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[Congressional Bills 118th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[S. 5411 Introduced in Senate (IS)]

<DOC>

118th CONGRESS
  2d Session
                                S. 5411

   To reauthorize the National Quantum Initiative Act, and for other 
                               purposes.

_______________________________________________________________________

                   IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES

                            December 3, 2024

   Ms. Cantwell (for herself, Mr. Young, Mr. Durbin, and Mr. Daines) 
introduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred to the 
           Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation

_______________________________________________________________________

                                 A BILL

 
   To reauthorize the National Quantum Initiative Act, and for other 
                               purposes.

    Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS.

    (a) Short Title.--This Act may be cited as the ``National Quantum 
Initiative Reauthorization Act of 2024''.
    (b) Table of Contents.--The table of contents for this Act is as 
follows:

Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.
Sec. 2. Definitions.
Sec. 3. Purposes.
Sec. 4. National Quantum Initiative Program.
Sec. 5. National Quantum Coordination Office.
Sec. 6. Subcommittee on Quantum Information Science.
Sec. 7. National Quantum Initiative Advisory Committee.
Sec. 8. Subcommittee on the Economic and Security Implications of 
                            Quantum Information Science.
Sec. 9. International Quantum Cooperation Strategy.
Sec. 10. Prize challenges.
Sec. 11. Sunset of National Quantum Initiative.
Sec. 12. National Institute of Standards and Technology activities and 
                            quantum consortium.
Sec. 13. National Institute of Standards and Technology Quantum 
                            Centers.
Sec. 14. National Science Foundation quantum information science 
                            research and education activities.
Sec. 15. Multidisciplinary centers for quantum research and education.
Sec. 16. Quantum Reskilling, Education, and Workforce (QREW) 
                            Coordination Hub, quantum testbeds, and 
                            research security.
Sec. 17. National Science Foundation cryptography research.
Sec. 18. National Aeronautics and Space Administration quantum 
                            activities.
Sec. 19. National Institute of Health quantum activities.
Sec. 20. Department of State quantum activities.
Sec. 21. Comptroller General review and report.
Sec. 22. Clerical amendments.

SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS.

    Section 2 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8801) 
is amended--
            (1) by redesignating paragraphs (4), (5), (6), (7), the 
        first paragraph (8) (relating to the definition of the 
        ``Subcommittee on Economic and Security Implications''), and 
        the second paragraph (8) (relating to the definition of the 
        ``Subcommittee on Quantum Information Science'') as paragraphs 
        (7), (9), (12), (13), (17), and (18), respectively;
            (2) by inserting after paragraph (3) the following:
            ``(4) Federal laboratory.--The term `Federal laboratory' 
        has the meaning given such term in section 4 of the Stevenson-
        Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C. 3703).
            ``(5) Foreign country of concern.--The term `foreign 
        country of concern' means--
                    ``(A) a country that is a covered nation (as such 
                term is defined in section 4872(d) of title 10, United 
                States Code); and
                    ``(B) any country that the Secretary of Commerce, 
                in consultation with the Secretary of Defense, the 
                Secretary of State, and the Director of National 
                Intelligence, determines to be engaged in conduct that 
                is detrimental to the national security or foreign 
                policy of the United States.
            ``(6) Foreign entity of concern.--The term `foreign entity 
        of concern' means a foreign entity that is--
                    ``(A) designated as a foreign terrorist 
                organization by the Secretary of State under section 
                219(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 
                1189(a));
                    ``(B) included on the list of specially designated 
                nationals and blocked persons maintained by the Office 
                of Foreign Assets Control of the Department of the 
                Treasury (commonly known as the `SDN list');
                    ``(C) owned by, controlled by, or subject to the 
                jurisdiction or direction of a government of a foreign 
                country that is a covered nation (as such term is 
                defined in section 4872 of title 10, United States 
                Code);
                    ``(D) alleged by the Attorney General to have been 
                involved in activities for which a conviction was 
                obtained under--
                            ``(i) chapter 37 of title 18, United States 
                        Code (commonly known as the `Espionage Act');
                            ``(ii) section 951 or 1030 of title 18, 
                        United States Code;
                            ``(iii) chapter 90 of title 18, United 
                        States Code (commonly known as the `Economic 
                        Espionage Act of 1996');
                            ``(iv) the Arms Export Control Act (22 
                        U.S.C. 2751 et seq.);
                            ``(v) section 224, 225, 226, 227, or 236 of 
                        the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 U.S.C. 2274, 
                        2275, 2276, 2277, and 2284);
                            ``(vi) the Export Control Reform Act of 
                        2018 (50 U.S.C. 4801 et seq.); or
                            ``(vii) the International Emergency 
                        Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.); 
                        or
                    ``(E) determined by the Secretary of Commerce, in 
                consultation with the Secretary of Defense and the 
                Director of National Intelligence, to be engaged in 
                unauthorized conduct that is detrimental to the 
                national security or foreign policy of the United 
                States.'';
            (3) in paragraph (7), as so redesignated, by striking 
        ``(a)'' each place it appears;
            (4) by inserting after paragraph (7), as so redesignated, 
        the following new paragraph:
            ``(8) National laboratory.--The term `National Laboratory' 
        has the meaning given such term in section 2 of the Energy 
        Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 15801).'';
            (5) by inserting after paragraph (9), as so redesignated, 
        the following:
            ``(10) Quantum applications.--The term `quantum 
        applications' means uses of quantum information science, 
        engineering, and technology, including quantum algorithms and 
        software, quantum computing and quantum-classical hybrids, 
        quantum sensing, quantum networking, quantum encryption, 
        quantum simulation, or quantum communications applications.
            ``(11) Quantum computing.--The term `quantum computing' 
        means any of a variety of quantum computing technologies, 
        including quantum annealing and quantum gate-model systems that 
        utilize a variety of architectures, such as superconductors, 
        ion traps, photonics, neutral atoms, atomic spin, electronic 
        spin, or topological qubits.'';
            (6) by amending paragraph (12), as so redesignated, to read 
        as follows:
            ``(12) Quantum information science, engineering, and 
        technology.--The term `quantum information science, 
        engineering, and technology' means the understanding, 
        translation, use, or application of the laws of quantum physics 
        for the storage, transmission, manipulation, computing, 
        simulation, or measurement of information.''; and
            (7) by inserting after paragraph (13), as so redesignated, 
        the following:
            ``(14) Quantum networking.--The term `quantum networking' 
        means the transmission of quantum information and the 
        distribution and use of entanglement across nodes to enable new 
        information technology applications and fundamental science.
            ``(15) Quantum sensing.--The term `quantum sensing'--
                    ``(A) means the use of quantum mechanics to enhance 
                or enable new sensors; and
                    ``(B) can include uses of superposition and 
                entanglement, nonclassical states, and advances in 
                accuracy and precision enabled by quantum control.
            ``(16) STEM.--The term `STEM' means the academic and 
        professional disciplines of science, technology, engineering, 
        and mathematics, including computer science.''.

SEC. 3. PURPOSES.

    Section 3 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8802) 
is amended--
            (1) in the matter preceding paragraph (1), by striking 
        ``science and its technology applications'' and inserting 
        ``science, engineering, and technology'';
            (2) in paragraph (1)--
                    (A) in the matter preceding subparagraph (A), by 
                striking ``science and technology'' and inserting 
                ``science, engineering, and technology'';
                    (B) by amending subparagraph (A) to read as 
                follows:
                    ``(A) to expand the number of researchers, 
                educators, and students with training in quantum 
                information science, engineering, and technology to 
                develop a domestic workforce pipeline and retain 
                international talent to the extent consistent with 
                national security and international competitiveness;'';
                    (C) in subparagraph (B), by striking ``science at 
                the'' and inserting ``science, engineering, and 
                technology at the primary, secondary,'';
                    (D) in subparagraph (C), by striking ``basic'';
                    (E) in subparagraph (D)--
                            (i) by striking ``science and technology'' 
                        and inserting ``science, engineering, and 
                        technology''; and
                            (ii) by striking ``and'' after the 
                        semicolon; and
                    (F) by adding at the end the following:
                    ``(F) to facilitate development of quantum 
                applications, including quantum-hybrid applications, to 
                promote innovation and domestic commercialization; and
                    ``(G) to support advancements in emerging 
                technologies that could benefit from or benefit the 
                development of quantum technology and promote research, 
                development, demonstration, and application of such 
                emerging technologies in quantum information science, 
                engineering, and technology and scientific 
                discovery.'';
            (3) in paragraph (2), by striking ``science and 
        technology'' and inserting ``science, engineering, and 
        technology'';
            (4) in paragraph (3), by striking ``science and 
        technology'' and inserting ``science, engineering, and 
        technology'';
            (5) in paragraph (4)--
                    (A) by inserting ``National Laboratories,'' after 
                ``Federal laboratories,''; and
                    (B) by striking ``and'' after the semicolon;
            (6) in paragraph (5)--
                    (A) in the matter preceding subparagraph (A)--
                            (i) by inserting ``partnerships, research 
                        collaborations, and'' after ``international''; 
                        and
                            (ii) by striking ``science and technology 
                        security'' and inserting ``science, 
                        engineering, and technology'';
                    (B) in subparagraph (A)--
                            (i) by inserting ``, social benefit,'' 
                        after ``innovation''; and
                            (ii) by striking ``and'' after the 
                        semicolon;
                    (C) in subparagraph (B), by striking the period and 
                inserting ``; and''; and
                    (D) by adding at the end the following:
                    ``(C) to facilitate cooperation in the advancement 
                of quantum capabilities, including through investment, 
                among the United States and its strategic allies and 
                partners to strengthen and secure the quantum-relevant 
                domestic supply chain and related ecosystem; and
                    ``(D) to coordinate on potential export or 
                strategic trade controls where appropriate.''; and
            (7) by adding at the end the following:
            ``(6) improving the maturity and scale of the quantum 
        industry, including small- and medium-sized businesses and 
        startups representing a diversity of quantum specialties, and 
        commercialization of domestic quantum capacity across 
        modalities.''.

SEC. 4. NATIONAL QUANTUM INITIATIVE PROGRAM.

    Subsection (b) of section 101 of the National Quantum Initiative 
Act (15 U.S.C. 8811) is amended--
            (1) in paragraph (1)--
                    (A) by striking ``development'' and inserting 
                ``research development, and near-, medium-, and long-
                term demonstration and commercialization'';
                    (B) by striking ``information science and 
                technology''; and
                    (C) by inserting ``in diverse sectors'' after 
                ``applications'';
            (2) in paragraph (2)--
                    (A) by striking ``fundamental'';
                    (B) by striking ``science and technology'' and 
                inserting ``science, engineering, and technology''; and
                    (C) by inserting ``infrastructure,'' after 
                ``demonstration,'';
            (3) in paragraph (3)--
                    (A) by inserting ``and retain'' after ``to 
                develop''; and
                    (B) by striking ``science and technology'' and 
                inserting ``science, engineering, and technology'';
            (4) by amending paragraph (4) to read as follows:
            ``(4) provide for interagency planning and coordination of 
        Federal quantum information science, engineering, and 
        technology research, development, demonstration, standards 
        engagement, and other activities under the Program, including 
        activities authorized pursuant to section 234 of the John S. 
        McCain National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019 
        (10 U.S.C. 4001 note), quantum educational activities and 
        programs authorized pursuant to section 10661 of the Research 
        and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 
        19261), and activities conducted at any Federal laboratory;''; 
        and
            (5) in paragraph (5)--
                    (A) by striking ``industry and universities'' and 
                inserting ``industry, universities, small businesses, 
                and strategic allies and partners''; and
                    (B) by inserting ``, including human resources'' 
                after ``resources''.

