O RA L AR GU ME N T RE QU E S T E D

NO. P D

- 1 0 14

- 1 5

IN THE C O URT OF CRIM I NAL APPEALS

OF THE S TATE OF TEXAS

S I TT I NG AT AU S T I N, TEXAS

S T EVEN G O ODE,

P e t i t i on e r,

VS.

THE S TATE OF TEXAS

Resp o ndent

On P e t i t i o n f

o r Dis c r e t i ona r y Re v i e w

To t he Court o f A p p e als Fif t h

S upr e me J udici a l Dis t ri c t

Cause No. 0 5

- 1 4

- 00 6 51

- CR PD

- 1014

- 15

COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS

AUSTIN, TEXAS

Transmitted 8/31/2015 6:23:45 PM

Accepted 9/1/2015 12:46:05 PM

ABEL ACOSTA

CLERK

P E T I T I O N S EE K I N G D IS CRE T I O N AR Y RE V I E W

J a m e s W

. H u g gl e r

S t a t e Bar No. 0 079 5 437

100 E. F e rgus o n, Sui t e 805

Ty l e r

, T e xas 757 0 2

T e l e phon e : 9 03

- 5 93

- 2 400

Fac s im i l e : 9 03

- 5 93

- 3 830

jhug g l e rla w @sbc g l o bal

. net

ATT O RNEY F O R PE T I T I O NERi I D E NT I T Y O F P AR T I E S

Tr i al Court J udg e : D e nnis J on e s, Pr e siding

Coun t y Court a t Law Nu m b e r One

Kauf m an C o unty, T e x as

App e llan t / P e t i t i o ne r : S t e v en G o o d e

TDCJ # 019 2 9962

Micha e l Unit

2664 F M 2 054

T e nness e e Co l on y

, T e xas 758 8 6

App e llan t ’s No l an W hite

Tr i al Couns e l: 690 W. D all a s

Cant o n, T e xas 751 0 3

App e llan t ’s Couns e l Russ H e nrichs

on Di r e c t App e al: PO Box 1 909 8 3

Da l las, T e x as 752 1 9

App e llan t ’s Couns e l Ja m es Hugg l er

on P e t i t i on S e ek i ng 100 E. F e rgus o n, Sui t e 805

Dis c r e t i ona r y Re v i e w : Ty l e r

, T e xas 757 0 2

App e ll e e / Resp o nden t : S t a t e of T e x as

Kauf m an C o unty Cri m inal Dis t ri c t At t o r ne y ’s

Off i ce

S t a t e ’ s Phil l ip W i ll i ams

Tr i al Couns e l: Sh e l t on Gi b bs

Kauf m an C o unty Dis t ri c t At t o r ne y ’s Off i ce

100 W. Mul b e r ry, 2 n d F l o or

Kauf m an, T e xas 751 4 2ii

S t a t e ’ s Sue K o r i o th

App e lla t e Couns e l: Erl e igh W i l e y

Kauf m an C o unty Dis t ri c t At t o r ne y ’s Off i ce

100 W. Mul b e r ry, 2 n d F l o or

Kauf m an, T e xas 751 4 23 T AB L E O F C ONT E NT S

I D ENTI T Y O F PART I E S

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i

TABLE OF CONTENT S

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

IN D EX O F AUTHOR I T I E S

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

S T ATEMENT REGARD I NG ORAL ARGUMEN T

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

S T ATEMENT OF THE CA S E.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

S T ATEMENT OF PROCEDURAL HI S TORY.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

GROUN D S FOR REVIE W

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

What a re t he p e rm i ssib l e li m i t s t o the S t a te o ff e ring

e v id e nce o f g ang m e mb e rship wh e n t hat e v id e nce d o es not

fur t her a n e l e m e nt of t he o f f e nse or i s s i mp l y chara c t e r

e v id e nc e ?

REASONS F OR GRANT I NG REVIE W

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

S T ATEMENT OF FACT S

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

ARGUMENTS AND AU T HORI T IE S

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

A. R e as o ns f

o r Gr a nting R e vi e w

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

B. Ana l ysis a nd App l ica t i o n.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

CONCLU S I O N.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

PRAYER.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

CERTI F ICATE OF SERV I C E

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

CERTI F ICATE OF COMP L IANC E

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

APPEND I X A

- O pini o n.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 I ND E X O F A U TH O R I T I E S

CA S E S

Canal e s v . S t a t e

, 98 S

. W

. 3d 690, 6 97 (T e x. Cr i m. App. 2 003 )

. . . . . . . 4, 6

Gi g li o bian c o v. S t a t e

, 210 S

. W

. 3d 637 (T e x. Cr i m. App. 2 006 )

. . . . . . . . 5

G o o d e v. S t a t e

, No. 0 5

- 1 4

- 00 6 51

- CR, T e x

. App.

– Da l las,

J uly 1, 2 015 )

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . passim

Jacks o n v . S t a t e

, 314 S

. W

. 3d 118 (T e x. App.

– H o ust o n

[ 1 s t D is t .] 201 0

, no p e t

. ).

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 5

, 6

Me d rano v . S t a t e

, No. AP

- 753 2 0, 2 008 T e x. Cr i m. App.

Unpub. L EXIS 8 71 (T e x. Cr i m. App. 2 008 )

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

R UL E S

T E X

. R. A PP

. P. A NN

. 9

. 4 ( W est 2 013 )

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

T E X

. R. A PP

. P. A NN

. 66

. 3(a) ( W est 2 014 )

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

T E X

. R. A PP

. P. A NN

. 66

. 3(b) ( W est 2 014 )

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

T E X

. R. A PP

. P. A NN

. 66

. 3(c) ( W est 2 014 )

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

T E X

. R. E V I D

. 40 3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

S T EVEN G O ODE, PD

- 101 4

- 15

§ IN THE C O URT OF

PET I T I ONER §

§

VS. § CRIM I NAL APPEALS

§

THE S TATE OF TEXAS, §

APPEL L EE § AUS T IN, T EXAS

T O T H E H ONO R A B L E C OU R T O F CR I M I N A L A PP EA L S :

S t e v e n G oo d e

, P e t i t i on e r and D e f e ndant in the t r ial c o urt,

r e sp e c t fully subm i ts this his P e t i t i on f o r Dis c r e t i ona r y Re v i e w

c o mp l aining of the ruling and o p ini o n by the Court of App e als f o r the Fif

t h

Supr e me J udici a l Dis t ri c t, a nd w ou l d sh o w the C o urt as f o ll o ws:

S T A T E ME N T RE G A R D I N G O RA L AR GU ME N T

In the e v ent this Court gr a nts this p e t i t i on, P e t i t i on e r r e que s ts the

Court to grant or a l ar g um e nt he r e i n so t hat all ma t t e rs may be cl a rif i ed

and any que s t i ons pr e sen t ed by the bri e fs of the par t i e s may be addr e ss e d

in a p r o p er m anne r

.2 S T A T EME N T O F T H E CA S E

App e llant was indic t ed in Kauf m an Coun t y wi t h the fe l ony off e nse

of p o ss e ssi o n wi t h int e nt to d e li v er m e tha m phe t am i ne. G oo d e v. S t a t e

,

No. 05

- 1 4

- 0 0 651

- CR, 2015 T e x. App. LEXIS 6741 (T e x. App.

– Da l las, July

1, 201 5 ). A jury c o nvi c t e d Mr. G o ose and the t r ial c o urt sen t en c ed him to

thi r ty y e ars c o nfin e m e nt. No t ice of app e al was t i m e ly fil e d. The Court of

App e als aff

i rm e d the t r ial c o urt ’ s sen t en c e in an unpublish e d o p ini o n, and

this pe t i t i o n fol l o w s. The P e t i t i on is t im e ly f i l e d on or b e f

o r e August 31,

2015 f o ll o wing p r o p er e x t ens i ons gr a nt e d b y this C o urt.

