1 **PHILOSOPHY OF MOSQUITO CONTROL**

Portions of this chapter were obtained from the University of Florida and the American Mosquito Control

Association Public Health Pest Control web site at http://vector.ifas.ufl.edu

, the University of Sydney Department of

Medical Entomology web site at http://medent.usyd.edu.au/fact/irrigwet.htm , the Environmental Protection Agency

Mosquito Control web site at http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/health/mosquitoes/control.htm , and the Association of

State and Territorial Health Officials’ Public Health Confronts the Mosquito report at

http://www.astho.org/?template=mosquito_control.html

.

The  underlying  philosophy  of  mosquito  control  is  based  on  the  fact  that  the  greatest  control

impact  on  mosquito  populations  will  occur  when  they are **concentrated,  immobile** and

**accessible** . This emphasis  focuses  on  habitat  management and controlling the immature  stages

before mosquitoes  emerge  as  adults.  This  policy  reduces  the  need  for  widespread  pesticide

application in residential areas.

The use of pesticides for mosquito control is considered a temporary form of control. Since it is

unreasonable  to  expect  to  completely  eliminate  the  next  generation  by  treating  the  current

generation,  the  process  may  have  to  be  repeated  time  and  again.  This  is  true  for  chemical

treatment of both immature and adult populations of mosquitoes. By contrast, source  reduction

that  prevents  mosquito  development  can  be  a  permanent  form  of  control,  perhaps  requiring

limited maintenance from time to time.

**Integrated Mosquito Management** is the use of all appropriate technological and management

techniques  that  brings  about  an  effective  degree  of  mosquito  prevention  and  suppression  in  a

safe,  cost ­effective,  and  environmentally  sound  manner. The  major  components  of  integrated

mosquito management are:

1. Source reductio n

2. Biological contro l

3. Larvicidi ng

4. A dulticidi ng

5. Public educatio n

All of these control methods should be based on surveillance data to determine need and timing

of application.

**S OURCE**  **R**

**EDUCTION**

Source reduction consists of elimination of larval habitats or rendering such habitats unsuitable

for  larval  development.  Source  reduction ranges  from  the  simple  overturning  of  a  discarded

bucket or disposing of waste tires to complex water level manipulations in marshes. The removal

or reduction of mosquito breeding habitat is often the most effective and economical long­term

method  of  mosquito  control.  These  efforts  minimize  or  even  eliminate  the  need  for  mosquito

larviciding in the affected habitat and greatly reduce adul

ticiding in nearby areas. Extracted 5/13/102 **San it**  **at io**  **n**

C o n t ai n er s o f a ll t y pe s

, m a n

­ m ade s t r uct ur e s s uc h a s

un s cree n ed r a i n b arr e l s

, r oo f gutt ers an d d i s car d ed t i

r es are

ca pa bl e o f pr o duci n g pr o d i g i o us n u m bers o f m o s qu i t o es

, i nc l ud i ng s pe c i es t h at ca n t r an s m i t d i s ea s e. R e m o v a l o f

deb r i s a n d r egu l ar i ns pec t i o n

, wh e n co n duc t ed o n a

co n t i n uo us b as i s

, r educ es b r ee d i ng i n s uc h s i t es

. T y p i ca lly

,

m o s qu i t o co n t r o l

­ r e l at ed s a ni t at i o n e f f o r t s are b e s t

ac co m p li s hed by h o m eo wn ers a n d r es i de n t s who, t h r o ugh

t h e i r o wn ac t i o n s

, ha v e creat ed m o s qu i t o b r ee di ng aro un d

t h e i r h o m e s i t es ( per i do m es t i c). M o s qu i t o co n t r o l age n c i e s

s uppo r t educ at i o n a l pr o gr am s t h at ca l l att en t i o n t o t h e haz ards

an d r ec o m m e n d i nd i v i dua l e f f o r t o n r es i de n t i a l ar ea c l ea n up. ( See s pec i f i c r ec o m m e n dat i o ns f o r h o m eo wn ers u n der

“ Pu bli c E duca t i o n ”).

**Wat er**  **M anagem**  **ent**

Pr ev e n t i o n o f b r ee d i ng ca n be ac co m p li s hed by r e m o vi ng

s ur f ac e wa t ers f r o m pr o duc t i ve s i t e s

, m a ni pu l at i ng s h o r el i n e

wa t er l e v e l s

, o r f l o o di n g areas i n w hi c h m o s qu i t o es o vi po s i t i n t h e s o i l

. Spec i a l c are m u s t b e

g i v e n to we t l a n d s a n d s e ns i t i ve n at ur a l areas

. We t l a n ds

, s t r ea m s a n d e ve n co ns t r uc t ed dr a i n age

s y s t e m s ca n pr o vi de h a bi t at f o r an arr a y o f w il d lif e, i n c l ud i ng a m p hi bi a ns

, m a mm a l s

, bi r ds a n d

i ns ec t s

. W et l a n ds a l s o h e l p co n t r o l f l o o d i n g, i mpr o v e wat er qual i t y

, a n d pr o vi d e r ec r ea t i o n a l

o pp o r t un i t i e s

. Dra i ni ng h ea l t hy wet l a n d s i s a c o n t r o v ers i a l a n d o f t en i na ppr o pr i at e o p t i o n

, wh erea s co n t r o l li ng b r ee d i ng s i t es s uc h as s ew er ca t ch bas i ns

, pudd l e s

, co n

t a i n ers

, a n d po or ly

des i g n ed o r poo r l y m a nage d s t or m wat er m a n age m e n t areas are pr ac t i ce s r o ut i n e ly i nco r por at ed

i n i n t egrat ed m o s qu i t o m a nage m e n t pr o gr am s

.

I r r i gat ed agr i cu l t ur e i s w i des pr ea d i n Ne w M e xico an d i

r r i gat i o n s y s t e m s ca n be s o ur ce s o f

m o s qu i t o es

. W at er m a n age m e n t i s t h e es s e nce o f goo d i r r i gat i o n pr ac t i ce

, an d wat er

m a n age m e n t s h o u l d be t h e es s e n ce o f m o s qu i t o m a nage m e n t i n i r r i gat i o n area s

. Overus e o f

wa t er an d i n ad equa t e dr ai n ag e are t h e pr i n c ipa l ca

us es o f

m o s qu i t o pr o duc t i o n as s o c i at ed w i t h i r r i gat i o n are as

.

W at er de l i ver y c h a nn e l s 'a b o v e ' t h e l a n d to b e i

r r i gat ed are

us ua l ly we ll m a i n t a i ned a n d f r ee o f m arg i na l v ege t a t i o n i n o r der

to enh a n ce wa t er f l o w. T h e y m a y b e li ned w i t h co n cret e, o r if

ea r t h en l i ne d any v ege t at i o n t h at es t abl i s hes i s per i o d i ca l l y

r e m o v ed. I n t hi s s t at e t h e y u s ua lly do n o t pr ovi de a s u i

t a bl e

h a bi t at to s upp o r t m o s qu i t o l ar v ae

.

W at er dr a i nage c h a nn e l s 'b e l o w ' t h e i r r i gat ed l a nd, des i g n ed to

d i s po s e o f u n u s ed wa t er, are us ua l ly ear t h e n li ne d a n d o f

t en n o t

we l l m a i n t a i ned. T h e y ca n b ec o m e h ea vily v ege t at ed, r es tr i ct i ng

wa t er f l o w an d pr o vi d i ng s u i t a bl e h a bi t at w i t h h ar b o r age and

n ut r i e n t r es o ur ce s f o r v ar i o us m o s qu i t o s pec i e s

.3 T h e d i f f ere n t m et h o ds o f i r r i gat i o n i t s e lf a l s o v ar y i n t h e i r po t en t i a l f o r t h e creat i o n o f h a bi t at f o r

v ar i o us m o s qu i t o s pec i e s

.

**F l**  **ood i**  **rr igat**  **ion**

, whe r e areas o f l a n d are i nu ndat ed by r e l at i v e ly l arge a m o u n

t s o f w at er,

pr o vi des t h e m o s t o b vi o us po t en t i a l m o s qu i t o h a bi t at

. H o wev er, pr o vi d i ng t h e wat er i nf il t r at es

,

ev apo r at es

, or dr a i n s o f f a n d i s de li vered e l s ew here a n d do es n o t pers i s t as s t agn a n

t po o l s f o r

m o r e t h an 5 da y s

, t h ere i s us ua lly n o co n ce r n f

o r m o s qu i t o pr o duc t i o n

.

**Sp r**  **ink l**  **e r**  **i rr**  **igat ion**  an d **chann e**  **l i**  **rr igat**  **ion**

, ar e o f i n

t er m ed i at e co n ce r n a n d t h es e u s ua ll y

pr o vi de f o r m o s qu i t o h a bi t at o nl y w h e n t h e wa t er i s o v er­ app li ed, t h e area i s po or l y dr a i ned, and

s t agn a n t p oo l s are a bl e t o pe r s i s t f o r m o r e t h an 5 da y s

.

