For reasons of economy, this document is printed in a limited number. Delegates are 

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I:\MEPC\60\2-3.doc 

INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION

IMO 

E

MARINE ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION 

COMMITTEE 

60th session 

Agenda item 2 

MEPC 60/2/3

 24 August 2009

 Original: ENGLISH

HARMFUL AQUATIC ORGANISMS IN BALLAST WATER 

Application for Basic Approval of Sunrui ballast water management system 

Submitted by China

SUMMARY

Executive summary: This document contains non-confidential information for Basic 

Approval of Sunrui ballast water management system in accordance 

with the ìProcedure for approval of ballast water management 

systems that make use of Active Substances (G9)î adopted by 

resolution MEPC.169(57). The complete application dossier has been 

submitted to the Marine Environment Division of the IMO for review 

by the GESAMP-Ballast Water Working Group in accordance with 

Procedure (G9). 

Strategic direction: 7.1 

High-level action: 7.1.2 

Planned output: 7.1.2.4 

Action to be taken: Paragraph 6 

Related documents: BWM/CONF/36; MEPC 57/21; BWM.2/Circ.13 and BWM.2/Circ.18 

Introduction

1 Regulation D-3.2 of the International Convention for the Control and Management of 

Shipsí Ballast Water and Sediments stipulates that ballast water management systems that make 

use of Active Substances to comply with the Convention shall be approved by the Organization.

2 The Procedure for approval of ballast water management systems that make use of Active 

Substances (G9) contains the information that should be included into a proposal for approval 

(MEPC 57/21, annex 1, paragraph 4.2.1) and provisions for risk characterization and analysis 

(MEPC 57/21, annex 1, paragraph 5.3). According to section 6 of Procedure (G9), the 

Organization should evaluate the information provided in the application. 
MEPC 60/2/3 - 2 - 

I:\MEPC\60\2-3.doc 

3 According to BWM.2/Circ.18, a document on the proposal for approval containing all the 

non-confidential data related to the respective Active Substances shall be submitted to MEPC 60. 

4 The competent authority in China has verified the application dossier and believes it 

satisfies the data requirements of Procedure (G9) adopted by resolution MEPC.169(57). 

5 China, therefore, submits the non-confidential part of the manufacturerís application dossier 

in the annex to this document to the Organization for evaluation according to Procedure (G9). 

The complete dossier will be made available to the experts of the GESAMP-BWWG with the 

understanding of confidential treatment. 

Action requested of the Committee 

6 The Committee is invited to consider the proposal for approval and to decide as 

appropriate. 

***
MEPC 60/2/3 

I:\MEPC\60\2-3.doc 

ANNEX 

NON-CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION ON SUNRUI BALLAST WATER 

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (CHINA) 

This information related to the application for Basic Approval of Sunrui Ballast Water 

Management System is prepared in accordance with the Procedure for approval of ballast water 

management systems that make use of Active Substances (G9) (MEPC.169(57)) and the 

Methodology for information gathering and the conduct of work of the GESAMP-BWWG 

(BWM.2/Circ.13). 

1 INTRODUCTION 

2 DESCRIPTION OF SUNRUI BALLAST WATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 

2.1 Overview 

2.2 Principle of chlorine disinfection

2.3 Sunrui BWMS configuration

2.4 Characteristics of Sunrui BWMS

3 IDENTIFICATION OF THE SUBSTANCE, RELEVANT CHEMICALS AND 

OTHER CHEMICALS (G9: 4.1) 

3.1 Active Substance

3.2 Relevant Chemical

3.3 Other chemicals

3.4 Chemical analysis results 

4 DATA-SET FOR ACTIVE SUBSTANCE AND PREPARATION (G9: 4.2) 

4.1 Data on effects on aquatic plants, invertebrates and fish, and other biota, including 

sensitive and representative organisms (G9: 4.2.1.1) 

4.1.1 Acute aquatic toxicity 

4.1.2 Chronic aquatic toxicity 

4.1.3 Endocrine disruption 

4.1.4 Sediment toxicity 

4.1.5 Bioavailability/biomagnification/bioconcentration 

4.1.6 Food web/population effects 

4.2 Data on mammalian toxicity (G9: 4.2.1.2) 

4.2.1 Acute mammalian toxicity 

4.2.2 Effects on skin and eye, and sensitization effects 

4.2.3 Repeated-dose toxicity 

4.2.4 Chronic toxicity 

4.2.5 Developmental and reproductive toxicity 

4.2.6 Carcinogenicity 

4.2.7 Mutagenicity/genotoxicity 

4.2.8 Toxicokinetics 
MEPC 60/2/3 

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4.3 Data on environmental fate and effect under aerobic and anaerobic conditions (G9: 4.2.1.3) 

4.3.1 Modes of degradation (biotic; abiotic) 

4.3.2 Bioaccumulation, partition coefficient, octanol/water partition coefficient 

4.3.3 Persistence and identification of the main metabolites in the relevant media 

(ballast water, marine and fresh waters) 

4.3.4 Reaction with organic matter 

4.3.5 Potential physical effects on wildlife and benthic habitats 

4.3.6 Potential residues in seafood 

4.3.7 Any known interactive effects 

4.4 Physical and chemical properties for the Active Substances, Relevant Chemicals and 

treated ballast water (G9: 4.2.1.4) 

4.5 Analytical methods at environmentally relevant concentrations (G9: 4.2.1.5)

5 USE OF THE ACTIVE SUBSTANCE (G9: 4.2.6)

5.1 Manner of application

5.2 TRO dosage monitoring and control 

5.3 Neutralizing unit and TRO monitoring at discharge

5.4 Retention time

6 MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS (G9: 4.2.7)

7 RISK CHARACTERIZATION 

7.1 Screening for persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity (G9: 5.1) 

7.1.1 PBT criteria for Active Substance (G9: 5.1.1.1) 

7.1.2 Assessment of Persistence (P), Bioaccumulation (B) and toxicity (T) (G9: 5.1.1.2) 

7.2 Evaluation of the treated ballast water (G9: 5.2) 

7.2.1 Toxicity test of the treated ballast water 

7.2.2 Determination of holding time (G9: 5.2.7) 

7.3 Risk characterization and analysis (G9: 5.3) 

7.3.1 Reaction with organic matter (G9: 4.2.1.3) 

7.3.2 Characterization of degradation route and rate (G9: 5.3.5) 

7.3.3 Prediction of discharge and environmental concentrations (G9: 5.3.8) 

7.3.4 Assessment of potential for bioaccumulation (G9: 5.3.7) 

7.3.5 Effects assessment 

7.3.6 Effects on aquatic organisms 

7.3.7 Effects on sediment 

7.3.8 Comparison of effect assessment with discharge toxicity 
MEPC 60/2/3 

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8 RISK ASSESSMENT 

8.1 Risk to safety of ship 

8.1.1 Flooding 

8.1.2 Corrosion 

8.1.3 Fire and explosion 

8.1.4 Hydrogen gas and chlorine gas 

8.1.5 Storage and handling of the substances 

8.1.6 Noise 

8.2 Risks to human health 

8.3 Risks to the aquatic environment

9 ASSESSMENT REPORT (G9: 4.3) 

9.1 Test report and data quality

REFERENCES 
MEPC 60/2/3 

ANNEX 

Page 4 

I:\MEPC\60\2-3.doc 

1 INTRODUCTION 

Sunrui Corrosion and Fouling Control Company (Sunrui CFCC) has developed a ballast water 

management system (Sunrui BWMS) to treat ballast water on board through pre-filtration 

followed by disinfection with Active Substances (AS) produced by an electrolytic process during 

ballasting, and neutralization at de-ballasting. 

When ballasting, the ballast water is firstly filtrated by an automatic self-cleaning filter 

with 50μm screen, to remove large plankton and solid particles. Then, at disinfection step, a side 

stream of seawater flows through an electrolytic unit to produce sodium hypochlorite solution, 

which is injected back into the main ballast pipe to the ballast tanks to kill the residual planktons, 

pathogens, larva or spores. Ballast water treated by filtration and disinfection steps fulfils the 

requirements contained in regulation D-2 of the BWM Convention. 

When de-ballasting, sodium thiosulfate solution is added into the treated ballast water to 

neutralize the residual TRO. The neutralization step will always be employed prior to discharge 

to ensure that no unacceptable risk is posed to the receiving environment. The dose of the 

neutralizing agent depends on the TRO concentration in the ballast water for discharge and is 

controlled automatically. 

Sunrui BWMS is developed on the basis of land-based electrolytic technology applied by Sunrui 

CFCC for many years, and the core technique is to electrolyse seawater onboard directly to 

produce sodium hypochlorite solution for sterilization. Sunrui CFCC owns the proprietary rights 

of core components, such as cell design, electrode material etc. 

Sunrui CFCC has been engaged in the research and application of the seawater-electrolysis 

technique since the 1980s and has been the leading enterprise in electrochlorination industries 

in China. Its electrolysis technology has been used in coastal power plants (including nuclear 

power plants), chemical plants, desalinators, etc. The products of the company occupy more 

than 70% market share in seawater electrochlorination field in China and so far Sunrui CFCC is 

the exclusive supplier in nuclear power plant field. 

Sunrui CFCC started the development of BWMS in 2006. A prototype BWMS with treatment 

capacity of 250m3

/h was designed and manufactured at the end of 2007. 

In 2008, a land-based testing facility with flow rate of 250m3

/h was established in Qingdao in 

accordance with Guidelines (G8). There are four simulated tanks in total, each with a volume 

of 250m3

. Two tanks (Culture tanks) are used for preparing the inlet water to be tested. The 

other two tanks are used as holding tanks, one (Treated ballast tank) for storing treated water, and 

one (Control ballast tank) for keeping control water. 

The performance tests of Sunrui BWMS mentioned in this document were conducted in the 

land-based set-up. Based on the testing and research work, the basic operational parameters of 

the Sunrui BWMS have been defined. The initial biological efficacy tests indicate that ballast 

water treated by Sunrui BWMS can meet the D-2 standard criteria. 

Meanwhile, the full dossier for the application for the Basic Approval was prepared in 

accordance with Procedure (G9) and the GESAMP-BWWG Methodology and is submitted to 

the GESAMP-BWWG for assessment. 
MEPC 60/2/3 

ANNEX 

Page 5 

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Furthermore, an application for the Type Approval of Sunrui BWMS has been submitted to the 

Chinese Administration. The land-based type approval testing is scheduled in July 2009 and the 

shipboard testing will begin by the end of 2009. Two sets of Sunrui BWMS with rated capacity 

of 1,000 m3/h are under manufacturing for installation onboard ship this year. 

2 DESCRIPTION OF SUNRUI BALLAST WATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 

2.1 Overview 

Sunrui BWMS comprises: 

.1 a filtration process using 50 μm filter; followed by; 

.2 electrolysing seawater to produce disinfection at intake; and 

.3 a neutralization system to offset the residual TRO to the level below 0.1 ppm 

when de-ballasting. 

The flow chart of treatment of Sunrui BWMS is shown in Figure 2-1. 

Seawater is filtrated by a self-cleaning filter with 50 μm, then a small amount of seawater is 

pumped into an electrolytic unit to generate sodium hypochlorite solution, which is injected back 

into the main ballast stream after degasification and makes a complete mixture with the main 

stream. The TRO level is measured by a TRO analyser and controlled at a pre-set work 

concentration value (ranging from 8.0 to 9.5 ppm). The Sunrui electrochemical oxidation 

process employed a controlled current to ensure that the dose of disinfectant produced is 

proportional with the ballast water uptake flow rate resulting in the pre-set level of TRO 

(8.0 to 9.5 ppm). The current is adjusted automatically through a rectifier according to the 

signals from the TRO sensor, and then the TRO is produced in proportion with the current to 

maintain the pre-set level. The flow chart of ballasting is shown in Figure 2-1 (a). 

On discharge of the treated ballast water, the Sunrui system monitors the levels of TRO in ballast 

water. Discharge does not start until the sensors are operational and the neutralizer feed system 

is functional. The neutralization system is activated with the neutralizer dose being calculated 

from the concentration of TRO measured just before the neutralizer injection point, to offset all 

the remaining TRO. The sodium thiosulfate solution is injected into the suction of the ballast 

pump by a metering pump. The other TRO sensor is installed after injection to monitor the TRO 

level to ensure that during discharge TRO concentration does not exceed 0.1 ppm at any time. 

The flow chart of de-ballasting is shown in Figure 2-1 (b). 
MEPC 60/2/3 

ANNEX 

Page 6 

I:\MEPC\60\2-3.doc 

(a)Ballasting 

(b)De-ballasting 

Figure 2-1: Flow chart of Sunrui BWMS 

The Sunrui BWMS works in a condition where the ballast water is with a salinity of more 

than 3 PSU. In fresh water with a salt content below 3 PSU, salt will be needed to make the 

water achieve the minimum salinity of 3 PSU. 

2.2 Principle of chlorine disinfection 

Chlorination is a mature technique for water treatment and has been widely used for the 

sterilizations of potable water, waste water and swimming pools for many years. The 

chlorination technique applied in Sunrui BWMS is to directly electrolyse seawater to produce the 

sodium hypochlorite solution in-situ. The principle of electrolysing seawater is: when a certain 

amount of seawater flows through the electrolytic cells, decomposition reactions take place on 

the electrode surfaces, with chlorine produced at the anode and hydrogen gas at the cathode. The 

reaction mechanism is as follows: 
MEPC 60/2/3 

ANNEX 

Page 7 

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Anode: 2Cl- → Cl2 + 2e 

Cathode: 2H2O + 2e → 2OH-

 + H2↑

Chlorine gas can be dissolved in water to produce hypochlorous acid and hydrochloric acid 

rapidly: 

Cl2 + H2O → HOCl + Cl-

 + HSo the overall reaction is: 

NaCl + H2O → NaOCl + H2↑

Hypochlorous acid is weak acid, which means that it tends to undergo partial dissociation as 

follows: 

HOCl ⇋ H+ + OCl- 

to produce a hydrogen ion and a hypochlorite ion. In water of pH between 6.5 and 8.5 the 

reaction is incomplete and both species are present to some degree. The extent of this reaction 

can be calculated from the equation: 

Ki = 

HOCl

(H )(OCl ) + −

where Ki is the ionization constant, varies in magnitude with temperature. The value of the 

constant ranges from 1.488x10-8 mole/litre at 0°C to 3.175 x10-8 mole/litre at 30°C. 

Hypochlorous acid is the most germicidal of all chlorine compounds with the possible exception 

of chlorine dioxide. Undissociated HOCl species is a function of pH value and temperatures. 

The percentage of HOCl in different temperatures and pH values is shown in Table 2-1. 

The percentage of OCl- is the difference between these numbers and 100. 
MEPC 60/2/3 

ANNEX 

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Table 2-1: The percent of HOCl in different temperature and pH value*

pH 0°C 5°C 10°C 15°C 20°C 25°C 30°C

5.0 99.85 99.82 99.80 99.79 99.74 99.71 99.68 

5.5 99.53 99.45 99.36 99.27 99.18 99.09 99.00 

6.0 98.53 98.28 98.00 97.73 97.45 97.18 96.92 

6.1 98.16 97.84 97.50 97.16 96.82 96.48 96.15 

6.2 97.69 97.29 96.88 96.45 96.02 95.60 95.20 

6.3 97.11 96.62 96.10 95.57 95.05 94.53 94.04 

6.4 96.39 95.78 95.14 94.49 93.84 93.21 92.61 

6.5 95.50 94.75 93.96 93.16 92.37 91.60 90.87 

6.6 94.40 93.47 92.51 91.54 90.58 89.65 88.78 

6.7 93.05 91.92 90.75 89.58 88.43 87.32 86.27 

6.8 91.41 90.03 88.63 87.23 85.85 84.54 83.31 

6.9 89.42 87.77 86.10 84.43 82.82 81.29 79.86 

7.0 87.04 85.08 83.10 81.16 79.29 77.53 75.90 

7.1 84.22 81.92 79.63 77.39 75.26 73.27 71.44 

7.2 80.91 78.25 75.64 73.11 70.73 68.52 66.52 

7.3 77.10 74.08 71.15 68.35 65.75 63.36 61.22 

7.4 72.78 69.42 66.20 63.18 60.39 57.87 55.63 

7.5 67.99 64.33 60.88 57.68 54.77 52.18 49.90 

7.6 62.79 58.89 55.27 51.98 49.03 46.43 44.17 

7.7 57.27 53.23 49.54 46.23 43.32 40.77 38.59 

7.8 51.57 47.48 43.81 40.58 37.77 35.35 33.30 

7.9 45.82 41.79 38.25 35.17 32.53 30.28 28.39 

8.0 40.18 36.32 32.98 30.12 27.69 25.65 23.95 

8.1 34.79 31.18 28.10 25.50 23.32 21.51 20.01 

8.2 29.77 26.46 23.69 21.38 19.46 17.88 16.58 

8.3 25.19 22.23 19.78 17.76 16.10 14.74 13.63 

8.4 21.10 18.50 16.38 14.64 13.23 12.07 11.14 

8.5 17.52 15.28 13.46 11.99 10.80 9.84 9.06 

8.6 14.44 12.53 11.00 9.77 8.77 7.97 7.33 

8.7 11.82 10.22 8.94 7.92 7.10 6.44 5.91 

8.8 9.62 8.29 7.23 6.39 5.72 5.18 4.75 

8.9 7.80 6.70 5.83 5.15 4.60 4.16 3.81 

9.0 6.29 5.39 4.69 4.13 3.69 3.33 3.05 

9.5 2.08 1.77 1.53 1.34 1.19 1.08 0.98 

10.0 0.67 0.57 0.49 0.43 0.38 0.34 0.31 

10.5 0.21 0.18 0.15 0.14 0.12 0.11 0.10 

11.0 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 

11.5 0.02 0.02 0.015 0.013 0.012 0.01 0.01 

11.7 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.007 0.007 0.006 

Note: * From Page 189, Part 4 Chemistry of Chlorination, Handbook of Chlorination and Alternative Disinfectants. 

