U

SCEN

HelpingYouMak

U S C E N S U S B U R E A U 

ed States: 2002 Current Population Reports Consumer Income
This report was prepared under the direction of Edward J. 

Welniak Jr., Chief of the Income Surveys Branch. Diana Marz and

Ruth E. Davis provided statistical assistance. Doris Sansbury provided clerical assistance. Charles T. Nelson, Assistant Division

Chief for Income, Poverty, and Health Statistics, Housing and

Household Economic Statistics Division, provided overall direction.

David Nguyen and John Dinh, Demographic Surveys Division,

processed the Current Population Survey 2003 Annual Social and

Economic Supplement file. Caroline S. Carbaugh, Chief of the

Survey Processing Branch, Stacy J. Lyons, Mary Thrift Bush, Kirk

E. Davis, Jaime L. Hasiuk, and Thy K. Le programmed the

detailed tables.

Aneesah Stephenson of the Demographic Statistical Methods

Division conducted sampling review.

Tim J. Marshall, Demographic Surveys Division, and Andrew M.

Stevenson, Technologies Management Office, prepared and programmed the computer-assisted interviewing instrument used to

conduct the Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

U.S. Census Bureau field representatives and telephone interviewers

collected the data. Without their dedication, the preparation of this

report or any report from the Current Population Survey would be

impossible.

Greg Carroll, Penny Heiston, Jan Sweeney, and Mary Stinson of

the Administrative and Customer Services Division, Walter C. Odom,

Chief, provided publications and printing management, graphics

design and composition, and editorial review for print and electronic

media. General direction and production management were provided

by Susan L. Rappa, Chief, Publications Services Branch.

Acknowledgments
U.S. Department of Commerce

Donald L. Evans,

Secretary

Samuel W. Bodman,

Deputy Secretary

Economics and Statistics Administration

Kathleen B. Cooper, 

Under Secretary for Economic Affairs

U.S. CENSUS BUREAU

Charles Louis Kincannon,

Director

Income in the

United States: 2002

P60-221

Issued September 2003
Suggested Citation

DeNavas-Walt, Carmen,

Robert Cleveland and Bruce H.

Webster, Jr., U.S. Census Bureau,

Current Population Reports, P60-221, 

Income in the United States: 2002,

U.S. Government Printing Office,

Washington, DC, 

2003.

ECONOMICS

AND STATISTICS

ADMINISTRATION

Economics and Statistics

Administration

Kathleen B. Cooper,

Under Secretary for Economic Affairs

U.S. CENSUS BUREAU

Charles Louis Kincannon,

Director

Hermann Habermann,

Deputy Director and Chief Operating Officer

Vacant,

Principal Associate Director for Programs

Nancy M. Gordon,

Associate Director for Demographic Programs

Daniel H. Weinberg,

Chief, Housing and Household Economic Statistics Division

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office

Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll-free 866-512-1800; DC area 202-512-1800

Fax: 202-512-2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-0001
U.S. Census Bureau Income in the United States: 2002 iii

TEXT

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Income in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Race and Hispanic Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Income During Recessions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Other Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Household Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Nativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Work Experience and Earnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Per Capita Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

State Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Income Inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

The Effects of Including Noncash Benefits and Taxes on 

Estimates of Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

CPS Data Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

User Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

TEXT TABLES

1. Household Income by Race and Hispanic Origin and 

Income Definition: 2001 and 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2. Change in Real Median Household Income During Recessions 

by Income Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3. Comparison of Summary Measures of Money Income and 

Earnings by Selected Characteristics: 2001 and 2002 . . . . . . . . . . 9

4. Per Capita Money Income by Race and Hispanic Origin: 

2001 and 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

5. Money Income of Households by State Using 2- and 

3-Year-Average Medians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

6. Median Household Income by Income Definition: 2001 and 2002 . . 14

7. Percentage of Aggregate Household Income Received by 

Income Quintiles and Gini Index by Income Definition: 

2001 and 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

FIGURES

1. Median Household Income by Race and Hispanic Origin of 

Householder and Income Definition: 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2. Median Household Income by Income Definition: 1967 to 2002 . . 8

3. Median Earnings of Full-Time, Year-Round Workers 15 Years 

Old and Over by Sex: 1967 to 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

4. Percent Change in 2-Year-Average Median Household Income 

by State: 2001-2002 Less 2000-2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Contents
Appendix A.

HISTORICAL INCOME

A-1. Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic 

Origin of Householder: 1967 to 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

A-2. Median Household Income for Selected Definitions of Income by 

Race and Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1979 to 2002 . . . . .22

A-3. Share of Aggregate Income Received by Each Fifth and 

Top 5 Percent of Households: 1967 to 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25

A-4. Selected Measures of Household Income Dispersion: 

1967 to 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
INTRODUCTION

The 2002 median household money

income in the United States was

$42,409, representing a 1.1 percent

real decline from its 2001 level of

$42,900.1 By type of residence, the

decline in median household money

income was experienced mainly by

households in metropolitan areas.

Both family and nonfamily households also experienced declines in

money income. In contrast, both

men and women who were fulltime, year-round workers in 2002

experienced increases in their median earnings. Income inequality as

measured by money income did 

not change.

Traditionally, income data in

Census Bureau reports have been

based on the amount of money

people or households receive during a calendar year. This income

concept is limited and does not

provide a completely satisfactory

measure of economic well-being.

For example, it does not include

the effect of taxes and, therefore,

does not reflect the effect of tax

law changes on economic wellbeing. Similarly, this concept

excludes the effect of noncash

benefits (such as employer-provided group health insurance, food

stamps, school lunches, and housing assistance), which certainly

enhance economic well-being.

This report features four alternative income measures that deduct

payroll, federal, and state income

taxes and includes the value of

various noncash benefits — food

stamps, school lunches, housing

subsidies, health programs, and

return on home equity. Of these

four alternative income definitions,

only one showed a real decline in

median household income between

2001 and 2002 — money income

less taxes declined 0.8 percent

from $37,376 to $37,066. The

other three were unchanged.

HIGHLIGHTS

Most of the estimates described in

this section are shown in Table 1,

Table 3, Table 7, and Appendix

Table A-1; the estimates for states

are shown in Table 5.

• Real median household money

income declined by 1.1 percent

between 2001 and 2002 to a

level of $42,409. This is the

second consecutive annual

decline in median household

money income. 

• Real median household income

was unchanged between 2001

and 2002 for three of the four

alternative income definitions

highlighted in this report. The

fourth, real median household

income less taxes, declined 

0.8 percent.

• Real median household money

income declined for all race

groups except those with a

White or Asian (and no other

race) householder. However,

under the alternative income

definitions, most groups experienced no change. Only households with householders who

were Asian or Native Hawaiian

and Other Pacific Islander experienced a real decline in median

household income.

U.S. Census Bureau Income in the United States: 2002 1

Income in the United States: 2002

The estimates in this report are based on data collected by the 2003 Current Population Survey

Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC was

formerly called the Annual Demographic

Supplement or the March Income Supplement) conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau. As with all surveys, the estimates may differ from the actual

values because of sampling variation or other factors. All statements in this report have undergone

statistical testing, and all comparisons are significant at the 90-percent confidence level unless otherwise noted. For further information about the

source and accuracy of the estimates, go to

www.census.gov/hhes/income/income02.sa.pdf.

1 All income values are in 2002 dollars.

Changes in real income refer to comparisons

after adjusting for inflation. The percentage

changes in prices between earlier years and

2002 were computed by dividing the annual

average Consumer Price Index for 2002 by

the annual average for earlier years. The

CPI-U values for 1947 to 2002 are available

on the Internet at: www.census.gov/hhes

/income/income02/cpiurs.html; click on

“Annual Average Consumer Price Index 

(CPI-U-RS): 1947 to 2002.” Inflation between

2001 and 2002 was 1.6 percent.

Source of Estimates; Statistical Accuracy
• The real median money income

of both family and nonfamily

households declined between

2001 and 2002. Overall, family

household income dropped 

0.8 percent to $52,704.

Nonfamily households experienced a decline of 2.4 percent

to $25,406. 

• The real median money income

of households in the Midwest

declined, for the second consecutive year, to $43,622. The

incomes of households in the

other regions remained

unchanged.

• For the second consecutive year,

real median money income

declined for households inside

metropolitan areas, by 1.5 percent, to $45,257.

• Per capita money income

declined by 1.8 percent, in real

terms, between 2001 and 2002

to $22,794. This is the first

annual decline in per capita

income since 1991.

• Based on comparisons of 2-yearaverage medians (comparing

2000-2001 with 2001-2002),

real median household income

rose for one state (Oklahoma),

and declined for ten states and

the District of Columbia. Four

of the states that experienced

declines were in the Midwest

(Illinois, Michigan, Missouri, and

Ohio), three in the South

(Florida, Mississippi, and North

Carolina), and three in the West

(Hawaii, Nevada, and Oregon). 

• Both the Gini index of income

inequality and the quintile

shares of aggregate income indicated no change in household

money income inequality

between 2001 and 2002, but

income inequality declined

between 2001 and 2002 under

each of the four alternative

income definitions.

INCOME IN THE 

UNITED STATES

Real median money income

declined 1.1 percent between 2001

and 2002 to $42,409. Under alternative income definition MI-Tx,

median household income was

$37,066, 0.8 percent lower in real

terms than its 2001 level (see,

“What are . . . definitions of

income?”). None of the other alternative income definitions showed a

statistically significant change from

2001. For income definition MITx+NC-MM, 2002 median household income was $39,426, for definition MI-Tx+NC, it was $42,061,

and for definition MI-Tx+NC+HE, it

was $43,760.

Race and Hispanic Origin

The money income definition

shows that real median income did

not change between 2001 and

2002 for households with a nonHispanic householder who reported White as his or her only race

category and households with

householders who reported Asian

as his or her only race category.

Real median household income

2 Income in the United States: 2002 U.S. Census Bureau

What are. . . definitions of income?

Money Income (MI) is collected for all people in the sample 15 years

old and over. Money income includes earnings, unemployment compensation, workers’ compensation, social security, supplemental

security income, public assistance, veterans’ payments, survivor benefits, pension or retirement income, interest, dividends, rents, royalties, income from estates, trusts, educational assistance, alimony,

child support, assistance from outside the household, and other miscellaneous sources. It is income before deductions for taxes or other

expenses and does not include lump-sum payments or capital gains.

MI - Tx is money income plus realized capital gains (losses), less

federal and state income taxes, and less payroll taxes.

MI - Tx + NC - MM is money income, plus realized capital gains

(losses), less federal and state income taxes, less payroll taxes, plus

the value of employer-provided health benefits and the value of all

noncash transfers except medicare and medicaid. Noncash transfers

include food stamps, rent subsidies, and free and reduced-price

school lunches.

MI - Tx + NC is money income plus realized capital gains (losses),

less federal and state income taxes, less payroll taxes, plus the value

of employer-provided health benefits and all noncash transfers.

MI - Tx + NC + HE is money income plus realized capital gains

(losses), less federal and state income taxes, less payroll taxes, plus

the value of employer-provided health benefits and all noncash transfers, plus the annual benefits of converting one’s home equity into

an annuity, net of property taxes.
declined for each of the remaining

race groups and for households of

Hispanic origin.2

The money income definition shows

that real median income declined

by 2.5 percent for households with

householders who reported his or

her race was Black (and may or may

not have reported another race) and

by 3.0 percent for households with

householders who reported Black as

his or her only race. Real median

income declined by 4.0 percent for

households with householders who

reported only Asian or Asian and

another race and by 4.5 percent for

households with householders who

reported his or her race as either

U.S. Census Bureau Income in the United States: 2002 3

2 Because Hispanics may be of any race,

data in this report for Hispanics overlap with

data for racial groups. Hispanic origin was

reported by 11.4 percent of White householders who reported only one race; 3.5 percent for Black householders who reported

only one race; 27.3 percent for American

Indian or Alaska Native householders who

reported only one race; 1.4 percent for Asian

householders who reported only one race; 

and 19.0 percent for Native Hawaiian and

Other Pacific Islander householders who

reported only one race. Data users should

exercise caution when interpreting aggregate

results for the Hispanic population or for

race groups because these populations consist of many distinct groups that differ in

socio-economic characteristics, culture, and

recency of immigration. Data were first collected for Hispanics in 1972 and Asians and

Pacific Islanders in 1987.

Table 1.

Household Income by Race and Hispanic Origin and Income Definition: 2001 and 2002

(See text for comparability issues regarding 2001 and 2002 race data using single and multiple race reporting methods. Households as of

March of the following year)

Race and Hispanic origin

2001

Race and Hispanic origin

2002

Percent

change

in real

income

2002

less

2001

90-percent

confidence

interval1

(±) of

percent

change

Number

(thousands)

Median income

(in 2002 dollars)

Number

(thousands)

Median income

Value

(dollars)

90-percent

confidence

interval1

(± dollars)

Value

(dollars)

90-percent

confidence

interval1

(± dollars)

MONEY INCOME (MI)

All races ................ 109,297 42,900 215 All races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111,278 42,409 229 *–1.1 0.6

White ...................... 90,682 45,225 349 White alone or in combination . . . 92,740 44,964 319 –0.6 0.8

White alone2 .............. 91,645 45,086 301 –0.3 0.8

White, not Hispanic .......... 80,818 47,041 321 White alone, not Hispanic ...... 81,166 46,900 303 –0.3 0.8

Black ...................... 13,315 29,939 581 Black alone or in combination.... 13,778 29,177 632 *–2.5 2.3

Black alone3............... 13,465 29,026 643 *–3.0 2.3

Asian and Pacific Islander ....... 4,071 54,488 2,139 Asian alone or in combination.... 4,079 52,285 1,301 *–4.0 3.7

Asian alone4 .............. 3,917 52,626 1,515 –3.4 3.8

Asian, Native Hawaiian and Other

Pacific Islander, alone or in combination ................... 4,371 52,018 1,091 *–4.5 3.6

Asian and/or Native Hawaiian and

Other Pacific Islander5 ...... 4,164 52,291 1,288 *–4.0 3.7

Hispanic origin (of any race) ..... 10,499 34,099 712 Hispanic origin (of any race)..... 11,339 33,103 793 *–2.9 2.1

MI - Tx (MONEY INCOME PLUS

REALIZED CAPITAL GAINS

(LOSSES), LESS INCOME AND

PAYROLL TAXES)

All races ................ 109,297 37,376 201 All races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111,278 37,066 199 *–0.8 0.6

White ...................... 90,682 38,991 232 White alone or in combination . . . 92,740 38,764 224 –0.6 0.7

White alone2 .............. 91,645 38,857 227 –0.3 0.7

White, not Hispanic .......... 80,818 40,254 247 White alone, not Hispanic .... 81,166 40,212 253 –0.1 0.7

Black ...................... 13,315 26,613 447 Black alone or in combination.... 13,778 26,288 400 –1.2 1.8

Black alone3............... 13,465 26,168 405 –1.7 1.8

Asian and Pacific Islander ....... 4,071 45,360 1,328 Asian alone or in combination.... 4,079 43,803 1,270 *–3.4 3.2

Asian alone4 .............. 3,917 44,080 1,286 –2.8 3.2

Asian, Native Hawaiian and Other

Pacific Islander, alone or in combination ................... 4,371 43,482 1,194 *–4.1 3.1

Asian and/or Native Hawaiian and

Other Pacific Islander5 ...... 4,164 43,779 1,221 *–3.5 3.1

Hispanic origin (of any race) ..... 10,499 30,607 507 Hispanic origin (of any race)..... 11,339 30,291 479 –1.0 1.5

See footnotes at end of table.
Asian or Native Hawaiian and Other

Pacific Islander (and may or may

not have reported any other race).

Real median income also declined

by 4.0 percent for households with

householders who reported his or

her race as being only Asian or only

Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific

Islander or as Asian and Native

Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander.

Median income declined 2.9 percent

for households with householders

who were of Hispanic origin (see

Table 1).3

4 Income in the United States: 2002 U.S. Census Bureau

Table 1.

Household Income by Race and Hispanic Origin and Income Definition: 2001 and

2002—Con.