I r r i gat i o n o f p as t ur es i s us ua lly ac co m p li s hed b y

f l o o di n g o r by u s i ng f i xe d o r t r av e l i ng s pr i n k l er

s y s t e m s

. I nv ar i a bly

, t he r es u l t w ill be v er y

s ha l l o w wa t er o n l e v e l pa s t ur e, b ut t h ere m a y be

dee per poo l s i n d epres s ed areas w i t hi n t h e

pas t ur e or i n t h e per i m et er dr a i n age zo n es

. E n s ur i ng wa t er d o es n o t pe r s i s t o n pas t ur es an d

i n r o w cr o p ch a nn e l s f o r m o r e t h an 5 d a y s w il l

us ua l ly pr e v e n t m o s qu i t o pr o duc t i o n

. E f f ec t i v e

s l o pe dr a i nage

, a n d i nf il t r at i o n a n d e v apo r at i o n

r at es as s o c i at ed w i t h t h e s o i l m us t b e co ns i dered

w i t h r es pec t to t h e wa t er appl i ca t i o n r at es an d

f r equ e n c i es

. E n s ur i ng f r ee f l o w o f wat er i n t h e d e li ver y a n d ( part i cu l ar ly ) t h e dr a i nage c ha nn e l s by c l ea r i ng e m erge n t an d f l o at i n g v ege t at i o n w i ll h e l p t o p r ev e n

t b u i l dup o f m o s qu i t o

po pul at i o n s

.

On t h e s h o r es o f l ake s o r l ago o n s

, c l ear e m erge nt v ege t a

t i o n o r pr ev e n t i t f r o m t ak i n g h o l d b y

li n i ng t h e l ago o n o r s t ee peni n g t h e s i des o f t h e l ag oo n

.4 **M anagi**  **ng r**  **etent ion**  **pon ds/s**  **t orm**  **wate r**  **im pou**  **nd m**  **ent s** 

Stor m w at er s tr uc t ur es t h at t em po r ari ly o r per m a n e n t l y r et a i n r u n o f f are r ec e i v i ng i ncrea s i ng

att en t i o n as po t en t i a l m o s qu i t o b r ee d i n g areas

. M ea s ur e s t h at l o wer m o s qu i

t o pr o duc t i o n i n

s to r m wa t er s t r uc t u r es are n ee ded t o p r ot ec t pub li c h ea l t h

. I f des i g n ed pr o perl y

, s t or m w at er

s t r uc t ur es s h o u l d n o t pr o m o t e m o s qu i t o b r ee d i ng. E n s ur i n g t h at t h es e s t r uc t ur es are pr o perly

des i g n ed an d m a i n t a i ned i s t h e ke y to l imi t i n g m o s qu i t o pr o duc t i o n

.

H i s t o r i ca lly

, s t o r m wa t er co n t r o l s w ere des i g n ed to qui ck ly co l l e ct

, s tor e an d t r an s po r t r un o f

f

aw a y f r o m de v e l o ped area s i n t o n earby s t r ea m s to p r ev e n t f l o o di n g. Ho wev er, i t i s n o w

r ec o gni ze d t h at t h es e s y s t e m s a l o n e are o f

t en n o t th e i dea l s o l ut i o n b ec au s e t h e y im pac t s t r ea m s

by i ncre as i ng t h e v o l u m e a n d v e l o c i t y o f wat er and a m o un t o f po l l ut an t s

.

T o day s t or m w at er m a n age m e n t pr o m o t es a v ar i et y o f pr ac t i ce s a n d co n

t r o l s t h at h e l p r un o f f t o

i n f il t r at e an d mi n imi ze co n t ac t o f r u n o f f w i t h po l lut an t s

. F or ex a m p l e, i nf il t r at i o n pr ac t i ce s us i ng

v ege t at ed areas l i k e s wa l e s a n d r a i n garde n s s l o w t h e v e l o c i

t y o f wa t er an d a ll o w f o r perco l at i o n

i n t o t h e gr o un d. Wh e n pr o per l y des i g n ed a n d m a in

t a i n ed, s t o r m wat er m a n age m e n t pr ac t i ce s do

n o t en co ur age m o s qu i t o b r ee d i ng. Sto r m wat er m a n age r s s h o u l d i nco r po r a t e des i g n

, co ns t r uc t i o n

,

m a n age m e n t a n d m a i n t e na n ce f ea t ur es i n t o s to r m wat er s t r uc t ur es to m i n i mi z e m o s qu i t o

pr o duc t i o n ( a n d t h ere f o r e de creas e o r e l imi nat e t h e n ee d f o r i ns ec t i c i des ) w i t h o ut co m pr o m i s i ng

wa t er qual i t y f unct i o ns

.

De s i g n an d m a n age m e n t o f s to r m wat er b es t m a n a ge m e n t pr ac t i ce s ( B M P s ) i s b e y o n d t h e s co pe

o f t hi s m a n ua l

. M o r e i nf o r m at i o n i s a v a il a bl e at t h e E PA s t or m

wat er we b s i t e at :

h t t p:/ /www.epa. g o v /n pde s /s t o r m wat er

.

**B I**  **O L**  **O GI**  **CA L**  **C ON**  **T RO**  **L**

B i o l o g i ca l co n t r o l

, o r bi o co n t r o l

, i s t h e use o f bi o lo gi ca l o r gani s m s t o c o n

t r o l pes t s

— i n t hi s c as e,

m o s qu i t o es

. B i o co n t r o l i s po pu l ar i n t h eo r y b ec aus e o f i t s po t en t i a l t o b e h o s t

­ s pec i f i c w i t h

vi r t ual ly n o e f f e ct o n n o n

­ t arget or gani s m s

. O v er a l l

, l arvi v o r o us f

i s h are t h e m o s t ex t ens i ve l y

us ed bi o co n t r o l age n t f o r m o s qu i t o co n tr o l

. Pr eda c i o us f i s h s uc h a s Gambu s ia af f inis an d o t h er

to p m i nn o ws ( Po ec i lii dae ) a n d k i llif i s h e s ( C y pr i n o do n t i dae ) t h at o cc ur n at ur al l y i n m a ny aqua t i c

h a bi t at s

, can b e co l l ec t ed ( or i n s o m e ca s es pr o paga

t ed) an d p l ac ed i n per m a n e n t o r s em i

­

per m a n e n t wa t er b o di e s f o r l arva l co n t r o l

. Ot h er bi o co n t r o l age n t s h a v e b e e n t es t ed f o r us e in

m o s qu i t o co n t r o l b ut to dat e h ave n o t b ee n f o un d f ea s i b l e. T h e s e i nc l ude t h e pr eda c i o u s

m o s qu i t o Toxor hync hites

, pr eda c i o us co pepo ds

, th e para s i

t i c n e m at o de R omanome r mis a n d t h e

f u n gus Lagenidium giganteum

. B i o co n t r o l ce r t a i nly h o l ds t h e po s s i bili t y o f b ec o m i ng a m o r e

im po r t an t too l a n d p l a yi ng a l arger r o l e i n m o s qu i

t o co n tr o l i n t h e f ut ur e whe n im pr o v ed

t ec h n o l o g y a n d ec o n o m i c s m a y e nh a n ce t h e i

r us e f u l nes s

. Al t h o ugh b ac t er i a a n d i ns ec t gr o w t h

r egu l at or s m a y b e co n s i d ered a f o r m o f bi o c o n t r o l

, t h e y are d i s cu s s ed i n det a i l i n t h e

“L ar vi c i d i n g ” se ct i o n

.

Unf o r t un at el y

, t h e r o l e o f b at s a n d pur p l e m art i n s i n m o s qu i t o “ co n t r o l ” h as b e e n e x agge r at ed.

B at s m a y b e b o t h o pp or t uni s t i c a n d s e l e ct i ve i n t h e i r f e ed i n g, a n d s e v era l f ac t o r s det e r m i n e

whi c h s pe c i f i c i ns ec t s m a y b e co n s u m ed i n t h e gr ea t es t quan

t i t y

. I n ge n era l

, r es ear c h h as s h o w n

t h at t h e l i t t l e b r o wn b at f e eds o n s o f t b o d i ed i ns ec t s s uc h as m o t h s

, f li e s

, m i dge s

, m o s qu i t o es an d5 m a yf l i e s

. T h e l arger bi g b r o wn b at i s o ppor

t uni s t i c, a n d pr e y s m o s t l y upo n b ee t l es s uc h a s

gr o un d b ee t l es

, J une b ug s

, cuc u m b er b e et l es a n d ot h er b ee t l e s an d i ns e ct s

. T h e M e xi ca n f

r ee

t ai l ed bat co n s u m e s pr im ar i ly m o t hs a n d b ee t l es

. B at s are bi o l o g i c a l ly be n e f

i c i a l m a mm a l s

, a nd

are a v er y im po r t an t an d uni qu e part o f o u r wi l d li f e. B u t r el at i ve to pes t p o pul at i o n s