Normally, natural seawater contains bromine ions with a density of 50~70 mg/L. The oxidation 

reaction between hypochlorous acid and bromine ions will produce hypobromous acid: 

HOCl + Br - → HOBr + Cl -

 
MEPC 60/2/3 

ANNEX 

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Hypobromous acid will dissociate, as does hypochlorous acid depending upon pH, temperature 

and ionic strength as follows: 

K = 

HOBr

(H )(OBr ) + −

Where: K = 2 x 10-9 at 20°C

Hypobromous acid is also an effective biocide more stable than chlorine under alkaline seawater. 

It is calculated that at pH 8, the undissociated HOBr is 83 percent vs. HOCl of only 28 percent. 

In addition, the reaction of hypochlorous acid and hypobromous acid with ammonia in seawater 

generate chloramines (including monochloramine, dichloramine, trichloramine) and bromamines 

(including monobromamine, dibromamine, tribromamine). The reaction equations for generating 

chloramines are as follows: 

HOCl + NH3 →NH2Cl(monochloramine)+ H2O 

NH2Cl + HOCl →NHCl2(dichloramine)+ H2O 

NHCl2 + HOCl →NCl3(trichloramine)+ H2O 

Chloramines and bromamines are also germicidal agents, and it is generally considered that their 

bactericidal actions are much weaker than those of HClO/ClOand HOBr/OBr-

. However, recent 

studies indicated that if chloramines are allowed contact time of 45ñ60 minutes they are able to 

match the efficiency of free chlorine based upon the destruction of coliform organisms. 

In this document , the substances with bactericidal action mentioned above are HClO/ClO-/Cl2, 

HOBr/OBr-

/Br2, chloramines and bromamines, which are called by a joint name Total Residual 

Oxidants (TRO). 

2.3 Sunrui BWMS configuration 

Sunrui BWMS consists of the following functional modules: 

ñ Self-cleaning filter; 

ñ Electrolytic unit (including electrolytic cells and accessory dosing and degassing units); 

ñ Rectifier; 

ñ Controller; 

ñ TRO analyser; 

ñ Neutralizing unit; 

ñ Sampling unit; and 

ñ Hydrogen gas/chlorine gas alarm. 
MEPC 60/2/3 

ANNEX 

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I:\MEPC\60\2-3.doc 

Accessory units include flow-meters, pumps, valves, etc. Figure 2-2 shows a typical Sunrui 

electrolytic unit. 

Figure 2-2: Sunrui electrolytic unit 

The functional modules of the system can be installed either as an integrated system in one space 

or installed separately in different places on the ship. The integrated BWMS is more suitable for 

new buildings, while different factional modules installed in different place may be more 

practicable for existing ships. 

2.4 Characteristics of Sunrui BWMS 

Sunrui BWMS has some special characteristics, in particular, in the following aspects: 

Friendly to environment 

No wastes like fume and dust that may pollute the environment are produced when the 

system operates. The substances produced by the system leave no harmful influences on 

natural environment. 

Safe for ships and crew 

The system does not produce any substances that do harm to the crew. All electrical and 

electronic sections that crew shall operate are safe. Adequate alarm system is designed, 

so that protective action could be taken in time to eliminate potential dangers for ships 

and crew. 

Easy operation 

The calibration and setting of the system have been completed in the factory and the 

operation of the system can be performed in fully automatic mode. It is easy for 

operators to monitor the operational status of the system on the Human-Machine Interface 

(HMI) on the touch screen. 

Low cost for operating and maintenance 

For the operation of the system, only power consumption and a small amount of 

inexpensive reagent is needed. 
MEPC 60/2/3 

ANNEX 

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3 IDENTIFICATION OF THE SUBSTANCE, RELEVANT CHEMICALS AND 

OTHER CHEMICALS (G9: 4.1) 

3.1 Active Substance 

Sunrui BWMS utilizes the technology of electrolysing seawater directly to generate biocides 

in situ on board. In the disinfection step, a side stream of filtered seawater (approximately 5.5 m3/h 

of 250 m3

/h) flows through the electrolytic cells, in which electrochemical reactions take place at 

the anode and cathode, with chlorine and certain short-life oxygenated chemical compounds and 

oxygen gas at the anode, and hydrogen gas generated at the cathode. Chlorine dissolves into 

water and results in the formation of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) in equilibrium with hypochlorite 

ion (OCl-); and a part of HOCl reacts with bromine ion in seawater and generates hypobromous 

acid (HOBr) in equilibrium with hypobromous ion (OBr-). Both HOCl/OCl- and HOBr/OBr- are 

effective biocides, usually called free available halogen (FAH). The electrolysed water 

containing HOCl/OCl- and HOBr/OBr- is injected back into main ballast water stream by dosing 

pump to mix with ballast water. 

Hydrogen gas and oxygen gas are completely removed in the degas tank, therefore they are 

considered as by-products and not Relevant Chemicals. The short-life oxygenated chemical 

species, possibly including hydrogen peroxide and ozone, present in the side-stream will 

decompose. For example, hydrogen peroxide will be reduced to water by free available chlorine 

and ozone will decompose into oxygen gas with chlorine acting as a catalyst. Therefore, these 

oxygenated species will not be considered as either Active Substances or Relevant Chemicals. 

Both HOCl and HOBr are strong oxidizers and halogenation agents, which react with nitrogen 

compounds such as ammonia, urea, aminoacids, etc., present in fresh water or seawater, 

generating chloramines and/or bromamines, collectively called haloamines. Both chloramines 

and bromamines are also biocides. Although the germicide efficiency of haloamines are much 

weaker than that of FAH, it becomes evident that those haloamines also have biocide effect, 

especially on certain pathogens, and have longer term effect. 

Chlorine and bromine based compounds are typically analysed together and reported as 

Free Available Halogen (FAH) for total HOCl/OCl- and HOBr/OBr- or as Total Residual 

Oxidant (TRO) for total HOCl/OCl-, HOBr/OBr-, chloramines and bromamines. It is virtually 

impossible to provide a further breakdown for the concentration of chloramines and bromamines 

in TRO, as these are unstable compounds and there are no calibration standards available to 

ensure their reliable analysis. 

Based on the above, for this application, HOCl/OCl-, HOBr/OBr-, chloramines together with 

bromamines, regarded as TRO, are defined as Active Substances. 

3.2 Relevant Chemical 

During the process of disinfection by chlorine in seawater, trihalomethanes (THM), haloacetic 

acids (HAA), haloacetonitriles (HAN) and bromate ion are considered as main potential 

chemicals , therefore are defined as Relevant Chemicals. 

3.3 Other chemical 

On discharge of the treated ballast water, the TRO in ballast water is neutralized with sodium 

thiosulphate, which is defined as other chemical. 
MEPC 60/2/3 

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3.4 Chemical analysis results 

The potential by-products in the seawater treated by Surui BWMS have been tested and analysed. 

Based on the analysis results, the Active Substance, Relevant Chemicals and other chemicals 

identified are listed in Table 3-1. The chemical analysis report is provided in appendix 2 of the 

confidential application dossier. 

Table 3-1: Active Substances, Relevant Chemicals and other chemicals identified 

Chemicals CAS No. Molecular 

weight 

Formula AS/ 

RC/ 

OC 

(bio)degradation 

rate or half-life 

Hypochlorous acid 

/hypochlorite 

7681-52-9 74.44 NaOCl AS 1.4 hour (at pH 8) 

Hypobromous acid 

/hypobromite 

13824-96-9 118.89 NaOBr AS Biodegrades fast 

Chloramines/ 

Bromamines 

Not available 51.48 NH2Cl AS 9 to 420 hours 

(as Monochloramine)

Dibromochloromethane 124-48-1 208.28 CHBr2Cl RC Water: 38 days 

Soil: 75 days 

Sediment: 340 days 

Air: 280 days 

Tribromomethane 75-25-2 252.73 CHBr3 RC 1.7 years 

(Freshwater, at an 

aqueous concentration

of 1X10-17 mole/l 

hydroxyl radicals) 

Monobromoacetic acid 79-08-3 167.01 CH2BrCOOH RC Half-life: 

Water: 8.7 days 

Soil: 17 days 

Sediment: 78 days 

Air: 22 days 

Bromochloroacetic acid 5589-96-8 138.95 CHBrClCOOH RC Half-life: 

Water: 15 days 

Soil: 30 days 

Sediment: 140 days 

Air: 24 days 

Dibromoacetic acid 631-64-1 217.86 CHBr2COOH RC Half-life: 

Water: 15 days 

Soil: 30 days 

Sediment: 140 days 

Air: 25 days 

Dibromochloroacetic acid 5278-95-5 252.36 CClBr2COOH RC No data available 

Tribromoacetic acid 75-96-7 296.74 CBr3COOH RC Half-life: 

Water: 15 days 

Soil: 30 days 

Sediment: 140 days 

Air: 31 days 
MEPC 60/2/3 

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Chemicals CAS No. Molecular 

weight 

Formula AS/ 

RC/ 

OC 

(bio)degradation 

rate or half-life 

Dibromoaceto-nitrile 3252-43-5 198.86 CHBr2CN RC Half-life: 

Water: 38 days 

Soil: 75 days 

Sediment: 340 days 

Air: 540 days 

Bromate 7758-01-2 167.01 KBrO3 RC Half-life: 

Seawater: 12 hours 

Sodium thiosulfate 7772-98-7 158.09 Na2S2O3 OC Biodegrades fast 

4 DATA-SET FOR ACTIVE SUBSTANCE AND PREPARATION (G9: 4.2) 

4.1 Data on effects on aquatic plants, invertebrates and fish, and other biota, including 

sensitive and representative organisms (G9: 4.2.1.1) 

4.1.1 Acute aquatic toxicity 

Table 4-1: Acute aquatic toxicity 

F 

C 

Test 

Substance 

A 

Species Test 

Type 

LC50/EC50 

mg/L 

NOEC 

mg/L 

Reference/ 

Comments 

Active Substances 

Fresh 

water 

Oncorhynchus 

gorbuscha

 0.023-

0.052mg/L/96h 

 ECB, IUCLID, 

2000 

F 

Salt 

water 

Oncorhynchus 

kisutch

 0.032mg/L/ 96h 

(as TRO) 

 ECB, IUCLID, 

2000 

Fresh 

water 

Ceriodaphnia 

dubia

 0.005mg/L/24h for 

HOCl 

(pH 7) Flowthrough tests 

(without food) 

C Taylor, 1993 

Salt 

water 

B. plicatilis 0.01mg/L/ 

30-60min The 

thermal stress 

 Capuzzo, 1976, 

ECB, IUCLID, 

2000 

HOCl (NaOCl) 

A Salt 

water 

Thalassiosira 

guilardii

 EC50:0.075 

mg/L/24h 

 Gentile et al., 

1976 

F No data found in 

literature 

C No data found in 

literature 

HOBr 

(NaOBr) 

A No data found in 

literature 
MEPC 60/2/3 

ANNEX 

Page 14 

I:\MEPC\60\2-3.doc 

F 

C 

Test 

Substance 

A 

Species Test 

Type 

LC50/EC50 

mg/L 

NOEC 

mg/L 

Reference/ 

Comments 

F Notropis 

atherinoides

(Emerald shiner) 

 0.63 mg/L 40 min 

exposures at 5 hr 

intervals for 24 hr, 

10 °C; 

0.51 mg/L, 20 °C; 

0.35 mg/L, 30°C

 HSDB, 2009 

C Ceriodaphnia 

dubia 

(Water flea) 

 0.012 mg/L/ 

24 hr 

 Taylor PA, 1993 

Chloramine 

A No data found in 

literature 

Relevant Chemicals 

F Cyprinodon 

variegatus

 7.1 mg/L/96hr Ward et al., 1981 

C Daphnia magna 46 mg/L/48 hr LeBlanc G.A, 

1980 

Tribromomethane 

A Skeletonema 

costatum

 12.3 mg/L/ 

96hr(EC50) 

 U.S. EPA 1978 

F Cyprinus carpio 34 mg/L/72 to 

120h 

 Mattice et al., 

1981 

C N/A 27 mg/L/48h MEPC 58/2 

Dibromochloromethane 

A Selenastrum 

caprocornutum 

 6.1 mg/L/72hr MEPC58/2 

F No data found in 

literature 

C Daphnia magna 

(Water flea) 

EC50:65 mg/L 

for 24 hr 

 HSDB, 2009 

Monobromoacetic acid 

A Scenedesmus 

subspicatus 

(Green algae, log 

growth phase) 

EC50:0.2 mg/L 

for 72 hr 

 Kuehn R and 

Pattard M, 1990 

F Pimephales 

promelas

 6.9 mg/L/96 h Mayes et al., 1985

C No data found in 

literature 

Dibromoacetic 

acid 

A No data found in 

literature 

F No data found in 

literature 

C No data found in 

literature 

Tribromoacetic acid 

A No data found in 

literature 
MEPC 60/2/3 

ANNEX 

Page 15 

I:\MEPC\60\2-3.doc 

F 

C 

Test 

Substance 

A 

Species Test 

Type 

LC50/EC50 

mg/L 

NOEC 

mg/L 

Reference/ 

Comments 

F No data found in 

literature 

C No data found in 

literature 

Bromochloroacetic acid 

A No data found in 

literature 

F No data found in 

literature 

C No data found in 

literature 

Dibromochloroacetic 

acid 

A No data found in 

literature 

F Pimephales 

promelas 

 0.55 mg/L/96 h Mayes MA et al., 

1985 

C Daphnia magna 3,897.8 mg/L/ 48hr ECOSAR 

Dibromoacetonitrile 

A green algae 2,231.3 mg/L/96hr ECOSAR 

F Morone 

Saxatilis

 31 mg/L/96h Richardson et al., 

1981 

C Neomysis 

awatschnsis 

Opossum shrimp 

 176 mg/L/24h Crecelius, 1979 

Bromate 

A three seawater 

species 

 EC50: 

13.6 mg/L/72h 

 Thomas H., 1997 

Other chemicals 

F Gambusia 

affinis(fresh 

water) 

 Ca. 24000 mg/L/ 

96hour 

 ECB, IUCLID, 

2000 

C No data found in 

literature 

Sodium 

thiosulphate 

A Ankistrodesmus 

falcatus

 Ca. 64 mg/L/ 

1hour 

 Wodzinski R.S. 

et al, 1978 

F = Fish; C = Crustacean; A = Algae. 
MEPC 60/2/3 

ANNEX 

Page 16 

I:\MEPC\60\2-3.doc 

4.1.2 Chronic aquatic toxicity 

Table 4-2: Chronic Aquatic Toxicity 

F 

C 

Test 

Substance 

A 

Species Test 

Type 

LC50/ 

EC50 

mg/L 

NOEC 

mg/L 

Reference 

Comments 

Active Substances 

Fresh 

water 

Ictalurus 

punctatus

 NOEC: 0.005 

mg/L/133day 

Hermanutz et al., 

1990 

F 

Salt 

water 

Menidia 

peninsulae

 NOEC: 0.04 mg 

CPO/l 

CPO = Chlorineproduced oxidants 

Goodman et al., 

1983 

C Pandalus danae

(Salt-water) 

 NOEC: 

0.05 mg/L FREE 

Active Chlorine 

Gibson et al., 1976

HOCl 

(NaOCl) 

A algal biomass NOEC: 

0.003 mg TRC/l 

Cairns, 1990 

F No data found in 

literature 

C No data found in 

literature 

HOBr 

(NaOBr) 

A No data found in 

literature 

F No data found in 

literature 

C No data found in 

literature 

Chloramine 

A No data found in 

literature 

Relevant Chemicals 

F sheepshead 

minnows 

(Cyprinodon 

variegatus) 

 NOEC: 

4.8 mg/L/28d 

Ward et al., 1981 

C No data found in 

literature 

Tribromomethane 

A Selenastrum 

Capricornutum

 NOEC: 

10 mg/L/ 96h 

U.S. EPA 1978 

F Oryzias latipes 3.2mg/L/21day IMO, MEPC 58/2 

C No data found in 

literature 

Dibromochlor

o-methane 

A No data found in 

literature 
MEPC 60/2/3 

ANNEX 

Page 17 

I:\MEPC\60\2-3.doc 

F 

C 

Test 

Substance 

A 

Species Test 

Type 

LC50/ 

EC50 

mg/L 

NOEC 

mg/L 

Reference 

Comments 

F No data found in 

literature 

C Daphnia magna NOEC: 1.6 

(mg/L/21days) 

MEPC 58/2/7 

GESAMP-BWWG 

6/9, annex 7 

Monobromoacetic acid 

A No data found in 

literature 

F No data found in 

literature 

C No data found in 

literature 

Dibromoacetic 

acid 

A No data found in 

literature 

F No data found in 

literature 

C No data found in 

literature 

Tribromoacetic acid 

A No data found in 

literature 

F No data found in 

literature 

C No data found in 

literature 

Bromochloroacetic acid 

A No data found in 

literature 

F No data found in 

literature 

C No data found in 

literature 

Dibromochloroacetic 

acid 

A No data found in 

literature 

F No data found in 

literature 

C No data found in 

literature 

Dibromoacetonitrile 

A No data found in 

literature 

F Morone 

Saxatilis

 LC50: 

(93) mg/L/10d, 

NOEC: 

(50) mg/L/10d 

Richardson et al., 

1981 

C No data found in 

literature 

Bromate 

A Isochrysis 

galbana

 NOEC: 

8 mg/L/7d 

Erickson and 

Freeman, 1978 
MEPC 60/2/3 

ANNEX 

Page 18 

I:\MEPC\60\2-3.doc 

F 

C 

Test 

Substance 

A 

Species Test 

Type 

LC50/ 

EC50 

mg/L 

NOEC 

mg/L 

Reference 

Comments 

Other chemicals 

F Oncorhynchus 

mykiss

 600mg/L/ 

18 month 

In/with FW: NO 

MORTALITY, 

Temp:15°C 

pH: 7.82-7.92 

ECB, IUCLID, 

2000 

C No data found in 

literature 

Sodium 

thiosulphate 

A No data found in 

literature 

F = Fish; C = Crustacean; A = Algae. 

