FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION

Washington, DC 20463

December 15, 2022

ADVISORY OPINION 2022-22

Elliot S. Berke, Esq.

Berke Farah LLP

701 8th Street NW

Suite 620

Washington, DC 20001

Dear Mr. Berke:

We are responding to your advisory opinion request on behalf of DataVault Holdings, 

Inc. (“DataVault”), concerning the application of the Federal Election Campaign Act, 52 U.S.C. 

§§ 30101-45 (the “Act”), and Commission regulations to DataVault’s proposals to create and sell 

nonfungible tokens (“NFTs”) to political committees for use in the committees’ fundraising 

endeavors. Because DataVault proposes to sell the NFTs to political committees in the ordinary 

course of business, at the usual and normal charge, and under the same terms and conditions as

its non-political clients, the Commission concludes that the proposals would not result in 

prohibited in-kind contributions and are, therefore, permissible.

Background

The facts presented in this advisory opinion are based on your letter received September 

22, 2022 (Advisory Opinion Request (“AOR”)), supplemental materials received October 31, 

2022 (“AOR Supp. (Oct. 31, 2022)”) and November 21, 2022 (“AOR Supp. (Nov. 21, 2022)”), 

and publicly available information.

DataVault is a for-profit corporation organized under Delaware law1 whose business 

includes creating and selling NFTs. An NFT is a digital token, typically corresponding to 

artwork, music, gaming, or digital collectibles, on a “blockchain.” A blockchain is an online 

platform used to publicly record the authenticity and ownership of digital information.2

1 AOR Supp. (Oct. 31, 2022) at 1.

2 See Advisory Opinion 2019-08 (Omar2020) at 1-2 (describing “Ethereum” blockchain network).
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DataVault proposes to sell NFTs to political committees. DataVault represents that it 

would do so in the ordinary course of its business and would charge political committees the 

usual and normal charge under the same terms and conditions as its non-political clients.3 In 

addition, DataVault states that it would provide NFTs to political committees on a nonpartisan 

basis4 and “will not seek to influence, affirmatively or negatively, the nomination or election of 

any candidate.”5 DataVault asserts that the political committees will give NFTs to their 

contributors as souvenirs “in a manner akin to a campaign hat.”6

DataVault presents two proposals. Under Proposal #1, DataVault would provide political 

committees with customized NFTs that the political committees could offer to contributors who 

make contributions of a certain amount.

7

 The NFTs would contain artwork, campaign literature, 

position papers, or other digital content including video, audio, and interactive social media.

8

 An 

NFT may also provide the recipient with VIP access to certain campaign events. 

Each political committee that transfers an NFT to a contributor would pay DataVault a 

fee for each NFT transferred to a contributor. DataVault provides the following example:

DataVault provides NFTs to a campaign committee. The committee offers the NFTs to 

contributors who make a $10.00 contribution. Once the campaign committee collects a 

contribution connected with the NFT, it transfers the NFT to the contributor, records the $10.00 

contribution, and pays DataVault a fee of $3.00.9

Under Proposal #2, DataVault would provide political committees with two types of 

NFTs. One type would be the same as in Proposal #1, for transfer by the committees to 

contributors who make contributions. The second type of NFT could be awarded by political 

committees to contributors who have already received the first type of NFT and have voluntarily 

enlisted others in making contributions of a certain amount. The second type of NFT would 

3 AOR Supp. (Nov. 21, 2022) at 1; AOR Supp. (Oct. 31, 2022) at 1.

4 AOR Supp. (Nov. 21, 2022) at 2.

5 AOR001.

6 AOR002.

7 AOR001; AOR Supp. (Nov. 21, 2022) at 1.

8 AOR001.

9 AOR002. DataVault states that its “pricing is homogenous for all market sectors and value is determined 

by the underlying content provided within an NFT. Artwork, license rights and multimedia and any other 

underlying contents are priced via customary and established pricing practices that remunerates artists and pays for 

field of use license of the patented technology utilized and owned by Data Vault Holdings, Inc. operated and 

licensed by . . . DataVault, Inc. and its[] patented Information Data Exchange designed specifically for branded, 

data-backed NFT assets.” AOR Supp. (Oct. 31, 2022) at 1.
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have “greater apparent significance” than the first type of NFT, but “would hold the same 

monetary value as the first NFT.”10

Here, too, the political committees would pay DataVault a fee any time they transferred

an NFT to a contributor. DataVault provides the following example: 

DataVault provides “bronze” NFTs to a campaign committee. The campaign committee 

offers the “bronze” NFT to contributors who make a $10.00 contribution. Once the committee 

collects a contribution connected with the “bronze” NFT, it records the $10.00 contribution and 

pays DataVault a fee of $3.00. The first campaign contributor voluntarily finds a second 

campaign contributor interested in obtaining the “bronze” NFT and contributing to the campaign 

committee. The second contributor makes a $10.00 contribution to the campaign committee. 