, wh et her or

n o t t h e f ee d i ng o f b at s i n o ur ur b an a n d agr i cu l

t ur a l co m m u ni t i e s pr o vi des a ny m e as ur a bl e

b e n e f i t ( s uc h as r educ t i o n o f m o s qu i t o bi t i ng d e ns i t y o r n u m ber o f W es t N il e c as e s ) i s hi g hly

ques t i o na bl e. A t b e s t

, t h e i r b e n e f i c i a l co n t r i b ut i o ns are l i ke ly t o v ar y t r e m e n do us l y dep e n d i n g o n

t h e co m p l e x l o ca l e nvi r o nm e n t a l co nd i t i o n s a n d part i cu l ar ec o s y s t e m (

h t t p:/ /www. t ex as m o s qu i t o

. or g/Ba t s

. h t m l )

. Pur pl e m art i ns are n o t p r o di g i o u s co n s u m ers o f

m o s qu i t o es a s i s s o o f t en c l a im ed by co m p a ni es t hat m a n u f ac t ur e m art i n h o us i n g. Pur p l e m art i ns

an d f r es h wa t er m o s qu i t o es r arel y e ver cro s s pat h s

. M art i n s are da y

t i m e f ee d ers, an d f ee d hi g h in

t h e s k y ; m o s qu i t o es

, o n t h e o t h er h a n d, s t a y l o w i n da m p p l a ce s dur i n g d a y li g h t h o ur s

, a n d are

m o s t ac t i v e at ni g h t ( h t t p://www. pu r pl e m art i n

. o r g/ m a i n/ m gt

. h t m l )

. I t m ake s s e n s e, t h o ugh

, t o

mi n im i z e ad v ers e e f f e ct s o n n at ur al m o s qu i t o pr eda to r s by us i ng a l t ernat i ves t o pes t i c i des o r

ch o o s i n g t h o s e pes t i c i des w i t h t h e l ea s t i m p ac t o n n o n

­ t arge t o r gani s m s

.

**Gam busia**  **a f**  **f in**  **is**

**, t**  **he we**  **s t**  **er n**  **m os**  **qu it**  **of is**  **h**

Gambus ia b e l o n g to t h e Po ec i l ii da e f a mil y

. M o s qu i t o f i s h pr e f er qu i et

, s h a l l o w po n d s

, l ak es

, d i t ch e s

, dr a i ns

, m ars h es a n d s l ugg i s h creeks w i

t h c l ear wat er an d aqua t i c v eg et at i o n

. T h e y pr e f

er

wa r m wa t er t em perat ur es a n d ca n t o l erat e wat er t em perat ur es b et wee n 40 a n d 100 d egrees

F a h r e nh e i t

. T h e i r l if e s pa n i s s h o r t

, p r o b ably l e s s t h a n 15 m o n t h s

, b ut t h e y m a y li ve t wo to t h r ee

y ea r s u n der f a v o r abl e co n d i t i o ns

. T h e y are o v o vi vi paro us

, m ea ni ng t h e f

e m a l e s g i v e bi r t h t o l i v e

yo u n g. Gambu s ia r ea c h s e x u a l m at ur i t y i n 6 t o 8 we eks

. E ac h f e m a l e ca n pr o duce t h r ee to f o ur

b r o o ds per s ea s o n

, ev er y 3 t o 6 we eks

. T h e n

u mb er o f y o u n g i n ea c h b r oo d i s hi g hly v ar i a bl e,

an d a v erage a b o ut 60 to 70. T h e y o u n g are b o r n in s pr i n g a n d s u mm er w h e n t h e y are a b o ut 0. 4

i nc h e s l o n g. A du l t l e n gt h r an g es f r o m 0. 8 to 2. 5 i n c h e s ( t h e f e m a l es are l arger t h a n t h e m a l e s )

. M o s qu i t o f i s h ea t a v ar i et y o f m ac r o

­ i nv ert eb r at es

, i n c l ud i ng m o s qu i

t o l ar v ae

, ot h er s m a ll i ns e ct

l ar v ae

, zo o pl a n kt o n

, crus t ac ean s a n d aqua t i c p l a n t s s uc h a s a l gae a n d d i at o m s

. Gambus ia are

aggres s i ve a n d m a y a l s o f ee d o n f i s h f r y i nc l ud in g t h e i r o wn y o u n g. F ee d i ng i s at t h e wat er’ s

s ur f ac e.6 Gambus ia h a v e b ee n us ed f o r m o s qu i t o co n tr o l i n t h e US s i n c e t h e ear l y 1900 ’ s

. Var i o us

age nc i es t h r o ugh o u t t h e w o r l d ha v e deve l o ped s to cki n g gu i de li nes f

o r m o s qu i t o co n tr o l in

s w i mmi ng po o l s ( a b a n do n ed), o r n a m e n t a l po o l s

, d i t ch e s

, wet l a n d s

, m i ne p i t s

, s t or m wat er an d

wa s t e wa t er di s po s a l l ago o n s

, n at ur a l creeks

, a nim a l wat er i n g t r o ugh s an d s m a l l s ea s o n a l o r

per m a n e n t po n ds

. R ec o m m e n d ed s t o cki n g r at es i n t h e US r a n ge f r o m 15­ 100 f i s h f o r b a ck y ard

o r n a m e n t a l po n ds to 2

, 500 f i s h /ac r e f o r s m a ll po nds an d d i t c h es

. R epo r t s f r o m m o s qu i t o c o n t r o l

o r gani za t i o n s i nd i ca t e t h at t h e gr ea t es t pr o bl e m as s o c i at ed w i

t h t h e i na bili t y o f Ga mbus ia t o

co n t r o l m o s qu i t o l ar v ae are aqua t i c v ege t at i o n

, i nade quat e f

i s h n u m bers o r a l ac k o f d i s t r i b ut i o n

by t he f i s h i n a wat er s i t e.

T h e i n t r o duc t i o n o f m o s qu i t o f i s h i n t o areas wh ere t h e y h a v e n ot pr evi o us l y b ee n f

o un d m a y h a ve

adv ers e e f f e ct s

. T h e y are ver y qu i ck t o ada p t to c h a n g i ng co n d i t i o ns

, r epro duce qu i ck ly a n d are

v o r ac i o us a n d aggre s s i ve f e ede r s

. T h e i r pr e s e n ce m a y be det r i m e n t a l t o ec o n o m i c a l ly im po r t an t

f i s h o r en dan gered n at i v e f i s h s uc h as t h e c l o s e ly r e l at ed Peco s gam

b us i a. T h ere f o r e n e w

i n t r o duc t i o n o f m o s qu i t o f i s h s h o u l d b e lim i t ed t o i s o l at ed s i t es w i t h n o co n n ec t i o n t o l ake s

,

r i v ers

, s t r ea m s o r can a l s w h ere t h e y m a y h a v e a po s i

t i v e im pac t up o n t h e exi s t i n g o r p ot en t i a l

m o s qu i t o po pul at i o ns

.

**L ARV**  **I C**  **I D**  **I NG** 

T h e app li ca t i o n o f c h e mi ca l s t o ki ll imm at ur e m o s qui

t o es by gr o un d o r ae r i a l app li ca t i o n s i s

t y p i ca lly m o r e e f f ec t i v e a n d t arge t

­ s pec i f i c t h a n adu l t i c i d i ng, a l t h o ugh l es s per m a n e n t t h a n

s o ur ce r educ t i o n

. Se v era l m at eri a l s i n v ar i o us f

o r m u l at i o n s are l a b e l ed f o r m o s qu i t o l arvi c i d i ng,

i nc l ud i ng s o m e bi o r at i o n a l p es t i c i de s s uc h as i ns ec t gr o w

t h r egu l at o r s ( I GR s ) an d b ac t er i a t h at

t arge t m o s qu i t o es an d bl a ck f li e s

. Al s o l a b e led f o r m o s qu i t o c o n t r o l are co n v e n t i o n a l

o r gan o ph o s ph at e i n s ec t i c i des

, o i l s

, a n d m o n o m o l e cu l ar s ur f

a ce f ilm s

.

T h e t i mi ng o f l ar vi c i de app li ca t i o n i s dep e n de n

t on t h e n at ur e o f t h e co n t r o l age n t

. C o n v e n t i o n a l

i ns ec t i c i des

, f o r ex a m p l e, k il l l ar v ae at a l l s t age s a n d t h us ca n b e app l i e d w h e n co nv e ni e n t

. B ac t eri a m u s t b e co n s u m ed by t h e l ar v ae a n d ar e us ua lly app l i e d we ll be f

o r e t h e 4 th i ns t ar to

ens ur e t h at co n s u m pt i o n o cc ur s

. I n s ec t gr o w t h r egu l at o r s m i mi c a n es s e n t i a l h o r m o n e pr es e n t i n

hi g h co n ce n t r at i o n i n e ar l y i ns t ar l ar v ae b ut i n ver y l o w co nce n

t r a t i o n i n 4 t h i ns t ar l ar v ae

. E x po s ur e o f 4 t h i n s t ar l arvae to t h e I GR ups et s t h e phy s i o l o g i c a l m o l

t i ng pr o ce s s an d k i lls

m o s qu i t o es i n t h e s u b s eque n t pupa l s t age

. I GR s can b e f o r m u l at ed as s l o w r e l ea s e i ns ec t i c i de s s o

t h at appl i ca t i o n i n t h e 2 n d o r 3 rd i n s t ar w i ll r es u l

t i n a n ad equa t e ex po s ur e dur i n g t h e 4 t h i ns t ar.

