J-S65030-14

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

IN THE INTEREST OF: K.S. A/K/A K.A.R., 

A MINOR

IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

PENNSYLVANIA

APPEAL OF: A.R., MOTHER No. 1615 EDA 2014

Appeal from the Decree entered April 29, 2014,

in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County, Family

Court, at No(s): CP-51-AP-0000012-2014, CP-51-DP-00011706-2012, 

FID: 51-FN-001970-2012

BEFORE: PANELLA, OLSON, and PLATT*, JJ.

MEMORANDUM BY OLSON, J.: FILED NOVEMBER 10, 2014

A.R. (“Mother”), appeals from the decree entered on April 29, 2014, 

that granted the petition filed by the Philadelphia County Department of 

Human Services (“DHS”) to involuntarily terminate her parental rights to her 

minor, male child, K.S., a/k/a K.A.R. (“Child”), born in March of 2011, 

pursuant to section 2511(a)(1), (2), (5), (8), and (b) of the Adoption Act, 23 

Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(1), (2), (5), (8), and (b). We affirm.

The trial court ably and adequately set forth the factual background 

and procedural history of this appeal, which we adopt herein. Child was 

placed with his maternal grandmother as his foster parent on July 3, 2012. 

N.T., 4/29/14, at 14. Child was adjudicated dependent on July 13, 2012. 

On January 6, 2014, DHS filed a petition seeking the involuntarily 

termination of Mother’s parental rights to Child, and a petition seeking a 

 

* Retired Senior Judge assigned to Superior Court.
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change in Child’s permanency goal to adoption.1 On April 29, 2014, the trial 

court held a hearing on the petition for the termination of parental rights and 

goal change. 

DHS presented the testimony of Linda McLean, the DHS social worker 

assigned to the case between July of 2012 and February of 2014, N.T., 

4/29/14, at 15, and the testimony of Nessa Williams, an employee for the 

service provider, Women’s Christian Alliance, from September of 2012 until 

April of 2014. Id. at 25, 37. DHS also presented the testimony of Barbara 

Bartley, the social worker assigned to the case on February 20, 2014. Id. at 

48. After the conclusion of the hearing on April 29, 2014, the trial court 

entered the decree terminating Mother’s parental rights.

 

1 The petition also sought the involuntary termination of the parental rights 

of Child’s putative father, C.S., a/k/a C.A.S., to Child. At the hearing on the 

petition, C.S. who was served with the petition, and who resided in 

California, was present via telephone, and had appointed counsel present to 

represent him. N.T., 4/29/14, at 5-6. C.S. adamantly disputed paternity, 

and maintained that he did not know Mother and that she did not know him. 

Id. Counsel for DHS conceded that the individual on the telephone was 

unlikely to be the man that Mother had named as Child’s father. Id. at 6. 

At the hearing, Mother also identified C.W. as the father of Child. Id. at 7-8. 

The trial court discharged the petition against C.S. as Mother never identified 

him as the father of Child, but permitted DHS to proceed against the 

unknown father in the termination action. N.T., 4/29/14, at 8. As the trial 

court reserved the issue of the termination of the unknown father’s parental 

rights pending a petition by DHS, the trial court stated that it would later list 

a termination/goal change hearing. Id. at 51. At the time that the certified 

record was filed with this Court, the trial court had not granted the petition 

with regard to father, and, accordingly, had not changed the permanency 

goal to adoption, although DHS had changed its agency goal for Child to 

adoption.
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On May 28, 2014, Mother timely filed a notice of appeal from the 

decree, along with a concise statement of errors complained of on appeal, 

pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(2)(i) and (b).

In her brief on appeal, Mother raises the following issue: 

Did the [trial court] err in terminating Mother’s parental rights 

and changing [Child’s] goal to adoption where Mother was 

making efforts to meet her family service plan goals, including 

completing parenting classes, attending three (3) months of 

drug and alcohol treatment, and making official supervised and 

informal visits with [Child], where [C]hild knew and was bonded 

to Mother, and where there was not clear and convincing 

evidence that [Child] would not be harmed by the termination of 

Mother’s parental rights? 

Mother’s Brief, at 5.2

In reviewing an appeal from the termination of parental rights, we 

review the appeal in accordance with the following standard.

