Filed 5/18/16 P. v. Moore CA4/1

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COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

ULYSSES FRANKLIN MOORE, JR.,

Defendant and Appellant.

 D069453

 (Super. Ct. No. RIF1204664)

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Riverside County, Rafael 

Arreola, Judge. (Retired Judge of the San Diego Super. Ct., assigned by the Chief Justice 

pursuant to art. VI, § 6 of the Cal. Const.) Affirmed.

Nancy J. King, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and 

Appellant.

Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney 

General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, A. Natasha Cortina and Christine 

Levingston Bergman, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
2

A jury convicted Ulysses Franklin Moore, Jr., of unlawfully possessing a firearm 

(Pen. Code, § 29800, subd. (a)(1);1 count 3.) The jury was unable to reach a verdict on 

counts 1 (robbery; § 211) and 2 (unlawfully possessing a firearm; § 29800, subd. (a)(1)). 

The trial court thus declared a mistrial as to those counts.

After a retrial as to counts 1 and 2, the jury convicted Moore of both counts. The 

jury also found true that Moore personally used a firearm during the commission of a 

robbery (§§ 12022.53, subd. (b) & 1192.7, subd. (c)(8)), and Moore committed the 

robbery for the benefit of, at the direction of, and in association with a criminal street 

gang (§ 186.22, subd. (b)). In a bifurcated proceeding, the trial court found true that 

Moore has suffered two prior prison terms (§ 667.5, subd. (b)), a serious prior felony (§ 

667, subd. (a)), and a prior strike conviction (§ 667, subds. (c) and (e)(1)).

The court sentenced Moore to prison for 31 years.

Moore appeals, contending (1) his Sixth Amendment rights were violated when 

the prosecution's expert witness relied on hearsay evidence to testify about the gang 

allegation; (2) his Sixth and Fourteenth Amendment rights were violated by the trial 

court's limitation regarding the scope of the cross-examination of the prosecution's expert 

witness; and (3) the trial court erred in not allowing Moore to present evidence of his 

postarrest accomplishments. We affirm.

 

1 Statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise specified.
3

FACTUAL BACKGROUND

Prosecution

On December 8, 2012, at about 4:30 p.m., Michael Green was walking on La Rue 

Street in Jurupa Valley to the high school library after which, he planned to go to a Metro 

PCS store. On the way to the library, a van pulled up and stopped on the other side of the 

street. Moore got out of the van and approached Green with a gun pointed at him. 

Moore ordered Green to empty his pockets. Moore stole Green's two cell phones, his ear 

buds, sunglasses, and a gold chain with a cross pendant. Moore then told Green that he 

was from Rubidoux Project Crip[s] and to get out of his "hood." Moore was wearing a 

baseball cap with a "J" on it.

After the van drove away, Green went home and called the police. He described 

the van as a grayish or greenish minivan with license plate number 4XF2699. At trial, 

Green said he thought the suspect was between six feet three inches and six feet five 

inches tall.2

On December 17, 2012, Green saw Moore at a gas station. Green approached 

Moore and accused him of being the man who robbed him. Green was carrying a sawedoff pellet gun in his backpack at the time and was prepared to defend himself with it. 

Moore became hostile and, when Moore reached into his back pocket, Green ran back 

into the store and called 911.

 

2 At Moore's first trial, Green testified that the perpetrator was about six feet tall.
4

Riverside County Sheriff's Deputy Heath Noyes located Moore at a gas station a 

few blocks away. Before Moore got out of the van, Noyes could see him leaning toward 

the passenger seat. Underneath the front passenger seat of the van, deputies found a 

black semiautomatic handgun. They also found a Toronto Blue Jays hat in the van. 

During an in-field line-up and at trial, Green identified Moore as the person who robbed 

him on December 8.

The parties stipulated that on February 28, 2011, Moore was convicted of a felony 

and prohibited from possessing a firearm.

Riverside County Sheriff's Deputy Bryce Holmes testified as the gang expert. He 

explained that West Side Project Crips is a criminal street gang that also is called 

Rubidoux Project Crips. The gang is located in Jurupa Valley and operates in four 

neighborhoods: the Estates, the Projects, Belltown, and Okie Town. The gang's common 

symbols include the initials "PJ" or "J," its color is blue, and gang members often wear 

Toronto Blue Jays clothing.