M o n o m o l e cu l ar f i lm s pr eve n t t h e i n s e ct f r o m r e ma i ni ng at t h e s ur f ac e o f t h e wat er by r educ i ng

s ur f ac e t ens i o n

. Un d er t h es e co n d i t i o ns l arvae o f a ll s t age s a n d pupa e dep l et e t h e i

r e n erg y

r es erv e s t r y i ng t o s t ay at t h e s ur f ac e a n d s u cc u m b to ex h au s t i o n

. T h e o i l s k ill l ar v ae a n d pupae

by s u f f o c at i o n

, bec aus e t h e i n s ec t i s n ot abl e t o o b ta i n a i

r t h r o ugh t h e s i p h o n at t h e o i ly s ur f ac e.

E ac h l ar vi c i de h a s v er y s pe c i f i c app li c at i o ns a n d m a y b e m o r e e f f ec t i v e ag a i ns t o n e s pec i e s o r

gr o up t h an a n o t h er. E ac h l a b e l ( t h e l a w w h e n us in g p es t i c i de s ) i s d if

f ere n t an d s pec i a l at t en t i o n

m us t b e g i ve n to a f u ll u n ders t an d i ng o f t h e pr ovi s i o ns o f t h e l a b e l f

o r ea ch c h e mi ca l be i ng

co n s i dered f o r us e i n m o s qu i t o co n t r o l pr o gr am s

. T h e l a b e l pr es cr i bes app li ca t i o n m et h o ds an d

r at es

, h abi t at r es t r i ct i o ns

, pers o n a l a n d e nvi r o nm e n t a l e x po s ur e l imi t s

, et c. Pes t i c i de app li c at or s

m us t b e kn o w l edge a bl e o f t h e l a b e l co n t en t s an d a bi de by t h e l a b e l

.7 I m po r t an t ch aract eri s t i c s f o r l arvi c i de s i nc l ude s pec i f i c i t y f o r m o s qu i t o es

, m i n im a l im pac t o n

n o n

­ t arge t o r gani s m s a n d, i n m a ny i ns t anc es

, a bili t y t o pen et r a

t e den s e v eg et a t i ve ca n o p y

. L arvi c i d e f o r m u l at i o ns ( e.g.

, l i qu i d, gr an u l ar, s o l id) m u s t b e ac curat el y app li ed a n d appro pr i at e

to t h e ha bi t at b e i ng t r ea t ed

. So m e dr y f o r m u l at i o n s

, s uc h a s b r i qu et s an d gr an u l e s

, m a y a l s o b e

app l i ed pr e­ f l o o d i n g, i f t he l a b e l a ll o ws

. L ar vi c i de app li ca t i o n s

, w h e n b a s ed o n ac curat e

s ur v e ill a n c e dat a, are an i m po r t an t c o m po n e n t o f an i n t egrat ed m o s qu i t o c o n t r o l o pera t i o n

. A cc ur a c y o f app li ca t i o n co v erage i s im

po r t an t, as f a il ur e t o ex po s e ev e n a r e l at i v e ly s m a l l

po r t i o n o f a b r ee d i ng area ca n r es u l t i n t h e e m erg en c e o f a l arge m o s qu i t o b r oo d an d l ea d t o t h e

n ee d f o r i m m e d i at e b r o ad­s ca l e adu l t i c i d i ng.

**Dipt er**  **an­ s**  **pecif i**  **c b acter**  **ia**

T wo s pec i es o f b ac t er i a are l a b e l ed f o r m o s qu ito l ar v a l co n t r o l : B acillus thur ingien s is var.

is r aele n s is ( B ti ) an d B acillus s phae r icus ( B s )

. B oth t y pe s o f n at ur a l ly

­ o cc ur r i n g b a ct eri a pr o duce

s po r es an d a cr y s t a l li ne pr ot ei n k n o wn as de l

t a­e n do to xi n

. T h es e cr y s t a l s are to xi c to m o s qu i

t o

l ar v ae w h e n i nge s t ed. B ti i s a l s o us ed t o c o n

tr o l larv ae o f bl ac k f li e s

, m i dge s a n d f u n gu s g n at s

. All s pec i e s o f C ulex are s u s ce pt i bl e t o B s

, as we ll a s s o m e s pec i e s o f A ede

s

, P s o r ophor a a n d

A nopheles

. B ti b r ea ks do wn qu i ck l y i n t h e e nvir o nm e n

t an d t h us h a s n o r es i dua l e f f e ct

. B s

, h o we v er, r ec y c l e s i n d ea d m o s qu i t o l arvae a n d pr o vi des e x t en ded co n t r o l

. T hi s i s us e f u l f o r

m u l t i p l e­b r o o d s pec i es

. Ne i t h er b a ct eri u m i s h ar mf u l t o n o n

­ t a r ge t o r gani s m s

, i nc l ud i ng p l a n t s

, f i s h a n d ot h er o r gani s m s i n t h e aqua t i c envi r o nm e n

t

, wh en us ed acc o r d i n g to t h e l a be l

.

**I nse**  **ct gr**  **o wth**  **r egu**  **l at**  **ors**

M et h o pr en e i s a n i ns ec t gr o w t h r egu l at or whi c h in t erf eres w i t h n o r m a l m o s qu i t o dev e l o p m e n t

. T r ea t ed l ar v ae co n t i n u e n o r m a l de v e l o p m e n t to t h e pupa l s t age w h ere t h e y d i e. M et h o pr en e h a s

n o e f f e ct o n m o s qu i t o es whi c h h a v e a l r ea d y r ea c hed t h e pupa l o r adul

t s t age p r i o r to t r ea t m e n t

. M et h o pr en e i s t arget­ s pec i f i c, a n d w ill n o t a f f ec t f i s h

, wat erf o w l

, m a mm a l s o r b e ne f i c i a l

pr eda to r y i n s ec t s wh e n us ed acc o r d i n g to t h e l a b e l

.

Wh e n us i ng m et h o pr en e f o r m o s qu i t o co n t r o l i t i s im po r t an t to r em e m ber y o u w il l s t i ll s ee

l ar v ae ; d i p co un t s w il l n o t t el l y o u i f t h e pr o duct i s wo r ki n g. T o det erm i ne t h e e f

f ec t i v e n e s s o f

t r ea t m e n t

, i t i s n ec es s ar y t o co l l e ct a sa m p l e o f pupae f r o m t r ea t ed an d un t r ea t ed areas an d to r ea r

t h e m i n e m erge n ce ca ge s to c o un t t h e n u m ber o f l iv e adu l t s t h at emerge.

**Su r**  **f a**  **ce f**  **i l**  **m s**  **and oil**  **s**

M o n o m o l e cu l ar s ur f ac e f il m s are a l co h o l

­ b a s ed pr o duc t s t h at pr o duce a f

i lm o n t h e wat er

s ur f ac e. T hi s f ilm m ake s i t d if f i cu l t f o r m o s qu i t o l arv ae

, pupae

, a n d e m erg i ng adu l t s t o a tt ac h t o

t h e wa t er’ s s ur f ac e, ca us i ng t h e m t o dr o wn

. Sp ec i e s t h at do n ot r equi

r e s ur f ac e co n t ac t f o r

b r ea t hi ng w hi l e i n t h e l ar v a l o r pupa l s t age ( i

. e.

, C

oquill ettidia ) wi ll b e a f f ec t ed whe n t h e adu l t s

e m erge. M o n o m o l ec u l ar s ur f a ce f i lm s ca n b e app l i ed at e i t h er t h e l ar v a l o r pupa l s t age

. Sust ai n ed w i nd s o f 10 m p h o r gr ea t er wi l l pu s h t he f il m a n d t h us r es u l t i n po or co n t r o l

. Sur f ac e

f i lm s are n o t vi s i b l e a n d a n i nd i ca t o r o i l m

u s t be us ed t o de t erm i ne pr es e nce o f t h e pr o duc t

. M o n o m o l e cu l ar s ur f a ce f ilm s do n o t l as t l o n g i n t h e envi r o nm e n t an d do n o t adv ers e ly a f f e ct

f i s h

, bi r ds o r ot h er wi l d l if e w h e n us ed acc o r d i n g to t h e l a b e l

.

Pet r o l eu m

­ b a s ed o i l s we r e w i de ly us ed i n t h e pa s t b ut f

ew pr o duc t s r em a i ns a v a il a bl e, due to

envi r o nm e n t a l h az ards o f pet r o l eu m

­ bas ed pr o ducts a n d ad verse n o n

­ t arget ef

f ec t s

. O i l k ill s b o t h8 l ar v ae a n d pupa e t h r o ugh s u f f o ca t i o n

. O i l s w ill a l s o k i ll e m erg i ng adu l

t s a n d m a y i nh i b i t

o vi po s i t i o n

.

