. ANALYSIS The appellant raises two issues on appeal. He argues that the trial court erred by denying hi s motion to suppress. He also contends that it incorrectly concluded that the evidence is sufficient to support his conviction. A. Motion to Suppress The challenge to the denial of the motion to suppress rests on two grounds. T he appellant suggests that neither reasonable suspicion nor inevitable discovery , the alternative bases upon which the trial court relied, support s the ruling. The Court first considers whether reasonable suspicion validates the challenged portion of the stop. On appeal of a trial court’s ruling denying a motion to suppress, the appellate court “give[s] deference to the factual findings of the circuit court” but “independently determine[s] whether the manner in which the evidence was obtained meets the req uirements of the Fourth Amendment.” Cole v. Commonwealth , 294 Va. 342, 354 (2017) (quoting Cost v. Commonwealth , 275 Va. 246, 250 (2008)). Consequently, the appellate court defers to any explicit factual findings and views the remaining evidence “in the light most favorable to the

3 The judge expressly refrained from ruling on whether the police had probable cause to conduct a warrantless vehicle search prior to the dog sniff.- 7

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Commonwealth, ” which includes “ giving it the benefit of any reasonable inferences” from that
evidence. See Hill v. Commonwealth , 297 Va. 804, 808 (2019) (quoting Commonwealth v. White , 293 Va. 411, 413 (2017)). But w hether the facts establish a Fourth Amendment violation is reviewed de novo

. See Ornelas v. United States , 5 17 U.S. 690 , 697

- 99 ( 1996 ) (analyzing reasonable suspicion and probable cause)

. We consider whether reasonable suspicion supports the challenged portion of the detention in light of these well

- established principles. The appellant contends that once Special Agent Hand told the driver that he was free to leave, the agent lacked a basis under Rodr iguez for the “prolonged” detention that included the dog sniff. 4 The appellant misconstrues the mandate of Rodriguez

. In Rodriguez , the United States Supreme Court held that “ t he tolerable duration of police inquiries in the traffic

- stop context is determined by the seizure’s ‘mission’

— to address the traffic violation that warranted the stop and attend to related safety concerns.” Rodriguez , 575 U.S. at 354 (citation omitted) ( quoting Illinois v. Caballes , 543 U.S. 405, 407 (2005)). Beyond that blanket statement, the Court made clear that a n officer “may conduct certain unrelated checks during an otherwise lawful traffic stop,” but “he may not do so in a way that prolongs the s top, absent the [independent] reasonable suspicion ordinarily demanded to justify detaining an individual.” Id. at 355; see id. at 356 (recognizing that “a dog sniff .

. . is not an ordinary incident of a traffic stop”). “ I f an officer develops independe nt reasonable suspicion .

. . that an occupant has committed an additional traffic offense or crime, ” the holding in Rodriguez permits the officer to

“ extend the stop for a reasonable amount of time in order to confirm or dispel that new suspicion.” Willi ams v. Commonwealth , 71 Va. App. 462, 482 (2020) ; see Rodriguez , 575 U.S. at 355

. The question here then becomes whether Special Agent Hand had independent reasonable suspicion at the time that the narcotics dog was deployed to sniff the car.

4 The appellant does not challenge the lawfulness of the initial stop.- 8

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Reasonable s uspicion requires proof of “some objective manifestation that the person stopped is, or is about to be, engaged in criminal activity.” United States v. Arvizu , 534 U.S. 266, 273 (2002) (quoting United States v. Cortez , 449 U.S. 411, 417 (1981)). “ [ A ] n of ficer’s reliance on a mere ‘“hunch”’ is insufficient” to provide the reasonable suspicion necessary to support or continue a stop. See i d. at 274 (quoting Terry v. Ohio , 392 U.S. 1, 27 (1968)). Nonetheless, the “process allows officers to draw on their own experience and specialized training to make inferences from and deductions about the cumulative information available to them that ‘might well elude an untrained pers on.’” Id. at 273 (quoting Cortez , 449 U.S. at 418).
T he relevant assessment involves the “totality of the circumstances”

— “‘the whole picture’” rather than a “‘technical dissection’ of the [supporting] factors.” Curley v. Commonwealth , 295 Va. 616, 623 ( 2018) (quoting District of Columbia v. Wesby , 138 S. Ct. 577, 588 (2018)).

