applicable Any recommendations made are not to be considered as final statement s of NIOSH policy or of any agency or individ[tal~volved

Additional HHE reports are available at http:!!www cdc govinioshihhe%reports

pA~ 2ov 2-oc~C~ y

010-24-06

3

1 '

P03 :34 I N

NIOSH HEALTH HAZARD EVALUATION REPORT :

H ETA #98-0153-2883

Custom Products, Inc:

Mooresville, NC

November 2002

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

Centers for Disease Control and Preventio n

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

7100"
p. 2

' ~ .

The Hazard Evaluations and Technical Assistance Branch (HETAB) of the National Institute for

Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducts field investigations of possible health hazards in the

workplace . These investigations are conducted under the authority of Section 20(a)(6) of the Occupational

Safety and Health (OSHA) Act of 1970, 29 U .S.C. 669(a)(6) which authorizes the Secretary of Health and

Human Services, following a written request from any employer or authorized representative of employees,

to determine whether any substance normally found in the place of employment has potentially toxic effects

in such concentrations as used or found.

HETAB also provides, upon request, technical and consultative assistance to federal, state, and local agencies ;

labor; industry; and other groups or individuals to control occupational health hazards and to prevent related

trauma and disease . Mention of company names or products does not constitute endorsement by NIOSH .

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND AVAILABILITY OF REPORT

This report was prepared by Dr . Christopher Reh, Mr . Vince Mortimer, Dr. Jeffrey Nemhauser, and Dr. Doug

Trout of HETAB, Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies (DSHEFS) . Field

assistance was provided by Mr . Kevin Dunn, Mr. Joshua Harney, MS, and Mr. Calvin Cook, MS. Analytical

support was provided by Datachem, Salt Lake City, UT . Desktop publishing was performed by Patricia

McGraw. Review and preparation for printing were performed by Penny Arthur .

Copies of this report have been sent to employee and management representatives at Custom Products and

the OSHA Regional Office . This report is not copyrighted and may be freely reproduced . Single copies of

this report will be available for a period of three years from the date of this report . To expedite your request,

include a self-addressed mailing label along with your written request to :

NIOSH Publications Office

4676 Columbia Parkway

Cincinnati, Ohio 45226

800-356-4674

After this time, copies may be purchased from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) at

5825 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161 . Information regarding the NTIS stock number may be

obtained from the NIOSH Publications Office at the Cincinnati address.

For the purpose . informing affected employees, copies of this report •-

posted • employer prominent place accessible to employee s the . . period

. 0 calendar days .

ii
p. 3

Highlights of the NIO Health Hazard Evaluation

Evaluation 1 Exposure 1 Spray Adhesive

1 1 1 1 1 1 . ' 11-13PI)

This Health Hazard Evaluation was requested by the North Carolina Department of Labor to address concerns

about possible health problems related to working with a spray adhesive (that contains the chemical 1-

bromopropane [I -BP]) .

■ After spray booths were added in the

What NIOSH 1~ Covers and Assembly areas, air levels of 1-

■ We checked the air for 1-BP level . BP were much lower.

■ We checked the ventilation in the plant . ■ Some spray booth filters were clogged .

■ We asked employees to fill out a ■ Some employees were spraying cushions

questionnaire and checked samples ofblood outside the spray booths, which may be

for blood counts.

adding to worker exposure to 1-BP.

■ We made recommendations to improve What Custom Products Managers Can Do

ventilation to decrease air levels of 1-BP .

■ After the ventilation was improved by the • Inspect the spray booth filters regularly and

addition of spray booths, we rechecked the replace them when they are clogged.

air levels and the ventilation. ■ Train employees so that they use the spray

booths correctly and perform all spraying

What NIOSH Found inside the booths.

■ Re-evaluate employee exposures to 1-BP

■ Before the ventilation was improved all periodically to determine if further controls

employees were exposed to high levels of are needed to decrease exposures to 1-BP.

1-BP and the old ventilation was not

What Custom Products 1 Employees working well.

■ Most of the blood counts were normal. The ■ Attend all training and education sessions

few abnormal results we observed did not given by the management .

appear to be related to 1-BP exposure . ■ Follow instructions on proper us of the

■ Some employees reported symptoms in the adhesive spray equipment and spray booths.

questionnaire but none of the symptoms

could be related to 1-BP exposure .

What To Do For More Information :

Df, ~

~~„~,~. ~, .~ .,~. . ~,~, w

1-513-841-4252and ask tor

Health Hazard Evaluation Report 98-0153-2883

iii
p. 4

Custom Products, Inc .

Mooresville, NC

November 2002

Christopher M . Reh, PhD, CI H

Vincent D. Mortimer, PE

Jeffrey B. Nemhauser, MD

Douglas Trout, MD, MH S

On March 17, 1998, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) received a request for a

health hazard evaluation (HHE) at Custom Products, Inc . in Mooresville, North Carolina . The request was

submitted by the North Carolina Department of Labor, and centered on workers' exposure to 1-bromopropane (1-

BP) during the spray application of solvent-based adhesives. In response to this request, NIOSH investigators

conducted two surveys at the facility .

At the time of the first survey all employees at Custom Products (working in four departments : Saw, Assembly,

Sew, and Covers) were considered potentially exposed to 1-BP and 2-bromopropane (2-BP) . 2-BP may be found

in most commercially available 1-BP formulations as a contaminant . The first survey consisted of exposure,

ventilation, and medical assessments. Personal breathing zone (PBZ) sampling for 1-BP was conducted in the

Assembly, Covers, and Saw departments, and area air sampling for 1-BP was performed in the Sew department

.

Air velocity in and around the spray booths and unventilated tables was measured . Other aspects of the ventilation

assessment included evaluation of spray booth filter maintenance, and observation of air movement (using smoke

tubes), work tasks and movements of workers, and positioning of spray booth exhaust discharges. The medical

assessment included questionnaire administration for all employees in the Assembly, Cover, and Saw departments

and collection of blood samples and analysis of complete blood count (CBC) . A CBC was drawn to detennine if

1-BP exposure had any effect on workers' ability to make blood cells.

Sixty-nine full-shift, time-weighted average (TWA) 1-BP personal breathing zone (PBZ) exposure measurements

and 11 area air samples were collected during the first exposure assessment . The mean 1-BP full-shift PBZ

exposure concentration forparticipating workers was 168 .9 parts per million (ppm), and the exposures ranged from

60.0 to 381 .2 ppm. All of the exposures were above 25 ppm, a concentration that has been suggested as an

exposure guideline by several organizations . On average, the highest exposures were in the Covers department

(mean of 197 .0 ppm), followed by the Assembly department (169 .8 ppm), and the Saw department (117 .1 ppm).

The mean area 1-BP air concentration in the Sew department was 128 .1 ppm. Sprayers (working in the Covers and

Assembly departments) were exposed to a higher concentration of 1-BP than were other workers . The initial

ventilation assessment found that the Assembly department spray booths (there were no spray booths in the Covers

department) were inadequate . During the ventilation assessment, NIOSH investigators identified exhaust filters

that were either partially or completely clogged with spray adhesive, observed workers spraying some work pieces

outside the spray booths, and found that the spray booth exhaust discharge stacks were located in close proximity

to roof-top air intakes.

iv
p. 5

Forty-six (66%) of the 70 employees in the three departments completed the questionnaire and provided blood for

a CBC. The median cell counts, platelet counts, and hemoglobin concentrations were all within the normal ranges

provided by the laboratory. Several symptoms suggestive of excessive exposure to solvents were prevalent among

all workers surveyed ; the prevalence of these symptoms was not statistically different between the higher-exposed

group compared to the lower-exposed group. Thirty-two (70%) of the 46 medical survey participants had PBZ air

sampling for 1-BP; for those 32 persons, additional statistical analyses were performed to examine the relationship

between individual exposures and the questionnaire and CBC results. The mean 1-BP concentration was not

statistically significantly greater among workers reporting symptoms compared to those not reporting symptoms .

There were no statistically significant relationships between the individual 1-BP exposure measures and the

corresponding CBC results. Several factors, including the fact that all participants in our survey were exposed to

1-BP, limited our ability to assess potential health effects.

Subsequent to the first site visit and the interim NIOSH report (May 26, 1999), Custom Products installed new

spray booths with local exhaust ventilation for all adhesive spraying operations (Assembly and Covers

departments). Follow-up exposure and ventilation surveys were conducted which included both PBZ and area air

sampling for 1-BP and 2-BP.

The mean 1-BP PBZ exposure concentration afthe follow-up survey was 19 .0 ppm (range: 1 .2 to 58.0 ppm), and

a total of 10 (43%) of the 23 1 -BP PBZ exposure measurements exceeded 25 ppm . The mean 2-BP PBZ exposure

concentration was 0.14 ppm. The 1-BP PBZ air concentrations in the Sew department ranged from 1 .1 to 1 .9 ppm,

and no 2-BP was detected in any of the five samples collected in this department . The average velocity of air

flowing into the three spray booths measured during the follow-up ventilation assessment in the Assembly area was

approximately 100 ft/min, and the average velocity for the six booths in the Covers area was approximately 125

ft/min. Both of the values are below the recommended 150 ft/min ; however, the hoods performed well based on

qualitative evaluation. Individual filter average velocities were higher for filter sections that were less clogged by

spray adhesive. For work performed inside the booths, air-flow visualization indicated that very little, if any,

contaminant would be recirculated into the worker's breathing zone . We found that some pieces were being

sprayed outside the booths.

The first NIOSH survey documented that all evaluated workers were exposed to 1-BP at concentrations above 25

ppm, and that the old spray booths in the Assembly department were ineffective in reducing workers' 1-BP

exposures. Following the installation of new spray booths in the Covers and Assembly departments, the second

exposure assessment documented significantly reduced air concentrations of 1-BP, though some employees were

still exposed to concentrations of 1-BP above 25 ppm. Some of our ventilation measurements in the follow-up

assessment revealed less-than-recommended air velocity in the spray booths, which may have been due to filter

clogging by spray adhesive .

Analysis of the symptom and CBC data did not show meaningful relationships with 1-BP exposure levels;

however, given the limitations of our survey and lack of toxicologic data relevant to 1 -BP in general, we are unable

to determine if worker exposure to 1-BP at Custom Products constitutes a health hazard. Considering this, and

while further data are being collected, NIOSH investigators believe that occupational exposure to 1-BP and 2-BP

should be minimized. Implementation of standard engineering, administrative, and work practice controls has been

effective in greatly reducing worker exposure to 1-BP. Recommendations are made in this report to further assist

in this goal, including recommendations concerning improved employee education and work practices .

v
p. 6

KEYWORDS: SIC 2531 (Seats: Automobile, Vans, Aircraft, Railroad, and Other Public Conveyances) foam

fabrication, spray adhesives, 1-bromopropane, 2-bromopropane, n-propyl bromide, isopropyl bromide, engineering

controls, ventilation, spray booths, CBC, complete blood count, headache, reproductive abnormalities .

vi
p. 7

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. .

n

Acknowledgments and Availability of Repo rt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iv

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Exposure Assessments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Ventilation Assessments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Medical Assessments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Evaluation Crite ri a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1-BP and 2-BP Evaluation C ri te ri a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

First NIOSH Surv ey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Exposure Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Ventilation Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Medical Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

CBC Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Symptom/Medical History Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Second NIOSH Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Exposure Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Ventilation Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Discussion and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Exposure Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

1 -BP Exposure and Health Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I1

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

INTRODUCTION
p. 8

On March 17, 1998, the National Institute for ~

Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) received BACKGROUN D

a request for a health hazard evaluation (HHE) a t

Custom Products, Inc . in Mooresville, North Custom Products manufactures seat cushions for the

Carolina. The request was submitted by the North commercial aircraft industry . The cushions are foam

Carolina Department of Labor, and centered on padded, and the foam is covered with NomexTM and

workers' exposure to 1-bromopropane (also known a decorative fabric . The cushions consist of several

as n-propyl bromide) during the spray application of pieces of cut foam glued together with a spray

solvent-based adhesives. In response to this request, adhesive . The cushion is inserted into the Nomex

NIOSH investigators conducted several site visits to cover, and the same spray adhesive is used to seal the

the facility . Nomex around the cushion. Finally, the fabri c

exterior is applied to the cushion. The spray

The first survey consisted of exposure, ventilation, adhesive used in these operations contains 1-BP as a

and medical assessments. On November 10-12, solvent vehicle .

