II 

118TH CONGRESS 

2D SESSION S. 5411 

To reauthorize the National Quantum Initiative Act, and for other purposes. 

IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES 

DECEMBER 3, 2024 

Ms. CANTWELL (for herself, Mr. YOUNG, Mr. DURBIN, and Mr. DAINES) introduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation 

A BILL 

To reauthorize the National Quantum Initiative Act, and 

for other purposes. 

1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 

3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

4 (a) SHORT TITLE.—This Act may be cited as the 

5 ‘‘National Quantum Initiative Reauthorization Act of 

6 2024’’. 

7 (b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.—The table of contents for 

8 this Act is as follows: 

Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. 

Sec. 2. Definitions. 

Sec. 3. Purposes. 

Sec. 4. National Quantum Initiative Program. 

Sec. 5. National Quantum Coordination Office. 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
2 

•S 5411 IS

Sec. 6. Subcommittee on Quantum Information Science. 

Sec. 7. National Quantum Initiative Advisory Committee. 

Sec. 8. Subcommittee on the Economic and Security Implications of Quantum 

Information Science. 

Sec. 9. International Quantum Cooperation Strategy. 

Sec. 10. Prize challenges. 

Sec. 11. Sunset of National Quantum Initiative. 

Sec. 12. National Institute of Standards and Technology activities and quantum consortium. 

Sec. 13. National Institute of Standards and Technology Quantum Centers. 

Sec. 14. National Science Foundation quantum information science research 

and education activities. 

Sec. 15. Multidisciplinary centers for quantum research and education. 

Sec. 16. Quantum Reskilling, Education, and Workforce (QREW) Coordination 

Hub, quantum testbeds, and research security. 

Sec. 17. National Science Foundation cryptography research. 

Sec. 18. National Aeronautics and Space Administration quantum activities. 

Sec. 19. National Institute of Health quantum activities. 

Sec. 20. Department of State quantum activities. 

Sec. 21. Comptroller General review and report. 

Sec. 22. Clerical amendments. 

1 SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS. 

2 Section 2 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 

3 U.S.C. 8801) is amended— 

4 (1) by redesignating paragraphs (4), (5), (6), 

5 (7), the first paragraph (8) (relating to the defini6 tion of the ‘‘Subcommittee on Economic and Secu7 rity Implications’’), and the second paragraph (8) 

8 (relating to the definition of the ‘‘Subcommittee on 

9 Quantum Information Science’’) as paragraphs (7), 

10 (9), (12), (13), (17), and (18), respectively; 

11 (2) by inserting after paragraph (3) the fol12 lowing: 

13 ‘‘(4) FEDERAL LABORATORY.—The term ‘Fed14 eral laboratory’ has the meaning given such term in 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
3 

•S 5411 IS

1 section 4 of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Inno2 vation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C. 3703). 

3 ‘‘(5) FOREIGN COUNTRY OF CONCERN.—The 

4 term ‘foreign country of concern’ means— 

5 ‘‘(A) a country that is a covered nation (as 

6 such term is defined in section 4872(d) of title 

7 10, United States Code); and 

8 ‘‘(B) any country that the Secretary of 

9 Commerce, in consultation with the Secretary of 

10 Defense, the Secretary of State, and the Direc11 tor of National Intelligence, determines to be 

12 engaged in conduct that is detrimental to the 

13 national security or foreign policy of the United 

14 States. 

15 ‘‘(6) FOREIGN ENTITY OF CONCERN.—The 

16 term ‘foreign entity of concern’ means a foreign en17 tity that is— 

18 ‘‘(A) designated as a foreign terrorist orga19 nization by the Secretary of State under section 

20 219(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act 

21 (8 U.S.C. 1189(a)); 

22 ‘‘(B) included on the list of specially des23 ignated nationals and blocked persons main24 tained by the Office of Foreign Assets Control 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
4 

•S 5411 IS

1 of the Department of the Treasury (commonly 

2 known as the ‘SDN list’); 

3 ‘‘(C) owned by, controlled by, or subject to 

4 the jurisdiction or direction of a government of 

5 a foreign country that is a covered nation (as 

6 such term is defined in section 4872 of title 10, 

7 United States Code); 

8 ‘‘(D) alleged by the Attorney General to 

9 have been involved in activities for which a con10 viction was obtained under— 

11 ‘‘(i) chapter 37 of title 18, United 

12 States Code (commonly known as the ‘Es13 pionage Act’); 

14 ‘‘(ii) section 951 or 1030 of title 18, 

15 United States Code; 

16 ‘‘(iii) chapter 90 of title 18, United 

17 States Code (commonly known as the ‘Eco18 nomic Espionage Act of 1996’); 

19 ‘‘(iv) the Arms Export Control Act 

20 (22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.); 

21 ‘‘(v) section 224, 225, 226, 227, or 

22 236 of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 

23 U.S.C. 2274, 2275, 2276, 2277, and 

24 2284); 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
5 

•S 5411 IS

1 ‘‘(vi) the Export Control Reform Act 

2 of 2018 (50 U.S.C. 4801 et seq.); or 

3 ‘‘(vii) the International Emergency 

4 Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et 

5 seq.); or 

6 ‘‘(E) determined by the Secretary of Com7 merce, in consultation with the Secretary of De8 fense and the Director of National Intelligence, 

9 to be engaged in unauthorized conduct that is 

10 detrimental to the national security or foreign 

11 policy of the United States.’’; 

12 (3) in paragraph (7), as so redesignated, by 

13 striking ‘‘(a)’’ each place it appears; 

14 (4) by inserting after paragraph (7), as so re15 designated, the following new paragraph: 

16 ‘‘(8) NATIONAL LABORATORY.—The term ‘Na17 tional Laboratory’ has the meaning given such term 

18 in section 2 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 

19 U.S.C. 15801).’’; 

20 (5) by inserting after paragraph (9), as so re21 designated, the following: 

22 ‘‘(10) QUANTUM APPLICATIONS.—The term 

23 ‘quantum applications’ means uses of quantum in24 formation science, engineering, and technology, in25 cluding quantum algorithms and software, quantum 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
6 

•S 5411 IS

1 computing and quantum-classical hybrids, quantum 

2 sensing, quantum networking, quantum encryption, 

3 quantum simulation, or quantum communications 

4 applications. 

5 ‘‘(11) QUANTUM COMPUTING.—The term ‘quan6 tum computing’ means any of a variety of quantum 

7 computing technologies, including quantum anneal8 ing and quantum gate-model systems that utilize a 

9 variety of architectures, such as superconductors, 

10 ion traps, photonics, neutral atoms, atomic spin, 

11 electronic spin, or topological qubits.’’; 

12 (6) by amending paragraph (12), as so redesig13 nated, to read as follows: 

14 ‘‘(12) QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE, ENGI15 NEERING, AND TECHNOLOGY.—The term ‘quantum 

16 information science, engineering, and technology’ 

17 means the understanding, translation, use, or appli18 cation of the laws of quantum physics for the stor19 age, transmission, manipulation, computing, simula20 tion, or measurement of information.’’; and 

21 (7) by inserting after paragraph (13), as so re22 designated, the following: 

23 ‘‘(14) QUANTUM NETWORKING.—The term 

24 ‘quantum networking’ means the transmission of 

25 quantum information and the distribution and use of 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
7 

•S 5411 IS

1 entanglement across nodes to enable new informa2 tion technology applications and fundamental 

3 science. 

4 ‘‘(15) QUANTUM SENSING.—The term ‘quan5 tum sensing’— 

6 ‘‘(A) means the use of quantum mechanics 

7 to enhance or enable new sensors; and 

8 ‘‘(B) can include uses of superposition and 

9 entanglement, nonclassical states, and advances 

10 in accuracy and precision enabled by quantum 

11 control. 

12 ‘‘(16) STEM.—The term ‘STEM’ means the 

13 academic and professional disciplines of science, 

14 technology, engineering, and mathematics, including 

15 computer science.’’. 

16 SEC. 3. PURPOSES. 

17 Section 3 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 

18 U.S.C. 8802) is amended— 

19 (1) in the matter preceding paragraph (1), by 

20 striking ‘‘science and its technology applications’’ 

21 and inserting ‘‘science, engineering, and technology’’; 

22 (2) in paragraph (1)— 

23 (A) in the matter preceding subparagraph 

24 (A), by striking ‘‘science and technology’’ and 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
8 

•S 5411 IS

1 inserting ‘‘science, engineering, and tech2 nology’’; 

3 (B) by amending subparagraph (A) to read 

4 as follows: 

5 ‘‘(A) to expand the number of researchers, 

6 educators, and students with training in quan7 tum information science, engineering, and tech8 nology to develop a domestic workforce pipeline 

9 and retain international talent to the extent 

10 consistent with national security and inter11 national competitiveness;’’; 

12 (C) in subparagraph (B), by striking 

13 ‘‘science at the’’ and inserting ‘‘science, engi14 neering, and technology at the primary, sec15 ondary,’’; 

16 (D) in subparagraph (C), by striking 

17 ‘‘basic’’; 

18 (E) in subparagraph (D)— 

19 (i) by striking ‘‘science and tech20 nology’’ and inserting ‘‘science, engineer21 ing, and technology’’; and 

22 (ii) by striking ‘‘and’’ after the semi23 colon; and 

24 (F) by adding at the end the following: 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
9 

•S 5411 IS

1 ‘‘(F) to facilitate development of quantum 

2 applications, including quantum-hybrid applica3 tions, to promote innovation and domestic com4 mercialization; and 

5 ‘‘(G) to support advancements in emerging 

6 technologies that could benefit from or benefit 

7 the development of quantum technology and 

8 promote research, development, demonstration, 

9 and application of such emerging technologies 

10 in quantum information science, engineering, 

11 and technology and scientific discovery.’’; 

12 (3) in paragraph (2), by striking ‘‘science and 

13 technology’’ and inserting ‘‘science, engineering, and 

14 technology’’; 

15 (4) in paragraph (3), by striking ‘‘science and 

16 technology’’ and inserting ‘‘science, engineering, and 

17 technology’’; 

18 (5) in paragraph (4)— 

19 (A) by inserting ‘‘National Laboratories,’’ 

20 after ‘‘Federal laboratories,’’; and 

21 (B) by striking ‘‘and’’ after the semicolon; 

22 (6) in paragraph (5)— 

23 (A) in the matter preceding subparagraph 

24 (A)— 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
10 

•S 5411 IS

1 (i) by inserting ‘‘partnerships, re2 search collaborations, and’’ after ‘‘inter3 national’’; and 

4 (ii) by striking ‘‘science and tech5 nology security’’ and inserting ‘‘science, 

6 engineering, and technology’’; 

7 (B) in subparagraph (A)— 

8 (i) by inserting ‘‘, social benefit,’’ 

9 after ‘‘innovation’’; and 

10 (ii) by striking ‘‘and’’ after the semi11 colon; 

12 (C) in subparagraph (B), by striking the 

13 period and inserting ‘‘; and’’; and 

14 (D) by adding at the end the following: 

15 ‘‘(C) to facilitate cooperation in the ad16 vancement of quantum capabilities, including 

17 through investment, among the United States 

18 and its strategic allies and partners to strength19 en and secure the quantum-relevant domestic 

20 supply chain and related ecosystem; and 

21 ‘‘(D) to coordinate on potential export or 

22 strategic trade controls where appropriate.’’; 

23 and 

24 (7) by adding at the end the following: 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
11 

•S 5411 IS

1 ‘‘(6) improving the maturity and scale of the 

2 quantum industry, including small- and medium3 sized businesses and startups representing a diver4 sity of quantum specialties, and commercialization of 

5 domestic quantum capacity across modalities.’’. 

6 SEC. 4. NATIONAL QUANTUM INITIATIVE PROGRAM. 

7 Subsection (b) of section 101 of the National Quan8 tum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8811) is amended— 

9 (1) in paragraph (1)— 

10 (A) by striking ‘‘development’’ and insert11 ing ‘‘research development, and near-, medium12 , and long-term demonstration and commer13 cialization’’; 

14 (B) by striking ‘‘information science and 

15 technology’’; and 

16 (C) by inserting ‘‘in diverse sectors’’ after 

17 ‘‘applications’’; 

18 (2) in paragraph (2)— 

19 (A) by striking ‘‘fundamental’’; 

20 (B) by striking ‘‘science and technology’’ 

21 and inserting ‘‘science, engineering, and tech22 nology’’; and 

23 (C) by inserting ‘‘infrastructure,’’ after 

24 ‘‘demonstration,’’; 

25 (3) in paragraph (3)— 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
12 

•S 5411 IS

1 (A) by inserting ‘‘and retain’’ after ‘‘to de2 velop’’; and 

3 (B) by striking ‘‘science and technology’’ 

4 and inserting ‘‘science, engineering, and tech5 nology’’; 

6 (4) by amending paragraph (4) to read as fol7 lows: 

8 ‘‘(4) provide for interagency planning and co9 ordination of Federal quantum information science, 

10 engineering, and technology research, development, 

11 demonstration, standards engagement, and other ac12 tivities under the Program, including activities au13 thorized pursuant to section 234 of the John S. 

14 McCain National Defense Authorization Act for Fis15 cal Year 2019 (10 U.S.C. 4001 note), quantum edu16 cational activities and programs authorized pursuant 

17 to section 10661 of the Research and Development, 

18 Competition, and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 19261), 

19 and activities conducted at any Federal laboratory;’’; 

20 and 

21 (5) in paragraph (5)— 

22 (A) by striking ‘‘industry and universities’’ 

23 and inserting ‘‘industry, universities, small 

24 businesses, and strategic allies and partners’’; 

25 and 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
13 

•S 5411 IS

1 (B) by inserting ‘‘, including human re2 sources’’ after ‘‘resources’’. 

