The Federal Plan

for Meteorological Services

and Supporting Research

Fiscal Year 1999

OFCM

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL COORDINATOR

FOR METEOROLOGY

FCM P1-1998
THE FEDERAL COMMITTEE FOR

METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES AND SUPPORTING RESEARCH (FCMSSR)

DR. D. JAMES BAKER, Chairman MR. MONTE BELGER

Department of Commerce Department of Transportation

MR. ALBERT PETERLIN MR. MICHAEL J. ARMSTRONG

Department of Agriculture Federal Emergency Management Agency

MR. JOHN J. KELLY, JR. DR. GHASSEM R. ASRAR

Department of Commerce National Aeronautics and Space

CAPT DAVID MARTIN, USN

Department of Defense DR. ROBERT W. CORELL

DR. ARISTIDES PATRINOS

Department of Energy MR. BENJAMIN BERMAN

DR. ROBERT M. HIRSCH

Department of the Interior MS. MARGARET V. FEDERLINE

MR. RALPH BRAIBANTI

Department of State MR. FRANCIS SCHIERMEIER 

MR. RANDOLPH LYON

Office of Management and Budget MR. SAMUEL P. WILLIAMSON

 Administration

National Science Foundation

National Transportation Safety Board

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission

Environmental Protection Agency

Federal Coordinator 

MR. JAMES B. HARRISON, Executive Secretary

Office of the Federal Coordinator for

Meteorological Services and Supporting Research

THE INTERDEPARTMENTAL COMMITTEE FOR

METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES AND SUPPORTING RESEARCH (ICMSSR)

MR. SAMUEL P. WILLIAMSON, Chairman DR. JONATHAN M. BERKSON

Federal Coordinator United States Coast Guard

DR. RAYMOND MOTHA

Department of Agriculture MR. FRANCIS SCHIERMEIER

MR. JOHN E. JONES, JR.

Department of Commerce DR. FRANK Y. TSAI

CAPT DAVID MARTIN, USN

Department of Defense DR. RAMESH KAKAR

MR. RICK PETTY Administration

Department of Energy

MR. LEWIS T. MOORE National Science Foundation

Department of the Interior

MR. JEFFREY MACLURE National Transportation Safety Board

Department of State

MR. DAVID WHATLEY U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission

Federal Aviation Administration

Department of Transportation MS. SARAH LASKIN

Department of Transportation

Environmental Protection Agency

Federal Emergency Management Agency

National Aeronautics and Space

DR. RICHARD S. GREENFIELD

MR. JAMES SKEEN

MR. ROBERT A. KORNASIEWICZ

Office of Management and Budget

MR. JAMES B. HARRISON, Executive Secretary

Office of the Federal Coordinator for

Meteorological Services and Supporting Research
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ii

PREFACE 

Since 1965, the Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and

Supporting Research (OFCM) has developed a federal plan that articulates the provision of

meteorological services and supporting research by agencies of the federal government. The plan

provides Congress and the Executive Branch with a comprehensive document that reviews agency

programs for Fiscal Year (FY) 1998 and documents proposed programs for FY 1999. Narratives,

timelines, and schedules are current as of June 1998.

With this edition, we began an evolutionary effort to enhance the plan’s format and

presentation of information. While the overall content of the publication remains unchanged, we

have shifted the focus from the federal coordination process to the services and programs within each

federal agency. The Executive Summary was expanded to enable it to serve as a stand-alone report.

Section 1 is now our feature article entitled Aviation Weather: Taking a Leadership Role. Section

2 summarizes the resources requested in the President’s FY 1999 Budget and includes a comparison

with those resources that Congress appropriated for FY 1998. Section 3 contains departmental and

agency narratives on meteorological services and supporting research programs. Appendices A

through E describe the OFCM’s coordination, program, and planning activities; a list of acronyms

and abbreviations; a table of previous feature articles; a World Weather Program summary; and a

White Paper on Frequency (Radio Spectrum) Management. 

As we embark on the 21st Century, the OFCM will restructure the interagency coordination

process during FY 1999 to address the priorities, issues, and concerns expressed by the federal

agencies. The Federal and Interdepartmental Committees for Meteorological Services and

Supporting Research (inside-front cover) will continue to provide policy and program guidance to

the OFCM, and the program council structure will remain unchanged. Radical change comes with

the standing committee structure, and the committees will be tasked to take on increased strategic

planning responsibilities. Working groups will be reduced in number and will cover broader areas

of responsibility, and the joint action groups will be used to address specific, time-critical issues or

to work short term projects. The restructured OFCM organization is shown on the inside-back cover.

 We solicit your comments and feedback regarding improvements we’ve made to the federal

plan. We also look forward to your suggestions to assist us in improving our web site--

WWW.OFCM.GOV.

Samuel P. Williamson

Federal Coordinator for Meteorological

 Services and Supporting Research
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vii

The Federal Plan for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research

Fiscal Year 1999

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Agency

Agriculture

Commerce

Defense

Interior

Transportation

EPA

NASA

NRC

TOTAL

Operations

$12,600

1,303,450

438,228

800

448,648.2

0

2,963

110

2,206,799

% of

TOTAL

0.6

59.0

19.9

0.0

20.4

0.0

0.1

0.0

100.0

Supporting

Research

$15,500

70,768

87,013

0

139,548

5,700

197,095

0

390,031

% of

TOTAL

4.0

18.1

22.3

0.0

3.6

1.5

50.5

0.0

100.0

TOTAL

$28,100

1,374,218

525,241

800

462,603

5,700

200,058

110

2,596,830

% of

TOTAL

1.1

52.9

20.2

0.0

17.9

0.2

7.7

0.0

100.0

TABLE ES-1 FEDERAL BUDGET FOR METEOROLOGICAL OPERATIONS AND 

SUPPPORTING RESEARCH, FY 1999 (in thousands of dollars)

For Fiscal Year (FY) 1999, the President’s

budget requests $2.60 billion for meteorological services and supporting research.

Of the total requested, $2.21 billion is designated for operations and $390 million

for supporting research. Table ES-1 lists a

breakout of the FY 1999 budget proposal. 

Consistent with previous year’s requests,

the Departments of Commerce (DOC),

Defense (DOD), and Transportation

(DOT) are projected to receive 91 percent

of the funds. The overall distribution

among these three departments remains

the same with DOC accounting for the

largest portion at 52.9 percent, DOD with

20.2 percent, and DOT with 17.9 percent.

The remaining 8.5 percent are distributed

among the other federal agencies. 

In comparison to the $2.38 billion appropriated in FY 1998, the FY 1999 request

represents an increase of 8.9 percent.

DOC’s request represents an increase of

14.7 percent, DOD’s an increase of 0.7

percent, and DOT’s an increase of 7.2 percent. The overall rise in DOC is largely

attributable to the 41.5 percent increase for

satellite systems acquisition and special

programs under the operations category.

The DOD increase is attributable to a 64.4

percent increase in DMSP research and

development. DOT’s increase is associated with gains in costs for operations support and systems acquisition. 

The budget requests for the National

Aeronautics and Space Administration and

the Nuclear Regulatory Commissions

reflect increases near one percent, the

Department of Agriculture a small

decrease of 0.2 percent, and the remaining

agencies little or no change. Figure ES-1

depicts each agency’s proportion of the

requested FY 1999 federal budget for

meteorological operations and supporting

research. Each agency’s portion of the

requested funding for meteorological

operations is shown in Figure ES-2. Of

the $2.21 billion requested for meteorological operations, DOC, DOD, and DOT

account for slightly over 99 percent of the

funds. Overall, operational costs

increased by 10.5 percent. Figure ES-3

depicts each agency’s portion of the

requested proposed federal supporting

research budget. Unlike operations, DOC,

DOD, and NASA account for the major

share (91 percent) of the supporting

research budget. Across the agencies,

requests for supporting research funds

increased by less than 1 percent. 

All agencies project a personnel total of

14,995 full-time equivalent (FTE) to be

employed in federal meteorological operations in FY 1999. This figure represents a

decrease of 1.6 percent from the 15,242

FTE employed in FY 1998.

Major Programs of DOC, DOD, and

DOT

Next Generation Weather Radar

(NEXRAD). The NEXRAD Program

which began in FY 1981 was responsible

for procurement, installation, and operation of the Weather Surveillance Radar1988 Doppler (WSR-88D). The first limited production WSR-88D system was

installed at Oklahoma City, Oklahoma in
viii

DOC

DOD

USDA

DOT

NASA

DOC

EPA

DOD

USDA

DOT

NASA

TOTAL = $2.21 BILLION

TOTAL = $390 MILLION

FIGURE ES-3 AGENCY PERCENT OF FEDERAL BUDGET

FOR SUPPORTING RESEARCH, FY 1999

FIGURE ES-2 AGENCY PERCENT OF FEDERAL BUDGET FOR

METEOROLOGICAL OPERATIONS, FY 1999

FIGURE ES-1: AGENCY PERCENT OF TOTAL FEDERAL BUDGET FOR METEOROLOGICAL

OPERATIONS AND SUPPORTING RESEARCH, FY 1999

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

NASA

DOT

DOC

EPA

DOD

USDA

DOC

52.9%

NASA

7.7%

DOT

17.9% USDA

1.1% DOD

20.2%

EPA

0.2%

DOC

59.1%

DOT

20.4%

DOD

19.9%

USDA

0.6%

NASA

0.1%

NASA

50.5%

USDA

4.0%

DOD

22.4%

DOC

18.1%

DOT

3.6%

EPA

1.5%

TOTAL = $2.60 BILLION
ix

May 1990 and commissioned 4 years later

in February 1994. The original program

plan called for a total of 161 radars. In

response to a National Research Council

report, three additional radars were added

and raised the total to 164 radar sites. The

last system in the basic procurement

schedule was installed in June 1996.

By agency, as of June 1998, the

DOC/National Weather Service had commissioned 120 sites, the DOD/USAF had

commissioned 19 sites, and the DOT/FAA

had commissioned 11 sites. DOD has

three systems at Keelser AFB, Mississippi,

for training; DOC/NWS has one each at

the National Reconditioning Center, and

NWS Training Center in Kansas City,

Missouri and at the Operational Support

Facility, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.

Automated Surface Observing System

(ASOS). The ASOS program, began in

1983, as a joint development effort

between the DOC, DOD, and DOT/FAA.

Installation of ASOS units started in 1991.

As of June 1998, a total of 993 units have

been purchased. The NWS has purchased

314 units, and accepted 314 units, and

commissioned 295 sites. The FAA has

purchased 569 units, accepted 554 units,

and commissioned 333 sites. The Navy

has purchased 76 units, accepted 76 units,

and commissioned 76 sites. The Air Force

has purchased 34 units, accepted 32 units,

and commissioned 31 sites. Collectively,

a total of 727 ASOS sites have been commissioned.

Automated Weather Information

Systems (AWIS).

The DOC, DOD, and DOT require AWISs

to facilitate the collection, processing, and

interpretation of meteorological data.

AWISs are being procured to provide an

automated, high-speed, user-friendly

man/machine interface to access and

process large volumes of sophisticated

meteorological data. AWIS supports the

timely production of accurate and geographically precise warnings, forecasts,

and special tailored products. They also

provide the communications capability for

expeditious product dissemination.

Major agency systems classified as AWISs

are: NOAA’s Advanced Weather

Interactive Processing System (AWIPS),

the FAA’s Weather and Radar Processor

(WARP), the Air Force’s Automated

Weather Distribution System (AWDS),

and the Navy’s Navy Integrated Tactical

Environmental Subsystem (NITES).

In February 1997, the Secretary of

Commerce approved the limited deployment of AWIPS. This decision authorized

NOAA to procure and deploy 21 systems.

The group of 21 limited deployment systems were installed in November 1997

through March 1998. A second group of

19 limited deployment systems were

installed in June through August 1998. On

April 9, 1998, the Secretary authorized full

scale production and deployment of

AWIPS, through Build 4.2, for the remaining 95 systems. Installation of these systems will begin in September 1998 with

completion by June 1999. Commissioning

of AWIPS is not expected to begin until

January 2000.

The FAA’s Weather and Radar Processor

(WARP) will greatly enhance the dissemination of aviation weather information

throughout the NAS. WARP will automatically create unique regional, WSR88D-based, mosaic products and send

these products, along with other time-critical weather information, to controllers

through the Advanced Automation System

(AAS) as well as to pilots via the aeronautical data link.

The Air Force is modernizing and improving strategic, operational, and combat

level systems. Modernization programs

include the Tactical Observing and

Forecasting System (TOFS) which provides a single system for both garrison and

deployed operations. TOFS will replace

AWDS and consists of two components:

the Tactical Forecast System (TFS) and

the Manual Observing System (MOS).

TOFS will serve as an in-garrison system

as well as a deployable “first-in” combat

weather forecast capability. MOS is a single-person portable observing system containing essential, basic observing equipment.

The Navy continues procurement or

upgrades of the five subsystem to the

Naval Integrated Tactical Environmental

System (NITES). These subsystems

include: NITES I Tactical Environmental

Support System (TESS/NC), NITES II -

Joint TESS Remote Workstation (JTRWS) and Joint METOC Segment

(JMS), NITES III - METOC Integrated

Data Display System (MIDDS), NITES

IV - Interim Mobile Oceanography

Support System (I-MOSS), and NITES V

- Allied Environmental Support System

(AESS).

Other Agency Programs

For FY 1999, the Department of

Agriculture (USDA) requested $28.1 million for meteorological operations and

supporting research. Operationally, the

USDA supports specialized weather

observation networks and also conducts an

active supporting research program to

ensure an abundance of high-quality agricultural commodities while minimizing

the adverse effects of agriculture on the

environment.

The Department of Interior’s (DOI) FY

1999 request is $800,000 primarily to support the Bureau of Land Management’s

remote automatic weather station (RAWS)

program.

The budget request for the Environmental

Protection Agency (EPA) remains level at

$5.7 million to provide user-appropriate

and scientifically credible air-quality

meteorological programs to support regulatory applications.

For FY 1999, NASA’s request is $200 million primarily for supporting research

associated with the Office of Earth

Science program. These funding levels

are composed of the estimated meteorology share of the supporting research and

analysis programs, to include the Earth

Observing System (EOS) and Earth Probe

instruments, EOS science, and the EOS

Data and Information Systems (EOSDIS).

Included in NASA’s request is $26 million

for special programs under the category of

aviation weather supporting research.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
x

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission’s

(NRC) request for $110,000 is mainly for

operations. The NRC will dedicate these

funds to obtain and analyze meteorological data and information related to the safe

operation of nuclear facilities, and the

protection of the environment, public

health, and safety. 

An article titled, “Data Continuity in the

Meteorological and Climatological

Record” appears in Section 4. The article

discusses some of the problems associated

with data continuity.

Federal Coordination Activities 

In response to a National Research

Council report and recommendation, the

National Aviation Weather Program

Council (NAWPC) tasked the Aviation

Weather Joint Action Group (JAG) to prepare a strategic plan for aviation weather.

The JAG completed and subsequently disEXECUTIVE SUMMARY

tributed The National Aviation Weather

Strategic Plan (August 1997). As a follow

up to the strategic plan, the JAG is currently drafting an initiatives document.

On January 26-30, 1998, OFCM hosted

the 52nd Interdepartmental Hurricane

Conference (IHC) in Clearwater Beach,

Florida. The 53rd IHC is scheduled for

February 8-12, 1999 in Biloxi,

Mississippi. The Air Force Reserve’s 53rd

Weather Reconnaissance Squadron will

also serve as hosts for some of the activities and events.

The FY 1999 featured article is entitled

“Aviation Weather: Taking a Leadership

Role” and was provided by the Federal

Aviation Administration.

In an effort to identify opportunities, challenges, and priorities for the 21st Century,

the Federal Coordinator initiated an

across-the-board review of meteorological

programs, services, and activities within

the federal agencies. Employing an inclusive approach, the review consisted of: (a)

identifying priority areas, issues, and

problems within each agency; (b) soliciting agency ideas to improve the effectiveness of interagency coordination and

cooperation; and (c) consolidating the

inputs. The Federal Coordinator’s outreach included personal visits with each

agency’s representative to both the Federal

and Interdepartmental Committees for

Meteorological Services and Supporting

Research (FCMSSR and ICMSSR, respectively), former Federal Coordinators, as

well as other key leaders from federal

agencies, the private sector/universities,

and other OFCM affiliations. The preliminary findings, conclusions, and recommendations were presented to the

ICMSSR in July and accepted in August

1998. OFCM will seek FCMSSR

endorsement at the next meeting scheduled for September, 1998. 
1-1

Weather is a leading cause of many aircraft accidents and a contributing factor in

many others. According to a report published by the Aircraft Owners and Pilots

Association (AOPA) Air Safety

Foundation, 5,894 weather-related

General Aviation accidents occurred

(roughly 27 percent of all accidents) from

1982 to 1993. These accidents resulted in

1,750 fatalities with an estimated annual

cost of $784 million.

Recent accident data from the National

Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) corroborate the findings of the Air Safety

Foundation and further identify weather as

a major contributor to air-carrier accidents. In addition to accidents, weather is

the main reason for transportation delays,

causing about 65percent of all commercial

aircraft delays in the United States.

Therefore, weather remains a critical factor affecting the National Airspace System

(NAS) and presents many challenges for

the Federal Aviation Administration

(FAA).

United States public laws and regulations

governing aviation require the FAA to

ensure the safe and efficient conduct of air

commerce within the NAS. Because of

weather’s importance in the successful

execution of that mission, the FAA is taking a leadership role in aviation weather

concerns. 

This article outlines the FAA’s actions and

accomplishments for bringing improved

aviation weather services to NAS users —

from the newest student pilot to the experienced operator of sophisticated, highperformance commercial aircraft.

THE FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION IS RESPONSIBLE FOR PROVIDING NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL

LEADERSHIP IN THE OPTIMIZATION OF WEATHER SYSTEMS AND SERVICES. THIS LEADERSHIP MANIFESTS

ITSELF THROUGH THE MANAGEMENT OF A SAFE AND EFFICIENT NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM AND THE

ENCOURAGEMENT OF CONSENSUS AND COOPERATION BETWEEN GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, PRIVATE

WEATHER SERVICES, RESEARCH ORGANIZATIONS, AND AVIATION WEATHER USERS GROUPS.

INTRODUCTION

In 1994, the FAA requested a review of

aviation weather services from National

Research Council (NRC). The Council

provided the results of their review in a

1995 report entitled: “Aviation Weather

Services - A Call for Federal Leadership

and Action.” Based on this report, the

FAA took several actions.

Establishment of Aviation Weather

Focal Point and Directorate

The FAA Administrator elevated the

importance of weather to the FAA by

appointing the Associate Administrator for

Air Traffic Services (ATS-1) as the focal

point for the agency’s aviation weather

services. This appointment increases the

visibility of weather programs to higher

levels of FAA management. In addition,

the FAA created the Aviation Weather

Directorate within Air Traffic Services to

focus on policy making, planning, coordination, standards, evaluation of products

and services, requirements, and development of investment strategies for aviation

weather services. Previously, several

organizations within the FAA carried out

these responsibilities.

The New Aviation Weather Directorate’s

goals (right box) outlines the responsibilities and changes stated above.

In order to fulfill its leadership role in aviation weather, the FAA needed more than

organizational changes and a new directorate. Its response was to develop longterm guidance and external relationships

to meet its mission.

ACTIONS AND ACHIEVEMENTS

The new Aviation Weather

Directorate will:

• Serve as the federal government’s focal

point for determining, developing, and

understanding aviation weather needs and 

requirements of all civil users of the NAS.

This is accomplished through a strong

program of internal and external liaison

and coordination with other government

agencies, external stakeholders (such as

Congress), industry customers (airlines

and aviation organizations), international

bodies (such as the International Civil

Aviation Organization and World

Meteorological Organization),

and other FAA offices.

• Establish, monitor, and maintain

standards of performance and metrics for

aviation weather services. This includes

training and certification requirements

and standards for aviation weather service

personnel as well as for information/data

sources, e.g., limited aviation weather

reports and non-federal automated

aviation weather observing systems.

• Develop a comprehensive long-range

plan and a financial database for the

FAA’s aviation weather infrastructure.

This includes requirements management, 

acquisition and Integrated Program

Team (IPT) support, and life-cycle

management of all aviation weather

systems in the FAA.

SECTION 1

AVIATION WEATHER: TAKING A LEADERSHIP ROLE

This article was prepared by the FAA’s Aviation Weather Policy Division (ARW-100) Staff.
1-2

In September of 1997, the FAA

Administrator signed an Aviation Weather

Policy Statement that acknowledges the

importance of aviation weather to the

NAS. In addition, this policy statement

established the FAA’s leadership in providing the required weather products and

services to the civil aviation community.

To guide this effort, the FAA led an interagency group, through the Office of

Federal Coordinator for Meteorology

(OFCM), to develop a 10-year National

Aviation Weather Program Strategic Plan

centered on the following guidelines that

will:

LEADERSHIP ROLE DEFINED

• PROVIDE IMPROVED AVIATION

WEATHER INFORMATION

• ENHANCE THE ABILITY OF DECISION

MAKERS TO USE THE NEW INFORMATION

• FACILITATE IMPROVEMENTS BY

FORGING THE REQUIRED

INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

• DIRECT AND USE RESEARCH RELATED

TO AVIATION WEATHER

The subsequent strategic plan, prepared by

the National Aviation Weather Program

Council and published in April of 1997,

addresses issues related to key priorities of

the federal agencies, describes the overall

investment strategies for the future mix of

aviation weather services and products,

and addresses the roles and responsibilities of public and private sectors in aviation weather. 

Following the publication of the plan,

work began on the National Aviation

Weather Initiatives, to be published in

1998. This document focuses on eight service areas and establishes a set of initiatives centered around elements of the

strategic plan.

As part of defining the roles and responsibilities of the public and private sectors,

the FAA worked with both the National

Weather Service (NWS) and private industry. An important aspect of aviation

weather service is interagency support,

with an emphasis on the relationship

between the FAA and NWS. This unique

relationship has evolved from earlier congressional legislation. The 1995 NRC

report found that: “Developing a common

understanding of aviation weather

requirements between the FAA and NOAA

(National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration - parent agency of NWS) is

the critical first step in assessing current

aviation weather services and planning

improvements.” This finding supported

the report’s recommendation that the FAA

take a leadership role in defining its users’

requirements for meteorological services

and communicating them to the NWS. In

response, the FAA completed an initiative

to gather its requirements and will document them in an annual requirements letter

from the Secretary of Transportation to the

Secretary of Commerce.

With regard to the private-sector, the

Administrator issued a policy statement

defining an overall strategy for the implementation of a Flight Information Service

(FIS) data-link capability in the NAS.

This strategy represents a unique and collaborative model between the public and

private sector — allowing industry to provide the bulk of FIS data-link services

while the government supplies in-kind

assistance, such as radio frequencies for

communications.

The installation and commissioning of

Automated Surface Observing Systems

(ASOS) is continuing rapidly and is based

on guidance developed early in the program. In November of 1994, senior management officials from the FAA and the

NWS met with executives from 14 national aviation associations to discuss surface

weather observation services. The outcome of this was an agreement for the

government to work together with industry to define service standards for surface

observations. As a result, a government

and industry team assessed the needs for

surface observations at the Nation’s airports. Their effort resulted in an agreement to implement a four-level service

standard for ASOS sites. These service

standards were published in the Federal

Register and were implemented in July of

1996. To provide the appropriate observational service, the FAA uses automated

systems, human observers, or a mix of the

two. The box below describes the four

levels of service. 

LEVEL D SERVICE is provided by a standard, stand-alone

Automated Weather Observing System (AWOS) or an

Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS). In the future,

as many as 600 airports worldwide may have Level D service.

LEVEL C SERVICE includes the ASOS/AWOS, plus augmentation 

by control tower personnel. When in operation and observed, 

tower personnel will add to the report: thunderstorms, tornadoes, 

hail, tower visibility, volcanic ash, and virga. 

Level C service covers about 250 airports.

LEVEL B SERVICE includes all of the weather parameters in Level C 

service plus Runway Visual Range (RVR), and the following, 

when observed: freezing drizzle versus freezing rain, ice pellets, 

snow depth and snow increasing rapidly remarks, 

thunderstorm and lightning location remarks, and remarks 

for observed significant weather not at the station. 

Level B service covers about 57 airports.

LEVEL A SERVICE includes all of the weather parameters in Level B 

service plus 10-minute averaged RVR for long-line transmission or

additional visibility increments of 1/8, 1/16, and 0 miles. 

Level A service covers about 78 airports.

SPECIFIC ACCOMPLISHMENTS

AVIATION WEATHER: TAKING A LEADERSHIP ROLE
1-3

The criteria ranking airports into the four

levels of service is based on airport operation, weighed by the incidence of bad

weather, distance to the nearest suitable

alternate airport, and critical airport characteristics. Subsequent reviews of the service standards in 1997 and 1998 reaffirmed the ranking criteria established in

1996. The standards have shown the flexibility to adjust appropriately to changes in

airport traffic and other critical characteristics.

In addition to fielding ASOS, several other

significant milestones have been accomplished within the FAA and other agencies

to improve aviation weather services.

These improvements include:

• The first ever forecast of freezing 

precipitation aloft at the NWS 

Aviation Weather Center

(AWC) in Kansas City.

• Upgrades to WSR-88D algorithms to

better identify storm cells 

and detect hail.

• Initiation of the Water Vapor

Sensing System program in 

cooperation with the United Parcel

Service (UPS) to install airborne

humidity sensors on six UPS aircraft

as a precursor to icing detection 

and weather forecasting.

• Operating a Chicago testbed

to provide ground deicing 

decision-making information 

to United Airlines, American

Airlines, and the City of Chicago.

• Implementing the Rapid Update

Cycle (RUC) II at NWS as the 

operational model in April of 1998. 

The RUC-II provides better

horizontal and vertical resolution and

is able to explicitly forecast parameters

that adversely impact aviation.

• The AWC in 1997 established

initial operating capability with 

the Aviation Digital Data Service 

(ADDS) component of the Aviation 

Gridded Forecast System (AGFS).

• Forecasters produced a 1-hour

terminal convective product for

testing at the Dallas-Fort Worth airport. A national scale convective

weather product was available for the

airlines use during the summer of 1998.

• Automated the integration of radar

and snow gauge data to provide 

guidance products for managing the

use of deicing fluid, holdover times,

and departures at the Denver

International, Chicago O’Hare, and

New York LaGuardia airports.

The FAA also has in place a number of

acquisition programs aimed at improving

detection and forecasting hazardous

weather, including dissemination of weather products to improve safety.

Many of these programs deal with wind

shear and microburst detection. The programs resulted from NTSB investigations

and recommendations following a series of

fatal air carrier accidents from the late

1970’s to the mid 1980’s. The FAA has

made sizable investments in all aspects of

wind shear and microburst detection

research and development, systems acquisition, training, and education. The cornerstone of the FAA’s wind shear detection

acquisition programs is the Terminal

Doppler Weather Radar (TDWR). The

FAA is currently installing 45 TDWRs at

the major United States airports with climatological characteristics amenable to the

formation of low-level wind shear. An

additional 33 airports will be equipped

with less expensive wind shear detection

devices based on Doppler technology

incorporated in Airport Surveillance Radar

(ASR). Finally, 110 additional airports in

the country will continue to operate the

existing Low-Level Wind Shear Alert

System (ILWAS). A handful of LLWASs

will be enhanced with additional

anemometers, central processors, and taller

masts.

In addition, the FAA formed partnerships

with the NWS and the Department of

Defense to implement a network of nextgeneration weather radar — the Weather

Surveillance Radar 1998 Doppler (WSR88D). These agencies recently completed

a nationwide installation of WSR-88Ds,

significantly enhancing the capability to

detect convective activity, thunderstorms,

tornadoes, and other hazardous weather

phenomena. Also, the FAA and the NWS

have nearly completed the installation of

the Automated Weather Observing System

(AWOS) and its more sophisticated companion system, the Automated Surface

Observing System (ASOS).

The FAA is in the process of implementing

two major programs: the Weather and

Radar Processor (WARP) and the

Integrated Terminal Weather System

(ITWS). WARP and ITWS are paired to

provide aviation weather processing and

product generation and display capability

to air traffic controllers throughout the

NAS. WARP will be fielded in three

stages with Stages 1 and 2 becoming operational in the year 2000. 