**Or ganop**  **hosphat e l**  **a r**  **vicides**

T e m ep h o s i s curr e n t l y t h e o nly o r gan o ph o s p h at e r eg i s t ered f

o r l ar v a l m o s qu i t o co n t r o l

. A qu at i c

i nvert eb r at es ( i n add i t i o n to m o s qu i t o l ar v ae ) are ex t r e m e ly s e ns i t i v e t o t emep h o s

. T emep h o s i s

a l s o s l i g h t l y t o m o derat el y t o xi c t o f i s h

, m o r e so i n t h e li qu i d f o r m u l at i o n t ha n gr a n u l ar. B ec aus e

t emep h o s i s app l i ed d i r ec t l y t o wat er

, i t i s n o t e x pec t ed to h a v e a d i r ec t i m pa ct o n t e r r es tr i a l

anim a l s o r bi r ds

. I t i s b e s t us ed i n hi g hly po l l ut ed wat ers o r wa

t er wi t h hi g h o r gani c co n t en t

, wh ere l e s s h az ardo us a l t ern at i v e s m a y n o t b e e f f e ct i v e. T he po we r b ac kp ac k bl o wer app li ca t i o n

to t i r e p i l e s i s a m i n o r b ut crit i c a l u s e. T h e t e m ep ho s pr o duc t us ed f

o r t hi s app li ca t i o n i s u ni que l y

f o r m u l at ed f o r pe n et r a t i o n o f l arge t i r e p il es a n d r es i dua l ac t i o n ( 30 d a y s o r m o r e). I t i s m o r e

e f f ec t i v e a n d l o n ger l a s t i n g t h an a l t ernat i ves f o r t hi s us e.

**A DUL**  **T I**  **C I**  **D I**  **NG**

T h e gr o un d o r ae r i a l app li ca t i o n o f c h e mi ca l s to ki ll adu l

t m o s qu i t o es i s us ua lly t h e l e as t

e f f i c i e n t m o s qu i t o co n t r o l t ec hni que a n d i s co ns i d ered t h e l as t r es o r

t

. E f f ec t i v e s us t a i n a ble

i n t egrat ed m o s qu i t o m a n age m e n t pr o gr am s s t r i ve t o pr ev e n t l arge f li g h t s o r s war m s o f

m o s qu i t o es t h r o ugh al l t h e m ea s ur e s des cr i be d ab o v e, b ut h ea vy pr ec i p i

t at i o n

, f l o o d i n g,

envi r o nm e n t a l co n s t r a i n t s

, i n ac ce s s i bl e l ar v a l h a bi t at s

, m i s s ed b r ee d i ng s i t es

, h u m a n d i s ea s e

o u t b r ea ks

, as we l l as b udget s h o r t f a ll s

, a b s e n t e m p l o y ee s

, o r equi p m e n t f a i l ur e s

, m a y n ec es s i t at e

us e o f adu l t i c i de s

. T h ere f o r e i t r em a i ns a n i m po r t a n t par t o f a n i n t egrat ed m o s qu i t o m a nage m e n t

pr o g r am

.

E f f ec t i v e adu l t m o s qu i t o co n t r o l w i t h i ns ec t i c i de s r equ i r es s m a ll dr o p l et s t h at dr i f t t h r o ugh areas

wh ere m o s qu i t o es are f lyi ng. T h e dr o pl et s t h at i m p i nge o n m o s qu i t o es pr o vi de t h e co n t ac t

ac t i vi t y nec e s s ar y t o ki ll t h e m

. L arge dr o pl et s t h at s e tt l e o n t h e gr o un d o r v ege t at i o n w i

t h o ut

co n t ac t i n g m o s qu i t o es wa s t e m at er i a l a n d m a y ca us e u n de s i r a bl e e f f ec t s o n n o n

­ t arge t ed

o r gani s m s

. T o ac hi e ve s m a ll dr o p l et s

, s pec i a l ae r i a l a n d gr o un d u l

t r a­ l o w­v o l u m e ( UL V)

equ i p m e n t i s us ed. Gro un d UL V app l i c at or s pr oduce dr o pl et s o f 8 to 30 m i cro n s i n d i a m et er.

I n s ec t i c i d es are app li ed i n co nce n t r a t ed f o r m at v e r y l o w v o l u m e s

, us ua lly l e s s t h a n 3 o un ce s per

ac r e. Gr o un d o r ae r i a lly app li ed t h er m a l app li ca t i o n o f adu l

t i c i d es ( t h er m a l f o gger) i s a l s o us ed

i n s o m e areas b ut to a m uc h l es s er degree.

As w i t h a ll us es o f pe s t i c i d es

, t h e l a b e l i s t h e l a w. A du l

t i c i d i n g l a b e l s s pec if y app li ca t i o n r at e,

v e hi c l e a n d w i nd s p ee d a n d r equ i r ed dr o p l et s i z e. I t i s im

po r t an t to ca l i b r at e t h e app l i c at i o n

equ i p m e n t r egul ar l y t o en s ur e i t i s pr o duci n g t h e r equi r ed dr o pl et s i z e an d f l o w r at e. F o ggi n g

s h o u l d t ake p l ac e i n ear l y m o r ni ng a n d e v e ni ng wh e n m o s qu i

t o es are ac t i v e a n d co n vec t i o n

curr en t s are m i n im a l

, t o h o l d t h e f o g cl o s er to t h e gr o un d.

M o s t cur r en t l y r eg i s t ered adu l t i c i des f a ll i n t o on e o f t wo gr o ups o f i ns ec t i c i de s : s y

n t h et i c

p y r et h r o i d s o r or gan o ph o s ph at es

. **P yre**  **t hr**  **oid s**  ar e s y

n t h et i c c h e mi ca l i ns e ct i c i des t h at ac t i n a

s i mil ar m a nn er to py r et h r i n s

, w hi c h are der i v ed f r o m c h r y s a n t h e m u m f l o wer s

. P y r et h r o i ds us ed

i n m o s qu i t o co n t r o l are t y p i c a l ly mi xed w i t h a s yn erg i s t co m po un d, s uc h a s p i pero ny l b ut o xi de

whi c h e nh a n ce s t h e e f f ec t i v e n e s s o f t h e act i v e i n gr ed i e n t

. T h e pr o duc t i s o f t en d il ut ed i n wat er o r9 o i l a n d app li ed us i ng UL V equ i p m e n t a t r a t es l es s t h an 1/100 th o f a po un d o f ac t i v e i n gr ed i e n

t or

l e s s t h a n 4 f l u i d o un ce s o f mi xed f o r m u l at i o n per a cre. T h e s y n t h et i c p y r et h r o i ds co m m o nly u s ed

i n m o s qu i t o c o n t r o l pr o gr am s are per m et h r i n

, r es m et h r i n ( r es t r i ct ed us e) an d s u mi t h r i n

. P y r et h r o i d s are co n s i dered t o p o s e s l i g h t r i s k s o f ac ut e to x i c i t y t o h u m a n s

, b ut at hi g h do s es

,

p y r et h r o i d s ca n a f f ec t t h e n er v o us s y s t e m

. P y r et hr o i ds

, wh e n app li ed at m o s qu i t o c o n t r o l r at es

,

are l o w i n t o xi c i t y to m a mm a l s a n d bi r ds

, b ut are to xi c t o f

i s h a n d b ee s

. F o r t hi s r ea s o n t h e l a be l s

h a v e r es t r i ct i o n s a b o ut appl i ca t i o n o v er wat er or bl oo m i ng cro ps wh en b ee s m a y b e pr es e n

t

.

**Or ganop**  **hosphat es**  r eg i s t ered f o r adu l t m o s qu i t o c o n t r o l i n c l ude c hl o r p y r i f o s

, m a l at hi o n a n d

n a l ed. Whe n app li ed ac co r d i n g t o t h e l a b e l

, t h e s e pr o duct s can b e u s ed f

o r adu l t m o s qu i t o

co n t r o l w i t h o ut p o s i n g “ u n r ea s o n a bl e r i s ks ” ( E PA l a n gu age ) t o h u m a n h e a l t h

, w il d lif e o r t h e

envi r o nm e n t

. I n hi g h do s es o r gan o ph o s ph at es c an o v erst i m

u l at e t h e n er v o us s y s t e m c aus i ng

n au s ea

, d i zz i ne s s o r c o nf us i o n

. Severe hi g h do s e po i s o ni ng ca n ca

us e co nv u l s i o ns

, r es p i r at o r y

para l y s i s a n d dea t h

. B ec au s e t h ere are r el at i v e ly f

ew c h e mi c a l s r eg i s t ered f o r adul t m o s qu i t o

co n t r o l

, or gan o ph o s ph at es r e m a i n a n i m po r t an t part o f a n i n t egrat ed m o s qu i t o m a n age m e n t

pr o g r am

.

M o s qu i t o r es i s t an ce t o i n s ec t i c i de s m a y o cc ur b et wee n i ns ec t i c i des w i

t hi n a c l as s ( f o r ex a m p l e,

r es i s t an ce t o b ot h m a l at hi o n a n d n a l ed) o r co ul d be pas s ed f

r o m i mm at ur e to adul t s t age s s ubj ec t

to t h e s a m e i ns ec t i c i da l m o de o f ac t i o n

. D if

f er en t s pec i e s o f m o s qu i t o es m a y a l s o var y in

s us ce pt i bili t y t o di f f ere n t l arvi c i de s a n d adu l t i c i de s

. Sust ai n ed i n t egrat ed m o s qu i t o m a n age m e n t

r equ i r es a l t er n at i v e u s e o f d if f ere n t c l as s es o f i ns ec t i c i des

, i n co nj u n ct i o n w i

t h r es i s t an c e

m o ni t o r i n g, s o ur ce r educ t i o n

, bi o l o g i ca l co n t r o l a nd publ i c educ at i o n

.

