# Patent

## Title
Inhalable inhibitors of inflammation in the respiratory tract

## Abstract

Sesquiterpene epoxide compounds (trichothecenes) and methods for administering such compounds by inhalation to inhibit inflammatory responses in the respiratory tract are disclosed.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 09/928,911 filed Aug. 13, 2001 now abandoned which is a CIP of application Ser. No. 09/132,153 filed Aug. 11, 1998, abandoned.


The present application teaches the use of inhaled, inhibitory doses of trichothecenes to achieve localized protein synthesis downregulation to provide therapeutic benefit for conditions involving hyperactive production of proteins in the respiratory tract. These conditions include inflammatory conditions in the respiratory tract such as those observed in allergic responses, asthma, and COPD.
As such, present application is related to several other patents and applications filed by applicant. U.S. Pat. No. 6,346,251 issued on Feb. 12, 2002 employed topical application and inhibitory doses to exert locally immunosuppressive affects as well dismantle the cell cycle control system of both psoriatic and endothelial cells as a treatment for psoriasis. In U.S. Pat. No. 6,355,251 issued on Mar. 12, 2002 for epidermal chemexfoliation applicant uses topical application of locally toxic doses to kill off a desired percentage of epidermal cells. U.S. Pat. No. 6,342,520 issued on Jan. 29, 2002 employed cytotoxic doses to provide a locally injectable chemotherapeutic. In U.S. Pat. No. 6,559,178 issued on May 6, 2003, applicant disclosed use of injectable, locally toxic doses for non malignant conditions such as BPH and endometriosis.
STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH
Not Applicable.
INCORPORATION-BY-REFERENCE OF MATERIAL SUBMITTED ON A CD
Not Applicable
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Field of the Invention
Prior art's use of trichothecene has been limited to cytotoxic doses for treating cancer and dates back to the early 1980s. Anguidine, a simple trichothecene, was administered in cytotoxic doses, however its use was abandoned after Phase II results showed overall tumor response rate was low and there was considerable hematologic toxicity. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,744,981 and 4,906,452 embody the direction prior art took to solve the systemic toxicity problem caused by trichothecene's lack of specificity in cellular internalization and blood insolubility; they proposed using conjugates of trichothecene with monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies to selectively deliver the toxin to tumors and proposed glycosylation of trichothecenes to increase blood solubility. Applicant took an exactly opposite approach to prior art and demonstrated how certain trichothecenes could be used unconjugated and unglycosylated to treat tumors by reversing the direction of administration from tissue to blood (interstitial perfusion), dispersing the trichothecenes between the intercellular spaces and then using the gap junction transport system to cleanly localize the trichothecene in the tumor, for which applicant was granted U.S. Pat. No. 6,342,520.
In the present invention, applicant uses inhalation to achieve the novel tissue side administration method, without inducing systemic toxicity. Applicant has extended the utility of trichothecenes by employing inhibitory dose levels for reducing inflammatory responses.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Present invention will provide novel methods of inhibiting inflammation in the lungs by inhibiting or preventing synthesis of proteins related to anaphylaxis. The current invention proposes administration, by inhalation, of locally inhibitory doses of certain sesquiterpene epoxides (trichothecenes) to reduce the severity of inflammatory responses in the lungs.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING FIGURES
FIG. 1A shows the hyperactive protein synthesis inhibiting dose profile in human cells of Roridin A, a representative macrocyclic trichothecene.
FIG. 1B shows the hyperactive protein synthesis inhibiting dose profile in human cells of Satratoxin G, a representative macrocyclic trichothecene.
FIG. 2A shows the hyperactive protein synthesis inhibiting dose profile in human cells of T-2, a representative simple trichothecene.
FIG. 2B shows the hyperactive protein synthesis inhibiting dose profile in human cells of DAS, a representative simple trichothecene.
FIG. 3A shows a cross section of the spacing between two adjacent cell as well as the related structures referred to as gap junctions that connect adjoining cells.
FIG. 3B shows the particle size limitation for gap junction transport between two adjacent cells.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The treatments disclosed below involve administration of biologically active trichothecenes by inhalation to inhibit production of mediators of anaphylaxis. Materials and methods for achieving this are described below.
Overview of Protein Synthesis Inhibition:
The most fundamental function a cell is protein synthesis (i.e. expression of its DNA). Proteins make up ̃60% of a dry cell's mass by weight. In very broad and general terms, as cells mature and differentiate in the body, they reach an equilibrium in protein synthesis and protein degradation and settle down to perform their given function in this relative state of homeostasis. There are two notable exceptions that cause massive perturbations to this homeostasis: 1) when a cell is called upon to grow and divide and 2) when certain secretory cells are called upon to produce large amounts of proteins for secretion. Although the cell signaling signaling pathways, intracellular transduction pathways, and spectrum of protein(s) to be produced are quite different in growth versus secretion, normal growth and secretion events share one major similarity in their end result: massively accelerated protein synthesis. Secretory cells of the immune system become protein factories producing massive amounts of antibodies, mediators, growth factors, or other proteins when stimulated to do so.
Inhibiting protein synthesis affects cells in a dose dependent manner and affects actively cycling cells differently than non cycling cells. At low doses, protein synthesis inhibitors (PSIs) stop actively cycling cells from cycling without killing them by preventing the hyperactive Cyclin/CDK protein synthesis activity required to drive the the cell cycle control system (hereinafter referred to as inhibitory dose). Inhibitory doses also stop hyperaccelerated protein synthesis by secretory cells. At moderate doses PSIs exhibit toxicity to actively cycling cells (hereinafter referred to as the cytotoxic dose). At high doses, PSIs exhibit toxicity to all cells (hereinafter referred to as the toxic dose).
Trichothecenes Defined:
Fungi of the genera Fusarium, Myrotecium, Trichoderma, Stachybotrys and others produce Trichothecene mycotoxins. Trichothecenes constitute a family of fungal sesquiterpene epoxides that inhibit protein synthesis. Trichothecene mycotoxins are low molecular weight (250–700 daltons), non volatile compounds, and of over 150 trichothecenes have been identified. There are two broad classes: those that have only a central sesquiterpenoid structure and those that have an additional macrocyclic ring (simple and macrocyclic trichothecenes, respectively).
As used in this application, “therapeutics”, “biologically active agent”, or “trichothecene” are defined as either simple or macrocyclic trichothecenes and include molecules of the following general chemical formulas: Simple trichothecenes are categorized into three groups with the following chemical formulas:










