A Vital Tool for Protecting Public Health and the Env
THE ORIGIN OF REGULATIONS: ENVIRONMENTAL 

LAWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

DEVELOPING REGULATIONS: 

FROM START TO FINISH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS THAT GUIDE 

DECISION-MAKING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

WHEN REGULATION IS NOT NEEDED . . . . . . . . 

IMPROVING THE PROCESS: SETTING THE STAGE 

FOR FUTURE REGULATORY ACTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . 

Contents 

Table of 
Regulations

A Vital Tool for Protecting Public Healt

and the Environment 

What does it take to protect the 

world around us? Everyone 

doing their share. Look around 

your community and you will find volunteers starting recycling programs, cleaning up streams, and planting trees. This 

same spirit of environmental stewardship 

can also be seen in the private sector, 

where companies are adopting green 

business practices that are good for the 

environment and the bottom line. 

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) encourages v

untary efforts for protecting the environment, but we also have 

the authority to write mandatory requirements called regulation

EPA regulations cover a range of environmental and public hea

protection issues, from setting standards for clean water to spe

fying cleanup levels for toxic waste sites to controlling air pollu

tion from industry and other sources. 

Businesses, state and local governments, even individuals can 

fined if they do not abide by our regulations, and that is one r

son why we invite the public to share in their development—w

want our rules to be practical and fair for the American people

Continue reading to learn more about how EPA writes regulations, and how your voice can influence the policies that shap

our environmental future. 
T

ypically, Congress learns about an environmental or pub

health protection issue before EPA writes the regulations 

address it. Public interest groups, citizens, businesses, or 

government agencies contact Congress with an issue of concer

Congress may then decide to hold hearings and prepare a bill. 

bill gains approval in Congress, it then goes to the President fo

nature. If signed, the bill becomes a law. 

However, most laws do not have enough detail to be put into 

right away. EPA is called a regulatory agency because Congress 

izes EPA to write regulations that explain the critical technical, 

tional, and legal details. For example, the Resource Conservati

Recovery Act requires EPA to write standards for managing ha

waste. Its central mandate requires EPA to develop standards t

tect human health and the environment” but does not say prec

what those standards should be. As in many other laws, Cong

entrusts EPA to develop most of the details for regulations bas

our technical and policy expertise. 

The box to the right lists the laws that give EPA most of its aut

to write regulations. These laws are designed specifically to ach

the nation’s environmental and public health protection goals. 

In a single year, EPA publishes about 1,000 regulations in eith

posed or final form. Of these regulations, only about 5 to 10 a

sidered major, meaning they have the potential to impose cum

costs of more than $100 million a year. 

2


Regulations

Environmental Laws 

The Origin of
Congress passed the following laws specifically to protect human health a

environment. Many of these laws have been amended since the dates of t

enactment to reflect new scientific knowledge or to correct ambiguities. 

1938 Federal Food, Drug, and 

Cosmetic Act 

1947 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, 

and Rodenticide Act 

1948 Federal Water Pollution Control 

Act (also known as the Clean 

Water Act) 

1955 Clean Air Act 

1965 Shoreline Protection Act 

1965 Solid Waste Disposal Act 

1970 National Environmental 

Policy Act 

1970 Pollution Prevention 

Packaging Act 

1971 Lead-Based Paint Poisoning 

Prevention Act 

1972 Coastal Zone Management Act 

1972 Marine Protection, Research, 

and Sanctuaries Act 

1972 Ocean Dumping Act 

1973 Endangered Species Act 

1974 Safe Drinking Water Act 

1975 Hazardous Materials 

Transportation Act 

1976 Resource Conservation and 

Recovery Act 

1976 Toxic Substances Contro

1977 Surface Mining Control 

Reclamation Act 

1978 Uranium Mill-Tailings Ra

Control Act 

1980 Asbestos School Hazard 

Detection and Control A

1980 Comprehensive Environ

Response, Compensatio

Liability Act 

1982 Nuclear Waste Policy Ac

1984 Asbestos School Hazard 

Abatement Act 

1986 Asbestos Hazard Emerge

Response Act 

1986 Emergency Planning an

Community Right to Kno

1988 Indoor Radon Abatemen

1988 Lead Contamination Con

1988 Medical Waste Tracking 

1990 National Environmental 

Education Act 

1990 Pollution Prevention Act 

1996 Food Quality Protection 

1999 Chemical Safety Informa

Site Security and Fuels 

Regulatory Relief Act 

MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS IN THE UNITED 
Regulations