**P UB**  **L I**  **C E**  **D UC**  **AT I**  **ON**

An i n t egrat ed m o s qu i t o m a n age m e n t pr o gr am i nv o l ves t h e pu bli c by i ns t i

t ut i n g a pu blic

i n f o r m at i o n pr o gr a m e m p h as i z i ng p ers o n a l r es p o n s i bili t y

, wa y s i n w hi c h peo p l e ca n pr eve n

t

m o s qu i t o b r ee d i ng, a n d h o w t h e y ca n r educ e t he r i s k o f b e i ng bi

t t en by o b s er vi ng perso n a l

pr ot ec t i o n m ea s ur es s uc h a s r epe ll e n t us e. A pu bli c edu ca t i o n pr o gr am s h o u l d a l s o i n f

o r m t he

publi c a b o ut t h e us e an d t i mi ng o f pes t i c i de s i n t h e i

r co m m u ni t y

, a n d pes t i c i de r i s k s and

b e n e f i t s

. M o s qu i t o co n tr o l pr o gr am s n ee d t h e s uppo r t o f a n i nf o r m ed pu bli c. I nf o r m i ng t h e

publi c s h o ws a r es pec t f o r t h e co m m u ni t y a n d w ill l ea d t o a s t r o n ger, b ett er s uppo r

t ed pr o gr am

t h at i s t ai l o r ed t o t h e co m m u ni t y a n d i t s v a l ue s

.

Str a t egi es t o i nf o r m t h e pu bli c ca n i nc l ude pr es s educ at i o n pr i o r to t h e m o s qu i

t o s ea s o n;

educ at i o na l m ee t i n g s w i t h po l i c y

­ m a kers s uc h as c i t y co un c il s a n d co un t y co m mi s s i o n ers ;

pr epa r at i o n o f m at er i a l s s uc h a s f ac t s h ee t s f o r t h e publi c ; we b s i t e d e v e l o p m e n t ; p l a n s f o r a

h o t l i ne a n d r ec o r ded m e s s age s ; a n d r egu l ar i n f

o r m at i o n t o t h e publi c a b o ut m o s qu i

t o

s ur v e ill a n c e a n d d i s ea s e i nc i de n ce

. T he Ne w M e xi co De part m e n

t o f Hea l t h ca n pr o vi d e W es t

N i l e vi r us b r o ch ur es upo n r eque s t

, an d a l s o m a i n t a i n s a we b s i t e m app i ng W e s t N i l e vi r u s

ac t i vi t y i n h u m a n s

, h o r s es a n d m o s qu i t o es

. T h at w ebs i t e i s :

h t t p:/ /www.h ea l t h

. s t at e.nm

. us /ep i /w nv

. h t m l

.10 **Prevent mosquito breeding**

The  following  recommendations,  aimed  at  residents  and  homeowners,  were  adapted  from  the

AMCA web site: http://www.mosquito.org/mosquito ­information/control.aspx

.

1. Destroy or dispose of tin cans, old tires, buckets, unused plastic swimming pools or

other containers that collect and hold water. Do not allow water to accumulate in t he

saucers of flowerpots, cemetery urns or in pet dishes for more than 2 days.

2. Clean  debris  from  rain  gutters  and  remove  any  standing  water  under  or  aroun d

structures, or on flat roofs. Check around faucets and air conditioner units and repair

leaks or eliminate puddles that remain for several days.

3. Change  the  water  in  birdbaths  and  wading  pools  at  least  once  a  week  and  sto ck

ornamental  pools  with  top  feeding  predacious  minnows.  Known  as  mosquito  fish,

these minnows are about 1 – 11⁄2 inches in length and can be purch ased or seined fro m streams  and  creeks  locally.  Ornamental  pools  may  be  treated  with  biorationa l

larvicides [ Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis ( Bti ) or S ­methoprene (IGR) containi ng products]  under  certain  circumstances.  Commercial  products  containing Bti

("Mosquito Dunks" and "Mosquito Bits") can be purchased at many hardware/garde n

stores  for residential use. S­Methoprene  insect  growth  regulator  is  availabl e

commercially as “ Pre­Strike”. Like Mosquito Dunks, Pre­Strike can be found at man y home/garden an d pet specialty stores.

4. Fill or drain puddles, ditches and swampy areas, and either remove, drai n or fill tree

holes and stumps. These areas may be treated with Bti or methoprene products also.

5. Eliminate seepage from cisterns, cesspools, and septic tanks.

6. Eliminate  standing  water  around  animal  watering  troughs.  Flush  livestock  wat er

troughs twice a week.

7. Check  for  trapped  water  in  plastic  or  canvas  tarps  used  to  cover  boats,  pools,  etc.

Arrange the tarp to drain the water.

8. Check around construction sit es or do ­it

­ yourself improvements to ensure that pro per

backfilling and grading prevent drainage problems.

9. Irrigate lawns and gardens carefully to prevent water from standing for several days.

**Traps and Misting Systems**

Focal or homeowner ­based mosquito c ontrol strategies, such as traps and misting systems, may be

perceived  as  an  alternative  by  the  public  in  affected  communities.  There  has  been  a  rapid

proliferation of backyard mosquito control equipment and technologies. However, there is little data

on the efficacy of these methods, machines, and materials either  for area

­ wide or  focal programs,

especially for mosquito­borne disease control. Some of these technologies may result in the misuses

of pesticides and have other negative impacts. If the public b elieves that these alternatives are best

for  them  (for  example,  because  of  intensive  advertising),  they  could  rationalize  not  authorizing

public  support  for  community

­ wide  mosquito  control.  Therefore,  organized  mosquito  control11 p r og r am s c oul d s uf f er

. T h es e m e t h ods al s o d o n ot a d e qu a tel y a dd r es s th e n ee d f or s u r v ei l l an ce

,

m o n i tor i n g

, s ou r ce r ed uc t i o n

, or l a r v a l c o n tr o l

– al l b as i c c o m p on en t s o f i n t e g r a te d m os q ui to

m an age m en t. I n a ddi t i o n to n ot p r ov i d i n g a r ea

­ wi d e p r ote c t i o n

, f oca l s tr a tegi es a r e us ual l y m or e

ex pen s i v e t h an th e an n ual pe r pe r s on c os t o f or g an i z e d

, c o m m uni t y m o s qui to c o n tr o l

.

**R e**  **pel l**  **e n**  **t s** 

I t i s i m p or tan t f or b oth v e c tor c on tr o l p e r s o n n el an d th e p ubl i c to p r ote c t th em s e l v es f r o m m o s q u i to

bi tes by c o n s i s t en t l y us i n g an ef f ec t i v e i n s ec t r e pel l en t. F or y ea r s

, D E E T ( N, N­di et hyl

­ m

to l ua mi de) h as b e en th e m os t c o m m o n ac t i v e i n g r edi en t i n c o m m e r ci a l i n s ec t r e p e l l en t s

. D E E T h as

b ee n s h own to b e ef f ec t i v e an d h as a l o n g s af e t y r e cor d wh en us ed ac c or di n g to th e l ab e l

. R ec en

t l y

,

tw o n e w ac t i v e i n gr e d i en t s h av e b ee n r egi s t e r ed by th e E PA

. I n r ec en

t s ci en t i f i c a r t i cl es

, r ep e l l en t s

wi t h Pi ca r i d i n ( K B R 30 2 3 ) h av e b e en s h own to p r ov i de l o n g

­ l as t i n g p r ote c t i o n s i m i l ar to D E E T

. O i l o f l e m o n euc a ly pt us [ p­ m e n t h a ne 3, 8­ di o l ( PMD ) ]

, a pl a n t b as ed r epe ll e n t

, i s a l s o r eg i s t ered

w i t h E PA

. I n t wo r ec en t s c i e n t i f i c pu bli c at i o ns

, w h e n o i l o f l e m o n euc a l y

pt us wa s t es t ed aga i n s t

m o s qu i t o es f o un d i n t h e U. S. i t pr o vi ded pr o t ec t i o n s imil ar t o r epe l l e n t s w i t h l o w co n ce n t r at i o n s

o f DE E T

.

T h e E PA m ake s t h e f o l l o w i ng r ec o m m e n dat i o n s o n a ny r epe ll e n t us e:

· A pp ly r ep e l l e n t s o nl y t o ex po s ed sk i n an d/o r c l ot hi n g ( as d i r ec t ed o n t h e pr o duct l a b e l )

. Do n ot us e un der c l ot hi n g.

· Ne v er us e r epe ll e n t s o v er cu t s

, wo un ds

, o r i r r i t at ed s k i n

.

· Do n ot appl y to ey e s an d m o ut h

, an d app l y s p ar i n g ly aro un d ea r s

. W

he n us i n g s pr a y s do

n o t s pr a y d i r ec t l y o n t o f ac e ; s pr a y o n h a n ds f i r s t an d t h e n app l y t o f ac e.

