1 

Filed 2/26/15 In re R.F. CA1/4 

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS 

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115. 

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA 

FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT 

DIVISION FOUR 

In re R.F., a Person Coming Under the 

Juvenile Court Law. 

THE PEOPLE, 

 Plaintiff and Respondent, 

v. 

R.F., 

 Defendant and Appellant. 

 A140700 

 (Solano County 

 Super. Ct. No. J41554) 

I. 

INTRODUCTION 

 In this juvenile wardship case, 15-year-old R.F. appeals a dispositional order 

committing her to an out-of-home placement in a group home. R.F. contends that: (1) her 

case should have been transferred to the dependency court; (2) there is insufficient 

evidence to support findings that she violated probation, and (3) the juvenile court abused 

its discretion by ordering the group home placement. We affirm. 
2 

II. 

STATEMENT OF FACTS 

A. Background 

 In August 2012, R.F. was adjudged a ward of the juvenile court pursuant to 

Welfare and Institutions Code section 602,1

 after she admitted a misdemeanor 

commercial burglary in exchange for dismissal of other theft related charges. By that 

time, then 12-year-old R.F. had already accrued eight referrals to the county probation 

department and her guardian, great-grandmother Betty, had reported significant behavior 

problems. The juvenile court placed R.F. in an electronic monitoring program (EMP) 

and released her to Betty’s custody.2

 In September 2012, R.F. was charged with two probation violations: (1) failure to 

comply with EMP; and (2) receiving a school suspension after attempting to take a cell 

phone from a developmentally disabled adult special education student. R.F. admitted 

the EMP violation in exchange for dismissal of the other allegation. The juvenile court 

continued the wardship and probation, ordered R.F. to attend a counseling program and 

committed her to juvenile hall for five weekends. 

 In October 2012, R.F. was charged with violating probation by leaving home 

without her guardian’s permission. Betty reported that R.F. took her debit card, withdrew 

$300, disappeared over night, and returned the following day but disappeared again. R.F. 

failed to appear at the probation violation hearing, and an arrest warrant was issued. 

Later that month, R.F. was arrested and the district attorney filed a new wardship petition 

charging her with grand theft. In November, R.F. admitted the grand theft charge in 

exchange for dismissal of the probation violation allegation. The juvenile court 

 1

 Unless otherwise stated, undesignated statutory references are to the Welfare 

and Institutions Code. 

2 R.F. had lived with Betty since she was three months old. Her mother, who was 

unable to care for her children because of substance abuse problems, was murdered when 

R.F. was six. R.F. reported that she had limited contact with her father who was not a 

“nice” person and engaged in criminal activities. 
3 

continued the dependency, ordered R.F. to attend “WRAP” counseling, and to spend an 

additional five weekends in juvenile hall. 

 In December 2012 and January 2013, R.F. was charged with additional probation 

violations for failing to comply with court-ordered curfew, staying out all night without 

permission and failing to attend school. R.F. admitted some probation violations in 

exchange for dismissal of others, and, in February 2013, the court escalated services to 

address R.F.’s mounting problems. In addition to EMP monitoring and curfew 

restrictions, R.F. was ordered to participate in therapeutic behavioral services, to attend a 

girls’ group program, and to spend three additional weekends in juvenile hall. 

 In May 2013, the district attorney filed a new section 602 petition. According to 

the probation department report, R.F. cut off her EMP ankle bracelet on May 3, and was 

arrested for stealing a man’s cell phone on May 5. The probation department also 

reported significant concern for R.F.’s safety. She left home and stayed out all night; she 

associated with adults who exploited and took advantage of her; older friends often asked 

her to steal things for them; she was involved in a sexual relationship with a 16-year-old 

male, and at one point, she mistakenly believed she was pregnant. These problems arose 

or persisted despite the fact that R.F. was “receiving the most intensive community based 

treatment services that Probation and Solano County ha[d] to offer.” 

 On May 29, 2013, the court conducted a contested hearing and sustained the 

allegation that R.F. received stolen property. On June 12, R.F. was removed from Betty’s 

custody and placed at a residential program called New Foundations. Her commitment 

had to be extended after she snuck out of Betty’s home while on a furlough visit. On 

October 22, R.F. was released from the program and returned to Betty’s care. 