S TA T EME N T O F P R O CE DU RA L H IS TO R Y

The Fif t h Co u r t o f App e als issu e d an o p ini o n not d e sign a t e d f o r

publi c a t i o n in numb e r 05

- 1 4

- 0 0 651

- CR on July 1, 201 5

. No m ot i o n f o r

r e hea r ing was fil e d. On August 6, 201 5

, a Mo t i o n to Ex t end Ti m e to Fi l e

P e t i t i on f

o r Dis c r e t i ona r y Re v i e w was fil e d. That Mo t i o n was gr a nt e d and

the t i me to file a p e t i t i on f o r disc r e t i o na r y revi e w was e x t e nded until

August 31, 2 015.3 G R OUN D FO R REV I E W

What are the p e rm i ssib l e li m i t s to the S t a t e o f f e ring e v id e nce

of gang m e mb e rship wh e n that e v id e nce d o e s n o t fur t her an

e l e m ent o f t he o f

f e nse or i s s i mp l y chara c t e r e v id e nc e ?

REA S O N S FO R GR AN T I N G REV I E W

The d e cis i on of the Court of App e als c o nfli c ts w i th an o th e r c o urt of

app e als d e ci s i o n on the same issu e

. T E X

. R. A PP

. P. A NN

. 66

. 3(a) ( W est

201 4 ).

The d e cis i on of the Court of App e als d e cid e d an im p o r t a nt que s t i on

of st a te or f

e d e ral la w t h a t h as not b e en, but should b e

, se t t l ed by the

Court o f C r im i nal App e als. T e x. R. App. P . Ann. 6 6

. 3(b) ( W est 2 014 )

.

The d e cis i on of the Court of App e als c o nfli c ts wi t h an appl i cab l e

d e cis i on of the Court of Cri m inal App e als on an im p o r t a nt que s t i on of

st a te l aw. T E X

. R. A PP

. P R O C

. A NN

. 66

. 3( c)( W est 2 014 )

.

S T A T EM E N T O F FACT S

S t e v en G o o d e was indic t ed and ch a r ge d wi t h the o f f e nse of

p o ss e ssi o n of m e tha m phe t am i ne w i th the int e nt to d e li v er in an am o unt4

b e t w e e n f

o ur and t w o hundred gr a ms. The S t a t e ’ s case r e st e d on the

t e st i m o ny o f inf

o rm a nt Car o le Bl e vins, who had the m e tha m phe t am i ne

hidd e n in the cr o t c h of her pan t s G o o d e at 2. The law enf o rc e m e nt o f

fic e rs

who inv e st i ga t ed the case also r e li e d on the fact that Mr

. G o o d e was a

m e mb e r of a cr i minal s t r e e t gan g

, sp e cif i cal l y the Aryan Br o th e rh o od of

Texas

. G o o d e at 3. The t r ial c o urt f o und the enhanc e m e nt par a gra p h

t r ue and sen t en c ed Mr. G o o d e t o t hir t y y e ars c o nfin e m e nt. Fur t her

discuss i on of r e l e v ant fac t s i s i nclud e d b e l o w

.

A R GU ME N T S A N D A UT H O R I T I E S

A

. R e as o ns f

o r Gra n t i ng R evi e w

The o p ini o n issu e d in this case c o nfli ct s wi t h t he o p ini o n fr o m the

Fi r st Court of App e als on the same issu e

. Jacks o n v. S t a te

, 31 4 S

. W

. 3d

118 (T e x. App.

– H o ust o n [ 1 s t D is t .] 201 0

, no p e t

. ).

The o p ini o n also c o nfli c ts wi t h this Cour t ’s ho l dings li m i t ing gang

m e mb e rship t e st i m o ny if it pr o vi d es so m e r e l e vant link to the c o m m issi o n

o f t he o f f e nse. Me d rano v. S t a te

, No. AP

- 7 5 320, 2008 T e x. Cri m

. App.

Unpub. LEXIS 871 (T e x. Cri m

. App. 200 8 ) and Canal e s v. S t a t e

, 98

S

. W

. 3d 690, 6 97 (T e x. Cr i m. App. 2 003 )

.5 B

. A n a lysi s a nd A pplica t i o n

Alm o st t h e s u r est way to ensure a c o nvi c t i on is to include an

all e ga t i o n that an accus e d is a m e mb e r of a cr i minal st r e e t gan g

. In this

cas e

, th e re was a running o b j e c t i o n to the e v id e nce that Mr. G o o d e was a

m e mb e r of a gan g

, and the S t a t e r e li e d e xt e n s ivl e y on the Aryan

Br o th e rh o od of T e xas, i t s o p e r a t ing m e th o ds, and his inv o lv e m e nt wi t h

that gr o up. G o o d e at 8

- 9. The jury was l e ft wi t h g e n e ra l i n f or ma t i o n

ab o ut the Aryan Br o th e rh o od of T e xas and th e ir st r uctu r e and o p e r a t ing

m e th o ds, and l e f

t to sp e cula t e as to M r

. G o o d e ’ s i nv o lv e m e nt.

T h e Court of App e als e r r e d in finding this e v id e nce was pr operl y

adm i t t ed b e cause the indic t m e nt a ll e g e d that Mr. G o o d e was a m e mb e r

of a cri m inal s t r e et gang. G o o d e at 10. The all e ga t i o n how e v e r do e s not

end the inquir y

. Jacks o n 118 S

. W

. 3d at 125. Ev e n r e l e vant e v id e nce can

be e x clud e d. T EX

. R. E V I D

. 403; Gi g li o bian c o v. S t a te

, 2 1 0 S

. W

. 3d 637,

641

- 42 (T e x. Cri m

. App. 200 6 ). The Court also e r r e d in d e t e rm i ning that

c o ntr a band inside the pan t s of ano t her p e rs o n so m eh o w fi t s the o p e r a t ing

pa t t e rns o f a s t r e et g ang and i s t hus ad m issi b l e

. G o o d e a t 10.

This anal y sis used b e l o w st a nds in c o ntr a st to the Hous t on c o urt in

Jacks o n

. Jacks o n i n vo l v e d the adm i ssib i li t y of e v id e nce of pri o r cr i m e s6

c o m m i t t e d by a cr i minal st r e e t gang wi t hout any e v id e nce as t o t h e

d e f e ndant ’ s pa r t ic i pa t i o n in or kno w l e dge of th o se o f f e nses. Jacks o n at

125

- 26.

The anal y sis used b e l o w also c o ntr a dic t s the r e quir e m e nt that gang

t e st i m o ny must have so m e under l ying va l ue to assist the t r i e r of fac t

.

Canal e s

, 98 S

. W

. 3d at 6 97.

C ON C LU SI O N

Under all ci r cums t anc e s, the Court of App e als e r r e d in aff i rm i ng the

t r ial c o urt ’ s d e cis i on. This c o urt should gr a nt disc r e t i o nary r e vi e w, all o w

c o mp l e t e bri e fing, and, upon such r e vi e w, r e v e rse the C o u r t o f App e als

and r e m and t he case t o the C o urt of App e als f o r fur t her c ons i d e ra t i o n.7 P R A Y E R

WHEREF O RE, P e t i t i on e r pra y s the Co u r t to gr a nt disc r e t i o nary

r e vi e w and, u p o n s u c h r e vi e w, to r e v e rse the jud g m e nt of the Court of

App e als; and f

o r such o t her and fur t her r e li e f to which he may show

hims e lf jus t ly en t i t l e d.