SEC. 5. NATIONAL QUANTUM COORDINATION OFFICE.

    Section 102 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8812) 
is amended--
            (1) in subsection (a)(2)--
                    (A) in subparagraph (A)--
                            (i) by inserting ``who shall be'' before 
                        ``appointed''; and
                            (ii) by inserting ``, and who may serve a 
                        4-year term, subject to renewal'' before the 
                        semicolon; and
                    (B) by amending subparagraph (B) to read as 
                follows:
                    ``(B) staff comprised of employees detailed from 
                the Federal departments and agencies specified in 
                section 103(b).''; and
            (2) in subsection (b)--
                    (A) in paragraph (3), by striking ``science and 
                technology'' and inserting ``science, engineering, and 
                technology research, development, workforce, and 
                international'';
                    (B) by amending paragraph (4) to read as follows:
            ``(4) ensure coordination among the collaborative ventures 
        or consortia established under this Act;''; and
                    (C) in paragraph (6), by striking ``; and'' and 
                inserting a semicolon;
                    (D) in paragraph (7)--
                            (i) by inserting ``small businesses, 
                        nonprofit research organizations,'' after 
                        ``universities,''; and
                            (ii) by striking the period at the end and 
                        inserting a semicolon; and
                    (E) by adding after paragraph (7), the following:
            ``(8) promote understanding and adoption of viable quantum 
        capabilities that strengthen the United States economy as 
        appropriate; and
            ``(9) track, monitor, and promote policies that will ensure 
        the stability of the United States quantum workforce, quantum 
        supply chain, domestic quantum industry, and international 
        trade.''.

SEC. 6. SUBCOMMITTEE ON QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE.

    Section 103 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8813) 
is amended--
            (1) in subsection (b)--
                    (A) in paragraph (8), by striking ``and'' after the 
                semicolon;
                    (B) by redesignating paragraph (9) as paragraph 
                (16); and
                    (C) by inserting after paragraph (8) the following 
                new paragraphs:
            ``(9) the Department of Health and Human Services;
            ``(10) the Department of State;
            ``(11) the Department of Homeland Security;
            ``(12) the Department of Education;
            ``(13) the Department of Labor;
            ``(14) the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration;
            ``(15) the Small Business Administration; and'';
            (2) in subsection (d)--
                    (A) in paragraph (1), by striking ``the quantum 
                information science and technology research'' and 
                inserting ``quantum information science, engineering, 
                and technology research and quantum application 
                development, demonstration, and commercialization'';
                    (B) in paragraph (4), by inserting ``, engineering, 
                and technology'' after ``science'';
                    (C) in paragraph (5)--
                            (i) by inserting ``, engineering, and 
                        technology'' after ``science''; and
                            (ii) by inserting ``and conduct comparative 
                        benchmarking of Federal investments and 
                        research strategies relative to those of 
                        strategic allies and partners of the United 
                        States and other countries,'' after 
                        ``development efforts'';
                    (D) in paragraph (6)--
                            (i) by striking ``science and technology'' 
                        and inserting ``science, engineering, and 
                        technology''; and
                            (ii) by striking ``and'' after the 
                        semicolon;
                    (E) in paragraph (7)--
                            (i) by inserting ``, engineering and 
                        technology'' after ``science''; and
                            (ii) by striking the period and inserting 
                        ``; and''; and
                    (F) by adding at the end the following new 
                paragraph:
            ``(8) facilitate interagency partnership opportunities to 
        advance quantum applications related to environment, advanced 
        manufacturing, biotechnology, chemistry, space, and other 
        sectors.'';
            (3) in subsection (g)(2)--
                    (A) in paragraph (A), by inserting ``numbers'' 
                after ``budget'';
                    (B) in paragraph (B), by inserting ``numbers'' 
                after ``budget''; and
                    (C) by adding at the end the following new 
                paragraph:
                    ``(D) Metrics for measuring the impact of the 
                Program for the current fiscal year, for each Federal 
                department and agency described in subsection (b).'';
            (4) in subsection (h)(2)(A), by inserting ``, including a 
        description of agency roles and responsibilities'' before the 
        period; and
            (5) by adding at the end the following new subsection:
    ``(i) Quantum Use Cases.--
            ``(1) In general.--The Subcommittee shall identify 
        potential use cases for quantum technologies that could advance 
        the missions of Federal departments and agencies participating 
        in the Program.
            ``(2) Quantum on-ramp.--For each potential use case 
        identified pursuant to paragraph (1) for a Federal department 
        or agency, the head of the Federal department or agency may, in 
        consultation with the Subcommittee, develop a plan to enable 
        such department or agency to address the potential use case.
            ``(3) Comparison to artificial intelligence technologies.--
        For any potential use case identified under paragraph (1) for a 
        Federal department or agency, the head of the department or 
        agency may, in consultation with the Subcommittee, consider the 
        quantum use case's interplay with artificial intelligence.
            ``(4) Reporting.--The Subcommittee, as part of the annual 
        report on the budget for the Program under subsection (g), 
        shall report progress in carrying out the activities under this 
        subsection, including information relating to the following:
                    ``(A) The potential use cases identified pursuant 
                to paragraph (1).
                    ``(B) The status of plans developed pursuant to 
                paragraph (2).
                    ``(C) Any obstacles to addressing such potential 
                use cases, including lack of funding.''.

SEC. 7. NATIONAL QUANTUM INITIATIVE ADVISORY COMMITTEE.

    Section 104 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8814) 
is amended--
            (1) by amending subsection (b) to read as follows:
    ``(b) Qualifications.--The Advisory Committee shall consist of 
members, appointed by the President, who are--
            ``(1) representative of industry, including end users 
        likely to benefit from quantum technology and companies that 
        are part of quantum-relevant supply chains;
            ``(2) small- and medium-sized businesses and startups 
        representing a diversity of quantum specialties;
            ``(3) universities and Federal laboratories; and
            ``(4) qualified to provide advice and information on 
        quantum information science, engineering, and technology 
        research, development, demonstrations, standards, STEM 
        education and workforce, technology transfer, commercial 
        application, national security and economic concerns, or 
        research security.'';
            (2) in subsection (d)(2)--
                    (A) in subparagraph (A), by striking ``science and 
                technology'' and inserting ``science, engineering, and 
                technology'';
                    (B) by redesignating subparagraphs (D), (E), (F), 
                and (G) as subparagraphs (F), (G), (H), and (I), 
                respectively;
                    (C) by inserting after subparagraph (C) the 
                following new subparagraphs:
                    ``(D) other countries' quantum programs and the 
                progress of such countries and such programs relative 
                to the Program;
                    ``(E) the competitiveness of the United States in 
                quantum technologies, with respect to quantum 
                computing, sensing, and networking;'';
                    (D) in subparagraph (F), as so redesignated--
                            (i) by striking ``to'' and inserting 
                        ``promote innovation, foster a robust United 
                        States quantum industry, and''; and
                            (ii) by striking ``science and technology'' 
                        and inserting ``science, engineering, and 
                        technology'';
                    (E) in subparagraph (G), as so redesignated, by 
                inserting ``, including to address any gaps that may 
                exist'' before the semicolon;
                    (F) in subparagraph (H), as so redesignated, by 
                striking ``open standards for, quantum information 
                science and technology; and'' and inserting 
                ``international standards in open and transparent 
                standardization systems for quantum information 
                science, engineering, and technology;'';
                    (G) in subparagraph (I), as so redesignated--
                            (i) by inserting ``educational, 
                        environmental, health,'' after ``legal,''; and
                            (ii) by striking the period and inserting 
                        ``; and''; and
                    (H) by adding at the end the following new 
                subparagraphs:
                    ``(J) the domestic and international cooperation 
                needs and goals of the Program, including those related 
                to infrastructure and the supply chain of quantum 
                information science, engineering, and technology; and
                    ``(K) the degree to which quantum information 
                science, engineering, and technology--
                            ``(i) is enhancing or can enhance--
                                    ``(I) the capabilities of the 
                                United States advanced industrial 
                                economy; and
                                    ``(II) Federal, State, and local 
                                government capabilities and services; 
                                and
                            ``(ii) can protect or optimize critical 
                        infrastructure (as such term is defined in 
                        section 1016(e) of Public Law 107-56 (42 U.S.C. 
                        5195c(e))).'';
            (3) in subsection (e)--
                    (A) by inserting ``through December 31, 2030'' 
                after ``thereafter''; and
                    (B) by adding at the end the following new 
                sentence: ``In the first such report required after the 
                date of the enactment of this sentence, the Advisory 
                Committee shall assess the advisability and feasibility 
                of establishing a quantum communications corridor in 
                which Federal laboratories, institutions of higher 
                education, and other entities conducting quantum 
                information science, engineering, and technology 
                research are connected via quantum communication 
                networks capable of securely transmitting 
                information.''; and
            (4) by amending subsection (g) to read as follows:
    ``(g) FACA Exemption.--The President shall charter the Advisory 
Committee in accordance with chapter 10 of title 5, United States Code 
(commonly referred to as the `Federal Advisory Committee Act'), except 
that the Advisory Committee shall be exempt from section 1013 of such 
title.''.

SEC. 8. SUBCOMMITTEE ON THE ECONOMIC AND SECURITY IMPLICATIONS OF 
              QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE.

    Section 105 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 
8814a) is amended--
            (1) in subsection (b)--
                    (A) in paragraph (10), by striking ``and'' after 
                the semicolon;
                    (B) by redesignating paragraph (11) as paragraph 
                (15); and
                    (C) by inserting after paragraph (10) the following 
                new paragraphs:
            ``(11) the Department of Health and Human Services;
            ``(12) the Department of State;
            ``(13) the Small Business Administration;
            ``(14) the National Aeronautics and Space Administration; 
        and''; and
            (2) in subsection (c)--
                    (A) in paragraph (1), by striking ``information 
                science'' and inserting ``information science, 
                engineering, and technology'';
                    (B) in paragraph (2), by inserting ``or to supply 
                chains'' before the semicolon;
                    (C) in paragraph (3), by inserting ``or supply 
                chains'' before the semicolon;
                    (D) in paragraph (5)--
                            (i) by inserting ``and engineering'' after 
                        ``quantum information science''; and
                            (ii) by inserting ``any'' before ``export 
                        controls'';
                    (E) in paragraph (6), by striking ``information 
                science'' and inserting ``information science, 
                engineering, and technology'';
                    (F) in paragraph (7), by striking ``and'' after the 
                semicolon;
                    (G) in paragraph (8)--
                            (i) by striking ``information science'' and 
                        inserting ``information science, engineering, 
                        and technology''; and
                            (ii) by striking the period and inserting a 
                        semicolon; and
                    (H) by adding at the end the following:
            ``(9) in coordination with the Subcommittee on Quantum 
        Information Science, identify opportunities to increase 
        coordination between civilian, military, and intelligence 
        quantum research entities, reduce unnecessary duplicative 
        quantum research activities, and facilitate collaboration 
        between quantum research agencies with specialized capabilities 
        or expertise in one or more aspects of quantum information 
        science, engineering, and technology; and
            ``(10) recommend strategies for attracting and retaining 
        students and scholars with expertise in quantum related fields 
        to Federal departments and agencies.''.