1998, NIOSH industrial hygienists conducted a

1-bromopropanc (1-BP) exposure assessment, and a The production areas are divided into four

NIOSH engineer conducted a ventilation assessment departments: Saw, Assembly, Sew, and Covers.

at the facility on November 23-24, 1998 . NIOSH Bulk foam is cut with various saws in the Saw

medical officers conducted a medical assessment on department. In the Assembly department, the

December 1-3, 1998 . The findings from the adhesive is sprayed on the foam pieces, and the

exposure and ventilation assessments were pieces are pressed together (by hand) to form the

summarized in an interim report (dated May 26, cushion . Thus, the workers in the Assembly

1999) which included recommendations for spray department are either sprayers or assemblers. The

booths and local exhaust ventilation . The findings Nomex covers are produced from bulk material in

from the medical assessment, and individual the Sew department, and the covers are placed

notification of test results, were reported in around the cushions in the Covers department . All

December 1999. production workers in the Covers department are

sprayers. All employees in these four departments

Subsequent to the May 26, 1999, interim report, are potentially exposed to 1-BP and 2-BP. The

Custom Products installed spray booths with local Assembly sprayers and assemblers, and Covers

exhaust ventilation for all adhesive spraying workers work directly with the adhesive

operations. Consequently, follow-up exposure and formulations. Employees in the Saw and Sew

ventilation surveys were conducted . The purpose of departments are indirectly exposed due to their

the follow-up assessments was to document the proximity to the spraying operations in the other

change in exposures and airflow patterns associated departments .

with the installation of the new spray booths. The

NIOSH industrial hygienists conducted 1-BP and At the time of the first NIOSH survey, spray booths

2-bromopropane (2-BP [also known as isopropyl for adhesive spraying operations were present in the

bromide]) exposure assessments at Custom Products Assembly department . Custom Products had

on November 16, 2000 . The results from that fabricated these five spray booths using metal tubing

exposure assessment were provided to Custom for a frame and clear plastic sheeting for the sides

Products on December 20, 2000 . In addition, a final and top of the enclosures. The booths were

ventilation assessment was conducted on April 19, approximately 76 inches high, 60 inches wide, and

2001 . This report summarizes all the previously 54 inches deep. Each booth contained an

reported information and also the results from the adjustable-height work surface, and was ventilated

second ventilation survey. though a duct opening in the back or side wall. The

air from the booths was exhausted directly to the

outside.

Page 2 Health Hazard Evaluation Report No . 98-0153-2883
p. 9

At the time of the second NIOSH survey, two

After receiving the findings and recommendations different adhesives were used at Custom Products .

from the first exposure and ventilation assessment The Assembly department used Whisper Spray

(Appendix 1), Custom Products installed new spray (Imperial Adhesives, Cincinnati, Ohio), which

booths at all adhesive spraying stations in the contains 60-70% by weight 1-BP. The adhesive

Assembly and Covers departments. The new booths used in the Covers department was Fire Retardant

differed somewhat from the NIOSH recommended Soft Seam 6460 (Mid South Adhesives, Memphis,

design; the most significant design deviation was the Tennessee), which contains 60-80% by weight 1-BP.

absence of baffles in the back of the booths. In the A small percentage of 2-BP is usually present as a

Assembly department, the original five spray booths contaminant in most 1-BP-containing formulations .

were replaced with three angle-iron and sheet-meta l

booths. These new booths were approximately 84

inches high, 60 inches wide, and 32 inches deep with

MAN :

a plenum at the back. Each booth had a work surfac e

about 36 inches above the floor so that the open area

at the face of the booth was approximately 56 inche s

by 48 inches. The ceiling of each booth extended 24 Exposure Assessments

inches beyond the front edge of the work surface out

over where the worker stood while spraying adhesive For the first NIOSH survey, all workers in the

on foam cushion components inside each booth . Assembly, Covers, and Saw departments were asked

to participate in at least one shift of 1-BP inhalation

Six new booths had also been fabricated for the exposure measurement. Also, area air sampling for

Covers area. The design was similar to that 1-BP was performed at randomly selected work

described above except that the booths were wider to stations in the Sew department . During the second

allow two workers to use a booth to spray adhesive survey, all employees in the Assembly, Covers, and

and insert finished cushions into covers. These Saw departments were again targeted for a full-shift

booths were approximately 84 inches high and 96 1-BP and 2-BP inhalation exposure measurement .

inches wide, with an open area of approximately 92 Short-term (15-minute) 1-BP and 2-BP inhalation

inches by 48 inches. One of these booths had a 32- exposure measurements were also collected from

inch deep work surface, another was approximately sprayers in the Assembly and Covers departments .

30 inches deep, and the depth of the other four was In addition, area air sampling for 1-BP and 2-BP was

approximately 26 inches. conducted at various locations and work stations in

the Sew Department. Employee participation in both

In both areas, the top of each hood extended 24 surveys was voluntary . For the employees'

inches beyond the work surface edge . The edges of inhalation exposure measurements, the sampling

the side panels were angled to connect the front of pumps and sample trains were worn by the subjects,

the work surface with the extended front edge of the and the sample media were placed in the subjects'

top surface ofthe hood. At the back ofthe hoods, the breathing zones (personal breathing. zone [PBZ]

air entered the plenum through 20-inch square filter samples).

elements. Each filter was a grid of 16 open areas, 4-

1/4 inch square . The single-worker hoods in the During both surveys, air sampling was conducted

Assembly area had four filters; the wider hoods in the using a NIOSH draft analytical method for 1-BP and

Covers area had eight filters. The filters collected the 2-BP. In this method, air is drawn through a standard

excess adhesive, preventing the stringy, "cotton- charcoal tube (SKC Anasorb® CSC Lot 2000) at a

candy-like" strands from being drawn into the nominal flowrate of 50 to 100 milliliters per minute

exhaust system. (ml/min) using a calibrated personal sampling pump .

After sampling, the charcoal tubes were capped and

shipped refrigerated to the analytical laboratory. The

Health Hazard Evaluation Report No . 98-0153-2883 Page 3
P. 10

front and back sections of the charcoal tubes were A rating of filter clogging was estimated by visual

placed in glass vials, and each section was desorbed inspection for each small filter opening. An 11-point

for 30 minutes with 1 ml of carbon disulfide . Each scale was used, with zero being no clogging and 10

sample was analyzed for both 1-BP and 2-BP using being no-flow . Each 16-grid filter was averaged

gas chromatography with a flame ionization separately, and the number was reported as a

detector. percentage of openness.

The 1-BP limit of detection (LOD) and limit of The movement of air was observed using smoke

quantification (LOQ) for the draft NIOSH method tubes, small glass tubes which release a thin trail of

were 1 microgram per sample (μg/sample) and 4 chemical smoke showing the direction of air flow.

μg/sample, respectively. The LOD and LOQ for At the same time, the work tasks and movements of

2-BP were 1 .0 and 3 μg/sample, respectively. LODs the workers were noted . The flow of air under and

and LOQs are values determined by the analytical around the doors leading to the outdoors was also

procedure used to analyze the samples, and are not observed using smoke tubes . The position of the

dependent on sample volume . Minimum detectable spray booth exhaust discharges relative to the

concentrations (MDCs) and minimum quantifiable location of the air-handler outside air intakes on the

concentrations (MQCs) are determined by dividing roofwas noted, and the flow ofair around these units

the LODs and LOQs by air sample volumes was observed using smoke tubes .

appropriate for the given set of samples. For this

HHE site visit, the average sample volume for a Medical Assessments

given set of samples was used to calculate thes e

values. MDCs and MQCs for all exposure data can A questionnaire was offered to all employees in

be found at the bottom of the appropriate data tables departments in which PBZ sampling was occurring,

and appendices. Summary data are presented in this which included the Assembly, Covers, and Saw

report; complete data for the two exposure departments (on both morning and evening shifts) .

assessments are presented in Appendices 2 and 3

. The questionnaire included questions concernin g

basic demographic information and work and Ventilation Assessments medical histo ry. Questions used to assess possible

effects of overexposure to solvent's included

Air velocity in and around the spray booths and questions about headache, feeling "drunk," abnormal

tables, where spraying and/or assembling operations fatigue, and problems concentrating . Several

were performed, was measured with a hot-wire questions were asked in the questionnaire concerning

anemometer (TSI VelociCalc Plus model 8386). history of reproductive problems. All employees

The center-point velocity for each small filter grid filling out the questionnaire were asked to provide a

opening was measured, giving 64 readings for each sample of blood, after providing informed consent,

single-station hood and 128 readings foreach double- for a complete blood count (CBC) . The CBC was

station hood. For computation, each 16-grid filter performed on participants to evaluate whether

was averaged separately to give 4 values for each exposure to 1-BP can result im impaired production

single-station hood, and 8 values for each double- of blood cells. Elements of the CBC used for the

station hood. Additionally, air velocity 12-inches purpose of this evaluation included the red blood

above the work surface was measured at 6, 12, 18, cell, platelet, and white blood cell counts and

24, and 30 inches (if the work surface was deep hemoglobin concentration . Hemoglobin (the

enough) from the back of the hood at the center and oxygen-carrying protein of red blood cells)

1 foot in from each side panel. The center line was concentration is a commonly used clinical measure

measured twice and the readings were compared and of the ability of blood to carry oxygen .

averaged to give one set of values for the line .

Forty-six (66%) of the 70 employees in the three

participating departments (Assembly, Covers, and

Page 4 Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. 98-0153-2883
p.11

Saw) present at the time of the evaluation completed be twice as likely to have reported the outcome than

the questionnaire and provided blood for a CBC . a non-sprayer.