Resp e c t fully sub m i t t e d,

/ s/ Ja m es Hugg l er

Ja m es W. Hug g l e r

S t a te Bar N o

. 007 9 5437

100 E. F e rgus o n, Sui t e 805

Ty l e r

, T e xas 757 0 2

T e l e phon e : 9 03

- 5 93

- 2 400

Fac s im i l e : 9 03

- 5 93

- 3 830

jhug g l e rla w @sbc g l o bal

. net

ATT O RNEY F O R PE T I T I O NER8 CER T I F I C A T E O F S ERV I C E

I he r e b y c e r t ify that a t r ue and c o rr e ct c o py of the f o r e g o ing P e t i t i on

has b e en f

o r w ard e d to the Kauf m an Coun t y Dis t ri c t At t o r ne y ’s Off i ce

,

and on the S t a t e Pr o se c uting At t o r ney thr o u g h the S t a t e of T e xas

El e c t r o nic Fi l ing S y st e m on this the 31 s t day of August, 2 015 at the

addr e ss e s l is t ed b e l ow

/ s/ Ja m es Hugg l er

Ja m es W. Hug g l e r

Erl e igh W i l e y

Sue K o r i o th

Kauf m an C o unty Dis t ri c t At t o r ne y ’s Off i ce

100 W. Mul b e r ry, 2 n d F l o or

Kauf m an, T e xas 751 4 2

Lisa M c Minn

S t a t e Pr o se c uting A t t o rn e y

PO Box 1 2405

Austin, T e x as 787 1 1

CERT I F I CA T E O F C O M PL I A N C E

I c e r t ify t hat this P e t i t i o n c o mp l i e s w i t h T e x. R. App. P

. 9

. 4, sp e cif i cal l y

using 14 p o int Cen t ury f o nt and c on t ains 1

, 529 w o rds as c o unt e d b y

Co r el W o r dP e rf

e ct v e r si o n x 6.

/ s/ Ja m es Hugg l er

Ja m es W. Hug g l e r, J r.9 NO

. PD

- 1 014

- 1 5

I N T H E CO U R T O F CR I M I N A L A PPEAL S

O F T H E S T A T E O F T EXA S SI TT I N G A T

A U S T I N

, T EXA S

S T EVE N G O O DE

,

P e t i t i on e r

V S

.

T H E S T A T E O F T EXA S

,

Resp o ndent

On P e t i t i o n f

o r Dis c r e t i ona r y Re v i e w

To t he Court o f A p p e als Fif t h

S upr e me J udici a l Dis t ri c t

Cause No. 0 5

- 1 4

- 00 6 51

- CR

A PP E ND I X10 STEV E N MICHA E L G O ODE, App e l l a n t

v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, App e l l ee

No. 0 5

- 1 4

- 0 0 6 5 1

- CR

COURT OF APPEALS OF T E XAS, FIFTH D I STR I CT,

DALLAS

2 0 15 Tex. A p p. LE X IS 6 7 41

J u ly 1, 2 0 1 5, O p i n i on Fi l ed

NOT I CE: PLEASE CON SU L T THE

T E X A S R U L E S O F A P P ELL AT E

PROCEDURE FOR C I TATION OF

UNPUBLISHED OPINIONS.

P R I OR H I ST O RY: [ * 1] On Ap p eal

fr o m t h e C o u n ty C o u r t At Law No. 1,

Ka u f m an C o u n ty. Te x as Tri a l C o u r t

Ca u se No. 3 0 9 2 1 CC.

COUNSE L : F o r A p p e l l a n t s : R u ss

He n ri c h s

, Dal l a s

, TX.

F o r Ap p e l l e e s : S u e K o ri o t h

, Erl e i g h

No r v i l l e Wiley, K a u f

m a n

, TX.

JUD G ES: Bef

o re J u s t i c es Fra n c i s, La n g

M i er s

, a n d W h i t e h i l l

. O p i n i o n by J u s t i c e

W h i t e h i l l

.

OP I NI O N BY: BILL W HITEHILL OP I NI O N

MEMORANDUM OP I NI O N

Op i n i on by Ju s t i ce Whi t e h i l l

A jury c o n v i c t e d S t e v en M i c h ael

Go o de of po s s e s s i on wi t h t h e i n t e nt to

d e l i v e r f o ur g r a m s or m

o r e b u t l e ss t h an

2 0 0 g r a m s of m e t h a m p h e t a m i n e. The tr i al

c o u r t f o u n d t h e e n h a n c e m e n t p ara g ra p h

tr u e, f o u n d t h at Go o de c o m

m i t t e d t h e

o f fe n se a s p a rt of a cr i m

i n al s t reet g a n g

,

a n d s e n t e n ced Go o de to t h ir t y y ear s '

i m p r i s o n m e n t.

In t h ree i s s u e s

, Go o de ar g u e s t h at t h e:

(i) tr i al c o u r t erred in d e nyi n g h i s m o t i o n

to s u p p re s s; (i i ) tr i al c o u r t err e d in

a d m it t ing g a ng a f

f i l i a t i o n e v i d e n ce d u r i n g

t h e g u i l t

- i n n o c e n ce p h a s e b e ca u se it was

i m p e r m i ss i b l e c h a r acte r

- c on f o r m it y

e v i d e n ce; a n d (i i i) e v i d e n ce is i n s u ff i c i e n t

to s u p p o rt h i s c o n v i c t i o n

. C o n c l u d i ng t h at

h i s ar g u m e n ts l a ck m er i t, we aff i rm t h e11

tr i al c o u r t's ju d g m e n t.

I. B a c k g r o u nd

Te x as S t a t e Tro o p e r De v in Go n za l ez

w a s a m e m

be r o f a t a s k f

o rc e

i n v e s t i g a t i n g t h e Ar y an Br o t h er h o o d of

T e x a s ( A B T ) a n d A B T ' s

m etha m ph eta m i n e d i s t r i bu ti on

. I n

c o n n ec t i o n wi t h t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n, Go o d e

,

a n d a noth er ABT m e m

b e r, R u s t y Du k e,

[ * 2] were u n d er s u r v e i l l a n c e.

A fe l l o w t a sk f

o rce m e m

b e r, Off i cer

S t e v e Lai r

, t o ld Tro o p e r G o nza l e z t h at

Go o de was en r o u t e to p i ck up s o m e

m e t h a m p h e t a m i n e at a h o u s e Du k e u s ed

as a " Trap Ho u s e

. " 1 Du k e was l a t e r

o b s e r v ed at t h e T rap Ho u s e . Go o d e 's

tr u ck was a l so s e en t h ere, w i t h a fe m a l e

p a s s e n g e r in t h e fr o nt s ea t

. W h e n Go o de

l e ft t h e Trap Ho u s e

, G on za l ez t o ld

Tro o p e r Sc h u m a n n, who was o n r o u t i ne

tr a ff i c p a tr o l, t h at Go o d e 's tr

u ck m i g ht be

carr y i n g n a rc o t i c s . Go n z a l e z a sk e d

Sc h u m a n n to m a k e a tr a ff i c sto p if he

c o u l d.

1 Go n za l ez e x p l a i n e d t h a t a "Trap

Ho u s e " is a re s i d e n ce u s ed s o l e ly f o r

t h e d i s tr i b u t i on of n arc o t i c s

.

Sc h u m a n n s a w G o o d e 's tr u ck g o i n g

ea s t on th e h i g h way a n d f o l l ow e d i t

. Sc h u m a n n i n i t i a t e d a s t op af t er he s a w t h e

tr u ck m a k e an u n s a fe l a n e c h a n g e

.

