CHAPTER 7. ENERGY AND WATER USE DETERMINATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

7.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 7-1

7.2 PER-CYCLE ENERGY AND WATER CONSUMPTION BY EFFICIENCY 

LEVEL............................................................................................................................. 7-1

7.3 AVERAGE ANNUAL ENERGY AND WATER CONSUMPTION BY 

EFFICIENCY LEVEL..................................................................................................... 7-5

7.4 VARIABILITY OF ANNUAL ENERGY AND WATER CONSUMPTION.............. 7-10

LIST OF TABLES

Table 7.2.1 Load Usage Factors from the Test Procedure...................................................... 7-2

Table 7.2.2 Top-Loading Commercial Clothes Washers: Per-Cycle Energy and Water 

Use by Efficiency Level....................................................................................... 7-5

Table 7.2.3 Front-Loading Commercial Clothes Washers: Per-Cycle Energy and 

Water Use by Efficiency Level............................................................................ 7-5

Table 7.3.1 Commercial Clothes Washer Usage Data............................................................ 7-6

Table 7.3.2 Top-Loading Commercial Clothes Washers, Multi-Family Application: 

Annual Energy and Water Use by Efficiency Level............................................ 7-8

Table 7.3.3 Top-Loading Commercial Clothes Washers, Laundromat Application: 

Annual Energy and Water Use by Efficiency Level............................................ 7-9

Table 7.3.4 Front-Loading Commercial Clothes Washers, Multi-Family Application: 

Annual Energy and Water Use by Efficiency Level............................................ 7-9

Table 7.3.5 Front-Loading Commercial Clothes Washers, Laundromat Application: 

Annual Energy and Water Use by Efficiency Level............................................ 7-9

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 7.4.1 Probability Distribution for Commercial Clothes Washer Usage in MultiFamily Applications........................................................................................... 7-10

Figure 7.4.2 Probability Distribution for Commercial Clothes Washer Usage in 

Laundromat Applications................................................................................... 7-11

7-i
CHAPTER 7. ENERGY AND WATER USE DETERMINATION

7.1 INTRODUCTION

To carry out the life-cycle cost (LCC) and payback period (PBP) calculations described 

in Chapter 8, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) needed to determine the operating cost 

savings to consumers from more-efficient equipment. The LCC and PBP analysis requires data 

on annual energy and water use because, along with energy and water prices, DOE uses these 

data to establish the most significant component of consumer operating costs. (Maintenance and 

repair costs are the other contributors to operating cost.) This chapter describes how DOE 

determined the annual energy and water consumption of commercial clothes washers.

7.2 PER-CYCLE ENERGY AND WATER CONSUMPTION BY EFFICIENCY 

LEVEL

DOE established the annual energy and water consumption of commercial clothes 

washers by multiplying the per-cycle energy and water use by the number of cycles per year.

Commercial clothes washer per-cycle energy consumption is composed of three 

components: water-heating energy, machine energy, and drying energy. The machine energy is 

composed of the motor energy needed for turning an agitator or rotating the wash basket. Based 

on language in the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPACT 2005), DOE is required to rate 

commercial clothes washers with the same test procedure established for residential clothes 

washers.1 The DOE test procedures for commercial clothes washers currently being 

manufactured is codified at Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) part 430, subpart 

B, appendix J1. In March 2012, DOE published a final rule amending its test procedures for 

residential clothes washers. (77 FR 13888) The March 2012 final rule included minor 

amendments to appendix J1 and also established a new test procedure at appendix J2 (hereafter, 

“appendix J2”).

2

The DOE test procedure provides the following equations to calculate the total per-cycle 

clothes washer energy consumption:

T E

T

CYCLE c ME D

e

HE CW = × + +

Where:

CWCYCLE = total commercial clothes washer per-cycle energy consumption,

HET = per-cycle water heating consumption (kWh/cycle),

e = efficiency of electric water heater (100%) or gas water heater (75%),

c = conversion factor if water heater is gas (3,412 Btu/kWh),

7-1
MET = per-cycle machine electrical energy consumption (kWh/cycle), and

DE = per-cycle energy consumption for removal of moisture from test load, i.e.,

dryer energy consumption (kWh/cycle).

