TECHNICAL EXPLANATION OF THE REVENUE PROVISIONS

OF S. 476, THE “CARE ACT OF 2003,”

AS PASSED BY THE SENATE

Prepared by the Staff

of the

JOINT COMMITTEE ON TAXATION

May 12, 2003

JCX-47-03
i

CONTENTS

Page

INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................1

I. CHARITABLE GIVING INCENTIVES........................................................................................2

A. Charitable Deduction for Nonitemizers (sec. 101 of the bill and sec. 63 and 

 170 of the Code)..................................................................................................................... 2

B. Tax-Free Distributions From Individual Retirement Arrangements for Charitable 

 Purposes (sec. 102 of the bill and secs. 408 and 6034 of the Code)...................................... 5

C. Charitable Deduction for Contributions of Food Inventory (sec. 103 of the bill and 

 sec. 170 of the Code) ........................................................................................................... 12

D. Charitable Deduction for Contributions of Book Inventory (sec. 104 of the bill and 

 sec. 170 of the Code) ........................................................................................................... 14

E. Expand Charitable Contribution Allowed for Scientific Property Used for Research 

 and for Computer Technology and Equipment (sec. 105 of the bill and sec. 170 

 of the Code).......................................................................................................................... 16

F. Encourage Contributions of Capital Gain Real Property Made for Conservation 

 Purposes (sec. 106 of the bill and sec. 170 of the Code)..................................................... 18

G. Exclusion of 25 Percent of Capital Gain for Certain Sales Made for 

 Qualifying Conservation Purposes (sec. 107 of the bill and new sec. 121A of the Code).. 21

H. Cost Sharing Payments under the Partners for Fish and Wildlife Program (sec. 108 

 of the bill and sec. 126 of the Code).................................................................................... 27

I. Basis Adjustment to Stock of S Corporation Contributing Property (sec. 109 of 

 the bill and sec. 1367 of the Code) ...................................................................................... 28

J. Enhanced Deduction for Charitable Contributions of Literary, Musical, Artistic, 

 and Scholarly Compositions (sec. 110 of the bill and sec. 170 of the Code) ...................... 29

K. Exclusion for Certain Mileage Reimbursements to Charitable Volunteers 

 (sec. 111 of the bill and new sec. 139A of the Code).......................................................... 31

L. Extend Enhanced Deduction for Inventory to Include Public Schools 

 (sec. 112 of the bill and sec. 170 of the Code)..................................................................... 33

M. Ten-Year Divestiture Period For Certain Excess Business Holdings of 

 Private Foundations (sec. 113 of the bill and secs. 4941, 4942, and 4943 of the Code)..... 35

II. PROVISIONS IMPROVING THE OVERSIGHT OF TAX-EXEMPT ORGANIZATIONS....37

A. Disclosure of Written Determinations (sec. 201 of the bill and sec. 6110 of the Code) ..... 37

B. Disclosure of Internet Web Site and Name Under Which Organization Does Business 

 (sec. 202 of the bill and sec. 6033 of the Code).................................................................... 41

C. Modification to Reporting of Capital Transactions (sec. 203 of the bill and secs. 6033 

 and 6104 of the Code).......................................................................................................... 42

D. Disclosure that Form 990 is Publicly Available (sec. 204 of the bill)................................. 43

E. Disclosure to State Officials of Proposed Actions Related to Section 501(c) 

 Organizations (sec. 205 of the bill and sec. 6104 of the Code).......................................... 44

F. Expansion of Penalties to Preparers of Form 990 (sec. 206 of the bill and 

 sec. 6695 of the Code) ......................................................................................................... 47
Page

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G. Notification Requirement for Exempt Entities not Currently Required to 

 File an Annual Information Return (sec. 207 of the bill and sec. 6033 of the Code).......... 48

H. Suspension of Tax-Exempt Status of Terrorist Organizations (sec. 208 of 

 the bill and sec. 501 of the Code) ........................................................................................ 50

III. OTHER CHARITABLE AND EXEMPT ORGANIZATION PROVISIONS..........................52

A. Modify Tax on Unrelated Business Taxable Income of Charitable Remainder Trusts 

 (sec. 301 of the bill and sec. 664 of the Code)..................................................................... 52

B. Modify Tax Treatment of Certain Payments to Controlling Exempt Organizations 

 (sec. 302 of the bill and sec. 512 of the Code)..................................................................... 54

C. Simplification of Lobbying Expenditure Limitation (sec. 303 of the bill and 

 secs. 501 and 4911 of the Code).......................................................................................... 56

D. Expedited Review Process for Certain Tax-Exemption Applications 

 (sec. 304 of the bill) .............................................................................................................. 60

E. Clarification of Definition of Church Tax Inquiry (sec. 305 of the bill and 

 sec. 7611 of the Code) ......................................................................................................... 62