3 SEC. 5. NATIONAL QUANTUM COORDINATION OFFICE. 

4 Section 102 of the National Quantum Initiative Act 

5 (15 U.S.C. 8812) is amended— 

6 (1) in subsection (a)(2)— 

7 (A) in subparagraph (A)— 

8 (i) by inserting ‘‘who shall be’’ before 

9 ‘‘appointed’’; and 

10 (ii) by inserting ‘‘, and who may serve 

11 a 4-year term, subject to renewal’’ before 

12 the semicolon; and 

13 (B) by amending subparagraph (B) to read 

14 as follows: 

15 ‘‘(B) staff comprised of employees detailed 

16 from the Federal departments and agencies 

17 specified in section 103(b).’’; and 

18 (2) in subsection (b)— 

19 (A) in paragraph (3), by striking ‘‘science 

20 and technology’’ and inserting ‘‘science, engi21 neering, and technology research, development, 

22 workforce, and international’’; 

23 (B) by amending paragraph (4) to read as 

24 follows: 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
14 

•S 5411 IS

1 ‘‘(4) ensure coordination among the collabo2 rative ventures or consortia established under this 

3 Act;’’; and 

4 (C) in paragraph (6), by striking ‘‘; and’’ 

5 and inserting a semicolon; 

6 (D) in paragraph (7)— 

7 (i) by inserting ‘‘small businesses, 

8 nonprofit research organizations,’’ after 

9 ‘‘universities,’’; and 

10 (ii) by striking the period at the end 

11 and inserting a semicolon; and 

12 (E) by adding after paragraph (7), the fol13 lowing: 

14 ‘‘(8) promote understanding and adoption of 

15 viable quantum capabilities that strengthen the 

16 United States economy as appropriate; and 

17 ‘‘(9) track, monitor, and promote policies that 

18 will ensure the stability of the United States quan19 tum workforce, quantum supply chain, domestic 

20 quantum industry, and international trade.’’. 

21 SEC. 6. SUBCOMMITTEE ON QUANTUM INFORMATION 

22 SCIENCE. 

23 Section 103 of the National Quantum Initiative Act 

24 (15 U.S.C. 8813) is amended— 

25 (1) in subsection (b)— 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
15 

•S 5411 IS

1 (A) in paragraph (8), by striking ‘‘and’’ 

2 after the semicolon; 

3 (B) by redesignating paragraph (9) as 

4 paragraph (16); and 

5 (C) by inserting after paragraph (8) the 

6 following new paragraphs: 

7 ‘‘(9) the Department of Health and Human 

8 Services; 

9 ‘‘(10) the Department of State; 

10 ‘‘(11) the Department of Homeland Security; 

11 ‘‘(12) the Department of Education; 

12 ‘‘(13) the Department of Labor; 

13 ‘‘(14) the National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

14 Administration; 

15 ‘‘(15) the Small Business Administration; and’’; 

16 (2) in subsection (d)— 

17 (A) in paragraph (1), by striking ‘‘the 

18 quantum information science and technology re19 search’’ and inserting ‘‘quantum information 

20 science, engineering, and technology research 

21 and quantum application development, dem22 onstration, and commercialization’’; 

23 (B) in paragraph (4), by inserting ‘‘, engi24 neering, and technology’’ after ‘‘science’’; 

25 (C) in paragraph (5)— 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
16 

•S 5411 IS

1 (i) by inserting ‘‘, engineering, and 

2 technology’’ after ‘‘science’’; and 

3 (ii) by inserting ‘‘and conduct com4 parative benchmarking of Federal invest5 ments and research strategies relative to 

6 those of strategic allies and partners of the 

7 United States and other countries,’’ after 

8 ‘‘development efforts’’; 

9 (D) in paragraph (6)— 

10 (i) by striking ‘‘science and tech11 nology’’ and inserting ‘‘science, engineer12 ing, and technology’’; and 

13 (ii) by striking ‘‘and’’ after the semi14 colon; 

15 (E) in paragraph (7)— 

16 (i) by inserting ‘‘, engineering and 

17 technology’’ after ‘‘science’’; and 

18 (ii) by striking the period and insert19 ing ‘‘; and’’; and 

20 (F) by adding at the end the following new 

21 paragraph: 

22 ‘‘(8) facilitate interagency partnership opportu23 nities to advance quantum applications related to en24 vironment, advanced manufacturing, biotechnology, 

25 chemistry, space, and other sectors.’’; 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
17 

•S 5411 IS

1 (3) in subsection (g)(2)— 

2 (A) in paragraph (A), by inserting ‘‘num3 bers’’ after ‘‘budget’’; 

4 (B) in paragraph (B), by inserting ‘‘num5 bers’’ after ‘‘budget’’; and 

6 (C) by adding at the end the following new 

7 paragraph: 

8 ‘‘(D) Metrics for measuring the impact of 

9 the Program for the current fiscal year, for 

10 each Federal department and agency described 

11 in subsection (b).’’; 

12 (4) in subsection (h)(2)(A), by inserting ‘‘, in13 cluding a description of agency roles and responsibil14 ities’’ before the period; and 

15 (5) by adding at the end the following new sub16 section: 

17 ‘‘(i) QUANTUM USE CASES.— 

18 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Subcommittee shall 

19 identify potential use cases for quantum technologies 

20 that could advance the missions of Federal depart21 ments and agencies participating in the Program. 

22 ‘‘(2) QUANTUM ON-RAMP.—For each potential 

23 use case identified pursuant to paragraph (1) for a 

24 Federal department or agency, the head of the Fed25 eral department or agency may, in consultation with 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
18 

•S 5411 IS

1 the Subcommittee, develop a plan to enable such de2 partment or agency to address the potential use 

3 case. 

4 ‘‘(3) COMPARISON TO ARTIFICIAL INTEL5 LIGENCE TECHNOLOGIES.—For any potential use 

6 case identified under paragraph (1) for a Federal 

7 department or agency, the head of the department 

8 or agency may, in consultation with the Sub9 committee, consider the quantum use case’s inter10 play with artificial intelligence. 

11 ‘‘(4) REPORTING.—The Subcommittee, as part 

12 of the annual report on the budget for the Program 

13 under subsection (g), shall report progress in car14 rying out the activities under this subsection, includ15 ing information relating to the following: 

16 ‘‘(A) The potential use cases identified 

17 pursuant to paragraph (1). 

18 ‘‘(B) The status of plans developed pursu19 ant to paragraph (2). 

20 ‘‘(C) Any obstacles to addressing such po21 tential use cases, including lack of funding.’’. 

22 SEC. 7. NATIONAL QUANTUM INITIATIVE ADVISORY COM23 MITTEE. 

24 Section 104 of the National Quantum Initiative Act 

25 (15 U.S.C. 8814) is amended— 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
19 

•S 5411 IS

1 (1) by amending subsection (b) to read as fol2 lows: 

3 ‘‘(b) QUALIFICATIONS.—The Advisory Committee 

4 shall consist of members, appointed by the President, who 

5 are— 

6 ‘‘(1) representative of industry, including end 

7 users likely to benefit from quantum technology and 

8 companies that are part of quantum-relevant supply 

9 chains; 

10 ‘‘(2) small- and medium-sized businesses and 

11 startups representing a diversity of quantum special12 ties; 

13 ‘‘(3) universities and Federal laboratories; and 

14 ‘‘(4) qualified to provide advice and information 

15 on quantum information science, engineering, and 

16 technology research, development, demonstrations, 

17 standards, STEM education and workforce, tech18 nology transfer, commercial application, national se19 curity and economic concerns, or research security.’’; 

20 (2) in subsection (d)(2)— 

21 (A) in subparagraph (A), by striking 

22 ‘‘science and technology’’ and inserting 

23 ‘‘science, engineering, and technology’’; 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
20 

•S 5411 IS

1 (B) by redesignating subparagraphs (D), 

2 (E), (F), and (G) as subparagraphs (F), (G), 

3 (H), and (I), respectively; 

4 (C) by inserting after subparagraph (C) 

5 the following new subparagraphs: 

6 ‘‘(D) other countries’ quantum programs 

7 and the progress of such countries and such 

8 programs relative to the Program; 

9 ‘‘(E) the competitiveness of the United 

10 States in quantum technologies, with respect to 

11 quantum computing, sensing, and networking;’’; 

12 (D) in subparagraph (F), as so redesig13 nated— 

14 (i) by striking ‘‘to’’ and inserting 

15 ‘‘promote innovation, foster a robust 

16 United States quantum industry, and’’; 

17 and 

18 (ii) by striking ‘‘science and tech19 nology’’ and inserting ‘‘science, engineer20 ing, and technology’’; 

21 (E) in subparagraph (G), as so redesig22 nated, by inserting ‘‘, including to address any 

23 gaps that may exist’’ before the semicolon; 

24 (F) in subparagraph (H), as so redesig25 nated, by striking ‘‘open standards for, quanVerDate Sep 11 2014 01:46 Jan 08, 2025 Jkt 059200 PO 00000 Frm 00020 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\S5411.IS S5411

ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
21 

•S 5411 IS

1 tum information science and technology; and’’ 

2 and inserting ‘‘international standards in open 

3 and transparent standardization systems for 

4 quantum information science, engineering, and 

5 technology;’’; 

6 (G) in subparagraph (I), as so redesig7 nated— 

8 (i) by inserting ‘‘educational, environ9 mental, health,’’ after ‘‘legal,’’; and 

10 (ii) by striking the period and insert11 ing ‘‘; and’’; and 

12 (H) by adding at the end the following new 

13 subparagraphs: 

14 ‘‘(J) the domestic and international co15 operation needs and goals of the Program, in16 cluding those related to infrastructure and the 

17 supply chain of quantum information science, 

18 engineering, and technology; and 

19 ‘‘(K) the degree to which quantum infor20 mation science, engineering, and technology— 

21 ‘‘(i) is enhancing or can enhance— 

22 ‘‘(I) the capabilities of the United 

23 States advanced industrial economy; 

24 and 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
22 

•S 5411 IS

1 ‘‘(II) Federal, State, and local 

2 government capabilities and services; 

3 and 

4 ‘‘(ii) can protect or optimize critical 

5 infrastructure (as such term is defined in 

6 section 1016(e) of Public Law 107–56 (42 

7 U.S.C. 5195c(e))).’’; 

8 (3) in subsection (e)— 

9 (A) by inserting ‘‘through December 31, 

10 2030’’ after ‘‘thereafter’’; and 

11 (B) by adding at the end the following new 

12 sentence: ‘‘In the first such report required 

13 after the date of the enactment of this sentence, 

14 the Advisory Committee shall assess the advis15 ability and feasibility of establishing a quantum 

16 communications corridor in which Federal lab17 oratories, institutions of higher education, and 

18 other entities conducting quantum information 

19 science, engineering, and technology research 

20 are connected via quantum communication net21 works capable of securely transmitting informa22 tion.’’; and 

23 (4) by amending subsection (g) to read as fol24 lows: 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
23 

•S 5411 IS

1 ‘‘(g) FACA EXEMPTION.—The President shall char2 ter the Advisory Committee in accordance with chapter 10 

3 of title 5, United States Code (commonly referred to as 

4 the ‘Federal Advisory Committee Act’), except that the 

5 Advisory Committee shall be exempt from section 1013 

6 of such title.’’. 

7 SEC. 8. SUBCOMMITTEE ON THE ECONOMIC AND SECURITY 

8 IMPLICATIONS OF QUANTUM INFORMATION 

9 SCIENCE. 

10 Section 105 of the National Quantum Initiative Act 

11 (15 U.S.C. 8814a) is amended— 

12 (1) in subsection (b)— 

13 (A) in paragraph (10), by striking ‘‘and’’ 

14 after the semicolon; 

15 (B) by redesignating paragraph (11) as 

16 paragraph (15); and 

17 (C) by inserting after paragraph (10) the 

18 following new paragraphs: 

19 ‘‘(11) the Department of Health and Human 

20 Services; 

21 ‘‘(12) the Department of State; 

22 ‘‘(13) the Small Business Administration; 

23 ‘‘(14) the National Aeronautics and Space Ad24 ministration; and’’; and 

25 (2) in subsection (c)— 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
24 

•S 5411 IS

1 (A) in paragraph (1), by striking ‘‘infor2 mation science’’ and inserting ‘‘information 

3 science, engineering, and technology’’; 

4 (B) in paragraph (2), by inserting ‘‘or to 

5 supply chains’’ before the semicolon; 

6 (C) in paragraph (3), by inserting ‘‘or sup7 ply chains’’ before the semicolon; 

8 (D) in paragraph (5)— 

9 (i) by inserting ‘‘and engineering’’ 

10 after ‘‘quantum information science’’; and 

11 (ii) by inserting ‘‘any’’ before ‘‘export 

12 controls’’; 

13 (E) in paragraph (6), by striking ‘‘infor14 mation science’’ and inserting ‘‘information 

15 science, engineering, and technology’’; 

16 (F) in paragraph (7), by striking ‘‘and’’ 

17 after the semicolon; 

18 (G) in paragraph (8)— 

19 (i) by striking ‘‘information science’’ 

20 and inserting ‘‘information science, engi21 neering, and technology’’; and 

22 (ii) by striking the period and insert23 ing a semicolon; and 

24 (H) by adding at the end the following: 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
25 

•S 5411 IS

1 ‘‘(9) in coordination with the Subcommittee on 

2 Quantum Information Science, identify opportunities 

3 to increase coordination between civilian, military, 

4 and intelligence quantum research entities, reduce 

5 unnecessary duplicative quantum research activities, 

6 and facilitate collaboration between quantum re7 search agencies with specialized capabilities or ex8 pertise in one or more aspects of quantum informa9 tion science, engineering, and technology; and 

10 ‘‘(10) recommend strategies for attracting and 

11 retaining students and scholars with expertise in 

12 quantum related fields to Federal departments and 

13 agencies.’’. 