In December 2012, the gang had about 100 members. The primary activities of 

West Side Project Crips were robbery, burglary, drug sales, assaults, batteries, and 

homicides.

Holmes discussed three predicate offenses committed by West Side Project Crips 

gang members. On December 15, 2009, gang members Maurice Whitley and Tyrale 

Holley committed robbery and assault. On October 11, 2010, gang members Abe Tillard 

and Daymen Tolbert committed assault with a deadly weapon with gang allegations. 
5

And, on August 30, 2011, gang members Daniel Green, Dwayne Brady, and Tolbert 

committed attempted robbery with gang allegations.

Holmes opined that Moore was a West Side Project Crips gang member. Holmes 

based his opinion on his prior contacts with Moore. Moore's nicknames are Pee Wee and 

Boogieman. Moore frequented the gang's area and affiliated with other gang members. 

He had been in the gang for over 20 years. Moore's gang tattoos include "WS" on his 

chest, and "Rubidoux" across his back with a "29" over the "I," which stands for 29th 

Street, where the gang started. Moore also has "BT" on his arms, for Belltown, and 

"Product of Riverside" also on his chest. On Moore's left arm one tattoo says, "Nobody 

Moves" with a picture of a gun, and on his right arm another tattoo says "Nobody Gets 

Hurt" with a picture of a gun.

Holmes testified that Moore was known as an enforcer in the gang because he 

disciplined younger gang members and they were afraid of him. At a trial in July 2012, 

Holmes saw Moore with other active members of West Side Project Crips sitting in the 

audience. During a break, Moore said to Holmes, "You can't leave us PJs alone, can 

you."

Holmes explained the importance of respect and reputation in gangs. He opined 

that the robbery in this case was committed for the benefit of a criminal street gang 

because it boosted the gang's reputation and placed fear and intimidation in the 

community and as to rival gangs.
6

Defense

Moore's defense at trial was alibi and misidentification. Moore and his girlfriend

Mzimi Gunder were staying at James Williams, Jr.'s, apartment in Redlands on 

December 8, 2012. Williams testified that on December 8, Moore took him to cash a 

check and then to the store. They left Williams's apartment at 9:30 a.m. They returned to 

Williams's apartment about noon or 1:00 p.m. Moore and Gunder left about 1:00 or 2:00 

p.m., and returned to the apartment about 5:00 or 6:00 p.m. Moore and Gunder were 

using the same van that day that Moore was in when he was arrested. It belonged to an 

older woman in the neighborhood, Ms. Marlene, whom the couple helped look after. 

Williams did not see Moore with any of the items taken from Green. Moore's demeanor 

that day was quiet and low key.

Gunder testified that she and Moore had been dating for 10 years, and confirmed 

she was with him and Williams on December 8. When they left Williams's apartment in 

Redlands that afternoon, they drove to Riverside and picked up mail from Ms. Marlene's 

house, visited Moore's father, who was ill, in Belltown, then returned to Redlands. She 

was vaguely aware of somebody coming to Moore's father's apartment and borrowing the 

van for an hour or so. After the van was returned, Moore and Gunder drove back to 

Redlands, but did not drive through the area where the robbery occurred.

Moore testified in his defense. He confirmed the events of December 8 as 

described by Gunder and Williams. He said that several younger acquaintances came to 

his father's apartment while he and Gunder were there, and asked for a ride to an auto 

parts store. Moore told them to take the van and to come right back. They were gone 30 
7

to 40 minutes and, when they returned, one of them, Riley Edwards, was carrying a bag 

and had supposedly purchased items to work on his car. Moore described Edwards as 

being six feet or six feet one inches tall and having a medium build. Not long after the 

men returned the van, Moore and Gunder left to go back to Redlands. Moore said he was 

6 feet eight or six feet nine inches tall and, that in December of 2012, he weighed about 

280 pounds. He was 36 years old at the time of the charged offenses.

On December 17, Moore stopped at his brother's house on the way to the library 

with Williams. Guadalupe Perez, whom Moore had been "messing around" with, was 

there, and wanted to talk to him. Moore was trying to avoid her because he was in a 

relationship with Gunder, but she followed him to the library.