SEC. 9. INTERNATIONAL QUANTUM COOPERATION STRATEGY.

    The National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8801 et seq.) is 
amended by inserting after section 105 the following new section:

``SEC. 105A. INTERNATIONAL QUANTUM COOPERATION STRATEGY.

    ``(a) Strategy Required.--Not later than one year after the date of 
the enactment of this section, the Director of the Office of Science 
and Technology Policy, in consultation with the Secretary of Commerce, 
the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Energy, the Director of the 
National Science Foundation, and the heads of other Federal agencies, 
as appropriate, shall develop and submit to the Committee on Commerce, 
Science, and Transportation, the Committee on Energy and Natural 
Resources, and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate, and 
the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology and the Committee on 
Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives a strategy--
            ``(1) to establish collaborative international 
        partnerships, including co-funded international programs, to 
        advance research and development, testing and evaluation, 
        commercialization, and interoperability in quantum information 
        science, engineering, and technology with allies and partners 
        of the United States, and other countries, when in the 
        security, strategic, technological, and scientific interests of 
        the United States;
            ``(2) to ensure continued United States participation in 
        bilateral and multilateral efforts to advance quantum 
        information science, engineering, and technology on the 
        international stage;
            ``(3) to promote the integrity and impartiality of 
        international standards organizations and processes related to 
        quantum information science, engineering, and technology; and
            ``(4) to ensure ethical application of quantum information 
        science, engineering, and technology to protect civil liberties 
        and basic human rights.
    ``(b) Designation.--The strategy under this subsection shall be 
known as the `International Quantum Cooperation Strategy' (in this 
section referred to as the `Strategy').
    ``(c) Elements.--In the development of the Strategy, the Director 
of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, the National Quantum 
Coordination Office, the Subcommittee on Quantum Information Science, 
the Subcommittee on Economic and Security Implications, and the 
relevant agencies shall consider including the following:
            ``(1) The establishment of international partnerships to 
        advance research and development in quantum information 
        science, engineering, and technology.
            ``(2) Key strategic allies and partners of the United 
        States that have demonstrated unique capabilities in one or 
        more areas of quantum information science, engineering, and 
        technology.
            ``(3) Efforts and plans to address risks to the national 
        security and economic interests of the United States during 
        development and deployment of quantum technologies worldwide, 
        including plans for diplomatic engagement with allies and 
        partners, and other countries.
            ``(4) Efforts and plans to promote responsible global 
        development and deployment of quantum technologies, including 
        through international engagement and leadership in the 
        development of international standards.
            ``(5) Efforts and plans to develop, attract, and retain 
        international talent.
            ``(6) The ability and risks of domestic manufacturers and 
        suppliers and those of allies and partners of the United States 
        to meet the needs of the global quantum supply chain, including 
        raw materials such as Helium-3, plans for engagement with 
        allies and partners, manufacturers, and suppliers, and options 
        to mitigate gaps and vulnerabilities in the global quantum 
        supply chain.
            ``(7) A plan to safeguard research and technology supported 
        through international cooperation, as appropriate, in whole or 
        in part, including in quantum technologies critical to national 
        security, from malign influence, theft, or exfiltration by 
        foreign entities of concern.
            ``(8) As necessary, a description of such legislative or 
        administrative action needed to carry out the Strategy.
    ``(d) Briefing.--Not later than 30 days after the date on which the 
Strategy is completed, the Director shall brief the committees 
specified in subsection (a) on the Strategy.''.

SEC. 10. PRIZE CHALLENGES.

    The National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8801 et seq.) is 
amended--
            (1) by redesignating section 106 as section 107; and
            (2) by inserting after section 105A, as added by section 9, 
        the following:

``SEC. 106. NATIONAL QUANTUM PRIZE CHALLENGES.

    ``(a) In General.--Subject to the availability of appropriations, 
any head of a Federal agency with a representative serving on the 
Subcommittee on Quantum Information Science established under section 
103, may, individually or in cooperation with one or more heads of 
Federal agencies--
            ``(1) conduct a prize competition under section 24 of the 
        Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C. 
        3719) to dramatically accelerate the development and 
        commercialization of applications and algorithms in quantum 
        information science, engineering, and technology; and
            ``(2) define a measurable set of performance goals for 
        participants in the prize competitions to demonstrate their 
        solutions on a level playing field while making a significant 
        advancement over the current state of the art.
    ``(b) Purpose.--Any prize competition carried out under subsection 
(a) shall be for the purpose of stimulating innovation to advance the 
ability of the United States to achieve high-priority breakthroughs for 
applications in quantum information science, engineering, and 
technology, such as in quantum computing, quantum sensing, quantum 
communications, quantum networking, quantum algorithms, and quantum 
cryptography.
    ``(c) Coordination With Subcommittees.--Each prize competition 
conducted under subsection (a) may be conducted in coordination with 
members of the Subcommittee on Quantum Information Science and the 
Subcommittee on the Economic and Security Implications of Quantum 
Information Science.
    ``(d) Recommendations.--To assist in the administration of this 
section, the Subcommittee on Quantum Information Science may provide 
recommendations on key challenges in quantum information science, 
engineering, and technology that would be well-suited for a prize 
competition under subsection (a). The recommendations shall include a 
scope for efforts carried out under such subsection.''.

SEC. 11. SUNSET OF NATIONAL QUANTUM INITIATIVE.

    Subsection (a) of section 107 of the National Quantum Initiative 
Act (15 U.S.C. 8815), as redesignated by section 10, is amended to read 
as follows:
    ``(a) In General.--Except as provided in subsection (b), the 
authority to carry out sections 101, 102, 103, 104, and 105 shall 
terminate on December 30, 2034.''.

SEC. 12. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY ACTIVITIES AND 
              QUANTUM CONSORTIUM.

