# Patent

## Title
Flow management and CO2-recovery apparatus and method of use

## Abstract

An apparatus and method for flow management and CO2-recovery from a CO2 containing hydrocarbon flow stream, such as a post CO2-stimulation flowback stream. The apparatus including a flow control zone, a gas separation zone, a pretreatment zone, and a CO2-capture zone. The CO2-capture zone is in fluid communication with the pretreatment zone to provide CO2-capture from a pretreated flowback gas stream and output a captured CO2-flow stream. The CO2-capture zone includes a flow splitter to direct a first portion of the pretreated flowback gas stream to a CO2-enricher to provide an enriched CO2-stream for mixing with a second portion of the pretreated flowback gas to form a mixed stream. The CO2-capture zone further includes at least one condenser to output the captured CO2-flow stream.

## Background
BACKGROUND
Embodiments disclosed herein relate generally to an apparatus and method of flow management and CO2-recovery from a CO2 containing hydrocarbon flow stream.
Hydraulic fracturing, commonly known as hydro fracturing, or simply fracturing, is a technique used to release petroleum, natural gas or other substances for extraction from underground reservoir rock formations. A wellbore is drilled into the reservoir rock formation, and a treatment fluid is pumped which causes fractures and allows for the release of trapped substances produced from these subterranean natural reservoirs. Current wellhead fracturing systems utilize a process wherein a slurry of fracturing fluid and proppant (e.g. sand) is created and then pumped into the well at high pressure. When water-based fracturing fluids are used, a process referred to as hydro fracturing, the proppant, water and appropriate chemicals can be mixed at atmospheric pressure and then pumped up to a higher pressure for injection into the well. However, if fluids other than water (e.g. liquid CO2 or liquid propane) are used as the fracturing fluid, then these fluids must be kept at a sufficient pressure throughout the hydraulic fracturing system to avoid undesired vaporization. As a result, the blending of these fluids with proppant, chemicals, etc. must also be accomplished while the fluids are kept under a sufficiently high pressure.
CO2-fracturing employs CO2 to replace a significant portion, if not all of the water used in conventional hydrofracturing. The advantage of using CO2 is improved hydrocarbon production through reduced damage to the formation and proppant pack. Additionally, the environmental problems associated with hydrofracturing, such as soil contamination due to top-side fluid spills and use of clean drinking water sources are greatly reduced. Yet several factors limit commercial application. Such factors include cost of CO2, availability of CO2, flaring of CO2-rich hydrocarbon gases and effective proppant transport to name a few. CO2 as a fracturing fluid must be injected at the well site as a supercritical liquid. Typically, CO2-fracturing operations provide that the CO2 utilized for well stimulation is delivered from an external source, stored on site and blended with proppant under pressure.
Wellpad operations after stimulation are typically characterized in two distinct periods: a flowback period and a production period. The flowback period typically lasts between 2 to 4 days. During this period, operations at the well-pad may entail different steps such as millout of the plugs that isolate the various stages in a horizontal well, cleanout of the well-bore of the sand or other solid material, installation of production tubing, etc. The flow from the well during this period is a mix of sand/water/oil/gas and “trash” from the milling out of the plugs. In addition, the flow exhibits high variability in flowrates and compositions including starts/stops as required, accomplishing various tasks in each of the steps.
Subsequent to the flowback period, the responsibility is transferred to the production crew. During the production period, the flow is typically only oil/water/gas with very small amounts of sand, if any, and stable flowrates relative to the flowback period. The pressures during the flowback period are also higher (between 1000 to 2000 psig) compared to those of the production period. More specifically, during the production period pressures are high, typically between 750-1000 psig, and gradually decline over time depending on the well configuration. The flowrates are also relatively stable during this production period as they are mainly dependent only on the well conditions.
After CO2-stimulation, the flowback from a well during the flowback period is characterized by highly variable flowrates and compositions that change significantly over a period of days, e.g. gas flowrates changing from 10-15 million standard cubic feet per day (MMSCFD) to <2MMSCFD while CO2-concentrations change from approximately 100% to 40% over a period of 2 to 4 days. Typically, the CO2-rich flowback during this phase of operations is vented or flared because of the difficulties in designing a process that can keep up with the high variability in the flowrates and gas compositions over a period of 2 of 4 days.
During the production period, which may be from several months to several years, the gas flow rate and CO2-concentration would depend on when the flowback period was terminated and the operating conditions (tubing diameter, pressure, choke strategy) employed. The amount of CO2 in the flowback during the production period from a recovery perspective may be significant only for the first 30 days or so. The gas flowrates during this period would depend on the reservoir characteristics, the CO2-stimulation conditions, the extent of flowback handling during the flowback period, and the flow conditions during the production period. For example, the gas flowrates may change from 2-5 MMSCFD to 1-2 MMSCFD while the CO2-concentrations may change from 70% to 5%. After that initial period, the CO2 present above the sales or pipeline specifications is a nuisance that requires clean up to meet specifications.
Accordingly, there is a need for an improved flow management and CO2-capture system that provides for optimal recovery of CO2 from a CO2 containing hydrocarbon flow stream, such as a post CO2-stimulation flowback, for reuse. Optimal recovery of the CO2 is sought at desired specifications in keeping with equipment costs, footprint occupied at the wellpad, ease of commission, use, decommission and emission compliance.
BRIEF SUMMARY
These and other shortcomings of the prior art are addressed by the present disclosure, which provides an apparatus and method of recovering CO2 from a CO2 containing hydrocarbon flow stream, such as a flowback after well-stimulation with CO2-rich fluids.
In accordance with an embodiment, provided is an apparatus for flow management and CO2-recovery of a CO2 containing hydrocarbon flow stream. The apparatus including a flow control zone, a gas separation zone, a pretreatment zone and a CO2-capture zone. The flow control zone is in fluid communication with the CO2 containing hydrocarbon flow stream to provide control of a flowrate of the CO2 containing hydrocarbon flow stream and output a modified CO2 containing hydrocarbon flow stream. The gas separation zone is in fluid communication with the modified CO2 containing hydrocarbon flow stream to provide separation of a gas from the modified CO2 containing hydrocarbon flow stream and output a CO2 containing hydrocarbon process stream. The pretreatment zone is in fluid communication with the gas separation zone to provide removal of one or more of trace solids, aerogels, oil, hydrogen sulfides, water and non-gas liquids from the CO2 containing hydrocarbon process stream and output a pretreated gas stream. The CO2-capture zone is in fluid communication with the pretreatment zone to provide CO2-capture from the pretreated flowback gas stream and output a captured CO2-flow stream. The CO2-capture zone including a flow splitter to direct a second portion of the pretreated flowback gas stream to a CO2-enricher to provide an enriched CO2-stream for mixing with a first portion of the pretreated flowback gas stream to form a mixed gas stream, the CO2-capture zone further including at least one condenser to output the captured CO2-flow stream.
In accordance with another embodiment, provided is an apparatus for flowback management and CO2-recovery of a post CO2-stimulation flowback stream. The apparatus including a flow control zone, a gas separation zone, a pretreatment zone and a CO2-capture zone. The flow control zone is in fluid communication with the post CO2-stimulation flowback stream to provide control of a flowrate of the post CO2-stimulation flowback stream and output a modified flowback stream. The gas separation zone is in fluid communication with the modified flowback stream to provide separation of a gas from the modified flowback and output a flowback process stream. The pretreatment zone is in fluid communication with the gas separation zone to provide removal of one or more of trace solids, aerogels, oil, hydrogen sulfides, water and non-gas liquids from the flowback process stream and output a pretreated flowback gas stream. The CO2-capture zone is in fluid communication with the pretreatment zone to provide CO2-capture from the pretreated flowback gas stream and output a captured CO2-flow stream, the CO2-capture zone including a flow splitter to direct a first portion of the pretreated flowback gas stream to a CO2-enricher to provide an enriched CO2-stream for mixing with a second portion of the pretreated flowback gas to form a mixed gas stream, the CO2-capture zone further including at least one condenser to output the captured CO2-flow stream.
In accordance with another embodiment, provided is an apparatus for flowback management and CO2-recovery of a post CO2-stimulation flowback stream. The apparatus including a flowback processing unit, a pretreatment unit and a flow splitter. The flowback processing unit is configured to receive and process post CO2-stimulation flowback stream and output a flowback stream at desired pressure and temperature. The pretreatment unit is configured to receive and remove contaminants from the flowback stream and output a pretreated flowback stream. The flow splitter is in fluid communication with the pretreatment unit to direct a first portion of the pretreated flowback stream to a condenser and a second portion of the pretreated flowback stream to a CO2-enricher to output an enriched CO2 flow stream to mix with the first portion of the pretreated flowback stream and output from the condenser a captured CO2 flow stream.
In accordance with yet another embodiment, provided is a method of flowback management and CO2-recovery of a post CO2-stimulation flowback stream. The method including processing post CO2-stimulation flowback stream to yield a processed flowback stream at a desired pressure and temperature, pretreating the processed flowback stream to remove one or more contaminants and output a pretreated flowback stream, directing a first portion of the pretreated flowback stream to a condenser and directing a second portion of the pretreated flowback stream to a CO2-enricher, the CO2-enricher outputting an enriched CO2-flow stream to mix with the first portion of the pretreated flowback stream and provide a captured CO2-flow stream and transferring the captured CO2-flow stream as a CO2-product stream for product end use.
Other objects and advantages of the present disclosure will become apparent upon reading the following detailed description and the appended claims with reference to the accompanying drawings.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
The above and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present disclosure will become better understood when the following detailed description is read with reference to the accompanying drawings in which like characters represent like parts throughout the drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an apparatus for flowback management and CO2-recovery of a post CO2-stimulation flowback stream, in accordance with one or more embodiments shown or described herein;
FIG. 2 is a further detailed schematic diagram of a portion of the apparatus of FIG. 1, in accordance with one or more embodiments shown or described herein;
FIG. 3 is a further detailed schematic diagram of a portion of the apparatus of FIG. 1, in accordance with one or more embodiments shown or described herein;
FIG. 4A is a detailed schematic diagram of an apparatus for flowback management and CO2-recovery of a high pressure post CO2-stimulation flowback stream, in accordance with one or more embodiments shown or described herein;
FIG. 4B is a continuation of the diagram of FIG. 4A illustrating an apparatus for flowback management and CO2-recovery of a high pressure post CO2-stimulation flowback stream, in accordance with one or more embodiments shown or described herein;
FIG. 5 is a graphical representation illustrating the gas flowrates as a function of time, in accordance with one or more embodiments shown or described herein;
FIG. 6A is a detailed schematic diagram of an apparatus for flowback management and CO2-recovery of a low pressure post CO2-stimulation flowback stream, in accordance with one or more embodiments shown or described herein;
FIG. 6B is a continuation of the diagram of FIG. 6A illustrating an apparatus for flowback management and CO2-recovery of a low pressure post CO2-stimulation flowback stream, in accordance with one or more embodiments shown or described herein;
FIG. 7A is a detailed schematic diagram of an apparatus for flowback management and CO2-recovery of a post CO2-stimulation flowback stream including NGL recovery, in accordance with one or more embodiments shown or described herein;
FIG. 7B is a continuation of the diagram of FIG. 7A illustrating an apparatus for flowback management and CO2-recovery of a post CO2-stimulation flowback stream including NGL recovery, in accordance with one or more embodiments shown or described herein;
FIG. 8 is a detailed schematic diagram of a NGL recovery component for use in a flowback management and CO2-recovery apparatus, in accordance with one or more embodiments shown or described herein;