Moore told Perez she could talk to him while he got Gunder a soft drink at the 

convenience store, which was right by the library. She jumped in the van, and waited 

while Moore went into the store. On his way out of the store, Green, whom Moore did 

not know, stuck a black duffel bag in Moore's ribs, and Moore saw a sawed-off handle 

sticking out of the bag. Green asked Moore how did it feel to be robbed, and said he 

recognized Moore because of the van. Moore said it was not his van, and Green said he

did not care, that he wanted his stuff back, or what was in Moore's pockets. Moore said 

he told Green to shoot him in the back if he was going to shoot, and he walked away with 

his hands up. Perez had gotten out of the van, and was running around yelling for 

someone to call 911. She and Moore both got back into the van, and Moore drove across 

the street to a parking lot, and they sat there for a few minutes. When the police arrived, 

Perez insisted that they go back, so they did, and she told officers that Green was the 
8

person who just tried to rob them. They told her to shut up, so Perez got back in the van. 

They saw officers putting handcuffs on Green, and Moore drove away. Nobody was 

looking for him at that point because the police responded to a call about the robbery 

being committed by Green.

Moore took Perez home, and headed back to Williams's apartment to give Gunder 

her soft drink before going to pick up Williams at the library. He was pulled over after 

making a left turn on 30th Street. Moore said the officer "went through the motions"

with the lights and guns, and he told the officer he was glad to see him since someone 

had just tried to rob him. Instead of listening to his explanation, Moore was detained, and 

had a spotlight put on him for Green's identification. Moore had never handled the gun

found in the van, and saw it for the first time when the officer brought it out of the van.

DISCUSSION

I

GANG EVIDENCE

A. Moore's Contention

Moore insists the trial court erred when it overruled certain hearsay objections to 

evidence relied upon and testified to by Holmes. He argues that the challenged evidence 

was testimonial, and thus, his Sixth Amendment confrontation rights were violated. We 

conclude that Moore forfeited this issue.

B. Background

During Holmes's testimony at the second trial, the prosecutor provided him with 

law enforcement documents evidencing prior convictions involving West Side Project 
9

Crips gang members. After the prosecutor gave Holmes an exhibit relating to one such 

case (No. RIF154644), she asked Holmes what happened in that case. Moore's trial 

counsel objected on hearsay grounds. The court then asked the prosecutor if the evidence 

was being offered "for the truth of the matter asserted" or "to establish the expertise and 

knowledge and elements of being a gang member?" The prosecutor replied it was the 

latter. The court then overruled the objection, subject to a motion to strike, and 

admonished the jury that the court was only admitting the testimony for the limited 

purpose of showing "whether or not a person qualifies as a gang member, whether or not 

a particular gang qualifies as—as a street gang. [¶] You can't consider it for the truth. 

We are not trying that case."

Holmes then testified about case No. RIF154644. He also testified about two 

other cases without objection by Moore's trial counsel in forming his opinion that the 

West Side Project Crips is a criminal street gang.

After asking Holmes if he was familiar with field identification cards, the 

prosecutor handed Holmes an exhibit consisting of three field identification cards. 

Holmes said that he recognized the cards, and the prosecutor asked to publish the cards 

for the jury. At that point, Moore's trial counsel objected to them being published to the 

jury, but did not state the basis of his objection. In response to the objection, the court 

asked the prosecutor to "[l]ay a further foundation if you want to show it to the jury[.]" 

The prosecutor proceeded to lay additional foundation and then asked what information 

was on one of the cards concerning Moore. Defense counsel objected to the question on 

hearsay grounds. The court ruled:
10

"Well, it may or may not be. I'll allow it for the limited purpose 

of showing gang membership with gang activity. But you want to 

lay further foundation as to who took them, if this is the witness who 

actually took the information. Lay a further foundation as to that."

Holmes testified about three different field identification cards. Two of those 

cards were prepared by Holmes's former partner after Holmes and his partner interviewed 

Moore. Holmes prepared the other field identification card. Holmes testified about the 

content of the cards without any further objection from Moore's trial counsel.

During cross-examination of Holmes, Moore's trial counsel briefly addressed the 

content of the field identification cards, including questions about the cards prepared by 

Holmes's partner.

C. Analysis

As Moore notes, currently pending before the California Supreme Court are 

multiple cases involving whether a gang expert's reliance on testimonial hearsay violates 

a defendant's Sixth Amendment confrontation rights as set forth in Crawford v. 