From Start to Finish 

When EPA identifies the potential need for a regulation

meet to form a workgroup. The workgroup is led by th

office that will be writing the regulation and includes 

bers from other parts of the Agency with related interests or resp

bilities. This process can take months before an appropriate cou

action is carefully and methodically decided. It generally goes li

■ Analyze the Problem. The workgroup studies the origin, m

tude, and impacts of the problem. It may draw information 

EPA’s own research, scientific literature, or from other resea

in the United States and abroad. 

■ Identify Options. The workgroup then considers the avail

options for addressing the problem. This may require evalu

environmental technologies, changes in environmental man

ment practices, and incentives that can motivate better env

mental performance. As later sections explain, the workgro

takes related issues into account at this stage, such as the im

of various options on small businesses, on children’s health

state and local governments. Sometimes the workgroup mi

find there is no need for regulation. 

■ Publish Proposal. Once the preliminary analysis is comple

the need for regulation is determined, the workgroup draft

posed regulation for publication in the Federal Register. A l

called the Administrative Procedure Act generally requires 

4


Developing
(and other federal regulatory agencies) to request comments fro

the public before finalizing the regulation. The public commen

period typically lasts 60 to 90 days. 

■ Review Public Comments. Next, the workgroup reviews and 

evaluates all the comments received. Depending on the regulation, these comments may range from minimal to extensive. In 

any case, the workgroup carefully weighs and evaluates the com

ments before developing a draft final regulation for review and 

approval by EPA senior management. 

■ Issue Regulation. After approval by senior management, the E

Administrator reviews the draft regulation and decides whether 

should be issued. If the Administrator decides to issue the regu

tion, it is published in the Federal Register and goes into effect 

soon afterwards. In accordance with the Congressional Review 

Act, Congress may overturn a regulation even after the 

Administrator has issued it, however, this is an exrememly rare 

occurrence. 

Sharing the Game Plan: EPA’s Regulatory A genda 

Like all federal regulatory agencies, EPA publishes a list of the 

important regulations that will be completed within the next year. 

This “Semi-Annual Regulatory Agenda” appears in the Federal Regis

in the spring and fall, serving as an official notice for all interested 

parties. The Agenda also includes information about important 

regulations completed within the past year. 
the workgroup receives new data from the public during a com

period, the workgroup might publish in the Federal Register a 

of Data Availability” so interested parties can learn more and su

additional comments. Sometimes the workgroup might decide 

a new direction after receiving new data, which can result in a 

“Supplemental Notice of Proposed Rulemaking.” Finally, the w

group might decide to draft a notice seeking public comment 

information before the proposal is even developed. This pre-pr

is called an “Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking” and is 

published in the Federal Register. 

EPA maintains a central staff within the Administrator’s office t

all the regulations under development. The Regulatory Manage

Staff monitors the status of workgroups, helps with Federal Reg

publication, and ensures that EPA is following the various laws 

mandates that govern regulation writing. 

Because EPA is part of the Executive Branch, the White House

of Management and Budget (OMB) reviews some EPA regulati

before they are published in the Federal Register. Generally, OM

reviews regulations that could potentially impose more than $

million in annual costs on society or present controversial lega

policy issues. OMB also ensures rules are consistent with the 

Administration’s environmental priorities and policies, and coo

nates review by other federal agencies that might have an inter

the issue. 

Making It Official—Where To Look for Regulations 

EPA publishes its proposed regulations, final regulations, and 

the Federal Register. Final regulations are also published in th

Federal Regulations. Known as the CFR, this compilation of go

regulations is divided into 50 titles that r

6 

epresent topics of f

authority, such as education, transportation, and agriculture

contains environmental regulations mainly in Title 40 Chapt

1 – 799), Chapter V (Parts 1500 – 1517), and Chapter VI (Part 
Consideration

That Guide Decision-M

Aquick glance at the steps just outlined may lead some to 

believe that regulation development is a straight-forward 

process. But our job is to produce quality regulations that 

are scientifically sound, cost-effective, fair, and effective in achievin

environmental goals. And so we routinely take diverse and often 

complex issues into account before making final decisions. Some 

of the most influential factors on our decision-making are discusse

below. 

