IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

No. 07-30272

FELLOSEA ACKERSON, et al; GILBERT ACKERSON; CATHY ADAMS;

FREDERICK ADAMS; JEAN ADDISON; ET AL.,

Plaintiffs–Appellants,

v.

BEAN DREDGING LLC; BEAN DREDGING CORPORATION, formerly

known as Eagle Dredging Corporation, formerly known as Falcon Dredging

Corporation; C.F. BEAN LLC; C.F. BEAN CORPORATION, formerly known

as C.F. Bean Incorporated; BEAN HORIZON CORPORATION; BEAN

HORIZON LLC; BEAN STUYVESANT LLC; STUYVESANT DREDGING

COMPANY; STUYVESANT DREDGING INCORPORATED; STUYVESANT

DREDGING COMPANY LLC; ROYAL BOSKALIS WESTMINSTER N.V.;

GULF COAST TRAILING COMPANY; TLJIC LLC; T.L. JAMES &

COMPANY INCORPORATED; T.L. JAMES MARINE INCORPORATED;

T.L. JAMES MARINE LLC; HAM CONSTRUCTION OVERSEAS N.V.;

GREAT LAKES DREDGE & DOCK COMPANY; GREAT LAKES DREDGE &

DOCK COMPANY LLC OF LOUISIANA; GREAT LAKES DREDGE &

DOCK CORPORATION OF DELAWARE; NATCO DREDGING LIMITED

PARTNERSHIP; GREAT LAKES TRAILING COMPANY; WEEKS MARINE

INC.; MIKE HOOKS INC.; LUHR BROTHERS INCORPORATED; MANSON

CONSTRUCTION CO., also known as Manson Construction & Engineering

Company; MANSON GULF LLC; PINE BLUFF SAND AND GRAVEL

COMPANY; KING FISHER MARINE SERVICE INC.; KING FISHER

MARINE SERVICE LP; KFMSGP LLC,

Defendants–Appellees.

United States Court of Appeals

Fifth Circuit

F I L E D

November 25, 2009

Charles R. Fulbruge III

Clerk
No. 07-30272

2

No. 07-30274

PHILLIP REED, on behalf of himself and all others similarly situated,

Plaintiff–Appellant,

v.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; BEAN DREDGING LLC; BEAN

DREDGING CORPORATION, formerly known as Eagle Dredging

Corporation, formerly known as Falcon Dredging Corporation; C.F. BEAN

LLC; C.F. BEAN CORPORATION, agent C.F. Bean Inc.; BEAN HORIZON

CORPORATION; BEAN HORIZON LLC; BEAN STUYVESANT LLC;

STUYVESANT DREDGING COMPANY; STUYVESANT DREDGING INC.;

STUYVESANT DREDGING COMPANY LLC; ROYAL BOSKALIS

WESTMINSTER N.V.; GULF COAST TRAILING COMPANY; TLJIC LLC;

T.L. JAMES & COMPANY INC.; HAM CONSTRUCTION OVERSEAS N.V.;

GREAT LAKES DREDGE & DOCK COMPANY; GREAT LAKES DREDGE &

DOCK COMPANY LLC OF LOUISIANA; GREAT LAKES DREDGE &

DOCK CORPORATION OF DELAWARE; NATCO DREDGING LIMITED

PARTNERSHIP; GREAT LAKES TRAILING COMPANY; WEEKS MARINE

INC.; MIKE HOOKS INC.; LUHR BROTHERS INC.; MANSON

CONSTRUCTION CO., also known as Manson Construction & Engineering

Co.; PINE BLUFF SAND & GRAVEL COMPANY; KING FISHER MARINE

SERVICE INC.; KING FISHER MARINE SERVICE LP; KFMSGP LLC,

Defendants–Appellees.
No. 07-30272

3

No. 07-30326

IN RE: KATRINA CANAL BREACHES LITIGATION

PHILLIP REED, On behalf of himself and all others similarly situated,

Plaintiff–Appellant

v.

GULF COAST TRAILING COMPANY; T.L. JAMES AND COMPANY INC.;

GREAT LAKES DREDGE & DOCK COMPANY; MIKE HOOKS INC.; LUHR

BROTHERS INC.; MANSON CONSTRUCTION CO., also known as Manson

Construction & Engineering Co.; PINE BLUFF SAND & GRAVEL

COMPANY; KING FISHER MARINE SERVICE LP,

Defendants–Appellees.

In the Matter of the Complaint of GREAT LAKES DREDGE & DOCK

COMPANY, As owner of the Dredges California, Manhattan Island, Padre

Island, and Alaska, and as owner pro hac vice of the Dredge Texas,

Petitioner–Appellee.

In the Matter of the Complaint of MIKE HOOKS INC., As owner of the

Dredge Missouri H,

Petitioner–Appellee.