FIG. 9 is a further detailed schematic diagram illustrating an implementation of the apparatus for flowback management and CO2-recovery of FIG. 4, in accordance with one or more embodiments shown or described herein;
FIG. 10 is a further detailed schematic diagram illustrating an alternate implementation of the apparatus for flowback management and CO2-recovery of FIG. 4, in accordance with one or more embodiments shown or described herein;
FIG. 11 is a further detailed schematic diagram illustrating an alternate implementation of the apparatus for flowback management and CO2-recovery of FIG. 4, in accordance with one or more embodiments shown or described herein;
FIG. 12 is a further detailed schematic diagram illustrating an alternate implementation of the apparatus for flowback management and CO2-recovery of FIG. 4, in accordance with one or more embodiments shown or described herein;
FIG. 13 is a further detailed schematic diagram of a modified apparatus for the implementation of FIG. 10, in accordance with one or more embodiments shown or described herein;
FIG. 14 is a detailed schematic diagram of a modified apparatus for the implementation of FIG. 11 including parallel CO2-capture zones, in accordance with one or more embodiments shown or described herein;
FIG. 15 is a detailed schematic diagram of a modified apparatus for the implementation of FIG. 9 including high pressure stabilization, in accordance with one or more embodiments shown or described herein;
FIG. 16 is a detailed schematic diagram of a modified apparatus for the implementation of FIG. 9 including high pressure stabilization of a membrane permeate, in accordance with one or more embodiments shown or described herein;
FIG. 17 is a detailed schematic diagram of a modified apparatus for the implementation of FIG. 9 without additional CO2-purification, in accordance with one or more embodiments shown or described herein;
FIG. 18 is a detailed schematic diagram of a modified apparatus for the implementation of FIG. 6, in accordance with one or more embodiments shown or described herein;
FIG. 19 is a detailed schematic diagram illustrating an alternate implementation of the apparatus for flowback management and CO2-recovery configured for the production phase of operation, in accordance with one or more embodiments shown or described herein;
FIG. 20 is a table documenting the effect of flow splitter strategy for flowback management on the CO2-product purity and recovery for Case Studies 1-8, in accordance with one or more embodiments shown or described herein;
FIG. 21 is a graphical representation of the effect of flow splitter strategy on the CO2-product purity and recovery for Case Studies 1-4, in accordance with one or more embodiments shown or described herein;
FIG. 22 is a is a graphical representation of the effect of flow splitter strategy on the CO2-product purity, and in particular the CO2 concentration as a percentage of the CO2-product for Case Studies 1-4, in accordance with one or more embodiments shown or described herein;
FIG. 23 is a is a graphical representation of the effect of flow splitter strategy on the CO2-product purity, and in particular the C4+ concentration as a percentage in the CO2-product for Case Studies 1-4, in accordance with one or more embodiments shown or described herein;
FIG. 24 is a is a graphical representation of the effect of flow splitter strategy on the CO2-recovery, and in particular the CO2 recovery as a percentage of the flowback over the flowback period for Case Studies 1-4, in accordance with one or more embodiments shown or described herein;
FIG. 25 is a is a graphical representation of the effect of flow splitter strategy on the CO2-product recover, and in particular the CO2-product recovery rate in tons per day over the flowback period for Case Studies 1-4, in accordance with one or more embodiments shown or described herein;
FIG. 26 is a is a graphical representation of the effect of flow splitter strategy on the CO2-product recovery, and in particular the CO2-product output in tons over the flowback period for Case Studies 1-4, in accordance with one or more embodiments shown or described herein;
FIG. 27 is a graphical representation of the effect of flow splitter strategy on the CO2-product purity and recovery for Case Studies 5-8, in accordance with one or more embodiments shown or described herein;
FIG. 28 is a is a graphical representation of the effect of flow splitter strategy on the CO2-product purity, and in particular the CO2 concentration as a percentage of the CO2-product for Case Studies 5-8, in accordance with one or more embodiments shown or described herein;
FIG. 29 is a is a graphical representation of the effect of flow splitter strategy on the CO2-product purity, and in particular the C4+ concentration as a percentage in the CO2-product for Case Studies 5-8, in accordance with one or more embodiments shown or described herein;
FIG. 30 is a is a graphical representation of the effect of flow splitter strategy on the CO2-recovery, and in particular the CO2 recovery as a percentage of the flowback over the flowback period for Case Studies 5-8, in accordance with one or more embodiments shown or described herein;
FIG. 31 is a is a graphical representation of the effect of flow splitter strategy on the CO2-product recover, and in particular the CO2-product recovery rate in tons per day over the flowback period for Case Studies 5-8, in accordance with one or more embodiments shown or described herein; and
FIG. 32 is a is a graphical representation of the effect of flow splitter strategy on the CO2-product recovery, and in particular the CO2-product output in tons over the flowback period for Case Studies 5-8, in accordance with one or more embodiments shown or described herein.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
This disclosure will be described for the purposes of illustration only in connection with certain embodiments; however, it is to be understood that other objects and advantages of the present disclosure will be made apparent by the following description of the drawings according to the disclosure. While preferred embodiments are disclosed, they are not intended to be limiting. Rather, the general principles set forth herein are considered to be merely illustrative of the scope of the present disclosure and it is to be further understood that numerous changes may be made without straying from the scope of the present disclosure.
Preferred embodiments of the present disclosure are illustrated in the figures with like numerals being used to refer to like and corresponding parts of the various drawings. It is also understood that terms such as “top”, “bottom”, “outward”, “inward”, and the like are words of convenience and are not to be construed as limiting terms. It is to be noted that the terms “first,” “second,” and the like, as used herein do not denote any order, quantity, or importance, but rather are used to distinguish one element from another. The terms “a” and “an” do not denote a limitation of quantity, but rather denote the presence of at least one of the referenced item. The modifier “about” and “approximately” used in connection with a quantity is inclusive of the stated value and has the meaning dictated by the context (e.g., includes the degree of error associated with measurement of the particular quantity).
Referring to the drawings wherein, as previously stated, identical reference numerals denote the same elements throughout the various views, FIG. 1 depicts in a simplified block diagram, elements of an apparatus for flow management and CO2-recovery 10 including CO2-recapture, according to an embodiment. More particularly, the apparatus 10 provides flowback management and a means for recovering CO2 from a flowback after well-stimulation with CO2-rich fluids. The apparatus 10 includes a flow control zone 100 in fluid communication with a post CO2-stimulation flowback stream 12 (also referred to herein as a flowback stream 12), a gas separation zone 200 in fluid communication with the flow control zone 100, a pretreatment zone 900 in fluid communication with the gas separation zone 200, a CO2-capture zone 300 in fluid communication with the pretreatment zone 900, a gas cleanup zone 400 in fluid communication with the capture zone 300, an optional CO2-storage zone 700 in fluid communication with the CO2-capture zone 300, a CO2-purification zone 500 in fluid communication with at least one of the CO2-capture zone 300 and the CO2-storage zone 700, and a CO2-transfer zone 600 in fluid communication with at least one of the CO2-storage zone 700 and the CO2-purification zone 500 to provide transfer of a CO2-product stream 14 for product end use. An optional natural gas liquid (NGL) recovery zone 800 may further be included in fluid communication with the pretreatment zone 900.
The flowback stream 12 from stimulations based on CO2-rich fluids is highly dependent on the reservoir, the amount of CO2 used for stimulation, the operating conditions during the CO2-stimulation and the flowback conditions. In effect, the rate and composition of the flowback stream 12 will vary between wells with time. The flowback management strategy disclosed herein provides for optimization of the CO2-recovery on a continual basis during the flowback period or the production period. More particularly, the flowback management and CO2-recovery apparatus 10 disclosed herein provides a means to respond to changes in the flowrate in order to control the CO2-recovery process operating conditions to yield CO2-purity within a desired range.
As previously stated, the flowback stream 12 from stimulations based on CO2-rich fluids is characterized by very high initial gas flowrate that contains very high concentrations of CO2 and a rapid decline in CO2 flowrates within a few days of flowback. The disclosed apparatus and method address this change in flowrate and render the CO2-product stream 14 for reuse in the oil and gas industry, e.g. for reuse in subsequent fracturing operations and CO2-based enhanced oil recovery (EOR).
As previously alluded to, current industrial practice provides when the percentage of CO2 is high (e.g. >80% CO2), the gas is vented or flared with hydrocarbon fuel added to ensure combustion and when the percentage of CO2 is between 50% and 80% the gas may be flared directly and when CO2-concentration is <50% but still higher than the pipeline-quality (e.g.  ̃2-5%), the gas is either flared or sent for gas-cleanup (e.g. gas-permeation membrane selective to CO2-permeation) to make pipeline-quality natural gas. In either case, the CO2 in the flowback stream 12 is not recovered for reuse. The disclosure contained herein addresses CO2-capture from a post-stimulation flowback, and more particularly, the changes in flowrate and composition of the flowback stream in terms of: (i) flowback management and control systems to manage transients; (ii) CO2-capture, by providing optimal recovery of CO2 from the flowback stream based on capital expenditures (CAPEX), operating expenditures (OPEX), a footprint occupied at the wellpad, utilities (power, refrigeration), ease of commission/use/de-commission, operability at well-site, emissions regulations, and value of the recovered CO2 from the flowback stream; (iii) CO2-purification to render a CO2-product that meets reuse needs as well as intermediate transport and storage needs; and (iv) changing process configurations amenable to changing field conditions, e.g. flowback crew operations vs. production crew operations.
Referring more specifically to FIGS. 2 and 3, illustrated are further detailed schematic diagrams of the apparatus of FIG. 1. More particularly, further illustrated are each individual zone as it relates to the overall apparatus 10. Referring to FIG. 2, a flowback stream 12 from a wellhead 18 is initially input to the flow control zone 100. In the flow control zone 100, the flowrate F of the flowback stream 12 is controlled as it is output toward the downstream zones to undergo the CO2-capture process. In an embodiment, during flowback crew operations, “trash”, such as the large particles obtained during the millout of the plugs isolating the fracturing stages, is removed from the flowback stream 12, via a separator 102 and collected in a collector 106. During production crew operation there is no trash collector as there is no trash or for that matter no, or minimal, sand anticipated in the flowback stream 12. A choke valve 108 provides for control of the flowback stream 12. More specifically, in an embodiment the choke valve 108 may provide a decrease in the wellhead pressure (P_wh) to a desired flowback pressure (P_F). The flowback stream 12 is output from the flow control zone 100 as a modified flowback stream 13 and enters the gas separation zone 200.