F. Extension of Declaratory Judgment Procedures to Non-501(c)(3) 

 Tax-Exempt Organizations (sec. 306 of the bill and sec. 7428 of the Code)...................... 63

G. Definition of Convention or Association of Churches (sec. 307 of the bill and 

 sec. 7701 of the Code) .......................................................................................................... 65

H. Payments by Charitable Organizations to Victims of War on Terrorism and 

 Families of Astronauts (sec. 308 of the bill)........................................................................ 66

I. Increase Percentage Limits for Certain Employer-Related Scholarship 

 Programs (sec. 309 of the bill)............................................................................................ 68

J. Treatment of Certain Hospital Support Organizations in Determining 

 Acquisition Indebtedness (sec. 310 of the bill and sec. 514 of the Code)........................... 71

K. Charitable Contribution Deduction for Certain Expenses in Support of 

 Native Alaskan Subsistence Whaling (sec. 311 of the bill and sec. 170 of the Code)........ 72

L. Matching Grants to Low-Income Taxpayer Clinics for Return Preparation 

 (sec. 312 of the bill and new sec. 7526A of the Code)........................................................ 74

M. Qualified 501(c)(3) Bonds for Nursing Homes Exempt from Federal 

 Guarantee Prohibition (sec. 313 of the bill, sec. 149 of the Code)...................................... 75

N. Excise Taxes Exemption for Blood Collector Organizations (sec. 314 of the bill 

 and secs. 4041(g), 4221(a), 4253, 6416, and 7701 of the Code)......................................... 77

O. Pilot Project for Forest Conservation Activities (sec. 315 of the bill)................................. 82

P. Clarification of Treatment of Patriot Trusts (sec. 316 of the bill) ....................................... 88

IV. SOCIAL SERVICES BLOCK GRANT (SECS 401-403 OF THE BILL) ................................90

V. INDIVIDUAL DEVELOPMENT ACCOUNTS (SEC. 501-512 OF THE BILL)......................91

VI. MANAGEMENT OF EXEMPT ORGANIZATIONS (SEC. 601 OF THE BILL)...................95

VII. REVENUE PROVISIONS............................................................................................................

A. Provisions Designed to Curtail Tax Shelters ....................................................................... 96
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iii

1. Clarification of the economic substance doctrine (sec. 701 of the bill and sec. 7701

 of the Code).......................................................................................................................96

2. Penalty for failure to disclose reportable transactions (sec. 702 of the bill and 

 new sec. 6707A of the Code)..........................................................................................102

3. Modifications to the accuracy-related penalties for listed transactions and 

 reportable transactions having a significant tax avoidance purpose (sec. 703 of 

 the bill and new sec. 6662A of the Code)......................................................................105

4. Penalty for understatements from transactions lacking economic substance 

 (sec. 704 of the bill and new sec. 6662B of the Code) ...................................................109

5. Modifications to the substantial understatement penalty (sec. 705 of the bill

 and sec. 6662 of the Code)..............................................................................................112

6. Tax shelter exception to confidentiality privileges relating to taxpayer 

 communications (sec. 706 of the bill and sec. 7525 of the Code).................................113

7. Disclosure of reportable transactions by material advisors (secs. 707 and 708 

 of the bill and secs. 6111 and 6707 of the Code)............................................................114

8. Investor lists and modification of penalty for failure to maintain investor lists 

 (secs. 707 and 709 of the bill and secs. 6112 and 6708 of the Code).............................117

9. Actions to enjoin conduct with respect to tax shelters and reportable transactions 

 (sec. 710 of the bill and sec. 7408 of the Code)..............................................................119

10. Understatement of taxpayer’s liability by income tax return preparer 

 (sec. 711 of the bill and sec. 6694 of the Code).............................................................120

11. Penalty for failure to report interests in foreign financial accounts (sec. 712 of 

 the bill and sec. 5321 of Title 31, United States Code) ................................................120

12. Frivolous tax returns and submissions (sec. 713 of the bill and 

 sec. 6702 of the Code) ...................................................................................................121

13. Regulation of individuals practicing before the Department of the Treasury 

 (sec. 714 of the bill and sec. 330 of Title 31, United States Code)...............................122

14. Penalties on promoters of tax shelters (sec. 715 of the bill and 

 sec. 6700 of the Code) ..................................................................................................123

15. Extend statute of limitations for certain undisclosed transactions (sec. 716 

 of the bill and sec. 6501 of the Code)...........................................................................124

16. Deny deduction for interest paid to IRS on underpayments involving certain 

 tax-motivated transactions (sec. 717 of the bill and sec. 163 of the Code) ..................125

17. Authorize additional $300 million per year to the IRS to combat abusive 

 tax avoidance transactions (sec. 718 of the bill) ...........................................................125

B. Other Provisions................................................................................................................. 126

1. Affirmation of consolidated return regulation authority (sec. 721 of the bill and 

 sec. 1502 of the Code) ....................................................................................................126

2. Chief executive officer required to sign corporate income tax returns 

 (sec. 722 of the bill and sec. 6062 of the Code)..............................................................131
1

INTRODUCTION

This document,1 prepared by the staff of the Joint Committee on Taxation, provides a 

technical explanation of the revenue provisions of S. 476, the “CARE Act of 2003” as passed by 

the Senate on April 9, 2003. The CARE Act of 2003 contains a number of non-revenue provisions 

that are not described in this document.