WARP will provide the Center Weather

Service Unit (CWSU) meteorologists with

a meteorological workstation and accompanying tool sets. WARP will also provide

connectivity to the Display System

AVIATION WEATHER: TAKING A LEADERSHIP ROLE

Copyright - University Corporation for Atmospheric Resarch.
1-4

Replacement (DSR) (controllers’ common

console) and furnish it with WSR-88D

data. WARP Stage 3, which incorporates

future advances, will be operational after

the year 2000. ITWS will integrate weather data from automated surface observing

systems, Doppler weather radar, and lowlevel wind shear alert systems, together

with NWS data and products, to forecast

aviation impact variables, such as convection, visibility, icing, and wind shear,

including downbursts. ITWS is expected

to be operational by the year 2003 at the 45

airports currently slated to receive

TDWRs.

Finally, the FAA also intends to fully

replace the aging Flight Service Station

Automation System with a state-of-the-art

system — the Operational and

Supportability Implementation System

(OASIS). OASIS will integrate graphics

weather display functions and perform

flight service data handling tasks. It is

scheduled to be fully operational by the

year 2002 at current automated Flight

Service Stations and 14 remote Alaskan

sites.

Despite the recent improvements and innovations, opportunities to create better aviation weather products and services still

exist. Aviation weather research and

development (R&D), in coordination with

NASA and other agencies, is a key element

of the FAA’s ability to satisfy users’ present and future requirements.

Many of the recommendations made by

external users during the National Aviation

Weather Users Forum in 1993 dealt with

improving the quality and content of the

weather products and services. The FAA

acknowledged the need for improvement

in these areas and the FAAAdministrator’s

Aviation Weather Policy defines the

agency’s commitment “...research, development, and acquisition are focused on

products that will improve the safety and

efficiency of the air traffic system.”

In quantitative terms, the safety goal of the

FAA Associate Administrator for Research

and Acquisition is “...through research,

identify methods that, when implemented,

would reduce the fatal aviation accident

rate by 80 percent by 2007 as compared to

1990-1996 baseline data.” Additionally,

to address system efficiency, the goal is to

“develop and demonstrate the capability

of new systems to decrease the rate of

delays due to weather by 10 percent by

2002.” If the FAA invests wisely in

today’s research to understand present day

challenges, a stronger system can be built

which will improve the overall quality of

the NAS.

In the past decade, the FAA initiated several major R&D programs to study, develop,

and implement better weather detection

and prediction capability. These programs

address a wide range of safety related

atmospheric phenomena, such as thunderstorms, turbulence, icing, visibility, and

wind shear, that have safety implications.

These programs also complement NASA’s

research in aircraft systems and design.

A major area of concern in recent years has

been the downward pressure on the FAA’s

aviation weather R&D budget, which has

led to wide fluctuations in funding levels

from one year to the next. Another problem pointed out in the NRC report has

been the inadequate focus on R&D planning which has led to a fragmented

approach that does not prioritize activities

based on users needs. In response, the

FAA formed an integrated team with representatives from the FAA, NWS, and the

research laboratories to streamline and prioritize R&D activities.

The direction of the current Aviation

Weather Research (AWR) program is to

expand applied research. One objective is

to solve operational problems in concert

with users and to lead the development of

new and improved algorithms to predict

meteorological events that impact aviation.

Another objective is to seek alternatives

for the implementation of research results

either through existing FAA and NWS

platforms or through technology transfers

to private weather service providers supporting aviation. In addition, a limited

amount of basic meteorological research is

intended to advance the basic understanding of the atmospheric processes that lead

to development of hazardous weather.

The strategy being used in the AWR program is to work in concert with the operational elements of the FAA as well as other

R&D activities such as NASA’s Aviation

Safety Program to better match research

efforts with requirements. In order to foster collaboration between the laboratories

and ensure that duplicative efforts are

identified and eliminated, the agency

formed several meteorological product

development teams. Finally, to demonstrate early success and to build support for

the program, the focus has been shifted to

near-term projects.

The FAA has accepted the leadership role

in aviation weather. Internal organizational changes have placed more emphasis on

weather as a key component of the FAA

mission. Aviation weather is also a component of the FAA Administrator’s “Safer

Skies Agenda.” The FAA has chaired

interagency groups, established a strategic

vision, and developed supporting initiatives for a safer and more efficient NAS.

System acquisition programs to enhance

the detection, display, and dissemination of

hazardous weather information are in

place, and R&D in areas critical to aviation

safety, such as in-flight icing and turbulence, are producing new products for

operational use. The NWS Aviation

Weather Center, the central forecast center

for civil aviation users, has already initiated new products for forecasting hazardous

conditions.

Providing aviation weather services is a

team effort. The FAA has increased coordination with the NWS and NASA and has

reached out to the private sector to build a

strong team. It is imperative that the FAA

maintain its leadership role and continue to

build on the successes already achieved.

AVIATION WEATHER: TAKING A LEADERSHIP ROLE

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT

CONCLUSION


5'%6+10

RESOURCE INFORMATION AND AGENCY PROGRAM UPDATES

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 TABLE 2.1 METEOROLOGICAL OPERATIONS AND SUPPORTING RESEARCH COSTS*, BY AG

 (Thousands of Dollars)

% of % of 

Operations FY99 Supporting Research FY99 Total 

AGENCY FY98 FY99 %CHG TOTAL FY98 FY99 %CHG TOTAL FY98 FYAgriculture 12553 12600 0.4 0.6 15591 15500 -0.6 4.0 28144 2Commerce/NOAA(Subtot) 1095964 1285339 17.3 58.7 78569 70768 -9.9 18.1 1174533 135 NWS 644696 652688 1.2 29.8 23172 18111 -21.8 4.6 667868 67 NESDIS 434637 615128 41.5 28.1 9740 9800 0.6 2.5 444377 62 OAR 2700 3000 11.1 0.1 44763 41963 -6.3 10.8 47463 4 NOS 8250 8250 0.0 0.4 0 0 0.0 0.0 8250  NOAA Corps 5681 6273 10.4 0.3 894 894 0.0 0.2 6575 Defense(Subtot) 442151 438228 -0.9 20.0 79349.2 87013.2 9.7 22.3 521500.2 5252 Air Force 266932 265905 -0.4 12.1 41239 40063 -2.9 10.3 308171 30 DMSP** 41034 35415 -13.7 1.6 12425 20432 64.4 5.2 53459 5 Navy 108240 109879 1.5 5.0 11985 12284 2.5 3.1 120225 12 Army 25945 27029 4.2 1.2 13700.2 14234.2 3.9 3.6 39645.2 412Interior/BLM 800 800 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 800 Transportation/CG 6000 6000 0.0 0.3 0 0 0.0 0.0 6000 Transportation/FAA 412277.5 442648.2 7.4 20.2 13839.7 13954.8 0.8 3.6 426117.2 45EPA 0 0 0.0 0.0 5700 5700 0.0 1.5 5700 NASA 3790 2963 -21.8 0.1 194200 197095 1.5 50.5 197990 20NRC 109 110 0.9 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 109 TOTAL 1973644.5 2188688.2 10.9 100.0 387248.9 390031 4.0 100.0 2360893.4 25787% of FY TOTAL 83.6% 84.9% 16.4% 15.1% 100.0% 10*The FY 1998 funding reflects Congressionally appropriated funds; the FY 1999 funding reflects the amount requested in the President’s FY 1submission to Congress.**DMSP is the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program that supports all DOD Components and other government agencies. It is primarily fumanaged by the Air Force.


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ECPOCMGCHCUVVTCPUKVKQPVQDCVVNGHKGNFU[UVGOU

9GCVJGTGHHGEVUCPFVCEVKECNRTQHKNGTUJCXGDGGPJKIJ

RC[QHHCTGCUHQT#4.#VVJG#TO[4GUGCTEJ1HHKEG

QPN[CUOCNNKPETGCUGQEEWTUHTQO(;VQ

DWVVJGUQWTEGQHUQOGRTQITCOHWPFKPIEJCPIGU6JG

#WIOGPVCVKQP#YCTFUHQT5EKGPEG'PIKPGGTKPICPF

4GUGCTEJ6TCKPKPI
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VQQMCEVKQPVQFKUEQPVKPWGVJG##5'46RTQITCO FKUUGOKPCVKQPQHCXKCVKQPYGCVJGTFCVCRTQFWEVU

OCMKPIOQTGHWPFUCXCKNCDNGHQT&74+2KPKVKCVKXGUKP KPHQTOCVKQPCPFUJQTVTCPIGCWVQOCVGFYCTPKPIUCPF

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6JG&1+HWPFKPITGSWGUVHQT(;KU YJGPCPFYJGTGJGQTUJGPGGFUKV6JG(##CNUQ

6JKUHKIWTGKUHQTOGVGQTQNQIKECNQRGTCVKQPU UWRRQTVUTGUGCTEJVQKORTQXGVJGQDUGTXCVKQP

CPFUWRRQTVQHVJG$WTGCWQH.CPF/CPCIGOGPV$./ FKUUGOKPCVKQPCPFHQTGECUVKPIQHCXKCVKQPYGCVJGT

TGOQVGUGPUKPITGSWKTGOGPVUHQT4GOQVG#WVQOCVKE 6JGGPFWUGTUQHVJGTGUWNVKPIRTQFWEVUKPENWFGRKNQVU

9GCVJGT5VCVKQP
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2TQITCOU0QTOCNQRGTCVKQPUCPFOCKPVGPCPEGQHVJG 

TGUVTWEVWTGF4#95RTQITCOKUCRRTQZKOCVGN[

DGIKPPKPIVJKU[GCT
6JKUKPENWFGU

RGTUQPPGNXGJKENGURGTFKGOPQTOCNRTQEWTGOGPV

CPFHCEKNKVKGU

6JG$./QRVKOK\CVKQPGHHQTVKP4#95YKNN 5JGCT2TQEGUUQT#5159GCVJGT&KURNC[5[UVGO

EQPVKPWGKP6QFCVGVJGPWODGTQHUVCVKQPUJCU 0':4#&2TQFWEV+ORTQXGOGPVVJG6GTOKPCN&QRRNGT

DGGPTGFWEGFD[RGTEGPV%QPVKPWGFQRVKOK\CVKQP 9GCVJGT4CFCT
6&94CPFVJG#GTQPCWVKECN&CVC

YKNNVCMGRNCEGQXGTVJGPGZVHGY[GCTU5WDUGSWGPV .KPM&GETGCUGUCTGCUUQEKCVGFYKVJVJGEQORNGVKQPQT

EQUVUCXKPIUKPQRGTCVKQPUEQUVUYKNNDGWUGFVQTGRNCEG PGCTEQORNGVKQPQHCURGEKHKERTQITCO
5GEVKQP

CIKPIGSWKROGPVCPFWRITCFGUGPUQTRCEMCIGU EQPVCKPUFGUETKRVKQPUQHVJGUGRTQITCOU

2TQRQUGFEJCPIGUKP.KIJVPKPI&GVGEVKQPQRGTCVKQPU

YKNNHWTVJGTTGFWEGVJGQWV[GCTGZRGPFKVWTGUKPVJKU

&'2#46/'061(64#052146#6+10&16

6JGOGVGQTQNQIKECNRTQITCOUHQTVJG(GFGTCN

#XKCVKQP#FOKPKUVTCVKQPCPFVJG7PKVGF5VCVGU%QCUV

)WCTFHQT(;CPF(;CTGFGUETKDGFDGNQY

6JGVQVCN(##TGSWGUVHQTCXKCVKQPYGCVJGTKP

(;KUOKNNKQPHQTDQVJQRGTCVKQPUCPF

UWRRQTVKPITGUGCTEJVJG(##HWPFKPIHQT(;HQT

CXKCVKQPYGCVJGTYCUOKNNKQP6JGKPETGCUGKP

VJGDWFIGVKURTKPEKRCNN[KPQRGTCVKQPUYJKEJYKNNTKUG

HTQOVJGCRRTQRTKCVGFOKNNKQPVQVJGTGSWGUVGF

OKNNKQP(WPFKPIHQTUWRRQTVKPITGUGCTEJKP

(;YKNNKPETGCUGUNKIJVN[VQCNOQUVOKNNKQP

YGCVJGTKPHQTOCVKQPRTQXKFGFVQVJGCXKCVKQPEWUVQOGT

+P(;U[UVGOCESWKUKVKQPUKPETGCUGD[

RGTEGPVVQOKNNKQP#ESWKUKVKQPRTQITCOUYKVJ

UKIPKHKECPVKPETGCUGUCTGVJG1RGTCVKQPCNCPF

5WRRQTVCDKNKV[+ORNGOGPVCVKQP5[UVGO
1#5+5VJG

+PVGITCVGF6GTOKPCN9GCVJGT5[UVGO
+6959KPF


+PFKXKFWCNU[UVGOCESWKUKVKQPCPFQRGTCVKQPCN YCTPKPIUVQVJGOCTKPGEQOOWPKV[XKCTCFKQ

RTQITCOUYKVJEJCPIGUITGCVGTVJCPOKNNKQPCTG VTCPUOKUUKQPU%QCUV)WCTFUJQTGUVCVKQPUQHVGPUGTXG

NKUVGFDGNQY CUUKVGUHQT095CWVQOCVGFEQCUVCNYGCVJGTUVCVKQPU

%JCPIG CPFVJG0CVKQPCN&CVC$WQ[%GPVGTRTQXKFGUNQIKUVKEU

2TQITCO 
/KNNKQPU UWRRQTVKPFGRNQ[KPICPFOCKPVCKPKPI01##QHHUJQTG

YGCVJGTDWQ[U6JG+PVGTPCVKQPCN+EG2CVTQNEQPFWEVU

5[UVGOU#ESWKUKVKQP KEGDGTIUWTXGKNNCPEGQRGTCVKQPUCPFRTQXKFGUYCTPKPIU

#WVQOCVGF5WTHCEG1DUGTXKPI5[UVGO  VQOCTKPGTUQPVJGRTGUGPEGQHKEGDGTIUKPVJG0QTVJ

9GCVJGTCPF4CFCT2TQEGUUQT  #VNCPVKEUJKRRKPINCPGU

6GTOKPCN&QRRNGT9GCVJGT4CFCT  

+PVGITCVGF6GTOKPCN9GCVJGT5[UVGO 

9KPF5JGCT2TQEGUUQT  #NNQHVJG'2#	UHWPFKPIQHOGVGQTQNQIKECN

#5159GCVJGT&KURNC[5[UVGO  RTQITCOUKUHQTUWRRQTVKPITGUGCTEJ6JGCPVKEKRCVGF

1RGTCVKQPCNCPF5WRRQTVCDKNKV[+ORNGOGPVCVKQP HWPFKPINGXGNKP(;HQTFKTGEVGFOGVGQTQNQIKECN

5[UVGO1#5+5  TGUGCTEJKUOKNNKQPYJKEJKUCRRTQZKOCVGN[VJG

#GTQPCWVKECN&CVC.KPM  UCOGCUVJG(;HWPFKPINGXGN6QRTQOQVG

GZEGNNGPEGKPGPXKTQPOGPVCNUEKGPEGCPFGPIKPGGTKPI 1RGTCVKQPU5WRRQTV

(NKIJV5GTXKEG5VCVKQPU1RGTCVKQPU 

#XKCVKQP9GCVJGT&KTGEVQTCVG 

6JG(;HWPFKPITGSWGUVHQTQRGTCVKQPCN HWPFKPIHQTITCPVUYKVJTGNKCPEGQPSWCNKV[UEKGPEGCPF

UWRRQTVKPETGCUGUD[OKNNKQP
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OKNNKQP6JGEJCPIGTGHNGEVUOQFGUVKPETGCUGU VJGGFWECVKQPCPFECTGGTUQHHWVWTGUEKGPVKUVUYKNN

HQTNGCUGFEQOOWPKECVKQPUEQPVTCEVYGCVJGT RTQXKFGHQTCOQTGDCNCPEGFNQPIVGTOECRKVCN

QDUGTXCVKQPUEGTVCKPOCKPVGPCPEGHWPEVKQPUCPF(NKIJV KPXGUVOGPVKPKORTQXGFGPXKTQPOGPVCNTGUGCTEJCPF

5GTXKEG5VCVKQPQRGTCVKQPUFGXGNQROGPV

5WRRQTVKPITGUGCTEJHWPFKPIKPETGCUGUHTQO 6JGHWPFKPIHQTVJGITCPVURTQITCOYKNNTGOCKPCV

OKNNKQPKP(;VQOKNNKQPKP(; OKNNKQPKP(;6JGCWIOGPVGFITCPVU

6JGPWODGTQHRGTUQPPGNGZRGEVGFVQDGGPICIGFKP RTQITCOYKNNHWPFTGUGCTEJKPCTGCUKPENWFKPI

(##	UCXKCVKQPYGCVJGTRTQITCOKUPGCTN[NGXGNCV GEQNQIKECNCUUGUUOGPVCKTSWCNKV[GPXKTQPOGPVCNHCVG

 CPFVTGCVOGPVQHVQZKECPFJC\CTFQWUYCUVGUCPF

GZRNQTCVQT[TGUGCTEJ6JGRQTVKQPQHVJGUGITCPVUVJCV 7PKVGF5VCVGU%QCUV)WCTF75%)

#NNQH75%)	UHWPFKPIHQTOGVGQTQNQIKECN (;ECPPQVDGHQTGUGGPDWVKVKURTQDCDNGVJCVVJG

RTQITCOUKUHQTQRGTCVKQPUUWRRQTV(QT(;VJG ITCPVCYCTFUYKNNKPETGCUGVJGDCUGCOQWPVQH

TGSWGUVGFHWPFKPINGXGNKUOKNNKQP
6JG%QCUV OKNNKQPNKUVGFCDQXGHQTFKTGEVGFOGVGQTQNQIKECN

)WCTFFQGUPQVJCXGCURGEKHKERTQITCOCPFDWFIGVHQT TGUGCTEJ

OGVGQTQNQI[CNNOGVGQTQNQIKECNCEVKXKVKGUCTG 

CEEQORNKUJGFCURCTVQHIGPGTCNQRGTCVKQPU6JG%QCUV

)WCTF	UCEVKXKVKGUKPENWFGVJGEQNNGEVKQPCPF

FKUUGOKPCVKQPQHOGVGQTQNQIKECNCPFKEGDGTIYCTPKPI

KPHQTOCVKQPHQTVJGDGPGHKVQHVJGOCTKPGEQOOWPKV[

6JG%QCUV)WCTFCNUQEQNNGEVUEQCUVCNCPFOCTKPG

QDUGTXCVKQPUHTQOKVUUJQTGUVCVKQPUCPFEWVVGTUCPF

VTCPUOKVUVJGUGQDUGTXCVKQPUFCKN[VQVJG0CX[	U(NGGV

0WOGTKECN/GVGQTQNQI[CPF1EGCPQITCRJ[%GPVGTCPF

01##	U0CVKQPCN9GCVJGT5GTXKEG6JGUGQDUGTXC

VKQPUCTGWUGFD[DQVJVJG0CX[CPF01##KP

IGPGTCVKPIYGCVJGTHQTGECUVU6JG%QCUV)WCTFCNUQ

FKUUGOKPCVGUCXCTKGV[QHYGCVJGTHQTGECUVRTQFWEVUCPF

'08+410/'06#.2416'%6+10#)'0%;'2#

VJG'2#JCUGUVCDNKUJGFCPGYPCVKQPCNHGNNQYUJKR

RTQITCOCPFUWDUVCPVKCNN[KPETGCUGFKVUUWRRQTVHQT

KPXGUVKICVQTKPKVKCVGFTGUGCTEJITCPVU6JGKPETGCUGKP

YKNNDGCYCTFGFHQTOGVGQTQNQIKECNTGUGCTEJFWTKPI

6JG'2#KUEQPVKPWKPIKVUFGXGNQROGPVCPF

XCNKFCVKQPQHCKTSWCNKV[FKURGTUKQPOQFGNUHQTCKT

RQNNWVCPVUQPCNNVGORQTCNCPFURCVKCNUECNGUCU

OCPFCVGFD[VJG%NGCP#KT#EVCUCOGPFGF4GUGCTEJ

YKNNHQEWUQPKPFQQTWTDCPOGUQUECNGTGIKQPCNCPF

OWNVKOGFKCOQFGNUYJKEJYKNNDGWUGFVQFGXGNQRCKT

RQNNWVKQPEQPVTQNUVTCVGIKGUCPFJWOCPCPFGEQU[UVGO

GZRQUWTGCUUGUUOGPVU6JGTGYKNNDGKPETGCUGF

GORJCUKURNCEGFQPOGVGQTQNQIKECNTGUGCTEJKPVQ

TGIKQPCNCPFWTDCPHQTOCVKQPCPFVTCPURQTVQHQ\QPG

CPFRCTVKEWNCVGRQNNWVKQPKPUWRRQTVQHVJGRTQRQUGF

TGXKUKQPUVQVJG0CVKQPCN#ODKGPV#KT3WCNKV[

5VCPFCTFU+PETGCUGFGHHKEKGPE[QHEQORWVCVKQPCPF


KPVGTRTGVCVKQPQHTGUWNVUKUDGKPIOCFGRQUUKDNGD[ PGCTN[RGTEGPVKUTGSWGUVGFHQTVJGTGUGCTEJCPF

OGCPUQHJKIJRGTHQTOCPEGEQORWVKPICPFUEKGPVKHKE CPCN[UKURTQITCOUCUYGCRRTQCEJNCWPEJCEVKXKVKGUKP

XKUWCNK\CVKQPVGEJPKSWGU VJG'15RTQITCO0#5#CNUQHWPFUCOKNNKQP

RTQITCOQHYGCVJGTTGNCVGFTGUGCTEJHQTCXKCVKQPUCHGV[ 0#6+10#.#'410#76+%5#0&52#%'

#&/+0+564#6+100#5# 07%.'#44')7.#614;%1//+55+1004%

0GCTN[CNNQH0#5#	UHWPFKPIKPOGVGQTQNQI[KU 6JG04%TGSWGUVGFHWPFKPIKUHQTOGVGQTQNQIKECN

HQTUWRRQTVKPITGUGCTEJ6JGTGSWGUVGFHWPFKPIHQT QRGTCVKQPU6JG(;TGSWGUVHQTKU

UWRRQTVKPITGUGCTEJKP(;KUOKNNKQP GUUGPVKCNN[WPEJCPIGFHTQOVJG(;TGSWGUV

YJKEJKUXKTVWCNN[WPEJCPIGFHTQOVJG(;HWPFKPI 

NGXGN6JGUGHWPFKPINGXGNUCTGEQORQUGFQHVJG

GUVKOCVGFOGVGQTQNQI[UJCTGQHVJGUWRRQTVKPITGUGCTEJ

CPFCPCN[UKURTQITCOUCUYGNNCU'CTVJ1DUGTXKPI

5[UVGO
'15CPF'CTVJ2TQDGKPUVTWOGPVU'15

UEKGPEGCPF'15&CVCCPF+PHQTOCVKQP5[UVGOU


'15&+56JG(;NGXGNTGHNGEVUPGCTN[C

RGTEGPVKPETGCUGKPVJG'15CPFCRGTEGPVFGETGCUGKP

VJG'15&+5HWPFKPIHTQOVJGEQTTGURQPFKPI(;

NGXGNU6JG'CTVJ2TQDGUNKPGHQT(;KUPGCTN[

RGTEGPVNQYGTVJCPVJG(;NGXGN6JKUNKPG

TGHNGEVUTGFWEVKQPUFWGVQVJGNCWPEJQHVJG64//

UCVGNNKVGKP0QXGODGT6JKUTGFWEVKQPKUQHHUGVD[

CUNKIJVKPETGCUGKPHWPFKPIHQTVJG'CTVJ5[UVGO

5EKGPEG2CVJHKPFGTU'552RTQITCO#PKPETGCUGQH

6JGOGVGQTQNQIKECNUWRRQTVRTQITCOKPVJG7PKVGF

5VCVGU0WENGCT4GIWNCVQT[%QOOKUUKQPKUHQEWUGF

RTKOCTKN[QPQDVCKPKPICPFCPCN[\KPIOGVGQTQNQIKECN

FCVCCPFKPHQTOCVKQPVQDGWVKNK\GFKPCVOQURJGTKE

VTCPURQTVCPFFKURGTUKQPOQFGNUWUGFKPFQUG

RTQLGEVKQPURNWOGRCVJYC[EJCTCEVGTK\CVKQPUCPF

EQPEGPVTCVKQPGUVKOCVGUTGNCVGFVQVJGUCHGQRGTCVKQPQH

PWENGCTHCEKNKVKGUCPFVJGRTQVGEVKQPQHRWDNKEJGCNVJCPF

UCHGV[CPFVJGGPXKTQPOGPV1DVCKPKPIEWTTGPV

CEEWTCVGCPFTGNGXCPVOGVGQTQNQIKECNKPHQTOCVKQPQPC

TGCNVKOGDCUKUHQTWUGFWTKPIGOGTIGPEKGUKUVJG

RTKOCT[EQPUKFGTCVKQP6JG04%DWFIGVKPVJKUCTGC

TGHNGEVUVJKURTKQTKV[

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6CDNGFGRKEVUJQYVJGCIGPEKGURNCPVQQDNKICVG UWRRQTVVQUGXGTCNIQXGTPOGPVCIGPEKGUUWEJCUVJG#KT

VJGKTHWPFUHQTOGVGQTQNQIKECNQRGTCVKQPUDTQMGPFQYP (QTEG	U&/52CTGNKUVGFQPCUGRCTCVGNKPG

D[DWFIGVECVGIQT[6JGVYQOCLQTECVGIQTKGUCTG 

1RGTCVKQPU5WRRQTVCPF5[UVGOU#ESWKUKVKQP6Q

CNCTIGFGITGGVJGUGECVGIQTKGUEQTTGURQPFVQPQP

JCTFYCTGEQUVU
1RGTCVKQPU5WRRQTVCPFJCTFYCTG

EQUVU5[UVGOU#ESWKUKVKQP(QTCIGPE[EQPXGPKGPEG

KPKFGPVKH[KPIUOCNNEQORQPGPVUVJCVFQPQVHKVKPVQ

VJGUGVYQOCLQTECVGIQTKGUCVJKTFECVGIQT[KUCFFGF

ECNNGF5RGEKCN2TQITCOU2TQITCOUVJCVRTQXKFG

6CDNGFGUETKDGUJQYVJGCIGPEKGURNCPVQ

QDNKICVGVJGKTHWPFUHQTOGVGQTQNQIKECNUWRRQTVKPI

TGUGCTEJCEEQTFKPIVQDWFIGVECVGIQTKGU6JGCIGPEKGU	

UWRRQTVKPITGUGCTEJDWFIGVUCTGUWDFKXKFGFCNQPI

UKOKNCTNKPGU4GUGCTEJCPF&GXGNQROGPV
PQP

JCTFYCTG5[UVGOU&GXGNQROGPV
JCTFYCTGCPF

5RGEKCN2TQITCOUHQTVJQUGKVGOUVJCVFQPQVGCUKN[HKV

KPVQVJGVYQOCLQTECVGIQTKGU

#)'0%;(70&+0)$;5'48+%'%#6')14;

6CDNGUWOOCTK\GUJQYVJGCIGPEKGURNCPVQ RGTEGPVQHVJGVQVCNQRGTCVKQPCNEQUVUYJKNG

QDNKICVGQRGTCVKQPCNHWPFUHQTDCUKECPFURGEKCNK\GF CXKCVKQPUGTXKEGUTGSWKTGCDQWVRGTEGPV6JG

OGVGQTQNQIKECNUGTXKEGU6CDNGKUCUKOKNCT TGOCKPKPIRGTEGPVKUFKUVTKDWVGFCOQPIVJGQVJGT

DTGCMQWVHQTUWRRQTVKPITGUGCTEJHWPFU6CDNG URGEKCNK\GFUGTXKEGU6JGFGHKPKVKQPUQHURGEKCNK\GF

TGXGCNUVJCVDCUKEUGTXKEGUTGSWKTGCRRTQZKOCVGN[ CPFDCUKEUGTXKEGUCTGFGUETKDGFDGNQY
TABLE 2.2 AGENCY OPERATIONAL COSTS, BY BUDGET CATEGORY

 (Thousands of Dollars)