    Section 201 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8831) 
is amended--
            (1) in subsection (a)--
                    (A) in paragraph (1)--
                            (i) by striking ``basic and applied''; and
                            (ii) by striking ``science and technology'' 
                        and inserting ``science, engineering, and 
                        technology'';
                    (B) in paragraph (2)--
                            (i) by inserting ``attract, educate, and'' 
                        before ``train''; and
                            (ii) by striking ``science and technology'' 
                        and inserting ``science, engineering, and 
                        technology'';
                    (C) by amending paragraph (3) to read as follows:
            ``(3) shall carry out research to facilitate the 
        development and standardization, as appropriate, of quantum 
        cryptography, post-quantum cryptography (as such term is 
        defined in section 3 of the Quantum Computing Cybersecurity 
        Preparedness Act (6 U.S.C. 1526 note; Public Law 117-260)), and 
        practices to replace cryptographic keys or algorithms with 
        minimal disruption to current applications and systems;'';
                    (D) by amending paragraph (4) to read as follows:
            ``(4) shall carry out research, development, and 
        demonstration projects, as appropriate, to facilitate the 
        development and standardization of quantum applications, 
        including quantum supporting technologies;'';
                    (E) by redesignating paragraphs (5), (6), and (7) 
                as paragraphs (8), (9), and (11), respectively;
                    (F) by inserting the following after paragraph (4) 
                the following:
            ``(5) shall carry out research to support the measurement 
        of comparative performance and progress of quantum 
        technologies, including, as practicable, technology readiness 
        assessments of quantum technologies;
            ``(6) shall promote United States participation in 
        international standards organizations related to quantum 
        information science, engineering, and technology;
            ``(7) shall establish or expand partnerships with the 
        public sector and private sector--
                    ``(A) to accelerate the development of domestic 
                quantum supply chain and supply chain-supporting 
                technologies;
                    ``(B) to reduce quantum supply chain 
                vulnerabilities, including by promoting domestic vendor 
                diversification efforts and coordination activities; 
                and
                    ``(C) to avoid offshoring to, or dependence on, 
                countries of concern for critical components of 
                capabilities in the quantum supply chain;'';
                    (G) in paragraph (8), as so redesignated, by 
                striking ``infrastructure'' and inserting ``, 
                communications, sensing, and computing'';
                    (H) in paragraph (9), as so redesignated--
                            (i) by inserting ``nonprofit research 
                        organizations,'' after ``universities,''; and
                            (ii) by striking ``and engineering; and'' 
                        and inserting ``, engineering, and technology 
                        and expanding the domestic STEM workforce;''; 
                        and
                    (I) by inserting after paragraph (9), as so 
                redesignated, the following:
            ``(10) shall establish such infrastructure as is necessary 
        to carry out title II; and'';
            (2) in subsection (b)--
                    (A) in paragraph (1)--
                            (i) by striking ``future'' and inserting 
                        ``research''; and
                            (ii) by striking ``science and technology'' 
                        and inserting ``science, engineering, and 
                        technology'';
                    (B) in paragraph (2)--
                            (i) by amending subparagraph (A) to read as 
                        follows:
                    ``(A) to gather and assess information on the 
                quantum industry to address the needs identified in 
                paragraph (1);''; and
                            (ii) by striking subparagraphs (B) and (C) 
                        and inserting the following new subparagraphs:
                    ``(B) to provide recommendations regarding how the 
                National Institute of Standards and Technology, the 
                Program, and other Federal agencies, as appropriate, 
                can address the gaps in the research necessary to meet 
                the needs identified in paragraph (1) and accelerate 
                real-world uses of quantum information science, 
                engineering, and technology;
                    ``(C) to identify enabling technologies and the 
                relevant supply chain essential to foster research and 
                industrial competitiveness in quantum information 
                science, engineering, and technology, and communicate 
                findings to Federal agencies and other domestic and 
                international stakeholders;
                    ``(D) to assess and identify key areas for 
                establishing, expanding, or developing international 
                partnerships that will facilitate United States 
                quantum-related business engagement and growth; and
                    ``(E) to provide recommendations on how the 
                National Institute of Standards and Technology, the 
                Program, and other Federal agencies, as appropriate, 
                can incorporate small and medium-sized businesses and 
                startups into Federal quantum activities and promote 
                the success of small- and medium-sized startups.'';
                    (C) in paragraph (3)--
                            (i) by striking ``Not later than 2 years 
                        after the date of enactment of this Act, the'' 
                        and inserting ``The''; and
                            (ii) by inserting ``periodically, but not 
                        less than every five years,'' after ``shall''; 
                        and
                    (D) by adding at the end the following new 
                paragraph:
            ``(4) Coordination encouraged.--As appropriate, the 
        consortium is encouraged to engage with Federal agencies that 
        fund research, have a mission to transition or translate 
        research results to practical quantum applications, or have a 
        mission that could benefit from the development of quantum 
        technologies, to inform and accelerate progress in such areas. 
        Federal agencies are also encouraged to engage with the 
        consortium.''; and
            (3) by striking subsection (c) and inserting the following 
        new subsections:
    ``(c) Quantum Supply Chains.--
            ``(1) Mapping and planning.--
                    ``(A) In general.--The Secretary of Commerce shall 
                carry out quantum supply chain mapping activities and 
                design a plan to strengthen quantum supply chains and 
                enhance the competitiveness of the United States in key 
                quantum technologies.
                    ``(B) Activities.--In carrying out subparagraph 
                (A), the Secretary shall carry out the following 
                activities:
                            ``(i) Map and model supply chains for 
                        quantum networking, quantum computing, quantum 
                        communications, quantum simulation, and quantum 
                        sensing technologies and applications.
                            ``(ii) Identify current and future high-
                        priority gaps and vulnerabilities in quantum 
                        supply chains.
                            ``(iii) Track and assess the security, 
                        reliability, and strength of quantum supply 
                        chains, such as--
                                    ``(I) single points of failure, 
                                sole-source, consolidated 
                                manufacturing, or where there are 
                                limited United States and partner 
                                nation suppliers; and
                                    ``(II) critical components, 
                                elements, materials, equipment, and 
                                infrastructure.
            ``(2) Study on key quantum supply chains.--Not later than 2 
        years after the date of the enactment of the National Quantum 
        Initiative Reauthorization Act of 2024, the Secretary of 
        Commerce and the Secretary of Energy shall jointly--
                    ``(A) complete a study documenting the key quantum 
                supply chains and identified vulnerabilities; and
                    ``(B) submit to the appropriate committees of 
                Congress a report on the findings with respect to the 
                study completed pursuant to subparagraph (A).
            ``(3) Recommendations for federal support of quantum supply 
        chains.--Not later than 2 years after the date of the enactment 
        of the National Quantum Initiative Reauthorization Act of 2024, 
        the Secretary of Commerce shall, in coordination with the 
        Secretary of Energy, the Director of the National Science 
        Foundation, the Secretary of Defense, the Administrator of the 
        National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the 
        Administrator of the Small Business Administration, and the 
        heads of such other Federal agencies as the Secretary of 
        Commerce considers relevant, develop and submit to the 
        appropriate committees of Congress specific recommendations on 
        potential Federal Government mechanisms to support the quantum 
        supply chains.
            ``(4) Plan to strengthen and secure quantum supply 
        chains.--Not later than 3 years after the date of the enactment 
        of the National Quantum Initiative Reauthorization Act of 2024, 
        the Secretary of Commerce shall submit to the appropriate 
        committees of Congress--
                    ``(A) a plan to strengthen and secure quantum 
                information science, engineering, and technology supply 
                chains, including a forecast of future needs;
                    ``(B) a roadmap to support a reliable supply of key 
                components; and
                    ``(C) a plan to develop, maintain, and expand 
                quantum supply chain capacity.
    ``(d) International Quantum Research and Metrology.--
            ``(1) In general.--The Director of the National Institute 
        of Standards and Technology shall, in coordination with the 
        Secretary of State and the Director of the National Science 
        Foundation, promote, establish, and support international 
        quantum information science, engineering, and technology 
        research, metrology research, and standardization, as 
        appropriate, to enhance international cooperation, meet United 
        States commitments, and support United States engagement in 
        international standards for quantum information science, 
        engineering, and technology.
            ``(2) Alignment.--In carrying out this section, the 
        Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology 
        shall ensure alignment with the National Quantum Information 
        Science Strategy and the U.S. Government National Standards 
        Strategy for Critical and Emerging Technology, or successor 
        strategies.
            ``(3) Prohibitions.--
                    ``(A) Confucius institute.--None of the funds made 
                available under this subsection may be obligated or 
                expended to an institution of higher education that 
                maintains a contract or agreement between such 
                institution and a Confucius Institute (as defined in 
                section 10339A of the Research and Development, 
                Competition, and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 19039)) or 
                any successor of a Confucius Institute.
                    ``(B) Foreign countries or entities of concern.--
                None of the funds made available under this subsection 
                may be obligated or expended to promote, establish, or 
                finance quantum research activities between a United 
                States entity and a foreign country of concern or 
                foreign entity of concern, including the entity's 
                subsidiaries, except such restriction shall not apply 
                to participation by award recipients in consensus-based 
                international standardization activities.
    ``(e) Post Quantum Cryptography Deployment.--
            ``(1) Definition of post-quantum cryptography.--In this 
        subsection, the term `post-quantum cryptography' has the 
        meaning given such term in section 3 of the Quantum Computing 
        Cybersecurity Preparedness Act (Public Law 117-260; 6 U.S.C. 
        1526 note).
            ``(2) In general.--The Director of the National Institute 
        of Standards and Technology shall, in consultation with the 
        Secretary of Homeland Security, the heads of Sector Risk 
        Management Agencies (as such term is defined in section 2200 of 
        the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (6 U.S.C. 650)), and private 
        sector entities, as the Director considers appropriate, promote 
        the voluntary development, adoption, and deployment of 
        standards relating to post-quantum cryptography, including by--
                    ``(A) disseminating and making publicly available 
                guidance and resources to help organizations adopt and 
                deploy standards relating to post-quantum cryptography 
                and minimize disruptions to current applications and 
                systems caused by cryptographic updates;
                    ``(B) providing technical assistance, as 
                practicable, to entities that are at high risk of 
                quantum cryptoanalytic attacks, such as entities 
                determined to be critical infrastructure (as such term 
                is defined in section 1016(e) of Public Law 107-56 (42 
                U.S.C. 5195c(e))) or digital infrastructure providers; 
                and
                    ``(C) conducting such other activities as 
                determined necessary by the Director to promote the 
                development, adoption, and deployment across the United 
                States of standards relating to post-quantum 
                cryptography.
            ``(3) Grant program.--
                    ``(A) In general.--Subject to the availability of 
                appropriations and after the date on which the Director 
                of the National Institute of Standards and Technology 
                has issued standards relating to post-quantum 
                cryptography, the Director may establish a program to 
                identify and provide technical assistance through the 
                award of grants to entities that are at high risk of 
                quantum cryptoanalytic attacks, including by granting 
                funds for the adoption of such standards and the 
                remediation of quantum-related vulnerabilities.
                    ``(B) Use of funds.--Grants awarded to entities 
                under this paragraph may be used to cover reasonable 
                costs, up to a specified amount established by the 
                Director of the National Institute of Standards and 
                Technology, for activities to adopt standards relating 
                to post-quantum cryptography and remediate quantum-
                related vulnerabilities.
                    ``(C) Guidance.--The Director of the National 
                Institute of Standards and Technology may develop, and 
                periodically update, guidance, including relating to 
                eligibility, application disclosure requirements, grant 
                amount and duration, and any additional requirements 
                regarding the award of grants under this paragraph.
                    ``(D) Consultation.--If the program described in 
                this paragraph is established, the Director of the 
                National Institute of Standards and Technology shall 
                consult with the Director of the Cybersecurity and 
                Infrastructure Security Agency of the Department of 
                Homeland Security, the heads of other Sector Risk 
                Management Agencies, and appropriate representatives of 
                private sector entities, including nonprofit 
                organizations, to share information regarding the grant 
                program under this paragraph and guidance developed and 
                updated under subparagraph (C).
    ``(f) Funding.--Of the funds authorized to be appropriated for the 
National Institute of Standards and Technology pursuant to section 
10211 of the Research and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act 
(Public Law 117-167) for scientific and technical research and services 
laboratory activities, there is authorized to be appropriated to the 
Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology to carry 
out this section up to $100,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2025 
through 2029.''.

SEC. 13. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY QUANTUM 
              CENTERS.

    Title II of the National Quantum Initiative Act is amended by 
adding at the end the following new sections:

``SEC. 202. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY QUANTUM 
              CENTERS.

    ``(a) Establishment.--
            ``(1) In general.--Subject to the availability of 
        appropriations, the Director of the National Institute of 
        Standards and Technology shall, in consultation with such heads 
        of other Federal departments and agencies as the Director 
        considers appropriate, carry out a program to establish and 
        operate at least 1, but not more than 3, centers to accelerate 
        research, development, deployment, and standardization of 
        quantum information science, engineering, and technology.
            ``(2) Program details.--
                    ``(A) Competitive, merit-reviewed process.--The 
                centers established and operated under paragraph (1) 
                shall be established through a competitive, merit-
                reviewed process.
                    ``(B) Applications.--An eligible applicant 
                described in subparagraph (C) seeking to establish and 
                operate a center described in paragraph (1) shall 
                submit to the Director of the National Institute of 
                Standards and Technology an application therefor at 
                such time, in such manner, and containing such 
                information as the Director determines to be 
                appropriate.
                    ``(C) Eligible applicants.--Eligible applicants 
                described in this subparagraph are the following:
                            ``(i) Institutions of higher education.
                            ``(ii) Nonprofit organizations.
                            ``(iii) Multi-institution collaborations, 
                        including multiple types of research 
                        institutions, private sector entities, Federal 
                        laboratories, and nonprofit organizations, or 
                        consortia thereof.
                            ``(iv) Any other entity the Director 
                        determines appropriate.
            ``(3) Selection of topics.--The Director of the National 
        Institute of Standards and Technology shall solicit proposals 
        and prioritize the following topics in the initial selection of 
        centers, subject to merit-review:
                    ``(A) Quantum sensing and measurement.
                    ``(B) Quantum engineering.
    ``(b) Requirements.--To the maximum extent practicable, centers 
established and operated under this section shall serve the mission of 
the National Institute of Standards and Technology, for the benefit of 
the broader United States quantum information science community, to 
develop processes for the following purposes:
            ``(1) Advancing research and standardization in quantum 
        information science, engineering, and technology.
            ``(2) Advancing technology transfer.
            ``(3) Improving the competitiveness of the United States.
    ``(c) Coordination.--The Director of the National Institute of 
Standards and Technology shall ensure coordination, and avoid 
unnecessary duplication of, the activities carried out under this 
section with existing activities of the Institute, other activities 
carried out under this Act, and other related programs, as appropriate.
    ``(d) Commercial Technology.--Each center established under this 
section may leverage commercially available hardware and software to 
carry out the activities described in subsection (a).
    ``(e) Selection and Duration.--
            ``(1) In general.--The centers established under this 
        section may carry out activities for a period of 5 years.
            ``(2) Renewal.--Each center established under this section 
        may be renewed for successive periods of 5 years following a 
        successful merit-based review by the Director.
            ``(3) Termination.--Consistent with the authorities of the 
        National Institute of Standards and Technology, the Director of 
        the National Institute of Standards and Technology may 
        terminate an underperforming center for cause during the 
        performance period.
    ``(f) Funding.--The Director of the National Institute of Standards 
and Technology shall allocate up to $18,000,000 for each center 
established under this section for each of fiscal years 2025 through 
2029, subject to the availability of appropriations. Amounts made 
available to carry out this section shall be derived from amounts 
appropriated or otherwise made available to the National Institute of 
Standards and Technology.
    ``(g) Briefing Requirements.--Not later than 1 year after the date 
of the enactment of the National Quantum Initiative Reauthorization Act 
of 2024, and not less frequently than once each year thereafter, the 
Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology shall 
provide the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the 
Senate and the Committee on Space, Science, and Technology of the House 
of Representatives a briefing on current and planned activities under 
this section.