DOE determined the per-cycle machine energy use from the tests results of the 

considered models, performed according to the current DOE test procedure (77 FR 13888, Mar. 

7, 2012). It determined the per-cycle clothes drying energy use by using remaining moisture 

content (RMC) values contained in the costs and efficiencies data set developed in the 

engineering analysis. The energy required to remove moisture from clothes, i.e., the dryer 

energy, is a significant component of total clothes washer energy consumption. The equation 

used to determine this energy component is as described in the current DOE test procedure.

The following equation from the current DOE test procedure calculates the per-cycle 

energy consumption for removing moisture:

DE = ((LUF ×W )+ (LUFavg

×Wavg )+ (LUF ×W ))×(RMC 4%)× DEF × DUF _

max max min min

Where:

DE = per-cycle energy consumption for removal of moisture from test load,

LUF = load usage factor, 

W = weight of test load [pounds (lb)/cycle],

RMC = moisture content that remains after washing (lb),

DEF = nominal energy required for a clothes dryer to remove moisture from clothes 

(0.5kWh/lb), and

DUF = dryer usage factor, a percentage of washer loads dried in a clothes dryer (0.91).

For clothes washers with manual fill control systems, only the LUFmax and LUFmin terms 

are used. For clothes washers with adaptive fill control systems, all three terms are included.

DOE implements the Load Usage Factor, as described in the current test procedure. According to

the test procedure description, LUFmax, LUFmin, and LUFavg are described in the Table 7.2.1.

Table 7.2.1 Load Usage Factors from the Test Procedure

LUFmax LUFavg LUFmin

Manual Fill 0.72 - 0.28

Adaptive Fill 0.12 0.74 0.14

Since the test procedure describes the load usage for a typical residential application, 

DOE received comments on possible differences in loading in a commercial setting. DOE 

examined this issue by analyzing data from a study that monitored energy and water usage in 

multiple sites.a DOE found a pattern based on water usage in 6 sites to establish an alternative 

LUF distribution for the range of load usage factors. However, since this pattern does not have 

a PNNL 2008. Cal-UCONS Commercial Laundry Program Measurement and Evaluation - PNWD-3910.

7-2

 
sufficient geographic coverage to conclusively establish a new usage factor, DOE has 

implemented an optional LUF as a sensitivity in the energy and water use calculations. The 

optional LUF for adaptive fill category of 0.26, 0.54, and 0.20 for Lmax, Lavg, and Lmin captures 

possible divergence in the load usage factor in the field. Details of this estimation are provided in 

Appendix 7-A. 

When considering gas drying, DOE multiplies the dryer energy consumption by a gas 

correction factor to account for the additional energy a gas dryer requires relative to an electric 

dryer. The following equation determines per-cycle energy consumption for gas drying.

DG = GCF × DE

Where:

DG = per-cycle energy consumption for removal of moisture from test load due to 

a gas dryer, i.e., dryer energy consumption (kWh/cycle), and

GCF = gas correction factor = 1.12 3,

DE = per-cycle energy consumption for removal of moisture from test load, i.e.,

dryer energy consumption (kWh/cycle).

DOE previously used a modified energy factor (MEF) and a water factor (WF) to 

establish the energy and water efficiencies of clothes washers. The following equations 

determine the MEF and WF:

CWCYCLE

C MEF =

C

Q WF T =

Where:

C = container capacity [cubic feet (cu ft)],

CWCYCLE = total commercial clothes washer per-cycle energy consumption, and

QT = per-cycle water consumption [gallons (gal)/cycle].