 Operations Systems Special  Support Acquisition Programs To

AGENCY FY98 FY99 FY98 FY99 FY98 FY99 FY98 FYAgriculture 12553 12600 0 0 0 0 12553 Commerce/NOAA(Subtot) 556666 594777 518618 667600 20680 22962 1095964 12 NWS 444160 484069 185713 152843 14823 15776 644696 6 NESDIS 99075 96685 332905 514757 2657 3686 434637 6 OAR 0 0 0 0 2700 3000 2700  NOS 7750 7750 0 0 500 500 8250  NOAA Corps 5681 6273 0 0 0 0 5681 Defense(Subtot) 402436 400852 39626 37262 89 114 442151 4 Air Force 245676 247324 21256 18581 0 0 266932 2 DMSP* 27756 22973 13278 12442 0 0 41034  Navy 107528 109145 712 734 0 0 108240 1 Army 21476 21410 4380 5505 89 114 25945 Interior/BLM 600 640 200 160 0 0 800 Transportation/CG 6000 6000 0 0 0 0 6000 Transportation/FAA 306600 311367 102126.5 124760.2 3551 6521 412277.5 442EPA ------ Not Applicable ------NASA 2460 2848 1330 115 0 0 3790 NRC 109 110 0 0 0 0 109 TOTAL 1287424 1329194 661900.5 829897.2 24320 29597 1973644.5 2188% of FY TOTAL 65.2% 60.7% 33.5% 37.9% 1.2% 1.4% 100.0% 1*DMSP is the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program that supports all DOD Components and other government agencies. It is primarily managed by the Air Force.
TABLE 2.3 AGENCY SUPPORTING RESEARCH COSTS, BY BUDGET CATEGORY

 (Thousands of Dollars)

 Research & Systems Special  Development Development Programs T

AGENCY FY98 FY99 FY98 FY99 FY98 FY99 FY98 FAgriculture 15591 15500 0 0 0 0 15591 Commerce/NOAA(Subtot) 55855 57390 13670 8134 9044 5244 78569  NWS 11372 11847 11800 6264 0 0 23172  NESDIS 9740 9800 0 0 0 0 9740  OAR 34743 35743 1870 1870 8150 4350 44763  NOS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  NOAA Corps 0 0 0 0 894 894 894 Defense(Subtot) 76448 84122 2513.2 2491.2 388 400 79349.2 8 Air Force 41239 40063 0 0 0 0 41239  DMSP* 12425 20432 0 0 0 0 12425  Navy 11985 12284 0 0 0 0 11985  Army 10799 11343 2513.2 2491.2 388 400 13700.2 1Interior/BLM ------ Not Applicable ------Transportation/CG ------ Not Applicable ------Transportation/FAA 13839.7 13954.8 0 0 0 0 13839.7 1EPA 5700 5700 0 0 0 0 5700 NASA 116110 119825 51840 51020 26250 26250 194200 NRC ------ Not Applicable ------TOTAL 283543.7 296491.8 68023.2 61645.2 35682 31894 387248.9 3% of FY TOTAL 73.2% 76.0% 17.6% 15.8% 9.2% 8.2% 100.0% 1*DMSP is the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program that supports all DOD Components and other government agencies. It is primarimanaged by the Air Force.
 TABLE 2.4 AGENCY OPERATIONAL COSTS, BY SERVICE

 (Thousands of Dollars)

 Basic Agriculture General Meteorology Aviation Marine & Forestry Military O

AGENCY FY98 FY99 FY98 FY99 FY98 FY99 FY98 FY99 FY98 FY99 FY9Agriculture 0 0 0 0 0 0 12553 12600 0 0 Commerce/NOAA(Subtot) 1024737 1213220 41277 41869 27250 27250 0 0 0 0 27 NWS 590100 598092 35596 35596 19000 19000 0 0 0 0  NESDIS 434637 615128 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  OAR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 NOS 0 0 0 0 8250 8250 0 0 0 0  NOAA Corps 0 0 5681 6273 0 0 0 0 0 0 Defense(Subtot) 18726 19009 299100 298561 31346 31821 0 0 86279 82024 67 Air Force 0 0 266932 265905 0 0 0 0 0 0  DMSP* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 41034 35415  Navy 18726 19009 32147 32634 31346 31821 0 0 20295 20602 57 Army 0 0 21 22 0 0 0 0 24950 26007 9Interior/BLM 0 0 0 0 0 0 800 800 0 0 Transportation/CG 0 0 0 0 6000 6000 0 0 0 0 Transportation/FAA 0 0 412277.5 442648.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 EPA ------ Not Applicable ------NASA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 37NRC 109 110 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TOTAL 1043572 1232339 752654.5 783078.2 64596 65071 13353 13400 86279 82024 13% of FY TOTAL 52.9% 56.3% 38.1% 35.8% 3.3% 3.0% 0.7% 0.6% 4.4% 3.7% 0.*DMSP is the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program that supports all DOD Components and other government agencies. It is primarily funded and managed by 
 TABLE 2.5 AGENCY SUPPORTING RESEARCH COSTS, BY SERVICE

 (Thousands of Dollars)

 Basic Agriculture General Meteorology Aviation Marine & Forestry Military Oth

AGENCY FY98 FY99 FY98 FY99 FY98 FY99 FY98 FY99 FY98 FY99 FY98 Agriculture 0 0 0 0 0 0 15591 15500 0 0 0 Commerce/NOAA(Subtot) 76944 69143 1625 1625 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  NWS 23172 18111 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  NESDIS 9740 9800 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  OAR 43138 40338 1625 1625 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  NOS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  NOAA Corps 894 894 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Defense(Subtot) 4613 4929 41240.2 40064.2 11985 12284 0 0 21411 29636 100  Air Force 0 0 41239 40063 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  DMSP* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12425 20432 0  Navy 0 0 0 0 11985 12284 0 0 0 0 0  Army 4613 4929 1.2 1.2 0 0 0 0 8986 9204 100 Interior/BLM ------ Not Applicable ------Transportation/CG ------ Not Applicable ------Transportation/FAA 0 0 13839.7 13954.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 EPA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5700 NASA 0 0 26250 26250 0 0 0 0 0 0 167950 NRC ------ Not Applicable ------TOTAL 81557 74072 82954.9 81894 11985 12284 15591 15500 21411 29636 173750 % of FY TOTAL 21.1% 19.0% 21.4% 21.0% 3.1% 3.1% 4.0% 4.0% 5.5% 7.6% 44.9% *DMSP is the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program that supports all DOD Components and other government agencies. It is primarily funded and m


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CDKNKV[VQRTQXKFGUGXGTGYKPVGTYGCVJGTIWKFCPEG

RTQFWEVU+P(;055.YKNNEQPVKPWGVQUWRRQTV

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DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE WEATHER PROGRAMS

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The Joint METOC Viewer (JMV) is a new coupled oceanographic component of COAMPS will

capability which will be integrated into NITES and combine the capabilities of the Optimum Thermal

eventually replace NODDS. Building on the incredible Interpolation System (OTIS), the Wave Model

global response to the World Wide Web (WWW) and (WAM), and the Princeton Ocean Model (POM) to

the successful user interface design of NODDS, JMV provide for fully interactive two-way coupling between

provides an intuitive Graphical User Interface for ocean and atmosphere. With lateral boundary

retrieving, viewing and annotating METOC conditions provided by FLENUMMETOCCEN global

information. JMV uses Web technology to allow models, COAMPS will provide the high-resolution,

access to FLENUMMETOCCEN METOC data from relocatable, and fully-integrated meteorological and

nearly anywhere in the world. Authorized DOD and oceanographic prediction capability required to support

Government users with WWW access now have a joint littoral operations.

simple, cost-efficient way to acquire weather and ocean 

information on several computer platforms and

operating systems. JMV is now operational at several

hundred DOD sites, including underway ships with

WWW capability.

SUPPORTING RESEARCH possible, and plans are in place to incorporate new

 capabilities as they are introduced. Because many The Navy administers a diverse research and

development (R&D) program, ranging from software

development to the engineering of sensors, interfaces,

processing, display, and distribution devices.

Application of R&D activities of the other services and

Federal agencies is always considered, and use of

existing government and commercial off-the-shelf

items is made.

The Navy is a world leader in the field of

numerical weather prediction for marine environmental

services. Transitioning fundamental scientific

research, through additional development, into the

operational meteorological and oceanographic models

is a key to a successful numerical prediction program.

This is an ongoing process at the Naval Research

Laboratory’s (NRL) Marine Meteorological Division,

co-located with FLENUMMETOCCEN to keep the

Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction

System (NOGAPS) and its companion Regional

Atmospheric Prediction System (NORAPS) at the

leading edge of technology. Continued upgrades to the

NOGAPS model are planned, incorporating asynoptic

and remotely-sensed data in the model initialization

process. The relocatable, high-resolution (15-45 km)

nested NORAPS model is now used routinely for

operational contingency support.

NORAPS will be replaced with the Coupled

Oceanographic and Atmospheric Mesoscale Prediction

System (COAMPS) model. The atmospheric

component of COAMPS will feature triple-nested grids

to resolutions of a few kilometers, non-hydrostatic

physics, explicit moisture physics and aerosols, and

improved data assimilation. The underlying and fully

The principal focus of the Navy R&D program in

remote sensing is the development of techniques to

extract tactically significant information in the littoral

regions of the world. Sensors aboard existing

satellites are being exploited to the greatest extent

satellite processing algorithms are designed for use

with tactical systems such as TESS(3), expert or rulebased scheme representations are employed wherever

possible to reduce manpower-intensive interpretation

procedures.
&1&

Development of upgraded data assimilation, The AN/UMQ-12 Mini-Rawinsonde (MRS)

quality control, and data management techniques in consists of a surface receiver, processor, and

support of these models is also underway. A major lightweight balloon-borne expendable sensor package

thrust has been initiated in the area of numerical to measure pressure, temperature, humidity, and wind

weather prediction to develop a shipboard tactical speed and direction. The Navy is transitioning to a

atmospheric forecast capability. This model, intended GPS-based mini-rawinsonde system.

for use in TESS(3)/NC, will deliver high resolution 

(5 km), limited area (100s of km), short range

(12-24 hr) atmospheric predictions and will assimilate

locally acquired data in real time. 

ONR is continuing to explore techniques for

assimilating environmental data through nontraditional sensors. One such effort in progress is

exploring the content and utility of a weather signal tap

from the AEGIS AN/SPY-1 air search radar system, a

potential candidate for a small-scale shipboard tactical

weather radar.

Sensor Development

The Shipboard Meteorological and Oceanographic

Observing System (SMOOS), currently being fielded,

was developed as part of the Navy R&D program in

sensor development. As a follow-on to SMOOS,

advanced engineering and development of new sensors

and related technologies is underway. Some of these

include:

< Autonomous drifting buoys for surface and

subsurface data.

< Autonomous sensor suites for all Navy ships.

< Aerosol measurement sensors.

< METOC data compression techniques to facilitate

communications.

The AN/WSQ-6 series expendable drifting buoys

will measure and report air and sea surface

temperatures, barometric pressure, subsurface ocean

temperature versus depth to 300 meters, omnidirectional ambient noise, wind speed and direction,

directional wave spectra, optical parameters, and other

properties of the near-surface air/sea environment. The

buoys sample and report hourly observations via

Service ARGOS; as other communications networks

such as Low Earth Orbiting satellites become

available, they will be utilized. Near real-time data

reception is available via Local User Terminals and

TESS(3). As funding and testing permit new sensors

will be added to the buoy platform. Multi-parameter,

long life, expendable instruments such as the

AN/WSQ-6 buoys are vital to the success of the United

States Navy’s contribution to a global ocean observing

capability.

Development efforts undertaken by NOAA/NWS

have been leveraged in Navy’s selection of the NWS’

Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) for

Navy and Marine Corps use ashore. Acquisition and

installation of ASOS systems continue at Navy and

Marine Corps stations worldwide in support of aviation

and local area forecasting requirements to replace

equipment that has been operated beyond its

maintenance life cycles. ASOS will assist

Meteorological Technicians in assimilating field

meteorological parameters and improving efficient

entry of surface aviation observations and synoptic

weather reports into the Automated Weather Network

(AWN).

Principal User Processors (PUPs) associated with

the Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) are

providing significant improvements in radar analysis

of meteorological features and severe weather over

the United States. The Navy and Marine Corps are

participating in the NEXRAD program and will utilize

these radars to satisfy their requirements for radar

coverage, where possible. On-site NEXRAD PUPs

will display imagery from NEXRAD systems

covering areas of routine military operations and

training.

The Navy will be procuring Supplemental

Weather Radars to provide radar coverage at selected

Navy and USMC sites, mostly overseas, not

scheduled to receive a NEXRAD PUP. This system

will replace the obsolete AN/FPS-106 weather radars

now in use.

The Marine Corps Meteorological Mobile Facility

Replacement (METMF(R)) is a transportable system

for providing meteorological support to the Marine Air

Ground Task Force (MAGTF). A cost and operational

effectiveness analysis of a replacement METMF has

been completed, and the system is nearing the

demonstration and validation phases of the acquisition

process. Housed in a 20 x 20 foot standard Marine

Corps van and transportable by a C-130 aircraft, this

system will provide a fully functioning weather office

for Marine Corps expeditionary airfields for 30 days

without resupply. It will include sub-systems for data

collection (MRS for upper air and a variety of local

and remote sensors), data processing (modified
&1&

TESS(3)), satellite image ingest and display, Doppler < AWS/Navy/NOAA agreement on shared

radar display (via the supplemental weather radar),

communications, briefing support, and support for

remote forces. The METMF(R) will be interoperable

with the Marine Corps C4I systems and METOC

systems of the other services via the Global Command

and Control System (GCCS).

Interagency Cooperation

To maximize efficiency and benefit for Navy and

NOAA cooperative activities, an Umbrella

Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) was signed in

1993. Both agencies continue to review present

agreements for conversion into annexes to this MOA

and identify new areas of cooperation. Specific areas

include:

< Cooperative endeavors in operational numerical

modeling, data exchange, and mutual backup

between FLENUMMETOCCEN and NCEP.

< Navy/NOAA/Coast Guard operation of the

National Ice Center.

processing of satellite data.

< Navy/NOAA agreement on ASOS procurement,

installation, maintenance, and operation.

< Distribution of unclassified Navy METOC

products to the civil sector via NOAA.

< Provision of meteorological services to Guam, the

Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands,

and Micronesia.

< Satellite altimetry data processing.

< Training cooperation through Cooperative

Program for Operational Meteorology Education

and Training (COMET).

MOAs also exist between the DOC, DOD, and

DOT concerning the production and operation of the

NEXRAD system. Additionally, Navy is a DOD

participant in the development of the

DOC/DOD/NASA converged National Polar-orbiting

Operational Environmental Satellite System

(NPOESS).

UNITED STATES ARMY

ARMY OPERATIONAL SUPPORT tactical weather support. Army Artillery

Overview of Operational Equipment and Support

Missions

United States Army weather support is a mix of

Army and USAF personnel and equipment under Law

and according to Army-Air Force (AF) agreement.

Army Regulation (AR) 115-10/Air Force Joint

Instruction (AFJI) 15-157, Weather Support for the

United States Army, 30 June 1996 describes the

Service responsibilities and those of Major Army

Commands (MACOMs) providing weather support.

The United States Army provides direct weather

support to two Army missions: upper air observations

for Field Artillery fire support, and limited surface

weather observations to support Army weapon

systems forward of Division tactical operations

centers. AF Major Commands (MAJCOMs) provide

operational weather services to warfighting MACOMs

in combat, contingencies, and peacetime training.

United States Army Forces Command (FORSCOM),

United States Army Europe (USAREUR), United

States Army Pacific (USARPAC), United States

Army South (USARSO), United States Army Special

Operations Command (USASOC), Eighth United

States Army (EUSA), and United States Army

Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) have

AF Weather personnel providing daily installation and

Meteorological (ARTYMET) crews provide direct

upper air observation support to artillery units in the

same MACOMs. During peacetime training and

activation the Air National Guard (ANG) provides AF

operational weather support to the Army Reserve and

Army National Guard (ARNG), collectively designated

the Reserve Component (RC). In addition, during

exercises and contingencies the ANG may augment the

active Army Weather Teams (WETMs). The ANG

acts like an AF MAJCOM in providing support to the

Army RC.

The Army also provides the operational weather

support to Army Research, Development, Test and

Evaluation (RDTE) ranges, centers, and other research

facilities using the Test and Evaluation Command

(TECOM) Meteorological Teams (MET Teams) and

United States Army Space and Missile Defense

Command (USASMDC) contractors. TECOM

operational support is described under Army Materiel

Command in the RDTE section. USASMDC provides

weather support to Kwajalein Missile Range (KMR)

through a Meteorological Environmental Test Support

contractor.

The Army provides the tactical field and

communications equipment to USAF WETMs for
&1&

tactical operations. MACOMs have purchased off-the- systems, as they become available. The United States

shelf non-developmental items (NDI) to provide Army Field Artillery School (USAFAS), Fort Sill,

interim Army tactical equipment until the Integrated Oklahoma, develops the requirement documents and is

Meteorological System (IMETS) is fully fielded. the combat and training developer for meteorological

IMETS is an automated mobile weather support and equipment used for field artillery support. 

communications system. The Project Director (PD) for 

IMETS is under the direction of Program Manager,

Intelligence Fusion. The Communications and

Electronics Command (CECOM) and Army Research

Laboratory (ARL) provide fielding and technical

support to PD, IMETS and to field artillery

meteorology programs. IMETS fielding continues in Headquarters, Department of the Army, Office of

FY 1999.

The FORSCOM GOLDWING System is a nondevelopmental item (NDI) providing operational

support until IMETS is fielded or other modern tactical

communications systems become available in the

MACOMs and RC. GOLDWING will be used in

conjunction with IMETS for active or RC forces which

are not scheduled to get IMETS because of funding

constraints. IMETS communicates with GOLDWING

over HF radio.

ARTYMET crews are assigned to artillery units at

Division level, to field artillery brigades, and to

separate brigades with a direct support artillery

battalion. Soldiers regularly take tactical upper air

observations to support field artillery units during

tactical training exercises, at permanent Army Artillery

Ranges, or during the full range of combat missions.

ARTYMET crews also take limited surface

observations at tactical locations on an "as needed"

basis to support artillery operational requirements. 

ARTYMET crews in the Active Component (AC)

and some RC sections currently use the Meteorological

Measuring Set (MMS), AN/TMQ-41, to take upper air

observations during tactical operations. It is a mobile,

upper air sounding system mounted on a High Mobility

Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV). The

MMS provides upper air data to the Field Artillery

Tactical Data System for use in adjusting artillery fire,

to USAF WETMs, and to the Chemical Officer for use

in smoke and in Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical

(NBC) defense operations. The CECOM section

provides a complete description of MMS. The

Meteorological Data System (MDS), AN/TMQ-31,

replaced by the MMS, has been reissued to eleven

Army National Guard (ARNG) units and will be used

as long as it is still supportable. The rest of the ARNG

units will be upgraded to the MMS and future profiler

The Army provides supplemental, limited surface

observations when required in tactical situations to

support Army operations. When directed by the

Intelligence Officer (S2), intelligence personnel take

these observations in the forward combat areas.

the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence (ODCSINT)

is responsible for Army weather support policy. The

Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and

Plans (ODCSOPS) is responsible for validating and

prioritizing weather support requirements and

programs to meet Army requirements. The Army Staff

also has a full-time active duty User Liaison assigned

to the National Polar-Orbiting Operational

Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) Integrated

Program Office.

Army Operational Support provided by the Air Force

Under AR 115-10/AFJI 15-157, the AF is

responsible for providing the Army with the necessary

manpower and unique tactical and fixed weather

equipment to meet Army tactical and garrison active

and reserve component (AC)/RC support requirements.

Army support manpower requirements are sourced

from AF active, reserve, and ANG weather units.

While direct support of the field artillery remains an

Army responsibility and is provided by Army

ARTYMET teams, AF WETMs provide supplemental

information to artillery crews in contingencies for areas

beyond direct ARTYMET observational capabilities.

The AF assigns AF weather personnel to the

warfighting MACOMs at theater, corps, division,

armored cavalry regiments, aviation brigades, separate

brigades, and special forces groups/ranger regiment to

provide direct, on site weather support. AF weather

squadrons and flights provide garrison and tactical

weather warning, observing, forecasting, special

support, and staff weather officer (SWO) services to

Combat, Combat Support, and Combat Service

Support units throughout the peacetime/war

continuum. Peacetime garrison activities include

supporting flying operations at Army airfields and

severe weather watch, warning, and advisory services

for aircraft and post resource protection. The AF is

responsible for installation, operation, and maintenance
&1&

of standard AF meteorological and observing The High Energy Laser Systems Test Facility

equipment at Army airfield weather stations. (HELSTF), a subcommand of USASMDC located on

Tactically, the Army is responsible for vehicles, White Sands Missile Range, is designated as the DOD

tactical communications, and weather effects criteria. National Test Range for high energy laser test and

The Army Integrated Meteorological System (IMETS) evaluation. In addition to laser system test and

is fielded for these purposes and is operated by AF evaluation, extensive use has been made of on-site

WETMs. The Army also maintains IMETS hardware laser systems to perform damage and vulnerability

and software, with the AF maintaining AF software testing on laser-hardened materials, missile and aircraft

that performs meteorological functions within IMETS. components, and assorted battlefield equipment. Part

IMETS uses AF meteorological software, but IMETS of the research effort is to develop adaptive optics for

is built on an Army vehicle, uses Army tactical atmospheric compensation during lasing.

communications and Army weather effects software. 

The Army provides other tactical equipment to AF

WETMs through an Army Table of Organization and

Equipment (TOE). 

United States Army Space and Missile Defense meteorological services support contractor performs

Command (USASMDC) meteorological functions in support of missile

 operations and for synoptic purposes, including Army Space Command (ARSPACE), a

subcommand of USASMDC, provides Army Space

Support Teams to deploying Army units. One element

of this support is a high-resolution weather satellite

receiver, which can be readily transported and directly Army Corps of Engineers Civil Operational Activities

acquires and processes the full telemetry stream of 

civilian and military weather satellites. The staff

weather officer uses imagery and data to prepare

tailored products and forecasts for use on the

battlefield. This equipment is used in contingencies

and training exercises and provides an interim

capability pending delivery of IMETS Block II and

associated AF weather satellite equipment. ARSPACE

participated in Task Force XXI in FY 1997 through the

Tactical Weather (TacWx) initiative. TacWx

represents a teaming with the Army Research

Laboratory’s Battlefield Environment Division, the AF

Combat Weather Center, PD IMETS, and the III Corps

WETMs to provide the Task Force XXI commander

with near real-time, state-of-the-art weather

information and products. The system consists of the

ARSPACE Deployable Weather Satellite Workstation,

ARL Battlescale Forecast Model, and the AF Tactical

Forecast System, which runs on IMETS hardware.

Lessons learned will be used in the IMETS program as

product improvements. ARSPACE participation in a

Division XXI and Task Force XXI exercises will build Eighth US Army Support

on brigade weather capabilities and apply them at the 

division level with special attention to battlefield

visualization and simulation activities.

United States Army Kwajalein Atoll (USAKA) is

a subcommand of USASMDC which provides

operational support to the test facilities at the

Kwajalein Missile Range (KMR). The KMR

surface, upper air, and meteorological satellite

observations, and the preparation of daily aviation,

marine and special weather observations for the range.

The Corps of Engineers (COE) operates a network

of about 7,400 gauges of which 1,900 are land-based

limited observing meteorological sites. The remainder

is hydrologic in nature. The meteorological portion

measures precipitation and other data in the United

States to provide information for regulating COE dams

and other water projects used for flood control,

navigation, hydroelectric power, irrigation, water

supply, water quality, and recreation. The COE

transfers funds to NOAA/National Weather Service

(NWS) to collect and maintain precipitation

information from 900 of these sites. Similarly, COE

transfers funds to the United States Geological Survey

to maintain precipitation data collection from 500 sites,

while the COE maintains the rest. Data from many of

these sites are automatically telemetered using satellite,

microwave, landlines, radio, etc. to provide for realtime use of the data. Although the COE finances the

network, data are made available to all other federal

agencies.

Eighth United States Army (EUSA) requires, and

uses Army resources to conduct two major

meteorological services in direct support of Army
&1&

operations: collecting and disseminating upper air Fort Huachuca, Arizona, is the proponent and user

observations for artillery support, and collecting and representative for tactical weather support in wartime,

disseminating limited surface weather observations to contingencies, and peacetime tactical training.

support all tactical units and operations. Two artillery Similarly, the United States Army Field Artillery

meteorological (ARTYMET) crews with Second School (USAFAS), Fort Sill, Oklahoma, is the

Infantry Division’s Division Artillery use AN/TMQ-31 proponent for upper air meteorological support and the

Meteorological Data Systems to collect upper air Engineer School, Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri,

observations for direct use by field artillery units. coordinates weather support requirements in terrain

ARTYMET crews also collect routine (usually daily) analysis and topographic engineering. These schools

upper air observations for training; these observations submit requirements for weather support to HQ

are typically fed into the global weather database. TRADOC for approval who typically then submits

Additionally, under the Forward Area Limited requirements for USAF support to HQ, Air Combat

Observing Program (FALOP), Army personnel use Command for implementation. Requirements for

tactical weather kits to collect limited weather Army provided communications or tactical equipment

observations in data sparse, forward areas. are submitted to ODCSOPS to prioritize and program

Observations are typically collected by intelligence resources.

personnel at brigade and battalion tactical operations 

centers (TOC) during contingencies or exercises and,

in turn, are disseminated to and through USAF

weather teams supporting Army air, ground, or special

operations. USAF weather personnel assigned to the

607th Weather Squadron (607 WS) provide fixed and

tactical weather support to EUSA units and

installations. 607 WS provides garrison and tactical

weather warning, observing, forecast, warning, special

support, and staff weather officer (SWO) services

during contingency, exercise, or armistice operations.

607 WS units provide direct, on-site support at eight

EUSA installations, and at deployed locations.

Support is focused on air, ground, special operations,

and other combat and combat support missions. 607

WS provides 95 trained weather personnel and

required fixed and tactical weather sensing, data

processing, and communications equipment. EUSA

provides supporting USAF units needed tactical

vehicles, MTOE and CTA equipment, and operating

funds (for expendables, maintenance, etc).

 During 1997, the WST provided evaluators for Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC)

Programs

TRADOC manages and develops training demonstrated the need for increased training of Army

programs, writes Army and joint weather support staffs in weather intelligence, high-resolution imagery

doctrine (concepts and field manuals), and establishes weather support for echelons at division and below,

the weather requirements documents for Army tactical and an automated weather effects on demand capability

weather support equipment. Headquarters, TRADOC for the Army warfighter. The WST also sponsored a

is the approval authority for Army-AF weather joint conference in April 1997 to discuss AF/Army

doctrine, Army weather hardware requirements, and merging of weather systems and sensors. The

weather support policy within TRADOC. conference helped to forge new cooperation and

 discussion on Army weather support. As part of TRADOC, the United States Army

Intelligence Center and Fort Huachuca (USAIC&FH),

The United States Army Intelligence Center and

Fort Huachuca (USAIC&FH) represents the warfighter

by developing solutions to meet Army weather

requirements. In addition, it serves as the proponent

for the “Owning the Weather” initiative. The weather

support team (WST) consists of two AF officers, one

senior AF noncommissioned officer (NCO), an Army

Intelligence Center officer, an Army Research

Laboratory meteorologist, and an Army Intelligence

Center Combat Developer. The weather support team

advises the Intelligence Center, the Army Research

Laboratory, and Air Force Weather (AFW) on Army

weather support issues and helps develop solutions to

meet both active and reserve forces' requirements. The

team writes tactical weather support concepts and

doctrine, identifies deficiencies and baseline

requirements, provides weather support training to

intelligence and USAF personnel supporting the Army,

and establishes requirements documents for weather

support equipment. 

Army Advanced Warfighting Experiments (Task Force

XXI and Division XXI). These experiments
&1&

The WST expanded its training role by upper air sounding system mounted on a High Mobile

introducing "Owning the Weather"/Weather Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle. The MMS provides

Intelligence classes in the Military Intelligence Officer upper air data to the Field Artillery Tactical Data

Advanced Course. "Owning the Weather" is a concept System for use in adjusting fire, to USAF WETMs,

for exploiting weather as a force multiplier on the and to the Chemical Officer for use in smoke, and in

battlefield. The WST plans to increase weather Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical (NBC) defense

intelligence instruction at the Intelligence Center and operations. The Meteorological Data Systems (MDS),

throughout TRADOC with an exportable “Owning the AN/TMQ-31, replaced by the MMS will be retired

Weather”/Weather Intelligence training module. from the force. The United States Army Field Artillery

“Owning the Weather” was also highlighted on a School (USAFAS), Fort Sill, Oklahoma, develops the

national television program “Weather Warriors,” aired requirements documents and is the combat and training

by the Discovery Channel on 14 and 17 May 1997 on developer for meteorological equipment.

the Discover Magazine show. In addition, “Owning 

the Weather”” was a feature article in the FY 1998

Federal Meteorological Plan by the Office of the

Federal Coordinator for Meteorology.