Group A:













 








 








 


R3 is H, OH, or O—C—CH3;


R4 is H or OH; and


 

























Group B:













 








 








 








 

























Group C:













 















Macrocyclic Trichothecenes can be described by the following general chemical formulas: 



Some representative examples of R′ include:

Satratoxin H: 



Satratoxin G: 



or molecules of the following general formula: 



A more comprehensive listing of trichothecenes is included in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,744,981 and 4,906,452, incorporated herein by reference.
Trichothecenes are fast acting potent inhibitors of protein synthesis in eucaryotic cells. Their main effects are on rapidly proliferating tissues such as bone marrow, skin, mucosa epithelia, and germ cells. The sesquiterpenoid ring binds to ribosomes, inhibiting protein synthesis. The macrocyclic ring enhances cell binding and internalization.
Trichothecenes are invisible to the immune system since they neither contain nor produce amino acids. Since trichothecene molecules contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen they are not subject to proteolytic degradation. U.S. Pat. No. 4,906,452 (column 11 first paragraph) further discloses that some studies of the rates at which certain trichothecenes are converted into biologically inactive molecules (apotrichothecenes) found that macrocyclic trichothecenes are inactivated quite slowly and only by intracellular acid catalysis as might occur in lyzosomes.
Trichothecenes are extremely stable to heat and ultraviolet light inactivation. Heating to 500° F. for 30 minutes is required for inactivation. Brief exposure to NaOH destroys toxic activity. These substances are relatively insoluble in water but are highly soluble in ethanol, methanol, and propylene glycol.
Internalization and Localization Attributes:
The novelty and unobviousness of applicant's proposal stems in part from several attributes of trichothecene that are not generally known to prior art. Certain trichothecenes are capable of rapid cellular internalization with extreme reluctance to enter the blood stream as well as being capable of gap junction transport and having extremely slow intracellular inactivation times. Cells of an organ or tissue type are spaced 2–4 nm apart as shown if FIG. 3A and connexons in the bi-lipid cell membrane connect adjacent cells metabolically by what are referred to as gap junctions. Gap junctions allow molecules smaller than 1000 daltons or less than ̃1.5 nm to pass as shown in FIG. 3B. Amino acids range between 0.5–1 nm in size and as such individual amino acids are shared between cells but not macromolecules of amino acids.
Trichothecenes are extremely small at around 500 daltons ranging up to 750 daltons (or ̃0.8 nm to ̃1.2 nm). As such they are capable of dispersing via in the 2–4 nm spaces between cells and once internalized are capable of travel through the 1.5 nm gap junction transport system between cells. Interstitial perfusion by inhalation, particularly of rapidly internalizable and highly blood insoluble macrocyclic trichothecenes as proposed by applicant, is the first step in homogenous distribution. The second more precise step is accomplished by the gap junctions transport system, distributing the internalized trichothecenes throughout the connected organ or tissue mass, without being transported to unrelated structures or appreciably entering general circulation.
Conjugated trichothecenes are too large for traveling between cells or through gap junctions. Conjugating trichothecenes with monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies greatly increases their size. The basic structural unit of an antibody molecule consists of four polypeptide chains and contains ̃1320 amino acids. Adding a single average amino acid of ̃0.7 nm to a 1 nm trichothecene already exceeds the 1.5 nm gap junction diameter preventing use of the gap junction transport system (and that is without provisions for linker molecules). A second amino acid already exceeds the lower limit of spacing between cells.
Preparation of Trichothecenes:
Fungi can be grown in culture and the trichothecenes extracted by centrifugal partition chromatography as described in Tani et. al. and described in other literature such as Onji et. al. (Onji, Y., Aoki, Y., Yamazoe, Y., Dohi, Y., and Moriyamam, T., 1988 Isolation of nivalenol and fusarenon-X from pressed barley culture by centrifugal partition chromatography, Journal Liquid Chromatography, 11:2537–2546) or Jarvis et al. (Jarvis, B. B., R. M. Eppley, and E. P. Mazzola, 1983 Chemistry and Bioproduction of the Macrocyclic Trichothecenes, p 20–38. In Y. Ueno, Trichothecenes: chemical, biological, and toxicological aspects, vol 4. Elsevier Science Publishing Inc., New York) or Sorensen et al. (Sorenson, W. G., Frazer, D. G., Jarvis, B. B., Simpson, J., and Robinson, V. A., Trichothecene Mycotoxins in Aerosolized Conidia of Stachybotrys atra, June 1987 Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 53 No. 6, p. 1370–1375) where S. atra was grown on sterile rice, autoclaved, dried, and then aerosolized by acoustic vibration and collected on glass-fiber filters and extracted with 90% aqueous methanol.
