UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 22-4513

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

 Plaintiff - Appellee,

v.

SANTURON CURETON,

 Defendant - Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of North Carolina, at 

Charlotte. Frank D. Whitney, District Judge. (3:20-cr-00216-FDW-DSC-1)

Submitted: August 23, 2023 Decided: December 18, 2023

Before THACKER and RUSHING, Circuit Judges, and MOTZ, Senior Circuit Judge.

Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.

ON BRIEF: Sandra Payne Hagood, LAW OFFICE OF SANDRA PAYNE HAGOOD, 

Chapel Hill, North Carolina, for Appellant. Elizabeth Margaret Greenough, Charlotte, 

North Carolina, Amy Elizabeth Ray, Assistant United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE 

UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Asheville, North Carolina, for Appellee.

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.

USCA4 Appeal: 22-4513 Doc: 25 Filed: 12/18/2023 Pg: 1 of 3
2

PER CURIAM:

Santuron Cureton pleaded guilty, pursuant to a written plea agreement, to possession 

of a firearm by a convicted felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1); distribution and 

possession with intent to distribute cocaine base, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1); and 

possession of a firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime, in violation of 18 U.S.C. 

§ 924(c)(1)(A)(i). The district court sentenced Cureton to a total of 180 months’ 

imprisonment and he now appeals. Cureton’s sole argument on appeal is that counsel

rendered ineffective assistance at sentencing. The Government has moved to dismiss 

Cureton’s appeal on the basis that the record does not conclusively establish that his trial 

counsel was ineffective and, therefore, Cureton’s claims of ineffective assistance are not 

cognizable on direct appeal. For the following reasons, we affirm. 

To demonstrate constitutionally ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must 

establish both deficient performance and prejudice. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 

668, 687-88, 692 (1984). An attorney’s performance is deficient if “counsel made errors 

so serious that counsel was not functioning as the ‘counsel’ guaranteed the defendant by 

the Sixth Amendment.” Id. at 687. This court “must indulge a strong presumption that 

counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance; that is, 

the defendant must overcome the presumption that, under the circumstances, the 

challenged action might be considered sound trial strategy.” Id. at 689 (internal quotation 

marks omitted). To establish prejudice, “[t]he defendant must show that there is a 

reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the 

USCA4 Appeal: 22-4513 Doc: 25 Filed: 12/18/2023 Pg: 2 of 3
3 

proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient 

to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id. at 694. 

Claims of ineffective assistance are cognizable on direct appeal only where 

ineffective assistance “conclusively appears on the face of the record.” United States v. 

Faulls, 821 F.3d 502, 507-08 (4th Cir. 2016). Generally, a defendant should instead raise 

ineffective assistance of counsel claims in a 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion, to permit sufficient 

development of the record. Id. at 508; see Massaro v. United States, 538 U.S. 500, 504-06 

(2003). 

Cureton argues that his counsel was deficient by waiving a challenge to whether his 

prior South Carolina convictions qualified as controlled substance offenses under U.S. 

Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 2K2.1(a)(3) (2021), in light of this court’s decision in 

United States v. Campbell, 22 F.4th 438 (4th Cir. 2022), and by not requiring the 

Government to provide evidence showing the statutes under which Cureton was convicted. 

The present record does not conclusively establish that Cureton’s trial counsel rendered

ineffective assistance. See Faulls, 821 F.3d at 507-08. Therefore, Cureton’s claim is not 

cognizable on direct appeal. 

Accordingly, although we deny the Government’s motion to dismiss the appeal, we

affirm the criminal judgment. We dispense with oral argument because the facts and legal 

contentions are adequately presented in the materials before this court and argument would 

not aid the decisional process. 

AFFIRMED 

USCA4 Appeal: 22-4513 Doc: 25 Filed: 12/18/2023 Pg: 3 of 3