S c hu m a n n a s k ed Go o de a n d h i s f e m a l e

p a s s e n g e r, Car o le B l e v i n s, to g e t o u t of t h e tr u c k

. W h e n Go o de c o n s e nt ed to a

s e arch of t h e tr

u c k

, Sc h u m a n n f

o u n d h a lf

of a jo i nt in B l e v i n s's c i g a re t te p a c k

. B l e v i n s, who was l a t e r i d e n t i fi e d as a n

i n f o r m a n t, a l so h a d m

e t h a m p h e t a m i n e

h i d d en in t h e cr o t c h of h e r p a n t s. B l e v i n s

a n d Go o de were b o th arr e s t e d

, a n d Go o de

w a s c h ar g ed wi t h p o s s e s s i on wi t h i n t e nt

to d e l i v e r m e t h a m

p h e t a m i n e in an a m o u nt

of [ * 3] f ou r g r a m s or m

o r e b u t l e ss t h an

2 0 0 g r a m s, e n h a n c ed by a p r i o r fe l o n y

c o n v i c t i o n

.

The tr i al c o u r t d e n i ed Go o d e 's m o t i o n

to s u p p re s s t h e d r ug e v i d e n c e. Bef o re

tr i a l

, t h e S t a t e a m e n d e d t h e i n d i c t m e n t to

in c lu d e a n al l e g a ti o n t h a t G ood e

c o mm i t t e d t he of

f e n se "as a m

e m b e r of a

cr i m i n al s t reet g a n g ." The tr i al c o u r t

d e n i ed G o od e 's m

o t i o n to q u a s h t h e

a m e n d e d i n d i c t m e n t.

The ca s e was tr i ed to a jury. Du r i n g

tr i a l

, t h e S t a t e i n tr o d u ced e vi d e n c e of

Go o d e 's ABT m

e m b e r s h i p a n d of ABT's

s t r u c t u r e a n d o p era t i n g m e t h o d s

. Defe n se

c o u n s el o b

ject e d t h at t h e e v i d e n c e

c on s titut e d i m

p e r m i ssi bl e c h ar a c t e r

e v i d e n ce a n d was m o r e p r eju d i c i a l t h an

p r o b a t i ve

. The tr i al c o u r t o v err u l e d t h e

o b j e c t i o n s a n d a l l o wed t h e d e fe n se a

r u n n i n g o bje c t i on to t h at e v i d e n ce.

The jury f o u n d Go o de g u i l ty. The tr i al

co u r t f o u n d t h e e n h a n c e m e n t p a ra g ra p h

tr u e, f o u n d t h at Go o de c o m

m i t t e d t h e

o f fe n se as p a rt o f a cr i m

i n al s t reet g a n g

,

a n d s e n t e n ced Go o de to t h ir t y y ear s '

i m p r i s o n m e n t.12

I I

. Ana l y s is

A. I s s u e No. 1: Did the Tr i al Co u rt Err

in Den y i n g t h e M o ti o n to Supp r e ss ?

Go o d e 's fi r st i s s u e ar g u e s t h at t h e tr i al

c o u r t err o n e o u s l y d e n ie d h i s m o t i o n to

s u p p re s s b e ca u se t h e " s t o p a nd d e t e n t i o n

of [ h i s ] tr u ck was i m

p e r m i s s i b l e a n d d i d

[ * 4] n o t p r o v i d e [t h e o f

fi c er] a l e g i t i m a t e

b a s i s f o r m a k i n g t h e s t op a n d s u b s e q u e nt

arr e s t ," a n d b e ca u se Go n za l ez d i d n o t

h a ve " s u f

fi c i e nt cre d i b le i n f

o r m a t i o n to

p a ss on to Offi c er S c h u m a n n."

W e re v i e w a tr i al c o u r t's r u l i ng on a

m o t i o n t o s u p p re s s e v i d e n ce u n d e r a

b i f u rca t ed s t a n d a rd of re v i e w. T u r r u b i a te

v. S t a t e, 3 9 9 S.W.3d 1 4 7, 1 5 0 (Te x

. C r im.

Ap p . 2 0 1 3 ). W e g i ve a l m o s t t o t a l

d e fer e n c e to t h e tr i al c o u r t ' s fi n d i n gs of

h i s t o r i c al fact t h a t are s u p p o r t e d by t h e

rec o rd a n d i t s a p p l i ca t i o n of t h e l a w to

fac t s if t h e re s o l u t i on of t h o s e q u e s t i o n s

t u r n s on an e v a l u a t i o n of cre d i b i l i t y a n d

d e m e a n o r

. Ama d or v. S t a t e, 2 2 1 S.W.3d

6 6 6, 6 7 3 ( T e x

. C r i m. Ap p

. 2 0 0 7 ). W e

re vi e w d e n o v o th e t r i a l c o ur t ' s

a p p l i c a t i o n of t h e l a w to t h e fac t s wh e n

t h e i s s u e d o es n o t t u rn on cre d i b i l i t y a n d

d e m ea n o r . I d

. The tr i al c o ur t is t h e

e x c l u s iv e tr i er of fact a n d ju d ge of t h e

cre d i b i l i t y of t h e wi t n e s s es a n d t h e wei g ht

to be g i v e n to t h e i r t e s t i m o n y at t h e

s u p p re s s i on h e ar i n g

. S t a t e v. Ro s s, 32

S.W.3d 8 5 3, 8 55 (Te x

. C r i m. A p p. 2 0 0 0 ).

In re v i e wi n g a t r i a l c o u r t's r u l i ng on a

m o t i o n to s u pp re s s, we m u s t v i ew t h e e v i d e n ce in t h e l i g h t m o s t fa v o r a b le to t h e

r u l i n g

. S e e S t a t e v. Ke l l y

, 2 0 4 S.W.3d 8 0 8,

8 1 8 ( T ex. C r im. Ap p

. 2 0 0 6 ).

W e fi r st n o te t h at Go o d e 's br i ef i ng on

t h is i s s u e is i n a d e q u a t e

. W e l o ca t e

G oo d e 's ar g u m e n t t h at Go n za l ez l a c k ed

" s u f fi c i e nt cre d i b le i n fo r m a t i on to p a ss on

to Off i c e r Sc h u m a n n," a n d c o u l d n o t

"r e l i a b ly a n d ju s t i fi a b l y p r o v i d e [ * 5]

i n f o r m a t i o n to Off

i cer Sc h u m a n n to m a k e

t h e tr a ff i c s t op in t h e fi r st p l a c e," in t h e

l a st p a ra g ra p h u n d e r t h e i s s u e. T he

b r i e fi n g is fi f

t e en p a g e s l o ng wi t h t e n of

t h e fi f t e en p a g e s c o n s i s t i ng of d ir ect

q uo t e s of t e s t i m o n y g i v e n at t h e

s u p p re s s i on h e ar i n g

. Ov e r f o ur p a g e s are

q u o t es of g e n e ral ca s e l a w. A s to t h e

tr a ff i c v i o l a t i o n , Go o de s t a t es t h at he

c h a l l e n g ed wh e t h er a tr a ff i c v i o l a t i o n was

c o mm i t t e d at t h e h e ar i ng on t h e m o t i o n to

s u p p re s s , a n d " t he p o i n ts ra i s e d by

d e fe n se c o u n s e l are re

- u r g ed h e re."

Be c a u se Go o de f

a i ls to p r o f

fer a n y

a n a l y s i s or ar g u m e n t to s u p p o r t t h is

ar g u m e n t on a p p e a l

, we reject h i s

c o m p l a i n t

. S e e T EX

. R. A PP

. P. 3 8 .1( i );

McC a r t hy v. S t a t e, 65 S.W.3d 4 7, 49 n. 2

(Te x

. Cr i m. Ap p

. 2 0 0 1 ).

Re g ar d l e s s

, an o f

fi c er m ay s t op a n d

d e t a i n a p e r s on if t h e o f fi c er h a s

rea s o n a b le s u s p i c i o n t h a t a tr a ff i c

v i o l a t i o n is in p ro g r e s s or h a s b e en

c o mm i t t e d. McVi c ke r s v. S t a t e, 8 7 4

S.W.2d 6 6 2, 6 64 (Te x

. C r i m. A p p. 1 9 9 3 ).