The existing test procedure was revised to include self-cleaning and non-active mode 

energy use.4 The revised test procedure uses an integrated modified energy factor (IMEF) that 

includes non-active and self-cleaning mode energy use, and this analysis takes those revisions 

into account by also using the IMEF, which is defined as:

IMEF = C / (CWcycle +cyclic self-cleaning energy +cyclic off-mode energy)

7-3
The cyclic self-cleaning and cyclic off-mode energy are expressed in units of kWh/cycle 

and are obtained by dividing the annual energy use for each of those two modes by the number 

of wash cycles per year.

The amended energy efficiency standards proposed in this rulemaking are based on the 

MEF metric. In the framework document, DOE stated it would consider establishing amended 

energy efficiency standards for commercial clothes washers on the IMEF metric, which would 

incorporate standby and off mode power. As described in Chapter 3, DOE performed an in-depth 

evaluation of the standby and off mode power characteristics of a representative sample of 

commercial clothes washers and has tentatively determined that establishing amended standards 

for commercial clothes washers based on an integrated energy metric would not be technically 

feasible. Instead, DOE proposes amended standards based on MEFJ2, which does not incorporate 

standby and off mode power but follow appendix J2. The amended water efficiency standards 

proposed in this rulemaking are based on the IWF metric contained in appendix J2, as the IWF 

metric provides a more representative measure of water consumption than the WF metric. For 

further discussion on metrics, please refer to Chapter 3.

As discussed in Chapter 5, DOE analyzed specific efficiency levels for top-loading and 

front-loading commercial clothes washers. Table 7.2.2 and Table 7.2.3 show the efficiency levels 

for top-loading and front-loading commercial clothes washers, respectively, and their 

corresponding per-cycle energy and water use. Per-cycle energy use is disaggregated into water 

heating, machine, and clothes drying. DOE determined the per-cycle clothes drying energy use 

by first establishing the RMC based on the engineering data. DOE then calculated the per-cycle 

clothes-drying energy use using the equation that determines the per-cycle energy consumption 

for the removal of moisture. DOE determined the per-cycle machine energy use from the 

engineering analysis based on test data. With the per-cycle clothes drying and machine energy 

known, DOE determined the per-cycle water-heating energy use by first determining the total 

per-cycle energy use (the clothes container volume divided by the MEF) and then subtracting 

from it the per-cycle clothes-drying and machine energy. The water-heating energy use assumes 

the use of an electric water heater. DOE determined the per-cycle hot water use by dividing the 

per-cycle water-heating energy use by an assumed temperature rise of 75 oF (21.1 oC) and a 

specific heat of 0.0024 kWh/gal-oF (4.186 joule/gram-oC). DOE determined the total water use 

by multiplying the WF by the clothes container volume.

7-4
Table 7.2.2 Top-Loading Commercial Clothes Washers: Per-Cycle Energy and Water 

Use by Efficiency Level

Level

MEF IWF

RMC

Energy Use Water Use

Machine Dryer

Water 

Heat† Hot Total 

cu.ft./kWh/cyc gal/cu.ft. kWh/cyc kWh/cyc kWh/cyc gal/cyc gal/cyc

Baseline 1.15 8.90 49.0% 0.220 2.08 0.391 2.2 27.6

1 1.35 8.80 48.0% 0.210 1.58 0.506 2.9 27.3

2 1.55 6.90 47.0% 0.100 1.62 0.408 2.3 22.8

† Based on the use of an electric water heater at 98% efficiency.

Table 7.2.3 Front-Loading Commercial Clothes Washers: Per-Cycle Energy and Water 

Use by Efficiency Level

Level

MEF IWF

RMC

Energy Use Water Use

Machine Dryer Water 

Heat† Hot Total 

cu.ft./kWh/cyc gal/cu.ft. kWh/cyc kWh/cyc kWh/cyc gal/cyc gal/cyc

Baseline 1.65 5.20 42.0% 0.110 1.26 0.325 1.8 14.6

1 1.80 4.50 39.0% 0.080 1.19 0.337 1.9 13.1

2 2.00 4.10 38.0% 0.100 1.16 0.190 1.1 11.9

3 2.20 3.90 36.0% 0.070 1.30 0.267 1.5 14.0

† Based on the use of an electric water heater at 98% efficiency.