In the gas separation zone 200, the gas portion of the modified flowback stream 13 is further controlled prior to reaching the pretreatment zone 900 and CO2-capture zone 300. More particularly, the gas portion of the modified flowback stream 13 is separated from oil 20 and water 22 contained in the modified flowback stream 13 and if present, sand 24 at a maximum possible pressure (P_H) (e.g. 700 to <1050 psi) in a high pressure gas separator 201 depending on the wellhead pressure and choking constraints. Additional separation of the modified flowback stream 13 components may take place in a medium pressure (P_M) gas separator 202 and in a low pressure (P_L) gas separator 203. It is noted that the pressure (P) of the modified flowback stream 13 is less than the critical pressure of CO2 (P<Pc of CO2 (1050 psi)). In an embodiment, the medium pressure gas separator 202 operates at a P_M in range of 300 to 700 psi. In an embodiment, the low pressure gas separator 203 serves to further degas the oil 20 and water 22 to recover residual gases and operates at a P_L ̃atmospheric pressure (e.g. <100 psi). Next, an output gas stream 26 from each of the gas separators 201, 202 and 203 is compressed to a desired pressure (P_CC) in a high pressure gas compressor 211, a medium pressure gas compressor 212 and a low pressure gas compressor 213, respectively. It is noted that in an embodiment, no compressor(s) may be required if the pressure of the output gas stream 26 is high enough to enter the pretreatment zone 900 and eventually the CO2-capture zone 300. A set value for the P_CC could range between 300 to 900 psi depending on design condition in the downstream CO2-capture zone 300. More specifically, as illustrated, an output gas stream 26 from the high pressure gas separator 201 is compressed in the high pressure gas compressor 211. An output gas stream 26 from the medium pressure gas separator 202 is compressed in the medium pressure gas compressor 212 and subsequently in the high pressure compressor 211. An output gas stream 26 from the low pressure gas separator 202 is compressed in the low pressure gas compressor 212 and subsequently in the medium pressure gas compressor 212 and the high pressure compressor 211. Optionally, the output gas stream 26 from the low pressure gas separator 203, or a portion thereof, may not be compressed in the low pressure compressor 213 and subsequently directed to the CO2-capture zone 300 for CO2-recovery, but instead sent either to flare or for power generation, generally referenced 54. In an embodiment the oil 20 and water 22 streams may be isolated in the medium pressure gas separator 202 and the final degassing of the oil 20 and water 22 streams may happen in separate vessels or same vessel in the low pressure gas separator 203. In an embodiment, the output gas streams 26 fed to the compressors 211, 212 and 213 undergoes pretreatment that includes filtration for trace solids and aerogels and coalescers to avoid carryover of produced water 22 and oil 20 to the compressors 211, 212 and 213. A flowback process stream 28 is output from the gas separation zone 200 and enters the pretreatment zone 900, as best illustrated in FIG. 3.
Referring now to FIG. 3, the pretreatment zone 900 provides for the removal of trace solids, aerogels, oil, H2S and water from the flowback process stream 28 to meet CO2-product specifications. To provide such, the pretreatment zone 900 includes a dehydrator 901 that is configured to respond to target CO2-product specifications. For example, liquid CO2 at 350 psi and −10° F. would require dehydration to <2 ppmv water in the flowback process stream 28 in the dehydrator 901. However, dense CO2 at 2,000 psi and 70° F. would require less dehydration to 100 ppmv water in the flowback process stream 28 in the dehydrator 901. It should be understood that throughout this disclosure the target CO2-product specifications may be in terms of % CO2 or in terms of undesired components in the CO2-product, for example, volatiles (Cl, N2), or benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) or H2S.
Dehydration in the pretreatment zone 900 may be accomplished via use of one or more of: (a) molecular sieve beds; (b) H2O-selective gas permeation membranes with polishing removal using molecular sieve beds, if necessary; and/or (c) dessicant beds, such as calcium chloride (CaCl2), lithium chloride (LiCl), etc. followed by molecular sieve beds for deep dehydration, if necessary. Schemes (b) and (c) may result in smaller molecular sieve beds, if necessary, for deep dehydration. In addition, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) removal, if necessary, may be accomplished using scavengers such as triazine or solid sorbents or H2S-selective membranes.
In an embodiment the pretreatment zone 900, may further provide, when necessary, for natural gas liquids (NGLs) removal in a NGL removal component (described presently), or as previously alluded to, NGL removal may be completed in an NGL recovery zone 800 (described presently) prior to reaching or integrated into the pretreatment zone 900. A pretreated flowback process stream 30 is next output from the pretreatment zone 900 and enters the CO2-capture zone 300 of apparatus 10.
In an embodiment, the CO2-capture zone 300 provides for CO2-capture from the pretreated flowback process stream 30 via condensation at a medium-to-high pressure, control of the condenser temperature (T_Cond), and CO2-enrichment for high CO2-concentration in the captured CO2. A flow splitter 302 within the CO2-capture zone 300 receives the pretreated flowback process stream 30 from the pretreatment zone 900 and provides for a portion 32 of the pretreated flowback process stream 30 to flow to a condenser 305 and a portion 34 to flow to a CO2-enricher 303. The flow splitter 302 is operational to vary the portion 32 of the pretreated flowback process stream 30 to the condenser 305 to meet target CO2-product specifications at one or more locations in the apparatus (described presently). The flow splitter 302 is operational to vary the portion 32 of the pretreated flowback process stream 30 to the condenser 305 between 0%-100%.
The flow splitter 302, CO2-enricher 303 and condenser 305 provide a means, when used in combination, to provide a captured CO2-flow stream 35 in the form of an intermediate quality CO2-output stream, referred to herein as a Quality2 CO2-output stream (x_Q2) 36, from the CO2-capture zone 300 that remains in a desired CO2-concentration range even as the CO2-concentration in the flowback stream 12 changes with time. In an embodiment x_Q2 may be defined in terms of CO2-concentration (e.g. 90% CO2) or a volatile component, such as methane (e.g. 5% Cl). In an embodiment, the Quality2 CO2-output stream 36 may be of sufficient purity for reuse purposes, requiring no further processing. Alternatively, the Quality2 CO2-output stream 36 may be further purified, as described presently in the purification zone 500. In an embodiment, the Quality2 CO2-output stream 36 may be directed to a remote site for further purification. In an embodiment the CO2-concentration in the Quality2 CO2-output stream 36 is in a range of 85% to 99%. In an embodiment the methane concentration in the Quality2 CO2-output stream 36 is in a range of 1% to 10%.
The flow splitter 302 directs the portion 34 of the pretreated flowback process stream 30 to the CO2-enricher 303 and yields, via a CO2-rich permeate stream 44 (described presently), an enriched CO2-stream 38 that mixes with the portion 32 of the pretreated flowback process stream 30 from the flow splitter 302, forming a combined, or mixed, gas stream 40. The combined, or mixed, gas stream 40 is sent to the condenser 305 where the bulk of the CO2 is condensed as a liquid. In an embodiment, a residual gas stream 42 from the condenser 305 is returned to the enricher 303 for enrichment. The condensed liquid in the condenser 305, as previously identified, is referred to as the Quality2 CO2-output stream 36. In an embodiment, the amount of flowback diversion via the flow splitter 302 to the CO2-enricher 303 is dependent on the CO2-concentrations in the flowback stream 12 entering the apparatus 10, the operating conditions in the CO2-enricher 303, and the desired Quality2 CO2-concentration (y_Q2). In that the CO2-concentration in the flowback stream 12 changes with time, the extent of flow splitting in the flow splitter 302 can be modified in order to control the concentration (y_Cond) of CO2 entering the condenser 305.
The operating conditions in the condenser 305, and more specifically the temperature (T_Cond) and pressure (P_Cond) in the condenser 305, are chosen to minimize the overall energy consumption and footprint. As a first example, for P_Cond=900 psi, the value of T_Cond would be approximately 55° F. to 60° F. to render a condensed Quality2 CO2 phase with y_CO2=90% CO2. As a second example, for P_Cond=350 psi, the value of T_Cond would be approximately 0° F. to yield the similar Quality2 CO2-concentration. While the process of first example requires more gas compression vs the second example, it requires less refrigeration costs. In an embodiment, a vapor-liquid separator (not shown) may be associated with the condenser 305 to provide a liquid of desired Quality2 CO2 while the residual gas stream 42 is directed to the downstream CO2-recovery.
In an embodiment, the CO2-enricher 303 employs a CO2-selective membrane process. In an embodiment, the CO2-enricher 303 is stable to hydrocarbon condensates. In an embodiment, the CO2-enricher 303 may include one or more membranes formed of films or hollow fibers, comprised of CO2-selective materials, such as polyetheretherketone (PEEK), cellulose acetate, polyimides, or the like. The membrane material and operating conditions are chosen so that the CO2-concentration of the CO2-rich permeate stream 44 is greater than in the flowback stream 12 concentration. In an embodiment the CO2-concentration in the CO2-rich permeate stream 44 is in a range of 85% to >99%. This provides that the combined gas stream 40 entering the condenser 305 is sufficient to yield the desired value of x_Q2. In an embodiment, the temperature and pressure of the portion 34 of the pretreated flowback process stream 30 entering the CO2-enricher 303 are manipulated via a compressor 304, including one of an after-cooler or a heat-exchanger. Similarly, the pressure on the permeate-side of the enricher 303 is chosen so that the desired enrichment in the CO2-rich permeate 44, and more specifically the enriched CO2-stream 38, is achieved based on feed concentrations and membrane modular sizes employed. A compressor 306 disposed downstream of the enricher 303 serves to compress the CO2-rich permeate 44 exiting the enricher 303 at the P_Cond pressure.
It is noted that due to permeation of the gaseous components across the membrane of the enricher 303 and consequent gas-expansion there may be some cooling of the portion 34 of the pretreated flowback process stream 30 due to the Joule-Thompson effect. The extent of cooling depends on the pressure drop and the J-T coefficients of the components involved. This drop in temperature decreases the flux rate through the membrane of the enricher 303. This cooling, especially on the high pressure (feed or retentate) side of the membrane of the enricher 303 may cause condensation of higher-boiling hydrocarbon (NGLs) components.
Of particular interest is the choice of CO2-concentration in a CO2-lean gas retentate (non-permeate) stream 46 of the enricher 303. If the design value of the CO2-lean gas retentate stream 46 is chosen to be very small, greater CO2-recovery in the permeate stream 44, and more particularly into the enriched CO2-stream 38, is achieved. However, low design values of CO2 in the CO2-lean gas retentate stream 46 may also result in lower CO2-concentration in the permeate stream 44 and thus the combined, or mixed, gas stream 40 entering the condenser 305. Hence, in order to achieve the desired concentration (y_Cond) of CO2 entering the condenser 305, the extent of separation in the membrane of the enricher 303 may be controlled by choosing an optimal value for the CO2-concentration in the CO2-lean gas retentate stream 46. The value of the CO2-concentration in the CO2-lean gas retentate stream 46 may aid in the design of the membrane in the enricher 303, with dependency on the feed concentrations and the permeation/selectivity properties of the membrane employed. For example, the value of the CO2-concentration in the CO2-lean gas retentate stream 46, for design purposes, may be limited to >10% CO2 when the portion 34 of the pretreated flowback process stream 30 to the enricher 303 is >50% for a membrane that has a selectivity of >10 for CO2 relative to Cl. However, this value may be different if the portion 34 of the pretreated flowback process stream 30 to the enricher 303 contains only 30% CO2. The CO2-lean gas retentate stream 46 is output as a CO2-lean gas from the enricher 303 of the CO2-capture zone 300 to the gas cleanup zone 400.
The CO2-lean gas retentate stream 46 is treated in the gas cleanup zone 400 to render a pipeline-quality natural gas stream 48 (e.g. 2% to 5% CO2 and <7 lbs/MMSCF H2O). A CO2-selective gas-separation membrane may be used in the gas cleanup zone 400 to provide such pipeline-quality natural gas stream 48. In addition, treatment of the CO2-lean gas retentate stream 46 may render a CO2-rich permeate stream 50 having a low amount of CO2 and hence may be flared as a flare gas 51 via a flare 52, used as a fuel for on-site power generation, or returned to the low pressure gas compressor 213 for further processing.
Of particular relevance in apparatus 10 is the storage of the Quality2 CO2-output stream 36 from the CO2-capture zone 300 within the CO2-storage zone 700, and more particularly, within one or more Quality2 CO2-storage tanks 702 in the CO2-storage zone 700. The storage of the intermediate Quality2 CO2-output stream 36 within the storage zone 700 provides control of a flowrate of the Quality2 CO2-output stream 36 to the downstream purification zone 500. This control of the flowrate ensures smooth operating conditions in a distillation column (described presently) in the purification zone 500. In an embodiment, the storage pressure and temperature conditions may be different from the pressure and temperature conditions in the condenser 305 of the CO2-capture zone 300 or in the purification zone 500. In an embodiment, the storage conditions in the storage zone 700 may be chosen for optimal storage tank costs and footprint, and energy usage. However, under certain conditions when the process operations in the 305 condenser result in a Quality2 CO2-output stream 36 suitable for reuse, storage of the product in storage tanks 702 and further processing is not required.
Located downstream of the storage zone 700 is the purification zone 500, where the Quality2 CO2-output stream 36 produced in the CO2-capture zone 300 is purified to render a CO2-product stream fit for reuse, referred to herein as Quality1 CO2-product stream 58. In an embodiment, the purification zone 500 utilizes distillation in a purifier 501 to purify the Quality2 CO2-output stream 36 wherein a bottom stream is the Quality1 CO2-product stream 58 while a CO2-lean distillate may be returned in a CO2-lean distillate stream 52 to the CO2-enricher 303 for CO2-recovery. The choice of the distillation pressure and temperature conditions is important and is based on the CO2-product end-use as well as storage and transfer requirements. For example, for conventional liquid CO2-transport trucks operating at approximately 350 psig and −10° F., it is necessary to reduce the volatile components, mainly Cl and N2 to low values (e.g. <1% to 3 vol %). However, for transport in high-pressure tanks, such as 2,000 psi, higher amounts of these components may be allowed. In addition, in an embodiment the choice of the pressure and temperature may be optimized for reduced footprint and energy used for refrigeration of the condenser in the distillation column as well as for product-cooling.
