Vacate and Dismiss in part; Affirm in part and Opinion Filed January 2, 2024

In The

Court of Appeals

Fifth District of Texas at Dallas

No. 05-22-00198-CV

ELDORADO HOMEOWNERS’ ASSOCIATION, INC., Appellant

V.

R. MICHAEL CLOUGH, J. MICHELLE CLOUGH, 

ADAM FLIERL, NICOLE FLIERL, BILLY FOWLER, SUSAN FOWLER, 

JACK HOLMES, JACQUI HOLMES, DOUG MONTGOMERY, BECKY 

MONTGOMERY, RON POWELL, AND CAROL POWELL, Appellees

On Appeal from the 199th Judicial District Court

Collin County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. 199-03049-2020

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Before Chief Justice Burns, Justice Molberg, and Justice Reichek

Opinion by Justice Molberg

I. SUMMARY

The Eldorado Homeowners’ Association, Inc. (Eldorado) appeals a final 

judgment on claims brought against Eldorado by appellees, who own properties 

subject to an “Amended and Restated Declaration of Covenants and Restrictions of 

the Village of Eldorado, McKinney, Texas” (Declaration). The parties’ core dispute

is a retaining wall—specifically, the Declaration’s effect on the parties’ respective 

rights and responsibilities, if any, regarding the wall’s repair and maintenance. 
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The parties agree a portion of the wall is on the City of McKinney’s right-ofway. The wall is pictured below:

In June 2020, appellees sued Eldorado, asserting a breach of contract claim 

alleging Eldorado breached the Declaration and asserting a claim for declaratory 

judgment regarding the parties’ rights and responsibilities regarding the wall. 

Appellees named the City of McKinney as a necessary party in the suit.1 Eldorado 

and the City appeared and answered. Eldorado’s answer included a general denial 

and affirmative defenses not at issue here. Generally, appellees maintain the 

Declaration requires Eldorado to repair and maintain the wall, while Eldorado 

maintains the Declaration places that burden on appellees. 

 

1 The City appeared in the trial court and is named as a necessary party in appellees’ pleadings and the 

final judgment. On appeal, the City has made no appearance, and the parties have not raised any issue 

regarding the City; thus, we need not decide any issue regarding the City’s rights or responsibilities, if any. 

Unless otherwise indicated, our references to “the parties” refer to Eldorado and appellees. 
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In March 2021, appellees filed a traditional motion for summary judgment on 

their declaratory judgment claims and on the liability portion of their breach of 

contract claims.2 Eldorado opposed the motion. The trial court granted it. The 

summary judgment order stated appellees are entitled to “judgment on liability of 

their breach of contract cause of action” and “judgment on their declaratory 

judgment cause of action” against Eldorado and stated appellees’ “amount of 

damages and attorneys’ fees will be determined at time of trial.” The order also 

awarded appellees the declaratory relief requested in appellees’ pleadings and 

summary judgment motion. That declaratory relief was later incorporated into the 

final judgment and is described below.

After the summary judgment ruling, the parties and the City filed a joint 

motion for entry of final judgment and a proposed final judgment. The joint motion 

reflected that Eldorado intended to appeal the summary judgment ruling and

included certain stipulations regarding appellees’ damages and attorneys’ fees.

3

 

2 Appellees did not address the issue of damages or attorneys’ fees in their summary judgment motion. 

3 The Joint Motion stated, in part:

Plaintiffs and Eldorado have stipulated and agreed to, if Plaintiffs are entitled to them, the 

dollar amount of Plaintiffs’ damages, dollar amount of Plaintiffs’ trial court attorneys’ fees, 

and dollar amount of Plaintiffs’ contingent appellate court attorneys’ fees as set forth in the 

proposed final judgment, attached hereto as Exhibit A and incorporated by reference as if 

set forth fully herein, are fair and reasonable.

Eldorado agrees only as to the form of judgment but disagrees with the content of the 

judgment as to liability, and, therefore, disagrees with the contents of the judgment as to

any finding, explicit or implied, that Plaintiffs are entitled to an award of damages or 

attorneys’ fees. Eldorado agrees only that, if the trial court’s finding of liability is upheld 

on appeal and Plaintiffs are entitled to the award of damages and attorneys’ fees, the 

amounts as set forth in the judgment are fair and reasonable. Eldorado specifically and 
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Ultimately, and consistent with the proposed judgment’s language, the trial 

court signed a final judgment that incorporated the earlier summary judgment ruling;

awarded appellees certain amounts for attorneys’ fees, post-judgment interest, and 

court costs; awarded appellees Doug and Becky Montgomery fifty dollars in 

damages on their breach of contract claim; and awarded appellees’ requested 

declaratory relief, declaring: 

(1) Eldorado is solely responsible for maintaining, repairing and or 

replacing the retaining wall at issue, including all costs associated 

therewith;

(2) [Appellees] are not responsible for maintaining, repairing, or 

replacing the retaining wall at issue;

(3) [Appellees] have not committed any violation of the [Declaration] 

in connection with maintaining, repairing, and or replacing the 

retaining wall at issue;

(4) [Eldorado] may not assess a monetary fine to [appellees] for alleged 

violations of the [Declaration] in connection with maintaining, 

repairing and or replacing the retaining wall at issue; and

(5) [Eldorado] may not allocate the retaining wall at issue to [appellees] 

and may not have the same recorded in the Collin County deed 

records.[4]

On appeal, Eldorado presents two issues, arguing the trial court erred in (1) 

granting summary judgment on appellees’ declaratory judgment and breach of 

contract claims and (2) awarding interest, court costs, and attorneys’ fees to 

 

explicitly reserves its right to appeal the judgment as to liability and Plaintiffs’ entitlement 

to any actual damages and attorneys’ fees.

4 We later refer to these by number, referring in Section III.A.5.a. to the trial court’s declarations one 

through four and in Section III.A.5.b. to the trial court’s fifth declaration.
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appellees. For the reasons explained below, we sustain Eldorado’s first issue only 

as to the trial court’s fifth declaration; overrule Eldorado’s two issues in all other 

respects; vacate the trial court’s fifth declaration and dismiss that portion of 

Eldorado’s appeal; and otherwise affirm the trial court’s judgment.

II. ADDITIONAL BACKGROUND

A. Appellees’ Pleadings

In their pleadings, appellees alleged, as to their declaratory judgment claim, 

that the Declaration “and the rights and obligations of the parties thereto are subject 

to the Texas Declaratory Judgment Act” and that they seek “a declaration of their 

rights under Texas law” “as homeowners who have received notices of violations of 

the [Declaration].” Appellees sought five declarations in their pleadings, including 

the four we examine in Section III.A.5.a. and the fifth declaration we examine in 

Section III.A.5.b. In the breach of contract portion of their pleadings, appellees 

alleged “Eldorado has treated and continues to treat the retaining wall at issue as [a] 

“common area[,]” that “Eldorado’s refusal and failure to maintain, repair, and/or 

replace both the Common Area and the retaining wall itself is a breach of Eldorado’s 

legal obligation under the [Declaration,]” and “the conduct of Eldorado . . . has 

caused damages to the Montgomerys in the amount of $50.00[.]” No damages were 

alleged to have been suffered by any other appellees.
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B. Parties’ Summary Judgment Filings in the Trial Court

In their motion, appellees argued summary judgment was proper on their 

declaratory judgment claims and on the liability portion5 of their breach of contract 

claims because the evidence conclusively established there were no genuine issues 

of material fact and they were entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Relying on 

Articles 4.1 and 4.3 of the Declaration, appellees argued Eldorado was responsible 

for the maintenance and repair of the wall because it is a “common area” as defined 

in the Declaration. Additionally, appellees argued that, with respect to the 

Montgomerys, Eldorado has the responsibility “to maintain the pathway and/or 

property” and the right “to do such things as are necessary to keep the pathway

and/or property in good repair” because of an easement on the Montgomery’s 

property. Also with respect to the Montgomerys, appellees argued Eldorado had no 

legal basis upon which to assess the fifty dollar fine Eldorado assessed against them. 