14 SEC. 9. INTERNATIONAL QUANTUM COOPERATION STRAT15 EGY. 

16 The National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 

17 8801 et seq.) is amended by inserting after section 105 

18 the following new section: 

19 ‘‘SEC. 105A. INTERNATIONAL QUANTUM COOPERATION 

20 STRATEGY. 

21 ‘‘(a) STRATEGY REQUIRED.—Not later than one year 

22 after the date of the enactment of this section, the Direc23 tor of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, in con24 sultation with the Secretary of Commerce, the Secretary 

25 of State, the Secretary of Energy, the Director of the NaVerDate Sep 11 2014 01:46 Jan 08, 2025 Jkt 059200 PO 00000 Frm 00025 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\S5411.IS S5411

ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
26 

•S 5411 IS

1 tional Science Foundation, and the heads of other Federal 

2 agencies, as appropriate, shall develop and submit to the 

3 Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, 

4 the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, and the 

5 Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate, and the 

6 Committee on Science, Space, and Technology and the 

7 Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representa8 tives a strategy— 

9 ‘‘(1) to establish collaborative international 

10 partnerships, including co-funded international pro11 grams, to advance research and development, testing 

12 and evaluation, commercialization, and interoper13 ability in quantum information science, engineering, 

14 and technology with allies and partners of the 

15 United States, and other countries, when in the se16 curity, strategic, technological, and scientific inter17 ests of the United States; 

18 ‘‘(2) to ensure continued United States partici19 pation in bilateral and multilateral efforts to ad20 vance quantum information science, engineering, and 

21 technology on the international stage; 

22 ‘‘(3) to promote the integrity and impartiality 

23 of international standards organizations and proc24 esses related to quantum information science, engi25 neering, and technology; and 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
27 

•S 5411 IS

1 ‘‘(4) to ensure ethical application of quantum 

2 information science, engineering, and technology to 

3 protect civil liberties and basic human rights. 

4 ‘‘(b) DESIGNATION.—The strategy under this sub5 section shall be known as the ‘International Quantum Co6 operation Strategy’ (in this section referred to as the 

7 ‘Strategy’). 

8 ‘‘(c) ELEMENTS.—In the development of the Strat9 egy, the Director of the Office of Science and Technology 

10 Policy, the National Quantum Coordination Office, the 

11 Subcommittee on Quantum Information Science, the Sub12 committee on Economic and Security Implications, and 

13 the relevant agencies shall consider including the fol14 lowing: 

15 ‘‘(1) The establishment of international part16 nerships to advance research and development in 

17 quantum information science, engineering, and tech18 nology. 

19 ‘‘(2) Key strategic allies and partners of the 

20 United States that have demonstrated unique capa21 bilities in one or more areas of quantum information 

22 science, engineering, and technology. 

23 ‘‘(3) Efforts and plans to address risks to the 

24 national security and economic interests of the 

25 United States during development and deployment 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
28 

•S 5411 IS

1 of quantum technologies worldwide, including plans 

2 for diplomatic engagement with allies and partners, 

3 and other countries. 

4 ‘‘(4) Efforts and plans to promote responsible 

5 global development and deployment of quantum 

6 technologies, including through international engage7 ment and leadership in the development of inter8 national standards. 

9 ‘‘(5) Efforts and plans to develop, attract, and 

10 retain international talent. 

11 ‘‘(6) The ability and risks of domestic manufac12 turers and suppliers and those of allies and partners 

13 of the United States to meet the needs of the global 

14 quantum supply chain, including raw materials such 

15 as Helium–3, plans for engagement with allies and 

16 partners, manufacturers, and suppliers, and options 

17 to mitigate gaps and vulnerabilities in the global 

18 quantum supply chain. 

19 ‘‘(7) A plan to safeguard research and tech20 nology supported through international cooperation, 

21 as appropriate, in whole or in part, including in 

22 quantum technologies critical to national security, 

23 from malign influence, theft, or exfiltration by for24 eign entities of concern. 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
29 

•S 5411 IS

1 ‘‘(8) As necessary, a description of such legisla2 tive or administrative action needed to carry out the 

3 Strategy. 

4 ‘‘(d) BRIEFING.—Not later than 30 days after the 

5 date on which the Strategy is completed, the Director shall 

6 brief the committees specified in subsection (a) on the 

7 Strategy.’’. 

8 SEC. 10. PRIZE CHALLENGES. 

9 The National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 

10 8801 et seq.) is amended— 

11 (1) by redesignating section 106 as section 107; 

12 and 

13 (2) by inserting after section 105A, as added by 

14 section 9, the following: 

15 ‘‘SEC. 106. NATIONAL QUANTUM PRIZE CHALLENGES. 

16 ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—Subject to the availability of ap17 propriations, any head of a Federal agency with a rep18 resentative serving on the Subcommittee on Quantum In19 formation Science established under section 103, may, in20 dividually or in cooperation with one or more heads of 

21 Federal agencies— 

22 ‘‘(1) conduct a prize competition under section 

23 24 of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation 

24 Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C. 3719) to dramatically accel25 erate the development and commercialization of apVerDate Sep 11 2014 01:46 Jan 08, 2025 Jkt 059200 PO 00000 Frm 00029 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\S5411.IS S5411

ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
30 

•S 5411 IS

1 plications and algorithms in quantum information 

2 science, engineering, and technology; and 

3 ‘‘(2) define a measurable set of performance 

4 goals for participants in the prize competitions to 

5 demonstrate their solutions on a level playing field 

6 while making a significant advancement over the 

7 current state of the art. 

8 ‘‘(b) PURPOSE.—Any prize competition carried out 

9 under subsection (a) shall be for the purpose of stimu10 lating innovation to advance the ability of the United 

11 States to achieve high-priority breakthroughs for applica12 tions in quantum information science, engineering, and 

13 technology, such as in quantum computing, quantum sens14 ing, quantum communications, quantum networking, 

15 quantum algorithms, and quantum cryptography. 

16 ‘‘(c) COORDINATION WITH SUBCOMMITTEES.—Each 

17 prize competition conducted under subsection (a) may be 

18 conducted in coordination with members of the Sub19 committee on Quantum Information Science and the Sub20 committee on the Economic and Security Implications of 

21 Quantum Information Science. 

22 ‘‘(d) RECOMMENDATIONS.—To assist in the adminis23 tration of this section, the Subcommittee on Quantum In24 formation Science may provide recommendations on key 

25 challenges in quantum information science, engineering, 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
31 

•S 5411 IS

1 and technology that would be well-suited for a prize com2 petition under subsection (a). The recommendations shall 

3 include a scope for efforts carried out under such sub4 section.’’. 

5 SEC. 11. SUNSET OF NATIONAL QUANTUM INITIATIVE. 

6 Subsection (a) of section 107 of the National Quan7 tum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8815), as redesignated by 

8 section 10, is amended to read as follows: 

9 ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided in subsection 

10 (b), the authority to carry out sections 101, 102, 103, 104, 

11 and 105 shall terminate on December 30, 2034.’’. 

12 SEC. 12. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECH13 NOLOGY ACTIVITIES AND QUANTUM CONSOR14 TIUM. 

15 Section 201 of the National Quantum Initiative Act 

16 (15 U.S.C. 8831) is amended— 

17 (1) in subsection (a)— 

18 (A) in paragraph (1)— 

19 (i) by striking ‘‘basic and applied’’; 

20 and 

21 (ii) by striking ‘‘science and tech22 nology’’ and inserting ‘‘science, engineer23 ing, and technology’’; 

24 (B) in paragraph (2)— 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
32 

•S 5411 IS

1 (i) by inserting ‘‘attract, educate, 

2 and’’ before ‘‘train’’; and 

3 (ii) by striking ‘‘science and tech4 nology’’ and inserting ‘‘science, engineer5 ing, and technology’’; 

6 (C) by amending paragraph (3) to read as 

7 follows: 

8 ‘‘(3) shall carry out research to facilitate the 

9 development and standardization, as appropriate, of 

10 quantum cryptography, post-quantum cryptography 

11 (as such term is defined in section 3 of the Quantum 

12 Computing Cybersecurity Preparedness Act (6 

13 U.S.C. 1526 note; Public Law 117–260)), and prac14 tices to replace cryptographic keys or algorithms 

15 with minimal disruption to current applications and 

16 systems;’’; 

17 (D) by amending paragraph (4) to read as 

18 follows: 

19 ‘‘(4) shall carry out research, development, and 

20 demonstration projects, as appropriate, to facilitate 

21 the development and standardization of quantum ap22 plications, including quantum supporting tech23 nologies;’’; 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
33 

•S 5411 IS

1 (E) by redesignating paragraphs (5), (6), 

2 and (7) as paragraphs (8), (9), and (11), re3 spectively; 

4 (F) by inserting the following after para5 graph (4) the following: 

6 ‘‘(5) shall carry out research to support the 

7 measurement of comparative performance and 

8 progress of quantum technologies, including, as 

9 practicable, technology readiness assessments of 

10 quantum technologies; 

11 ‘‘(6) shall promote United States participation 

12 in international standards organizations related to 

13 quantum information science, engineering, and tech14 nology; 

15 ‘‘(7) shall establish or expand partnerships with 

16 the public sector and private sector— 

17 ‘‘(A) to accelerate the development of do18 mestic quantum supply chain and supply chain19 supporting technologies; 

20 ‘‘(B) to reduce quantum supply chain 

21 vulnerabilities, including by promoting domestic 

22 vendor diversification efforts and coordination 

23 activities; and 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
34 

•S 5411 IS

1 ‘‘(C) to avoid offshoring to, or dependence 

2 on, countries of concern for critical components 

3 of capabilities in the quantum supply chain;’’; 

4 (G) in paragraph (8), as so redesignated, 

5 by striking ‘‘infrastructure’’ and inserting ‘‘, 

6 communications, sensing, and computing’’; 

7 (H) in paragraph (9), as so redesignated— 

8 (i) by inserting ‘‘nonprofit research 

9 organizations,’’ after ‘‘universities,’’; and 

10 (ii) by striking ‘‘and engineering; 

11 and’’ and inserting ‘‘, engineering, and 

12 technology and expanding the domestic 

13 STEM workforce;’’; and 

14 (I) by inserting after paragraph (9), as so 

15 redesignated, the following: 

16 ‘‘(10) shall establish such infrastructure as is 

17 necessary to carry out title II; and’’; 

18 (2) in subsection (b)— 

19 (A) in paragraph (1)— 

20 (i) by striking ‘‘future’’ and inserting 

21 ‘‘research’’; and 

22 (ii) by striking ‘‘science and tech23 nology’’ and inserting ‘‘science, engineer24 ing, and technology’’; 

25 (B) in paragraph (2)— 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
35 

•S 5411 IS

1 (i) by amending subparagraph (A) to 

2 read as follows: 

3 ‘‘(A) to gather and assess information on 

4 the quantum industry to address the needs 

5 identified in paragraph (1);’’; and 

6 (ii) by striking subparagraphs (B) and 

7 (C) and inserting the following new sub8 paragraphs: 

9 ‘‘(B) to provide recommendations regard10 ing how the National Institute of Standards 

11 and Technology, the Program, and other Fed12 eral agencies, as appropriate, can address the 

13 gaps in the research necessary to meet the 

14 needs identified in paragraph (1) and accelerate 

15 real-world uses of quantum information science, 

16 engineering, and technology; 

17 ‘‘(C) to identify enabling technologies and 

18 the relevant supply chain essential to foster re19 search and industrial competitiveness in quan20 tum information science, engineering, and tech21 nology, and communicate findings to Federal 

22 agencies and other domestic and international 

23 stakeholders; 

24 ‘‘(D) to assess and identify key areas for 

25 establishing, expanding, or developing interVerDate Sep 11 2014 01:46 Jan 08, 2025 Jkt 059200 PO 00000 Frm 00035 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\S5411.IS S5411

ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
36 

•S 5411 IS

1 national partnerships that will facilitate United 

2 States quantum-related business engagement 

3 and growth; and 

4 ‘‘(E) to provide recommendations on how 

5 the National Institute of Standards and Tech6 nology, the Program, and other Federal agen7 cies, as appropriate, can incorporate small and 

8 medium-sized businesses and startups into Fed9 eral quantum activities and promote the success 

10 of small- and medium-sized startups.’’; 

11 (C) in paragraph (3)— 

12 (i) by striking ‘‘Not later than 2 years 

13 after the date of enactment of this Act, 

14 the’’ and inserting ‘‘The’’; and 

15 (ii) by inserting ‘‘periodically, but not 

16 less than every five years,’’ after ‘‘shall’’; 

17 and 

18 (D) by adding at the end the following new 

19 paragraph: 

20 ‘‘(4) COORDINATION ENCOURAGED.—As appro21 priate, the consortium is encouraged to engage with 

22 Federal agencies that fund research, have a mission 

23 to transition or translate research results to prac24 tical quantum applications, or have a mission that 

25 could benefit from the development of quantum techVerDate Sep 11 2014 01:46 Jan 08, 2025 Jkt 059200 PO 00000 Frm 00036 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\S5411.IS S5411

ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
37 

•S 5411 IS

1 nologies, to inform and accelerate progress in such 

2 areas. Federal agencies are also encouraged to en3 gage with the consortium.’’; and 

4 (3) by striking subsection (c) and inserting the 

5 following new subsections: 

6 ‘‘(c) QUANTUM SUPPLY CHAINS.— 

7 ‘‘(1) MAPPING AND PLANNING.— 

8 ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of 

9 Commerce shall carry out quantum supply 

10 chain mapping activities and design a plan to 

11 strengthen quantum supply chains and enhance 

12 the competitiveness of the United States in key 

13 quantum technologies. 