An o bje c t i v e ly v a l i d s t op is n o t u n l awf u l

ju s t b e ca u se t h e d e t a i n i n g o f fi c er h a s

s o m e u l t e ri o r m

o t i v e f o r m a k i n g t h e s t o p

.13

C r i t t e n d en v. S t a t e, 8 9 9 S.W.2d 6 6 8, 6 7 4

(T e x

. C r im. Ap p . 1 9 9 5 ). Or d i n ar i ly, a

v i o l a t i o n of a tr a ff

i c l a w c o m

m i t t e d in

v i ew of a pol i c e o f

fi c er is s u ff

i c i e n t

a u t h o r i t y f

o r a tr a ff i c s t o p

. S e e Lemm o ns

v. S t a t e, 1 3 3 S.W.3d 7 5 1, 7 5 6 (Te x

. Ap p

. --

Fo r t Wo r th 2 0 0 4

, pe t

. re f 'd )

.

In fi n d i n g s of fact a n d c o n c l u s i o n s of

l a w, t h e tr i al c ou r t f

o u n d t h a t , wh e n he

s t o p p e d t h e v e h i c l e, Tro o p e r Sc h u m a n n

h a d r e a s o n a

b le s u s p i c i o n [ * 6] to b e l i e v e

t h at Go o de h a d v i o l a t ed t r a n s p o r t a t i on

c o de § 5 4 5. 0 5 3 ( a ). S e e T E X

. T RA N SP

. C OD E A NN

. § 5 4 5. 0 5 3 ( a ) (West 2 0 1 1 )

( p a s s i n g ). The c o u r t a ls o f o u n d, in

p e rt i n e nt p a r t

, t h at wh e n he s t o p p e d t h e

v e h ic l e

, Tr oo p e r Sch u m a n n h a d

rea s o n a b le s u s p i ci on to b e l i e v e t h at

Go o de was v i o l a t i n g t r a n s p o r t a t i on c o de

s e c t i o n 5 4 7. 3 2 1 5

. S e e T EX

. T RA N SP

. C OD E

A NN

. § 5 4 7. 3 2 1 5 (West 2 0 1 1 ) (re f l e c t i v e

d e v i ce s ).

Sc h u m a n n ' s t e s t i m o n y is c o n s i s t e nt

wi t h t h e t r i al c o u r t's fi n d i n g s. Sc h u m a n n

t e s t if i ed t h at he f

o l l ow e d t h e tr

u c k a s it

tr a v e l e d ea s t on t h e h i g h way in t h e r igh t

l a n e

. Sc h u m a n n t h e n s aw t h e tr u ck m o v e

i n to t h e l e ft l a n e , p a ss a v e h i c l e th a t h a d

e n t e red t h e h i g h wa y

, a n d m o v e b a ck i n to

t h e ri g ht l a ne " b ef

o re i t was s a fe l y

--

c o m i n g c l ear o f t h e p a s s ed v e h i c l e."

Sc h u m a n n s a id t h at t h i s c o n s t i t u t e d

p a s s i n g u n s a fe l y b e ca u se it d i d n o t al l ow

s u ff i c i e n t d i s t a n ce be t ween t h e tr u ck a n d

t h e p a s s ed v e h i c l e, w h i ch ca u s e d t h e

d r i v er of t h e p a s s ed v e h i c l e to h a ve to

s l ow d o wn or c h a n g e h i s d r i v i n g b e h a v i o r

. C on s e que ntl y

, Sc hu m a n n

i n i t i a t e d a tr a ff

i c s t o p

. W h e n he d i d s o

, he

a l so n o t i ced t h at t h e tr

u c k 's t h i r d b ra ke

l i g h t was o u t.

W e c o n c l u de t h at a l t h o u gh t h e i s s u e is

i n a d e q u a t e ly b r i e fe d

, t he tr a ff i c s t op was

b a s e d on a rea s o n a b le s u s p i c i o n t h at

Go o de h a d c o mm

i t t e d a tr a ff

i c v i o l a t i o n.

Th e ref o re, t h e tr i al [* 7 ] c o u r t d i d n o t err

in d e nyi n g t he m

o t i o n t o s u p p r e s s.

B. I s s u e N o. 3: W a s The E v i d ence

S u ff i c i e n t t o P r ov e tha t G oo d e

Po s s e s s ed Meth a m phe t amine w ith the

I n tent to D e l i v e r ?

G o o d e 's t h ird i s s u e c h a l l e n g es t h e

s u ff i c i e n cy of t h e e v i d e n ce to s u p p o r t h i s

c o n v i c t i o n . Al t h o u g h t h e s t a t ed i s s u e

m e n t i o n s b o th t h e p o s s e s s i on a n d i n t e nt to

d e l i v e r e l e m e n t s

, h i s ar g u m e n t d i s c u s s e s

o n ly t h e p o s s e s s i on e l e m e n t. A c c o r d i n g to

Go o d e

, t h e e v i d e n ce d o es n o t e s t a b l i s h

t h at he p o s s e s s e d n a rc o t i cs at t he t i m e of

h i s a r re s t.

W h e n an a

p p e l l a n t c h a l l e n g e s t h e

s u ff i c i e n cy of t h e e v i d e n ce to s u p p o r t a

c o n v i c t i o n

, we re v i e w a l l t h e e v i d e n ce in

t he l i g h t m

o s t fa v o r a

b le to t h e v e r d i c t t o

d e t e r m i n e wh e t h er a n y ra t i o n a l t ri e r of

fact c o u l d h a ve f

o u n d t h e e s s e n t i a l

e l e m e n ts of t h e o f

fe n se b e y on d a

rea s o n a b le d o u b t. W i s e v. S t a t e, 3 6 4

S.W.3d 9 0 0, 9 0 3 (Te x

. Cr i m. Ap p

. 2 0 1 2 ).

W e c o n s i d e r b o t h d i r e c t a n d

c i r c u m st a nt i al e v i d e n ce a n d a l l re a son a b l e

i n fer e n c es t h at m ay be d r awn fr o m t h e14

e v i d e n ce in m a k i n g o u r d e t e r m i n a t i o n.

C lay to n v. S t a t e, 2 3 5 S.W.3d 7 7 2, 7 7 8

(Te x

. C r im. Ap p

. 2 0 0 7 )

. If t h e e v i d e n ce is

c o n f li c ting

, w e " pr e s u m e t h at t h e

fac t fi n d e r re s o l v ed t h e c o n f l i c t s in fa v or

of t h e p r o s ec u t i o n a n d d e fer to t h at

d e t e r m i n a t i o n." W i s e, 3 6 4 S

. W .3d at 9 0 3

( q u o t i ng J a ck s on v. Vi r g i n i a, 4 4 3 U.S.

3 0 7, 3 2 6, 99 S. C t

. 2 7 8 1

, 61 L. Ed. 2d 5 6 0

( 1 9 7 9 ) ).