``SEC. 203. RESEARCH SECURITY.

    ``The activities authorized under this title shall be carried out 
in a manner consistent with subtitle D of title VI of the Research and 
Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 19231 et 
seq.).''.

SEC. 14. NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE 
              RESEARCH AND EDUCATION ACTIVITIES.

    Section 301 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8841) 
is amended--
            (1) in the section heading, by inserting ``, engineering, 
        and technology'' after ``science'';
            (2) in subsection (a)--
                    (A) by striking ``basic''; and
                    (B) by striking ``science and engineering'' and 
                inserting ``science, engineering, and technology'';
            (3) in subsection (b)--
                    (A) in paragraph (1)--
                            (i) in subparagraph (A)--
                                    (I) by striking ``basic''; and
                                    (II) by striking ``science and 
                                engineering'' and inserting ``science, 
                                engineering, and technology''; and
                            (ii) in subparagraph (B)--
                                    (I) by striking ``human resources'' 
                                and inserting ``education and 
                                workforce''; and
                                    (II) by striking ``science and 
                                engineering'' and inserting ``science, 
                                engineering, and technology''; and
                    (B) in paragraph (2)--
                            (i) in subparagraph (A)--
                                    (I) in clause (i)--
                                            (aa) by striking ``science 
                                        and engineering'' and inserting 
                                        ``science, engineering, and 
                                        technology'';
                                            (bb) by inserting 
                                        ``kindergarten through grade 
                                        12, vocational,'' before 
                                        ``undergraduate''; and
                                            (cc) by striking ``and'' 
                                        after the semicolon;
                                    (II) in clause (ii), by inserting 
                                ``and'' after the semicolon; and
                                    (III) by adding at the end the 
                                following:
                            ``(iii) to pursue research at the frontiers 
                        of quantum information science, engineering, 
                        and technology, and explore solutions to 
                        important challenges for the development, 
                        application, and commercialization of quantum 
                        technologies;'';
                            (ii) in subparagraph (B), by striking 
                        ``science and engineering'' and inserting 
                        ``science, engineering, and technology'';
                            (iii) in subparagraph (C), by striking 
                        ``science and engineering'' and inserting 
                        ``science, engineering, and technology'';
                            (iv) in subparagraph (D), by striking 
                        ``and'' after the semicolon;
                            (v) in subparagraph (E), by striking the 
                        period and inserting ``; and''; and
                            (vi) by adding at the end the following:
                    ``(F) providing infrastructure to support academic 
                quantum information science, engineering, and 
                technology, including through existing infrastructure 
                programs and new activities.'';
            (4) by striking subsection (c) and inserting the following:
    ``(c) Student Traineeships, Fellowships, and Other Models.--
            ``(1) In general.--The Director of the National Science 
        Foundation, in consultation with heads of Federal agencies the 
        Director considers appropriate, shall award grants to 
        institutions of higher education or eligible nonprofit 
        organizations (or consortia thereof) to increase capacity and 
        broaden participation in quantum information science, 
        engineering, and technology and other related disciplines, 
        including through provisioning of experiential opportunities, 
        where appropriate.
            ``(2) Quantum traineeships.--The Director of the National 
        Science Foundation, in consultation with heads of Federal 
        agencies as the Director considers appropriate, may establish, 
        or use existing, programs to make awards to institutions of 
        higher education or nonprofit organizations (or consortia 
        thereof)--
                    ``(A) to provide traineeships to graduate students 
                at institutions of higher education within the United 
                States who are citizens of the United States and who 
                choose or plan to pursue master or doctoral degrees in 
                quantum information science, engineering, and 
                technology, or related fields; and
                    ``(B) to provide students with opportunities for 
                research experiences in government or industry related 
                to such students' quantum studies.
            ``(3) Quantum fellowships and scholarships.--
                    ``(A) In general.--The Director of the National 
                Science Foundation, in consultation with heads of 
                Federal agencies as the Director considers appropriate, 
                may establish, or use existing, programs to support 
                fellowships and scholarships for students at 
                institutions of higher education for the purpose of--
                            ``(i) increasing quantum information 
                        science, engineering, and technology exposure 
                        for undergraduate and graduate STEM students; 
                        and
                            ``(ii) increasing postgraduation employment 
                        opportunities for STEM students who demonstrate 
                        potential to pursue careers in quantum 
                        information science, engineering, and 
                        technology or fields that support the quantum 
                        industry.
                    ``(B) Requirements.--An eligible participant in the 
                fellowship and scholarship program under this paragraph 
                shall--
                            ``(i) be enrolled in or have graduated from 
                        a STEM degree program at an institution of 
                        higher education within the United States; and
                            ``(ii) have demonstrated interest in 
                        quantum information science, engineering, and 
                        technology, such as by taking not less than 1 
                        quantum science or quantum-relevant course as 
                        part of the participant's degree program or by 
                        participating in a summer school program that 
                        focuses on quantum information science, 
                        engineering, and technology.
                    ``(C) Considerations.--Eligible fellowships and 
                scholarships under this paragraph may include temporary 
                quantum-related positions at Federal or State agencies, 
                National Laboratories, private sector entities, 
                institutions of higher education, the quantum centers 
                established under section 202, the Multidisciplinary 
                Centers for Quantum Research and Education established 
                under section 302, the Quantum Reskilling, Education, 
                and Workforce Coordination Hub under section 303, the 
                National Quantum Information Science Research Centers 
                established under section 402, and the initiatives 
                established under section 503, or other quantum-
                relevant entities, as determined appropriate by the 
                Director.
                    ``(D) Competitive awards.--Fellowships and 
                scholarships awarded under this paragraph shall be 
                competitively awarded through a merit-review process. 
                The Director of the National Science Foundation may 
                prioritize fellowships that include an industry partner 
                that provides financial assistance to awardees for 
                direct or indirect costs.
            ``(4) Quantum research experiences for undergraduates.--The 
        Director of the National Science Foundation shall seek to 
        increase opportunities for quantum research for undergraduate 
        students by encouraging proposals in quantum information 
        science, engineering, and technology, through the research 
        experiences for undergraduates provided under section 514 of 
        the America COMPETES Reauthorization Act of 2010 (42 U.S.C. 
        1862p-6).
            ``(5) Cooperative education programs.--The Director of the 
        National Science Foundation, in consultation with heads of 
        Federal agencies the Director considers appropriate, may 
        establish, or use existing, programs to support cooperative 
        education programs between institutions of higher education and 
        employers that increase opportunities for undergraduate 
        students to acquire experiential learning and professional 
        experiences in quantum information science, engineering, and 
        technology.
            ``(6) Partnerships.--In carrying out the activities under 
        this subsection, the Director of the National Science 
        Foundation shall encourage recipients of awards under this 
        subsection to partner with relevant Federal agencies, Federal 
        laboratories, industry and other private sector organizations, 
        and nonprofit organizations to facilitate the expansion of 
        workforce pathways and hands-on learning experiences.'';
            (5) in subsection (d)--
                    (A) in the subsection heading, by striking ``QISE'' 
                and inserting ``QISET'';
                    (B) in paragraph (1)--
                            (i) by striking ``information science and 
                        engineering (referred to in this subsection as 
                        `QISE')'' and inserting ``information science, 
                        engineering, and technology (referred to in 
                        this subsection as `QISET')''; and
                            (ii) by inserting ``and career and 
                        technical education entities'' after 
                        ``colleges'';
                    (C) in paragraph (2)--
                            (i) in subparagraph (A), by striking 
                        ``QISE'' and inserting ``quantum information 
                        science, engineering, and technology'';
                            (ii) in subparagraph (D)--
                                    (I) by inserting ``, engineering, 
                                and technology'' after ``science''; and
                                    (II) by inserting ``, including 
                                those principles relevant to emerging 
                                technologies, such as artificial 
                                intelligence, microelectronics, and 
                                nanotechnology'' after ``fields'';
                            (iii) by redesignating subparagraphs (E) 
                        and (F) as subparagraphs (F) and (H), 
                        respectively;
                            (iv) by inserting after subparagraph (D) 
                        the following:
                    ``(E) Informal education methods to enhance 
                experiences of students of all ages with quantum 
                information science, engineering, and technology 
                concepts and applications.''; and
                            (v) by inserting after subparagraph (F), as 
                        so redesignated, the following:
                    ``(G) Methods to introduce security and other 
                potential societal dimensions associated with quantum 
                information science, engineering, and technology into 
                STEM curricula.'';
                    (D) in paragraph (3), by striking ``QISE'' and 
                inserting ``quantum information science, engineering, 
                and technology''; and
                    (E) by striking paragraph (4); and
            (6) by adding at the end the following:
    ``(e) Quantum Research Experiences for Teachers.--The Director of 
the National Science Foundation shall seek to increase opportunities to 
engage educators, principals, or other school leaders of kindergarten 
through grade 12 students in professional learning opportunities to 
enhance quantum information science, engineering, and technology 
knowledge, including by--
            ``(1) providing hands-on training and research 
        opportunities for such educators at Federal laboratories or 
        institutions of higher education, or in industry; and
            ``(2) developing best practices.
    ``(f) Expanding Capacity in Quantum Information Science, 
Engineering, and Technology.--
            ``(1) Definitions.--In this subsection:
                    ``(A) Eligible consortium.--The term `eligible 
                consortium' means a consortium that--
                            ``(i) includes not less than 1 institution 
                        of higher education or eligible nonprofit 
                        organization; and
                            ``(ii) may include--
                                    ``(I) a private sector entity;
                                    ``(II) a Federal laboratory; or
                                    ``(III) a Federal, Tribal, State, 
                                local, or territorial government 
                                entity.
                    ``(B) Eligible institution of higher education.--
                The term `eligible institution of higher education' 
                means an institution of higher education that, during 
                the 3-year period prior to the year of an award under 
                this section and according to the data published by the 
                National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics 
                was not, on average, among the top 70 institutions in 
                Federal research and development expenditures.
            ``(2) Awards authorized.--The Director of the National 
        Science Foundation, in consultation with the heads of Federal 
        agencies the Director considers appropriate, shall make awards 
        on a competitive, merit-reviewed basis to eligible institutions 
        of higher education, eligible nonprofit organizations, or 
        eligible consortia to increase research capacity, increase 
        education and infrastructure capacity, and broaden 
        participation in quantum information science, engineering, and 
        technology and related disciplines, including by--
                    ``(A) supporting curriculum development in quantum 
                information science, engineering, and technology as 
                described in subsection (d);
                    ``(B) building upon the activities carried out 
                under the Next Generation Quantum Leaders Pilot Program 
                authorized under section 10661(f) of the Research and 
                Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 
                19261(f)); and
                    ``(C) leveraging the readiness for the involvement 
                of local research and education communities to secure a 
                talent pipeline in quantum information science, 
                engineering, and technology to meet the workforce needs 
                of industry, government, and academia.
            ``(3) Requirements.--To receive an award under this 
        subsection, an eligible institution of higher education, 
        eligible nonprofit organization, or eligible consortium shall 
        submit to the Director of the National Science Foundation an 
        application that includes the following:
                    ``(A) A plan to sustain proposed activities beyond 
                the duration of the award.
                    ``(B) Proposed quantum information science, 
                engineering, and technology disciplines and focus areas 
                the eligible institution of higher education or 
                consortium is prepared to engage in to significantly 
                build up its quantum information science, engineering, 
                and technology research and education capacity.
                    ``(C) A plan for education and workforce 
                development, which may include--
                            ``(i) kindergarten through grade 12 and 
                        postsecondary education programs and 
                        activities;
                            ``(ii) workforce training and career and 
                        technical education programs and activities;
                            ``(iii) undergraduate, graduate, and 
                        postdoctoral education programs and activities; 
                        and
                            ``(iv) informal education programs and 
                        activities.
            ``(4) Activities.--Awards under this subsection to support 
        research and related activities may include activities relating 
        to the following:
                    ``(A) Development or expansion of research programs 
                in disciplines and focus areas specified in paragraph 
                (3)(B).
                    ``(B) Faculty recruitment and professional 
                development in disciplines and focus areas specified in 
                paragraph (3)(B).
                    ``(C) Bridge programs focused on preparing 
                postbaccalaureate students for graduate programs in 
                quantum information science, engineering, and 
                technology.
                    ``(D) Building research capacity and infrastructure 
                at an eligible institution of higher education in 
                disciplines and focus areas specified in paragraph 
                (3)(B).
                    ``(E) An assessment of capacity-building and 
                research infrastructure needs identified in paragraph 
                (3)(B).
                    ``(F) Administrative research development support.
                    ``(G) Other activities necessary to build research 
                capacity in quantum information science, engineering, 
                and technology.
            ``(5) Additional considerations.--In making awards under 
        this subsection, the Director of the National Science 
        Foundation may also consider the following:
                    ``(A) The extent to which the eligible applicant 
                will support students from diverse backgrounds, 
                including first-generation undergraduate students.
                    ``(B) The geographic and institutional diversity of 
                eligible applicants.
                    ``(C) How the eligible applicant can leverage 
                public-private partnerships and existing research 
                partnerships with Federal agencies.
                    ``(D) How the eligible applicant prioritizes 
                research security, including through educational 
                efforts and furtherance of best practices for handling 
                research that is supported by an award under this 
                subsection.
            ``(6) Duplication.--The Director of the National Science 
        Foundation shall ensure awards made under this subsection are 
        complementary to, and not duplicative of, existing programs.
    ``(g) Faculty Mid-Career Development Awards.--The Director of the 
National Science Foundation may provide merit-based, competitive awards 
to support mid-career scientists and faculty of institutions of higher 
education to upgrade, develop, or acquire essential research 
instruments to start new research activities on, or expand existing 
activities that show promise for advancements within, quantum 
information science, engineering, and technology.
    ``(h) International Research on Quantum Information Science, 
Engineering, and Technology.--
            ``(1) In general.--The Director of the National Science 
        Foundation, in coordination with the Secretary of State and the 
        Secretary of Commerce, shall support international quantum 
        information science, engineering, and technology research, as 
        appropriate, to enhance international cooperation and meet 
        United States commitments, including as part of the terms and 
        conditions of bilateral or multilateral quantum information 
        science, engineering, and technology research agreements.
            ``(2) Alignment.--In carrying out this subsection, the 
        Director of the National Science Foundation shall ensure 
        alignment with the national quantum information strategy in 
        accordance with Executive Order 14073 (87 Fed. Reg. 27909; 
        relating to enhancing the National Quantum Advisory Committee) 
        or successor strategies.
            ``(3) Priority.--The Director shall prioritize research 
        programs with countries that have signed a Quantum Cooperation 
        Statement with the United States.
            ``(4) Restrictions.--
                    ``(A) Confucius institute.--None of the funds made 
                available under this subsection may be obligated or 
                expended to an institution of higher education that 
                maintains a contract or agreement between such 
                institution and a Confucius Institute, as defined in 
                section 10339A of the Research and Development, 
                Competition, and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 19039) or 
                any successor of a Confucius Institute.
                    ``(B) Foreign country of concern and foreign entity 
                of concern.--None of the funds made available under 
                this subsection may be obligated or expended to 
                promote, establish, or finance quantum research 
                activities between a United States entity and a foreign 
                country of concern or foreign entity of concern, 
                including the entity's subsidiaries.
    ``(i) Upgrading and Improving Access to Quantum Research 
Resources.--
            ``(1) In general.--In carrying out the activities described 
        in this section, the Director of the National Science 
        Foundation, in consultation with the heads of other Federal 
        departments and agencies, as appropriate, shall award grants to 
        institutions of higher education or eligible nonprofit 
        organizations (or consortia thereof) to upgrade research 
        facilities and improve access to research resources, such as 
        equipment and instrumentation, that is needed for research and 
        development in quantum information science, engineering, and 
        technology.
            ``(2) Purpose.--Grants under paragraph (1) shall be used to 
        facilitate quantum information science, engineering, and 
        technology research and development, including by carrying out 
        the following:
                    ``(A) Upgrading or adding research resources to--
                            ``(i) accelerate the development of quantum 
                        technologies, including capabilities focused on 
                        addressing the roadblocks to implementation; 
                        and
                            ``(ii) meet the materials, advanced 
                        materials development, high performance 
                        computing, heterogeneous computing, networking, 
                        software, data, clean room, and device needs of 
                        the scientific community and the quantum supply 
                        chain.
                    ``(B) Enhancing access to equipment and 
                instrumentation, including at partnering institutions, 
                by facilitating information sharing, coordination, 
                education, and training, including activities that 
                provide meaningful hands-on learning experiences for 
                students, including at community and technical 
                colleges.
                    ``(C) Enabling professional staff to support the 
                operation, scheduling, and improvement of research 
                resources used for quantum information science, 
                engineering, and technology.
            ``(3) Requirements.--An institution of higher education or 
        an eligible nonprofit organization (or a consortium thereof) 
        seeking funding under this subsection shall submit to the 
        Director of the National Science Foundation an application at 
        such time, in such manner, and containing such information as 
        the Director may require.''.

