NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

STEPHEN YAGMAN, 

Plaintiff-Appellant, 

 v. 

GINA HASPEL*; CENTRAL 

INTELLIGENCE AGENCY, 

Defendants-Appellees.

No. 18-55784 

D.C. No. 

2:14-cv-08033-PSG-E 

MEMORANDUM**

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Central District of California

Philip S. Gutierrez, District Judge, Presiding

Submitted April 30, 2019***

San Francisco, California

Before: TASHIMA and PAEZ, Circuit Judges, and FRIEDMAN,**** District 

Judge.

 

* Gina Haspel is substituted for her predecessor as Director of the 

Central Intelligence Agency, pursuant to Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure

43(c).

** This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

*** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision 

without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).

**** The Honorable Paul L. Friedman, United States District Judge for the 

District of Columbia, sitting by designation.

FILED

MAY 1 2019

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
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Stephen Yagman appeals the district court’s denial of his motion to re-open 

this case, which the district court stayed and then closed following our remand in a 

previous appeal. He also challenges the district court’s denial of his motion for an 

award of costs on appeal and its refusal to rule on his motion for judgment as a 

matter of law. Finally, Yagman appeals the denial of his motion to disqualify 

District Judge Philip Gutierrez. We affirm in part and reverse in part, and remand 

for further proceedings.

Yagman filed this action in district court after the Central Intelligence 

Agency (“CIA”) declined to process his 2014 Freedom of Information Act 

(“FOIA”) request, which sought records identifying persons who engaged in 

torture. The district court concluded that it did not have subject matter jurisdiction 

over Yagman’s action because he had not submitted a FOIA request that 

“reasonably describes” the records requested, as required by 5 U.S.C. § 

552(a)(3)(A). 

We reversed the district court’s jurisdictional ruling. See Yagman v. Pompeo

868 F.3d 1075, 1082 (9th Cir. 2017) (“Yagman I”). In remanding for further 

proceedings, we suggested that the district court stay the case and allow Yagman to 

work with the CIA to formulate a revised FOIA request that reasonably describes 

the records sought. Id. at 1084. Specifically, we said that Yagman’s revised 

request should “identify specific persons [or] specific documents, types of 
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documents, or types of information . . . . [specify] times, dates, location, or even 

clearly indicate if he is seeking the identities of those who have engaged in torture 

or only those who are alleged to have engaged in torture.” Id. at 1081. We 

awarded Yagman costs on appeal. 

After some correspondence with the CIA, Yagman submitted to the CIA a 

revised FOIA request. Finding that Yagman’s revisions “broaden[ed], rather than 

narrow[ed], the request,” the district court stayed and closed the case. The district 

court also denied Yagman’s application for costs on appeal taxable in the district 

court on the basis that Yagman failed to comply with the district court’s meet-andconfer requirements as provided in Local Rule 7-3. Yagman made no further 

changes to his FOIA request and filed two subsequent—and substantially similar—

motions to re-open the case, to award costs, and for judgment as a matter of law. 

With his last motion, Yagman also filed a motion to disqualify Judge Gutierrez 

from presiding over the action. After Yagman’s disqualification motion was 

denied by a different district judge, Judge Gutierrez denied Yagman’s motion to reopen the case and award costs, stating that “no further filings will be accepted 

(other than a notice of appeal).”

1. We review the denial of Yagman’s motion to re-open the action for abuse of 
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discretion.1 See Davis, 745 F.3d at 1310. A proper FOIA request must reasonably 

describe the records sought so as to permit “a professional employee of the agency 

who was familiar with the subject area of the request to locate the record with a 

reasonable amount of effort.” Yagman I, 868 F.3d at 1081 (citations omitted); 5 

U.S.C. § 552(a)(3)(A). 

In his revised FOIA request, Yagman specifies that he seeks records 

pertaining to the persons involved in the interrogation program “described in the 

December 13, 2012 ‘The [Senate] Committee Study of the Central Intelligence 

Agency’s Detention and Interrogation Program.’” Yagman’s revised request 

additionally names several persons of interest, specifies the dates and locations for 

which he seeks information, and provides a definition of torture that refers to the 

Senate Committee Study and the Convention against Torture. Not only does this 

revised request follow our instructions for increasing specificity, but it also cites 

the very report that the CIA suggested Yagman use as his reference point. Thus, a 

CIA professional familiar with this topic should be able to locate records 

responsive to Yagman’s revised FOIA request.