 

1

 This document may be cited as follows: Joint Committee on Taxation, Technical 

Explanation of the Revenue Provisions of S. 476, the “CARE Act of 2003,” as Passed by the 

Senate (JCX-47-03), May 12, 2003.
2

I. CHARITABLE GIVING INCENTIVES

A. Charitable Deduction for Nonitemizers

(sec. 101 of the bill and sec. 63 and 170 of the Code)

Present Law

In computing taxable income, an individual taxpayer who itemizes deductions generally is 

allowed to deduct the amount of cash and up to the fair market value of property contributed to a 

charity described in section 501(c)(3),2 to certain veterans’ organizations, fraternal societies, and 

cemetery companies,3 or to a Federal, State, or local governmental entity for exclusively public 

purposes.4 The deduction also is allowed for purposes of calculating alternative minimum taxable 

income. 

The amount of the deduction allowable for a taxable year with respect to a charitable 

contribution of property may be reduced depending on the type of property contributed, the type of 

charitable organization to which the property is contributed, and the income of the taxpayer.5

A taxpayer who takes the standard deduction (i.e., who does not itemize deductions) may 

not take a separate deduction for charitable contributions.6

A payment to a charity (regardless of whether it is termed a “contribution”) in exchange for 

which the donor receives an economic benefit is not deductible, except to the extent that the donor 

can demonstrate that the payment exceeds the fair market value of the benefit received from the 

charity. To facilitate distinguishing charitable contributions from purchases of goods or services 

from charities, present law provides that no charitable contribution deduction is allowed for a 

separate contribution of $250 or more unless the donor obtains a contemporaneous written 

acknowledgement of the contribution from the charity indicating whether the charity provided any 

good or service (and an estimate of the value of any such good or service) to the taxpayer in 

consideration for the contribution.7 In addition, present law requires that any charity that receives 

 

2

 All section references are to the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, unless otherwise 

indicated.

3

 Secs. 170(c)(3)-(5).

4

 Sec. 170(c)(1).

5

 Secs. 170(b) and (e).

6

 Sec. 170(a). The Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 adopted a temporary provision 

that permitted individual taxpayers who did not itemize income tax deductions to claim a 

deduction from gross income for a specified percentage of their charitable contributions. The 

maximum deduction was $25 for 1982 and 1983, $75 for 1984, 50 percent of the amount of the 

contribution for 1985, and 100 percent of the amount of the contribution for 1986. The 

nonitemizer deduction terminated for contributions made after 1986.

7

 Sec. 170(f)(8).
3

a contribution exceeding $75 made partly as a gift and partly as consideration for goods or services 

furnished by the charity (a “quid pro quo” contribution) is required to inform the contributor in 

writing of an estimate of the value of the goods or services furnished by the charity and that only 

the portion exceeding the value of the goods or services is deductible as a charitable contribution.8

Under present law, total deductible contributions of an individual taxpayer to public 

charities, private operating foundations, and certain types of private nonoperating foundations may 

not exceed 50 percent of the taxpayer’s contribution base, which is the taxpayer’s adjusted gross

income for a taxable year (disregarding any net operating loss carryback). To the extent a taxpayer 

has not exceeded the 50-percent limitation, (1) contributions of capital gain property to public 

charities generally may be deducted up to 30 percent of the taxpayer’s contribution base, (2) 

contributions of cash to private foundations and certain other charitable organizations generally 

may be deducted up to 30 percent of the taxpayer’s contribution base, and (3) contributions of 

capital gain property to private foundations and certain other charitable organizations generally 

may be deducted up to 20 percent of the taxpayer’s contribution base.

Contributions by individuals in excess of the 50-percent, 30-percent, and 20-percent limit 

may be carried over and deducted over the next five taxable years, subject to the relevant 

percentage limitations on the deduction in each of those years.

In addition to the percentage limitations imposed specifically on charitable contributions, 

present law imposes a reduction on most itemized deductions, including charitable contribution 

deductions, for taxpayers with adjusted gross income in excess of a threshold amount, which is 

indexed annually for inflation. The threshold amount for 2003 is $139,500 ($69,750 for married 

individuals filing separate returns). For those deductions that are subject to the limit, the total 

amount of itemized deductions is reduced by three percent of adjusted gross income over the 

threshold amount, but not by more than 80 percent of itemized deductions subject to the limit. 