4.1.3 Endocrine disruption

No reports were found, showing that the Active Substances might have any endocrine effects on 

aquatic organisms. Likewise, no reports were found, indicating the relevant chemicals and other 

chemicals identified might have any endocrine effects on aquatic organisms. 

4.1.4 Sediment toxicity 

Table 4-3: Kocs for the Active Substances and Relevant Chemicals 

Chemical Koc (L/kg) Reference 

Active Substances 

HOCl(NaOCl) 14.3 MEPC 58/2/7, 

GESAMP-BWWG 6/9, annex 6 

HOBr(NaOBr) 14.3 MEPC 58/2/7, 

GESAMP-BWWG 6/9, annex 6 

Chloramine 

Relevant Chemicals 

Tribromomethane 35.04 HSDB, 2009 

Dibromochloromethane 95-468 MEPC 59/2/11 

Monobromoacetic acid 39.8 HSDB, 2009 

Dibromoacetic acid 1.5 HSDB, 2009 

Tribromoacetic acid 5.3 HSDB, 2009 

Bromochloroacetic acid 1.9 HSDB, 2009 

Dibromochloroacetic acid 

Dibromoacetonitrile 13 HSDB, 2009 

Bromate 2.7×10-8 MEPC 58/2/7, 

GESAMP-BWWG 6/9, annex 5 

Other Substances 

Sodium thiosulphate 
MEPC 60/2/3 

ANNEX 

Page 19 

I:\MEPC\60\2-3.doc 

4.1.5 Bioavailability/biomagnification/bioconcentration 

Table 4-4: Log Pows and BCFs for the Active Substances and Relevant Chemicals 

Chemical Log Pow BCF (L/kg) Reference 

Active Substances 

HOCl(NaOCl) -3.42 -2.19 MEPC 58/2/7, 

GESAMP-BWWG 6/9, annex 6 

EPI SUIT (2007) 

HOBr(NaOBr) -1.03 1.24 MEPC 58/2/7, 

GESAMP-BWWG 6/9, annex 7 

Chloramine 

Relevant Chemicals 

Tribromomethane 2.4 14 HSDB, 2009 

Dibromochloromethane 2.24 0.74-1.47 MEPC 59/2/11 

Monobromoacetic acid 0.41 3.2 HSDB, 2009 

Dibromoacetic acid 0.70 0.17 HSDB, 2009 

Tribromoacetic acid 1.71 0.63 HSDB, 2009 

Bromochloroacetic acid 0.61 3.2 HSDB, 2009 

Dibromochloroacetic acid 1.62 HSDB, 2009 

Dibromoacetonitrile 0.47 3 HSDB, 2009 

Bromate -7.18 3.7×10-7 MEPC 58/2/7, 

GESAMP-BWWG 6/9, annex 5 

Other chemicals 

Sodium thiosulphate -4.53 3.162 MEPC 58/2 

4.1.6 Food web/population effects 

Based on the low Kocs and Log Pows, little biomagnification and persistence in aquatic and 

mammalian food webs is anticipated from the Active Substances, Relevant Chemicals and other 

chemicals. All of the Kocs for the Active Substances, Relevant Chemicals and other chemicals 

are <500 L/kg, which indicate that the chemicals would not readily be absorbed into sediments so 

that they would not be of concern to benthic populations and their food webs. 

All the chemicals have established Bio-Concentration Factors (BCFs). The BCFs show that little 

bioconcentration/bioaccumulation will occur in aquatic organisms. Little biomagnification 

occurs in aquatic food webs and bird/mammalian food webs since the chemicals are not readily 

bioconcentrated/bioaccumulated. 

4.2 Data on mammalian toxicity (G9: 4.2.1.2) 

The following tables summarize data on mammalian toxicity for a variety of endpoints. 
MEPC 60/2/3 

ANNEX 

Page 20 

I:\MEPC\60\2-3.doc 

4.2.1 Acute mammalian toxicity 

Table 4-5: Acute mammalian toxicity 

Chemical Exposure Route Species Value Range Reference/Comments 

a. Oral LD50 (mg/L) 

b. Oral LD50 (mg/L) 

a. Mouse 

b. Rat 

a. 880 mg/kg bw 

b. >5000 mg/kg bw 

ECB, IUCLID, 2000 

Dermal LD50 rabbit >10000 mg/kg bw ECB, IUCLID, 2000 

HOCl(NaOCl) 

Inhalation 

LC50(mg/L/4h) 

Rat >10.5mg/L/1h ECB, IUCLID, 2000 

HOBr(NaOBr) No data available; this 

compound is thought to be 

similar in toxicity to 

chlorinated analogue. 

Chloramine a. Oral LD50 

b. Oral LD50

a. Rabbits: 

under 3 wk of 

age; older than 

3 wk 

b. Rat 

a. LD:40-50 mg/kg; 

60-70 mg/kg, 

respectively 

b. 935mg/kg 

a. HSDB, 2009 

b. Mallinkrodt Baker, 2006 

a. Oral LD50

b. Oral LD50

a. Male 

mice/female 

mice 

b. Male rats/ 

female rats 

a. 1,400 mg/kg/ 

 1,550 mg/kg 

b. 1388 mg/kg 

 1147 mg/kg 

a. Bowman, et al., 1978 

b. Chu, et al., 1980 

Tribromomethane 

Inhalation LC50 a. Dog 

b. Mouse 

a. 7 mg/L/4 h 

b. 12.1mg/L/2h 

RTECS, 2006 

Dibromochloromethane a. Oral LD50

b. Oral LD50

a. Male 

mice/female 

mice 

b. Male rats/ 

female rats 

a. 800 mg/kg/ 

1,200 mg/kg 

b. 1186 mg/kg/ 

848 mg/kg 

IPCS, 2000 

Oral LD50 Rat 50mg/kg RTECS, 2008 

Dermal LD50 Rabbit 59.9mg/kg RTECS, 2008 

Monobromoacetic acid 

Inhalation LC50 Rat Lowest published 

lethal concentration: 

114 gm/m3

/30 minute

RTECS, 2008 

Dibromoacetic 

acid 

Oral LD50 Rat 1737 mg/kg Linder et al., 1994 

Tribromoacetic 

acid 

 No data available; this 

compound is thought to be 

similar in toxicity to 

chlorinated analogue. 

Bromochloroacetic acid  No data found in literature 

Dibromochloroacetic acid  

Oral LD50 Rat 245 mg/kg: male rats 

361 mg/kg: female 

rats 

Dibromo- Hayes JR et al., 1986 

acetonitrile 

Inhalation LC50 Rat 10g/m3

/h IMO, MEPC 58/2 
MEPC 60/2/3 

ANNEX 

Page 21 

I:\MEPC\60\2-3.doc 

Chemical Exposure Route Species Value Range Reference/Comments 

Bromate a. Oral LD50 

b. Oral LD50

a. Rat 

b. Mouse 

a. 157mg/kg 

b. 289mg/kg 

RTECS, 2007 

Sodium 

thiosulphate 

a. Oral LD50 

b. Oral LD50

a. Rat (males 

and females 

combined) 

b. Rat 

a. >5,050 mg/kg 

b. 2,500mg/kg to 

5,000mg/kg 

a. EPA Federal Register 

Sodium thiosulfate, 2001 

b. RTECS, 2006 

4.2.2 Effects on skin and eye, and sensitization effects 

Table 4-6: Skin, eye and sensitization effects 

Chemical Skin Eye Sensitization Reference/Comments 

HOCl(NaOCl) Irritation to the skin Irritation to the 

eye 

225 patients tested 

with sodium 

hypochlorite in patch 

test, 3 showed positive 

tractions (1.3%) 

ECB, IUCLID, 2000 

HOBr(NaOBr) No data available; this 

compound is thought to be 

similar in toxicity to 

chlorinated analogue. 

Chloramine Did not produce 

hyperplasia of the 

skin 

Irritation to the 

eye 

Did not produce 

hyperplasia of the 

skin 

WHO, 2000 

HSDB, 2009 

Tribromomethane Irritation to the skin. 

Repeated or 

prolonged contact 

may cause 

dermatitis 

Irritation to the 

eye. Repeated 

or prolonged 

contact may 

cause 

dermatitis 

Skin:Y (Redness.) 

Inhalation:Y 

Reddening of the 

face. Salivation. 

Disturbance of 

movements. 

Convulsions. Cough. 

Dizziness. Headache.

HSDB, 2009 

ICSC, 0108 

Dibromochloro

methane 

Irritation to the skin Irritation to the 

eye 

 Aldrich Chemical MSDS 

Monobromoacetic acid Cause severe burns Cause severe 

burns 

 HSDB, 2009 

Dibromoacetic 

acid 

Cause burns Cause burns Inhalation may result 

in spasm, inflammation 

and edema of the 

larynx and bronchi, 

chemical pneumonitis, 

and pulmonary edema

Sigma-Aldrich, 2006, 

MSDS 

Tribromoacetic 

acid 

Irritating to the skin Irritating to the 

eye 

Inhalation may result 

in spasm, inflammation 

and edema of the 

larynx and bronchi, 

chemical pneumonitis, 

and pulmonary edema

Fisher Scientific MSDS 

HSDB, 2009 
MEPC 60/2/3 

ANNEX 

Page 22 

I:\MEPC\60\2-3.doc 

Chemical Skin Eye Sensitization Reference/Comments 

Bromochloroacetic acid Extremely 

destructive to shin 

Extremely 

destructive to 

eye 

 Sigma-Aldrich, MSDS 

2006 

Dibromochloroacetic 

acid 

Extremely 

destructive to shin 

Extremely 

destructive to 

eye 

Inhalation may result 

in spasm, inflammation 

and edema of the 

larynx and bronchi, 

chemical pneumonitis, 

and pulmonary edema.

Extremely destructive 

to tissue of the mucous 

membranes and upper 

respiratory tract. 

HSDB, 2009 

Dibromoacetonitrile May cause skin 

irritation 

Cause eye 

irritation 

 HSDB, 2009 

Bromate May cause skin 

irritation 

Cause 

moderate eye 

irritation. May 

cause transient 

corneal injury. 

May cause skin 

irritation. 

May cause respiratory 

tract irritation. 

The Chemical Database 

Sodium 

thiosulphate 

May cause skin 

irritation 

May cause eye 

irritation and 

possible burns 

May cause skin 

irritation. 

May cause respiratory 

tract irritation. 

The Chemical Database 

4.2.3 Repeated-dose toxicity 

Table 4-7: Repeated-dose toxicity studies 

Chemical Exposure 

Route 

Species Value Range Reference/ 

Comments 

HOCl(NaOCl) a. Oral, 

13 weeks 

b. Oral, 

90days 

a. F344 rats 

b. Mouse 

a. Significant suppression of body 

weight (as a result of decreased 

consumption of water and food) 

occurred at 0.2% and above. 

Slight damage to the liver as 

indicated by increased levels of 

serum enzymes (not specified) at 

0.2% and 0.4% sodium hypochlorite 

in both sexes. No evidence of 

treatment-related pathology was 

observed in this study. 

b. NOAEL 50mg/L 

(10-12mg/kg/day) 

a. Hasegawa R, et al., 

1986 

b. Daniel, et al., 1991 

HOBr(NaOBr) No data available; this 

compound is thought 

to be similar in 

toxicity to chlorinated 

analogue. 
MEPC 60/2/3 

ANNEX 

Page 23 

I:\MEPC\60\2-3.doc 

Chemical Exposure 

Route 

Species Value Range Reference/ 

Comments 

Chloramine a. Oral, 

90-day 

(drinkingwater) 

b. Oral, 

90-day 

(drinkingwater) 

a. SpragueDawley rats 

b. B6C3F1 

mice 

a. NOAEL: 100mg/L, equivalent to 

5.8 mg/kg bw/day. 

b. NOAEL: 50 mg/L, equivalent to 

8.6 mg/kg bw/day. 

WHO, 2000 

Tribromomethane a. Oral 

Gavage 

5 days/week 

for 13 weeks 

b. Oral 

Gavage 

5 days/week 

for 13 weeks 

a. F344/N 

rats/sex 

b. B6C3F1 

mice 

a. LOAEL: 50 mg/kg/day 

(converted to 35.7 mg/kg/day) 

NOEL: 25 mg/kg/day (converted to 

17.9 mg/kg/day) 

b. LOAEL: 50 mg/kg/day 

(converted to 35.7 mg/kg/day) 

NOEL: 25 mg/kg/day (converted to 

17.9 mg/kg/day) 

NTP 1989 

Dibromochloromethane a. Gavage, 

13 weeks 

b. Gavage, 

90 days 

a. Rats and 

mice 

b. Rats 

a. NOAEL:30 mg/kg-day 

b. Kidney damage at 50 and 

100 mg/kg-day 

IPCS, 2000 

Monobromoacetic acid Oral Pig Damage to the liver, heart, kidney, 

lung and skeletal muscle was found 

in pigs which died and movement 

disorders occurred in those that 

survived. 

HSDB, 2009 

Dibromoacetic 

acid 

a. Oral, 28d 

b. Oral, 

3 months 

a. Mouse 

b. Mouse 

a. NOAEL: 38 mg/kg/d 

b. No deaths but various effects 

seen at >500 mg/L 

WHO, 2004 

Tribromoacetic acid  No data found 

in literature 

Bromochloroacetic acid a. Oral, 

3 months 

b. Oral, 

3 months 

a. B6C3F1 

Mice 

b. 

F344/N Rats 

a. Mean body weight gains of 

females exposed to 250 mg/L or 

greater were significantly decreased. 

Liver weights of 1000 mg/L males 

and all exposed groups of females 

were significantly increased. All 

males and females exposed to 500 

or 1000 mg/L had periportal 

cytoplasmic vacuolization. In the 

spleen, there were increased 

incidences of hematopoietic cell 

proliferation in 62.5, 125 and 250 

mg/L males and 125 and 1000 mg/L 

females. 

HSDB, 2009 
MEPC 60/2/3 

ANNEX 

Page 24 

I:\MEPC\60\2-3.doc 

Chemical Exposure 

Route 

Species Value Range Reference/ 

Comments 

 b. Liver weights of 500 and 1000 

mg/L males and females and kidney 

weights of 1000 mg/L males were 

significantly increased. In the liver, 

there were significantly increased 

incidences of cytoplasmic 

vacuolization in 10000 mg/L males 

and females. 

Dibromochloroacetic 

acid 

 No data found 

in literature 

Dibromoacetonitrile Oral, 

13 weeks 

SpragueDawley rats NOAEL: 10 ppm, equivalent to 1.11 

and 1.21 mg/kg/day in the males 

and females, respectively 

Poon R et al., 2003 

Bromate Oral, 

13 weeks 

Rats Liver toxicity at higher doses IPCS, 2000 

Sodium 

thiosulphate 

 No data found 

in literature 

4.2.4 Chronic toxicity 

Table 4-8: Chronic mammalian toxicity studies 

Chemical Exposure 

Route 

Species Value Range Reference/ 

Comments 

HOCl(NaOCl) Oral, 2 years Rat and 

mouse 

NOAEL: 14.4mg/kg/day NTP, 1992 

HOBr(NaOBr) No data available; this 

compound is thought 

to be similar in toxicity 

to chlorinated analogue.

Chloramine Oral 

(drinkingwater) 

2-year 

F344/N rats 

and B6C3F1 

mice 

There was a decrease in mean body 

weight in high-dose rats. The highdose group had decreases in organ 

weights and increases in organ-tobody weight ratios at 14- or 66-

week evaluations. There was also a 

dose-related decrease in mean body 

weights of dosed male and female 

mice throughout the study. There 

were decreases in organ weights and 

increases in organ-to-body weight 

ratios observed in high-dose mice at 

15- or 66-week evaluations. 

EPA, 1994 
MEPC 60/2/3 

ANNEX 

Page 25 

I:\MEPC\60\2-3.doc 

Chemical Exposure 

Route 

Species Value Range Reference/ 

Comments 

Tribromomethane a. Gavage 

5 days/week 

for 2 years 

b. Gavage 

5 days/week 

for 2 years 

a. F344/N 

rats 

b. 