14 ‘‘(B) ACTIVITIES.—In carrying out sub15 paragraph (A), the Secretary shall carry out the 

16 following activities: 

17 ‘‘(i) Map and model supply chains for 

18 quantum networking, quantum computing, 

19 quantum communications, quantum sim20 ulation, and quantum sensing technologies 

21 and applications. 

22 ‘‘(ii) Identify current and future high23 priority gaps and vulnerabilities in quan24 tum supply chains. 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
38 

•S 5411 IS

1 ‘‘(iii) Track and assess the security, 

2 reliability, and strength of quantum supply 

3 chains, such as— 

4 ‘‘(I) single points of failure, sole5 source, consolidated manufacturing, 

6 or where there are limited United 

7 States and partner nation suppliers; 

8 and 

9 ‘‘(II) critical components, ele10 ments, materials, equipment, and in11 frastructure. 

12 ‘‘(2) STUDY ON KEY QUANTUM SUPPLY

13 CHAINS.—Not later than 2 years after the date of 

14 the enactment of the National Quantum Initiative 

15 Reauthorization Act of 2024, the Secretary of Com16 merce and the Secretary of Energy shall jointly— 

17 ‘‘(A) complete a study documenting the 

18 key quantum supply chains and identified 

19 vulnerabilities; and 

20 ‘‘(B) submit to the appropriate committees 

21 of Congress a report on the findings with re22 spect to the study completed pursuant to sub23 paragraph (A). 

24 ‘‘(3) RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FEDERAL SUP25 PORT OF QUANTUM SUPPLY CHAINS.—Not later 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
39 

•S 5411 IS

1 than 2 years after the date of the enactment of the 

2 National Quantum Initiative Reauthorization Act of 

3 2024, the Secretary of Commerce shall, in coordina4 tion with the Secretary of Energy, the Director of 

5 the National Science Foundation, the Secretary of 

6 Defense, the Administrator of the National Aero7 nautics and Space Administration, the Adminis8 trator of the Small Business Administration, and the 

9 heads of such other Federal agencies as the Sec10 retary of Commerce considers relevant, develop and 

11 submit to the appropriate committees of Congress 

12 specific recommendations on potential Federal Gov13 ernment mechanisms to support the quantum supply 

14 chains. 

15 ‘‘(4) PLAN TO STRENGTHEN AND SECURE

16 QUANTUM SUPPLY CHAINS.—Not later than 3 years 

17 after the date of the enactment of the National 

18 Quantum Initiative Reauthorization Act of 2024, the 

19 Secretary of Commerce shall submit to the appro20 priate committees of Congress— 

21 ‘‘(A) a plan to strengthen and secure 

22 quantum information science, engineering, and 

23 technology supply chains, including a forecast 

24 of future needs; 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
40 

•S 5411 IS

1 ‘‘(B) a roadmap to support a reliable sup2 ply of key components; and 

3 ‘‘(C) a plan to develop, maintain, and ex4 pand quantum supply chain capacity. 

5 ‘‘(d) INTERNATIONAL QUANTUM RESEARCH AND

6 METROLOGY.— 

7 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Director of the Na8 tional Institute of Standards and Technology shall, 

9 in coordination with the Secretary of State and the 

10 Director of the National Science Foundation, pro11 mote, establish, and support international quantum 

12 information science, engineering, and technology re13 search, metrology research, and standardization, as 

14 appropriate, to enhance international cooperation, 

15 meet United States commitments, and support 

16 United States engagement in international standards 

17 for quantum information science, engineering, and 

18 technology. 

19 ‘‘(2) ALIGNMENT.—In carrying out this section, 

20 the Director of the National Institute of Standards 

21 and Technology shall ensure alignment with the Na22 tional Quantum Information Science Strategy and 

23 the U.S. Government National Standards Strategy 

24 for Critical and Emerging Technology, or successor 

25 strategies. 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
41 

•S 5411 IS

1 ‘‘(3) PROHIBITIONS.— 

2 ‘‘(A) CONFUCIUS INSTITUTE.—None of the 

3 funds made available under this subsection may 

4 be obligated or expended to an institution of 

5 higher education that maintains a contract or 

6 agreement between such institution and a Con7 fucius Institute (as defined in section 10339A 

8 of the Research and Development, Competition, 

9 and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 19039)) or any 

10 successor of a Confucius Institute. 

11 ‘‘(B) FOREIGN COUNTRIES OR ENTITIES

12 OF CONCERN.—None of the funds made avail13 able under this subsection may be obligated or 

14 expended to promote, establish, or finance 

15 quantum research activities between a United 

16 States entity and a foreign country of concern 

17 or foreign entity of concern, including the enti18 ty’s subsidiaries, except such restriction shall 

19 not apply to participation by award recipients 

20 in consensus-based international standardiza21 tion activities. 

22 ‘‘(e) POST QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY DEPLOY23 MENT.— 

24 ‘‘(1) DEFINITION OF POST-QUANTUM CRYPTOG25 RAPHY.—In this subsection, the term ‘post-quantum 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
42 

•S 5411 IS

1 cryptography’ has the meaning given such term in 

2 section 3 of the Quantum Computing Cybersecurity 

3 Preparedness Act (Public Law 117–260; 6 U.S.C. 

4 1526 note). 

5 ‘‘(2) IN GENERAL.—The Director of the Na6 tional Institute of Standards and Technology shall, 

7 in consultation with the Secretary of Homeland Se8 curity, the heads of Sector Risk Management Agen9 cies (as such term is defined in section 2200 of the 

10 Homeland Security Act of 2002 (6 U.S.C. 650)), 

11 and private sector entities, as the Director considers 

12 appropriate, promote the voluntary development, 

13 adoption, and deployment of standards relating to 

14 post-quantum cryptography, including by— 

15 ‘‘(A) disseminating and making publicly 

16 available guidance and resources to help organi17 zations adopt and deploy standards relating to 

18 post-quantum cryptography and minimize dis19 ruptions to current applications and systems 

20 caused by cryptographic updates; 

21 ‘‘(B) providing technical assistance, as 

22 practicable, to entities that are at high risk of 

23 quantum cryptoanalytic attacks, such as enti24 ties determined to be critical infrastructure (as 

25 such term is defined in section 1016(e) of PubVerDate Sep 11 2014 01:46 Jan 08, 2025 Jkt 059200 PO 00000 Frm 00042 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\S5411.IS S5411

ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
43 

•S 5411 IS

1 lic Law 107–56 (42 U.S.C. 5195c(e))) or dig2 ital infrastructure providers; and 

3 ‘‘(C) conducting such other activities as 

4 determined necessary by the Director to pro5 mote the development, adoption, and deploy6 ment across the United States of standards re7 lating to post-quantum cryptography. 

8 ‘‘(3) GRANT PROGRAM.— 

9 ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—Subject to the avail10 ability of appropriations and after the date on 

11 which the Director of the National Institute of 

12 Standards and Technology has issued standards 

13 relating to post-quantum cryptography, the Di14 rector may establish a program to identify and 

15 provide technical assistance through the award 

16 of grants to entities that are at high risk of 

17 quantum cryptoanalytic attacks, including by 

18 granting funds for the adoption of such stand19 ards and the remediation of quantum-related 

20 vulnerabilities. 

21 ‘‘(B) USE OF FUNDS.—Grants awarded to 

22 entities under this paragraph may be used to 

23 cover reasonable costs, up to a specified amount 

24 established by the Director of the National In25 stitute of Standards and Technology, for activiVerDate Sep 11 2014 01:46 Jan 08, 2025 Jkt 059200 PO 00000 Frm 00043 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\S5411.IS S5411

ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
44 

•S 5411 IS

1 ties to adopt standards relating to post-quan2 tum cryptography and remediate quantum-re3 lated vulnerabilities. 

4 ‘‘(C) GUIDANCE.—The Director of the Na5 tional Institute of Standards and Technology 

6 may develop, and periodically update, guidance, 

7 including relating to eligibility, application dis8 closure requirements, grant amount and dura9 tion, and any additional requirements regarding 

10 the award of grants under this paragraph. 

11 ‘‘(D) CONSULTATION.—If the program de12 scribed in this paragraph is established, the Di13 rector of the National Institute of Standards 

14 and Technology shall consult with the Director 

15 of the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Secu16 rity Agency of the Department of Homeland 

17 Security, the heads of other Sector Risk Man18 agement Agencies, and appropriate representa19 tives of private sector entities, including non20 profit organizations, to share information re21 garding the grant program under this para22 graph and guidance developed and updated 

23 under subparagraph (C). 

24 ‘‘(f) FUNDING.—Of the funds authorized to be appro25 priated for the National Institute of Standards and TechVerDate Sep 11 2014 01:46 Jan 08, 2025 Jkt 059200 PO 00000 Frm 00044 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\S5411.IS S5411

ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
45 

•S 5411 IS

1 nology pursuant to section 10211 of the Research and De2 velopment, Competition, and Innovation Act (Public Law 

3 117–167) for scientific and technical research and services 

4 laboratory activities, there is authorized to be appro5 priated to the Director of the National Institute of Stand6 ards and Technology to carry out this section up to 

7 $100,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2025 through 

8 2029.’’. 

9 SEC. 13. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECH10 NOLOGY QUANTUM CENTERS. 

11 Title II of the National Quantum Initiative Act is 

12 amended by adding at the end the following new sections: 

13 ‘‘SEC. 202. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND 

14 TECHNOLOGY QUANTUM CENTERS. 

15 ‘‘(a) ESTABLISHMENT.— 

16 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Subject to the availability 

17 of appropriations, the Director of the National Insti18 tute of Standards and Technology shall, in consulta19 tion with such heads of other Federal departments 

20 and agencies as the Director considers appropriate, 

21 carry out a program to establish and operate at least 

22 1, but not more than 3, centers to accelerate re23 search, development, deployment, and standardiza24 tion of quantum information science, engineering, 

25 and technology. 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
46 

•S 5411 IS

1 ‘‘(2) PROGRAM DETAILS.— 

2 ‘‘(A) COMPETITIVE, MERIT-REVIEWED

3 PROCESS.—The centers established and oper4 ated under paragraph (1) shall be established 

5 through a competitive, merit-reviewed process. 

6 ‘‘(B) APPLICATIONS.—An eligible applicant 

7 described in subparagraph (C) seeking to estab8 lish and operate a center described in para9 graph (1) shall submit to the Director of the 

10 National Institute of Standards and Technology 

11 an application therefor at such time, in such 

12 manner, and containing such information as the 

13 Director determines to be appropriate. 

14 ‘‘(C) ELIGIBLE APPLICANTS.—Eligible ap15 plicants described in this subparagraph are the 

16 following: 

17 ‘‘(i) Institutions of higher education. 

18 ‘‘(ii) Nonprofit organizations. 

19 ‘‘(iii) Multi-institution collaborations, 

20 including multiple types of research insti21 tutions, private sector entities, Federal lab22 oratories, and nonprofit organizations, or 

23 consortia thereof. 

24 ‘‘(iv) Any other entity the Director de25 termines appropriate. 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
47 

•S 5411 IS

1 ‘‘(3) SELECTION OF TOPICS.—The Director of 

2 the National Institute of Standards and Technology 

3 shall solicit proposals and prioritize the following 

4 topics in the initial selection of centers, subject to 

5 merit-review: 

6 ‘‘(A) Quantum sensing and measurement. 

7 ‘‘(B) Quantum engineering. 

8 ‘‘(b) REQUIREMENTS.—To the maximum extent 

9 practicable, centers established and operated under this 

10 section shall serve the mission of the National Institute 

11 of Standards and Technology, for the benefit of the broad12 er United States quantum information science community, 

13 to develop processes for the following purposes: 

14 ‘‘(1) Advancing research and standardization in 

15 quantum information science, engineering, and tech16 nology. 

17 ‘‘(2) Advancing technology transfer. 

18 ‘‘(3) Improving the competitiveness of the 

19 United States. 

20 ‘‘(c) COORDINATION.—The Director of the National 

21 Institute of Standards and Technology shall ensure coordi22 nation, and avoid unnecessary duplication of, the activities 

23 carried out under this section with existing activities of 

24 the Institute, other activities carried out under this Act, 

25 and other related programs, as appropriate. 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
48 

•S 5411 IS

1 ‘‘(d) COMMERCIAL TECHNOLOGY.—Each center es2 tablished under this section may leverage commercially 

3 available hardware and software to carry out the activities 

4 described in subsection (a). 

5 ‘‘(e) SELECTION AND DURATION.— 

6 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The centers established 

7 under this section may carry out activities for a pe8 riod of 5 years. 

9 ‘‘(2) RENEWAL.—Each center established under 

10 this section may be renewed for successive periods of 

11 5 years following a successful merit-based review by 

12 the Director. 

13 ‘‘(3) TERMINATION.—Consistent with the au14 thorities of the National Institute of Standards and 

15 Technology, the Director of the National Institute of 

16 Standards and Technology may terminate an under17 performing center for cause during the performance 

18 period. 

19 ‘‘(f) FUNDING.—The Director of the National Insti20 tute of Standards and Technology shall allocate up to 

21 $18,000,000 for each center established under this section 

22 for each of fiscal years 2025 through 2029, subject to the 

23 availability of appropriations. Amounts made available to 

24 carry out this section shall be derived from amounts apVerDate Sep 11 2014 01:46 Jan 08, 2025 Jkt 059200 PO 00000 Frm 00048 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\S5411.IS S5411

ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
49 

•S 5411 IS

1 propriated or otherwise made available to the National In2 stitute of Standards and Technology. 