To p r o v e p o s s e s s i o n

, t he S t a t e m u s t

s h ow t h at t h e acc u s e d: ( 1 ) e x erc i s e d car e

,

c u s t o d y, [ * 8 ] c o n t r o l, or m a n a g e m e n t

o v er t h e c o n t ra

b a n d, a n d ( 2 ) k n e w th e

s ubs t a n ce w as c o nt r a b a n d

. T E X

. H EALT H &

S AFET Y C OD E A N N

. §§ 4 81 .0 0 2 ( 3 8 ),

4 8 1. 1 12 (West 2 0 10 & S u p p. 2 0 1 4 );

Po i n d ex t er v. S t a t e, 1 5 3 S.W

. 3d 4 0 2, 4 0 6

(Te x . C ri m

. A p p

. 2 0 0 5 ). To m eet t h is

s t a n d a r d

, t h e S t a t e m u s t s h ow t h at

G o o d e ' s c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e

m e t h a m ph e t a m in e w a s m o r e th a n

f o rt u it o u s. Po i n d ex t e r

, 1 5 3 S.W.3d at 4 0 6

. C o n t r o l o v er a c o n t r o l l ed s u b s t a n c e n e ed

n o t b e e x c l u s i v e, b u t can be jo i n t ly

e x erc i s e d by m

o r e t h an o n e p e r s o n

. S ee

McG o l d r i ck v. S t a t e, 6 8 2 S.W.2d 5 7 3, 5 7 8

(Te x

. C r im. Ap p

. 1 98 5) ; T a y l or v. S t a t e,

1 0 6 S.W.3d 8 2 7, 8 3 1 (Te x

. A pp

. -- D a l l as

2 0 0 3

, no p e t. )

. If t h e d e fe n d a nt was n o t in

e x c l u s i v e p o s s e s s i on of t h e c o n t r ol l e d

s u b s t a n c e, t h e S t a t e is re q u i red to p r e s e n t

e v i d e n ce l inkin g h i m to i t

. S e e T a y l o r

, 1 0 6 S.W.3d at 8 3 0

- 3 1 . Me r e p re s e n c e at

t h e c o n t ra

b a n d's l o ca t i o n is n o t s u ff i c i e n t

to e s t a b l i s h p o s s e s s i o n

. Ev a ns v. Sta t e

, 2 0 2 S.W.3d 1 5 8, 1 6 2 (Te x

. C ri m

. Ap p

. 2 0 0 6 ). B u t p r e s e n ce or p r o x i m i t y

,

c o m bin e d w i t h o t h e r di rec t o r

c i rc u m s t a n t i al e v i d e n ce, m ay e s t a b l is h

p o s s e s s i on b e y o n d a rea s o n a b le d o u b t. I d

.

B l e v i n s, t h e i nf

o r m a n t, was wi t h

Go o de wh e n t h e y w e re s t o p p e d by t h e

p o l i ce. S h e t e s t i f

i e d a b o u t (i) h e r p r i o r

k n ow l e d ge of ABT m e m b e r R u s t y D u k e

a n d h i s m

e t h a m p h e t a m i n e b u s i n e s s

, (i i )

Go o d e 's s t a t e m e n ts to h e r a b o u t Du k e

b e in g i n t h a t bu si n es s

, ( iii ) h e r

c o n v er s a t i o ns wi t h Go o de in wh i ch he

s a id t h at t he y were g o i n g to m eet Du k e

a n d p i ck up m e t h a m

p h e t a m i n e f

o r Go o de

to fr o nt f

o r Du k e, (i v ) h o w s h e h a d

fr o n t ed d r u g s f

o r D u ke b e f

o re, a n d [ * 9]

( v ) h e r t e l l i n g Go o de a b o u t Du k e's

m e t h a m p h e t a m i n e o p era t i o n s

. B l e v i n s

was a fe m a l e ABT "f

e a t h e r wo o d," wh i ch

is a w o man who is m arr i ed to or t h e

g i rl f ri e nd o f an ABT m

e m b e r a n d is

l o o s e l y aff

i l i a t ed wi t h t h at o r g a n i za t i o n.

S h e t e s t if

i ed t h a t

, as an ABT fea t h e r

wo o d, s h e h a d no c h oi c e b u t to go a l o n g

on t h e tr i p. S h e a l so s a id th a t o n t h e way

to Du k e's h o u s e s h e a n d Go o de s m o k ed

p a rt of a jo i n t

, wh i ch Go o de t h en t o ld h e r

to p u t in h e r c i g a re t te p ac k . Half of t h e

jo i nt re m a i n e d th ere wh e n t h ey were

p u l l ed o v er.

B l e v i n s d e s c ri b ed t h e t r i p to Du k e's

T r a p H o u s e t o p i c k u p t h e

m e t h a m p h e t a m i n e, Go o d e 's m

ee t i n g wi t h

Du k e ri g ht b e f

o re s h e a n d Go o de g o t in

h i s wh i te F o rd tr

u c k , a n d h o w he p l aced

t h e d r u g s on t h e tr

u c k 's c o n s o le as t h ey

d r o v e o ff i n G o o d e's tr u c k

.15

B l e v i n s e x p l a i n ed t h a t

, as t h e p o l i ce

l i g h t ca m

e on

, Go o de g a ve h e r t h e

m e t h a m p h e t a m i n e a n d s a i d

, "you n e ed to

p u t t h is on y o u ." Ble v i n s u n d e r s t o od t h at

to m ean s h e n e e d ed to " c r ot c h i t ," so s h e

p u t t h e d r u g s d o wn h e r p a n t s. W h e n t he

o f fi c er p u l l ed t h e m o v er, he s e p a ra t ed

t h em fr o m each o t h e r

. W h i le t h e o f fi c er

was t a l k i n g to Go o d e , t h e d r u g s were

" d own in [B l e v i n s' s ] p a n t s."

W h e n t h e o f

fi c er s e arc h ed t h e tr

u c k

a n d f o u n d t h e jo i n t

, B l e v i n s [ * 1 0 ] t o l d

h i m it was h e r s

. The o f fi c er t h en a s k e d

B l e v i n s if s h e h a d a n y t h i n g e l se i l l e g a l on

h e r. B l e v i n s r e p l i e d , "N o ." The o f fi c er

t h en s t a t e d

, "I k n ow y ou h a ve s o m e t h i ng

on y ou

. " So B l e v i n s re t ri e v e d t h e

m e t h a m p h e t a m i n e fr o m h e r p a n t s

. W h e n

s h e d i d s o

, sh e a s k e d t h at t h e o f fi c er n o t

t e ll Go o d e

, b e ca u se he wo u ld " k i l l [ h er] if

he fo u nd o u t."

Go o de a n d B l e v i n s were arr e s t ed a n d

t a k e n to jai l

, wh e re t h ey re m a i n e d f or a

few m o n t h s. Du r i n g t h a t t i m

e, s e v e ral

l e t t ers were e x c h a n g e d b e twe e n t h e m

. Ma n y of t h e s e l e t t ers were a d m i t t e d i n to

e v i d e n ce. In o n e l e t t e r, Go o de a s k e d

B l e v i n s n o t to b e m ad at h i m

. B l e v i n s

u n d e r s t o od t h at to m ean h i s a s k i ng h e r to

car r y t h e d r u g s. Ac c or di ng to B l e v i n s, at

t h at p o i n t Go o de t h o u g h t s h e h a d t o ld t h e

p o l i ce t he d r u g s were h e r s

. When Go o de

wr o te t h at he wo u ld m a k e it u p t o h e r,

B l e v i n s u n d e r s t o od t h at to m ean t h at

Go o de t h o u g h t sh e wo u ld be t a k i ng t h e

b l a m e f o r t h e m e t h a m p h e t a m i n e. B l e v i n s t e s t if i ed t h at Go o de was t h e

o n e who s e t up t h e d e al wi t h Du k e. No n e

of Go o d e 's l e t t ers a s k e d B l e v i n s wh e re

s h e h a d g o t t en t h e m

eth a m p h e t a m i n e.

B l e v i n s a l so s a id t h at t h e t a sk f o rce wo u ld

n o t h a ve b e en aware of t h e d r ug

tr a n s ac t i o n b e twe e n Go o de a n d Du k e h a d

it n o t b een for [* 1 1] he r

.