(See text for comparability issues regarding 2001 and 2002 race data using single and multiple race reporting methods. Households as of

March of the following year)

Race and Hispanic origin

2001

Race and Hispanic origin

2002

Percent

change

in real

income

2002

less

2001

90-percent

confidence

interval1

(±) of

percent

change

Number

(thousands)

Median income

(in 2002 dollars)

Number

(thousands)

Median income

Value

(dollars)

90-percent

confidence

interval1

(± dollars)

Value

(dollars)

90-percent

confidence

interval1

(± dollars)

MI - Tx + NC - MM (MONEY

INCOME PLUS REALIZED

CAPITAL GAINS (LOSSES),

LESS INCOME AND PAYROLL

TAXES, PLUS VALUE OF

EMPLOYER-PROVIDED

HEALTH BENEFITS AND ALL

NONCASH TRANSFERS

EXCEPT MEDICARE AND

MEDICAID)

All races ................ 109,297 39,553 217 All races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111,278 39,426 219 –0.3 0.6

White ...................... 90,682 41,218 247 White alone or in combination . . . 92,740 41,173 237 –0.1 0.7

White alone2 .............. 91,645 41,272 239 0.1 0.7

White, not Hispanic .......... 80,818 42,521 266 White alone, not Hispanic . . . 81,166 42,623 276 0.2 0.7

Black ...................... 13,315 28,748 462 Black alone or in combination.... 13,778 28,467 434 –1.0 1.8

Black alone3............... 13,465 28,338 443 –1.4 1.8

Asian and Pacific Islander ....... 4,071 48,287 1,219 Asian alone or in combination.... 4,079 47,252 1,209 –2.1 2.8

Asian alone4 .............. 3,917 47,501 1,260 –1.6 2.9

Asian, Native Hawaiian and Other

Pacific Islander, alone or in combination ................... 4,371 46,829 1,124 *–3.0 2.7

Asian and/or Native Hawaiian and

Other Pacific Islander5 ...... 4,164 47,109 1,183 –2.4 2.8

Hispanic origin (of any race) ..... 10,499 32,678 497 Hispanic origin (of any race)..... 11,339 32,651 485 –0.1 1.4

MI - Tx + NC (MONEY INCOME

PLUS REALIZED CAPITAL

GAINS (LOSSES), LESS

INCOME AND PAYROLL TAXES,

PLUS VALUE OF EMPLOYERPROVIDED HEALTH BENEFITS

AND ALL NONCASH

TRANSFERS)

All races ................ 109,297 42,194 212 All races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111,278 42,061 201 –0.3 0.6

White ...................... 90,682 43,860 240 White alone or in combination . . . 92,740 43,767 229 –0.2 0.6

White alone2 .............. 91,645 43,871 232 – 0.6

White, not Hispanic .......... 80,818 45,171 253 White alone, not Hispanic . . . 81,166 45,203 255 0.1 0.6

Black ...................... 13,315 31,002 457 Black alone or in combination.... 13,778 30,698 475 –1.0 1.7

Black alone3............... 13,465 30,576 477 –1.4 1.7

Asian and Pacific Islander ....... 4,071 49,913 1,265 Asian alone or in combination.... 4,079 48,698 1,163 –2.4 2.7

Asian alone4 .............. 3,917 48,954 1,189 –1.9 2.8

Asian, Native Hawaiian and Other

Pacific Islander, alone or in combination ................... 4,371 48,303 1,156 *–3.2 2.7

Asian and/or Native Hawaiian and

Other Pacific Islander5 ...... 4,164 48,596 1,181 –2.6 2.8

Hispanic origin (of any race) ..... 10,499 34,939 546 Hispanic origin (of any race)..... 11,339 34,633 475 –0.9 1.4

See footnotes at end of table.

3 The differences between the percentage

declines in household income by race and

Hispanic origin are not statistically significant. 
Under the four alternative income

measures, none of the race or

Hispanic groups showed a decline

in real household income between

2001 and 2002 except for households with householders who were

Asian or Native Hawaiian and

Other Pacific Islander (and may or

may not have reported any other

race). These households experienced declines of 4.1 percent

under income definition MI-Tx; 

3.0 percent under income

definition MI-Tx+NC-MM; 

3.2 percent under income

definition MI-Tx+NC; and 

3.3 percent under income definition MI-Tx+NC+HE (see Table 1).4

Households with householders who

indicated they were Black and did not

report any other race had the lowest

median income for each of the

income definitions (see Figure 1).5

Their 2002 median money income

was $29,026, which was 62 percent of the median for households

with non-Hispanic householders

who reported a single race category of White; $26,168 under definition MI-Tx, 65 percent of the nonHispanic White median; $28,338

under definition MI-Tx+NC-MM, 

66 percent of the non-Hispanic

White median; $30,576 under definition MI-Tx+NC, 68 percent of the

non-Hispanic White median; and

$31,048 or 67 percent of the 

non-Hispanic White median under

U.S. Census Bureau Income in the United States: 2002 5

Table 1.

Household Income by Race and Hispanic Origin and Income Definition: 2001 and

2002–Con.

(See text for comparability issues regarding 2001 and 2002 race data using single and multiple race reporting methods. Households as of

March of the following year)

Race and Hispanic origin

2001

Race and Hispanic origin

2002

Percent

change

in real

income

2002

less

2001

90-percent

confidence

interval1

(±) of

percent

change

Number

(thousands)

Median income

(in 2002 dollars)

Number

(thousands)

Median income

Value

(dollars)

90-percent

confidence

interval1

(± dollars)

Value

(dollars)

90-percent

confidence

interval1

(± dollars)

MI - Tx + NC + HE (MONEY

INCOME PLUS REALIZED

CAPITAL GAINS (LOSSES),

LESS INCOME AND PAYROLL

TAXES, PLUS VALUE OF

EMPLOYER-PROVIDED

HEALTH BENEFITS AND ALL

NONCASH TRANSFERS, PLUS

IMPUTED RETURN TO HOME

EQUITY)

All races ................ 109,297 43,925 214 All races ............... 111,278 43,760 220 –0.4 0.6

White ...................... 90,682 45,631 234 White alone or in combination. . . . 92,740 45,635 232 – 0.6

White alone2 ................ 91,645 45,743 234 0.2 0.6

White, not Hispanic .......... 80,818 47,033 265 White alone, not Hispanic .... 81,166 47,199 252 0.4 0.6

Black ...................... 13,315 31,891 477 Black alone or in combination.... 13,778 31,523 474 –1.2 1.7

Black alone3............... 13,465 31,408 479 –1.5 1.7

Asian and Pacific Islander ....... 4,071 51,624 1,152 Asian alone or in combination.... 4,079 50,312 1,207 –2.5 2.6

Asian alone4 .............. 3,917 50,604 1,252 –2.0 2.6

Asian, Native Hawaiian and Other

Pacific Islander, alone or in combination ................... 4,371 49,920 1,158 *–3.3 2.5

Asian and/or Native Hawaiian and

Other Pacific Islander5 ...... 4,164 50,242 1,199 *–2.7 2.6

Hispanic origin (of any race) ..... 10,499 35,882 543 Hispanic origin (of any race)..... 11,339 35,447 610 –1.2 1.5

– Represents zero or rounds to zero. *Significantly different from zero at the 90-percent confidence level.

1

For an explanation of confidence intervals, see ‘‘Standard errors and their use’’ at www.census.gov/hhes/income/income02/sa.pdf. 2

The 2003 Current Population Survey allowed respondents to choose more than one race. White alone refers to people who reported White and did not

report any other race category. The use of this single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census

Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people who reported more than one race, such as ‘‘White and American Indian and Alaska Native’’ or

‘‘Asian and Black or African American,’’ in Census 2000 is forthcoming and will be available through American FactFinder in 2003. About 2.6 percent of people

reported more than one race. 3

Black alone refers to people who reported Black and did not report any other race category.

4

Asian alone refers to people who reported Asian and did not report any other race category.

5

Asian and/or Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander refers to people who reported either or both of these categories, but did not report any other

category.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2002 and 2003 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.

4 The differences among the percentage

declines in median household income by

income definitions were not statistically 

significant.

5 The differences among the median

incomes for households with householders

who reported Black are not statistically significant. The levels of household income for

different groups are influenced by many different variables such as number of earners

and household size.
the most comprehensive income

definition, MI-Tx+NC+HE.6

Median money income for households with an Hispanic origin

householder was $33,103 in 2002

which was 71 percent of the

median for households with nonHispanic householders who reported a single race category of White

and 14 percent higher than households with householders who

reported a single race category of

Black. The Hispanic-to-non-Hispanic

White median income relationships

under the alternative income definitions were 75 percent for definitions MI-Tx and MI-Tx+NC+HE and

77 percent for definitions MITx+NC-MM and MI-Tx+NC. The

Hispanic-to-Black median income

relationships were 116 percent for

definitions MI-Tx; 115 percent for 

MI-Tx+NC-MM; and 113 percent for

MI-Tx+NC and MI-Tx+NC+HE.7

Households with householders

who reported Asian as his or her

only race category had the highest

median income under all definitions of income.8 Their 2002

median money income was

$52,626, 112 percent of the median for households with nonHispanic householders who reported a single race category of White;

$44,080 under definition MI-Tx,

110 percent of the non-Hispanic

White median; $47,501 under definition MI-Tx+NC-MM, 111 percent

of the non-Hispanic White median;

$48,954 under definition MITx+NC, 108 percent of the nonHispanic White median; and

$50,604 or 107 percent of the

non-Hispanic White median under

6 Income in the United States: 2002 U.S. Census Bureau

Figure 1.

Median Household Income by Race and Hispanic 

Origin of Householder and Income Definition: 2002 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2003 Annual Social and 

Economic Supplement.

Hispanic origin 

(of any race)

All races

White alone, 

not Hispanic

Black alone

Asian alone

Income definition

MI - Tx +

NC + HE

MI - Tx +

NC 

MI - Tx +

NC - MM

MI MI - Tx

$26,168

$28,338

$30,576 $31,408

$33,103

$30,291

$32,651

$34,633 $35,447

$42,409

$37,066

$39,426

$42,061 $43,760

$46,900

$40,212

$42,623

$45,203

$47,199

$52,626

$44,080

$47,501 $48,954 $50,604

$29,026

Racial Group Comparisons in the 2003 

Current Population Survey

For the first time in 2003, CPS respondents could identify themselves

in more than one racial group; previously they had to choose one.9

This may complicate year-to-year comparisons. We do not know how

people who reported more than one race in 2003 previously reported

their race; there is no single way to compare changes in income by

race. This report compares 2001 single-race data with two different

sets of race data for 2002: one comparison based on those who reported only one race and another comparison based on those who reported more than one race. For example, this report compares the 2001

income figures for Blacks with 2002 income figures for two groups:

1. Those who reported Black and did not report any other race (alone).

2. Those who reported Black and did not report any other race or

Black who reported some other race (alone or in combination).

This report provides year-to-year comparisons for each racial group

except American Indians and Alaska Natives, and Native Hawaiians and

Other Pacific Islanders, because the sample was not sufficiently large.

9 The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) establishes the guidelines for the collection and classification of data for race (including the option for respondents to mark

more than one race) and Hispanic origin. Race and Hispanic origin are treated as separate and distinct concepts in accordance with OMB guidelines. For further information,

see www.whitehouse.gov/omb/ombdir15.html.

6 The income ratios for MI-Tx+NC-MM

and MI-Tx+NC+HE were not different from

one another. 7 The income ratio for MI-Tx+NC-MM was

not different from MI-Tx+NC and MITx+NC+HE. 8 The differences among the median

incomes for households with householders

who reported Asian are not statistically significant.
the most comprehensive income

definition, MI-Tx+NC+HE.10

Income During Recessions 

Before the most recent recession,

which began in March 2001 and

ended in November 2001, median

household money income peaked in

1999 at $43,915 (in 2002 adjusted

dollars).11 The decline in household

income between 1999 and 2002

was 3.4 percent, not statistically different from the 4.7 percent decline

in income which occurred between

1989 and 1992, the income years

surrounding the July 1990 to March

1991 recession, but lower than the

4.8 percent decline between 1978

and 1983, the income years surrounding the combined recessions

spanning January 1980 to July 1980

and July 1981 to November 1982,

and the 5.7 percent decline

between 1973 and 1975, the

income years surrounding the

November 1973 to March 1975

recession. However, the current

decline in household money income

is significantly larger than the

decline in money income for the

years surrounding the recession

spanning from December 1969 to

November 1970 (see Table 2 and

Figure 2).12

The most recent recession resulted

in less severe declines in real median household income under the

alternative income definitions.

Between 1999 and 2002, income

declined 2.4 percent under definition MI-Tx; 1.6 percent under definition MI-TX+NC-MM; and 1.3 percent

under the most comprehensive

income definition, MI-TX+NC+HE

(see Table 2 and Figure 2).13

OTHER FINDINGS

This section examines changes in

income between 2001 and 2002 for

several demographic groups using

only the money income (MI) definition. Income tabulations for these

additional demographic groups are

not currently available for the alternative income definitions. An

expanded set of tabulations for the

alternative income definitions will

be made available on the Internet

when completed and will be a part

of next year’s report.

Household Composition

The real median money income of

family households declined 0.8 percent between 2001 and 2002 to

$52,704 (see Table 3). For nonfamily households, income dropped by

2.4 percent to $25,406. The apparent changes in income by type of

family households and for

U.S. Census Bureau Income in the United States: 2002 7

Detailed Tabulations

Detailed tabulations that provide income estimates for

households, families, and

people 15 years of age and

older for 2002 and earlier

years are available on the

Internet at: www.census.gov

/hhes/www/income.html. 

Income data are cross-tabulated by various demographic

characteristics such as age,

sex, race, Hispanic origin,

presence of children, marital

status, educational attainment, work experience, occupation, type of worker, and

source of income.

10 The ratios for the following income 

definitions were not different from one

another: MI and MI-Tx+NC-MM; MI-Tx and

MI-Tx+NC-MM; MI-Tx and MI-Tx+NC; and 

MI-Tx+NC and MI-Tx+NC+HE. 11 Recessions are determined by the

National Bureau of Economic Research, a private research organization.

Table 2.

Change in Real Median Household Income During Recessions by Income Definition

Recessions1 Income

years

Percent change in real median income2

MI MI-Tx MI-Tx+NC-MM MI-Tx+NC MI-Tx+NC+HE

March 2001 to November 2001 ....... 1999 to 2002 *–3.4 *–2.4 *–1.6 *–0.7 *–1.3

July 1990 to March 1991 ............. 1989 to 1992 *–4.7 (NA) (NA) *–2.1 *–3.9

January 1980 to July 1980 and

July 1981 to November 1982 ........ 1978 to 1983 *–4.8 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA)

November 1973 to March 1975 ....... 1973 to 1975 *–5.7 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA)

December 1969 to November 1970.... 1969 to 1971 *–1.7 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA)

NA Not available.

*Significantly different from zero at the 90-percent confidence level.

1

Recessions are determined by the National Bureau of Economic Research, a private research organization.

2

Median household income adjusted to 2002 dollars using the CPI-U-RS price deflator.

Note: Income years are based on peak income year prior to the start of the recession, unless the recession started after June, and the year after the end of

the recession, unless the recession ended before June.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1970 to 2003 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.

12 The differences between the declines in

median household income for the following

years are not statistically different: 1989 to

1992 compared with 1978 to 1983 and

1973 to 1975; and 1978 to 1983 compared

with 1973 to 1975.

13 None of the declines for the alternative

income definitions were different from one

another.
nonfamily households maintained

by a woman were not statistically

significant. For nonfamily households maintained by a man, median

income dropped 4.3 percent, 

to $31,404.

Nativity

Native households and foreignborn households each had real

median money incomes in 2002

that were not different from 2001,

but were very different from each

other (see Table 3).14 The real

median income of households

maintained by a foreign-born

person who was not a citizen of

the United States, however,

declined by 3.9 percent. This is

the second consecutive annual

decline for these households.

Median money income was

$43,222 for native households, 

14 percent higher than the median

for foreign-born households

($37,979), and 27 percent higher

than noncitizen foreign-born

households ($33,980).

Regions

Real median money income of

households did not change between

2001 and 2002 in 3 of the 4

regions; however, income in the

Midwest declined 2.0 percent to

$43,622. In 2002, the median

income of households in the

Northeast was $45,862, in the West

it was $45,143, and in the South it

was $39,522 (see Table 3).15

Household money income continued to be the lowest in the South

among the four regions.

Residence

Real median income remained

unchanged between 2001 and

2002 for households outside metropolitan areas while income

declined for the second consecutive year for households inside

metropolitan areas. The real median money income of households in

metropolitan areas was $45,257,

down 1.5 percent (see Table 3).