Because all employees taking part in this HHE were

exposed to 1-BP, the relationship between exposure Thirty-two of the medical survey participants had

to 1-BP and potential health effects was evaluated by PBZ air sampling conducted for 1-BP . For those 32

grouping workers into exposure groups based persons, statistical analyses were performed to

primarily on job title (sprayers [in Assembly and examine the relationship between individual 1-BP

Covers departments], assembly workers [Assembly exposures and the questionnaire and CBC results

department], and others [Saw department workers (even if the CBC results were within the normal

and one supervisor from the Covers department]). ranges provided by the laboratory). Linear

Exposure groups were created based on the industrial regression was used to assess the relationship

hygiene sampling data for each j ob title at the time of between the CBC elements and individual 1-BP

the first NIOSH exposure survey. For example, the exposure measurements . Non-occupational factors

mean 1-BP concentration for sprayers was assigned that were taken into account in the analyses of CBCs

as the exposure for all sprayers. included: age, gender, current cigarette smoking

status, and alcohol use . For symptoms reported in

Among the 46 participants, three had jobs for which the questionnaire, the mean 1-BP exposure

there was no quantitative information concerning concentration among persons reporting a symptom

exposure to 1-BP. Those three were excluded from (compared to those not reporting the symptom) was

this group analysis, leaving 43 participants with evaluated using a t-test to test for statistical

exposure information available from the NIOSH significance. Analyses were done using SAS

survey. Group exposure information was used to software (Version 8.2) . A p-value of s .05 was used

determine whether workers in different exposure to indicate statistical significance .

groups had statistically significant differences in their

CBC endpoints or in questionnaire responses

concerning health problems. To compare the EVALUATIO N CRITERIA

distribution of CBC results (red blood cell, whit e

blood cell, platelet counts, and hemoglobin As a guide to the evaluation of the hazards posed by

concentration) between the sprayers and the non- workplace exposures, NIOSH field staff employ

sprayers (assembly workers and others), the median environmental evaluation criteria for the assessment

was used as the measure of central tendency and the of a number of chemical and physical agents . These

Wilcoxon two-sample test was used to test for criteria are intended to suggest levels of exposure to

statistical significance . The prevalence of symptoms which most workers may be exposed up to 10 hours

potentially related to excessive exposure to 1-BP was per day, 40 hours per week for a working lifetime

calculated for each ofthe three exposure groups . The without experiencing adverse health effects . It is,

magnitude of the relationship between sprayers and however, important to note that not all workers will

non-sprayers was assessed by the prevalence ratio be protected from adverse health effects even though

(PR); a 95 percent confidence interval (95 % CI) their exposures are maintained below these levels . A

which excluded one was considered to indicate a small percentage may experience adverse health

statistically significant finding . The PR represents effects because of individual susceptibility, a prethe prevalence of an outcome (for example, the existing medical condition, and/or a hypersensitivity

occurrence of headache) in the sprayers relative to (allergy). In addition, some hazardous substances

the prevalence in the non-sprayers. A PR of one may act in combination with other workplace

means there is no association between the outcome exposures, the general environment, or with

and "greater exposure ." A PR of greater than medications or personal habits of the worker to

one indicates evidence of an association . For produce health effects even if the occupational

example, a PR of two would mean that a sprayer may exposures are controlled at the level set by th e

criteria. These combined effects are often not

Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. 98-0153-2883 Page 5
p. 12

considered in the evaluation criteria . Also, some the literature concerning 1-BP and 2-BP is presented

substances are absorbed by direct contact with the in Appendix 4. As with other solvents, occupational

skin and mucous membranes, and thus potentially exposure to 1-BP may occur via both inhalation and

increases the overall exposure. Finally, evaluation skin absorption. Potential health effects related to

criteria may change over the years as new overexposure to 1-BP (and many other solvents) may

information on the toxic effects of an agent become include irritation of the eyes, mucous membranes,

available. upper respiratory tract, and skin. At higher levels of

exposure, central nervous system depression

The primary sources of environmental evaluation (characterized by headache and dizziness, and

criteria for the workplace are : (1) NIOSH possibly leading to loss ofconsciousness) may occur.

Recommended Exposure Limits (RELs),' (2) the A few studies have addressed the issue of specific

American Conference of Governmental Industrial health effects among workers occupationally

Hygienists' (ACGIH(K) Threshold Limit Values exposed to 2-BP . In a series of studies, 33 electronic

(TLVs®),'- and (3) the U .S. Department of Labor, assembly workers working with 2-BP as the major

Occupational Safety and Health Administration component in a cleaning solution were evaluated .''-

(OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs).3 Those evaluations suggested that occupational

Employers are encouraged to follow the OSHA exposure to 2-BP may have been associated with

limits, the NIOSH RELs, the ACGIH TLVs, or damage to both male and female organs of

whichever are the more protective criterion . reproduction (ovarian failure and sperm

abnormalities) and also bone marrow failure

OSHA requires an employer to furnish employees a (pancytopenia [low blood counts]). Animal studies

place of employment that is free from recognized have suggested that 2-BP may cause testicular and

hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death bone marrow abnormalities in rats .' Because of the

or serious physical harm [Occupational Safety and concern that 1-BP may cause health effects similar to

Health Act of 1970, Public Law 91-596, sec. those reported for 2-BP, this HHE primarily

5.(a)(1)]. Employers should understand that not all addressed reproductive (by questionnaire) and

hazardous chemicals have specific OSHA exposure hematologic (by questionnaire and CBC) concerns in

limits such as PELs and short-term exposure limits our medical assessment.

(STELs). However, an employer is still required b y

OSHA to protect their employees from hazards, even Currently, there are no NIOSH, ACGIH, or OSHA

in the absence of a specific OSHA PEL. exposure evaluation criteria for 1-BE Albemarle

Corporation, a manufacturer of 1-BP, has developed

A time-weighted average (TWA) exposure refers to an occupational exposure limit for 1-BP which is

the average airborne concentration of a substance based on the initial, unaudited data from a two

during a normal 8- to 10-hour workday. Some generation reproductive study in rats .4 Based on the

substances have recommended STEL or ceiling results of that study and a 10-fold safety factor,

values which are intended to supplement the TWA Albemarle set their 1-BP recommended exposure

where there are recognized toxic effects from higher guideline at 25 ppm as an 8-hour TWA exposure.'

exposures over the short-term. More recently, after a review of available exposure

data and human and animal toxicologic data, but

based primarily on data from animal studies

1-BP and 2-BP Evaluation (including effects on the male reproductive system

Criteria [sperm motility]), the Environmental Protection

Agency (EPA) has proposed an Acceptable

Industrial Exposure Limit (AEL) for 1-BP of 25

Little information was available concerning potential ppm .6 This AEL currently exists only in draft form

health effects related to occupational exposure to 1- and may be subject to further revision following

BP at the time this HHE was initiated. A review of public comment.

Page 6 Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. 98-0153-2883
p. 13

A comparison of the exposures of sprayers in th e

The South Korean Ministry of Labor is the only Covers department versus sprayers in the Assembly

group that has developed an occupational exposure department revealed no significant difference in 1-BP

guideline/limit for 2-BP. In 1998, the Ministry of concentrations between these two groups (p = 0.4).

Labor issued an exposure standard for 2-BP of 1 ppm 1-BP exposures were higher among sprayers (in both

as an 8-hour TWA.' This standard was based on a Covers and Assembly departments) compared to all

limited number ofworkplace epidemiological studies other workers (p < 0 .0001), and exposures were

and toxicological (animal) studies which found that higher in Assembly department sprayers compared to

2-BP exposure produces reproductive effects in both Assembly department assemblers (p=0 .04). The data

males (low sperm count) and females (ovarian from the area air sampling in the Sew department are

dysfunction), and also affects the hematopoietic shown in Table 2 . The mean area 1-BP air

System. 8,9,10,11,1113,14 concentration in this department was 128 .1 ppm, and

the concentrations ranged from 107 .3 to 160 .9 ppm.

Ventilation Assessment

First N IOSH Survey The measured exhaust flow rates for the five booths

were between 200 and 900 cubic feet of air per

minute (CFM). The lowest value was less than 25 0

Exposure Assessment CFM due to the filter for booth #2 being more than

half covered with the spray adhesive . When a new

During the two-day period, a total of 138 half-shift, filter was installed, the flow rate doubled .

TWA air samples were collected from workers in th e

Assembly, Saw, and Covers departments. Air With an open area for each booth of about 32 square

sampling was conducted for one day on all workers feet, the average velocity over the face of each booth,

in the Saw and Covers departments, and for two days calculated from the exhaust flow rate, ranged from 13

on workers in the Assembly department . These to 25 ft/min. The average face velocity measured in

samples resulted in 69 full-shift, TWA 1-BP the top half of the booth was higher, ranging from 24

exposure determinations for workers in these to 40 ft/min . The average face velocities and flow

departments. In addition, 11 area air samples were rates are summarized in Table 3 .

collected from randomly selected work stations in th e

Sew department . The general flow of air within the Assembly area was

from the northeast to the southwest, although in front

The data from the 1-BP exposure determinations are of booths 1 and 2, the flow was more towards the

presented in Appendix 2, and summary results based northwest . In the Covers area, the general flow was

on these data are in Table 1 . The mean 1-BP full- from south to north along the east wall of the

shift exposure concentration from all PBZ samples building where the work tables were located .

was 168.9 ppm, and the exposures ranged from 60 .0 Specifically, in front of booth 1, air from in front of

to 381 .2 ppm. All of the exposures were above 25 the booth did flow around the left edge of the booth,

ppm, and only two exposures were less than 100 across the work table . In front ofbooth 2, air flowed

ppm. On average, the highest exposures were in the across the work table, around the right edge of the

Covers department (mean of 197 .0 ppm), followed booth, and across the front of the booth. For both

by the Assembly department (169 .8 ppm), and the booths, smoke released from a smoke tube close to

Saw department (117 .1 ppm) . The highest 1-BP the face of the booth entered the booth, but smoke

exposure was found in a Covers department worker released a few feet from the face did not enter the

(381 .2 ppm), and the two exposures that were below booth . The flow of air around booths 3 and 5 was

100 ppm were found in a Saw operator (85 .1 ppm) similar to booth 2, and the flow of air around booth

and an Assembly department assembler (60 .0 ppm). 4 was similar to booth 1 .

Health Hazard Evaluation Report No . 98-0153-2883 ' Page 7
p. 14

Although the booths were adequately sized for the range 3 .8 - 5.8 million per mm3), the median

work being performed, some pieces were sprayed hemoglobin concentration was 13 .6 grams per

outside the booth. Some pieces were sprayed while deciliter (g/dl) (laboratory normal range 11 .6 - 17.1

on the work table to add adhesive during the g/dl), the median white blood cell count was 6,700

assembly; others were sprayed in front of the booth, cells per mm3 (laboratory normal range 3,900 -

possibly because the lighting was better or because 11,400 per mm3), and the median platelet count was

the piece had already been removed from the booth 202,000 per mm3 (laboratory normal range 140,000 -

and then a need for more adhesive was noticed. In 400,00 per mm3) . Five of the CBC measurements

the Covers area, although the amount of spraying were outside the normal ranges . One person had a

was less than in the Assembly area, the workers got white blood cell count of 3,700 per mm', one person

just as close to the sprayed pieces while putting the had a platelet count of 540,000 per mm3, and three

fabric covers over the foam. had hemoglobin concentrations outside the normal

range. All three of these latter participants were in

The differential pressures inside the plant were all the Covers department; two of the three had PBZ

negative with respect to outside the plant, so that air measurements (these were 127 ppm and 265 ppm) .

came into the plant through all the outside doors. The rest of the CBC measurements were within the

The temperature inside the plant was approximately normal ranges. None of the participants had

75°F, and the relative humidity was approximately decreases of all three blood components . The

50 %. median values of the red blood cell counts and

hemoglobin concentrations ofsprayers were less than

On the roof, the spray booth exhaust discharge stacks those values from non-sprayers, although the

extended only 3-1/2 ft above the roof, and each was differences were not statistically significant (Table

capped with a weather-cap which obstructed and 5).

deflected the vertical flow of air from the discharge

pipe. The discharge points for booths 1 and 2 and for To evaluate a possible association between CBC test

booth 5 were located only a few feet southwest of the results and 1-BP exposure, linear regression analyses

air intake of two of the roof-top air-conditioners. were performed between red blood cell, hemoglobin,

The discharge point for booths 3 and 4 was located white blood cell, and platelet counts and 1-BP

approximately 10 feet southeast of the air intake of a exposure (as determined by PBZ 1-BP

third roof-top air-conditioner. The height differences concentrations). We found that hemoglobin and red

between discharge and intake openings were only a blood cell counts were correlated (r=0 .63) and that

few feet. women participants were more likely to have both

lower red blood cell counts (and hemoglobin

Medical Assessment

Table 4 presents information describing the 43

survey participants. The majority of participants

were female, and the length of time working at their

current job varied for Assembly and Covers

employees (four years) compared to Saw employees

(nine years).