B. The November 2013 Probation Violations 

 On November 5, 2013, R.F. was charged with violating probation by failing to 

abide by court-ordered curfew. According to a supplemental probation department 

report, on November 4, Betty told the probation officer that R.F. left home on October 31 

and did not return until November 2. At that point, Betty and R.F.’s brother “physically 

restrained” R.F. to keep her home. The police came and spoke to R.F., but the following 
4 

day she left again and did not return home. On November 4, the probation officer 

contacted R.F. at her school and spoke with her over the telephone. R.F. stated that she 

had an argument with Betty on October 31 so she spent the night at a friend’s house. 

When she returned home, Betty restrained her and duct-taped her to a chair. After she 

was “set free,” R.F. returned to her friend’s home. R.F. said she did not feel safe at home 

but that she did not want to be taken back into custody. A report was filed with child 

protective services and the probation department requested that R.F. be detained until a 

decision could be made about how to proceed. 

 At the November 5 violation hearing, R.F. denied the allegation that she violated 

probation by failing to comply with her curfew order. The juvenile court continued the 

matter for a contest, and released R.F to Betty’s custody under the EMP program. Three 

days later, R.F. was charged with another probation violation for failing to abide by her 

EMP contract. According to the probation department report, R.F. did not go to school 

on November 6. She left home early in the morning and her whereabouts were unknown 

until she returned a few hours later with a friend. When the friend refused to leave, Betty 

called the police who spoke to R.F. about respecting Betty’s home. On November 7, 

R.F.’s conditional release officer went to her school to speak with her. The officer was 

informed that R.F. had not been at school since November 4. Betty told the probation 

officer she was very concerned about R.F.’s safety and stated that she did not feel she 

could control her granddaughter. 

 At the November 8 violation hearing, R.F. denied the most recent probation 

violation allegation and the matter was continued for a contest. In addition, the juvenile 

court ordered a referral to the probation department for preparation of a section 241.1 

report addressing whether R.F.’s case should be transferred to the dependency court or 

remain in the delinquency court. 

C. The Jurisdiction Hearing 

 On the morning of December 4, 2013, the court held a jurisdiction hearing to 

determine whether R.F.’s case should be transferred to the dependency court in light of 

concerns that Betty could no longer properly care for R.F. 
5 

 The probation department and the department of social services filed an “Agreed 

Joint Assessment Report” which recommended that “it is in the best interests of the minor 

and her family to be afforded services solely via the Probation Department . . . .” 

According to the report, the allegations of abuse and/or neglect were not sustainable, and 

R.F. did not qualify for child welfare services, but she and her family could benefit from 

services available in the delinquency court. Furthermore, the agencies jointly 

recommended that R.F. be placed in a group home. That recommendation was based on 

several factors including R.F.’s history of running away; her noncompliance with court 

orders; her high risk for reoffense; and the lack of supervision and structure at Betty’s 

home. In addition, less restrictive efforts to assist R.F. had not been successful. She had 

already received intensive services and completed a placement at the New Foundations 

program, but only two weeks after her release from that program, R.F. admitted that she 

had contracted a sexually transmitted disease from “a pimp.” 

 The juvenile court followed the joint recommendation to maintain R.F.’s case as a 

delinquency matter, providing this explanation for its decision: “The summary of the 

minor’s behavior is such that I have grave concerns for the minor’s safety. I think she’s 

putting her life at risk in the behavior she’s engaging in. . . . [¶] And I just don’t think 

this is an appropriate case to be handled in the dependency court but rather should remain 

in the delinquency court because of the significant risk and the greater services, in my 

opinion, that will be available to helping this minor turn her life around and survive past 

the age of 20, which is about what I would put her life expectancy at if she continues 

doing what she is doing. [¶] Her lifestyle, as reflected in this report, is extremely 

dangerous to her own well-being, so I’m going to keep this matter in the delinquency 

court.” 

D. The Contested Probation Violation Hearing 

 On the afternoon of December 4, 2013, the court conducted a contested hearing on 

the two probation violation matters. 

