IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 13-1713

Filed October 15, 2014

JEANNIE SCHLICHTE,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

vs.

WILLIAM SCHLICHTE, Individually

and as Executor of the ESTATE OF

GREGORY SCHLICHTE, DENNIS

SCHLICHTE, JEROME SCHLICHTE,

JOYCE LUDWIGS, and CINDY

BERNER-SCHLICHTE,

Defendants-Appellees.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Plymouth County, Duane E. 

Hoffmeyer, Judge. 

Plaintiff appeals from an adverse summary judgment ruling dismissing her 

fraudulent conveyance action. AFFIRMED.

Jay E. Denne of Munger, Reinschmidt & Denne, L.L.P., Sioux City, and 

Judy L. Freking, of Judy L. Freking, P.C., Le Mars, for appellant.

Michael W. Ellwanger of Rawlings, Ellwanger, Jacobs, Morhauser 

& Nelson, L.L.P., Sioux City, and Craig R. Bauerly of Trotzig & Bauerly, P.L.C., 

Le Mars, for appellees.

Heard by Vaitheswaran, P.J., and Doyle and McDonald, JJ.
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MCDONALD, J.

Jeannie Schlichte filed a fraudulent conveyance action against her father’s 

estate and her siblings, to whom her father transferred certain farmland prior to 

his death. On cross-motions for summary judgment, the district court held 

Jeannie’s fraudulent conveyance action was barred by the statute of limitations

and otherwise failed as a matter of law. After Jeannie’s application for 

interlocutory review of that ruling was denied, Jeannie voluntarily dismissed the 

remaining count of her petition and timely appealed from the final judgment.

I.

In June 2003, Gregory Schlichte, Jeannie’s father, was charged with 

sexual abuse of his seven-year-old granddaughter, Jeannie’s niece. 

Contemporaneously, Jeannie revealed Gregory had sexually abused her during 

a large portion of her life. In January 2004, Gregory pleaded guilty to five counts 

of lascivious acts with a child arising out of his abuse of his granddaughter. 

Gregory was sentenced to a term of imprisonment not to exceed twenty-five 

years. In June 2004, the district court reconsidered Gregory’s sentence and 

placed him on probation. On December 3, 2004, a report of violations was filed 

against Gregory, and on December 28, Gregory’s probation was revoked. In 

June 2005, the district court again reconsidered Gregory’s sentence and placed 

him on five years’ probation. Gregory discharged that probation. He died in 

2010.

After the State had filed its report of violations but prior to the probation 

revocation, Gregory and his wife Alice executed three warranty deeds conveying
3

their farmland in equal shares to their six children, including Jeannie and the 

defendants in this case.

1

 Gregory and Alice retained a life estate in the 

transferred property. Gregory and Alice had other assets after the transfer, 

including receivables from farm rents, cash, a vehicle, personal property, and 

farm equipment. 

In March 2011, Jeannie filed a damages suit against Gregory’s estate 

arising out of Gregory’s alleged abuse of her. The facts and circumstances 

giving rise to that suit are set forth in Schlichte v. Schlichte, No. 12-0506, 2013 

WL 264426 (Iowa Ct. App. Jan. 24, 2013). As relevant here, in that case our 

court held that some of Jeannie’s claims against her father’s estate were barred 

by the statute of limitations or otherwise failed as a matter of law. However, our 

court held that Jeannie could pursue her claims of assault and battery and 

intentional infliction of emotional distress arising out of Gregory’s conduct in the 

two years preceding the filing of that suit. 

In May 2011, shortly after filing her damages suit against Gregory’s estate, 

Jeannie filed this suit. In her petition, Jeannie alleged that the 2004 transfer of 

farmland was done with the actual intent to hinder, delay, and defraud Gregory’s 

creditors. Specifically, Jeannie contended the transfer was made to defraud 

Jeannie and other victims of Gregory’s sex abuse, each of whom might have a 

damages claim against Gregory, as well as the State of Iowa, which might have a 

claim for restitution and costs in the criminal proceedings. 

 

1 One of the children, Kenneth Schlichte, died in May 2006. His wife, Cindy BernerSchlichte, is therefore a defendant.
4

II.

We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment for corrections of 

errors at law. See Boelman v. Grinnell Mut. Reins. Co., 826 N.W.2d 494, 500 

(Iowa 2013). Summary judgment should be granted only “if the pleadings, 

depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the 

affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and 

that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Iowa R. Civ. 

