NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

File Name: 11a0583n.06

No. 10-1074

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

EFEOSA IDEMUDIA,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

J.P. MORGAN CHASE, a

corporation; MICHAEL BAERS, an

individual,

Defendants-Appellees.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE

UNITED STATES DISTRICT

COURT FOR THE WESTERN

DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN

O P I N I O N

Before: SUHRHEINRICH, MOORE, and COOK, Circuit Judges.

KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge. Plaintiff-Appellant Efeosa Idemudia appeals

the district court’s grant of summary judgment to Defendants-Appellees J.P. Morgan Chase Bank,

N.A. (“Chase”) and Michael Baers (together, “Defendants”), on his claim of race and national-origin

discrimination brought pursuant to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 1981, and

Michigan’s Elliott-Larsen Civil Rights Act (“ELCRA”). Because Idemudia has not presented

evidence sufficient to raise a genuine issue of material fact with respect to whether Defendants’

legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons for terminating him are pretext for discrimination, we

AFFIRM the district court’s grant of summary judgment.
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Idemudia v. J.P. Morgan Chase et al.

I. FACTS & BACKGROUND

Idemudia is an African American who was born in Nigeria. He started working for Chase

in 1996 as a bank teller in New York City. While working for Chase in New York, Idemudia was

promoted to several different teller positions and then to the position of a personal banker. In

November 2006, he was promoted to branch manager for a new branch that opened in Kalamazoo,

Michigan in April 2007. Also in April 2007, Baers, who is white, became the District Manager

overseeing Idemudia’s branch.

On May2, 2007, ChaseFieldOperations ServiceCoach John Tinayconducted a routine audit

visit to assess coaching needs; he provided feedback and rated the branch as “Needs Work.” R.52

Ex. 32 (Record of Branch Visit). Idemudia testified that Tinay worked with the branch’s assistant

branch manager (“ABM”) Robert Byrd during this training visit and that the only issue that Tinay

discussed with Idemudia was communications issues between Idemudia and Byrd.

On May 16, 2007, personal banker Malisa Gries brought her children to the bank, and the

children pulled the fire alarm. The bank was charged $500 for causing the police department to

respond. Idemudia was not at the bank on May 16, 17, or 18, because his wife was in the hospital

delivering their son, and the bank was under the management of ABM Byrd during this time. Also

on May 16, Byrd instructed Gries to lock customer deposits in a teller station, which was against

Chase’s policyand procedure. On June 1, 2007, Chase Global Securityand Investigations conducted

an investigation of what happened on May 16. Idemudia first stated that he found the missing

deposits on Saturday, May 19, but, upon reviewing the branch’s video recording, he stated that he

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and Gries found the deposits on Monday, May 21. Idemudia testified in his deposition that he was

confused about the dates because he came into the branch on Saturday even though he was not

supposed to work that day. One report resulting from the investigation indicated that both Byrd and

Idemudia would be suspended. One of the investigators, Ron Philpot, who is African American,

recommended that Idemudia be terminated for the incident because he believed that Idemudia lied

about the customer deposits. Byrd was terminated, but Baers decided not to terminate Idemudia. 

Instead, Idemudia was placed on suspension until June 5, 2007. On June 7, 2007, Idemudia was

issued a written warning, which listed numerous concerns with Idemudia’s management of the

branch. Idemudia alleges that Baers added the loss amount on the warning after Idemudia signed

it. Compare R.52 Ex. 25 (written warning with loss amount), with id. Ex. 50 (written warning

without loss amount). He also alleges that he was given a warning by Baers with Baers’s manager

Dan Dubeau present but that Baers switched the documents and gave him a final written warning

without Dubeau present. After Byrd was terminated, Baers did not hire a replacement ABM during

the two-month period that Idemudia remained at the bank.

On June 25, 2007, Tinay conducted another audit visit, again providing feedback and rating

the branch as “Needs Work.” R.49 Ex. 11 (Record of Branch Visit). Idemudia testified that

although the branch did not have an ABM at the time of Tinay’s second visit, Idemudia did not speak

with Tinay about the results of the visit. Baers also met with Idemudia on June 25, 2007, to develop

a “Branch Action Plan.” On June 26, 2007, Chase trainer Serena Ketterer conducted a branch visit

and prepared a report based on her visit. The report noted positive observations from the visit,

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including that the branch had no “loss account warehouse” (“LAW”) losses. The report also 1

indicated areas for improvement, including that Idemudia was “having trouble scheduling the branch

effectively” and that Idemudia had “committed” to taking certain online training courses. R.52 Ex.