 Betty testified that a court-ordered curfew of 4:00 p.m. was also Betty’s rule and 

that R.F. violated that rule on Halloween by leaving home that evening and staying out 
6 

all night. Betty’s memory of the events was vague but she recalled that some time after 

R.F. returned, Betty “restrained” her and then called the police so they could “witness” 

what she had done and why she did it—because she did not want R.F. to leave again. 

After the police left, Betty let R.F. go because Betty was tired and needed to rest. A few 

days later, Betty thought R.F. was gone again and called the police who searched the 

house and found R.F. in the garage. Betty also recalled an occasion during that time 

frame when R.F. did not go to school. Betty subsequently learned that R.F. had gone to 

“get medical attention,” which upset Betty, who believes that “medical people” should 

have to notify the parents before treating a child. 

 Nadia Hollomon, R.F.’s probation officer, testified that she met with R.F. after she 

was released from New Foundations to discuss her obligations and the court orders she 

was required to follow. They discussed her curfew, which required her to be home by 

4:00 p.m. on weekdays and 6:00 p.m. on weekends. Hollomon also testified that she 

called R.F. on November 4, 2013, to follow up on Betty’s report that R.F. violated her 

curfew. R.F. told Hollomon that she and Betty had an argument after Betty found out 

that R.F. had contracted a sexually transmitted disease. R.F. left the house and did not 

return for a few days. 

 Probation officer Phillip McLaughlin testified that his responsibilities include 

releasing minors from juvenile hall on home supervision or electronic monitoring. 

McLaughlin testified that R.F. signed an EMP contract pursuant to which she agreed to 

remain at home at all times except for school or medical, probation and attorney 

appointments. The contract also contained a provision requiring R.F. to attend school as 

required by law and school regulations. On November 7, 2013, McLaughlin went to 

R.F.’s school to conduct a school visit but she was not there. A school official checked 

the records and told McLaughlin that R.F. had not come to school that day or the day 

before. 

 At the conclusion of the hearing, the juvenile court sustained the allegation that 

R.F. violated probation by failing to comply with the curfew order and it also 

conditionally sustained the allegation that she violated her EMP contract by failing to 
7 

attend school. However, the court stated that it would reverse the second finding if R.F. 

produced verification that she missed school in order to attend a medical appointment. 

The matter was continued for disposition and to give R.F. time to produce verification of 

her medical appointment. 

E. The Contested Disposition Hearing 

 At a December 13, 2013, hearing, R.F. did not produce evidence of a valid excuse 

for failing to attend school but she did elicit testimony to support her objection to the 

probation department’s recommendation to place her in a group home. 

 Betty testified she thought the group home recommendation was “ludicrous.” 

She explained that R.F. was her child; she had raised her since she was three weeks old; 

she was as capable as any two parents; and she had raised nine children in her 79 years. 

Betty believed that R.F. needed “mental health,” which had never been provided. She 

agreed to accept help for R.F., but testified that she wanted R.F. to remain in her home. 

Furthermore, she explained that she did not have a car and it would be difficult for her to 

visit if R.F. was placed outside the county. 

 Nadia Hollomon testified there were services that could be provided to R.F. if she 

remained in Betty’s home, many of which R.F. had received prior to her placement at 

New Foundations. Hollomon also confirmed that both Betty and R.F. had expressed an 

interest in obtaining those services again. However, other considerations led the 

probation department to recommend a group home placement instead. Almost 

immediately after R.F. was released from New Foundations she was back in the streets 

because “[t]he supervision is just not there in her home.” Furthermore, a group home 

could provide R.F. with mental health services which would give her tools for making 

better decisions after she was returned to Betty’s care. Hollomon testified that she had 

found a placement for R.F. at the “Children’s Home,” a behavior program in Stockton. 

The program has six female residents. There is an on-site clinical social worker, weekly 

meetings with a psychologist, and a psychiatrist who conducts monthly evaluations. The 

program has an on-site school, includes proactive social activities for self-esteem, and 

takes the girls on field trips. 
8 

 At the conclusion of the disposition hearing, the court removed R.F. from Betty’s 

custody for placement in suitable foster home or institution. The maximum period of 

confinement was one year six months. R.F. was placed at the Children’s Home of 

Stockton on December 23, 2013. 

