NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION 

File Name: 17a0049n.06 

 No. 16-1741 

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

 Plaintiff-Appellee, 

v. 

JAMAR HARRIS, 

 Defendant-Appellant. 

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ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED 

STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR 

THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF 

MICHIGAN 

 BEFORE: MERRITT, MOORE, and STRANCH, Circuit Judges. 

 PER CURIAM. Jamar Harris, his brother Major Harris, and Lamhal Bell robbed a 

RadioShack, taking 13 iPhones valued at roughly $7,800. During the robbery, Bell pointed a 

firearm at a sales associate. A federal grand jury subsequently charged Jamar Harris as an aider 

and abettor with interfering with commerce by robbery in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2 and 

1951(a) and using and carrying a firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence in 

violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2 and 924(c). Jamar Harris pleaded guilty to the robbery count but 

proceeded to trial on the firearm count. After a three-day trial, during which Major Harris and 

Bell testified, the jury convicted Jamar Harris on the firearm count. The district court sentenced 

him to 33 months of imprisonment for the robbery conviction followed by 60 months of 

imprisonment for the firearm conviction. 
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United States v. Harris 

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 Jamar Harris filed a timely appeal challenging his firearm conviction. Harris argues that 

the district court erred in (1) denying his motion for a judgment of acquittal because the 

government failed to establish his advance knowledge that a firearm would be used or carried 

during and in relation to the robbery and (2) giving an instruction that allowed the jury to infer 

his advance knowledge. 

 We review de novo the district court’s denial of Harris’s motion for a judgment of 

acquittal. See United States v. Vichitvongsa, 819 F.3d 260, 270 (6th Cir. 2016). In reviewing the 

sufficiency of the evidence, “the relevant question is whether, after viewing the evidence in the 

light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential 

elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 

(1979). “Circumstantial evidence alone is sufficient to sustain a conviction and such evidence 

need not remove every reasonable hypothesis except that of guilt.” United States v. Lowe, 795 

F.3d 519, 522-23 (6th Cir. 2015) (quoting United States v. Algee, 599 F.3d 506, 512 (6th Cir. 

2010)). 

 Harris proceeded to trial on the charge of aiding and abetting a co-defendant in using and 

carrying a firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2 and 

924(c). In Rosemond v. United States, 134 S. Ct. 1240 (2014), the Supreme Court held that, 

when a defendant is charged with aiding and abetting a § 924(c) offense, the government must 

prove that “the defendant actively participated in the underlying . . . violent crime with advance 

knowledge that a confederate would use or carry a gun during the crime’s commission.” Id. at 

1243. Contrary to Harris’s arguments, the government presented sufficient evidence to establish 

that he had advance knowledge that his accomplices would use or carry a gun during the robbery 

and that he intended to further an armed robbery. 
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United States v. Harris 

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 At trial, Major Harris testified that he called Jamar Harris and asked him if he wanted to 

make some money. Major Harris told Jamar Harris that they were going to “hit a lick on some 

phones.” Although Major Harris testified that “hit a lick” is a “[v]ery broad term,” he stated that 

he meant “To go and take something I guess, to go take the phones . . . [f]rom armed robbery, 

you know, took––that’s the way we took them.” 

The RadioShack’s security videos along with the witness testimony can reasonably be 

viewed as depicting the execution of a planned armed robbery, with each man playing a defined 

role. After the three men entered the RadioShack and the sales associate greeted them, Jamar 

Harris asked her about tablet protectors. As the sales associate assisted Jamar Harris, Bell 

grabbed her from behind, placing a hand over her mouth and putting a gun to her head. Jamar 

Harris, instead of acting surprised or hesitant when Bell displayed the firearm, sprang into action 

and led the way to the back storage area where the iPhones were stored. Jamar Harris and the 

sales associate then placed the iPhones into a bag while Bell stood by with the gun in his hand 

and Major Harris detained another employee. In addition to Major Harris’s testimony about 

“hitting a lick,” Jamar Harris’s lack of surprise when Bell pulled out the firearm and his 

continued participation in the robbery provided circumstantial evidence for the jury to find that 

he had advance knowledge that a gun would be used during the robbery. See Rosemond, 134 S. 

Ct. at 1250 n.9 (“[I]f a defendant continues to participate in a crime after a gun was displayed or 

used by a confederate, the jury can permissibly infer from his failure to object or withdraw that 

he had such knowledge.”). 

 Even if Harris did not have knowledge of the firearm when he walked into the 

RadioShack, there was sufficient evidence for the jury to find the requisite advance knowledge 

under an alternate theory—that is, he had a realistic opportunity to withdraw when Bell revealed 
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United States v. Harris 

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the firearm. In Rosemond, the Supreme Court held that the requisite advance knowledge is 

“knowledge at a time the accomplice can do something with it—most notably, opt to walk 

away.” Id. at 1249-50. Here, Jamar Harris had not completed his role in the robbery when the 

firearm appeared. After Bell put the firearm to the sales associate’s head, Jamar Harris led the 

way to the back storage area, passing by an exit door—the same exit door the three men later 

used to flee the scene. Instead of walking out that door, Harris chose to proceed to the 

storeroom, where he grabbed the iPhones and placed them in a bag. Harris argues that there was 

no evidence to support a finding that he saw the gun at any time during the robbery. Refuting 

this argument, the security videos show that Jamar Harris was standing right next to Bell when 

Bell pulled the gun from his pocket and put it to the sales associate’s head and that Bell carried 

the firearm in his hand throughout the remainder of the robbery. Major Harris also confirmed 

that Jamar Harris was “[w]ithin a few feet” of Bell. Shannon Riley, one of the RadioShack 

employees, confirmed that the gun was visible, and that Jamar Harris was “a half a step behind” 

Bell. 