B6C3F1 

mice 

a. NOAEL: 17.9 mg/kg/day 

b. NOAEL: 17.9 mg/kg/day 

NTP 1989 

Dibromochloromethane Gavage, 

2 years 

Mice and 

rats 

Kidney and liver effects noted at all 

doses 

IPCS, 2000 

Monobromoacetic acid  No data found in 

literature 

Dibromoacetic 

acid 

a. Oral, 

2 years 

b. Oral, 

2 years 

a. Mouse 

b. Rat 

a. Increased body weights at 50 and 

500 mg/L in males only 

b. Decrease body weights at 500and 

1000 mg/L 

NTP, 2007 

Tribromoacetic acid  No data found in 

literature 

Bromochloroacetic acid a. Oral, 

2 years 

b. Oral, 

2 years 

a. B6C3F1 

Mice 

b. F344/N 

Rats 

a. Survival of 1000 mg/L males was 

significantly less than that of the 

control group. Mean body weight 

of 1,000 mg/L males were 12% less 

than the control group after week 97, 

and those of 1,000 mg/L females 

were 8% less than the control group 

after week 21. 

b. Mean body weights of 500 mg/L 

males were 8% less than the control 

group after week 81, and those 

of 1000 mg/L males were 10% less 

than the control group after week 69. 

Mean body weights of 1000 mg/L 

females were 10% less than the 

control group after week 85. 

HSDB, 2009 

Dibromochloroacetic acid  No data found 

in literature 

Dibromoacetonitrile Drinkingwater 

2-year 

Mice and rat There was clear evidence of 

carcinogenic activity of dibromoacetonitrile in male rats based on 

increased incidences of squamous 

cell papillomas or carcinomas of the 

oral cavity; adenomas in the 

glandular stomach of male rats were 

also considered to be exposurerelated. There was some evidence 

of carcinogenic activity of dibromoacetonitrile in female rats based 

on an increased incidence of 

squamous cell papillomas of the oral 

cavity; increased incidences of basal 

cell or squamous cell neoplasms of 

the skin in female rats may have 

been related to dibromoacetonitrile 

NTP/NIEHS, 2008 
MEPC 60/2/3 

ANNEX 

Page 26 

I:\MEPC\60\2-3.doc 

Chemical Exposure 

Route 

Species Value Range Reference/ 

Comments 

exposure. There was clear evidence 

of carcinogenic activity of dibromoacetonitrile in male and female 

mice based on increased incidences 

of squamous cell papillomas or 

carcinomas of the forestomach. 

Increased incidences of neoplasms 

in the liver of male mice may have 

been related to dibromoacetonitrile 

exposure. Exposure to dibromoacetonitrile for 2 years caused 

increased incidences of epithelial 

hyperkeratosis in the esophagus of 

male and female rats, ectasia of the 

glandular stomach and squamous 

epithelial hyperplasia of the tongue 

in female rats, and squamous 

epithelial hyperplasia of the 

forestomach in male mice. 

Bromate a. Drinkingwater, 

100 weeks 

b. Drinkingwater, 

100 weeks 

a. Male, 

B6C3F1 

mice 

b. Male 

F344 rats 

a. NOAEL: 800mg/L 

b. NOAEL: 20mg/L 

WHO, 2005 

Sodium 

thiosulphate 

 No data found in 

literature 

4.2.5 Developmental and reproductive toxicity 

Table 4-9: Developmental and reproductive toxicity 

Chemical Exposure 

Route 

Species Effects Reference/ 

Comments 

HOCl(NaOCl) Oral Rat NOAEL: 14.4 mg/kg/day Druckrey, 1968 

HOBr(NaOBr) No data available; this 

compound is thought 

to be similar in toxicity 

to chlorinated analogue.

Chloramine Gavage, 

66-76 days 

Male 

(12/dose) 

and female 

(24/dose) 

Long-Evans 

rats 

NOAEL:10 mg/kg/day Carlton et al., 1986 
MEPC 60/2/3 

ANNEX 

Page 27 

I:\MEPC\60\2-3.doc 

Chemical Exposure 

Route 

Species Effects Reference/ 

Comments 

Tribromomethane a. Gavage, 

105 days 

b. Gavage, 

days 6-15 

a. Mice 

b. Rat 

a. No effect on fertility or offspring. 

b. An increased incidence of minor 

skeletal abnormalities, including 

appearance of a 14th rib, intraparietal 

deviations, and delayed ossification of 

sternebrae, was seen in developing 

foetuses at 100 and 200 mg/kg. 

a. WHO, EHC216 

(2000) 

b. Ruddick, et al.

1983 

Dibromochloromethane Exposed 

individually 

in 5 ml of 

embryo 

rearing 

solution, 

15 days 

Medaka 

embryos at 

stage 10 

(N= 60 per 

concentration)

Embryos were evaluated daily for 

mortality and cardiovascular 

abnormalities. The heartbeat count 

was made for one full minute from 

day 3-10. The earliest lesion 

observed was the tubular heart on 

day 4 of exposure. Lack or 

incomplete chambers formation 

often began on day 5. Diathesis or 

pooling of blood in various tissues 

began to appear staring on day 5 of 

exposure, followed by slowing of 

blood flow and complete stasis 

usually on day 10. At this time 

pericardial edema began to develop 

and progressed to other organs and 

interfered with hatching which 

resulted in partial hatching. In 

addition, low incidence of the 

following lesions were observed: 

non-development of heart, absence 

or reduced numbers of vitelline 

vessels, reduced numbers of blood 

cells, and ruptured blood vessels. 

Palit S et al. 

(2004) 

Monobromoacetic acid a. Oral 

intubation 

b. N/A 

a. Pregnant 

Long Evans 

rats 

b. Rats 

a. These results suggest that 

bromoacetic acid is developmentally 

toxic at 100 mg/kg/day. 

b. Did not affect parameters related 

to male reproductive function 

a. Randall JL et al.,

1991 

b. Environmental 

Health Criteria 216 

Dibromoacetic 

acid 

Oral Rat NOAEL:125 mg/kg/d Cummings et al., 1998 

Tribromoacetic acid Gavage Rat Tribromoacetic acid at up to 400 ppm 

marginally reduced water 

consumption and did not affect 

reproductive function or produce 

general toxicity. TBA is not a 

reproductive toxicant in males or 

females at doses up to 400 ppm. 

NTP, 1998 

Bromochloroacetic acid Gavage SpragueDawley rats There were no clinical signs of 

general toxicity noted at any dose 

level. There were no treatmentrelated effects on body weights or 

feed consumption. Water 

consumption was decreased 

NTP, 1998 
MEPC 60/2/3 

ANNEX 

Page 28 

I:\MEPC\60\2-3.doc 

Chemical Exposure 

Route 

Species Effects Reference/ 

Comments 

by 21-34% at many of the intervals 

for the 600 ppm rats. The overall 

calculated consumption of BCA for 

Groups 2-4 was 7, 20, and 50 

mg/kg/day, respectively. Clinical 

chemistry and hematology endpoints 

at necropsy were unaffected by BCA 

treatment except for a 16% increase 

in the albumin to globulin ratio in 

the 600 ppm A males; decreases 

of 15 and 20% in the alanine 

aminotransferase parameter in the 

200 and 600 ppm A males, 

respectively; and increases of 5 

and 9% in albumin in the 60 

and 600 ppm A males, respectively. 

The increases in albumin to globulin 

ratio and albumin represent a small 

but possible biologically significant 

indicator of dehydration, probably 

attributable to decreased fluid 

consumption. The decreases in 

alanine aminotransferase are of little 

toxicological significance. 

Results of this study indicate that 

BCA at doses of 600 ppm produced 

a consistent decrease in water 

consumption in both sexes and 

affected reproductive function in 

females at a dose of 600 ppm. From 

these data, BCA is taste-aversive 

and a general toxicant in both sexes 

at 600 ppm and also a female 

reproductive toxicant at 600 ppm. 

Dibromochloroacetic acid Drinkingwater rats The first range-finding study was 

conducted at concentrations of 0, 30, 

100, 300, and 500 ppm of DBCA in 

the drinking-water for two weeks, 

with no significant test-article 

related effects observed at any dose 

level including 500 ppm. Following 

two weeks of a wash-out period, the 

second range-finding study was 

conducted at concentrations of 0, 

750, 1000, and 1500 ppm of DBCA 

in the drinking-water for two weeks. 

During the treatment period, all 

animals survived to the scheduled 

necropsy. Body weights were 

10-14% less than controls in the 

1500 ppm A and C females. Water 

consumption was decreased at 

HSDB, 2009 
MEPC 60/2/3 

ANNEX 

Page 29 

I:\MEPC\60\2-3.doc 

Chemical Exposure 

Route 

Species Effects Reference/ 

Comments 

several of the intervals for the 1000 

and 1500 ppm dose groups. Water 

consumption was decreased by 

12-49% at 1000 and 1500 ppm in 

both males and females throughout 

the course of the study. Results of 

this study indicate that DBCA at 

doses at and above 1000 ppm 

produced consistent decreases in 

food and water consumption in both 

sexes, but did not result in any 

female reproductive toxicity or any 

visceral malformation or variations 

in any pups. In the male reproductive 

data, a decrease of 11% in the male 

sperm velocity samples and in the 

male ALH max were observed in 

the 1500 ppm A male; no changes in 

fertility were noted. 

Dibromoacetonitrile Gavage Long-Evans 

rats 

Four of the 26 dams treated with 

dibromoacetonitrile died. There was 

a significant decrease in maternal 

weight gain during the period of 

treatment. Litter weight at the time 

of birth was lower than in the 

controls, and weight gain to lactation 

day 4 was significantly decreased. 

There was no significant effect on 

the percentages of pregnant females 

or resorptions and no effect on 

neonatal survival after birth. 

HSDB, 2009 

Bromate Oral Rat NOAEL: 7.7 mg/kg/d 

NOEL: 22 mg/kg/d 

WHO, 2005 

Sodium 

thiosulphate 

a. Oral 

b. Oral 

a. Mouse 

b. Rat 

a. There was no indication of any 

effect on maternal or foetal survival, 

or in incidences of visceral or 

skeletal abnormalities. 

b. There was no indication of any 

effect on maternal or foetal survival, 

or in incidences of visceral or 

skeletal abnormalities. 

EPA Federal Register 

Sodium thiosulfate, 

2001. 
MEPC 60/2/3 

ANNEX 

Page 30 

I:\MEPC\60\2-3.doc 

4.2.6 Carcinogenicity 

Table 4-10: Carcinogenicity 

Chemical Carcinogen 

Classification 

Description Reference/ 

Comments 

HOCl(NaOCl) Not carcinogenic NTP, 1992 

HOBr(NaOBr) No data available; 

this compound is 

thought to be similar 

in toxicity to 

chlorinated analogue.

IARC Group 3 ñ not classifiable as to its 

carcinogenicity to humans. 

Inadequate evidence in 

humans and in 

experimental animals. 

Chloramine IARC, 2004 

Negative MOUSE, B6C3F1/male 

and female 

Oral, 0; 50; 100; 200 ppm 

in buffered, charcoalflltered, deionized water 

for 104 wk (study 

duration: 2 yr) 

CCRIS,1993 

Tribromomethane IARC Group 3 ñ not classifiable as to 

carcinogenicity to humans 

 WHO, EHC216 

(2000) 

Dibromochloromethane Group 3 ñ not classifiable as to its 

carcinogenicity 

 IPCS, 2000 

Monobromoacetic acid  No data available 

Dibromoacetic 

acid 

Carcinogenic (tumours/cancers observed) Mouse and rat NTP, 2007 

Tribromoacetic 

acid 

 No data available 

Bromochloroacetic acid There was clear evidence of carcinogenic 

activity in male F344/N rats based on 

increased incidences of malignant 

mesotheliomas and adenomas of the large 

intestine. There was clear evidence of 

carcinogenic activity in female F344/N 

rats based on increased incidences of 

adenomas of the large intestine; increased 

incidences of multiple fibroadenomas of 

the mammary gland in female rats were 

also considered to be exposure related. 

Increased incidences of pancreatic islet 

adenomas in male rats and of 

hepatocellular adenomas in male and 

female rats may have been related to 

bromochloroacetic acid exposure. 

F344/N rats HSDB, 2009 
MEPC 60/2/3 

ANNEX 

Page 31 

I:\MEPC\60\2-3.doc 

Chemical Carcinogen 

Classification 

Description Reference/ 

Comments 

Bromochloroacetic acid 

(continued) 

There was clear evidence of carcinogenic 

activity in male and female B6C3F1 mice 

based on increased incidences of 

hepatocellular neoplasms and 

hepatoblastoma (males only). Exposure 

to bromochloroacetic acid for 2 years 

resulted in increased incidences of 

nonneoplastic lesions in the liver of male 

rats, liver and lung of female rats, and 

liver of male and female mice. 

B6C3F1 mice HSDB, 2009 

Dibromochloroacetic acid  No data available 

Dibromoacetonitrile Group 3-not classifiable as to its 

carcinogenicity to humans 

 HSDB, 2009 

Bromate IARC Group 2B- possibly carcinogenic 

to humans. 

Inadequate evidence in 

humans and sufficient 

evidence in 

experimental animals 

IPSC, 2000 

Sodium 

thiosulphate 

 No data available 

4.2.7 Mutagenicity/genotoxicity 

Table 4-11: Mutagenicity/genotoxicity 

Chemical Study Results Reference/Comments 

HOCl(NaOCl) Mice 

Not mutagenic 

Hayashi, 1988 

Meier et al., 1985 

HOBr(NaOBr) No data available; this compound 

is thought to be similar in 

toxicity to chlorinated analogue.

Chloramine Mice 

No evidence of any significant effects in 

any of the tests. 

USEPA, 1994 

Salmonella tymphimurium in vitro. 

Positive 

Simmon et al. 1977; 

Simmon and Tardiff 1978 

Salmonella tymphimurium in vitro. 

Negative 

Rapson et al. 1980; 

Varma et al. 1988; 

Kubo et al. 2002 

Human lymphocytes, in vitro. Increase in 

sister chromatid exchange 

Morimoto and Koizumi, 1983 

Rat erythroblastic leukemia K3D, in vitro. 

Increase in sister chromatid exchange 

Fujie et al., 1993 

Tribromomethane 

Chinese hamster ovary cells in vitro. No 

increase in sister chromatid exchange 

Galloway et al., 1985 

Dibromochloromethane Positive mutagenicity results in several in 

vitro and in vivo assays. 

IPCS, 2000 
MEPC 60/2/3 

ANNEX 

Page 32 

I:\MEPC\60\2-3.doc 

Chemical Study Results Reference/Comments 

Monobromoacetic acid Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, 

TA100, and RSJ100 +/- S9, Positive 

Kargalioglu Y et al., 2002 

Dibromoacetic acid Salmonella typhimurium, Ames test, 

Positive at 10 mg/L

Giller et al., 1997 

Tribromoacetic acid Positive with metabolic activation in the 

Ames assay 

IPCS, 2000 

Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100, 

in vitro, Positive in tests conducted with 

and without exogenous metabolic 

activation enzymes (S9) 

Bromochloroacetic acid HSDB, 2009 

Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98 or 

Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA/pKM101, 

in vitro, no mutagenicity was detected 

with or without S9 

HSDB, 2009 

Dibromochloroacetic acid No data available 

Dibromoacetonitrile Rat intestinal epithelial cells, may trigger 

various forms of imbalance to intestinal 

mucosa and its functions 

USEPA. 2000 

Bromate Weakly mutagenic in Ames assay with 

metabolic activation, caused 

chromosomal aberrations in Chinese 

hamster cell lines at high concentrations 

IPSC, 2000 

Sodium thiosulphate Sodium thiosulfate was found to cause 

no mutagenic effects. 

EPA Federal Register Sodium 

thiosulfate, 2001. 

4.2.8 Toxicokinetics 

Table 4-12: Toxicokinetics 

Chemical Study Results Reference/ 

Comments 

HOCl(NaOCl) Free chlorine is consumed upon contacting with living tissues, 

making measurement of biodegradation impossible and 

unnecessary. The chloride ion is actively transported by most 

freshwater and marine organisms, typically being concentrated in 

freshwater species and diluted in saltwater forms including some 

hyperosmotic and isotonic groups such as chondrichthys (sharks, 

rays etc). Free chlorine is very toxic to biodegrading microorganisms and may interfere with the biodegradation of other 

materials at levels of greater than or equal to 0.01 mg/L. 

ECB, IUCLID, 2000 

HOBr(NaOBr) No data available; this 

compound is thought 

to be similar in 

toxicity to chlorinated 

analogue. 

Chloramine Information on the absorption of inorganic chloramines is 

extremely limited. In one study Abdel-Rahman et al. (1983) 

calculated an absorption rate constant for 36Cl at 0.278 mg/hour 

(after 8 hours) with an absorption half-life of 2.5 hours after male 

Abdel-Rahman et al.,

1983; 

Suh and 

Abdel-Rahman, 1983 
MEPC 60/2/3 

ANNEX 

Page 33 

I:\MEPC\60\2-3.doc 

Chemical Study Results Reference/ 

Comments 

Sprague-Dawley rats were administered a single oral dose of 4.6 

mg/kg/day. After 48 hours the radiolabel was eliminated from the 

plasma with a half-life of 38.8 hours and a rate constant of 0.018 

mg/hour. Absorption rates with respect to various dosage media 

and different routes of exposure were not available. 

The distribution of radiolabeled chlorine in the subfractions of 

rat liver homogenates, in organs, tissues and fluids was similar 

(120 hours) after oral administration of either 36Cl (200 mg/L as 

Na36Cl) or NH2

36 Cl (370 mg/L NH2Cl). Plasma contained the 

highest concentrations of 36Cl radioactivity for NH36Cl followed 

by whole blood skin, testes, packed cells, bone marrow, kidney, 

lung, stomach, thyroid, thymus, duodenum, spleen, carcass, liver, 

ileum and fat. 