In denying Yagman’s motions to re-open, the district court did not 

 

1 We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Although a stay order is 

generally not an appealable final decision, we may exercise jurisdiction under § 

1291 because the district court’s refusal to accept further filings has put Yagman 

“effectively out of court.” See Davis v. Walker, 745 F.3d 1303, 1308 (9th Cir. 

2014).
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acknowledge many of Yagman’s changes, in particular his reliance on the 2012 

Senate Committee Study. Rather, the district court emphasized that Yagman’s 

revisions had broadened, rather than narrowed, the scope of his FOIA request. 

That Yagman may have broadened the scope of his request to encompass more 

documents is irrelevant to the reasonable description inquiry at issue here, 

however.2 See Yagman I, 868 F.3d at 1081 n.6. By ignoring Yagman’s 

specifications and focusing instead on the scope of his request, the district court 

abused its discretion in denying Yagman’s motion to re-open the case.

2. We review the district court’s denial of Yagman’s motion for costs for abuse 

of discretion. See Ass’n of Mexican-Am. Educators v. California, 231 F.3d 572, 

591–92 (9th Cir. 2000). The fee for filing a notice of appeal is taxable in the 

district court. Fed. R. App. P. 39(e). The federal rules establish a presumption in 

favor of awarding costs to the prevailing party on appeal, although, in limited 

circumstances, a district court may exercise its discretion to refuse to award costs 

to the prevailing party. See Ass’n of Mexican-Am. Educators, 231 F.3d at 591–92; 

Nat’l Info. Servs., Inc. v. TRW, Inc., 51 F.3d 1470, 1472 (9th Cir. 1995) (“A district 

court therefore generally must award costs unless the prevailing party is guilty of 

 

2 While the breadth of Yagman’s revised FOIA request does not bear on the 

reasonable description inquiry, the CIA expresses concern that complying with 

Yagman’s request would be overly burdensome. If the CIA raises this argument 

on remand, the burden will be on the CIA to support its objection. See U.S. Dep’t 

of Justice v. Tax Analysts, 492 U.S. 136, 142 n.3 (1989).
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some fault, misconduct, or default worthy of punishment.”); see also Fed. R. Civ. 

P. 54(d)(1). 

Yagman prevailed on his prior appeal, and we accordingly awarded him 

costs taxable in this court. Yagman I, 868 F.3d at 1084. Conversely, the district 

court denied Yagman costs for filing a notice of appeal on the basis that Yagman 

did not comply with the Central District’s meet-and-confer rules. See C.D. Cal. 

L.R. 7-3. The district court did not, however, address the CIA’s failure to conduct 

a meet-and-confer conference with Yagman when it raised objection to his 

application for costs, as required by Local Rule 54-2.2. The district court provides 

no logical explanation for why Yagman was penalized for his terseness on meetand-confer calls while the CIA’s failure to conduct a required meet-and-confer call 

as required went unaddressed. Hence, we conclude that the district court abused its 

discretion by denying Yagman his costs on appeal.

3. We review the denial of Yagman’s motion to disqualify Judge Gutierrez for 

abuse of discretion. See Thomassen v. United States, 835 F.2d 727, 732 (9th Cir. 

1987). Absent proof of personal bias, a judge’s disqualification is reserved for 

“unusual circumstances” where: 1) It would be substantially difficult for the judge 

to put previously expressed erroneous findings out of his or her mind; 2) 

Reassignment would preserve the appearance of justice, and 3) The increased 

appearance of fairness would not be outweighed by waste and duplication. Glen 
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Holly Entm’t, Inc. v. Tektronix, Inc., 352 F.3d 367, 381–82 (9th Cir. 2003). “Such 

unusual circumstances rarely exist,” id. at 381, and they are not present here. 

Although we have concluded that Judge Gutierrez abused his discretion in 

declining to re-open the case or award costs to Yagman, nothing in the record 

suggests that Judge Gutierrez would be unable to put his prior decisions out of his 

mind on remand. The district court did not abuse its discretion by denying 

Yagman’s motion to disqualify Judge Gutierrez. 

4. On remand, the district court should give the government time to file an 

answer and raise any objection or defense authorized by law. The district court 

may also enter a scheduling order pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 16, 

which may provide for dispositive motions and/or a court trial, if warranted.

5. The parties shall bear their own costs on appeal.

AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part and REMANDED for further 

proceedings.