3 ‘‘(g) BRIEFING REQUIREMENTS.—Not later than 1 

4 year after the date of the enactment of the National Quan5 tum Initiative Reauthorization Act of 2024, and not less 

6 frequently than once each year thereafter, the Director of 

7 the National Institute of Standards and Technology shall 

8 provide the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Trans9 portation of the Senate and the Committee on Space, 

10 Science, and Technology of the House of Representatives 

11 a briefing on current and planned activities under this sec12 tion. 

13 ‘‘SEC. 203. RESEARCH SECURITY. 

14 ‘‘The activities authorized under this title shall be 

15 carried out in a manner consistent with subtitle D of title 

16 VI of the Research and Development, Competition, and 

17 Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 19231 et seq.).’’. 

18 SEC. 14. NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION QUANTUM IN19 FORMATION SCIENCE RESEARCH AND EDU20 CATION ACTIVITIES. 

21 Section 301 of the National Quantum Initiative Act 

22 (15 U.S.C. 8841) is amended— 

23 (1) in the section heading, by inserting ‘‘, EN24 GINEERING, AND TECHNOLOGY’’ after 

25 ‘‘SCIENCE’’; 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
50 

•S 5411 IS

1 (2) in subsection (a)— 

2 (A) by striking ‘‘basic’’; and 

3 (B) by striking ‘‘science and engineering’’ 

4 and inserting ‘‘science, engineering, and tech5 nology’’; 

6 (3) in subsection (b)— 

7 (A) in paragraph (1)— 

8 (i) in subparagraph (A)— 

9 (I) by striking ‘‘basic’’; and 

10 (II) by striking ‘‘science and en11 gineering’’ and inserting ‘‘science, en12 gineering, and technology’’; and 

13 (ii) in subparagraph (B)— 

14 (I) by striking ‘‘human re15 sources’’ and inserting ‘‘education and 

16 workforce’’; and 

17 (II) by striking ‘‘science and en18 gineering’’ and inserting ‘‘science, en19 gineering, and technology’’; and 

20 (B) in paragraph (2)— 

21 (i) in subparagraph (A)— 

22 (I) in clause (i)— 

23 (aa) by striking ‘‘science and 

24 engineering’’ and inserting 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
51 

•S 5411 IS

1 ‘‘science, engineering, and tech2 nology’’; 

3 (bb) by inserting ‘‘kinder4 garten through grade 12, voca5 tional,’’ before ‘‘undergraduate’’; 

6 and 

7 (cc) by striking ‘‘and’’ after 

8 the semicolon; 

9 (II) in clause (ii), by inserting 

10 ‘‘and’’ after the semicolon; and 

11 (III) by adding at the end the 

12 following: 

13 ‘‘(iii) to pursue research at the fron14 tiers of quantum information science, engi15 neering, and technology, and explore solu16 tions to important challenges for the devel17 opment, application, and commercialization 

18 of quantum technologies;’’; 

19 (ii) in subparagraph (B), by striking 

20 ‘‘science and engineering’’ and inserting 

21 ‘‘science, engineering, and technology’’; 

22 (iii) in subparagraph (C), by striking 

23 ‘‘science and engineering’’ and inserting 

24 ‘‘science, engineering, and technology’’; 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
52 

•S 5411 IS

1 (iv) in subparagraph (D), by striking 

2 ‘‘and’’ after the semicolon; 

3 (v) in subparagraph (E), by striking 

4 the period and inserting ‘‘; and’’; and 

5 (vi) by adding at the end the fol6 lowing: 

7 ‘‘(F) providing infrastructure to support 

8 academic quantum information science, engi9 neering, and technology, including through ex10 isting infrastructure programs and new activi11 ties.’’; 

12 (4) by striking subsection (c) and inserting the 

13 following: 

14 ‘‘(c) STUDENT TRAINEESHIPS, FELLOWSHIPS, AND

15 OTHER MODELS.— 

16 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Director of the Na17 tional Science Foundation, in consultation with 

18 heads of Federal agencies the Director considers ap19 propriate, shall award grants to institutions of high20 er education or eligible nonprofit organizations (or 

21 consortia thereof) to increase capacity and broaden 

22 participation in quantum information science, engi23 neering, and technology and other related dis24 ciplines, including through provisioning of experien25 tial opportunities, where appropriate. 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
53 

•S 5411 IS

1 ‘‘(2) QUANTUM TRAINEESHIPS.—The Director 

2 of the National Science Foundation, in consultation 

3 with heads of Federal agencies as the Director con4 siders appropriate, may establish, or use existing, 

5 programs to make awards to institutions of higher 

6 education or nonprofit organizations (or consortia 

7 thereof)— 

8 ‘‘(A) to provide traineeships to graduate 

9 students at institutions of higher education 

10 within the United States who are citizens of the 

11 United States and who choose or plan to pursue 

12 master or doctoral degrees in quantum informa13 tion science, engineering, and technology, or re14 lated fields; and 

15 ‘‘(B) to provide students with opportunities 

16 for research experiences in government or in17 dustry related to such students’ quantum stud18 ies. 

19 ‘‘(3) QUANTUM FELLOWSHIPS AND SCHOLAR20 SHIPS.— 

21 ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—The Director of the 

22 National Science Foundation, in consultation 

23 with heads of Federal agencies as the Director 

24 considers appropriate, may establish, or use ex25 isting, programs to support fellowships and 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
54 

•S 5411 IS

1 scholarships for students at institutions of high2 er education for the purpose of— 

3 ‘‘(i) increasing quantum information 

4 science, engineering, and technology expo5 sure for undergraduate and graduate 

6 STEM students; and 

7 ‘‘(ii) increasing postgraduation em8 ployment opportunities for STEM students 

9 who demonstrate potential to pursue ca10 reers in quantum information science, en11 gineering, and technology or fields that 

12 support the quantum industry. 

13 ‘‘(B) REQUIREMENTS.—An eligible partici14 pant in the fellowship and scholarship program 

15 under this paragraph shall— 

16 ‘‘(i) be enrolled in or have graduated 

17 from a STEM degree program at an insti18 tution of higher education within the 

19 United States; and 

20 ‘‘(ii) have demonstrated interest in 

21 quantum information science, engineering, 

22 and technology, such as by taking not less 

23 than 1 quantum science or quantum-rel24 evant course as part of the participant’s 

25 degree program or by participating in a 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
55 

•S 5411 IS

1 summer school program that focuses on 

2 quantum information science, engineering, 

3 and technology. 

4 ‘‘(C) CONSIDERATIONS.—Eligible fellow5 ships and scholarships under this paragraph 

6 may include temporary quantum-related posi7 tions at Federal or State agencies, National 

8 Laboratories, private sector entities, institutions 

9 of higher education, the quantum centers estab10 lished under section 202, the Multidisciplinary 

11 Centers for Quantum Research and Education 

12 established under section 302, the Quantum 

13 Reskilling, Education, and Workforce Coordina14 tion Hub under section 303, the National 

15 Quantum Information Science Research Centers 

16 established under section 402, and the initia17 tives established under section 503, or other 

18 quantum-relevant entities, as determined appro19 priate by the Director. 

20 ‘‘(D) COMPETITIVE AWARDS.—Fellowships 

21 and scholarships awarded under this paragraph 

22 shall be competitively awarded through a merit23 review process. The Director of the National 

24 Science Foundation may prioritize fellowships 

25 that include an industry partner that provides 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
56 

•S 5411 IS

1 financial assistance to awardees for direct or in2 direct costs. 

3 ‘‘(4) QUANTUM RESEARCH EXPERIENCES FOR

4 UNDERGRADUATES.—The Director of the National 

5 Science Foundation shall seek to increase opportuni6 ties for quantum research for undergraduate stu7 dents by encouraging proposals in quantum informa8 tion science, engineering, and technology, through 

9 the research experiences for undergraduates pro10 vided under section 514 of the America COM11 PETES Reauthorization Act of 2010 (42 U.S.C. 

12 1862p–6). 

13 ‘‘(5) COOPERATIVE EDUCATION PROGRAMS.— 

14 The Director of the National Science Foundation, in 

15 consultation with heads of Federal agencies the Di16 rector considers appropriate, may establish, or use 

17 existing, programs to support cooperative education 

18 programs between institutions of higher education 

19 and employers that increase opportunities for under20 graduate students to acquire experiential learning 

21 and professional experiences in quantum information 

22 science, engineering, and technology. 

23 ‘‘(6) PARTNERSHIPS.—In carrying out the ac24 tivities under this subsection, the Director of the 

25 National Science Foundation shall encourage recipiVerDate Sep 11 2014 01:46 Jan 08, 2025 Jkt 059200 PO 00000 Frm 00056 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\S5411.IS S5411

ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
57 

•S 5411 IS

1 ents of awards under this subsection to partner with 

2 relevant Federal agencies, Federal laboratories, in3 dustry and other private sector organizations, and 

4 nonprofit organizations to facilitate the expansion of 

5 workforce pathways and hands-on learning experi6 ences.’’; 

7 (5) in subsection (d)— 

8 (A) in the subsection heading, by striking 

9 ‘‘QISE’’ and inserting ‘‘QISET’’; 

10 (B) in paragraph (1)— 

11 (i) by striking ‘‘information science 

12 and engineering (referred to in this sub13 section as ‘QISE’)’’ and inserting ‘‘infor14 mation science, engineering, and tech15 nology (referred to in this subsection as 

16 ‘QISET’)’’; and 

17 (ii) by inserting ‘‘and career and tech18 nical education entities’’ after ‘‘colleges’’; 

19 (C) in paragraph (2)— 

20 (i) in subparagraph (A), by striking 

21 ‘‘QISE’’ and inserting ‘‘quantum informa22 tion science, engineering, and technology’’; 

23 (ii) in subparagraph (D)— 

24 (I) by inserting ‘‘, engineering, 

25 and technology’’ after ‘‘science’’; and 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
58 

•S 5411 IS

1 (II) by inserting ‘‘, including 

2 those principles relevant to emerging 

3 technologies, such as artificial intel4 ligence, microelectronics, and nano5 technology’’ after ‘‘fields’’; 

6 (iii) by redesignating subparagraphs 

7 (E) and (F) as subparagraphs (F) and 

8 (H), respectively; 

9 (iv) by inserting after subparagraph 

10 (D) the following: 

11 ‘‘(E) Informal education methods to en12 hance experiences of students of all ages with 

13 quantum information science, engineering, and 

14 technology concepts and applications.’’; and 

15 (v) by inserting after subparagraph 

16 (F), as so redesignated, the following: 

17 ‘‘(G) Methods to introduce security and 

18 other potential societal dimensions associated 

19 with quantum information science, engineering, 

20 and technology into STEM curricula.’’; 

21 (D) in paragraph (3), by striking ‘‘QISE’’ 

22 and inserting ‘‘quantum information science, 

23 engineering, and technology’’; and 

24 (E) by striking paragraph (4); and 

25 (6) by adding at the end the following: 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
59 

•S 5411 IS

1 ‘‘(e) QUANTUM RESEARCH EXPERIENCES FOR

2 TEACHERS.—The Director of the National Science Foun3 dation shall seek to increase opportunities to engage edu4 cators, principals, or other school leaders of kindergarten 

5 through grade 12 students in professional learning oppor6 tunities to enhance quantum information science, engi7 neering, and technology knowledge, including by— 

8 ‘‘(1) providing hands-on training and research 

9 opportunities for such educators at Federal labora10 tories or institutions of higher education, or in in11 dustry; and 

12 ‘‘(2) developing best practices. 

13 ‘‘(f) EXPANDING CAPACITY IN QUANTUM INFORMA14 TION SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND TECHNOLOGY.— 

15 ‘‘(1) DEFINITIONS.—In this subsection: 

16 ‘‘(A) ELIGIBLE CONSORTIUM.—The term 

17 ‘eligible consortium’ means a consortium that— 

18 ‘‘(i) includes not less than 1 institu19 tion of higher education or eligible non20 profit organization; and 

21 ‘‘(ii) may include— 

22 ‘‘(I) a private sector entity; 

23 ‘‘(II) a Federal laboratory; or 

24 ‘‘(III) a Federal, Tribal, State, 

25 local, or territorial government entity. 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
60 

•S 5411 IS

1 ‘‘(B) ELIGIBLE INSTITUTION OF HIGHER

2 EDUCATION.—The term ‘eligible institution of 

3 higher education’ means an institution of higher 

4 education that, during the 3-year period prior 

5 to the year of an award under this section and 

6 according to the data published by the National 

7 Center for Science and Engineering Statistics 

8 was not, on average, among the top 70 institu9 tions in Federal research and development ex10 penditures. 

11 ‘‘(2) AWARDS AUTHORIZED.—The Director of 

12 the National Science Foundation, in consultation 

13 with the heads of Federal agencies the Director con14 siders appropriate, shall make awards on a competi15 tive, merit-reviewed basis to eligible institutions of 

16 higher education, eligible nonprofit organizations, or 

17 eligible consortia to increase research capacity, in18 crease education and infrastructure capacity, and 

19 broaden participation in quantum information 

20 science, engineering, and technology and related dis21 ciplines, including by— 

22 ‘‘(A) supporting curriculum development in 

23 quantum information science, engineering, and 

24 technology as described in subsection (d); 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
61 

•S 5411 IS

1 ‘‘(B) building upon the activities carried 

2 out under the Next Generation Quantum Lead3 ers Pilot Program authorized under section 

4 10661(f) of the Research and Development, 

5 Competition, and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 

6 19261(f)); and 

7 ‘‘(C) leveraging the readiness for the in8 volvement of local research and education com9 munities to secure a talent pipeline in quantum 

10 information science, engineering, and tech11 nology to meet the workforce needs of industry, 

12 government, and academia. 