Tribromometha

ne 

The metabolism of bromoform, dibromochloromethane, and 

other trihalomethanes has been investigated by Anders and 

colleagues. The first step in the metabolism of trihalomethanes is 

oxidation by the cytochrome P-450 mixed function oxidized 

system of liver. This has been demonstrated in vitro using 

isolated rat liver microsomes, and in vivo, where the rate of 

metabolism is increased by cytochrome P-450 inducers 

(phenobarbital) and decreased by cytochrome P-450 inhibitors 

(SKF-525A). The product of this reaction is presumed to be 

trihalomethanol, which then decomposes by loss of hydrogen and 

halide ions to yield the dihalocarbonyl. Although this 

intermediate has not been isolated, its formation has been inferred 

by the detection of 2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (OZT) in 

an in vitro microsomal system metabolizing bromoform in the 

presence of cysteine. The dihalocarbonyl molecule (an analogue 

of phosgene) is highly reactive, and may undergo a number of 

reactions, including: (a) direct reaction with cellular nucleophiles 

to yield covalent adducts; (b) reaction with two moles of 

glutathione (GSH) to yield carbon monoxide and oxidized 

glutathione (GSSG); and (c) hydrolysis to yield CO2. The amount 

of trihalomethane metabolized by each of these pathways has not 

been studied in detail, but it appears that conversion to CO2 is the 

main route. However, this depends on the species, the 

trihalomethane being metabolized and metabolic conditions 

(cellular glutathione levels). Mink et al. (1986) found that mice 

oxidized 72% of an oral dose of dibromochloromethane and 40% 

of an oral dose of bromoform to CO2. In contrast, rats oxidized 

only 18% of dibromochloromethane and 4% of bromoform to 

CO2. The fraction of the dose converted to carbon monoxide has 

not been quantified, but dramatically increased levels of carboxyhemoglobin have been reported following oral exposure of rats to 

bromoform. Mink et al., (1986) reported that.about 10% of a dose 

of bromoform was present in blood in mice; the form of the label 

was not investigated, but it may have been carboxyhemoglobin. 

ATSDR, 2005 

Dibromochloromethane Oral dosing in rats and mice showed that less than 2% of the dose 

was excreted in the urine in both species. Half-lives of DBCM in 

rats and mice were estimated to be 1.2 h and 2.5 h, respectively. 

IPCS, 2000 

Monobromoacetic acid  No data available 
MEPC 60/2/3 

ANNEX 

Page 34 

I:\MEPC\60\2-3.doc 

Chemical Study Results Reference/ 

Comments 

Dibromoacetic 

acid 

Di-HAAs are nearly completely eliminated by metabolism and 

exhibit poor renal elimination.

FPTC, 2006 

Tribromoacetic 

acid 

Brominated tri-HAAs exhibit both moderate renal and metabolic 

elimination. 

FPTC, 2006 

Bromochloroacetic acid Di-HAAs are nearly completely eliminated by metabolism and 

exhibit poor renal elimination. 

FPTC, 2006 

Dibromochloroacetic acid  No data available 

Dibromoacetonitrile Urinary thiocyanate accounted for 2.25ñ12.8% of a single gavage 

dose of bromochloroacetonitrile, dibromoacetonitrile, 

dichloroacetonitrile or trichloroacetonitrile during the 24-h period 

following dosing of male rats. The cyanide carbon group is more 

readily excreted in the urine, whereas the halomethyl carbon 

group is excreted nearly equally in enhaled air and in urine; 

excretion in faeces is low. 

WHO, 2004 

Bromate Bromate may be converted into hypobromic acid by hypochloric 

acid in the stomach. Liver and kidney tissues may degrade 

bromate to bromide by a process involving glutathione, although 

only a small amount appears to be reduced in this way. Bromate 

is excreted mainly by urine as bromate and bromide and some 

may also be eliminated by faeces. Bromate concentrationsin urine 

peak at about 1 hour, and bromate is not detectable in plasma after 

2 hours4. 

MEPC 58/2/7, 

GESAMP-BWWG 

6/9, annex 5 

Sodium 

thiosulphate 

Sodium thiosulfate is poorly absorbed from bowel and thiosulfate 

ion distributes itself in extracellular fluid. 

HSDB, 2009 

4.3 Data on environmental fate and effect under aerobic and anaerobic conditions 

(G9: 4.2.1.3)

4.3.1 Modes of degradation (biotic; abiotic) 

The degradation information of the Active Substances, Relevant Chemicals and other chemicals 

are presented in Tables 4-13, 4-14 and 4-15. The results show that the half-lives of the chemicals 

are ranging from hours to years. For example, the half-lives of HOCl are 0.8 hour (at pH 7) 

and 1.4 hour (at pH 8). Chloramine half-lives are ranging from 9 to 420 hours. Half-life of 

tribromomethane in freshwater is 1.7 years and the half-life of monobromoacetic acid in water 

is 8.7 days, in soil: 17 days, in sediment: 78 days and in air: 22 days. 

Table 4-13: Aerobic degradation for the Chemicals 

Chemical Aerobic Degradation Reference/Comments 

HOCl(NaOCl) No data found 

HOBr(NaOBr) No data found 

Chloramine No data found 

Tribromomethane 0% biodegradation in 4 weeks at 30 mg/L and the 

Japanese MITI test 

HSDB, 2009 

Dibromochloromethane 25-39% loss in 28 days; HSDB, 2006 
MEPC 60/2/3 

ANNEX 

Page 35 

I:\MEPC\60\2-3.doc 

Chemical Aerobic Degradation Reference/Comments 

Monobromoacetic acid Freshwater 

Mineralized in river water with 73% conversion to 

carbon dioxide in 8-10 days at 29oC. 

FPTC, 2006 

Dibromoacetic acid Probability of Biodegradability =1.000/ Due to 

probability of biodegradability is greater than 0.7, 

dibromoacetic acid may be capable to biodegradation.

MEPC 58/2 

Tribromoacetic acid Probability of Rapid Biodegradation: Biowin 1(Linear 

model)-0.3565 

Biowin 2(Non-linear model)-0.0000 

Expert Survey Biodegradaion Results: Biowin3 

(Ultimate surveymodel)- 

2.7827 weeks Biowin4 (Primary survey model)-

3.7579 days 

MEPC 58/2 

Bromochloroacetic acid Activated sludge,65% loss in 21 days 

Activated sludge,100% loss in 28 days 

ECB, IUCLID, 2000 

Dibromochloroacetic acid Activated sludge,65% loss in 21 days 

Activated sludge,100% loss in 28 days 

ECB, IUCLID, 2000 

Dibromoacetonitrile No data found 

Bromate No data found 

Sodium thiosulphate No data found 

Table 4-14: Anaerobic degradation for the Chemicals 

Chemical Anaerobic Degradation Reference/Comments 

HOCl(NaOCl) No data found 

HOBr(NaOBr) No data found 

Chloramine No data found 

Approximately 20% of the initial concentration of 

57 ug/L underwent biodegradation after 6.25 hours; 

approximately 30% biodegraded after 25 hours. 

Wookeun B et al., 1990

Greater than 99% of the initial concentration of 18 ug/L 

was removed under methanogenic, denitrification and 

sulfate reducing conditions after 2.5 days 

Bouwer EJ and 

Wright JP, 1988 

Tribromomethane 

Greater than 99% reduction, initially present at 

132-177 ug/L was observed after 1.5 hours 

Cobb GD and 

Bouwer EJ, 1991 

Dibromochloromethane 100% loss in 2 weeks; mixed methanogenic bacterial 

culture 

HSDB, 2006 

Monobromoacetic acid No data found 

Dibromoacetic acid No data found 

Tribromoacetic acid No data found 

Bromochloroacetic acid Bacteria, 100% loss in 2 days ECB, IUCLID, 2000 

Dibromochloroacetic acid Bacteria, 100% loss in 2 days ECB, IUCLID, 2000 

Dibromoacetonitrile No data found 

Bromate No data found 

Sodium thiosulphate No data found 
MEPC 60/2/3 

ANNEX 

Page 36 

I:\MEPC\60\2-3.doc 

Table 4-15: The Half-lives of the Chemicals 

Chemical Half-life Reference/Comments 

HOCl(NaOCl) Half-life:1.4 hour(at pH 8) Taylor, 1993 

HOBr(NaOBr) Biodegrades fast MEPC 59/2/16 

GESAMP-BWWG 8/6, annex 6 

Chloramine Chloramine half-lives ranging 

from 9 to 420 hours 

HSDB, 2009 

Tribromomethane Half-life (freshwater):1.7 years HSDB, 2009 

Dibromochloromethane Half-life: 

Water: 38 days 

Soil: 75 days 

Sediment: 340 days 

Air: 280 days 

PBT Profiler 

Monobromoacetic acid Half-life: 

Water: 8.7 days 

Soil: 17 days 

Sediment: 78 days 

Air: 22 days 

PBT Profiler 

Dibromoacetic acid 

Half-life: 

Water: 15 days 

Soil: 30 days 

Sediment: 140 days 

Air: 25 days 

PBT Profiler 

Tribromoacetic acid 

Half-life: 

Water: 15 days 

Soil: 30 days 

Sediment: 140 days 

Air: 31 days 

PBT Profiler 

Bromochloroacetic acid 

Half-life: 

Water: 15 days 

Soil: 30 days 

Sediment: 140 days 

Air: 24 days 

PBT Profiler 

Dibromochloroacetic acid No data found 

Dibromoacetonitrile 

Half-life: 

Water: 38 days 

Soil: 75 days 

Sediment: 340 days 

Air: 540 days 

PBT Profiler 

Bromate Seawater: 12 hours MEPC 57/2/10 

GESAMP-BWWG 5/9, annex 5 

Sodium thiosulphate Biodegrades fast MEPC 59/2/16 

GESAMP-BWWG 8/6, annex 6 

4.3.2 Bioaccumulation, partition coefficient, octanol/water partition coefficient 

The octanol/water partition coefficients (Pows) and bioaccumulation factors (BCFs) for the 

Active Substances,Relevant Chemicals and other chemicals are given above in section 4.1.5. 

The adsorption coefficients (Kocs) for the Active Substances,Relevant Chemicals and other 

chemicals are given in section 4.1.4. 
MEPC 60/2/3 

ANNEX 

Page 37 

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4.3.3 Persistence and identification of the main metabolites in the relevant media 

(ballast water, marine and fresh waters) 

Active Substances have low Log Pow (range from -3.42 to -1.03) and BCF values and, therefore, 

it is expected they are not considered to be bioaccumulation on aquatic organisms and to be main 

metabolites. For Relevant Chemicals and other chemicals, there is no food chain concentration 

potential. Due to low Log Pows and BCF values, it is unlikely that these will be accumulated 

through the aquatic organisms and metabolites. 

4.3.4 Reaction with organic matter 

It is well known that HOCl (NaOCl) reacts with organic matter in water forming by-products 

such as halomethanes and halogenated acetic acids. 

For most of Relevant Chemicals, there is no accumulation through aquatic organisms and there is 

no available information on reaction with organic matter by Relevant Chemicals. 

4.3.5 Potential physical effects on wildlife and benthic habitats 

No data were found, indicating that the Active Substances,Relevant Chemicals and other 

chemicals could cause potential physical effects to wildlife. 

4.3.6 Potential residues in seafood 

Based on the low log Pows and BCFs of the Active Substances, Relevant Chemicals and other 

chemicals, there is little possibility for significant residues to accumulate in tissues which could 

impact the consumption of seafood 

4.3.7 Any known interactive effects 

No interactive effects of the Active Substances, Relevant Chemicals and other chemicals have 

been identified. 

4.4 Physical and chemical properties for the Active Substances, Relevant Chemicals and 

treated ballast water (G9: 4.2.1.4) 

4.4.1 Physical and chemical properties for Active Substances 

Hypochlorous acid/hypochlorite 

Property Value Reference/Comments/ 

Justification for missing data 

Melting point (°C) - 20 to -30°C ECB, Risk Assessment Report for 

Sodium hypochlorite, 2007 

Boiling point (°C) 96 ñ 120 °C ECB, Risk Assessment Report for 

Sodium hypochlorite, 2007 

Flammability 

(flash point for liquids; °C) 

Non-flammable solution The Chemical Database 

Density (20 °C; kg/m3) 1.23 g/cm3 at 25°C ECB, Risk Assessment Report for 

Sodium hypochlorite, 2007 
MEPC 60/2/3 

ANNEX 

Page 38 

I:\MEPC\60\2-3.doc 

Property Value Reference/Comments/ 

Justification for missing data 

Vapour pressure (20 °C; Pa) 17.4 - 20 hPa at 20°C ECB, Risk Assessment Report for 

Sodium hypochlorite, 2007 

Vapour density (air = 1) N/A 

Water solubility (temp; effect of pH; 

mg/L) 

Miscible [29.3 g/100 g 

(0 deg C) in water] 

ECB, Risk Assessment Report for 

Sodium hypochlorite, 2007 

pH in solution >11@20°C 

Approx. 11 

ECB, IUCLID, 2000 

Dissociation constant (pKa) N/A 

Oxidation-reduction potential N/A 

Corrosivity to material or equipment Contact with metals may evolve 

flammable hydrogen gas 

The Chemical Database 

Reactivity to container material Contact with metals may evolve 

flammable hydrogen gas 

The Chemical Database 

Auto-ignition temperature (°C) Non-flammable solution The Chemical Database 

Explosive properties Anhydrous sodium hypochlorite 

is very explosive. 

ECB, Risk Assessment Report for 

Sodium hypochlorite, 2007 

Oxidizing properties Strong oxidizing agent usually 

stored and used in solution 

ECB, Risk Assessment Report for 

Sodium hypochlorite, 2007 

Surface tension N/A 

Viscosity N/A 

Thermal stability and identity of 

breakdown products 

N/A 

Other physical or chemical properties N/A 

Hypobromous acid/hypobromite 

Property Value Reference/Comments/ 

Justification for missing data 

Melting point (°C) -7.2 The Chemical Database 

Boiling point (°C) -58.7 The Chemical Database 

Flammability 

(flash point for liquids; °C) 

Non-flammability ICSC: 0107 

Density (20 °C; kg/m3) 3.121g/cm3 The Chemical Database 

Vapour pressure (20 °C; Pa) 190mmHg (25°C) The Chemical Database 

Vapour density (air = 1) 5.5 The Chemical Database 

Water solubility (temp; effect of pH; 

mg/L) 

Insoluble The Chemical Database 

pH in solution N/A 

Dissociation constant (pKa) N/A 

Oxidation-reduction potential N/A 

Corrosivity to material or equipment Corrosiveness: Attacks all metals 

and organic tissues of plastics, 

only those which are fluorinated 

resist bromine attack. 

ECB, IUCLD, 2000 
MEPC 60/2/3 

ANNEX 

Page 39 

I:\MEPC\60\2-3.doc 

Property Value Reference/Comments/ 

Justification for missing data 

Reactivity to container material Corrosiveness: Attacks all metals 

and organic tissues of plastics, 

only those which are fluorinated 

resist bromine attack. 

ECB, IUCLD, 2000 

Auto-ignition temperature (°C) Flash point: -18°C The Chemical Database 

Explosive properties Not explosive ECB, IUCLD, 2000 

Oxidizing properties A very powerful oxidizer ECB, IUCLD, 2000 

Surface tension 40.9g/s2(25°C) The Chemical Database 

Viscosity 0.314sq mm/s The Chemical Database 

Thermal stability and identity of 

breakdown products 

Producing hydrogen bromide The Chemical Database 

Other physical or chemical properties N/A 

Chloramine 

Property Value Reference/Comments/ 

Justification for missing data 

Melting point (°C) -66 °C HSDB, 2009 

Boiling point (°C) N/A 

Flammability 

(flash point for liquids; °C) 

N/A 

Density (20 °C; kg/m3) N/A 

Vapour pressure (20 °C; Pa) N/A 

Vapour density (air = 1) N/A 

Water solubility (temp; effect of pH; 

mg/L) 

Soluble in water, alcohol and 

ether 

HSDB, 2009 

pH in solution N/A 

Dissociation constant (pKa) N/A 

Oxidation-reduction potential N/A 

Corrosivity to material or equipment N/A 

Reactivity to container material N/A 

Auto-ignition temperature (°C) N/A 

Explosive properties N/A 

Oxidizing properties N/A 

Surface tension N/A 

Viscosity N/A 

Thermal stability and identity of 

breakdown products 

It may decompose violently 

above -66°C. When heated to 

decomposition it emits very toxic 

fumes of nitrogenoxides, 

ammonia, and hydrogen chloride.

HSDB, 2009 

Other physical or chemical properties Sensitive to light, temperature 

and pH change. Reacts with 

oxidizing materials. 

The Chemical Database 
MEPC 60/2/3 

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I:\MEPC\60\2-3.doc 

4.4.2 Physical and chemical properties for the Relevant Chemicals 

Tribromomethane 

Property Value Reference/Comments/ 

Justification for missing data 

Melting point (°C) 9.2 The Chemical Database 

Boiling point (°C) 149.5 The Chemical Database 

Flammability 

(flash point for liquids; °C) 

83 The Chemical Database 

Density (20 °C; kg/m3) 2.8912 g/cm3 (20 C) The Chemical Database 

Vapour pressure (20 °C; Pa) 700 ICSC 0108 

Vapour density (air = 1) 8.7 The Chemical Database 

Water solubility (temp; effect of pH; 

mg/L) 

0.1 g/100 g water at 20°C HSDB, 2009 

pH in solution N/A 

Dissociation constant (pKa) N/A 

Oxidation-reduction potential N/A 

Corrosivity to material or equipment Keep away from metals. Liquid 

bromoform will attack some forms 

of plastics, rubber, and coatings 

The Chemical Database 

HSDB, 2009 

Reactivity to container material Do not store in metal containers The Chemical Database 

Autoignition temperature (°C) N/A 

Explosive properties N/A 

Oxidizing properties Strong oxidizing agents The Chemical Database 

Surface tension 41.53 dynes/cm at 20°C HSDB, 2009 

Viscosity 1.73 cp (35 C) The Chemical Database 

Thermal stability and identity of 

breakdown products 

Stable at room temperature in 

closed containers under normal 

storage and handling conditions. 