SEC. 15. MULTIDISCIPLINARY CENTERS FOR QUANTUM RESEARCH AND EDUCATION.

    Section 302 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8842) 
is amended--
            (1) in subsection (a), by striking ``5'' and inserting 
        ``10'';
            (2) in subsection (c)--
                    (A) in the matter preceding paragraph (1), by 
                striking ``basic'';
                    (B) in paragraph (1), by striking ``science and 
                engineering'' and inserting ``science, engineering, and 
                technology'';
                    (C) in paragraph (2), by striking ``and 
                engineering'' and inserting ``, engineering, and 
                technology, including leveraging or expanding 
                activities established pursuant to section 301(d)''; 
                and
                    (D) in paragraph (3), by inserting ``, such as 
                commercially available hardware and software'' after 
                ``resources'';
            (3) in subsection (d)(2)--
                    (A) in subparagraph (A), by striking ``quantum 
                science,'' and inserting ``quantum information science, 
                engineering, and technology,'';
                    (B) in subparagraph (B), by inserting ``health,'' 
                after ``chemistry,'';
                    (C) in subparagraph (C), by inserting ``, including 
                how each participant will develop and implement 
                outreach activities to increase the participation of 
                women and other students from groups historically 
                underrepresented in STEM'' before the semicolon;
                    (D) in subparagraph (D), by striking ``and'' after 
                the semicolon;
                    (E) in subparagraph (E), by striking the period and 
                inserting a semicolon; and
                    (F) by adding at the end the following:
                    ``(F) how the Center will participate in 
                international collaborations, as appropriate, to build 
                a trusted global research network with allies and 
                partners of the United States and other countries that 
                share values with the United States, including respect 
                for international norms of fair competition; and
                    ``(G) how the Center will protect research from 
                foreign countries of concern and foreign entities of 
                concern, and the subsidiaries of such foreign entities, 
                to ensure the competitiveness of the United States.'';
            (4) in subsection (e), by striking paragraph (2) and 
        inserting the following:
            ``(2) Reapplication.--An awardee may reapply for an 
        additional, subsequent period of 5 years following a 
        successful, merit-based review.'';
            (5) in subsection (f), by striking ``2019 through 2023'' 
        and inserting ``2025 through 2029''; and
            (6) by adding at the end the following:
    ``(g) Briefing Requirements.--Not later than 1 year after the date 
of the enactment of the National Quantum Initiative Reauthorization Act 
of 2024, and not less frequently than annually thereafter, the Director 
of the National Science Foundation shall brief the appropriate 
committees of Congress on current and planned activities under this 
section.''.

SEC. 16. QUANTUM RESKILLING, EDUCATION, AND WORKFORCE (QREW) 
              COORDINATION HUB, QUANTUM TESTBEDS, AND RESEARCH 
              SECURITY.

    Title III of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8841 et 
seq.) is amended by adding at the end the following:

``SEC. 303. QUANTUM RESKILLING, EDUCATION, AND WORKFORCE (QREW) 
              COORDINATION HUB.