[A]ppellate courts must apply an abuse of discretion standard 

when considering a trial court’s determination of a petition for 

termination of parental rights. As in dependency cases, our 

standard of review requires an appellate court to accept the 

findings of fact and credibility determinations of the trial court if 

they are supported by the record. In re: R.J.T., 9 A.3d 1179, 

1190 (Pa. 2010). If the factual findings are supported, appellate 

courts review to determine if the trial court made an error of law 

or abused its discretion. Id.; R.I.S., 36 A.3d 567, 572 (Pa. 

2011) (plurality opinion). As has been often stated, an abuse of 

discretion does not result merely because the reviewing court 

might have reached a different conclusion. Id.; see also 

 

2 We observe that Mother changed the language in her brief from that used 

in her concise statement and combined the three issues in the concise 

statement into one, but we find that she sufficiently preserved the issue in 

her brief for our review. See Krebs v. United Refining Company of 

Pennsylvania, 893 A.2d 776, 797 (Pa. Super. 2006) (stating that any issue 

not set forth in or suggested by an appellate brief’s statement of questions 

involved and concise statement is deemed waived).
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Samuel Bassett v. Kia Motors America, Inc., 34 A.3d 1, 51 

(Pa. 2011); Christianson v. Ely, 838 A.2d 630, 634 (Pa. 2003). 

Instead, a decision may be reversed for an abuse of discretion 

only upon demonstration of manifest unreasonableness, 

partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will. Id.

As we discussed in R.J.T., there are clear reasons for applying 

an abuse of discretion standard of review in these cases. We 

observed that, unlike trial courts, appellate courts are not 

equipped to make the fact-specific determinations on a cold 

record, where the trial judges are observing the parties during 

the relevant hearing and often presiding over numerous other 

hearings regarding the child and parents. R.J.T., 9 A.3d at 

1190. Therefore, even where the facts could support an 

opposite result, as is often the case in dependency and 

termination cases, an appellate court must resist the urge to 

second guess the trial court and impose its own credibility 

determinations and judgment; instead we must defer to the trial 

judges so long as the factual findings are supported by the 

record and the court’s legal conclusions are not the result of an 

error of law or an abuse of discretion. In re Adoption of 

Atencio, 650 A.2d 1064, 1066 (Pa. 1994). 

In re Adoption of S.P., 47 A.3d 817, 826-27 (Pa. 2012).

The burden is upon the petitioner to prove by clear and convincing 

evidence that the asserted grounds for seeking the termination of parental 

rights are valid. In re R.N.J., 985 A.2d 273, 276 (Pa. Super. 2009).

Moreover, we have explained:

[t]he standard of clear and convincing evidence is defined as 

testimony that is so “clear, direct, weighty and convincing as to 

enable the trier of fact to come to a clear conviction, without 

hesitance, of the truth of the precise facts in issue.” 

Id. quoting In re J.L.C., 837 A.2d 1247, 1251 (Pa. Super. 2003).

This Court may affirm the trial court’s decision regarding the 

termination of parental rights with regard to any one subsection of section 
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2511(a). See In re B.L.W., 843 A.2d 380, 384 (Pa. Super. 2004) (en 

banc). Here, we will focus on section 2511(a)(2).

Section 2511 provides, in relevant part, as follows:

§ 2511. Grounds for involuntary termination

(a) General rule.─The rights of a parent in regard to a child 

may be terminated after a petition filed on any of the following 

grounds:

* * *

(2) The repeated and continued incapacity, abuse, 

neglect or refusal of the parent has caused the child to be 

without essential parental care, control or subsistence 

necessary for his physical or mental well-being and the 

conditions and causes of the incapacity, abuse, neglect or 

refusal cannot or will not be remedied by the parent.

* * *

(b) Other considerations.─The court in terminating the rights 

of a parent shall give primary consideration to the 

developmental, physical and emotional needs and welfare of the 

child. The rights of a parent shall not be terminated solely on 

the basis of environmental factors such as inadequate housing, 

furnishings, income, clothing and medical care if found to be 

beyond the control of the parent. With respect to any petition 

filed pursuant to subsection (a)(1), (6) or (8), the court shall not 

consider any efforts by the parent to remedy the conditions 

described therein which are first initiated subsequent to the

giving of notice of the filing of the petition.

23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511.

We have stated:

In order to terminate parental rights pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.A. 