III.

DISCUSSION 

A. Jurisdictional Issues 

 “A child who has been abused or neglected falls within the juvenile court’s 

protective jurisdiction under section 300 as a ‘dependent’ child of the court. In contrast, 

a juvenile court may take jurisdiction over a minor as a ‘ward’ of the court under section 

602 when the child engages in criminal behavior. [Citations.] As a general rule, a child 

who qualifies as both a dependent and a ward of the juvenile court cannot be both. 

[Citations.]” (In re M.V. (2014) 225 Cal.App.4th 1495, 1505.) 

 “In section 241.1 the Legislature has set forth a procedure for handling cases with 

potential dual jurisdiction. First, the probation department and the welfare department of 

the county must assess the minor, pursuant to a jointly developed written protocol, to 

determine ‘which status will serve the best interests of the minor and the protection of 

society.’ Then the recommendations of both departments must be presented to the 

juvenile court for its determination of the status appropriate for the minor. [Citation.]” 

(In re Marcus G. (1999) 73 Cal.App.4th 1008, 1012-1013, fn. omitted.) 

 “We review the juvenile court’s determination under section 241.1 for abuse of 

discretion. [Citation.] ‘To show abuse of discretion, the appellant must demonstrate the 

juvenile court exercised its discretion in an arbitrary, capricious or patently absurd 

manner that resulted in a miscarriage of justice.’ [Citation.] Throughout our analysis, we 

will not lightly substitute our decision for that rendered by the juvenile court. Rather, we 

must indulge all reasonable inferences to support the decision of the juvenile court and 

will not disturb its findings where there is substantial evidence to support them. 

[Citation.]” (In re M.V., supra, 225 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1506-1507.) 
9 

 In the present case, R.F. contends that the juvenile court abused its discretion by 

refusing to transfer her case to the dependency court because its decision was based on a 

deficient section 241.1 assessment report. 

 “The assessment of a minor under section 241.1 is statutorily required to include, 

at a minimum, consideration of the following eight factors: (1) the nature of the referral; 

(2) the age of the minor; (3) the prior record of the minor’s parents for child abuse; 

(4) the prior record of the minor for out-of-control or delinquent behavior; (5) the 

parents’ cooperation with the minor’s school; (6) the minor’s functioning at school; 

(7) the nature of the minor’s home environment; and (8) the records of other agencies that 

have been involved with the minor and his or her family. [Citation.] This statutory 

mandate has been augmented by [California Rule of Court] rule 5.512, which requires the 

joint assessment under section 241.1 to be memorialized in a written report. Further—in 

addition to the eight factors set forth in section 241.1 that must be considered in any such 

joint assessment—rule 5.512 demands evaluation of four additional items: (1) the history 

of any physical, sexual, or emotional abuse of the child; (2) any services or community 

agencies available to assist the child and his or her family; (3) a statement by any counsel 

currently representing the minor; and (4) a statement by any court appointed special 

advocate (CASA) currently appointed for the child. [Citation.]” (In re M.V., supra, 225 

Cal.App.4th at p. 1506.) 

 Here, R.F. argues that her section 241.1 assessment report failed to adequately 

address three matters required by the statute and/or court rule: (1) the nature of the 

referral; (2) the age of the minor; and (3) any services or community agencies available to 

assist the child and her family. (§ 241.1, subd. (b)(2); California Rules of Court, rule 

5.512(d)(10).) However, our review of the detailed and comprehensive 24-page report 

confirms that all three of these matters were adequately addressed. 

 First, the report provided detailed information about the nature of the referral, i.e., 

the two probation violation allegations that simultaneously raised concerns about Betty’s 

ability to care for R.F. It summarized the evidence supporting conclusions by the social 

services agency that the neglect/abuse referrals would likely not be sustained because 
10 

they were either inconclusive or not supported by sufficient evidence. Notably, that 

evidence included interviews with the involved parties including R.F. who told the social 

worker that the reason Betty and R.F.’s brother duct-taped her to a chair was because 

they were scared and upset that she had contracted a sexually transmitted disease “from 

being out in the streets.” R.F. also acknowledged that she was not injured by the incident 

and, indeed, it had no real effect on her at all. She denied that she kept running away, 

taking the position that she was only leaving home without permission. Furthermore, 

R.F. insisted that she wanted to return to Betty’s home, and that Betty could adequately 

control her and take care of her. 