CBC Testing

The median red blood cell count was 4 .3 million

cells per cubic millimeter (mm3) (laboratory normal

Page 8 Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. 98-0153-2883
p. 15

concentrations) and greater exposure to 1-BP. There Second NIOSH Survey

were no statistically significant relationships betwee n

the individual 1-BP exposure measures and the CBC Exposure Assessment

results, including white blood cells (Q=0 .008, p=0 .3),

platelets (0=0 .064, p=0.8), red blood cells ((3= - The data from the 30 full-shift 1-BP and 2-BP

0,.008, p=0.6; controlling for gender), and inhalation exposure measurements are shown in

hemoglobin concentration ((3= -0 .0057, p=0.14; Appendix 2, and are summarized for 1-BP in Table

controlling for gender). 8 and for 2-BP in Table 9. The mean 1-BP exposure

concentration was 19.0 ppm, and the measurements

Symptom/Medical History Survey ranged from 1 .2 to 58 .0 ppm. The Covers

department had the highest mean 1-BP exposure

Symptoms suggestive of excessive exposure to level (29.2 ppm), followed by the Assembly

solvents were prevalent among all workers surveyed department with a mean level of 18 .8 ppm and the

(Table 6). Among these symptoms, having a Saw department with a mean level of 1 .8 ppm. Eight

headache at least once per week, having painful ofthe 12 (66 .7%) 1 -BP exposure measurements from

tingling in hands or feet, reporting a tremor, and the Covers department exceeded 25 ppm ; two of the

"feeling drunk" when not drinking, were all reported 11 (18 .1 %) 1-BP exposure measurements from the

more commonly among sprayers compared to non- Assembly department exceeded 25 ppm .

sprayers, although none of the differences wer e

statistically significant (Table 6). Further analyses of The mean 2-BP exposure concentration was 0 .14

symptoms were performed for the 32 persons who ppm; concentrations ranged from below the MDC

had participated in PBZ exposure sampling. (none detected) to 0.55 ppm. The highest 2-BP

Analyses of PBZ 1-BP exposure among employees exposures were found in the Assembly department

by presence or absence of symptoms are reported in (mean of 0.30 ppm), followed by the Covers

Table 7 . For each of the symptoms evaluated, air department (0.06 ppm) and the Saw department (0 .04

concentrations of 1 -BP were not statistically different ppm). Two of the 30 2-BP exposure measurements

between those employees reporting the symptom were below the MDC, and none of the measurements

compared to those not reporting the symptom. exceeded the South Korean exposure limit .

Questions concerning reproductive health were Twelve short-term (15-minute) 1-BP and 2-BP

asked in the questionnaire in several ways. In inhalation exposure measurements were collected

response to the question "Have you ever been to the from sprayers in the Assembly and Covers

doctor for reproductive/fertility problems," one departments (Table 10) . These measurements were

participant answered yes and 42 answered no . The collected to document peak I -BP and 2-BP exposure

one person answering yes worked in the Saw concentrations during spray adhesive applications .

department and (compared to other sampled The 1-BP short-term exposures ranged from 12 .3 to

employees) had a relatively low PBZ air 26.0 ppm in the Assembly department, and from 13 .4

concentration of 1-BP. Of the 41 participants to 95 .8 ppm in the Covers department. In addition,

answering question concerning fertility, two of nine the 2-BP short- term exposures ranged from 0 .2 to

males, and one of 32 females, reported that they have 0.4 in the Assembly department, and from below the

failed to have a child after attempting for a full year . N/tDC to 0.1 ppm in the Covers department . The individual exposures to 1-BP for those thre e

individuals ranged from 110 - 157 ppm. Area air sampling was conducted at five randomly

selected work stations in the Sew department to

estimate employees' 1-BP and 2-BP exposures . The

airborne concentration data from this sampling are

shown in Table 11 . The 1-BP concentrations in the

Sew department ranged from 1 .1 to 1 .9 ppm, and no

Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. 98-0153-2883 Page 9
p. 16

2-BP was detected in any of the five samples opening/closing and climate control were affected . A

collected in this department (2-BP MDC of 0.01 make-up air unit had been installed to keep

ppm). infiltration of unconditioned air to a minimum when

all booths were on .

Table 12 contains several comparisons between the

exposure data collected during the first NIOS H

survey (November 1998) and the second NIOSH DISCUSSION AND

survey (November 2000). Considering all 1-BP

exposure data collected during these two site visits CONCLUSIONS ,

the mean exposure levels were reduced from 168. 9

ppm to 19 .0 ppm. I-BP exposures in the Sew and Exposure Assessment Saw departments have been reduced from over 10 0

ppm to less than 2 ppm, 1-BP exposures in the

Assembly department have been reduced from a At the time of the first NIOSH survey, most workers

mean of 169 .8 to 18.8 ppm, and those in the Covers in the Assembly, Covers, and Saw departments were

department from 197.0 to 29.2 ppm. exposed to 1-BP above 100 ppm as a TWA, and all

were exposed above the guideline of 25 ppm

Ventilation Assessment proposed by Albemarle Corporation and the EPA.

Based on our area sampling, workers in the Se w

The average velocity of air flowing into the three department were probably exposed to similar

spray booths (1-3) measured during the follow-up concentrations of 1-BP. The fact that workers in the

ventilation assessment in the Assembly area was Sew and Saw departments had high exposures

approximately 100 ft/min, and the average velocity indicates that 1-BP vapors from the sprayers readily

for the six booths (4-9) in the Covers area was migrated into their work areas. A comparison of the

approximately 125 ft/min (Table 13). Both of the workers' exposures for the Covers department

values are below the recommended 150 ft/min ; sprayers and the Assembly department sprayers

however, the hoods performed well based on air-flow during our first exposure assessment found no

visualization, with air flowing into all booths all significant difference in 1-BP concentrations

across the face of each booth and being drawn between these two groups. This indicated that the

decisively to the back of the booths and exhausted. spray booths in the Assembly department were

No air from inside the booths was observed to escape ineffective in reducing workers' 1-BP exposures .

into the room. The percent openness of the filters According to ACGIH, the velocity of air flowing into

ranged from 52% to 98%. (Table 13) Although not half-height (e.g., table-top) spray booths should be

evident from the hood averages, the individual filter 150 feet per minute (ft/min) for face areas over 4 sqaverage velocities were higher for filter sections that ft . The duct velocity should be 2000 ftJmin.' 5

were less clogged with spray adhesive .

Based on these findings, the NIOSH investigators

For work performed inside the booths, air-flow recommended engineering controls for reducing 1-

visualization indicated that very little, if any, BP exposures. Specifically, the recommendations

contaminant was recirculated into the worker's were for the installation of spray booths for all

breathing zone. Observed work practices revealed adhesive spraying operations (including Covers and

that some pieces were still sprayed outside the booth, Assembly departments) based on designs of booths

but this seemed to occur less frequently than used in spray painting operations . Air flow rates had

observed on the previous survey. also been found to be inadequate, and

recommendations were provided for increasing the

The plant was under negative pressure with respect to air flow capacity.

the outside when the ventilation for all booths was

operating, but not to the extent that door

Page 10 Health Hazard Evaluation Repo rt No . 98-0153-2883
p. 17

Following the installation of the spray booths in the 1 -BP Exposure and Health

Covers and Assembly departments by Custo m

Products, the second exposure assessment Effects

documented significantly reduced air concentration s

of 1-BP, though some employees were still exposed Although we found that Assembly and Covers

to concentrations of 1-BP above 25 ppm. departments employees at Custom Products continue

Specifically, 18% of the exposure measurements to be exposed to 1-BP after installation of

from the Assembly department and 67% of the engineering controls, we are unable to determine if

exposure measurements from the Covers department these exposures constitute a health hazard . Our

exceeded 25 ppm during the second exposure assessment ofhealth effects among Custom Products

assessment. The data from the second survey did, employees was limited to the questionnaire (selfhowever, indicate that 1-BP concentrations were reports ofsymptoms and medical concerns) and CBC

reduced to <_ 2 ppm in the Sew (area samples) and testing among employees agreeing to participate in

Saw departments. our survey. Selected symptoms consistent with, bu t

not specific for, excessive exposure to solvents were

We observed less-than-recommended average face prevalent among the workers surveyed, all of whom

velocity for the spray booths at our follow-up were exposed to 1-BP. Analysis of the symptom data

ventilation assessment ; a reason for this may be filter did not reveal meaningful relationships with exposure

clogging with spray adhesive . When a filter is levels. CBC testing found no clinically relevant

clogged with adhesive, the flow of air is restricted abnormalities in the cell and platelet counts, and our

and less air is able to be drawn through the booth . statistical analyses of the individual cell and platelet

Based on the velocities being drawn through counts and hemoglobin concentrations by exposure

unclogged filters, it is estimated that the average face to 1-BP revealed no statistically significant findings

velocity of all the booths could be approximately 150 within the normal ranges of the CBC indices .

ft/min with all new filters. Replacing filters when Several factors, including the relatively low

then become 50 percent clogged would limit the face participation rate, the small number of participants,

velocity degradation, keeping the average face and the fact that all the participants in our survey

velocity closer to the recommended value . were exposed to 1-BP limited our ability to assess

potential health effects.

No 2-BP exposures above 1 ppm were found in any

of the departments. We observed that the 2-BP There are very little published data on human health

exposures were higher in the Assembly department effects associated with 1-BP exposure, and a limited

sprayers when compared to the Covers department amount of toxicologic data from studies in animals

sprayers. The mean 2-BP exposure in Assembly (see Appendix 3) . The exposure criteria of 25 ppm

sprayers was 0.33 ppm, whereas the mean exposure discussed above are based on preliminary

for the Covers sprayers was 0 .07 ppm. One evaluations of limited data . Considering the lack of

difference between the two departments that may data concerning 1-BP exposure and possible human

account for this is the use of two different brands of health effects, and while further data are being

spray adhesive : the Assembly department used collected, NIOSH investigators believe that

Whisper Spray, while the Covers department used occupational exposure to 1-BP and 2-BP should be

Fire Retardant Soft Seam 6460 . The difference in minimized. As more data are gathered concerning

2-BP exposure between the two departments may recommended exposure guidelines for 1-BP, it is

indicate there is more 2-BP contaminant in the reasonable to use the 25 ppm guideline that has been

Whisper Spray compared to the Fire Retardant Soft suggested by some in industry and by the EPA . We

Seam 6460. NIOSH investigators believe it is have shown in this HHE that implementation of

prudent to use a spray adhesive formulation with the standard engineering controls are effective in greatly

lowest concentration of 2-BE reducing worker exposure to 1-BP. While further

engineering controls (such as improved ventilation)

Health Hazard Evaluation Report No . 98-0153-2883 Page 11
p. 18

would be a me ans to furtherreduce exposures, other occupational exposures to substances in the

important factors in minimizing exposure to 1 -BP are workplace.

improved employee education and work practices.

Specifically, Custom Products must first ensure that 5 . Personal protective equipment is the least

spray booths are designed properly and are adequate desirable method of exposure control . In general,

for workers' tasks. Training, and periodic re-training, NIOSH recommends PPE be used as an interim

concerning proper work practices involved with use solution before the installation and testing of new

of the spray booths (such as performing all spraying e x p o s u r e c o n t r o 1 s , a n d w h e n

inside the spray booths) is indicated to ensure that enginee ring/administrative controls have not

existing engineering controls work as designed. successfully lowered exposures. The following is

information relevant to the use ofpersonal protective

RECOMMENDATIONS equipment in workplaces where there may be

occupational exposure to 1-BP.

1 . Custom Products should ensure that spray booths a . For protection from dermal exposures, gloves

in the production area are designed to be adequate for and aprons made from flexible laminates (e .g.,

the job tasks being performed. VitonTM, 4HTM (PE/EVAL), Silver ShieldTM) can be

used.