A flowrate, temperature and pressure of the Quality2 CO2-output stream 36 entering the purifier 501 may be manipulated via a component 502, including one of a liquid pump if a higher pressure is desired or a depressuring valve if a lower pressure is desired, and optionally a heat exchanger to control temperature. Accordingly, the feed conditions to the purifier 501 for the purification process are controlled by controlling the feed concentration y_CO2 in the CO2-capture zone 300, as previously described, and the flowrate via the component 502.
The Quality1 CO2-product stream 58 output from the purification zone 500 may be stored within a CO2-storage zone 700, and more particularly, within one or more Quality1 CO2-storage tanks 701 in the CO2-storage zone 700. The storage of the Quality1 CO2-product stream 58 within the storage zone 700 may provide control of a flowrate of the Quality1 CO2-product stream 58 to the downstream CO2-transfer zone 600. In an embodiment, the storage pressure and temperature conditions may be different from the pressure and temperature conditions in the condenser 305 of the CO2-capture zone 300 or in the purification zone 500. As previously indicated, in an embodiment, the storage conditions in the storage zone 700 may be chosen for optimal storage tank costs and footprint, and energy usage.
To accommodate the variable flowback rate profile, apparatus 10, and more particularly the process equipment, such as compressors, heat-exchangers, separation vessels, membrane modules, liquid pumps in the different zones as discussed above are each chosen as a system of parallel units that are appropriately sized so that the entire flowrate regime can be handled without incurring over-design or under-design issues for desired separation or heat-transfer performance. For example, the flowrate of the flowback stream 12 from the wellhead 18 may range from 2 MMSCFD to 15 MMSCFD over a flowback period. Hence, the gas compressors in the gas separation zone 200 may be organized as three individual compressors configured in a parallel arrangement, with each compressor having a capacity range of 2 to 5 MMSCFD, allowing the capability to handle flows from 2 to 15 MMSCFD by employing only one or all three of the compressors. Moreover, the lower range of the capacity may be further reduced to <1 MMSCFD by recirculating some of the gas streams exiting each of the compressors at an outlet of each, back to a respective compressor-inlet after cooling. Similarly, the membrane modules utilized in the apparatus 10 may be appropriately chosen to be a system of parallel modules (described presently) that may be switched on as needed depending on a flowrate of an input feed to a respective membrane section.
Referring now to FIGS. 4-8, illustrated are a detailed schematic diagram of an apparatus for flowback management and CO2-recovery of a high pressure post CO2-stimulation flowback stream (FIG. 4) and an apparatus for flowback management and CO2-recovery of a low pressure post CO2-stimulation flowback stream (FIG. 5). In addition, illustrated in FIGS. 7 and 8 are two different concepts to achieve NGL removal in the disclosed apparatus. Referring more specifically to FIG. 4, illustrated is a flowback management and CO2-recovery apparatus 60 for use with a high pressure post CO2-stimulation flowback stream 62, generally similar to apparatus 10 of FIGS. 1-3. Accordingly, similar features to those of apparatus 10 will be similarly labeled. In this particular embodiment, the apparatus 60 is configured for use with the high pressure post CO2-stimulation flowback stream 62, (also referred to herein as a flowback stream 62) such as a flowback stream having a pressure of 300 ̃2000 psi.
A method of recovering CO2 from a flowback after well-stimulation with CO2-rich fluids, in keeping with the embodiment of FIG. 1 is described with reference to FIG. 4. The flowback stream 62 containing trash/oil/water/gas is first directed to a conventional trash removal screen in the flow control zone 100 that effectively removes large particles. The rate of the flowback stream 62 is then modified by a valve V1, such as a choke valve, to render a modified flowback stream 63. In an embodiment, the valve V1 is configured as a choke valve assembly with a plurality of valves arranged in a parallel circuit. Operation of valve V1 is a critical safety item during the flowback crew operations whereby manipulation of the valve V1 ensures that the casing-pressure near the work-over rig is below a set-point, typically 2,000 psig. In many instances, one or more of the valves that comprise the valve V1 become frequently plugged by sand, thus making it necessary to switch to a parallel valve. In many instances, this may lead to fluctuations in the line pressure downstream from the valve V1. In addition, the valve V1 may be manipulated to obtain a desired flow of the flowback stream 62 to ensure cleanout of the sand from the wellhead 18. The modified flowback stream 63 from valve V1 is input to the CO2-capture process, and more particularly to the downstream processing zones.
A first step in the CO2-capture process involves separation of the modified flowback stream 63, and more particularly, separation of the gas from the oil/water/sand. It is desired to obtain the gas at as high a pressure as possible for two reasons: (a) ability to condense the CO2 at higher temperatures (e.g. 50° F. at 900 psig vs. 0° F. at 350 psig); and (b) ability to utilize smaller equipment sizes for separation vessels, membrane separation units, distillation, etc. In an embodiment, the high pressure post CO2-stimulation flowback stream 62 is evolved at 300 ̃350 psi, modified to render the modified flowback stream 63 and compressed in one or more compressors 210 in the gas separation zone 200 to approximately 900 psig to allow bulk condensation of CO2 at ambient temperatures (e.g. >40° F.). The compressing of the modified flowback stream 63 and bulk condensation at these temperatures allows for use of refrigeration at higher evaporating fluid temperatures of the refrigerant used in the external refrigeration skid compared to bulk condensation of CO2 at lower temperatures (e.g. 0° F. at 350 psig). Bulk condensation at these temperatures will allow a limited refrigeration system to be employed, as necessary, for product cooling. The advantage of conducting the condensation at a high pressure, such as 900 psig is that condensation may be achieved at >40° F. so that the practical liquid-leaving-temperature of the refrigeration system is >20° F. By contrast, performing the same condensation at 350 psig would require the condensing temperature of approximately 0° F. which would entail liquid-leaving-temperature of the refrigeration system to be around −20° F. Known refrigeration capacities of commercially-available trailer-mounted units decrease sharply as the liquid-leaving-temperature decreases. Thus, higher condensation temperatures entail lower capital equipment costs, lower footprint and lower energy costs. The offset is that the overall system cost, including the cost of gas compression to pressure PA, needs to be considered. Keeping pressures <Pc for CO2 allows transition between gas to liquid CO2 phases avoiding supercritical CO2 transitions whose physical properties are difficult to predict for process control.
In the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 4, if the pressure of the flowback stream 62, and more particularly the modified flowback stream 63, is high, then the flow is directed at a junction point J1 to a high pressure gas separator 201 where the gas is flashed off the oil/water/sand mixture. In an embodiment, the high pressure gas separator 201 is a vertical vessel. In an embodiment, the modified flowback stream 63 has a pressure (P1) of greater than 900 psig and a temperature (T1) of greater than 86° F., the critical temp of CO2, while undergoing gas separation within gas separator 201, thus enabling the CO2 to be output as an output gas stream 26. The high pressure gas separator 201 provides an oil/water/sand/gas mixture stream 29 that is directed via a valve V2 to a medium pressure gas separator 202, which in an embodiment is a conventional horizontal separator operating at a pressure (P2) of 250-500 psig, and preferably approximately 350 psig and having a temperature (T2) of T2>Tcritical CO2.
If the modified flowback stream 63 from Valve V1 is lower than the desired P1, then the modified flowback stream 63 is directed to the medium pressure gas separator 202 at junction point J1. An output gas stream 26 from the medium pressure gas separator 202 is compressed in one or more compressors 210 and combined with the output gas 26 from the high pressure gas separator 201 to yield the flowback process stream 28 at a pressure PF.
The rate and composition of the CO2 in the flowback process stream 28 will vary as a function of time. An example, by way of a graphical illustration 94, is shown in FIG. 5 in which a flowrate of the flowback process stream 28 (as indicated by a dashed line 96) varies from a maximum of approximately 14 MMSCFD to as low as 3 MMSCFD over a 3.5 day period. It was noted that the CO2-concentration in the flowback process stream 28 changed from approximately 90% to approximately 70%. It is noted that there is a dynamic component to the rate profile that is greatly affected by the flowback crew operations associated with the CO2-capture steps, such as millout, cleanout, production tubing install or simply stoppages/restarts or due to the well output itself. Also, it is noted that the flowback gas compositions and flowrates may vary significantly from well-to-well depending on the well characteristics and the flowback crew operation philosophy.
Referring again to FIG. 4, the flowback process stream 28 is output to the pretreatment zone 900 to remove contaminants when present, such as liquid droplets, solid particles, H2S, and H2O. The extent of H2O removal is determined by allowable H2O in the CO2-product. For a CO2-product at 350 psig/−10 F, the H2O specification may be as low as 2 ppmv, but if the CO2-product that is stored and used at >1,200 psig, higher H2O-content may be tolerated. The flowback process stream 28 is output subsequent to pretreatment, to the CO2-capture zone 300 as the pretreated flowback process stream 30. As previously indicated, optional NGL removal (described presently) may be employed to remove NGL from the flowback process stream 28.
The flow splitter 302 at junction J2 within the CO2-capture zone 300 receives the pretreated flowback process stream 30 from the pretreatment zone 900 and provides for the portion 32 of the pretreated flowback process stream 30 to flow to a condenser 305 and the portion 34 to flow to a CO2-enricher 303.
A valve serving as the flow splitter 302 manipulates the extent of flow to the condenser 305 based on the gas composition of the combined, or mixed, gas stream at a point 64. More particularly, point 64 represents the point at which the split gas, and more particularly the portion 32 of the pretreated flowback gas stream 30, is mixed with the CO2-rich permeate stream 44, and more specifically the enriched CO2 stream 38, from the CO2 enricher 303 and forms the combined, or mixed, gas stream 40. The criterion for the extent of split flow at point 64 may be decided based on a desired CO2-concentration or an undesired component, for example a volatile component such as methane. For a flow splitter ratio (FSR)=FCond1/FGas to equal 100% and may be varied for desired composition at point 64. An example conditions provides >=90% CO2, <=5% Cl. The criterion for the extent of flow split at the flow splitter 302 may also be determined based on concentration at a point just upstream from a junction J3 (presently described).
The combined, or mixed, gas stream 40 is next cooled via the condenser 305 via an external refrigeration system 306 using a glycol/water mixture or other heat-transfer fluid. A substantial portion of the CO2 is condensed into the liquid phase. The advantage of conducting the condensation at a high pressure, such as 900 psig is that this condensation step may be achieved at >40° F. so that the practical liquid-leaving-temperature of the refrigeration system 306 is >20° F. By contrast, performing the same condensation at 350 psig would require the condensing temperature of approximately 0° F. which would entail a liquid-leaving-temperature of the refrigeration system 306 to be around −20° F. The refrigeration capacities of commercially-available trailer-mounted units decrease sharply as the liquid-leaving-temperature decreases. Thus, higher condensation temperatures entail lower capital equipment costs, lower footprint, and lower energy costs. The combined, or mixed, gas stream 40 is output from the condenser 305 as the Quality2 CO2-output stream 36.
The condenser 305 may be operated to yield either total condensation of the combined, or mixed, gas stream 40 or a partial condensation. To this extent, additional key processes may take place within the CO2-capture zone 300 including, but not limited to, stabilization of the Quality2-output stream 36 via a post-condenser vapor-liquid separator (VLS) 308. The VLS 308 provides an opportunity to separate volatiles from the Quality2 CO2-stream 36 exiting the condenser 305 at a high pressure (e.g. 900 psig). In an embodiment in which only partial condensation is achieved in condenser 305, the partially condensed combined, or mixed, gas stream 40, exiting the condenser 305 as a vapor-liquid stream 56 undergoes separation in the VLS 308 to yield the Quality2 CO2-stream 36 and a VLS vapor stream 66. Thus, the VLS 308 provides a means for removal of undesired volatiles from the partially condensed combined, or mixed, gas stream 40, especially as the CO2 content in the flowback gas stream 62 decreases and the Cl or other volatile-component increases.