Alternatively, certain trichothecene mycotoxins can be purchased from companies such as Sigma Chemical Co. St. Louis Mo., USA or Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Japan, or Wellcome Research Labs, Buckinghamshire, England or Boehringer-Mannheim, Manheim, West Germany.
The preferred embodiment of current invention envisions using Satratoxin H as well as other combinations of trichothecenes such as satratoxins G, H, F, roridin E, verrucarin J, and trichoverrols A and B for reasons discussed later. These trichothecenes can be obtained by growing the fungus stachybotrys atra on sterile rice and extracting the trichothecenes by centrifugal partition chromatography as described in Tani et. al. or having it grown on sterile rice, autoclaved, dried, and then aerosolized by acoustic vibration and collected on glass-fiber filters and extracted with 90% aqueous methanol as described by Sorensen et al.
Method of Administration:
Preferred embodiment of current invention administers trichothecenes by inhalation in their raw dry powder form through commercially available dry powder inhaler devices such as the Pulmicort Turbuhaler breath activated dry powder inhaler (Astra USA Inc., Westborough, Mass.) or Galaxo Wellcome's Diskus inhaler. However, any suitable commercially available inhaler devices, nebulizers, or any other suitable means and in combination with any suitable solution or device to facilitate inhalation, retention, or absorption by the lungs may be used. Such devices are commercially available from sources such as Self Care, Emeryville, Calif., USA and enclosed examples include the Lumiscope Ultrasonic Nebulizer, the Dura-Neb® 3000 Portable compressor driven nebulizer, the PARI LC plus Nebulizer, the Omron CompAir Compressor Nebulizer System, the SpaceChamberTM aerosol spacer, and other devices.
Dose Determination:
FIGS. 1A and 1B show the hyperactive protein synthesis inhibiting dose profile of roridin A and satratoxin G, respectively. Both roridin A and satratoxin G are macrocyclic trichothecenes. By ̃5 ng/ml both had inhibited almost 100% of the hyperactive protein synthesis. Both did not reduce cell viability at concentrations of 10 ng/ml or less.
FIGS. 2A and 2B show the hyperactive protein synthesis inhibiting dose profile of T-2 and DAS, respectively. Both T-2 and DAS are simple trichothecenes. By doses of 5 ng/ml both had inhibited ̃99% of hyperactive protein synthesis. Neither reduced cell viability at concentrations up to 200 ng/ml.
The hyperactive protein synthesis inhibiting profiles were constructed from data collected from in vitro experiments using human epidermoid cells, virally infected with HSV-2 to induce a hyperactive state of protein synthesis, and conducted and reported by Okazaki et. al. in the attached Journal of Agricultural and Biological Chemistry articles.
Conversion of in vitro concentrations to dosages required to achieve in vivo concentrations would be performed by simple mathematical methods. As an example, if a patients has an average lung weight of ̃1200 grams and one desires to achieve a 5 ng/ml concentration of Satratoxin one would need to administer ̃6,000 ng of dry satratoxin (i.e. 1 gram=1 ml, 1200 gram lungs ̃1200 ml, 1200 ml×5 ng/ml=6,000 ng.) by inhalation methods described above. Adjustments would be made for individual lung size differences and additional tumor mass where applicable.
Inhibitory, Cytotoxic, and Toxic doses are listed below in TABLE 1 and TABLE 2. Since no reduction in cell viability was observed at concentrations of less than 10 ng/ml for the two macrocyclic trichothecenes and 200 ng/ml for the two simple trichothecenes, TABLE 3 was constructed assuming two worst case scenarios 1) that none of the inhaled trichothecene is retained by the lungs and instead all of it finds its way to the roughly 42 liters of extracellular water outside the vasculature in the body or 2) more seriously the entire dose is accidentally injected directly into the blood stream which contains roughly 5 liters. TABLE 3 displays the maximum amount of trichothecene, in ng, that would not reduce cell viability systemically under the two scenarios. The maximum locally toxic doses for use in TABLE 2 are taken from TABLE 3.