In the Matter of the Complaint of T.L. JAMES AND COMPANY INC., As

owner of the dredges Tom James and George D. Williams II praying for

exoneration from or limitation of liability,
No. 07-30272

4

Petitioner–Appellee.

In Re: In the Matter of the Complaint of GULF COAST TRAILING

COMPANY, A Louisiana Partnership, as owner of the dredge Ouachita,

praying for exoneration from or limitation of liability,

Petitioner–Appellee.

In Re: In the Matter of the Complaint of MANSON CONSTRUCTION CO., As

owner and operator of the Hopper Dredges Newport and Bayport, for

exoneration from or limitation of liability,

Petitioner–Appellee.

In Re: In the Matter of the Complaint of LUHR BROTHERS INC., As owner

of the Spud Barge L-1101, Spud Barge L-1103 and M/V Michael A and as

owner Pro Hac Vice of M/V Charlie B praying for exoneration from or

limitation of liability

In the Matter of the Complaint of KING FISHER MARINE SERVICE LP, As

owner of the Dredges Leonard M. Fisher and Everett Fisher,

Petitioner–Appellee.

In Re: In the Matter of the Complaint of PINE BLUFF SAND & GRAVEL

COMPANY, As owner and operator of dredge Marion praying for exoneration

from or limitation of liability,

Petitioner–Appellee.

In Re: In the Matter of the Complaint of WEEKS MARINE INC., As owner of

the Dredges BE Lindholm, George D. Williams, Weeks 262 and BT 208,

Petitioner–Appellee.
No. 07-30272

5

No. 07-30495

IN RE: KATRINA CANAL BREACHES LITIGATION

FELLOSEA ACKERSON; GILBERT ACKERSON; CATHY ADAMS;

FREDERICK ADAMS; JEAN ADDISON; ET AL.,

Plaintiffs–Appellants,

v.

BEAN DREDGING LLC; BEAN DREDGING CORPORATION, formerly

known as Eagle Dredging Corporation, BEAN DREDGING CORPORATION,

formerly known as Falcon Dredging Corporation; C.F. BEAN LLC; C.F.

BEAN CORPORATION, formerly known as C.F. Bean Inc.; BEAN HORIZON

CORPORATION; BEAN HORIZON LLC; BEAN STUYVESANT LLC;

STUYVESANT DREDGING COMPANY; STUYVESANT DREDGING INC.;

STUYVESANT DREDGING COMPANY LLC; ROYAL BOSKALIS

WESTMINSTER N.V.; GULF COAST TRAILING COMPANY; TLJIC LLC;

T.L. JAMES & COMPANY INC.; T.L. JAMES MARINE INC.; T.L. JAMES

MARINE LLC; HAM CONSTRUCTION OVERSEAS N.V.; GREAT LAKES

DREDGE & DOCK COMPANY; GREAT LAKES DREDGE & DOCK

COMPANY LLC OF LOUISIANA; GREAT LAKES DREDGE & DOCK

CORPORATION OF DELAWARE; NATCO DREDGING LIMITED

PARTNERSHIP; GREAT LAKES TRAILING COMPANY; WEEKS MARINE

INC.; MIKE HOOKS INC.; LUHR BROTHERS INC.; MANSON

CONSTRUCTION CO., also known as Manson Construction & Engineering

Co.; MANSON GULF LLC; PINE BLUFF SAND AND GRAVEL COMPANY;

KING FISHER MARINE SERVICE INC.; KING FISHER MARINE

SERVICE LP; KFMSGP LLC,

Defendants–Appellees.

In Re: In the Matter of the Complaint of GREAT LAKES DREDGE & DOCK

COMPANY, As owner of the dredges California, Manhattan Island, Padre

Island, and Alaska, and as owner pro hac vice of the Dredge Texas for

Exoneration from or Limitation of Liability,
No. 07-30272

6

________________________________________

GREAT LAKES DREDGE & DOCK COMPANY, As owner of the dredges

California, Manhattan Island, Padre Island, and Alaska, and as owner pro

hac vice of the Dredge Texas,

Petitioner–Appellee.

In Re: In the Matter of the Complaint of MIKE HOOKS INC., as owner of the

Dredge Missouri H for Exoneration from or Limitation of Liability,

________________________________________

MIKE HOOKS INC., as owner of the Dredge Missouri H,

Petitioner–Appellee.

In Re: In Matter of the Complaint of T.L. JAMES & COMPANY, INC., as

owner of the dredges Tom James and George D. Williams II, praying for

exoneration from or limitation of liability,

________________________________________

T.L. JAMES & COMPANY INC., as owner of the dredges Tom James and

George D. Williams II,

Petitioner–Appellee.