At junction J3, if the Quality2 CO2-stream 36 meets predetermined CO2-product specifications, then it is isolated in the storage zone 700. The state of the CO2-rich liquid, and more particularly the Quality2 CO2-stream 36, at J3, is based on the conditions in the VLS 308. In a product-conditioning step, the state of the Quality2 CO2-stream 36 may be further modified in a conditioner 704 to meet the CO2-product specifications. For example, if the desired storage/transport conditions are 350 psig/−10° F. then the product-conditioning step may include pressure-reduction or -increase, as necessary and further cooling via a refrigeration system 706, if necessary, to reduce volatilization during storage/transport/use due to ambient heat incursions into the one or more Quality1 CO2-storage tanks 701 and/or during transfer to a reuse site. If the desired storage/transport conditions are >1,200 psig/ambient then this step may include a liquid pump 708 to raise the pressure and/or provide further cooling, as necessary. Alternatively, if the Quality2 CO2-stream 36 meets predetermined CO2-product specifications without the need for further processing, such as product-conditioning, pressure reduction or increase, it may be sent directly to the CO2-transfer zone 600 (FIG. 1) to provide transfer as the Quality1 CO2-product stream 58 for product end use.
If the concentration of the Quality2 CO2-stream 36 at J3 does not meet the CO2-product specifications then it is directed to the purification zone 500 for further processing. The contaminants in the Quality2 CO2-stream 36 of interest are the volatiles which are removed in the purification zone 500. The purification zone 500 may provide a simple volatilization step using heat and/or decreased pressure or preferably a distillation column as the purifier 501. For stable operation of distillation columns it is necessary to control the flowrate and composition within a desired range. To achieve such control, junction J4 provides a means to divert all or some of the Quality2 CO2-stream 36 to the one or more Quality2 CO2-storage tanks 702, which are essentially one or more vessels for intermediate storage of the Quality2 CO2-stream 36. The feed to the purifier 501 can thus be controlled via a pump 710 and a valve V4.
The purifier 501 may be operated in a partial-condenser mode and thus the vapor exiting will be enriched in the volatiles, e.g. Cl. The extent of CO2-loss in this vapor will depend on the pressure and temperature conditions in the partial condenser. For example, at 350 psig/−20° F. condenser conditions may yield approximately 58% CO2 in the vapor, whereas 900 psig/−20° F. condenser conditions may yield approximately 35% CO2 in the vapor. Correspondingly, where a reboiler (not shown) is included within the purification zone 500, the reboiler conditions may depend on the extent of Cl stripping desired and the operating pressure. For example, for desired <1% Cl, the reboiler temperatures may be approximately 6° F. and 75° F. for 350 psig and 900 psig, respectively. Alternatively, the CO2-product specifications may define the end CO2-product in terms of a bubble point specification at a certain pressure, e.g. 0° F. at 350 psig. In this case, the reboiler pressure and temperature conditions are modified in order to meet these requirements.
The purifier 501 operating conditions may also be chosen for optimal energy usage. For example, if the CO2-product specifications desire the CO2-product at 350 psig/−10° F. then it is optimal to run the purifier 501, and more particularly an included distillation column, at approximately 350 psig, however, if the desired product is at >1,200 psig then it is desirable to operate the column at higher pressure.
A plurality of output streams from the VLS 308, as a VLS vapor stream 66, and the purifier 501, as a distillate vapor stream 68, may be sent for further CO2-recovery in the CO2-capture zone 300. Alternatively, if the VLS vapor stream 66 and the distillate vapor stream 68 are of low-value, they may be wasted as low-value waste streams 69 and sent to the flare 54. Thus, junction points J6 and J7 represent locations where the VLS-vapor stream 66 and the distillate vapor stream 68 are directed to the flare 54 or to the CO2-capture zone 300. For energy efficiency, these low-value waste streams 69 may be expanded via through a valve (not shown) utilizing Joule-Thomson (JT) cooling, that will cool the low-value waste streams 69 and provide cooling of the combined, or mixed, gas stream 40 prior to it reaching the condenser 305. Alternatively, the heat exchange may be with any of the other streams in the process, for example, the feed stream, and more particularly the Quality2 CO2-stream 36, to the purification zone 500.
In an embodiment, the portion 34 of the pretreated flowback process stream 30 diverted by the flow splitter 302 at junction J2 may be mixed with the VLS-vapor stream 66 and the distillate-vapor stream 68 and fed to the enricher 303. Junction J5 represents the location where the distillate vapor 68 is directed to the compressor 304, if necessary. As an example, the combined, or mixed, gas stream 40 may be at 900 psig but the purifier 501 may be operated (due to optimal energy usage criteria) at 350 psig. The mixed gas entering the enricher 303 and/or compressor 304 may be conditioned to desired temperature that is optimal for membrane gas separator operation. In an embodiment, a polymeric membrane that is selectively permeable to CO2-relative to the hydrocarbon gas components may be used in the enricher 303. Gas permeation occurs due to a partial pressure gradient for the components across the membrane. The use of such membrane results in the CO2-rich permeate 44 that is enriched in CO2 and the CO2-lean gas retentate (non-permeate) stream 46 that is depleted in CO2. For example, typical Pfeed/Ppermeate conditions are 900 psig/100 psig, 350 psig/30 psig, 1100 psig/350 psig. Higher pressure drops result in higher permeation rates and consequently less membrane area for the same CO2-recovery. However, lower values of the permeate-side pressure Ppermeate also entail higher equipment and energy costs for the gas compressor 306 needed to increase the permeate gas pressure to that at point 64. Other constraints may limit the choices of feed- and permeate-side pressures. For example, a constraint could be the maximum pressure difference between the feed-side and permeate-side of the membrane channel that is permissible from membrane stability considerations, for example burst pressure of the manufactured membrane. Another example could be the plasticization of the membrane material with increased pressure due to dissolved CO2 or hydrocarbons that may limit CO2-enrichment performance or membrane service-life.
In addition, due to the permeation process and loss of pressure of the permeating components, the temperature decreases inside the membrane module which may lead to condensation of higher-boiling components on the retentate side (higher P side) of the membrane. Polymeric materials suitable for this membrane separation include PEEK, cellulose acetate, and polyimides. The membrane may be in the form of hollow-fiber bundles or spiral-wound modules. However, because of potential condensation of the NGLs in the gas streams, use of membranes that will not be physically blocked by the condensed liquid are required. Hence, hollow fibers are more suited than spiral wound modules. In addition, membrane materials that are stable to liquid hydrocarbons are required. PEEK membranes characterized for NGLs condensation conditions have been found to be stable for these purposes.
Referring more particularly to the CO2-lean gas retentate (non-permeate) stream 46 output from the enricher 303 toward the gas cleanup zone 400, a concentration XB represents the extent of CO2-recovery from the portion 34 of the pretreated flowback process stream 30 entering the enricher 303. While low values of XB for % CO2 entail higher CO2-recovery into the CO2-rich-permeate stream 44, this also represents a lower permeate CO2-concentration (and higher Cl-concentration) that lowers the CO2-concentration of the combined, or mixed, gas stream 40 entering the condenser 305 which entails more recycled CO2-containing vapor streams from the VLS 308 (such as vapor stream 66) or the purification zone 500 (such as distillate vapor stream 68). From a design perspective, requiring low values of XB entails need for a higher membrane area in the enricher 303. Thus, XB represents a process parameter that may be used as an optimizing parameter for the CO2-capture process.
The point at which the CO2-lean gas retentate (non-permeate) stream 46 is output from the enricher 303 also represents the end of the CO2-recovery section, and more particularly the CO2-capture zone 300. The CO2-lean gas retentate (non-permeate) stream 46 from the enricher 303 is directed to the gas cleanup zone 400. In the gas cleanup zone 400, which may be serviced by commercially-available membrane processes, the permeate-side is typically operated at very low pressures, for example 5 to 30 psig, to output a gas stream, and more particularly a CO2 rich-permeate stream 50 having a low amount of CO2 and hence may be flared as a flare gas via a flare 54, used as a fuel for on-site power generation, or returned to the low pressure gas compressor 213 for further processing.
Referring more specifically to FIG. 6, illustrated is a flowback management and CO2-recovery apparatus 70 for use with a low-pressure post CO2-stimulation flowback stream 72 (also referred to herein as a flowback stream 72), generally similar to apparatus 10 of FIGS. 1-3 and apparatus 60 of FIG. 4. Accordingly, similar features to those of apparatus 10 and 60 will be similarly labeled. In this particular embodiment, the apparatus 70 is configured for use with the low-pressure post CO2-stimulation flowback stream 72, such as a flowback stream having a pressure of  ̃350 psi. In this particular embodiment, in contrast to apparatus 60, the low-pressure post CO2-stimulation flowback stream 72, evolved at 300-350 psi, does not undergo compression in a compressor, such as compressor 210 (FIG. 4) in the gas separation zone 200. The only compression in apparatus 70 takes place within the CO2-capture zone 300.
In the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 6, the flowback stream 72 has an initial pressure of  ̃350 psig, and more particularly at a pressure of the medium pressure gas separator 202. The flowback stream 72 has a pressure (P2) between 300-500 psig while undergoing gas separation within the medium pressure gas separator 202. A flowback process stream 28 output from the medium pressure gas separator 202 has a pressure (PF) of approximately 350 psig. The flowback process stream 28 flows to the pretreatment zone 900, prior to being directed as a pretreated flowback process stream 30 to the CO2-capture zone 300. The flow splitter 302 within the CO2-capture zone 300 provides for directing of a portion 34 of the pretreated flowback process stream 30 to the enricher 303 for CO2-enrichment. A valve serving as the flow splitter 302 provides for a flow splitter ratio (FSR)=FCond1/FGas=100% and may be varied for desired composition at point 64. In contrast to the high pressure apparatus 60 of FIG. 4, condensation in condenser 305 of apparatus 70 takes place at 350 psig/0° F. in order to condense the liquid CO2 at point upstream and proximate the junction J3. For efficient enricher 303 operation it is preferred to compress the portion 34 of the pretreated flowback process stream 30 to a higher pressure Pfeed. Typical combinations of Pfeed/Ppermeate include 350 psig/30 psig, 900 psig/100 psig, 1100 psig/350 psig. The Quality1 CO2-product stream 58 is stored within the storage tank 701 at a pressure and temperature (P5, T5) of P5/T5=350 psig/−10° F.
Optimal CO2-capture from the flowback streams 62, 72 of FIGS. 4 and 6 is based on CAPEX, OPEX, footprint, utilities (power, refrigeration), operability at well-site, emissions regulations and value of recovered-CO2. One key parameter may include the ability to modify splitting of the flow stream by way of the flow splitter 302 based on the rate and pressure of the initial flowback stream and the CO2-concentration contained therein.
As previously mentioned, illustrated in FIGS. 7 and 8 are two alternative configurations to achieve optional NGL removal in the flowback management and CO2-recovery apparatus disclosed herein. Motivation to include such NGL removal components includes the possible accumulation of NGL in the CO2-product, and more specifically, in the Quality1 CO2-product stream 58. In an embodiment, NGL fractions may not be acceptable for the end-use applications due to the following: (i) fracturing reuse application specifications may limit NGLs due to pumpability, handling, emissions requirements; (ii) CO2-pipeline specifications imposed by midstream companies may limit NGLs due to the CO2-pipelines serving multiple applications in the oil and gas space, e.g. EOR besides fracturing; (iii) flammability concerns during storage/transportation, however, this may not be an issue if CO2>80%; and/or (iv) emissions concerns, especially for BTEX components, during storage/transportation/handling. Additional motivation for NGL removal is concern that NGLs may condense in downstream process unit operations. Gas-separation membrane vendors have noted degradation in membrane performance if liquids condense on the membranes and thus limit or prohibit condensation inside the membrane modules. Finally, NGL removal may be based on the amount of NGLs in the flowback gas during the flowback period. If the amount of NGLs in the flowback gas is of an insignificant amount and thus insignificant value, recovery may not be warranted and any NGLs may be flared or if possible used for power generation.
Removal of NGLs from the flowback gas may be achieved via known cooling processes that condense the NGLs. In this process, the gas is cooled to a temperature wherein the higher boiling components condense and are separated in a vapor-liquid separator (VLS) equipment. The colder the condensing temperature, the higher the NGL removal. However, when this process step is employed in the herein disclosed CO2-capture process, the cooling step to condense the NGLs may cause some amount of CO2 to also condense, which represents a loss of CO2.
