COURT OF APPEALS

EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

EL PASO, TEXAS

GERARDO LEOS,

 Appellant,

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS,

 Appellee.

§

§

§

§

§

 §

 §

No. 08-07-00340-CR

Appeal from the

346th District Court

of El Paso County, Texas 

(TC# 2007ODO0115)

O P I N I O N

Gerardo Leos plead guilty to the offense of driving while intoxicated. The offense was

enhanced by his prior DWI offenses to a third-degree felony, and he was sentenced to 18 years

imprisonment. Appellant raises four issues for this Court’s review. In Issue One, Appellant

contends the trial court erroneously denied his motion to quash the indictment because at least

one of his prior DWI convictions was to remote to be used for enhancement. In Issues Two and

Four, Appellant challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence supporting the

enhancement of his conviction to a third-degree felony. In Issue Three, Appellant asserts that the

trial court imposed an unauthorized sentence. We affirm the judgment as modified.

On September 10, 2006, a Texas State Trooper initiated a traffic stop of Appellant’s

vehicle because the passenger riding with Appellant was not wearing a seat belt. When the

officer made contact with Appellant, he noticed that there was an open twenty-four ounce beer

can on the floor of the vehicle between Appellant and the passenger. The officer also noticed

Appellant had bloodshot eyes, was slurring his speech, and smelled of alcohol. The officer
 Appellant simultaneously plead guilty to another DWI charge and was sentenced 1

concurrently for the two offenses. Appellant has appealed both convictions, and this Court has

addressed them as companion cases. See Leos v. State, 08-07-00341-CR (Tex.App.--El Paso

April 16, 2009, no pet. h.).

-2-

performed a field sobriety test consisting of three examinations, all of which indicated that

Appellant was intoxicated. Appellant refused to take a breath test. The officer then arrested

Appellant for driving while intoxicated.

Appellant agreed to plead guilty to the charge of felony driving while intoxicated, third or

more. On the day of trial, Appellant filed a motion to quash the indictment arguing the use of 1

Appellant’s prior DWI convictions was: (1) an improper attempt to habitualize the offense and

increase the punishment; (2) against public policy; (3) improper on the ground that one of

Appellant’s prior convictions is “void as the judgment itself reflects that [Appellant] was

unrepresented by counsel at the time he waived his right to a jury trial and pled guilty and at the

time the Court entered its judgment;” (4) an improper “double” enhancement not authorized by

the legislature, and in violation of due process; and (5) violated due process because one of the

prior felony judgments used for enhancement was a conviction for burglary of a vehicle. The

trial judge denied Appellant’s motion in open court, prior to Appellant’s plea.

During the plea hearing, the State introduced evidence of Appellant’s prior convictions,

including two convictions for DWI, and convictions for burglary of a habitation and burglary of a

vehicle. The trial court admitted the evidence of Appellant’s prior convictions without objection

from Appellant, and accepted the plea and the prosecution’s recommendation that Appellant

serve eighteen years in prison. The trial court certified his right to appeal any matters raised by

written motion prior to trial.
-3-

In Issues Two and Four, Appellant challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the

evidence to support the conviction for felony DWI. Specifically, Appellant challenges the

sufficiency of the evidence supporting the enhancement of his conviction to a third-degree

felony. He argues that the evidence failed to establish the prior convictions were final according

to the law in effect when they were entered, and is therefore, insufficient to support his

conviction for felony DWI. These arguments have not been preserved for our review. 

A defendant has the right to appeal pursuant to Article 44.02: 

[P]rovided, however, before the defendant who has been convicted upon either his

plea of guilty or plea of nolo contendre before the court and the court, upon the

election of the defendant, assesses punishment and the punishment does not

exceed the punishment recommended by the prosecutor and agreed to by the

defendant and his attorney may prosecute his appeal, he must have permission of

the trial court, except on those matters which have been raised by written motion

filed prior to trial.

TEX.CODE CRIM.PROC.ANN. art. 44.02 (Vernon 2006).

Rule 25.2(a)(2) of the Texas Rules of Appellate procedure incorporates Article 44.02 by

reference and provides that the trial court “shall” enter a certification of the defendant’s right to

appeal each time it enters a judgment, or other appealable order. See TEX.R.APP.P. 25.2(a)(2). 

Similarly, Rule 25.2 limits the defendant’s right to appeal only those matters that were raised by

written motion, filed and ruled on before trial, or after getting the trial court’s permission to

appeal. See TEX.R.APP.P. 25.2(a)(2).

We have reviewed the motions filed by Appellant’s attorney prior to trial and have not

found a written motion which raised the issue of the finality of Appellant’s prior DWI offenses to

the trial court. The record does not contain evidence that the trial court has given permission for

Appellant to appeal any issues beyond that which is stated in the certification. Accordingly,
-4-

Appellant’s arguments in Issues Two and Four are not properly before this Court and are

overruled. See TEX.R.APP.P. 25.2(a)(2); TEX.CODE CRIM.PROC.ANN. art. 44.02.