In Re: In the Matter of the Complaint of GULF COAST TRAILING

COMPANY, a Louisiana Partnership, as owner of the dredge Ouachita;

TLJIC LLC, a partner therein, as owner of the dredge Ouachita, praying for

exoneration from or limitation of liability,

________________________________________

GULF COAST TRAILING COMPANY, a Louisiana Partnership, as owner of

the dredge Ouachita; TLJIC LLC, a partner therein, as owner of the dredge

Ouachita,
No. 07-30272

7

Petitioners–Appellees.

In Re: In the Matter of the Complaint of MANSON CONSTRUCTION CO., as

owner and operator of the Hopper Dredges Newport and Bayport, for

exoneration from or limitation of liability,

__________________________________________

MANSON CONSTRUCTION CO., as owner and operator of the Hopper

Dredges Newport and Bayport,

Petitioner–Appellee.

In Re: In the Matter of the Complaint of LUHR BROTHERS INC., as owner

of the Spud Barge L-1101, Spud Barge L-1103, and M/V Michael A and as

owner pro hac vice of M/V Charlie B praying for exoneration from or

limitation of liability,

__________________________________________

LUHR BROTHERS INC., as owner of Spud Barge L-1101, Spud Barge L1103, and M/V Michael A and as owner pro hac vice of M/V Charlie B,

Petitioner–Appellee.

In Re: In the Matter of the Complaint of KING FISHER MARINE SERVICE

LP, as owner of the dredges Leonard M. Fisher and Everett Fisher for

exoneration from or limitation of liability,

__________________________________________

KING FISHER MARINE SERVICE LP, as owner of the dredges Leonard M.

Fisher and Everett Fisher,

Petitioner–Appellee.
No. 07-30272

8

In Re: In the Matter of the Complaint of PINE BLUFF SAND & GRAVEL

COMPANY, as owner and operator of dredge Marion praying for exoneration

from or limitation of liability,

___________________________________________

PINE BLUFF SAND & GRAVEL CO., as owner and operator of dredge

Marion,

Petitioner–Appellee.

In Re: In the Matter of the Complaint of WEEKS MARINE INC., as owner of

the dredges B.E. Lindholm, George D. Williams, Weeks 262, and BT 208 for

exoneration from or limitation of liability,

____________________________________________

WEEKS MARINE INC., as owner of the dredges B.E. Lindholm, George D.

Williams, Weeks 262 and BT 208,

Petitioner–Appellee.

Appeals from the United States District Court 

for the Eastern District of Louisiana

Before REAVLEY, STEWART, and OWEN, Circuit Judges.

PRISCILLA R. OWEN, Circuit Judge:

Appellants sued the United States and thirty-two defendants who dredged

the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet to recover damages sustained during

Hurricane Katrina. The district court dismissed the claims against the dredgers

because it determined that the defendants acted pursuant to contracts with the

United States government under authority granted by an act of Congress. The

appellants argue that the district court improperly: (1) dismissed their claims;
No. 07-30272

9

(2) refused to allow them to amend their complaint; (3) refused to allow them to

conduct discovery; and (4) entered judgment in favor of those defendants whose

actions had been stayed after they filed petitions under the Limitation of

Liability Act. We affirm.

I

In 2006, Philip Reed filed a class action against the United States and

thirty-two dredging companies (Contractor Defendants) to recover damages the

class suffered as a result of Hurricane Katrina. Reed also sought injunctive

relief to prevent future dredging activities. Several months later, Fellosea

Ackerson filed a substantively identical complaint on behalf of 1,600 named

plaintiffs against the same thirty-two Contractor Defendants. The United States

was not a named defendant in Ackerson’s complaint. The district court

consolidated the actions.

Reed and Ackerson (Plaintiffs) alleged that the Contractor Defendants’

dredging activities caused environmental damage to protective wetlands in the

Mississippi River Gulf Outlet (MRGO). The Plaintiffs also alleged that the

MRGO project caused an amplification of the storm surge in the New Orleans

region during Hurricane Katrina, undermining the levees and flood walls along

the MRGO and the Industrial Canal that breached and flooded St. Bernard

Parish and Orleans Parish. The Plaintiffs asserted claims against the

Contractor Defendants for negligence, breach of implied warranty, concealment,

and violation of environmental-protection laws and sought a myriad of damages

and an injunction to prevent future dredging activities.

The United States filed a motion to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of

Civil Procedure 12(b)(1), claiming the court lacked subject matter jurisdiction

because Reed had not filed an administrative claim as required by the Admiralty
No. 07-30272

 46 U.S.C. § 30101. 1

Id. § 30511. 2

In re Port Arthur Towing Co., 42 F.3d 312, 315 (5th Cir. 1995). 3

 309 U.S. 18 (1940). 4

10

Extension Act. The district court granted the Government’s 12(b)(1) motion and 1

dismissed the claims against the United States. This dismissal is not at issue

on appeal. The Contractor Defendants also filed a motion to dismiss under Rule

12(b)(1) and Rule 12(c).