To minimize CO2 losses, disclosed are two concepts for use in the apparatus for flowback management and CO2-recovery disclosed herein. Referring more specifically to FIG. 7, illustrated is a first embodiment, wherein an included NGL removal zone 800 includes a condenser 802, a VLS 804 and refrigeration component 806. As illustrated, the condenser 802 and VLS 804 provide for condensing out of the NGLs and separation of the flowback process stream 28 into a vapor stream 31 directed to the flare 54 and a liquid stream 28a, directed to the pretreatment zone 900. In this particular NGL removal concept, the effect of stream pressure on the sensitivity of CO2-loss while condensing out the NGLs is of particular relevance. Gas pressures in the range of 250 to 400 psig have been found as the optimal conditions for NGLs removal without significant loss of CO2 and reasonable refrigeration cost/footprint. When gas pressure is high, e.g. 900 psig, the NGLs condensing temperature would be high in the range 50° F. to 100° F. which is desirable from a refrigeration-duty and footprint perspective. However, colder temperatures result in greater CO2 loss in the condensed NGL phase; for an example flowback gas composition containing 70% CO2 and 5% C4+ components, the condensing temperature to obtain >70% removal of C5+ components is  ̃65° F. which results in approximately 15% of the CO2 in the flowback gas is lost with the condensed NGLs. By contrast, if the gas pressure is 350 psig, the condensing temperature although lower at  ̃40° F., the extent of CO2-loss is <1%. While lower gas pressures e.g. 100 psig would entail the need for low temperatures in the range of 0° F. to condense the NGLs, which increases refrigeration costs and footprint. Hence, gas pressures in the range of 250 to 400 psig are the optimal conditions for NGLs removal without significant loss of CO2 and reasonable refrigeration cost/footprint.
Referring now to FIG. 8, illustrated is a second embodiment of a means for removal of NGLs, and more particularly a portion of the pretreatment zone 900 including a NGL removal component 902. The NGL removal component 902 includes a condenser 904 and a distillation column 906. As illustrated, the condenser 904 provides for condensing out of the NGLs when the gas pressure is high, e.g. 900 psig and recovering the CO2 from the condensed NGLs to increase overall CO2-capture while reducing the NGLs in the final CO2-product. A condensed NGLs stream 33 (crude NGLs) is sent to the distillation column 906 equipped with a reboiler 907 and optionally an overhead partial condenser 908. The conditions of the reboiler 907 are chosen (e.g. 150° F. to 200° F. at 900 psig) to reduce CO2 loss in the NGLs. A bottoms NGLs-rich stream 37 may be sent to flare 54 (FIG. 4) and flared or used as for power generation, and a top vapor stream 39 is directed to the CO2-capture section 300. If the amount of NGLs in the flowback stream (i.e. flowback stream 62, 72) is small then the condensed crude NGL stream 33 (with CO2) may be stored in a storage component 910 and the distillation column 906 used on an as-needed basis.
In an embodiment, the distillation column 906 may be equipped with the overhead partial condenser 908 to control the temperature thereby limiting the NGLs carryover in the top vapor stream 39. In this case temperature of the reboiler 907 may be chosen to drive off the CO2 to yield the bottom NGLs-rich stream 37 having a low CO2 concentration and hence has some economic value while the overhead condenser 908 temperature is chosen to reduce NGLs carryover to the CO2-capture zone 300.
Referring now to FIGS. 9-12, illustrated are further detailed schematic diagrams illustrating four implementations of the apparatus 60 for flowback management and CO2-recovery of FIG. 4. The portion of each figure that specifically pertains to the CO2-recovery process is indicated by shaded portion 61. Referring more specifically to FIG. 9, illustrated is a first implementation of the high pressure apparatus 60 of FIG. 4. Illustrated in further detail in FIG. 9 are flow pressures and temperatures of the flowback stream 62 through the apparatus 60
Referring now to FIG. 10, illustrated is a second implementation of the high pressure apparatus 60 of FIG. 4. Illustrated in further detail in FIG. 10 are flow pressures and temperatures of the flowback stream 62 through the apparatus 60. In contrast to the implementation of FIG. 4, in this particular configuration overhead vapors from the purifier 501, such as a distillation column, in the form of a distillate vapor stream 68 (e.g. 58% CO2 at 350 psig column pressure, −20° F.), after heat recuperation, are compressed via a dedicated compressor 310 and sent to the enricher 301 for CO2-enrichment. This avoids the dilution of the CO2-concentration in portion 32 of the pretreated flowback process stream 30 fed to the flow splitter 302 and thus improves efficiency in terms of lower energy and membrane area required. The offset is the requirement of the additional compressor costs.
Referring now to FIG. 11, illustrated is a third implementation of the high pressure apparatus 60 of FIG. 4. Illustrated in further detail in FIG. 11 are flow pressures and temperatures of the flowback stream 62 through the apparatus 60. In contrast to the implementation of FIG. 4, in this particular configuration at least a portion of the overhead vapors, and more particularly a portion of the distillate vapor stream 68 from the purifier 501, such as from a stabilization column (from partial condenser) (e.g. 58% CO2 at 350 psig column pressure, −20 F), are sent to waste (flared) as a low-value waste stream 69, after heat recuperation. While this wasting reduces overall CO2-recovery, based on the Quality2 CO2-stream 36 concentration and the purifier 501 operating conditions, this loss may be small while providing more efficiency in terms of energy, capital costs and footprint relative to the previously described configurations, in that it avoids the dilution of the flowback gas stream 62. In an alternate embodiment, whereby the flow splitter 302 provides for 100% of the pretreated flowback process stream 30 to be directed to the condenser 305 and an enricher, such as enricher 303, is not included, the distillate vapor stream 68 from the purifier 501 may be directed to the gas cleanup zone 400.
Referring now to FIG. 12, illustrated is a fourth implementation of the high pressure apparatus 60 of FIG. 4. Illustrated in further detail in FIG. 12 are flow pressures and temperatures of the flowback stream 62 through the apparatus 60. In contrast to the implementation of FIG. 4, in this particular configuration, the Quality1 CO2-product stream 58 is achieved in the CO2-purification zone 500 with one or more vapor-liquid separators (VLSs) 504, 506, in lieu of the previously described stabilization/distillation process. Furthermore, storage for the Quality2 CO2-stream 36 is not provided, such as previously provided in the one or more Quality2 CO2-storage tanks 702 (FIG. 3). In this particular embodiment, the Quality2 CO2-stream 36 from the VLS 504 is expanded through a valve 76, utilizing Joule-Thomson (JT) cooling, and directed to the VLS 506. The pressure and temperature conditions in the VLS 506 are chosen so that the liquid from VLS 506 is of the desired CO2-stream quality (for example, the bubble point at VLS 506 pressure would correspond to the CO2-product composition specification for volatiles in the Quality1 CO2-product stream 58. In order to achieve the desired temperature and enrichment of CO2 in the liquid in VLS 506, some volatilization in the VLS 506 should occur upon expansion. The extent of this volatilization depends on the composition of the Quality2 CO2-stream 36 output from the VLS 504 the change in pressure (ΔP) and desired change in temperature (ΔT). An interchanger 80 provides a means for controlling the temperature in the VLS 506. The concentration of CO2-product is measured and used to control the temperature and pressure conditions in the VLS 506. The concentration of the Quality2 CO2-stream 36 output from the VLS 504 is measured and used to control the temperature set-point in the condensor 305. A vapor flow stream 82 from VLS 504 (if any) is directed to the enricher 303. A vapor flow stream 84 from the VLS 506 is sent after heat-exchange to the enricher 303 via a compressor 86. A liquid pump may be provided, if necessary, to boost the pressure of the Quality1 CO2-product stream 58. The Quality1 CO2-product stream 58 may be further cooled to provide sub-cooling, below the bubble point, to avoid vapor losses during storage/transport of the Quality1 CO2-product stream 58 at for example 350 psig/−10 F.
Referring now to FIGS. 13 and 14, the flowrate and composition of the flowback process stream 28 entering the CO2-capture zone 300 may change as a function of time due to changes in the flowrate and composition of the flowback stream 62, and the process operating conditions of associated equipment, such as the extent of flow to the enricher 303 by the flow splitter 302 and the recycled CO2 in the VLS vapor stream 66 from the VLS 308 and in the distillate vapor stream 68 from the purifier 501. Consequently, the membrane area in the CO2 enricher 303, in the CO2-capture zone 300, required to achieve a desired extent of CO2-separation may change as a function of flowback time. To solve this problem similar and perhaps identical membrane modules in the CO2-capture zone 300 may be used to accomplish all or at least the major portion of CO2-recovery as illustrated in FIGS. 13 and 14. For example, in FIG. 13, the process employs the configuration of the apparatus of FIG. 10 and provides for replication of the flowback gas compressor (210 in FIG. 4) as a set of three parallel compressors 211, 212, and 213, respectively, and similarly replication of the of the permeate gas compressor (306 in FIG. 4) as a set of four parallel compressors 312, 314, 316, 318. In an exemplary embodiment, to compress gas from 350 psig to 900 psig, if one or more AJAX 2802® compressors are employed, then the effective flow capacity would be in the range of 2 to 6 MMSCFD whereas with AJAX 2801® compressors this range would be 0.8 to 2 MMSCFD. Thus, if the anticipated flowrate profile is anticipated to vary between 2 to 15 MMSCFD then the capacity of the combined apparatus may be configured to include three AJAX2802® compressor or two AJAX2802® compressors and one AJAX2801® compressor. In FIG. 14, the process employs the configuration of FIG. 11 and provides for replication of three CO2-capture modules 90 that are similar in scope, if not identical, so that the three modules 90 together will be able to service the entire flowback rate over the period of CO2-recovery. In this embodiment, the feed compressor, and more particularly the high pressure gas compressor 211 may limit the flow handled by each module 90. In this example, each module 90 is designed to yield the Quality2 CO2-stream 36. If this quality is sufficient for reuse then no further treatment is necessary. However, if a higher quality product is desired then it may be handled by the purifier 501 (e.g. stabilization column as shown in FIG. 14). Each module 90 may be configured as a single skid 92 or a series of interconnected skids 92 designed such that each skid 92 is independently transportable, but easily connected and commissioned/decommissioned quickly at the well-site. Many choices are available as to what each module 90 will contain and may be dependent on costs, weight, ease of assembly/disassembly, operability and flexibility.
Referring now to FIG. 15, in this particular embodiment the purifier 501, and more particularly, a stabilization column, is operated at high pressure, e.g. 900 psig. A stabilization re-boiler temperature is controlled to obtain desired bottoms % Cl to meet Quality1 CO2-product specifications. The bottoms temperature is  ̃76° F. to meet a <1% Cl specification in the Quality1 CO2-product stream 58 and to allow storage/transport of the Quality1 CO2-product stream 58 at 350 psig/−10 F. Operation at a high pressure provides overhead vapor from the partial condenser 501, in the form of a distillate vapor stream 68, to have lower CO2-concentration (e.g. 40% CO2 vs 58% at 350 psig column pressure, −20° F.) as it is returned to the enricher 303 in the CO2-capture zone 300 without the need for recompression. In this particular configuration, an optional low pressure compressor 213 is included.
Referring now to FIG. 16, in this particular embodiment the CO2-rich permeate stream 44 output from the CO2 enricher 303 is directed toward the output gas stream 26 exiting the medium pressure separator 202 and mixes therewith. No additional permeate compressor, such as compressor 306 (FIG. 15), is required.
Referring now to FIG. 17, in this particular embodiment, product purity is achieved in the CO2-capture zone 300, and more particularly in the condenser 305, resulting in a Quality2 CO2-product stream 36 that does not require further processing. More particularly, in this particular embodiment there is no requirement for the inclusion of the one or more Quality2 CO2-storage tanks (as previously described) or CO2-purification because the product purity is achieved in the CO2-capture zone 300. Flow splitter criterion (e.g. x_M % Cl or % CO2 (e.g. <6% Cl or >90% CO2) provides a steady feed concentration to the condenser 305 that condenses the bulk of the CO2 in flowback. The condenser 305 temperature T1 is controlled based on the desired CO2-concentration in the Quality2 CO2-product stream 36, for example, x_Q2% Cl or % CO2 (e.g. 60° F. at 900 psig to provide  ̃5% Cl or  ̃90% CO2) to obtain approximately close to desired product purity. An included VLS 308 provides the opportunity to separate volatiles with an additional VLS stage (not shown) to obtain a desired Quality1 CO2-product stream 58. A VLS vapor stream 66 may be sent for further CO2-recovery in the CO2-capture zone 300, and in particular to the CO2-enricher 303 for CO2-enrichment. The Quality1 CO2-product stream 58 is directed to the one or more Quality1 storage tanks 701 at  ̃1,200 psig and ambient temperatures. The Quality1 CO2-product stream 58 is pumped from the Quality1 storage tanks 701 via one or more CO2-compressor pumps 703 to 2,000 psi, as desired, for transport via trucks or pipeline(s).