TABLE 1







Trichothecene in Vitro Concentrations (in ng/ml)











Inhibitory
Cytotoxic
Toxic















50%
80%
90%
99%
Min
Max
Lo


















Roridin A
1.4
2.0
3.3
5.0
6
 10
 11


Satratoxin
1.5
2.4
3.9
5.0
6
 10
 11


T-2
1.6
3.5
4.3
5.0
6
200
201


DAS
2.3
4.0
4.5
5.0
6
200
201
















TABLE 2







In Vivo Dose for Average 1200 Gram Lungs (in ng)











Inhibitory
Cytotoxic
Toxic
















50%
80%
90%
99%
Min
Max
Lo
Hi



















Roridin A
1680
2400
3960
6000
7200
 12000
 13200
 50000


Satratoxin
1800
2880
4680
6000
7200
 12000
 13200
 50000


T-2
1920
4200
5160
6000
7200
240000
241200
1000000


DAS
2760
4800
5400
6000
7200
240000
241200
1000000
















TABLE 3







Worst Case Safe Systemic Levels (in ng)










Max. Non Toxic @ 42 Liters
Max. Non Toxic @ 5 Liters













Roridin A
420,000
50,000


Satratoxin
420,000
50,000


T-2
8,400,000
1,000,000


DAS
8,400,000
1,000,000









The above are ballpark numbers for illustrative purposes. The concentrations and doses used should not be construed as “optimal”. As is customary under prior art, all dosages would be further refined and scrutinized by in vivo testing in suitable animal models or in Phase I and II clinical trials on humans as required by the FDA and the lowest concentrations suitable to achieve efficacy would likely be called “optimal”. The “optimal” doses could readily be expected to be much smaller than those presented for use in inhibitory or cytotoxic treatment regimens. Lower doses administered periodically, with periodic drug vacations to allow for normal cell replacement, would likely be the preferred administration regimens. The doses presented in this application were done so to fulfill the reduction to practice requirement of this application and are not intended to imply an absolute standard or “optimal” dose but are merely some representative examples of efficacious, yet safe, embodiments of present invention.
Alternative Method of Dose Determination:
Although specific dose profiles for therapeutics have been discussed above, present invention can easily be extended to using various other trichothecenes as well as combinations of trichothecenes (to affect the depth of penetration of therapeutics of present invention). Accordingly, a general method for dosage determination of other trichothecenes is provided below.
Human cell lines, including human lung cell lines, are commercially available from several sources including ATCC—American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Va., USA or ECACC—European Collection of Cell Cultures, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK or DSMZ—German Collection of Microorganisms & Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany or IZSBS—Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale, Brescia, Italy or ICLC—Interlab Cell Line Collection, Genova, Italy or ECBR—European Collection for Biomedical Research, Genova, Italy or any other suitable supplier. Human lung cell lines available include both normal and malignant cell lines. As an example, LL24 is a human lung cell line available from ECACC. Examples of malignant cell lines include A427 human lung carcinoma available from DSMZ and COR-L23 human large cell lung carcinoma available from ECACC, however any other suitable cell line from any other suitable source may be used.
To establish inhibitory, cytotoxic, toxic, and lethal concentrations human lung cell lines (both normal and malignant) would be grown in culture and exposed to various concentrations of trichothecenes by methods described in Okazaki et al. or Tani et al. where human cell lines were grown in Eagle's minimum essential medium (MEM) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS). Trichothecenes would be dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide at a concentration of 20 mg/ml and diluted in Eagle's MEM. Stock solutions (200 μg/ml) could be prepared, passed through a 450-nm Millipore membrane filter and stored at −20° C. until use. Tissue culture plates would be seeded with normal human lung cell lines and other culture plates would be seeded with human lung cancer cell lines. Both sets of cells would then be allowed to proliferate at 37° C. until confluent monolayers had formed. The culture plates would then be exposed to various concentrations of the trichothecenes and the number of viable cells periodically counted using trypan blue exclusion after trypsinization. A “Normal Tissue Response” and “Proliferative Tissue Response” profile would then be constructed for various trichothecene concentrations under prior art methods as illustrated in HPIM FIG. 86-3, pg. 528 as part of constructing a Therapeutic Index profile and LD 50 computations may be made using prior art murine models.