B l e v i n s's t e s t i m o n y was s u ff i c i e n t to

l i nk Go o de to t h e n a rc o t i cs a n d to s h ow

t h at he e x erc i s e d car e

, c u s t o d y , a n d

c o n t r o l a n d k n ew th a t it was c o n t ra b a n d.

Go o de a c kno w l e dg e s B l e v in s' s t e st i m o n y

, b u t ar g u e s i t was n o t c o rr o b o ra t ed a n d

t h at B l e v i n s's cr i m

i n al h i s t o r y " c a s ts

d o u b t u p on h e r t e sti m o n y ." As t h e s o le

j ud ge of B l e v i n s's cre d i b i l i t y a n d t h e

wei g ht to be g i v e n h e r t e s t i m o n y

, h o we v er, t h e jury was free to b e l i e v e h e r

or n o t. S e e Br o o k s v. S t a t e, 32 3 S.W.3d

8 9 3, 8 99 (Te x

. Cr i m. Ap p

. 2 0 1 0 ).

W e r e j ec t G ood e ' s a r gu m e n t s

re g ar d i n g t h e acc o m

p l i c e wi t n e ss r

u le

(s e e T EX

. C OD E C R I M

. P ROC

. Ar t

. 3 8 .1 4 )

b e ca u se a g a i n, he re l i e s on p a g e s of d i rect

q u o t es of t e s t i m o n y fr o m t h e tr i a l

, c i t e s

g e n e ral ca s e l a w s u p p o r t i ng h i s ar g u m e n t

a n d fa i ls to a n a l y ze t h e i s s u e. S e e T E X

. R.

A P P

. P. 3 8 .1( i ); W o r l d Pe a ce v. C o m m'n

f o r L a wy e r Di s c i p l i n e, 1 8 3 S.W.3d 4 5 1,

4 6 0 (Te x

. Ap p

. -- H o u s t o n [ 1 4 t h Di s t.]

2 0 0 5

, p e t. d e n i e d ) ( h o l d i ng t h at fa i l u re to

o f fer ar g u m e n t, c i t a t i o n s t o rec o r d

, or

c i t a t i on to a u t h o r i t y wai v es i s s u e on

a pp e a l ). M o re o v e r, h a d t h e i s s u e b e en

p r e s er v ed a n d p r o p er l y b r i e fe d

, s u ff i c i e n t16

e v i d e n ce was o ffe red to c o rr o b o ra t e

B l e v i n s' t e s t i m

o n y by c o n n ec t i n g Go o de

to t h e o ffe n s e

.

F o r t h e a

b o v e rea s o ns

, we d e c i de

Go o d e 's t h i rd i s s u e a g a i n s t h i m

.

C. I s s u e No. 2 : W a s E v i d ence of

G o o d e ' s A r y an Br o the r h o od Aff i li a t i o n

Ad m i s s i b l e In the G u i lt

- I n n o cen c e

Pha s e ?

Go o d e 's s e c o nd i s s u e ar g u e s t h at [ * 1 2 ]

t h e tr i al c o u r t err e d in a d m i t t i ng e v i d e n ce

of h i s g a ng aff

i l i a t i o n d u ri n g t h e g u i l t

i n n o ce n ce p h a s e b e ca u se t h e e v i d e n c e

was i m p e r m i s s i b l e c h ara c t e r

- c o n f

o r m i t y

e v i d e n ce, t h e p r eju d i c i a l e ffe ct of wh i ch

o u twe i g he d i t s p r o b a t i v e v a l u e. S e e T EX

. R. E V I D

. 4 0 3

, 4 0 4 ( b )

. The rec o rd c o n t a i ns

e x t e n s i v e e v i d e n ce re g ar d i n g ABT, i t s

op e ra t in g me t h o ds

, a n d a pp e ll a nt ' s

i n v o l v e m e n t wi t h t h at g a n g

. Go o de

u n s u cce s s f

u l l y o b ject e d to t h at e v i d e n ce

wh e n o f fer e d t h r o u g h Off

i c e r Lair b u t

was g r a n t e d a r

u n n i n g o b ject i o n

. The tr i al

c ou r t

, h o w e v er

, s u st a i n e d s p ec i f i c

o b ject i o n s to d e t a i l ed e v i d e n ce re g ar d i n g

ABT's s t r

u c t u r e. The a d m

i t t e d ABT

e v id e n ce a

b o u t wh i ch Go o de c o m

p l a i ns

c o n s i s ts p r i m ar i ly of g e n eral i n f o r m a t i o n

re g ar d i n g ABT's s t r

u c t u r e a n d s p e c i fic

i n f o rma t i o n re g ar d i n g t h e e v e n ts l e a d i n g

to Go o d e 's a rre s t.

W e re v i e w a tr i al c o u rt ' s e v i d e n t i ary

r u l i n g s u nd e r an a

b u s e of d i s c re t i o n

s t a n d a r d

. T o r r es v. S t a t e, 71 S.W.3d 7 5 8,

7 6 0 (Te x

. C r im. Ap p

. 2 0 0 2 )

. W e wi l l n o t re v er s e an e v i d e n t i ary r u l i ng if t h e r u l i ng

is wi t h i n t h e z o ne of rea s on a b l e

dis a g ree m e n t. I d

. F o r th e rea son s

d i s c u s s e d b e l o w, we c o n c l u de t h at t h e

t r i a l c o u r t d i d n o t a b u s e i t s d i s c re t i o n in

ad m i t t i ng t h e g a ng re l a t ed e v i d e n c e

d u ri n g t he g u i l t

- i n n o c e n ce p h a s e

.

W e a g a in p o i n t o u t t h at u n d e r t h is

i s s u e, Go o d e 's [ * 1 3 ] b r i e fi n g is ei g h t een

p a g e s lo n g

. He d i rec t

- q u o t e s tr i al

t e s t i m o n y a n d ar g u m e n t f o r s i x t een of t h e

e i g h t e e n p a g e s. An o t h er p a ge is g e n e ra l

, d i rec t

- q u o te ca s e l a w t h at i n c l u d e s t h e

r u le 4 0 3 b a l a n c i n g fac t o r s. W e are g i v e n

a s u mm ary ar g u m e n t a n d d i rec t ed to t h e

a p p l i c a b le r

u le a n d g e n e ral l a w b u t are

n o t p r o v i d ed a n y a n a l y s i s o r ar g u m e n t to

s u p p o r t t h is ar g u m e n t on a p p e a l

. W e fi n d

t h is i s s u e i n a d e q u a t e ly b r i e fe d

. S e e T E X

. R. A P P

. P. 3 8 .1( i ); McC a r t hy v. S t a t e

, 65

S.W

. 3 d 4 7, 49 n. 2 (Te x

. C r im. Ap p

. 2 0 0 1 ).

Re g ar d l e s s

, Ru l e 4 0 4 ( b) g e n e ra l ly

p r o h i b i ts "E v i d e n ce of o t h e r cr i m e s

,

wr o n g s, or ac t s

. . . to s h ow ac t i o n in

co n f o r m i t y t h erew i t h ." Ru l e 4 0 4 ( b )

a p p l i e s to t h i r d

- p ar t y ac t s as well as t h e

d e fe n d a n t 's ac t s. C a s t a l do v. S t at e, 78

S.W.3d 3 4 5, 3 4 8

- 49 (Te x

. C r im. A p p

. 2 0 0 2 ).