§ 2511(a)(2), the following three elements must be met: (1) 

repeated and continued incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal; (2) 

such incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal has caused the child to 

be without essential parental care, control or subsistence 
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necessary for his physical or mental well-being; and (3) the 

causes of the incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal cannot or will 

not be remedied.

In re Adoption of M.E.P., 825 A.2d 1266, 1272 (Pa. Super. 2003) 

(citations omitted).

The trial court found clear and convincing evidence in the record of 

Mother’s ongoing unwillingness to provide care or control for Child or to 

perform any parental duties, and her failure to remedy the conditions that 

brought Child into care. Trial Court Opinion, 6/27/14, at 10, 14. Further, 

the trial court found that Mother would not be able to provide adequate care 

for Child in the foreseeable future. Id. at 12-13. Moreover, the trial court 

found that the termination of Mother’s parental rights would be in Child’s 

best interests. Id. at 10, 12-14.

With regard to section 2511(a)(2), Mother contends that she visited 

with Child at least sixteen times through both formal supervised visitation at 

Women’s Christian Alliance and DHS’s office, and informal visits at the home 

of Child’s maternal grandmother. Mother also asserted that she attended 

three months of inpatient drug and alcohol treatment, satisfied her Family 

Service Plan (“FSP”) goal of completing parenting classes, has been visiting 

with Child, and is working on achieving other listed goals. Mother alleged 

that she took these actions to remedy the causes of Child’s placement so 

that Mother may eventually reunite with Child. She urges that the 
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termination of her parental rights under section 2511(a)(2) is against the 

weight of the evidence. See Mother’s Brief, at 9.

Our Supreme Court set forth our inquiry under section 2511(a)(2) as 

follows.

As stated above, § 2511(a)(2) provides statutory grounds for 

termination of parental rights where it is demonstrated by clear 

and convincing evidence that “[t]he repeated and continued 

incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal of the parent has caused 

the child to be without essential parental care, control or 

subsistence necessary for his physical or mental well-being and 

the conditions and causes of the incapacity, abuse, neglect or 

refusal cannot or will not be remedied by the parent.”[].

Th[e Supreme] Court has addressed incapacity sufficient for 

termination under § 2511(a)(2): 

A decision to terminate parental rights, never to be made 

lightly or without a sense of compassion for the parent, 

can seldom be more difficult than when termination is 

based upon parental incapacity. The legislature, 

however, in enacting the 1970 Adoption Act, concluded 

that a parent who is incapable of performing parental 

duties is just as parentally unfit as one who refuses to 

perform the duties. 

In re Adoption of J.J., 515 A.2d 883, 891 (Pa. 1986) (quoting

In re: William L., 383 A.2d 1228, 1239 (Pa. 1978)). 

In re Adoption of S.P., 47 A.3d at 827.

After a careful review of the record, we find no merit to Mother’s 

argument. This Court has stated that a parent is required to make diligent 

efforts towards the reasonably prompt assumption of full parental 

responsibilities. In re A.L.D. 797 A.2d 326, 337 (Pa. Super. 2002). A 

parent’s vow to cooperate, after a long period of uncooperativeness 
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regarding the necessity or availability of services, may properly be rejected 

as untimely or disingenuous. Id. at 340. We adopt the trial court’s 

discussion, analysis, and disposition of section 2511(a)(2) as this Court’s 

own. See Trial Court Opinion, at 10-12 (finding that while Mother complied 

with parenting objectives of her FSP, she failed to meet the housing, drug 

and alcohol treatment, and visitation objectives of her plan). We find that 

there was clear and convincing, competent evidence that Mother did not 

remedy the conditions that caused Child to come into care, and has been, 

and continues to be, unable to provide proper care for Child, warranting the 

involuntary termination of Mother’s parental rights pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.A. 

§ 2511(a)(2). See In re Adoption of S.P., 47 A.3d at 826-27. 

As we have determined that the requirements of section 2511(a) have 

been satisfied, we now proceed to review whether the requirements of 

subsection (b) have been met. See In re Adoption of C.L.G., 956 A.2d 

999, 1009 (Pa. Super. 2008) (en banc). This Court has stated that the focus 

in terminating parental rights under section 2511(a) is on the parent, but it 

is on the child pursuant to section 2511(b). Id. at 1008.