41 (Branch Visit Report at 2–3). Ketterer worked directly with Idemudia during this visit, and

Idemudia received by email a copy of her report, which she prepared after her visit. Baers met with

Idemudia again on July 2, 2007 and July 3, 2007, to discuss branch action plans. During Baers’s

visit on July 3, 2007, Baers showed Idemudia examples of other branch action plans, and Idemudia

laughed at them and said they were “ridiculous.” R.49 Ex.14 (Baers documentation at 4); R.49 Ex.

25 (July 21, 2009 Idemudia Dep. at 199).

On July 24, 2007, Idemudia spoke with personal banker Dawn Lyons-Dean regarding an

inappropriate comment that she made to a customer. Lyons-Dean then left the branch when she was

supposed to be working. Idemudia prepared a formal written disciplinaryaction against Lyons-Dean

for insubordination and, on July 25, 2007, recommended that she be terminated. Idemudia had had

several prior interactions with Lyons-Dean, resulting in written statements. Idemudia also alleged

that Lyons-Dean once commented that she always had been told she would have a supervisor with

“blue eyes, slick hair” and that another time she responded to a statement that Idemudia made about

getting along with his neighbors, who were white, by stating it was “because you’re African, if you

A Chase report indicates that “LAW” losses are “[a]ccount related losses that do not include 1

other losses charged to the branch, i.e. such as teller differences.” R.52 Ex. 26 (LAW report).

Idemudia describes “LAW” losses as “losses that are avoidable, but because the employee didn’t

follow policies and procedures, it resulted in a loss.” R.49 Ex. 25 (July 21, 2009 Idemudia Dep. at

220).

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were African American, that wouldn’t happen.” R.49 Ex. 23 (July 2, 2009 Idemudia Dep. at

109–10). Baers did not accept Idemudia’s recommendation and did not terminate Lyons-Dean. 

Baers stated that he did not terminate her because Idemudia did not follow proper procedure with

respect to the writeups and because he had “reason to believe that [Idemudia was] not managing

[Lyons-Dean] properly.” R.49 Ex. 24 (Baers Dep. at 30).

At some point before Idemudia was terminated, Baers asked Idemudia to interview for a

personal banker position available in Stevensville, Michigan. The base pay for the position is less

than Idemudia made as branch manager, and the branch is over forty-five minutes from Idemudia’s

residence. Idemudia alleges that Baers threatened that he would write up Idemudia if Idemudia did

not interview. Idemudia also alleges that, in the same conversation that Baers told Idemudia to apply

for the personal banker position, Baers also told Idemudia that Baers had dated an African American

woman for three years and that she had broken up with him because her family did not approve of

him being white.

On August 1, 2007, Baers came to the branch and asked if Idemudia had completed the

training that Tinay and Ketterer had recommended after their branch visits. Idemudia responded that

he had, but when Baers asked Idemudia to pull up the training on the computer, Idemudia admitted

that he had not completed the training. Idemudia admitted in his deposition that he lied to Baers

about completing the training. When asked why he had lied about the training that Baers requested

him to take, Idemudia responded that the training “was a nuisance” and that “[i]t is like having a fly

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buzzing by your ear, you have to swat the fly off and say just leave me alone.” R.49 Ex. 25 (July 21,

2009 Idemudia Dep. at 108).

Baers gave Idemudia the option to resign or to be terminated. Idemudia testified that he said

he would let Baers know his choice and expressly denies that he told Baers that he would resign. 

Idemudia was replaced by a white woman who was initially hired as a branch manager for a branch

that Chase was considering opening in the Battle Creek area but that never in fact opened.

II. PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Idemudia filed a charge of discrimination with the Michigan Department of Civil Rights on

February 22, 2008. After receiving a right-to-sue letter from the U.S. Equal Employment

Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”), Idemudia filed a complaint against Defendants in Michigan

state court alleging one count of race and national origin discrimination under Title VII, the ELCRA,

and § 1981. Defendants removed the case to the United States District Court for the Western 2

District of Michigan pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1441, 1446. After discovery, Defendants filed a

motion for summary judgment. At a hearing on the motion, the district court orally announced its

Chase filed the Notice of Removal, which does not name Baers as joining in the removal. 2

Even if the failure to name Baers in the Notice of Removal is a procedural defect pursuant to the

“rule of unanimity,” which requires all properly served or joined defendants to join in the removal

or to file a written consent to the removal, but see Harper v. AutoAlliance Int’l, Inc., 392 F.3d 195,

201–02 (6th Cir. 2004) (suggesting that technical deficiency in notice of removal can be cured by

subsequent filings indicating consent to removal), Idemudia waived any challenge to this potential

procedural defect by failing to file a motion to remand within thirty days of removal. Loftis v. United

Parcel Serv., Inc., 342 F.3d 509, 516–17 (6th Cir. 2003) (citing 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c); Page v. City

of Southfield, 45 F.3d 128, 133–34 (6th Cir. 1995)).