Safety and Efficacy by Inhalation—The Cleveland Infant Model:
The cluster of infant deaths in Cleveland (NIEHS press release and MMWR report) demonstrated, in vivo, in humans, both a usable therapeutic index of certain trichothecenes when administered by inhalation, as well as their ability to localize in lung tissue without appreciably entering general circulation.
The Cleveland infants served as a model for rapidly proliferating tissues such as cancer. The mean age of the infants was ̃10 weeks old (range 4–16 weeks). At this age, the lungs of infants are growing at an accelerated rate, similar to the accelerated growth rates of cancer. Likewise the effects of inhaled trichothecenes would be analogous to their effect on cancer.
The control group was represented by the adults living in the same household and inhaling the same trichothecenes. The median age of the infant's mothers was 20 years (range 15–29 years). At this age, the lungs of adults are not growing at an accelerated rate and are analogous to normal, non rapidly proliferating tissue.
Both groups were subjected (inadvertently) to airborne concentrations of trichothecenes produced naturally by the fungus Stachybotrys atra. Trichothecenes produced by S. Atra include satratoxins H, G, F, roridin E, verrucarin J, and trichoverrols A and B.
The destruction of the rapidly proliferating tissues of the infants was so severe that it resulted in the death of at least 10 infants. No health problems were reported by the adults. This indicated cytotoxic dose levels were inhaled and also demonstrated that a useful therapeutic index exists at which tissue growing at an accelerated in the lungs is severely damaged or destroyed and normal tissue is not affected.
This also demonstrated the safety of using trichothecenes by inhalation in adults. Even in the infants, despite the acute pulmonary hemorrhage/hemosiderosis, the inhaled trichothecenes localized in the lungs and did not enter circulation where they would have caused systemic cytotoxicity.
Laboratory findings on admission showed a normal white blood cell count (median=13.8 cells/cubic mm) in the infants. Red blood cell counts were consistent with the blood loss from the hemosiderosis. No other source of bleeding (i.e. gastrointestinal or nasopharyngeal) was identified during endoscopic evaluation indicating the inability of the trichothecenes to be removed by the cephalad movement of the mucus in the lungs.
The inhaled trichothecenes are essentially “trapped” between the lumen of the lungs on one side and the circulatory system on the other side, in which they are insoluble. In between this is the lung tissue in which they eventually internalize. The molecular basis for the “localization” of these trichothecenes has been previously disclosed in the “Internalization and Localization Attributes” section of this application. Additionally, the water insolubility of trichothecenes would facilitate their escaping elimination from the lung by the by cilia driven movement of mucus. Cephalad movement of the mucus blanket at 0.5–1 mm/minute normally removes accumulated material from the lungs in ̃24 hours.
Although there have been studies on the rates at which trichothecenes are intracellularly converted into biologically inactive apotrichothecenes, the Cleveland infant model provides a rare glimpse of how slowly macrocyclic trichothecenes are inactivated, in vivo, in the lungs, after inhalation. All infants survived the first hospitalization and were discharged without evidence of hemoptysis after a median length of stay of 10 days, indicating an inactivation time at cytotoxic doses in the ballpark of 10 days.
Safety by Inhalation—AMRIID's Aerosolized Administration Model:
The safety of using trichothecenes by inhalation can be further substantiated by AMRIID's research on inhalation of aerosolized trichothecenes. The simple trichothecene T-2 was evaluated (see AMRIID Table 2). Even though trichothecenes are some of the most potent toxins by weight, when AMRIID administered T-2 in aerosolized form, T-2 came 25th out of 25 toxins tested for lethality by inhalation. AMRIID computed the LD50(lethal dose to 50% of people) by inhalation as 1,210 μg/kg of body weight. This translates to a 84,700,000 ng dose of T-2 being inhaled by a 70 kg person to have a 50% chance of mortality. This contrasts with the 6000 ng maximum inhibitory dose ( ̃14,116 times smaller) for T-2, as proposed by present invention in the dose determination section of this application.