 The report also addressed the circumstances that gave rise to the two probation 

violation allegations, compiled the substantive evidence supporting the joint 

recommendation for a group home placement and explained why that placement would 

best address R.F.’s needs: “A group home placement will allow [R.F.] to address 

treatment issues in a safe, structured living environment. The minor’s psychological, 

educational, medical and behavioral needs will be met while in placement. She will also 

receive counseling to address her exploitive behaviors, lack of self-esteem, and poor 

response to parental supervision. It is hopeful that placement will give the minor tools to 

assist her in better decision making, and reunify with her great-grandmother.” 

 Second, the section 241.1 assessment addressed the implications of R.F.’s age. 

For example, the report states “Before the Court is a thirteen year old minor who has 

developed a significant pattern of noncompliance. She has a history of running away 

from home and engaging in risky behaviors. Her young age and naivety make the 

minor’s welfare of great concern.” (Original bolded italics.) 

 Third, the section 241.1 assessment summarized services that had been provided 

to R.F. and addressed what services were potentially available to her in the future. As 

reflected in our factual summary, the agencies were concerned that R.F. would not 

qualify for any services if the case was transferred to dependency court. More 

fundamentally, as just discussed, the recommendation to retain R.F.’s case in dependency 
11 

court was explicitly tied to the nature of services that would be available to her in a group 

home placement. 

 R.F. argues that the section 241.1 assessment was fatally inadequate because it 

failed to: (1) mention that R.F. was not receiving counseling or support services during 

the two-week period after her release from New Foundations, and (2) consider whether 

the absence of those services may have “helped create the possibility that R.F. would 

quickly violate the terms of her probation.” She contends that this information was 

crucially relevant because if it had been included in the report, the court would have 

realized that “[a]t most, this entire episode speaks to R.F.’s deep need for therapy and 

structured programs and not to a need for increased punishment or discipline.” We reject 

this argument for several, separate reasons. 

 First, the report as written was neither inaccurate nor misleading; it accurately 

summarized the services provided to R.F. throughout the wardship proceeding and never 

suggested that she was in counseling during the two weeks after she was released from 

New Foundations. Second, R.F.’s assertion that she would not have violated probation if 

she had had been receiving counseling during that brief period is speculation, not 

supported by affirmative evidence and arguably inconsistent with her demonstrated 

pattern of behavior. Third, R.F.’s characterization of the choice a court must make under 

section 241.1 reflects a fundamental misunderstanding of the purpose of delinquency 

proceedings. “Under section 202, juvenile proceedings are primarily “rehabilitative” (id., 

subd. (b)), and punishment in the form of “retribution” is disallowed (id., subd. (e)).” 

(In re Eddie M. (2003) 31 Cal.4th 480, 507.) Thus, contrary to the premise of R.F.’s 

claim of error, the decision to keep her case in the delinquency court was not motivated 

by a desire to punish her. In fact, it appears to us that everyone agreed R.F. needed 

therapy and structured programs, and that the dispositive question before the court was 

which forum could best provide those services going forward. 

 Taking a different tack, R.F. argues that, regardless of the adequacy of the section 

241.1 assessment report, the juvenile court abused its discretion by failing to explicitly 

address the factors that R.F. has identified as dispositive in her case, namely the nature of 
12 

the referral, her tender age, and the services that had not been provided after she was 

released from New Foundations. First, R.F. fails to identify statutory or case authority 

requiring a juvenile court to make explicit findings with respect to each or any factor 

addressed in a section 241.1 assessment. Second, as our factual summary reflects, at the 

jurisdiction hearing in this case, the court provided a detailed and case specific 

explanation for its ruling, which confirms that it considered the relevant factors and 

reached a reasoned decision that was neither arbitrary nor capricious. 

 In summary, the section 241.1 assessment report was adequate and substantially 

supports the court’s determination that the delinquency court was a better forum for 

addressing R.F.’s increasingly dangerous behavior. Indeed, the agencies questioned 

whether R.F. would even qualify for child dependency services. Thus, the juvenile court 

did not abuse its discretion by continuing R.F.’s case as a delinquency matter. 