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decision granting Defendants’ motion. The district court subsequently entered judgment dismissing

the case, and Idemudia timely appealed.

III. ANALYSIS

A. Standard of Review

“We review the district court’s grant of summaryjudgment de novo.” Hamilton v. Gen. Elec.

Co., 556 F.3d 428, 433 (6th Cir. 2009). Summary judgment is appropriate when “the movant shows

that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a

matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). Additionally, we must view all facts and inferences in the

light most favorable to the non-moving party. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp.,

475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986).

B. Race and National-Origin Discrimination Claim

Idemudia claims that he was terminated because of his race and national origin. Title VII

3

of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits employers from discriminating against individuals “with

respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment” because of race or

national origin. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1). Similarly,Michigan’sELCRA prohibits employers from

discriminating against individuals “with respect to employment, compensation, or a term, condition,

Defendants argue that Idemudia did not exhaust his administrative remedies with respect to 3

his claim of national-origin discrimination because he did not identify national origin as a basis on

his charge of discrimination. Because exhaustion of administrative remedies is not a jurisdictional

prerequisite, Mitchell v. Chapman, 343 F.3d 811, 819–20 (6th Cir. 2003), cert. denied, 542 U.S. 937

(2004), and because we agree on the merits with the district court’s decision to grant summary

judgment, we need not address this argument.

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or privilege of employment” because of race or national origin. MICH.COMP.LAWS § 37.2202(1)(a). 

Section 1981 guarantees that “[a]ll persons within the jurisdiction of the United States shall have the

same right in every State and Territory to make and enforce contracts . . . as is enjoyed by white

citizens.” 42 U.S.C. § 1981(a). We review claims of discrimination brought under the ELCRA and

§ 1981 under the same standards as claims brought under Title VII. White v. Baxter Healthcare

Corp., 533 F.3d 381, 391 (6th Cir. 2008), cert. denied, 129 S. Ct. 2380 (2009); Sutherland v. Mich.

Dep’t of Treasury, 344 F.3d 603, 614 n.4 (6th Cir. 2003).

1. Direct Evidence

Idemudia’s arguments to the district court and on appeal rely on the burden-shifting

framework set forth by the Supreme Court in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792

(1973), for claims involving circumstantial evidence of discrimination. Nonetheless, within his

analysis of the three-step McDonnell Douglas framework, Idemudia asserts that Baers’s statement

that Baers once dated an African American woman but that she broke up with him because he is

white is direct evidence of discrimination. The district court stated that Idemudia did not raise a

claim using direct evidence and that there was “no [direct] evidence in any event,” and proceeded

to analyze the case, as the parties presented it, under the McDonnell Douglasframework. R.66 (Hr’g

Tr. at 44). Defendants argue on appeal that Idemudia failed to raise a direct-evidence argument in

the district court and that Baers’s statement was not “a negative reference to Idemudia’s race and

national origin” and “proves nothing negative concerning Baers.” Appellee Br. at 20.

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Idemudia raised the direct-evidence argument to the district court in the same manner as he

does on appeal, and we agree with the district court that he has failed to develop adequately a claim

using the direct-evidence method of proof. See United States v. Stewart, 628 F.3d 246, 256 (6th Cir.

2010) (“Issues adverted to in a perfunctory manner, unaccompanied by some effort at developed

argumentation, are deemed waived. It is not sufficient for a party to mention a possible argument

in the most skeletal way, leaving the court to put flesh on its bones.” (alteration omitted) (internal

quotation marks omitted));see also DiCarlo v. Potter, 358 F.3d 408, 415 (6th Cir. 2004) (explaining

the framework when plaintiffs presents direct evidence, which differs from the McDonnell Douglas

framework used when plaintiffs present indirect evidence).

Even if we were to consider Idemudia’s argument, it is without merit because Baers’s

statement does not constitute direct evidence of discriminatory intent. “Direct evidence is that

evidence which, if believed, requires the conclusion that unlawful discrimination was at least a

motivating factor in the employer’s actions.” DiCarlo, 358 F.3d at 415 (alteration omitted) (internal

quotation marks omitted). “Consistent with this definition, direct evidence of discrimination does

not require a factfinder to draw any inferences in order to conclude that the challenged employment

action was motivated at least in part by prejudice against members of the protected group.” Id.

(internal quotation marks omitted).

