PRIMARY, SECONDARY, AND CALORIC NYSTAGMUS 

OF THE CAT FOLLOWING HABITUATION 

TO ROTATION 

WILLIAM E. COLLINS, Ph.D. 

CHIEF 

Sensory Integration Section 

Psychology Branch 

63-13 

FEDERAL AVIATION AGENCY 

AVIATION MEDICAL SERVICE 

AEROMEDICAL RESEARCH DIVISION 

CIVIL AEROMEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE 

OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLAHOMA 

JULY 1963 
PRIMARY, SECONDARY, AND CALORIC NYSTAGMUS 

OF THE CAT FOLLOWING HABITUATION 

TO ROTATION' 

WILLIAM E. COLLINS, PH. D. 

Civil Aeromedical Hesearch Institute, FAA Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 

Repeated rotation of the cat in total darkness 

results in a marked decline of the eye-movement 

response (Crampton, 1961; 1962; Crampton & 

Schwam, 1961). Similar findings have been 

obtained when the stumuli were unilateral 

caloric irrigations performed in an illuminated 

environment. ( Henriksson, et al., 1961). Such 

response diminution appears specific to the direction of the habituation trials. 

It would seem reasonable to hypothesize that 

habituation to a specific mode of vestibular 

stimulation would transfer to a different stimulus modality. The evidence, however, is conflicting. In studies of rabbits, Maxwell, Burke 

and Reston ( 1922) and Hood and Pfaltz (1954) 

found a clear "habituation" of nystagmus to rotation, but a" ... normal response to the caloric 

test at the close of the series" (Maxwell et al., 

1922). Dunlap ( 1925) found an habituation 

transfer-effect in rabbits from repetitive caloric 

irrigation to rotational stimuli. 

The present study was designed: (a) to investigate the question of transfer of rotatory 

nystagmus habituation to caloric stimulation, 

(b) to depict clearly the manner in which rotatory habituation of the cat occurs, and (c) to 

examine the effects of stimulus repetition upon 

secondary nystagmus. • 

1 Study conducted with the technical assistance of Kenneth 

E. Swain while the author was at the U.S. Army Medical 

Research Laboratory, Fort Knox, Kentucky. The assistance of Mary Jay'ne Capps and Joseph E. Duchon in the 

process of data reduction is gratefully acknowledged. 

2 "Secondary nystagmus occurs after, and is in an opposed 

direction to, a primary response to a vestibular stimulus. 

It appears in the absence of a change in vestibular stimulation, when the primary has begun to decline" ( Collins, 

1963b). 

METHODS 

APPARATUS 

Rotatory. The turntable (Guedry & Kalter, 

1956) was located in a light-proof room. The 

acceleration program consisted of the following: 

(a) 30 sec at a constant velocity of 1 rpm; 

(b) 13 sec of CCW acceleration (4.15°/sec•); 

(c) 60 sec at a constant velocity of 10 rpm; 

(d) a sub-threshold deceleration of 0.18° /sec• 

for 333 sec to zero velocity. This combination of CCW threshold ~ccelerations and 

sub-threshold decelerations limited nystagmus 

elicitation to a single direction, viz., with the 

fast phase to the left. 

Caloric. Caloric stimulating equipment consisted of a water receptacle, an adjustable stand, 

tubing, a glass nozzle, and a chemical thermometer(± 0.5° C). Water temperature was maintained at 23.5° C and, whenever adjustments 

were necessary, they were made immediately 

prior to each trial. Stimuli consisted of 30 sec 

of irrigation of the right ear, thereby providing 

nystagmus with the fast phase to the left. 

RESTRAINT 

Animals were restrained according to the 

method of Henriksson, Fernandez, and Kohut 

( 1961). Briefly, cats were anethetized and 

holes were drilled transversely through their 

canine teeth several days prior to testing. Restraint was effected by wrapping the animal in 

a towel, placing it in a cat-box, and inserting a 

strand of piano wire through the holes in the 

canine teeth. The wire was held securely and 

stretched taut by means of an adjusting device attached to the front of the box. The 

animal's head was thus secured in a position 

elevated from that of normal carriage. 

-1-
Type T Electroencephalograph. A 1.4 sec 

RC time constant was employed in amplification. Signals were led from needle electrodes 

to a patch-panel on the turntable, through sliprings, to the recorder; located in an adjoining 

room. Three electrodes were used with each 

animal. Two were positioned by the outer 

canthi and an indifferent electrode was located 

on the crown near the mid-line of the skull. 

PROCEDURE 

All testing took place during a single day, in 

total darkness, and with the animal positioned 

on the turntable. The preliminary and posttests consisted of unilateral caloric irrigation 

(tests of transfer). Water temperature was adjusted and the nozzle inserted into the eat's ear 

just prior to turning off the room lights. Habituating trials were 1.5 CCW accelerations of 

4.15° /sec•. Decelerations were sub-threshold. 