Referring now to FIG. 18, in this particular embodiment, feed gas compression of the pretreated flowback process stream 30 in compressors 211, 212 and 213, such as described in the previous embodiments, is not required. The only required compression of the gas stream, and more specifically the pretreated flowback process stream 30, is the portion 34 of the pretreated flowback process stream 30 output and any return of the distillate vapor stream 68 to the enricher 303. In an embodiment, if CO2-rich permeate stream 44 pressure is similar to the portion 32 of the pretreated flowback process stream 30, then the permeate gas compressor 306 would not be necessary. One or more condensers 305 provide for condensing of the enriched CO2 stream 38. The configuration of the one or more condensers 305 as illustrated in this particular embodiment allows for operation of the one or more condensers 305 at a colder temperature, for example at 0° F. at 350 psig, versus  ̃50-60° F. @ 900 psig in the previous embodiments based on the configuration of FIG. 4.
Accordingly, the disclosure herein provides a solution to capture CO2 from a CO2 containing hydrocarbon flow stream, such as a post CO2-stimulation flowback stream, for reuse during the flowback period of operations. Alternate flow streams using the flowback management and CO2 recovery system as disclosed herein for CO2 recovery are anticipated. The focus of this disclosure is optimal recovery of CO2 from the post CO2-stimulation flowback for reuse in oil and gas operations, such as reuse in stimulation of another well or in enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Hence, considerations, in addition to product recovery, at desired specifications are equipment costs, footprint occupied at the wellpad, ease of commission/use/decommission, and emission compliance. The disclosed process and apparatus configurations, may not provide complete 100% CO2-recovery, but are intended to provide CO2-recovery at an optimal percentage that is also economically viable for the well under consideration.
Optimal recovery of CO2 from the post CO2-stimulation flowback stream is based on the amount of CO2 recoverable at the well-site: The efficiency of the CO2-recovery from the post CO2-stimulation flowback stream decreases as the CO2-concentration in the post CO2-stimulation flowback stream decreases as well as the flowrate. From an economic perspective, there may be minimum amount of CO2-captured that would be necessary to justify the OPEX costs (equipment depreciation cost or rental, labor, energy) associated with the capture. For example, while CO2 in the post CO2-stimulation flowback stream may be high for a period of time (e.g. days 1 to 3 as illustrated in FIG. 5 where the CO2 in flowback exceeds 200 tons/day), there is a sharp decline beyond day 3 to approximately 120 tons/day. In this case, an optimal recovery condition may be to operate the recovery only until day 3. Conversely, the equipment required to capture the peak production may be too large from perspectives of cost, footprint or logistics for storage/transport of the recovered CO2 from the well-site. For example, instead of designing an apparatus to capture a peak of 720 tons/day, the optimal recovery may involve either reducing the flowback rate of the post CO2-stimulation flowback stream (by choking at valve V1 in the flowback control zone 100, if possible), providing intermediate storage at the peak of the post CO2-stimulation flowback stream, or diverting an excess portion of the post CO2-stimulation flowback stream to a flare, while designing the CO2-recovery apparatus for a lower maximum rate of, for example, 600 tons/day. Thus, the optimal point depends both on the flowback rate of the post CO2-stimulation flowback stream as well as the CO2-concentration in the post CO2-stimulation flowback stream.
It is anticipated that the process and apparatus configurations described in this disclosure may also be used with some modifications for the production phase of operations. For example, in FIG. 19, the process employs the configuration of the apparatus of FIG. 11 but configured for the production phase of operation. The modified flowback stream 63, whose pressure may be controlled via valve V1, is sent to a vapor liquid separator (VLS) 204. Since no or negligible amount of sand and no trash is anticipated during this production phase of operations in comparison to the flowback phase of operations, the VLS 204 may be a vertical vessel with a pressure regulator on top to regulate the pressure of the output flowback process stream 28 sent for CO2-capture. A flowback stream 74 that contains oil, water and residual gas is sent to the low pressure gas separator 203 wherein the gas is separated from oil and water. If the CO2 concentration in the output gas stream 26 is sufficiently low to meet gas pipeline specifications, then it may be directed to a gas pipeline as a pipeline quality natural gas stream 48. However, if the CO2-concentration is higher than the pipeline specifications then it may be sent to the flare 54 as a flare gas 51 or to the gas-cleanup zone 400.
It is anticipated that the various components of the apparatus may be built and delivered to the site on trailers so that the apparatus may be easily assembled, put into service and disassembled at end of the period of operation.
Referring now to FIGS. 20-32, illustrated are graphical representations of chemical process simulations data collected for Case Studies 1-9 with reference to the flowback profile illustrated in FIG. 5. The case studies were conducted via simulations using software widely used in the oil&Gas industry to evaluate gas separation scenarios. The vapor-liquid-equilibrium distributions at any temperature/pressure condition were obtained using the Peng-Robinson equation-of-state. The selectivities of the membrane of the enricher 303 for CO2 relative to the other components were assumed to be as follows: Methane: 10, Ethane: 20, Propane: 30, Butanes (137), C5+ (280), H2O (0.5) and N2 (10). For Cases Studies 1-8 the CO2-product was stabilized to 350 pisg and 6° F. This condition corresponded to about 1% Cl in the CO2-Product (Quality′ CO2-product stream 58 of FIGS. 1-19).
Referring more specifically to FIG. 20, illustrated is a table summarizing data for the Case Studies 1-9 and the effect of a flow splitter, such as flow splitter 302 previously described, in an apparatus for flowback management and CO2-recovery as disclosed herein (FIGS. 1-19). Illustrated for each case study is the average CO2-concentration in the CO2-product, the average C4+ concentration in the CO2-product and the cumulative CO2-recover percentage from the flowback with regard to changing flowsplitter ratio (FSR) as indicated.
Referring more specifically to FIGS. 21-26, illustrated in case study 1 is the case when the CO2-enricher 303 is not employed; more specifically, the CO2-capture process includes the condenser 305 and purification via a distillation column; the CO2-lean distillate from the column is sent to flare. Also in FIGS. 21-26, illustrated for each case study 2-5 is a comparison of the effect of the FSR on the CO2-product recovery and purity. For each case study 2-5, the FSR was held constant throughout the flowback period. The profiles in FIGS. 21-26 indicate that the CO2-concentration in the CO2-Product decreases significantly with the flowback time and the concentration of the C4+ components (a representative of the NGLs components) increases with time corresponding to the concentrations in the flowback profile of FIG. 5. Referring more specifically to FIGS. 21-26, for example, for Case 2, where the FSR is maintained at 100%, (i.e., all flowback is directed to the condenser 305 after mixing with the enriched-CO2 stream 38) the CO2-purity in the CO2-product is initially 94 mole % CO2 and then decreases to approximately 87.5 mole % CO2 at the end of the flowback period (as best illustrated in FIG. 22). It was also observed that as more of the flowback process is directed to the CO2-enricher 303, the CO2-purity in the CO2-product increases (as best illustrated in FIG. 22) and C4+ components concentration decreases (as best illustrated in FIG. 23) at any point of flowback time; but this higher purity also results in less CO2-recovery (as best illustrated in FIG. 24-26). Thus, it was shown that the FSR employed during flowback management i.e., the extent of diversion of flowback gas flow via the flow splitter 302 (FIGS. 1-19) to the CO2-enricher 303 (FIGS. 1-19) will help increase CO2-purity in the CO2-product, while decreasing CO2-recovery. A decrease in FSR entails larger membrane area usage in the CO2-enricher 303 and higher permeate compressor 306 costs.
Referring more specifically to FIGS. 27-32, illustrated for each case study 6-9 is a comparison of the effect of variations of the FSR on the CO2-product recovery and purity (with reference to Case 2−fixed FSR=100%). For each case study 5-8, the FSR was varied throughout the flowback period as indicated based on control strategies that seek to hold a certain CO2-stream composition at a desired value. Referring more specifically to Case Study 6, the CO2-concentration of the mixed stream 40 (FIGS. 1-19) was held at 90% CO2 and the FSR is varied accordingly. Data shows that the FSR is initially at approximately 90% and continually decreases to approximately 10% over the flowback period (as best illustrated in FIG. 27), while the CO2-product purity appears to steadily increase from approximately 94.2% initially to 96% at the end of the flowback period (as best illustrated in FIG. 28). In Case Study 7, the FSR control strategy was to ensure that the CO2-concentration in the mixed stream 40 (FIGS. 1-19) is always >=85 mole % CO2. In this case, it was observed that the employed FSR profile initially follows the FSR=100% profile but at a certain time (approximately Day 1.675) FSR is decreased to meet the 85% CO2 criterion in stream 40 (as best illustrated in FIG. 27); the FSR decreases from 100% to approximately 35% at end of this period (Day 3.5). The CO2-purity in the CO2-product illustrates a profile wherein the CO2-concentration decreases from approximately 93.5% initially to approximately 91.5% at Day 1.625 and then increases to 93% at end of the period (as best illustrated in FIG. 28). The C4+ components concentration profile shows an increase from 1.6% to 2.3% at Day 1.625 and then decreases to 1.4% at end of the period (as best illustrated in FIG. 29). In Case Study 8, the flowback management objective for the FSR-control strategy was to ensure the CO2-purity in the CO2-product is >=95 mole % CO2. In this case it was observes that the employed FSR profile is initially approximately 66% and then continually decreased to meet the objective with the final FSR value approximately 20% at the end of the period (as best illustrated in FIG. 27). The CO2-concentration in the CO2-product was steady, as desired at 95% (as best illustrated in FIG. 28). The C4+ components concentration was initially approximately 1.2% but decreased to approximately 0.8% at the end of the period (as best illustrated in FIG. 29). In Case Study 9, the flowback management objective for the FSR-control strategy was to ensure the CO2-purity in the CO2-product was >=90 mole % CO2. In this case it was observed that the employed FSR profile was initially 100% (i.e. all flowback directed to the condenser 305) until Day 2.125 and then FSR was continually decreased to meet the objective with the final FSR value approximately 70% at the end of the period (as best illustrated in FIG. 27). The CO2-concentration in the CO2-product was initially >90% until Day 2.125 and then was steady, as desired at 90 mol % CO2 (as best illustrated in FIG. 28). The C4+ components concentration rose from initially 1.7% to 2.6% at day 2.125 and then decreased to approximately 2.5% at the end of the period (as best illustrated in FIG. 29). Similar to Case Studies 2-5, higher purity results in less CO2-recovery (as best illustrated in FIG. 30-32).
It was noted in a comparison of Case Studies 3 and 7, that in Case Study 3, the FSR was held constant at 80% throughout the period, whereas in Case Study 7, the objective was to ensure that the CO2-concentration in the mixed stream 40 (FIGS. 1-19) was >=85 mole % CO2. The CO2-purity in the CO2-product on a bulk-averaged basis (total CO2 divided by total CO2-product output) was same for both cases, while the actual CO2-profiles for the CO2-product along the flowback period were significantly distinct. For Case Study 3, the CO2-product purity decreased steadily from approximately 94.5% CO2 to 89% CO2, whereas for Case Study 6, the CO2-concentration in the CO2-product remained between 91.5% and 93.8%.
Case Studies 1-9 are shown to elucidate the effectiveness of the flow management strategy disclosed herein to effectively control the CO2-product purity within a desired range while optimizing the system for CO2-recovery in terms of capital costs, operating costs, footprint and easy implementation at the well-site. As previously stated, in practice, the flowback from the well is highly dependent on the reservoir, the amount of CO2 used for stimulation, the operating conditions during the CO2-stimulation and the flowback conditions. In effect, the flowback rates and compositions will vary between wells and, as described previously, with time. The flowback management strategy disclosed herein provides a means to respond to the changes in the flowrate in order to control the CO2-recovery process operating conditions to yield CO2-purity within a desired range, while optimizing the CO2-recovery on a continual basis during the flowback period or the production period.
The foregoing has described an apparatus and method of recovery of CO2 from a post CO2-stimulation flowback. While the present disclosure has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art, having benefit of this disclosure, will appreciate that other embodiments may be devised which do not depart from the scope of the disclosure as described herein. While the present disclosure has been described with reference to exemplary embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the disclosure. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the present disclosure without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the present disclosure not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out the disclosure. It is, therefore, to be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true spirit of the disclosure.