Baers’s statement itself is not discriminatory or negative towards Idemudia’s race or national

origin. Cf. id. at 415–16 (supervisor called employee a “dirty wop”). However, “[a]lthough it is true

the disputed [statement] will not always be evidence of racial animus, it does not follow that the

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term, standing alone, is always benign. The speaker’s meaning may depend on various factors

including context, inflection, tone of voice, local custom, and historical usage.” Ash v. Tyson Foods,

Inc., 546 U.S. 454, 456 (2006). That Baers made the statement in the same conversation that he

allegedly threatened Idemudia about the personal-banker interview suggests that the statement was

intended to express that Baers holds racial animus as a result of the experience with his girlfriend. 

Idemudia perceived the statement in this manner. On the other hand, Baers made the statement

regarding his ex-girlfriend in response to a statement by Idemudia that he did not want to go to the

Stevensville branch because he did not “want to go to a place where [he would] stick out like a sore

thumb, be like the only black man in a 100 mile radius.” R.49 Ex. 23 (July 2, 2009 Idemudia Dep.

at 97–98). Baers responded that he “experienced that” and then proceeded to tell Idemudia about

his ex-girlfriend. Id. at 98. When considered in this context, a factfinder could draw the inference

that Baers simply intended to show understanding in response to Idemudia’s expressed concern. 

Different inferences could be drawn, and thus Baers’s statement does not “require[] the conclusion”

that Baers was motivated by prejudice. See DiCarlo, 358 F.3d at 415.

2. Indirect Evidence 

To prove intentional discrimination using indirect or circumstantial evidence, Idemudia must

use the burden-shifting framework set forth in McDonnell Douglas and modified in Texas

Department of Community Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 252–53 (1981). See White, 533 F.3d 4

Idemudia does not allege a mixed-motive claim pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(m). See 4

White, 533 F.3d at 396–402 (rejecting application of the McDonnell Douglas/Burdine framework

for single-motive claims to mixed-motive claims).

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at 391; Wright v. Murray Guard, Inc., 455 F.3d 702, 706 (6th Cir. 2006). First, “the plaintiff bears

the initial ‘not onerous’ burden of establishing a prima facie case of discrimination by a

preponderance of the evidence.” White, 533 F.3d at 391 (quoting Burdine, 450 U.S. at 253). Once

the plaintiff establishes a prima facie case, there is a presumption of discrimination, and the burden

shifts to the defendant to rebut the presumption by providing evidence of a “legitimate,

nondiscriminatory reason” for the action taken. Burdine, 450 U.S. at 253–54 (internal quotation

marks omitted). If the defendant satisfies this burden with a legally sufficient explanation, the

burden shifts back to the plaintiff to show that the defendant’s proffered reasons “were not its true

reasons, but were a pretext for discrimination.” Id. at 253. “Throughout this burden-shifting

approach, the plaintiff continues to bear the ultimate burden of proving, by a preponderance of the

evidence, the intent to discriminate.” Wright, 455 F.3d at 707.

a. Prima Facie Case of Discrimination

To demonstrate a prima facie case of discrimination, the “plaintiff must demonstrate that: 

(1) he is a member of a protected class; (2) he was qualified for his job; (3) he suffered an adverse

employment decision; and (4) he was replaced by a person outside the protected class or treated

differently than similarly situated non-protected employees.” White, 533 F.3d at 391. It is 5

The fourth prong of the prima facie case for proving discrimination under the ELCRA 5

requires the plaintiff to show that he “was discharged under circumstances that give rise to an

inference of unlawful discrimination,” Lytle v. Malady, 579 N.W.2d 906, 914 (Mich. 1998), but the

Michigan Supreme Court also has stated that its prima facie case “is an adaptation of the United

States Supreme Court’s McDonnell Douglastest” for discrimination claims brought under Title VII. 

Id. at 914 n.19; accord Lind v. City of Battle Creek, 681 N.W.2d 334, 338 (Mich. 2004) (confirming

that the McDonnell Douglas test for a prima facie case applies to claims brought pursuant to the

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undisputed that Idemudia can meet the first and third elements: he is African American and he was

terminated. In their motion for summary judgment, Defendants alleged that Idemudia could not

satisfy the second and fourth elements of the prima facie case. The district court assumed for

purposes of its analysis that Idemudia had demonstrated a prima facie case and proceeded to decide

the case under the analysis of whetherDefendants’ reasons for terminating Idemudia were legitimate,

nondiscriminatory reasons, and, finding that they were, whether the reasons were pretext for

discrimination.

We conclude that Idemudia has satisfied the second and fourth elements of the prima facie

case. When considering the second element of the prima facie case, we “focus on a plaintiff’s

objective qualifications to determine whether he or she is qualified for the relevant job.” Wexler v.