The median income of households

inside central cities declined by 

1.2 percent to $36,863 and 

1.5 percent for households outside

8 Income in the United States: 2002 U.S. Census Bureau

Figure 2.

Median Household Income by Income Definition: 1967 to 2002

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1968 to 2003 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.

Income in 2002 dollars Recession

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2002

MI-Tx+NC+HE

MI

MI-Tx

MI-Tx+NC-MM MI-Tx+NC

$43,760

$42,409

$42,061

$39,426

$37,066

14 Native households are those in which

the householder was born in the United

States, Puerto Rico, or an outlying area of

the United States or was born in a foreign

country but had at least one parent who was

a U.S. citizen. All other households are considered foreign-born regardless of the date

of entry into the United States or citizenship

status. The CPS does not interview households in Puerto Rico.

15 The difference between the median

household income in the Northeast and the

median income in the West was not statistically significant.
U.S. Census Bureau Income in the United States: 2002 9

Table 3.

Comparison of Summary Measures of Money Income and Earnings by Selected

Characteristics: 2001 and 2002

(Households and people as of March of the following year)

Characteristic

2001 2002

Percent

change in

real

money

income

2002 less

2001

90-percent

confidence

interval1

(±) of

percent

change

Number

(thousands)

Median money income

(in 2002 dollars)

Number

(thousands)

Median money income

Value

(dollars)

90-percent

confidence

interval1

(± dollars)

Value

(dollars)

90-percent

confidence

interval1

(± dollars)

HOUSEHOLDS

All households. ............. 109,297 42,900 216 111,278 42,409 229 *–1.1 0.6

Type of Household

Family households ............... 74,329 53,106 294 75,596 52,704 396 *–0.8 0.8

Married-couple families ......... 56,747 61,433 348 57,320 61,254 327 –0.3 0.6

Female householder, no husband

present ...................... 13,143 28,590 483 13,620 29,001 497 1.4 2.0

Male householder, no wife

present ...................... 4,438 41,363 874 4,656 41,711 684 0.8 2.2

Nonfamily households ............ 34,969 26,039 282 35,682 25,406 281 *–2.4 1.2

Female householder ............ 19,390 20,586 353 19,662 20,913 316 1.6 1.9

Male householder .............. 15,579 32,826 401 16,020 31,404 433 *–4.3 1.4

Age of Householder

Under 65 years .................. 86,821 50,010 333 88,619 49,510 352 *–1.0 0.8

15 to 24 years . . ............... 6,391 28,644 812 6,611 27,828 748 –2.9 3.1

25 to 34 years . . ............... 18,988 45,797 623 19,055 45,330 484 –1.0 1.4

35 to 44 years . . ............... 24,031 54,168 700 24,069 53,521 679 –1.2 1.4

45 to 54 years . . ............... 22,208 58,968 814 22,623 59,021 864 0.1 1.6

55 to 64 years . . ............... 15,203 46,593 710 16,260 47,203 702 1.3 1.7

65 years and over ................ 22,476 23,486 319 22,659 23,152 309 –1.4 1.5

Nativity of the Householder

Native born ...................... 95,884 43,600 344 97,365 43,222 345 –0.9 0.9

Foreign born..................... 13,413 38,552 958 13,912 37,979 883 –1.5 2.7

Naturalized citizen. ............. 6,069 44,667 1,537 6,423 45,430 1,323 1.7 3.7

Not a citizen ................... 7,344 35,366 886 7,490 33,980 1,272 *–3.9 3.6

Region

Northeast........................ 21,128 46,443 625 21,229 45,862 566 –1.3 1.5

Midwest ......................... 25,755 44,531 583 25,630 43,622 627 *–2.0 1.5

South . . . ........................ 39,151 39,523 515 40,107 39,522 490 – 1.5

West. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,263 45,804 752 24,313 45,143 674 –1.4 1.8

Residence

Inside metropolitan areas.......... 88,112 45,938 314 90,075 45,257 291 *–1.5 0.7

Inside central cities ............. 32,540 37,315 353 33,543 36,863 357 *–1.2 1.1

Outside central cities ........... 55,572 51,503 343 56,532 50,717 349 *–1.5 0.8

Outside metropolitan areas ........ 21,185 34,135 613 21,203 34,654 609 1.5 2.1

EARNINGS OF FULL-TIME,

YEAR-ROUND WORKERS

Male ............................ 58,712 38,884 431 58,761 39,429 401 *1.4 1.3

Female.......................... 41,639 29,680 276 41,876 30,203 132 *1.8 0.9

– Represents zero or rounds to zero.

*Significantly different from zero at the 90-percent confidence level.

1

For an explanation of confidence intervals, see ‘‘Standard errors and their use’’ at www.census.gov/hhes/income/income02/sa.pdf.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2002 and 2003 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
central cities, to $50,717. The

income of households outside metropolitan areas ($34,654) has not

shown a statistically significant

change in the past 2 years.16

Work Experience and Earnings 

Of the 80.5 million men aged 15

and over who worked in 2002,

73.0 percent worked full-time,

year-round, unchanged from 2001.

Of the 71.5 million women in the

same age group who worked in

2002, 58.6 percent worked fulltime, year-round — also unchanged

from 2001 (see Table 3). 

Between 2001 and 2002, the real

median earnings of men who

worked full-time, year-round

increased by 1.4 percent, to

$39,429 (see Table 3). The real

earnings of women with similar

work experience increased by 

1.8 percent to $30,203.17 18 In

2002, the female-to-male earnings

ratio was 0.77, not statistically different from the all-time high of

0.76 reached in 2001.

The increase in real earnings for

men who worked full-time, yearround between 2001 and 2002 followed a year of stagnant earnings

growth (2000-2001) and a year of

declining earnings (1999-2000). In

contrast, the comparable group of

women have not experienced an

annual decline in earnings since

1995 (see Figure 3). 

10 Income in the United States: 2002 U.S. Census Bureau

What are . . .? Full-time,

Year-round workers are

people who worked 50 or

more weeks and 35 or more

hours per week during the

calendar year. Paid vacations

are counted as time worked.

Figure 3.

Median Earnings of Full-Time, Year-Round Workers 

15 Years Old and Over by Sex: 1967 to 2002 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1968 to 2003 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. 

Earnings in 2002 dollars Recession

$39,429

$30,203

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2002

Female, full-time, year-round workers

Male, full-time, year-round workers

16 The differences between the percentage declines in income by residence are not

statistically different. 

What is . . .? Earnings consist of gross money wage or

salary income, including commissions, tips and cash bonuses, before deductions; net

income from nonfarm selfemployment (gross receipts

minus business expenses); and

net income from farm selfemployment (gross receipts

minus farm expenses).

17 The demographic characteristics of fulltime, year-round workers may be considerably different from one year to the next. 18 The difference between the percentage

increases in the median earnings of men and

women was not statistically different. 
U.S. Census Bureau Income in the United States: 2002 11

Per Capita Income

Per capita money income declined

by 1.8 percent, to $22,794, for the

overall population between 2001

and 2002. This is the first annual

decline in overall per capita

income since 1991. By race, real

per capita income declined by 

2.2 percent, to $23,962, for people

who reported White as their only

race or White along with another

race; by 1.5 percent, to $24,142,

for those who reported White as

their only race category; by 1.6

percent to $26,128, for nonHispanics who reported White as

their only race; by 5.7 percent, to

$23,252, for those who reported

only Asian or Asian with another

race; and by 7.5 percent, to

$22,810, for those who reported

Asian or Native Hawaiian and

Other Pacific Islander, either as his

or her only race or with another

race category (see Table 4).19 20 

State Income

Median household income rose for

one state and declined for 10

states and the District of Columbia,

based on percent changes in 2-

year-average medians comparing 

Table 4.

Per Capita Money Income by Race and Hispanic Origin: 2001 and 2002

(See text for comparability issues regarding 2001 and 2002 race data using single and multiple race reporting methods. People as of March

of the following year.)

Race and Hispanic origin

2001

Race and Hispanic origin

2002

Percent

change

in real

income

2002

less

2001

90-percent

confidence

interval1

(±) of

percent

change

Number

(thousands)

Per capita income

(in 2002 dollars)

Number

(thousands)

Per capita income

Value

(dollars)

90-percent

confidence

interval1

(± dollars)

Value

(dollars)

90-percent

confidence

interval1

(± dollars)

All races ............. 282,082 23,214 175 All races .................. 285,933 22,794 166 *–1.8 0.9

White ................... 230,071 24,511 214 White alone or in combination ...... 235,036 23,962 202 *–2.2 1.0

White alone2 ................. 230,809 24,142 206 *–1.5 1.0

White, not Hispanic ....... 194,822 26,550 254 White alone, not Hispanic ...... 194,421 26,128 245 *–1.6 1.1

Black ................... 36,023 15,191 304 Black alone or in combination....... 37,350 15,269 415 0.5 2.9

Black alone3.................. 35,806 15,441 421 1.6 2.9

Asian and Pacific Islander .... 12,500 24,663 1,171 Asian alone or in combination....... 12,504 23,252 1,181 *–5.7 5.5

Asian alone4 ................. 11,558 24,131 1,257 –2.2 5.8

Asian, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific

Islander, alone or in combination.... 13,523 22,810 1,110 *–7.5 5.3

Asian and/or Native Hawaiian and

Other Pacific Islander5 ......... 12,362 23,792 1,193 –3.5 5.6

Hispanic origin (of any race) . . 37,438 13,210 319 Hispanic origin (of any race)........ 39,384 13,487 342 2.1 2.7

*Significantly different from zero at the 90-percent confidence level.

1

For an explanation of confidence intervals, see ‘‘Standard errors and their use’’ at www.census.gov/hhes/income/income02/sa.pdf. 2

The 2003 Current Population Survey allowed respondents to choose more than one race. White alone refers to people who reported White and did not

report any other race category. The use of this single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census

Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people who reported more than one race, such as ‘‘White and American Indian and Alaska Native’’ or

‘‘Asian and Black or African American,’’ in Census 2000 is forthcoming and will be available through American FactFinder in 2003. About 2.6 percent of people

reported more than one race. 3

Black alone refers to people who reported Black and did not report any other race category.

4

Asian alone refers to people who reported Asian and did not report any other race category.

5

Asian and/or Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander refers to people who reported either or both of these categories, but did not report any other

category.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2002 and 2003 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.

19 The differences between the per capita

incomes were not statistically different for:

the overall population compared with those

who reported Asian as their only race or

Asian with another race or those who reported Asian or Native Hawaiian and Other

Pacific Islander either as their only race or

with another race category; those who

reported White as their only race or White

along with another race, compared with

those that reported White as their only race

or who reported Asian as their only race or

Asian with another race; those who reported

White as their only race compared with those

who reported Asian as their only race or

Asian with another race; and those who

reported their race as only Asian or Asian

with another race compared with those who

reported their race as Asian or Native

Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander either as

their only race or with another race category. 20 None of the differences between the

percentage declines in this paragraph are

statistically significant except: the difference

between those who reported Asian or Native

Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander either as

their only race or with another race category

compared with the overall population and

those who reported White as their only race,

and those who reported being non-Hispanic

and reported White as their only race.
12 Income in the United States: 2002 U.S. Census Bureau

Table 5.

Money Income of Households by State Using 2- and 3-Year-Average Medians

(Income in 2002 dollars)

States

3-year-average median1

2000-2002

2-year-average medians2

2001-2002 average less

2000-2001 average 2000-2001 2001-2002

Median

money

income

(dollars)

90-percent

confidence

interval3

(± dollars)

Median

money

income

(dollars)

90-percent

confidence

interval3

(± dollars)

Median

money

income

(dollars)

90-percent

confidence

interval3

(± dollars) Difference

Percent

change

United States ........... 43,052 156 43,374 182 42,654 183 *–720 *–1.7

Alabama ................... 36,771 1,224 36,355 1,448 36,661 1,408 306 0.8

Alaska ..................... 55,412 1,739 56,731 2,234 55,525 2,155 –1,206 –2.1

Arizona .................... 41,554 1,458 42,463 1,845 41,559 1,681 –905 –2.1

Arkansas ................... 32,423 1,082 32,440 1,341 33,128 1,323 688 2.1

California ................... 48,113 852 48,451 983 47,725 1,017 –725 –1.5

Colorado ................... 49,617 1,512 50,279 1,690 49,238 1,810 –1,041 –2.1

Connecticut ................. 53,325 1,544 53,294 1,810 53,791 1,778 497 0.9

Delaware ................... 50,878 1,814 51,492 2,072 50,020 2,148 –1,472 –2.9

District of Columbia ........... 41,313 1,209 42,435 1,459 40,447 1,375 *–1,988 *–4.7

Florida ..................... 38,533 764 38,788 827 37,512 867 *–1,276 *–3.3

Georgia .................... 43,316 1,185 43,504 1,327 43,096 1,485 –408 –0.9

Hawaii ..................... 49,775 1,491 51,010 1,704 47,748 1,789 *–3,262 *–6.4

Idaho ...................... 38,613 1,274 39,062 1,509 38,282 1,422 –780 –2.0

Illinois ..................... 45,906 1,057 47,504 1,286 44,808 1,182 *–2,696 *–5.7

Indiana..................... 41,581 945 41,847 1,136 41,034 1,161 –813 –1.9

Iowa....................... 41,827 1,224 42,216 1,358 41,338 1,556 –878 –2.1

Kansas .................... 42,523 1,305 42,475 1,590 42,346 1,474 –129 –0.3

Kentucky ................... 37,893 1,077 38,459 1,293 37,905 1,285 –554 –1.4

Louisiana ................... 33,312 1,298 32,965 1,414 33,930 1,671 965 2.9

Maine...................... 37,654 1,043 38,055 1,256 37,024 1,227 *–1,031 –2.7

Maryland ................... 55,912 1,804 55,665 2,124 55,394 2,170 –271 –0.5

Massachusetts............... 50,587 1,598 50,953 2,001 51,470 1,830 516 1.0

Michigan ................... 45,335 1,192 46,645 1,374 44,239 1,354 *–2,406 *–5.2

Minnesota .................. 54,931 1,582 55,085 2,002 54,070 1,587 –1,015 –1.8

Mississippi .................. 32,447 1,329 33,229 1,772 30,761 1,348 *–2,468 *–7.4

Missouri .................... 43,955 1,362 44,545 1,664 42,386 1,554 *–2,158 *–4.8

Montana ................... 33,900 1,138 33,432 1,220 33,736 1,343 304 0.9

Nebraska ................... 43,566 1,246 43,951 1,485 43,550 1,468 –401 –0.9

Nevada .................... 46,289 1,293 46,954 1,490 45,542 1,560 *–1,413 *–3.0

New Hampshire.............. 53,549 1,251 52,664 1,396 53,734 1,390 1,071 2.0

New Jersey ................. 53,266 1,376 52,615 1,340 53,581 1,752 966 1.8

New Mexico................. 35,251 1,397 35,148 1,731 34,554 1,570 –595 –1.7

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,432 690 42,666 822 42,375 804 –291 –0.7

North Carolina ............... 38,432 982 39,391 1,223 37,642 1,143 *–1,749 *–4.4

North Dakota ................ 36,717 1,053 36,976 1,311 36,281 1,109 –695 –1.9

Ohio....................... 43,332 843 43,656 971 42,567 980 *–1,090 *–2.5

Oklahoma .................. 35,500 791 35,021 974 36,317 889 *1,295 *3.7

Oregon .................... 42,704 989 43,155 1,181 41,866 1,095 *–1,289 *–3.0

Pennsylvania ................ 43,577 867 44,117 993 43,344 1,034 –772 –1.8

Rhode Island ................ 44,311 1,206 45,257 1,507 44,434 1,385 –824 –1.8

South Carolina............... 38,460 1,243 38,784 1,364 38,074 1,532 –710 –1.8

South Dakota................ 38,755 980 39,196 1,075 39,087 1,232 –108 –0.3

Tennessee .................. 36,329 1,096 35,979 1,202 36,691 1,302 712 2.0

Texas...................... 40,659 728 40,914 916 40,829 732 –84 –0.2

Utah....................... 48,537 1,520 48,875 1,851 47,978 1,887 –897 –1.8

Vermont .................... 41,929 1,060 41,395 1,298 42,221 1,210 826 2.0

Virginia .................... 49,974 1,368 50,145 1,540 50,336 1,661 190 0.4

Washington ................. 44,252 1,363 43,786 1,722 44,174 1,527 388 0.9

West Virginia ................ 30,072 789 30,429 918 29,752 935 –677 –2.2

Wisconsin .................. 46,351 1,193 46,575 1,444 45,985 1,413 –590 –1.3

Wyoming ................... 40,499 1,262 40,867 1,546 40,057 1,463 –810 –2.0

*Significantly different from zero at the 90-percent confidence level.