Beginning in 2006, the overall limitation on itemized deductions phases-out for all taxpayers. The 

overall limitation on itemized deductions is reduced by one-third in taxable years beginning in 

2006 and 2007, and by two-thirds in taxable years beginning in 2008 and 2009. The overall 

limitation on itemized deductions is eliminated for taxable years beginning after December 31, 

2009; however, this elimination of the limitation sunsets on December 31, 2010.

Explanation of Provision

In the case of an individual taxpayer who does not itemize deductions, the provision allows 

a “direct charitable deduction” from adjusted gross income for charitable contributions paid in cash 

during the taxable year. This deduction is allowed in addition to the standard deduction. The 

deduction is available only for that portion of contributions actually made during the year that in 

the aggregate exceed $250 ($500 in the case of a joint return). The maximum deduction is $250 

($500 in the case of a joint return). Contributions that are below the minimum amount or that 

exceed the maximum deduction may not be carried over for purposes of a subsequent taxable 

year’s calculation of the direct charitable deduction. Under the provision, an individual is not 

entitled to a charitable deduction for the first $250 of cash contributions made during the tax year, 

 

8

 Sec. 6115.
4

is entitled to a deduction on a dollar-for-dollar basis for contributions of $251 to $500 (e.g., a $1 

contribution deduction in the case of $251 of contributions, and a $250 deduction in the case of 

$500 of contributions), and is not entitled to a deduction for contributions exceeding $500. 

The provision does not alter present-law rules regarding the carryover of contributions to or 

from a taxable year, including a taxable year in which the taxpayer elects the standard deduction. 

The direct charitable deduction generally is subject to the tax rules normally governing charitable 

contribution deductions, such as the substantiation requirements. The deduction is allowed in 

computing alternative minimum taxable income.

The provision requires the Secretary of the Treasury to complete a study by December 31, 

2004, of the effect of the provision on increased charitable giving, and of taxpayer compliance, for 

example, by comparing compliance by taxpayers who itemize their charitable contributions with 

compliance by those who claim the direct charitable deduction. The Secretary shall report on the 

study to the Committee on Finance of the Senate and the Committee on Ways and Means of the 

House of Representatives.

Effective Date

The direct charitable deduction is effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 

2002, and before January 1, 2005. The Treasury study is required by December 31, 2004.
5

B. Tax-Free Distributions From Individual Retirement

Arrangements for Charitable Purposes

(sec. 102 of the bill and secs. 408 and 6034 of the Code)

Present Law

In general

If an amount withdrawn from a traditional individual retirement arrangement (“IRA”) or a 

Roth IRA is donated to a charitable organization, the rules relating to the tax treatment of 

withdrawals from IRAs apply to the amount withdrawn and the charitable contribution is subject to 

the normally applicable limitations on deductibility of such contributions.

Charitable contributions

In computing taxable income, an individual taxpayer who itemizes deductions generally is 

allowed to deduct the amount of cash and up to the fair market value of property contributed to a 

charity described in section 501(c)(3),9 to certain veterans’ organizations, fraternal societies, and 

cemetery companies,10 or to a Federal, State, or local governmental entity for exclusively public 

purposes.11 The deduction also is allowed for purposes of calculating alternative minimum taxable 

income. 

The amount of the deduction allowable for a taxable year with respect to a charitable 

contribution of property may be reduced depending on the type of property contributed, the type of 

charitable organization to which the property is contributed, and the income of the taxpayer.12

A taxpayer who takes the standard deduction (i.e., who does not itemize deductions) may 

not take a separate deduction for charitable contributions.13

A payment to a charity (regardless of whether it is termed a “contribution”) in exchange for 

which the donor receives an economic benefit is not deductible, except to the extent that the donor 

 

9

 All section references are to the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, unless otherwise 

indicated.

10 Secs. 170(c)(3)-(5).

11 Sec. 170(c)(1).

12 Secs. 170(b) and (e).

13 Sec. 170(a). The Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 adopted a temporary provision 

that permitted individual taxpayers who did not itemize income tax deductions to claim a 

deduction from gross income for a specified percentage of their charitable contributions. The 

maximum deduction was $25 for 1982 and 1983, $75 for 1984, 50 percent of the amount of the 

contribution for 1985, and 100 percent of the amount of the contribution for 1986. The 

nonitemizer deduction terminated for contributions made after 1986.
6

can demonstrate that the payment exceeds the fair market value of the benefit received from the 

charity. To facilitate distinguishing charitable contributions from purchases of goods or services 

from charities, present law provides that no charitable contribution deduction is allowed for a 

separate contribution of $250 or more unless the donor obtains a contemporaneous written 

acknowledgement of the contribution from the charity indicating whether the charity provided any 

good or service (and an estimate of the value of any such good or service) to the taxpayer in 

consideration for the contribution.14 In addition, present law requires that any charity that receives 

a contribution exceeding $75 made partly as a gift and partly as consideration for goods or services 

furnished by the charity (a “quid pro quo” contribution) is required to inform the contributor in 

writing of an estimate of the value of the goods or services furnished by the charity and that only 

the portion exceeding the value of the goods or services is deductible as a charitable contribution.15