White’s Fine Furniture, Inc., 317 F.3d 564, 575 (6th Cir. 2003) (en banc). “[A] court may not

consider the employer’s alleged nondiscriminatory reason for taking an adverse employment action

when analyzing the prima facie case. To do so would bypass the burden-shifting analysis and

deprive the plaintiff of the opportunity to show that the nondiscriminatory reason was in actuality

a pretext designed to mask discrimination.” Id. at 574. Idemudia had worked at Chase for eleven

years and “was an above average [personal banker]” in a branch in New York City, which “is why

he was selected to” the branch manager position in Michigan. R.55 Ex. A (Performance Review at

1). Chase does not dispute that Idemudia’s branch produced “good numbers.” R.49 Ex. 24 (Baers

Dep. at 44–47, 58). Thus, Idemudia has demonstrated that he was objectively qualified for the

ELCRA); Hazle v. Ford Motor Co., 628 N.W.2d 515, 521 (Mich. 2001) (same).

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position, and Defendants’ more subjective reasons for terminating Idemudia for his inability to

manage should not be considered at the prima facie stage. Idemudia also satisfied the fourth element

of the prima facie case because he was replaced by a white female.

Because Idemudia has established a prima facie case, there is a presumption of

discrimination, and the burden shifts to Defendants to rebut the presumption with a legitimate,

nondiscriminatory reason for terminating Idemudia.

b. Legitimate, Nondiscriminatory Reason

Defendants claim that Idemudia was terminated because of his inability to manage the

branch. Specifically, the Recommendation for Termination that Baers sent to Chase management

states that he recommended terminating Idemudia “because of unsatisfactory performance, lack of

leadership ability, poor management of the branch, operations issues, [and] failure to follow policy

and procedure.” R.52 Ex. 17 (Rec. for Termination); accord R.49 Ex. 22 (EEOC Letter at 2)

(“[Defendants] provided information that the decision to terminate your employment was not based

on the revenue generated by the branch during the first months after it opened. It was based on your

lack of leadership ability, poor management of the branch, operations issues, and failure to follow

policy and procedures which created unacceptable risk for the branch.”). Although the five reasons

listed on the Recommendation for Termination are very general, the document further states that

Idemudia “was given a written warning regarding these issues on June 7, 2007 along with several

follow up meetings discussing his lack of progress during June and July of 2007.” R.52 Ex. 17 (Rec.

for Termination); see R.52 Ex. 25 (Written Warning) (listing “concerns regarding [Idemudia’s]

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leadership as a branch manager”); R.49 Ex.14 (Baers documentation). The written warning and

Baers’s documentation of the meetings that he had with Idemudia provide detail regarding the issues

and events that Defendants claim support their decision to terminate Idemudia. Therefore, we

believe that the Defendants’ proffered reasons for terminating Idemudia are sufficiently “‘clear and

reasonably specific’” and are “supported by ‘admissible evidence which would allow the trier of fact

rationallyto conclude that the employment decision [was] not motivated bydiscriminatoryanimus.’” 

White, 533 F.3d at 392 (alteration in original) (quoting Burdine, 450 U.S. at 257–58).

The proffered reasons thus constitute a legallysufficient explanation to rebut the presumption

of discrimination. Furthermore, Idemudia does not dispute that Defendants have put forth a

legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason. See Appellant Br. at 21–46 (arguing that Defendants’

legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons were pretext); Reply Br. at 6–7.

c. Pretext

The district court’s decision to grant summary judgment in favor of Defendants was based

on its analysis of the final, pretext stage of the McDonnell Douglas/Burdine framework. The district

court stated that there was “[r]epeated evidence that [Idemudia] was not functioning in a way that

a manager would function” and that its “overwhelming review of the record suggests that the defense

actually went out of its way . . . to attempt to keep Mr. Idemudia with the organization in one

capacity or another and not that it was working to remove him from the organization.” R.66 (Hr’g

Tr. at 48, 53). The district court concluded that “the record is really beyond genuine dispute and

beyond reasonable dispute that he was unsuccessful as a branch manager.” Id. at 55.