    ``(a) In General.--The Director of the National Science Foundation, 
in consultation with the Director of the National Institute of 
Standards and Technology, the Secretary of Energy, and the heads of 
other relevant Federal agencies, shall make an award to a consortium 
led by an institution of higher education or an eligible nonprofit 
organization to establish a Quantum Reskilling, Education, and 
Workforce Coordination Hub (in this section referred to as the `Hub').
    ``(b) Consortium.--The consortium established pursuant to 
subsection (a) shall include not fewer than 4 institutions of higher 
education, including not fewer than 2 community colleges, and may 
include career and technical schools, nonprofit organizations, and 
private sector entities.
    ``(c) Purpose.--The purpose of the Hub shall be to--
            ``(1) identify and address cross-cutting workforce 
        development challenges in quantum information science, 
        engineering, and technology, the quantum industry, and other 
        critical and emerging technology areas that share similar 
        workforce challenges by serving as a national and regional 
        clearinghouse; and
            ``(2) facilitate the establishment of programs to 
        disseminate, to institutions of higher education (including 
        community colleges) and career and technical education 
        entities, model curricula, best practices, and instructional 
        materials related to the activities described in subsection 
        (d).
    ``(d) Activities.--The activities of the Hub may include the 
following:
            ``(1) Testing, implementing, scaling, disseminating, and 
        standardizing materials, methods, best practices, and other 
        outputs developed through activities under this Act.
            ``(2) Promoting core competencies, such as computer 
        science, data science, and mathematics, that are shared with 
        other critical and emerging technologies, such as artificial 
        intelligence.
            ``(3) Increasing the integration of quantum information 
        science, engineering, and technology content into STEM 
        curricula at all education levels, including career and 
        technical education programs.
            ``(4) Providing opportunities for STEM degree students to 
        provide feedback on quantum information science, engineering, 
        and technology curricula.
            ``(5) Facilitating post-education employment opportunities 
        and workforce pathways for STEM degree recipients in quantum-
        related industries, including by facilitating opportunities for 
        internships, externships, fellowships, and other such 
        activities as determined by the Director, including through the 
        establishment of a publicly accessible online portal.
            ``(6) Coordinating with quantum industry and nonprofit 
        entities and small- and medium-sized businesses and startups to 
        inform and enhance the quality and availability of quantum 
        education in STEM degree programs, including through the 
        promotion of postgraduation opportunities for STEM students 
        outside the classroom to increase exposure to quantum 
        industries.
            ``(7) Supporting activities and programs to enhance the 
        recruitment of students from groups historically 
        underrepresented in STEM to pursue undergraduate and graduate 
        studies in quantum information science, engineering, and 
        technology.
            ``(8) Developing, testing, implementing, and coordinating 
        career development programs and strategies to increase the 
        number of quantum-informed educators at all levels of 
        education, including by carrying out the following:
                    ``(A) Hosting career development workshops.
                    ``(B) Developing in-house and distance learning 
                career development tools for public use.
                    ``(C) Facilitating access to related quantum 
                technology, tools, and resources.
                    ``(D) Developing training, research, and 
                professional development programs, including innovative 
                pre-service and in-service programs.
                    ``(E) Facilitating relationships with State and 
                local entities, such as a State board or local board 
                (as such terms are defined in section 3 of the 
                Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (29 U.S.C. 
                3102)), to increase awareness of and promote quantum-
                related career development activities at the Hub.
            ``(9) Establishing a framework for performing ongoing 
        regular data collection and analysis for the quantum workforce 
        to report on trends, and perform other activities that expand 
        the understanding of the current and future needs of the 
        quantum industry, and the education capacity or readiness of 
        the quantum workforce. Such activities shall complement or 
        align with, as relevant, authorized quantum and STEM workforce 
        studies under section 10661(d) of the Research and Development, 
        Competition, and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 19261(d)).
            ``(10) Facilitating public education and outreach 
        activities to enhance the understanding and awareness of 
        quantum information science, engineering, and technology to a 
        broader community to satisfy broader impact requirements of 
        award applications.
            ``(11) Encouraging coordination on quantum education in the 
        broader STEM community.
    ``(e) QREW Quantum Fellowship Program.--Subject to the restrictions 
described in section 301(c), the Hub may support education or policy 
fellowships for students at entities participating in the consortium 
under subsection (a) or at other research centers established pursuant 
to this Act at the National Science Foundation, the National Institute 
of Standards and Technology, the Department of Energy, or the National 
Aeronautics and Space Administration, for the purpose of supporting the 
activities described in subsection (d).
    ``(f) Industry Coordination.--The Hub shall collaborate with the 
Quantum Consortium established under section 201(b) or other industry 
consortia to identify, publish, facilitate, or enable quantum-related 
education and workforce development opportunities as described in 
subsections (c) and (d).
    ``(g) Application.--A consortium seeking funding under this section 
shall submit to the Director of the National Science Foundation an 
application at such time, in such manner, and containing such 
information as the Director may require. Each application shall include 
a description of how the consortium shall carry out the following:
            ``(1) Contribute to the success of the Hub and fulfill the 
        purposes of the Hub.
            ``(2) Include industry participation in fulfilling the 
        purposes of the Hub.
            ``(3) Collaborate with other members of the consortium to 
        share expertise in integrating quantum information science, 
        engineering, and technology into STEM programs and other 
        relevant fields and disciplines.
            ``(4) Support long-term and short-term workforce 
        development in the quantum field.
            ``(5) Develop and implement outreach activities to increase 
        the participation of women and other students from groups 
        historically underrepresented in STEM.
    ``(h) Selection and Duration.--
            ``(1) In general.--The Hub established under this section 
        is authorized to carry out activities for a period of 5 years.
            ``(2) Reapplication.--A consortium receiving an award under 
        this section may reapply for an additional, subsequent period 
        of 5 years following a successful, merit-based review.
            ``(3) Termination.--Consistent with and in addition to the 
        authorities of the National Science Foundation, the Director of 
        the National Science Foundation may also terminate the Hub if 
        it is underperforming during the performance period.
    ``(i) Coordination.--The Hub shall coordinate with other research 
centers established under this Act at the National Science Foundation, 
the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the Department of 
Energy, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and other 
relevant Federal agencies, as appropriate, on activities and resources.
    ``(j) Funding.--The Director of the National Science Foundation 
shall allocate up to $10,000,000 for the Hub for each of fiscal years 
2025 through 2029, subject to the availability of appropriations. 
Amounts made available to carry out this section shall be derived from 
amounts appropriated or otherwise made available to the National 
Science Foundation.
    ``(k) Reporting Requirements.--Not later than 3 years after the 
date of enactment of the National Quantum Initiative Reauthorization 
Act of 2024, the Director shall prepare and submit to the appropriate 
committees of Congress a progress report that includes current (as of 
the date of the report) and planned activities of the Hub.

``SEC. 304. QUANTUM TESTBEDS.

    ``(a) In General.--Not later than 1 year after the date of the 
enactment of the National Quantum Initiative Reauthorization Act of 
2024, the Director of the National Science Foundation, in coordination 
with the Director of the National Institute of Standards and 
Technology, the Secretary of Energy, the Administrator of the National 
Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the heads of other Federal 
agencies, as determined appropriate by the Director of the National 
Science Foundation, shall make awards on a competitive, merit-reviewed 
basis to institutions of higher education, nonprofit organizations, 
federally funded research and development centers, or consortia 
thereof, to establish testbeds for accelerating the development of 
viable quantum applications.
    ``(b) Purposes.--The quantum testbeds established under subsection 
(a) shall focus on advancing the development of quantum application use 
cases that show promise of commercialization in the near- to medium-
term, as determined by the Director, through proof-of-concept testing, 
demonstrations, pilot projects, benchmarking, and prototyping, by--
            ``(1) supporting translational quantum research and 
        development activities for quantum application use cases, 
        including, for testbeds featuring quantum software and quantum 
        algorithms driving toward utility, leveraging approaches such 
        as algorithm innovation and tools such as resource estimators;
            ``(2) providing accessible research resources for 
        developing, testing, and benchmarking the application of 
        quantum technologies to likely use cases, including enabling 
        quantum cloud access;
            ``(3) investing in quantum computing technologies that show 
        promise for viability, including directing funding to advance 
        each layer of the stack and related systems engineering and 
        integration; and
            ``(4) establishing cost and benefit.
    ``(c) Application Proposals.--An applicant for an award under this 
section shall submit to the Director a proposal at such time, in such 
manner, and containing such information as the Director may reasonably 
require. The proposal shall, at a minimum, describe the following:
            ``(1) How the applicant will assemble a workforce, 
        including from populations that are historically 
        underrepresented in STEM, with the skills needed to operate a 
        quantum testbed.
            ``(2) How the applicant will ensure broad access to a 
        quantum testbed, including for start-ups and small businesses.
            ``(3) How a quantum testbed will operate after Federal 
        funding has ended.
            ``(4) How the applicant will contribute to the quantum 
        testbed, such as through funding or other resources required to 
        develop quantum applications.
            ``(5) How the applicant will protect any research or 
        advancements made as a result of using the quantum testbed.
    ``(d) Prioritization.--In awarding grants under this section, the 
Director of the National Science Foundation shall prioritize the 
following:
            ``(1) Applicants that ensure not less than 25 percent of 
        the cost for a testbed awarded under this section is provided 
        by private or non-Federal entities, including in-kind 
        contributions.
            ``(2) Awards for consortia that include quantum industry 
        participation.
    ``(e) Roles and Responsibilities.--The Director of the National 
Science Foundation shall be responsible for the following:
            ``(1) Maintaining a record of notable outcomes from each 
        quantum testbed established under this section.
            ``(2) Partnering with other Federal agencies to enable 
        opportunities for quantum testbed outcomes to be appropriately 
        taken up by such agencies in alignment with the missions of 
        such agencies.
            ``(3) Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment 
        of this section and every 2 years thereafter until December 31, 
        2030, briefing the appropriate committees of Congress on the 
        status of such quantum testbeds and providing recommendations 
        for improving such quantum testbeds.
    ``(f) Coordination.--In establishing quantum testbeds under this 
section, the Director of the National Science Foundation shall ensure 
coordination with other testbeds and other quantum facilities hosting 
Federal quantum technology and infrastructure supported by the National 
Science Foundation, including those testbeds and facilities authorized 
pursuant to section 10390 of the Research and Development, Competition, 
and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 19110), or by other Federal agencies as 
determined appropriate by the Director, to avoid duplication and 
maximize use of Federal resources.
    ``(g) Stakeholder Collaboration.--In carrying out this section, the 
Director of the National Science Foundation shall collaborate with the 
Quantum Consortium established pursuant to section 201(b) to accomplish 
the purposes of the quantum testbeds program described in subsection 
(b) and ensure there is strong collaboration with industry 
stakeholders. The Director may also engage with National Laboratories, 
federally funded research and development centers, industry, and other 
members of the United States quantum ecosystem.
    ``(h) Geographic Diversity.--The Director shall ensure regional and 
geographic diversity in issuing awards under this section.
    ``(i) Funding.--The Director of the National Science Foundation 
shall allocate up to $50,000,000 for the quantum testbeds under this 
section for each of fiscal years 2025 through 2029, subject to the 
availability of appropriations. Amounts made available to carry out 
this section shall be derived from amounts appropriated or otherwise 
made available to the National Science Foundation.

``SEC. 305. RESEARCH SECURITY.

    ``The activities authorized under this title shall be carried out 
in a manner consistent with subtitle D of title VI of the Research and 
Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 19231 et 
seq.).''.

SEC. 17. NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION CRYPTOGRAPHY RESEARCH.

    Section 4(a)(1)(A) of the Cyber Security Research and Development 
Act (15 U.S.C. 7403) is amended by inserting ``, including post-quantum 
cryptography (as such term is defined in section 3 of the Quantum 
Computing Cybersecurity Preparedness Act (6 U.S.C. 1526 note; Public 
Law 117-260))'' before the semicolon.

SEC. 18. NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION QUANTUM 
              ACTIVITIES.

    (a) In General.--The National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 
8801 et seq.) is amended by adding at the end the following new title:

   ``TITLE V--NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION QUANTUM 
                               ACTIVITIES

``SEC. 501. DEFINITION OF ADMINISTRATOR.

    ``In this title, the term `Administrator' means the Administrator 
of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

``SEC. 502. QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND TECHNOLOGY 
              RESEARCH FOR SPACE AND AERONAUTICS.