Under present law, total deductible contributions of an individual taxpayer to public 

charities, private operating foundations, and certain types of private nonoperating foundations may 

not exceed 50 percent of the taxpayer’s contribution base, which is the taxpayer’s adjusted gross 

income for a taxable year (disregarding any net operating loss carryback). To the extent a taxpayer 

has not exceeded the 50-percent limitation, (1) contributions of capital gain property to public 

charities generally may be deducted up to 30 percent of the taxpayer’s contribution base, (2) 

contributions of cash to private foundations and certain other charitable organizations generally 

may be deducted up to 30 percent of the taxpayer’s contribution base, and (3) contributions of 

capital gain property to private foundations and certain other charitable organizations generally 

may be deducted up to 20 percent of the taxpayer’s contribution base.

Contributions by individuals in excess of the 50-percent, 30-percent, and 20-percent limit 

may be carried over and deducted over the next five taxable years, subject to the relevant 

percentage limitations on the deduction in each of those years.

In addition to the percentage limitations imposed specifically on charitable contributions, 

present law imposes a reduction on most itemized deductions, including charitable contribution 

deductions, for taxpayers with adjusted gross income in excess of a threshold amount, which is 

indexed annually for inflation. The threshold amount for 2003 is $139,500 ($69,750 for married 

individuals filing separate returns). For those deductions that are subject to the limit, the total 

amount of itemized deductions is reduced by three percent of adjusted gross income over the 

threshold amount, but not by more than 80 percent of itemized deductions subject to the limit. 

Beginning in 2006, the overall limitation on itemized deductions phases-out for all taxpayers. The 

overall limitation on itemized deductions is reduced by one-third in taxable years beginning in 

2006 and 2007, and by two-thirds in taxable years beginning in 2008 and 2009. The overall 

limitation on itemized deductions is eliminated for taxable years beginning after December 31, 

2009; however, this elimination of the limitation sunsets on December 31, 2010.

In general, a charitable deduction is not allowed for income, estate, or gift tax purposes if 

the donor transfers an interest in property to a charity (e.g., a remainder) while also either retaining 

 

14 Sec. 170(f)(8).

15 Sec. 6115.
7

an interest in that property (e.g., an income interest) or transferring an interest in that property to a 

noncharity for less than full and adequate consideration.16 Exceptions to this general rule are 

provided for, among other interests, remainder interests in charitable remainder annuity trusts, 

charitable remainder unitrusts, and pooled income funds, and present interests in the form of a 

guaranteed annuity or a fixed percentage of the annual value of the property.17 For such interests, 

a charitable deduction is allowed to the extent of the present value of the interest designated for a 

charitable organization.

IRA rules

Within limits, individuals may make deductible and nondeductible contributions to a 

traditional IRA. Amounts in a traditional IRA are includible in income when withdrawn (except to 

the extent the withdrawal represents a return of nondeductible contributions). Individuals also may 

make nondeductible contributions to a Roth IRA. Qualified withdrawals from a Roth IRA are 

excludable from gross income. Withdrawals from a Roth IRA that are not qualified withdrawals 

are includible in gross income to the extent attributable to earnings. Includible amounts withdrawn 

from a traditional IRA or a Roth IRA before attainment of age 59-1/2 are subject to an additional 

10-percent early withdrawal tax, unless an exception applies.

If an individual has made nondeductible contributions to a traditional IRA, a portion of 

each distribution from an IRA is nontaxable, until the total amount of nondeductible contributions 

has been received. In general, the amount of a distribution that is nontaxable is determined by 

multiplying the amount of the distribution by the ratio of the remaining nondeductible 

contributions to the account balance. In making the calculation, all traditional IRAs of an 

individual are treated as a single IRA, all distributions during any taxable year are treated as a 

single distribution, and the value of the contract, income on the contract, and investment in the 

contract are computed as of the close of the calendar year.

In the case of a distribution from a Roth IRA that is not a qualified distribution, in 

determining the portion of the distribution attributable to earnings, contributions and distributions 

are deemed to be distributed in the following order: (1) regular Roth IRA contributions; (2) 

taxable conversion contributions;18 (3) nontaxable conversion contributions; and (4) earnings. In 

determining the amount of taxable distributions from a Roth IRA, all Roth IRA distributions in the 

same taxable year are treated as a single distribution, all regular Roth IRA contributions for a year 

are treated as a single contribution, and all conversion contributions during the year are treated as a 

single contribution.