P. 1.981(3). The court views the summary judgment record in the light most 

favorable to the party resisting the motion for summary judgment and “indulge[s]

in every legitimate inference that the evidence will bear in an effort to ascertain 

the existence” of a genuine issue of fact. See Crippen v. City of Cedar Rapids, 

618 N.W.2d 562, 565 (Iowa 2000). If the summary judgment record shows that 

the “resisting party has no evidence to factually support an outcome 

determinative element of that party’s claim, the moving party will prevail on 

summary judgment.” Wilson v. Darr, 553 N.W.2d 579, 582 (Iowa 1996); see 

Iowa R. Civ. P. 1.981(3). In addition, summary judgment is correctly granted 

where the only issue to be decided is what legal consequences follow from 

otherwise undisputed facts. See Emmet Cnty. State Bank v. Reutter, 439 

N.W.2d 651, 653 (Iowa 1989).

A.

We first address the limitations period. Jeannie’s fraudulent transfer claim 

arises under Iowa Code section 684.4(1)(a) (2011) (providing that a “transfer 

made . . . is fraudulent as to a creditor . . . if the debtor made the transfer . . . 
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[w]ith actual intent to hinder, delay, or defraud any creditor . . . .”). This cause of 

action “is extinguished unless . . . brought . . . within five years after the transfer 

was made . . . or, if later, within one year after the transfer . . . was or could 

reasonably have been discovered by the claimant.” Iowa Code § 684.9(1). 

There is no dispute that Jeannie’s claim was brought more than five years after 

the transfer was made. Her claim is thus extinguished unless it was brought 

within one year after the transfer was or could reasonably have been discovered

by Jeannie. 

The summary judgment record establishes that Jeannie had actual 

knowledge of the transfer at the time of transfer. Jeannie admits she knew of the 

transfer, generally. But she contends she did not know the specific details 

regarding the transfer. In her affidavit in the summary judgment record, Jeannie 

attested she “thought that the land was put into a corporation or something.” 

Whether Jeannie believed the land was “put into a corporation or something” is 

not material to the limitations question. See Parish v. Jumpking, Inc., 719 

N.W.2d 540, 543 (Iowa 2006) (“A fact is material if it will affect the outcome of the 

suit, given the applicable law.”). The material fact is Jeannie knew the farmland

was being transferred from Gregory, the alleged debtor, to another. Knowledge 

of the debtor’s transfer of property is all that is required under section 684.9(1).

Further, even if Jeannie did not know the exact nature of the transaction, 

she had inquiry notice to investigate further. “[U]nder the discovery rule, the 

statute of limitations begins to run when the injured party has actual or imputed 

knowledge of the facts that would support a cause of action.” Rieff v. Evans, 630 
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N.W.2d 278, 291 (Iowa 2001). “Knowledge is imputed to a claimant when [s]he 

gains information sufficient to alert a reasonable person of the need to 

investigate. As of that date [s]he is on inquiry notice of all facts that would have 

been disclosed by a reasonably diligent investigation.” K & W Elec., Inc. v. State, 

712 N.W.2d 107, 117 (Iowa 2006). Here, at the time of the transfer, Jeannie 

knew of one sex abuse case involving her father in addition to her own. She also 

knew her father may have costs related to his criminal proceeding. She also 

knew her father and mother transferred assets immediately prior to her father 

being sent to prison for a second time. These facts alone would have put a 

reasonable person on notice. 

Finally, the summary judgment record conclusively establishes Jeannie 

had constructive notice of the transfer. When Gregory and Alice transferred the 

property in December 2004, they recorded the deeds. Recording these 

instruments imparted constructive notice of their contents to Jeannie. See Hay v. 

Denver Sav. Bank, 295 N.W. 176, 179-80 (Iowa 1940) (“It is a rule supported by 

many decisions in this state that if the contents of an instrument reveal the 

existence of fraud, or put any person reading the same on inquiry, the recording 

of such instrument is notice to all the world . . . . It seems to us that anyone with 

ordinary diligence must have discovered the fraud.”); Laird v. Kilbourne, 30 N.W. 

9, 11 (Iowa 1886) (holding fraud is presumed to be discovered when the 

fraudulent conveyance is recorded). The recording of the deeds thus 

commenced the limitations period. See Anderson v. King, 93 N.W.2d 762, 766 

(1958) (“It is settled in this state that due filing and recording of a fraudulent 
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conveyance constitutes notice not only of the conveyance but of its fraudulent 

character.”). Jeannie cites persuasive authority from another jurisdiction holding 

to the contrary. We are not at liberty, however, to ignore controlling authority.