Also during 1997, the WST updated a large 

portion of the critical values in the Integrated Weather

Effects Decision Aid (IWEDA) software as part of an

Army weather effects critical threshold values update

program. IWEDA is an Army software program

hosted on IMETS and the Army Battle Command

System (ABCS). It provides automated weather effects

information in digital form that can be overlaid on the

Common Operating Picture (COP). The WST also

participated in the ongoing AFW Reengineering

process. With dwindling resources and personnel In addition to teaching weather in the Engineering

reductions, the team seeks solutions that are Officer Advanced Course, the USAES develops

compatible with AFW Reengineering plans and methods of measuring and forecasting state of the

maintains quality weather support to the Army ground parameters for terrain analysis and trafficability

warfighter. The WST continues to participate in assessments. This includes identifying, justifying, and

TRADOC’s Battlefield Visualization (BV) program documenting requirements to interface meteorological

which highlights weather as a key element in and engineer battlefield systems. It also monitors

understanding and characterizing the battlespace R&D advances to incorporate these in combat

environment. BV is incomplete without integrating the development initiatives. USAES previously had a full

effects of weather on terrain and friendly and threat time meteorologist as a subject matter expert to

forces. The WST also assisted in the revision of Army coordinate weather activities but the position was

publications to include the role weather and weather eliminated in FY 1997.

support plays in Army operations. Chief among these 

were Army Field Manual (FM) 34-81, Weather

Support for Army Operations and the Army Capstone

Field Manual, FM 100-5, Army Operations. Finally,

the WST developed an Army mid-range operational Under Army-AF agreement, the Army has

weather architecture and presented this to the responsibility for weather support for research,

Battlespace Atmospherics Conference in December development, test, and evaluation (RDTE) to support

1997. Army ground combat missions as specified in

 AR 115-10/AFJI 15-157. The Corps of Engineers Artillery meteorological crews in the Active

Component (AC) currently use the AN/TMQ-41

Meteorological Measuring Set (MMS) to take upper air

observations during tactical operations. It is a mobile,

The Aviation Center, Chemical School, and

Engineer School (USAES) incorporate weather

instruction and procedures in training programs in their

mission areas.

The Aviation Center has unique operational

requirements for weather observations and USAF

forecast support at remote training locations. Fort

Rucker operates additional observing and communications equipment to relay all types of USAFprovided weather information to these Army sites.

Three additional wind sensors were installed at Cairns

AAF and five Automated Surface Observing Systems

(ASOS) will be installed by the end of 1998.

WEATHER SUPPORT FOR RESEARCH,

DEVELOPMENT, TEST, AND EVALUATION

(RDTE)

(COE) and the Army Materiel Command (AMC) are

the major contributors to weather research. The

Medical Research and Development Command does
&1&

research related to soldiers’ performance in the range of battle simulations. TEC also contributes to the

weather conditions encountered in all theaters of development of policies and procedures for the

operations. consideration of realistic natural environmental

 conditions for application in the materiel acquisition Corps of Engineers (COE)

The Corps of Engineers (COE) is responsible for provides special climatological studies and guidance to

reviewing all emerging Army systems for materiel acquisition activities. TEC also reviews all

environmental effects, as stated in Army emerging materiel systems for environmental effects.

Regulation 70-1. The COE also manages the 

Technology Demonstration (DT-08) program. Tactical

Decision Aids (TDAs) are developed for this program

by three COE laboratories: the Waterways Experiment

Station (WES), the Topographic Engineering Center

(TEC), and the Cold Regions Research and

Engineering Laboratory (CRREL). 

The Waterways Experiment Station develops CRREL is responsible for modeling in the areas of

TDAs supporting terrain analysis. The TDAs interpret Cold Regions Surface-Air Boundary Process, Winter

the impact of weather and terrain conditions on Army Scene Dynamics, and Spatially Distributed Prediction

systems and operations. The TDAs are based on Over Winter Terrain. CRREL develops databases and

weather and terrain limitations, known as critical models predicting Infrared and millimeter wave

values. These critical threshold values are determined (MMW) weapon system performance and the

from design criteria, operational testing, or other capability of technology to enhance military operations

evaluations of Army capabilities in adverse weather. in cold environments. Under a Memorandum of

The critical values define system limitations and are Understanding (MOU), the United States Army Test

used by decision-makers to take advantage over and Evaluation Command (TECOM) provides

opposing forces. Technology Demonstrations are operational observing, weather instrumentation, and

currently being transitioned to terrain and weather forecasting services for CRREL’s RDTE efforts

systems such as the Integrated Meteorological System through a colocated MET Team. 

(IMETS), the Digital Topographic Support System 

(DTSS), the Army Tactical Command and Control

System (ATCCS), and Battle Command Decision The Army Materiel Command (AMC) is

Support System. responsible for: (1) the design, development, test, and

 evaluation of equipment to satisfy requirements for The COE Topographic Engineering Center (TEC),

Fort Belvoir, Virginia, provides basic and applied

environmental support to Army R&D programs and

coordinates the development of TDAs relating to

environmental effects on combat systems, operations,

and personnel. This includes the development and

integration of environmental effects databases and

models that are relevant to military plans, operations

and the acquisition communities. TEC also develops

models and techniques to assist in the generation of TECOM is a subcommand of AMC providing

proxy environmental information (climate and terrain) operational support to 10 ranges and test sites with

for data sparse areas and the integration of models to Meteorological (MET) Teams. Under responsibilities

enable the spreading of this information spatially over established in Army Regulation 115-10/AF Joint

map backgrounds. TEC is also responsible for Instruction 15-157, the TECOM MET Teams provide

developing integrated software modules designed to be weather support and atmospheric characterization to

exploited in the synthetic environment arena and for Army RDTE. MET Teams provide atmospheric data

developing techniques to portray natural and induced collection, analysis, consultation, warning, and forecast

battlefield environments, thus enhancing computerized services for Army and other DOD RDTE. MET Team

process. As preparer and custodian of AR 70-38, TEC

Under the military portion of its civil and military

support mission, the Cold Regions Research and

Engineering Laboratory (CRREL), Hanover, New

Hampshire, provides weather support to Army weapon

systems RDTE, combat, and combat support mission

areas, and develops climatological studies on the

effects of winter environment on Army operations.

Army Materiel Command (AMC)

meteorological support equipment; (2) providing

climatological and meteorological support to RDTE

projects involving electro-optics and obscurants; and

(3) determining weather effects critical threshold

values and environmental sensitivities of battlefield

systems. AMC has several subcommands and

elements carrying out weather research and developent responsibilities.
&1&

FY 1998 funding has been level for 2 years following to the Army’s decisive advantage over its opponents.

several years of decline, using a combination of both Within the DOD, BE is the lead agency for multiprogrammed funds and user funding. This enables service R&D programs in transport and dispersion

TECOM to continue basic meteorological support at modeling, boundary layer meteorology over land, and

Army RDTE ranges and sites, but meteorological mobile atmospheric profiling. In addition, BE

instrumentation will be acquired through Army contributes to tri-service goals in the areas of theater

technical development resources or through direct data fusion and predictions, boundary layer processes,

funding from RDTE projects for test specific or unique and atmospheric effects. The BE program is driven by

requirements. Despite reductions in personnel and the Army's need for meteorological information at

funding, TECOM MET Atmospheric Sciences Branch smaller scales than used by either the AF, Navy, or

has begun a 5-year effort with the National Center for civilian community, and over data-sparse geographic

Atmospheric Research (NCAR) to greatly improve regions. While the AF provides the Army with basic

“range scale” (micro scale) forecasting and analysis tactical weather support, the Army provides technology

technology. Using the MM5 model as a base, this Four to support service-unique requirements and Army

Dimensional Weather System (4DWX) will present a systems as well as distributing weather intelligence

real time, three-dimensional picture with time of the information to the Army command and control systems

MET and other atmospheric characterization on the battlefield. The Army has begun an active reparameters in, around, and up to an altitude of 50,000 programming to respond to the new AF Weather Refeet over the Army’s test ranges. The 4DWX will Engineering initiatives and will work to ensure the

allow for more accurate placement of sensors during a ongoing success of the Army weather intelligence

test, more cost-efficient measurements, and data sets technology. BE continues to develop and provide the

for virtual testing. The model will also provide software tools for the Army's IMETS and works with

instantaneous forensic analysis (instant replay) of the the AF Weather Agency and Combat Weather Center

conditions that occurred during the test. In addition to to make IMETS an integral part of the total battlefield

RDTE support, the Dugway Meteorological and weather support capability. 

Obscurants Division Modeling and Assessment Branch 

provides the following specialized services: (1)

atmospheric modeling validation, to include algorithm

evaluation and the generation of validation data sets,

(2) threat analysis, chemical/biological detection, and

decon-tamination testing, and (3) prototype

development of virtual proving ground meteorological

support. Division members also serve on various

national and international committees addressing issues

related to meteorological measurements and

atmospheric dispersion modeling.

The ARL Battlefield Environment (BE) Division Potomac River. The new site will conduct field

is the lead DOD agency for R&D in the portion of the experiments in electro-optic and acoustic propagation

atmosphere unique to the Army warfighter's as well as test weather modeling tools.

battlespace--the planetary boundary layer. BE's 

mission is to provide the technology and tools (1) for

the soldier to exploit weather on the battlefield, (2) for

the commander to avoid exposing the soldier to

environmental hazards, and (3) for the materiel

developer to minimize system weather impacts,

supplying atmospheric effects information. The joint

Army/AF “Own The Weather” initiative will provide

knowledge of current and forecast battlefield

environment conditions, along with their effects on

systems, soldiers, operations, and tactics, to contribute

The BE Division within the ARL Information

Science and Technology Directorate, consists of four

branches, two each at the ARL primary side at

Adelphi, Maryland, and the White Sands Missile

Range (WSMR), New Mexico. The Adelphi,

Maryland, branches specialize in a basic research

program, while the WSMR branches support an

applied research development program for Army

tactical applications. In FY 1998, BE will open a new

experimental site at Blossom Point, Maryland, in a

complex littoral region on the north shore of the

The Atmospheric Effects Branch research efforts

address: (1) models and simulations of environmental

effects on electro-optical systems under realistic

battlefield conditions, (2) acoustic propagation and

background acoustic noise models for predicting

environmental effects on acoustic signatures and

sources, and (3) micrometeorology of the boundary

layer including transport and dispersion of chemical/

biological agents and other aerosols released into the

atmosphere. 
&1&

The Atmospheric Aerosols and Adaptive Optics materials, and weapon systems. The research examines

Branch research effort addresses: (1) in-situ and remote dispersion of battlefield materials, the effects of

detection of chemical/biological agents and pollution heterogeneous terrain features on airflow, and the

aerosols, and (2) optics and beam propagation in the development of natural obscurations throughout the

turbulent boundary layer. diurnal cycle. An essential element of the research is

 the development of instrumentation to measure at The Weather Intelligence Branch development

efforts include: (1) tactical weather data assimilation

and distribution, (2) battlescale diagnostic and analytic

modeling, (3) tactical decision aids, and (4) integration

of weather effects models and satellite data with ARO also manages several other areas of special

visualization tools for training and mission planning. funding. The Augmentation Awards for Science and

As part of our tactical software and development the Engineering Research and Training (AASERT)

branch also (1) verifies and validates tactical weather program provides funding for additional graduate and

products and (2) transitions the BE advanced weather undergraduate students working under existing

technology to Battlefield Automated Systems and sponsored research programs. The Defense University

Battle Labs. The Artillery Meteorology development Research and Instrumentation Program (DURIP)

efforts address: (1) methods to provide accurate and provides funds for instrumentation needed to support

timely artillery meteorology data for precision strike ongoing research activities. 

applications and (2) target area meteorological 

information to support the operation of long range,

terminally guided smart munitions.

In FY 1997-1998, BE successfully participated in developing and fielding weather support systems and

the Army’s Task Force XXI Advanced Warfighting helps the Program Manager, Intelligence Fusion with

Experiments with its IMETS software and delivered technical management of weather programs. The

IMETS Block II software to the Program Director for directorate currently supports the Meteorological

fielding. In FY 1998 BE will transition the mobile Measuring Set (MMS), the Profiler, and the Integrated

profiler to Project Manager EW/RSTS for engineering Meteorological System (IMETS). A brief description

development and future fielding. BE is working of each of these programs shows IEW Directorate's

closely with Army and AF users and other DOD and involvement and supplements earlier discussions under

national weather organizations to ensure the highest the other MACOMs.

possible payoff for its research and development 

dollars.

The Army Research Office (ARO), Research It is an upper air meteorological data collection,

Triangle Park, North Carolina, manages the Army's processing and dissemination system that provides data

extramural basic research program in the atmospheric to field artillery and target acquisition users. The

sciences. These programs are concerned with system meets the requirements of roll-on/roll-off

understanding the dynamic and kinematic processes of capability during assault. The system is a nonthe atmospheric boundary layer at scales of interest to developmental item and the contractor has built

the Army (millimeters to 10's of kilometers) through 42 systems for the Army and ARNG, 21 for the Marine

measurements, simulations, and theoretical consider- Corps, and additional systems for foreign sales. The

ations. The basic research program is conducted IEW Directorate is currently assisting in upgrading the

through the peer-reviewed, individual investigator MMS to use the GPS as a Navigational Aid

program and several special initiatives. The focus of (NAVAID) to determine radiosonde position. GPS

the research is on the processes and effects of the will be used when the current primary NAVAIDS

atmospheric boundary layer where the Army operates. (LORAN-C and VLP/OMEGA) are not available. The

Objectives of the research are to develop, from first GPS processor will fit inside of the MMS

principles, the physical basis for understanding the meteorological processor, currently being updated to

boundary layer, thereby, leading to better accommodate this upgrade. Another upgrade to the

understanding of atmospheric effects on soldiers, MMS is the Surface Meteorological Sensor (SMS).

turbulence time scales the volumetric fields of wind

velocity, temperature, and moisture in the boundary

layer.

The CECOM Intelligence and Electronic Warfare

(IEW) Directorate, Fort Monmouth, New Jersey,

assists CECOM and other internal organizations in

The Meteorological Measuring System (MMS),

AN/TMQ-41, is currently fielded to the active Army.
&1&

The SMS will be mounted on a tripod outside the an operational envelope for unimpaired human

MMS shelter and connected to the MMS shelter by performance. The overall goals of USARIEM’s

cable. The SMS underwent first article testing in weather-related research programs efforts are to

FY 1997. develop methods to effectively monitor and, where

 possible, extend the operational envelope for both The Profiler will provide the current upper air

meteorological system with new and enhanced

capabilities. It will provide a suite of sensors capable

of nearly continuous data collection which will reduce

the time staleness of atmospheric. It also provides a

model of local terrain to further improve the accuracy

of the data for firing artillery systems.

The IMETS, AN/TMQ-40, is the primary Army

weather support system outside artillery support. AF

WETMs operates it at all levels with direct AF weather

support. It collects available observations and central

forecast products, analyzes and forecasts on the micro

scale, and disseminates tailored weather products and

weather effects decision aids electronically into the

Army Battle Command System for direct use in

warfighting missions. IMETS ingests satellite imagery

both directly and from the AF Small Tactical Terminal.

IMETS can merge weather displays with the common

relevant picture of the battlefield to help visualize

weather impacts on operations and help the

commander and staff use the information more

effectively. IMETS maintains connectivity to higher

and lower command levels and to each tactical

operation center via high frequency (HF) radio and

direct electronic interface over the Army Battle

Command System.

Medical Research and Development Command measurements along with standard weather parameters

 at river locations to predict safe exposure times in cold The United States Army Research Institute of

Environmental Medicine (USARIEM) conducts basic

and applied research on the effects of heat, cold, high

terrestrial altitude, and nutritional status on the health

and performance of individual soldiers and combat

crews operating Army systems. Applied research

efforts in thermal physiology and biophysical modeling

are directed toward improving soldier performance and

minimizing health risks in climatic extremes. The

sensitivity of the soldier to weather parameters

(primarily ambient air temperature, dew point

temperature, wind speed, and solar radiation) defines

training and operational scenarios. Current efforts

include the development and validation of automated

methods to integrate thermal strain prediction models

with real-time weather information resources relevant

to dismounted infantry operations. In support of the

Army Ranger training facility at Eglin AFB, Florida,

Medical Research and Development Command and

USARIEM are participating in the development of an

automated thermal injury risk assessment system. The

MERCURY-Ranger test bed system is a partnership

effort with the Army Research Laboratory's Battlefield

Environment Division (ARL/BED), the Canadian

Defense and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine

(DCIEM), and the USAF's 46 Weather Squadron at th

Eglin AFB. The test-bed system ingests hourly data

from several local surface weather stations and

automatically spreads the data across a 100 by 100 km

region using objective and heuristic interpolation

methods. The resulting high resolution (1 km) gridded

weather data fields are then used as inputs to the

thermal strain prediction models for heat stress, cold

air exposure, or cold water immersion. Results are

displayed as color-coded map overlays of thermal

injury risk categories or tolerance times. A prototype

cold water partial immersion model is being developed

and implemented in cooperation with DCIEM. That

model uses real-time water temperature and depth

water river fording scenarios. This highly automated

test bed system is intended to provide a platform for

evaluating methods needed to translate real-time

weather information into robust assessments of soldier

system health risks and performance limitations. Army

weather and battle-field atmospherics researchers are

working closely with MACOM users and other DOD

organizations to ensure the highest possible payoff for

its research and development dollars.
&1'

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY WEATHER PROGRAMS

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RQNNWVCPVUFGXGNQRKPICPFVGUVKPIOQFGNUHQTVJG NQIKECNFCVCCESWKUKVKQPFGVCKNGFYQTNFYKFGVGTTCKP

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&15

DEPARTMENT OF STATE WEATHER PROGRAMS

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&16

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION WEATHER PROGRAMS

6JG(GFGTCN#XKCVKQP#FOKPKUVTCVKQP
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CPF5RCEG#FOKPKUVTCVKQPVQRTQXKFGVJG095YKVJCP

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QDLGEVKXGUQHVJKURNCPCTGVQFGXGNQR
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&16

DGVVGTEQORTGJGPUKQPQHU[PQRVKECPFOGUQUECNG /QFGN&GXGNQROGPVCPF'PJCPEGOGPV6JKU

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RTQXKFGURKNQVUYKVJOQTGVKOGN[CPFCEEWTCVGHQTGECUVU VJGTGD[FGNKXGTUWRGTKQTCXKCVKQPYGCVJGTRTQFWEVUVQ

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VJWPFGTUVQTOUCPFKPIGPGTCNVJGF[PCOKEUQHC VGTO6JKUKPHQTOCVKQPKUPGGFGFD[CKTRQTV

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CPFJGNRCKTETCHVCXQKFCTGCUYKVJJC\CTFQWUEQPXGEVKXG

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&16

('&'4#.*+)*9#;#&/+0+564#6+10

6JG(*9#XKUKQPKUVQETGCVG

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TGUVQTGFKOOGFKCVGN[CHVGTFKUCUVGTUCPF

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6JG(GFGTCN*KIJYC[#FOKPKUVTCVKQP
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4QCFU2TQITCOU5CHGV[GHHKEKGPE[CPFOQDKNKV[KP NKXGUFGRGPFUQPYGCVJGTKPHQTOCVKQPHQTKORTQXGF

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+PHQTOCVKQP5[UVGOU49+5VJCVKPENWFGURGEKCNK\GF 

TQCFEQPFKVKQPUGPUQTUCPFHQTGECUVUGTXKEGUHTQOVJG

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XGPFQTU6JG(*9#KUGZRCPFKPIVJG49+5UEQRG

VQC9GCVJGT+PHQTOCVKQPHQT5WTHCEG6TCPURQTVCVKQP


9+56U[UVGOCURCTVQHKPVGTOQFCNUWTHCEG

VTCPURQTVCVKQPVGEJPQNQI[FGXGNQROGPVCPFYKVJKPVJG

EQPVGZVQH+PVGNNKIGPV6TCPURQTVCVKQP5[UVGOU+65

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.CPFU*KIJYC[2TQITCOKVCEEQORNKUJGUKVUOKUUKQP

D[RTQXKFKPINGCFGTUJKRGZRGTVKUGTGUQWTEGUCPF

KPHQTOCVKQPKPEQQRGTCVKQPYKVJUVCVGCPFNQECN

RCTVPGTU6JG(*9#JCUCUKIPKHKECPVTQNGYQTMKPI

VJTQWIJRCTVPGTUJKRURTQITCOURQNKEKGUCPF

CNNQECVKPITGUQWTEGUYJKEJHCEKNKVCVGVJGUVTCVGIKE

FGXGNQROGPVCPFOCKPVGPCPEGQHUVCVGCPFNQECN

VTCPURQTVCVKQPU[UVGOU

6JG(*9#	UUVTCVGIKEIQCNUVQUWRRQTVKVU

9GCVJGTKPHQTOCVKQPVQUWRRQTVFGEKUKQPUD[

JKIJYC[OCPCIGTUHNGGVOCPCIGTUCPFVTCXGNGTUKUC

XKVCNRCTVQHCEJKGXKPI(*9#	UUVTCVGIKEIQCNU

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FGRGPFGPVQPYGCVJGTKPHQTOCVKQPHQTVKOGN[CPF

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6JG(*9#JCUDGGPCEVKXGKPRTQOQVKPI49+5

FGXGNQROGPV6JGUGTGOQVGUGPUKPIU[UVGOUJCXG

RTKOCTKN[UGTXGFVJGUPQYTGOQXCNCPFKEGVTGCVOGPV

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EQQRGTCVGYKVJVJG095KPQRGTCVKPILQKPVYGCVJGT

QDUGTXCVKQPUKVGUQTUJCTKPIFCVCHTQOVJGTQCFUKFG

UGPUQTU[UVGOU$QVJ%QNQTCFQCPF/KPPGUQVC5VCVG

&16	UUJCTGVJGYGCVJGTFCVCHTQOVJGTQCFUKFG

6JG(*9#KUPQYRWTUWKPICPGZRCPFGFUEQRG

QHKVU9+56U[UVGOFGXGNQROGPVCUCPGHHQTVVJCVEWVU

CETQUUUGXGTCNRTQITCOU+P,CPWCT[VJG

(*9#HQTOGFC9GCVJGT6GCOVQFGXGNQRYGCVJGT

KPHQTOCVKQPTGSWKTGOGPVUWUKPIVJG+65RTQITCOCPF

VJG0CVKQPCN+65#TEJKVGEVWTGCUCHTCOGYQTM6JG

9GCVJGT6GCOFKTGEVN[EQQTFKPCVGUCEVKXKVKGUQH

QHHKEGUYKVJKPVJG(*9#VJCVCTGEQPEGTPGFYKVJ
&16

YGCVJGTKPHQTOCVKQPTGUGCTEJCPFFGXGNQROGPV4& PGYFKUUGOKPCVKQPNKPMUDGVYGGPWUGTQHYGCVJGT

RTQITCOU6JGUGQHHKEGUCTG5CHGV[CPF6TCHHKE KPHQTOCVKQPCPFVJG.QECN#PCN[UKUCPF2TGFKEVKQP

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6JTQWIJVJG+65,QKPV2TQITCO1HHKEGCPFXKCVJG

1(%/VJG9GCVJGT6GCOKUHQUVGTKPIEQQRGTCVKXG

CITGGOGPVUDGVYGGPVJGUWTHCEGVTCPURQTVCVKQP

CFOKPKUVTCVKQPUQH&16CPFQVJGTHGFGTCNCIGPEKGU

YKVJOGVGQTQNQIKECNRTQITCOUCPFUGTXKEGU

4GIWNCTHGFGTCNCKFHQTRTQLGEVUECPKPENWFG+65 CFGOCPFKPIFCVCCUUKOKNCVKQPCPFRTQEGUUKPIVCUMHQT

CPFYGCVJGTKPHQTOCVKQPEQORQPGPVU6JG5WTHCEG JKIJYC[OCKPVGPCPEGCPFQVJGTFGEKUKQPOCMGTU#

6TCPURQTVCVKQP4GUGCTEJ2TQITCOWPFGTVJG YJKVGRCRGTRTGRCTGFD[VJG(*9#9GCVJGT6GCO

6TCPURQTVCVKQP'SWKV[#EVHQTVJG %GPVWT[ KFGPVKHKGUFGEKUKQPUWRRQTVCPFITCRJKECNCKFUCUVJG UV


6'#KPENWFGURTQXKUKQPUVQURQPUQTYGCVJGT MG[HQEWUQHUWTHCEGVTCPURQTVCVKQPKPVGTGUVU

TGNCVGFRTQLGEVU#NCTIGRCTVQHUWTHCEG %QPUGSWGPVN[VJGVGCO UCIGPFCKPENWFGU

VTCPURQTVCVKQPTGUGCTEJKUEQPFWEVGFVJTQWIJ FGXGNQROGPVQH+65EQORQPGPVUVJCVHKNVGTHWUGCPF

WPKXGTUKV[TGUGCTEJITCPVUCPFHGFGTCNCKFTGUGCTEJ RTGUGPVYGCVJGTCPFQVJGTVTCPURQTVCVKQPKPHQTOCVKQP

HWPFUVJCVCTGCRRQTVKQPGFVQVJGUVCVGU5VCVGUECP KPVQXKUWCNCKFUVJCVECPHCEKNKVCVGURGEKHKEFGEKUKQPU

CNUQRQQNVJGKTTGUGCTEJHWPFUVQHQEWUQPURGEKHKE HQTTQCFOCKPVGPCPEGRGTUQPPGNNQECNVTCPURQTVCVKQP

RTQITCOCTGCU(QTGZCORNGVJG#WTQTCEQPUQTVKWO QHHKEKCNUEQOOWVGTUVTCXGNGTUVTWEMKPIKPFWUVT[GVE

YCUHQTOGFKPVJKUOCPPGTURGEKHKECNN[VQCFFTGUU 1HRCTVKEWNCTKPVGTGUVCTGTKUMDCUGFFGEKUKQPOCMKPI

UWTHCEGVTCPURQTVCVKQPYGCVJGTKPHQTOCVKQPKUUWGU+P VGEJPKSWGUCPFRTQEGUUGUVJCVKPENWFGVJG

VJGGCTN[	UVJG5VTCVGIKE*KIJYC[4GUGCTEJ KPEQTRQTCVKQPQHUVCVKUVKECNKPHQTOCVKQP6JGUGTKUM

2TQITCO5*42KPENWFGFCP49+5UVWF[5*42* DCUGFFGEKUKQPUGPEQORCUUCO[TKCFQHXCTKCDNGUCPF

CPFVQKPXGUVKICVGVJGTQNGQH UECNGUKGQDUGTXCVKQPUHTQOUVCPFCTFCPFPQP

KORTQXGFYGCVJGTUGPUKPIVQCEJKGXGOQTGGHHGEVKXG UVCPFCTFUQWTEGUU[PQRVKEVQOGUQUECNGOQFGNU

JKIJYC[UPQYCPFKEGVTGCVOGPV5*42YCUCWPKVQH EWTTGPVCPFENKOCVKEFCVCGVEYJKEJOWUVDGHWUGF

VJG0CVKQPCN4GUGCTEJ%QWPEKNCPFUVWFKGUCPWODGT YKVJQVJGTOGVGQTQNQIKECNIWKFCPEGCPFVTCPURQTVCVKQP

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$CUGFQPVJG5*42HKPFKPIUCPFHWTVJGTHKGNFVGUVKPI RNCPPKPIKPHQTOCVKQP

CPFGXCNWCVKQPVJG(*9#JCURWDNKUJGFVJG/CPWCN

HQTCP'HHGEVKXG#PVK+EKPI2TQITCO(*9#4&

6JGOCPWCNRTQXKFGFIWKFCPEGVQ

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QHCU[UVGOCVKECPFGHHKEKGPVCPVKKEKPIRTQITCO

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RTQRQUGFD[VJG(QTGVGNNEQPUQTVKWO6JG(QTGVGNN YKNNCNUQGXCNWCVGVJGRTQLGEVUCPFU[PVJGUK\GVJG

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KPENWFGUVJG&16UQHUGXGTCNUVCVGUHGFGTCNCIGPEKGU QRGTCVKPICIGPEKGU

CPFRTKXCVGKPFWUVT[6JG(QTGVGNNRTQLGEVYKNNHQTIG

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PGGFHQTDGVVGTJKIJYC[URGEKHKEQDUGTXCVKQPUVJCV

KPENWFGOQTGUWTHCEGYGCVJGTRCTCOGVGTUCPFJKIJGT

TGUQNWVKQPHQTGECUVURTQXKFGFD[OGUQUECNGPWOGTKECN

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KPETGCUGFXQNWOGQHYGCVJGTKPHQTOCVKQPYKNNTGUWNVKP

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URQPUQTKPICFFKVKQPCNRTQLGEVUVQCFFTGUUFCVC

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&16

70+6'&56#6'5%1#56)7#4&

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RGTHQTOCXCTKGV[QHHWPEVKQPUKPUWRRQTVQHVJGPCVKQPCN YYYTFEWUEIOKNKKRRCIGU#TEJKXGFFCVCEQPVCKPUCNN