Ru l e 4 0 4 ( b )

, h o we v er, p r o v i d es t h at

e v i d e n c e of o t h e r cr i m

e s

, wr o n g s or ac t s

m ay be "a d m

i s s i b l e f o r o t h e r p u r

p o s es

s u ch as p r o o f o f m

o t i v e, o p p o rt u n i ty,

i n t e n t

, p r e p ara t i o n, p l a n

, k n ow l e d g e

, i d e n t i ty, or a b s e n c e of m i s t a ke or acc i d e nt17

. . . ." T E X . R. E V I D

. 4 0 4 ( b )

. The

a d m i s s i b i l i ty of e v i d e n ce o f

f e r e d f o r t h e s e

p u r p o s es wi l l a l m

o s t a l wa y s i n v o l v e a

b a l a n c i n g un d e r Ru l e 4 03 's s u b s t a n t i a l

p r eju d i c e a n a l y s i s

. C a s t a l d o

, 78 S.W.3 d

.

at 3 5 0

. An d

,

The wei g ht of t h e p r eju d i c e

to t h e d e f

e nd a n t m ay be

d i ffe r e n t if t h e e x tr a n e o u s ac t s

are a t h ird p a r t y ' s ra t h e r t h an

h i s ow n

, k e e p i n g in m

i n d t h at

t h e p r eju d i c e is g r ea t er if t h e

t h ird p a r ty's ac t s [ * 1 4 ] in

s o m e w a y p r o v e t h e

d e fe n d a n t 's c h a rac t er.

The d a n g er o f p r eju d i c e to

t h e d efe nd a n t i s u s ual l y

h i g h e s t wh e n e v i d e n c e of t h e

d e fe n d a n t 's e x tr a n e o u s ac t s is

o f fer e d to p r o v e t h at t h e

d e fe n d a nt ac t ed t h e s a m

e way

in th e o f

fe n se on tr i a l

. The

d a n g er of p r eju d i c e m ay be

m u c h l o wer wh e n e v i d e n ce of

a t h ird p a r t y 's e x tr a n e o u s ac t s

is o f fer e d. If t h e t h i rd p a rty's

ac t s are in s o m

e way p r o b a t i v e

of t h e d e fe n d a n t 's c h ara c t e r as

we l l as t h e t h ird p a rty's, t h e

d a n g er of p r eju d i c e m ay be

s o m ew h ere i n b e t wee n

.

I d

.

W e c o n c l u de t h e tr i al c o u r t d i d n o t

a b u s e i t s d i s c re t i o n in a d m i t t i ng ABT g a ng re l a t ed e v i d e n ce in t h e g u i l t

i n n o ce n ce p h a se for se v eral rea s o n s.

F i r s t

, t h e e v i d e n ce was re l e v a n t

b e ca u se t h e a m

e n d e d i n d i c t m

e n t a l l e g e s

t h at Go o de co m m

i t t e d t h e o f

fe n se as a

m e m b e r of a cr i m

i n al s t reet g a ng a n d t he

S t a t e m u s t p r o v e t h e i n d i c t me n t ' s

a l l e g a t i o n s b e y o n d a rea s o n a b le d o u b t.

Mo o re v. S t a t e, 5 3 1 S.W.2d 1 4 0, 1 4 2 (Te x

. C r im. Ap p

. 1 9 7 6 ); B u t l e r v. S t a t e, 4 2 9

S.W.2d 4 9 7, 5 0 2 (Te x

. Cr i m. Ap p

. 1 9 6 8 ).

Al t h o u g h t h e tr i al c o u r t d e n i ed Go o d e 's

m o t i o n to q u a s h t h is a l l e g a t i on in t h e

i n d i c t m e n t, he d o es n o t c o m

p l a i n a bou t

t h e d e n i al of t h e m

o t i o n to q u a s h or t h e

v a l i d i ty of t h e a l l e g a t i on in t h e i n d i c t m e n t

t h at he was a m

e m b e r of a cr i m

i n al s t reet

g a n g

. T h e e v i d e n c e re g ar d i n g ABT's

o r i g i n s, s t r

u c t u r e, a n d o p era t i n g m

e t h o ds

[ * 1 5 ] was d i rec t ly re l e v a n t to p r o v e t h at

Go o d e 's p a rt i c i p a t i on in t h e ABT a n d t h at

t h e ABT w a s a cr i m

i n al s t reet g a ng as

a l l e g e d i n t he i n d i c t m e n t.

Sec o n d , t h e e v i d e n ce was a d m i s s i b l e

to p r o v e t h at Go o de p o s s e s s e d t h e

m e t h a m p h e t a m i n e, wh i ch w as n o t f

o u n d

on G o o de or in Go o d e 's v e h i c l e b u t was

i n t he p a n t s or cr o t c h area of t h e

p a s s e n g e r. As d i s c u s s e d a b o v e, t h e tr u ck

p a s s e n g e r, B l e v i n s, was an i n f o r m a n t a n d

an ABT fea t h e r wo o d wo r k i ng wi t h a

Task F o r ce Off

i cer wi t h t h e De p ar t m

e n t

of Ho m e l a n d Sec u ri t y 's Nat i o n al Ga n g

U n i t, Lai r , who was i n v e s t i g a t i n g A B T ' s

d r ug s a l e s o p era t i o n s . B l e v i ns was in

fre q u e nt c o n t act wi t h L a i r on t h e d a y in

q u e st io n

, was g i v i ng Lair a s t ream of18

i n f o r m a t i o n re g ar d i n g t h e e v e n ts as t h ey

h a p p e n e d

, a n d was t h e i n f o r m a t i o n s o u r ce

l e a d i n g up to Go o d e 's arr e s t

. S h e g a ve

d e t a i l ed t e s t i m o n y a b o u t t h e ABT's

i n v o l v e m e n t in t h e tr a n s ac t i o n, Go o d e ' s

k n o w i n g p o s s e s s i o n o f t h e

m e t h a m p h e t a m i n e, a n d h i s i n t e nt to

d e l i v e r t h e d r u g s. S h e a l so t e s t i f i ed t h a t

,

c o n s i s t e nt wi t h ABT p r ac t i c e s , s h e was

in c l u d ed on t h e tr i p so t h at s h e c o u l d

"c r o t c h " t h e d r u g s if G oo d e g o t p u l l ed

o v er. "C r o t c h i n g" is an ABT p r ac t i c e of

h a v i ng a wo m an p l ace i l l e g a l d r u g s in h e r

p a n t s, b e ca u se m

o s t o ff i ce rs [ * 1 6 ] are

m en a n d no t a l l o wed to s e arch t h at are a

. B l e v i n s was t h e s o u r ce t h at d i rec t ly l e d to

t h e ar r e s t.

F o r t h e s e rea s o n s, we c o n c l u de t h at

e v i d e n ce re g ar d i n g t h e ABT was re l e v a n t

to p r o v i n g t h e a l l e g a t i o n s in t h e

ind i c t m e n t

, t h e e x ist e n c e o f

, a n d

a p p e l l a n t's k n ow i ng p a rt i c i p a t i on i n

, a

g a n g re l a t e d cr i m e

, a n d G ood e' s

p o s s e s s i on of t h e m

e t h a m p h e t a m i n e. W e

c o n c l u de t h at t h e tr i al c o u r t d i d n o t a b u s e i t s d i s c re t i o n i n a d m i t t i ng t h e g a ng

aff i l i a t i o n e v i d e n ce in t h e g u i l t

- i n n o c e n ce

p h a s e.

W e t h us d e c i de Go o d e 's s e c o nd i s s u e

a g a i n s t h i m

.

I I I. C o nc l u s i o n

Ha v i n g r e s o l v ed a l l of Go o d e 's i s s u e s

a g a i n s t h i m

, we aff

i rm t h e tr i al c o u r t's

ju d g m e n t.

Do N o t P u b l i s h

T E X

. R. A PP

. P. 47

/ s / B i ll W h i t e h i ll

BILL W HITEHILL

JUSTI C E

JUD G MENT

Ba s ed on t h e C o u rt ' s o p i n i o n of t h is

d a t e

, t h e j udg me n t of t h e tr i al c o u r t is

AFFIRME D

.

J u d g m e n t e n t e red J u ly 1, 2 0 1 5

.