13 ‘‘(3) REQUIREMENTS.—To receive an award 

14 under this subsection, an eligible institution of high15 er education, eligible nonprofit organization, or eligi16 ble consortium shall submit to the Director of the 

17 National Science Foundation an application that in18 cludes the following: 

19 ‘‘(A) A plan to sustain proposed activities 

20 beyond the duration of the award. 

21 ‘‘(B) Proposed quantum information 

22 science, engineering, and technology disciplines 

23 and focus areas the eligible institution of higher 

24 education or consortium is prepared to engage 

25 in to significantly build up its quantum inforVerDate Sep 11 2014 01:46 Jan 08, 2025 Jkt 059200 PO 00000 Frm 00061 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\S5411.IS S5411

ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
62 

•S 5411 IS

1 mation science, engineering, and technology re2 search and education capacity. 

3 ‘‘(C) A plan for education and workforce 

4 development, which may include— 

5 ‘‘(i) kindergarten through grade 12 

6 and postsecondary education programs and 

7 activities; 

8 ‘‘(ii) workforce training and career 

9 and technical education programs and ac10 tivities; 

11 ‘‘(iii) undergraduate, graduate, and 

12 postdoctoral education programs and ac13 tivities; and 

14 ‘‘(iv) informal education programs 

15 and activities. 

16 ‘‘(4) ACTIVITIES.—Awards under this sub17 section to support research and related activities 

18 may include activities relating to the following: 

19 ‘‘(A) Development or expansion of research 

20 programs in disciplines and focus areas speci21 fied in paragraph (3)(B). 

22 ‘‘(B) Faculty recruitment and professional 

23 development in disciplines and focus areas spec24 ified in paragraph (3)(B). 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
63 

•S 5411 IS

1 ‘‘(C) Bridge programs focused on pre2 paring postbaccalaureate students for graduate 

3 programs in quantum information science, engi4 neering, and technology. 

5 ‘‘(D) Building research capacity and infra6 structure at an eligible institution of higher 

7 education in disciplines and focus areas speci8 fied in paragraph (3)(B). 

9 ‘‘(E) An assessment of capacity-building 

10 and research infrastructure needs identified in 

11 paragraph (3)(B). 

12 ‘‘(F) Administrative research development 

13 support. 

14 ‘‘(G) Other activities necessary to build re15 search capacity in quantum information science, 

16 engineering, and technology. 

17 ‘‘(5) ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS.—In mak18 ing awards under this subsection, the Director of the 

19 National Science Foundation may also consider the 

20 following: 

21 ‘‘(A) The extent to which the eligible appli22 cant will support students from diverse back23 grounds, including first-generation under24 graduate students. 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
64 

•S 5411 IS

1 ‘‘(B) The geographic and institutional di2 versity of eligible applicants. 

3 ‘‘(C) How the eligible applicant can lever4 age public-private partnerships and existing re5 search partnerships with Federal agencies. 

6 ‘‘(D) How the eligible applicant prioritizes 

7 research security, including through educational 

8 efforts and furtherance of best practices for 

9 handling research that is supported by an 

10 award under this subsection. 

11 ‘‘(6) DUPLICATION.—The Director of the Na12 tional Science Foundation shall ensure awards made 

13 under this subsection are complementary to, and not 

14 duplicative of, existing programs. 

15 ‘‘(g) FACULTY MID-CAREER DEVELOPMENT

16 AWARDS.—The Director of the National Science Founda17 tion may provide merit-based, competitive awards to sup18 port mid-career scientists and faculty of institutions of 

19 higher education to upgrade, develop, or acquire essential 

20 research instruments to start new research activities on, 

21 or expand existing activities that show promise for ad22 vancements within, quantum information science, engi23 neering, and technology. 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
65 

•S 5411 IS

1 ‘‘(h) INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH ON QUANTUM IN2 FORMATION SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND TECH3 NOLOGY.— 

4 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Director of the Na5 tional Science Foundation, in coordination with the 

6 Secretary of State and the Secretary of Commerce, 

7 shall support international quantum information 

8 science, engineering, and technology research, as ap9 propriate, to enhance international cooperation and 

10 meet United States commitments, including as part 

11 of the terms and conditions of bilateral or multilat12 eral quantum information science, engineering, and 

13 technology research agreements. 

14 ‘‘(2) ALIGNMENT.—In carrying out this sub15 section, the Director of the National Science Foun16 dation shall ensure alignment with the national 

17 quantum information strategy in accordance with 

18 Executive Order 14073 (87 Fed. Reg. 27909; relat19 ing to enhancing the National Quantum Advisory 

20 Committee) or successor strategies. 

21 ‘‘(3) PRIORITY.—The Director shall prioritize 

22 research programs with countries that have signed a 

23 Quantum Cooperation Statement with the United 

24 States. 

25 ‘‘(4) RESTRICTIONS.— 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
66 

•S 5411 IS

1 ‘‘(A) CONFUCIUS INSTITUTE.—None of the 

2 funds made available under this subsection may 

3 be obligated or expended to an institution of 

4 higher education that maintains a contract or 

5 agreement between such institution and a Con6 fucius Institute, as defined in section 10339A 

7 of the Research and Development, Competition, 

8 and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 19039) or any 

9 successor of a Confucius Institute. 

10 ‘‘(B) FOREIGN COUNTRY OF CONCERN AND

11 FOREIGN ENTITY OF CONCERN.—None of the 

12 funds made available under this subsection may 

13 be obligated or expended to promote, establish, 

14 or finance quantum research activities between 

15 a United States entity and a foreign country of 

16 concern or foreign entity of concern, including 

17 the entity’s subsidiaries. 

18 ‘‘(i) UPGRADING AND IMPROVING ACCESS TO QUAN19 TUM RESEARCH RESOURCES.— 

20 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—In carrying out the activi21 ties described in this section, the Director of the Na22 tional Science Foundation, in consultation with the 

23 heads of other Federal departments and agencies, as 

24 appropriate, shall award grants to institutions of 

25 higher education or eligible nonprofit organizations 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
67 

•S 5411 IS

1 (or consortia thereof) to upgrade research facilities 

2 and improve access to research resources, such as 

3 equipment and instrumentation, that is needed for 

4 research and development in quantum information 

5 science, engineering, and technology. 

6 ‘‘(2) PURPOSE.—Grants under paragraph (1) 

7 shall be used to facilitate quantum information 

8 science, engineering, and technology research and 

9 development, including by carrying out the following: 

10 ‘‘(A) Upgrading or adding research re11 sources to— 

12 ‘‘(i) accelerate the development of 

13 quantum technologies, including capabili14 ties focused on addressing the roadblocks 

15 to implementation; and 

16 ‘‘(ii) meet the materials, advanced 

17 materials development, high performance 

18 computing, heterogeneous computing, net19 working, software, data, clean room, and 

20 device needs of the scientific community 

21 and the quantum supply chain. 

22 ‘‘(B) Enhancing access to equipment and 

23 instrumentation, including at partnering insti24 tutions, by facilitating information sharing, co25 ordination, education, and training, including 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
68 

•S 5411 IS

1 activities that provide meaningful hands-on 

2 learning experiences for students, including at 

3 community and technical colleges. 

4 ‘‘(C) Enabling professional staff to support 

5 the operation, scheduling, and improvement of 

6 research resources used for quantum informa7 tion science, engineering, and technology. 

8 ‘‘(3) REQUIREMENTS.—An institution of higher 

9 education or an eligible nonprofit organization (or a 

10 consortium thereof) seeking funding under this sub11 section shall submit to the Director of the National 

12 Science Foundation an application at such time, in 

13 such manner, and containing such information as 

14 the Director may require.’’. 

15 SEC. 15. MULTIDISCIPLINARY CENTERS FOR QUANTUM RE16 SEARCH AND EDUCATION. 

17 Section 302 of the National Quantum Initiative Act 

18 (15 U.S.C. 8842) is amended— 

19 (1) in subsection (a), by striking ‘‘5’’ and in20 serting ‘‘10’’; 

21 (2) in subsection (c)— 

22 (A) in the matter preceding paragraph (1), 

23 by striking ‘‘basic’’; 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
69 

•S 5411 IS

1 (B) in paragraph (1), by striking ‘‘science 

2 and engineering’’ and inserting ‘‘science, engi3 neering, and technology’’; 

4 (C) in paragraph (2), by striking ‘‘and en5 gineering’’ and inserting ‘‘, engineering, and 

6 technology, including leveraging or expanding 

7 activities established pursuant to section 

8 301(d)’’; and 

9 (D) in paragraph (3), by inserting ‘‘, such 

10 as commercially available hardware and soft11 ware’’ after ‘‘resources’’; 

12 (3) in subsection (d)(2)— 

13 (A) in subparagraph (A), by striking 

14 ‘‘quantum science,’’ and inserting ‘‘quantum in15 formation science, engineering, and tech16 nology,’’; 

17 (B) in subparagraph (B), by inserting 

18 ‘‘health,’’ after ‘‘chemistry,’’; 

19 (C) in subparagraph (C), by inserting ‘‘, 

20 including how each participant will develop and 

21 implement outreach activities to increase the 

22 participation of women and other students from 

23 groups historically underrepresented in STEM’’ 

24 before the semicolon; 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
70 

•S 5411 IS

1 (D) in subparagraph (D), by striking 

2 ‘‘and’’ after the semicolon; 

3 (E) in subparagraph (E), by striking the 

4 period and inserting a semicolon; and 

5 (F) by adding at the end the following: 

6 ‘‘(F) how the Center will participate in 

7 international collaborations, as appropriate, to 

8 build a trusted global research network with al9 lies and partners of the United States and 

10 other countries that share values with the 

11 United States, including respect for inter12 national norms of fair competition; and 

13 ‘‘(G) how the Center will protect research 

14 from foreign countries of concern and foreign 

15 entities of concern, and the subsidiaries of such 

16 foreign entities, to ensure the competitiveness of 

17 the United States.’’; 

18 (4) in subsection (e), by striking paragraph (2) 

19 and inserting the following: 

20 ‘‘(2) REAPPLICATION.—An awardee may re21 apply for an additional, subsequent period of 5 years 

22 following a successful, merit-based review.’’; 

23 (5) in subsection (f), by striking ‘‘2019 through 

24 2023’’ and inserting ‘‘2025 through 2029’’; and 

25 (6) by adding at the end the following: 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
71 

•S 5411 IS

1 ‘‘(g) BRIEFING REQUIREMENTS.—Not later than 1 

2 year after the date of the enactment of the National Quan3 tum Initiative Reauthorization Act of 2024, and not less 

4 frequently than annually thereafter, the Director of the 

5 National Science Foundation shall brief the appropriate 

6 committees of Congress on current and planned activities 

7 under this section.’’. 

8 SEC. 16. QUANTUM RESKILLING, EDUCATION, AND WORK9 FORCE (QREW) COORDINATION HUB, QUAN10 TUM TESTBEDS, AND RESEARCH SECURITY. 

11 Title III of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 

12 U.S.C. 8841 et seq.) is amended by adding at the end 

13 the following: 

14 ‘‘SEC. 303. QUANTUM RESKILLING, EDUCATION, AND WORK15 FORCE (QREW) COORDINATION HUB. 

16 ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The Director of the National 

17 Science Foundation, in consultation with the Director of 

18 the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the 

19 Secretary of Energy, and the heads of other relevant Fed20 eral agencies, shall make an award to a consortium led 

21 by an institution of higher education or an eligible non22 profit organization to establish a Quantum Reskilling, 

23 Education, and Workforce Coordination Hub (in this sec24 tion referred to as the ‘Hub’). 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
72 

•S 5411 IS

1 ‘‘(b) CONSORTIUM.—The consortium established pur2 suant to subsection (a) shall include not fewer than 4 in3 stitutions of higher education, including not fewer than 

4 2 community colleges, and may include career and tech5 nical schools, nonprofit organizations, and private sector 

6 entities. 

7 ‘‘(c) PURPOSE.—The purpose of the Hub shall be 

8 to— 

9 ‘‘(1) identify and address cross-cutting work10 force development challenges in quantum informa11 tion science, engineering, and technology, the quan12 tum industry, and other critical and emerging tech13 nology areas that share similar workforce challenges 

14 by serving as a national and regional clearinghouse; 

15 and 

16 ‘‘(2) facilitate the establishment of programs to 

17 disseminate, to institutions of higher education (in18 cluding community colleges) and career and tech19 nical education entities, model curricula, best prac20 tices, and instructional materials related to the ac21 tivities described in subsection (d). 

22 ‘‘(d) ACTIVITIES.—The activities of the Hub may in23 clude the following: 

24 ‘‘(1) Testing, implementing, scaling, dissemi25 nating, and standardizing materials, methods, best 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
73 

•S 5411 IS

1 practices, and other outputs developed through ac2 tivities under this Act. 

3 ‘‘(2) Promoting core competencies, such as 

4 computer science, data science, and mathematics, 

5 that are shared with other critical and emerging 

6 technologies, such as artificial intelligence. 

7 ‘‘(3) Increasing the integration of quantum in8 formation science, engineering, and technology con9 tent into STEM curricula at all education levels, in10 cluding career and technical education programs. 

11 ‘‘(4) Providing opportunities for STEM degree 

12 students to provide feedback on quantum informa13 tion science, engineering, and technology curricula. 

14 ‘‘(5) Facilitating post-education employment 

15 opportunities and workforce pathways for STEM de16 gree recipients in quantum-related industries, includ17 ing by facilitating opportunities for internships, 

18 externships, fellowships, and other such activities as 

19 determined by the Director, including through the 

20 establishment of a publicly accessible online portal. 