2 . Custom Products should inspect the spray booth

filters regularly as part of a routine maintenance b. If respirators are used for protection from

program. A filtershould be replaced with a new filter inhalation exposures to 1-BP, NIOSH-approved

when most of the filter is covered with some air-purifying respirator with organic vapor cartridges

adhesive - this determination should be made by should be used . Respirators should only be used in

qualitative evaluation of the filters by a person with the context of a comprehensive respiratory protection

expe rience in maintaining these types of spray program. 16 Respirator users must be trained, fitbooths. tested, and medically cleared for their assigned

respirator.

3 . Custom Products should educate and train

employees conce rn ing the importance of proper use 6. Custom Products should consider the extent of

ofall spray booths; specifically, employees should be 2-BP contamination when selecting a 1-BP-b ased

educated and trained concerning the importance of adhesive. If 1-BP-based adhesives are used, those

performing all spraying activities inside a spray adhesives which have the minimum level 2-BP

booth. contamination should be selected for use.

4. Custom Products should reevaluate employee 7 . Custom Products should remain up-to-date with

exposures to 1-BP in the Covers and Assembly areas ongoing development of guidelines concerning

after maintenance procedures for the spray booths occupational exposure to 1-BP, and also with an y

have been maximized ( for example, regular filter regulato ry activities occurring concerning the

maintenance being practiced) and after approp riate bromopropanes.

work practices are being routinely practiced (fo r

example, all spraying tasks being performed inside

the spray booths). As more data are being gathered REFERENCES__

concerning recommended exposure guidelines for 1-

BP, it is reasonable to use the 25 ppm guideline that 1 . NIOSH [1992] . Recommendations for

has been suggested by some in the industry and by occupational safety and health: compendium of

the EPA. Engineering (such as ventilation) and policy documents and statements . Cincinnati, OH:

administrative (such as product substitution and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,

change in work practices) are the recommended Public Health Se rvice, Centers for Disease Control

types of controls that should be used to decrease and Prevention, National Institute for

Page 12 Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. 98-0153-2883
P. 19

Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) producing 2-bromopropane in China . J Occup

Publication No . 92-100. Health 39 suppl: S327 .

2 . ACGIH [2001]. 2001 TLVs® and BEIs® : 11. Ichihara G, Aseda N, Kumazawa T, et al .

threshold limit values for chemical substances and [ 1997] . Testicular and hematopoietic toxicity of

physical agents. Cincinnati, OH: American 2-bromopropane, a substitute for ozone layer

Conference of Governmental Industrial depleting chlorofluorocarbons. J Occup Health

Hygienists. 39:57-63 .

3 . CFR [1997]. 29 CFR 1910.1000. Code of 12. Kamijima M, Ichihara G, Yu X, et al . [1997].

Federal Regulations. Washington, DC : U.S . Disruption of ovarian cyclicity due to

Government Printing Office, Office of the Federal 2-bromopropane in the rat . J Occup Health

Register. 39:3-4.

4. Fensterbeim RJ [2000] . Letter of March 15, 13 . Yu IJ, Chung YH, Lim CH, et al. [1997].

2000 from Robert J. Fensterbeim, Brominated Reproductive toxicity of 2-bromopropane in

Solvents Consortium to the TSCA 8(e) Sprague Dawley Rats. Scand J Work Environ

Coordinator, Document Control Office, U .S. Health 23:281-288.

Environmental Protection Agency .

14. Lim CH, Maeng SH, Lee JY, et al . [1997] .

5 . Smith RL [2000]. Presentation titled "N- Effects of 2-bromopropane on the female

Propyl Bromide" which was given on November reproductive function in Sprague Dawley rats. Ind

6, 2000, at a meeting between the U.S. Health 35:278-284.

Environmental Protection Agency and the

Brominated Solvents Consortium. 15. ACGIH [2001] . Industrial Ventilation, 24"

Edition, A Manual of Recommended Practice .

6. EPA [2002]. Unpublished draft document: Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of

Acceptable Industrial Exposure Limit for N- Governmental Industrial Hygienists. pages 10-113

Propyl Bromide . - 10-115.

7 . Yu IJ, Kim HY, Lim CH, et al. [1999]. The 16. CFR [2000]. 29 CFR 1910.134. Code of

occupational exposure level (OEL) for Federal Regulations . Respiratory Protection.

2-bromopropane : the first OEL established by Washington, DC : U.S. Government Printing

Korea. Appl Occup Environ Hyg 14 :356-358. Office, Office of the Federal Register.

8 . Park JS, Kim Y, Park DW, et al. [1997] . An

outbreak of hematopoietic and reproductive

disorders due to solvents containing 2-

bromopropane in an electronic factory, South

Korea: epidemiological survey . J Occup Health

39:138-143.

9 . Kim Y, Jung K, Hwan T, et al . [1996] .

Hematopoietic and reproductive hazards of South

Korean electronics workers exposed to solvents

containing 2-bromopropane . Scand J Work

Environ Health 22 :387-391 .

10. Ichihara Y, Yu S, Kamijima M, et al . [1997] .

An occupational health investigation of a factory

Health Hazard Evaluation Report No . 98-0153-2883 Page 13
p. 20

TABLE 1

Descriptive Statistics for 1-Bromopropane Exposure'

HETA 98-0153, Custom Products, Inc .

November 11-12,1998

Sample Set (Number2) 1 Bromopropane Concentration

Mean' Minimum 3 MWeimum3

All Exposures (69) 168.9 60.0 381.2

Assembly (36)4 169.8 60.0 250.7

Sprayers (15) 193.0 115.3 250.7

Assemblers (20) 154.7 60.0 234.9

Covers (21) 197.0 117.3 381.2

Saw (12) 117.1 85.1 159.2

These statistics are determined using the exposure data in Appendix I. All exposure data are full-shift time-weighted

average air samples collected from each worker's breathing zone .

2 Number of full-shift, time-weighted average exposures in the given sample set .

Numbers in these columns represent the mean ( average), minimum, or maximum 1-bromoprop an e exposure concentrations

in the given sample set. The concentration data are in units of pa rts per million (ppm) of

1-bromopropane .

4 Data from one superv isor omi tted.

Page 14 Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. 98-0153-2883
p. 21

TABLE 2

Results from Area Air Samp ling for 1-Bromopropane

HETA 98-0153, Custom Products, Inc .

First NIOSH Survey, November 11-12, 1998

Location Sample Start- Sample Volume' Concentration2

Stop Time

Sew 0757-1531 26.2 115.8

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ...

Sew 0757-1531 22.8 122.4

. . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .

Sew 0757-1531 27.1 160. 9

. ... . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .

Sew 0757-1531 27.1 124.0

. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . .

Sew 0757-1531 22.7 126.1

. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .

Sew 0757-1531 22.6 123. 3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . .

Sew 0747-1533 23.3 124.6

. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .

Sew 0749-1533 23.2 107.3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . ... . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .

Sew 0750-1533 23.2 143.7

Sew 0752-1533 26.6 126.0

Sew 0751-1533 23.0 135.1

Minimum Detectable Concentration (MDC) 0.01 ... . . ...... .. ...... . . .... . ... .. . . . . .... . . .... .. ...... . . ...... .. .... . . .. .. . . .. ...... .. ..... . . ..... . . .... . . . .. .... . . .. .... . . ..... . . . .... . ..... . . . ...... . . .... . . ...... ... ... ... . . .... Minimum Quantifiable Concentration (MQC) 0.03

Sample volumes are in liters (L) of air.

2 The concentration data are in units of parts per million (ppm) of 1-bromopropane .

Health Hazard Evaluation Repo rt No. 98-0153-2883 Page 15
p. 22

TABLE 3

Exhaust Flow Rates and Face Velocities for each Fabricated Spray Booth

HETA 98-0153, Custom Products, Inc .

First NIOSH Survey, November 11-12,1998

Booth 11D# Estimated Calculated Average Measured Average Face

Exhaust Flow Velocity Over Full Face Velocity Over Top Half

Rate (CFM)' of Booth (ft/min)2 of Booth (ftlmi W

. . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 7953 253 40

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .--

2 4013 133 31 . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . L. . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

3 NM4 NM4 24

. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . .. . . . L . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . .

4 779 25 NM4

.. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 6243 20' 27

Units are in cubic feet of air per minute

2 Units are in feet per minute. The recommended rate is 150 ft/min .

The reported value is an average oftwo measurements.

NM - No measurement. The measurements could not be completed due to recurring fan shut-off during employee

break time when measurements were being made .

5 Not applicabl e

Page 16 Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. 98-0153-2883
p. 23

TABLE 4

HETA 98-0153, Custom Products

Description of the 43 Medical Survey Participants

Gender 34 (79%) female; 9(21 %) male

Age (years) Mean 31 ; Range 18-64

Work Location Saw department - 7 participants

Covers department - 18 participants

Assembly department - 18 participants (6 sprayers, 12

assemblers)

Exposure Category, Number in Other (Saw department and one supervisor from Covers

Category, Mean Exposure department), N=8, 117 pp m

(parts per million [ppm] 1- Assemblers, N=12,155 ppm

bromopropane) Sprayers (Covers and Assembly departments), N=23, 195 ppm

Median (Range) Length of Time Saw department - 9 years (1 year - 37 years )

Working at Current Job (years) Covers department - 4 years (3 months - 8 years)

Assembly department - 4 years (6 months - 10 years)

TABLE 5

HETA 98-0153, Custom Products

Median Value for Blood Count Test Results Among 43 Participants in the Medical Survey, By Exposure

Category

Exposure Red Blood Cell Hemoglobin White Blood Cell Platelet Counts

Category' Count Z Concentration3 Count'

Other 4.5 14.1 6.7 185

Assemblers 4.3 13.6 6.6 203

Sprayers 4.36 13.5' 6.7 207

' Others includes Saw department employees and supervisor from Covers department.

2 million cells per cubic millimeter (mm)

3 grams per decilite r

4 thousand cells per mm3

5 thousand per mm3

6 Wilcoxon two sample test for comparison between sprayers and non-sprayers p=0 .15

' Wilcoxon two sample test for comparison between sprayers and non-sprayers p=0.1 8

Health Hazard Evaluation Report No . 98-0153-2883 Page 17
p. 24

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p. 26

Descriptive Statistics for 1-Bromopropane Exposure '

HETA 98-0153, Custom Products, Inc .

Second NIOSH Survey, November 16, 2000

1-Bromopropane Concentration

Sample Set (Number)

Mean3 Minimum 3 Maximum3

All Exposures (30) 19.0 1.2 58.0

Assembly (11) 18.8 6.1 32.0

Covers (12) 29.2 2.8 58.0

Saw (6) 1.8 1.6 2.0

Sew (1) 1.2 NA4 NA

All exposure data are full-shift time-weighted average air samples collected from each worker's breathing zone . 2 Number of full-shift, time-weighted average exposures in the given sample set .

' Numbers in these columns represent the mean (average), minimum, or maximum 1-bromopropane exposure concentrations in the

given sample set . The concentration data are in units of pa rts per million (ppm) of 1-bromopropane .

4 Not applicable .

Page 20 Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. 98-0153-2883
p. 27

TABLE 9

Descriptive Statistics for 2-Bromopropane PBZ Exposure'

HETA 98-0153, Custom Products, Inc.

Second NIOSH Survey, November 16, 200 0

2-Bromopropane Concentration

Sample Set (Number )

Mean3 1Kinimum 3 lVjaXjMum3

All Exposures (30) 0.14 <0.01 0.55

Assembly (11) 0.30 0.10 0.55

Covers (12) 0.06 (0.02) 0.11

Saw (6) 0.04 <0.01 0.05

Sew (1) < 0.01 NA4 NA

All exposure data are full-shift time-weighted average air samples collected from each worker's breathing zone .