 

16 Secs. 170(f), 2055(e)(2), and 2522(c)(2).

17 Sec. 170(f)(2).

18 Conversion contributions refer to conversions of amounts in a traditional IRA to a Roth 

IRA.
8

Split-interest trust filing requirements

Split-interest trusts, including charitable remainder annuity trusts, charitable remainder 

unitrusts, and pooled income funds, are required to file an annual information return19 (Form 

1041A). Trusts that are not split-interest trusts but that claim a charitable deduction for amounts 

permanently set aside for a charitable purpose20 also are required to file Form 1041A. The returns 

are required to be made publicly available.21 A trust that is required to distribute all trust net 

income currently to trust beneficiaries in a taxable year is exempt from this return requirement for 

such taxable year. A failure to file the required return may result in a penalty on the trust of $10 a 

day for as long as the failure continues, up to a maximum of $5,000 per return.

In addition, split-interest trusts are required to file annually Form 5227.22 Form 5227 

requires disclosure of information regarding a trust’s noncharitable beneficiaries. The penalty for 

failure to file this return is calculated based on the amount of tax owed. A split-interest trust 

generally is not subject to tax and therefore, in general, a penalty may not be imposed for the 

failure to file Form 5227. Form 5227 is not required to be made publicly available.

Explanation of Provision

Qualified charitable distributions from IRAs

The provision provides an exclusion from gross income for otherwise taxable IRA 

distributions from a traditional or a Roth IRA in the case of qualified charitable distributions. 

Special rules apply in determining the amount of an IRA distribution that is otherwise taxable. 

The present-law rules regarding taxation of IRA distributions and the deduction of charitable 

contributions continue to apply to distributions from an IRA that are not qualified charitable 

distributions. 

A qualified charitable distribution is defined as any distribution from an IRA that is made 

directly by the IRA trustee either to (1) an organization to which deductible contributions can be 

made (a “direct distribution”) or (2) a “split-interest entity.” A split-interest entity means a 

charitable remainder annuity trust or charitable remainder unitrust (together referred to as a 

“charitable remainder trust”), a pooled income fund, or a charitable gift annuity. Direct 

distributions are eligible for the exclusion only if made on or after the date the IRA owner attains 

age 70-1/2. Distributions to a split interest entity are eligible for the exclusion only if made on or 

after the date the IRA owner attains age 59-1/2. In the case of split-interest distributions, no 

person may hold an income interest in the amounts in the split-interest entity attributable to the 

charitable distribution other than the IRA owner, his or her spouse, or a charitable organization. 

 

19 Sec. 6034. This requirement applies to all split-interest trusts described in section 

4947(a)(2). 

20 Sec. 642(c).

21 Sec. 6104(b).

22 Sec. 6011; Treas. Reg. sec. 53.6011-1(d).
9

The exclusion applies to direct distributions only if a charitable contribution deduction for 

the entire distribution otherwise would be allowable, determined without regard to the generally 

applicable percentage limitations. Thus, for example, if the deductible amount is reduced because 

of a benefit received in exchange, or if a deduction is not allowable because the donor did not 

obtain sufficient substantiation, the exclusion is not available with respect to any part of the IRA 

distribution. Similarly, the exclusion applies in the case of a distribution directly to a split-interest 

entity only if a charitable contribution deduction for the entire present value of the charitable 

interest (for example, a remainder interest) otherwise would be allowable, determined without 

regard to the generally applicable percentage limitations.

If the IRA owner has any IRA that includes nondeductible contributions, a special rule 

applies in determining the portion of a distribution that is includible in gross income (but for the 

provision) and thus is eligible for qualified charitable distribution treatment. In such case, the IRA 

owner aggregates all IRAs to determine eligibility for the exclusion. Under the special rule, the 

distribution is treated as consisting of income first, up to the aggregate amount that would be 

includible in gross income (but for the provision) if the aggregate balance of all IRAs having the 

same owners were distributed during the same year. In determining the amount of subsequent IRA 

distributions includible in income, proper adjustments are made to reflect the amount treated as a 

qualified charitable distribution under the special rule.

Special rules apply for distributions to split-interest entities. For distributions to charitable 

remainder trusts, the provision provides that subsequent distributions from the charitable 

remainder trust are treated as ordinary income in the hands of the beneficiary, notwithstanding how 

such amounts normally are treated under section 664(b). In addition, for a charitable remainder 

trust to be eligible to receive qualified charitable distributions, the charitable remainder trust has to 

be funded exclusively by such distributions. For example, an IRA owner may not make qualified 

charitable distributions to an existing charitable remainder trust any part of which was funded with 

assets that were not qualified charitable distributions. 

Under the provision, a pooled income fund is eligible to receive qualified charitable 

distributions only if the fund accounts separately for amounts attributable to such distributions. In 

addition, all distributions from the pooled income fund that are attributable to qualified charitable

distributions are treated as ordinary income to the beneficiary. Qualified charitable distributions to 

a pooled income fund are not includible in the fund’s gross income.