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EQCUVCNUVCVKQPURTQXKFGYGCVJGTQDUGTXCVKQPUVQVJG RTGFKEVGFRQUKVKQPQHGCEJDGTI

095%QCUV)WCTFEQOOWPKECVKQPUUVCVKQPUDTQCFECUV 

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HTQOEQOOGTEKCNUJKRRKPIHQTVJG095+PCFFKVKQP

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CPWOGTKECNKEGDGTIFTKHVCPFFGVGTKQTCVKQPOQFGN++2 

FGVGTOKPGUVJGIGQITCRJKENKOKVUQHVJGKEGDGTIJC\CTF

CPFVYKEGFCKN[DTQCFECUVUKEGDGTIYCTPKPIDWNNGVKPU

CPFKEGHCEUKOKNGEJCTVUYJKEJFGHKPGVJGNKOKVUQHVJG

KEGDGTIVJTGCVFWTKPIVJGKEGDGTIUGCUQP
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UWOOGT++2CPPWCNN[CTEJKXGUFCVCQPCNNEQPHKTOGF

CPFUWURGEVGFVCTIGVUCPFHQTYCTFVJGUGFCVCVQVJG

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FGGRQEGCPCPFEQCUVCNTGIKQPU(KHVGGP%QCUV)WCTF

RGTUQPPGNHKNNMG[VGEJPKECNCPFNQIKUVKEUUWRRQTV

RQUKVKQPUYKVJKP0&$%YKVJVJGUGPKQT%QCUV)WCTF

QHHKEGTCUUKIPGFUGTXKPICUVJG0&$%&GRWV[&KTGEVQT

%QCUV)WCTFEWVVGTUUWRRQTVVJGFGRNQ[OGPVCPF

/GVGQTQNQIKECNCEVKXKVKGUCTGEQQTFKPCVGFD[VJG+EG

1RGTCVKQPU&KXKUKQPQHVJG1HHKEGQH0CXKICVKQP5CHGV[

CPF9CVGTYC[U5GTXKEGUCV%QCUV)WCTF*GCFSWCTVGTU

(KGNFOCPCIGOGPVQH%QCUV)WCTFOGVGQTQNQIKECN

UWRRQTVUGTXKEGUKUCEEQORNKUJGFCUVJG%QCUV)WCTF

#TGCCPF&KUVTKEVNGXGNU
'2#

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY WEATHER PROGRAMS

6JG'PXKTQPOGPVCN2TQVGEVKQP#IGPE['2#KUTGURQPUKDNGHQTYQTMKPIYKVJUVCVGNQECNCPFQVJGTHGFGTCN

IQXGTPOGPVCIGPEKGUVQRTQXKFGWUGTCRRTQRTKCVGCPFUEKGPVKHKECNN[ETGFKDNGCKTSWCNKV[OGVGQTQNQIKECN

RTQITCOUVQUWRRQTVTGIWNCVQT[CRRNKECVKQPU#RRNKGFTGUGCTEJCPFOGVGQTQNQIKECNUWRRQTVKUHWTPKUJGF

RTKOCTKN[D['2#	U0CVKQPCN'ZRQUWTG4GUGCTEJ.CDQTCVQT[KP4GUGCTEJ6TKCPING2CTM0QTVJ%CTQNKPC

VJTQWIJCPKPVGTCIGPE[CITGGOGPVYKVJVJG0CVKQPCN1EGCPKECPF#VOQURJGTKE#FOKPKUVTCVKQP01##YJKEJ

RTQXKFGUCRRTQZKOCVGN[TGUGCTEJOGVGQTQNQIKUVUVQVJG'2#

/GVGQTQNQIKECNUWRRQTVVQVJG'2#1HHKEGQH TGIKQPCNCKTFGITCFCVKQPKPGTVVTCEGTCPFVCIIGFURGEKGU

4GUGCTEJCPF&GXGNQROGPVVJG'2#1HHKEGQH#KTCPF PWOGTKECNOQFGNUCTGDGKPIFGXGNQRGF6JGUGOQFGNU

4CFKCVKQPVJG'2#TGIKQPCNQHHKEGUCPFVQUVCVGCPF YKNNKPVTQFWEGUGRCTCVGECNEWNCVKQPUHQTKPGTVQTTGCEVKXG

NQECNCIGPEKGUKPENWFGUFGXGNQROGPVCPFCRRNKECVKQP EJGOKECNURGEKGUGOKVVGFHTQOCRCTVKEWNCTUQWTEGQT

QHCKTSWCNKV[FKURGTUKQPOQFGNUHQTRQNNWVKQPEQPVTQN TGIKQP6JGECNEWNCVKQPUYKNNRTQEGGFVQUKOWNCVG

FKTGEVCPFKPFKTGEVGZRQUWTGCUUGUUOGPVUCPFUVTCVGI[ VTCPURQTVCPFVTCPUHQTOCVKQPVQCTGEGRVQTRQKPVYJGTG

ETGCVKQPRTGRCTCVKQPCPFRGTHQTOCPEGQHFKURGTUKQP VJGEQPVTKDWVKQPQHVJGRCTVKEWNCTUQWTEGEQWNFDG

UVWFKGUCPFCKTSWCNKV[OQFGNGXCNWCVKQPUCPF KUQNCVGF


TGXKGYQHOGVGQTQNQIKECNCURGEVUQHGPXKTQPOGPVCN 

KORCEVUVCVGOGPVUUVCVGKORNGOGPVCVKQPRNCPUCPF

XCTKCPEGTGSWGUVU/GVGQTQNQIKECNGZRGTVKUGCPF

IWKFCPEGCTGCNUQRTQXKFGFHQTVJGCKTSWCNKV[UVCPFCTF

OQFGNKPIIWKFGNKPGCPFRQNKE[FGXGNQROGPVCEVKXKVKGU

QHVJG'2#

+PNKIJVQHVJG#OGPFOGPVUVQVJG%NGCP#KT CPFQTUQWTEGUQHRJQVQEJGOKECNRTQFWEVKQPCPFVJG

#EVCKTSWCNKV[OQFGNUCPFVJGOCPPGTKPYJKEJVJG[ KPVGTCEVKQPVJTQWIJVTCPURQTVQHVJGUGQ\QPGRTGEWTUQTU

CTGWUGFCTGGZRGEVGFVQGXQNXGEQPUKFGTCDN[QXGTVJG /WEJQHVJKUTGUGCTEJYKNNDGRGTHQTOGFWPFGTVJG

PGZVHGY[GCTU+PVJGCTGCQHRQNNWVCPVFGRQUKVKQPVJG RTQITCOGPVKVNGF0QTVJ#OGTKECP4GUGCTEJ5VTCVGI[QP

GXCNWCVKQPQHPKVTQIGPCPFQZKFCPVEJGOKUVT[KP 6TQRQURJGTKE1\QPG0#4561

CFFKVKQPVQUWNHWTEJGOKUVT[YKNNENCTKH[VJGTQNGUQH 

OQFGNHQTOWNCVKQPENQWFRTQEGUUGUTCFKCVKXGVTCPUHGT

CPFUWTHCEGXGTVKECNGZEJCPIGUKPCKTSWCNKV[OQFGN

RTGFKEVKQPUNGCFKPIVQCDGVVGTWPFGTUVCPFKPIQHOQFGN

RTGFKEVKQPUTGNCVKXGVQEQPVTQNUVTCVGI[CUUGUUOGPVU

(WTVJGTFGXGNQROGPVCPFGXCNWCVKQPQHGZKUVKPICKT

SWCNKV[OQFGNUYKNNVCMGRNCEGVQCEEQOOQFCVGVJG

KPVGTRQNNWVCPVGHHGEVUTGUWNVKPIHTQOVJGXCTKGV[QH

EQPVTQNRTQITCOUVJCVCTGPQYQTOC[DGKPRNCEGUWEJ

CUVJGRTQRQUGFTGXKUKQPUVQVJG0CVKQPCN#ODKGPV#KT

3WCNKV[5VCPFCTFUHQTQ\QPGCPFRCTVKEWNCVGRQNNWVKQP

6JGUGKPVGTRQNNWVCPVGHHGEVUKPENWFGVTCFGQHHUCOQPI 4GUGCTEJKPJWOCPGZRQUWTGOQFGNKPIKPENWFGU

EQPVTQNUQPQ\QPGUWNHWTQZKFGUPKVTQIGPQZKFGUCPF OKETQGPXKTQPOGPVCNOQPKVQTKPICPFOQFGNKPICPF

XQNCVKNGQTICPKEEQORQWPFUCUYGNNCUFGXGNQRKPI FGXGNQROGPVQHGZRQUWTGCUUGUUOGPVVQQNU/KETQ

RTGFKEVCDNGOGVJQFUQHHQTGECUVKPIVJGKORCEVUQP GPXKTQPOGPVCNCNIQTKVJOUCTGDGKPIFGXGNQRGFDCUGFQP

XCTKQWUOGCUWTGUQHCKTSWCNKV[ HKGNFFCVCVQRTGFKEVCKTSWCNKV[KPDWKNFKPIUCVVCEJGF

ICTCIGUCPFUVTGGVECP[QPU6JGUGKORTQXGFCNIQ 9KVJTGURGEVVQKPJCNCDNGRCTVKEWNCVGOQFGN

FGXGNQROGPVFKURGTUKQPOQFGNUCTGDGKPIGPJCPEGFVQ

CEEWTCVGN[RTGFKEVCGTQUQNITQYVJHTQORTGEWTUQTUQXGT

TGIKQPCNCPFNQECNVTCPURQTVFKUVCPEGU6QCUUKUVKPVJG

GXCNWCVKQPQHVJGEQPVTKDWVKQPQHXCTKQWUUQWTEGUVQ

9KVJTGURGEVVQQZKFCPVCKTSWCNKV[OQFGNKPIVJG

TQNGUQHDKQIGPKEXQNCVKNGQTICPKEEQORQWPFUTWTCN

PKVTQIGPQZKFGUCPFXGTVKECNVTCPURQTVYKNNDG

GNWEKFCVGF#DGVVGTWPFGTUVCPFKPIYKNNDGFGXGNQRGFQH

VJGHWPFCOGPVCNCURGEVUQHVJGQ\QPGPQPCVVCKPOGPV

RTQDNGOUWEJCUFKHHGTGPEGUKPWTDCPCPFTWTCNTCVGUQH

#VOQURJGTKETGUGCTEJKPVJGCTGCUQHENKOCVGCPF

ENKOCVGEJCPIGKPENWFGUQ\QPGFKUVTKDWVKQPKPVJGINQDCN

VTQRQURJGTGVJGTGNCVKQPUJKRDGVYGGPVJCVQ\QPG

FKUVTKDWVKQPCPFENKOCVGKPENWFKPIVGORQTCNCPFURCVKCN

CURGEVUCPFTGIKQPCNENKOCVGUVWFKGUCFFTGUUKPIVJG

KPVGTCEVKQPQHENKOCVGYKVJVJGDKQURJGTG6JGENKOCV

QNQI[RTQITCOKPXQNXGUDQVJCPCN[VKECNCPFUVCVKUVKECN

ENKOCVQNQI[CUYGNNCUUWRRQTVHQTTGIKQPCNUECNG

ENKOCVGOQFGNFGXGNQROGPV%NKOCVGEJCPIGKUUWGUCPF

VJGKTHGGFDCEMUYKVJVJGDKQURJGTGCTGDGKPIUVTGUUGF

TKVJOUCTGVJGPKPEQTRQTCVGFKPVQOKETQGPXKTQPOGPVCN

UKOWNCVKQPOQFGNUHQTEQPFWEVKPIJWOCPGZRQUWTG

CUUGUUOGPVUYKVJKPGPENQUGFURCEGUKPYJKEJURGEKHKE

JWOCPCEVKXKVKGUQEEWT
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+PCFFKVKQPVQVJGUGOCLQTCTGCUFKURGTUKQPOQFGNU 6JG/WNVKOGFKC+PVGITCVGF/QFGNKPI5[UVGO