For all rotation trials, the cat was placed with 

its head at the center of rotation. Electrodes 

were always examined and the animals alerted 

in illumination, immediately prior to darkening 

the room and initiating a stimulus: Stimulation always began within 10 sec of the 

onset of total darkness ai1d rest intervals of 

12-15 min (including the deceleration period ) 

separated trials. 

Data from 10 of 15 cats are presented here. 

Five sets of records were discarded for the 

followii?g reasons: (a) responses to the preliminary test or to the first rotation were so 

poor as to be not quantifiable (three animals). 

Testing was immediately stopped. (b ) Voluntary eye movements, combined with high nystagmic amplitude, blocked the recording pens 

on a number of trials (one animal ). (c) Loss 

of electrode contact interrupted the stimulus 

series ( one animal) . 

SCORING 

Nystagmic tracings were analyzed for three 

types of scores: (a) slow-phase displacement 

of the eyes was scored by measuring the vertical distance from the peak to the base-line 

y 

tion signal. (b) Nystagmic frequency wa

calculated simply by counting the number o

heats within the same .3-sec intervals. (c) Du

ration of the primary response was measure

from the onset of acceleration (or the termina

tion of the caloric irrigation ) to the concludin

phase of the last heat of primary nystagmu

\1easurements of secondary nystagmus dura

tion began with the first beat of the secondar

regardless of where it occurred in point of tim

With this method of scoring, slow-phas

displacement-measures occasionally ended 

an earlier 3-sec interval than did the duratio

or th e frequency measures (the time scale fo

the latter two was, of course, always identical

This apparent discrepancy is due to the fa

that, toward the end of a response patter

long, low-velocity heats appeared. Frequent

only the early part of the beat contained 

measurable displacement, hut the beat contin

ued into a succeeding 3-sec interval before 

fast-phase brought it to termination. 

RESULTS 

Some examples of the recorded nystagm

activity appear in Figure 1. The decline 

the eye-movement response with repeated rot

tion is clearly evident for both the anima

depicted. When the slow-phase and the fr

quency measurements are plotted for trials 1, 

10, and 15, the manner in which the respons

decline occurs comes more sharply into focu

(Figure 2) . Initially, nystagmus "overshoot

the stimulus period, i.e., the response continue

to build up for a few seconds after stimulus te

mination. Within the first 5 trials, howeve

a considerable reduction in eye movement 

accomplished and the response becomes, 

one sense, more "adequate," i.e., nystagmus b

gins to fall off sharply with stimulus termin

tion and the duration is markedly curtaile

( cf. Crampton, 1964). 

Plots of the average rotatory response-pe

trial (Figure 3) for the 3 measures (slow-phas

displacement, frequency, and duration) are 

general agreement in showing a declining func

-2-
PltE 

CCW ACCELERATIONS: 4.1•/ SEC.1 FOR 13 SECONDS 

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10 

IS 

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POST 

TRIALS 

PRE 

10 

IS 

POST 

~~

RIGHT EAR CALORI.C: 23.s• C. APPLIED FOR 30 SECONDS 

~/'/'~ 

~vv·-·-v- -·-ir -·-·-y--v--v---v--v--v--

CAT NO. 17 -1'-vL II& 

RIGHT EAR CALORIC: 23.S• C. APPLIED FOR 30 SECONDS 

CCW ACCELERATIONS: 4. I • I SEC.1 FOR 13 SECONDS 

RIGHT EAR CALORIC : 23.15• C. APPLIED FOR 30 SECONDS 

CAT NO. It 

Figure 1. Nystagmus tracings obtained for two animals. The change in the form of the response from pre- to 

post-test, and the overall decline in rotation-induced nystagmus as a function of repeated stimulation are clearly 

evident. Pairs of heavy vertical bars demarcate the acceleration periods. The single vertical bars through the caloric 

records indicate the termination of irrigation (tracings include the last 14 sec of irrigation). Only a few beats of 

secondary nystagmus are evident for the rotation trails presented. 

-3-
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25 31 37 43 49 55 

STIMULUS: 4.1°/ SEC~ FOR 13 SEC. 

TRIAL 

.._...... I 

o--o 5 

..._....,., 10 

~ 15 

AVERAGE FOR 10 CATS 

25 31 37 43 49 

TIME IN SECONDS 

55 

Figure 2. Alterations in the nystagmic response curve with repeated stimulation. Note the overshooting of th

response in trial 1. Zero time indicates the point at which acceleration was initiated and arrows show time o

stimulus termination. Data were plotted in 3-sec intervals, with the exception of the first sec. 

-4-
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TRIA,LS 

Figure 3. Average slow-phase displacement, duration, and frequency of nystagmic beats for the caloric pre- and posttests and for the 15 rotation trials. Only the frequency measure shows a pre- to post-test decline. A steady and 

fairly uniform drop in the response to angular acceleration is apparent. 

"' tc f'o..,!\;\ ... 

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2.0 STIMULUS : 23 ~'C FOR 30 SEC. 

"' o--o PRE - TEST 

:::> 1>-A POST-TEST ,.-

~!3 AVERAGE FOR 10 CATS ~~2 0 

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TIME IN SECONDS 

Figure 4. Time-course plots of pre- and post-test caloric nystagmus. Only the frequency has declined as a result of 

intervening rotations. Zero time indicates moment of termination of the irrigation stimulus. 