With regard to section 2511(b), Mother argues that the trial court 

improperly concluded that Child would not suffer irreparable harm if Mother’s 

parental rights were terminated, based on the testimony of Ms. McLean and 

Ms. Williams relating to Child’s bond with his foster parent, his maternal 

grandmother. Id. at 12. Mother contends that it is inappropriate to draw a 
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conclusion that Child would not suffer irreparable harm if Mother’s parental 

rights were terminated simply from the fact that she is incapable of 

parenting Child. Id. at 13.

In reviewing the evidence in support of termination under section 

2511(b), our Supreme Court recently stated as follows.

[I]f the grounds for termination under subsection (a) are met, a 

court “shall give primary consideration to the developmental, 

physical and emotional needs and welfare of the child.” 23 

Pa.C.S. § 2511(b). The emotional needs and welfare of the child 

have been properly interpreted to include “[i]ntangibles such as 

love, comfort, security, and stability.” In re K.M., 53 A.3d 781, 

791 (Pa. Super. 2012). In In re E.M., [620 A.2d 481, 485 (Pa. 

1993)], this Court held that the determination of the child’s 

“needs and welfare” requires consideration of the emotional 

bonds between the parent and child. The “utmost attention” 

should be paid to discerning the effect on the child of 

permanently severing the parental bond. In re K.M., 53 A.3d at 

791.

In re: T.S.M., 71 A.3d 251, 267 (2013).

As to the bond analysis, we have stated that, in conducting a bonding 

analysis, the court is not required to use expert testimony, but may rely on 

the testimony of social workers and caseworkers. In re Z.P., 994 A.2d 

1108, 1121 (Pa. Super. 2010). This Court has also observed that no bond 

worth preserving is formed between a child and a natural parent where the 

child has been in foster care for most of the child’s life, and the resulting 

bond with the natural parent is attenuated. In re K.Z.S., 946 A.2d 753, 

764 (Pa. Super. 2008).
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Here, Mother failed to “exhibit [the] bilateral relationship which 

emanates from the parent[’s] willingness to learn appropriate parenting. . . 

.” In re K.K.R.S., 958 A.2d 529, 534 (Pa. Super. 2008). The trial court 

found, from the testimony of Ms. McLean (of DHS), that Mother, because of 

her absence from Child’s life for the past two years and Child’s placement 

with his maternal grandmother as his foster parent, did not put herself in a 

position to develop a real bond with Child. Trial Court Opinion, 6/27/14, at 

12; see In re J.L.C., 837 A.2d 1247, 1249 (Pa. Super. 2003). 

Additionally, as part of its bonding analysis, the trial court 

appropriately examined Child’s relationship with his foster parent. While Ms. 

McLean acknowledged on cross-examination by Mother’s counsel that Child 

does recognize Mother, and Ms. Williams stated on direct examination by 

DHS’s counsel and on cross-examination by Mother’s counsel that there is a 

bond between Child and Mother, our Supreme Court has held that not all 

bonds are worth maintaining. N.T., 4/29/14, at 34, 38, 48; see In re: 

T.S.M., 71 A.3d at 267-268 (stating that existence of a bond attachment of 

a child to a parent will not necessarily result in the denial of a termination 

petition, and the court must consider whether the child has a bond with the 

foster parents). In rendering its decision, the trial court considered that 

Child’s maternal grandmother is a pre-adoptive foster parent. N.T., 

4/29/14, at 23, 41, 51. After considering Child’s relationship with Mother 

and his foster parent, the trial court concluded that the termination of 
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Mother’s parental rights would not have a detrimental effect on Child, and 

would be in his best interest. Trial Court Opinion, 6/27/14, at 12-14.

Since there is competent evidence in the record that supports the trial 

court’s credibility and weight assessments regarding Child’s needs and 

welfare, and the absence of any bond with Mother that, if severed, would 

cause Child to suffer irreparable harm, we conclude that the trial court did 

not abuse its discretion in finding competent evidence to support the 

termination of Mother’s parental rights under section 2511(b). See In re 

Adoption of S.P., 47 A.3d at 826-27. Accordingly, we affirm the decree 

terminating Mother’s parental rights to Child for the reasons set forth in the 

trial court’s opinion filed on June 27, 2014. As we have adopted the trial 

court’s section 2511 (a)(2) discussion, analysis and disposition as our own, 

the parties are directed to attach a copy of the trial court’s June 27, 2014 

opinion to any future filings made in this Court.

Decree affirmed. 

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 11/10/2014
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