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To meet his burden of showing pretext, Idemudia “must produce sufficient evidence from

which the jury may reasonably reject the employer’s explanation.” Warfield v. Lebanon Corr. Inst.,

181 F.3d 723, 730 (6th Cir. 1999) (internal quotation marks omitted). More specifically, we have

stated,

Pretext may be established “either directly by persuading the trier of fact that

a discriminatory reason more likelymotivated the employer or indirectly by showing

that the employer’s proffered explanation is unworthy of credence.” Burdine, 450

U.S. at 256. A plaintiff will usually demonstrate pretext by showing that the

employer’s stated reason for the adverse employment action either (1) has no basis

in fact, (2) was not the actual reason, or (3) is insufficient to explain the employer’s

action. See Imwalle v. Reliance Med. Prods., Inc., 515 F.3d 531, 545 (6th Cir. 2008)

(citing Manzer [v. Diamond Shamrock Chems. Co.], 29 F.3d [1078,] 1084 [(6th Cir.

1994), abrogated on other grounds by Gross v. FBL Fin. Servs., Inc., --- U.S. ---, 129

S. Ct. 2343 (2009)]).

White, 533 F.3d at 392–93 (alteration omitted). These three interrelated ways in which a plaintiff

usually demonstrates pretext, however, are not formal requirements; rather, many “form[s] of

circumstantial evidence [can be] probative of intentional discrimination.” Reeves v. Sanderson

Plumbing Prods., Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 147 (2000); accord Chen v. Dow Chem. Co., 580 F.3d 394,

400 n.4 (6th Cir. 2009). For example, “the plaintiff may also demonstrate pretext by offering

evidence which challenges the reasonableness of the employer’s decision ‘to the extent that such an

inquiry sheds light on whether the employer’s proffered reason for the employment action was its

actual motivation.’” White, 533 F.3d at 393 (quoting Wexler, 317 F.3d at 578). We “ask whether

the plaintiff has produced evidence that casts doubt on the employer’s explanation, and, if so, how

strong it is.” Chen, 580 F.3d at 400 n.4. We ultimatelymust decide whetherthe plaintiff’s evidence

of pretext, combined with the evidence establishing the plaintiff’s prima facie case, would “permit

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the trier of fact to conclude that the employer unlawfully discriminated.” Reeves, 530 U.S. at

147–48; accord Hazle, 628 N.W.2d at 522 (“[A] plaintiff must not merely raise a triable issue that

the employer’s proffered reason was pretextual, but that it was a pretext for unlawful

discrimination.” (alteration omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted)).

Idemudia argues that he has cast doubt on Defendants’ explanation with a variety of

circumstantial evidence, including evidence that Baers made raciallymotivated remarks to him, that

most of the reasons in the June 7 written warning were no longer a concern by the time he was

terminated, that Defendants’ reasons were contradictoryand double standards, and that Baers created

unreasonable expectations for him and no other branch managers. Idemudia also relies heavily on

his branch’s sales production to impugn Defendants’ explanation that Idemudia was terminated

because of his inability to manage the branch.

We agree with Idemudia that the district court did not take into account the evidence that

Baers told Idemudia about a former African American girlfriend who broke up with him. This

statement by the manager responsible for supervising and, later, terminating Idemudia, although not

direct evidence of discrimination, is circumstantial evidence of discriminatory intent. Cf. Risch v.

Royal Oak Police Dep’t, 581 F.3d 383, 392–93 (6th Cir. 2009) (discussing how discriminatory

remarks and evidence of a discriminatory atmosphere can be evidence of pretext); Vincent v. Brewer

Co., 514 F.3d 489, 498 (6th Cir. 2007) (“This court has held that discriminatory remarks may serve

as evidence of pretext because they indicate the presence of animus toward a protected group.”). 

Further, the statement was made in the same conversation in which Baers allegedly required

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Idemudia to interview for a personal banker position in another branch forty-five minutes away. We

disagree with the district court’s view that Baers’s act to arrange the interview necessarily supports

a finding of no pretext. Requiring Idemudia to go back to the position of a personal banker after

being promoted to branch manager is likely an adverse employment action, see Schram v. Schwan’s

Sales Enters., Inc., 124 F. App’x 380, 385–86 (6th Cir. 2005) (unpublished decision), and is

discriminatory if the demotion was because of Idemudia’s race. The district court’s view that Baers

was “trying to save a position for him at the bank” is one inference that could be drawn from the

facts, R.66 (Hr’g Tr. at 52), but, in the light most favorable to Idemudia, the inference could be

drawn that Baers was trying to demote Idemudia. Idemudia also presented evidence that Dean- 6

Lyons, the employee whom he recommended for termination, had made racially motivated remarks

to him. See Risch, 581 F.3d at 393 (“We have held that discriminatory remarks, even by a

nondecisionmaker, can serve as probative evidence of pretext.”).