In determining the amount includible in gross income by reason of a payment from a 

charitable gift annuity purchased with a qualified charitable distribution from an IRA, the portion 

of the distribution from the IRA used to purchase the annuity is not an investment in the annuity 

contract.

Any amount excluded from gross income by reason of the provision is not taken into 

account in determining the deduction for charitable contributions under section 170.
10

Qualified charitable distribution examples 

The following examples illustrate the determination of the portion of an IRA distribution 

that is a qualified charitable distribution and the application of the special rules for a qualified 

charitable distribution to a split-interest entity. In each example, it is assumed that the 

requirements for qualified charitable distribution treatment are otherwise met (e.g., the applicable 

age requirement and the requirement that contributions are otherwise deductible) and that no other 

IRA distributions occur during the year.

Example 1. Individual A has a traditional IRA with a balance of $100,000, consisting 

solely of deductible contributions and earnings. Individual A has no other IRA. The entire IRA 

balance is distributed in a direct distribution to a charitable organization. Under present law, the 

entire distribution of $100,000 would be includible in Individual A’s income. Accordingly, under 

the provision, the entire distribution of $100,000 is a qualified charitable distribution. As a result, 

no amount is included in Individual A’s income as a result of the distribution and the distribution is 

not taken into account in determining the amount of Individual A’s charitable deduction for the 

year.

Example 2. The facts are the same as in Example 1, except that the entire IRA balance of 

$100,000 is distributed to a charitable remainder unitrust, which contains no other assets and 

which must be funded exclusively by qualified charitable distributions. Under the terms of the 

trust, Individual A is entitled to receive five percent of the value of the trust each year. As 

explained in Example l, the entire $100,000 distribution is a qualified charitable distribution, no 

amount is included in Individual A’s income as a result of the distribution, and the distribution is 

not taken into account in determining the amount of Individual A’s charitable deduction for the 

year. In addition, under a special rule in the provision for charitable remainder trusts, any 

distribution from the charitable remainder unitrust to Individual A is includible in gross income as 

ordinary income, regardless of the character of the distribution under the usual rules for the 

taxation of distributions from such a trust.

Example 3. Individual B has a traditional IRA with a balance of $100,000, consisting of 

$20,000 of nondeductible contributions and $80,000 of deductible contributions and earnings. 

Individual B has no other IRA. In a direct distribution to a charitable organization, $80,000 is 

distributed from the IRA. Under present law, a portion of the distribution from the IRA would be 

treated as a nontaxable return of nondeductible contributions. The nontaxable portion of the 

distribution would be $16,000, determined by multiplying the amount of the distribution ($80,000) 

by the ratio of the nondeductible contributions to the account balance ($20,000/$100,000). 

Accordingly, under present law, $64,000 of the distribution ($80,000 minus $16,000) would be 

includible in Individual B’s income.

Under the provision, notwithstanding the present-law tax treatment of IRA distributions, 

the distribution is treated as consisting of income first, up to the total amount that would be 

includible in gross income (but for the provision) if all amounts were distributed from all IRAs 

otherwise taken into account in determining the amount of IRA distributions. The total amount 

that would be includible in income if all amounts were distributed from the IRA is $80,000. 

Accordingly, under the provision, the entire $80,000 distributed to the charitable organization is 

treated as includible in income (before application of the provision) and is a qualified charitable 
11

distribution. As a result, no amount is included in Individual B’s income as a result of the 

distribution and the distribution is not taken into account in determining the amount of 

Individual B’s charitable deduction for the year. In addition, for purposes of determining the tax 

treatment of other distributions from the IRA, $20,000 of the amount remaining in the IRA is 

treated as Individual B’s nondeductible contributions.

Split-interest trust filing requirements

The provision increases the penalty on split-interest trusts for failure to file a return and for 

failure to include any of the information required to be shown on such return and to show the 

correct information. The penalty is $20 for each day the failure continues up to $10,000 for any 

one return. In the case of a split-interest trust with gross income in excess of $250,000, the penalty 

is $100 for each day the failure continues up to a maximum of $50,000. In addition, if a person 

(meaning any officer, director, trustee, employee, or other individual who is under a duty to file the 

return or include required information)23 knowingly failed to file the return or include required 

information, then that person is personally liable for such a penalty, which would be imposed in 

addition to the penalty that is paid by the organization. Information regarding beneficiaries that 

are not charitable organizations as described in section 170(c) is exempt from the requirement to 

make information publicly available. In addition, the provision repeals the present-law exception 

to the filing requirement for split-interest trusts that are required in a taxable year to distribute all 

net income currently to beneficiaries. Such exception remains available to trusts other than splitinterest trusts that are otherwise subject to the filing requirement. 