Because Jeannie had actual, inquiry, and constructive notice of the 

transfer at the time it was made in 2004, she was required to bring her suit within 

five years from that date. She did not, and her claim is extinguished. The district 

court did not err in granting the defendants’ motion for summary judgment on this 

ground.

B.

Assuming arguendo that Jeannie’s claim was not untimely filed, the district 

court also did not err in concluding Jeannie’s claim failed as a matter of law. In 

determining whether a transfer was made with the actual intent to hinder, delay, 

or defraud any creditor, we look for certain “badges or indicia of fraud.” Generic 

Farms v. Stensland, 518 N.W.2d 800, 802 (Iowa Ct. App. 1994). Iowa Code 

section 684.4 lists these “badges or indicia of fraud,” which include: 

a. Whether the transfer or obligation was to an insider.

b. Whether the debtor retained possession or control of the 

property transferred after the transfer.

c. Whether the transfer or obligation was disclosed or concealed.

d. Whether, before the transfer was made or obligation was 

incurred, the debtor had been sued or threatened with suit.

e. Whether the transfer was of substantially all the debtor’s assets.

f. Whether the debtor absconded.

g. Whether the debtor removed or concealed assets.

h. Whether the value of the consideration received by the debtor 

was reasonably equivalent to the value of the asset transferred 

or the amount of the obligation incurred.

i. Whether the debtor was insolvent or became insolvent shortly 

after the transfer was made or the obligation was incurred.

j. Whether the transfer occurred shortly before or shortly after a 

substantial debt was incurred.
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k. Whether the debtor transferred the essential assets of the 

business to a lienor who transferred the assets to an insider of 

the debtor.

Iowa Code § 684.4(2)(a)-(k). “While a single badge of fraud may in some 

instances suffice to set aside a transaction, customarily a combination of 

circumstances is necessary to warrant an inference of fraud.” Graham v. Henry, 

456 N.W.2d 364, 366 (Iowa 1990). “The convergence of several badges or 

indices may support an inference of fraud, which grows in strength as the badges 

increase in number.” Textron Fin. Corp. v. Kruger, 545 N.W.2d 880, 883 (Iowa 

Ct. App. 1996). 

Jeannie contends Gregory’s transfer of property to his children, including 

Jeannie, which occurred five days prior to the revocation of Gregory’s probation,

was done with the intent to shield Gregory’s property from his “creditors,” 

including the State of Iowa and Jeannie. The summary judgment record shows 

there are some statutory indicia of fraud implicated here, including:

a. Whether the transfer or obligation was to an insider.

b. Whether the debtor retained possession or control of the 

property transferred after the transfer.

. . . .

h. Whether the value of the consideration received by the debtor 

was reasonably equivalent to the value of the asset transferred or 

the amount of the obligation incurred.

That being stated, we conclude Jeannie has not generated a “genuine” issue of 

fact. See Fees v. Mut. Fire & Auto. Ins. Co., 490 N.W.2d 55, 57 (Iowa 1992) 

(stating an issue of fact is “genuine” if the evidence would allow a reasonable 

person to find for the resisting party). 
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Here, the evidence does not reasonably support a finding that the transfer 

at issue was a fraudulent transfer. The indicia of fraud identified by Jeannie are 

nothing more than indicia of an estate planning transaction, which was the 

identified purpose of the transaction. Gregory and his wife Alice transferred the 

property to their six children for $1.00 of consideration while keeping a life estate. 

This transfer was done openly and with the assistance of counsel. The transfer 

was recorded. Gregory did not become insolvent after the transfer. The fact that 

Alice’s farm property, which was not subject to execution by Gregory’s creditors, 

was also transferred is strong indicia the transfer was not made with the intent to 

hinder, delay, or defraud Gregory’s creditors. Finally, the fact that part of the 

farmland was transferred to Jeannie seems wholly inconsistent with Jeannie’s 

argument that the property was transferred to shield it from Jeannie. 

The district court did not err in concluding Jeannie’s claim failed as a 

matter of law. 

III.

We have considered all the parties’ arguments, whether explicitly 

mentioned herein or not. For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of 

the district court.

AFFIRMED.