At oral argument, counsel for Defendants argued that, under the “same-actor” principle, the 6

fact that Baers did not follow Philpot’s recommendation to terminate Idemudia after the May 16

incident creates a strong presumption that Baers was not discriminating against Idemudia two

months later when terminating him. See Wexler, 317 F.3d at 572 (“[T]he same-actor inference . . .

allows one to infer a lack of discrimination from the fact that the same individual both hired and

fired the employee.” (internal quotation marks omitted)). Even assuming that the same-actor

principle would be applicable here, we have held that the same-actor inference “is insufficient to

warrant summary judgment for the defendant if the employee has otherwise raised a genuine issue

of material fact.” Id. at 573–74 (en banc). Defendants also highlight the fact that Baers received

approval for Idemudia’s termination from Dubeau’s boss Tony Glover who is an African American;

however, the Supreme Court has “rejected any conclusive presumption that an employer will not

discriminate against members of his own race.” Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Servs., Inc., 523 U.S.

75, 78 (1998); accord Wexler, 317 F.3d at 574.

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We nevertheless conclude that Idemudia has not presented circumstantial evidence of pretext

that, when considered with the evidence supporting his prima facie case, would allow the trier of fact

to infer intentional discrimination. We recognize at the outset that decisions made on the basis of

subjective criteria, such as whether an employee is an effective manager, can “‘provide a ready

mechanism for discrimination,’” and thus such decisions are “‘carefully scrutinized.’” Scott v.

Eastman Chem. Co., 275 F. App’x 466, 476 (6th Cir. 2008) (unpublished decision) (quoting Rowe

v. Cleveland Pneumatic Co., Numerical Control, Inc., 690 F.2d 88, 93 (6th Cir. 1982)). Moreover,

Defendants’ “business judgment” regarding Idemudia’s abilityto manage “is not an absolute defense

to unlawful discrimination.” Wexler, 317 F.3d at 576. “[T]he reasonableness of [the] decision may

be considered to the extent that such an inquiry sheds light on whether the employer’s proffered

reason for the employment action was its actual motivation.” Id. However, Defendants supported

their more general, subjective explanation with specific examples of management tasks that 7

Idemudia was told to complete but did not. Defendants state that Idemudia was asked to modify his

staffschedule, complete certain online training courses, and develop branch actions planswithBaers.

Of the five general reasons stated on Idemudia’s Recommendation for Termination, 7

Idemudia does present evidence that he followed correct policy and procedure with respect to

recommending the termination of Lyons-Dean. In his deposition, Baers responded “Yes” when

asked, “How many policies and procedures does Chase have? Did I not follow all of them?” R.49

Ex. 24 (Baers Dep. at 72). When a defendant presents multiple legitimate, nondiscriminatory

reasons for the employment action, however, the plaintiff must demonstrate that each independently

sufficient reason is a pretext for illegal discrimination. Smith v. Chrysler Corp., 155 F.3d 799, 806

(6th Cir. 1998).

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Idemudia has not demonstrated a genuine issue of material fact with respect to the credibility of

Defendants’ reliance on these unperformed management tasks.

With respect to scheduling, Idemudia points to the statement of a Chase investigatorinvolved

in the May 16 incident that Gries “will not be a closer going forward,” R.52 Ex. 34 (Email from

Diane Koltunchik at 2), as evidence regarding the reasonableness of Baers’s criticism of Idemudia’s

scheduling. But the record shows that whether Gries should be scheduled to close was not the only

scheduling problem. The June 7 written warning stated that Idemudia was expected to “[r]eview

staff scheduling with [Baers] and make/communicate changes to [the branch] team” and that

“[c]hanges should be responsive to business needs and ensure equity.” R.52 Ex. 25 (Written

Warning at 2). Ketterer also provided Idemudia with instruction on scheduling. R.49 Ex.12 (Branch

Visit Report at 2). Idemudia, however, continued to utilize a fixed time schedule despite

Defendants’ request that he not. With respect to the online training that Idemudia did not complete,8

he argues that it was not mandatory in the sense that Baers did not tell him that he would be

terminated unless he completed it. But Idemudia does not dispute that Baers told him to complete

the training. Additionally, Ketterer’s report indicates that Idemudia “committed that he [would]take

[certain listed] on-line courses” and lists additional courses that Ketterer noted she “would

recommend” that he take. R.49 Ex.12 (Branch Visit Report at 3). Idemudia did not complete the

training and testified that the training “was a nuisance” and that “[i]t is like having a fly buzzing by

Idemudia also admitted that he lied to Baers about whether he completed the training on the 8

day that Baers terminated him. Defendants, however, do not rely on the fact that Idemudia lied as

a reason for terminating him.

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your ear, you have to swat the fly off and say just leave me alone.” R.49 Ex. 25 (July 21, 2009

Idemudia Dep. at 108).