“ T he degree of certitude required for ‘“reasonable suspicion” is “considerably less than proof of wrongdoing by a preponderance of the evidence [] ” and “obviously less demanding than that for probable cause.”’” Hill , 297 Va. at 815 (emphasis omitted) (quoting Perry v. Commonwealth , 280 Va. 572, 581 (2010)). Manifestly, it “need not rule out the possibility of innocent conduct.” Id. at 815 n.6 (quoting Navarette v. California , 572 U .S. 393, 403 (2014)). Additionally, for purposes of evaluating reasonable suspicion, “the officer’s subjective thoughts are irrelevant. The Fourth Amendment imposes a standard of objective reasonableness.” Mason v. Commonwealth , 291 Va. 362, 368 (2016) (citation omitted); see id. at 369. In other words , the relevant analysis is based on the meaning of th e facts v iewed “ objectively through the eyes of a reasonable police officer with the knowledge, training [ , ] and experience of the investigating- 9

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officer.” 5 Jones v. Commonwealth , 52 Va. App. 548, 560 (2008) (quoting Blevins v. Commonwealth , 40 Va. App. 412, 422 (2003) , aff’d on other grounds , 267 Va. 291 (2004) ); see Armstead v. Commonwealth , 56 Va. App. 569, 579 n. 7 (2010). Here, the evidence, viewed objectively, provided Special Agent Hand with independent reasonable suspicion to justify continuing the detention of the appellant and his rental vehicle to investigate whether he possessed the controlled substa nce khat or was using the vehicle to traffic contraband. Hand’s initial basis for stopping the vehicle was his suspicion that it was in violation of window tint laws. Additionally, however, he knew that criminals often equip vehicles with illegal window tint to conceal contraband from law enforcement. Hand noted that when he activated his emergency lights to initiate the traffic stop, the car was slow to pull over, and when he first approached the car on foot , the driver was “nervous” and had “ a scared l ook on his face.” T he appellant and the driver were breathing heavily, and “the pulse in

. . . their necks” was “visible” and “rapid [] .” See McCain v. Commonwealth , 275 Va. 546, 554 (2008) (citing Illinois v. Wardlow , 528 U.S. 119, 124 (2000)). During the course of the stop, Special Agent Hand saw on the center console what he suspected was khat, an illegal narcotic

. H e knew that traffickers sometimes use khat to remain awake while driving long distances. When he asked the appellant about the o bvious plant material, the appellant physically brushed it aside, picked up a miniscule amount of some other

5 Neither the officer’s nor the detain ee’s subjective view of the circumstances has any direct legal relevance in a reasonable suspicion analysis. See Mason , 291 Va. at 368 (recognizing that reasonable suspicion requires an objective assessment of the facts) ; cf. United States v. Reis , 906 F. 2d 284 , 289 (7th Cir. 1990) (observing that “a defense based on the offender’s perception of the circumstances is not sufficient to defeat probable cause [or reasonable suspicion], because [both are] based on what is known to the .

. . officer at the time, not what goes on in the offender’s mind” (emphasis added)) . The detainee’s subjective understanding may be relevant in determining whether an ongoing detention is justified by consent , but as long as reasonable suspicion continues to exist under an objec tive view of the facts , reasonable suspicion justifies the stop and consent is irrelevant

. See Harris v. Commonwealth , 266 Va. 28, 33 (2003).- 10

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substance, and gave an evasive response regarding cookie crumbs. See id. Hand also confirmed during the stop that the degree of window tint excee ded the legal limit. 6 Both occupants of the vehicle produced identification issued by the New York Department of Motor V ehicles but lacked valid driver’s licenses . The y claimed to have been visiting family in South Carolina. Yet they provided conflicti ng information regarding when they arrived , and the driver ’s rendition was that the “ visit ” lasted only an hour. Additionally, the appellant’s statement regarding their itinerary appeared to be a lie intended to obscure the fact
that their stay was so sho rt