21 ‘‘(6) Coordinating with quantum industry and 

22 nonprofit entities and small- and medium-sized busi23 nesses and startups to inform and enhance the qual24 ity and availability of quantum education in STEM 

25 degree programs, including through the promotion of 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
74 

•S 5411 IS

1 postgraduation opportunities for STEM students 

2 outside the classroom to increase exposure to quan3 tum industries. 

4 ‘‘(7) Supporting activities and programs to en5 hance the recruitment of students from groups his6 torically underrepresented in STEM to pursue un7 dergraduate and graduate studies in quantum infor8 mation science, engineering, and technology. 

9 ‘‘(8) Developing, testing, implementing, and co10 ordinating career development programs and strate11 gies to increase the number of quantum-informed 

12 educators at all levels of education, including by car13 rying out the following: 

14 ‘‘(A) Hosting career development work15 shops. 

16 ‘‘(B) Developing in-house and distance 

17 learning career development tools for public 

18 use. 

19 ‘‘(C) Facilitating access to related quan20 tum technology, tools, and resources. 

21 ‘‘(D) Developing training, research, and 

22 professional development programs, including 

23 innovative pre-service and in-service programs. 

24 ‘‘(E) Facilitating relationships with State 

25 and local entities, such as a State board or local 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
75 

•S 5411 IS

1 board (as such terms are defined in section 3 

2 of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity 

3 Act (29 U.S.C. 3102)), to increase awareness of 

4 and promote quantum-related career develop5 ment activities at the Hub. 

6 ‘‘(9) Establishing a framework for performing 

7 ongoing regular data collection and analysis for the 

8 quantum workforce to report on trends, and perform 

9 other activities that expand the understanding of the 

10 current and future needs of the quantum industry, 

11 and the education capacity or readiness of the quan12 tum workforce. Such activities shall complement or 

13 align with, as relevant, authorized quantum and 

14 STEM workforce studies under section 10661(d) of 

15 the Research and Development, Competition, and 

16 Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 19261(d)). 

17 ‘‘(10) Facilitating public education and out18 reach activities to enhance the understanding and 

19 awareness of quantum information science, engineer20 ing, and technology to a broader community to sat21 isfy broader impact requirements of award applica22 tions. 

23 ‘‘(11) Encouraging coordination on quantum 

24 education in the broader STEM community. 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
76 

•S 5411 IS

1 ‘‘(e) QREW QUANTUM FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM.— 

2 Subject to the restrictions described in section 301(c), the 

3 Hub may support education or policy fellowships for stu4 dents at entities participating in the consortium under 

5 subsection (a) or at other research centers established pur6 suant to this Act at the National Science Foundation, the 

7 National Institute of Standards and Technology, the De8 partment of Energy, or the National Aeronautics and 

9 Space Administration, for the purpose of supporting the 

10 activities described in subsection (d). 

11 ‘‘(f) INDUSTRY COORDINATION.—The Hub shall col12 laborate with the Quantum Consortium established under 

13 section 201(b) or other industry consortia to identify, pub14 lish, facilitate, or enable quantum-related education and 

15 workforce development opportunities as described in sub16 sections (c) and (d). 

17 ‘‘(g) APPLICATION.—A consortium seeking funding 

18 under this section shall submit to the Director of the Na19 tional Science Foundation an application at such time, in 

20 such manner, and containing such information as the Di21 rector may require. Each application shall include a de22 scription of how the consortium shall carry out the fol23 lowing: 

24 ‘‘(1) Contribute to the success of the Hub and 

25 fulfill the purposes of the Hub. 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
77 

•S 5411 IS

1 ‘‘(2) Include industry participation in fulfilling 

2 the purposes of the Hub. 

3 ‘‘(3) Collaborate with other members of the 

4 consortium to share expertise in integrating quan5 tum information science, engineering, and tech6 nology into STEM programs and other relevant 

7 fields and disciplines. 

8 ‘‘(4) Support long-term and short-term work9 force development in the quantum field. 

10 ‘‘(5) Develop and implement outreach activities 

11 to increase the participation of women and other 

12 students from groups historically underrepresented 

13 in STEM. 

14 ‘‘(h) SELECTION AND DURATION.— 

15 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Hub established under 

16 this section is authorized to carry out activities for 

17 a period of 5 years. 

18 ‘‘(2) REAPPLICATION.—A consortium receiving 

19 an award under this section may reapply for an ad20 ditional, subsequent period of 5 years following a 

21 successful, merit-based review. 

22 ‘‘(3) TERMINATION.—Consistent with and in 

23 addition to the authorities of the National Science 

24 Foundation, the Director of the National Science 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
78 

•S 5411 IS

1 Foundation may also terminate the Hub if it is 

2 underperforming during the performance period. 

3 ‘‘(i) COORDINATION.—The Hub shall coordinate with 

4 other research centers established under this Act at the 

5 National Science Foundation, the National Institute of 

6 Standards and Technology, the Department of Energy, 

7 the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and 

8 other relevant Federal agencies, as appropriate, on activi9 ties and resources. 

10 ‘‘(j) FUNDING.—The Director of the National 

11 Science Foundation shall allocate up to $10,000,000 for 

12 the Hub for each of fiscal years 2025 through 2029, sub13 ject to the availability of appropriations. Amounts made 

14 available to carry out this section shall be derived from 

15 amounts appropriated or otherwise made available to the 

16 National Science Foundation. 

17 ‘‘(k) REPORTING REQUIREMENTS.—Not later than 3 

18 years after the date of enactment of the National Quan19 tum Initiative Reauthorization Act of 2024, the Director 

20 shall prepare and submit to the appropriate committees 

21 of Congress a progress report that includes current (as 

22 of the date of the report) and planned activities of the 

23 Hub. 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
79 

•S 5411 IS

1 ‘‘SEC. 304. QUANTUM TESTBEDS. 

2 ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 1 year after the 

3 date of the enactment of the National Quantum Initiative 

4 Reauthorization Act of 2024, the Director of the National 

5 Science Foundation, in coordination with the Director of 

6 the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the 

7 Secretary of Energy, the Administrator of the National 

8 Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the heads of 

9 other Federal agencies, as determined appropriate by the 

10 Director of the National Science Foundation, shall make 

11 awards on a competitive, merit-reviewed basis to institu12 tions of higher education, nonprofit organizations, feder13 ally funded research and development centers, or consortia 

14 thereof, to establish testbeds for accelerating the develop15 ment of viable quantum applications. 

16 ‘‘(b) PURPOSES.—The quantum testbeds established 

17 under subsection (a) shall focus on advancing the develop18 ment of quantum application use cases that show promise 

19 of commercialization in the near- to medium-term, as de20 termined by the Director, through proof-of-concept test21 ing, demonstrations, pilot projects, benchmarking, and 

22 prototyping, by— 

23 ‘‘(1) supporting translational quantum research 

24 and development activities for quantum application 

25 use cases, including, for testbeds featuring quantum 

26 software and quantum algorithms driving toward 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
80 

•S 5411 IS

1 utility, leveraging approaches such as algorithm in2 novation and tools such as resource estimators; 

3 ‘‘(2) providing accessible research resources for 

4 developing, testing, and benchmarking the applica5 tion of quantum technologies to likely use cases, in6 cluding enabling quantum cloud access; 

7 ‘‘(3) investing in quantum computing tech8 nologies that show promise for viability, including di9 recting funding to advance each layer of the stack 

10 and related systems engineering and integration; and 

11 ‘‘(4) establishing cost and benefit. 

12 ‘‘(c) APPLICATION PROPOSALS.—An applicant for an 

13 award under this section shall submit to the Director a 

14 proposal at such time, in such manner, and containing 

15 such information as the Director may reasonably require. 

16 The proposal shall, at a minimum, describe the following: 

17 ‘‘(1) How the applicant will assemble a work18 force, including from populations that are histori19 cally underrepresented in STEM, with the skills 

20 needed to operate a quantum testbed. 

21 ‘‘(2) How the applicant will ensure broad access 

22 to a quantum testbed, including for start-ups and 

23 small businesses. 

24 ‘‘(3) How a quantum testbed will operate after 

25 Federal funding has ended. 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
81 

•S 5411 IS

1 ‘‘(4) How the applicant will contribute to the 

2 quantum testbed, such as through funding or other 

3 resources required to develop quantum applications. 

4 ‘‘(5) How the applicant will protect any re5 search or advancements made as a result of using 

6 the quantum testbed. 

7 ‘‘(d) PRIORITIZATION.—In awarding grants under 

8 this section, the Director of the National Science Founda9 tion shall prioritize the following: 

10 ‘‘(1) Applicants that ensure not less than 25 

11 percent of the cost for a testbed awarded under this 

12 section is provided by private or non-Federal enti13 ties, including in-kind contributions. 

14 ‘‘(2) Awards for consortia that include quantum 

15 industry participation. 

16 ‘‘(e) ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES.—The Director 

17 of the National Science Foundation shall be responsible 

18 for the following: 

19 ‘‘(1) Maintaining a record of notable outcomes 

20 from each quantum testbed established under this 

21 section. 

22 ‘‘(2) Partnering with other Federal agencies to 

23 enable opportunities for quantum testbed outcomes 

24 to be appropriately taken up by such agencies in 

25 alignment with the missions of such agencies. 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
82 

•S 5411 IS

1 ‘‘(3) Not later than 1 year after the date of the 

2 enactment of this section and every 2 years there3 after until December 31, 2030, briefing the appro4 priate committees of Congress on the status of such 

5 quantum testbeds and providing recommendations 

6 for improving such quantum testbeds. 

7 ‘‘(f) COORDINATION.—In establishing quantum 

8 testbeds under this section, the Director of the National 

9 Science Foundation shall ensure coordination with other 

10 testbeds and other quantum facilities hosting Federal 

11 quantum technology and infrastructure supported by the 

12 National Science Foundation, including those testbeds and 

13 facilities authorized pursuant to section 10390 of the Re14 search and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act 

15 (42 U.S.C. 19110), or by other Federal agencies as deter16 mined appropriate by the Director, to avoid duplication 

17 and maximize use of Federal resources. 

18 ‘‘(g) STAKEHOLDER COLLABORATION.—In carrying 

19 out this section, the Director of the National Science 

20 Foundation shall collaborate with the Quantum Consor21 tium established pursuant to section 201(b) to accomplish 

22 the purposes of the quantum testbeds program described 

23 in subsection (b) and ensure there is strong collaboration 

24 with industry stakeholders. The Director may also engage 

25 with National Laboratories, federally funded research and 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
83 

•S 5411 IS

1 development centers, industry, and other members of the 

2 United States quantum ecosystem. 

3 ‘‘(h) GEOGRAPHIC DIVERSITY.—The Director shall 

4 ensure regional and geographic diversity in issuing awards 

5 under this section. 

6 ‘‘(i) FUNDING.—The Director of the National Science 

7 Foundation shall allocate up to $50,000,000 for the quan8 tum testbeds under this section for each of fiscal years 

9 2025 through 2029, subject to the availability of appro10 priations. Amounts made available to carry out this sec11 tion shall be derived from amounts appropriated or other12 wise made available to the National Science Foundation. 

13 ‘‘SEC. 305. RESEARCH SECURITY. 

14 ‘‘The activities authorized under this title shall be 

15 carried out in a manner consistent with subtitle D of title 

16 VI of the Research and Development, Competition, and 

17 Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 19231 et seq.).’’. 

18 SEC. 17. NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION CRYPTOGRAPHY 

19 RESEARCH. 

20 Section 4(a)(1)(A) of the Cyber Security Research 

21 and Development Act (15 U.S.C. 7403) is amended by in22 serting ‘‘, including post-quantum cryptography (as such 

23 term is defined in section 3 of the Quantum Computing 

24 Cybersecurity Preparedness Act (6 U.S.C. 1526 note; 

25 Public Law 117–260))’’ before the semicolon. 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
84 

•S 5411 IS

1 SEC. 18. NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINIS2 TRATION QUANTUM ACTIVITIES. 

3 (a) IN GENERAL.—The National Quantum Initiative 

4 Act (15 U.S.C. 8801 et seq.) is amended by adding at 

5 the end the following new title: 

6 ‘‘TITLE V—NATIONAL AERO7 NAUTICS AND SPACE ADMIN8 ISTRATION QUANTUM ACTIVI9 TIES 

10 ‘‘SEC. 501. DEFINITION OF ADMINISTRATOR. 

11 ‘‘In this title, the term ‘Administrator’ means the Ad12 ministrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Admin13 istration. 

14 ‘‘SEC. 502. QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE, ENGINEER15 ING, AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH FOR 

16 SPACE AND AERONAUTICS. 

17 ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The Administrator is authorized 

18 to carry out research on quantum information science, en19 gineering, and technology. 

20 ‘‘(b) COOPERATION.—In carrying out subsection (a), 

21 the Administrator— 

22 ‘‘(1) shall consider cooperative arrangements 

23 with the Department of Energy and other Federal 

24 Government agencies, as practicable, on areas of 

25 shared benefit; and 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
85 

•S 5411 IS

1 ‘‘(2) may enter into memoranda of under2 standing or memoranda of agreement to establish 

3 such cooperative arrangements. 

4 ‘‘(c) STRATEGY.—Not later than 180 days after the 

5 date of the enactment of this title, the Administrator shall 

6 submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a strat7 egy for National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

8 research on quantum information science, engineering, 

9 and technology. The strategy shall identify resources re10 quired to support implementation of the strategy, includ11 ing budgets, workforce, and infrastructure, describe coop12 erative efforts with other Federal Government agencies, 

13 and address areas of research and applications, including 

14 the following: 

15 ‘‘(1) Quantum sensing. 