Using Sound Science

All of EPA’s work is supported by sound science, especially our wo

on regulations. Whether we are developing a new standard to prot

the public from a newly recognized risk or specifying monitoring 

requirements to gauge how well an environmental control is worki

EPA bases its regulations on the most current and credible scientifi

information available. This information might come from EPA’s ow

research laboratories, or from literature reviews that help pinpoint 

useful research from other sources. 

Under the best circumstances, EPA uses information that has unde

gone thorough peer review. During peer review, leading experts ver

the accuracy of data and any resulting conclusions. Sometimes, ho

ever, the need for immediate action leads EPA to rely on data that 

preliminary or that present conflicting results. In these instances, E
uses it expertise to draw reasonable conculstions based on wh

already known. 

In addition, we often rely on outside expertise to review resear

results and inform our scientific judgments. Most notable is EP

Science Advisory Board. Composed of outside experts from va

scientific disciplines, representing academia, industry, and env

mental organizations, this distinguished group generally serves 

technical review panel, providing EPA with sound advice on im

tant science issues that might affect the development and impl

tation of a regulation. Outside expertise may also come from th

National Research Council, other federal agencies with related 

responsibilities, or other outside experts. 

Because sound scientific data are so critical to quality actions, 

conducts its own research and provides support to researchers 

side the Agency. Many studies examine the effects of pollutant

other environmental stressors on human health and the natura

ronment, how harmful effects occur in the body, and the healt

they represent. Some of the issues currently under investigatio

EPA include the impacts of global climate change on ecosystem

effects of the chemical dioxin on human reproduction, and the 

tial vulnerability of the nation’s drinking water supply. These s

are part of a broader research agenda that provides critical sup

EPA’s regulatory work. 

8

Besides carrying out directives in environmental laws, EPA must 

abide by several laws and executive orders (E.O.s) that guide the 

process for developing regulations at the federal level. These mandates, shown on the next page, direct EPA to consider issues of con

cern to the President, Congress, and the American public. 

Economic Benefits and Costs 

Before drafting a regulation, EPA assesses the expected benefits and 

costs. Consistent with E.O. 12866 on regulatory planning and revie

EPA performs economic analyses using a set of principles that mak

the regulatory system work well for the American people. These 

analyses call for EPA to assess the benefits and costs of the regulato

alternatives available, including the alternative of not regulating. EP

regulation writers use quantitative (numerical) and qualitative 

(descriptive) measurements to gauge the benefits and costs of impo

ing a regulation. 

But how do you put a dollar value on the benefits of nature? If we

lands are filled in because there is no regulation to protect them, 

what is the loss to society? How do you fully measure the cost that 

society incurs from some degree of exposure to a cancer-causing 

chemical? As difficult as these questions seem, economists have 

developed methods to make prudent estimates about the benefits a

costs of environmental regulations. 

We estimate benefits in several ways. Human health benefits might 

include reduced mortality rates and fewer incidences of cancer or 

chronic illnesses. Ecological benefits might include restoration of 

degraded habitat and increases in populations of certain species. 

Other benefits reflect quality-of-life factors, such as improved taste 

and odor of drinking water. 
■ The Administrative Procedure Act 

■ The Regulatory Flexibility Act (as amended 

by the Small Business Regulatory 

Enforcement Fairness Act) 

■ The Unfunded Mandates Reform Act 

■ The Paperwork Reduction Act 

■ The National Technology Transfer and 

Advancement Act 

■ The Congressional Review Act 

■ E.O. 12866 on regulatory planning and 

review 

■ E.O. 12898 on federal action

environmental justice in mi

tions and low-income popu

■ E.O. 13045 on protection of 

environmental health risks a

■ E.O. 13132 on federalism 

■ E.O. 13175 on consultation a

tion with Indian tribal gove

■ E.O. 13211 on regulations th

affect energy supply, distrib

LAWS AND EXECUTIVE ORDERS THAT 

GOVERN FEDERAL RULEMAKING 

We estimate the cost of a regulation by looking at the cost of c

ance. A new regulation often forces businesses, communities, n

profit organizations, or government agencies to buy new pollu

control equipment or adopt new practices. Other costs include 

welfare losses, such as higher consumer and product prices, an

sitional social costs, such as business closings and unemploym

EPA’s “Guidelines for Preparing Economic Analysis” provides a 

and consistent framework for measuring benefits and costs of 

tory options. Recognizing the need to focus our analytical effo

where they are most useful, EPA applies its most rigorous anal

the “economically significant” regulations—those that we expe

10 cost society more than $100 million a year. 
work, occasionally some laws prescribe an approach that actually p