1

The 3-year-average median is the sum of 3 inflation-adjusted single-year medians divided by 3.

2

The 2-year-average median is the sum of 2 inflation-adjusted single-year medians divided by 2.

3

For an explanation of confidence intervals, see ‘‘Standard errors and their use’’ at www.census.gov/hhes/income/income02/sa.pdf.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2001, 2002, and 2003 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
U.S. Census Bureau Income in the United States: 2002 13

data for 2000-2001 with data for

2001-2002 (see Table 5 and Figure

4).21 Real median household

income rose for Oklahoma. Four

of the states that experienced

declines were in the Midwest

(Illinois, Michigan, Missouri, and

Ohio), three in the South (Florida,

Mississippi, and North Carolina),

and three in the West (Hawaii,

Nevada, and Oregon). States in the

Northeast did not experience

changes in income.

Comparing the relative ranking of

states using 3-year-average medians

for 2000-2002 shows that the

median household income for

Maryland, although not statistically

different from the median incomes

for Alaska and Minnesota, was higher than that for the remaining 47

states and the District of Columbia.

21 To reduce the possibilities of misinterpreting changes in, or rankings of, income

estimates for states, the Census Bureau uses

2-year-average medians for evaluating

changes in state estimates over time and 

3-year-average medians when comparing the

relative ranking of states. 

TX

NM

WA

NV

-3.0

MI

-5.2

IL

-5.7

MO

-4.8

MT

WY

ID

UT

CO

HI

-6.4

NE

AK

KS

OK

+3.7

WI

IA

LA

VT ME

IN

KY

TN

AL GA

OH

-2.5

WV

NC

-4.4

SC

NJ

MD

CT

RI

MA 

DE

SD

VA

AR

CA

AZ

NY

DC

-4.7

OR

-3.0

PA

ND

MN

MS

-7.4

FL

-3.3

NH

Increase

No change

Decrease

Median Household Income Change 

Figure 4. 

Percent Change in 2-Year-Average Median Household 

Income by State: 2001-2002 Less 2000-2001 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2001, 2002, and 2003 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. 

Model-Based State Estimates

The Census Bureau also produces improved (in the sense of having

lower standard errors) annual estimates of median household income

for states and counties, based on models using data from the ASEC,

the decennial census, and administrative records, as well as personal

income data published by the Bureau of Economic Analysis.

Estimates for 1999 are available on the Internet at www.census.gov

/hhes/www/saipe.html. Estimates for income year 2000 will be

available later this fall.
14 Income in the United States: 2002 U.S. Census Bureau

Conversely, the median household

income for West Virginia was lower

than the incomes of the remaining

49 states and the District of

Columbia. The relative standing of

the remaining states and the

District of Columbia was less clear

because of sampling variability surrounding the estimates. 

INCOME INEQUALITY

There was no change in household

money income inequality between

2001 and 2002. However, inequality declined between 2001 and

2002 under all four of the alternative income definitions.

The Gini index under the money

income definition has not shown

an annual change since 1993.

However, the 2002 Gini index

(0.462) was higher than in 1995

and earlier years (see appendix

Table A-3 for historical Gini and

other inequality measures).22

Comparisons with years earlier

than 1993 are not recommended

because of substantial methodological changes in the 1994 CPS

Annual Social and Economic

Supplement.23 Under the alternative income definitions, the Gini

index in 2002 was 0.426 for MI-Tx;

0.421 for MI-Tx+NC-MM; 0.405 for

MI-Tx+NC; and 0.400 for the most

Table 6.

Median Household Income by Income Definition: 2001 and 2002

(Income in 2002 dollars)

Definition of income

Median income Percent change

in real income

2002 less 2001

Percent of

official definition

2001 2002 of income

1. Money income excluding capital gains (losses) (MI) . . . ..... 42,900 42,409 *–1.1 100.0

1b. Definition 1 plus realized capital gains (losses) less

taxes (MI-Tx).......................................... 37,376 37,066 *–0.8 87.4

2. Definition 1 less government cash transfers ................ 39,630 39,102 *–1.3 92.2

3. Definition 2 plus realized capital gains (losses) ............ 40,190 39,268 *–2.3 92.6

4. Definition 3 plus health insurance supplements to wage

or salary income ...................................... 42,004 41,294 *–1.7 97.4

5. Definition 4 less social security payroll taxes .............. 39,390 38,602 *–2.0 91.0

6. Definition 5 less federal income taxes (excluding the EIC) . . . 36,456 36,278 –0.5 85.5

7. Definition 6 plus the earned income credit (EIC)1 ........... 36,646 36,453 –0.5 86.0

8. Definition 7 less state income taxes . . . ................... 35,482 35,280 –0.6 83.2

9. Definition 8 plus nonmeans-tested government cash

transfers.............................................. 39,242 39,099 –0.4 92.2

10. Definition 9 plus the value of medicare ................... 41,281 41,169 –0.3 97.1

11. Definition 10 plus the value of regular-price school lunches . . 41,300 41,183 –0.3 97.1

12. Definition 11 plus means-tested government cash transfers . . 41,468 41,363 –0.3 97.5

13. Definition 12 plus the value of medicaid ................... 42,031 41,928 –0.2 98.9

14a. Definition 13 plus the value of other means-tested

government noncash transfers less medicare and

medicaid (MI-Tx+NC-MM) .............................. 39,553 39,426 –0.3 93.0

14. Definition 14a plus the value of medicare and medicaid

(MI-Tx+NC) .......................................... 42,194 42,061 –0.3 99.2

15. Definition 14 plus imputed return on home equity

(MI-Tx+NC+HE) ...................................... 43,925 43,760 –0.4 103.2

*Significantly different from zero at the 90-percent confidence level.

1 Thirteen states (Colorado, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Wisconsin) and the District of Columbia have an earned income credit (EIC) that uses federal eligibility rules to compute the state credit. The remaining states do not

have such a program.

Note: Definition numbering reflects historical series identification.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2002 and 2003 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.

22 The Gini index in 2002 was not statistically different from the index in 1994. See

Current Population Reports, Series P60-204,

“The Changing Shape of the Nation’s Income

Distribution, 1947-98,” for trends in other

income inequality measures. A higher Gini

index represents greater inequality.

What is . . .? The Gini Index summarizes the dispersion of income

across the entire income distribution. It ranges from 0, which indicates

perfect equality (where everyone receives an equal amount), to 1,

which denotes perfect inequality (where all the income is received by

only one recipient or group of recipients).

23 The Census Bureau introduced computer-assisted interviewing, increased income

reporting limits, and introduced new Census

2000-based population controls in the 1994

CPS.
U.S. Census Bureau Income in the United States: 2002 15

comprehensive income definition,

MI-Tx+NC+HE (the more comprehensive the measure, the lower the

inequality). All the Gini indexes

under the alternative income definitions were higher in 2002 than in

1996 for definitions MI-Tx+NC-MM

and MI-Tx+NC+HE and were higher

than in 1995 for definitions MI-Tx

and MI-Tx+NC.

In addition to declines between

2001 and 2002 in the Gini indexes

under the alternative income definitions, the share of income going

to the middle 60-percent of households increased while the share

going to the highest 20-percent of

households decreased. The share

of aggregate income received by

each quintile was unchanged for

the money income definition and

for the lowest income quintile for

all the alternative income definitions (see Table 7).24

THE EFFECTS OF

INCLUDING NONCASH

BENEFITS AND TAXES ON

ESTIMATES OF INCOME 

As shown in Table 6, real median

household income declined

between 2001 and 2002 for only 6

of the 17 definitions of income

(only a few of which are discussed

in this section).

Definition 1 (MI), the traditional

definition of income, is based on

money income before taxes and

includes government cash transfers. As noted earlier, between

2001 and 2002, real median

income for households declined,

1.1 percent, to $42,409. 

Definition 4 reflects income generated by the private sector. It

excludes cash transfers, adds net

realized capital gains (losses), and

adds employer contributions to

health insurance. Between 2001

and 2002, real median household

income under this definition

declined by 1.7 percent. The 

2002 median household income

for Definition 4 was $41,294,

which was 97.4 percent of 

money income.

Definition 8 reflects the net effect of

deducting social security payroll

taxes, federal and state income

taxes, and adding the earned

income tax credit. Real median

household income showed no

change between 2001 and 2002

under this definition. The 2002

Table 7.

Percentage of Aggregate Household Income Received by Income Quintiles and Gini Index

by Income Definition: 2001 and 2002

(For definition of Gini index, see text)

Definition of income

Quintiles

Gini index

Lowest Second Third Fourth Highest

2001 2002 2001 2002 2001 2002 2001 2002 2001 2002 2001 2002

1. Money income excluding realized

capital gains (losses) (MI) . . . . . . . . 3.5 3.4 8.8 8.8 14.5 14.9 23.1 23.2 50.1 49.6 0.450 0.448

1b. Definition 1 plus realized capital

gains (losses), less taxes (MI-Tx) . 4.1 4.1 9.6 *9.8 15.1 *15.5 22.6 *23.1 48.6 *47.5 0.434 *0.426

14a. Definition 1b plus value of

employer-provided health

benefits and all noncash

transfers except medicaid and

medicare (MI-Tx+NC-MM) . . . . . . 4.3 4.3 9.6 *9.8 15.2 *15.6 22.8 *23.3 48.1 *47.1 0.429 *0.421

14. Definition 14a plus medicaid and

medicare. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 4.5 10.3 10.4 15.6 *16.0 22.6 *23.1 47.0 *45.9 0.412 *0.405

15. Definition 14a plus imputed return

on home equity (MI-Tx+NC+HE) . 4.7 4.7 10.4 10.6 15.6 *16.1 22.7 *23.1 46.5 *45.6 0.407 *0.400

*Difference between 2001 and 2002 statistically different from zero at the 90-percent confidence level.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2002 and 2003 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.

What are . . .? Aggregate

Shares are computed by

ranking households from lowest to highest income and

then dividing them into

groups of equal numbers of

households, typically quintiles. The aggregate income

of each group divided by the

overall aggregate income is

each group’s share. 

24 This report presents Gini indexes and

shares of aggregate income received by each

quintile using two methods. The first

method, discussed in the text, sorts individual households by income yielding a Gini

index for household money income of 0.462

and quintile shares of 3.5, 8.8, 14.8, 23.3,

and 49.7. The second method, reported in

Table 6, uses group data and employs several interpolation routines resulting in a Gini

index of 0.448 and quintile shares of 3.4,

8.8, 14.9, 23.2, and 49.6.
median household income for

Definition 8 was $35,280, which

was 83.2 percent of money income. 

Definition 11 includes nonmeanstested cash transfers such as social

security. Real median household

income showed no change between

2001 and 2002 under Definition 11.

The 2002 median household

income under Definition 11 was

$41,183, which was 97.1 percent of

money income.25

Definition 14a (MI-Tx+NC-MM)

includes the value of means-tested

cash transfers and nonmeans-tested noncash transfers, except medicaid and medicare. Real median

household income showed no

change between 2001 and 2002

under this definition of income.

The 2002 median household

income for Definition 14a was

$39,426, which was 93.0 percent

of money income

Definition 14 (MI-Tx+NC) adds the

value of medicare and medicaid.

Real median household income

showed no change between 2001

and 2002 under this definition of

income. The 2002 median household income for Definition 14 was

$42,061, which was 99.2 percent

of money income.

The impact of including an estimated return on home equity is shown

in Definition 15. Real median

household income showed no

change between 2001 and 2002

under this definition of income.

The 2002 median household

income for Definition 15 was

$43,760, which was 103.2 percent

of money income.

An important finding of the Census

Bureau’s tax and noncash benefit

research is that government transfers have a greater impact on lowering income inequality than the tax

system. In 2002, subtracting taxes

and including the earned income

credit (EIC) lowered the Gini index

by 4.1 percent (from 0.508 to

0.487), while including transfers

lowered the Gini index by 16.8 percent (from 0.487 to 0.405).

CPS DATA COLLECTION

The information in this report was

collected in the 50 states and the

District of Columbia and does not

include residents of Puerto Rico

and outlying areas. The estimates

in this report are controlled to

national population estimates by

age, race, sex, and Hispanic origin

and to state population estimates

by age.

The CPS excludes armed forces

personnel living on military bases

and people living in institutions.

For further documentation about

the CPS Annual Social and

Economic Supplement, see

www.bls.census.gov/cps/ads

/adsmain.htm.

USER COMMENTS

The Census Bureau welcomes the

comments and advice of users of

data and reports. If you have any

suggestions or comments, please

write to:

Edward J. Welniak, Jr.

Chief, Income Surveys Branch

Housing and Household Economics

Statistics Division

U.S. Census Bureau

Washington, DC 20233-8500

edward.j.welniak.jr@census.gov

16 Income in the United States: 2002 U.S. Census Bureau

What are . . .?

Government Cash

Transfers include social

security, railroad retirement,

black lung, unemployment

compensation, workers’ compensation, veterans’ benefits,

government educational

assistance, cash public assistance, and supplemental

security income.

What are . . .? 

Nonmeans-Tested Cash

Transfers include social

security, railroad retirement,

black lung, unemployment

compensation, workers’ compensation, nonmeans- tested

veterans’ benefits, and all government educational assistance including Pell Grants

(which are means-tested).

What are . . .? Meanstested Cash Transfers

include cash public assistance, supplemental security

income, and means-tested

veterans’ benefits.

25 The income ratio for Definition 11 was

not different from Definition 4.
U.S. Census Bureau Income in the United States: 2002 17

APPENDIX TABLES

Table A-1.

Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder:

1967 to 2002

(Income in 2002 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Households as of March of the following year. See text for comparability issues regarding comparison of data for racial groups using single and multiple race reporting methods)

Race and

Hispanic origin

of householder

and year Number

(thousands)

Percent distribution Median

income

Mean

income

Total

Under

$5,000

$5,000

to

$9,999

$10,000

to

$14,999

$15,000

to

$24,999

$25,000

to

$34,999

$35,000

to

$49,999

$50,000

to

$74,999

$75,000

to

$99,999

$100,000

and over

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

ALL RACES

2002 . . . . . . . . 111,278 100.0 3.2 5.9 7.0 13.2 12.3 15.1 18.3 11.0 14.1 42,409 139 57,852 217

2001 ........ 109,297 100.0 3.1 5.7 6.8 13.2 12.4 15.3 18.3 11.0 14.3 42,900 131 59,134 236

20001 ....... 108,209 100.0 2.8 5.7 6.8 12.6 12.6 15.2 18.7 11.0 14.5 43,848 138 59,664 235

19992 ....... 106,434 100.0 2.7 5.7 6.7 13.3 12.3 15.3 18.5 11.0 14.4 43,915 205 59,067 306

1998 ........ 103,874 100.0 3.0 6.2 6.9 13.2 12.5 15.3 18.9 10.8 13.2 42,844 253 57,134 309

1997 ........ 102,528 100.0 3.0 6.5 7.3 13.8 12.5 15.5 18.8 10.3 12.3 41,346 191 55,522 311

1996 ........ 101,018 100.0 2.9 6.9 7.6 13.8 13.0 15.5 18.9 10.2 11.2 40,503 204 53,776 301

19953 ....... 99,627 100.0 3.0 6.8 7.5 14.5 12.3 16.6 18.5 10.1 10.6 39,931 231 52,659 288

19944 ....... 98,990 100.0 3.3 7.3 7.7 14.4 12.8 16.2 17.9 9.9 10.4 38,726 176 51,771 278

19935 ....... 97,107 100.0 3.5 7.5 7.9 14.2 13.1 16.3 18.1 9.4 10.0 38,287 179 50,772 275

19926 ....... 96,426 100.0 3.3 7.6 7.6 14.5 13.0 16.3 18.8 9.5 9.4 38,482 182 48,788 205

1991 ........ 95,669 100.0 3.0 7.6 7.4 14.1 13.4 16.5 18.9 9.5 9.4 38,791 187 48,829 201

1990 ........ 94,312 100.0 3.0 7.3 7.3 13.6 13.3 17.1 19.0 9.5 9.7 39,949 204 49,902 211

1989 ........ 93,347 100.0 2.8 7.0 7.3 13.7 12.4 17.2 19.4 10.0 10.1 40,484 223 51,148 223

1988 ........ 92,830 100.0 3.0 7.7 7.2 14.0 12.3 17.0 19.6 10.0 9.4 39,767 194 49,688 222

19877 ....... 91,124 100.0 3.2 7.7 7.1 14.1 13.0 16.6 19.3 9.9 9.1 39,453 188 49,065 201

1986 ........ 89,479 100.0 3.4 7.8 7.1 14.1 13.1 16.8 19.3 9.7 8.6 38,975 202 48,152 196

19858 ....... 88,458 100.0 3.3 8.0 7.6 14.5 13.4 17.5 18.9 9.3 7.6 37,648 204 46,332 183

1984 ........ 86,789 100.0 3.2 8.0 8.0 14.9 13.7 17.5 18.7 8.8 7.2 36,921 168 45,238 166

19839 ....... 85,290 100.0 3.5 8.1 8.0 15.3 14.2 17.5 18.8 8.2 6.5 36,001 163 43,865 163

1982 ........ 83,918 100.0 3.4 8.4 8.2 15.2 13.7 18.4 18.3 8.1 6.1 35,986 162 43,369 161

1981 ........ 83,527 100.0 3.2 8.5 7.9 15.8 13.4 18.1 19.1 8.2 5.8 36,042 189 43,059 157

1980 ........ 82,368 100.0 2.9 8.3 8.2 15.0 13.6 18.5 19.6 8.1 5.9 36,608 188 43,539 159

197910 ...... 80,776 100.0 2.9 8.1 7.5 14.4 13.9 17.9 20.6 8.3 6.4 37,784 179 44,883 170

1978 ........ 77,330 100.0 2.6 8.1 7.8 14.5 13.7 18.2 20.5 8.6 6.0 37,826 153 44,520 171

1977 ........ 76,030 100.0 2.8 8.7 8.5 15.3 14.2 18.7 19.5 7.4 4.9 35,545 134 42,166 128

197611 ...... 74,142 100.0 2.8 8.8 8.3 15.3 14.4 19.2 19.6 7.1 4.5 35,345 131 41,575 128

197512 ...... 72,867 100.0 3.0 9.0 8.5 15.5 14.4 19.6 19.1 6.7 4.2 34,763 141 40,593 127

197412 13 .... 71,163 100.0 2.9 8.5 7.8 15.0 14.7 19.9 19.4 7.0 4.6 35,719 137 41,770 131

1973 ........ 69,859 100.0 3.4 7.9 8.0 14.6 13.6 20.3 19.8 7.4 5.0 36,855 140 42,623 130

197214 ...... 68,251 100.0 3.8 8.2 7.9 14.4 14.4 20.1 19.5 6.9 4.8 36,126 138 42,046 130

197115 ...... 66,676 100.0 4.3 8.7 7.5 15.2 15.2 20.9 18.2 6.1 3.9 34,669 134 39,873 127

1970 ........ 64,778 100.0 4.5 8.4 7.4 14.7 15.3 21.2 18.6 6.0 4.0 35,030 128 40,111 128

1969 ........ 63,401 100.0 4.4 8.5 7.1 14.1 16.1 21.1 19.2 5.9 3.8 35,266 130 40,122 126

1968 ........ 62,214 100.0 4.8 8.3 7.5 14.9 16.3 22.2 17.8 5.0 3.1 33,968 123 38,430 123

196716 ...... 60,813 100.0 5.6 8.8 7.8 15.3 17.1 21.5 16.3 4.6 3.1 32,591 119 36,452 119

WHITE

ALONE 17

2002 ........ 91,645 100.0 2.5 5.2 6.8 12.8 12.0 15.2 18.9 11.6 15.0 45,086 183 60,166 245

WHITE 18

2001 ........ 90,682 100.0 2.4 5.0 6.7 12.8 12.2 15.4 18.7 11.6 15.2 45,225 212 61,474 264

20001 ....... 90,030 100.0 2.3 5.0 6.5 12.3 12.5 15.2 19.2 11.5 15.4 45,860 203 61,876 265

19992 ....... 88,893 100.0 2.2 4.9 6.3 13.1 12.2 15.4 19.1 11.7 15.1 45,673 231 61,214 346

1998 ........ 87,212 100.0 2.4 5.2 6.6 12.8 12.4 15.5 19.6 11.4 14.2 45,077 226 59,726 351

1997 ........ 86,106 100.0 2.5 5.7 6.9 13.4 12.3 15.6 19.4 10.9 13.2 43,544 276 57,991 353

1996 ........ 85,059 100.0 2.3 6.0 7.2 13.5 13.0 15.6 19.7 10.7 12.0 42,407 219 55,911 331

19953 ....... 84,511 100.0 2.4 5.9 7.1 14.2 12.3 16.9 19.2 10.5 11.5 41,911 219 54,758 318

19944 ....... 83,737 100.0 2.7 6.2 7.4 14.1 12.8 16.6 18.6 10.4 11.1 40,843 229 54,053 314

19935 ....... 82,387 100.0 2.7 6.4 7.4 13.9 13.1 16.8 19.0 9.9 10.8 40,394 235 53,048 306

19926 ....... 81,795 100.0 2.5 6.5 7.2 14.1 13.1 16.7 19.7 10.1 10.1 40,458 196 50,991 227

See footnotes at end of table.
18 Income in the United States: 2002 U.S. Census Bureau

Table A-1.

Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder:

1967 to 2002–Con.

(Income in 2002 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Households as of March of the following year. See text for comparability issues regarding comparison of data for racial groups using single and multiple race reporting methods)

Race and

Hispanic origin

of householder

and year Number

(thousands)

Percent distribution Median

income

Mean

income

Total

Under

$5,000

$5,000

to

$9,999

$10,000

to

$14,999

$15,000

to

$24,999

$25,000

to

$34,999

$35,000

to

$49,999

$50,000

to

$74,999

$75,000

to

$99,999

$100,000

and over

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

WHITE—Con.

1991 ........ 81,675 100.0 2.3 6.5 7.0 13.9 13.4 16.9 19.8 10.1 10.1 40,649 197 50,890 221

1990 ........ 80,968 100.0 2.3 6.2 6.9 13.5 13.4 17.5 19.8 10.1 10.4 41,668 191 51,916 232

1989 ........ 80,163 100.0 2.2 6.0 6.9 13.4 12.4 17.5 20.4 10.4 10.9 42,585 207 53,278 246

1988 ........ 79,734 100.0 2.4 6.5 6.6 13.6 12.2 17.5 20.5 10.6 10.1 42,040 248 51,807 244

19877 ....... 78,519 100.0 2.5 6.6 6.6 13.7 12.9 17.1 20.2 10.6 9.7 41,568 210 51,161 221

1986 ........ 77,284 100.0 2.7 6.9 6.7 13.7 13.0 17.2 20.2 10.4 9.2 40,976 199 50,157 214

19858 ....... 76,576 100.0 2.7 6.9 7.2 14.1 13.4 17.9 19.7 9.8 8.3 39,704 212 48,234 202

1984 ........ 75,328 100.0 2.7 6.9 7.4 14.5 13.7 18.1 19.6 9.3 7.8 38,951 196 47,104 183

19839 ....... 74,170 100.0 2.8 7.1 7.4 15.0 14.3 18.1 19.7 8.7 7.0 37,743 170 45,698 176

1982 ........ 73,182 100.0 2.9 7.4 7.6 14.7 13.9 18.9 19.2 8.8 6.7 37,674 171 45,156 177

1981 ........ 72,845 100.0 2.6 7.4 7.4 15.3 13.5 18.6 20.1 8.7 6.3 38,081 176 44,863 170

1980 ........ 71,872 100.0 2.4 7.3 7.6 14.5 13.6 19.0 20.6 8.6 6.4 38,621 198 45,296 174

197910 ...... 70,766 100.0 2.4 7.2 7.0 14.0 13.8 18.3 21.5 8.8 6.9 39,616 188 46,653 186

1978 ........ 68,028 100.0 2.2 7.1 7.3 14.1 13.7 18.6 21.5 9.1 6.5 39,323 173 46,170 186

1977 ........ 66,934 100.0 2.5 7.7 7.9 14.7 14.2 19.3 20.6 7.8 5.4 37,378 157 43,813 141

197611 ...... 65,353 100.0 2.5 7.8 7.7 14.9 14.4 19.6 20.5 7.6 4.9 37,025 153 43,174 139

197512 ...... 64,392 100.0 2.7 8.0 8.0 15.1 14.3 20.2 20.1 7.1 4.6 36,354 133 42,093 138

197412 13 .... 62,984 100.0 2.6 7.7 7.3 14.5 14.6 20.5 20.4 7.5 5.0 37,355 140 43,317 140

1973 ........ 61,965 100.0 3.0 7.2 7.3 13.9 13.5 20.8 20.9 8.0 5.4 38,626 147 44,271 140

197214 ...... 60,618 100.0 3.3 7.5 7.3 13.7 14.3 20.8 20.5 7.4 5.2 37,899 145 43,681 142

197115 ...... 59,463 100.0 3.9 7.9 7.1 14.6 15.1 21.7 19.1 6.5 4.2 36,263 138 41,316 134

1970 ........ 57,575 100.0 4.0 7.7 6.9 14.1 15.2 21.9 19.5 6.3 4.3 36,486 140 41,515 136

1969 ........ 56,248 100.0 3.8 7.8 6.6 13.3 15.9 21.8 20.3 6.3 4.1 36,805 135 41,610 139

1968 ........ 55,394 100.0 4.2 7.7 6.9 14.2 16.4 23.0 18.9 5.3 3.3 35,367 132 39,811 132

196716 ...... 54,188 100.0 5.0 8.1 7.1 14.6 17.3 22.4 17.3 4.8 3.3 33,988 123 37,784 128

WHITE

ALONE, NOT

HISPANIC17

2002 ........ 81,166 100.0 2.3 5.0 6.6 12.2 11.5 15.0 19.2 12.2 16.0 46,900 184 62,115 264

WHITE, NOT

HISPANIC18

2001 ........ 80,818 100.0 2.3 4.9 6.5 12.2 11.8 15.1 19.0 12.0 16.2 47,041 195 63,437 288

20001 ....... 80,527 100.0 2.2 4.8 6.4 11.7 12.2 15.0 19.4 12.0 16.4 47,642 191 63,759 286

19992 ....... 79,819 100.0 2.0 4.7 6.0 12.6 11.8 15.2 19.5 12.1 16.1 47,650 314 63,221 391

1998 ........ 78,577 100.0 2.2 4.8 6.2 12.2 12.1 15.4 20.0 11.9 15.1 46,760 269 61,639 377

1997 ........ 77,936 100.0 2.2 5.2 6.6 13.0 12.1 15.6 19.9 11.5 14.0 45,338 237 59,849 (NA)

1996 ........ 77,240 100.0 2.1 5.6 6.9 12.9 12.8 15.6 20.2 11.2 12.7 44,263 304 57,602 (NA)

19953 ....... 76,932 100.0 2.2 5.4 6.7 13.6 12.1 17.0 19.8 11.1 12.2 43,566 227 56,543 339

19944 ....... 77,004 100.0 2.5 5.8 7.1 13.8 12.6 16.7 19.1 10.9 11.7 42,161 223 55,430 329

19935 ....... 75,697 100.0 2.6 6.1 7.0 13.5 12.8 16.8 19.5 10.3 11.4 41,881 245 54,446 325

19926 ....... 75,107 100.0 2.3 6.1 7.0 13.7 12.8 16.7 20.2 10.5 10.6 41,816 259 52,286 241

1991 ........ 75,625 100.0 2.1 6.2 6.8 13.6 13.3 16.9 20.2 10.4 10.5 41,619 205 51,981 232

1990 ........ 75,035 100.0 2.2 5.9 6.6 13.1 13.2 17.5 20.2 10.5 10.9 42,620 199 53,060 240

1989 ........ 74,495 100.0 2.0 5.7 6.7 13.2 12.2 17.5 20.7 10.8 11.4 43,501 213 54,341 266

1988 ........ 74,067 100.0 2.2 6.2 6.4 13.3 12.1 17.5 20.8 10.9 10.5 43,198 242 52,862 248

19877 ....... 73,120 100.0 2.3 6.3 6.4 13.4 12.7 17.2 20.6 10.9 10.1 42,711 248 52,168 242

1986 ........ 72,067 100.0 2.5 6.6 6.5 13.3 12.9 17.3 20.6 10.7 9.6 41,907 216 51,159 235

19858 ....... 71,540 100.0 2.6 6.6 7.0 13.8 13.3 17.9 20.1 10.0 8.7 40,597 207 49,176 223

1984 ........ 70,586 100.0 2.5 6.7 7.2 14.2 13.7 18.1 19.9 9.6 8.1 39,759 221 47,916 214

19839 ....... (NA) 100.0 2.7 6.8 7.1 14.7 14.2 18.1 20.1 9.0 7.3 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA)

1982 ........ 69,214 100.0 2.7 7.2 7.4 14.5 13.8 19.0 19.5 9.0 6.9 38,306 193 45,815 196

See footnotes at end of table.
U.S. Census Bureau Income in the United States: 2002 19

Table A-1.

Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder:

1967 to 2002–Con.

(Income in 2002 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Households as of March of the following year. See text for comparability issues regarding comparison of data for racial groups using single and multiple race reporting methods)

Race and

Hispanic origin

of householder

and year Number

(thousands)

Percent distribution Median

income

Mean

income

Total

Under

$5,000

$5,000

to

$9,999

$10,000

to

$14,999

$15,000

to

$24,999

$25,000

to

$34,999

$35,000

to

$49,999

$50,000

to

$74,999

$75,000

to

$99,999

$100,000

and over

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

WHITE, NOT

HISPANIC

—Con.