HQTKPGTVTGCEVKXGCPFVQZKERQNNWVCPVUCTGWPFGT 
/+/5TGUGCTEJUGGMUVQKORTQXGVJGGPXKTQPOGPVCN

FGXGNQROGPVCPFGXCNWCVKQPQPCNNVGORQTCNCPFURCVKCN OCPCIGOGPVEQOOWPKV[	UCDKNKV[VQGXCNWCVGVJGKORCEV

UECNGUGIKPFQQTWTDCPEQORNGZVGTTCKPOGUQUECNG QHCKTSWCNKV[CPFYCVGTUJGFOCPCIGOGPVRTCEVKEGUCV

CPFTGIKQPCN1VJGTGHHQTVUKPENWFGEQPUVTWEVKQPCPF OWNVKRNGUECNGUQPUVTGCOCPFGUVWCTKPGEQPFKVKQPU

CRRNKECVKQPQHCKTRQNNWVKQPENKOCVQNQIKGUOQFGNKPIQH 6QYCTFVJKUIQCNVJGRTKOCT[QDLGEVKXGUCTGVQ

CITKEWNVWTCNRGUVKEKFGURTC[FTKHVCPFQHHWIKVKXG 
FGXGNQRCRTQVQV[RGOWNVKUECNGKPVGITCVGFOQFGNKPI

RCTVKENGUHTQOUWTHCEGEQCNOKPGUOQFGNKPIQHVTCEG U[UVGOYKVJRTGFKEVKXGOGVGQTQNQIKECNECRCDKNKV[HQT

OGVCNFGRQUKVKQPVQVJG)TGCV.CMGUPWVTKGPVFGRQUKVKQP VTCPURQTVCPFHCVGQHPWVTKGPVUCPFEJGOKECNUVTGUUQTU

VQ%JGUCRGCMG$C[CPFOGTEWT[FGRQUKVKQPVQVJG 
GPCDNGVJGWUGQHTGOQVGN[UGPUGFCPFOQPKVQTGF

(NQTKFC'XGTINCFGUOQFGNKPIQHCEEKFGPVCNTGNGCUGUQH OGVGQTQNQIKECNCPFCKTSWCNKV[FCVCCPFRTQEGUUDCUGF

VQZKEEQORQWPFUHQTOKPIFGPUGICUENQWFUCPFQHQRGP RCTCOGVGTGUVKOCVKQPVGEJPKSWGUKPOWNVKUECNG

DWTPKPIQRGPFGVQPCVKQPQHUWTRNWUOKNKVCT[OWPKVKQPU GEQU[UVGOCUUGUUOGPVOQFGNUCPFFGXGNQRCPGCU[

FGVGTOKPCVKQPCPFFGUETKRVKQPQHRQNNWVCPVGHHGEVUQP VQWUGEQORWVGTDCUGFRTQDNGOUQNXKPIGPXKTQPOGPV

CVOQURJGTKERCTCOGVGTUCPFEQPXGTUGN[FGVGTOKPCVKQP YKVJTGCF[CEEGUUVQFCVCOQFGNUCPFKPVGITCVGF

QHOGVGQTQNQIKECNGHHGEVUQPCKTSWCNKV[/GCUWTGOGPV XKUWCNK\CVKQPCPFCPCN[UKUVQQNUHQTWUGKPGZRQUWTGTKUM

FCVCQDVCKPGFFWTKPIHKGNFRTQITCOUCPFHTQOYKPF CUUGUUOGPVUGEQU[UVGOTGUVQTCVKQPFGUKIPCPFRQNKE[

VWPPGNCPFYCVGTEJCPPGNVQYKPIVCPMGZRGTKOGPVUKP FGXGNQROGPVCPFTGHKPGOGPVHTQOTGIKQPCNVQNQECN

VJG'2#(NWKF/QFGNKPI(CEKNKV[YKNNDGWUGFVQ UECNGU6JG/+/5FGXGNQROGPVGZVGPFUVJGQRGP

EQPVKPWGFGXGNQROGPVCPFGXCNWCVKQPQHVJGUGOQFGNUKP CTEJKVGEVWTGCRRTQCEJFGOQPUVTCVGFKPVJG/QFGNU

VJG(;RGTKQFCNQPIYKVJFGXGNQRKPI %QOOWPKV[/WNVKUECNG#KT3WCNKV[%/#3U[UVGOVQ

OQFGNUHQTRQNNWVCPVFKURGTUKQPCTQWPFPCVWTCNCPF RTQXKFGCHTCOGYQTMHQTUGNGEVKPIOGVGQTQNQIKECN

OCPOCFGQDUVCENGU EJGOKECNRJ[UKECNCPFDKQNQIKECNRTQEGUUEQORQPGPVU

VQDWKNFEWUVQOK\GFOQFGNUHQTURGEKHKERTQDNGOU '2#RCTVKEKRCVKQPKPVJGKPVGTCIGPE[*KIJ

2GTHQTOCPEG%QORWVKPICPF%QOOWPKECVKQPU*2%%

2TQITCOKUGPCDNKPIKPETGCUGFGHHKEKGPE[KPCKTSWCNKV[

OGVGQTQNQIKECNOQFGNKPIVJTQWIJTGUGCTEJQPRCTCNNGN 6JG'2#CNUQOCKPVCKPUTGNCVKQPUYKVJHQTGKIP

KORNGOGPVCVKQPQHVJG/GUQUECNG/GVGQTQNQIKECN/QFGN


//YKVJVJGUWDUGSWGPVVTCPUHGTQHVJGUGCEJKGXGF

GHHKEKGPEKGUVQVJGWUGTEQOOWPKV[6JG*2%%

2TQITCOKUCNUQFGXGNQRKPICHNGZKDNGGPXKTQPOGPVCN

OQFGNKPICPFFGEKUKQPUWRRQTVVQQN6JKTF)GPGTCVKQP

/QFGNKPI5[UVGO
/QFGNUVQFGCNYKVJOWNVKRNG

UECNGU
WTDCPVQTGIKQPCNCPFOWNVKRNGRQNNWVCPVU

UKOWNVCPGQWUN[VJWUHCEKNKVCVKPICOQTGEQORTGJGPUKXG

CPFEQUVGHHGEVKXGQPGCVOQURJGTGCRRTQCEJVQTGNCVGF

UKPINGUVTGUUQTCPFOWNVKUVTGUUQTJWOCPCPFGEQU[UVGO

RTQDNGOU/QFGNURTQXKFGUCHTCOGYQTMVQUWRRQTV

VJGEQPUVCPVGXQNWVKQPQHGPXKTQPOGPVCNOQFGNUVQ

JCPFNGOQTGEQORNGZKUUWGUUWEJCUHKPGRCTVKEWNCVGU

XKUKDKNKV[VQZKERQNNWVCPVUCPFOWNVKOGFKC
CKTCPF

YCVGTGPXKTQPOGPVCNCUUGUUOGPVUKPCPKPVGITCVGF

OCPPGT

FQOCKPUCPFVQHCEKNKVCVGKPVGTCEVKQPCOQPIOGFKC

URGEKHKEOQFGNU

EQWPVTKGUVQRTQOQVGGZEJCPIGQHTGUGCTEJ

OGVGQTQNQIKUVUCPFTGUGCTEJTGUWNVURGTVCKPKPIVQ

OGVGQTQNQIKECNCURGEVUQHCKTRQNNWVKQP1PGQHVJG

OQUVCEVKXGCTGCUQHEQQRGTCVKXGTGUGCTEJKUYKVJ4WUUKC

WPFGTVJG0KZQP2QFIQTP[#ITGGOGPVHQTOKPIVJG

757554,QKPV%QOOKVVGGQP%QQRGTCVKQPKPVJG(KGNF

QH'PXKTQPOGPVCN2TQVGEVKQPCPFWPFGTVJG

)QTG%JGTPQO[TFKP#ITGGOGPVHQTOKPIVJG754WUUKC

%QOOKUUKQPQP'EQPQOKECPF6GEJPQNQIKECN

%QQRGTCVKQP1VJGTCITGGOGPVUCTGKPRNCEGYKVJ

%CPCFC,CRCP%JKPCCPF/GZKEQCPFYKVJUGXGTCN

'WTQRGCPEQWPVTKGUWPFGTVJG0#61%QOOKVVGGQP

%JCNNGPIGUQH/QFGTP5QEKGV[('/#

FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY WEATHER PROGRAMS

6JG(GFGTCN'OGTIGPE[/CPCIGOGPV#IGPE[('/#KUVJGEGPVTCNCIGPE[YKVJKPVJGHGFGTCNIQXGTPOGPV

TGURQPUKDNGHQTGOGTIGPE[RTGRCTGFPGUUVTCKPKPICPFGZGTEKUGUOKVKICVKQPTGURQPUGCPFTGEQXGT[9QTMKPI

ENQUGN[YKVJUVCVGCPFNQECNIQXGTPOGPVU('/#HWPFUCPFRTQXKFGUNGCFGTUJKRHQTRTGFKUCUVGTOKVKICVKQP

CEVKXKVKGUGOGTIGPE[RTQITCOUCPFQHHGTUVGEJPKECNIWKFCPEGCPFVTCKPKPI('/#CNUQEQQTFKPCVGUHGFGTCN

FKUCUVGTTGNKGHTGUQWTEGUHQNNQYKPIECVCUVTQRJKEFKUCUVGTU6JGUG2TGUKFGPVKCNN[FGENCTGFCEVKXKVKGUGPUWTGC

DTQCFDCUGFRTQITCOVQRTQVGEVNKHGCPFRTQRGTV[CPFRTQXKFGTGEQXGT[CUUKUVCPEGCHVGTCFKUCUVGT6JGCIGPE[

YCUHQTOGFKPD[2TGUKFGPVKCN'ZGEWVKXG1TFGTTGRNCEKPIHKXGHQTOGTCIGPEKGUCPFEQPUQNKFCVKPI

VJG0CVKQP	UGOGTIGPE[TGNCVGFRTQITCOUKPENWFKPIOGVGQTQNQIKECNGOGTIGPEKGU

+PECTT[KPIQWVKVUTQNG('/#YQTMUYKVJCNN FKUCUVGTU6JGUGKPVGTGUVUGZVGPFVQPCVKQPCNUVCPFCTFU

QHVJGCIGPEKGUVQCUUWTGVJCVVJGFGNKXGT[QH HQTIGQITCRJKEKPHQTOCVKQPU[UVGOU
)+5WUGFHQT

OGVGQTQNQI[TGNCVGFKPHQTOCVKQPKUEQPFWEVGFKP FGNKXGT[QHOGVGQTQNQIKECNRTQFWEVUCPFUGTXKEGUD[

MGGRKPIYKVJGUVCDNKUJGFIQCNUCPFQDLGEVKXGU#U QVJGTCIGPEKGU('/#CNUQCEVKXGN[UWRRQTVUVJG

CFOKPKUVTCVQTQHVJG0CVKQPCN(NQQF+PUWTCPEG 1(%/URQPUQTGF9QTMKPI)TQWRHQT2QUV5VQTO

2TQITCO('/#RWDNKUJGU(NQQF+PUWTCPEG4CVG &CVC#ESWKUKVKQP9)25&#CPFVJG9)25&#	U

/CRUHQTCNNHNQQFRTQPGEQOOWPKVKGUYJKEJUGTXGCU GHHQTVUVQFGXGNQRC0CVKQPCN2NCPHQT2QUV5VQTO

VJGQHHKEKCNFGOCTECVKQPHQTHNQQFTKUM('/#CNUQ &CVC#ESWKUKVKQPVQEQQTFKPCVGCPFUWRRQTVVJG

RWDNKUJGUJWTTKECPGGXCEWCVKQPOCRUDCUGFQPOQFGN EQNNGEVKQPD[VJGHGFGTCNCIGPEKGUQHRGTKUJCDNGFCVC

UKOWNCVKQPTGUWNVUHTQO095	U0CVKQPCN*WTTKECPG CHVGTOCLQTUVQTOU6JGUGFCVCJCXGRQVGPVKCN

%GPVGTHQTTGIKQPUUWDLGEVVQJWTTKECPGU CRRNKECVKQPUKP('/#	UTKUMCPCN[UKUCEVKXKVKGUUWEJ

CUVJG/WNVK*C\CTF.QUU'UVKOCVKQP/GVJQFQNQI[ ('/#	URTKQTKV[KPVGTGUVUYKVJ1(%/CTGKP

UWRRQTVKPI('/#	URTGFKUCUVGTKPKVKCVKXGUKPENWFKPI

2TQLGEV+ORCEVCPFKPRTQOQVKPIUVCPFCTFUCPF

RTQEGFWTGUYJKEJYKNNGPJCPEGVJGCDKNKV[QHVJG

0CVKQPVQOKVKICVGCPFTGEQXGTHTQOGOGTIGPEKGUCPF


*#<75(QTOGVGQTQNQIKECNN[TGNCVGFOCVVGTUVJG

2TQITCO#UUGUUOGPVCPF1WVTGCEJ&KXKUKQP

/KVKICVKQP&KTGEVQTCVGKUVJGRTKPEKRCNEQPVCEVRQKPV

YKVJKP('/#YYYHGOCIQX
0#5#

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION WEATHER PROGRAMS

6JG0CVKQPCN#GTQPCWVKEUCPF5RCEG#FOKPKUVTCVKQP
0#5#*GCFSWCTVGTU9GCVJGT5WRRQTV1HHKEGJCU

EQPVKPWGFVQKORTQXG0#5#	UYGCVJGTUWRRQTVECRCDKNKVKGUHQTDQVJOCPPGFCPFWPOCPPGFURCEGNCWPEJ

XGJKENGU+VKUGZRGEVGFVJCVVJGUGKORTQXGOGPVUYKNNUVTGPIVJGPCPFGPJCPEGVJGKPHQTOCVKQPRTQXKFGFVQVJG

ITQWPFDCUGFFGEKUKQPOCMGTUCPFCUVTQPCWVQDUGTXGTUVQKPUWTGVJCV0#5#CEJKGXGUVJGDGUVQRGTCVKQPCN

RQUVWTGHQT5RCEG5JWVVNGNCWPEJGUCPFNCPFKPIU6JGIQCNQHVJGQRGTCVKQPURTQITCOKUVQRTQXKFGVJG

URGEKCNK\GFOGVGQTQNQIKECNFCVCPGGFGFD[QRGTCVKQPCNHQTGECUVGTUCV%CRG%CPCXGTCN#KT5VCVKQPQH-GPPGF[

5RCEG%GPVGT
-5%CPF,QJPUQP5RCEG%GPVGTVQUWRRQTVVJG5RCEG5JWVVNGRTQITCO6JGHQEWUKUQP

FGVGEVKPICPFHQTGECUVKPIVJGOGUQUECNGYGCVJGTGXGPVUYJKEJUVTQPIN[KORCEV5JWVVNGITQWPFRTQEGUUKPI

NCWPEJGUCPFNCPFKPIQRGTCVKQPU

12'4#6+105 VGEJPQNQI[YKNNDGVTCPUHGTTGFVQCEQOOGTEKCNHKTO

)#+YJKEJKUEWTTGPVN[YQTMKPIWPFGTC5RCEG#EV 6JGIQCNQHVJGQRGTCVKQPURTQITCOKUVQRTQXKFG

VJGURGEKCNK\GFOGVGQTQNQIKECNFCVCPGGFGFD[

QRGTCVKQPCNHQTGECUVGTUCV%CRG%CPCXGTCN#KT5VCVKQP

CPF,QJPUQP5RCEG%GPVGTVQUWRRQTVVJG5RCEG

5JWVVNGRTQITCO6JGHQEWUKUQPFGVGEVKPICPF

HQTGECUVKPIVJGOGUQUECNGYGCVJGTGXGPVUYJKEJ

UVTQPIN[KORCEV5JWVVNGITQWPFRTQEGUUKPINCWPEJ 5722146+0)4'5'#4%*

CPFNCPFKPIQRGTCVKQPU(QTGECUVUCPFQDUGTXCVKQPU 

HQT0#5#-GPPGF[5RCEG%GPVGT-5%CTGRTQXKFGF

D[#KT(QTEGOGVGQTQNQIKUVUCPFEQPVTCEVQTU-5%

EQUVUJCTGUYKVJVJG#KT(QTEGVJGGZRGPUGQH

QRGTCVKPICPFOCKPVCKPKPIVJG'CUVGTP4CPIG U

GZVGPUKXGOGVGQTQNQIKECNPGVYQTM-5%EQPVTKDWVGU

RGTEGPV-5%HWPFUQRGTCVKQPCPFOCKPVGPCPEGQH

VJG&QRRNGT4CFCT9KPF2TQHKNGT
&492CPFVJG

.KIJVPKPI&GVGEVKQPCPF4CPIKPI.U[UVGOU

6JKUQRGTCVKQPURTQITCOTGSWKTGUGZRNQKVCVKQPQH DQVJF[PCOKECPFJKIJN[KPVGTCEVKXG+VKUCPCTGCQH

VJGNCVGUVVGEJPQNQI[6JG#RRNKGF/GVGQTQNQI[7PKV TGUGCTEJYKVJKOOGPUGDGPGHKVUVQVJGPCVKQP[KGNFKPI


#/7EQNNQECVGFYKVJVJG#KT(QTEG U4CPIG PGYMPQYNGFIGCPFVQQNUHQTYGCVJGTHQTGECUVKPI

9GCVJGT1RGTCVKQPURTQXKFGUCHCEKNKV[VQGXCNWCVG CITKEWNVWTGYCVGTTGUQWTEGOCPCIGOGPVWTDCPCPF

CPFKHYCTTCPVGFVTCPUKVKQPPGYOGVGQTQNQIKECN NCPFWUGRNCPPKPICPFQVJGTCTGCUQHGEQPQOKECPF

VGEJPQNQI[KPVQQRGTCVKQPU(QTKPUVCPEGVJG#/7 GPXKTQPOGPVCNKORQTVCPEG+PEQPEGTVYKVJQVJGT

UVTKXGUVQFGXGNQRVGEJPKSWGUCPFU[UVGOUVQJGNR CIGPEKGUCPFVJGINQDCNTGUGCTEJEQOOWPKV['CTVJ

RTGFKEVCPFCXQKFVJGKORCEVUQH-5% UHTGSWGPV 5EKGPEGKURTQXKFKPIVJGUEKGPVKHKEHQWPFCVKQPPGGFGF

OGUQUECNGUWOOGTVJWPFGTUVQTOUYJKEJGPFCPIGTVJG HQTVJGEQORNGZRQNKE[EJQKEGUVJCVNKGCJGCFQPVJG

ITQWPFRTQEGUUKPINCWPEJCPFNCPFKPIQRGTCVKQPUQH TQCFVQUWUVCKPCDNGFGXGNQROGPV'CTVJ5EKGPEGJCU

VJG#OGTKECP5RCEG2TQITCO5RCEG5JWVVNG&1& GUVCDNKUJGFVJTGGDTQCFIQCNUGZRCPFUEKGPVKHKE

CPFEQOOGTEKCN5RGEKCNCVVGPVKQPJCUDGGPIKXGPVQ MPQYNGFIGQHVJGGCTVJU[UVGOWUKPI0#5# UWPKSWG

GXCNWCVKPIOGUQUECNGPWOGTKECNOQFGNU6JG#/7 ECRCDKNKVKGUHTQOVJGXCPVCIGRQKPVUQHURCEGCKTETCHV

HWPEVKQPUWPFGTCLQKPV0#5##KT(QTEGCPF095 CPFKPUKVWRNCVHQTOU
FKUUGOKPCVGKPHQTOCVKQP

/GOQTCPFWOQH#ITGGOGPV&GXGNQROGPVQHCP CDQWVVJGGCTVJU[UVGOCPFGPCDNGRTQFWEVKXGWUG

#FXCPEGF#NIQTKVJOHQTVJG.U[UVGOYKNN QH'CTVJ5EKGPEGRTQITCOUEKGPEGCPFVGEJPQNQI[KP

EQPENWFGKP(;NGCXKPIQPN[QRGTCVKQPCN VJGRWDNKECPFRTKXCVGUGEVQTU6JG'CTVJ5EKGPEG

KORNGOGPVCVKQPKP(;&GXGNQROGPVQHVJG8GT[ 'PVGTRTKUGJCUGXQNXGFHTQOYJCVYCURTGXKQWUN[

5JQTV$CUGNKPG.U[UVGOUJQWNFDGOQUVN[ ECNNGFVJG/KUUKQPVQ2NCPGV'CTVJ'PVGTRTKUG

EQORNGVGD[(;#HVGTFGXGNQROGPVVJG

#ITGGOGPVYKVJ0#5#VQEQOOGTEKCNK\G.#

PGY#KTDQTPG(KGNF/KNN
#$(/FCVCICVJGTKPI

RTQITCOKUWPFGTUVWF[CV-5%+HCRRTQXGFHWPFU

YKNNDGHQTYCTFGFVQ0#5#/CTUJCNN5RCEG(NKIJV

%GPVGTVQRWTEJCUG#$(/HQTVJGRTQITCO

6JGUWRRQTVKPITGUGCTEJCEVKXKVKGUCTGURQPUQTGF

D[VJG0#5# U1HHKEGQH'CTVJ5EKGPEG1'56JG

RWTRQUGQH0#5# U'CTVJ5EKGPEG'PVGTRTKUGKUVQ

WPFGTUVCPFVJGVQVCNGCTVJU[UVGOCPFVJGGHHGEVUQH

PCVWTCNCPFJWOCPKPFWEGFEJCPIGUQPVJGINQDCN

GPXKTQPOGPV'CTVJ5EKGPEGKURKQPGGTKPIVJGPGY

KPVGTFKUEKRNKPCT[HKGNFQHTGUGCTEJECNNGFGCTVJU[UVGO

UEKGPEGDQTPQHVJGTGEQIPKVKQPVJCVVJGGCTVJ UNCPF

UWTHCEGQEGCPUCVOQURJGTGKEGUJGGVUCPFDKQVCCTG
0#5#

6JGRWTUWKVQHGCTVJU[UVGOUEKGPEGYQWNFDG QHCJKIJN[KPVGITCVGFU[UVGOYJKEJECPQRGTCVG

KORTCEVKECNYKVJQWVVJGEQPVKPWQWUINQDCNQDUGTXC VJG'15UCVGNNKVGU
CESWKTGKPUVTWOGPVFCVC

VKQPURTQXKFGFD[UCVGNNKVGDQTPGKPUVTWOGPVU'CTVJ 
RTQFWEGFCVCCPFKPHQTOCVKQPRTQFWEVUHTQOVJG

5EKGPEGEQORTKUGUCPKPVGITCVGFUNCVGQHURCEGETCHV '15VQRTGUGTXGVJGUGCPFCNNQVJGT'CTVJ5EKGPEG

CPFKPUKVWOGCUWTGOGPVECRCDKNKVKGUFCVCCPF GPXKTQPOGPVCNQDUGTXCVKQPUHQTEQPVKPWKPIWUGCPF

KPHQTOCVKQPOCPCIGOGPVU[UVGOUVQCESWKTGRTQEGUU 
OCMGCNNVJGUGFCVCCPFKPHQTOCVKQPGCUKN[

CTEJKXGCPFFKUVTKDWVGINQDCNFCVCUGVUCPFTGUGCTEJ CXCKNCDNGHQTWUGD[VJGTGUGCTEJGFWECVKQP

CPFCPCN[UKURTQITCOUVQEQPXGTVFCVCKPVQPGY IQXGTPOGPVCIGPEKGUCPFCNNVJQUGYJQECPDGPGHKV

MPQYNGFIGQHVJGGCTVJU[UVGO0WOGTQWUWUGTUKP HTQOVJGOKPOCMKPIGEQPQOKECPFRQNKE[FGEKUKQPU

CECFGOKCKPFWUVT[HGFGTCNUVCVGCPFNQECN 6JG'15&+5HCEKNKVCVGUVJGIQCNUQH'CTVJ5EKGPEGD[

IQXGTPOGPVVCRVJKUMPQYNGFIGVQRTQFWEGRTQFWEVU GPCDNKPIVJGRWDNKEVQDGPGHKVHWNN[HTQOKPETGCUGF

CPFUGTXKEGUGUUGPVKCNVQCEJKGXKPIUWUVCKPCDNG WPFGTUVCPFKPICPFQDUGTXCVKQPUQHVJGGPXKTQPOGPV

FGXGNQROGPV'CTVJ5EKGPEGKU0#5# UEQPVTKDWVKQP 

VQVJG7PKVGF5VCVGU)NQDCN%JCPIG4GUGCTEJ

2TQITCO
)%42CPKPVGTCIGPE[GHHQTVVQWPFGT

UVCPFVJGRTQEGUUGUCPFRCVVGTPUQHINQDCNEJCPIG

0GCTN[CNNQH0#5# UHWPFKPIKPOGVGQTQNQI[KU HNGZKDKNKV[VQVCMGCFXCPVCIGQHWPKSWGQRRQTVWPKVKGU

HQTUWRRQTVKPITGUGCTEJ6JKUUWRRQTVKPITGUGCTEJ RTGUGPVGFD[KPVGTPCVKQPCNEQQRGTCVKXGGHHQTVUQT

HWPFKPIKUEQPVCKPGFKPHQWTOCLQTNKPGKVGOUQHVJG VGEJPKECNKPPQXCVKQPCPFVQEQORNGOGPVVJG'15D[

1HHKEGQH'CTVJ5EKGPEGDWFIGV6JGUGNKPGKVGOUCTG RTQXKFKPIVJGCDKNKV[VQKPXGUVKICVGRTQEGUUGUVJCV


'CTVJ1DUGTXKPI5[UVGO
'CTVJ1DUGTXKPI TGSWKTGURGEKCNQTDKVUQTJCXGWPKSWGTGSWKTGOGPVU

5[UVGO&CVC+PHQTOCVKQP5[UVGO'CTVJ2TQDGU 6JGEWTTGPVN[CRRTQXGFGCTVJRTQDGUCTGVJG6QVCN

CPFCRRNKGFTGUGCTEJCPFFCVCCPCN[UKU 1\QPG/CRRKPI5RGEVTQOGVGT
61/56TQRKECN

4CKPHCNN/GCUWTKPI/KUUKQP
64//.GYKU 6JGQXGTCNNIQCNQHVJG'CTVJ1DUGTXKPI

5[UVGO'15KUVQCFXCPEGVJGWPFGTUVCPFKPIQHVJG

GPVKTGGCTVJU[UVGOQPCINQDCNUECNGD[KORTQXKPIQWT

MPQYNGFIGQHVJGEQORQPGPVUQHVJGU[UVGOVJG 6JGIQCNQHCRRNKGFTGUGCTEJCPFFCVCCPCN[UKUKU

KPVGTCEVKQPUDGVYGGPVJGOCPFJQYVJGGCTVJU[UVGO VQCFXCPEGQWTWPFGTUVCPFKPIQHVJGINQDCNENKOCVG

KUEJCPIKPI6JG'15FCVCYKNNDGWUGFVQUVWF[VJG GPXKTQPOGPVVJGXWNPGTCDKNKV[QHVJGGPXKTQPOGPVVQ

CVOQURJGTGQEGCPUET[QURJGTGDKQURJGTGNCPF JWOCPCPFPCVWTCNHQTEGUQHEJCPIGCPFVJGRTQXKUKQP

UWTHCEGCPFUQNKFGCTVJRCTVKEWNCTN[CUVJGKT QHPWOGTKECNOQFGNUCPFQVJGTVQQNUPGEGUUCT[HQT

KPVGTTGNCVKQPUJKRUCTGOCPKHGUVGFKPVJGHNQYQHGPGTI[ WPFGTUVCPFKPIINQDCNENKOCVGEJCPIG

CPFKPVJGE[ENKPIQHYCVGTCPFQVJGTEJGOKECNU 

VJTQWIJVJGGCTVJU[UVGO

6JG'15RTQITCOOKUUKQPIQCNUCTG
VQ RTQITCOUEKGPEGCPF'CTVJ5EKGPEGQRGTCVKQPUFCVC

ETGCVGCPKPVGITCVGFUEKGPVKHKEQDUGTXKPIU[UVGO

GORJCUK\KPIENKOCVGEJCPIGVJCVYKNNGPCDNGOWNVK

FKUEKRNKPCT[UVWF[QHVJGGCTVJ	UETKVKECNNKHGGPCDNKPI

KPVGTTGNCVGFRTQEGUUGUVQFGXGNQRCEQORTGJGPUKXG

FCVCKPHQTOCVKQPU[UVGOKPENWFKPICFCVCTGVTKGXCNCPF

RTQEGUUKPIU[UVGOVQUGTXGVJGPGGFUQHUEKGPVKUVU

RGTHQTOKPICPKPVGITCVGFOWNVKFKUEKRNKPCT[UVWF[QH

RNCPGVGCTVJCPFVQOCMG'CTVJ5EKGPEGFCVCCPF

KPHQTOCVKQPRWDNKEN[CXCKNCDNGCPFVQCESWKTGCPF

CUUGODNGCINQDCNFCVCDCUGHQTTGOQVGUGPUKPI

OGCUWTGOGPVUHTQOURCEGQXGTCFGECFGQTOQTGVQ

GPCDNGFGHKPKVKXGCPFEQPENWUKXGUVWFKGUQHGCTVJ

U[UVGOCVVTKDWVGU

6JGIQCNUHQTVJG'15&CVC+PHQTOCVKQP

5[UVGO'15&+5CTGVJGFGXGNQROGPVCPFQRGTCVKQP

6JG'CTVJ2TQDGURTQITCOKUVJGEQORQPGPVQH

'CTVJ5EKGPEGVJCVCFFTGUUGUWPKSWGURGEKHKEJKIJN[

HQEWUGFOKUUKQPTGSWKTGOGPVUKPGCTVJUEKGPEG

TGUGCTEJ6JGRTQITCOYCUFGUKIPGFVQJCXGVJG

%NCTM'CTVJ5[UVGO5EKGPEG2CVJHKPFGTU'552CPF

.KIJV5#4

6JGCRRNKGFTGUGCTEJCPFFCVCCPCN[UKURTQITCO

KUFKXKFGFKPVQVYQEQORQPGPVU'CTVJ5EKGPEG

TGVTKGXCNCPFUVQTCIG6JGCEVKXKVKGUWPFGT'CTVJ

5EKGPEGRTQITCOUEKGPEGKPENWFGTGUGCTEJCPF

CPCN[UKU'15UEKGPEGCKTDQTPGUEKGPEGCPFCRRNKEC

VKQPUVJGRWTEJCUGCPFOCPCIGOGPVQHUEKGPVKHKEFCVC

EQOOGTEKCNTGOQVGUGPUKPICPF7PETGYGF#GTKCN

8GJKENG
7#8UEKGPEGRTQITCO1RGTCVKQPUFCVC

TGVTKGXCNCPFUVQTCIGEQPUKUVUQHUGXGTCNKPFGRGPFGPV

CEVKXKVKGUTGURQPUKDNGHQTVJGQRGTCVKQPQHEWTTGPVN[

HWPEVKQPKPIURCEGETCHVCPFHNKIJVKPUVTWOGPVUJKIJ

RGTHQTOCPEGEQORWVKPICPFEQOOWPKECVKQPUCPFVJG

RTQXKUKQPQHEQORWVKPIKPHTCUVTWEVWTG'CEJQHVJG

OCLQTEQORQPGPVUQHCRRNKGFTGUGCTEJCPFFCVC

CPCN[UKUJCUKVUQYPUGVQHIQCNUUVTCVGIKGUHQT

CEJKGXKPIIQCNURGTHQTOCPEGOGCUWTGUCPF

CEEQORNKUJOGPVUCPFRNCPU
0#5#

6JGIQCNHQTVJGUEKGPEGRTQITCOKUVQEQPVTKDWVG CPQOCNKGU4GFWEKPIWPEGTVCKPVKGUKPENKOCVG

VQVJGKPVGITCVKQPQHVJGGCTVJCPFGPXKTQPOGPVCN RTGFKEVKQPUCUGCUQPQTC[GCTKPCFXCPEGYQWNF

UEKGPEGUKPVQCPKPVGTFKUEKRNKPCT[UEKGPVKHKEWPFGT FTCOCVKECNN[KORTQXGCITKEWNVWTGCPFGPGTI[

UVCPFKPIQHVJGGCTVJU[UVGOCPFVJGGHHGEVUQHJWOCP WVKNK\CVKQPRNCPPKPI0CVWTCNJC\CTFUTGUGCTEJKU

MKPFQPVJGINQDCNGPXKTQPOGPV/CLQTGORJCUKUKU GZRNQTKPIVJGWUGQHTGOQVGUGPUKPIQDUGTXCVKQPUHQT

RNCEGFQPRTQXKFKPIGCTN[YCTPKPICPFHCUVTGURQPUG OKVKICVKQPQHFTQWIJVCPFHNQQFEQPUGSWGPEGU6JGTG

VQINQDCNGPXKTQPOGPVCNEJCPIGUYJKEJRQUGTKUMUVQ KUKPETGCUKPIGXKFGPEGVJCVRTGFKEVKQPUQHGZVTGOG

UQEKGV[6JGUEKGPEGRTQITCOCNUQRTQXKFGUVJG YGCVJGTGXGPVUECPDGKORTQXGFD[WPFGTUVCPFKPI

CPCN[UKUCPFKPVGITCVKQPQHETKVKECNFCVCCPFOQFGNU VJGKTNKPMUVQKPVGTCPPWCNENKOCVGRJGPQOGPCNKMG

PGGFGFHQTPCVKQPCNCPFKPVGTPCVKQPCNCUUGUUOGPVU#P 'N0K QGXGPVU5RGEKCNCVVGPVKQPKUDGKPIIKXGPVQ

QDLGEVKXGQHEWTTGPVRNCPPKPIKUVQCEJKGXGVJGOQUV OGCUWTKPICPFOQFGNKPIVJGGHHGEVUQHTGNCVKXGHQTEGU

GUUGPVKCNNQPIVGTOQDLGEVKXGUQH'15CPFVQ NKMGENQWFUCGTQUQNUCPFITGGPJQWUGICUGUKPNQPI

KPETGCUGGHHQTVQPUEKGPEGYKVJPGCTVGTORC[QHH VGTOENKOCVGEJCPIGKPQTFGTVQKORTQXGQWT

YKVJKPCUWUVCKPCDNGNGXGNQHHWPFKPI6JG CUUGUUOGPVUQHENKOCVGVTGPFUQPVKOGUECNGUQH

QDUGTXCVKQPCNRTQITCOYKNNDGEQOGTGUKNKGPVDGVVGT FGECFGUVQEGPVWTKGU#EQPVKPWKPIRTKQTKV[KU

CPFEJGCRGTKPVJGHWVWTGD[VCMKPICFXCPVCIGQH WPFGTUVCPFKPIVJGECWUGUCPFEQPUGSWGPEGUQHEJCPIGU

VJGGZRGTKGPEGDGKPIICKPGFKPRTGRCTCVKQPQHVJGHKTUV KPCVOQURJGTKEQ\QPG'ORJCUKUKUPQYDGKPIRNCEGF

TQWPFQH'15HNKIJVOKUUKQPUVQTGFWEGQDUGTXKPI QPVJGEJCPIKPIEQORQUKVKQPQHVJGNQYGTCVOQURJGTG

TGSWKTGOGPVUKPVJGHWVWTGCPFVQUKORNKH[VJGFGUKIP YJKEJKUUGPUKVKXGVQVJGWPRTGEGFGPVGFKPETGCUGQH

QHKPUVTWOGPVUHQTOQTGEQUVGHHGEVKXGEQPVKPWGF RQNNWVCPVGOKUUKQPUKPTCRKFN[FGXGNQRKPITGIKQPU

QRGTCVKQPHKPFKPICNVGTPCVKXGOGCPUVQECTT[QWV VJTQWIJQWVVJGYQTNF9QTMYKNNEQPVKPWGKPVJGEQTG

UQOGQHVJGGUUGPVKCNOGCUWTGOGPVUCVVJGUCOGNGXGN TGUGCTEJRTQITCOUKP'CTVJ5EKGPEG

QHSWCNKV[VJTQWIJEQQRGTCVKQPYKVJQVJGTCIGPEKGUCPF 

PCVKQPUCPFKPHWUKPIPGYKFGCUCPFVGEJPQNQIKGU

KPVQVJG'15RTQITCOVJTQWIJUOCNNUCVGNNKVGOKUUKQPU

VJCVJCXGNQYGTKPHTCUVTWEVWTGCPFHNKIJVEQUVU

6JG4GUGCTEJCPF#PCN[UKUUEKGPEGRTQITCOKU HWPEVKQPU6JGHQTOGTKUPGGFGFVQEQPVTQNSWCNKV[QH

GUUGPVKCNVQVJGFKUEQXGT[QHPGYEQPEGRVUCPFVQVJG FCVCRTQFWEGFD[KPVGTFKUEKRNKPCT[KPUVTWOGPV

FGUKIPQHHWVWTGOKUUKQPU6JGRTKOCT[OQFGQH EQORWVKPIHCEKNKVKGUCPFVJGNCVVGTHQTDTKFIKPI

TGUGCTEJEQQTFKPCVKQPQEEWTUVJTQWIJVJG75)%42 FKUEKRNKPCT[DQWPFCTKGU$QVJV[RGUQHGHHQTVUCTG

VJG%QOOKVVGGQPVJG'PXKTQPOGPVCPF0CVWTCN DGKPIUWRRNGOGPVGFD[ITCFWCVGUVWFGPVRCTVKEKRCVKQP

4GUQWTEGU%'045WDEQOOKVVGGQP)NQDCN%JCPIG KPVJG'15UEKGPEGHGNNQYUJKRRTQITCO

4GUGCTEJCPFVJGXCTKQWUDQCTFUCPFEQOOKVVGGUCV 

VJG0CVKQPCN#ECFGO[QH5EKGPEG

6JGUVTCVGI[QHKPVGTFKUEKRNKPCT[TGUGCTEJKUVQ CPCN[UKURTQITCO#RRTQZKOCVGN[CTGECTTKGFQWV

KPETGCUGUEKGPVKHKEWPFGTUVCPFKPIQHVJGINQDCN D[WPKXGTUKVKGUD[PCVKQPCNTGUGCTEJNCDQTCVQTKGU

GPXKTQPOGPVCPFKVUXWNPGTCDKNKV[VQDQVJJWOCPCPF CPFD[HGFGTCNIQXGTPOGPVCIGPEKGU6JG

PCVWTCNHCEVQTUQHEJCPIG
GIRQNNWVKQPENKOCVG FKUVTKDWVKQPQHVJGCEVKXKVKGUGPEQORCUUGUHQTV[HKXGQH

XCTKCDKNKV[FGHQTGUVCVKQP8KGYKPIVJGGCTVJHTQO VJGHKHV[UVCVGU

URCEGKUGUUGPVKCNVQEQORTGJGPFKPIVJGEWOWNCVKXG 

KPHNWGPEGQHJWOCPCEVKXKVKGUQPKVUPCVWTCNTGUQWTEG

DCUG#PKORQTVCPVRTKQTKV[KUVQRTQXKFGCEEWTCVG

CUUGUUOGPVQHVJGGZVGPVCPFJGCNVJQHVJGYQTNF U

HQTGUVITCUUNCPFCPFCITKEWNVWTCNTGUQWTEGU

1DUGTXCVKQPUHTQOURCEGCTGVJGQPN[UQWTEGQH

QDLGEVKXGKPHQTOCVKQPQPVJGJWOCPWUGQHNCPFKPC

VKOGQHTCRKFNCPFWUGFGXGNQROGPV#TGNCVGF

RTKQTKV[KUVQKORTQXGWPFGTUVCPFKPICPFRTGFKEVKQPQH

VTCPUKGPVENKOCVGXCTKCVKQPUWEJCU'N0K Q

'15KPVGTFKUEKRNKPCT[UEKGPEGEQPUKUVUQHHQEWUGF

TGUGCTEJRTQLGEVUVQCPCN[\GURGEKHKE'CTVJ5EKGPEG

FCVCUGVUCPFKPVGTFKUEKRNKPCT[KPXGUVKICVKQPUIGCTGF

HQTCDTQCFGTRTQDGKPVQ'CTVJ5EKGPEGU[UVGO

6JGTGCTGEWTTGPVN[QXGTUEKGPVKHKE

KPXGUVKICVKQPUDGKPIHWPFGFWPFGTVJGTGUGCTEJCPF

6JGCKTDQTPGUEKGPEGRTQITCOHWPFUQRGTCVKQPUQH

VYQ'4CPFQPG&%CKTETCHV#%3KUCNUQ

DGKPIWUGFVQUWRRQTVUGNGEVGF'CTVJ5EKGPEG

KPXGUVKICVKQPU6JGRTQITCOHWPFUQRGTCVKQPCPF

UWRRQTVQHCEQTGQHTGOQVGUGPUKPIKPUVTWOGPVUCPF

CHCEKNKV[HQTCPCN[\KPICPFECNKDTCVKPIFCVCHTQOVJQUG

KPUVTWOGPVU6JGURGEKHKECNN[OQFKHKGFCKTETCHVUGTXG

CUVGUVDGFUHQTPGYN[FGXGNQRGFKPUVTWOGPVCVKQPCPF

VJGKTCNIQTKVJOURTKQTVQURCEGHNKIJV6JGKPUVTW

OGPVGFCKTETCHVRTQXKFGTGOQVGUGPUKPICPFKPUKVW
0#5#

OGCUWTGOGPVUHQTOCP['CTVJ5EKGPEGTGUGCTEJCPF IQQFUCPFUGTXKEGUYGTGEQPFWEVGF6JG

CPCN[UKUHKGNFECORCKIPUKPENWFKPIUVTCVQURJGTKE

Q\QPGVTQRQURJGTKEEJGOKUVT[CPFGEQNQIKECNUVWFKGU

VJTQWIJQWVVJGYQTNF6JG'4CKTETCHVKP

RCTVKEWNCTCTGWPKSWGKPVJCVVJG[CTGVJGJKIJGUV

HN[KPIUWDUQPKEEKXKNKCPTGUGCTEJCKTETCHVCPFYGTGMG[

KPEQNNGEVKPIKPUKVWFCVCHQTQWTWPFGTUVCPFKPIQH

Q\QPGFGRNGVKQPCPFUVTCVQURJGTKEVTCPURQTVOGEJ

CPKUOU6JG&%CKTETCHVRTQXKFGUCWPKSWGHN[KPI

NCDQTCVQT[ HCEKNKV[HQTCDTQCFTCPIGQHFKUEKRNKPGUKP

CVOQURJGTKEUEKGPEGU

6JGQDLGEVKXGUQHVJGOKUUKQPUEKGPEGVGCOIWGUV

KPXGUVKICVQTUCTGVQCPCN[\GFCVCUGVUHTQOQRGTCVKQPCN

URCEGETCHVVJCVUWRRQTVINQDCNENKOCVGEJCPIGTGUGCTEJ

KPCVOQURJGTKEQ\QPGCPFVTCEGEJGOKECNURGEKGUVJG

GCTVJ	UTCFKCVKQPDWFIGVCGTQUQNUUGCKEGNCPF

UWTHCEGRTQRGTVKGUCPFQEGCPEKTEWNCVKQPCPFDKQNQI[

(WPFKPIRTQXKFGUHQTCPCN[\KPIFCVCHTQOVJG7RRGT

#VOQURJGTG4GUGCTEJ5CVGNNKVG7#456QRQITCRJ[

'ZRGTKOGPV
612':'CTVJ4CFKCVKQP$WFIGV

5CVGNNKVG
'4$5URCEGETCHVCPFURCEGDQTPG

KPUVTWOGPVUUWEJCU5QNCT$CEMUECVVGT7NVTCXKQNGV


5$7861/5CPF64//

6JGCFXCPEGFIGQUVCVKQPCT[UVWFKGUYKNNKPXGUVK

ICVGVJGCRRNKECVKQPQHVJGNCVGUVVGEJPQNQI[KP

FGXGNQRKPIUOCNNEQORCEVIGQUVCVKQPCT[UCVGNNKVGUVJCV

YKNNUWRRQTVDQVJTGUGCTEJCPFQRGTCVKQPCNQDLGEVKXGU

(QTGZCORNGQPGECPFKFCVGWPFGTEQPUKFGTCVKQPJCU

VJGECRCDKNKV[VQRTQXKFGVJGHKTUVCFGSWCVGN[ECNKDTCVGF

QDUGTXCVKQPUHTQOIGQUVCVKQPCT[QTDKVVJCVUWRRQTV

ENKOCVGTGUGCTEJ6JGUCVGNNKVGCPFKPUVTWOGPVYQWNF

DGFGXGNQRGFQXGTCHQWT[GCTVKOGRGTKQF6JGHKTUV

URCEGETCHVYQWNFECTT[CPKOCIGTCPFCUGEQPFURCEG

ETCHVYQWNFECTT[CUQWPFGT6JGKOCIGTJCUURGEVTCN

DCPFUYJKEJRTQXKFGFCVCQPENQWFCNDGFQXGIGVCVKQP

EKTTWUENQWFUENQWFKEGNKOKVGFQ\QPGCPFDQVJJKIJ

NGXGNCPFNQYNGXGNYCVGTXCRQTCNQPIYKVJVQVCNYCVGT

XCRQT6JKUYQWNFRTQXKFGUVCDNGOGCUWTGOGPVUHQT

'CTVJ5EKGPEGTGUGCTEJVJCVJCXGRTGXKQWUN[DGGP

WPCVVCKPCDNGHTQOIGQUVCVKQPCT[QTDKV

+P(;EQPVKPWKPIKPVQ(;CPF

(;VJGHQNNQYKPICTGUKIPKHKECPVCEEQORNKUJ

OGPVUKPVJGHKXGRTKQTKV[CTGCUQPYJKEJ'CTVJ

5EKGPEGRTQITCOUEKGPEGKUHQEWUKPI

< 6JGNCPFEQXGTNCPFWUGRTKQTKV[CTGC

CFFTGUUGFVJGTQNGQHVJGDQTGCNHQTGUVKPINQDCN

ECTDQPE[ENGCPFVJGGHHGEVUQHNCPFEQXGTEJCPIG

KPVJKUTGIKQPQPINQDCNEJCPIG5VWFKGUQPVJG

UEKGPVKHKESWGUVKQPUTGNGXCPVVQUWUVCKPCDNGNCPF

OCPCIGOGPVCPFVJGRTQXKUKQPQHGEQNQIKECN

QDLGEVKXGYCUVQFGXGNQRVJGECRCDKNKV[VQ

RGTHQTOTGRGCVGFINQDCNKPXGPVQTKGUQHNCPFEQXGT

CPFNCPFWUGHTQOURCEGCPFVQFGXGNQRVJG

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5RCEGDQTPG6JGTOCN'OKUUKQPCPF4GHNGEVKQP
Figure NASA-1. TRMM slicing through clouds of Tropical Cyclone Susan on January 10, 1998.