Appellees submitted fourteen exhibits as summary judgment evidence.6 

Eldorado objected to some of this evidence but made no objections to several of 

appellees’ exhibits, including, but not limited to: 

 Exhibit A (the Declaration)

 Exhibit C (Eldorado’s responses to requests for admissions), 

 

5 Appellees’ motion stated that they “reserve the right to prove the amount of their damages and 

attorney’s fees at a later date and/or at the time of trial.”

6 The bulleted lists in this paragraph list ten of appellees’ fourteen summary judgment exhibits. Not 

listed are the other four exhibits, which consisted of Exhibits B, E, and G, to which Eldorado objected, and 

Exhibit H, to which Eldorado did not object. Because we have not considered Exhibits B, E, and G in 

reaching our conclusion on Eldorado’s first issue, we have not further described them here. We also do not 

describe Exhibit H except to note that it contains Eldorado’s March 10, 2020 letter we discuss below.
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 Exhibit D (Eldorado’s responses to requests for production), 

 Exhibit F (Eldorado letter dated Nov. 15, 2007; two bids to Eldorado 

dated Oct. 29, 2007; two Nov. 6, 2006 photographs of a retaining wall)

Appellees also submitted affidavits and attachments from six appellees: 

 Exhibit I (Douglas Montgomery affidavit with attachments)

 Exhibit J (Billy Fowler affidavit and attachments

 Exhibit K (Jack Holmes affidavit with attachments),

 Exhibit L (Ron Powell affidavit with attachments),

 Exhibit M (Adam Flierl affidavit with attachments), and

 Exhibit N (R. Michael Clough affidavit with attachments).

While Eldorado made some general assertions about appellees’ affidavits and 

attachments, Eldorado’s only specific objections about such items concerned exhibit 

I-3 (exhibit 3 to Douglas Montgomery’s affidavit), unspecified exhibits Eldorado 

described as “letters written by various Plaintiffs attached to their affidavits,” and a 

portion of Billy Fowler’s affidavit.7 Although certain differences exist in the text of 

the affidavits, the affidavits of appellees share some common traits. Each state:

 

7 As to appellees’ affidavits and attachments, Eldorado’s summary judgment response stated as follows: 

[Eldorado] objects to unauthenticated and hearsay documents attached to the affidavits

attached to [appellees’] Motion. Specifically including Exhibit 3, to Doug Montgomery’s 

affidavit which appears to be random screen shots [which] do not show who is taking them, 

who provided the information . . . , if they are an accurate copy, whose account they are

for, etc. This is hearsay and hearsay within hearsay. These objections also pertain to letters

written by various [appellees] attached to their affidavits, which constitute hearsay.

Defendant objects to the conclusory statements provided in the affidavits such as Mr. Billy

Fowler’s statement “I am also aware that Eldorado planted screening foliage around the 

retaining wall as well as vines located on or around the wall.” This is a conclusory 

statement without any context of how [Fowler] has personal knowledge as to this 

statement. It is also not relevant to the issues before the Court.

In deciding Eldorado’s first issue, we have not considered Exhibit I-3 (Exhibit 3 to Doug Montgomery’s 

affidavit), letters written by various appellees attached to their affidavits, or the portion of appellee Fowler’s 

affidavit quoted above.
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 affiant is over twenty-one years of age, is competent to make the 

affidavit, is not disqualified by law from making it, and has personal 

knowledge of the facts therein, which are true and correct;

 affiant and the other appellee with the same surname are plaintiffs in 

this lawsuit; are the owners of a particular residence on Augusta Drive 

in McKinney, Texas; and are members of the Village of Eldorado 

community (the “Community”);8and

 Eldorado is “the homeowners’ association that controls and governs the 

Community.

Additionally, three of the affidavits include various attachments that state:

 On certain dates, Eldorado sent certain letters to affiant stating Eldorado 

observed certain “violation(s) at the property[,]” namely, the “[r]ear 

retaining wall facing Country Club needs to be repaired” and that such 

“condition, use or activity is not in conformance” with “Article 11, 

Section 11.2.1 which states all [or] in part, ‘Each owner, at the owner’s 

expense, must maintain all improvements on the lot including but not 

limited to the dwelling, fences, sidewalks and driveways.’”

Some of the affidavits contain additional information as well. For example:

 Appellee Billy Fowler’s and appellee Jack Holmes’ affidavits each 

state that on certain dates, Eldorado sent him a letter demanding that he 

make repairs to the retaining wall at his expense, which he disputed, 

and that attached to his affidavit was a true and correct copy of the 

letter. The letters, which are in the record, are addressed to affiant and 

other appellees with the same surname “regarding the repair or 

replacement work that is needed to [the] retaining wall that faces 

Country Club,” list addresses for the six homes “affected by the wall,”9

and state, 

[Eldorado] maintains the landscaping between the wall 

and street but the owners are responsible for maintaining 

 

8 For the Flierl and Clough appellees, a similar statement is provided, except that the affidavits state 

that the same-named appellees are trustees of a particular trust that owns the residence.

9 The addresses are all on Augusta Drive in McKinney, Texas and contain numbers 2105, 2109, 2111, 

2113, 2115, and 2117, the same addresses listed in appellees’ affidavits. 
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the fences and retaining walls at the rear of your property. 

[Eldorado] did repair the wall in 2007 but also notified the 

owners that own the lots along this retaining wall in 

November of 2007 that [Eldorado] would not be 

responsible to fix, repair or replace the wall in the future.”

 Appellee Billy Fowler and appellee Jack Holmes also assert, “I do not 

have direct access to the retaining wall from my Property. Also, every 

member of the Community has the same access to the retaining wall 

that I have.”

 Appellee Billy Fowler’s affidavit asserts Eldorado sent him a March 

10, 2020 letter, a true and correct copy of which was attached to his 

affidavit, in which Eldorado stated, “[O]ur intent is to formally allocate 

the affected area to each lot owner and to further have the same 

recorded in the county deed records.’” 

 Appellee Douglas Montgomery’s affidavit also stated, “Unbeknownst 

to me . . . Eldorado had already assessed and charged my homeowner 

association membership account a $50.00 fine” and that he 

“unknowingly paid the $50.00 fine as Eldorado included the fine in the 

annual fee assessment charged to my homeowner association 

membership account in January 2020.” 

In Eldorado’s summary judgment response, Eldorado argued it did not breach 

any contract with appellees and appellees were not entitled to declaratory judgment. 

Eldorado made alternative arguments regarding the Declaration’s ambiguity10 but 

primarily argued that the Declaration is not ambiguous; Eldorado did not breach the 

Declaration; appellees are responsible for the wall; and Eldorado’s actions were 

justified under the Declaration. As support for its arguments, Eldorado cited Articles 

1.11, 10.2.2, 10.3., 11.1, 11.2, and 11.22 and presented evidence consisting of an 

 

10 Eldorado argued the Declaration is not ambiguous but stated that if it were determined to be 

ambiguous, the court ought to then consider parol evidence submitted in its exhibit A-3, which consisted 

of a November 15, 2006 letter and attachment from the City.
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unsworn declaration from Rose Hill, the previous property manager for Eldorado 

and current Association Manager for a company identified as Eldorado’s current 

property management company. Ms. Hill’s unsworn declaration, which was made 

under penalty of perjury, stated she is an authorized records custodian for Eldorado. 

Attached to Ms. Hill’s unsworn declaration are five attachments, which she 

described as exact duplicates of the originals of emails between herself and 

appellees, certain letters dated in the years 2006 or 2007, and the Declaration, and 

which she described in terms consistent with the business records exception to the 

hearsay rule.11 

C. Declaration’s Terms 

The Declaration, which both parties rely on, is a forty-page document with a 

table of contents, a preamble, sixteen articles, and three exhibits. Below, we include 

the text of the articles to or upon which the parties referred or relied in the trial court 

or in this Court:

ARTICLE 1 - DEFINITIONS

. . . .

1.7. “Common Area” means portions of real property and improvements thereon that are owned 

and/or maintained by the Association, as described in Article 4 below. Portions of the common area 

may be allocated to certain lots as limited common area.