7.3 AVERAGE ANNUAL ENERGY AND WATER CONSUMPTION BY 

EFFICIENCY LEVEL

DOE determined the average annual energy and water consumption by multiplying the 

per-cycle energy and water consumption by the number of cycles per year. Because the 

predominant applications of commercial clothes washers are in multi-family buildings and 

laundromats, DOE focused only on these two building applications to determine the appropriate 

number of commercial clothes washer cycles per year. Other applications include lodging 

establishments (e.g., hotels and motels), inpatient health care facilities, and nursing homes.

Relative to multi-family buildings and laundromats, these other applications are a small segment 

of the market. Therefore, DOE believes it is not critical to the analysis to accurately characterize 

commercial clothes washer usage for these applications.

Table 7.3.1 shows the usage of commercial clothes washers from several studies. The last 

column of the table shows the variation in usage from each of the studies. Note that the variation 

shown for the City of Toronto and Multi-Housing Laundry Association (MLA) studies is based 

7-5
on the range of average values for either specific buildings or cities. Thus, if individual machine 

data were made available, the variation in usage would likely be much greater than indicated by 

the average data. For multi-family applications, the usage ranges from 1 to 6 cycles per day.

Assuming each study has equal representation, the average value from all studies performed on 

multi-family applications is 3 cycles per day. The sparse data on commercial clothes washer use 

in laundromats show a usage variation of 2.8 to 6 cycles per day with an average value of 4.1

cycles per day. Based on 365 days per year of use, the minimum, average, and maximum usage 

data for multi-family applications of 1.5, 3.0, and 4.3 cycles per day yield 548, 1,095, and 1,570

cycles per year, respectively. For laundromats, the minimum, average, and maximum usage data 

of 2.8, 4.1, and 6.0 cycles per day yield 1,022, 1,497, and 2,190 cycles per year, respectively. As 

a comparison, DOE assumed that residential clothes washers have an annual average usage of 

295 cycles per year.

Table 7.3.1 Commercial Clothes Washer Usage Data

Study Application Population Usage per Machine

(cycles/day)

Variation

(cycles/day)

Multi-Family Buildings

City of Toronto 

(1999)5

Multifamily coinoperated (6 buildings, 

945 apartments, 39 

machines)

3 family;

1 mixed;

1 seniors & 

singles; and 1 

seniors

4.3: metered 3.3 to 6.0 (variation 

based on average 

values from 6 

buildings) 

SCE/PNNL (2000)6 Multifamily coinoperated (12 machines)Seniors 2.2 : metered 1 to 4

MLA (2002)7 Multifamily coinoperated

(4 buildings in 4 cities, 

50 common area 

machines)

General 2.9: metered *

2.7: coin *

4.5: survey *

2.6 to 3.1 (variation 

based on average 

values from 4 cities)

Wisconsin/

PNNL (2004)8

Multifamily coinoperated (9 machines)Apartments & 

Condos

1.5: metered ** 1 to 3

Lightwash/

Equipoise (2004)9

Multifamily & 

Businesses

Not specified. 3: businesses & multifamily 

<10 units, industry value 

***

4: multifamily ≥10 units, 

industry value ***

Not available.

PG&E Cal-UCONS

(2008)10

Multifamily Not specified. 2.6: metered 1.1 to 3.9 (variation 

based on average 

values from 5 metered 

property sites)

SCGC, SDG&E CalUCONS (2008)11Multifamily Not specified. 4.2: metered 3.3 to 5.4 (variation 

based on average 

values from 5 metered 

property sites)

Alliance for Water 

Efficiency

Multifamily Not specified. 2: estimated

Laundromats

7-6
Study Application Population Usage per Machine

(cycles/day)

Variation

(cycles/day)

Lightwash/

Equipoise (2004)10

Laundromat & 

Institutional

Not specified. 6: industry value *** Not available.