While the Contractor Defendants’ motion was pending before the district

court, some of the Contractor Defendants (Limitation Defendants) filed

complaints under the Limitation of Liability Act, which allows a shipowner 2

facing potential liability for a maritime accident to limit his liability to the value

of his vessel and cargo and automatically stays all other suits against the

shipowner so that all claims will be litigated in the limitation proceeding.3

Several Contractor Defendants (Bean Defendants) did not file limitation actions.

The limitation actions were transferred to the judge presiding over the original

Reed and Ackerson complaints, where they were consolidated.

The Plaintiffs filed a motion to stay the limitation actions and allow their

claims against all of the Contractor Defendants to continue. The district court

held a hearing on the Contractor Defendants’ motion to dismiss and the

Plaintiffs’ motion to stay the limitation actions. Because the stays prevented the

court from holding a hearing with respect to the Limitation Defendants, the

action proceeded only as to the Bean Defendants, but the Limitation Defendants

participated as amicus curiae.

The court granted the Contractor Defendants’ motion to dismiss under

Rules 12(b)(1) and 12(c), concluding that the Contractor Defendants had

government-contractor immunity under Yearsley v. W.A. Ross Construction Co.4
No. 07-30272

 487 U.S. 500 (1988). 5

Doe v. MySpace, Inc., 528 F.3d 413, 418 (5th Cir. 2008). 6

Yearsley, 309 U.S. at 19-20. 7

11

and Boyle v. United Technologies Corp. The court denied the Plaintiffs’ request 5

to conduct discovery to determine whether the Contractor Defendants had done

anything to place them outside of Yearsley’s protection, calling the request a

“fishing expedition.” The court also denied the Plaintiffs’ request for leave to

amend their complaints as “futile.” The district court entered separate

judgments against Reed and Ackerson. The court also entered a separate order

in each case denying as moot the Plaintiffs’ motion to stay the limitation

proceedings.

The Plaintiffs appealed these rulings, and the appeals were consolidated.

The Plaintiffs claim the district court erred in granting the Contractor

Defendants’ motion for judgment on the pleadings, denying their request for

discovery, denying their motion to amend, and denying their motion to stay the

limitation proceedings.

II

We review a grant of judgment on the pleadings under Rule 12(c) de novo.6

We agree with the district court’s ruling that based on the pleadings, the

Contractor Defendants are entitled to government-contractor immunity under

Yearsley.

In Yearsley, the Supreme Court considered whether a contractor that built

dikes in the Missouri River pursuant to a contract with the federal government

could be held liable for damage caused by the construction of the dikes. The 7

contract was part of a federal project authorized by an act of Congress, and it

was undisputed that the federal government authorized and directed the
No. 07-30272

Id.

8

Id. at 20–21.

9

Id. at 21.

10

 770 F.2d 556 (5th Cir. 1985). 11

Id. at 564.

12

Id. (emphasis added). 13

12

project. The Court concluded that the contractor could not be held liable, 8

holding that when “authority to carry out the project was validly conferred, that

is, if what was done was within the constitutional power of Congress, there is no

liability on the part of the contractor for executing its will.” The Court also 9

noted that “[w]here an agent or officer of the Government purporting to act on

its behalf has been held to be liable for his conduct causing injury to another, the

ground of liability has been found to be either that he exceeded his authority or

that it was not validly conferred.”10

The Plaintiffs contend that invoking Yearsley requires the government

contractor to show that an agency relationship existed between the contractor

and the government, and they argue that in this case an agency relationship is

not evident on the face of the pleadings. To support their argument, the

Plaintiffs rely on language from this court’s decision in Bynum v. FMC Corp.,

11

which states that “it is the law at least in this Circuit that the contractor must

be an agent of the government before invoking its immunity.” This statement 12

is not as definitive, nor binding, as the Plaintiffs suggest. The Bynum court

acknowledged that Yearsley only contains an “apparent requirement that the

contractor possess an actual agency relationship with the government” and that

“federal courts certainly have not always required such a relationship.”13

Additionally, this statement is dicta, and we have never held that Yearsley
No. 07-30272

Id. at 560.

14

Id. at 574.

15

See Breen v. Tex. A&M Univ., 485 F.3d 325, 336 (5th Cir. 2007). 16

 418 F.2d 1010 (5th Cir. 1969). 17

Bynum, 770 F.2d at 564 & n.11. 18

Whitaker, 418 F.2d at 1012, 1014-15, 1018.

19

Id. at 1014 (citing Powell v. U.S. Cartridge Co., 339 U.S. 497 (1950)).

20

13

requires a common-law agency relationship between the government and a contractor.

The language regarding agency on which the plaintiffs rely appears in an

introductory section of the Bynum opinion entitled “Legal Background,” which

provided “a brief overview . . . of the [modern government contractor] defense’s

historic analogues and the reasons provided by federal and state courts for the

adoption of the modern defense.” After concluding its discussion of the legal 14

background, the court set forth a federal common-law defense for militaryequipment manufacturers, without discussing, applying, or citing Yearsley.

15

Therefore, the court’s statements regarding Yearsley were unnecessary to its

holding and constitute nonbinding dicta.16

The court’s statement in Bynum is not compelled by our prior case law.

The Bynum court cited to Whitaker v. Harvell-Kilgore Corp. in support of its 17

statement that a contractor must be an agent of the government before invoking

its immunity. In Whitaker, we held that a manufacturer of grenades and a 18

manufacturer of fuses were not agents of the government and therefore not

entitled to immunity after a grenade prematurely exploded during an Army

training exercise. The Bynum court’s reliance on Whitaker to support its 19

understanding of Yearsley is problematic, however, because Whitaker does not

cite Yearsley. Additionally, the case Whitaker does cite to support its holding,20
No. 07-30272

 339 U.S. 497 (1950). 21

 487 U.S. 500, 512 (1988) (establishing a three-prong analysis to determine the 22

liability of government contractors in the context of military-equipment manufacturing).

Yearsley v. W.A. Ross Constr. Co., 309 U.S. 18, 21 (1940) (“Where an agent or officer 23

of the Government purporting to act on its behalf . . . .” (emphasis added)); id. at 22 (“[T]here

is no ground for holding its agent liable . . . . The action of the agent is ‘the act of the

government.’” (emphasis added) (quoting United States v. Lynah, 188 U.S. 445, 465 (1903),

overruled in part on other grounds by United States v. Chicago, M., St. P. & P.R. Co., 312 U.S.

592 (1941))).

Id. at 23 (“[T]here is no contention, or basis for one, that if the contractor was acting 24

for the Government in prosecuting its work in aid of navigation without the taking of property,

the contractor would be subject to the asserted liability.” (emphasis added)).

Id. at 22 (“[I]t excludes liability of the Government’s representatives lawfully acting 25

on its behalf . . . .” (emphasis added)).

14

Powell v. United States Cartridge Co., is a Fair Labor Standards Act case that 21

likewise does not cite Yearsley. Most importantly, both Bynum and Whitaker

addressed military-contractor product liability and not public-works contractor

liability as in Yearsley. The application of the contractor defense in the context

of military-equipment manufacturers is an area of law that has since been

arguably distinguished from the general Yearsley defense in Boyle v. United

Technologies Corp. and its progeny. 22

The Supreme Court’s decision in Yearsley does not require a public-works

contractor defendant to establish a traditional agency relationship with the

government. Yearsley does use the word “agent” but also uses “contractor” 23 24

and “representative.” Most notably, the Yearsley court did not examine the 25

relationship between the contractor defendant and the government to determine

whether the contractor defendant was in fact acting as an agent or whether the

contractor acted within the scope of any agency relationship. Instead, the court

merely noted that setting aside the plaintiffs’ takings claim, “there is no

contention, or basis for one, that if the contractor was acting for the Government
No. 07-30272

Id. at 23.

26

See, e.g., Myers v. United States, 323 F.2d 580, 583 (9th Cir. 1963) (citing Yearsley 27

and concluding, without discussing agency, that the government contractor could not be held

liable); Gulf Ref. Co. v. Mark C. Walker & Son Co., 124 F.2d 420, 425 (6th Cir. 1942)

(considering the liability of a contractor who built levees that allegedly caused damages to the

plaintiff and citing Yearsley, among other cases and without discussing agency, for the

proposition that “a contractor or subcontractor doing work for the government in accordance

with its requirements is not liable to a third person for its incidental effect upon his property,

and that there is no presumption of negligence”); Dolphin Gardens, Inc. v. United States, 243

F. Supp. 824, 827 (D. Conn. 1965) (quoting agency language from Yearsley but not analyzing

the relationship between the contractor and the government to determine whether an agency

relationship existed and granting summary judgment in favor of the defendant dredger). But

cf. McMahon v. Presidential Airways, Inc., 502 F.3d 1331, 1343 (11th Cir. 2007) (considering

a contractor’s claim of derivative sovereign immunity under Feres v. United States, 340 U.S.

135 (1950), for damages claimed by soldiers killed in an airplane crash and citing Yearsley and

Whitaker v. Harvell-Kilgore Corp. for the proposition that if derivative sovereign immunity

does exist, “the entity claiming the immunity must at a bare minimum have been a common

law agent of the government at the time of the conduct underlying the lawsuit”).

 323 F.2d 580 (9th Cir. 1963). 28

Id. at 581.

29

Id. at 583 (citing Yearsley, 309 U.S. 18). 30

15

in prosecuting its work in aid of navigation without the taking of property, the

contractor would be subject to the asserted liability.”26

Other courts applying Yearsley have likewise not discussed an agency

requirement. For example, in Myers v. United States, the Ninth Circuit 27 28

affirmed a judgment that a private defendant who had constructed a road

pursuant to a contract with the Bureau of Public Roads was not liable for alleged

waste and trespass resulting from the construction. Citing Yearsley, the court 29

noted, “To the extent that the work performed by [the contractor defendant] was

done under its contract with the Bureau of Public Lands, and in conformity with

the terms of said contract, no liability can be imposed upon it for any damages

claimed to have been suffered by the appellants.” The court did not discuss 30

whether the contractor defendant was the government’s agent or whether the

defendant exceeded the scope of an agency relationship. A subsequent Ninth
No. 07-30272

See Agredano v. U.S. Customs Serv., 223 F. App’x 558, 558 (9th Cir. 2007) (“[A] 31

company contracting with the federal government cannot be held liable for injuries third

parties incur as a result of the contract’s execution, where the contract is legal and the

company does not breach the terms of the contract.” (citing Meyers, 323 F.2d at 583)).

See Boyle v. United Techs. Corp, 487 U.S. 500, 506 (1988). 32

Yearsley, 309 U.S. at 21.

33

16

Circuit opinion citing Meyers has likewise applied this rule without any

discussion of an agency relationship.31

The Supreme Court has not abrogated or overturned Yearsley, and the

Court’s most recent reference to that decision was a favorable citation in Boyle.

32

The facts of Yearsley are quite similar to the facts in this case. Both cases

involve public-works projects. In both cases, the actions causing the alleged

harm were taken pursuant to contracts with the federal government that were

for the purpose of furthering projects authorized by acts of Congress. And in

both cases, the plaintiffs did not allege that the contractor defendant “exceeded

his authority or that it was not validly conferred.” The Plaintiffs do not allege 33

that Congress lacks the authority to develop or maintain the MRGO. Further,

their complaints leave no doubt that the Contractor Defendants were executing

Congress’s will in dredging the MRGO. The Plaintiffs acknowledge that

Congress initially approved the MRGO and that the U.S. Army Corps of

Engineers constructed the project. The Plaintiffs further allege that the federal

government pays the Contractor Defendants to dredge the MRGO yearly. The

Plaintiffs do not, however, allege that the Contractor Defendants exceeded their

authority or in any way deviated from Congress’s direction or expectations.

Instead, the Plaintiffs’ allegations attack the entire MRGO project. For example,

the Plaintiffs allege that “the project” has “dramatically increased the region’s

vulnerability to hurricanes and tropical storms” and that the “MRGO

has . . . created an environmental disaster.” These allegations attack Congress’s
No. 07-30272

Bynum v. FMC Corp., 770 F.2d 556, 564 (5th Cir. 1985). 34

See Portis v. Folk Constr. Co., 694 F.2d 520, 524 (8th Cir. 1982). 35

See, e.g., United States ex rel. Ali v. Daniel, Mann, Johnson & Mendenhall, 355 F.3d 36

1140, 1146 (9th Cir. 2004) (using “government contractor defense”).

See FED. R. CIV.P. 12(h)(3) (“If the court determines at any time that it lacks subject- 37

matter jurisdiction, the court must dismiss the action.”); Arbaugh v. Y&H Corp., 546 U.S. 500,

514 (2006) (“[W]hen a federal court concludes that it lacks subject-matter jurisdiction, the

court must dismiss the complaint in its entirety.”); Bodin v. Vagshenian, 462 F.3d 481, 484

(5th Cir. 2006) (“[Sovereign] immunity deprives federal courts of subject matter jurisdiction.”

(citing Chapa v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 339 F.3d 388, 389 (5th Cir. 2003)).

17

policy of creating and maintaining the MRGO, not any separate act of negligence

by the Contractor Defendants.

The applicability of Yearsley is established on the face of the Plaintiffs’

complaint, and accordingly, we hold that the district court did not err in

dismissing the action.

III

Plaintiffs also contend that the district court should have dismissed their

claims against the Contractor Defendants without prejudice, arguing that the

Yearsley defense is jurisdictional in nature. This court’s opinion in Bynum

acknowledges that “the basis of the contractor’s defense is not altogether clear

from the text of the [Yearsley] opinion” and suggests that the basis for dismissing

a Yearsley claim would be sovereign immunity. Further, the doctrine has been 34

referred to as the “shared immunity doctrine” among other names. If the 35 36

basis for dismissing a Yearsley claim is sovereign immunity, then a

Yearsley defense would be jurisdictional: sovereign immunity deprives federal

courts of jurisdiction to hear claims, and a court finding that a party is entitled

to sovereign immunity must dismiss the action for lack of subject-matter

jurisdiction.37

However, the Court’s opinion in Yearsley itself countenances against its
No. 07-30272

Cf. Ali, 355 F.3d at 1147 (“However, the government contractor defense does not 38

confer sovereign immunity on contractors.” (citing Boyle, 487 U.S. at 505 n.1)).

Yearsley v. W.A. Ross Constr. Co., 309 U.S. 18, 23 (1940). 39

See Mullins v. TestAmerica, Inc., 564 F.3d 386, 407 n.9 (5th Cir. 2009) (“[The 40

appellant’s] inadequate briefing waives this claim.”).

See Briggs v. Mississippi, 331 F.3d 499, 508 (5th Cir. 2003). 41

18

application to deprive the federal courts of jurisdiction. Yearsley does not discuss

sovereign immunity or otherwise address the court’s power to hear the case.38

Instead, the Court affirmed the reversal of the district court’s judgment on the

grounds announced in Yearsley. Based on the Supreme Court’s actions in 39

Yearsley, we hold that concluding Yearsley is applicable does not deny the court

of subject-matter jurisdiction. Further, as the Plaintiffs have not presented any

arguments regarding whether the district court erred by dismissing their claims

with prejudice if the Yearsley defense is not jurisdictional in nature, they have

waived any error on this issue. Thus, the district court properly dismissed the 40

Plaintiffs’ claims with prejudice.

IV

The Plaintiffs also appeal the district court’s denial of their motion to

amend their complaints. We review the district court’s denial of a motion to

amend for abuse of discretion. The Plaintiffs, in an apparent attempt to plead 41

around Yearsley, sought leave to amend the complaint to add the following

allegation:

Defendants failed to follow requirements of 33 CFR Parts 335-

38, particularly 33 CFR 336.1(c)(4) and 33 CFR 320.4(b) and

Executive Order No. 11990 made applicable thereby. The Dredging

Defendants deviated from and/or failed to execute their dredging

activities in the manner required by the Army Corps of Engineers

and by the Nationwide Permits, specific permits, or general

authorizations for dredging issued by or obtained by the Army Corps

of Engineers pursuant to 33 CFR §§ 337.5 and 338.2. Furthermore,
No. 07-30272

Fin. Acquisition Partners LP v. Blackwell, 440 F.3d 278, 291 (5th Cir. 2006). 42

Pan-Islamic Trade Corp. v. Exxon Corp., 632 F.2d 539, 546 (5th Cir. 1980) (citing 43

DeLoach v. Woodley, 405 F.2d 496 (5th Cir. 1969) and Byrne v. Kysar, 347 F.2d 734 (7th Cir.

1965)), abrogated on other grounds, Todorov v. DCH Healthcare Auth., 921 F.2d 1438, 1451

n.19 (11th Cir. 1991).

Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 127 S. Ct. 1955, 1965 (2007). 44

Id. at 1964-65 (internal quotation marks omitted) (second alteration in original); see 45

also Fernandez-Montes v. Allied Pilots Ass’n, 987 F.2d 278, 284 (5th Cir. 1993) (“[C]onclusory

allegations or legal conclusions masquerading as factual conclusions will not suffice to prevent

a motion to dismiss.”).

Cf. Twombly, 127 S. Ct. at 1970 n.10 (“Whereas the model form alleges that the 46

defendant struck the plaintiff with his car while plaintiff was crossing a particular highway

at a specified date and time, the complaint here furnishes no clue as to which of the four

ILECs (much less which of their employees) supposedly agreed, or when and where the illicit

agreement took place. . . . [A] defendant seeking to respond to plaintiffs’ conclusory

allegations . . . would have little idea where to begin.”).

19

all defendants failed to follow State requirements (made applicable

by 33 CFR 337.2) including those contained in Chapter 7, Sections

701 and 707 of the Louisiana Administrative Code related to

dredging activities.