2 Number of full-shift, time-weighted average exposures in the given sample set

.

' Numbers in these columns represent the mean (average), minimum, or maximum 2-bromopropane exposure concentrations in the

given sample set . The concentration data are in units of parts per million (ppm) of 2-bromopropane . Concentrations in parentheses

are between the MDC and MQC and are considered semi-quantitative . Concentrations preceded by a°less than" (<) symbol are

below the MDC.

° Not applicable .

Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. 98-0153-2883 Page 21
p. 28

TABLE 1 0

Short-Term Exposures to 1- and 2-Bromopropane

HETA 98-0153, Custom Products, Inc.

Second NIOSH Survey, November 16, 2000

Elapsed Concentration3

Job Title Location Sample Sample . . . .... . .

...

... . . . . .. .T . . ..... . .....

. . . .... . . .

me' volume' . 1

_13P

2-13

P

Sprayer Assembly-1 15 3.7 19.0 0.3 . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . { . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... { . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .{ • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .~ . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Sprayer Assembly-2 15 3.7 16.6 0.3

. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . {' . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . • . , {. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . { . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Sprayer Assembly-3 15 3.7 12.3 0.2

. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ..~ . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . {. . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ... . . . . . .

Sprayer Assembly-2 16 4.0 17.1 0.2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . {' . . . . . . . . . . • {. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . {.. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . { . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .

Sprayer Assembly-1 16 3.9 26.0 0.4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

.---

. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. { . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .~. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . '

.

{. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .

Sprayer Assembly-3 15 3.7 12.9 (0.2)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .~ . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . { . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . • . { . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .{ ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .

Sprayer Covers-2 17 4.2 20.8 ND

. . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ~ . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . { . ; . , .--- . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . • . .{.. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . • . . . ... . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . .

Sprayer Covers-1 17 4.1 95.8 (0.1)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . • {.. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .

• {. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .

. {. . . . . . . .. {. . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . ..

. . . . . . . . . .

Sprayer Covers-2 15 3

. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.7 30.0 ND

.--- • {. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .

Sprayer Covers-5 15 3.7 52.6 (0.1) . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . ~

: • { . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . { . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .' • . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . ' {.

, {.. . . . . . ... . . . . . . .. . . . . . .' . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Sprayer Covers-4 15 3.7 26.6 (0.1)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . { . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . {• .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

, . . . .{.. . . . . . . . . .

. . . ...

.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sprayer Covers-6 15 3.7 13.4 ND

Minimum Detectable Concentration (~) 0

. ...... . ..... . . . . ... .. . .. .... .. .... . . ...... .. .

.1 ... .. ...... . . .... . . ..... . . . . .... . . . .... . . ...... . . .... ... . ..... . . .... . . . . .... . . . . ..... . ..... ..,. . . .... .. ...... . ....:.. ..... 0.1

. . . .,.

Minimum Quantifiable Concentration (MQC) 0

,2 0.2

Elapsed sample time is in minutes.

2 Sample volume is in liters.

' The exposure concentrations are in parts per million (ppm) . Concentrations in parentheses are between the MDC and MQC and are

considered semi-quantitative . ND - none detected, less than the MDC.

Page 22 Health Hazard Evaluation Report No . 98-0153-2883
p. 29

TABLE 11

Results from Area Air Sampling for 1- and 2-Bromopropane

HETA 98-0153, Custom Products, Inc.

Second NIOSH Survey, November 11-12, 199 8

Sample Concentration2

Location Sample Volume' ... . . .... . :

...... . .. . .. .. . . .. .... . . . ..... . Time 1-BP 2-BP

Sew 0735-1524 23.3 1.4 ND

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . --- . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .

Sew 0735-1523 25.3 1.3 ND

Sew 0735-1517 23.3 1.2 ND

. . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . ... . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .

Sew 0735-1522 25.2 1.1 ND

Sew Together 0752-1523 22.1 1.9 ND

.

Min

...... . .

i

.. mum Detectable Concentration.... . . ...... . . . ... . . .

(MDC) 0.01 0.01 ..... . . .... . . . ..... . . . ..... . .. .... . . .... . . .. .... . . . ..... . . .... . . ...... . . ...... . . ..... . ......, . . .... . . ..

.- . ---.. . . ..... . . . . . .... . . . .... . . . .... . Minimum Quantifiable Concentration (MQC) 0.03 0.03

Sample volumes are in liters (L) of air.

2 The concentration data are in units of parts per million (ppm) ; ND - none detected, less than the MDC .

Health Hazard Evaluation Report No . 98-0153-2883 Page 23
p. 30

TABLE 1 2

Comparison Between the Mean Full-shift 1-BP Exposures Measured During the November 1998 Survey

Versus the November 2000 Survey

HETA 98-0153, Custom Products, Inc.

November 16, 2000

Sample Set November 1998 Mean November 2000 Mean

1-BP Exposures' 1-BP Exposures'

All Exposure Data 168

. . . . . .. . . .

.9 19.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . Assembly Data 169.8 18. 8

Sprayers 193.0 21.7

Assemblers 154.7 19.5

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . Covers Data 197.0 29.2

. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .

. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .

.1 .8

. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . .

Saw Data 117. 1

. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .

1 .4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . ..

Sew Data' 12g 1

Exposures are in parts per million (ppm).

2 Exposures are estimated from area air sampling data.

Page 24 Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. 98-0153-2883
p. 31

TABLE 1 3

Airflow and filter openness for a ll adhesive spray booths

HETA 98-0153, Custom Products, Inc .

April 19, 2001

Average face Filter

Flow rate velocity percent

Hood number CFM ft/min openness

1 1978 106 72

2 1823 98 52

3 2192 117 67

4 4106 134 82

5 4006 131 98

6 3747 122 88

7 3960 129 88

8 3942 129 96

9 4065 133 96

Health Hazard Evaluation Report No . 98-0153-2883

Page 25
p. 32

APPENDIX I

Discussion and Recommendations From First HHE Ventilation Assessment at Custom Products

Based on the initial NIOSH exposure and ventilation assessments, spray booths are needed for spraying

operations at Custom Products . Air flow rates through existing spray booths in the Assembly area are

inadequate, and spray booths have not yet been installed in the Covers area . Properly designed spray booths

with adequate air flow rates should be installed at each work station where spraying operations are performed

.

Although an adhesive, not paint, is being sprayed, a spray booth design similar to the paint spray booths

presented in drawing VS-75-01 in the ACGIH Industrial Ventilation Manual is recommended for the Assembly

area. New booths could be sized similarly to existing booths, measuring approximately 60 inches wide and 76

inches in overall height. For a large booth with the operator standing outside the booth, a minimum flow rate of

100 CFM/sq-ft is recommended. For a booth with an opening of the size mentioned above, over 3000 cubic

feet per minute (CFM) of air flow would be needed . This air flow requirement can be reduced by raising the

floor of the spray booth 28 inches above the plant floor. The work is currently placed on an adjustable stand,

which could still be used in the new booths; however, the area below the stand platform is not needed for spray

operations. Decreasing the area of the face of the booth by installing a floor in the booth just below the lowest

level of the adjustable work platform will allow the required flow rate to be reduced to approximately 2000

CFM.

For the Covers area, smaller (table-top) booths may be more practical, providing protection with a smaller

requirement for exhaust ventilation volume flow rate . The booth should be 12 inches wider and 12 inches

higher than the work size . For a typical first-class airplane seat, a booth 42 inches wide and 22 inches high

should be adequate . For a small booth, a minimum flow rate of 150 CFM/sq-ft is recommended . For a booth

with an opening of the size recommended above, 965 CFM would be needed .

It would be expected that the baffles and other interior surfaces of the booth would become covered with spray

adhesive . To facilitate cleaning, each baffle could be hung on hooks at the two upper corners and held in

position by supports at the two bottom corners . This could simplify removal and reinsertion of the baffles,

making both the baffles and the walls of the booth easier to clean .

ACGIH recommends a minimum duct velocity of 2000 ft/min . For the portion of the ductwork carrying the

2000 CFM flow rate from a single booth, the existing 12-inch diameter ductwork should be adequate. If

excessive noise becomes a problem in the portion of the ductwork carrying the 4000 CFM flow rate from two

booths, substituting 17-inch diameter ductwork should reduce the noise . For the vertical discharge portion of

the ductwork on the roof of the building, an offset elbow or a vertical discharge stackhead design is

recommended for rain protection .

The negative pressure condition inside the building with respect to the outside was consistent with the

provision of local exhaust ventilation without providing additional make-up air . At the time of the survey, the

infiltration of outside air was slight, and temperature and relative humidity were within recommended limits ;

however, additional make-up air may need to be provided by the air-conditioning system when more local

exhaust ventilation is installed. A potential recirculation problem exists on the roof with the exhaust fans

discharge velocity and duct height. The intakes and discharges for all fans are generally close to the surface of

the roof and close to the air intakes for air-conditioning units. It is possible that there may be some reentry of

exhausted spray adhesive vapors, depending on the direction the wind is blowing .

On the roof, ventilation inlets and outlets should be located to minimize reentry of air from contaminated

sources. The minimum stack height should cause the flow of the discharge plume to be above the building

Page 26 Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. 98-0153-2883
p. 33

inlets and the building recirculation cavity . For many single-story buildings, an exhaust stack height of 16 ft

has been found adequate for discharging contaminants above the roof cavity . A design velocity of 2560 ft/min

is recommended.

Reference

ACGIH [2001 ] . Industrial Ventilation, 24`h Edition, A Manual of Recommended Practice . Cincinnati, OH:

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. pages 10-113 - 10-115 .

ASHRAE [1985] . Air Flow Around Buildings. In: Fundamentals, 1985 ASHRAE Handbook . . Atlanta, GA:

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc ., chap 14.

Health Hazard Evaluation Repo rt No. 98-0153-2883 Page 27
p. 34

APPENDIX 2

Worker's Full-Shift Breathing Zone Exposure Data for 1-Bromopropane

November 11-12,1998

Department Job Title Sample Sample Volume' 1-BP ConCentrationZ

Time

Assembly Sprayer 0710-1518 26.8 115.3

. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .

. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .~. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. .

Assembly Assembler 0712-1521 25.1 128. 3

. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . :. . . . . . . . . . ---- . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

Assembly Assembler 0713-1517 24.6 135. 6

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :. . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . : . . . . . .. . . . ---- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .

Assembly Sprayer 0715-1521 24.8 150.3

. . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . .

Assembly Sprayer 1100-1443 11 .4 242.0

. . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . i . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . .

Assembly Assembler 0719-1528 18.6 193.3

. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .a .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . ... . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . .

Assembly Assembler 0719-1522 24.9 147.7

. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .

Assembly Assembler 0726-1523 24.3 123. 1 . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... .

Assembly Sprayer 0722-0928 6

. .

.3 156.5 . .

.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .i. . . .. . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .i . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . ...

Assembly Supervisor 0724-1528 24.8 124.9

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Assembly Assembler 0728-1332 18.7 234.9

. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . .

Assembly Sprayer 0729-1522 24.3 249.1

. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . .

Assembly Sprayer 0729-1333 18.5 225.8

. . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . :. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . .. .

. . . . .: . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .

. . .

. . . ... . . . . . . .. . . . . . : . . ... . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. .

. . . ... .

. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .

Assembly Sprayer 0730-1310 12.8 198. 9

. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .

Assembly Assembler 0920-1524 18.5 199. 3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .i . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .a . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .

. . . . . .

Assembly Assembler 0731-1423 20.6 222. 4

. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .

Assembly Sprayer 0732-1526 24.3 250.7

. . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Assembly Assembler 0733-1523 20.4 60. 0

.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . ~... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .

Assembly Assembler 0918-1526 18.7 151.2 . . .. . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .

Assembly Sprayer 0735-1521 23.9 227.1

. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .

Assembly Assembler 0732-1534 24.1 121.3

. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . .

Assembly Sprayer 0730-1532 24.5 190.8

. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . Assembly Assembler 0730-1530 24.0 129.6

Page 28 Health Hazard Evaluation Report No . 98-0153-2883
p. 35

Department Job Title Sample Sample Volume' 1-BP Coneentration2

Time

Assembly Assembler 0730-1529 24.5 183.6

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . . . . .

Assembly Assembler 0730-1531 24.5 155. 0

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .i . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . i. . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .i . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . .i. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .

Assembly Sprayer 0730-1410 20.0 211.7

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Assembly Sprayer 0730-1529 24.0 188. 0

. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . .

Assembly Assembler 0732-1531 24.0 184.6

. . ... . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .a . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . .. . .

Assembly Sprayer 0732-1529 24.5 184.8

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .i• . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Assembly Sprayer 0732-1527 24 . . : .3 132.8 : . . . . . ... . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .a . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Assembly Assembler 0734-1533 23 .8 144.8

.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . .i. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . .

Assembly Sprayer 0735-1533 18.1 171. 4

. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Assembly Assembler 0735-1533 24.2 179.6

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .

Assembly Assembler 0735-1533 24.3 158.3

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Assembly Assembler 0737-1533 24.3 127. 2

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Assembly Assembler 0738-1533 23 .7 114.1

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Covers Sprayer 0700-1533 25.0 211. 1

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Covers Sprayer 0700-1533 25.2 232.7

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Covers Sprayer 0700-1533 25.5 157.0

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Covers Sprayer 0701-1533 24.8 235. 0

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Covers Sprayer 0701-1533 24.8 278.5

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Covers Sprayer 0700-1533 25.3 381.2

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Covers Sprayer 0705-1533 24.7 241. 1

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Covers Sprayer 0708-1533 25.3 147.3

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Covers Sprayer 0709-1533 24.7 181.4 . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . ~ . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .

Covers Sprayer 0710-1533 24.6 264. 8 . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

Covers Sprayer 0710-1533 25.1 161.0

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Covers Sprayer 0711-1533 11.4 176.3

Health Hazard Evaluation Report No . 98-0153-2883 Page 29
p. 36

Department Job Title Sample Sample Volume' 1-BP Concentration2

Time

Covers Sprayer 0712-1533 25.2 194.5

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Covers Sprayer 0713-1533 27.0 142. 9

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Covers Sprayer 0713-1533 25.1 180. 7

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Covers Sprayer 0715-1533 24.8 203.3

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Covers Sprayer 0716-1533 25.2 221. 0

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Covers Sprayer 0716-1533 24.7 126.8

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Covers Sprayer 0719-1533 24.8 140. 5

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Covers Sprayer 0720-1533 24.2 117.3

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Covers Sprayer 0724-1533 24.3 142. 8

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Saw Operator 0737-1417 20.5 104. 1

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Saw Operator 0925-1537 19.1 140.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. :. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .

Saw Operator 0741-1525 23 .2 127. 3

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Saw Supervisor 0742-1523 23 .4 117.4

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Saw Operator 0745-1523 22.9 159.2

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Saw Operator 0747-1524 23.3 106.0

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Saw Operator 0748-1523 23 .1 109.7

. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .J . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .J. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .J . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .

Saw Operator 0749-1520 23 .1 85.1 . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . .. . . . . . ...

Saw Operator 0750-1525 23.3 111. 8 . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ..

Saw Operator 0751-1523 22.8 110.0 . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .

Saw Operator 0915-1525 18.9 123.5

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Saw Supervisor 0730-1534 24.2 110. 3

Recommended Exposure Guideline 25

.... . . . ...... .. .... . . .... . . ..... . . . ...... . . .... . . .... . . . ....... .... . . .. ... . . . ..... . . . ...... . . .... . . .... . . . . .... . . . .. .... . . .... .. .. ...... .. .... . . . ..... .. .. . ... . . . ..... .. . .... . . . ..... . . .... .. . ..... . .. . ...

Minimum Detectable Concentration (MDC) 0.01

. . . . .. .. . . . ..... . . ..... . . . . .... .. .... . . . . ...... . . .. ... . . . ...... . . ..... . . ..... . ..... . . . ..... . .. ..

Minimum Quantillable Concentration (MQC) 0.03

Sample volumes are in liters of air.

Page 30 Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. 98-0153-2883
p. 37

2 The 1-BP exposure concentrations are in parts per million. Concentrations in parentheses are between the MDC and MQC

and are considered semi-quantitative. ND - none detected, less than the MDC .

Health Hazard Evaluation Report No . 98-0153-2883 Page 31
p. 38

APPENDIX 3

Worker's Full-Shift Breathing Zone Exposure Data for 1-BP and 2-BP

November 16, 2000

T

Job Title ~°~`' Sample Concentration3

~►~ Volume'

1- 2- P

Assembler { Assembly - 2 { 0705-1517. . . . . . . . . . . .{

: 24 . . . . . . . . . ..

.3 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .{ .. . . . . . . . . ..0. . . . . . . . . : 0.3 0 . } . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . Assembler Assembly 2 0706-1518 24

; . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .9 20.7 0.3 5 . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .+} . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .

Sprayer : Assembly :? . . . . . . . .

.0708-1519 . . . . . . .. . . ; . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .24:3 . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . .. . .3~:~. . . ... .x . . . . . . .~:48. . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . .Assembler Assembly - 1 0709-1519 24 . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .

.2 9.9 0.20 . . . .

• . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . •.

. . . . . . { . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .

Sprayer Assembly - 1 i 0710 . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . ..

.1517 : 24.0 '• 14.9 A 0.25 { . . . . . . {. . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .x . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . .. . . . . . .

Assembler Assembly - 1 . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . {. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 0711-1519 49.8 24 .4 0.40 . . . .. . . . . . . {. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . { . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .x . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ... . . . .

Assembler i Assembly - 1 0712-1518

• . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . `• 24.4 31.8 0.5 5 . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . .~ . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . .i} .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Assembler i Assembly - 3 0714-1520 24

. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . .1 11.5 0.19 { .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .{ . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .i} . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .

. . . . . .. . . . . . .

Sprayer . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

; Assembly _ 3 0715-1520 24 . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .1 18.1 0.26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . { . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

Assembler Assembly - 3 '• 0715-1519 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .0 19.9 0.2 1 {. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . j; .

. . . . . . . . Foreman { Assembly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .

0756-1522 . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .21 .7 6.1 0.10 . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . • . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . .. . . Sprayer '• Covers 1 . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .{ . . . . . . . . . . 0719-1520 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .' 58

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .

.0 0.11 . . ... . . . ... . . . . . .. . '

. . . .. . . . . . . ..

Sprayer . . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . . .. . . . . . ; Covers - 1 0720-1521 ~ 21 • . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . { . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.8 '• 26.5 0.07 . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ~ . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . .. . . . . ...Sprayer Covers 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0722-1522 23 .6 '• 25.3 0.06 . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. .w . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . ..Sprayer Covers-2 0723-1520 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ; . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .6 5.4 0.03 . . . . . { . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .~ . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . } . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .

.. . . . . . . . . . .

Sprayer Covers - 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . ;. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. .{• 0723-1522 . . . . . . . ... . . . . .70. . . ..9 ~ 33 . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .7 0• .0 7 . . . . . • • { .

. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .J; . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . . . .

Sprayer Covers - 3 07251523 23 . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . .

.5 '• 51.6 0.10 . . . .. . . . . . . .

:

. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ... . . . • . . . .. . . . ... . Sprayer Covers 4 . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;. . . . . . . .0904 .1519 18.3 28.2 A 0.05 . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . • . , •

.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .d ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .

Sprayer Covers - 5 0727-1521 . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . .

: 20

. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.0 368 ' 0 . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . ..

.06 . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . i. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ... .

Sprayer : Covers - 5 . . . . .. . . . 0730-1520 : 23:3 45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,. . . . . . . . . . . .

.3 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . ..1. 0

.. . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . .

. Sprayer. . . . . . . . .. . . ;

. . . . . . ..

. Covers -- 6 ' 0730.-1520 22 9 13 . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . :9 0:06

. . . . . . .0.05

. . . . .

. . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . ...

Sprayer . . . . . . . . . . ..i. .. . . . . . . . Covers - 6

. .

. 0730-1521 ~

. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. 2 23 .2 {. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . Foreman Covers . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .{. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 0734-1522 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.3 2 . . . .8 (0.02) . . . .. . . .{ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . .i . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . .. Foreman Sew . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . {. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .{ . . . . . . . . . . .0739-1522 .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22. . . . . .8 1 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .{ . ... . . . . . ...2 ND . . . . . . . . . .J .

. . . . . . . . . . . .Operator Saw 0741-1518 19 . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ; . . . . . . . .. . . . .{ .. . . . . . .. . . . . .4 1.6 0.04 . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .j . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . ...i . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ..

Operator Saw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .{. . . . . . . . . . .

0743-1519 . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .24. . . ..3 1 . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .~ . . . . . . . . . . ..6 ND . .. . . . . . ..{~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Operator i Saw i 0745 . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1517 22 ... . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..5 `• 2 . . . . .0 0.05 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .~ . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . .

. .. . . . . . . . . Operator Saw 07471519 . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .; 45.4 1.7 0.0 3 . . . . . . ... . . . . . . .

. , {. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .J;. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . .

.Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Saw 0748-1518

. . . . . . . . . . . . ...2~:1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .1 :9. . . ... . .~ . . .. . . .0:04. .. . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

Foreman Saw 0756-1521 91.6 1.8 0.05

.

. .R. . .ernmre Gu~delin . . . . . . . ...mended . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .E. .~a. . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .e. . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.----

. . . . . . .. . . . . ... . . . . . .

.--- . ZS .. . . . . ..1 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Page 32 Health Hazard Evaluation Repo rt No. 98-0153-2883
p. 39

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

Minimum DetectableConcentration (MDC} '• 0 . . . .. . ... . . ...... . . .... . . . ..... . . ..... . . ..... . . . .... .

. ..... . . ..... . . ..... . . . .... . . .. j . . . ....

.01 (1.01 .. . . .... ... .t . . . .... . . . ..... . . ..

Nfinimum a iil3ableConcentration 0.03 0.02

Spray booth number where the air sample was collected ; z Sample volumes are in liters of air; The 1`-BP and 2-BP exposure (ppm) .

Concentrations in parentheses are between the MDC and MQC (semi-quantitative) . ND - none detected, less than the MDC.

