In the

United States Court of Appeals

For the Seventh Circuit ____________________

No. 13-3624

MICHELE A. HERRMANN,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

CAROLYN W. COLVIN, Acting Commissioner of Social

 Security,

Defendant-Appellee.

____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the

Northern District of Indiana, Fort Wayne Division.

No. 1:12-cv-00229-JEM— John E. Martin, Magistrate Judge.

____________________

ARGUED OCTOBER 28, 2014 — DECIDED DECEMBER 4, 2014

____________________

Before BAUER, POSNER, and TINDER, Circuit Judges.

POSNER, Circuit Judge. The plaintiff (we’ll call her the applicant) applied for Supplemental Security Income, which is 

a benefit for which low-income people who are aged, blind, 

or disabled are eligible. She was turned down by an administrative law judge of the Social Security Administration for

the benefit she sought for years before she turned 55. But because of the less demanding showing of disability required 
2 No. 13-3624

of applicants that age and older, she was deemed to have 

become disabled when she reached 55. She appealed the partial denial unsuccessfully, first to the appeals council of the 

Social Security Administration and then to the district court, 

and she now appeals to us.

The applicant’s treating physicians, together with three 

consultative physicians selected by the Social Security Administration who examined the applicant and studied her 

medical records, advised the administrative law judge that 

she suffers from fibromyalgia, spinal disk disease, “photophobia” (abnormal sensitivity to light), and other ailments 

unnecessary to discuss, and that as a result she walks haltingly, has difficulty gripping objects, experiences difficulty 

in rising from a sitting position, has trouble concentrating in 

a bright room or when looking at a computer screen, and as 

a result of this assemblage of impairments cannot do even 

light work on a full-time basis. If this is right she was disabled before she turned 55 and is therefore entitled to a back 

payment of Supplemental Security Income.

“Light work” is defined by the Social Security Administration as work that “involves lifting no more than 20 

pounds at a time with frequent lifting or carrying of objects 

weighing up to 10 pounds. Even though the weight lifted 

may be very little, a job is in this category when it requires a 

good deal of walking or standing, or when it involves sitting 

most of the time with some pushing and pulling of arm or

leg controls. To be considered capable of performing a full or 

wide range of light work, you must have the ability to do 

substantially all of these activities. If someone can do light 

work, we determine that he or she can also do sedentary 

work, unless there are additional limiting factors such as loss 
No. 13-3624 3

of fine dexterity or inability to sit for long periods of time.”

20 C.F.R. § 404.1567. This is a pretty precise description of 

the type of work that, according to the findings by the doctors regarding the applicant’s physical limitations, she can’t

perform.

But the administrative law judge brushed aside the physicians’ findings. Typical was his statement that the opinion 

of Dr. Dauscher, one of the applicant’s treating physicians, 

would be “given no significant weight, because the functional limitations are not supported by Dr. Dauscher’s sparse 

treatment statement notes or by examination findings made 

by other physicians.” The administrative law judge seems to 

have thought that a physician’s evidence can be disregarded 

unless he has detailed notes to back it up and other physicians provide identical evidence even if they don’t contradict 

him—in other words no credibility without corroboration. 

These are insufficient grounds for disbelieving the evidence 

of a qualified professional.

The administrative law judge discussed at greatest length 

the evidence of Dr. Michael Holton, one of the consultative 

physicians, saying that Holton had

diagnosed fibromyalgia and lumbar degenerative disk disease. No sensory deficits were noted, and manipulative 

abilities were normal. Dr. Holton ... opined that the claimant can lift and carry up to 20 pounds occasionally but 

would be “unlikely” to be able to work eight hours a day. 

He also indicated that the claimant would be able to do only occasional reaching, handling, and fingering. This opinion is [to be] given little weight, except as to the lifting limitations, because Dr. Holton’s examination findings of 5/5 

muscle strength, normal sensation and normal manipulative abilities are not consistent with his assessment that the 
4 No. 13-3624

claimant cannot sustain sitting, standing and walking for 

eight hours and has limitations regarding reaching, handling and fingering. ... [Another consultative physician, a 

Dr. Sands] commented that the opinion of consultative examiner Dr. Holton was not [that is, should not be] given 

weight because the deficits Dr. Holton noted upon examination were not consistent with fibromyalgia. Furthermore, [Dr. Holton] failed to recognize the likelihood of 

symptom magnification and interpreted subjective findings as objective manifestations of disease [citations to exhibits omitted].