. . . .

1.11. “Lot” means a portion of the Property intended for independent ownership, on which there 

is or will be constructed a dwelling, as shown on the Plat. As a defined term, “lot” does not refer to 

common areas, even if platted and numbered as a lot. Where the context indicates or requires, “lot”

includes all improvements thereon and any portion of a right-of-way that customarily is used 

exclusively by and in connection with the lot.

 

11 See TEX. R. EVID. 803(6).
–11–

. . . .

ARTICLE 4 - COMMON AREA

4.1. OWNERSHIP. The designation of real property as a common area is determined by the 

plats, by the ownership of the property in those instances where the Association is the owner, and 

by this [Declaration]. The original Developer may have installed, constructed, or authorized certain 

improvements on common areas in connection with the initial development of the Village of 

Eldorado where the cost thereof was not a common expense of the Association. Thereafter, all costs 

attributable to common areas, including maintenance, property taxes, insurance, and enhancements, 

have been automatically the responsibility of the Association, regardless of the nature of title to the 

common areas, unless: (a) the improvements are located on land not owned by the Association 

(excepting the islands in the public streets) or subject to a specific recorded easement in favor of the 

Association; or (b) this Declaration elsewhere provides for a different allocation for a specific 

common area.

. . . .

4.3. COMPONENTS. The common area of the Village of Eldorado consists of the following 

components on or adjacent to the Property, even if located on a lot or a public right-of-way:

a. All of the Property, save and except the house Lots.

b. The land described in Exhibit A as common area and all improvements thereon.

c. Any area shown on the plats as common area or an area to be maintained by the 

Association.

d. The formal entrances to the Village of Eldorado, including (if any) the signage, 

landscaping, electrical and water installations, planter boxes and fencing on both sides of 

the junctions of Eldorado Parkway and Country Club Drive, and U.S. Route 75 and 

Country Club Drive.

e. The continuous screening walls and streetscape along Forest Hills at Forest Court and 

along Country Club Drive at Club Oaks Court.

f. The grounds between the country club property (Golf Course Hole #11) and Country 

Club Drive and between the country club property (Hole #11) and U.S. Route 75.

g. The grounds between the country club property (Golf Course Holes 12, 15 and 16) 

between and on both sides of the lakes and the platted lots.

h. The grounds under and adjacent to the three largest lakes and the dams creating those 

lakes; provided, however, that the Country Club also owns some of this land.

i. Landscaping on islands on Augusta, Brookside Lane, Clublake Trail, Club Oaks Court, 

Colonial Circle, Country Club Drive, Fairway Ridge, Forest Court, Forest Creek, Forest 

Hills, Hillcrest Court, Hogans Hill, Lakeshore Court, Lakeside Drive, Roundrock, St. 

Andrews, and Wind Ridge to the extent they are not maintained by the city.

j. Any modification, replacement, or addition to any of the above-described areas and 

improvements.

k. Personal property owned by the Association, such as books and records, office 

equipment, supplies, signs and holiday decorations.

4.4 LIMITED COMMON AREA. If it is in the best interest of [Eldorado], a portion of the common 

area may be . . . allocated to one or more lots for their sole and exclusive use, as a limited common 
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area, whether or not the area is so designated on the plat. Inherent in the limiting of a common area, 

maintenance of the limited common area becomes the responsibility of the lot owner, rather than 

[Eldorado]. For examples: a common area that is difficult to access and maintain except via the 

adjoining house lot or a common area that benefits and is used by, or benefits, only one or two lot 

owners might be a [candidate] for limited common areas.

. . . .

ARTICLE 6 – CONSTRUCTION AND USE RESTRICTIONS

. . . .

6.12. FENCES. This Section is subject to the Architectural Reviewer’s right to adopt additional or 

different specifications for construction or reconstruction of fences. The height of fences must be 

between 4 feet and 6 feet 8 inches. Fences must be made of iron, masonry, wood, or other 

Architectural Reviewer-approved material. Any portion of a fence that faces a street, alley, or 

common area must have a “finished side” appearance. Fences in the rear or side . . . of golf course 

lots must be of iron, must extend from the golf course side of the lot to the rear or closest side of the 

home so as to not block or interfere with a neighbor’s view of the golf course, and must be of a style 

consistent with those of neighboring homes. Retaining walls must be constructed entirely with 

Architectural Reviewer-approved materials, however railroad ties may not be used to replace any 

existing wall or erect any new wall. Fences may not be constructed between a dwelling’s front 

building line and the street. The use of barbed wire and chain link fencing is prohibited. The use or 

application of a stain that cures in a solid color or paint is prohibited. 

Wood fences may be left in their natural state. No wood fence may be stained to alter the fence color 

from a natural wood color. Without prior approval of the Architectural Reviewer, clear sealants may 

be applied.

. . . .

ARTICLE 10 - ENFORCING THE DOCUMENTS

. . . .

10.2.2. Fine. The Association may levy reasonable charges, as an individual assessment, against an 

owner and his lot if the owner or resident, or the owner or resident’s family, guests, employees, 

agents, or contractors violate a provision of the Governing Documents. Fines may be levied for each 

act of violation or for each day a violation continues, and does not constitute a waiver or discharge 

of the owner’s obligations under the Governing Documents.

. . . .

10.5 RECOVERY OF COSTS. The costs of curing or abating a violation are at the expense of the 

owner or other person responsible for the violation. If legal assistance is obtained to enforce any 

provision of the Governing Documents,

[12] or in any legal proceeding (whether or not suit is brought) 

for damages or for the enforcement of the Governing Documents or the restraint of violations of the 

Governing Documents, the prevailing party is entitled to recover from the non-prevailing party all 

reasonable and necessary costs incurred by it in such action, including reasonable attorneys’ fees.

 

12 Article 1.10 lists the Declaration within its definition of “Governing Documents.” 
–13–

ARTICLE 11 - MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR OBLIGATIONS

11.1. ASSOCIATION MAINTAINS. The Association’s maintenance obligations will be discharged 

when and how the board deems appropriate. The Association maintains, repairs, and replaces, as a 

common expense, the portions of the Property listed below, regardless of whether the portions are 

on lots or common areas.

a. The common areas.

b. Any real and personal property owned by the Association but which is not a common 

area, such as a house lot owned by the Association.

c. Any property adjacent to the Village of Eldorado if maintenance of same is deemed to 

be in the best interests of the Association, and if not prohibited by the owner or operator of 

said property.

d. Any area, item, easement, or service - the maintenance of which is assigned to the 

Association by this, or any previous, Declaration or Amended or Restated Declaration or 

by plat.

11.2. OWNER RESPONSIBILITY. Every owner has the following responsibilities and obligations 

for the maintenance, repair, and replacement of the Property, subject to the architectural control 

requirements of Article 5 and the use restrictions of Article 6.

. . . .

11.2.2. Yard Maintenance. Each owner, at the owner’s expense, must maintain the yards on his lot 

at a level, to a standard, and with an appearance that is commensurate with the neighborhood. 

“Yards” means all parts of the lot other than the dwelling, including fenced and unfenced portions 

of the lot and also include any land or parkways between the boundary of the platted lot and: (a) the 

curb of any adjacent paved street immediately in front of, to the side of, or to the rear of the platted 

lot; or (b) the land or parkways between the platted lot and any of the lakes or the golf course that 

is not maintained by either the Association or the Country Club.

Specifically, each owner must:

a. Maintain an attractive ground cover or lawn on all yards visible from a street, common 

areas or the golf course.

b. Edge the street curbs and all sidewalks at regular intervals.

c. Mow the lawns and grounds at regular intervals.

d. Prevent lawn weeds or grass from exceeding 6 inches in height

e. Not plant vegetable gardens that are visible from a street

f. Maintain an attractive appearance for shrubs and trees visible from a street, common 

areas or the golf course.

g. Replace plant material, as needed, to maintain the minimum landscaping requirements 

in the “Blue Book” as it is amended from time to time.
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III. ISSUES AND ANALYSIS

A. Summary Judgment

1. Summary of Eldorado’s Arguments on Appeal

In its first issue, Eldorado argues the trial court erred in granting summary 

judgment on appellees’ declaratory judgment and breach of contract claims because:

1.a. [Appellees]—not [Eldorado]—are responsible for maintaining 

and repairing the retaining wall at the rear of their property under the 

unambiguous provisions of the Declaration.