Health Hazard Evaluation Report No . 98-0153-2883 Page 33
p. 40

APPENDIX 4

Brominated Solvents Background and Signi ficance

In 1990 the Clean Air Act (CAA) was amended to include more stringent provisions for the

protection of stratospheric ozone and the phase-out of several ozone-depleting substances under Title

VI of the law.' The law targeted the complete phase-out of several substances including

chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, and methyl chloroform, each of which was being

used by industry at that time . Industrial applications of these substances included non-aerosol solvent

cleaning, adhesive coatings applications, and solvent applications .' The CAA amendment provisions

were in part enacted to abide by the terms of a United Nations (UN) international agreement, The

Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer adopted in 1987, which committed to

reduce and eventually eliminate the use of ozone-depleting substances. As a result, several countries

discontinued and prohibited further use of ozone-depleting substances.' Under Section 612 of the

CAA, ozone-depleting substances were to be replaced with alternative substances or processes that

reduced the risks to human health and the environment .' To fulfill the law's requirement, the

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) initiated the Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP)

program intended to approve safe alternatives for ozone-depleting substances. '

The solvents 1-bromopropane (1-BP) and 2-bromopropane (2-BP) were introduced into workplaces

around the world as substitutes for ozone-depleting substances following initiation of the 1987 UN

international treaty. The physical properties of these two solvents, including high volatility and low

flammability, were seen as favorable characteristics for a non-aerosol solvent . Due to photochemical

breakdown, the solvents have a relatively short atmospheric half-life (17 .5 to 24 days), possibly

decreasing their ozone-damaging capacity.5•6

At the present time, 2-BP is not produced for commercial use in the United States (U .S.). However,

1-BP is produced and commercially available in the U.S. The purity of 1-BP is listed as 99% in

Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) from two laboratory reagent manufacturers.', 8 A 1999

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) analysis of several commercial samples of

1-BP found them to contain 2-BP in concentrations ranging from 0 .1 to 0.2 percent.' A voluntary

consensus standard (D6368-00) published by the American Society For Testing and Materials has

since been released covering vapor degreasing and general grade 1-BP and specifies that the content

of 2-BP in these solvent grades remain below 0 .1 percent.10 Currently only 1-BP is being reviewed

under the SNAP program as a potential alternative to ozone-depleting substances .2 At this time, the

EPA has not disapproved the use of 1-BP, so it may be used for any purpose in the U .S. (while 2-BP

may not). '

Review of Literature1-Bromopropane

Animal exposure studies have demonstrated reproductive toxicity for both male and female rats when

exposed to concentrations greater than or equal to 200 parts per million (ppm) of 1-BP ",'Z Two

studies noted mild hepatic changes in rats exposed to greater than or equal to 800 ppm of 1-BP ; these

changes were considered adaptive and reversible due to the absence of other signs of

hepatotoxicity."•13,14 Although 2-BP exposure has been associated with pancytopenia, animal studies

Page 34 Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. 98-0153-2883
p. 41

evaluating potential hematopoietic effects of 1-BP exposure have yielded no firm conclusions . The

median lethal inhalation concentration of 1-BP for Sprague-Dawley rats has been estimated to be

14,374 ppm.1 3

Four studies have demonstrated some form of neurotoxicity in rats exposed to 1-BP. All studies

involved exposure concentrations greater than or equal to 800 ppm . Three of the studies

demonstrated decreased peripheral nerve functioning by electrophysiologic testing and morphologic

or histopathologic abnormalities of central and peripheral nerves.15,", " Two of these three studies

also demonstrated a prominent weakness of the hind limbs following exposure .'', " A fourth study

demonstrated decreased peripheral nerve functioning by electrophysiologic testing alone ." One of

the five studies established that the muscle weakness and decreased electrophysiologic findings were

both dependent on concentration and length of exposure period ." This same study and one other

came to the conclusion that 1-BP was a more potent neurotoxicant than 2-BP ; another study that

evaluated the neurotoxicity of both 1-BP and 2-BP was unable to conclude that 1-BP was a more

potent neurotoxicant.15,1 8

A total of four persons with health effects considered related to 1,7BP exposure have been described in

two published case reports. The first case report concerned a 19-year-old male working as a metal

`stripper' .19 He was exposed on a daily basis over a two-month period to an industrial solvent

(containing greater than 95 .5 percent 1-BP by weight) used for degreasing and cleaning . His right

hand was most commonly exposed to the solvent . The air concentration of 1-BP and type of

ventilation were not discussed in the article. Presenting symptoms included "numbness and mild but

progressive weakness of the proximal lower extremities and the right hand . . . transient dysphagia and

urinary difficulties.i19 The physical findings, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain, and

electromyography (EMG) findings supported the diagnosis of a "primary demyelinating condition,

predominantly affecting the lower extremities, in the distribution of an acquired neuropathy, but with

evidence of central nervous system involvement as well ." The EMG did not indicate any evidence of

muscle denervation . The individual did demonstrate improvement following removal from exposure,

but was lost to follow-up before it was determined if the health effects would fully resolve.

The second case report concerned three females, ages 35, 30, and 50, each working at cushion

manufacturing companies in North Carolina .21 The workers sprayed glue (containing 55 percent 1-

BP as the base solvent) with a spray gun onto polyurethane foam pieces . A total of 15 workers

performed this process in an open work area . Exhaust ventilation provided at each workstation was

operated intermittently and workers wore latex gloves for dermal exposure protection . The first

worker's symptoms developed one year following the replacement of a dichloromethane-based glue

with the 1-BP-based glue . The remaining two workers developed symptoms six months and two

months, respectively, following commencement of their employment in the exposure area . Airborne

exposures of the three workers were not well described; the case report did state that one worker was

found to have time-weighted average (TWA) exposures of between 60 to 261 ppm of 1-BP over

several days of monitoring 5 months after symptoms had started.

"The three workers showed the common symptoms of staggering, numbness and

paresthesia/dysesthesia with a similar distribution in their feet, legs, thighs, lower back and hips as

Health Hazard Evaluation Report No . 98-0153-2883 . Page 35
p. 42

well as a remarkable decrease in vibration sense, along with various symptoms of the central nervous

system and autonomic symptoms."20

Other symptoms experienced by the workers included temporary menstrual cycle disruption for two

of the three women, diarrhea, abnormal sweating, and urinary incontinence . The researchers

concluded that 1-BP likely caused the peripheral and central nervous system deficits and that the other

noted symptoms were likely related to autonomic system disruption secondary to 1-BP exposure . The

study did not indicate if the symptoms improved or resolved upon removal from exposure .

Limited information is available from an unpublished abstract submitted at the 2002 Annual Meeting

of the Society of Toxicology regarding the only 1-BP human health effect study performed to date .Z'

The study evaluated a group of 25 female workers, exposed to low levels of 1-BP, for neurological

effects, comparing them to a group of 27 unexposed controls. Neurobehavioral and

electrophysiological assessments of nerve function were performed on both groups . Because of the

limited nature of the information presented in this abstract, it is difficult to draw conclusions from this

study.

Review of Literature2-Bromopropane

Following a report of the occurrence of secondary amenorrhea among female workers in a tactile

switch assembly section of a South Korean factory, two studies were performed to evaluate the health

effects of workers in the factory."" The studies found background area air sample concentrations of

2-BP to range from 9 .2 to 19.6 ppm. The concentration of 2-BP detected during a short-term sample

inside the hood of a cleaning bath was 4,140.7 ppm. One study theorized that workers might be

exposed to higher concentrations of 2-BP for short periods of time when performing operations at the

cleaning bath.-"- The other study theorized that because there were two uncovered 2-BP baths in the

area and ventilated air was recirculated, 2-BP concentrations were routinely elevated in the work

area.23 Both studies concluded that 2-BP exposure was the probable cause of the health effects

(ovarian failure in females, azoospermia or oligospermia in males, and pancytopenia) noted in the

exposed workers.

Following these repo rts, several studies designed to evaluate health effects associated with exposure

of rats to 2-BP were initiated; these studies demonstrated ovarian, testicular, and hematopoietic

dysfunction beginning at exposure levels of greater than 300 ppm or 250 milligram per kilogram

24,25, 2 6,27 2 8

(mg/kg). Two studies recently demonstrated peripheral neurotoxic changes and peripheral

neuropathy in rats exposed to 1,000 ppm of 2-BP. 18,2' The median lethal inhalation concentration of

2-BP for the Sprague-Dawley rat has been estimated to be 31,171 ppm :3 °

One study has been conducted to evaluate the health effects of 2-BP on employees working at a 2-BP

manufacturing plant. During the study, conducted in 1996, worker breathing zone exposure

concentrations ranged from 0.80 to 16.18 ppm as an 8-hour TWA. The study included worker

interviews, medical examinations, and specific testing of reproductive and hematological indices .

"No severe cases of reproductive or hematopoietic disorders were found at (exposures) less than 10

Page 36 Health Hazard Evaluation Repo rt No . 98-0153-2883
p. 43

ppm (TWA), but a possible adverse effect of 2-bromopropane on hematopoiesis could not b e

disproved.""

1-Bromopropane Biomarker of Exposure

A study has demonstrated that among seven different solvents, 1-BP was the only solvent that

significantly (p < 0.01) influenced the concentration of 1-BP and bromine in the urine of exposed

subjects, and thus either measure can be used as a biomarker of exposure.32 In that study, 1-BP

concentration in the urine was shown to be more highly correlated to the airborne 1-BP exposure (p <

0.01, r = 0.952) than was bromine concentration in the urine (p < 0 .01, r = 0.738). However, urinary

1-BP detection requires gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) instrumentation and the

specimen must be immediately analyzed after collection . Most clinical laboratories can perform

bromine detection, and analysis may be delayed without serious degradation of specimen quality .

Cost constraints would be the main reason why bromine analysis might be chosen over GCMS

analysis in a study.

Health Hazard Evaluation Report No . 98-0153-2883 Page 37
p. 44

APPENDIX 4 - REFERENCES

1 . United States Code [1990] . 42 USC 7401 et . seq. Washington, DC: U.S . Government Printing Office .

2 . 65 Federal Register 78977 [2000]. Environmental Protection Agency : Protection of stratospheric ozone :

Notice 14 for significant new alternatives policy program; notice of acceptability ; request for information .

3 . United Nations Environmental Programme [2000]. Ozone Treaties.

[http://www.unep.ch/ozone/treaties.shtml] . Date accessed: May 5, 2002 .

4 . 58 Fed. Reg. 54892 [1993] . Environmental Protection Agency: Protection of stratospheric ozone ; final rule.

5 . Donaghy T, Shanahan I, Hande M, Fitzpatrick S [1993] . Rate constants and atmospheric lifetimes for

the reactions of OH radicals and Cl atoms with haloalkanes . Int J Chem Kinet 25(4) :273-84.

6 . Meylan WM, Howard PH [ 1993]. Computer estimation of the atmospheric gas-phase reaction rate of

organic compounds with hydroxyl radicals and ozone . Chemosphere 26(12):2293-2300 .

7 . Aldrich Chemical Company . Material safety data sheet for 1-bromopropane, 99%. May 2002.

8. Acros Organics N.V. Material safety data sheet for 1-bromopropane, 99%. May 2002.

9. OSHA [1999] . Nomination of 1-bromopropane (1-BP) and 2-bromopropane (2-BP) for testing by the

National Toxicology Program. Washington, DC: Department of Labor, Directorate of Health Standards

Programs, U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, DOL (OSHA) .

10. ASTM [2001 ]. D6368-00 Standard specification for vapor-degreasing grade and general grade normalpropyl bromide . West Conshohocken, PA : American Society for Testing Materials .

11 . Ichihara G, Yu X, Kitoh J, Asaeda N, Kumazawa T, Iwai H, Shibata E, Yamada T, Wang H, Xie Z,

Maeda K, Tsukamura H, Takeuchi Y [2000] . Reproductive toxicity of 1-bromopropane, a newly introduced

alternative to ozone layer depleting solvents, in male rats . Toxicological Sciences 54 :416-423.

12. Stump D[2001]. An inhlation two-generation reproductive toxicity study of 1-bromopropane in rats

. Study No. WIL-380001 .

13 . Kim HY, Chung YH, Jeong JH, Lee YM, Sur GS, Kang JK [1999] . Acute and repeated inhalation

toxicity of 1-bromopropane in SD rats . J Occup Health 41 :121-128.

14. NTP [2002] . NTP-CERHR expert panel report on the reproductive and developmental toxcity of

1-bromopropane . Washington, DC : U .S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of

Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Toxicology Program, DHHS (NTP)

Publication No . NTP-CERHR- I -BP-02 .

15. Yu X, Ichihara G, Kitoh J, Xie Z, Shibata E, Kamijima M, Takeuchi Y[2001] . Neurotoxicity of

2-bromopropane and 1-bromopropane, alternative solvents for chlorofluorocarbons . Environmental

Research 85(1):48-52 .

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