Washington (2004) 541 U.S. 36 (Crawford). (See People v. Sanchez (2014) 223 

Cal.App.4th 1, review granted May 14, 2014, S216681; People v. Archuleta (2014) 225 

Cal.App.4th 527, review granted June 11, 2014, S218640.) We need not address the 

issue because we conclude that Moore has forfeited his challenge here.

Attempting to avoid forfeiture, Moore contends his hearsay objection preserved 

the Sixth Amendment claim now raised. To support his position, Moore cites People v. 

Cowan (2010) 50 Cal.4th 401, 503 (Cowan). Moore's reliance on Cowan is misplaced.
11

In Cowan, the court did not hold that a hearsay objection preserves a Sixth 

Amendment challenge on appeal. In that case, the court assumed that the confrontation 

clause claim was preserved when the defendant's counsel made a hearsay objection. 

(Cowan, supra, 50 Cal.4th at p. 503.) As such, Cowan does not mandate that we find 

Moore's hearsay objection preserved his Sixth Amendment challenge. Instead, in light of 

the record before us, we find his claim forfeited for lack of a timely and specific Sixth 

Amendment objection. (Evid. Code, § 353, subd. (a); see People v. Burgener (2003) 29 

Cal.4th 833, 869 [hearsay objection did not preserve confrontation clause claim]; People 

v. Chaney (2007) 148 Cal.App.4th 772, 779-780 ["A Crawford [i.e., confrontation 

clause] analysis is distinctly different than that of a generalized hearsay problem"; issue 

forfeited].)

The record on Moore's Sixth Amendment confrontation claim is underdeveloped. 

Moore's trial counsel did not argue this issue at trial, and the prosecutor was not given the 

opportunity to respond to any such argument. The trial court was not able to completely

consider the issue beyond a hearsay objection, but also left open the possibility for 

additional objections or a subsequent motion to strike. Defense counsel never mentioned 

the Sixth Amendment and did not claim that the admission of the evidence violated

Moore's right to confront witnesses against him.

The Sixth Amendment guarantees the accused in criminal prosecutions the right 

"to be confronted with the witnesses against him [or her]." In Crawford, the United 

States Supreme Court held that this provision prohibits the admission of testimonial 

hearsay unless the witness is unavailable or there was a prior opportunity for cross-
12

examination. (Crawford, supra, 541 U.S. at p. 68.) The court did not provide a 

definition of " 'testimonial' statements" but noted that there were "[v]arious formulations"

of the term, including: " 'ex parte in-court testimony or its functional equivalent—that is, 

material such as affidavits, custodial examinations, prior testimony that the defendant 

was unable to cross-examine, or similar pretrial statements that declarants would 

reasonably expect to be used prosecutorially,' [citation]; 'extrajudicial 

statements . . . contained in formalized testimonial materials, such as affidavits, 

depositions, prior testimony, or confessions,' [citation]; 'statements that were made under 

circumstances which would lead an objective witness reasonably to believe that the 

statement would be available for use at a later trial,' [citation]." (Id. at pp. 51-52; see also 

Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts (2009) 557 U.S. 305, 310.) 

The United States Supreme Court also declined to "attempt[ ] to produce an 

exhaustive classification" of testimonial statements in Davis v. Washington (2006) 547 

U.S. 813, 822. The court did explain the difference between testimonial and 

nontestimonial statements made to the police: "Statements are nontestimonial when 

made in the course of police interrogation under circumstances objectively indicating that 

the primary purpose of the interrogation is to enable police assistance to meet an ongoing 

emergency. They are testimonial when the circumstances objectively indicate that there 

is no such ongoing emergency, and that the primary purpose of the interrogation is to 

establish or prove past events potentially relevant to later criminal prosecution." (Id. at 

p. 822, fn. omitted; see Michigan v. Bryant (2011) 562 U.S. 344, 349.)
13

Here, it is not clear from the record the extent to which Holmes was relying on 

testimonial hearsay to develop his opinions. For example, defense counsel objected on 

hearsay grounds when Holmes began to testify about the first of three prior convictions of 

West Side Project Crips. The record implies that he was basing his testimony on the 

records of prior convictions of gang members. If that is the case, those records do not 

necessarily constitute testimonial hearsay. (See People v. Taulton (2005) 129 

Cal.App.4th 1218, 1225; People v. Perez (2011) 195 Cal.App.4th 801, 804.) Yet, as 

Moore's trial counsel did not object on Sixth Amendment grounds as to Holmes's 

testimony, the record is unclear regarding the basis of Holmes's testimony. This omission 

deprived the trial court the opportunity to consider this issue. Further, if the trial court 

had found that evidence was testimonial hearsay, the prosecutor could have called 

additional witnesses to testify as to the previous convictions. Because defense counsel 

did not make a specific Sixth Amendment objection, we are left to guess about these 

critical issues on appeal. Thus, a forfeiture finding is appropriate.