. Hand also learned during the stop that the car was rented by the appellant and had been in his possession for about six months. Based on the terms of the rental contract, the special agent calculated that the appellant had paid $7,200 in rental fees during that time, which seemed “excessive.” This information provided further support for Hand’s belief that the appellant, not the rental company, had applied the window tint and had done so to obscure the contents of the vehicle from law enforcement. Finally, the record established that the use of a rental vehicle was evidence of possible illegal trafficking because it allowed the renter to protect a personal vehicle from seizure if the criminal activity was detected. These facts, viewed together, provided reasonable suspicion permitting the special agent to briefly extend the detention of the appellant and the rental car for additional investigation to confirm or dispel his suspicion that it was carrying illegal contra band. See Adams v. Williams , 407 U.S. 143, 145 (1972) (“The Fourth Amendment does not require a policeman who lacks

. . . probable cause to arrest to simply shrug his shoulders

. . . . Terry recognizes that it may be the

6 Regardless of the fact that Hand only issued a verbal warning to the driver about the illegal tint, the tint wa s a factor that the agent was entitled to consider in assessing whether the men might be engaged in other criminal activity. See Hairston v. Commonwealth , 67 Va. App. 552, 563 (2017) (“[I]t it irrelevant whether the accused is .

. . charged with[] the off ense that provided [reasonable suspicion or] probable cause for

. . . [the] seizure in the first instance.”); see also United States v. Torres

- Ramos , 536 F.3d 542, 552 (6th Cir. 2008) (considering window tint in the totality analysis for reasonable suspici on).- 11

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essence of good police work to ad opt an intermediate response.”) , quoted in Simmons v. Commonwealth , 217 Va. 552, 554 (1977)

. The trial court did not err by concluding that the circumstances permitted extending the stop for the brief additional time necessary to conduct the dog sniff , wh ich produced the canine’s alert for narcotics . The alert, in turn, justified the vehicle search and discovery of the contraband. Consequently, the evidence supports the conclusion that the trial court’s denial of the appellant’s motion to suppress was no t error. In light of our conclusion that independent reasonable suspicion supports the denial of the motion to suppress, we do not reach the appellant’s challenge to th e a lternative ruling on inevitable discovery or the Commonwealth’s related waiver argum ent. See, e.g. , Watson

- Scott v. Commonwealth , 298 Va. 251, 258 n.2 (2019) (recognizing that an appellate court must decide cases “on the best and narrowest grounds” (quoting White , 293 Va. at 419)); see also Armstead , 56 Va. App. at 575

- 76 & n.3 (holding that the constitutionality of the seizure and search rather than the exclusionary rule or procedural bar was the best and narrowest ground for decision), cited with approval in Abdo v. Commonwealth , 64 Va. App. 468, 473 n.1 (2015).
B. Su fficiency of the Evidence The appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to prove that he sold, purchased, or possessed cigarettes “for the purpose of evading tax.” The Commonwealth argues that he failed to preserve this challenge for appeal.
Ru le 5A:18 provides that “[n]o ruling of the trial court .

. . will be considered as a basis for reversal unless an objection was stated with reasonable certainty at the time of the ruling, except for good cause shown or to enable th is Court to attain the en ds of justice.” “Specificity and timeliness undergird the contemporaneous

- objection rule

. . . [‘]so that the trial judge .