B. The Probation Violations 

 Probation violation proceedings conducted pursuant to section 777 require a 

preponderance of the evidence to support the violation. (§ 777; In re Eddie M., supra, 31 

Cal.4th at p. 501.) Here, the record shows that both probation violations were proven by 

a preponderance of the evidence. 

 The probation violation for violating curfew was established by testimony from 

Betty and Nadia Hollomon and was not disputed by any evidence. Betty testified that 

R.F. violated curfew on October 31, 2013, by leaving her home after returning from 

school and staying out all night. Nadia Hollomon confirmed that Betty had reported that 

R.F. went out at night and did not return home. Hollomon also testified that R.F. 

admitted to her that she left Betty’s home and spent more than one night at a friend’s 

house. 

 The EMP violation was established by testimony from Betty and Phillip 

McLaughlin. Betty testified that R.F. did not go to school on at least one day after she 

was released from New Foundations. McLaughlin also testified that R.F. did not go to 

school on November 7, 2013. 
13 

 On appeal, R.F. contends the juvenile court committed reversible error by 

admitting McLaughlin’s testimony because it was inadmissible hearsay. When her trial 

counsel raised this objection at the probation violation hearing, the court asked 

McLaughlin how he knew R.F. was not at school. McLaughlin testified that “I went to 

the attendance office. They checked the computers. She was not at school that day or the 

previous day.” R.F.’s counsel objected again, arguing the county was required to bring in 

the custodian of records from the school. After McLaughlin confirmed that he got his 

information from a school official, the court overruled R.F.’s objection, stating: “In 

probation violation hearings, the Court can rely on reliable hearsay, and I think 

information from a school official relating to whether or not someone is at school is 

sufficient to overcome the hearsay objection.” 

 The legal premise of the juvenile court’s ruling was sound. “Although probation 

violation hearings involve the criminal justice system, they are not governed by all the 

procedural safeguards of a criminal trial. [Citations.] Specifically the Sixth 

Amendment’s right of confrontation does not apply to probation violation hearings. 

[Citation.] A defendant’s right to cross-examine and confront witnesses at a violation 

hearing stems, rather, from the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. 

[Citation.] Those confrontation rights, however, are not absolute . . . .’ [Citation.]” 

(People v. Abrams (2007) 158 Cal.App.4th 396, 400.) 

 Juvenile probation revocation proceedings are governed by section 777 which 

states that a court “may admit and consider reliable hearsay evidence at the hearing to the 

same extent that such evidence would be admissible in an adult probation revocation 

hearing, pursuant to the decision in People v. Brown [1989] 215 Cal.App.3d [452] and 

any other provision of law.” (§ 777, subd. (c).) In People v. Brown, supra, 215 

Cal.App.3d 452 (Brown), the Court of Appeal rejected a contention that appellant’s due 

process rights were violated at a probation revocation hearing because a police officer 

was permitted to testify regarding the results of a lab test establishing that evidence 

seized from the defendant was cocaine. (Id. at pp. 454-455.) The Brown court held “[a]s 

long as hearsay testimony bears a substantial degree of trustworthiness it may 
14 

legitimately be used at a probation revocation proceeding. [Citations.] In general, the 

court will find hearsay evidence trustworthy when there are sufficient ‘indicia of 

reliability.’ [Citation.] Such a determination rests within the discretion of the trial court 

and will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion. [Citation.]” (Ibid.) 

 Section 777 and Brown support the juvenile court’s decision to permit the 

probation officer to testify that a school official looked at the school attendance records 

and then told him that R.F. had not been at school for two days. School officials have a 

mandatory duty to keep attendance records and an incentive to keep accurate records in 

order to ensure adequate state funding. (Ed. Code §§ 1244, 41020, subd. (c), 42127, 

44809, subd (b), 46000, 46300.) In light of this indicia of reliability, the court did not 

abuse its discretion by concluding that the hearsay statement by a school official was 

sufficiently trustworthy to be used at the probation violation proceeding. 