Inhibitory Doses and Mast Cell Protein Synthesis Inhibition:
Inhibitory methods of present invention provide a means for preventing or reducing inflammation in the lungs as well as the severity of allergy attacks and allergic asthma attacks. Allergens cause the conversion of B-cells into plasma cells, which in turn generate large quantities of immunoglobulins. These cells are primarily in the bone marrow or blood. The target of these immunoglobulins are mast cells which are located in the lungs and would be subject to inhibitory influences of the trichothecenes. Mast cells are activated by the immunoglobulins and initiate hyperactive protein synthesis for newly formed mediators of anaphylaxis including cytokines, leukotrienes, thromboxane, and platelet activating factor. Activated mast cells also release pre formed mediators of anaphylaxis including histamine, heparin, tryptase, kallikrein and chemotactic factors. Administration of inhibitory doses of trichothecenes in advance of expected exposure to allergens would downregulate any of the pre formed substances, muting any allergic response. Administering inhibitory doses at initiation of an allergic response would inhibit hyperactive production of the newly formed substances.
Prior art drug therapies include various strategies (HPIM 1423–1425) for either interfering with the allergic response pathway or counteracting its symptoms. These include adrenergic stimulants, methylxanthines, anticholinergics, glucocorticoids, and mast cell-stabilizing agents. The mast stabilizing agents in use today, cromolyn and nedocromil, work by preventing the release of the pre formed mediators of anaphylaxis. Compositions of present invention prevent synthesis of the newly formed mediators by the mast cells. Thus the novel mechanism of action of present invention would very well complement the prior art, providing a complete solution: inhibition of release of pre formed mediators (prior art) and inhibition of newly formed mediators (present invention).
In cases such as COPD, CD8+ T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes comprise the primary inflammatory infiltrates in the lungs. If T or B lymphocytes are present in the lungs (other than in the blood), trichothecenes would provide a broad spectrum inflammatory inhibitor, interfering with multiple steps all along the inflammatory pathway, starting with inhibition of hyperactive production of effector proteins by T cells (e.g. IL4, IL-13, IL-9), inhibition of hyperactive production of immunoglobulins (e.g. IgE) or other mediators by B cells, and inhibition of hyperactive synthesis of new mast cell product discussed above.
There are ̃16 million COPD patients in the United States. COPD is a group of chronic, slowly progressive, respiratory disorders and is made up of emphysema and chronic bronchitis. COPD is the fourth leading cause of death and the only one of the top 10 for which mortality rates are still rising. COPD results from persistent inflammation (particularly from smoking) and results in narrowing of both large and small airways. Airway epithelium is characterized by squamous metaplasia (abnormal transformation of epithelium into scaly cells), atrophy of ciliated cells, an hypertrophy of mucus glands (increase in bulk). The remodeled epithelium actively produces cytokines that amplify and sustain the inflammatory process. Small airway transformation also includes overproduction of smooth muscle and goblet cells, peribronchial fibrosis, edema, intraluminal mucus plugs, and CD8+ T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes comprise the primary inflammatory infiltrates. Palliative treatments include bronchodilators, glucocorticoids, and oxygen.
REDUCTION TO PRACTICE EXAMPLES
Examples are provided to further give guidance on methods of use of compositions of present invention as discussed above. Satratoxin H is used in the examples because it is known to be highly efficacious by inhalation in its raw, dry powder form, however any suitable trichothecene could be substituted in the examples.
Example 1
Allergic Reaction or Allergic Asthma Prevention
A person is going of a trip that will involve exposure to antigens known to trigger a severe allergic reaction or allergic asthma. The patient is given a 5000 ng inhibitory dose (or any other suitable inhibitory dose), of satratoxin H (or any other suitable trichothecene) by dry powder inhaler (or any other suitable method of inhalation) a day prior (or other suitable time period) to their expected contact with allergen. This administration may be used in conjunction with prior art drugs.