Alliance for Water 

Efficiency

Laundromat Not specified. 4.8: estimated Not available.

San Diego County 

Water Authority 

(2006)12

Laundromat Not specified. 2.8: metered. 2.3 to 4.7 (variation 

based on average 

values from 3 metered 

sites)

PG&E Cal-UCONS 

(2008) 11

Laundromat Not specified. 4.8: metered 4.2 to 5.3 (variation 

based on average 

values from top-load 

and front-load 

washing machines in 

one metered site.

SCGC and SDG&E 

Cal-UCONS (2008)12

Laundromat Not specified. 3.5: metered 2.4 to 4.6 (variation 

based on average 

values from top-load 

and front-load 

washing machines in 

one metered site.

Sutter, M. (2006)13 Laundromat Not specified. 3.0: metered 2.97±0.70 

Coin-op (2013)14 Laundromat Not specified. 3.6: survey data Not available.

* Usage per machine values derived based on water usage of 32 gallons per cycle.

** Report states that multifamily industry average is 2.5 cycles per day and attributes the lower reported usage per

machine value to a lower ratio of tenants to machines.

*** Usage per machine values are “industry values.” Study says that survey data in report may be unreliable.

DOE calculated commercial clothes washer annual energy consumption with the 

following equation: 

CWANNUAL = CWCYCLE × N

Where:

CWANNUAL = total annual commercial clothes washer energy consumption,

CWCYCLE = total per-cycle commercial clothes washer energy consumption, and

N = representative average commercial clothes washer use.

DOE calculated commercial clothes washer annual water consumption with the 

following equation: 

CWANNUAL WATER = CWCYCLE WATER × N

Where:

7-7
CWANNUAL WATER = total annual commercial clothes washer water consumption,

CWCYCLE WATER = total per-cycle commercial clothes washer water consumption, and

N = representative average commercial clothes washer use.

Table 7.3.2 and Table 7.3.3 show the annual energy and water consumption for multifamily buildings and laundromats, respectively, for top-loading washers. Table 7.3.4 and Table 

7.3.5 show the annual energy and water consumption for multi-family buildings and 

laundromats, respectively, for front-loading washers. The electric and gas water heating and 

drying consumption in Table 7.3.2 through Table 7.3.5 are weighted by the share of buildings 

that use electric and gas water heaters and dryers. Based on data from the Residential Energy 

Consumption Survey (RECS) 2009 15 and Consortium for Energy Efficiency (CEE), 16 the shares 

of electric and gas water heating and drying in multi-family applications are: 25 percent and 75 

percent electric and gas water heating, respectively, and 40 percent and 60 percent electric and 

gas drying, respectively. Also based on CEE data, 100 percent of laundromats use gas water 

heating and drying.The energy and water consumption values provided are based on average use 

cycles of 3.0 cycles per day for multi-family buildings and 4.1 cycles per day for laundromats.

The annual water-heating and clothes-drying energy consumption reflects the use of either an 

electric or a gas water heater.

Table 7.3.2 Top-Loading Commercial Clothes Washers, Multi-Family Application:

Annual Energy and Water Use by Efficiency Level

Level

MEF IWF

Annual Energy Use*

Annual 

Water Use

Water Heating** Drying

Electric Gas Electric Gas Machine

cu.ft./kWh/cyc gal/cu.ft. kWh/yr MMBtu/yr kWh/yr MMBtu/yr kWh/yr 1000 gal/year

Baseline 1.15 8.90 107.1 1.29 913.0 5.23 240.9 30.21

1 1.35 8.80 138.6 1.68 692.0 3.97 230.0 29.87

2 1.55 6.90 108.7 1.31 690.9 3.96 109.5 24.26

* Annual usage based on 3.0 cycles per day (1,095 cycles per year).