This is garbled. Consider first the criticisms by Dr. Sands. 

Sands could not have been talking about Dr. Holton, because 

Sands’s report preceded Holton’s. The government’s lawyer 

admitted this at the oral argument but speculated that it was 

a “scrivener’s error”—that the administrative law judge had 

meant Dr. Ksionski when he said Dr. Holton. This is possible, but we can’t assume it to be true on the basis of the lawyer’s speculation.

Consider next the statement attributed by the administrative law judge to Holton that “manipulative abilities were 

normal.” In fact Holton noted “grip strength” measurements 

of 31 pounds for the applicant’s right hand and 11 pounds 

for her left, which are well below the normal range for women of the applicant’s age. See, e.g., Virgil Mathiowetz et al., 

“Grip and Pinch Strength: Normative Data for Adults,” 66 

Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 69, 71 (1985), 

www.fcesoftware.com/images/5_Grip_and_Pinch_Norms.p

df (visited Dec. 4, 2014). The applicant in our case may have 

areas of strength and be able to feel things (“normal sensation”) without having the grip strength that she’d need at 

work. The administrative law judge failed to compare X-ray 
No. 13-3624 5

and MRI evidence presented by Holton that revealed spinal 

disease of sufficient gravity to engender the limitations on 

gait, gripping (an important manipulative ability), and rising 

(for example, getting up from a chair one is sitting in or 

straightening up after lifting something) that he found she 

had.

It’s true that Holton reported that the applicant’s “fine 

finger manipulative abilities appear normal.” “’Fingering’

involves picking, pinching, or otherwise working primarily

with the fingers. It is needed to perform most unskilled sedentary jobs and to perform certain skilled and semiskilled 

jobs at all levels of exertion.” Social Security Ruling 85-15:2.

But Holton had also opined that the applicant would have 

trouble “handling,” a finding that is consistent with reduced 

grip strength (indeed, gripping is a form of handling) and is 

an essential manipulative activity in a great many jobs. The

Social Security ruling that we’ve just been quoting from explains that “handling (seizing, holding, grasping, turning or 

otherwise working primarily with the whole hand or hands) 

are activities required in almost all jobs. Significant limitations of reaching or handling, therefore, may eliminate a 

large number of occupations a person could otherwise do.”

The district court’s statement that “the ALJ’s evaluation 

of Dr. Holton’s opinion may not be perfect” is a considerable

understatement. Coupled with the administrative law 

judge’s unreasoned brush off of the evidence offered by the 

other consulting physicians, his confused rejection of Dr. 

Holton’s evidence should have persuaded the district judge 

to reverse the denial of relief to the applicant and remand 

the matter to the Social Security Administration.
6 No. 13-3624

There is more that is wrong with the administrative law 

judge’s opinion. The more involves an issue we discussed in 

Browning v. Colvin, 766 F.3d 702, 708–12 (7th Cir. 2014), concerning testimony by vocational experts regarding the number of jobs in the local, state, and national economy that an 

applicant for social security disability benefits is capable of 

performing. The Social Security Administration does not try 

to determine whether an applicant would have any real 

chance of landing a job, even if physically and mentally capable of performing the work required by it, but it does require a determination of whether work that the applicant is 

capable of doing “exists in significant numbers” in the economy. 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(2)(A); 20 C.F.R. § 416.966(a). If the

only jobs that the applicant is physically and mentally capable of doing no longer exist in the American economy (such 

as pin setter, phrenologist, leech collector, milkman, pony 

express rider, and daguerreotypist), the applicant is disabled 

from working, and likewise, as a realistic matter, if there is 

an insignificant number of such jobs.

Asked at oral argument, the government lawyers in both 

social security disability cases argued before us on October 

28 confessed ignorance of the source and accuracy of such 

statistics, about which we had expressed profound doubt in 

the Browning case. We are not alone in harboring such 

doubts. See Brault v. Social Security Administration, 683 F.3d 

443, 446–47 (2d Cir. 2012) (per curiam); Guiton v. Colvin, 546 

F. App’x 137, 143–45 (4th Cir. 2013) (concurring opinion); Jon 

C. Dubin, “Overcoming Gridlock: Campbell After a QuarterCentury and Bureaucratically Rational Gap-Filling in Mass 

Justice Adjudication in the Social Security Administration’s 

Disability Programs,” 62 Administrative L. Rev. 937, 964–71 

(2010); Peter J. Lemoine, “Crisis of Confidence: The Inade-
No. 13-3624 7

quacies of Vocational Evidence Presented at Social Security 

Disability Hearings, Part II,” Social Security Forum, Sept. 