Carbon monoxide, irritating and 

toxic fumes and gases, carbon 

dioxide, hydrogen bromide. 

The Chemical Database 

Other physical or chemical properties Colourless liquid, with 

characteristic odour. Turns 

yellow exposure on light and air. 

ICSC 0108 

Dibromochloromethane 

Property Value Reference/Comments/ 

Justification for missing data

Melting point (°C) -20 °C HSDB, 2006 

Boiling point (°C) 121.3-121.8°C HSDB, 2006 

Flammability 

(flash point for liquids; °C) 

20 °C The Chemical Database 

Density (20 °C; kg/m3) 2.38 HSDB, 2006 

Vapour pressure (20 °C; Pa) 5.54 mm Hg at 25 deg C (est) HSDB, 2006 
MEPC 60/2/3 

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I:\MEPC\60\2-3.doc 

Property Value Reference/Comments/ 

Justification for missing data

Vapour density (air = 1) 7.1 The Chemical Database 

Water solubility (temp; effect of pH; 

mg/L) 

2.07×103mg/L at 20°C HSDB, 2006 

pH in solution N/A 

Dissociation constant (pKa) N/A 

Oxidation-reduction potential N/A 

Corrosivity to material or equipment N/A 

Reactivity to container material N/A 

Auto-ignition temperature (°C) N/A 

Explosive properties N/A 

Oxidizing properties N/A 

Surface tension N/A 

Viscosity N/A 

Thermal stability and identity of 

breakdown products 

N/A 

Other physical or chemical properties Enthalpy of formation at 25°C: 

-5.0 kcal/mole (gas); 

Gibbs free energy of formation at 

25°C: -4. 

50 kcal/mole (gas); entropy at 

25°C: 78.31 cal/mole (gas) 

HSDB, 2006 

Monobromoacetic acid 

Property Value Reference/Comments/ 

Justification for missing data 

Melting point (°C) 49 HSDB, 2009 

Boiling point (°C) 208 HSDB, 2009 

Flammability 

(flash point for liquids; °C) 

113 Sigma-Aldrich, MSDS, 2006 

Density (20 °C; kg/m3) 1.9335 g/cm3 The Chemical Database, 2009 

Vapour pressure (20 °C; Pa) 0.09 mmHg (25°C) The Chemical Database, 2009 

Vapour density (air = 1) N/A 

Water solubility (temp; effect of pH; 

mg/L) 

Miscible The Chemical Database, 2009 

pH in solution N/A 

Dissociation constant (pKa) 2.72 The Chemical Database, 2009 

Oxidation-reduction potential N/A 

Corrosivity to material or equipment N/A 

Reactivity to container material N/A 

Auto-ignition temperature (°C) N/A 

Explosive properties N/A 

Oxidizing properties N/A 
MEPC 60/2/3 

ANNEX 

Page 42 

I:\MEPC\60\2-3.doc 

Property Value Reference/Comments/ 

Justification for missing data 

Surface tension 40.3 g/s2

(55°C) 

The Chemical Database, 2009 

Viscosity 3.65 cp 

(50°C) 

The Chemical Database, 2009 

Thermal stability and identity of 

breakdown products 

Stable under normal temperatures 

and pressures. 

The Chemical Database, 2009 

Other physical or chemical properties When heated to decomposition it 

emits toxic fumes 

HSDB, 2009 

Dibromoacetic acid 

Property Value Reference/Comments/ 

Justification for missing data 

Melting point (°C) 48°C HSDB, 2009 

Boiling point (°C) 232-234°C HSDB, 2009 

Flammability (flash point for liquids; °C) 94°C The Chemical Data base 

Density (20 °C; kg/m3) N/A 

Vapour pressure (25 °C; Pa) 2.3×10-2 mm Hg HSDB, 2009 

Vapour density (air = 1) N/A 

Water solubility (temp; effect of pH; mg/L) Very soluble The Chemical Database 

pH in solution N/A 

Dissociation constant (pKa) 1.47(pKa) The Chemical Database 

Oxidation-reduction potential N/A 

Corrosivity to material or equipment N/A 

Reactivity to container material N/A 

Auto-ignition temperature (°C) N/A 

Explosive properties N/A 

Oxidizing properties N/A 

Surface tension N/A 

Viscosity N/A 

Thermal stability and identity of breakdown 

products 

N/A 

Other physical or chemical properties N/A 

Tribromoacetic acid 

Property Value Reference/Comments/ 

Justification for missing data 

Melting point (°C) 135°C The Chemical Database 

Boiling point (°C) 245°C The Chemical Database 

Flammability (flash point for liquids; °C) N/A 

Density (20 °C; kg/m3) N/A 

Vapour pressure (20 °C; Pa) 0.00028mmHg at25°C HSDB, 2009 
MEPC 60/2/3 

ANNEX 

Page 43 

I:\MEPC\60\2-3.doc 

Property Value Reference/Comments/ 

Justification for missing data 

Vapour density (air = 1) N/A 

Water solubility (temp; effect of pH; mg/L) 20000mg/L HSDB, 2009 

pH in solution N/A 

Dissociation constant (pKa) 0.72 at 25°C HSDB, 2009 

Oxidation-reduction potential N/A 

Corrosivity to material or equipment N/A 

Reactivity to container material N/A 

Auto-ignition temperature (°C) N/A 

Explosive properties N/A 

Oxidizing properties N/A 

Surface tension N/A 

Viscosity N/A 

Thermal stability and identity of breakdown 

products 

N/A 

Other physical or chemical properties N/A 

Bromochloroacetic acid 

Property Value Reference/Comments/ 

Justification for missing data 

Melting point (°C) 38 The Chemical Database 

Boiling point (°C) 201 The Chemical Database 

Flammability (flash point for liquids; °C) 110 Sigma-Aldrich, MSDS 2006 

Density (20 °C; kg/m3) 1.9848 g/cm3 (31 °C) HSDB, 2009 

Vapour pressure (20 °C; Pa) 1.4×10-1mmHg at 25 °C HSDB, 2009 

Vapour density (air = 1) N/A 

Water solubility (temp; effect of pH; mg/L) 2.5×10+5 mg/L at 25 deg C HSDB, 2009 

pH in solution N/A 

Dissociation constant (pKa) 1.40 HSDB, 2009 

Oxidation-reduction potential N/A 

Corrosivity to material or equipment N/A 

Reactivity to container material N/A 

Auto-ignition temperature (°C) N/A 

Explosive properties N/A 

Oxidizing properties N/A 

Surface tension N/A 

Viscosity N/A 

Thermal stability and identity of breakdown 

products 

N/A 

Other physical or chemical properties Henryís Law constant = 

2.2×10-8 atm-cu m/mole 

at 25 deg C 

HSDB, 2009 
MEPC 60/2/3 

ANNEX 

Page 44 

I:\MEPC\60\2-3.doc 

Dibromochloroacetic acid 

Property Value Reference/Comments/ 

Justification for missing data 

Melting point (°C) N/A 

Boiling point (°C) N/A 

Flammability (flash point for liquids; °C) N/A 

Density (20 °C; kg/m3) N/A 

Vapour pressure (20 °C; Pa) 5.2×10-3 mm Hg at 25 C (est) HSDB, 2009 

Vapour density (air = 1) 

Water solubility (temp; effect of pH; mg/L) In water, 2.4×103 mg/L at 

25°C 

HSDB, 2009 

pH in solution N/A 

Dissociation constant (pKa) 0.03 HSDB, 2009 

Oxidation-reduction potential N/A 

Corrosivity to material or equipment N/A 

Reactivity to container material N/A 

Auto-ignition temperature (°C) N/A 

Explosive properties N/A 

Oxidizing properties N/A 

Surface tension N/A 

Viscosity N/A 

Thermal stability and identity of breakdown 

products 

N/A 

Other physical or chemical properties Henryís Law constant = 

2.6×10-9 atm-cu m/mole at 

25°C 

HSDB, 2009 

Dibromoacetonitrile 

Property Value Reference/Comments/ 

Justification for missing data 

Melting point (°C) 6.98°C MEPC 58/2 

Boiling point (°C) 67°C The Chemical Database 

Flammability (flash point for liquids; °C) Non-flammability (37°C) The Chemical Database 

Density (20 °C; kg/m3) 2.369 g/cm3 (20°C) The Chemical Database 

Vapour pressure (20 °C; Pa) 2mmHg The Chemical Database 

Vapour density (air = 1) 6.86 The Chemical Database 

Water solubility (temp; effect of pH; mg/L) Slightly soluble The Chemical Database 

pH in solution N/A 

Dissociation constant (pKa) N/A 

Oxidation-reduction potential N/A 

Corrosivity to material or equipment N/A 

Reactivity to container material N/A 

Auto-ignition temperature (°C) N/A 
MEPC 60/2/3 

ANNEX 

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I:\MEPC\60\2-3.doc 

Property Value Reference/Comments/ 

Justification for missing data 

Explosive properties N/A 

Oxidizing properties N/A 

Surface tension N/A 

Viscosity N/A 

Thermal stability and identity of breakdown 

products 

N/A 

Other physical or chemical properties N/A 

Bromate 

Property Value Reference/Comments/ 

Justification for missing data 

Melting point (°C) 350 The Chemical Database 

Boiling point (°C) Decomposition point: 370°C The Chemical Database 

Flammability (flash point for liquids; °C) N/A 

Density (20 °C; kg/m3) 3.218 g/cm3 The Chemical Database 

Vapour pressure (20 °C; Pa) N/A 

Vapour density (air = 1) 5.8 

Water solubility (temp; effect of pH; mg/L) 75 g/L 

pH in solution N/A 

Dissociation constant (pKa) N/A 

Oxidation-reduction potential N/A 

Corrosivity to material or equipment N/A 

Reactivity to container material N/A 

Auto-ignition temperature (°C) N/A 

Explosive properties N/A 

Oxidizing properties Oxidizer The Chemical Database 

Surface tension N/A 

Viscosity N/A 

Thermal stability and identity of breakdown 

products 

N/A 

Other physical or chemical properties N/A 

4.4.3 Physical and chemical properties for the Other Chemicals 

Sodium thiosulphate 

Property Value Reference/Comments/ 

Justification for missing data 

Melting point (°C) 48 The Chemical Database 

Boiling point (°C) 100 The Chemical Database 

Flammability (flash point for liquids; °C) Non-flammable ECB, IUCLID, 2000 

Density (20 °C; kg/m3) 1740 kg/m3 ECB, IUCLID, 2000 
MEPC 60/2/3 

ANNEX 

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I:\MEPC\60\2-3.doc 

Property Value Reference/Comments/ 

Justification for missing data 

Vapour pressure (20 °C; Pa) N/A 

Vapour density (air = 1) N/A 

Water solubility (temp; effect of pH; mg/L) 701g/l at 20 °C 

pH: Ca. 6.5-9 at 100g/l and 

25°C 

ECB, IUCLID, 2000 

pH in solution N/A 

Dissociation constant (pKa) N/A 

Oxidation-reduction potential N/A 

Corrosivity to material or equipment N/A 

Reactivity to container material N/A 

Auto-ignition temperature (°C) N/A 

Explosive properties Not explosive ECB, IUCLID, 2000 

Oxidizing properties No oxidizing properties ECB, IUCLID, 2000 

Surface tension N/A 

Viscosity N/A 

Thermal stability and identity of breakdown 

products 

Stable under normal 

temperatures and 

pressures. Decomposition: 

Oxides of sulfur, hydrogen 

sulfide, sodium oxide. 

ECB, IUCLID, 2000 

Other physical or chemical properties N/A 

4.4.4 Physical and chemical properties of the treated and untreated seawater 

Property Untreated seawater Treated seawater 

Melting point (°C) N/A N/A 

Boiling point (°C) N/A N/A 

Flammability (flash point for liquids; °C) N/A N/A 

Density (20 °C; kg/m3) 1.0235 1.0235 

Vapour pressure (20 °C; Pa) N/A N/A 

Vapour density (air = 1) N/A N/A 

Water solubility (temp; effect of pH; mg/L) N/A N/A 

pH in solution 8.23 8.09 

Dissociation constant (pKa) N/A N/A 

Oxidation-reduction potential 283 287 

Corrosivity to material or equipment / / 

Reactivity to container material N/A N/A 

Auto-ignition temperature (°C) N/A N/A 

Explosive properties N/A N/A 

Oxidizing properties N/A N/A 

Surface tension N/A N/A 

Viscosity N/A N/A 
MEPC 60/2/3 

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Property Untreated seawater Treated seawater 

Thermal stability and identity of breakdown 

products 

N/A N/A 

Salinity 30.13 29.74 

TOC , % particulate matter 1.90 3.21 

DOC , % particulate matter 1.75 2.89 

Other physical or chemical properties N/A N/A 

4.5 Analytical methods at environmentally relevant concentrations (G9: 4.2.1.5) 

Analytical methods at environmentally relevant concentrations are shown in Table 4-16. 

Table 4-16: Analytical methods at environmentally relevant concentrations 

Chemicals Methods 

Haloalkanes EPA524.2 

Haloacetic acids EPA552.3 

Haloacetonitriles EPA551.1 

HOCl(ClO-

) 

Chloramines and Bromamines 

EPA330.5, GB/T 5750.11-2006, 

4500-Cl G. (Standard Methods for the Examination of Water 

and Wastewater, 21st Edition) 

HOBr(BrO-) PONY-BJXZSZ037-2009A 

Sodium thiosulphate PONY-BJXZSZ038-2009A 

Bromate ion EPA317.0 

5 USE OF THE ACTIVE SUBSTANCE OR PREPARATION (G9: 4.2.6) 

5.1 Manner of application

For Sunrui BWMS, filtration process does not produce or involve any Active Substance. In 

disinfection process, the Sunrui BWMS utilizes the technology of electrolysing seawater directly 

to generate biocides in-situ onboard. As reported in Section 2, a side stream of filtered seawater 

flows through the electrolytic cells, in which electrochemical reactions take place to generate 

Active Substances, including HClO/ClO-, HOBr/OBr-, chloramines and bromamines, which 

are called by a joint name Total Residual Oxidants (TRO). After degas, the TRO solution is 

injected back into the main ballast pipe and mixed with incoming ballast water in the pipe. The 

initial TRO concentration value in the treated ballast water is pre-set in the system, and the dose 

range in the Sunrui BWMS is between 8.0 and 9.5 ppm. 

During electrolysis, hydrogen gas is produced, which is a hazard to safety of ships. In the system, 

hydrogen gas is fully separated and diluted in a degas unit, and then discharged to atmosphere 

outside ships. Risk management measures in this regard are described in detail in Section 10.1. 

5.2 TRO dosage monitoring and control 

In TRO dosage control system, the controlling principle is based on maintaining TRO levels in the 

treated ballast water at the set value. A TRO analyser is incorporated in the BWMS to control 

the TRO concentration on line through measuring the actual TRO concentration in the treated 

ballast water, flow and electric conductivity, which has direct relation with the TRO production. 
MEPC 60/2/3 

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During treatment process, the actual TRO concentration in the treated ballast water is measured 

and compared with the pre-set concentration value of TRO, and then the current will be regulated 

automatically through a rectifier to adjust the TRO production so as to maintain the TRO 

concentration at the set value. 

5.3 Neutralizing unit and TRO monitoring at discharge 

When de-ballasting, sodium thiosulfate solution is added into the treated ballast water to 

neutralize the residual TRO. The chemical reaction equation is as follows: 

Na2S2O3 + 4NaCl O + 2NaOH → 4NaCl + 2Na2SO4 + H2O 

NaCl and Na2SO4 produced in the neutralization reaction are the substances already existing in 

seawater, so they will not cause any risk to the marine environment. 

The neutralization step will be always employed prior to discharge to ensure the safety of the 

marine environment in receiving water. The dose of the neutralizing agent depends on the TRO 

concentration in the ballast water for discharge and ballast water flow rate, and is controlled 

automatically. 

In neutralization process, filter and electrolytic unit are bypassed. On discharge of the treated 

ballast water, the TRO analyser monitors the levels of TRO in ballast water. Discharge does not 

start until the TRO analyser is operational and the neutralizer feed system is functional. The 

neutralization system is activated with the neutralizer dose being calculated from the 

concentration of TRO measured just before the neutralizer injection point, to offset all remaining 

TRO. The sodium thiosulfate solution is injected into the suction side of the ballast pump by a 

metering pump. The TRO analyser is also used to monitor the TRO level after injection to 

ensure that during discharge TRO concentration does not exceed 0.1 ppm at any time. 

If the TRO concentration exceeds 0.1 ppm, an audible and visual alarm will be triggered and the 

discharge will stop. Instructions on how to carry out the inspection and take remedy actions will 

be shown on HMI. 

5.4 Retention time 

Retention time in the Sunrui BWM system was determined based on the biological efficacy tests. 

According to the test results, 24 hours of storing of ballast water in the ballast tanks after 

treatment can ensure effective disinfection, which meets regulation D-2 and no re-growth of 

organisms were found in the treated water after 5 days. 

In conclusion, in order to meet regulation D-2, the treated ballast water should be kept in ballast 

tanks for 24 hours before de-ballasting. 