** Electric and gas water heating based on water heater efficiencies of 98% for electric and 83% for gas.

7-8
Table 7.3.3 Top-Loading Commercial Clothes Washers, Laundromat Application:

Annual Energy and Water Use by Efficiency Level

Level

MEF IWF

Annual Energy Use*

Annual 

Water Use

Water Heating** Drying

Electric Gas Electric Gas Machine

cu.ft./kWh/cyc gal/cu.ft. kWh/yr MMBtu/yr kWh/yr MMBtu/yr kWh/yr 1000 gal/year

Baseline 1.15 8.90 0.0 2.36 0.0 11.92 329.3 41.30

1 1.35 8.80 0.0 3.05 0.0 9.04 314.4 40.84

2 1.55 6.90 0.0 2.39 0.0 9.02 149.7 33.17

* Annual usage based on 4.1 cycles per day (1,497 cycles per year).

** Electric and gas water heating based on water heater efficiencies of 98% for electric and 83% for gas.

Table 7.3.4 Front-Loading Commercial Clothes Washers, Multi-Family Application:

Annual Energy and Water Use by Efficiency Level

Level

MEF IWF

Annual Energy Use*

Annual 

Water Use

Water Heating** Drying

Electric Gas Electric Gas Machine

cu.ft./kWh/cyc gal/cu.ft. kWh/yr MMBtu/yr kWh/yr MMBtu/yr kWh/yr 1000 gal/year

Baseline 1.65 5.20 88.9 1.07 552.9 3.17 120.5 15.94

1 1.80 4.50 91.1 1.10 516.1 2.96 87.6 14.10

2 2.00 4.10 51.4 0.62 501.3 2.87 109.5 12.85

3 2.20 3.90 67.1 0.81 522.7 3.00 76.7 14.12

* Annual usage based on 3.0 cycles per day (1,095 cycles per year).

** Electric and gas water heating based on water heater efficiencies of 98% for electric and 83% for gas.

Table 7.3.5 Front-Loading Commercial Clothes Washers, Laundromat Application:

Annual Energy and Water Use by Efficiency Level

Level

MEF IWF

Annual Energy Use*

Annual 

Water Use

Water Heating** Drying

Electric Gas Electric Gas Machine

cu.ft./kWh/cyc gal/cu.ft. kWh/yr MMBtu/yr kWh/yr MMBtu/yr kWh/yr 1000 gal/year

Baseline 1.65 5.20 0.0 1.96 0.0 7.22 164.7 21.80

1 1.80 4.50 0.0 2.01 0.0 6.74 119.8 19.28

2 2.00 4.10 0.0 1.13 0.0 6.55 149.7 17.57

3 2.20 3.90 0.0 1.48 0.0 6.83 104.8 19.30

* Annual usage based on 4.18 cycles per day (1,497 cycles per year).

** Electric and gas water heating based on water heater efficiencies of 98% for electric and 83% for gas.

7-9
7.4 VARIABILITY OF ANNUAL ENERGY AND WATER CONSUMPTION

DOE determined the variability in annual energy and water consumption using the 

average usage data from Table 7.3.1. From the table, there are nine average usage values for 

multi-family buildings ranging from a low of 1.5 cycles per day to a high of 4.3 cycles per day.

For laundromats, the low and high values are 2.8 and 6.0 cycles per day, respectively.

DOE weighted the usage from each study to vary the annual energy and water 

consumption of commercial clothes washers when it conducted the LCC and PBP analysis. As 

shown in Figure 7.4.1 and Figure 7.4.2, DOE weighted the usage studies equally for multi-family 

and laundromats applications. As will be described in chapter 8 on the LCC and PBP analysis, 

DOE used the usage variability to vary the annual energy and water consumption for multifamily and laundromat applications when it conducted the LCC and PBP analysis.