 On appeal, R.F. contends the school official’s hearsay statement was not 

admissible under Brown or otherwise reliable because it was “testimonial” hearsay, used 

as substantive proof of the probation violation, and thus could not be properly admitted 

absent a showing of good cause for replacing live testimony about the matter. To support 

this argument, R.F. relies on People v. Arreola (1994) 7 Cal.4th 1144 (Arreola), and In re 

Kentron D. (2002) 101 Cal.App.4th 1381.) 

Arreola, supra, 7 Cal.4th 1144, was an appeal from an order revoking the 

defendant’s probation for driving while intoxicated. At the revocation hearing the trial 

court admitted evidence of a police officer’s preliminary hearing testimony given in a 

new criminal case arising out of the same incident without requiring a showing of good 

cause for not eliciting live testimony from the officer. (Id. at pp. 1156-1157.) The 

Arreola court affirmed the rule that many forms of documentary hearsay evidence are by 

their nature sufficiently “trustworthy to be relied upon by the trial court in revoking 

probation.” (Id. at p. 1156.) However, the court also found that the admission of 

preliminary hearing testimony in lieu of live testimony required a more rigorous showing 

of good cause. 
15 

 The Arreola court explained that “[t]here is an evident distinction between a 

transcript of former live testimony and the type of traditional ‘documentary’ evidence . . . 

that does not have, as its source, live testimony. [Citation.]” (Arreola, supra, 7 Cal.4th 

at p. 1157, italics omitted.) Witness demeanor is usually not a “significant factor” when 

evaluating the reliability of documentary hearsay where the purpose of foundational 

testimony is often simply to authenticate the documentary material, and where the 

missing witness would likely “be unable to recall from actual memory information 

relating to the specific contents of the writing and would rely instead upon the record of 

his or her own action.” (Id. at p. 1157.) However, there is a “particularly important” 

need for confrontation where the evidence is testimonial “because of the opportunity for 

observation of the witness’s demeanor.” (Ibid) In light this distinction, the Arreola court 

held that a showing of good cause is required “before a defendant’s right of confrontation 

at a probation revocation hearing can be dispensed with by the admission of a preliminary 

hearing transcript in lieu of live testimony.” (Id. at p. 1159.) 

 The good cause requirement articulated in Arreola is a “broad standard” which is 

met “(1) when the declarant is ‘unavailable’ under the traditional hearsay standard (see 

Evid. Code, § 240), (2) when the declarant, although not legally unavailable, can be 

brought to the hearing only through great difficulty or expense, or (3) when the 

declarant’s presence would pose a risk of harm (including, in appropriate circumstances, 

mental or emotional harm) to the declarant. [Citation.]” (Arreola, supra, 7 Cal.4th at 

p. 1160.) Furthermore, the ultimate determination of admissibility must be made on a 

case-by-case basis and requires consideration of other relevant circumstances including 

the purpose for which the evidence is offered, the significance of the particular evidence, 

and whether other admissible evidence corroborates the hearsay evidence or if it is the 

only evidence establishing the probation violation. (Ibid.) This good cause requirement 

was applied in a juvenile probation matter in Kentron, supra, 101 Cal.App.4th 1381. 

Kentron was an appeal from a disposition order placing a ward of the juvenile 

court in a camp community program based on findings that he violated several conditions 

of his probation. (101 Cal.App.4th 1381.) Applying the principles summarized in 
16 

Arreola, supra, the Kentron court found that the juvenile court abused its discretion by 

admitting hearsay statements in the probation department’s section 777 notice of the 

alleged violations. (Id. at pp. 1392-1393.) The section 777 notice was an “accusatory 

pleading” prepared by a probation officer for the sole purpose of instituting a judicial 

proceeding and the prosecutor did not establish any foundation for admitting it as 

evidence. (Id. at p. 1393.) Two of the violations alleged in the notice were witnessed by 

probation officers who were not present in court, and there had been no showing these 

witnesses were unavailable. The other alleged violations were based on observations by 

probation officers who were present in court and presumably available to testify, and yet 

the prosecutor chose not to call them as witnesses. Under these circumstances, the 

juvenile court committed reversible error by relying solely on the hearsay allegations in 

the section 777 notice as substantive proof that the violations were committed. (Kentron, 

supra, at pp. 1392-1393.) 