    ``(a) In General.--The Administrator is authorized to carry out 
research on quantum information science, engineering, and technology.
    ``(b) Cooperation.--In carrying out subsection (a), the 
Administrator--
            ``(1) shall consider cooperative arrangements with the 
        Department of Energy and other Federal Government agencies, as 
        practicable, on areas of shared benefit; and
            ``(2) may enter into memoranda of understanding or 
        memoranda of agreement to establish such cooperative 
        arrangements.
    ``(c) Strategy.--Not later than 180 days after the date of the 
enactment of this title, the Administrator shall submit to the 
appropriate committees of Congress a strategy for National Aeronautics 
and Space Administration research on quantum information science, 
engineering, and technology. The strategy shall identify resources 
required to support implementation of the strategy, including budgets, 
workforce, and infrastructure, describe cooperative efforts with other 
Federal Government agencies, and address areas of research and 
applications, including the following:
            ``(1) Quantum sensing.
            ``(2) Quantum networking.
            ``(3) Quantum communications, including quantum satellite 
        communications.
            ``(4) Quantum computing.
            ``(5) Science, aeronautics, and exploration-related 
        applications.
            ``(6) Any other area on quantum information, science, 
        engineering, and technology the Administrator determines 
        necessary.
    ``(d) Consultation.--In developing the strategy described in 
subsection (c), the Administrator may seek input from relevant external 
stakeholders, including institutions of higher education, industry, and 
nonprofit research organizations.

``SEC. 503. NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION QUANTUM 
              INITIATIVES.

    ``(a) In General.--Subject to the availability of appropriations, 
the Administrator, in consultation with the heads of other Federal 
departments and agencies, as appropriate, may establish one or more 
initiatives focused on space and aeronautics applications of quantum 
information science, engineering, and technology.
    ``(b) Initiative Details.--
            ``(1) Competitive, merit-reviewed process.--An initiative 
        under this section shall be established through a competitive, 
        merit-reviewed process.
            ``(2) Applications.--An eligible applicant under this 
        section shall submit to the Administrator an application at 
        such time, in such manner, and containing such information as 
        the Administrator determines to be appropriate.
            ``(3) Eligible applicants.--In carrying out the process 
        under paragraph (1), the Administrator shall consider 
        applications from institutions of higher education, research 
        centers, multi-institutional collaborations, and any other 
        entity the Administrator considers appropriate.
            ``(4) Collaborations.--A collaboration that receives an 
        award under this section may include multiple types of research 
        institutions, private sector entities, and nonprofit 
        organizations.
            ``(5) Coordination.--The Administrator shall ensure that an 
        awardee under this section--
                    ``(A) coordinates with the National Aeronautics and 
                Space Administration; and
                    ``(B) avoids unnecessary duplication of existing 
                activities of the National Aeronautics and Space 
                Administration, other activities carried out under this 
                Act, and other related programs, as appropriate.
            ``(6) Commercial technology.--An initiative carried out 
        under this section may leverage commercially-available hardware 
        and software to carry out the activities described in 
        subsection (c).
    ``(c) Initiative Activities.--An initiative established under this 
section may carry out activities that--
            ``(1) support research focused on developing and 
        demonstrating space and aeronautics applications for quantum 
        information science, engineering, and technology, including 
        research relating to the strategy developed under section 
        502(c); and
            ``(2) support quantum information science, engineering, and 
        technology education and public outreach.
    ``(d) Initiative Requirements.--To the maximum extent practicable, 
an initiative established under this section shall serve the needs of 
the National Aeronautics and Space Administration for the benefit of 
the broader United States quantum information science community, to 
create and develop processes for the purpose of advancing space and 
aeronautics applications in quantum information science, engineering, 
and technology, and improving the competitiveness of the United States.
    ``(e) Initiative Selection and Duration.--
            ``(1) In general.--Subject to the availability of 
        appropriations, an initiative established under this section 
        may carry out activities for a period of 5 years.
            ``(2) Reapplication.--Subject to the availability of 
        appropriations, an awardee may reapply for an additional, 
        subsequent period of 5 years following a successful, merit-
        based review.
            ``(3) Termination.--Consistent with the authorities of the 
        National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the 
        Administrator may terminate the initiative for cause during the 
        performance period.

``SEC. 504. RESEARCH SECURITY.

    ``The activities authorized under this title shall be carried out 
in a manner consistent with subtitle D of title VI of the Research and 
Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 19231 et seq.).

``SEC. 505. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.

    ``The Administrator shall allocate up to $45,000,000 for each of 
fiscal years 2025 through 2029 to carry out this title, subject to the 
availability of appropriations. Amounts made available to carry out 
this title shall be derived from amounts appropriated or otherwise made 
available to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.''.

SEC. 19. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HEALTH QUANTUM ACTIVITIES.

    The National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8801 et seq.), as 
amended by section 18, is further amended by adding at the end the 
following:

      ``TITLE VI--NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH QUANTUM ACTIVITIES

``SEC. 601. QUANTUM RESEARCH PROGRAM.

    ``(a) In General.--The Director of the National Institutes of 
Health, in collaboration with other Federal departments and agencies, 
may establish and carry out a research program on quantum sensors and 
computing for biomedical applications, including the competitive award 
of grants to institutions of higher education or eligible nonprofit 
organizations (or consortia thereof).
    ``(b) Program Components.--In carrying out the program under 
subsection (a) the Director of the National Institutes of Health may 
carry out activities that support--
            ``(1) basic and applied research focused on developing 
        quantum sensors for biomedical applications;
            ``(2) studies of end-use cases of quantum sensors in 
        biomedicine;
            ``(3) multi-disciplinary partnerships to explore and 
        develop capabilities at the intersection of quantum computing, 
        data science, and biomedical research; and
            ``(4) development of a diverse biomedical quantum 
        information science workforce through training and fellowship 
        activities.''.

SEC. 20. DEPARTMENT OF STATE QUANTUM ACTIVITIES.

    The National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8801 et seq.), as 
amended by this Act, is further amended by adding at the end the 
following new title:

          ``TITLE VII--DEPARTMENT OF STATE QUANTUM ACTIVITIES

``SEC. 701. DEPARTMENT OF STATE INTERNATIONAL QUANTUM COOPERATION 
              PROGRAM.

    ``(a) In General.--The Secretary of State may establish and carry 
out a program--
            ``(1) to enhance international cooperation in quantum 
        information science through the competitive award of matching 
        grants to institutions of higher education or eligible 
        nonprofit organizations (or consortia thereof) engaged in 
        international collaborative research; and
            ``(2) to support international scientist and engineer 
        exchange programs, including those that vary in length from 
        multi-day to multi-year and those that include talent 
        development programs.
    ``(b) Program Alignment.--
            ``(1) Coordination.--In carrying out the program under 
        subsection (a), the Secretary of State shall coordinate with--
                    ``(A) the Director of the Office of Science and 
                Technology Policy;
                    ``(B) the Director of the National Quantum 
                Coordination Office;
                    ``(C) the Co-Chairs of the Subcommittee on Quantum 
                Information Science of the National Science and 
                Technology Council; and
                    ``(D) the Co-Chairs of the Subcommittee on the 
                Economic and Security Implications of Quantum 
                Information Science of the National Science and 
                Technology Council.
            ``(2) Strategic alignment.--In carrying out the program 
        under subsection (a), the Secretary of State shall--
                    ``(A) ensure alignment with the National Quantum 
                Information Science Strategy; and
                    ``(B) fund collaborative research programs with 
                countries who have signed quantum cooperation 
                statements with the United States.
    ``(c) Consultation.--In developing and operating the program 
required under subsection (a), the Secretary of State shall consult 
with--
            ``(1) the appropriate congressional committees;
            ``(2) the Special Envoy for Critical and Emerging 
        Technologies;
            ``(3) United States industry leaders;
            ``(4) any technology experts the Secretary considers 
        relevant, including experts from academia; and
            ``(5) representatives from any United States Government 
        agency the Secretary considers relevant.
    ``(d) Annual Report.--Not later than 2 years after the date of the 
enactment of this title, and annually thereafter, the Secretary shall 
submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report that 
contains the following elements:
            ``(1) A description of the activities pursued under the 
        authorities of this section during the prior year.
            ``(2) A list of priority countries with which the 
        Department of State seeks to pursue increased collaboration on 
        quantum information science.
    ``(e) Sunset.--The authorities under this section shall terminate 
on the date that is 10 years after the date of the enactment of this 
title.
    ``(f) Appropriate Congressional Committees.--In this section, the 
term `appropriate congressional committees' means the following:
            ``(1) The Committee on Foreign Relations in the Senate.
            ``(2) The Committee on Foreign Affairs in the House of 
        Representatives.
            ``(3) The Committee on Commerce, Science, and 
        Transportation in the Senate.
            ``(4) The Committee on Science, Space, and Technology in 
        the House of Representatives.''.

SEC. 21. COMPTROLLER GENERAL REVIEW AND REPORT.

    (a) Review.--Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment 
of this Act, the Comptroller General of the United States shall conduct 
a review of existing processes and reporting requirements associated 
with research and development programs established within the National 
Institute of Standards and Technology, the National Science Foundation, 
and the Department of Energy pursuant to the National Quantum 
Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8801 et seq.) to identify potential 
opportunities--
            (1) to reduce duplicative and unnecessary paperwork and 
        reporting requirements without compromising security, 
        transparency, and accountability; and
            (2) to expedite access to facilities and equipment of the 
        Federal Government for researchers affiliated with such 
        programs.
    (b) Research and Development Programs Covered.--The review required 
under subsection (a) shall cover all research and development programs 
established pursuant to sections 201, 302, 402, 403, and 404 of the 
National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8831, 8842, 8852, 8853, and 
8854).
    (c) Report.--Not later than 180 days after completing the review 
under subsection (a), the Comptroller General shall submit to the 
Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and the Committee on 
Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate and the Committee on Energy 
and Commerce of the House of Representatives a report on the findings 
of the review, which shall include recommendations relating to 
paragraphs (1) and (2) of such subsection.

SEC. 22. CLERICAL AMENDMENTS.

    The table of contents in section 1(b) of the National Quantum 
Initiative Act is amended as follows:
            (1) By inserting after the item relating to section 105 the 
        following new items:

``Sec. 105A. International Quantum Cooperation Strategy.
``Sec. 106. National quantum prize challenges.''.
            (2) By inserting after the item relating to section 201 the 
        following new items:

``Sec. 202. National Institute of Standards and Technology Quantum 
                            Centers.
``Sec. 203. Research security.''.
            (3) By striking the item relating to section 301 and 
        inserting the following new item:

``Sec. 301. Quantum information science, engineering, and technology 
                            research and education program.''.
            (4) By inserting after the item relating to section 302 the 
        following new items:

``Sec. 303. Quantum Reskilling, Education, and Workforce (QREW) 
                            Coordination Hub.
``Sec. 304. Quantum testbeds.
``Sec. 305. Research security.''.
            (5) By inserting after the item relating to section 404 the 
        following new item:

``Sec. 405. Research security.''.
            (6) By adding at the end the following new items:

   ``TITLE V--NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION QUANTUM 
                               ACTIVITIES

``Sec. 501. Definition of Administrator.
``Sec. 502. Quantum information science, engineering, and technology 
                            research for space and aeronautics.
``Sec. 503. National Aeronautics and Space Administration quantum 
                            initiatives.
``Sec. 504. Research security.
``Sec. 505. Authorization of appropriations.
      ``TITLE VI--NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH QUANTUM ACTIVITIES

``Sec. 601. Quantum research program.
          ``TITLE VII--DEPARTMENT OF STATE QUANTUM ACTIVITIES

``Sec. 701. Department of State International Quantum Cooperation 
                            Program.''.
                                 <all>
```