The campaign committee issues a “silver” NFT to the first contributor and pays DataVault a 

second fee of $3.00.11

DataVault expects that the price it will charge each political committee for transferred 

NFTs will enable DataVault to recoup its costs of providing the NFTs to the committee and 

make a reasonable profit.12 Moreover, DataVault’s contract with each political committee would 

require the political committee to pay DataVault for transferred NFTs and to return to DataVault 

any NFTs that have not been transferred within a commercially reasonable period of time. 

DataVault will maintain internal processes of its own, and contractually require its political 

committee clients to maintain internal processes, to track the number and timing of NFT 

transfers. You assert that the blockchain “provides open ledger and complete transparency” and 

will allow DataVault to track and verify the number and timing of NFTs transferred by its 

political committee clients.

13

Questions Presented

1. May DataVault design and market NFTs to political committees as outlined in

Proposal #1? 

2. May DataVault design and market NFTs to political committees to incentivize

contributors as outlined in Proposal #2? 

10 AOR003.

11 Id. For purposes of this advisory opinion, the Commission accepts DataVault’s representation that it “does 

not intend to process contributions to its political committee clients or to receive any funds from their contributors” 

and “does not wish the Commission to address those issues.” AOR Supp. (Oct. 31, 2022) at 2. An earlier statement 

indicating otherwise appears to have been in error. See AOR003 (stating DataVault “would forward contributions 

through a segregated account to candidates and committees and employ adequate screening procedures to ensure 

that the service provider does not forward illegal contributions”). 

12 AOR Supp. (Nov. 21, 2022) at 2.

13 AOR002-3; AOR Supp. (Nov. 21, 2022) at 2.
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Legal Analysis

Yes, DataVault may design and market NFTs to political committees in the ordinary 

course of business, at the usual and normal charge, and under the same terms and conditions as 

its non-political clients, as outlined in Proposal #1 and Proposal #2, because doing so would not 

result in prohibited corporate contributions. 

The Act and Commission regulations prohibit corporations from making contributions to 

federal candidates and to political committees that make contributions to federal candidates.14 A

“contribution” includes “any direct or indirect payment, distribution, loan, advance, deposit, or 

gift of money, or any services, or anything of value . . . to any candidate, campaign committee, 

or political party or organization, in connection with any [federal] election.”15 “[A]nything of 

value” includes in-kind contributions, such as the provision of goods and services without charge 

or at less than the “usual and normal charge.”16 Commission regulations define “usual and 

normal charge” as the price of goods in the market from which they ordinarily would have been 

purchased at the time of the contribution, or the commercially reasonable rate prevailing at the 

time services were rendered.17

DataVault proposes to create and transfer NFTs to its political committee clients before 

receiving payment. DataVault expects, however, to recoup its costs and make a reasonable profit 

once the political committees pay fees to DataVault for the NFTs they provide to their

contributors.18 DataVault’s proposed provision of NFTs and fee structure is not an exclusive 

service for its political committee clients; rather, DataVault offers the same service, for the same 

fee and under the same terms and conditions, to its non-political clients.

19

 

In addition, as DataVault does with its non-political clients, DataVault will employ

various safeguards to avoid providing political committees with NFTs for which it does not 

receive reasonable compensation.20 For example, DataVault’s contract with each political 

committee client will require the political committee to pay DataVault for transferred NFTs and

to return any NFTs that have not been transferred to a contributor within a reasonable period of 

time. Moreover, DataVault will maintain internal processes of its own, and contractually require 

its political committee clients to maintain internal processes, to track the number and timing of

14

15

52 U.S.C. § 30118(a), (b)(2); 11 C.F.R. § 114.2(b). 

52 U.S.C. § 30118(a), (b)(2); 11 C.F.R. § 110.1(g)(3); see also 52 U.S.C. § 30101(8)(A)(i); 11 C.F.R. 

§ 100.52(a).

16 See 11 C.F.R. § 100.52(d)(1).

17 See id. § 100.52(d)(2).

18 AOR Supp. (Nov. 21, 2022) at 2.

19 Id. 

20 Id. 
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NFT transfers. DataVault will also be able to track and verify the number and timing of NFT 

transfers via changes in the blockchain.