6 MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS (G9: 4.2.7)

Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for Active Substances, Relevant Chemicals and other 

chemical are provided in appendix 6 of the confidential application dossier. 
MEPC 60/2/3 

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7 RISK CHARACTERIZATION 

7.1 Screening for persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity (G9: 5.1) 

7.1.1 PBT criteria for Active Substance (G9: Table 1) 

Table 7-1 shows the criteria for identification of PBT substances. 

Table 7-1: Criteria for identification of PBT substances 

Criterion PBT criteria 

Persistence Half-life: 

 > 60 days in marine water, or 

> 40 days in freshwater, or 

> 180 days in marine sediment, or 

> 120 days in freshwater sediment 

Bioaccumulation BCF > 2,000 or 

LogPoctanol/water ≥3 

Toxicity Chronic NOEC < 0.01 mg/L 

7.1.2 Assessment of Persistence (P), Bioaccumulation (B), and Toxicity (T) 

Table 7-2 shows Persistence (P), bioaccumulation (B), and toxicity (T) data for the Active 

Substances, Relevant Chemicals and other chemicals. According to PBT evaluation, all of the 

Active Substances, Relevant Chemicals and other chemicals are not considered to be 

PBT substances. 

Table 7-2: Persistence (P), bioaccumulation (B), and toxicity (T) data for the Active 

Substances, Relevant Chemicals and other chemicals 

Chemical Persistence 

(Y/N) 

Bioaccumulation 

(Y/N) 

Toxicity 

(Y/N) 

HOCl(NaClO) No 

Half-life: 1.4 hour 

(at pH 8) 

No 

BCF: -2.19 

Log Pow: -3.42 

Yes 

NOEC: 0.005 mg/L/134 day

HOBr(NaBrO) No 

Biodegrades fast 

No 

BCF: 1.24 

Log Pow: -1.03 

N/A 

Monochloramine No 

Abiotic Degradation: 

Chloramine half-lives 

ranging from 9 to 420 hours 

N/A. N/A 
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Chemical Persistence 

(Y/N) 

Bioaccumulation 

(Y/N) 

Toxicity 

(Y/N) 

Tribromomethane Yes 

Fresh water, Half-life: 

1.7 years (at an aqueous 

concentration of 1X10-17 

mole/l hydroxyl radicals) 

No 

BCF: 14 

Log Pow: 2.4 

No 

NOEC: 4.8 mg/L/28d 

Dibromochloromethane Yes 

Half-life: 

Water: 38 days 

Soil: 75 days 

Sediment: 340 days 

Air: 280 days 

No 

BCF: 0.74-1.47 L/kg 

Log Pow: 2.24 

No 

NOEC: 3.2mg/L/21day 

Bromoacetic acid No 

Half-life: 

Water: 8.7 days 

Soil: 17 days 

Sediment: 78 days 

Air: 22 days 

No 

BCF: 3.2 

Log Pow: 0.41 

No 

NOEC: 1.6 mg/L/21days 

Dibromoacetic acid No 

Half-life: 

Water: 15 days 

Soil: 30 days 

Sediment: 140 days 

Air: 25 days 

No 

BCF: 0.17 

Log Pow: 0.70 

No 

PBT Profiler 

Tribromoacetic 

acid 

No 

Half-life: 

Water: 15 days 

Soil: 30 days 

Sediment: 140 days 

Air: 31 days 

No 

BCF: 0.63 

Log Pow: 1.71 

No 

PBT Profiler 

Bromochloroacetic 

acid 

No 

Half-life: 

Water: 15 days 

Soil: 30 days 

Sediment: 140 days 

Air: 24 days 

No 

BCF: 3.2 

Log Pow: 0.61 

No 

PBT Profiler 

Dibromochloroacetic acid No 

Activated sludge: 

100%(aerobic), 28 days 

No 

Log Pow: 1.62 

N/A. 

Dibromoacetonitrile No 

Half-life: 

Water: 38 days 

Soil: 75 days 

Sediment: 340 days 

Air: 540 days 

No 

BCF: 3 

Log Pow: 0.47 

No 

PBT Profiler 

Bromate No 

Half-life: 

Seawater: 12 hours 

No 

BCF: 3.7×10-7

Log Pow: -7.18 

No 

NOEC: 8 mg/L/7d 

Sodium thiosulfate No 

Biodegrades fast 

No 

BCF: 3.162 

Log Pow: -4.53 

No 

NOEC: 600mg/L/18month 
MEPC 60/2/3 

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7.2 Evaluation of the treated ballast water (G9: 5.2) 

7.2.1 Toxicity test of the treated ballast water 

According to the requirements of the ìProcedure for approval of ballast water management 

systems that make use of Active Substances (G9)î and the Methodology for information 

gathering and conduct of work of the GESAMP-BWWG (the Methodology) (BWM.2/Circ.13), 

the aquatic toxicity tests of three trophic levels for ballast water treated by Qingdao Sunrui 

ballast water management system have been performed by Supervision and Test Center for 

Pesticide Safety Evaluation and Quality Control. 

Algae Growth inhibition Test 

A growth inhibition test of ballast water treated by Sunrui BWMS was conducted to Skeletonema 

costatum. The definitive test was conducted with the 100% ballast water treated by Sunrui 

BWMS under the laboratory conditions. During the 96-hour test period, growth inhibition and 

other toxic signs were not observed in treated and control cultures. The test results indicated that 

IrC50 (96hr), IyC50 (96hr) and NOAEC (No Observed Adverse Effect Concentrations) to 

Skeletonema costatum were all greater than 100% ballast water treated by Sunrui BWMS. 

Marine Invertebrate Acute Toxicity Test 

An acute toxicity test of ballast water treated by Sunrui BWMS was conducted to Neomysis 

awatschensis. The definitive test was conducted with the 100% ballast water treated by Sunrui 

BWMS under the laboratory conditions. During the 96-hour exposure period, mortalities of the 

test organisms in treated and control water were all less than 10 percent. The test results 

indicated that LC50 (96h) and NOAEC (No Observed Adverse Effect Concentration) to Neomysis 

awatschensis were all greater than 100% ballast water treated by Sunrui BWMS. 

Marine Invertebrate Chronic Toxicity Test 

Based on the result of acute toxicity test and requirements of relevant guidelines, the definitive 

test was conducted with the 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, 50%, and 100% ballast water treated by Sunrui 

BWMS under the laboratory conditions. A chronic toxicity test of ballast water treated by Sunrui 

BWMS was conducted to Neomysis awatschensis. During the 7-day test period, mortalities of 

the test organisms in treated and control were all less than 10 percent. Test results indicated no 

chronic toxicity to survival and growth in Neomysis awatschensis at any test concentrations. 

IC25 (7d), NOEC and LOEC to Neomysis awatschensis were all greater than 100% ballast water 

treated by Sunrui BWMS. 

Marine Fish Acute Toxicity Test 

An acute toxicity study of ballast water treated by Sunrui BWMS was conducted to Bareneck 

goby (Ctenogobius gymnauchen). The definitive test was conducted with 100% ballast water 

treated by Sunrui BWMS under the laboratory conditions. During the 96-hours test period, the 

fish treated with the 100% ballast water treated by Sunrui BWMS showed no visibly toxic signs 

or mortality during the test period. The test results indicated that ìmedian lethal concentrations 

(LC50)î and ìno observed adverse effect concentrations (NOAEC)î to Bareneck goby 

(Ctenogobius gymnauchen) were greater than 100% ballast water treated by Sunrui BWMS. 
MEPC 60/2/3 

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Marine Fish Chronic Toxicity Test 

A chronic toxicity test of ballast water treated by Sunrui BWMS was conducted to Bareneck 

goby (Ctenogobius gymnauchen). The definitive tests were conducted with 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, 

50% and 100% ballast water treated by Sunrui BWMS under the laboratory conditions. Test 

results indicated no chronic toxicity to survival and growth in Bareneck goby (Ctenogobius 

gymnauchen) at any test concentrations. The statistically determined LOEC and IC25 and actual 

NOEC were not measurable; the statistically determined NOEC was 100%. During the 7-day 

test period, the average survival of control and treated larvae was greater than 80% and the 

growth rate of larvae in 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, 50% and 100% ballast water treated by Sunrui 

BWMS compared with control group were 99.6%, 100.5%, 101.0%, 99.8% and 100.2%, 

respectively. There is no significant statistical difference in survival and growth rate between 

control and treated groups. 

The complete report of the aquatic toxicity tests is provided in appendix 4 of the confidential 

application dossier. 

7.2.2 Determination of holding time (G9:5.2.7) 

The holding time is the time that the treated ballast water has to be retained in the tanks to ensure 

there is no adverse effect concentration upon discharge. Since the neutralization step will be 

always employed in Sunrui BWMS treatment process prior to discharge, treated water can be 

discharged at anytime as long as the required disinfection level is achieved. For the Sunrui 

BWMS, whether that level is achieved is determined by the contact time between Active 

Substances and organisms. According to a series of biological efficacy tests, the retention time 

of 24 hours is considered to be adequate to meet regulation D-2. 

7.3 Risk characterization and analysis (G9: 5.3) 

7.3.1 Reaction with organic matter (G9: 4.2.1.3) 

Major reactions of chlorine with organic matter in polluted water were described in section 4.3.4. 

THM and HAA identified as the major by-products of these reactions are directly related to the 

total organic carbon in the water being treated and the chlorine dose level used for disinfection. 

As these by-products may bring risk to the environment, they should be reduced to the minimum. 

7.3.2 Characterization of degradation route and rate (G9: 5.3.5) 

Degradation of TRO has two major routes: (1) through a quick consumption or decomposition by 

the chlorine demand in the polluted water (organic and nitrogen compounds, ions of Fe, Ni, Co 

that decompose TRO); and (2) through a slow decay via photolytic or heat decomposition. 

Chlorine and all of its derived species are oxidative and very reactive compounds. Chlorine gas 

is a more efficient oxidizer than hypochlorous acid (HOCl), and hypochlorous acid is more 

efficient than the hypochlorite ion (ClO-

). The balance between HOCl and ClO- can be studied in 

polluted water with pH between 4 and 10. In this case, the kinetic of the reactions and the final 

products obtained depend for a large extent on the percentage of each of the two species (HOCl, 

ClO-

). The main reaction routes can be described as follows: 

.1 Chlorination with amines R-NH2 or ammonium NH4

+

 is very rapid and explains 

the very fast disappearance of available chlorine in waste water. 
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.2 Oxidation reactions occur with many inorganic or organic compounds. 

.3 Chlorination of C atoms from organic molecules is easier for molecules with a 

shorter carbon skeleton. 

Three typical reactions are: reaction with phenol giving monochlorophenols; reaction with 

molecules containing two carbon atoms: acetaldehyde, acetonitrile, and acetic acid, which are 

chlorinated on the CH3, and give chloroacetaldehydes, chloroacetonitriles and chloroacetic acids; 

and reaction with final degradation of the carbon chain giving THMs. 

HOBr/OBr-

 is removed from seawater by several mechanisms. HOBr/OBr- will react with 

natural organic matter to form tribromomethane by the haloform reaction. In fact, a number of 

disinfection products and other halogen containing compounds are reported when bromide is 

present in natural waters. Therefore, organic matter in ballast water could lead to the 

disappearance of the TRO. Sunlight can reduce HOBr/OBr- to Br- through a complex series of 

photochemical reactions. In some cases, where high concentrations of Cl- are present, it may be 

that sunlight-mediated photolysis of HOBr /OBr- leads to the formation of bromate ion. 

Therefore, photolysis may also lead to the loss of TRO. After the neutralization and before the 

discharging, the concentrations of Active Substances and the bromate were 0 μg/L. 

THMs are extensively removed in sewage treatment, probably primarily by volatilization as well 

as by degradation. All trihalomethanes are volatile, the volatility decreasing in the order CHCl3

> CHBrCl2 > CHBr2Cl > CHBr3. Brominated acetic acids are generally more biodegradable than 

their chlorinated counterparts. Relevant Chemicals and other chemicals are expected to be 

naturally degradable by natural biotic or abiotic paths. 

7.3.3 Prediction of discharge and environmental concentrations (G9: 5.3.8) 

7.3.3.1 Introduction 

There were no Active Substances or bromate detected in treated ballast water after the 

neutralization and before the discharging to receiving water, so that the Predicted Enviromental 

Concentration (PEC) for Active Substances and the bromate wase considered to be 0 μg/L in the 

harbour. 

MAM-PEC Model of version 2.0 was used to calculate the PEC of Relevant Chemicals and other 

chemicals in the port. MAM-PEC was originally programmed to calculate environmental 

concentrations of anti-fouling biocides released from ship coatings. 

In a modified way it can be used to calculate the concentrations that are released constantly into 

the water by other processes like for example ballast water treatment. The applicability of the 

model to any chemical substance made it a useful tool for environmental impact studies. 

7.3.3.2 Parameterization of the model 

To calculate the environmental concentration of the released compound in the harbour water and 

the sediment, several parameters are necessary. These parameters define the harbour and its 

characteristics, the compound that is being released and the amount of the specified compound 

released by ships. In the calculation, the OECD-EU commercial harbour was chosen with the 

default setting given by MAM-PEC. Physico-chemical property data for Relevant Chemicals 

and other chemicals were from Key Data Summary or calculation of the EPI suit. The input 
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parameters were the same as input parameters of EUSES 2.1 which was used for human exposure 

assessment. The emission load was calculated from ballast water concentration for Relevant 

Chemicals and other chemicals and average amount of ballast water in the OECD-EU 

commercial harbour. 

According to information contained in document BLG 13/INF.4, the daily ballast water discharge 

in port of Rotterdam (twice the size of the OECD-EU commercial harbour) is about 100,000 m3

.

7.3.3.3 Half-life 

Within MAM-PEC, it was not possible to include the decay of the compound of interest during 

emptying the ballast water tank. In this case, therefore, a worst case scenario was assumed that 

the water released from the ballast tanks has the same concentration at the start and at the end of 

discharge. 

The ballast water was treated by filter and electrolytic unit, and hold in simulated tank for several 

days and then neutralized by sodium thiosulfate. After the neutralization, the concentration 

of Active Substances and bromate was 0 μg/L in the ballast water, so the PEC of Active 

Substances and the Bromate in the harbour are 0 μg/L. 

In the calculation of this dossier, using the worst case scenario, it is assumed that all chemicals 

will not decay in water of the harbour after discharging. Predicted environmental concentrations 

(PEC) of the chemicals calculated by the MAM-PEC Model is based on the worst case scenario 

of 100,000 m3 ballast water discharge. 

The concentrations of Active Substances, Relevant Chemicals and other chemicals after the 

neutralization were measured during the analytic testing, as shown in Table 7-3. 

Table 7-3: Maximum concentration of chemicals detected in treated water at discharge 

Chemicals Concentration, μg/L 

HOCl(NaOCl) 0 

HOBr(NaOBr) 0 

Chloramine 0 

Tribromomethane 157.98 

Dibromochloromethane 4.32 

Monobromoacetic acid 3.31 

Dibromoacetic acid 19.98 

Tribromoacetic acid 41.63 

Bromochloroacetic acid 0.61 

Dibromochloroacetic acid 5.4 

Dibromoacetonitrile 11.09 

Bromate 0 

Sodium thiosulphate 862 

7.3.3.4 Harbour definitions 

For all runs the OECD-EU commercial harbour was chosen with the default settings given by 

MAM-PEC. The modelling of the harbour is shown in Figure 7-9. 
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Figure 7-9 : The modelling of the OECD-EU commercial harbour 

Where: 

x1 = 1,000 m 

y1 = 1,000 m 

x2 = 5,000 m 

y2 = 500 m 

depth = 15 m 

x3 = 2,500 m 

flow velocity = 1 m·s-1 

7.3.3.5 Background concentration 

The background concentration of HOCl(NaOCl), HOBr(NaOBr), Chloramine, 

Dibromochloromethane, Monobromoacetic acid, Tribromoacetic acid, Dibromochloroacetic acid, 

Dibromoacetonitrile, Bromate, Sodium thiosulphate were measured to be 0μg/L and 

Tribromomethane, Dibromoacetic acid, Bromochloroacetic acid were measured to be 0.19μg/L, 

0.52μg/L and 0.19μg/L, respectively. 

7.3.3.6 Results of Modelling 

The PEC results from the MAM-PEC calculation are shown in Table 7-5. Maximum 

concentration was used in PEC/PNEC calculation. The data sheets are provided in the relevant 

parts of appendix 8 in the confidential application dossier. 