-5-
ID 

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15 27 39 51 63 75 

SECONDARY NYSTAGMUS 

TRIAL 

____., I o--<> 5 

ffi ~ ~ 16 28 40 52 64 76 8 8 100 15 27 39 !\I 63 7~ 

TIME IN SECONDS 

Figure 5. Decline of secondary nystagmus as a function of repeated elicitation. Graphs on the left are plott

according to true time measurements made from the point of stimulus initiation. Note that the secondary begins earl

as the number of trials increases. Graphs on the right are plotted with an arbitrary zero time, as though ea

curve began at the same point in time. 

tion, although the least affected parameter is 

the duration of the response. The same consistency is not evident when the pre- and posttest caloric measures are compared. Neither 

duration nor total slow-phase output of the 

caloric response shows any indication of being 

affected by the series of habituating rotatory 

trials. However, a decline of about one-third 

is evident for the frequency of the caloric nystagmus. This difference between the pre- and 

post-test caloric trials is representatively depicted by the tracings in Figure 1, and is evident in the graphed results in Figure 4. 

Plotted data for secondary nystagmus are 

presented in Figures 5 and 6. Although much 

less regular in appearance than the primary 

reaction, the secondary shows a similar decline 

as a function of repeated rotation (Figures 5 

and 6) . Its onset also occurs earlier as the 

intensity and duration of the primary are reduced (Figure 5). It should be noted that 

all 10 animals gave secondary responses to 

initial rotation trials; the number so responding 

was reduced to 6 by trial 15. 

Data for pre- and post-test caloric second

are included in Figure 6. These data sho

provide no more than a very rough guide ho

ever, since only 4 animals demonstrated a 

ondary during the pre-test. Of these, 

gave considerably less response, one consid

able more, and two gave no secondary dur

the post-test. In addition, two cats which 

shown no pre-test secondary, gave weak 

sponses to the post-test. 

DISCUSSION 

PRIMARY NYSTAGMUS 

Rotational Habitt~at~on. In agreement w

the findings of Crampton ( 1961; 1962) 

Crampton and Schwam ( 1961), the obtai

data demonstrate a clear and fairly unifo

decline in the total slow-phase eye-movem

response of the cat to repeated rotational st

ulation in total darkness (Figure 3, lower grap

Further analysis shows that the decline is p

ent in all three of the measures employed 

this study, although the duration of nystagm

-6-
PRE 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 IS POST 

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PRE I 2 3 4 5 6 1 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 POST 

o--0 UNILATERAL CALOR1C 

{23.e• C FOR 30 SEC.) 

..-e UNIDIRECTIONAL ROTATION 

(4 1•tSEC~ FOR 13 SEC.) 

AVERAGE FOR 10 CATS 

PRE 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 POST 

TRIALS 

Figure 6. Average slow-phase displacement, duration and frequency of secondary nystagmus obtained during successive trials. Pre- and post-test data are based on only a few measurements. All animals gave secondary responses 

to rotation, however, and the decline in output with successive trials compares favorably with similar data for 

primary nystagmus. 

is less markedly reduced than are either the 

frequency of the beats or the amount of slowphase displacement (Figure 3). 

The manner in which the response decline 

occurs is of interest. Evidence in Figure 2 

indicates that: (a) During the first 4 trials, 

nystagmic output shows no steep decline immediately after stimulus termination; (b) by 

trial 5, nystagmus begins to drop sharply with 

the termination of acceleration; (c) a considerable amount of nystagmic decline occurs within 

the first 5 trials; (d) in early trials, the most 

affected portion of the response curve is that 

which occurs immediately after stimulus termination. Thus, in the cat at least, several 

specific changes occur early in the series of 

stimulations. Later trials tend to produce a 

more general, overall depression of the nystagmic response curve. 

Transfer of Habituation. The data in Figures 3 and 4 indicate that the series of 15 

rotations had only a mild influence upon the 

nystagmic response to caloric irrigation. The 

effect was limited to a reduction in beatfrequency. Thus, aJ.though a smaller number 

of beats occurred, neither duration nor slowphase output showed any diminution after the 

intervening series of rotations. Further, this 

reduction in beat-frequency is no greater than 

that which might be obtained by 3 or 4 successive irrigations (Collins, 1963a). 

Maxwell, Burke, and Reston ( 1922) reported 

a "normal" response to a "cold water douche" 

(of unspecified temperature and duration) 

after rotatory nystagmus habituation of the 

rabbit. However, they did not include any 

pre-rotation trial with which the post-rotation 

caloric response could be compared. Further, 

a fairly vigorous caloric nystagmus might well 

have been obtained if an ice-water irrigation 

was applied, due to the intense nature of such 

a stimulus. One or both of these factors could 

account for the "normal" response obtained. 

Some confirmation for the point regarding stimulus intensity appears in their article: " ... when 

the nystagmus following rotation at the rate 

used in these experiments had wholly ceased 

to appear, a vig~rous after-nystagmus could 

-7-
impaired" caloric response in the rabbit after 

a clear rotational habituation was demonstrated. 