· Do n ot al l o w c hil dr en t o h an d l e t h e pr o duc t s

, an d do n ot appl y t o chi l dr e n' s h a n ds

. Whe n

us i n g o n c hi l dr e n

, app l y t h e pr o duc t to y o ur o wn han d s an d t h e n put i t o n t h e chil d.

· Do n ot s pr ay i n e nc l o s ed areas

. Av o i d b r ea t hi n g r e pe l l e n

t s pr a y

, an d do n ot us e n ear

f o o d.

· Us e j u s t en o ugh r epe l l e n t to co v er ex po s ed sk i n and/o r cl o t hi n g. Heavy app li ca t i o n a n d

s at ur a t i o n i s ge n era l ly u nn ec es s ar y f o r ef f ec t i v e nes s ; i f bi t i ng i n s ec t s do n ot r es po n d to a

t hi n f ilm o f r epe l l e n t

, t h en app ly a bi t m o r e.

· Af t er r et u r ni n g i ndo or s

, was h tr ea t ed s k i n w i t h s o ap an d wat er or b at h e. T hi s i s

part i cu l ar l y im po r t an t wh en r epe l l e n t s are us ed r epe at edl y i n a da y o r o n c o n s ec ut i v e

da y s

. Al s o

, wa s h t r ea t ed cl o t hi n g b e f o r e wear i n g i t aga i n

. I f y o u s us pec t t h at y o u or y o ur

chil d are r ea ct i n g to an i ns ec t r epe l l e n t

, di s co n t i n u e us e, was h t r ea t ed s ki n

, a n d t h en ca ll

y o ur l o ca l po i s o n co n t r o l ce n t er ( 1­ 800

­ 222­ 1222 i n Ne w M e xi co )

. I f y

o u go to a d o c tor

,

t ake t h e r epe l l e n t w i t h y o u.

C h o o s e a r epe l l e n t t h at p r o vi de s pr ot ec t i o n f o r t h e a m o un t o f t i m e t h at y o u w i ll b e o ut d oor s

. A

pr o duc t wi t h a hi g h er perce n t age o f a ct i ve i ngr ed ien t i s a go o d ch o i ce if y o u w i ll be o ut d oo r s f o r

s e v era l h o ur s w hi l e a pr o duc t wi t h a l o wer co n ce n t r at i o n ca n b e us ed if t i m e o u t d oo r s wi ll be

limi t ed. Si m p ly r e­app l y r epe ll e n t ( f o l l o w i ng l a b e l i ns t r uct i o ns ) i f yo u are o u

t d oo r s f o r a l o n ger

t i m e t h an e x pec t ed an d s t art to b e bi t t en by m o s qu i to es

.

C ert ai n pr o duct s whi c h co n t a i n per m et h r i n are r ec o m m e n d ed f o r us e o n c l o t hi n g, s h o es

, b ed

n et s

, a n d c a m p i ng gear

, a n d are r eg i s t ered w i t h E PA f o r t hi s us e. Per m et h r i n i s hi g hly e f f ec t i v e12 as a n i ns ec t i c i de a n d a s a r epe ll e n t

. Per m et h r i n

­ t r ea t ed c l o t h i n g r epe l s a n d k ill s t i cks

,

m o s qu i t o es

, a n d o t h er ar t h r o p o ds an d r et a i n s t hi s e f f ec t a f t er r epe at ed l au n der i n g. T he

per m et h r i n i ns ec t i c i de s h o u l d b e r ea pp li ed f o l l o w i n g t h e l a be l i ns t r uct i o n s

. So m e co m

m erc i a l

pr o duc t s are av a i l a bl e pr et r ea t ed wi t h per m et h r i n

.13 **AMCA POLICY ON MOSQUITO CONTROL**

The American Mosquito Control Association advocates management of mosquito populations when

and  where  necessary  by  means  of  integrated  programs  designed  to  benefit  or  to  have  minimal

adverse effects on people, wildlife, and the en

vironment.  This integrated pest management policy

recognizes that mosquito populations cannot always be eliminated but often must be suppressed to

tolerable levels for the well ­being of humans, domestic animals, and wildlife, and that selection of

scienti fically  sound  suppression  methods  must  be  based  on  consideration  of  what  is  ecologically

and economically in the long

­ term best interest of mankind.

The following principles are advocated:

1. Mosquito control measures should be undertaken only when t here is adequate justificatio n based upon surveillance data.

2. Integrated mosquito management programs should be tailored to the needs and requirements

of the local situation.  The combination of methods  for mosquito control should be chos en after careful consideration of the efficacy, ecological effects and costs versus benefits of th e

various  options,  including  public  education,  legal  action,  natural  and  biological  control,

elimination of breeding sources, and insecticide applications.

3. Mosquito breeding sources, whether natural or created by human activity, should be altere d

in such a manner as to cause the least undesirable impact on the environment.

4. Insecticides  and  application  methods  should  be  used  in  the  most  efficient  and  leas t

hazard ous  manner,  in  accordance  with  all  applicable  laws  and  regulations  and  availabl e

scientific data.  The registered label requirements for insecticide should be followed.  Wh en choices  are  available  among  effective  insecticides,  those  offering  the  least  haza

rd to

non

­ target organisms should be used.  Insecticides should be chosen and used in a mann er that will minimize the development of resistance in the mosquito populations.

5. Personnel  involved  in  mosquito  management  programs  should  be  properly  trained an d

supervised, and certified in accordance with relevant laws and regulations, and should ke ep current with improvements in management techniques through continuing education and/or

training problems.

Official  policy  of  the  AMCA,  adopted  at  the  annual meeting  held  April  17­ 21,  1978,  Chicago,

Illinois14 T h i s r ul e w a s f i l e d a s 2 0 N M A C 8

. 2.

**TI TLE**  **2 0**  **EN V**  **I R**  **O N**  **M EN**  **TA L**  **P R**  **O TEC**  **TI O**  **N**

**C H**  **A P**  **TER 8**  **N U**  **I S**  **A N**  **C E**  **A B**  **A TE**  **M EN**  **T**

**P A**  **R T**  **2 M**  **O S**  **Q U**  **I TO**  **A B**  **A TE**  **M EN**  **T A**  **N D**  **C O**  **N TR**  **O L** 

20. 8

. 2. 1 IS S U IN G A G E N CY : N e w M e xi c o E n v i r o

n m e n t a l I m p r o v e m e nt B o a r d

. [11/ 30 / 95; 20

. 8

. 2. 1 N M A C

­ R n

, 20 N M A C 8. 2

. 10 0, R e c o m pi l e d 1 1/ 27 / 01]

20. 8

. 2. 2 S CO P E : A l l pe r s o n s ha v i n g o w n e r s hi p o f o r c o n t r o l o ve r a n y pr o pe r t y upo n w hi c h w a t e r m a y c o l l e c t

. [11/ 30 / 95; 20

. 8

. 2. 2 N M A C

­ R n

, 20 N M A C 8. 2

. 10 1, R e c o m pi l e d 1 1/ 27 / 01]

20. 8

. 2. 3 S T A T U T O R Y A U T H O R IT Y : S e c t i o n 74­1­ 8 N M S A 1 978

. [11/ 30 / 95; 20

. 8

. 2. 3 N M A C

­ R n

, 20 N M A C 8. 2

. 10 2, R e c o m pi l e d 1 1/ 27 / 01]

20. 8

. 2. 4 D U R A T IO N : P e rm a n e n t

. [11/ 30 / 95; 20

. 8

. 2. 4 N M A C

­ R n

, 20 N M A C 8. 2

. 10 3, R e c o m pi l e d 1 1/ 27 / 01]

20. 8

. 2. 5 E F F E C T IV E D A T E : N o ve m b e r 30, 199 5.

[11/ 30 / 95; 20

. 8

. 2. 5 N M A C

­ R n

, 20 N M A C 8. 2

. 10 4, R e c o m pi l e d 1 1/ 27 / 01]

20. 8

. 2. 6 O B J E CT IV E : T o p r e v e n t o r c o n t

r o l t h e o c c urr e n c e o f m o s qui t o e s t ha t a r e a n u i s a n c e o r a r e

c a pa b l e o f t r a n s m i t t i n g di s e a s e t o m a n o r do m e s t i c a ni m a l s

. [9/ 22/ 72, 11 / 30 / 95; 20

. 8

. 2. 6 N M A C

­ R n

, 20 N M A C. 7. 2

. 105

, R e c o m pi l e d 11/ 2 7/ 01]

20. 8

. 2. 7 D E F IN IT IO N S : A s us e d i n t

hi s p a r t [20

. 8

. 2 N M A C] :

A

. "ab a t e m e nt " m e a n s t h e c o nt r o l o r e l i m i na t i o n o f m o s qui t o e s by e l i m i na t i o n o f t h e i r b r e e di n g

s o ur c e s o r by po i s o n i n g

, s p ra y i n g, o r t h e us e o f b i o l o gi c a l a nd e n v i r o nm e n t a l c o n t r o l s

, o r a n y o t h e r m e t h o d

a pp r o v e d by t h e D e pa rt m e nt ;

B

. "c o l l e c t i o n o f w a t e r " i n c l ude s a n y c o l l e c t i o n o f w a t e r c o n t a i ne d i n di t c h e s