## Claims

1. An apparatus for flow management and CO2-recovery from a CO2 containing hydrocarbon flow stream comprising:
a flow control zone in fluid communication with the CO2 containing hydrocarbon flow stream to provide control of a flowrate of the CO2 containing hydrocarbon flow stream and output a modified CO2 containing hydrocarbon flow stream;
a gas separation zone in fluid communication with the modified CO2 containing hydrocarbon flow stream to provide separation of a gas from the modified CO2 containing hydrocarbon flow stream and output a CO2 containing hydrocarbon process stream;
a pretreatment zone in fluid communication with the gas separation zone to provide removal of one or more of trace solids, aerogels, oil, hydrogen sulfides, water and non-gas liquids from the CO2 containing hydrocarbon process stream and output a pretreated flowback gas stream; and
a CO2-capture zone in fluid communication with the pretreatment zone to provide CO2-capture from the pretreated flowback gas stream and output a captured CO2-flow stream, the CO2-capture zone including a flow splitter to direct a second portion of the pretreated flowback gas stream to a CO2-enricher to provide an enriched CO2-stream for mixing with a first portion of the pretreated flowback gas stream to form a mixed gas stream, the CO2-capture zone further including at least one condenser to output the captured CO2-flow stream, wherein the CO2-enricher comprises a CO2-selective membrane.

2. An apparatus for flowback management and CO2-recovery from a post CO2-stimulation flowback stream comprising:
a flow control zone in fluid communication with the post CO2-stimulation flowback stream to provide control of a flowrate of the post CO2-stimulation flowback stream and output a modified flowback stream;
a gas separation zone in fluid communication with the modified flowback stream to provide separation of a gas from the modified flowback stream and output a flowback process stream;
a pretreatment zone in fluid communication with the gas separation zone to provide removal of one or more of trace solids, aerogels, oil, hydrogen sulfides, water and non-gas liquids from the flowback process stream and output a pretreated flowback gas stream; and
a CO2-capture zone in fluid communication with the pretreatment zone to provide CO2-capture from the pretreated flowback gas stream and output a captured CO2-flow stream, the CO2-capture zone including a flow splitter to direct a second portion of the pretreated flowback gas stream to a CO2-enricher to provide an enriched CO2-stream for mixing with a first portion of the pretreated flowback gas stream to form a mixed gas stream, the CO2-capture zone further including at least one condenser to output the captured CO2-flow stream, wherein the CO2-enricher comprises a CO2-selective membrane.

3. The apparatus of claim 2, further comprising a CO2-storage zone in fluid communication with the CO2-capture zone and a CO2-purification zone in fluid communication with the CO2-capture zone, the CO2-storage zone providing buffer storage and control of a flowrate of the captured CO2-flow stream to the purification zone, the purification zone providing purification of the captured CO2-flow stream and output of a CO2-product stream.

4. The apparatus of claim 2, further comprising a gas cleanup zone in fluid communication with the CO2 enricher to treat a portion of a CO2-lean gas retentate stream and output a pipeline quality natural gas stream and a CO2-rich permeate stream.

5. The apparatus of claim 2, further comprising a CO2-transfer zone in fluid communication with the CO2-capture zone to provide transfer of the captured CO2-flow stream as a CO2-product stream for product end use.

6. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the pretreatment zone includes one or more of mechanical filters, coalescers, H2S-scavengers, H2S-selective membranes, H2O-selective membranes and dessicants.

7. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the flow splitter is operational to vary the portion of the pretreated flowback gas stream to the condenser to meet target CO2-stream specifications at one or more locations in the apparatus.

8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the target CO2-stream specifications are in one of CO2-concentration or undesired components concentration in a respective flow stream.

9. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the flow splitter is operational to vary the portion of the pretreated flowback to the condenser between 0%-100%.

10. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the gas separation zone includes one or more gas separators providing varied operation in response to one or more of a flowrate and composition of the post CO2-stimulation flowback stream.

11. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the CO2-purification zone employs at least one of a heater, a cooler, an expander, a distillation column.

12. The apparatus of claim 2, comprising a plurality of CO2-capture zones configured in parallel such that the combined capacity satisfies an anticipated maximum flowrate of the post CO2-stimulation flowback stream.

13. An apparatus for flowback management and CO2-recovery from a post CO2-stimulation flowback stream comprising:
a flowback processing unit to receive and process post CO2-stimulation flowback stream and output a flowback stream at desired pressure and temperature;
a pretreatment unit to receive and remove contaminants from the flowback stream and output a pretreated flowback stream;
a flow splitter in fluid communication with the pretreatment unit to direct a first portion of the pretreated flowback stream to a condenser and a second portion of the pretreated flowback stream to a CO2-enricher to output an enriched CO2 flow stream to mix with the first portion of the pretreated flowback stream and output from the condenser a captured CO2 flow stream, wherein the CO2-enricher comprises a CO2-selective membrane.

14. The apparatus of claim 13, further comprising one or more purification components to purify the captured CO2 flow stream to a known specification and output a CO2-product stream.

15. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the flow splitter is operational to vary the portion of the pretreated flowback gas stream to the condenser to meet target CO2-stream specifications at one or more locations in the apparatus.

16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the target CO2-stream specifications are in one of CO2-concentration or undesired components concentration in a respective flow stream.

17. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the CO2-selective membrane comprises one or more of a polyetheretherketone (PEEK), cellulose acetate and a polyimide.

18. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the CO2-selective membrane is stable to hydrocarbon condensates.

19. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the enricher is operational to vary the enrichment of the enriched CO2 flow stream output to the condenser to meet target CO2-stream specifications at one or more locations in the apparatus.

20. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the CO2-concentration in the enriched CO2 flow stream is in a range of 85% to >99%.

21. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the CO2-enricher includes a plurality of parallel membrane systems, each of the plurality of parallel membrane systems having a separation capacity, wherein the separation capacity of the plurality of parallel membrane systems are one of equal or unequal to one another, and wherein each of the plurality of parallel membrane systems comprises the CO2-selective membrane.

22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein a number of employed parallel membrane systems of the plurality of parallel membrane systems is variable over a flowback period in response to a change in a separation duty required to obtain optimal CO2-recovery subject to target CO2-product specifications.

23. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the CO2-enricher includes a plurality of membrane systems in series, each of the plurality of membrane systems having a separation capacity, wherein the separation capacity of the plurality of membrane systems in series are one of equal or unequal to one another, and wherein each of the plurality of membrane systems in series comprises the CO2-selective membrane.

24. A method for flowback management and CO2-recovery from a post CO2-stimulation flowback stream comprising:
processing a post CO2-stimulation flowback stream to yield a processed flowback stream at a desired pressure and temperature;
pretreating the processed flowback stream to remove one or more contaminants and output a pretreated flowback stream;
directing a first portion of the pretreated flowback stream to a condenser and directing a second portion of the pretreated flowback stream to a CO2-enricher, the CO2-enricher outputting an enriched CO2-flow stream to mix with the first portion of the pretreated flowback stream and provide a captured CO2-flow stream, wherein the CO2-enricher comprises a CO2-selective membrane; and
transferring the captured CO2-flow stream as a CO2-product stream for product end use.

25. The method of claim 24, further comprising purifying the captured CO2-flow stream to a known specification to output the CO2-product stream.