However, they relied almost solely upon the 

duration of the response in judging the presence or absence of such a decline. Further, 

both duration and frequency of the nystagmic 

response to their caloric tests exceed~d initial 

rotatory responses by average factors of about 3. 

Dunlap ( 1925) mentioned the importance of 

nystagmic changes other than duration of the 

response. Employing an extensive number of 

trials, he demonstrated nystagmus habituation 

to unilateral caloric stimuli in rabbits. Although 

duration was the measure which he reported, 

Dunlap ( 1925) noted that "In the later part of 

the series, for example, 'twenty-five seconds 

nystagmus' may mean only one or two jerks. 

The actual nystagmic adantatinn ::~crainst the 

irrigation stimulus was really, therefore, much 

greater and more rapid than the 1at1e l11Ue 

measurements indicate" (Dunlap, 1925 p. 492). 

Dunlap also found an absence of rotationinduced nystagmus after the caloric habituation, i.e., a stimulus generalization. However, 

his stimulating technique differed from the 

others mentioned in that he used intense (ice 

water) habituating stimuli, a large number of 

trials, and completely abolished nystagmus to 

stimulation of first the left horizontal canal, 

and then the right, before examining the transfer effect. 

The failure to obtain significant transfer effects in the present study does not appear due 

to a simple arousal variable, although the latter 

is an extremely potent factor in nystagmic .output (Collins, 1962; Collins et al., 1962, Collins 

& Poe, 1962; Crampton & Schwam, 1961; 

Wendt, 1951). Several animals were given 

additional caloric trials subsequent to the posttest. There was no unusual drop in response 

with the addition of these extra trials. Hence, 

the high-output caloric post-test response is not 

due to the alerting value of a sudden change 

from one mode of stimulation to another. Nor 

can the response decline obtained as a function 

of repeated rotation be accredited to this factor. 

A steady decline in cat nystagmus has been 

1961). 

However, one or both of the following facto

might account for the vigorous post-test r

sponses obtained in this study. In additio

they provide reasons for the fact that Dunl

( 1925) obtained a transfer effect while Ma

well, Burke and Reston ( 1922) and Hood a

Pfaltz ( 1954) did not. (a) In this study, t

caloric stimulus initiated a much more vigoro

response than the mild accelerations employe

i.e., the rotational stimuli were not as inten

as the caloric stimuli. As noted earlier, Maxwe

Burke, and Reston ( 1922) cited the i

portance of stimulus intensity on rabbit nysta

mus. In addition, with human subjects, Gr

fith ( 1920) reported vigorous nystagmus 

more intense stimuli after subjects had yield

markedly reduced responses to a practiced lev

and Guedry ( 1953), using the duration of t

oculogyral illusion as a measure, demonstrat

that acceleration repetition at a given rate h

less effect on reducing responses to high

levels of stimulation than it has on lower leve

(b) The induced neural patterning may diff

sufficiently between unilateral and bilater

stimulation to make the habituation mechanis

respond with a relative specificity that is dete

mined by whether the canals on one side, 

on both, are stimulated. 

SECONDARY NYSTAGMUS 

Extremely few studies have examined t

characteristics of secondary nystagmus (e.

Aschan & Bergstedt, l954; Collins, 1962, 1963

Collins & Poe, 1962; Hauty & Wendt, 1960

The data presented in Figures 5 and 6 indica

that the secondary, although considerably le

regular in appearance, rises, peaks, and d

clines in a manner highly similar to the p

mary reaction. In addition, a decline occu

with stimulus repetition, and the function bea

a close resemblance to the habituation cour

followed by the primary nystagmus. 

Hauty and Wendt ( 1960) have present

measurements of the slow-phase activity 

human secondary nystagmus with which som

comparisons of the present data may be mad

-8-
the output of secondary nystagmus was approxi

mately one-half that of the preceding primary 

response. Further, neither intensity nor duration 'of rotatory stimulation, separately considered, affected the intensity or duration of 

the secondary. A relationship was demonstrated between total output of secondary nystagmus and the product of stimulus duration 

and intensity.3 

The data obtained for cats show that the 

total slow-phase output of secondary nystagmus 

was only one-fourth to one-fifth that of the 

preceding primary; for frequency the factor 

was one-third. With the exception of the last 

3 trials, the durations of the primary and corresponding secondary responses were almost 

identical (compare Figures 3 and 6). 

Of further interest is the fact that the timecourse characteristics of the plotted secondary 

responses (Figure 5) parallel fairly closely 

those found for the primary reaction (Figure 2). 

Specifically, the secondary reaches its peak 

after about 18 seconds of build-up in trial 1, 

and after 12 seconds in trials 10 and 15. These 

values compare well with peak activity for the 

primary response during the same trials. 

Whether this is coincidental, or whether the 

build-up period for the secondary is intimately 

related to the time required for the primary to 

reach its peak, will require further investigation. 