1.b. [Appellees] failed to maintain or repair the retaining wall in 

violation of the restrictive covenants and [Eldorado] was entitled to 

exercise its rights to remedy violations, including sending violation 

notices and imposing fines.

1.c. Declaratory judgment [number five] directly conflicts with 

section 4.4 of the Declaration which gives [Eldorado] discretion to 

allocate limited common areas if in the best interest of the Association.

1.d. [Eldorado’s] Declaration is not ambiguous, and the trial court 

erred in considering [Appellees’] extrinsic evidence.

1.e. In the alternative, if this Court finds that the Declaration is 

ambiguous, the trial court’s granting of summary judgment was 

improper.

Eldorado’s five reasons cover three main topics: (1) the Declaration’s 

ambiguity, if any, (2) appellee’s summary judgment evidence, and (3) the propriety 

of summary judgment. We address these topics after first outlining applicable 

review standards.

2. Review Standards

“We review summary judgments de novo, taking as true all evidence 

favorable to the nonmovant, and indulging every reasonable inference and resolving 
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any doubts in the nonmovant’s favor.” Energen Res. Corp. v. Wallace, 642 S.W.3d 

502, 509 (Tex. 2022). This includes declaratory judgments granted by summary 

judgment. See Kachina Pipeline Co. v. Lillis, 471 S.W.3d 445, 449 (Tex. 2015) (“A 

declaratory judgment granted on a traditional motion for summary judgment is 

reviewed de novo.”); see also Aery v. Hoskins, Inc., 493 S.W.3d 684, 690–91 (Tex. 

App.—San Antonio 2016, pet. denied) (“A declaratory judgment rendered by 

summary judgment is reviewed under the same standards that govern summary 

judgments generally.”).

A traditional motion for summary judgment requires the moving party to show 

that no genuine issue of material fact exists and that it is entitled to judgment as a 

matter of law. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); Ortiz v. State Farm Lloyds, 589 S.W.3d 127, 

131 (Tex. 2019); Lujan v. Navistar, Inc., 555 S.W.3d 79, 84 (Tex. 2018). If the 

movant does so, the burden then shifts to the nonmovant to come forward with 

competent controverting evidence sufficient to raise a genuine issue of material fact. 

Lujan, 555 S.W.3d at 84. “A genuine issue of material fact exists if the evidence 

‘rises to a level that would enable reasonable and fair-minded people to differ in their 

conclusions.’” First United Pentecostal Church of Beaumont v. Parker, 514 S.W.3d 

214, 220 (Tex. 2017) (quoting Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc. v. Havner, 953 S.W.2d 

706, 711 (Tex. 1997)). 

The meaning of an unambiguous contract is a question of law we review de 

novo. URI, Inc. v. Kleberg Cnty., 543 S.W.3d 755, 763 (Tex. 2018). Whether a 
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contract is ambiguous is a question of law for the court. Tarr v. Timberwood Park 

Owners Ass’n, Inc., 556 S.W.3d 274, 280 (Tex. 2018); Heritage Res., Inc. v. 

NationsBank, 939 S.W.2d 118, 121 (Tex. 1996). 

“Our primary concern when interpreting a contract is to ascertain and give 

effect to the parties’ intent as that intent is expressed in the contract.” Seagull Energy 

E & P, Inc. v. Eland Energy, Inc., 207 S.W.3d 342, 345 (Tex. 2006). “To discern 

this intent, we ‘examine and consider the entire writing in an effort to harmonize and 

give effect to all the provisions of the contract so that none will be rendered 

meaningless. No single provision taken alone will be given controlling effect; rather, 

all the provisions must be considered with reference to the whole instrument.’” Id. 

(quoting Coker v. Coker, 650 S.W.2d 391, 393 (Tex. 1983) (emphasis in original)). 

“Like all other considerations beyond the contract’s language and structure, 

parties’ ‘disagreement’ about their intent is irrelevant to whether that text is 

ambiguous.” U.S. Polyco, Inc. v. Tex. Cent. Bus. Lines Corp., No. 22-0901, 2023 

WL 7238791, at *1 (Tex. Nov. 3, 2023).13 Ambiguity does not exist simply because 

the parties offer competing theories about how to read the contract’s text. See id.; 

see also Seagull Energy E & P, 207 S.W.3d at 345 (“[A] contract is not ambiguous 

merely because the parties disagree on its meaning.”). But if multiple interpretations 

do exist and a court cannot choose among them, the text is ambiguous, and there is 

 

13 As the Court recognized, “Parties who find themselves in a business dispute can always claim an 

extratextual ‘intent’ that would serve a current litigation position.” U.S. Polyco, 2023 WL 7238791, at *1.
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no choice but to leave the question to a jury. U.S. Polyco, 2023 WL 7238791, at *1; 

see also Seagull Energy E & P, 207 S.W.3d at 345 (“An ambiguity exists only if the 

contract language is susceptible to two or more reasonable interpretations.”). As the 

supreme court recently reiterated,

Our “primary objective” when construing private legal instruments 

. . . “is to ascertain and give effect to the parties’ intent as expressed in 

the instrument.” [URI, 543 S.W.3d at 763]. “In the usual case, the 

instrument alone will be deemed to express the intention of the parties 

for it is objective, not subjective, intent that controls.” City of Pinehurst 

v. Spooner Addition Water Co., 432 S.W.2d 515, 518 (Tex. 1968). 

Thus, when a contract is unambiguous, it will “be enforced as written 

without considering extrinsic evidence bearing on the parties’ 

subjective intent.” Devon Energy Prod. Co. v. Sheppard, 668 S.W.3d 

332, 343 (Tex. 2023).

U.S. Polyco, 2023 WL 7238791, at *3. 

Context14 is a permissible indicator of meaning, id. at *5, and “courts must 

strive to ‘harmonize and give effect to all the provisions of the contract by analyzing 

the provisions with reference to the whole agreement.’” Id. (quoting Frost Nat’l 

Bank v. L & F Distribs., Ltd., 165 S.W.3d 310, 312 (Tex. 2005)).

“The task of harmonizing contracts entails reconciling otherwise conflicting 

contractual provisions[,]” and “does not authorize courts to ensure that every 

provision comports with some grander theme or purpose, particularly when the 

parties have not said in the contract which purpose matters most or that everything 

 

14 “In its most relevant and legal sense, ‘context’ is simply the surrounding words and structure of the 

operative text[,] [not an] alternative and broader meaning of context [which] would smuggle in the many 

extratextual, extrinsic, and subjective considerations that we have long rejected in contract interpretation.” 

U.S. Polyco, 2023 WL 7238791, at *6 n.3 (citations omitted).
–18–

else in the contract should be read subject to that purpose.” U.S. Polyco, 2023 WL 

7238791, at *6.

In Tarr, 556 S.W.3d at 280, the supreme court stated,

“[R]estrictive covenants are subject to the general rules of contract 

construction.” Pilarcik v. Emmons, 966 S.W.2d 474, 478 (Tex. 1998). 

Whether a restrictive covenant is ambiguous is a question of law for the 

court to decide by looking at “the covenants as a whole in light of the 

circumstances present when the parties entered the agreement.” Id.; see 

also Coker v. Coker, 650 S.W.2d 391, 394 (Tex. 1983). “Like a 

contract, covenants are ‘unambiguous as a matter of law if [they] can 

be given a definite or certain legal meaning.” Pilarcik, 966 S.W.2d at 

478 (alteration in original) (first quoting Grain Dealers Mut. Ins. Co. v. 