While there is a strong presumption in favor of granting leave to amend,42

a district court may refuse leave to amend if the complaint as amended would

be subject to dismissal. The Plaintiffs’ proposed amended complaint would be 43

subject to dismissal because it would not state a claim for relief. To state a

claim, the Plaintiffs need not include detailed factual allegations, but the

“[f]actual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the

speculative level.” The Plaintiffs’ “obligation to provide the grounds of [their] 44

entitle[ment] to relief requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic

recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.” Here, the Plaintiffs’ 45

proffered amendment does not go beyond the conclusory allegation that the

Contractor Defendants activities somehow violated various laws and regulations

at some unspecified time and place. Other allegations in the complaint do not 46
No. 07-30272

See Alpine View Co. v. Atlas Copco AB, 205 F.3d 208, 220 (5th Cir. 2000). 47

Doe v. MySpace, Inc., 528 F.3d 413, 418 (5th Cir. 2008). 48

Ferrer v. Chevron Corp., 484 F.3d 776, 782 (5th Cir. 2007); see also Sw. Bell Tel., LP 49

v. City of Houston, 529 F.3d 257, 263 (5th Cir. 2008) (“AT&T maintains . . . it was entitled to

discovery prior to the district court’s dismissal-ruling. To the contrary, when deciding, under

Rule 12(b)(6), whether to dismiss . . . the court considers, of course, only the allegations in the

complaint.”).

20

provide the additional support needed because, as discussed above, the factual

allegations in the remainder of the original complaint go to the alleged damage

from the existence and state of the MRGO, not the Contractor Defendants’

activities in maintaining it. The Plaintiffs cannot rely solely on these conclusory

allegations and legal conclusions to avoid Yearsley. Accordingly, we hold that

the district court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to allow the Plaintiffs

to amend their complaints.

V

The Plaintiffs also appeal the district court’s denial of their request to

conduct discovery. The Plaintiffs claim that the district court should have

allowed discovery so that they could obtain the contracts between the Contractor

Defendants and the government to determine the relationship between the

government and the Contractor Defendants and to identify the Contractor

Defendants’ obligations under the contracts.

We review a district court’s denial of discovery for abuse of discretion.47

The district court granted the Contractor Defendants’ motion for judgment on

the pleadings prior to discovery. “A motion for judgment on the pleadings under

Rule 12(c) is subject to the same standard as a motion to dismiss under Rule

12(b)(6).” Thus, the “inquiry focuses on the allegations in the pleadings” and 48

not on whether the “plaintiff actually has sufficient evidence to succeed on the

merits.” Because the court is directed to look solely at the allegations on the 49

face of the pleadings, discovery would not assist the Plaintiffs in defending the
No. 07-30272

 46 U.S.C. § 30511. 50

See In re Port Arthur Towing Co., 42 F.3d 312, 315 (5th Cir. 1995). 51

Id. at 316. 52

See Shafer v. Army & Air Force Exch. Serv., 376 F.3d 386, 393 (5th Cir. 2004)

53

(“Although as a general matter, the failure to comply with formal procedural requirements is

not always grounds for reversing a judgment, in this case the failure substantially prejudiced

one of the parties.”).

21

12(c) motion. Accordingly, we hold that the district court did not abuse its

discretion in denying the Plaintiffs’ request.

VI

Finally, the Plaintiffs contend that the district court erred in dismissing

the claims against the Limitation Defendants without first lifting the automatic

stay imposed by the limitation actions. When a shipowner files a petition under

the Limitation of Liability Act, all other suits against the shipowner are 50

automatically stayed, and all claims should be litigated in the limitation

proceeding. But if a plaintiff makes certain stipulations, including that he will 51

not enforce any judgment against the shipowner until the court has ruled on the

limitation petition, the court presiding over the limitation action may stay that

action and allow the merits actions to proceed. The Plaintiffs moved for a stay 52

of the limitation actions, but the district court denied the Plaintiffs’ motion.

Therefore, the stay remained in place with regard to the Limitation Defendants,

and the district court erred in entering judgment in favor of the Limitation

Defendants in the merits action.

A district court’s failure to comply with formal procedural requirements

is a ground for reversing a judgment when “the failure substantially prejudiced

one of the parties.” Here, the limitation actions and the merits actions were 53

before the same district court. Because the district court could cure the

procedural defect merely by entering a stay in the limitation actions and then
No. 07-30272

Cf. id. at 393-94 (noting that there was substantial prejudice arising from the

54

deviation from procedural requirements because the procedural defect (1) prevented the

defendant from electing a jury trial, (2) led the special master to apply an incorrect legal

standard, and (3) deprived the defendant of its right to object to the referral of the matter to

a special master).

22

entering judgment for the Limitation Defendants in the merits action, the

Plaintiffs would be in the same position if the district court followed the proper

procedure. The Plaintiffs have not identified any substantial prejudice arising

out of the district court’s procedural error. Thus, we affirm the entry of 54

judgment in favor of the Limitation Defendants.

* * *

Because we hold that the Contractor Defendants are entitled to

government-contractor immunity under Yearsley and that the Plaintiffs’ other

claims are without merit or are harmless error, we AFFIRM the district court’s

dismissal and DENY the motion to dismiss the appeal as moot.