SUMMARY 

Ten cats were exposed to a series of abovethreshold accelerations and sub-threshold decelerations. Unilateral caloric irrigations, provoking nystagmus in the same direction as the 

above-threshold rotational stimuli preceded and 

followed the set of accelerations. A marked 

adaptation of nystagmus, characterized by 

specific changes in early trials, resulted from 

3 It should be noted that Hauty and Wendt (1960) report 

no decline of human secondary nystagmus as a function 

of repeated elicitation. The entire question of nystagmus 

habituation in man is far from settled ( cf. Collins, 1962; 

Collins, Guedry, & Posner, 1962; Wendt, 1951) and the 

conditions under which it will occur (e.g., Aschan, 1954; 

Guedry & Graybiel, 1962; McCabe, 1960; Wendt, 1951) 

are not yet completely defined. Apparently, under many 

stimulus conditions, no significant loss of response occurs. 

stimulation was affected, the intervening rotational experience produced some reduction in 

the frequency of the nystagmic beats. Two 

factors were proposed in explanation for the 

minimal transfer of adaptation from the rotational to the caloric situation. Secondary nystagmic activity was also examined and appeared closely related to preceding primary 

reactions. The data indicate that clinical ( caloric) responses to vestibular stimulation may 

not give an accurate indication of a subject's 

state of adaptation to "practiced" levels of 

angular acceleration. Such findings provide 

cautions in the establishment of appropriate 

testing techniques for the analysis of vestibular 

function in air- or space-vehicle crew members. 

REFERENCES 

Aschan, G. Response to rotatory stimuli in 

fighter pilots. Acta Otolaryngol., 1954, Suppl. 

116, 24-31. 

Aschan, G. and Bergstedt, M. The genesis of 

secondary nystagmus induced by vestibular 

stimuli. Acta Soc. Med. Upsal., 1955, 60, 

113-122. 

Collins, W. E. Effects of mental set upon vestibular nystagmus. /. exper. Psycho[., 1962, 63, 

191-197. 

Collins, W. E. Inverse caloric nystagmus obtained by unilateral stimulation of the cat. 

Nature, 1962, 195, 808-809. 

Collins, W. E. Nystagmus responses of the cat 

to rotation and to directionally equivalent 

and non-equivalent stimuli after unilateral 

caloric habituation. CARl Report 63-14, Oklahoma City, Okla., 1963. a 

Collins, W. E. Observations on the elicitation 

of secondary and inverted primary nystagmus 

from the cat by unilateral caloric irrigation. 

Aerospace Med., 1963, 34 (in press). b 

Collins, \V. E., Guedry, F. E., and Posner, J, B. 

Control of caloric nystagmus by manipulating 

arousal and visual fixation distance. Ann. 

Oto-, Rhino-, Laryngol., 1962, 71, 187-202. 

-9-
]. Pharmacal. exper. Therap., 1962, 138, 120

125. 

Crampton, G. H. Directional imbalance of 

vestibular nystagmus in cat following repeated unidirectional angular acceleration. 

Acta Otolaryngol, 1962, 55, 41-48. 

Crampton, G. H. Habituation of ocular nystagmus of vestibular origin. In M. B. Bender 

(Ed.), The Oculomotor System. N.Y.: 

Hoeber 1964 (in press). 

Crampton, G. H. Habituation of vestibular 

nystagmus in the cat during sustaine.d arousal 

produced by d-amphetamine. USAMRL Report No. 488, Ft. Knox, Ky., 1961. 

Crampton, G. H. and Schwam, W. J. Effects 

of arousal reaction on nystagmus habituation 

in the cat. Amer. ]. Physiol., 1961, 200, 

29-33. 

Dunlap, K. Adaptation of nystagmus to repeated caloric stimulation. ]. comp. Psychol., 

1925, .5, 485-493. 

Griffith, C. R. The organic effects of repeated 

bodily rotation. ]. exp. Phychol., 1920, .3, 

15-47. 

Guedry, F. E. The transfer of habituation to 

rotation with respect to the magnitude of the 

vestibular stimulus. USNSAM ]t. Proj. Report No. 34, Pensacola, Fla., 1953. 

Guedry, F. E. and Graybiel, A. Compensatory 

nystagmus conditioned during adaptation to 

Guedry, F. E. and Kalter, H. Description of 

human rotation device. USAMRL Repo

No. 242, Ft. Knox, Ky., 1956. 

Hauty, G. T. and Wendt, G. R. Seconda

ocular nystagmus as a function of intensi

and duration of acceleration. SAM Repo

60-29, Brooks AFB, Texas, 1960. 

Henriksson, H. G., Fernandez, C., and Kohut, R

The caloric test in the cat. Acta Otolaryngo

1961, 53, 21-32. 

Henriksson, H. G., Kohut, R., and Fernande

C. Studies on habituation of vestibular r

flexes. I. Effect of repetitive caloric tes

Acta Otolaryngol., 1961, 53, 333-349. 

Hood, J. D. and Pfaltz, C. R. Observation

upon the effects of repeated stimulatio

upon rotational and caloric nystagmus. 