vents EPA from taking costs into account. For example, the Clean 

Act does not allow EPA to consider the economic costs of impleme

tation when developing National Ambient Air Quality Standards. 

These standards define the maximum allowable levels of certain po

lutants in our atmosphere, and when Congress amended the Clean 

Air Act in 1970, it intended for EPA to act without considering ho

much it would cost or even whether it was technologically feasible

Congress understood that this approach might impose unusual bu

dens on society, for example by forcing the development of new co

trol technologies, but decided to put protection of public health an

welfare ahead of economic considerations. 

Small Businesses and Small Communities 

EPA routinely looks closely at how rules might affect small busines

and small towns. Compared to larger organizations, these small ent

ties often do not have the resources needed to completely manage 

their environmental responsibilities. Therefore, under the Regulato

Flexibility Act (as amended by the Small Business Regulatory 

Enforcement Fairness Act), Congress directs EPA to take the impac

of its proposed regulations on small entities into account. Specifica

unless the EPA Administrator can certify that a regulation will not 

have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of sm

entities, EPA generally must: 

■ Convene a small business advocacy review panel. The panel 

examines the economic impact of the proposed regulation on sm

entities, reaches out to small entities for comments, and prepares 

report summarizing both the comments and the panel’s recomm

dations. The comments become part of the official record, and E

factors the recommendations into its decision-making. 

■ Prepare a regulatory flexibility analysis. This analysis describe

the impact of the proposed regulation on small businesses. It als

outlines alternatives that could accomplish the same objective w

minimizing the significant economic impacts. 
Together these actions ensure that EPA fully considers the imp

its actions on small entities and ways to minimize those impac

much as possible. One example of how this affects our regulat

the rule for regulating the injection of certain liquid wastes int

ground wells. Some wastes from vehicle repair and maintenan

receive little or no treatment before injection into the ground, 

can lead to groundwater contamination. When EPA issued a re

halting use of injection wells at these operations, we did so ba

input from environmental groups and other affected stakehold

with the knowledge that it could have a significant economic i

on 4,800 small businesses and 380 small towns. And so to les

impact, we used a phased approach whereby well owners have 

seven years to comply. The regulation also allows owners and 

tors to seek a waiver from the ban and get a permit to continu

tions as long as certain conditions for environmental and publ

protection are met. 

Environmental Justice and Child Safety 

Protecting public health means protecting the health of all Am

including those segments of society that might need more atte

than others. In recent years, public concern that some populat

were bearing an uneven share of environmental health risks le

12898 that requires “federal actions to address environmental 

minority populations and low-income populations.” This exec

order calls for EPA to identify and address impacts on minority 

low-income populations when we develop our regulations. 

Additionally, EPA considers how regulations might impact chil

12

In relation to their body size, children breathe more air, drink mor

water, and eat more food than adults, so their exposure to environ

mental health risks is greater. In the past, EPA regulations consider

health risks to adults almost exclusively. But as new information 

emerged suggesting that children are more vulnerable to health ris

EPA began altering its approach to risk analyses. E.O. 13045 “on p

tection of children from environmental health risks and safety risk

strengthened our focus on children, requiring us to analyze wheth

certain regulations would have disproportionate impacts on their 

health. 

Providing Flexibility 

Often, the biggest complaint about regulations—and not just envi­

ronmental ones—is that they can be too rigid. In particular, compa

nies sometimes argue that by mandating specific solutions, EPA reg

lations stifle innovation that could lead to better environmental


results. By pursuing innovative approaches and insisting on strong

accountability for results, we are finding ways to build more flexib

ty into regulations. 