The field interview cards also illustrate the record's shortcomings. After Moore's 

trial counsel objected to Holmes testifying as to the contents of the cards, the court stated 

that the cards might be hearsay, but admitted them for the limited purpose of showing 

gang membership and suggested that the prosecutor should lay additional foundation. 

After the prosecution did so, Holmes then testified as to the content of the cards, but 

defense counsel did not object to the testimony on hearsay or Sixth Amendment grounds. 

Holmes prepared one of the cards and the other two were prepared by Holmes's partner. 

And Moore's trial counsel even cross-examined Holmes about the content of the cards. 
14

On this record, we simply cannot find that Moore's Sixth Amendment challenge to the 

evidence was preserved.3 Therefore, we conclude that Moore has forfeited his Sixth 

Amendment challenge as to the alleged hearsay evidence relied upon and testified about 

by Holmes.

II

SCOPE OF CROSS-EXAMINATION

A. Moore's Contention

Moore contends his Sixth and Fourteenth Amendment rights were violated when 

the trial judge would not allow Moore's trial counsel to ask certain questions probing 

Holmes's bias against Moore. We do not share Moore's characterization of the trial 

court's limitation of the cross-examination of Holmes. Instead, we view the trial court's 

limitation as an appropriate use of discretion in limiting the evidence at trial under 

Evidence Code section 352. We thus reject Moore's contention that his counsel's limited 

cross-examination of Holmes violated a constitutional right or the trial judge's limits on 

the cross-examination constituted error.

 

3 Moore also maintains that the court improperly overruled certain hearsay 

objections in the first trial. The citations to the record provided by Moore, however, 

show the trial court sustaining certain objections and defense counsel asking for a 

limiting instruction if the evidence was being offered for the basis of the expert's opinion. 

The hearsay objection the trial court overruled involved a statement Moore made to an 

officer. Clearly we cannot say that Moore preserved a Sixth Amendment objection based 

on that record. 
15

B. Background

During trial, the prosecutor told the court that she believed that Moore's trial 

counsel intended to question Holmes about a 2010 trial where he testified against Moore. 

That case resulted in a hung jury, but Moore eventually pled guilty. The prosecutor 

argued that the testimony was not relevant.

Moore's trial counsel responded that he wanted to ask Holmes about the prior case 

to show he was biased against Moore because his testimony resulted in a failed 

prosecution. The court questioned defense counsel regarding how such testimony would 

show bias, noting that officers like Moore "testify 40, 50, 100 times[.]" Counsel stressed 

that the previous case was against Moore and the result was a hung jury. The court was 

not persuaded and observed, "But just because he testified and it ended being a hung jury, 

that's not relevant to this case."

The prosecutor also offered that the previous case was not a failed prosecution 

because Moore ultimately pled guilty. In addition, the prosecutor stated that, unlike the 

current case, there were no gang violations in the previous case. The court ultimately 

ruled:

"Yeah. Well, I don't see the relevance. Even if it had some 

relevance, testifying in a previous trial and the person being—or the 

jury being hung, it's—I don't see the relevance. But even if there 

was, I'm not going to open the door to that as to what happened—

what happened ultimately, whether they pled guilty or not, and so 

on. So, under [Evidence Code section] 352, I would keep it out 

anyway.
16

C. Analysis

Although Moore frames his argument in constitutional terms, the logical starting

point for our analysis is the statutory rule set forth in Evidence Code section 352. Under 

that provision, " 'The court in its discretion may exclude evidence if its probative value is 

substantially outweighed by the probability that its admission will (a) necessitate undue 

consumption of time or (b) create substantial danger of undue prejudice, of confusing the 

issues, or of misleading the jury.' '[A] trial court's exercise of discretion under [that 

section] will not be reversed on appeal absent a clear showing of abuse[,]' meaning that 

" 'the trial court exercised its discretion in an arbitrary, capricious, or patently absurd 

manner that resulted in a manifest miscarriage of justice. [Citation.]' [Citation.]"