Physiol., 1954, 124, 130-144. 

:\faxwell, S. S., Burke, V. C., and Reston, C. 

The effect of repeated rotation on the dur

tion of after-nystagmus in the rabbit. Ame

]. Phusiol., 1922, 58, 432-438. 

McCabe, B. F. Vestibular suppression in figu

skaters. Trans. Amer. Acad. Ophthal. Ot

laryngol., 1960, 64, 264-268:--

Wendt, G. R. Vestibular functions. In S. 

Stevens (Ed.), Hand book of Experiment

Psychology, N.Y.: Wiley, 1951, pp. 119

1223. 

-10-
TOTAL SLOW-PHASE NYSTAGMIC OUTPUT IN MILLIVOLTS 

FOR EACH ROTATORY AND CALORIC TRIAL 

ROTATION CATS 

TRIALS 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 

1 22.5 23.2 29.3 19.4 31.0 13.1 12.4 24.4 53.0 24.6 

2 32.4 16.9 24.3 10.8 26.0 11.8 6.B.. 13.8 33.7 18.5 

3 28.3 18.0 26.4 8.5 25.1 13.8 8.0 15.4 32.5 22.0 

4 19.6 20.3 22.7 14.6 20.6 10.6 7.3 11.1 21.6 11.0 

5 25.8 14.0 20.6 10.6 20.7 10.1 5.6 21.0 21.6 11.6 

6 17.6 16.6 19.8 8.1 13.0 10.0 5.6 23.6 13.1 17.3 

7 19.3 13.0 14.7 5.8 17.4 8.8 2.9 19.3 19.0 10.3 

8 14.2 11.1 17.3 9.0 12.8 9.4 3.0 10.2 13.8 8.4 

9 19.7 12.0 12.7 5.2 13.0 9.2 4.0 19.7 12.9 13.2 

10 17.0 11.0 9.2 5.2 12.0 9.3 5.7 7.6 15.1 8.5 

11 12.0 9.3 8.3 5.8 13.6 7.2 1.4 7.9 14.2 11.4 

12 15.0 11.6 5.7 5.9 12.0 4.8 1.7 8.2 12.5 7.8 

13 24.0 8.6 1.0 4.6 14.0 4.9 3.4 6.3 10.7 5.6 

14 11.3 10.5 4.1 3.6 8.6 6.1 1.2 7.0 8.7 4.9 

15 19.2 12.0 6.7 3.4 8.3 5.9 1.6 6.9 13.2 4.4 

CALORIC 

TRIALS 

PRE 34.6 34.6 38.2 45.6 19.1 34.2 16.1 15.9 60.2 61.4 

POST 36.5 38.6 48.7 13.2 22.0 29.8 10.0 40.7 66.6 51.4 

-11-
APPENDIX B 

SLOW-PHASE NYSTAGMIC OUTPUT (IN MILLIVOLTS

INTERVAL AVERAGED FOR 10 CATS. "ZERO" TIME 

SET OF 4.1 o /SEC' CCW ACCELERATION FOR 13 

TIME TRIALS 

(SEC) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1

---------

.

--

0-1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

2-4 1.0 0.9 1.4 1.1 1.4 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.8 

5-7 2.5 2.4 2.1 2.1 2.4 2.5 1.8 2.1 2.2 1.8 2.0 

8-10 2.9 2.6 3.4 3.5 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.4 1.9 1.7 

11-13 3.5 3.0 3.3 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.2 2.3 2.6 2.0 

14-16 3.7 3.2 3.9 3.2 2.2 2.4 2.3 1.9 1.5 1.6 1.5 

I 

...... 17-19 3.7 2.8 2.2 1.8 1.7 1.4 1.6 to 0.7 1.4 0.8 1.4 

I 20-22 2.4 1.8 1.5 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.4 

23-25 2.2 1.4 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.1 26-28 1.4 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 

29-31 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 

32-34 0.4 1.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 35-37 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 

38-40 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 

41-43 0.2 0.0 44-46 0.1 47-49 0.3 

50-52 0.0 53-55 0.1 
TAGMIC BEATS PER TIME INTERVAL AVERAGED FOR 10 CATS. "ZERO" TIME 

INDICATES MOMENT OF CALORIC STThfULUS TERMINATION (23.5° C FOR 30 

SECONDS). 