, b o r r o w pi t s

, po o l s

,

c r o p f i e l ds

, po n ds

, s t r e a m s

, e xc a v a t i o n s

, h o l e s

, de pr e s s i o n s

, o pe n c e s s poo l s

, pri vy v a ul t s

, f

o un t a i n s

, c i s t e rn s

, t a nks

,

s h a l l o w w e l l s

, t r o ugh s

, s e w a ge o xi da t i o n po n ds a nd l a go o n s

, b a rr e l s

, u rn s

, c a n s

, b o xe s

, bo t t l e s

, t ub e s

, b uc ke t s

, r o o f

gut t e r s

, t a n ks o f f l us h c l o s e t s

, r e s e r v o i r s

, v e s s e l s

, r e c e pt a c l e s o f a n y ki n d, o r o t

h e r c o n t a i n e r s o r de v i c e s w h i c h m a y

h o l d w a t e r ;

C. "D e pa rt m e n t " m e a n s t h e N e w M e xi c o E n v i r o n m e nt D e pa rt m e n t ;

D

. "mo s qui t o " m e a n s a n y a r t hr o po d b e l o n gi n g t o t h e Cl a s s I n s e c t s

, O r de r D i pt e r a

, F a m i l y Cul i c i d a e

, S ubf a m i l y Cul i c i na e ;

E

. "mo s qui t o l a r v a e " m e a n s t h e i m m a t u r e a qua t i c s t a ge s o f m o s qui t o e s o c c urr i ng b e t w e e n t

h e e gg

a n d pupa l s t a ge s ;

F

. "mo s qui t o pup a e " m e a n s t h e a qu a t i c s t a ge s b e t w e e n t h e l a r v a l a n d a dul t s t a ge s o f m o s qui t o e s ; a n d

G

. "pe r s o n " m e a n s a n y i n di v i du a l

, p a rt n e r s hi p

, f i r m pub l i c o r p r i v a t e c o r po r a t i o n

, t r us t

, e s t a t e

,

c o m pa n y

, s o c i e t y

, po l i t i c a l s ub di v i s i o n o r a ge n c y

, o r a

n y o t h e r l e ga l e n t i t y o r t h e i r l e ga l r e p r e s e nt a t i v e s

, a ge n t s o r

a s s i g n s

. [9/ 22/ 72, 11 / 30 / 95; 20

. 8

. 2. 7 N M A C

– R n

, 20 N M A C. 8. 2

. 10 6, R e c o m pi l e d 11/ 27/ 01 ]

20. 8

. 2. 8 t o 20. 8

. 2

. 106 [R E S E R V E D ]

20. 2

. 8. 107 P R O H I B IT E D A C T S : N o pe

r s o n s h a l l c r e a t e o r m a i nt a i n a ny c o l l e c t i o n o f w a t e r i n o r o n w hi c h

m o s qui t o e s b r e e d o r a r e l i ke l y t o b r e e d u n l e s s a pp r o v e d m e t h o ds o f a b a t e m e nt a r e e m p l oy e d a s s pe c i f i e d by t h e

D e pa rt m e n t

. T h e p r e s e n c e o f m o s qui t o l a r v a e o r m o s qui t o p upa e

, o r b o t h, i n c o l l e c t i o n s o f w a t e r s h a l l c o n s t i t ut e

c o n c l us i v e e v i de n c e t h a t m o s qui t o e s a r e b r e e di n g t h e r e

. [9/ 22/ 72; 11 / 30/ 95; 20

. 2. 8. 10 7 N M A C

– R

n, 20 N M A C 8. 2. 107, R e c o m pi l e d 11 / 27/ 01]15 20. 8

. 2 N M A C

20. 2

. 8. 108 A P P R O V E D M E T H O D S O F A B A T E M E N T : A p p r o v e d m e t

h o ds o f m o s qui t o a b a t e m e nt

m a y c o n s i s t o f o n e o r m o r e o f t h e f o l l o w i n g p r o c e dur e s :

A

. e l i m i na t e c o l l e c t i o n s o f w a t e r by f

i l l i n g o r d ra i ni n g ;

B

. f r e e c o l l e c t i o n s o f w a t e r o f a l l v e ge t a t i v e gr o w

t h, f l o a t i ng de b r i s a n d o t h e r o b s t r uc t i o n ;

C. c l e a n p r e m i s e s by di s po s a l

, r e m o v a l o r de s t

r uc t i o n o f t h e c a ns

, b o xe s

, b r o ke n o r e m pt y

bo t t l e s

, v e h i c l e s

, t i r e s a n d s i m i l a r a rt i c l e s l i ke l y t o h o l d w a t e r;

D

. e m pt y c o l l e c t i o n s o f w a t e r e v e r y fo ur (4) da y s ;

E

. s t o c k c o l l e c t i o n s o f w a t e r w i t h m o s qui t o ­de s t r o y i n g f i s h;

F

. s c r e e n c o l l e c t i o n s o f w a t e r w i t h c o rr o s i o n r e s i s t a n t n e t t i n g o f a t l e a s t 16 m e s h e s t o t h e

i n c h e a c h w a y

, o r w i t h o t h e r m a t e ri a l w hi c h w i l l e f fe c t ua l l y pr e v e n t t h e i n g r e s s a nd e g r e s s o f m o s qui t o e s ;

G

. t r e a t c o l l e c t i o n s o f w a t e r w i t h c h e m i c a l s a pp r o v e d by t h e D e pa r t m e n t ; o r

H

. a n y o t h e r m e t h o d a pp r o v e d by t h e D e pa rt m e nt

. [9/ 22/ 72, 11 / 30 / 95; 20

. 8

. 2. 1 08 N M A C

– R

n, 2 0 N M A C 8

. 2. 108, R e c o m pi l e d 11 / 27/ 01]

20. 8

. 2. 109 S E V E R A B IL IT Y : If a n y pr o v i s i o n o f a ppl i c a t i o n o f t h i s P a r t i s h e l d i n v a l i d, t h e

r e m a i nde r, o r i t s a pp l i c a t i o n t o o t h e r s i t ua t i o n s o r pe r s o n s

, s ha l l n o t b e a f f e c t e d.

[11/ 30 / 95; 20

. 8

. 2. 109 N M A C

– R n, 20 N M A C 8

. 2. 109

, R e c o m pi l e d 11 / 27 / 01]

20. 8

. 2. 110 A M E N D M E N T A N D S U P E R S E S S IO N O F P R IO R R E G U L A T IO N S : T hi s P a r t s h a l l b e

c o n s t r ue d a s a m e n d i n g a nd s upe r s e di n g t h e R e gul a t i o n s G o ve rn i ng M o s qui t o A b a t e m e n t a nd Co n t r o l

, E IB

72­1, f i l e d A ugus t 2 3, 1972

. A l l r e f e r e n c e s t o t h e R e gul a t i o ns G o ve r ni n g M o s qui t o A b a t e m e nt a n d Co nt r o l

i n a n y o t h e r r ul e s ha l l b e c o n s t r ue d a s a r e f e r e n c e t o t hi s P a r t

. [11/ 30 / 95; 20

. 8

. 2. 110 N M A C

– R n, 20 N M A C 8

. 2. 110

, R e c o m pi l e d 11 / 27 / 01]

20. 8

. 2. 111 S A V IN G CL A U S E : S upe r s e s s i o n o f t

h e R e gul a t i o n s G o v e r ni n g M o s qui t o A b a t e m e

n t

a n d Co n t r o l s h a l l n o t a f f e c t a n y a dm i n i s t r a t i v e o r j ud i c i a l e n f o r c e m e n t a c t i o n pe n d i n g o n t h e e f f e c t i v e da t e

of t hi s P a r t

. [ 11/ 3 0/ 95 ; 20. 8

. 2

. 111 N M A C

– R n

, 20 N M A C 8

. 2. 111, R e c o m pi l e d 1 1/ 27 / 01]

20. 8

. 2. 112 CO M P L IA N CE W IT H O T H E R R E G U L A T IO N S : Co m pl i a n c e w i t h t h i s P a rt do e s n o t

r e l i e v e a pe r s o n f r o m t h e o b l i ga t i o n t o c o m pl y w i t h o t h e r a p pl i c a b l e s t a t e a nd f e de r a l r e gu l a t i o n s

. [11/ 30 / 95; 20

. 8

. 2. 112 N M A C

– R n, 20 N M A C 8

. 2. 112

, R e c o m pi l e d 11 / 27 / 01]

H IS T O RY O F 20. 8

. 2 N M A C: T h e m a t e r i a l i n t hi s p a rt w a s d e r i v e d f r o m t h a t p r e v i o us l y f i l e d w i t h t h e

c o m m i s s i o n o f pub l i c r e c o r ds

– s t a t e r e c o r ds c e n t e

r a n d a r c hi v e s

. E IB 72­1

, R e gul a t i o n s G o v e r n i ng M o s qui t o A b a t e m e n t A n d Co n t r o l

, 8/ 23/ 1 972.

H i s t o r y of Re pe a l e d M a t e r i a l : [R E S E R V E D ]

20. 8

. 2 N M A C