16 ‘‘(2) Quantum networking. 

17 ‘‘(3) Quantum communications, including quan18 tum satellite communications. 

19 ‘‘(4) Quantum computing. 

20 ‘‘(5) Science, aeronautics, and exploration-re21 lated applications. 

22 ‘‘(6) Any other area on quantum information, 

23 science, engineering, and technology the Adminis24 trator determines necessary. 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
86 

•S 5411 IS

1 ‘‘(d) CONSULTATION.—In developing the strategy de2 scribed in subsection (c), the Administrator may seek 

3 input from relevant external stakeholders, including insti4 tutions of higher education, industry, and nonprofit re5 search organizations. 

6 ‘‘SEC. 503. NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINIS7 TRATION QUANTUM INITIATIVES. 

8 ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—Subject to the availability of ap9 propriations, the Administrator, in consultation with the 

10 heads of other Federal departments and agencies, as ap11 propriate, may establish one or more initiatives focused 

12 on space and aeronautics applications of quantum infor13 mation science, engineering, and technology. 

14 ‘‘(b) INITIATIVE DETAILS.— 

15 ‘‘(1) COMPETITIVE, MERIT-REVIEWED PROC16 ESS.—An initiative under this section shall be estab17 lished through a competitive, merit-reviewed process. 

18 ‘‘(2) APPLICATIONS.—An eligible applicant 

19 under this section shall submit to the Administrator 

20 an application at such time, in such manner, and 

21 containing such information as the Administrator 

22 determines to be appropriate. 

23 ‘‘(3) ELIGIBLE APPLICANTS.—In carrying out 

24 the process under paragraph (1), the Administrator 

25 shall consider applications from institutions of highVerDate Sep 11 2014 01:46 Jan 08, 2025 Jkt 059200 PO 00000 Frm 00086 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\S5411.IS S5411

ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
87 

•S 5411 IS

1 er education, research centers, multi-institutional 

2 collaborations, and any other entity the Adminis3 trator considers appropriate. 

4 ‘‘(4) COLLABORATIONS.—A collaboration that 

5 receives an award under this section may include 

6 multiple types of research institutions, private sector 

7 entities, and nonprofit organizations. 

8 ‘‘(5) COORDINATION.—The Administrator shall 

9 ensure that an awardee under this section— 

10 ‘‘(A) coordinates with the National Aero11 nautics and Space Administration; and 

12 ‘‘(B) avoids unnecessary duplication of ex13 isting activities of the National Aeronautics and 

14 Space Administration, other activities carried 

15 out under this Act, and other related programs, 

16 as appropriate. 

17 ‘‘(6) COMMERCIAL TECHNOLOGY.—An initiative 

18 carried out under this section may leverage commer19 cially-available hardware and software to carry out 

20 the activities described in subsection (c). 

21 ‘‘(c) INITIATIVE ACTIVITIES.—An initiative estab22 lished under this section may carry out activities that— 

23 ‘‘(1) support research focused on developing 

24 and demonstrating space and aeronautics applica25 tions for quantum information science, engineering, 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
88 

•S 5411 IS

1 and technology, including research relating to the 

2 strategy developed under section 502(c); and 

3 ‘‘(2) support quantum information science, en4 gineering, and technology education and public out5 reach. 

6 ‘‘(d) INITIATIVE REQUIREMENTS.—To the maximum 

7 extent practicable, an initiative established under this sec8 tion shall serve the needs of the National Aeronautics and 

9 Space Administration for the benefit of the broader 

10 United States quantum information science community, to 

11 create and develop processes for the purpose of advancing 

12 space and aeronautics applications in quantum informa13 tion science, engineering, and technology, and improving 

14 the competitiveness of the United States. 

15 ‘‘(e) INITIATIVE SELECTION AND DURATION.— 

16 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Subject to the availability 

17 of appropriations, an initiative established under this 

18 section may carry out activities for a period of 5 

19 years. 

20 ‘‘(2) REAPPLICATION.—Subject to the avail21 ability of appropriations, an awardee may reapply 

22 for an additional, subsequent period of 5 years fol23 lowing a successful, merit-based review. 

24 ‘‘(3) TERMINATION.—Consistent with the au25 thorities of the National Aeronautics and Space AdVerDate Sep 11 2014 01:46 Jan 08, 2025 Jkt 059200 PO 00000 Frm 00088 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\S5411.IS S5411

ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
89 

•S 5411 IS

1 ministration, the Administrator may terminate the 

2 initiative for cause during the performance period. 

3 ‘‘SEC. 504. RESEARCH SECURITY. 

4 ‘‘The activities authorized under this title shall be 

5 carried out in a manner consistent with subtitle D of title 

6 VI of the Research and Development, Competition, and 

7 Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 19231 et seq.). 

8 ‘‘SEC. 505. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS. 

9 ‘‘The Administrator shall allocate up to $45,000,000 

10 for each of fiscal years 2025 through 2029 to carry out 

11 this title, subject to the availability of appropriations. 

12 Amounts made available to carry out this title shall be 

13 derived from amounts appropriated or otherwise made 

14 available to the National Aeronautics and Space Adminis15 tration.’’. 

16 SEC. 19. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HEALTH QUANTUM AC17 TIVITIES. 

18 The National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 

19 8801 et seq.), as amended by section 18, is further amend20 ed by adding at the end the following: 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
90 

•S 5411 IS

1 ‘‘TITLE VI—NATIONAL INSTI2 TUTES OF HEALTH QUANTUM 

3 ACTIVITIES 

4 ‘‘SEC. 601. QUANTUM RESEARCH PROGRAM. 

5 ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The Director of the National In6 stitutes of Health, in collaboration with other Federal de7 partments and agencies, may establish and carry out a 

8 research program on quantum sensors and computing for 

9 biomedical applications, including the competitive award 

10 of grants to institutions of higher education or eligible 

11 nonprofit organizations (or consortia thereof). 

12 ‘‘(b) PROGRAM COMPONENTS.—In carrying out the 

13 program under subsection (a) the Director of the National 

14 Institutes of Health may carry out activities that sup15 port— 

16 ‘‘(1) basic and applied research focused on de17 veloping quantum sensors for biomedical applica18 tions; 

19 ‘‘(2) studies of end-use cases of quantum sen20 sors in biomedicine; 

21 ‘‘(3) multi-disciplinary partnerships to explore 

22 and develop capabilities at the intersection of quan23 tum computing, data science, and biomedical re24 search; and 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
91 

•S 5411 IS

1 ‘‘(4) development of a diverse biomedical quan2 tum information science workforce through training 

3 and fellowship activities.’’. 

4 SEC. 20. DEPARTMENT OF STATE QUANTUM ACTIVITIES. 

5 The National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 

6 8801 et seq.), as amended by this Act, is further amended 

7 by adding at the end the following new title: 

8 ‘‘TITLE VII—DEPARTMENT OF 

9 STATE QUANTUM ACTIVITIES 

10 ‘‘SEC. 701. DEPARTMENT OF STATE INTERNATIONAL QUAN11 TUM COOPERATION PROGRAM. 

12 ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of State may es13 tablish and carry out a program— 

14 ‘‘(1) to enhance international cooperation in 

15 quantum information science through the competi16 tive award of matching grants to institutions of 

17 higher education or eligible nonprofit organizations 

18 (or consortia thereof) engaged in international col19 laborative research; and 

20 ‘‘(2) to support international scientist and engi21 neer exchange programs, including those that vary 

22 in length from multi-day to multi-year and those 

23 that include talent development programs. 

24 ‘‘(b) PROGRAM ALIGNMENT.— 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
92 

•S 5411 IS

1 ‘‘(1) COORDINATION.—In carrying out the pro2 gram under subsection (a), the Secretary of State 

3 shall coordinate with— 

4 ‘‘(A) the Director of the Office of Science 

5 and Technology Policy; 

6 ‘‘(B) the Director of the National Quan7 tum Coordination Office; 

8 ‘‘(C) the Co-Chairs of the Subcommittee 

9 on Quantum Information Science of the Na10 tional Science and Technology Council; and 

11 ‘‘(D) the Co-Chairs of the Subcommittee 

12 on the Economic and Security Implications of 

13 Quantum Information Science of the National 

14 Science and Technology Council. 

15 ‘‘(2) STRATEGIC ALIGNMENT.—In carrying out 

16 the program under subsection (a), the Secretary of 

17 State shall— 

18 ‘‘(A) ensure alignment with the National 

19 Quantum Information Science Strategy; and 

20 ‘‘(B) fund collaborative research programs 

21 with countries who have signed quantum co22 operation statements with the United States. 

23 ‘‘(c) CONSULTATION.—In developing and operating 

24 the program required under subsection (a), the Secretary 

25 of State shall consult with— 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
93 

•S 5411 IS

1 ‘‘(1) the appropriate congressional committees; 

2 ‘‘(2) the Special Envoy for Critical and Emerg3 ing Technologies; 

4 ‘‘(3) United States industry leaders; 

5 ‘‘(4) any technology experts the Secretary con6 siders relevant, including experts from academia; 

7 and 

8 ‘‘(5) representatives from any United States 

9 Government agency the Secretary considers relevant. 

10 ‘‘(d) ANNUAL REPORT.—Not later than 2 years after 

11 the date of the enactment of this title, and annually there12 after, the Secretary shall submit to the appropriate con13 gressional committees a report that contains the following 

14 elements: 

15 ‘‘(1) A description of the activities pursued 

16 under the authorities of this section during the prior 

17 year. 

18 ‘‘(2) A list of priority countries with which the 

19 Department of State seeks to pursue increased col20 laboration on quantum information science. 

21 ‘‘(e) SUNSET.—The authorities under this section 

22 shall terminate on the date that is 10 years after the date 

23 of the enactment of this title. 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
94 

•S 5411 IS

1 ‘‘(f) APPROPRIATE CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEES.— 

2 In this section, the term ‘appropriate congressional com3 mittees’ means the following: 

4 ‘‘(1) The Committee on Foreign Relations in 

5 the Senate. 

6 ‘‘(2) The Committee on Foreign Affairs in the 

7 House of Representatives. 

8 ‘‘(3) The Committee on Commerce, Science, 

9 and Transportation in the Senate. 

10 ‘‘(4) The Committee on Science, Space, and 

11 Technology in the House of Representatives.’’. 

12 SEC. 21. COMPTROLLER GENERAL REVIEW AND REPORT. 

13 (a) REVIEW.—Not later than 1 year after the date 

14 of the enactment of this Act, the Comptroller General of 

15 the United States shall conduct a review of existing proc16 esses and reporting requirements associated with research 

17 and development programs established within the National 

18 Institute of Standards and Technology, the National 

19 Science Foundation, and the Department of Energy pur20 suant to the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 

21 8801 et seq.) to identify potential opportunities— 

22 (1) to reduce duplicative and unnecessary pa23 perwork and reporting requirements without com24 promising security, transparency, and accountability; 

25 and 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
95 

•S 5411 IS

1 (2) to expedite access to facilities and equip2 ment of the Federal Government for researchers af3 filiated with such programs. 

4 (b) RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS COV5 ERED.—The review required under subsection (a) shall 

6 cover all research and development programs established 

7 pursuant to sections 201, 302, 402, 403, and 404 of the 

8 National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8831, 8842, 

9 8852, 8853, and 8854). 

10 (c) REPORT.—Not later than 180 days after com11 pleting the review under subsection (a), the Comptroller 

12 General shall submit to the Committee on Commerce, 

13 Science, and Transportation and the Committee on En14 ergy and Natural Resources of the Senate and the Com15 mittee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Rep16 resentatives a report on the findings of the review, which 

17 shall include recommendations relating to paragraphs (1) 

18 and (2) of such subsection. 

19 SEC. 22. CLERICAL AMENDMENTS. 

20 The table of contents in section 1(b) of the National 

21 Quantum Initiative Act is amended as follows: 

22 (1) By inserting after the item relating to sec23 tion 105 the following new items: 

‘‘Sec. 105A. International Quantum Cooperation Strategy. 

‘‘Sec. 106. National quantum prize challenges.’’. 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS
96 

•S 5411 IS

1 (2) By inserting after the item relating to sec2 tion 201 the following new items: 

‘‘Sec. 202. National Institute of Standards and Technology Quantum Centers. 

‘‘Sec. 203. Research security.’’. 

3 (3) By striking the item relating to section 301 

4 and inserting the following new item: 

‘‘Sec. 301. Quantum information science, engineering, and technology research 

and education program.’’. 

5 (4) By inserting after the item relating to sec6 tion 302 the following new items: 

‘‘Sec. 303. Quantum Reskilling, Education, and Workforce (QREW) Coordination Hub. 

‘‘Sec. 304. Quantum testbeds. 

‘‘Sec. 305. Research security.’’. 

7 (5) By inserting after the item relating to sec8 tion 404 the following new item: 

‘‘Sec. 405. Research security.’’. 

9 (6) By adding at the end the following new 

10 items: 

‘‘TITLE V—NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE 

ADMINISTRATION QUANTUM ACTIVITIES 

‘‘Sec. 501. Definition of Administrator. 

‘‘Sec. 502. Quantum information science, engineering, and technology research 

for space and aeronautics. 

‘‘Sec. 503. National Aeronautics and Space Administration quantum initiatives. 

‘‘Sec. 504. Research security. 

‘‘Sec. 505. Authorization of appropriations. 

‘‘TITLE VI—NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH QUANTUM 

ACTIVITIES 

‘‘Sec. 601. Quantum research program. 

‘‘TITLE VII—DEPARTMENT OF STATE QUANTUM ACTIVITIES 

‘‘Sec. 701. Department of State International Quantum Cooperation Program.’’. 

Æ 


ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS