II 

118TH CONGRESS 

2D SESSION S. 5305 

To support and promote the human rights of Southern Mongolians in the 

People’s Republic of China, and for other purposes. 

IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES 

NOVEMBER 13, 2024 

Mr. MERKLEY (for himself and Mr. SULLIVAN) introduced the following bill; 

which was read twice and referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations 

A BILL 

To support and promote the human rights of Southern Mongolians in the People’s Republic of China, and for other 

purposes. 

1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 

3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 

4 This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Southern Mongolian 

5 Human Rights Policy Act’’. 

6 SEC. 2. FINDINGS. 

7 Congress makes the following findings: 

8 (1) According to the China Statistical Yearbook 

9 for 2021, more than 6,000,000 ethnic Mongolians 

10 live in the People’s Republic of China, of which some 


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1 two-thirds live in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous 

2 Region, and many others in three prefectures and 

3 eight counties designated as autonomous for Mongo4 lians by the Government of the People’s Republic of 

5 China. 

6 (2) Over the centuries, successive central Chi7 nese governments have promoted the migration of 

8 Chinese people into the area currently administered 

9 as the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and 

10 today only about 18 percent of the population of the 

11 Region is counted as ethnically Mongolian. 

12 (3) In 2020, officials in the Inner Mongolia Au13 tonomous Region announced a new policy to effec14 tively replace Mongolian as the principal language of 

15 instruction with Chinese, in the subjects of history, 

16 politics, and literature, and shut down Bainu, the 

17 only Mongolian-language-based social media website 

18 based in the country. Beginning in September 2023, 

19 schools across the region largely removed Mongolian20 language instruction from elementary and secondary 

21 schools throughout the region. Reports indicate that 

22 high school and college entrance exams will be con23 ducted in Chinese exclusively starting in 2025 and 

24 2028, respectively. The People’s Republic of China 

25 authorities have banned Mongolian language books 


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1 from bookstores and removed signs in the unique, 

2 vertically-written Mongolian script from schools, 

3 buildings, streets, and parks. 

4 (4) The People’s Republic of China officials 

5 launched ‘‘patriotic education’’ campaigns at schools 

6 and universities throughout the Inner Mongolia Au7 tonomous Region, designed to suppress manifesta8 tions of Mongolian identity in favor of the common 

9 ‘‘Chinese national identity’’ and encourage ‘‘all eth10 nic groups to accept the great mother country, Chi11 nese nationality, Chinese culture, [and the] Chinese 

12 Communist Party.’’ In response to the new edu13 cation policy, tens of thousands of Southern Mongo14 lians in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 

15 launched protests, in which some 300,000 Southern 

16 Mongolian students boycotted school and teachers 

17 went on strike, and some individuals reportedly com18 mitted suicide in protest. Security authorities re19 sponded harshly by arresting, beating, detaining, 

20 jailing, and placing under home confinement some 

21 estimated 8,000 to 10,000 Southern Mongolians. 

22 (5) Chinese authorities now fully control all ac23 tivities of the Chinggis Khan Mausoleum in the 

24 Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, including the 

25 schedule, scale, and ticketing of ritual ceremonies 


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1 and approval and monitoring of gatherings, denying 

2 Southern Mongolians the ability to carry out tradi3 tional rituals and observances free of government in4 terference and profiteering. This has broken an 

5 eight-century-long memorial tradition at the site, 

6 which has served as an historical and cultural rep7 resentation of the Mongolian identity. 

8 (6) The People’s Republic of China policies 

9 have undermined the religious heritage of Southern 

10 Mongolians, many of whom follow Tibetan Bud11 dhism, including through the destruction of mon12 asteries and temples during the Cultural Revolution, 

13 and interference in the ability to choose their own 

14 religious leaders. Restrictions on travel and freedom 

15 of religion or belief inhibit the ability of Southern 

16 Mongolians to affiliate, engage, and communicate 

17 with Mongol communities around the world, espe18 cially those with cultural, linguistic and religious 

19 links to people in the country of Mongolia and the 

20 Buryatia, Kamykia, and Tuvan regions of the Rus21 sian Federation, resulting in a diminution of their 

22 common cultural heritage. 

23 (7) The People’s Republic of China policies 

24 have effectively ended the traditional Southern Mon25 golian economic livelihood of pastoralism, a key 


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1 marker of Mongol identity, by forcibly resettling 

2 more than 246,000 nomadic households to urban 

3 and agricultural areas where Mandarin language 

4 and Chinese cultural elements dominate. These poli5 cies have cut off Southern Mongolians from their an6 cestral lands and increased their economic depend7 ence on the state, eroding their social cohesion. This 

8 has led to severe social and psychological impacts, 

9 including mental illness and economic deprivation. 

10 (8) The environment of the Inner Mongolia Au11 tonomous Region has degraded under the People’s 

12 Republic of China policies that have removed no13 mads, ending traditional stewardship of grazing 

14 lands, and exploited natural resources through min15 ing and heavy industry without sufficient stake16 holder input from local inhabitants, resulting in air 

17 and water pollution and severe health problems 

18 among local Southern Mongolians. Bayan Obo, the 

19 largest rare earth mine in the world, is the source 

20 of toxic waste, including radioactive thorium that 

21 has been seeping into groundwater. 

22 (9) Southern Mongolian dissidents, activists, 

23 writers, bloggers, lawyers, and their family members 

24 who have attempted to exercise their freedom of ex25 pression and defend their legal rights have been deVerDate Sep 11 2014 01:31 Nov 14, 2024 Jkt 059200 PO 00000 Frm 00005 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\S5305.IS S5305

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1 tained, arrested, imprisoned, and placed under home 

2 confinement by the People’s Republic of China au3 thorities. Activist Yanjindulam remains under home 

4 confinement after being released from prison, artist 

5 Ashidaa is still under home confinement, lawyer 

6 Huhbulag has been detained multiple times, and dis7 sident Almaz has been frequently harassed and de8 tained by the authorities. 

9 (10) Authorities detained rights activist Hada, 

10 who promoted self-determination and democracy for 

11 Southern Mongolians, in 1995 and sentenced him to 

12 15 years in 1996. He was held without legal basis 

13 for an additional four years following the expiration 

14 of his sentence. Hada was subsequently placed under 

15 home confinement until his disappearance in Sep16 tember 2020. In 2011, Hada’s wife Xinna, an out17 spoken critic of human rights violations in Southern 

18 Mongolia, was arrested before being sentenced to 

19 three years in prison, suspended for five years. Their 

20 son Uiles was sentenced at the age of 17 to two 

21 years in prison on the basis of multiple fabricated 

22 charges. The family’s welfare and whereabouts have 

23 been unknown since September 2020. 

24 (11) Chinese authorities have subjected South25 ern Mongolians to transnational repression. Since 


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1 2009, at least five Southern Mongolian dissidents in 

2 exile have been forcibly returned to China, including 

3 from Mongolia. On May 3, 2023, Chinese police offi4 cers detained Lhamjab Borjigin, a long-time dis5 sident writer and historian, in Ulaanbaatar, Mon6 golia, and forcibly returned him to China on the 

7 same day. Lhamjab Borjigin had escaped from home 

8 confinement on March 6, 2023, after he was sen9 tenced to one year in prison, suspended for two 

10 years, for writing a book entitled ‘‘China’s Cultural 

11 Revolution’’. 

12 (12) The Congressional-Executive Commission 

13 on China reported that ‘‘[d]uring the Commission’s 

14 2023 reporting year, Chinese Communist Party and 

15 government authorities implemented policies that 

16 limited the freedom of ethnic minority groups to ex17 press their cultural and religious identities in con18 travention of the PRC Regional Ethnic Autonomy 

19 Law and international human rights treaties, includ20 ing the International Covenant on Civil and Political 

21 Rights’’. 

22 (13) The Government of the People’s Republic 

23 of China’s policies have undermined the ability of 

24 Southern Mongolians to exercise their rights under 

25 international law to safeguard and develop their own 


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1 language, culture, religion or belief, and economic 

2 livelihoods, as part of a deliberate effort to erase 

3 their distinct Mongolian culture and Sinicize the 

4 Southern Mongolian people. 

5 SEC. 3. STATEMENT OF POLICY. 

6 It is the policy of the United States— 

7 (1) to support and promote human rights of 

8 Southern Mongolians in the People’s Republic of 

9 China, including the fundamental freedoms of ex10 pression, peaceful assembly, and religion or belief, 

11 and rights related to arbitrary detention, discrimina12 tion, and other abuses; 

13 (2) to support the aspirations of the Southern 

14 Mongolian people to safeguard their cultural and lin15 guistic heritage, including the ability to use and pro16 mote their own spoken and written language, and 

17 protect their traditional pastoralist way of life that 

18 they have maintained for thousands of years; and 

19 (3) to press the Government of the People’s Re20 public of China to allow the Southern Mongolian 

21 people the ability to enjoy autonomy promised them. 

22 SEC. 4. SENSE OF CONGRESS. 

23 It is the sense of Congress that— 

24 (1) the United States supports the liberty and 

25 legitimate aspirations of the Southern Mongolian 


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1 people to safeguard their cultural and linguistic her2 itage and practice their traditional way of life with3 out threat of forced assimilation policies of the Gov4 ernment of the People’s Republic of China and the 

5 Chinese Communist Party; 

6 (2) the President should— 

7 (A) condemn human rights abuses against 

8 Southern Mongolians by authorities of the Peo9 ple’s Republic of China; and 

10 (B) call on such authorities to allow South11 ern Mongolians the ability to exercise the au12 tonomy guaranteed by the People’s Republic of 

13 China, including to conduct their affairs and re14 ceive education in their own spoken and written 

15 language; 

16 (3) the Secretary of State should— 

17 (A) work with United States allies and 

18 partners and through multilateral institutions 

19 to advocate for the human rights of Southern 

20 Mongolians; 

21 (B) urge the United Nations Human 

22 Rights Council to prioritize assessment of the 

23 human rights of Southern Mongolians in its re24 views of the People’s Republic of China compli25 ance with international human rights law, inVerDate Sep 11 2014 01:31 Nov 14, 2024 Jkt 059200 PO 00000 Frm 00009 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\S5305.IS S5305

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1 cluding through the Universal Periodic Review 

2 process, and to request travel by United Na3 tions officials to assess conditions of Southern 

4 Mongolians in the People’s Republic of China; 

5 (C) promote the right of Southern Mongo6 lians to protect their spoken and written lan7 guage; 

8 (D) promote the freedom of religion or be9 lief of Southern Mongolians; 

10 (E) work with the United Nations Edu11 cational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 

12 (UNESCO) to identify and protect world herit13 age sites in areas of traditional Mongolian cul14 ture in the People’s Republic of China; and 

15 (F) coordinate closely with the inter16 national community on targeted sanctions and 

17 visa restrictions; 

18 (4) the United States companies and individ19 uals operating in areas designated as autonomous 

20 for Mongolians in the People’s Republic of China 

21 should take steps to ensure that their commercial 

22 activities do not contribute to human rights viola23 tions, undermine the autonomous rights of Southern 

24 Mongolians, or contribute to the environmental degVerDate Sep 11 2014 01:31 Nov 14, 2024 Jkt 059200 PO 00000 Frm 00010 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\S5305.IS S5305

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1 radation or resettlement of nomads in those areas; 

2 and 

3 (5) the United States Ambassador to the Peo4 ple’s Republic of China should expeditiously seek to 

5 meet with Hada and his family members, as well as 

6 other Southern Mongolian dissidents, activists, writ7 ers, and lawyers who are either in prison or under 

8 detention or home confinement. 

9 SEC. 5. DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR MATTERS. 

10 (a) INNER MONGOLIA SECTION IN UNITED STATES

11 EMBASSY IN BEIJING, CHINA.— 

12 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of State 

13 should consider establishing an Inner Mongolian 

14 team within the United States Embassy in Beijing, 

15 China, to follow political, economic, and social devel16 opments in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 

17 and other areas designated by the People’s Republic 

18 of China as autonomous for Mongolians, with due 

19 consideration given to hiring Southern Mongolians 

20 as Locally Employed Staff. 

21 (2) RESPONSIBILITIES.—Responsibilities of a 

22 team devoted to Inner Mongolia should include re23 porting on human rights issues and access to areas 

24 designated as autonomous for Mongolians by United 

25 States Government officials, journalists, nongovernVerDate Sep 11 2014 01:31 Nov 14, 2024 Jkt 059200 PO 00000 Frm 00011 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\S5305.IS S5305

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1 mental organizations, and the Southern Mongolian 

2 diaspora. 

3 (3) LANGUAGE REQUIREMENTS.—The Sec4 retary of State should ensure that the Department 

5 of State has sufficient proficiency in Mongolian lan6 guage in order to carry out paragraph (1), and that 

7 the United States Embassy in Beijing, China, has 

8 sufficient resources to hire Local Employed Staff 

9 proficient in the Mongolian language, as appro10 priate. 

11 (b) REPORT.—Not later than 180 days after the date 

12 of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary of State shall 

13 submit to the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Sen14 ate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House 

15 of Representatives a report on the staffing described in 

16 subsection (a). 

17 SEC. 6. RELIGIOUS FREEDOM. 

18 (a) HUMAN RIGHTS REPORTS.—The Ambassador at 

19 Large for International Religious Freedom shall, con20 sistent with the duties under sections 101(c) and 102(a) 

21 of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 (22 

22 U.S.C. 6411(c), 6412(a)), assist the Secretary of State to 

23 assess the impact of the restrictions on Tibetan Buddhism 

24 by the Government of the People’s Republic of China on 

25 the religious freedom of— 


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1 (1) practitioners of Tibetan Buddhism in the 

2 People’s Republic of China who are not Tibetan; and 

3 (2) practitioners of Tibetan Buddhism outside 

4 the People’s Republic of China, including their abil5 ity to travel to and share information with practi6 tioners inside the People’s Republic of China. 

7 (b) ANNUAL REPORT ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS

8 FREEDOM.—The Secretary of State, with the assistance 

9 of the Ambassador at Large for International Religious 

10 Freedom, shall ensure that the report required under sec11 tions 101(c) and 102(b) of the International Religious 

12 Freedom Act of 1998 (22 U.S.C. 6411(c), 6412(b)) as13 sesses, as appropriate, the impact of the restrictions on 

14 Tibetan Buddhism by the Government of the People’s Re15 public of China on the religious freedom of— 

16 (1) practitioners of Tibetan Buddhism in the 

17 People’s Republic of China who are not Tibetan; and 

18 (2) practitioners of Tibetan Buddhism outside 

19 the People’s Republic of China, including their abil20 ity to travel to and share information with practi21 tioners inside the People’s Republic of China. 


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1 SEC. 7. IDENTIFICATION OF PERSONS RESPONSIBLE FOR 

2 HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES AGAINST SOUTHERN 

3 MONGOLIANS IN THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF 

4 CHINA; IMPOSITION OF SANCTIONS. 

5 (a) REPORT REQUIRED.— 

6 (1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 180 days 

7 after the date of the enactment of this Act, and an8 nually thereafter, the President shall submit to the 

9 appropriate congressional committees a report that 

10 identifies each foreign person, including any official 

11 of the Government of the People’s Republic of 

12 China, that the President determines is responsible 

13 for any of the following with respect to Southern 

14 Mongolians in the People’s Republic of China: 

15 (A) Torture. 

16 (B) Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treat17 ment or punishment. 

18 (C) Prolonged or arbitrary detention with19 out charges and trial. 

20 (D) Causing the disappearance of persons 

21 by the abduction and clandestine detention of 

22 those persons. 

23 (E) Other flagrant denial of the right to 

24 life, liberty, or the security of persons. 


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1 (F) Other gross violations of internation2 ally recognized human rights committed against 

3 Southern Mongolians. 

4 (2) FORM.—The report required by paragraph 

5 (1) shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may 

6 include a classified annex. 

7 (b) IMPOSITION OF SANCTIONS.—The President 

8 should impose sanctions pursuant to one or more of the 

9 following authorities with respect to each foreign person 

10 identified in the report required by subsection (a): 

11 (1) The Global Magnitsky Human Rights Ac12 countability Act (22 U.S.C. 10101 et seq.). 

13 (2) Section 7031(c)(1)(A) of the Department of 

14 State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs 

15 Appropriations Act, 2024 (division F of Public Law 

16 118–47; 8 U.S.C. 1182 note). 

17 (3) Section 212(a)(2)(G) of the Immigration 

18 and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(2)(G)). 

19 (c) SUNSET.—This section, and any sanctions im20 posed under this section, shall terminate on the date that 

21 is 5 years after the date of the enactment of this Act. 

22 (d) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 

23 (1) APPROPRIATE CONGRESSIONAL COMMIT24 TEES.—The term ‘‘appropriate congressional com25 mittees’’ means— 


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1 (A) the Committee on Foreign Relations 

2 and the Committee on Banking, Housing, and 

3 Urban Affairs of the Senate; and 

4 (B) the Committee on Foreign Affairs and 

5 the Committee on Financial Services of the 

6 House of Representatives. 

7 (2) FOREIGN PERSON.—The term ‘‘foreign per8 son’’ means an individual or entity that is not a 

9 United States person. 

10 (3) UNITED STATES PERSON.—The term 

11 ‘‘United States person’’ means— 

12 (A) a United States citizen or an alien law13 fully admitted for permanent residence to the 

14 United States; 

15 (B) an entity organized under the laws of 

16 the United States or of any jurisdiction within 

17 the United States, including a foreign branch of 

18 such an entity; or 

19 (C) any person in the United States. 

20 SEC. 8. VOICE OF AMERICA BROADCASTS IN THE MONGO21 LIAN LANGUAGE. 

22 (a) ESTABLISHMENT OF SERVICE.—Not later than 

23 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the 

24 Chief Executive Officer of the United States Agency for 

25 Global Media shall establish, through the Voice of AmerVerDate Sep 11 2014 01:31 Nov 14, 2024 Jkt 059200 PO 00000 Frm 00016 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\S5305.IS S5305

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1 ica, a service to provide Voice of America Mongolian lan2 guage programming to Mongolian language speakers in 

3 Mongolia, the People’s Republic of China, and the Russian 

4 Federation. 

5 (b) REPORT.—Not later than 270 days after the date 

6 of the enactment of this Act, the Chief Executive Officer 

7 of the United States Agency for Global Media shall submit 

8 to the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and 

9 the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Rep10 resentatives a report detailing the implementation of this 

11 section, including a description of programming and 

12 broadcast hours. 

13 (c) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There is 

14 authorized to be appropriated to the Voice of America for 

15 purposes of carrying out this section $2,000,000 for each 

16 of fiscal years 2025 and 2026. 

17 SEC. 9. SUPPORT FOR SOUTHERN MONGOLIAN CULTURE. 

18 (a) REPRESSED CULTURES PRESERVATION.— 

19 (1) SENSE OF CONGRESS.—It is the sense of 

20 Congress that the Smithsonian Institution should 

21 fund activities to help preserve cultures endangered 

22 by the repressive policies of the People’s Republic of 

23 China, including those of Southern Mongolians, Ti24 betans, Uyghurs, and Hong Kongers, through the 

25 World Cultures Center and other programs designed 


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1 to promote preservation efforts, as well as research, 

2 exhibitions, and education programming. 

3 (2) REPORT.—Not later than 180 days after 

4 the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary 

5 of the Smithsonian Institution shall submit to the 

6 Committee on Rules and Administration of the Sen7 ate and the Committee on House Administration of 

8 the House of Representatives a report on its plans 

9 to help preserve cultures endangered by the policies 

10 of the People’s Republic of China, including those of 

11 Southern Mongolians, Tibetans, Uyghurs, and Hong 

12 Kongers. 

13 (b) ASSISTANCE FOR CULTURAL ORGANIZATIONS, 

14 MUSEUMS, AND LIBRARIES.— 

15 (1) SENSE OF CONGRESS.—It is the sense of 

16 Congress that the Director of the Institute for Mu17 seum and Library Sciences should establish a grant 

18 program, or make available grants through an exist19 ing program, to support efforts by diaspora commu20 nities in the United States to preserve their cultural 

21 heritage that is threatened by the repressive policies 

22 of the People’s Republic of China, including the ef23 forts of Southern Mongolians, Tibetans, Uyghurs, 

24 and Hong Kongers. 


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1 (2) REPORT.—Not later than 180 days after 

2 the date of the enactment of this Act, the Director 

3 of the Institute for Museum and Library Sciences 

4 shall submit to the Committee on Health, Edu5 cation, Labor and Pensions of the Senate and the 

6 Committee on Education and the Workforce of the 

7 House of Representatives a report on the feasibility 

8 of establishing a grant program, or to otherwise 

9 make available grants through an existing program, 

10 to support efforts by diaspora communities in the 

11 United States to preserve their cultural heritage that 

12 is threatened by the repressive policies of the Peo13 ple’s Republic of China, including those of Southern 

14 Mongolians, Tibetans, Uyghurs, and Hong Kongers, 

15 including efforts to engage with such diaspora com16 munities. 

17 SEC. 10. SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS IN SOUTHERN MON18 GOLIA. 

19 (a) DECLARATION OF POLICY.—It is the policy of the 

20 United States to support the right of Southern Mongolians 

21 to make decisions in accordance with principles of auton22 omy regarding their economic development, including the 

23 ability to maintain traditional livelihoods, such as pas24 toralism, as well as cultural preservation, environmental 

25 sustainability, and resource extraction, in areas designated 


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1 as autonomous for Southern Mongolians in the People’s 

2 Republic of China. 

3 (b) INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS.— 

4 The Secretary of the Treasury should instruct the United 

5 States executive director of each international financial in6 stitution to use the voice and vote of the United States 

7 to support financing of projects in areas designated as au8 tonomous for Southern Mongolians in the People’s Repub9 lic of China if such projects do not provide incentives for 

10 the migration and settlement of non-Mongolians into 

11 Southern Mongolian areas or facilitate the transfer of 

12 ownership of Southern Mongolian land and natural re13 sources to non-Mongolians, are based on a thorough 

14 needs-assessment, foster self-sufficiency of the Southern 

15 Mongolian people, respect Mongolian culture, traditions, 

16 and traditional livelihoods, and are subject to effective 

17 monitoring. 

Æ 


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