(People v. Tidwell (2008) 163 Cal.App.4th 1447, 1457.)

Further, a trial court has a duty "to control all proceedings during trial . . . with a 

view to the expeditious and effective ascertainment of the truth regarding the matters 

involved." (§ 1044.) It also has broad discretion to control the mode of witness 

examination (Evid. Code, § 765, subd. (a)), and to determine the relevance of evidence 

and weigh the prejudicial effect of evidence against its probative value. (In re Ryan N.

(2001) 92 Cal.App.4th 1359, 1385.) The trial court's authority under Evidence Code 

section 352 includes the "discretion to admit or exclude evidence offered for 

impeachment." (People v. Rodriguez (1999) 20 Cal.4th 1, 9.) In fact, " '[t]he latitude 

[Evidence Code] section 352 allows for exclusion of impeachment evidence in individual 

cases is broad. The statute empowers courts to prevent criminal trials from degenerating 

into nitpicking wars of attrition over collateral credibility issues.' " (People v. Ayala
17

(2000) 23 Cal.4th 225, 301.) We review a trial court's evidentiary rulings and rulings 

regarding order of proof for abuse of discretion. (People v. Tafoya (2007) 42 Cal.4th 

147, 175.)

Nevertheless, it is well established that the defendant in a criminal trial must be 

afforded certain rights to ensure the basic fairness of the proceedings. "Whether rooted 

directly in the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, [citation], or in the 

Compulsory Process or Confrontation clauses of the Sixth Amendment, [citations], the 

Constitution guarantees criminal defendants 'a meaningful opportunity to present a 

complete defense.' " (Crane v. Kentucky (1986) 476 U.S. 683, 690.) Under these 

constitutional provisions, "the defendant in a criminal prosecution [has] the right of crossexamination, which includes exploration of bias." (People v. Greenberger (1997) 58 

Cal.App.4th 298, 349.)

Yet, these rights only pertain to "relevant and material" evidence. (Washington v. 

Texas (1967) 388 U.S. 14, 23.) Evidence lacking significant probative value may 

properly be excluded without offending the constitution. (People v. Babbitt (1988) 45 

Cal.3d 660, 684.) As the United States Supreme Court has explained, the confrontation 

clause "guarantees an opportunity for effective cross-examination, not cross-examination 

that is effective in whatever way, and to whatever extent, the defense might wish."

(Delaware v. Fensterer (1985) 474 U.S. 15, 20, italics omitted.) Unlimited inquiry into 

collateral matters is not permitted. (People v. Jennings (1991) 53 Cal.3d 334, 372.) 

Here, Moore's trial counsel was not prohibited from probing Holmes's bias against 

Moore, except that the trial court would not allow him to question Holmes about a case in 
18

which Holmes testified against Moore in 2010. The trial court expressed doubt whether 

such evidence would show bias and implied that it was not relevant. Moore argues on 

appeal that the evidence would have shown bias because the result of the trial was a hung 

jury. He reasons that because Holmes's prior testimony resulted in a "failed prosecution,"

he would be more likely to embellish or fabricate to secure a conviction in the instant 

matter. In addition, Moore contends that the line of questioning would not have 

consumed an undue amount of time, taking mere "minutes." We disagree.

As an initial matter, we observe that the record does not support Moore's position 

regarding the previous matter in which Holmes testified. Although the jury hung, Moore 

ultimately pled guilty. As such, it is not correct to refer to this 2010 case as a failed 

prosecution.

Further, there is some question in the record whether the previous case concerned 

gang allegations. Moore's trial counsel represented to the court that it did while the 

prosecutor countered that it did not. This issue was not resolved on the record.

Against this backdrop, we share the trial court's concerns about the relevancy of 

Moore's purported line of questioning. And contrary to Moore's argument, to simply 

establish the possibility of relevancy that the purported evidence would go to Holmes's 

bias against Moore, significantly more than a few minutes of questioning would be 

needed. To provide context, foundation would have to be laid to explain the previous 

charges against Moore, the nature of Holmes's testimony, other evidence for and against 

Moore, and possible explanations for the jury being unable to reach a verdict. Moreover, 

Moore ultimately pled guilty and the jury would hear about a previous offense that has no 
19

relationship to the instant matter. In other words, simply to establish the basis to allow 

the jury to ascertain whether Holmes could be biased against Moore because of the 2010 

trial would involve a mini-trial in and of itself. This is precisely the type of undue 

consumption of time Evidence Code section 352 was meant to address and the court was 

well within its discretion to limit Holmes's cross-examination on these grounds. One of 

the purposes of Evidence Code section 352 is to "prevent criminal trials from 

degenerating into nitpicking wars of attrition over collateral credibility issues." (People 

v. Wheeler (1992) 4 Cal.4th 284, 296.)

In addition, we determine there was no violation of Moore's right to present his 

defense or cross-examine witnesses. "As a general matter, the '[a]pplication of the 

ordinary rules of evidence . . . does not impermissibly infringe on a defendant's right to 

present a defense.' " (People v. Fudge (1994) 7 Ca1.4th 1075, 1102-1103.) Unless the 

defendant can show the proposed cross-examination would have produced a significantly 

different impression of the witness's credibility, the trial court's exercise of its discretion 

in this regard will not be deemed to have violated the defendant's confrontation rights. 

(Delaware v. Van Arsdall (1986) 475 U.S. 673, 680; People v. Frye (1998) 18 Cal.4th 

894, 946.) No Sixth Amendment violation will be found if the jury is exposed to the 

essential facts from which it could appropriately draw inferences relating to the reliability 

of the witness. (Davis v. Alaska (1974) 415 U.S. 308, 318.) Simply put, on the record 

before us, Moore has not carried his burden in showing the proposed topic during 

Holmes's cross-examination would have produced a significantly different impression for 

the jury. There was no error or constitutional violation here.
20

III

MOORE'S EVIDENCE OF POSTCRIME

ACCOMPLISHMENTS WHILE IN CUSTODY

A. Moore's Contention

Lastly, Moore argues that the trial court's exclusion of evidence of Moore's 

postarrest accomplishments while incarcerated violated his right to defend himself 

against the charges within the meaning of the Fifth, Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendments. 

We disagree.

B. Background

Prior to Moore testifying, the prosecutor told the court that defense counsel "may 

try to introduce some achievement awards from Mr. Moore's stay in custody post his 

arrest in this case. These achievement awards are for books he read, classes he took, and 

poems he wrote. But I don't believe any of that is relevant." 

Moore's trial counsel disagreed, arguing the evidence shows that Moore "moved 

away from the gang life. Rather than being some type of enforcer or tough guy in the 

County jail, he's spending time studying" various subjects. Defense counsel further 

characterized Moore's postarrest actions as "things that you really wouldn't expect to see 

someone who is a gang member doing." Moore's trial counsel reasoned that the evidence 

"suggest[ed] strongly" that Moore had "walked away from the gang life and was no 

longer a gang member as of December 8th, 2012."

The court was not persuaded by defense counsel's argument:

"How is getting certificates after the fact going to prove that he's 

not [a gang member]? We don't have any expert testimony saying 
21

that gang members never study, never read, never do chemistry, 

never achieve anything. . . . [¶] You know, I can tell you some have 

come out in the community and become leaders and so on, but that 

doesn't mean they didn't do the crime. So I don't see the relevance of

it. [¶] One exception. If the prosecution asks him questions and 

they allege or argue in some way that he's still committing crimes or 

he's still doing it after this incident and they try to impeach him with 

that, then they may be relevant to rehabilitate on that. But I don't see 

how any degrees or certificates that he got after the incident prove 

that he didn't do anything or that he wasn't a gang member at the 

time of the incident. [¶] So the objection is sustained. Those 

certificates will not come in without prejudice to reconsider if he's 

impeached as to his current—if the People argue that he currently is 

an active enforcer of the gang or he calls the shots from jail. And I 

understand sometimes people call the shots from prison. Then they 

may be relevant to rehabilitate him as to not being a shot caller or 

the one that makes decisions and people are out there committing 

crimes on his behalf. Okay."

Ultimately, the certificates of Moore's postarrest achievements were not admitted 

into evidence at Moore's second trial. Moore notes, however, that the certificates were 

admitted at his first trial, and he testified in that trial that he was not an active gang 

member in December 2012. Moore emphasizes that the jury did not reach a verdict on 

two of the charged counts in his first trial.

C. Analysis

Here, Moore claims the evidence of certificates and/or awards post arrest was 

admissible character evidence under Evidence Code section 1102. Consequently, he 

argues the court erred in excluding this evidence. We review a trial court's rulings on the 

admission and exclusion of evidence under the abuse of discretion standard. (People v. 