1981 ........ 68,996 100.0 2.6 7.3 7.3 15.1 13.4 18.6 20.4 8.9 6.6 38,631 197 45,426 189

1980 ........ 68,106 100.0 2.3 7.1 7.5 14.2 13.5 19.1 20.9 8.8 6.6 39,306 108 45,889 207

197910 ...... 67,203 100.0 2.3 7.1 6.8 13.8 13.7 18.3 21.8 9.0 7.1 40,173 223 47,192 207

1978 ........ 64,836 100.0 2.2 7.0 7.2 13.9 13.5 18.6 21.7 9.3 6.7 40,063 211 46,705 201

1977 ........ 63,721 100.0 2.5 7.6 7.8 14.4 14.0 19.3 21.0 8.0 5.6 38,120 215 44,366 210

197611 ...... 62,365 100.0 2.5 7.6 7.5 14.6 14.3 19.7 20.9 7.8 5.1 37,780 220 43,743 195

197512 ...... 61,533 100.0 2.6 7.9 7.8 14.8 14.2 20.2 20.5 7.3 4.7 36,628 194 42,599 206

197412 13 .... 60,164 100.0 2.5 7.6 7.1 14.2 14.5 20.5 20.7 7.7 5.1 37,674 185 43,799 191

1973 ........ 59,236 100.0 3.0 7.1 7.2 13.6 13.3 20.9 21.2 8.2 5.6 38,966 182 44,765 189

197214 ...... 58,005 100.0 3.3 7.5 7.1 13.4 14.1 20.8 20.9 7.5 5.4 38,439 183 44,188 197

BLACK

ALONE OR IN

COMBINATION

2002 ........ 13,778 100.0 6.9 10.7 9.5 16.3 14.5 14.8 13.9 6.7 6.6 29,177 384 40,334 470

BLACK

ALONE19

2002 ........ 13,465 100.0 7.0 10.8 9.6 16.4 14.5 14.8 13.9 6.7 6.4 29,026 391 40,011 462

BLACK18

2001 ........ 13,315 100.0 6.8 10.7 8.8 16.3 14.3 14.9 15.4 7.0 5.9 29,939 353 39,872 421

20001 ....... 13,174 100.0 5.9 10.5 8.8 16.1 14.1 15.7 15.3 7.0 6.7 30,980 410 40,912 415

19992 ....... 12,838 100.0 5.8 11.3 9.3 15.9 13.9 14.6 14.9 6.6 7.6 30,118 561 41,505 596

1998 ........ 12,579 100.0 6.7 13.2 9.4 16.9 13.4 14.5 14.0 6.4 5.6 27,932 437 37,615 502

1997 ........ 12,474 100.0 6.4 12.6 10.0 16.9 14.1 14.5 14.7 6.1 4.6 27,989 482 36,830 528

1996 ........ 12,109 100.0 6.9 13.0 10.7 16.8 13.6 15.0 14.0 5.4 4.5 26,797 527 37,043 724

19953 ....... 11,577 100.0 7.0 13.4 10.5 17.5 13.2 15.1 13.1 6.5 3.7 26,240 448 35,623 609

19944 ....... 11,655 100.0 7.3 15.1 10.4 17.0 13.5 13.2 13.3 5.6 4.6 25,238 469 35,119 504

19935 ....... 11,281 100.0 8.5 15.3 11.8 16.2 13.7 13.5 12.0 4.9 4.0 23,939 473 33,370 554

19926 ....... 11,269 100.0 8.7 15.9 10.6 16.9 13.4 13.7 12.7 4.6 3.5 23,558 481 31,968 433

1991 ........ 11,083 100.0 8.1 16.1 10.8 16.1 13.3 14.3 12.9 5.0 3.3 24,216 509 32,246 421

1990 ........ 10,671 100.0 7.8 15.7 11.1 15.5 13.6 14.5 13.3 4.7 3.8 24,917 568 33,106 447

1989 ........ 10,486 100.0 7.6 15.3 10.4 16.5 13.0 15.0 12.6 6.0 3.6 25,326 515 33,606 457

1988 ........ 10,561 100.0 7.1 16.7 11.5 16.5 12.8 13.6 12.9 5.6 3.4 23,965 500 32,832 479

19877 ....... 10,192 100.0 7.7 17.0 10.3 17.2 14.4 13.0 12.2 4.8 3.4 23,725 457 32,035 441

1986 ........ 9,922 100.0 8.9 15.4 10.7 17.1 13.5 13.7 13.1 4.4 3.1 23,607 463 31,672 430

19858 ....... 9,797 100.0 7.2 16.7 10.8 18.3 13.5 14.4 12.2 4.7 2.3 23,622 459 30,821 400

1984 ........ 9,480 100.0 7.4 16.8 12.4 18.4 13.9 13.4 11.1 4.4 2.1 22,189 427 29,593 364

19839 ....... 9,243 100.0 8.3 16.9 12.7 18.4 13.6 13.2 11.3 3.9 1.8 21,365 399 28,458 349

1982 ........ 8,916 100.0 8.1 17.1 12.2 19.1 12.6 15.1 11.5 2.9 1.4 21,352 343 28,094 351

1981 ........ 8,961 100.0 7.5 17.7 12.3 19.5 12.7 13.8 11.5 3.8 1.2 21,370 359 28,072 340

1980 ........ 8,847 100.0 7.0 16.6 12.9 18.7 13.3 14.7 11.5 3.8 1.5 22,250 420 28,877 356

197910 ...... 8,586 100.0 6.5 16.0 12.3 18.4 14.1 14.5 12.6 4.0 1.6 23,259 425 29,844 367

1978 ........ 8,066 100.0 5.3 16.8 12.2 17.9 14.0 15.5 12.3 4.3 1.7 23,631 500 30,200 394

1977 ........ 7,977 100.0 5.4 17.1 12.7 20.5 14.4 14.3 11.0 3.4 1.1 22,057 296 28,262 251

197611 ...... 7,776 100.0 5.3 17.2 13.2 19.3 14.4 15.3 11.3 3.0 1.1 22,016 273 28,129 251

197512 ...... 7,489 100.0 6.4 17.2 13.8 18.5 15.1 14.6 10.7 2.7 0.9 21,824 321 27,242 242

197412 13 .... 7,263 100.0 6.1 16.3 12.8 20.0 15.5 14.9 11.1 2.5 0.9 22,215 268 27,629 246

1973 ........ 7,040 100.0 6.8 14.3 13.7 19.7 14.9 16.0 10.4 3.0 1.3 22,737 354 28,234 280

197214 ...... 6,809 100.0 7.8 14.6 13.0 19.9 15.4 14.2 11.5 2.3 1.3 22,122 332 27,945 298

See footnotes at end of table.
20 Income in the United States: 2002 U.S. Census Bureau

Table A-1.

Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder:

1967 to 2002–Con.

(Income in 2002 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Households as of March of the following year. See text for comparability issues regarding comparison of data for racial groups using single and multiple race reporting methods)

Race and

Hispanic origin

of householder

and year Number

(thousands)

Percent distribution Median

income

Mean

income

Total

Under

$5,000

$5,000

to

$9,999

$10,000

to

$14,999

$15,000

to

$24,999

$25,000

to

$34,999

$35,000

to

$49,999

$50,000

to

$74,999

$75,000

to

$99,999

$100,000

and over

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

BLACK—Con.

197115 ...... 6,578 100.0 8.5 15.8 11.8 20.7 16.3 14.4 9.3 2.3 0.8 21,421 319 26,543 273

1970 ........ 6,180 100.0 8.9 14.6 12.2 20.5 15.6 15.0 9.8 2.6 0.9 22,207 305 27,116 293

1969 ........ 6,053 100.0 8.7 14.6 12.1 20.6 17.0 14.9 9.2 2.2 0.7 22,247 328 26,484 282

1968 ........ 5,870 100.0 9.2 14.5 13.1 22.2 15.3 14.5 8.4 2.1 0.6 20,855 303 25,400 268

196716 ...... 5,728 100.0 10.7 15.3 13.8 21.6 15.9 12.8 7.0 1.9 0.9 19,734 329 23,712 265

ASIAN

ALONE OR IN

COMBINATION

2002 ........ 4,079 100.0 4.3 3.8 4.0 10.5 10.3 13.9 18.9 12.5 21.8 52,285 791 69,476 1,321

ASIAN

ALONE20

2002 ........ 3,917 100.0 4.3 3.6 4.0 10.5 10.5 13.6 18.8 12.6 22.1 52,626 921 70,047 1,366

ASIAN AND

PACIFIC

ISLANDER18

2001 ........ 4,071 100.0 4.2 3.9 4.2 10.0 9.7 14.3 18.9 12.6 22.3 54,488 1,300 74,323 1,754

20001 ....... 3,963 100.0 3.6 3.3 4.3 8.9 10.0 13.6 19.0 13.7 23.5 58,225 993 76,019 1,578

19992 ....... 3,742 100.0 3.9 4.1 4.6 9.0 10.0 14.5 17.8 12.8 23.2 54,991 1,938 72,718 1,843

1998 ........ 3,308 100.0 4.4 4.1 4.8 10.0 10.8 14.8 18.3 13.6 19.1 51,385 1,430 66,338 1,916

1997 ........ 3,125 100.0 4.3 4.4 5.7 9.9 9.5 15.8 19.7 11.8 18.8 50,558 1,406 65,799 2,039

1996 ........ 2,998 100.0 3.9 5.9 5.4 10.0 10.1 15.7 18.2 13.4 17.5 49,386 1,770 64,530 2,314

19953 ....... 2,777 100.0 4.8 4.3 6.6 10.7 9.4 17.3 19.4 12.2 15.3 47,592 1,194 64,717 2,611

19944 ....... 2,040 100.0 4.4 4.9 5.6 10.8 10.3 15.4 19.5 13.3 15.8 48,590 1,841 63,089 2,248

19935 ....... 2,233 100.0 4.6 6.3 6.5 11.8 10.3 13.4 18.3 13.0 15.9 46,996 2,311 61,577 2,479

19926 ....... 2,262 100.0 4.2 4.7 5.6 12.4 9.9 16.0 19.4 12.8 15.0 47,482 1,370 58,849 1,618

1991 ........ 2,094 100.0 3.8 5.6 4.8 11.7 12.3 14.8 19.3 12.8 14.9 46,932 1,514 59,588 1,756

1990 ........ 1,958 100.0 3.8 4.0 5.5 10.8 9.8 14.7 21.4 13.4 16.6 51,299 1,520 61,922 1,753

1989 ........ 1,988 100.0 3.0 3.5 6.3 10.1 10.1 17.2 20.6 12.7 16.5 50,562 1,367 62,856 1,829

1988 ........ 1,913 100.0 3.1 4.7 6.1 12.6 10.2 15.4 20.6 11.5 15.8 47,132 1,937 58,925 1,760

HISPANIC

(OF ANY

RACE)21

2002 ........ 11,339 100.0 4.3 6.7 8.1 17.2 15.7 16.4 16.9 7.5 7.2 33,103 482 44,887 600

2001 ........ 10,499 100.0 3.9 6.6 8.2 17.4 15.4 17.3 16.1 7.8 7.2 34,099 433 45,089 570

20001 ....... 10,034 100.0 3.3 6.9 8.0 16.8 15.5 17.3 17.3 8.1 6.7 34,636 499 45,924 661

19992 ....... 9,579 100.0 3.7 6.9 8.8 17.7 16.0 16.9 15.7 7.7 6.6 33,178 482 43,585 774

1998 ........ 9,060 100.0 4.5 9.2 9.4 17.2 15.6 15.9 15.4 6.5 6.2 31,214 602 42,177 897

1997 ........ 8,590 100.0 4.7 9.9 10.3 17.9 15.0 16.0 14.8 5.9 5.6 29,752 531 40,093 809

1996 ........ 8,225 100.0 4.4 10.3 10.6 19.0 15.3 15.4 14.1 5.9 4.8 28,422 551 38,806 898

19953 ....... 7,939 100.0 5.1 11.5 10.7 20.0 14.3 15.5 13.5 5.2 4.3 26,788 584 36,562 820

19944 ....... 7,735 100.0 4.9 11.6 10.7 18.1 14.9 15.7 13.5 5.7 4.8 28,112 522 37,907 946

19935 ....... 7,362 100.0 4.4 10.7 11.4 18.8 15.4 16.3 13.3 5.6 4.1 28,048 564 37,123 781

19926 ....... 7,153 100.0 4.8 10.5 10.3 18.9 15.6 16.3 13.9 5.7 4.0 28,384 587 36,204 569

1991 ........ 6,379 100.0 4.3 10.2 10.6 18.0 15.4 16.5 14.6 5.9 4.5 29,217 608 37,176 595

1990 ........ 6,220 100.0 4.3 10.0 10.8 17.8 15.2 17.2 14.8 5.6 4.3 29,792 611 37,320 615

1989 ........ 5,933 100.0 4.7 10.0 9.1 16.9 15.0 16.9 16.2 6.4 4.9 30,701 595 39,204 674

1988 ........ 5,910 100.0 5.2 10.0 9.6 18.6 13.8 16.8 15.5 5.8 4.5 29,738 733 37,967 805

19877 ....... 5,642 100.0 5.1 10.9 9.6 18.3 15.4 15.8 14.9 5.6 4.5 29,272 642 37,523 695

1986 ........ 5,418 100.0 4.9 10.7 10.0 18.7 14.7 16.3 14.6 6.4 3.7 28,729 748 36,276 596

19858 ....... 5,213 100.0 4.7 11.1 11.2 18.4 15.0 17.0 14.0 5.7 2.9 27,840 650 34,787 566

1984 ........ 4,883 100.0 5.3 11.4 10.5 18.7 13.7 18.0 14.4 4.8 3.1 27,989 702 34,803 679

19839 ....... 4,666 100.0 5.1 11.5 11.8 18.4 15.7 17.0 13.4 4.5 2.7 27,053 690 33,137 637

See footnotes at end of table.
U.S. Census Bureau Income in the United States: 2002 21

Table A-1.

Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder:

1967 to 2002–Con.

(Income in 2002 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Households as of March of the following year. See text for comparability issues regarding comparison of data for racial groups using single and multiple race reporting methods)

Race and

Hispanic origin

of householder

and year Number

(thousands)

Percent distribution Median

income

Mean

income

Total

Under

$5,000

$5,000

to

$9,999

$10,000

to

$14,999

$15,000

to

$24,999

$25,000

to

$34,999

$35,000

to

$49,999

$50,000

to

$74,999

$75,000

to

$99,999

$100,000

and over

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

Value

(dollars)

Standard

error

(dollars)

HISPANIC

(OF ANY

RACE)21—Con.

1982 ........ 4,085 100.0 5.2 11.0 12.4 18.5 15.4 16.9 13.5 4.9 2.3 27,078 715 33,419 678

1981 ........ 3,980 100.0 4.0 10.4 10.1 19.1 16.3 18.2 14.6 5.1 2.3 28,911 792 34,718 663

1980 ........ 3,906 100.0 4.6 10.2 9.9 20.1 15.6 17.1 15.2 4.5 2.6 28,218 765 34,467 686

197910 ...... 3,684 100.0 3.4 9.8 9.4 18.9 16.1 18.8 15.5 5.1 3.1 29,936 863 36,221 728

1978 ........ 3,291 100.0 3.4 9.5 9.9 18.3 17.9 18.5 15.7 4.5 2.4 29,638 718 35,009 708

1977 ........ 3,304 100.0 3.3 10.0 11.2 20.0 18.3 18.2 13.3 3.8 1.9 27,884 490 32,908 508

197611 ...... 3,081 100.0 3.7 12.0 11.2 20.1 17.3 17.6 13.8 2.7 1.7 26,661 568 31,506 513

197512 ...... 2,948 100.0 4.2 11.6 10.8 21.5 16.8 19.2 11.7 2.7 1.4 26,116 577 31,004 551

197412 13 .... 2,897 100.0 3.3 9.3 10.8 21.1 17.1 19.8 13.3 3.6 1.6 28,410 622 32,911 536

1973 ........ 2,722 100.0 3.3 8.5 10.3 20.7 17.6 19.4 15.0 3.7 1.6 28,553 649 33,174 540

197214 ...... 2,655 100.0 3.6 7.9 11.5 20.8 19.8 20.1 11.5 3.1 1.7 28,600 559 32,873 559

NA Not available.

1

Implementation of a 28,000 household sample expansion.

2

Implementation of Census 2000-based population controls.

3

Full implementation of 1990 census-based sample design and metropolitan definitions, 7,000 household sample reduction, and revised race edits.

4

Introduction of 1990 census sample design.

5

Data collection method changed from paper and pencil to computer-assisted interviewing. In addition, the March 1994 income supplement was revised to

allow for the coding of different income amounts on selected questionnaire items. Limits either increased or decreased in the following categories: earnings limits increased to $999,999; social security limits increased to $49,999; supplemental security income and public assistance limits increased to $24,999; veterans’

benefits limits increased to $99,999; child support and alimony limits decreased to $49,999. 6

Implementation of 1990 census population controls.

7

Implementation of a new March CPS processing system.

8

Recording of amounts for earnings from longest job increased to $299,999. Full implementation of 1980 census-based sample design.

9

Implementation of Hispanic population weighting controls and introduction of 1980 census-based sample design.

10Implementation of 1980 census population controls. Questionnaire expanded to show 27 possible values from 51 possible sources of income. 11First year medians were derived using both Pareto and linear interpolation. Before this year, all medians were derived using linear interpolation. 12Some of these estimates were derived using Pareto interpolation and may differ from published data which were derived using linear interpolation. 13Implementation of a new March CPS processing system. Questionnaire expanded to ask 11 income questions. 14Full implementation of 1970 census-based sample design. 15Introduction of 1970 census sample design and population controls. 16Implementation of a new March CPS processing system. 17The 2003 CPS allowed respondents to choose more than one race. White alone refers to people who reported White and did not report any other race

category. The use of this single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people who reported more than one race, such as ‘‘White and American Indian and Alaska Native’’ or ‘‘Asian and Black or

African American,’’ in Census 2000 is forthcoming and will be available through American FactFinder in 2003. About 2.6 percent of people reported more than

one race. 18For the year 2001 and earlier, the CPS allowed respondents to report only one race group. 19Black alone refers to people who reported Black and did not report any other race category. 20Asian alone refers to people who reported Asian and did not report any other race category. 21Because Hispanics may be of any race, data in this report for Hispanics overlap with data for other racial groups. Hispanic origin was reported by 11.4

percent of White householders (and no other race); 3.5 percent for Black householders (and no other race); 27.3 percent for American Indian or Alaska Native

householders (and no other race); 1.4 percent for Asian householders (and no other race); and 19.0 percent for Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander

householders (and no other race). Data users should exercise caution when interpreting aggregate results for the Hispanic population because this population

consists of many distinct groups that differ in socio-economic characteristics, culture, and recency of immigration. Data were first collected for Hispanics in 1972.