McKee, 943 S.W.2d 455, 458 (Tex. 1997); and then citing Columbia 

Gas Transmission Corp. v. New Ulm Gas, Ltd., 940 S.W.2d 587, 589 

(Tex. 1996)). However, “if the covenants are susceptible to more than 

one reasonable interpretation, they are ambiguous.” Id. “Mere 

disagreement over the interpretation of a restrictive covenant does not 

render it ambiguous.” Buckner, 133 S.W.3d at 297.[15]

3. Declaration’s Ambiguity, If Any

We turn first to the topic of the Declaration’s ambiguity, if any, which 

Eldorado discusses in its arguments 1.d. and 1.e. Throughout the case, both parties 

have argued the contract is not ambiguous, but in its brief on appeal, Eldorado also 

argues, alternatively, that because patent ambiguity can be raised for the first time 

on appeal, if we conclude the Declaration is ambiguous, we must also conclude 

summary judgment was improper. Appellees dispute that the contract is ambiguous 

and correctly note that Eldorado does not point to any sections of the Declaration to 

 

15 See Buckner v. Lakes of Somerset Homeowners Ass’n, 133 S.W.3d 294, 297 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 

2004, pet. denied).
–19–

support any ambiguity and does not explain how any ambiguous language in the 

Declaration creates a fact issue. 

In light of our analysis below, we conclude the Declaration can be given a 

definite or certain legal meaning and is therefore unambiguous as a matter of law. 

See Tarr, 556 S.W.3d at 280 (“Like a contract, covenants are ‘unambiguous as a 

matter of law if [they] can be given a definite or certain legal meaning.”) (quoting 

Pilarcik, 966 S.W.2d at 478 (alteration in original)).

4. Alleged Error Regarding Evidence 

The appellate record reflects no ruling from the trial court on Eldorado’s 

objections to appellees’ summary judgment evidence. On appeal, in connection with 

its argument 1.d., Eldorado argues the trial court “impliedly overruled” its objections

by granting summary judgment and argues the trial court erred in considering what 

Eldorado refers to as appellees’ extrinsic evidence. For purposes of this appeal, we 

assume, but do not decide, that Eldorado’s complaints regarding appellees’ summary 

judgment evidence are properly before us. See TEX.R. APP. P. 33.1; FieldTurf USA, 

Inc. v. Pleasant Grove Indep. Sch. Dist., 642 S.W.3d 829, 837 (Tex. 2022) 

(reiterating applicable standards).

Under the circumstances, however, we need not consider such complaints, 

because as we have indicated, we resolve Eldorado’s first issue without considering 

the summary judgment evidence Eldorado objected to in the trial court and 

complains about on appeal. See Flores v. Chasco, Inc., No. 05-14-00531-CV, 2016 
–20–

WL 4371964, at *4 (Tex. App.—Dallas Aug. 16, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“We 

have resolved the issue of whether summary judgment . . . was proper without 

considering [an objected-to] affidavit. Because [the] summary judgment evidence 

was sufficient without [that] affidavit, we need not consider this portion of 

[appellant’s] first issue.”); Hou-Tex, Inc. v. Landmark Graphics, 26 S.W.3d 103, 112 

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, no pet.) (court does not review all 

objections to summary judgment evidence, only those with bearing on outcome)); 

see also TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1 (“The court of appeals must hand down a written 

opinion that is as brief as practicable but that addresses every issue raised and 

necessary to final disposition of the appeal.”); id. 47.4 (“If the issues are settled, the 

court should write a brief memorandum opinion no longer than necessary to advise 

the parties of the court's decision and the basic reasons for it.”).

5. Propriety of Summary Judgment 

Next, we reach the essence of Eldorado’s first issue: did the trial court err in 

granting summary judgment for appellees? We consider this in two parts: first, we 

consider any error in granting summary judgment on appellees’ request for 

declarations one through four and on the liability portion of the Montgomerys’ 

breach of contract claims; and second, we consider any error in granting summary

judgment on appellees’ request for the fifth declaration.
–21–

a. Declarations 1–4 and Liability Portion of 

Montgomerys’ Breach of Contract Claims 

We first consider whether the trial court erred in granting summary judgment 

on appellees’ request for declarations one through four and on the liability portion 

of the Montgomerys’ breach of contract claims. We conclude it did not.

“A plaintiff asserting a breach-of-contract claim must prove (1) the existence 

of a valid contract; (2) the plaintiff performed or tendered performance as the 

contract required; (3) the defendant breached the contract by failing to perform or 

tender performance as the contract required; and (4) the plaintiff sustained damages 

as a result of the breach.” USAA Tex. Lloyds Co. v. Menchaca, 545 S.W.3d 479, 501 

n.21 (Tex. 2018). “[A] declaratory judgment is appropriate only if a justiciable 

controversy exists as to the rights and status of the parties and the controversy will 

be resolved by the declaration sought.” Sw. Elec. Power Co. v. Lynch, 595 S.W.3d 

678, 685 (Tex. 2020) (quoting Bonham State Bank v. Beadle, 907 S.W.2d 465, 467 

(Tex. 1995)). “[I]n order ‘[t]o constitute a justiciable controversy, there must exist 

a real and substantial controversy involving genuine conflict of tangible interests and 

not merely a theoretical dispute.’” Id. (quoting Beadle, 907 S.W.2d at 467).

Appellees moved for traditional summary judgment on their declaratory 

judgment claims and on the liability portion of their breach of contract claims by 

arguing that the evidence conclusively established there were no genuine issues of 

material fact and they were entitled to judgment as a matter of law. While the parties 

disagree about their obligations under it, the parties agree and do not dispute that the 
–22–

Declaration constitutes a valid contract, which leaves, for present purposes, only a 

dispute regarding Eldorado’s alleged obligation to repair and maintain the wall and 

its breach of the Declaration in failing to do so. 

On appeal, the parties present the same basic arguments they presented below 

and cite many of the same Declaration terms discussed in their summary judgment 

briefing, with one exception—Article 6.12—which Eldorado cites for the first time

on appeal and which does not alter our conclusion.

16

 

At its most basic level, the parties’ central dispute is whether the retaining 

wall is a “common area” under the Declaration, with Eldorado arguing it is not, and 

appellees arguing it is. 

We agree with appellees. According to Article 4.3,

17 “[a]ll of the Property, 

save and except the house Lots[,]” constitute “[t]he common area.” The wall is not 

a “lot” because the wall is not “intended for independent ownership, on which there 

is or will be constructed a dwelling.”

18

 Moreover, the wall is a “common area” under 

 

16 The only portion of Article 6.12 having to do with retaining walls states, “Retaining walls must be 

constructed entirely with Architectural Reviewer-approved materials, however railroad ties may not be used 

to replace any existing wall or erect any new wall.”

17 Article 4.3 of the Declaration states, in part, “The common area of the Village of Eldorado consists 

of the following components on or adjacent to the Property, even if located on a lot or a public right-ofway: a. All of the Property, save and except the house Lots.”

18 Article 1.11 defines “[l]ot” as “a portion of the Property intended for independent ownership, on 

which there is or will be constructed a dwelling, as shown on the Plat” and states, “[a]s a defined term, ‘lot’ 

does not refer to common areas, even if platted and numbered as a lot. Where the context indicates or 

requires, ‘lot’ includes all improvements thereon and any portion of a right-of-way that customarily is used 

exclusively by and in connection with the lot.” 
–23–

Article 1.719 because Eldorado maintains the area upon which the wall sits.20 We 

are not persuaded by Eldorado’s reliance on Article 1.11,21 as there is no evidence 

the wall “customarily is used exclusively by and in connection with” the lot of any 

of the appellees, or by Eldorado’s reliance on Article 11.22,22 considering 

Eldorado’s admissions regarding its maintenance of the area. 

We conclude appellees met their burden under rule 166a(c) and that the trial 

court did not err in granting summary judgment on appellees’ request for 

declarations one through four and on the liability portion of the Montgomerys’ 

breach of contract claims. 

 

19 Declaration Article 1.7 defines “common area” as “portions of real property and improvements 

thereon that are owned and/or maintained by [Eldorado], as described in Article 4 below. Portions of the 

common area may be allocated to certain lots as limited common area.” The allocation process is described 

in Article 4.4, which we discuss in the next section as it relates to the trial court’s fifth declaration.