Table 7-5: Estimated total concentrations for Active Substance and Relevant Chemicals 

by MAM-PEC (VER. 2.0 model) 

Chemical name Maximum 

Concentration 

(μg/L) 

95% 

Concentration 

(μg/L) 

Average 

Concentration 

(μg/L) 

Median 

Concentration 

(μg/L) 

Minimum 

Concentration 

(μg/L) 

HOCl(NaOCl) 0 0 0 0 0 

HOBr(NaOBr) 0 0 0 0 0 

Chloramine 0 0 0 0 0 

Tribromomethane 1.64E+00 1.61E+00 6.94E-01 3.22E-01 2.08E-01 

Dibromochloromethane 3.09E-02 3.01E-02 1.11E-02 3.32E-03 4.79E-04 

Monobromoacetic acid 3.03E-02 2.97E-02 1.06E-02 2.78E-03 3.72E-04 

Dibromoacetic acid 7.03E-01 6.99E-01 5.84E-01 5.37E-01 5.22E-01 

Tribromoacetic acid 3.81E-01 3.74E-01 1.33E-01 3.49E-02 4.68E-03 
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Chemical name Maximum 

Concentration 

(μg/L) 

95% 

Concentration 

(μg/L) 

Average 

Concentration 

(μg/L) 

Median 

Concentration 

(μg/L) 

Minimum 

Concentration 

(μg/L) 

Bromochloroacetic acid 1.96E-01 1.95E-01 1.92E-01 1.91E-01 1.90E-01 

Dibromochloro acetic acid 4.94E-02 4.85E-02 1.72E-02 4.53E-03 6.07E-04 

Dibromoacetonitrile 1.02E-01 9.95E-02 3.54E-02 9.30E-03 1.25E-03 

Bromate 0 0 0 0 0 

Sodium thiosulphate 7.62E+00 7.47E+00 2.67E+00 7.07E-01 9.68E-02 

7.3.4 Assessment of potential for bioaccumulation (G9:5.3.7) 

As the logarithm octanol/water partition coefficients (log Pow) of all Active Substances, 

Relevant Chemicals and other chemicals in the treated ballast water by Sunrui BWMS are <3 

and the BCFs of all chemicals are below 500 L/kg, there is no need to assess the potential for 

bioaccumulation in marine or freshwater organisms in accordance with Procedure (G9), 

paragraph 5.3.7. 

7.3.5 Effects assessment 

The toxicity data sets (Tables 4-1 and 4-2) indicate that the risk of the Active Substances 

of HOCl is significant for most freshwater and saltwater predators (fish) and primary producer 

(alga) based on a chronic NOEC <0.01 mg/L. 

The ecological risk of the Relevant Chemicals to aquatic organisms is less than the risk from 

the Active Substances because much less chronic NOEC toxicity data are available. Chronic 

data of two trophic levels used in this dossier are available for tribromomethane and bromate to 

conclude that the compounds should not be a risk to predators and alga because all of the NOECs 

are 2-3 orders of magnitude above 0.01 mg/L. Likewise, one chronic crustaceans value 

(1.6 mg/L) is available for monobromoacetic acid. An NOEC of 600 mg/L was found for fish 

exposed to sodium thiosulphate which indicates that the risk of sodium thiosulphate is negative. 

Because of the lack of a complete chronic database for (i.e., one or more of the three chronic 

trophic levels used in this dossier are not available), a great deal of uncertainty exists for some of 

the THMs and HAAs. In addition, one must also consider the fact that it is unlikely that only one 

chemical will be discharged in the ballast water. Additional risks are likely when a mixture of 

the relevant chemicals is discharged. 

7.3.6 Effects on aquatic organisms 

In chemical testing, no potential ecotoxic substance was found in the treated water. Predicted 

No-Effect Concentrations (PNEC) values were calculated using the aquatic toxicity data-set 

endpoints and the appropriate assessment factor. The calculation results are shown in Table 7-6. 
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Table 7-6: PNEC for the Active Substances and Relevant Chemicals in freshwater and 

saltwater according to data-set endpoint 

Chemical name Toxicity 

(mg/L) 

Information Assessment 

factor 

PNEC 

(mg/L) 

HOCl(NaOCl) 0.003 Lowest L(E)C50 from a fish, crustacean 

and alga and lowest NOEC from a algae, 

crustaceans and fish 

100 0.00003 

Chloramine 0.012 Lowest LC50 from a fish and crustacean 1000 0.000012 

Tribromomethane 4.8 Lowest L(E)C50 from a fish, crustacean 

and alga and Lowest NOEC from a 

algae and fish 

100 0.048 

Dibromochloromethane 3.2 Lowest L(E)C50 from a fish, crustacean 

and alga and Lowest NOEC from fish 

100 0.032 

Monobromoacetic acid 0.2 Lowest L(E)C50 from a crustacean and 

alga and Lowest NOEC from crustacean 

1000 0.0002 

Dibromoacetic acid 6.9 Lowest LC50 from a fish 1000 0.0069 

Tribromoacetic acid 6.9 PNEC was assumed to be the same 

value as that for dibromoacetic acid 

1000 0.0069 

Bromochloroacetic acid 6.9 PNEC was assumed to be the same 

value as that for dibromoacetic acid 

1000 0.0069 

Dibromochloroacetic 

acid 

6.9 PNEC was assumed to be the same 

value as that for dibromoacetic acid 

1000 0.0069 

Dibromoacetonitrile 0.55 Lowest L(E)C50 from a fish, crustacean 

and alga 

1000 0.00055 

Bromate 8 Lowest L(E)C50 from a fish, crustacean 

and alga and Lowest NOEC from fish 

and alga 

100 0.08 

Sodium thiosulphate 64 Lowest L(E)C50 from a fish and alga 

and Lowest NOEC from fish 

1000 0.064 

Risk to aquatic environment by chemicals in ballast water was carried out by calculating 

PEC/PNEC ratio. If PEC/PNEC ratio is less than or equal to 1, the chemical is of no immediate 

concern. In PEC/PNEC ratio is greater than 1, the substance should be of concern. Active 

Substances were not detected in treated ballast water so that risk assessment to aquatic 

environment for Active Substance was not considered. PNEC values are normally derived from 

short-term and/or long-term aquatic toxicity results for relevant aquatic species by dividing the 

lowest available effect concentration with an appropriate assessment factor. 

The PEC/PNEC calculated for chemicals are all less than 1, so the ballast water treated by 

Sunrui BWMS has low potential risk for aquatic environment. Risk assessment results for 

aquatic environment are summarized in Table 7-7. 
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Table 7-7: Risk assessment results for aquatic environment 

Chemicals PEC/PNEC 

Tribromomethane 0.03417 

Dibromochloromethane 0.00097 

Monobromoacetic acid 0.15150 

Dibromoacetic acid 0.10188 

Tribromoacetic acid 0.05522 

Bromochloroacetic acid 0.02841 

Dibromochloroacetic acid 0.00716 

Dibromoacetonitrile 0.18545 

Sodium thiosulphate 0.11906 

7.3.7 Effects on sediment 

As stated in section 4.1.4, the Koc values of all chemicals range from 2.7×10-8 to 468, which are 

smaller than 500 l/kg, which indicate that the chemicals will not readily partition to sediment and 

thus be of concern to benthic organisms residing in the sediment, so the risk to infaunal sediment 

organisms is low. 

7.3.8 Comparison of effect assessment with discharge toxicity 

The concentration of Active Substance, Relevant Chemicals and other chemicals in the ballast 

water were measured by analytical methods and the aquatic toxicity tests were conducted using 

the same ballast water. From the toxicity test results, no mortality and adverse effects were 

observed, so the toxic effects of the ballast water treated by Sunrui BWMS to aquatic organisms 

would be low. 

8 RISK ASSESSMENT 

8.1 Risk to safety of ship 

8.1.1 Flooding 

The Sunrui BWMS is connected to the ship ballast piping system by hard rubber lined steel 

pipes, together with a number of electromagnetic and manual valves. The piping to connect the 

BWM system with ship ballast piping system is designed and arranged in accordance with the 

classification rules. The BWM system is so designed that in case of any failure of the 

components or function module, the system will be stopped automatically to isolate the 

BWM system from the ship ballast piping. Manual valves are also fitted in the system so that the 

BWM system can be closed by the manual valves if there is a failure of the automatic valves. 

8.1.2 Corrosion 

The corrosivity evaluation for the ballast water treated by electrolysis were reported by some 

previous applicants in documents MEPC 58/2, annex, page 63, MEPC 59/2/6, annex, page 20 and 

MEPC 59/2/11, annex, page 68. These documents indicated that water treated by electrolysis 

would have no significant increased corrosion compared to natural seawater, and even less 
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corrosive than natural seawater in some cases. In particular, it has been noted that document 

MEPC 58/2/7, (GESAMP-BWWG 6, annex 7, paragraph 4.7.2) indicated an electrolysis system 

with an initial TRO concentrations up to 10 ppm did not have increased corrosion effect. The 

system mentioned above also reported that the test barge with coated ballast tanks, after 2 years 

of undefined usage rate, did not indicate increased corrosion effect. 

Some initial corrosion experiments have been conducted to evaluate the corrosion of treated 

ballast water by Sunrui BWMS according to Procedure (G9) and the Methodology. The tests 

include uncoated steels and coated steel. 

The corrosion rates of bare steels were tested using the method of mass loss. No localized 

corrosion was found on the samples of 360 steel and CCS B steel both in the treated water and in 

the control water. The corrosion tests show that the corrosion morphology of the bare samples 

subjected to the treated water are same to those subjected to natural seawater, i.e., all are uniform 

corrosion. The results of corrosion rate calculation indicate that the corrosion rate of the bare 

steels in the ballast water treated by Sunrui BWMS is at the similar level with that of the steels in 

natural seawater. 

The test report is given in appendix 5. In this connection, it should be noted that hard rubber 

lined steel pipe is used to connect the electrolysis unit with the main ballast piping in order to 

prevent corrosion. 

The test for coated steel has not completed since the specimens need to be tested for the duration 

of 6 months. Therefore, the test results for coated steel will be provided in the application for 

Final Approval. 

Further corrosion testing will be conducted taking into consideration the recommendations 

provided by the GESAMP-BWWG at its eighth meeting and the testing results will be provided 

in the application for Final Approval. 

8.1.3 Fire and explosion 

The only chemical carried on board is sodium thiosulfate for neutralizing residual TRO during 

de-ballasting. The solution is stored in a sealed PVC container, which is neither flammable nor 

explosive. 

8.1.4 Hydrogen gas and Chlorine gas 

Hydrogen gas 

Hydrogen gas is generated during the electrolytic process. Theoretically, under the condition of 

the TRO concentration of 9.5 ppm (the maximum allowable dosage of TRO), 133.8 mol of 

hydrogen gas (H2) is generated in the electrolysed water with concentrated TRO for 

treating 1,000 ton of ballast water, which equals 267.6 g. 

The electrolysed water entraining H2 gas is entered into the degas tank. H2 gas is fully separated 

inside the tank, and diluted by air blowers to the level below Lower Explosive Limit (LEL). 

Then, the diluted gas is released overboard. A spark arrestor is fitted on the discharge end of 

vent pipe. 
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Rated air flow of the blowers is calculated according to the relevant specifications to ensure that 

the volume of air provided is adequate to dilute H2 gas to the level below LEL. Considering it is 

important to supply air continuously, two air blowers are fitted in the degas unit. Should the one 

in operation fail, the other one will continue to operate automatically. 

During the land-based tests, H2 gas was monitored, but no hydrogen gas was ever detected in the 

area around the electrolytic unit or in the headspace of the treated tank. Nevertheless, as a further 

safety measure, an air pressure sensor is installed at the discharge side of the blowers, and the 

sensor will send an acousto-optic alarm in the case of insufficient of air supply. 

The technology for venting hydrogen gas has been employed by Sunrui Company in the design 

and manufacture in relation to electrolysis process for several hundreds of the installations either 

onboard (sewage water treatment system by electrolytic method) or in land-based systems 

(antifouling of seawater cooling system). These installations have been in operation safely and 

reliably for many years. 

Chlorine gas 

The chlorine gas produced by electrolysis dissolves into seawater rapidly, generating active 

substances (TRO). The short-term exposure limit of chlorine gas is known to be 1 mg/m3

(MSDS, approximately 0.78 ppm). Under normal operation, chlorine gas will not leak from the 

BWM system. During the tests, no chlorine gas was detected in the area around the electrolytic 

unit, and the chlorine gas concentrations in the headspace of treated tank were measured 

below 0.3 ppm immediately after electrolytic treatment, which clears away rapidly. 

To monitor the accidental leakage of hydrogen gas and chlorine gas, hydrogen gas and chlorine 

gas, sensors and alarms are included in the BWMS to detect any leakage online. Acousto-optic 

alarms will be sent when the concentrations of H2 and Cl2 exceeding 2% and 0.4 ppm, 

respectively. If the concentrations of H2 and Cl2 exceed 3% and 0.55 ppm, respectively, the 

electrolytic units will be immediately shut down automatically. Meanwhile, ventilation will 

continue by air blowers to dilute H2 to the level below Lower Explosive Limit. 

When an alarm signal activates, relevant information and instructions on the remedy measures to 

be taken will be given on the human-machine interface (HMI). 

8.1.5 Storage and handling of the substances 

The only chemical substance carried on board is sodium thiosulfate. The substance is widely 

used in dechlorination in water, such as halt bleaching in the paper-making industry. It is also 

used in smelting silver ore, in producing leather goods and to set dyes in textiles. Sodium 

thiosulfate is also used to fix black and white photography negatives after the developing stage. 

Sodium thiosulfate is kept in a tightly closed container, stored in a cool, dry, ventilated area, 

therefore, there is no any risk to the safety of ships during storage and handling it. 

When the sodium thiosulfate is handled and mixed by crew, it is required that the operators 

should wear protective gloves, clean body-covering clothing and safety glasses. Safety 

procedure for handling of sodium thiosulfate is detailed in Technical Specification and Manual, 

in appendix 9 of the full application dossier. 
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8.1.6 Noise 

The Sunrui BWMS operates in engine room of the ships using standard pumps and valves, which 

will be tested against noise standard during type approval by the Classification Society. 

8.2 Risks to human health 

Risk to human health introduced from the discharged water was evaluated by using EUSES 

(version 2.1) to achieve detailed assessment data. A Human Exposure Scenario (HES) via 

seafood consuming was conducted according to EUSES. 

The results of risk assessment show that ratio MOS/Reference MOS (MRR) for the chemicals in 

ballast water is > 1 for general population in local and regional scale. Therefore, the ballast 

water treated by Sunrui BWMS has low potential risk to human health. Data sheets of EUSES 

are contained in the relevant parts of appendix 8 of the confidential application dossier. The 

results are showed in Table 8-3. 

Table 8-3: MRR (MOS/MOSref) values 

Chemical Name PEC, 

μg/L 

BCFfish, 

m3

/kgwwt 

Cfish, 

mg/kg MRR 

Tribromomethane 1.64 14 2.30E-02 4.75E+03 

Dibromochloromethane 0.0309 1.47 4.54E-05 1.88E+05 

Bromoacetic acid 0.0303 3.20 9.70E-05 3.14E+05 

Dibromoacetic acid 0.703 0.17 1.20E-04 6.34E+04 

Tribromoacetic acid 0.381 0.63 2.40E-04 1.01E+05 

Bromochloroacetic acid 0.196 3.20 6.27E-04 1.94E+04 

Dibromochloroacetic acid 0.0494 3.16 1.56E-04 2.93E+05 

Dibromoacetonitrile 0.102 3.00 3.06E-04 1.99E+03 

Sodium thiosulfate 7.62 3.16 2.41E-02 1.39E+04 

8.3 Risks to the aquatic environment 

Risk to aquatic environment introduced by chemicals in discharged ballast water was accessed by 

the calculation of PEC/PNEC ratio. When PEC/PNEC ratio is less than or equal to 1, the 

chemical is considered to be not of immediate concern. When PEC/PNEC ratio is greater than 1, 

the substance should be of concern. 

The PEC/PNEC calculated for chemicals are all less than 1, so the ballast water treated by Sunrui 

has low potential risk for aquatic environment. Detailed results are shown in 7.3.6. 

9 ASSESSMENT REPORT (G9: 4.3) 

9.1 Test report data quality 

The ballast water treated by Sunrui BWMS have been tested by the following organizations in 

accordance with the relevant international recognized guidelines, and the data obtained from the 

testing were used in the dossier for the application of Basic Approval: 
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.1 Aquatic toxicity tests were conducted by Supervision and Test Center for 

Pesticide Safety Evaluation and Quality Control (PSEC) in Shenyang. PSEC is 

accredited for toxicological safety evaluations of drugs, pesticides, and other fine 

chemicals by Ministry of Agriculture of the People Republic of China. 

.2 The chemical analysis was performed by PONY Testing International Group in 

Qingdao and Beijing laboratories (PONY TEST). 

.3 The measuring of environmental parameters of the seawater and the physical and 

chemical properties of the treated ballast water were carried out by the Center of 

Marine Environmental Measurement, the first institute of Oceanography, State 

Oceanic Administration. 

.4 The corrosion tests were conducted by Qingdao Laboratory for Corrosion and 

Protection, CSIC Luoyang Ship Material Research Institute Testing & Calibration 

Center. 

The above four organizations are accredited by China National Accreditation Service for 

Conformity Assessment (CNAS, eqv. to ISO/IEC 17025 ) and China Metrology Accreditation 

(CMA). In addition, PSEC is registered as a Good Laboratory of Practice (GLP) laboratory in 

China and run in accordance with the requirements of GLP lab. 

These organizations are all qualified testing organizations, and have their own Quality 

Management Plan (QMP). The testing plans and QAPPs for the aquatic toxicity tests, chemical 

analysis, measurements of parameters of the seawater and corrosion tests were developed and 

strictly followed through all the tests. 

REFERENCES 

A.I.S.E. March 1997. Technical Task Force Hyppochlorite: benefits and safety aspects of 

hypochlorite formulated in domestic products. 

ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). September 2003. Bromoform 

and dibromochloromethane CAS# 75-25-2 and 124-48-1. 

Bashtan S. Yu., Goncharuk V.V., Chebotareva R.D. et al. 1999. Production of sodium 

hypochlorite in an electrolyser equipped with a ceramic membrane. Desalination, Volume 126, 

Issues 1-3, pages 77-82. 

Bengt A.J.Kallen, Elisabeth Robert. 2000. Drinking water chlorination and delivery outcome ñ 

a registry-based study in Sweden. Reproductive Toxicology, Volume 14, pages 303-309. 

Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, 1999. Canadian water quality guidelines for 

the protection of aquatic life- reactive chlorine species. 

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