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, 1968 through 2003 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
22 Income in the United States: 2002 U.S. Census Bureau

Table A-2.

Median Household Income for Selected Definitions of Income by Race and

Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1979 to 2002

(Income in 2002 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. See text for comparability issues regarding comparison of data for racial groups using single

and multiple race reporting methods)

Race and Hispanic origin

of householder and year

Total money

income (MI) (MI - TX)1 (MI- TX + NC - MM)2 (MI - Tx + NC)3 (MI - TX + NC + HE)4

ALL RACES

2002......................... 42,409 37,066 39,426 42,061 43,760

2001......................... 42,900 37,376 39,553 42,194 43,925

20005 ........................ 43,848 37,880 39,992 42,315 44,612

19996 ........................ 43,915 37,972 40,052 42,357 44,338

1998......................... 42,844 37,014 39,141 41,508 43,310

1997......................... 41,346 35,552 37,691 40,067 42,037

1996......................... 40,503 34,602 36,910 39,392 41,493

19957 ........................ 39,931 34,239 36,654 39,028 41,317

19948 ........................ 38,726 33,407 35,690 37,872 40,192

19939 ........................ 38,287 33,051 35,248 37,251 39,329

199210 ....................... 38,482 32,996 34,940 36,896 39,129

1991......................... 38,791 33,119 34,856 36,604 39,248

1990......................... 39,949 (NA) (NA) 37,110 39,619

1989......................... 40,484 (NA) (NA) 37,693 40,729

1988......................... 39,767 (NA) (NA) 36,949 40,272

198711 ....................... 39,453 (NA) (NA) 36,852 40,145

1986......................... 38,975 (NA) (NA) 36,364 39,130

198512 ....................... 37,648 (NA) (NA) 34,909 38,528

1984......................... 36,921 (NA) (NA) 34,264 38,382

198313 ....................... 36,001 (NA) (NA) 33,590 37,348

1982......................... 35,986 (NA) (NA) 33,073 37,538

1981......................... 36,042 (NA) (NA) 32,755 38,321

1980......................... 36,608 (NA) (NA) 33,522 36,957

197914 ....................... 37,784 (NA) (NA) 34,641 36,930

WHITE ALONE15

2002......................... 45,086 38,857 41,272 43,871 45,743

WHITE16

2001......................... 45,225 38,991 41,218 43,860 45,631

20005 ........................ 45,860 39,395 41,557 43,905 46,267

19996 ........................ 45,673 39,535 41,594 43,924 46,063

1998......................... 45,077 38,861 41,019 43,282 45,201

1997......................... 43,544 37,149 39,338 41,632 43,765

1996......................... 42,407 36,156 38,597 40,988 43,241

19957 ........................ 41,911 35,770 38,271 40,544 43,076

19948 ........................ 40,843 34,951 37,206 39,291 41,768

19939 ........................ 40,394 34,763 36,992 39,026 41,181

199210 ....................... 40,458 34,642 36,719 38,632 40,991

1991......................... 40,649 34,615 36,468 38,207 40,994

1990......................... 41,668 (NA) (NA) 38,567 41,249

1989......................... 42,585 (NA) (NA) 39,243 42,474

1988......................... 42,040 (NA) (NA) 38,648 42,120

198711 ....................... 41,568 (NA) (NA) 38,560 42,102

1986......................... 40,976 (NA) (NA) 37,965 40,904

198512 ....................... 39,704 (NA) (NA) 36,411 40,312

1984......................... 38,951 (NA) (NA) 35,768 40,158

198313 ....................... 37,743 (NA) (NA) 35,015 38,906

1982......................... 37,674 (NA) (NA) 34,397 39,076

1981......................... 38,081 (NA) (NA) 34,100 39,995

1980......................... 38,621 (NA) (NA) 34,843 38,462

197914 ....................... 39,616 (NA) (NA) 35,968 38,369

See footnotes at end of table.
U.S. Census Bureau Income in the United States: 2002 23

Table A-2.

Median Household Income for Selected Definitions of Income by Race and

Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1979 to 2002—Con.

(Income in 2002 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. See text for comparability issues regarding comparison of data for racial groups using single

and multiple race reporting methods)

Race and Hispanic origin

of householder and year

Total money

income (MI) (MI - TX)1 (MI- TX + NC - MM)2 (MI - Tx + NC)3 (MI - TX + NC + HE)4

WHITE ALONE, NOT

HISPANIC15

2002......................... 46,900 40,212 42,623 45,203 47,199

WHITE, NOT HISPANIC16

2001......................... 47,041 40,254 42,521 45,171 47,033

20005 ........................ 47,642 40,612 42,822 45,135 47,609

19996 ........................ 47,650 40,872 42,918 45,259 47,583

BLACK ALONE OR

IN COMBINATION

2002......................... 29,177 26,288 28,467 30,698 31,523

BLACK ALONE17

2002......................... 29,026 26,168 28,338 30,576 31,408

BLACK15

2001......................... 29,939 26,613 28,748 31,002 31,891

20005 ........................ 30,980 27,292 29,380 31,334 32,467

19996 ........................ 30,118 26,823 28,872 31,123 32,305

1998......................... 27,932 25,192 27,187 29,434 30,366

1997......................... 27,989 24,914 26,998 28,834 29,877

1996......................... 26,797 24,140 26,316 28,489 29,520

19957 ........................ 26,240 23,678 25,922 28,031 29,056

19948 ........................ 25,238 22,618 24,890 26,821 28,166

19939 ........................ 23,939 21,528 23,718 25,515 26,510

199210 ....................... 23,558 21,230 23,263 25,007 26,128

1991......................... 24,216 21,767 23,683 25,406 26,580

1990......................... 24,917 (NA) (NA) 25,856 27,228

1989......................... 25,326 (NA) (NA) 25,817 27,232

1988......................... 23,965 (NA) (NA) 24,569 25,874

198711 ....................... 23,725 (NA) (NA) 24,538 25,901

1986......................... 23,607 (NA) (NA) 24,250 25,586

198512 ....................... 23,622 (NA) (NA) 23,778 25,672

1984......................... 22,189 (NA) (NA) 22,525 24,696

198313 ....................... 21,365 (NA) (NA) 22,254 24,590

1982......................... 21,352 (NA) (NA) 22,265 25,050

1981......................... 21,370 (NA) (NA) 22,250 25,294

1980......................... 22,250 (NA) (NA) 23,100 25,130

197914 ....................... 23,259 (NA) (NA) 24,425 25,990

ASIAN ALONE OR IN

COMBINATION

2002......................... 52,285 43,803 47,252 48,698 50,312

ASIAN ALONE18

2002......................... 52,626 44,080 47,501 48,954 50,604

ASIAN AND PACIFIC

ISLANDER15

2001......................... 54,488 45,360 48,287 49,913 51,624

20005 ........................ 58,225 47,763 50,821 52,356 54,697

19996 ........................ 54,991 45,821 48,627 50,134 51,671

1998......................... 51,385 42,573 45,486 46,652 48,634

See footnotes at end of table.
24 Income in the United States: 2002 U.S. Census Bureau

Table A-2.

Median Household Income for Selected Definitions of Income by Race and

Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1979 to 2002—Con.

(Income in 2002 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. See text for comparability issues regarding comparison of data for racial groups using single

and multiple race reporting methods)

Race and Hispanic origin

of householder and year

Total money

income (MI) (MI - TX)1 (MI- TX + NC - MM)2 (MI - Tx + NC)3 (MI - TX + NC + HE)4

ASIAN AND PACIFIC

ISLANDER15—Con.

1997......................... 50,558 42,059 44,917 46,510 48,796

1996......................... 49,386 40,958 43,750 45,207 47,528

19957 ........................ 47,592 39,911 43,034 44,658 46,367

19948 ........................ 48,590 40,023 43,550 44,740 46,361

19939 ........................ 46,996 38,737 42,007 43,659 45,793

199210 ....................... 47,482 38,898 41,486 42,703 45,041

1991......................... 46,932 38,196 40,197 41,695 44,011

1990......................... 51,299 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA)

1989......................... 50,562 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA)

1988......................... 47,132 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA)

198711 ....................... 48,786 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA)

HISPANIC (OF ANY RACE)

2002......................... 33,103 30,291 32,651 34,633 35,447

2001......................... 34,099 30,607 32,678 34,939 35,882

20005 ........................ 34,636 31,071 33,282 35,153 36,288

19996 ........................ 33,178 29,909 32,295 34,055 34,844

1998......................... 31,214 28,346 30,374 31,967 32,818

1997......................... 29,752 26,973 29,146 30,708 31,689

1996......................... 28,422 26,017 28,317 30,128 31,049

19957 ........................ 26,788 24,817 27,245 28,862 29,732

19948 ........................ 28,112 25,356 27,435 29,260 30,465

19939 ........................ 28,048 25,249 27,468 29,303 30,233

199210 ....................... 28,384 25,435 27,434 29,073 30,213

1991......................... 29,217 26,082 28,132 29,588 30,994

1990......................... 29,792 (NA) (NA) 29,545 31,012

1989......................... 30,701 (NA) (NA) 30,111 31,725

1988......................... 29,738 (NA) (NA) 29,060 31,034

198711 ....................... 29,272 (NA) (NA) 28,488 30,168

1986......................... 28,729 (NA) (NA) 28,114 29,637

198512 ....................... 27,840 (NA) (NA) 27,352 29,233

1984......................... 27,989 (NA) (NA) 27,681 29,781

198313 ....................... 27,053 (NA) (NA) 26,957 28,878

1982......................... 27,078 (NA) (NA) 26,914 28,986

1981......................... 28,911 (NA) (NA) 27,951 31,103

1980......................... 28,218 (NA) (NA) 30,944 33,069

197914 ....................... 29,936 (NA) (NA) 29,509 30,804

NA Not available.

1

Money income, less taxes.

2

Money income, less taxes, plus value of noncash transfers less Medicare and Medicaid.

3

Money income, less taxes, plus value of noncash transfers.

4

Money income, less taxes, plus value of noncash transfers, plus imputed value of home equity.

5

Implementation of a 28,000 household sample expansion.

6

Implementation of Census 2000-based population controls.

7

Full implementation of 1990 census-based sample design and metropolitan definitions, 7,000 household sample reduction, revised race edits.

8

Introduction of 1990 census sample design.

9

Data collection method changed from paper and pencil to computer-assisted interviewing. In addition, the March 1994 income supplement was revised to

allow for the coding of different income amounts on selected questionnaire items. Limits either increased or decreased in the following categories: earnings

limits increased to $999,999; social security limits increased to $49,999; supplemental security income and public assistance limits increased to $24,999;

veterans' benefits limits increased to $99,999; child support and alimony limits decreased to $49,999. 10Implementation of 1990 census population controls. 11Implementation of a new March CPS processing system. 12Recording of amounts for earnings from longest job increased to $299,999. Full implementation of 1980 census-based sample design. 13Implementation of Hispanic population weighting controls and introduction of 1980 census-based sample design. 14Implemenation of 1980 census population controls. Questionnaire expanded to show 27 possible values from 51 possible sources of income. 15The 2003 CPS allowed respondents to choose more than one race. White alone refers to people who reported White and did not report any other race

category. The use of this single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people who reported more than one race, such as ‘‘White and American Indian and Alaska Native’’ or ‘‘Asian and Black or

African American,’’ in Census 2000 is forthcoming and will be available through American FactFinder in 2003. About 2.6 percent of people reported more than

one race. 16For 2001 and earlier years, the CPS allowed respondents to report only one race group. The reference race groups for 2001 and earlier income data are:

White, non-Hispanic White, Black, and Asian and Pacific Islander. 17Black or African American alone refers to people who reported Black or African American and did not report any other race category. 18Asian alone refers to people who reported Asian and did not report any other race category.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1980 to 2003 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
U.S. Census Bureau Income in the United States: 2002 25

Table A-3.

Share of Aggregate Income Received by Each Fifth and Top 5 Percent of Households:

1967 to 2002

(Households as of March of the following year. Income in 2002 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars)

Year Number

(thousands)

Upper limit of each fifth

(dollars)

Lower

limit of

top 5

percent

(dollars)

Share of aggregate income

Mean

income

(dollars)Gini

Lowest Second Third Fourth Lowest Second Third Fourth Highest index

Top 5

percent

2002 . . . . . 111,278 17,916 33,377 53,162 84,016 150,002 3.5 8.8 14.8 23.3 49.7 21.7 57,852 0.462

2001 ..... 109,297 18,256 33,844 53,843 84,828 152,893 3.5 8.7 14.6 23.0 50.1 22.4 59,134 0.466

20001 .... 108,209 18,713 34,461 54,483 85,385 151,647 3.6 8.9 14.8 23.0 49.8 22.1 59,664 0.462

19992 .... 106,434 18,492 34,445 54,370 85,500 153,234 3.6 8.9 14.9 23.2 49.4 21.5 59,067 0.458

1998 ..... 103,874 17,757 33,504 53,258 82,636 145,658 3.6 9.0 15.0 23.2 49.2 21.4 57,134 0.456

1997 ..... 102,528 17,207 32,626 51,397 79,888 141,397 3.6 8.9 15.0 23.2 49.4 21.7 55,522 0.459

1996 ..... 101,018 16,853 31,679 50,219 77,617 136,416 3.7 9.0 15.1 23.3 49.0 21.4 53,776 0.455

19953 .... 99,627 16,874 31,538 49,218 76,313 132,415 3.7 9.1 15.2 23.3 48.7 21.0 52,659 0.450

19944 .... 98,990 16,115 30,247 48,131 75,426 131,815 3.6 8.9 15.0 23.4 49.1 21.2 51,771 0.456

19935 .... 97,107 15,892 30,245 47,543 73,901 128,240 3.6 9.0 15.1 23.5 48.9 21.0 50,772 0.454

19926 .... 96,426 15,827 30,323 47,607 72,863 124,381 3.8 9.4 15.8 24.2 46.9 18.6 48,788 0.434

1991 ..... 95,669 16,208 30,903 47,732 73,085 124,126 3.8 9.6 15.9 24.2 46.5 18.1 48,829 0.428

1990 ..... 94,312 16,677 31,569 48,297 73,654 126,411 3.9 9.6 15.9 24.0 46.6 18.6 49,902 0.428

1989 ..... 93,347 16,941 32,212 49,509 75,223 128,499 3.8 9.5 15.8 24.0 46.8 18.9 51,148 0.431

1988 ..... 92,830 16,625 31,405 48,942 73,900 125,093 3.8 9.6 16.0 24.3 46.3 18.3 49,688 0.427

19877 .... 91,124 16,350 31,034 48,444 73,215 122,515 3.8 9.6 16.1 24.3 46.2 18.2 49,065 0.426

1986 ..... 89,479 16,215 30,969 47,832 72,199 122,459 3.9 9.7 16.2 24.5 45.7 17.5 48,152 0.425

19858 .... 88,458 15,940 30,051 46,262 69,833 116,784 4.0 9.7 16.3 24.6 45.3 17.0 46,332 0.419

1984 ..... 86,789 15,813 29,491 45,307 68,522 114,627 4.1 9.9 16.4 24.7 44.9 16.5 45,238 0.415

19839 .... 85,290 15,416 28,730 44,052 66,628 110,652 4.1 10.0 16.5 24.7 44.7 16.4 43,865 0.414

1982 ..... 83,918 15,200 28,563 43,817 65,421 109,019 4.1 10.1 16.6 24.7 44.5 16.2 43,369 0.412

1981 ..... 83,527 15,419 28,408 44,209 65,381 106,385 4.2 10.2 16.8 25.0 43.8 15.6 43,059 0.406

1980 ..... 82,368 15,619 29,146 44,670 65,527 106,455 4.3 10.3 16.9 24.9 43.7 15.8 43,539 0.403

197910.... 80,776 16,088 29,920 45,964 66,788 108,949 4.2 10.3 16.9 24.7 44.0 16.4 44,883 0.404

1978 ..... 77,330 16,030 30,132 45,565 66,354 106,899 4.3 10.3 16.9 24.8 43.7 16.2 44,520 0.402

1977 ..... 76,030 15,224 28,547 43,295 63,118 102,039 4.4 10.3 17.0 24.8 43.6 16.1 42,166 0.402

197611 .... 74,142 15,265 28,232 42,971 61,831 98,580 4.4 10.4 17.1 24.8 43.3 16.0 41,575 0.398

197512.... 72,867 14,804 27,840 41,969 60,381 96,278 4.4 10.5 17.1 24.8 43.2 15.9 40,593 0.397

197412 13 . 71,163 15,704 29,010 42,746 62,055 99,162 4.4 10.6 17.1 24.7 43.1 15.9 41,770 0.395

1973 ..... 69,859 15,490 29,426 43,650 63,056 99,953 4.2 10.5 17.1 24.6 43.6 16.6 42,623 0.397

197214.... 68,251 15,088 29,059 42,955 61,470 98,948 4.1 10.5 17.1 24.5 43.9 17.0 42,046 0.401

197115.... 66,676 14,593 27,818 40,936 58,371 92,694 4.1 10.6 17.3 24.5 43.5 16.7 39,873 0.396

1970 ..... 64,778 14,788 28,332 41,214 58,801 92,960 4.1 10.8 17.4 24.5 43.3 16.6 40,111 0.394

1969 ..... 63,401 15,025 28,838 41,702 58,434 91,644 4.1 10.9 17.5 24.5 43.0 16.6 40,122 0.391

1968 ..... 62,214 14,578 27,638 39,614 55,661 87,081 4.2 11.1 17.5 24.4 42.8 16.6 38,430 0.388

196716.... 60,813 13,688 26,692 37,898 54,027 86,692 4.0 10.8 17.3 24.2 43.8 17.5 36,452 0.399

1

Implementation of a 28,000 household sample expansion.