2012, p. 4.

The administrative law judge found that the applicant 

was capable of performing “a restricted range of light 

work.” On the basis of that finding a vocational expert testified that the applicant “would be able to perform the requirements of representative unskilled light occupations 

such as: cashier, with 1,000 such jobs existing in the Fort 

Wayne region [where the applicant lives] and 10,000 such 

jobs existing in Indiana; shipping and receiving weigher, 

with 200 jobs in the region and 2,000 jobs in Indiana; and 

production inspector, with 500 jobs in the region and 5,000 

jobs in Indiana” (citations omitted). For unexplained reasons 

he didn’t estimate the number of jobs in these categories in 

the nation as a whole.

The only public source that the vocational expert cited 

for the numbers we’ve just quoted was the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (4th ed. 1991) (the “DOT” as it is called). He 

did testify that he had also relied on his “knowledge of the 

industry”—“my past experience, knowledge of these positions, employers that do accommodate for individuals with 

varying degrees of limitations or impairments, hence personal experience and labor market surveys [] account for a 

portion of my testimony.” But he didn’t explain how impressions from unspecified past experience and 

“knowledge” could enable him to determine numbers of

particular jobs. Nor did he reveal what surveys he had relied 

upon and what they had shown.

As for his reference to the DOT, not only is that an obsolete catalog of jobs (most of the entries in it date back to 
8 No. 13-3624

1977) but it contains no statistics regarding the number of

jobs in a given job category that exist in the local, state, or 

national economy. For the numbers, vocational experts normally rely on a journal called the Occupational Employment 

Quarterly, published by a company called U.S. Publishing, 

although the vocational expert in this case did not mention 

the journal. The source of the journal’s statistics is census data, and the Census Bureau reports not the number of jobs in 

each job category in the DOT but instead the number of jobs 

in a broader job category that includes some of the DOT’s 

narrower categories. The vocational expert divides the number of jobs in the broad category by the number of finer categories within the broad category, and the result is his estimate of the number of jobs in the finer category, that is, the 

number of jobs the administrative law judge believes the applicant for benefits is capable of performing.

So if the broad category contains 10,000 jobs, and there 

are 20 finer categories within it, one of which consists of the 

jobs the applicant can perform, the vocational expert would 

estimate, and the administrative law judge accept, that there 

were 500 jobs in that category. That would be an arbitrary 

estimate, since there would be no basis for thinking that all 

the finer categories include the same number of jobs—

namely, in our example, 10,000 divided by 500. (For this understanding of how the vocational experts arrive at their 

conclusions, see, besides the sources cited earlier, David F. 

Traver, “Cross-Examination of Vocational Expert on U.S. 

Publishing Data,” Attorney Education Center, www.jamesedu

cationcenter.com/articles/cross-examination-public-data/

(visited Dec. 4, 2014), reporting an admission by a vocational 

expert that this is indeed how vocational experts arrive at 

their numbers.)
No. 13-3624 9

We do not know how the vocational expert in this case 

calculated the numbers to which he testified. Nothing in the 

record enables us to verify those numbers, which the administrative law judge accepted.

While we’re trying to solve or at least identify puzzles, 

we’ll take a crack at one more—why it is that the vocational 

expert is required to estimate the number of jobs in the applicant’s locality and region, as well as in the nation as a 

whole, that the applicant for benefits can perform. For if

there is a substantial number of such jobs in the nation, the 

applicant’s claim fails, no matter how few there are in his 

locality or region. We are guessing that the reason for requiring estimates of local and regional job availability as well as 

national is that the number of jobs of a particular type in the 

nation as a whole might be very small, yet if they were concentrated in the applicant’s area he might have a significant 

opportunity for obtaining work that he was capable of performing even though people living elsewhere would not

have that opportunity.

REVERSED AND REMANDED.