The purpose of the inhibitory dose in this example is to prevent activated mast cells from initiating hyperactive protein synthesis for newly formed mediators of anaphylaxis including cytokines, leukotrienes, thromboxane, and platelet activating factor. Since activated mast cells also release pre formed mediators of anaphylaxis including histamine, heparin, tryptase, kallikrein and chemotactic factors, administration of inhibitory doses of trichothecenes well in advance of expected exposure to allergens would downregulate reservoirs of any of these pre formed substances, muting any allergic response.
Example 2
Inhibition of COPD Related Inflammation
A COPD patient that has been a lifelong smoker is having trouble breathing because of ongoing inflammation in the lungs coupled with their destroyed cilia and virtually non existent cephalad movement, which is causing excessive fluid accumulation in the lungs. The patient is given a 3000 ng inhibitory dose (or any other suitable inhibitory dose), of satratoxin H (or any other suitable trichothecene) by dry powder inhaler (or any other suitable method of inhalation).
The purpose of the inhibitory dose in this example of COPD, where CD8+ T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes comprise the primary inflammatory infiltrates in the lungs, is to provide a broad spectrum inflammatory inhibitor, interfering with multiple steps all along the inflammatory pathway, starting with inhibition of hyperactive production of effector proteins by T cells (e.g. IL4, IL-13, IL-9), inhibition of hyperactive production of immunoglobulins (e.g. IgE) or other mediators by B cells, and inhibition of hyperactive synthesis of mast cell product, as previously disclosed.
Other Examples, Applications and Embodiments
It should be noted that the above are only a few representative examples of numerous possible embodiments of present invention are nothing should be construed as limiting the scope of present invention to only the representative examples presented above. As an example, hyperactive protein synthesis conditions such as pulmonary alveolar proteinosis could also benefit from inhibitory doses.
Many other variants are also possible. The present invention also envisions the possibility of mixing the trichothecene with other compounds or substances, including combinations of trichothecenes, or substances that facilitate administration, facilitate or regulate the rate and/or depth of penetration and/or absorption of said trichothecene mycotoxins, increase efficacy of said mycotoxins, facilitate retention of trichothecene in the lung by methods such as disabling cephalad movement of the mucus blanket, provide prophylactic activity against infection, or provide any other beneficial or synergistic function. The compounds collectively described above are termed herein “pharmaceutical compositions”. As an example, a combination of macrocyclic and simple trichothecenes may be used to achieve more extensive penetration (as macrocyclics internalize faster and simple trichothecenes would migrate further before internalization). As another example, antibiotics may be included as part of the “pharmaceutical composition”. As another example pharmaceutical composition may include any inert ingredients to facilitate or enhance distribution of therapeutics by inhalation. As another example, other agents that prevent inflammation or allergic response such as mast stabilizing agents cromolyn and nedocromil may also be included as part of the pharmaceutical composition. The examples provided in the application are only some of the potential uses of therapeutics of present invention and nothing in this application is intended to limit the potential uses of therapeutics of present invention for treatment of conditions of the lungs that could benefit from localized inhibition of protein synthesis.
Summary of Novelty and Utility
The unobviousness stems in part from the ability to cleanly localize certain trichothecenes in the respiratory tract by inhalation as discovered by applicant from the cluster of infant hemosiderosis cases and from biological warfare test failures. The utility is that protein synthesis downregulation will provide a broad spectrum affect on attenuating inflammatory responses. The slow inactivation time of trichothecenes will provide long lasting therapeutic affect.
REFERENCES CITED