In Issue One, Appellant challenges the trial court’s ruling on his motion to quash the

indictment. Appellant argues that the motion should have been granted on the ground that his

prior DWI convictions were to remote or stale to be used for enhancement. However, Appellant

did not include this argument in his written motion to quash in the trial court. As the State points

out, Article 27.10 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure requires that “[a]ll motions to set

aside an indictment or information, and all special pleas and exceptions shall be in writing.” 

TEX.CODE CRIM.PROC.ANN. art 27.10 (Vernon 2006). Because this ground was not included in

his motion, Appellant’s argument was not properly presented to the trial court and was not

preserved for appellate review. See Prudhome v. State, 989 S.W.2d 852, 855 (Tex.App.--

Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, no pet.), citing McDonald v. State, 692 S.W.2d 169, 174-75

(Tex.App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1985, pet. ref’d). Accordingly, Issue One is overruled. 

In Issue Three, Appellant contends that because the trial court failed to find the

enhancement paragraphs true, it illegally sentenced him to a punishment outside the range

proscribed for a third-degree felony. The offense of driving while intoxicated is a third-degree

felony if it is shown that the defendant has previously been convicted of two offenses relating to

the operation of a motor vehicle while intoxicated. TEX.PENAL CODE ANN. § 49.09(b)(2)

(Vernon Supp. 2008). Generally, the range of punishment for a third-degree felony is not more

than ten or less than two years. TEX.PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.34(a)(Vernon 2003). However, the

range of punishment increases between two and twenty years when enhanced by a prior felony

conviction. TEX.PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.33(a); TEX.PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.42(a)(3)(Vernon
-5-

Supp. 2008).

The trial court admitted evidence, without objection, that Appellant had been convicted of

two felony offenses prior to his arrest for DWI in this instance. Appellant was admonished that

he was charged with a third-degree felony, punishable as a second-degree felony. He plead

“guilty” to the same in open court. In addition, Appellant judicially confessed to “the truth of

any and all paragraphs alleged for purposes of enhancing punishment.” A judicial confession to

the truth of the enhancement paragraphs relieves the States of its burden to prove the allegations

“because a plea of ‘true’ constitutes ‘evidence and sufficient proof to support the enhancement

allegation.’” Ford v. State, 243 S.W.3d 112, 117 (Tex.App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, pet.

ref’d), quoting Wilson v. State, 671 S.W.2d 524, 526 (Tex.Crim.App. 1984).

Appellant also argues that the trial court’s failure to make an express finding of “true”

regarding the punishment enhancements renders the increased sentence illegal. While it is

preferable for the trial court to read the enhancement paragraphs orally, and make an express

finding of true, in cases where the trial court alone is assessing the defendant’s punishment, the

court does not err by not doing so. Seeker v. State, 186 S.W.3d 36, 39 (Tex.App.--Houston [1st

Dist.] 2005, pet. ref’d). Here, Appellant provided a judicial confession admitting to the

enhancements, and the trial court admonished him that he would be subject to an enhanced

punishment range. The enhanced punishment range would not have been available without the

trial court having found one of the enhancement paragraphs to be true. Therefore, although the

record does not contain an express finding by the trial court, the record establishes that the trial

court impliedly made a finding of true as to one of the prior felonies. See Almand v. State, 536

S.W.2d 377, 379 (Tex.Crim.App. 1976); Garner v. State, 858 S.W.2d 656, 659-60 (Tex.App.--
-6-

Fort Worth 1993, pet. ref’d). As we have concluded that Appellant plead true to the allegations

in the enhancement paragraphs, and that the trial court impliedly found the allegation of at least

one of those enhancements to be true, the sentence imposed was not outside the range for the

offense for which Appellant was convicted. Issue Three is overruled.

Having determined Appellant plead true to the enhancements, and the trial court

impliedly found one of the enhancement paragraphs to be true, it is necessary to reform the

judgment. An appellate court has the authority to modify incorrect judgments where the

evidence necessary to correct a judgment appears in the record. TEX.R.APP.P. 43.2(b); Tyler v.

State, 137 S.W.3d 261, 267-68 (Tex.App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, no pet.). Here, despite the

trial court’s finding of true and Appellant’s admission through his plea and judicial confession,

the judgment states “N/A” where the plea to the enhancements should have been entered on the

judgment and “N/A” where the court’s findings on the enhancements should have been entered. 

Accordingly, we modify the judgment to reflect that Appellant plead true to the first

enhancement paragraph as alleged in the indictment, and that the trial court found the same to be

true.

We affirm the trial court’s judgment as modified.

April 16, 2009

DAVID WELLINGTON CHEW, Chief Justice

Before Chew, C.J., McClure, and Rivera, JJ.

(Do Not Publish)