SLOW-PHASE NYSTAGMUS (Mv) FREQUENCY OF BEATS 

TIME 

(SEC) PRE POST PRE POST 

0-3 2.2 2.0 3.4 2.8 

4-6 2.4 1.9 3.8 2.6 

7-9 2.2 2.3 3.7 2.8 

10-12 2.3 2.4 4.2 3.0 

13-15 2.3 2.2 4.0 2.6 

16-18 2.1 1.9 3.9 2.7 

19-21 2.1 2.1 4.2 2.8 

22-24 2.0 1.8 3.8 2.4 

25-27 2.2 1.9 4.1 2.6 

28-30 1.7 1.7 3.6 2.4 

31-33 1.6 1.5 3.3 2.0 

34-36 1.6 1.3 3.3 2.2 

37-39 1.4 1.1 3.4 2.2 

40-42 1.3 1.2 3.2 1.6 

43-45 1.1 0.9 2.7 1.8 

46-48 1.0 1.2 2.4 1.6 

49-51 0.9 0.7 2.4 1.6 

52-54 1.0 0.6 2.2 1.2 

55-57 0.9 1.1 2.1 1.4 

58-60 0.6 0.6 1.7 1.2 

61-63 0.6 0.4 1.8 0.8 

64-66 0.6 0.4 1.8 0.8 

67-69 0.2 0.4 1.4 0.6 

70-72 0.4 0.4 1.0 0.7 

73-75 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.6 

76-78 0.2 0.3 0.8 0.3 

79-81 0.2 0.2 0.7 0.6 

82-84 0.2 0.4 0.8 0.4 

85-87 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.3 

88-90 0:1 0.2 0.6 0.3 

91-93 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.4 

94-96 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.2 

97-99 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.4 

100-102 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.2 

103-105 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 

106-108 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 

109-111 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 

112-114 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 

115-117 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 

118-120 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 

121-123 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 

124-126 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 1~7-129 0.0: 0.1 

130-132 0.0 0.1 

-13-
APPENDIX D 

TOTAL FREQUENCY OF NYSTAGMIC BEATS F

ROTATORY AND CALORIC TRIAL 

ROTA- CATS TION 

TRIALS 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 

- - - ·- ·- ·- 

1 50.5 34.0 56.0 51.0 35.0 23.8 38.0 

2 55.5 26.2 41.0 26.0 25.0 12.5 22.5 

3 46.0 28.5 42.5 21.0 19.0 11.5 18.5 

4 34.0 26.0 41.0 23.5 18.0 17.5 22.0 

5 25.5 26.0 33.5 16.5 19.0 18.0 13.0 6 28.0 22.5 38.0 20.0 11.0 17.5 17.5 7 31.0 22.5 30.0 14.5 16.0 14.5 14.0 

I 8 18.0 21.0 31.5 15.5 13.0 14.2 10.5 

...... 

ll:o- 9 30.0 17.0 25.2 16.2 14.0 15.5 14.0 

I 

10 23.0 21.5 20.5 14.0 12.0 19.5 19.0 

11 23.5 19.0 23.5 15.5 16.0 14.5 8.5 

12 21.0 19.5 19.0 14.5 13.0 14.5 9.0 

13 33.5 17.5 21.5 11.5 18.0 12.0 13.0 

14 18.0 15.5 16.5 12.0 11.0 12.0 11.0 

15 27.0 18.0 18.5 10.0 12.0 9.0 8.0 

CALORIC 

TRIALS 

PRE 57.0 52.0 102.0 104.5 21.0 53.0 103.0 

POST 19.8 45.0 104.8 39.8 27.0 39.0 29.5 
FREQUENCY OF NYSTAGMIC BEATS PER 3-SECOND INTERVAL 

AVERAGED FOR 10 CATS. "ZERO" TIME INDICATES ONSET OF 

CCW ACCELERATION OF 4.1 o /SEC2 FOR 13 SECONDS. 

TIME TRIALS 

(SEC) 1 5 10 15 

0-1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 

2-4 2.6 1.9 2.2 2.6 

5-7 3.7 3.3 3.0 3.2 

8-10 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.3 

11-13 4.8 4.2 4.5 3.1 

14-16 5.1 3.5 3.4 2.4 

17-19 5.0 2.8 1.5 1.2 

20-22 3.6 1.4 0.6 0.6 

23-25 3.4 1.1 0.3 0.2 

26-28 2.1 0.5 0.1 0.2 

29-31 1.0 0.6 0.1 0.1 

32-34 0.8 0.8 

35-37 0.6 0.4 

38-40 0.5 0.1 

41-43 0.4 0.1 

44-46 0.2 

47-49 0.2 

50-52 0.1 

53-55 0.2 

-15-
APPENDIX F 

DURATION OF PRIMARY NYSTAGMUS IN SECO

EACH ROTATORY AND CALORIC TRIA

ROTA- CATS TION 

TRIALS 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 

- · - - - - - - 

1 34.0 28.3 45.4 30.0 28.8 28.0 24.2 

2 39.0 31.0 34.0 23.0 21.0 21.4 20.0 

3 30.2 31.7 39.0 21.0 20.7 19.0 19.0 

4 22.0 26.0 32.5 21.0 20.8 19.0 20.6 

5 39.7 25.8 33.6 19.4 20.9 18.0 15.0 

6 29.6 25.0 39.0 19.8 15.8 17.9 16.0 

7 25.9 24.0 27.0 16.0 18.2 18.8 16.0 

1-' 8 18.7 26.4 30.0 18.0 16.6 19.0 15.2 

CJ) 