One way EPA does so is by using performance-based approaches th

emphasize the end result we want to achieve. For example, an air


quality regulation directs heavy-duty diesel trucks and buses to cu

sulfur emissions by 95 percent. The regulation does not specify ho

refiners and engine manufacturers must achieve this goal, but it do

give them significant time to decide for themselves. In other


instances, EPA has offered companies extra time to comply with a


new requirement if those companies were willing to invest in more 
advanced technologies than required. This approach means be

protection for the environment and more flexibility in making 

ronmental investment decisions. 

EPA works with states, businesses, and other organizations wit

ronmental interests to test approaches that can lead to more fle

regulations. The objective is to find more efficient and effective 

of achieving environmental goals and to then apply those appr

on a scale that produces the greatest possible benefits. One inn

approach that has proven effective is the use of facility-wide pe

that put a cap on overall emissions rather than specifying limit

every emission source at a site. This approach gives companies 

flexibility in managing their operations, and it reduces regulato

burden. 

Involving the Public 

Many individuals outside the government are affected by and i

ed in environmental regulations. These stakeholders often prov

valuable comments on EPA’s proposed regulations. Stakeholde

ments can illuminate issues that EPA has not yet considered, a

us to benefit from the knowledge and experience of the concer

public. Ultimately, stakeholder comments lead to better regula

When EPA proposes a regulation in the Federal Register, the Ag

includes information about how the public can comment. Opt

include sending comments via regular mail, e-mail, or fax. We 

14

encourage stakeholders to tell us where they stand on a proposed 

ulation and to send information and data that support their positio

For most regulations, EPA saves public comments in a docket. The 

docket organizes information related to each regulation, including 

background reports, Federal Register notices, and other supporting 

documents. Each docket is accessible to the public. Check the fina

page of this publication to find out how you can visit our online 

EDOCKET system, which allows users to send comments and acce

docket materials electronically. 

Federal advisory committees also provide EPA with advice and rec

ommendations. Sometimes EPA will establish a federal advisory co

mittee to get advice on a particular issue. However, EPA convenes 

following committees on a routine basis to get advice on issues tha

cut across EPA programs: 

■

The EPA Science Advisory Board provides EPA with feedback 

the scientific underpinning of its decision-making. 

■

The National Advisory Council for Environmental Policy and 

Technology advises EPA on ways to improve our domestic and 

international environmental management policies, programs, 

and technologies. 

■

The Environmental Financing Advisory Board provides EPA 

with advice on how regulations should be paid for once they 

go into effect. 
RRegulatio

S

ometimes EPA finds that a regulation is not needed after 

While developing a new regulation, we periodically asse

latest information to reaffirm our approach. If the eviden

gests that a proposed regulation is unnecessary or inappropria

may abandon the issue or choose an alternative course of actio

Such was the case for a proposed wastewater regulation targeti

lution from industrial laundries. After reviewing new informat

about the toxicity and volume of pollution from the laundries, 

decided that local wastewater authorities could more effectivel

address the problem. Consequently, EPA began to work with in

on a voluntary pollution prevention program aimed at reducin

lutants to the air, water, and land. 

Although EPA believes that regulations play an irreplaceable ro

environmental and public health protection, there are some cir

stances where we can achieve superior environmental results u

alternatives. Some of these alternatives are described below: 

■

Voluntary programs. Today, EPA has more than 30 volunta

national programs to help companies and other organization

improve specific aspects of environmental management. For 

ple, ENERGY STAR® promotes energy efficient products and pr

Design for the Environment helps companies find more env

mentally sound alternatives to existing processes or technolo

16 and the Commuter ChoiceSM Leadership Initiative works wit

Is Not Nee
employers to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by offering commuter benefits to employees. EPA has many other voluntary pro

grams that address regional priorities. 

■

Economic incentives. Used to link environmental and economi

goals, economic incentives can take many different forms. For 

example, pollution fees charged by volume create an incentive fo

companies to reduce waste. Market-based trading programs, suc

as those used successfully to control acid rain, give companies th

option to buy or sell pollution credits, depending upon their circumstances. Subsidies offer financial aid for environmental inves

ments that might otherwise prove too expensive. And liability ru

such as those used in the federal Superfund program, create an 

incentive for businesses and communities to address environmen

management issues before they become a problem. 