Researchers are examining TRMM data of Tropical Cyclone Susan and Supertyphoon Paka to

determine if increased convection in the eyewall is indeed the forebearer of cyclone intensification as predicted by many models.

Figure NASA-2. Line of severe thunderstorms moving across Florida on March 9, 1998. The

radar reflectivity seen by the TRMM satellite is compared to the WSR-88D at Melbourne,

Florida. The Melbourne site is used as a TRMM ground validation site. TRMM radar data is able

to give more detailed vertical profile of the storm.

3-NASA-6
Figure NASA-3. Top panel: The rainfall was captured simultaneously by TRMM and SSM/I in

the northern Pacific (32oN 165oE). Middle and bottom panels: Preliminary rainfall estimates

based upon passive microwave and IR techniques. Notice the biases (land/ocean) between TMI

and IR perfectly mirror the areas with lightining.

3-NASA-7
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QPVJGPGYKPHQTOCVKQPHTQO64//
3-NASA-9

Figure NASA-4. TRMM observes El Nino rainfall patterns.
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URCEGETCHV2TGNKOKPCT[FKUEWUUKQPUCTGEWTTGPVN[ INQDCNN[ECWUKPIHNQQFUKPUQOGCTGCU[GVFTQWIJVU

WPFGTYC[YKVJVJG&WVEJHQTCRQUUKDNGQ\QPG KPQVJGTU)5(%JCUVJGTGURQPUKDKNKV[HQTRQUV

OGCUWTKPIKPUVTWOGPV6JGNCWPEJQH%JGOKUVT[KU NCWPEJOKUUKQPQRGTCVKQPUCPFFCVCCPCN[UKU6JG

UEJGFWNGFHQT&GEGODGT 64//YCUNCWPEJGFCDQCTFVJG,CRCPGUG*++

XGJKENG0QXGODGT 6JGPGZVIGPGTCVKQPQH'15OKUUKQPUYKNN

RTQXKFGPGYVGEJPQNQI[CPFURCEGU[UVGOUVQOGGVVJG +PNCVG3WKM5ECVYKNNDGNCWPEJGFVQHKNNVJG

UEKGPVKHKEPGGFUHQTVJG0#5#'CTVJ5EKGPEG ICRKPETKVKECNUGCUWTHCEGYKPFFCVCTGUWNVKPIHTQOVJG

6JGUEKGPVKHKEQDLGEVKXGUQHVJG61/5RTQITCO

6JGNCVGPVJGCVTGNGCUGFFWTKPIRTGEKRKVCVKQPKUC

UKIPKHKECPVHCEVQTKPVJGNCTIGUECNGEQORWVGTOQFGNU
0#5#

QPQTDKVHCKNWTGQHVJG,CRCPGUG#&'15+URCEGETCHV EQPVTKDWVKPIVJGGCTN[YQTMJGTGKPJC\CTFCXQKFCPEG

KP,WPG0#5#JCUCEEGNGTCVGFVJGCXCKNCDKNKV[ FKURNC[UCPFRNCPPKPI

QHEQORQPGPVUQHVJG5GCYKPFUKPUVTWOGPVQTKIKPCNN[ 

RNCPPGFHQTNCWPEJQP,CRCP U#&'15++OKUUKQPCU

C3WKM5ECVKPUVTWOGPV6JGNCWPEJQH3WKM5ECVYKNN

TGFWEGCICRQHCUITGCVCU[GCTUKPUGCYKPFUFCVC

HTQOVJGNQUUQH#&'15+D[CUOWEJCUOQPVJU

,CRCPJCU[GVVQFGEKFGQPVJGVKOKPICPFHQTOQHCP

#&'15++OKUUKQPQTOKUUKQPUDWV'CTVJ5EKGPEG

UVKNNKPVGPFUVQHN[C5GCYKPFUKPUVTWOGPVKPVJCV

EQPVGZVCUVJGHQNNQYQPKPUVTWOGPVVQ3WKM5ECV6JKU

CRRTQCEJYKNNGPCDNGEQPVKPWKV[QHVJGQEGCPYKPFU

FCVCUGVHQTKVUOCP[WUGTU+PRCTCNNGNVQVJKU < 6WTDWNGPEG&GVGEVKQP6JKUKUVJGFGXGNQR

FGXGNQROGPVGHHQTVCFCVCDW[UQNKEKVCVKQPHQTQEGCP OGPVQHCKTETCHVOQWPVGFHQTYCTFNQQMKPIVWTDWNGPEG

CPFYKPFXGEVQTFCVCKUDGKPIKPKVKCVGF FGVGEVQTUVJCVNQQMUGXGTCNMKNQOGVGTUCJGCFQHVJG

CKTETCHVWUKPI.KFCTCPFRGTJCRUTCFCTVGEJPQNQI[ 6JGOGCUWTGOGPVUVQDGOCFGD[VJGUGCPFQVJGT

HWVWTG'CTVJ5EKGPEGOKUUKQPUCUYGNNCUEWTTGPVQP

QTDKVOKUUKQPURTQXKFGFCVCRTQFWEVUVJCVCTGWUGF

GZVGPUKXGN[KPVJG'CTVJ5EKGPEGRTQITCO6JG

RTQITCOGPEQORCUUGUQXGTUEKGPVKHKECEVKXKVKGU 0#5#	U+EKPI4GUGCTEJKURWTUWKPICNCTIG

CVWPKXGTUKVKGUTGUGCTEJNCDQTCVQTKGUCPFIQXGTPOGPV PWODGTQHCTGCUVJCVCHHGEVCKTETCHVKPHNKIJV2TKOCT[

TGUGCTEJQTICPK\CVKQPU6JGUGCEVKXKVKGUCTGRTQXKFKPI GZCORNGUQHVJKUGHHQTVCTG

CPGXGTKPETGCUKPIUEKGPVKHKEWPFGTUVCPFKPIQHINQDCN 

GPXKTQPOGPVCPFVJGGHHGEVUQHPCVWTCNCPFJWOCP

UQWTEGUQHEJCPIG

#8+#6+109'#6*'44'5'#4%* 

0#5#KURGTHQTOKPITGUGCTEJVJCVYKNN CPCN[VKECNVGEJPKSWGUVQRTGFKEVKEKPICEEWOWNCVKQP

UWDUVCPVKCNN[KORTQXGVJGFKURNC[QHYGCVJGT RCVVGTPUQPYKPIUVCKNUCPFKPNGVUYKNNJGNRFGUKIPGTU

KPHQTOCVKQPKPVJGEQEMRKVYKNNRTQXKFGFTCOCVKE KORTQXGHWVWTGCKTETCHVCPFGPIKPGU

KORTQXGOGPVUKPU[PVJGVKEXKUKQP
GNGEVTQPKEXKUKQP 

CKFUVQUGGCVPKIJVKPRQQTXKUKDKNKV[VWTDWNGPEG

FGVGEVKQPCPFKEKPIRTQVGEVKQP6JGTGUGCTEJCRRNKGU

VQEQOOGTEKCNCXKCVKQPCUYGNNCUIGPGTCNCXKCVKQP

5QOGQHVJGTGUGCTEJOCMGUGZVGPUKXGWUGQHFCVC

HTQOVJG)NQDCN2QUKVKQPKPI5[UVGO
)25UCVGNNKVG

PGVYQTM

#XKCVKQP5CHGV[2TQITCO FKURNC[

0#5#	U#XKCVKQP5CHGV[2TQITCOKUCIITGUUKXGN[ < 5GPUQTUVJCVOGCUWTGVJGCEEWOWNCVGFKEGQP

RWTUWKPIVJTGGRTKOCT[CTGCU CKTETCHVKPHNKIJVYKNNCWVQOCVKECNN[CEVKXCVGPGYNQY

EQUVFGKEKPIFGXKEGUVJCVYKNNUJGFVJGKEGDGHQTGVJG < #XKCVKQP9GCVJGT+PHQTOCVKQP&KUVTKDWVKQP

CPF2TGUGPVCVKQP6JKUKPENWFGUEQODKPKPIVJGKPRWVU

HTQOCXCTKGV[QHUQWTEGUQHYGCVJGTFCVCKPVQC < 6JGRQVGPVKCNHQTUCVGNNKVGFGVGEVKQPQHKEKPI

EQPXGPKGPVEQEMRKVFKURNC[VJCVKUUKORNGCPFGCU[HQT EQPFKVKQPUKUDGKPIKPXGUVKICVGF

VJGRKNQVVQEQORTGJGPF+VYKNNNKMGN[DGC 

OWNVKHWPEVKQPHNCVRCPGNFKURNC[VJCVYKNNFKURNC[CNN

HQTOUQHYGCVJGTVGTTCKPCPFVTCHHKEJC\CTFU6JG 0#5#	U)GPGTCN#XKCVKQPGNGOGPVKUCEVKXGN[

#FXCPEGF#KT6TCPURQTV6GEJPQNQI[GNGOGPVKU TGUGCTEJKPIPGYNQYRQYGTCPFNQYEQUVRPGWOCVKE

< 5[PVJGVKE8KUKQPKPVJG%QEMRKV6JKUKUVJG

FGXGNQROGPVQHGNGEVTQPKECNN[GPJCPEGFXKUKQPYJKEJ

HWUGUVJGKPRWVUHTQOVGNGXKUKQPKPHTCTGF.KFCT

CPFTCFCTUGPUQTUKPVQCUKPINGJGCFWRFKURNC[*7&

VJGRKNQVYKNNNQQMVJTQWIJCUJGQTUJGNQQMUQWVVJG

YKPFQY6JKUUGGVJTQWIJ*7&YKNNOCMGVJGYQTNF

NQQMNKMGCDTKIJVUWPP[FC[GXGPYJGPVJGCKTRNCPGKU

CRRTQCEJKPICHQIIGFKPCKTRQTVCVOKFPKIJVQPGVJCV

YQWNFDGUJWVFQYPWPFGTVQFC[	UQRGTCVKPITWNGU

#UWKVCDNGEQEMRKVYCTPKPIFGXKEGYQWNFCNGTVRKNQVU

QHKORGPFKPIGPEQWPVGTU6JGTGKUCNUQYQTMKP

ITQWPFDCUGFFGVGEVKQP

< 6JGFGXGNQROGPVQHKEKPIVTCKPKPIXKFGQUCPF

QVJGTOCVGTKCNUYKNNJGNRGFWECVGRKNQVUQPCNNCURGEVU

QHCXKCVKQPKEKPI

< 6JGFGXGNQROGPVQHKORTQXGFYKPFVWPPGNCPF

< (QTYCTFNQQMKPICKTETCHVOQWPVGFFGVGEVQTU

YKNNFGVGEVOQKUVWTGNCFGPENQWFUOKNGUCJGCFQHVJG

CKTETCHV#FFKPICKTVGORGTCVWTGRTGUUWTGCPF

JWOKFKV[VQVJGFCVCTGEGKXGFHTQOVJGUGPUQTUQP

DQCTFEQORWVGTUYKNNEQORWVGVJGKEKPIRQVGPVKCNQH

VJGCRRTQCEJKPIENQWFCPFYKNNFKURNC[JKIJTKUM

CTGCUVQVJGRKNQVKPCPGCUKN[TGCFEQNQTEQEMRKV

CKTETCHVIGVUKPFCPIGT

)GPGTCN#XKCVKQP
0#5#

CPFGNGEVTKECNKEGTGOQXCNVGEJPQNQI[#NUQKP FKTGEVKQPVJGQVJGTCKTETCHVTGCNN[CTG6JKUYKNNDGC

FGXGNQROGPVCTGNQYEQUVFKURNC[UVJCVITCRJKECNN[ ITGCVCKFVQXKUKQPKPRQQTXKUKDKNKV[GURGEKCNN[CV

UJQYKEKPIYGCVJGTKPHQTOCVKQPUQKEKPIEQPFKVKQPU WPHCOKNKCTCKTRQTVU

ECPDGCXQKFGFFWTKPIHNKIJVRNCPPKPI 

6GTOKPCN#TGC2TQFWEVKXKV[ G[GXKGYQHVJGCKTRQTVCUKHVJGRKNQVYGTGNQQMKPICV

VJGCKTRQTVQPCDTKIJVUWPP[FC[HTQOCDQWVHGGV 0#5#	U6GTOKPCN#TGC2TQFWEVKXKV[GNGOGPVKU

EQPVTKDWVKPIXKCVJGUGCTGCU

< 9CMGXQTVGZFGVGEVKQPVQKORTQXGVJG FKURNC[GFCUKUVJGGZCEVTQWVGVJGRKNQVKUENGCTGFVQ

GHHKEKGPE[QHCKTETCHVURCEKPI VCMGVQIGVVQVJGICVGQTVJGTWPYC[#PQVJGTJWIG

CKFVQXKUKQPKPDCFYGCVJGT < #JGCFUWRFKURNC[VJCVGNGEVTQPKECNN[FKURNC[U

VJGGFIGUQHVCZKYC[UCPFTWPYC[UUJQYUITQWPF #UYKVJXKTVWCNN[CNNQH0#5#	UCXKCVKQP

VTCHHKECPFOCTMUENGCTCPEGTQWVGUVQICVGUCPFQT TGUGCTEJOQUVQHVJGTGUGCTEJOGPVKQPGFCDQXGCNUQ

TWPYC[U#NNVJKUKUQXGTNCKFQPVJGRKNQV	UTGCN JGNRURKNQVUKPIQQFYGCVJGTVQQ

YQTNFXKGYQWVVJGYKPFQYYJKNGUVGTGQJGCFRJQPGU

CNNQYVJGRKNQVVQJGCTITQWPFVTCHHKEHTQOVJG

< #NQQMFQYPGNGEVTQPKEFKURNC[UJQYUCDKTF	U

CDQXGVJGCKTRQTV6JGRQUKVKQPQHCNNTWPYC[U

VCZKYC[UDWKNFKPIUCPFITQWPFVTCHHKEKUENGCTN[
04%

NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION WEATHER PROGRAMS

6JG7PKVGF5VCVGU0WENGCT4GIWNCVQT[%QOOKUUKQP04%NKEGPUGUCPFTGIWNCVGUCNNPWENGCTHCEKNKVKGUUWDLGEV

VQVJG#VQOKE'PGTI[#EVQHCUCOGPFGF6JGNKEGPUKPICPFQRGTCVKQPQHVJGUGPWENGCTHCEKNKVKGUTGSWKTG

VJGKFGPVKHKECVKQPQHOGVGQTQNQIKECNCPFENKOCVQNQIKECNEQPFKVKQPUVJCVECPCHHGEVVJGUCHGQRGTCVKQPQHVJG

HCEKNKV[CPFVJCVRTQXKFGKPRWVVQVJGCUUGUUOGPVQHVJGTCFKQNQIKECNKORCEVUQHCP[CKTDQTPGTGNGCUGUHTQOVJG

HCEKNKV[

9KVJKPVJG04%TGXKGYUQHHCEKNKV[UKVKPIFGUKIP RTQITCOUKPUWRRQTVQHCEVKXKVKGUQHVJGQVJGTQHHKEGU

EQPUVTWEVKQPCPFQRGTCVKQPCTGEQPFWEVGFD[VJG1HHKEG CPFKPUWRRQTVQHTWNGOCMKPICPFUVCPFCTFUCEVKXKVKGU

QH0WENGCT4GCEVQT4GIWNCVKQPCPFVJG1HHKEGQH 

0WENGCT/CVGTKCN5CHGV[CPF5CHGIWCTFU6JGUG

TGXKGYUKPENWFGEQPUKFGTCVKQPQHOGVGQTQNQIKECNHCEVQTU

6JG04%1HHKEGHQT#PCN[UKUCPF'XCNWCVKQPQH

1RGTCVKQPCN&CVCCPFVJG04%4GIKQPCN1HHKEGUCUUWTG

VJCVEQOOKVOGPVUD[04%CRRNKECPVURGTOKVVGGUCPF

NKEGPUGGUCTGECTTKGFQWVCPFCNUQEQPFWEV04%

TGURQPUGUVQPWENGCTHCEKNKV[GOGTIGPEKGU6JG1HHKEG

QH0WENGCT4GIWNCVQT[4GUGCTEJFGXGNQRUIWKFGU

ETKVGTKCCPFQVJGTUVCPFCTFUTGNCVGFVQVJGRTQVGEVKQPQH

RWDNKEJGCNVJCPFUCHGV[CPFVJGGPXKTQPOGPVKPVJG

NKEGPUKPICPFQRGTCVKQPQHPWENGCTHCEKNKVKGU6JKUQHHKEG

CNUQFGXGNQRUCPFEQPFWEVUEQPHKTOCVQT[TGUGCTEJ

6JGRTKOCT[OGVGQTQNQIKECNCTGCKPYJKEJVJG

04%YKNNJCXGCPKPVGTGUVFWTKPI(;CPFDG[QPF

KUKORTQXGOGPVUKPVJGOGVGQTQNQIKECNECRCDKNKVKGUQH

VJG04%CPFVJGQRGTCVQTUQHPWENGCTHCEKNKVKGUVQEQRG

YKVJGOGTIGPEKGUKPXQNXKPIVJGWPRNCPPGFTGNGCUGUQH

TCFKQCEVKXGOCVGTKCNU6JG04%CNUQOCKPVCKPUCP

KPVGTGUVKPVJGVTCPURQTVCPFFKURGTUKQPQHCKTDQTPG

JC\CTFQWUPQPTCFKQCEVKXGOCVGTKCNUCPFVJGKTRQVGPVKCN

GHHGEVUQPVJGUCHGQRGTCVKQPQHPWENGCTHCEKNKVKGU+P

CFFKVKQPVJG04%CNUQOCKPVCKPUCPKPVGTGUVKPVJG

GHHGEVUQHGZVTGOGCPFUGXGTGOGVGQTQNQIKECNGXGPVUQP

VJGUCHGQRGTCVKQPQHPWENGCTHCEKNKVKGU
75&#

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WEATHER PROGRAMS

9GCVJGTKUVJGOQUVKORQTVCPVHCEVQTKPHNWGPEKPIVJG0CVKQP	UXCTKCDKNKV[KPETQR[KGNFUCPFTGNCVGFRTQFWEVKQP

6JG0CVKQP	UHQQFCPFHKDGTRTQFWEVUCTGCETKVKECNTGUQWTEGKORCEVKPIQWTFQOGUVKECPFKPVGTPCVKQPCNGEQPQOKE

RQUKVKQPCPFJCXGVCMGPQPPGYFKOGPUKQPUKPHQTGKIPCHHCKTUCPFPCVKQPCNUGEWTKV[6JGTGEGPVGZRCPUKQPKP

GZRQTVOCTMGVUJCUTGFWEGFUVQEMUCPFDGPGHKVVGFQWTHCTOUGEVQTUCUINQDCNEQPUWORVKQPQHVQVCNITCKPUJCU

GZEGGFGFRTQFWEVKQPKPQHVJGNCUV[GCTU6JG7PKVGF5VCVGU&GRCTVOGPVQH#ITKEWNVWTG75&#EQPFWEVU

UWRRQTVKPITGUGCTEJVJCVHQEWUGUQPWPFGTUVCPFKPIVJGKPVGTCEVKQPUQHYGCVJGTCPFENKOCVGYKVJRNCPVUCPKOCNU

HQTGUVUCPFHQTGUVGEQNQIKECNU[UVGOUCPFCUUKUVUVJG&GRCTVOGPVQH%QOOGTEGKPFGVGTOKPKPIHCTOGTU	PGGFU

HQTYGCVJGTKPHQTOCVKQPCPFKPFKUUGOKPCVKPIVJCVKPHQTOCVKQPVQVJGO

6JG9QTNF#ITKEWNVWTCN1WVNQQM$QCTF9#1$ OQKUVWTGYKPFFKTGEVKQPCPFURGGFCPFRTGEKRKVCVKQP

KPEQQRGTCVKQPYKVJ0CVKQPCN9GCVJGT5GTXKEG	U


095%NKOCVG2TGFKEVKQP%GPVGTOQPKVQTUVJGFCKN[

YGCVJGTRCVVGTPUCTQWPFVJGYQTNF9#1$

CITKEWNVWTCNOGVGQTQNQIKUVUEQPXGTVVJGYGCVJGTFCVC

KPVQKPHQTOCVKQPVQCUUGUUETQRFGXGNQROGPVCPF[KGNF

RQVGPVKCNQHCNNOCLQTEQOOQFKV[ETQRUHQTVJGOCLQT

RTQFWEKPICTGCUQHVJGYQTNF5RGEKCNYGGMN[

DTKGHKPIUCTGRTQXKFGFVQVJG5GETGVCT[QH#ITKEWNVWTG

CPFVQVJGGEQPQOKECPFEQOOQFKV[CPCN[UVUQH

75JG5GPCVGCPF*QWUG#ITKEWNVWTCN

%QOOKVVGGUCNUQTGSWGUVRGTKQFKEDTKGHKPIUQPETQR

TGNCVGFFTQWIJVGHHGEVUCUKPCPF

*KUVQTKECNN[VJG(QTGUV5GTXKEG
(5JCU

EQNNGEVGFOGVGQTQNQIKECNFCVCVQCUUKUVKPVJGEQPVTQNQH

HQTGUVHKTGUCPFKPVJGOCPCIGOGPVQHUOQMGHTQO

RTGUETKDGFDWTPKPI1VJGTCEVKXKVKGUCNUQPGGF

YGCVJGTFCVCVQGPUWTGUQWPFOCPCIGOGPVFGEKUKQPU

6JGTGHQTGCPCVKQPCNYGCVJGTRTQITCOYCU

GUVCDNKUJGFVQEQQTFKPCVGCNN(5OGVGQTQNQIKECN

CEVKXKVKGUCPFVQOGGVVJGKPETGCUKPIPGGFHQTFKXGTUG

YGCVJGTKPHQTOCVKQP6JGOCLQTQDLGEVKXGUQHVJG

RTQITCOCTGVQ
KORTQXGSWCNKV[EQPVTQNQH

YGCVJGTFCVCKORTQXGVJGFGUKIPCPFQRGTCVKQPQH

FCVCEQNNGEVKQPHTQOPGVYQTMU
KPETGCUGFCVC

TGEQXGT[HTQOVJGYGCVJGTUVCVKQPUCPFWRITCFG

UVCVKQPOCKPVGPCPEG/GVGQTQNQIKECNFCVCEQNNGEVGF

HTQOOCPWCNYGCVJGTUVCVKQPUCPF4GOQVG#WVQOCVGF

9GCVJGT5VCVKQPU
4#95UWRRQTVTGUGCTEJQH

YGCVJGTGHHGEVUQPHQTGUVT[OCPCIGOGPVHQTGUVHKTGU

UOQMGOCPCIGOGPVXKUKDKNKV[RTQVGEVKQPKPYKNFGTPGUU

CTGCUCPFCVOQURJGTKEFGRQUKVKQP#YGCVJGT

KPHQTOCVKQPOCPCIGOGPVU[UVGOCPFCNKDTCT[VQ

CTEJKXGCNN(5YGCVJGTFCVCCTGDGKPIFGXGNQRGFKP

EQQRGTCVKQPYKVJTGIKQPCNENKOCVGEGPVGTU6JG(5

OQPKVQTKPIPGVYQTMYKNNRTQXKFGGUUGPVKCNFCVCHQTWUG

KP)NQDCN%JCPIG4GUGCTEJ2TQITCO)%42YQTM

6JG(5EWTTGPVN[QRGTCVGUOQTGVJCP4#95

CPFOCPWCNUVCVKQPUOCP[KPVJGYGUVGTP7PKVGF

5VCVGU#KTVGORGTCVWTGTGNCVKXGJWOKFKV[UQKN

CTGVTCPUOKVVGFXKC01##	U)GQUVCVKQPCT[

1RGTCVKQPCN'PXKTQPOGPVCN5CVGNNKVG
)1'5

VGNGOGVT[6JGUGFCVCCTGTGEGKXGFXKCCFKTGEV

TGCFQWVITQWPFUKVGKP$QKUG+FCJQKPEQQRGTCVKQP

YKVJVJG$WTGCWQH.CPF/CPCIGOGPV6JGOCKPWUG

QHVJGFCVCKUKPVJGECNEWNCVKQPQHVJGHKTGFCPIGT

TCVKPIHQTVJG(5CPFEQQRGTCVKPICIGPEKGU6JGUG

FCVCCTGCNUQWUGFD[QVJGTTGUQWTEGOCPCIGTUUWEJ

CUTQCFGPIKPGGTUYKNFNKHGDKQNQIKUVUCPF

J[FTQNQIKUVUYJQOQPKVQTRTGEKRKVCVKQP

UKNXKEWNVWTCNKUVUYJQCTGCVVGORVKPIVQOCZKOK\GVTGG

RNCPVKPIQRRQTVWPKVKGUCPFGEQNQIKUVUUQKN

URGEKCNKUVUCPFHKUJGTKGUDKQNQIKUVUYJQOQPKVQTVJG

GHHGEVUQHTWPQHH6JGOCKPUGEQPFCT[WUGTQH

4#95FCVCKUVJG095HQTHKTGYGCVJGTHQTGECUVKPI

CPFHNQQFYCTPKPIU

6JG0CVWTCN4GUQWTEGU%QPUGTXCVKQP5GTXKEG


04%5QRGTCVGUCPGVYQTMQHOCPWCNUPQY

EQWTUGUCPFQXGTCWVQOCVGFFCVCEQNNGEVKQPUKVGU

KPEQPLWPEVKQPYKVJVJG5PQY6GNGOGVT[5016'.