. . know[s] the particular point being made in time to do something about it.’” Bethea v.- 12

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Commonwealth , 297 Va. 730, 743 (2019) (q uoting Dickerson v. Commonwealth , 58 Va. App. 351, 356 (2011)) ; see Scialdone v. Commonwealth , 279 Va. 422, 437 (2010) (noting that a

“ specific , contemporaneous objection ” also “gives the opposing party the opportunity to meet the objection” (quoting Weidm an v. Babcock , 241 Va. 40, 44 (1991))) . “ To preserve an argument concerning the sufficiency of the evidence in a bench trial, a defendant ‘must make a motion to strike at the conclusion of all the evidence, present an appropriate argument in summation, or make a motion to set aside the verdict.’” Taylor v. Commonwealth , 58 Va. App. 185, 189 (2011) (quoting Howard v. Commonwealth , 21 Va. App. 473, 478 (1995)). In the instant case , the transcript and conviction order demonstrate that the appellant did

not make a motion to strike the evidence or deliver a closing argument in the combined suppression hearing and trial

. W hen the trial court asked whether t he appellant intended to make closing argument, the appellant ’s counsel responded only that he wished to “preserve for the record the issue related to the motion to suppress.” T he appellant also did not make a post

- trial motion to set aside the verdict. Making a motion to suppress evidence challenges only the admissibility o f the specific evidence addressed. See Arrington v. Commonwealth , 53 Va. App. 635, 642

- 43 (2009). It does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence as a whole to prove the offense, which only a motion to strike, closing argument, or motion to set asi de the verdict can do

. See Taylor , 58
Va. App. at 189. According ly, the appellant failed to preserve his challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence for appeal under Rule 5A:18. The appellant asks this Court to apply Rule 5A:18’s ends

- of

- justice excepti on to his failure to challenge the sufficiency of the evidence below. The ends

- of

- justice exception “is narrow and is to be used sparingly.” Holt v. Commonwealth , 66 Va. App. 199, 209 (2016) ( en banc ) (quoting Redman v. Commonwealth , 25 Va. App. 215, 220 (1997)). The record must- 13

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establish that application of the ends

- of

- justice exception is necessary to avoid “a grave injustice.” Commonwealth v. Bass , 292 Va. 19, 27 (2016) (quoting Gheorghiu v. Commonwealth , 280 Va. 678, 689 (2010)). As a result, t o su ccessfully invoke this exception, an appellant must show both that an error has occurred, id. , and that it was “clear, substantial and material,” Brown v. Commonwealth , 279 Va. 210, 219 (2010) (quoting West v. Commonwealth , 43 Va. App. 327, 338 (2004)). In practical terms, to invoke the ends

- of

- justice exception in the case of a sufficiency challenge, the appellant must provide a record “affirmatively prov[ing]” that he was “convicted for conduct that was not a criminal offense” or “that an eleme nt of the offense did not occur.”
Redman , 25 Va. App. at 221

- 22 , cited with approval in Ali v. Commonwealth , 280 Va. 665, 671 (2010) ; see Jiddou v. Commonwealth , 71 Va. App. 353, 374 (2019). A mere failure of proof is insufficient to permit application o f the exception. Brittle v. Commonwealth , 54 Va. App. 505, 514 (2009). Otherwise, the exception would swallow the rule. Id. at 513

- 14; see Winslow v. Commonwealth , 62 Va. App. 539, 546

- 47 (2013). The appellant’s only articulated challenge on appeal to t he sufficiency of the evidence to prove the charged offense is that the record did not eliminate the possibility that he did not knowingly possess the cigarette cartons in the car and was unaware that the taxes on them had not been paid. Specifically with regard to the ends

- of

- justice exception, he states only that a miscarriage of justice has occu rr ed because “the evidence of his crime is insufficient” and “the Commonwealth failed to affirmatively prove” the elements of the offense. “ A rguing that the

rec ord is [deficient in or] devoid of evidence of an element does not equate with affirmative proof that an element did not occur.” Le v. Commonwealth , 65 Va. App. 66, 75 (2015) (emphasis added) ; see Redman , 25 Va. App. at 221

- 22 . Accordingly, the appellant has failed to establish a basis to support the exception.- 14

- III. CONCLUSION
W e hold that the trial court did not err in determining that reasonable suspicion independent from the original basis for the stop supported the denia l of the appellant’s motion to suppress. We further conclude that the appellant failed to preserve his challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence for appeal under Rule 5A:18 and is not entitled to invoke the ends

- of

- justice exception. For these

reasons , the appellant’s conviction is affirmed

. Affirmed.