■

Partnerships. EPA often works with other organizations to share 

ideas and leverage resources, achieving more environmental prot

tion than we could ever achieve through individual effort—or re

lation—alone. These partnerships involve other agencies and lev

of government, universities, non-profit and community groups, 

private companies. From scientific research to information sharin

environmental partnerships can be a powerful tool for accomplis

ing specific goals. For example, in 2001, EPA launched a new pu

lic education campaign in partnership with the Ad Council and 

Major League Baseball that alerts parents of asthmatic children 

about the dangers of second-hand smoke in the home—a proble

that would be difficult to regulate and impossible to enforce. 
■

Technical assistance. EPA believes that businesses and othe

organizations require tools to improve their environmental p

formance. We offer assistance on the Internet, during onsite 

via telephone hotlines, and through training efforts. For exam

EPA funds job training programs to clean up brownfields—a

doned or underused industrial and commercial properties th

remain undeveloped because of concern about potential con

nation. The training allows communities to speed up cleanu

redevelopment efforts and, as a bonus, helps prepare local re

for future employment in the environmental field. 

As EPA looks beyond traditional “command and control” regul

and toward creative approaches to environmental problem-solv

we benefit from the diverse skills of our staff. As you would ex

EPA has many employees with science, engineering, and law d

But you will also find staff with degrees in business, statistics, 

gy, education, and public policy. This diversity of knowledge a

experience is useful in our problem-solving, whether it involve

lation—or not. 

18

Process: 

Setting the Stage for F

Impro

uture Regulatory A

ving the 

E

PA began issuing regulations shortly after opening its doors i

1970. Since then, we have learned a great deal about workin

with stakeholders and running a sound regulatory developm

process. We have learned the process is dynamic—often requiring 

continual adjustments in both substance and process. For example

we are learning to harness the power of the Internet—the EDOCK

system mentioned previously allows stakeholders to go online and 

submit comments on proposed rules. Similarly, new electronic rep

ing capabilities now under development will provide regulated fac

ties with a quick, efficient, and paperless option for complying wit

reporting requirements. 

Recognizing the critical role that regulations play in achieving its m

sion, in April 2001, EPA launched a comprehensive review of the r

ulatory process. This review—the first in many years—resulted in 

recommendations that will strengthen our regulatory actions. The 

recommendations are designed to get EPA managers, scientists, an

economists more actively involved in developing quality regulation

to ensure workgroups consider different policy options before mak

decisions, and to increase public participation. 
EPA will continue pursuing improvements that can improve en

mental regulations. Because our responsibilities do not end on

rule appears in the Federal Register, we continue to work with 

businesses and communities that are bound to put them into p

tice. Technical assistance, monitoring, compliance assurance, 

and enforcement are all equally important parts of the regulato

process, even though occurring later. And so, while the focus o

brochure is on how regulations are developed, to achieve the i

ed benefits, EPA works with affected parties long after requirem

take effect. 

Moreover, in order to move towards a cleaner future, EPA will 

ue to rely on the American people to do their part—by getting 

involved with our regulatory actions and by volunteering and 

moting environmentally friendly actions in their businesses, co

nities, and homes. 

20

FOR MORE INFORMATION 

You can learn more about environmental regulations by callin

EPA’s Regulatory Management Staff at 202 564-5480. You can 

also visit EPA’s Web site at <www.epa.gov> and click on “Laws 

and Regulations.” Additional Web sites relating to specific regu

tory issues and resources described in this document are high

lighted below: 

Children’s Health www.epa.gov/children 

Code of Federal Regulations www.epa.gov/epahome/ 

(Title 40) cfr40.htm 

Environmental Laws www.epa.gov/epahome/ 

laws.htm 

E-Docket ww.epa.gov/edocket 

Environmental Economics www.epa.gov/economics 

Environmental Justice www.epa.gov/compliance/ 

environmentaljustice 

Innovative Approaches www.epa.gov/innovation 

Federal Register www.epa.gov/fedrgstr 

Science Advisory Board www.epa.gov/sab 

Small Business www.epa.gov/smallbusiness 

Voluntary Programs www.epa.gov/partners 
1EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency (1801) Washington, DC 20460 Official Business Penalty for Private Use $300 EPA100F-03-001 July 2003