RTQLGEVHQTVJGYGUVGTP7PKVGF5VCVGUCPF#NCUMC6JG

RTKOCT[QDLGEVKXGQHVJGRTQLGEVKUVQHQTGECUVYCVGT

UWRRNKGUCPFUVTGCOHNQYHQTVJGEQOKPIURTKPITWPQHH

UGCUQP6JGUGOGCUWTGOGPVUCTGOCFGKPEQQRGTCVKQP

YKVJQVJGTHGFGTCNUVCVGCPFNQECNCIGPEKGURQYGT

EQORCPKGUKTTKICVKQPEQORCPKGUCPFVJGRTQXKPEKCN

IQXGTPOGPVQH$TKVKUJ%QNWODKC

9CVGTUWRRN[HQTGECUVUJGNRKTTKICVQTUOCMGVJG

OQUVGHHGEVKXGWUGQHCXCKNCDNGUVTGCOHNQYHQT

CEJKGXKPIVJGKTCITKEWNVWTCNRTQFWEVKQPIQCNU

(CTOGTUYJQEQNNGEVKXGN[KTTKICVGOQTGVJCP

OKNNKQPCETGUQHNCPFKPVJGYGUVGTP7PKVGF5VCVGU

DGPGHKVHTQOYCVGTUWRRN[HQTGECUVU1VJGTHGFGTCN

CIGPEKGUCPFRTKXCVGQTICPK\CVKQPUCNUQWUGYCVGT

UWRRN[HQTGECUVKPHQTOCVKQPVQJGNRVJGOECTT[QWV

VJGKTOKUUKQPU6JGUGHQTGECUVUCNUQJGNRVJGHGFGTCN

IQXGTPOGPVKPCFOKPKUVGTKPIKPVGTPCVKQPCNYCVGT

VTGCVKGU
75&#

$GIKPPKPIKP(;04%5KPKVKCVGFCP HQTGUVT[/GVGQTQNQIKECNTGUGCTEJKPVJGUGKPUVKVWVKQPU

WRITCFGVQVJG5016'.FCVCEQNNGEVKQPU[UVGOCVC KURTCEVKECNN[CNNENKOCVQNQIKECN#RTQRQTVKQPQHGCEJ

VQVCNEQUVQHOKNNKQP6JKUGHHQTVEQPVKPWGUCPF UVCVG	URTQITCOKUEQPUQNKFCVGFKPVQDTQCFTGIKQPCN

KPENWFGUWRITCFKPIFCVCEQNNGEVKQPUKVGUKPVJG TGUGCTEJRTQLGEVU#PKOCNUCPFRNCPVUCTGUWDLGEVGF

GZKUVKPI5016'.U[UVGOYKVJPGYUVCVGQHVJGCTV VQOCP[ENKOCVKEUVTGUUGUCPFVJGTGHQTGCTGVJGHQEWU

GSWKROGPVCPFCFFKPICDQWVCFFKVKQPCNUKVGU6JG QHVJKUTGUGCTEJ4GUGCTEJQPVJGEJCPIGUKPNGXGNUQH

FCVCEQNNGEVKQPUKVGWRITCFGYKNNKPENWFGTGRNCEGOGPV WNVTCXKQNGV
78TCFKCVKQPCURCTVQHVJG)%42YCU

QHUPQYRKNNQYUVTCPUFWEGTUFCOCIGFRTGEKRKVCVKQP UKIPKHKECPVN[GZRCPFGFVJTQWIJVJG%54''5

ICWIGUCPVGPPCUVQYGTUUQNCTRCPGNUDCVVGT[ EQORGVKVKXGITCPVURTQITCOKP(;6JGYQTMKU

VGORGTCVWTGUGPUQTUCPFFGVGTKQTCVGFUJGNVGTJQWUGU EQQTFKPCVGFYKVJ'2#	U78TCFKCVKQPRTQITCOCPF

5WRRQTVKPI4GUGCTEJ

6JGOKUUKQPQHVJG75&#UWRRQTVKPITGUGCTEJ

RTQITCOKUVQFGXGNQRCPFFKUUGOKPCVGKPHQTOCVKQP

CPFVGEJPKSWGUVQGPUWTGJKIJSWCNKV[EQOOQFKVKGUCPF

RTQFWEVUYJKNGOKPKOK\KPICP[CFXGTUGGHHGEVUQH

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YJKEJYGTGPQVTWPD[1(%/6JGUGRTQITCOUYGTG 1TICPK\CVKQPYJKEJKUCURGEKCNK\GFCIGPE[QHVJG

WPFGTVJGCWURKEGUQHVJG%QOOKVVGGHQTVJG 7PKVGF0CVKQPU6JG9QTNF9GCVJGT2TQITCOKU

'PXKTQPOGPVCPF0CVWTCN4GUQWTEGUCPFVJG FGUETKDGFKP#RRGPFKZ&

5WDEQOOKVVGGHQT0CVWTCN&KUCUVGT4GFWEVKQP 

1(%/UVCHHCNUQRCTVKEKRCVGFKP01##	U0QTVJ

#OGTKECP#VOQURJGTKE1DUGTXKPI5[UVGO
0#15 +P,WPGCVVJGTGSWGUVQH+%/5541(%/

CEVKXKVKGU6JGIQCNQH0#15KUVQOGGVGXQNXKPI RTGRCTGFCPFFKUVTKDWVGFC9JKVG2CRGTQP(TGSWGPE[

01##TGSWKTGOGPVUHQT0QTVJ#OGTKECPCVOQURJGTKE 
4CFKQ5RGEVTWO/CPCIGOGPV#RRGPFKZ'KUC

QDUGTXCVKQPUPGGFGFVQUWRRQTVVJGCUUGUUOGPVCPF EQR[QHVJGYJKVGRCRGT

RTGFKEVKQPHQTYGCVJGTCPFENKOCVG

5QOGHGFGTCNCIGPEKGURCTVKEKRCVGKPKPVGTPCVKQPCN

CEVKXKVKGUTGNCVKPIVQOGVGQTQNQIKECNUGTXKEGUCPFFCVC

(TGSWGPE[4CFKQ5RGEVTWO/CPCIGOGPV
#

6CDNG#%WTTGPV1(%/2WDNKECVKQPU

2WDNKECVKQP6KVNG&CVG0WODGT

(GFGTCN2NCPHQT/GVGQTQNQIKECN5GTXKEGUCPF5WRRQTVKPI ,WPG (%/2

4GUGCTEJ(KUECN;GCT

0CVKQPCN2NCPHQT5RCEG'PXKTQPOGPV5GTXKEGUCPF5WRRQTVKPI #WIWUV (%/2

4GUGCTEJ

0CVKQPCN5GXGTG.QECN5VQTOU1RGTCVKQPU2NCP (GDTWCT[ (%/2

0CVKQPCN*WTTKECPG1RGTCVKQPU2NCP /C[ (%/2

0CVKQPCN9KPVGT5VQTOU1RGTCVKQPU2NCP 5GRVGODGT (%/2

(GFGTCN2NCPHQT%QQRGTCVKXG5WRRQTVCPF$CEMWR /C[ (%/2

#OQPI1RGTCVKQPCN2TQEGUUKPI%GPVGTU

0CVKQPCN2NCPHQT5VTCVQURJGTKE/QPKVQTKPI,WN[ (%/2

0CVKQPCN#KTETCHV+EKPI6GEJPQNQI[2NCP #RTKN (%/2

0CVKQPCN2NCPVQ+ORTQXG#KTETCHV+EKPI(QTGECUVU ,WN[ (%/2

(GFGTCN2NCPHQTVJG%QQTFKPCVKQPQH#WVQOCVGF9GCVJGT /C[ (%/2

+PHQTOCVKQP5[UVGO2TQITCOU

(GFGTCN2NCPHQT/GVGQTQNQIKECN+PHQTOCVKQP/CPCIGOGPV ,WN[ (%/2

0CVKQPCN2NCPHQT6TQRKECN%[ENQPG4GUGCTEJCPF4GEQPPCKUUCPEG ,CPWCT[ (%/2



0CVKQPCN#XKCVKQP9GCVJGT2TQITCO2NCP 5GRVGODGT (%/2

(GFGTCN2NCPHQT/CTKPG'PXKTQPOGPVCN5GTXKEGUCPF5WRRQTVKPI4GUGCTEJ ,WPG (%/2

6JG0CVKQPCN5RCEG9GCVJGT2TQITCO5VTCVGIKE2NCP #WIWUV (%/2

6JG0CVKQPCN5RCEG9GCVJGT2TQITCO+ORNGOGPVCVKQP2NCP ,CPWCT[ (%/2

0CVKQPCN#XKCVKQP9GCVJGT5VTCVGIKE2NCP #RTKN (%/2

(GFGTCN/GVGQTQNQIKECN*CPFDQQM0Q5WTHCEG9GCVJGT1DUGTXCVKQPU &GEGODGT (%/*

CPF4GRQTVU

(GFGTCN/GVGQTQNQIKECN*CPFDQQM0Q5WTHCEG5[PQRVKE%QFGU &GEGODGT (%/*

5WTHCEG5[PQRVKE%QFG6CDNGU7RFCVG ,WN[ (%/6

(GFGTCN/GVGQTQNQIKECN*CPFDQQM0Q4CYKPUQPFG2KDCN1DUGTXCVKQPU /C[ (%/*

(GFGTCN/GVGQTQNQIKECN*CPFDQQM0Q4QEMGVUQPFG1DUGTXCVKQPU &GEGODGT (%/*

(GFGTCN/GVGQTQNQIKECN*CPFDQQM0Q&QRRNGT4CFCT

/GVGQTQNQIKECN1DUGTXCVKQPU

2CTV#5[UVGO%QPEGRVU4GURQPUKDKNKVKGUCPF2TQEGFWTGU ,WPG (%/*#

2CTV$&QRRNGT4CFCT6JGQT[CPF/GVGQTQNQI[ ,WPG (%/*$

2CTV%954&2TQFWEVUCPF#NIQTKVJOU (GDTWCT[ (%/*%

2CTV&954&7PKV&GUETKRVKQPCPF1RGTCVKQPCN#PCN[UKU #RTKN (%/*&

&KTGEVQT[QH#VOQURJGTKE6TCPURQTVCPF&KHHWUKQP/QFGNU #RTKN (%/+

'SWKROGPVCPF2TQLGEVU

(GFGTCN&KTGEVQT[QH/QDKNG/GVGQTQNQIKECN'SWKROGPVCPF%CRCDKNKVKGU &GEGODGT (%/+

#)WKFGVQ9/1%QFG(QTO(/$7(4 /CTEJ (%/+

6TQRKECN%[ENQPG5VWFKGU &GEGODGT (%/4

6TQRKECN%[ENQPG5VWFKGU5WRRNGOGPV #WIWUV (%/45

+PVGTFGRCTVOGPVCN/GVGQTQNQIKECN&CVC'ZEJCPIG5[UVGO#WIWUV (%/4

4GRQTV+/&'5

(GFGTCN/GVGQTQNQIKECN4GSWKTGOGPVU 1EVQDGT (%/4

759KPF2TQHKNGT#4GXKGY /CTEJ (%/4

5VCPFCTF(QTOCVUHQT9GCVJGT&CVC'ZEJCPIG#OQPI#WVQOCVGF 0QXGODGT (%/5

9GCVJGT+PHQTOCVKQP5[UVGOU

5VCPFCTF6GNGEQOOWPKECVKQP2TQEGFWTGUHQT9GCVJGT1EVQDGT (%/5

&CVC'ZEJCPIGWPFGTTGXKUKQP

(GFGTCN5VCPFCTFHQT5KVKPI/GVGQTQNQIKECN5GPUQTUCV#KTRQTVU #WIWUV (%/5

 +PVGTFGRCTVOGPVCN*WTTKECPG%QPHGTGPEG/KPWVGU /C[ 0QPG UV
$

#22'0&+:$

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

##5 #FXCPEGF#WVQOCVKQP5[UVGO(##

##5'46 #WIOGPVCVKQP#YCTFUHQT5EKGPEGCPF'PIKPGGTKPI4GUGCTEJ6TCKPKPI#TO[

#$(/ #KTDQTPG(KGNF/KNN0#5#

#$%5 #TO[$CVVNG%QOOCPF5[UVGO#TO[

#$. #KTDQTPG.CUGT#(

#% #EVKXG%QORQPGPV&1&

#%#45 #4+0%%QOOWPKECVKQP#FFTGUUKPICPF4GRQTVKPI5[UVGO

#%' #XKCVKQP%QODCV'NGOGPV75/%

#%2 #VOQURJGTKE%JGOKUVT[2TQITCO&1'

#%7 #ESWKUKVKQP%QPVTQN7PKV

# #915#515&CVC#ESWKUKVKQP5[UVGO(##

#&&5 #XKCVKQP&KIKVCN&CVC5GTXKEG(##

#&'15 #FXCPEGF'CTVJ1DUGTXKPI5[UVGO,CRCP

#&.2 #GTQPCWVKECN&CVC.KPM2TQITCO(##

#&95 #WVQOCVKE&KIKVCN9GCVJGT5YKVEJ#(

#'55 #NNKGF'PXKTQPOGPVCN5WRRQTV5[UVGO0CX[

#( #KT(QTEG75#(

#($ #KT(QTEG$CUG

#(%%% #KT(QTEG%QODCV%NKOCVQNQI[%GPVGT

#(%9% #KT(QTEG)NQDCN%QODCV9GCVJGT%GPVGT

#(,+ #KT(QTEG,QKPV+PUVTWEVKQP

#(15 #WVQOCVKQPQH(KGNF1RGTCVKQPUCPF5GTXKEGU01##095

#(9 #KT(QTEG9GCVJGT

#(9# #KT(QTEG9GCVJGT#IGPE[

#*25 #FXCPEGF*[FTQNQIKE2TGFKEVKQP5[UVGO01##095

#)(5 #XKCVKQP)TKFFGF(QTGECUV5[UVGO(##

#+2 #KTRQTV+ORTQXGOGPV2TQITCO(##

#+4/Q0 #VOQURJGTKE+PVGITCVGF4GUGCTEJ/QPKVQTKPI0GVYQTM01##1#4

#+45 #VOQURJGTKE+PHTCTGF5QWPFGT0#5#

#. #GTQPQO[.CDQTCVQT[01##'4.

#/% #TO[/CV3⁄4TKGN%QOOCPF#TO[

#/ #WVQOCVKE/GVGQTQNQIKECN&CVCCPF4GRQTVKPI

#/15 #WVQOCVGF/GVGQTQNQIKECN1DUGTXKPI5[UVGO0CX[

#/57 #FXCPEGF/KETQYCXG5QWPFKPI7PKV

#/7 #RRNKGF/GVGQTQNQI[7PKV0#5#

#0) #KT0CVKQPCN)WCTF

#1% #KTETCHV1RGTCVKQPU%GPVGT01##

#1/. #VNCPVKE1EGCPQITCRJKECPF/GVGQTQNQIKECN.CDQTCVQT[01##'4.

#12# #KTETCHV1YPGTUCPF2KNQVU#UUQEKCVKQP

#16 #GTQUQN1RVKECN6JKEMPGUU

#26 #WVQOCVKE2KEVWTG6TCPUOKUUKQP

#4 #TO[4GIWNCVKQP

#4#% #VOQURJGTKE4GNGCUG#FXKUQT[%CRCDKNKV[&1'

#4) #EEKFGPV4GURQPUG)TQWR&1'

#4)15 (TGPEJ5CVGNNKVG&CVC%QNNGEVKQP5[UVGO

#4+0% #GTQPCWVKECN4CFKQ+PEQTRQTCVGF

#4. #TO[4GUGCTEJ.CDQTCVQT[#TO[

#KT4GUQWTEGU.CDQTCVQT[01##
$

#4/ #VOQURJGTKE4CFKCVKQP/QPKVQTKPI&1'

#40) #TO[0CVKQPCN)WCTF

#41 #TO[4GUGCTEJ1HHKEG

#45 #ITKEWNVWTCN4GUGCTEJ5GTXKEG75&#

#452#%' #TO[5RCEG%QOOCPF

#454 #KT4QWVG5WTXGKNNCPEG4CFCT(##

#46%% #KT4QWVG6TCHHKE%QPVTQN%GPVGT(##

#46;/'6 #TVKNNGT[/GVGQTQNQIKECN#TO[

#5& #VOQURJGTKE5EKGPEGU&KXKUKQP&1'

#5 #KTETCHVVQ5CVGNNKVG&CVC4GNC[

#515 #WVQOCVGF5WTHCEG1DUGTXKPI5[UVGO

#54 #KTRQTV5WTXGKNNCPEG4CFCT(##

#56'4 #FXCPEGF5RCEGDQTPG6JGTOCN'OKUUKQPCPF4GHNGEVKQP4CFKQOGVGT

#6% #KT6TCHHKE%QPVTQN(##

#6%%5 #TO[6CEVKECN%QOOCPFCPF%QPVTQN5[UVGO

#6&& #VOQURJGTKE6WTDWNGPEGCPF&KHHWUKQP&KXKUKQP01###4.

#8*44 #FXCPEGF8GT[*KIJ4GUQNWVKQP4CFKQOGVGT01##

#81 #NCUMCP8QNECPQ1DUGTXCVQT[&1+75)5

#9#4&5 #ITKEWNVWTCN9CVGT4GUQWTEGU&GEKUKQP5WRRQTV&1+$74'%

#9% #XKCVKQP9GCVJGT%GPVGT01##0%'2

#9&5 #WVQOCVGF9GCVJGT&KUVTKDWVKQP5[UVGO#(

#9+25 #FXCPEGF9GCVJGT+PVGTCEVKXG2TQEGUUKPI5[UVGOU01##

#9+5 #WVQOCVGF9GCVJGT+PHQTOCVKQP5[UVGOU

#90 #WVQOCVGF9GCVJGT0GVYQTM#(

#915 #WVQOCVGF9GCVJGT1DUGTXKPI5[UVGO(##

#94 #XKCVKQP9GCVJGT4GUGCTEJ(##

$$5 $WNNGVKP$QCTF5[UVGO

$' $CVVNGHKGNF'PXKTQPOGPV#TO[

$'& $CVVNGHKGNF'PXKTQPOGPV&KTGEVQTCVG#TO[

$./ $WTGCWQH.CPF/CPCIGOGPV&1+

$0. $TQQMJCXGP0CVKQPCN.CDQTCVQT[&1'

$7(4 $KPCT[7PKXGTUCN(QTOHQTVJG4GRTGUGPVCVKQPQH/GVGQTQNQIKECN&CVC

$74'% $WTGCWQH4GENCOCVKQP&1+

% %QOOCPFCPFEQPVTQN&1&

%+ %QOOCPF%QPVTQN%QOOWPKECVKQPU%QORWVGTCPF+PHQTOCVKQP&1&

%##/ %QORWVGT#UUKUVGF#TVKNNGT[/GVGQTQNQI[#TO[

%#2 %KXKN#KT2CVTQN

%#2#45 %QORWVGT#UUKUVGF2TQVGEVKXG#EVKQP4GEQOOGPFCVKQP5[UVGO&1'

%#4&5 %QORTGJGPUKXG#GTQNQIKECN4GHGTGPEG&CVC5GV01##0%&%

%#9+5 %QOOKVVGGHQT#WVQOCVGF9GCVJGT+PHQTOCVKQP5[UVGOU1(%/

%&# %QOOCPFCPF&CVC#ESWKUKVKQP

% %QOOCPFCPF&CVC#ESWKUKVKQP5VCVKQP

%&(5 %NQWF&GRKEVKQPCPF(QTGECUV5[UVGO#(

%'%1/ %QOOWPKECVKQPUCPF'NGEVTQPKEU%QOOCPF#TO[

%'/5%5 %GPVTCN'PXKTQPOGPVCN5CVGNNKVG%QORWVGT5[UVGO01##0'5&+5

%'04 %QOOKVVGGQP'PXKTQPOGPVCPF0CVWTCN4GUQWTEGU

%'4'5 %NQWFUCPF'CTVJ	U4CFKCPV'PGTI[5[UVGO0#5#

%('2 %QOOWPKECVKQPU(TQPV'PF2TQEGUUQT#(

%*#//2 %QORWVGT*CTFYCTG#FXCPEGF/CVJGOCVKEUCPF/QFGN2J[UKEU&1'

%+&' %QOOWPKECVKQPU+PVGTHCEGUCPF&CVC'ZEJCPIG1(%/
$

%+0% %QOOCPFGTUKP%JKGH&1&

%/(% %QQTFKPCVKPI/'61%(QTGECUV%GPVGT0CX[

%1#&5 %QORTGJGPUKXG1EGCP#VOQURJGTG&CVC5GV01##0%&%

%1#/25 %QWRNGF1EGCPQITCRJKECPF#VOQURJGTKE/QFGN0CX[

%1#4' %QWRNGF1EGCP#VOQURJGTG4GURQPUG'ZRGTKOGPV

%1' %QTRUQH'PIKPGGTU#TO[

%1/'&5 %1075/GVGQTQNQIKECN&CVC5[UVGO#(

%1/'6 %QQRGTCVKXG2TQITCOHQT1RGTCVKQPCN/GVGQTQNQI['FWECVKQPCPF6TCKPKPI

%1075 %QPVKPGPVCN7PKVGF5VCVGU

%12% %QOOKVVGGHQT1RGTCVKQPCN2TQEGUUKPI%GPVGTU1(%/

%165 %QOOGTEKCN1HHVJG5JGNH

%2% %NKOCVG2TGFKEVKQP%GPVGT01##0%'2

%4#&# %QQRGTCVKXG4GUGCTEJCPF&GXGNQROGPV#ITGGOGPV

%44'. %QNF4GIKQPU4GUGCTEJCPF'PIKPGGTKPI.CDQTCVQT[#TO[

%5 %NKOCVG5GTXKEGU1(%/

%54''5 %QQRGTCVKXG5VCVG4GUGCTEJ'FWECVKQPCPF'ZVGPUKXG5GTXKEG75&#

%55/ %NQWF5EGPG5KOWNCVKQP/QFGN#(

%6$ %QORTGJGPUKXG6GUV$CP&1'

%69(% %+0%6CTIGV9GCVJGT(QTGECUV%GPVGT#(

%957 %GPVGT9GCVJGT5GTXKEG7PKV(##

%; %CNGPFCT;GCT

&%1 &CVC%QNNGEVKQP1HHKEG01##095

&%2 &CVC%QNNGEVKQP2CEMCIG

&%5 &CVC%QNNGEVKQP5[UVGO01##0'5&+5

&&0 &GHGPUG&CVC0GVYQTM

&( FKTGEVKQPHKPFGT

&+55 &KIKVCN+QPQURJGTKE5QWPFKPI5[UVGO#(

&.2 &CVC.KPM2TQEGUUQT(##

&/%% &1'/GVGQTQNQIKECN%QQTFKPCVKPI%QWPEKN

&/51 &GHGPUG/QFGNKPICPF5KOWNCVKQP1HHKEG#(

&/52 &GHGPUG/GVGQTQNQIKECN5CVGNNKVG2TQITCO#(

&1% &GRCTVOGPVQH%QOOGTEG

&1& &GRCTVOGPVQH&GHGPUG

&1' &GRCTVOGPVQH'PGTI[

&1+ &GRCTVOGPVQH+PVGTKQT

&1/5#6 &QOGUVKE%QOOWPKECVKQPU5CVGNNKVG

&15 &GRCTVOGPVQH5VCVG

&16 &GRCTVOGPVQH6TCPURQTVCVKQP

&25 &KUVTKDWVGF2TQEGUUKPI5[UVGO0CX[

&4)5 &KTGEVTGCFQWVITQWPFUVCVKQPU&1+

&74+2 &GHGPUG7PKXGTUKV[4GUGCTEJ+PUVTWOGPVCVKQP2TQITCO#TO[

&492 &QRRNGT4CFCT9KPF2TQHKNGT0#5#

&655 &KIKVCN6QRQITCRJKE5WRRQTV5[UVGO#TO[

&7#6 &KTGEV7UGT#EEGUU6GTOKPCN(##

'&+5 'PXKTQPOGPVCN&CVCCPF+PHQTOCVKQP5GTXKEG01##

'/% 'PXKTQPOGPVCN/QFGNKPI%GPVGT01##0%'2

'051 'N0K Q5QWVJGTP1UEKNNCVKQP

'1 GNGEVTQQRVKECN

'15 'CTVJ1DUGTXKPI5[UVGO0#5#

'15&+5 '15&CVCCPF+PHQTOCVKQP5[UVGO0#5#
$

'16&# GNGEVTQQRVKECNVCEVKECNFGEKUKQPCKF#(

'2# 'PXKTQPOGPVCN2TQVGEVKQP#IGPE[

'2& 'PXKTQPOGPVCN2TQVGEVKQP&KXKUKQP&1'

'4$5 'CTVJ4CFKCVKQP$WFIGV5CVGNNKVG0#5#

'4% 'ZVGPFGF4GUGCTEJ%JGEMQWV

'4. 'PXKTQPOGPVCN4GUGCTEJ.CDQTCVQTKGU01##

'5&+2% 'PXKTQPOGPVCN5CVGNNKVG&KUVTKDWVKQP+PVGTCEVKXG2TQEGUUKPI%GPVGT01##0'5&+5

'552 'CTVJ5[UVGO5EKGPEG2CVJHKPFGTU0#5#

'6. 'PXKTQPOGPVCN6GEJPQNQI[.CDQTCVQT[01##'4.

'662 'CUV6GPPGUUGG6GEJPQNQI[2CTM&1'

'6/
 'PJCPEGF6JGOCVKE/CRRGT2NWU0#5#

'7/'65#6 'WTQRGCP1TICPK\CVKQPHQTVJG'ZRNQKVCVKQPQH/GVGQTQNQIKECN5CVGNNKVGU

'75# 'KIJVJ75#TO[

'78 'ZVTGOG7NVTCXKQNGV

':%+/5 'ZGEWVKXG%QWPEKNHQT/QFGNKPICPF5KOWNCVKQP&1&

(## (GFGTCN#XKCVKQP#FOKPKUVTCVKQP

(#.12 (QTYCTF#TGCN.KOKVGF1DUGTXKPI2TQITCO#(

(%/554 (GFGTCN%QOOKVVGGHQT/GVGQTQNQIKECN5GTXKEGUCPF5WRRQTVKPI4GUGCTEJ

('/# (GFGTCN'OGTIGPE[/CPCIGOGPV#IGPE[

(*9# (GFGTCN*KIJYC[#FOKPKUVTCVKQP

(+5 (NKIJV+PHQTOCVKQP5GTXKEGU(##

(.'07//'61%%'0 (NGGV/GVGQTQNQI[CPF1EGCPQITCRJ[%GPVGT/QPVGTG[%CNKHQTPKC

(/ (KGNF/CPWCN#TO[

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(/* (GFGTCN/GVGQTQNQIKECN*CPFDQQM1(%/

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(1# (KGNFQRGTCVKPICIGPE[#(

(15&+% (KNO1RVKECN5GPUKPI&GXKEGHQT+PRWVVQ%QORWVGT

(145%1/ 75#TO[(QTEGU%QOOCPF

(4& (KGNF4GUGCTEJ&KXKUKQP01###4.

(4'42 (GFGTCN4CFKQNQIKECN'OGTIGPE[4GURQPUG2NCP&1'

(4/#% (GFGTCN4CFKQNQIKECN/QPKVQTKPICPF#UUGUUOGPV%GPVGT&1'

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(6' (WNNVKOG'SWKXCNGPV

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)%+2 )'9':%QPVKPGPVCNUECNG+PVGTPCVKQPCN2TQLGEV&1+

)%15)NQDCN%NKOCVG1DUGTXKPI5[UVGO

)%25 )NQDCN%NKOCVG2GTURGEVKXGU5[UVGO

)%42 )NQDCN%JCPIG4GUGCTEJ2TQITCO

)&25 )NQDCN&CVC2TQEGUUKPI5[UVGO992

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KPVGTPCVKQPCNNQDD[KPIGHHQTVVQRTQVGEVVJGOGVDCPFUFEDERAL COORDINATOR FOR METEOROLOGY

FEDERAL COMMITTEE FOR METEOROLOGICAL

SERVICES AND SUPPORTING RESEARCH (FCMSSR)

INTERDEPARTMENTAL COMMITTEE FOR METEOROLOGICAL

SERVICES AND SUPPORTING RESEARCH (ICMSSR)

PROGRAM COUNCILS

Environmental Services and

Requirements

NATIONAL SPACE

WEATHER

COMMITTEE FOR SPACE

WEATHER

STANDING COMMITTEES

ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES,

OPERATIONS AND

RESEARCH NEEDS

Hydrometeorology and Water

Resource Management

Waterways and Surface

Transportation

Natural Hazards

Atmospheric Transport

and Diffusion

Marine Environmental Services

Specialized Services

(Air Quality, Agriculture and Fire)

Natural Disaster Reduction /

Post Storm Data Acquisition

Hurricane and Winter Storms

Operations and Research

Satellite Telemetry

SEPT 1998 LEGEND: Designates a Working Group

Designates a Joint Action Group

OPERATIONAL

PROCESSING CENTERS

ENVIRONMENTAL

INFORMATION SYSTEMS

AND COMMUNICATIONS

INTEGRATED

OBSERVING SYSTEMS

CLIMATE MONITORING

AND SERVICES COOPERATIVE RESEARCH

Cooperative Support and Backup

Meteorological Codes

Atmospheric Observing Systems

Communications Interfaces

and Data Exchange

Marine Coastal Ocean Observing

Systems

Observations

Data Requirements

Communications Requirements

High Performance Computing

and Communications

NATIONAL AVIATION

WEATHER

COMMITTEE FOR AVIATION

SERVICES AND RESEARCH

Volcanic Ash

Aviation Weather