20 Eldorado admits “a portion of the Retaining Wall is located within a right-of-way that is controlled 

by McKinney” and admits that, for the area “from the south side of the Retaining wall to the curb of Country 

Club Drive[.]” Eldorado “assumed landscaping maintenance of the area[,]” “pays for the landscaping 

maintenance of the area” and “pays the water bill to McKinney for the water used in the landscaping 

maintenance of the area.”

21 Article 1.11 states, in part, “Where the context indicates or requires, ‘lot’ includes all improvements 

thereon and any portion of a right-of-way that customarily is used exclusively by and in connection with 

the lot.”

22 Article 11.22 states, in part, 

“Yard Maintenance. Each owner, at the owner’s expense, must maintain the yards on his 

lot at a level, to a standard, and with an appearance that is commensurate with the 

neighborhood. ‘Yards’ means all parts of the lot other than the dwelling . . . and also 

include any land or parkways between the boundary of the platted lot and: (a) the curb of 

any adjacent paved street immediately in front of, to the side of, or to the rear of the platted 

lot; or (b) the land or parkways between the platted lot and any of the lakes or the golf 

course that is not maintained by either the Association or the Country Club.”
–24–

b. Fifth Declaration

In argument 1.c. of its first issue, Eldorado argues the trial court erred in 

granting summary judgment on appellees’ request for the fifth declaration because 

the trial court’s fifth declaration constituted an advisory opinion and directly 

conflicts with Article 4.4 of the Declaration. Without addressing any perceived 

conflict with Article 4.4 of the Declaration, we agree with appellees’ view that the

trial court’s fifth declaration constitutes an advisory opinion.

The trial court’s fifth declaration states, “[Eldorado] may not allocate the 

retaining wall at issue to [appellees] and may not have the same recorded in the 

Collin County deed records.” Article 4.4 of the Declaration states:

4.4 LIMITED COMMON AREA. If it is in the best interest of 

[Eldorado], a portion of the common area may be . . . allocated to one 

or more lots for their sole and exclusive use, as a limited common area, 

whether or not the area is so designated on the plat. Inherent in the 

limiting of a common area, maintenance of the limited common area 

becomes the responsibility of the lot owner, rather than [Eldorado]. For 

examples: a common area that is difficult to access and maintain except 

via the adjoining house lot or a common area that benefits and is used 

by, or benefits, only one or two lot owners might be a [candidate] for 

limited common areas.

As we stated earlier, “[A] declaratory judgment is appropriate only if a 

justiciable controversy exists as to the rights and status of the parties and the 

controversy will be resolved by the declaration sought[,]” and “in order ‘[t]o 

constitute a justiciable controversy, there must exist a real and substantial 

controversy involving genuine conflict of tangible interests and not merely a 
–25–

theoretical dispute.’” Lynch, 595 S.W.3d at 685 (quoting Beadle, 907 S.W.2d at 

467). 

Appellees sought, and the trial court granted, a declaration stating that 

“[Eldorado] may not allocate the retaining wall at issue to [appellees] and may not 

have the same recorded in the Collin County deed records.” But the record contains 

no summary judgment evidence showing that Eldorado had, in fact, taken either of 

these steps. 

At oral argument, when asked whether Eldorado had allocated the wall to 

appellees’ lots as a limited common area, Eldorado’s counsel answered, “They have 

not.” Appellees’ counsel did not dispute this but argued Eldorado’s prior “threat” to 

do so23 was enough to present a justiciable controversy. 

We disagree. Under our Constitution, the judicial power does not embrace 

the giving of advisory opinions. See Correa v. First Ct. of Appeals, 795 S.W.2d 704, 

705 (Tex. 1990) (the “judicial power does not embrace the giving of advisory 

opinions”) (quoting Firemen’s Ins. Co. of Newark, N. J. v. Burch, 442 S.W.2d 331, 

333 (Tex. 1968), superseded on other grounds by constitutional amendment as 

recognized in Farmers Tex. Cnty. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Griffin, 955 S.W.2d 81 (Tex. 

1997)). The Declaratory Judgments Act “gives the court no power to pass upon 

 

23 The “threat” refers to a March 10, 2020 letter from Eldorado to appellee Doug Montgomery regarding 

“who is responsible to maintain the retaining wall.” The letter stated the “intent” of the Eldorado Board of 

Directors “is to formally allocate the affected area to each lot owner and to further have the same recorded 

in the county deed records.” The letter is part of appellees’ Exhibit H, to which Eldorado did not object. 
–26–

hypothetical or contingent situations, or determine questions not then essential to the 

decision of an actual controversy, although such questions may in the future require 

adjudication.” Burch, 442 S.W.2d at 333 (citing California Prods., Inc. v. Puretex 

Lemon Juice, Inc., 334 S.W.2d 780 (Tex. 1960)); see Harris Cnty. Mun. Util. Dist. 

No. 156 v. United Somerset Corp., 274 S.W.3d 133, 139 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st 

Dist.] 2008, no pet.) (“A declaratory judgment action does not vest a court with the 

power to pass upon hypothetical or contingent situations, or to determine questions 

not essential to the decision of an actual controversy, although such questions may 

in the future require adjudication.”).

Based on the record before us, we conclude the trial court erred in granting 

summary judgment as to the fifth declaration because appellees presented no 

justiciable controversy with respect to Article 4.4. Because appellant had not 

allocated the wall to appellees’ lots as a limited common area, any issue regarding a 

future and hypothetical allocation was not yet ripe, and the trial court’s fifth 

declaration functioned merely as an advisory opinion the trial court lacked the power 

to give. See Morath v. The Tex. Taxpayer & Student Fairness Coal., 490 S.W.3d 

826, 848 (Tex. 2016) (“[T]he ripeness doctrine concerns whether there is sufficient 

development of the facts and issues to ensure that the court’s judgment is not based 

on contingent or uncertain events.”) (citing Perry v. Del Rio, 66 S.W.3d 239, 250 

(Tex. 2001)); Harris Cnty. Mun. Util. Dist. No. 156, 274 S.W.3d at 139 (declaratory 

judgment action does not vest a court with the power to pass upon hypothetical or 
–27–

contingent situations, or to determine questions not essential to the decision of an 

actual controversy, although such questions may in the future require adjudication). 

We vacate the trial court’s fifth declaration. 

6. Conclusion on First Issue 

We sustain Eldorado’s first issue only as to the trial court’s fifth declaration 

and overrule Eldorado’s first issue in all other respects.

B. Awards for Interest, Court Costs, and Attorneys’ Fees

In its second issue, Eldorado argues, “The trial court erred in award[ing] 

[appellees] attorney[s’] fees, interest, and court costs.” The final judgment’s 

language awarding appellees’ post-judgment interest, court costs, and attorneys’ fees 

tracked the same language the parties and the City included in the proposed judgment 

that accompanied their joint motion for entry of final judgment.

24

 The final 

 

24 Specifically, the final judgment stated in pertinent part, “[T]he judgment rendered herein shall bear 

post-judgment interest at the rate of five percent (5%) per annum until paid[,]” “that [appellees] have and 

recover from [Eldorado] all costs of court[,]” and that appellees recover from and against Eldorado the 

following sums for attorneys’ fees: 

[T]he sum of $35,000.00, which sum represents reasonable and necessary attorneys’ fees 

incurred in the trial of this cause[,] . . . .

[T]he additional sum of $20,000.00 ($15,000.00 for [appellees’] representation through the 

briefing phrase in the Court of Appeals and $5,000.00 for [appellees’] representation 

through oral argument in the Court of Appeals) as reasonable and necessary attorneys’ fees 

in the event of an appeal by [Eldorado] of this matter to the Court of Appeals and 

[appellees] prevail[,] . . . .

[T]he additional sum of $7,500.00 as reasonable and necessary attorneys’ fees in the event 

[Eldorado] files an Application for Petition for Review to the Supreme Court of Texas 

regarding this matter and [appellees] prevail, an additional sum of $9,500.00 as reasonable 

and necessary attorneys’ fees in the event that the Texas Supreme Court requires briefing 

by the parties, and [appellees] prevail, and an additional sum of $5,000.00 as reasonable 
–28–

judgment did not specify a particular basis for the attorneys’ fees award, but in their 

pleadings, appellees sought fees under civil practice and remedies code § 37.009, 

Article 10.5 of the Declaration,25 and property code § 5.006.