 For several reasons, Arreola and Kentron do not require reversal of the probation 

violation order in this case. First, we are not convinced that McLaughlin’s testimony fits 

the definition of testimonial hearsay addressed by these cases. Technically, McLaughlin 

was repeating a statement made to him by the school official. However, the school 

official’s statement was itself documentary hearsay, since it was based entirely on the 

content of official computerized school records. That official’s demeanor as a witness 

was not a significant factor in evaluating foundational testimony relating to the admission 

records. It appears that the only purpose achieved by mandating the appearance of the 

school official would be to authenticate documentary material which the juvenile court 

could reasonably have concluded was unnecessary in light of the indicia of reliability 

associated with those records. 

 Second, even if the court erred by permitting McLaughlin to testify that R.F. did 

not attend school on November 7, that was only one aspect of the probation officer’s 

testimony. McLaughlin also testified that he went to R.F.’s school on that date and did 

not find her there. That non-hearsay testimony reinforced Betty’s testimony that R.F. did 

not go to school on at least one day during the relevant time period. Thus, there was 
17 

substantial evidence of the EMP violation even without consideration of the reliable 

hearsay evidence establishing that school records showed R.F. had not been to school in 

two days. 

 Finally, as discussed above, the record also establishes that R.F. committed a 

separate probation violation by failing to comply with the court’s curfew order. The only 

ground upon which R.F. challenges that separate finding is that Betty admitted that, on a 

different occasion she mistakenly believed that R.F. had gone out when she was only 

hiding in the basement. Betty’s testimony about a collateral incident which was not 

charged as a probation violation does not dilute the undisputed substantial evidence that 

R.F. violated her curfew on October 31. 

C. The Out of Home Placement 

 “A juvenile court’s commitment order may be reversed on appeal only upon a 

showing the court abused its discretion. [Citation.] ‘ “We must indulge all reasonable 

inferences to support the decision of the juvenile court and will not disturb its findings 

when there is substantial evidence to support them.” ’ [Citation.]” (In re Robert H.

(2002) 96 Cal.App.4th 1317, 1330.) 

 In the present case, the juvenile court made numerous findings to support the outof-home placement, including that (1) prior efforts to keep R.F. in Betty’s home had 

failed; (2) the extensive services already provided to R.F. did not alter her problematic 

behavior; (3) R.F. resisted Betty’s efforts to help her because the streets were more 

attractive to her than Betty’s home; (4) R.F. repeatedly violated the terms of her 

probation; and (5) R.F. was engaging in a pattern of inappropriate and dangerous sexual 

behavior. All of these findings are supported by substantial evidence and they establish 

that the juvenile court did not abuse its discretion by ordering the out of home placement. 

 R.F. contends that “de minimus,” “technical and non-criminal” probation 

violations do not justify removing a 13-year-old from her home. This argument fails to 

address the pertinent facts supporting the juvenile court’s placement decision. R.F.’s two 

recent probation violations were not isolated occurrences, but part of a pattern of 

noncompliance. They were also evidence that the court and probation department had 
18 

made extensive efforts to rehabilitate R.F. without removing her from her home and that 

those efforts had failed. Furthermore, when viewed in proper context, the fact that R.F. 

was only 13 years old reinforced the juvenile court’s conclusion that an out of home 

placement was necessary. R.F.’s immaturity combined with her other problems to make 

her uniquely vulnerable to exploitation and abuse by people from whom she refused to 

disassociate. 

 R.F. ignores substantial evidence that she did not utilize services afforded to her 

while in Betty’s care; that she needed greater protection than Betty could provide; and 

that the intensive services afforded at the Children’s Home would increase the likelihood 

that R.F. could successfully reunify with Betty in the future. Under these circumstances, 

the court did not abuse its discretion by ordering the out-of-home placement. 

IV. 

DISPOSITION 

 The juvenile court orders are affirmed. 
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 _________________________ 

 RUVOLO, P. J. 

We concur: 

_________________________ 

REARDON, J. 

_________________________ 

BOLANOS, J.* 

* Judge of the San Francisco City and County Superior Court, assigned by the Chief 

Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.