As for Harris’s argument that walking away “might increase the risk of gun violence” and 

that finishing the crime “might be the best or only way to avoid that danger,” Rosemond, 134 S. 

Ct. at 1251, the government presented testimony that Bell had no intent to shoot anyone and that 

Bell and Major Harris agreed that the gun would not be fired during the robbery. The jury could 

also infer, based on the close relationship between Bell and Major Harris, that Bell would never 

shoot Major’s younger brother. The jury could have found the requisite advance knowledge 

under this alternate theory. 

 We review de novo Harris’s challenge to the jury instruction on advance knowledge. See 

United States v. Burchard, 580 F.3d 341, 345 (6th Cir. 2009). “[W]here the instructions, ‘taken 
No. 16-1741 

United States v. Harris 

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as a whole, fairly and adequately submit the issues and applicable law to the jury,’ our inquiry 

ends, as a defendant cannot be improperly prejudiced by a jury instruction that is warranted by 

the evidence and that accurately states the law.” United States v. Reichert, 747 F.3d 445, 451 

(6th Cir. 2014) (brackets omitted) (quoting United States v. Zidell, 323 F.3d 412, 427 (6th Cir. 

2003)). 

 Following Sixth Circuit Pattern Criminal Jury Instruction 12.04, the district court 

instructed the jury as to the advance knowledge required under Rosemond as follows: 

Jamar Harris intended to aid and abet the crime of Using or Carrying a Firearm 

During and in Relation to a Crime of Violence if he had advance knowledge that 

Lahmal [sic] Bell and/or Major Harris would use or carry a firearm during the 

commission of a crime of violence. Advance knowledge means knowledge at a 

time a defendant can attempt to alter the plan or withdraw from the enterprise. 

Knowledge of the firearm may, but does not have to, exist before the underlying 

crime is begun. It is sufficient if Jamar Harris gained the knowledge in the midst 

of the other crime, as long as—excuse me—in the midst of the underlying crime 

so long as after acquiring the knowledge, Jamar Harris had a realistic opportunity 

to withdraw but instead chose to continue to participate in the crime. You may, 

but need not, infer that Jamar Harris had sufficient foreknowledge if you find that 

Jamar Harris chose to continue his participation in the crime after he knew that 

Lahmal [sic] Bell and/or Major Harris was using or carrying a firearm. 

 

According to the “Use Note” for the pattern instruction, the last two sentences “should be used 

only if the evidence suggests that the defendant gained knowledge of the firearm in the midst of 

the underlying crime.” Harris argues that this language should not have been used because the 

government’s theory during the trial was that he had knowledge of the firearm when he walked 

into the RadioShack. However, the government explicitly made this alternative argument in its 

closing statement. Moreover, because there was evidence to support the theory that Harris 

gained knowledge of the firearm in the midst of the robbery, the district court did not err in 

including that language. 
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United States v. Harris 

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 Harris also contends that this portion of the instruction could have been interpreted as 

requiring the jury to find that he possessed the requisite advance knowledge unless he chose not 

to continue his participation in the robbery and it was unrealistic for him to withdraw, amounting 

to an unconstitutional “burden-shifting presumption or conclusive presumption.” The instruction 

did not require the jury to make such a finding. The district court instructed the jurors that they 

“may, but need not, infer” Harris’s advance knowledge. Such an inference is allowed. See 

Rosemond, 134 S. Ct. at 1250 n.9 (“[T]he jury can permissibly infer from his failure to object or 

withdraw that he had such knowledge.”). Furthermore, the district court instructed the jury that 

the burden of proof remained with the government “from start to finish.” 

 Harris also argues that the district court failed to provide the jury with a definition of 

“crime of violence,” thereby relieving the government of its burden to prove each element of the 

firearm count beyond a reasonable doubt. Harris never asked for an instruction defining “crime 

of violence.” In fact, Harris proposed instructing the jury that “Interfering with Commerce by 

Robbery, Aiding and Abetting, is a crime of violence.” Regardless, whether an offense is a 

“crime of violence” is a legal question for the court, not the jury. United States v. Credit, 

95 F.3d 362, 364 (5th Cir. 1996) (“Our sister circuits have held that, in the context of jury 

charges, the definition of ‘crime of violence’ is a matter of statutory interpretation that is a 

‘purely legal judgment’ for the court. We join these circuits, which have reasoned soundly that 

this is, indeed, a question of law that should not be submitted to the jury.” (internal citations 

omitted)); see United States v. Evans, 699 F.3d 858, 862 (6th Cir. 2012) (recognizing that 

whether an offense qualifies as a “crime of violence” is a legal determination). 

 For these reasons, we AFFIRM Jamar Harris’s firearm conviction.