We first consider Eldorado’s arguments regarding post-judgment interest and 

court costs. We review the trial court’s decision on both matters for an abuse of 

discretion. DeGroot v. DeGroot, 369 S.W.3d 918, 926 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2012, 

no pet.) (abuse of discretion standard for review of pre- and post-judgment interest);

Mut. First, LLC, Series 77 v. Butler, No. 05-15-00578-CV, 2016 WL 3946913, at *4 

(Tex. App.—Dallas July 19, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.) (abuse of discretion standard 

for review of trial court’s decision regarding whether to award court costs).

On appeal, Eldorado’s only arguments about the trial court’s alleged error in 

awarding interest and court costs are limited to a single sentence in its statement of 

issues and a passing reference to costs in its summary of argument.

26

 Under these 

circumstances, we conclude Eldorado has inadequately briefed the issue of whether 

the trial court erred in awarding appellees interest and court costs because Eldorado 

has neither analyzed the issue or evidence nor provided any citations to the record 

 

and necessary attorneys’ fees in the event the Texas Supreme Court grants oral argument 

of the parties and [appellees] prevail.

25 We include the text of Article 10.5 in Section II.C. above.

26 In the second issue listed in its statement of issues, Eldorado stated, “The trial court erred in 

award[ing] [appellees] attorney[s’] fees, interest, and court costs.” In its summary of argument, Eldorado 

stated, “[B]ecause [appellees] were not entitled to summary judgment, the trial court erred in awarding 

them damages, costs, and attorney[s’] fees.”
–29–

or legal authorities to support its argument. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i) (“The brief 

must contain a clear and concise argument for the contentions made, with 

appropriate citations to authorities and to the record.”); Hamilton v. Farmers Tex. 

Cnty. Mut. Ins. Co., 328 S.W.3d 664, 668 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2010, no pet.) 

(argument was inadequately briefed and presented nothing to review when it 

consisted of conclusions and did not provide proper, meaningful analysis in support 

of appellant’s contentions and did not cite to authority or to record).

Next, we consider Eldorado’s argument that the trial court erred in awarding 

appellees attorneys’ fees. Generally, we review a trial court’s award of attorneys’ 

fees under an abuse of discretion standard. See Ridge Oil Co., Inc. v. Guinn Invs., 

Inc., 148 S.W.3d 143, 163 (Tex. 2004). Here, however, the issue is whether a legal 

basis exists for the recovery of attorneys’ fees, which is a question of law that we 

review de novo. See Heckman v. Williamson Cnty., 369 S.W.3d 137, 150 (Tex. 

2012) (appellate courts review questions of law de novo); Holland v. Wal-Mart 

Stores, Inc., 1 S.W.3d 91, 94 (Tex. 1999) (per curiam) (availability of attorneys’ fees 

under a particular statute is question of law); In re M.M., No. 05-21-00992-CV, 2023 

WL 179810, at *10 (Tex. App.—Dallas Jan. 13, 2023, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“Though 

we generally review a trial court’s award of attorney’s fees under an abuse of 

discretion standard, the issue of whether Texas law recognizes a basis for the 

recovery of attorneys’ fees is a question of law we review de novo.”). 
–30–

On appeal, Eldorado argues we should reverse the judgment awarding 

appellees’ attorneys’ fees because: (1) appellees “did not segregate their fees 

between recoverable and nonrecoverable claims or parties[,]” (2) fees cannot be 

recovered under civil practice and remedies code § 37.00927 because “[t]he Final 

Judgment does not make any finding that the fees are ‘equitable’ or ‘just’ as required 

for an award under the Declaratory Judgment Act[,]” and (3) appellees are not 

entitled to fees under civil practice and remedies code § 37.009, Article 10.5 of the 

Declaration, or property code § 5.00628 because the trial court erred in granting 

summary judgment on appellees’ claims.

We turn first to Eldorado’s failure-to-segregate argument. Although Eldorado 

presents only minimal briefing on this, even if we assume its briefing is adequate, as 

we do, we conclude Eldorado failed to preserve error on this issue by failing to raise 

it in the trial court. See TEX.R. APP. P. 33.1(a); Green Int’l v. Solis, 951 S.W.2d 384, 

389 (Tex. 1997) (“A failure to segregate attorneys’ fees in a case containing multiple 

causes of action, only some of which entitle the recovery of attorneys’ fees, can 

result in the recovery of zero attorneys’ fees” but “if no one objects to the fact that 

the attorneys’ fees are not segregated as to specific claims, then the objection is 

 

27 Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code § 37.009 provides, “In any proceeding under this chapter, 

the court may award costs and reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees as are equitable and just.” TEX.

CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 37.009.

28 Texas Property Code § 5.006 provides, in part, “(a) In an action based on breach of a restrictive 

covenant pertaining to real property, the court shall allow to a prevailing party who asserted the action 

reasonable attorney’s fees in addition to the party’s costs and claim.”) TEX. PROP. CODE § 5.006(a).
–31–

waived”); Rhodes v. Kelly, No. 05-16-00888-CV, 2017 WL 2774452, at *14 (Tex. 

App.—Dallas 2017, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (party waived error regarding 

segregation of fees by failing to address issue in motion for new trial or other trial 

court proceedings).

29

Next, we consider Eldorado’s argument that fees cannot be recovered under 

civil practice and remedies code § 37.009 because “[t]he Final Judgment does not 

make any finding that the fees are ‘equitable’ or ‘just’ as required for an award under 

the Declaratory Judgment Act.” We disagree with Eldorado for two reasons. 

First, on the record before us, we conclude the invited error doctrine estops 

Eldorado from making this complaint on appeal. In Northeast Texas Motor Lines, 

Inc. v. Hodges, the Texas Supreme Court explained:

It is an elementary principle supported by many authorities that a 

litigant cannot ask something of a court and then complain that the court 

committed error in giving it to him. The rule, grounded in even justice 

and dictated by common sense, is that he is estopped. 

158 S.W.2d 487, 488 (1942). The Court later stated, “As we explained in Hodges, 

a party cannot complain on appeal that the trial court took a specific action that the 

complaining party requested, a doctrine commonly referred to as ‘the invited error’

 

29 In light of this conclusion, we need not address appellees’ argument that Eldorado failed to preserve 

error because the parties’ fee stipulation in the trial court waived Eldorado’s right to complain about a 

failure to segregate fees. Though we need not decide that question, we note one of our sister courts has 

considered and rejected a similar argument. See Milliken v. Turoff, No. 14-17-00282-CV, 2018 WL 

1802207, at *3 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Apr. 17, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op.) (concluding 

appellants’ fee-related stipulation in trial court did not waive complaint that trial court erred in awarding 

full amount of opponent’s unsegregated attorneys’ fees). In Milliken, unlike in this case, appellants brought 

the failure-to-segregate problem to the trial court’s attention both before and after the stipulation. Id.
–32–

doctrine.” Tittizer v. Union Gas Corp., 171 S.W.3d 857, 862 (Tex. 2005). The 

parties and the City jointly submitted a proposed judgment to the trial court with 

their joint motion for entry of final judgment. The final judgment was consistent 

with the proposed judgment, and both the proposed judgment and final judgment 

lack the language Eldorado now complains is missing. When, as here, the record on 

appeal conclusively establishes that the trial court entered its judgment in full 

compliance with the City and parties’ joint request, all complaints by Eldorado about 

the trial court’s action in so doing are foreclosed.30 

Second, even if the invited error doctrine did not apply, whether fees are 

“equitable” or “just” under the Declaratory Judgment Act is a question of law, not 

fact, see Bocquet v. Herring, 972 S.W.2d 19, 21 (Tex. 1998),

31 and we presume 

from the record before us that the trial court followed the requirements of section 

37.009. See FinServ Cas. Corp. v. Transamerica Life Ins. Co., 523 S.W.3d 129, 140 

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2016, pet. denied) (“Although the trial court did 

not explicitly state in its judgment that the attorney’s fees awarded are equitable and 

just, we presume the trial court followed the requirements of section 37.009.”); see 

also Corcoran v. Atascocita Cmty. Improvement Ass’n, No. 14-12-00982-CV, 2013 

 

30 Considering our conclusion above on Eldorado’s failure-to-segregate argument, we need not and do 

not decide whether, as appellees argue, the invited error doctrine also estops Eldorado from making that 

argument. 