    Referred to as “HPIM” in this application: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 14th edition, McGraw Hill, 1998, Fauci, Braunwald, Isselbacher, Wilson, Martin, Kasper, Hauser, Longo.

## Claims

1. A method of attenuating an immune system mediated inflammatory response in the respiratory tract of humans or non-human animals, comprising administration by oral inhalation, or nasal spray, a composition containing therapeutically effective amounts of trichothecene or a mixture of trichothecenes.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein said trichothecene is a fragment or sub-unit of trichothecene which still possesses the biological activity of inhibiting protein synthesis.

3. A method of attenuating hyperactive protein synthesis by mast cells or other secretory cells in the respiratory tract of humans or non-human animals, comprising administration by oral inhalation, or nasal spray, a composition containing therapeutically effective amounts of trichothecene or a mixture of trichothecenes.

4. The method of claim 3 wherein said trichothecene is a fragment or sub-unit of trichothecene which still possesses the biological activity of inhibiting protein synthesis.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein said trichothecene is a simple trichothecene.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein said trichothecene is a Type A simple trichothecene.

7. The method of claim 1 wherein said trichothecene is Diacetoxyscirpenol.

8. The method of claim 3 wherein said trichothecene is a simple trichothecene.

9. The method of claim 3 wherein said trichothecene is a Type A simple trichothecene.

10. The method of claim 3 wherein said trichothecene is Diacetoxyscirpenol.