Idemudia argues that he did not have time to schedule and to complete the training, and that

these expectations were unreasonable given that he did not have a full-time ABM. Idemudia

dismisses the fact that Baers sent him an ABM from another branch to help out, alleging that the

ABM came in whenever she wanted and she did not report to him. Yet, Idemudia also stated that

he did not take the time to speak with Baers about the ABM that he saw on his time sheets because

he “needed a hundred percent focus on [his sales] numbers” and he “couldn’t afford to be

distracted.” R.49 Ex. 25 (July 21, 2009 Idemudia Dep. at 214–16).

With respect to the branch action plans, the June 7 written warning states that Idemudia was

expected to, with Baers, “develop a branch action plan that provides specific expectations for

coaching the staff on [certain sales] behaviors.” R.52 Ex. 25 (Written Warning at 2). Idemudia

admits that when Baers visited the branch on July 3, 2007, and showed Idemudia examples of other

branch action plans, Idemudia laughed at them and said they were “ridiculous.” R.49 Ex.14 (Baers

documentation at 4); R.25 (July 21, 2009 Idemudia Dep. at 199). Idemudia also stated,

[Baers] was trying to do some action plan. . . . [H]e showed me his action plan but

based on the results of my branch, he should be looking at my action plan and saying,

how do you do this, but meanwhile he’s showing me all this other stuff and I’m

going, those branches you’re showing me didn’t make the goal, I blew them away. 

The goal—Imade a hundred forty-one percent of the goal and yet you’re showing me

all these branches that two campaigns in a row did not make it, yet you want me to

change my style of management to their style when they should be changing their

style to mine. I didn’t understand why he – So that’s why I said, this guy is just not

being fair. I mean, my branch is producing numbers, my branch is clean and yet he’s

forcing me to manage the way other branch managers manage.

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R.49 Ex. 23 (July 2, 2009 Idemudia Dep. at 103–04).

Idemudia argues that Baers created these tasks for him and no other branch managers. 

Idemudia specifically points to the online training as something that Baers did not require of other

branch managers. He also argues that, although Chase advises district managers to “use the

numbers” to help branch managers build action plans, Baers admits that he did not “use the

numbers” to help Idemudia. R.49 Ex. 24 (Baers Dep. at 80). Even assuming that Baers treated

Idemudia different than other branch managers with respect to scheduling, training, and building

action plans, Idemudia has not demonstrated that the other branch managers were also having

9

similar or other problems in their branches. Idemudia has provided no evidence that other branch

managers received similar feedback from Chase audits or branch visits or were experiencing similar

problems, and yet were not requested to modify their schedule, take online training, or work with

Baers to develop a different action plan. The evidence regarding the tasks that Idemudia was asked

to complete does not suggest that Defendants’ requests were pretexts for discrimination.

As noted above, Defendants do not dispute that Idemudia’s branch was highly successful in

its sales production. R.49 Ex. 24 (Baers Dep. at 44–47, 58). However, Defendants produced

evidence to support their explanation that they asked Idemudia to perform certain management tasks

that he did not complete. We do not believe that the evidence in the record, with the inferences

drawn in favor of Idemudia, calls into question Defendants’ requests of Idemudia or their subsequent

Baers testified, and Idemudia does not dispute, that the training was recommended byTinay 9

and Ketterer. R.49 Ex. 24 (Baers Dep. at 77). Ketterer also instructed Idemudia on scheduling. 

R.49 Ex.12 (Branch Visit Report at 2).

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decision to terminate Idemudia for failing to complete the tasks as pretext for intentional

discrimination.

C. Rule 38 Request

Finally, Defendants argue in their brief that Idemudia’s discrimination claim is so lacking in

factual and legal bases that we should find his appeal “frivolous” and should provide Defendants the

opportunity to recover damages and costs pursuant to Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 38. 

Because Defendants’ request was “not made in a separately filed motion as Rule 38 requires,” we

deny the request. K & T Enters., Inc., 97 F.3d 171, 181 (6th Cir. 1996); accord Anderson v.

Williamson, 100 F.3d 956, 1996 WL 640464, at *3 (6th Cir. 1996) (unpublished table decision);

Clark v. Cent. Cartage Co., 73 F.3d 361, 1995 WL 758459, at *3 (6th Cir. 1995) (unpublished table

decision). We observe, however, that Idemudia’s appeal was not frivolous.

IV. CONCLUSION

Because Idemudia has not presented evidence sufficient to raise a genuine issue of material

fact as to whether Defendants’ reasons for terminating him were pretext for discrimination, we

AFFIRM the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Defendants on all claims.

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