The Commission concludes that DataVault’s proposals to provide political committees 

with NFTs on the same terms that it regularly offers its non-political clients would be a 

permissible extension of credit by DataVault in the ordinary course of business. Under the Act 

and Commission regulations, an incorporated commercial vendor may extend credit to political 

committees under terms substantially similar to those the vendor offers non-political debtors.21 

DataVault is a “commercial vendor” because its usual and normal business involves the 

provision of the same services that it proposes to provide to political committees.22 An 

“extension of credit” includes “[a]ny agreement between the creditor and political committee that 

full payment is not due until after the creditor provides goods or services to the political 

committee.”23 

In Advisory Opinion 2012-17 (m-Qube), the Commission considered whether corporate 

treasury funds advanced to political committees by m-Qube, a commercial vendor, to fulfill 

pledges of contributions made via text message pending payment by contributors, would be 

prohibited corporate contributions. The Commission concluded that the advanced funds would 

not be contributions when provided in m-Qube’s ordinary course of business as a connection 

aggregator; instead, the payments “would be a permissible extension of credit by m-Qube in the 

ordinary course of business,” where m-Qube proposed to “extend credit to political committees 

under terms substantially similar to those [m-Qube] offers nonpolitical debtors.”24 

In Advisory Opinion 1982-24 (Phillips for Congress Committee), the Commission 

concluded that an in-kind contribution would not result from artists’ consignment of their 

artwork to a political committee for sale at the committee’s fundraiser, even though the artists

would not receive payment unless and until the committee sold their artwork to contributors. 

Under the terms of their agreements with the committee, the artists would receive their usual fees

for any artwork sold by the committee and the return of any unsold artwork after the fundraiser. 

Similarly, here, under both Proposals #1 and #2, DataVault would charge each political 

committee its usual and normal fee for any NFTs transferred by the committee to a contributor

and require each committee to return any NFTs that the committee has not transferred within a 

commercially reasonable period of time. 

21 See 11 C.F.R. § 116.3(b), (c).

22 Id. § 116.1(c).

23 Id. § 116.1(e)(1).

24 Advisory Opinion 2012-17 (m-Qube) at 8; see also Advisory Opinion 1990-14 (AT&T) at 6 (concluding 

that, “[a]s long as AT&T ... provides its usual and normal services at its usual and normal charges it will not, in 

most circumstances, have made a prohibited corporate contribution”); Advisory Opinion 1979-36 (Fauntroy) at 2

(concluding that corporation could expend funds in providing service to political committee before receiving 

payment because proposal “is of a type which is normal industry practice and contains the type of credit which is 

extended in the ordinary course of [the corporation’s] business with terms which are substantially similar to those 

given to nonpolitical, as well as political, debtors of similar risk and size of obligation”). 
AO 2022-22

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Accordingly, because DataVault’s transfers of NFTs will be extensions of credit

under 11 C.F.R. part 116 and otherwise consistent with prior Commission interpretations of 

the Act, DataVault’s proposed transactions with political committees, when performed by 

DataVault in the ordinary course of business, at the usual and normal charge, and under the same 

terms and conditions as DataVault applies to its non-political clients, would not result in 

prohibited corporate contributions.25

This response constitutes an advisory opinion concerning the application of the Act and 

Commission regulations to the specific transactions or activities set forth in DataVault’s 

request.26 The Commission emphasizes that, if there is a change in any of the facts or 

assumptions presented, and such facts or assumptions are material to a conclusion presented in 

this advisory opinion, then the requestor may not rely on that conclusion as support for its 

proposed transactions or activity. Any person involved in any specific transaction or activity 

which is indistinguishable in all its material aspects from the transaction or activity with respect 

to which this advisory opinion is rendered may rely on this advisory opinion.27 Please note that 

the analysis or conclusions in this advisory opinion may be affected by subsequent developments 

in the law including, but not limited to, statutes, regulations, advisory opinions, and case law. 

Any advisory opinions cited herein are available on the Commission’s website. 

 

On behalf of the Commission, 

 Allen J. Dickerson 

 Chairman

25 The AOR refers to actions that political committees and their contributors, as opposed to DataVault, would

take to comply with the Act and Commission regulations. See, e.g., AOR002 (“political committees would report 

the fee as a fundraising expenditure”; “owner of [an] NFT would promote the campaign strictly on a volunteer basis 

and without any compensation”). The AOR also argues that a political committee’s transfer of a new NFT to a 

contributor who solicits a contribution from another person would not constitute “compensation” under the Act and 

regulations. AOR004-5. Because questions “regarding the activities of third parties[] do not qualify as advisory 

opinion requests,” the Commission has restricted its analysis to issues pertaining to DataVault. 11 C.F.R. 

§ 112.1(b).

26 See 52 U.S.C. § 30108.

27 See id. § 30108(c)(1)(B).