Guerra (2006) 37 Cal.4th 1067, 1113.) We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its 

discretion.
22

Character evidence may take the form of an opinion, evidence of reputation, or 

specific acts of the person's conduct. (Evid. Code, § 1100.) Evidence Code section 1101, 

subdivision (a) establishes a general rule that character evidence, in all its forms, is 

inadmissible to prove a person's conduct on a specific occasion. (People v. McFarland

(2000) 78 Cal.App.4th 489, 493.) This general rule is subject to several statutory 

exceptions, including exceptions set forth in Evidence Code sections 1101, subdivision 

(b) and 1102. (Evid. Code, § 1101, subd. (a).)

Evidence Code section 1102 applies to criminal actions and allows the admission 

of opinion and reputation evidence under certain circumstances, but the statute does not 

provide for the admission of specific acts evidence under any circumstances. (People v. 

Felix (1999) 70 Cal.App.4th 426, 431 (Felix), citing People v. Wagner (1975) 13 Cal.3d 

612, 618-619.) The statute provides: "In a criminal action, evidence of the defendant's 

character or a trait of his character in the form of an opinion or evidence of his reputation 

is not made inadmissible by Section 1101 if such evidence is: [¶] (a) Offered by the 

defendant to prove his conduct in conformity with such character or trait of character. 

[¶] (b) Offered by the prosecution to rebut evidence adduced by the defendant under 

subdivision (a)." (Evid. Code, § 1102.)

At trial, Moore wanted to introduce specific instances of conduct, namely the 

certificate and awards he achieved postarrest. He argues this evidence would show that 

he acted consistent with his good character on the date of incident. In other words, the 

evidence would show that he was not a gang member. However, evidence of specific 
23

instances of conduct is not admissible as character evidence under Evidence Code section 

1102, subdivision (a). (Felix, supra, 70 Cal.App.4th at p. 431.)

In his reply brief, citing People v. McAlpin (1991) 53 Cal.3d 1289 (McAlpin) and 

Felix, Moore argues that the certificates and awards were evidence of his course of 

conduct and thus admissible as character evidence. His reliance on McAlpin and Felix is 

misplaced.

In McAlpin, the defendant was charged with child molestation. Our high court 

noted that it would be appropriate for two third party witnesses to testify that in their 

opinion, the defendant's behavior with their daughters was normal (i.e., he had normal 

sexual tastes) based on their observations of the defendant with their children. (McAlpin, 

supra, 53 Cal.3d at pp. 1309-1310.)

In Felix, the court determined that a witness could offer her opinion that the 

defendant only used heroin based on her observation of the defendant ingesting heroin. 

(Felix, supra, 70 Cal.App.4th at p. 430.)

Unlike the witnesses in McAlpin and Felix, the trial court here did not exclude 

opinion testimony from a third party witness as to Moore's character based on what that 

witness observed. Instead, Moore wanted to testify himself about some of his 

accomplishments. Such testimony is not admissible as character evidence under McAlpin

or Felix.

Here, we are satisfied that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding 

evidence of some of Moore's postarrest accomplishments. The fact that the trial court in 

Moore's first trial came to the opposite decision does not change our conclusion. We 
24

respect this sometimes divergent exercise of discretion. The abuse of discretion standard 

requires us to uphold a ruling, which a reasonable judge might have made, even though 

we would not have ruled the same and a contrary ruling would also be sustainable. We 

cannot substitute our own judgment for that of another court. (People v. Woods (1993) 

12 Cal.App.4th 1139, 1153.) Under the abuse of discretion standard, a trial court's ruling, 

even if it is diametrically opposed to a ruling on the same issue in a different proceeding 

or court, will be accorded the same level of deferential scrutiny on appeal. We thus will 

conclude a court abused its discretion only if the trial court's ruling exceeds the bounds of 

reason, all of the circumstances being considered. (See People v. Giminez (1975) 14 

Cal.3d 68, 72.) On the record before us, we are satisfied that the trial court in Moore's 

second trial appropriately exercised its discretion.4

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed.

HUFFMAN, J.

WE CONCUR:

McCONNELL, P. J.

BENKE, J.

 

4 Because we conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding the 

evidence of Moore's postarrest awards and certificates, we do not address any of Moore's 

claims of constitutional violations in regard to the exclusion of the evidence.