31 Bocquet states, “[T]he Declaratory Judgments Act entrusts attorney fee awards to the trial court’s 

sound discretion, subject to the requirements that any fees awarded be reasonable and necessary, which are 

matters of fact, and to the additional requirements that fees be equitable and just, which are matters of law.” 

972 S.W.2d at 21.
–33–

WL 5888127, at *9, 11 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Oct. 31, 2013, pet. denied) 

(mem. op.) (making same presumption).

Finally, we consider Eldorado’s argument that appellees are not entitled to 

fees under civil practice and remedies code § 37.009, Article 10.5 of the Declaration, 

or property code § 5.006 because the trial court erred in granting summary judgment 

on appellees’ claims. As Section III.A. above indicates, we disagree with Eldorado’s 

premise and have already concluded the trial court did not err in granting summary 

judgment on appellees’ claims except as to its fifth declaration. Thus, both civil 

practice and remedies code § 37.009 and Article 10.5 of the Declaration provide a 

basis for appellees’ attorneys’ fees awards, at least with respect to the portions of the 

judgment other than the fifth declaration.32

 

32 We need not decide whether property code § 5.006, one of the three alleged bases for fees appellees 

included in their pleadings, also provides a basis for the attorneys’ fees awards. On appeal, Eldorado 

maintains that none of the appellees have properly pleaded a cause of action to entitle them to fees under 

property code § 5.006 and that the fee awards can therefore not be supported on that basis. Eldorado failed 

to preserve error on that issue. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a); Emery Air Freight Corp. v. Gen. Transp. Sys., 

Inc., 933 S.W.2d 312, 316 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1996, no pet.) (“Even if appellee’s pleadings 

did not justify an award of attorneys’ fees, appellant waived this error when it allowed the court to consider 

attorneys’ fees without objection. When a party allows the court to try an issue without objecting to 

insufficient pleading . . . that party cannot raise the pleading deficiency for the first time on appeal.”), 

disapproved of on other grounds by Evanston Ins. Co. v. ATOFINA Petrochemicals, Inc., 256 S.W.3d 660, 

670 n.50 (Tex. 2008). According to the record before us, Eldorado did not raise any issue in the trial court 

regarding appellees’ entitlement to fees under property code § 5.006 on the basis of any alleged defective 

pleading. While the final judgment stated Eldorado “has not and does not waive its right to appeal this 

Final Judgment as to liability and as to [appellees’] entitlement to an award of damages and attorneys’ fees,” 

the record shows that at no point in the trial court did Eldorado make any arguments regarding the alleged 

defectiveness of appellees’ pleadings as to their request for attorneys’ fees under property code § 5.006. 

Instead, as the City and parties’ joint motion for entry of final judgment reflects, Eldorado’s complaint and 

reservation of rights to appeal the issue of attorneys’ fees concerned only its disagreement with the trial 

court’s ruling regarding Eldorado’s liability, not any alleged defect in appellees’ pleadings. 
–34–

But an obvious question arises in light of our conclusion that the trial court 

erred in granting summary judgment with respect to the fifth declaration: under 

these circumstances, must we reverse the attorneys’ fees awards and remand to the 

trial court for a new trial on attorneys’ fees? Eldorado suggests we must, arguing 

that we must reverse and remand for a new trial on attorneys’ fees if we reverse the 

judgment in any way.

33

 

We disagree. First, though we do vacate the trial court’s fifth declaration, we 

have not reversed the trial court’s judgment in any way. Second, even if we had 

reversed part of the trial court’s judgment, “When an appellate court reverses a 

declaratory judgment, it may reverse an attorney’s fee award, but it is not required 

to do so.” Kachina Pipeline Co., Inc. v. Lillis, 471 S.W.3d 445, 455 (Tex. 2015)

 

33 As support, Eldorado cites Tony Gullo Motors I, L.P. v. Chapa, 212 S.W.3d 299, 314–15 (Tex. 2006)

and Stewart Title Guar. Co. v. Sterling, 822 S.W.2d 1, 11 (Tex. 1991); cases that, as to attorneys’ fees, 

primarily concern whether fee segregation is necessary and which both recognize the duty to segregate fees 

is not absolute. For example, Chapa states:

A recognized exception to this duty to segregate arises when the attorneys’ fees rendered 

are in connection with claims arising out of the same transaction and are so interrelated 

that their “prosecution or defense entails proof or denial of essentially the same facts.” 

. . . . Therefore, when the causes of action involved in the suit are dependent upon the same 

set of facts or circumstances and thus are “intertwined to the point of being inseparable,” 

the party suing for attorneys’ fees may recover the entire amount covering all claims. 

212 S.W.3d at 311; see Sterling, 822 S.W.2d at 11 (“A recognized exception to this duty to segregate arises 

when the attorney’s fees rendered are in connection with claims arising out of the same transaction and are 

so interrelated that their ‘prosecution or defense entails proof or denial of essentially the same facts.’”) 

(quoting Flint & Assocs. v. Intercontinental Pipe & Steel, Inc., 739 S.W.2d 622, 624–25 (Tex. App.—

Dallas 1987, writ denied)). 

Even aside from the exception discussed in Chapa and Sterling, we have recognized that segregation 

of fees is unnecessary when—as here—fees are recoverable on all claims. See Graman v. IBP Retail No. 

5, L.P., No. 05-12-00565-CV, 2013 WL 3956920, at *2 (Tex. App.—Dallas July 30, 2013, no pet.) (mem. 

op.) (concluding appellee was not required to segregate its fees because all of the claims it was litigating 

provided for the recovery of attorneys’ fees).
–35–

(emphasis added). Third, even when a portion of the judgment is reversed, we may 

conclude that reconsideration of attorneys’ fees is not warranted when the outcome 

in the trial court as to the declaratory judgment is not substantially affected by our 

conclusions, as is the case here. See Berryman’s S. Fork, Inc. v. J. Baxter Brinkmann 

Int’l Corp., 418 S.W.3d 172, 200–02, n.13 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013, pet. denied) 

(concluding reconsideration of attorneys’ fees was not warranted when we reversed 

the judgment as to declaration “b” on the basis that no evidence existed to support it 

and when outcome in trial court as to the declaratory judgment was not substantially 

affected by our conclusions on appeal). 

We overrule Eldorado’s second issue.

IV. CONCLUSION

We vacate the trial court’s fifth declaration in the final judgment, dismiss that 

portion of Eldorado’s appeal, and otherwise affirm the trial court’s judgment.

220198f.p05

/Ken Molberg/

KEN MOLBERG

JUSTICE
–36–

Court of Appeals

Fifth District of Texas at Dallas

JUDGMENT

ELDORADO HOMEOWNERS’ 

ASSOCIATION, INC., Appellant

No. 05-22-00198-CV V.

R. MICHAEL CLOUGH, J. 

MICHELLE CLOUGH, ADAM 

FLIERL, NICOLE FLIERL, BILLY 

FOWLER, SUSAN FOWLER, 

JACK HOLMES, JACQUI 

HOLMES, ET AL., Appellees

On Appeal from the 199th Judicial 

District Court, Collin County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. 199-03049-

2020.

Opinion delivered by Justice 

Molberg. Chief Justice Burns and 

Justice Reichek participating.

In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, we VACATE the fifth 

declaration in the trial court’s final judgment, DISMISS that portion of Eldorado’s 

appeal, and otherwise AFFIRM the judgment. It is ORDERED that each party bear 

its own costs of this appeal.

Judgment entered this 2nd day of January, 2024.