I 9 25.8 20.7 27.2 16.2 17.0 19.0 15.6 

10 26.2 21.6 21.0 17.2 16.0 19.0 16.0 

11 22.0 21.7 23.2 19.8 17.4 16.0 13.0 

12 18.5 18.9 21.0 16.0 16.0 17.9 14.3 

13 28.2 21.0 21.3 17.2 22.0 15.0 13.8 

14 18.2 19.0 19.0 14.7 15.1 16.0 15.0 

15 31.2 19.0 19.0 15.1 16.0 16.0 13.0 

CALORIC 

TRIALS 

PRE 66.4 68.8 99.8 126.2 42.0 63.4 72.0 

POST 59.6 92.4 109.4 95.5 56.4 73.8 38.2 
APPENDIX G 

SECONDARY NYSTAGMUS: 

TOTAL SLOW-PHASE OUTPUT IN MILLIV

FOR EACH ROTATORY AND CALORIC TR

ROTA- CATS TION 

TRIALS 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 

- - - - - - ·- 

1 5.8 7.0 3.7 1.7 2.9 4.8 5.4 

2 3.3 4.0 4.2 3.5 2.8 5.0 2.9 

3 5.4 3.3 3.9 1.5 3.0 4.6 4.6 

4 3.7 3.2 2.6 2.0 3.0 7.2 1.9 

5 6.2 3.2 4.1 3.3 2.3 4.4 2.1 

6 ------ -- 4.5 0.8 3.7 2.0 4.8 7.7 

7 -------- 4.5 2.0 0.7 3.3 3.5 1.0 

' 

...... 8 10.3 3.9 3.9 2.1 3.5 2.1 

--------

I 

9 -------- 5.1 1.0 1.3 2.2 1.1 1.7 

10 2.9 3.5 3.7 2.0 1.8 1.8 7.4 

11 1.1 3.6 0.9 1.8 2.1 1.6 1.1 

12 13.3 3.1 0.9 0.9 1.4 2.6 1.2 

13 ------ -- 3.6 -------- 0.6 0.8 2.1 1.5 

14 2.9 4.1 0.1 -------- 1.5 1.5 0.8 

15 -------- 2.1 -------- -------- 0.8 2.9 0.3 

CALORIC 

TRIALS 

PRE 7.9 -------- -------- ------·- -------- 2.6 ----

POST 2.1 1.6 -------- -------- 0.8 -------- -----
APPENDIX H 

SECONDARY NYSTAGMUS: 

TOTAL FREQUENCY OF NYSTAGMIC BEA

EACH ROTATORY AND CALORIC TR

ROTA- CATS TION 

TRIALS 10 11 12 13 14 15 

- - - - - - 

1 11 16 11 5 11 7 

2 9 12 13 12 12 8 

3 9 9 12 4 8 7 

4 10 8 11 5 8 9 

5 2 10 11 8 6 6 

6 ---- 12 3 6 8 7 

7 ---- 9 9 3 8 4 

I 

,_. 

00 8 19 10 11 7 4 

----

I 

9 ---- 10 6 5 6 2 

10 5 7 8 7 7 4 

11 3 11 2 6 2 3 

12 26 10 3 5 8 5 

13 ---- 7 ---- 3 7 5 

14 6 7 2 ---- 5 2 

15 ---- 6 ---- ---- 8 6 

CALORIC 

TRIALS 

PRE 28 ---- ....... ---- ---- 5 

POST 4 2 ........ ---- 5 ---- 
APPENDIX I 

SECONDARY NYSTAGMUS: 

DURATION IN SECONDS FOR EACH ROTATOR

CALORIC TRIAL 

ROTACATS TION 

TRIALS 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 

- - - - - - 

I 22.0 35.0 23.3 34.0 29.9 14.0 36.0 

2 20.0 26.6 24.0 31.5 23.6 21.5 37.5 

3 19.0 28.0 27.0 8.5 15.0 18.5 31.0 

4 17.4 31.6 27.0 19.0 13.6 24.5 20.3 

5 2.7 24.7 24.7 32.2 16.0 17.0 30.0 

6 ------ 43.3 5.5 17.5 13.5 23.5 54.2 

7 ------ 20.5 26.5 14.5 24.0 12.5 14.0 

,..... 

<:0 

8 21.8 31.5 37.1 I ------ 20.5 9.0 20.8 

.. 9 ------ 31.0 ll.5 28.5 17.5 6.3 28.2 

!" 

10 10.0 31.1 ll.5 27.4 14.0 6.0 52.0 

0 0 

< 

[>j 11 9.5 38.0 6.5 35.8 6.5 14.0 11.0 

"' z ;:: 

[>j 

z 12 29.3 40.5 10.7 20.0 18.0 15.7 9.0 

-l 

., 

:.;: "' 13 26.7 8.8 18.0 19.8 18.8 

------ ------ 

-l 

:.;: 14 10.2 24.5 8.5 12.0 8.0 15.0 

Cl ------ 

0 

"' "' c=; 15 16.2 12.5 19.5 10.0 

------ ------ ------ 

[>j 

.. 

"' CALORIC 

0 TRIALS 

PRE 67.5 

------ -----· ------ ---·-- 26.0 ------ 

POST 15.0 9.0 ------ ------ 25.3 ------ ------