Figure 7.4.1 Probability Distribution for Commercial Clothes Washer Usage in 

Multi-Family Applications

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

Probability

Usage (cycles/day)

Wisc/PNNL

Alliance

SCE/PNNL

PG&E

MLA

Equip<10

Equip>=10

SCGC, et al.

Toronto

7-10
Figure 7.4.2 Probability Distribution for Commercial Clothes Washer Usage in 

Laundromat Applications

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

0.16

1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5

Probability

Usage (cycles/day)

San Diego

Sutter, M.

SCGC & SDG&E; Coin-op 

PG&E; Alliance

Equip

7-11
REFERENCES

1 Energy Policy Act of 2005, Title 1—Energy Efficiency, Subtitle C—Energy Efficient 

Products, Sec. 136., Energy conservation standards for commercial equipment.

2 U.S. Federal Register. Energy Conservation Standards for Certain Consumer Products and 

Commercial and Industrial Equipment, Final Rule; technical amendment, October 18, 2005. 

70 FR 60407.

3 Biermayer, P.J. Preliminary Engineering Analysis for Clothes Washers, October 1996. 

Berkeley, CA. LBNL-47889: Appendix D.

4 U.S. Office of the Federal Register. Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 430–Energy 

Conservation Program for Certain Commercial and Industrial Product, Subpart B, Appendix 

JI—Residential Clothes Washers. 2010. Washington, D.C.

5 City of Toronto Works and Emergency Services and Toronto Community Housing 

Corporation. Multi-Unit Residential Clothes Washer Replacement Pilot Project 1999, May, 

2003. Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

6 G. P. Sullivan, J. W. Currie, T.C. Hillman, and G.B. Parker, Southern California Edison 

High-Performance Clothes Washer Demonstration at Leisure World Laguna Woods, Final 

Report, December 2000. Prepared for Southern California Edison Company by Battelle 

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA.

7 National Research Center, Inc., A National Study of Water & Energy Consumption in 

Multifamily Housing, November 2002. Prepared for the Multi-Housing Laundry Association 

by National Research Center, Inc, Boulder, CO.

8 Sullivan, G.P., G. B. Parker, and J. W. Currie. Wisconsin Focus on Energy Resource Efficient 

Laundry (REL) Room Demonstration, Final Report, June 2004. Prepared for Wisconsin 

Focus on Energy by Battelle Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA. Report 

No. PNWD-3445.

9 Equipoise Consulting, Inc. Final Report for Local Energy Efficiency Program No. 148-02 

Energy Solutions’ 2002/03 LightWash Program, June 30, 2004. Prepared by Equipoise 

Consulting Incorporated.

10 PNNL 2008a. Cal-UCONS Commercial Laundry Program Measurement and Evaluation:

Pacific Gas and Electric Final Report, PNWD-3910. Prepared by Battelle.

11 PNNL 2008b. Cal-UCONS Commercial Laundry Program Measurement and Evaluation: 

 Pacific Gas and Electric Final Report, PNWD-3910. Prepared by Battelle. 

12 San Diego County Water Authority. Report on the Monitoring and Assessment of Water 

7-12

 
 Savings from the Coin-operated Multi-Load Clothes Washers Voucher Initiative Program,

 October 2006. Prepared by Water Management, Inc. 

13 Sutter, M., 2006, Estimating Commercial Clothes Washer Use in California Coin Laundry

Stores, 2006 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings. 

<http://www.eceee.org/conference_proceedings/ACEEE_buildings/2006/Panel_9/p9_29/paper>

14 America Coin-Op. State of the Industry, 2012 – 2013. April 2013. 

 <http://www.americancoinop.com/>

15 U.S. Energy Information Administration, Residential Energy Consumption Survey 2009. 

 Washington, DC. 

 < http://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/data/2009/>

16 Consortium for Energy Efficiency. Commercial, Family-Sized Washers: An Initiative

Description of the Consortium for Energy Efficiency, 1998. Boston, MA. 

<http://www.cee1.org/com/cwsh/cwsh-main.php3> 

7-13