2

Implementation of Census 2000-based population controls.

3

Full implementation of 1990 census-based sample design and metropolitan definitions, 7,000 household sample reduction, and revised race edits.

4

Introduction of 1990 census-based sample design.

5

Data collection method changed from paper and pencil to computer-assisted interviewing. In addition, the March 1994 income supplement was revised to

allow for the coding of different income amounts on selected questionnaire items. Limits either increased or decreased in the following categories: earnings limits increased to $999,999; social security limits increased to $49,999; supplemental security income and public assistance limits increased to $24,999; veterans’

benefits limits increased to $99,999; child support and alimony limits decreased to $49,999. 6

Implementation of 1990 census population controls.

7

Implementation of a new March CPS processing system.

8

Recording of amounts for earnings from longest job increased to $299,999. Full implementation of 1980 census-based sample design.

9

Implementation of Hispanic population weighting controls and introduction of 1980 census-based sample design.

10Implementation of 1980 census population controls. Questionnaire expanded to show 27 possible values from 51 possible sources of income. 11First year medians were derived using both Pareto and linear interpolation. Before this year, all medians were derived using linear interpolation. 12Some of these estimates were derived using Pareto interpolation and may differ from published data which were derived using linear interpolation. 13Implementation of a new March CPS processing system. Questionnaire expanded to ask 11 income questions. 14Full implementation of 1970 census-based sample design. 15Introduction of 1970 census-based sample design and population controls. 16Implementation of a new March CPS processing system.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1968 to 2003 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
26 Income in the United States: 2002 U.S. Census Bureau Table A-4. Selected Measures of Household Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2002 (In 2002 dollars. For further explanation of income inequality measures, see Current Population Reports, Series P60-204, ‘‘The Changing Shape of the Nation’s Income Distribution: 1947-1998’’) Measures of income dispersion 2002 2001 20001 19992 1998 1997 1996 19953 19944 19935 19926 1991 1990 1989 1988 19877 1986 19858 Household Income at Selected Percentiles 10th percentile upper limit....... 10,620 11,087 11,050 11,197 10,688 10,296 10,168 10,167 9,636 9,420 9,433 9,557 9,766 10,084 9,588 9,356 9,365 9,400 20th percentile upper limit....... 17,916 18,256 18,713 18,556 17,757 17,207 16,853 16,874 16,115 15,892 15,827 16,208 16,677 16,941 16,625 16,350 16,215 15,940 50th (median) ............... 42,409 42,900 43,848 44,045 42,844 41,346 40,503 39,931 38,726 38,287 38,482 38,791 39,949 40,484 39,767 39,453 38,975 37,648 80th percentile upper limit....... 84,016 84,828 85,385 85,654 82,636 79,888 77,617 76,313 75,426 73,901 72,863 73,085 73,654 75,223 73,900 73,215 72,199 69,833 90th percentile upper limit....... 114,112 117,952 116,957 116,472 111,613 109,120 105,045 102,767 101,883 100,178 97,977 97,708 98,863 100,774 97,866 96,017 94,475 91,112 95th percentile lower limit ....... 150,002 152,893 151,647 153,256 145,658 141,397 136,416 132,415 131,815 128,240 124,381 124,126 126,411 128,499 125,093 122,515 122,459 116,784 Household Income Ratios of Selected Percentiles 90th/10th .................. 10.75 10.64 10.58 10.40 10.44 10.60 10.33 10.11 10.57 10.64 10.39 10.22 10.12 9.99 10.21 10.26 10.09 9.69 95th/20th .................. 8.37 8.38 8.10 8.26 8.20 8.22 8.09 7.85 8.18 8.07 7.86 7.66 7.58 7.59 7.52 7.49 7.55 7.33 95th/50th .................. 3.54 3.56 3.46 3.48 3.40 3.42 3.37 3.32 3.40 3.35 3.23 3.20 3.16 3.17 3.15 3.11 3.14 3.10 80th/50th .................. 1.98 1.98 1.95 1.94 1.93 1.93 1.92 1.91 1.95 1.93 1.89 1.88 1.84 1.86 1.86 1.86 1.85 1.85 80th/20th .................. 4.69 4.65 4.56 4.62 4.65 4.64 4.61 4.52 4.68 4.65 4.60 4.51 4.42 4.44 4.45 4.48 4.45 4.38 20th/50th .................. 0.42 0.43 0.43 0.42 0.41 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.41 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.41 0.42 0.42 Mean Household Income of Quintiles Lowest quintile .............. 9,990 10,297 10,607 10,726 10,162 9,913 9,810 9,785 9,317 9,084 9,155 9,352 9,599 9,833 9,500 9,336 9,305 9,241 Second quintile .............. 25,400 25,873 26,483 26,369 25,659 24,691 24,075 23,901 23,074 22,864 22,837 23,369 24,055 24,371 23,834 23,592 23,421 22,843 Third quintile................ 42,802 43,307 44,102 44,113 42,934 41,539 40,496 39,966 38,871 38,325 38,476 38,818 39,733 40,510 39,863 39,444 39,103 37,834 Fourth quintile ............... 67,326 67,902 68,559 68,583 66,402 64,338 62,676 61,437 60,488 59,560 59,064 59,175 59,906 61,278 60,259 59,621 58,895 56,897 Highest quintile .............. 143,743 148,291 148,566 146,113 140,513 137,167 131,822 128,209 127,163 124,091 114,445 113,477 116,257 119,786 115,042 113,385 110,114 104,953 Shares of Household Income of Quintiles Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.9 4.0 Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.8 8.7 8.9 8.9 9.0 8.9 9.0 9.1 8.9 9.0 9.4 9.6 9.6 9.5 9.6 9.6 9.7 9.7 Third quintile................ 14.8 14.6 14.8 14.9 15.0 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.0 15.1 15.8 15.9 15.9 15.8 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Fourth quintile ............... 23.3 23.0 23.0 23.2 23.2 23.2 23.3 23.3 23.4 23.5 24.2 24.2 24.0 24.0 24.3 24.3 24.5 24.6 Highest quintile .............. 49.7 50.2 49.8 49.4 49.2 49.4 49.0 48.7 49.1 48.9 46.9 46.5 46.6 46.8 46.3 46.2 45.7 45.3 Summary Measures Gini index of income inequality . . . 0.462 0.466 0.462 0.458 0.456 0.459 0.455 0.450 0.456 0.454 0.434 0.428 0.428 0.431 0.427 0.426 0.425 0.419 Mean logarithmic deviation of income ................... 0.514 0.515 0.490 0.476 0.488 0.484 0.464 0.452 0.471 0.467 0.416 0.411 0.402 0.406 0.401 0.414 0.416 0.403 Theil ..................... 0.398 0.414 0.404 0.386 0.389 0.396 0.389 0.378 0.387 0.385 0.323 0.313 0.317 0.324 0.314 0.311 0.310 0.300 Atkinson: e=0.25 .................. 0.095 0.098 0.096 0.092 0.093 0.094 0.093 0.090 0.092 0.092 0.080 0.078 0.078 0.080 0.078 0.077 0.077 0.075 e=0.50 .................. 0.186 0.189 0.185 0.180 0.181 0.183 0.179 0.175 0.180 0.178 0.160 0.156 0.156 0.158 0.155 0.155 0.155 0.151 e=0.75 .................. 0.279 0.282 0.275 0.268 0.271 0.272 0.266 0.261 0.268 0.266 0.242 0.237 0.236 0.239 0.236 0.238 0.237 0.231 See footnotes at end of table.
U.S. Census Bureau Income in the United States: 2002 27 Table A-4. Selected Measures of Household Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2002—Con. (In 2002 dollars. For further explanation of income inequality measures, see Current Population Reports, Series P60-204, ‘‘The Changing Shape of the Nation’s Income Distribution: 1947-1998’’) Measures of income dispersion 1984 19839 1982 1981 1980 197910 1978 1977 197611 197512 197412 13 1973 197214 197115 1970 1969 1968 196716 Household Income at Selected Percentiles 10th percentile upper limit ...... 9,384 9,005 9,029 9,184 9,302 9,422 9,590 9,172 9,066 9,015 9,273 9,214 8,788 8,249 8,126 8,307 8,090 7,442 20th percentile upper limit....... 15,813 15,416 15,200 15,419 15,619 16,088 16,030 15,224 15,265 14,804 15,704 15,490 15,088 14,593 14,788 15,025 14,578 13,688 50th (median) ............... 36,921 35,774 35,986 36,042 36,608 37,784 37,826 35,545 35,345 34,763 35,719 36,855 36,126 34,669 35,030 35,266 33,968 32,591 80th percentile upper limit....... 68,522 66,628 65,421 65,381 65,527 66,788 66,354 63,118 61,831 60,381 62,055 63,056 61,470 58,371 58,801 58,434 55,661 54,027 90th percentile upper limit....... 89,655 86,526 85,640 84,664 84,544 86,165 85,375 80,168 78,849 76,891 79,524 80,639 78,984 74,883 74,904 74,139 70,191 68,628 95th percentile lower limit ....... 114,627 110,652 109,019 106,385 106,455 108,949 106,899 102,039 98,580 96,278 99,162 99,953 98,948 92,694 92,960 91,644 87,081 86,692 Household Income Ratios of Selected Percentiles 90th/10th .................. 9.55 9.61 9.48 9.22 9.09 9.14 8.90 8.74 8.70 8.53 8.58 8.75 8.99 9.08 9.22 8.93 8.68 9.22 95th/20th .................. 7.25 7.18 7.17 6.90 6.82 6.77 6.67 6.70 6.46 6.50 6.31 6.45 6.56 6.35 6.29 6.10 5.97 6.33 95th/50th .................. 3.10 3.09 3.03 2.95 2.91 2.88 2.83 2.87 2.79 2.77 2.78 2.71 2.74 2.67 2.65 2.60 2.56 2.66 80th/50th .................. 1.86 1.86 1.82 1.81 1.79 1.77 1.75 1.78 1.75 1.74 1.74 1.71 1.70 1.68 1.68 1.66 1.64 1.66 80th/20th .................. 4.33 4.32 4.30 4.24 4.20 4.15 4.14 4.15 4.05 4.08 3.95 4.07 4.07 4.00 3.98 3.89 3.82 3.95 20th/50th .................. 0.43 0.43 0.42 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.42 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.44 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.43 0.43 0.42 Mean Household Income of Quintiles Lowest quintile .............. 9,234 8,974 8,926 9,138 9,267 9,443 9,559 9,201 9,133 8,938 9,286 9,003 8,628 8,164 8,138 8,227 8,037 7,419 Second quintile .............. 22,458 21,918 21,833 21,899 22,364 23,002 22,880 21,714 21,676 21,223 22,244 22,319 21,973 21,232 21,638 21,927 21,242 20,227 Third quintile................ 37,139 36,150 36,029 36,169 36,809 37,862 37,690 35,804 35,557 34,725 35,747 36,470 35,858 34,427 34,845 35,039 33,687 32,295 Fourth quintile ............... 55,912 54,242 53,568 53,877 54,197 55,532 55,192 52,427 51,603 50,427 51,618 52,429 51,475 48,943 49,119 49,076 46,997 45,185 Highest quintile .............. 101,545 98,153 96,632 94,371 95,196 98,677 97,405 91,903 90,049 87,818 90,147 92,983 92,414 86,723 86,968 86,263 82,308 81,883 Shares of Household Income of Quintiles Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.0 Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.9 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.5 10.5 10.6 10.8 10.9 11.1 10.8 Third quintile................ 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.8 16.9 16.9 16.9 17.0 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.5 17.3 Fourth quintile ............... 24.7 24.7 24.7 25.0 24.9 24.7 24.8 24.8 24.8 24.8 24.7 24.6 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.4 24.2 Highest quintile .............. 44.9 44.7 44.5 43.8 43.7 44.0 43.7 43.6 43.3 43.2 43.1 43.6 43.9 43.5 43.3 43.0 42.8 43.8 Summary Measures Gini index of income inequality . . . 0.415 0.414 0.412 0.406 0.403 0.404 0.402 0.402 0.398 0.397 0.395 0.397 0.401 0.396 0.394 0.391 0.388 0.399 Mean logarithmic deviation of income ................... 0.391 0.397 0.401 0.387 0.375 0.369 0.363 0.364 0.361 0.361 0.352 0.355 0.370 0.370 0.370 0.357 0.356 0.380 Theil ..................... 0.290 0.288 0.287 0.277 0.274 0.279 0.275 0.276 0.271 0.270 0.267 0.270 0.279 0.273 0.271 0.268 0.273 0.287 Atkinson: e=0.25 .................. 0.073 0.072 0.072 0.070 0.069 0.070 0.069 0.069 0.068 0.067 0.067 0.068 0.070 0.068 0.068 0.067 0.067 0.071 e=0.50 .................. 0.147 0.147 0.146 0.141 0.140 0.141 0.139 0.139 0.137 0.136 0.134 0.136 0.140 0.138 0.138 0.135 0.135 0.143 e=0.75 .................. 0.225 0.226 0.226 0.220 0.216 0.216 0.213 0.213 0.211 0.210 0.207 0.210 0.216 0.214 0.214 0.209 0.208 0.220 See footnotes at end of table.
28 Income in the United States: 2002 U.S. Census Bureau Table A-4. Selected Measures of Household Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2002—Con. 1Implementation of a 28,000 household sample expansion. 2Implementation of Census 2000-based population controls. 3Full implementation of 1990 census-based sample design and metropolitan definitions, 7,000 household sample reduction, and revised race edits. 4Introduction of 1990 census-based sample design. 5Data collection method changed from paper and pencil to computer-assisted interviewing. In addition, the March 1994 income supplement was revised to allow for the coding of different income amounts on selected questionnaire items. Limits either increased or decreased in the following categories: earnings limits increased to $999,999; social security limits increased to $49,999; supplemental security income and public assistance limits increased to $24,999; veterans’ benefits limits increased to $99,999; child support and alimony limits decreased to $49,999. 6Implementation of 1990 census population controls. 7Implementation of a new March CPS processing system. 8Recording of amounts for earnings from longest job increased to $299,999. Full implementation of 1980 census-based sample design. 9Implementation of Hispanic population weighting controls and introduction of 1980 census-based sample design. 10Implementation of 1980 census population controls. Questionnaire expanded to show 27 possible values from 51 possible sources of income. 11First year medians were derived using both Pareto and linear interpolation. Before this year all medians were derived using linear interpolation. 12Some of these estimates were derived using Pareto interpolation and may differ from published data which were derived using linear interpolation. 13Implementation of a new March CPS processing system. Questionnaire expanded to ask 11 income questions. 14Full implementation of 1970 census-based sample design. 15Introduction of 1970 census-based sample design and population controls. 16Implementation of a new March CPS processing system. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1968 to 2003 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
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ed States: 2002 Current Population Reports Consumer Income