Effective Date

The provision relating to direct qualified charitable distributions is effective for 

distributions made after the date of enactment. The provision relating to qualified charitable 

distributions to split interest entities is effective for distributions made after December 31, 2003. 

The provision relating to information returns of split-interest trusts is effective for returns for 

taxable years beginning after December 31, 2003.

 

23 Sec. 6652(c)(4)(C).
12

C. Charitable Deduction for Contributions of Food Inventory

(sec. 103 of the bill and sec. 170 of the Code)

Present Law

Under present law, a taxpayer’s deduction for charitable contributions of inventory 

generally is limited to the taxpayer’s basis (typically, cost) in the inventory. 

However, for certain contributions of inventory, C corporations may claim an enhanced 

deduction equal to the lesser of (1) basis plus one-half of the item’s appreciated value (i.e., basis 

plus one half of fair market value in excess of basis) or (2) two times basis.24 To be eligible for the 

enhanced deduction, the contributed property generally must be inventory of the taxpayer, 

contributed to a charitable organization described in section 501(c)(3) (except for private 

nonoperating foundations), and the donee must (1) use the property consistent with the donee’s 

exempt purpose solely for the care of the ill, the needy, or infants, (2) not transfer the property in 

exchange for money, other property, or services, and (3) provide the taxpayer a written statement 

that the donee’s use of the property will be consistent with such requirements. In the case of 

contributed property subject to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, the property must 

satisfy the applicable requirements of such Act on the date of transfer and for 180 days prior to the 

transfer. 

To use the enhanced deduction, the taxpayer must establish that the fair market value of the 

donated item exceeds basis. The valuation of food inventory has been the subject of ongoing

disputes between taxpayers and the IRS. In one case, the Tax Court held that the value of surplus 

bread inventory donated to charity was the full retail price of the bread rather than half the retail 

price, as the IRS asserted.25

Explanation of Provision

Under the provision, any taxpayer, whether or not a C corporation, engaged in a trade or 

business is eligible to claim the enhanced deduction for donations of food inventory. For 

taxpayers other than C corporations, the total deduction for donations of food inventory in a 

taxable year generally may not exceed 10 percent of the taxpayer’s net income for such year from 

its trade or business (or interest therein) from which contributions are made. For example, if a 

taxpayer is a sole proprietor, a shareholder in an S corporation, and a partner in a partnership, and 

each business makes charitable contributions of food inventory, the taxpayer’s deduction for 

donations of food inventory is limited to 10 percent of the taxpayer’s net income from the sole 

proprietorship and the taxpayer’s interests in the S corporation and partnership. However, if only 

the sole proprietorship and the S corporation made charitable contributions of food inventory, the 

taxpayer’s deduction would be limited to 10 percent of the net income from the trade or business 

of the sole proprietorship and the S corporation, but not the partnership. 

 

24 Sec. 170(e)(3). In general, a C corporation’s charitable contribution deductions for a 

year may not exceed 10 percent of the corporation’s taxable income. Sec. 170(b)(2).

25

 Lucky Stores Inc. v. Commissioner, 105 T.C. 420 (1995).
13

The 10 percent limitation does not affect the application of the generally applicable 

percentage limitations. For example, if 10 percent of a sole proprietor’s net income from the 

proprietor’s trade or business was greater than 50 percent of the proprietor’s contribution base, the 

available deduction for the taxable year (with respect to contributions to public charities) would be 

50 percent of the proprietor’s contribution base. Consistent with present law, such contributions 

may be carried forward because they exceed the 50 percent limitation. Contributions of food 

inventory by a taxpayer that is not a C corporation that exceed the 10 percent limitation but not the 

50 percent limitation could not be carried forward. 

For purposes of calculating the enhanced deduction, taxpayers who do not account for 

inventories under section 471 and who are not required to capitalize indirect costs under section

263A are able to elect to treat the basis of the contributed food as being equal to 25 percent of the 

food’s fair market value.26

The provision changes the amount of the present-law enhanced deduction for eligible 

contributions of food inventory to the lesser of fair market value or twice the taxpayer’s basis in 

the inventory. For example, a taxpayer who makes an eligible donation of food that has a fair 

market value of $10 and a basis of $4 could take a deduction of $8 (twice basis). If the taxpayer’s 

basis was $6 instead of $4, then the deduction would be $10 (fair market value). By contrast, 

under present law, a C corporation’s deduction in the first example would be $7 (fair market value 

less half the appreciation) and in the second example would be $8. (Under present law, taxpayers 

other than C corporations generally could take a deduction for a contribution of food inventory 

only for the $4 basis in either example.) Taxpayers that do not account for inventories under 

section 471 and who are not required to capitalize indirect costs under section 263A would be able 

to elect to treat the basis of the contributed food as being equal to 25 percent of the food’s fair 

market value.

Under the provision, the enhanced deduction is available only for food that qualifies as 

“apparently wholesome food.” “Apparently wholesome food” is defined as food intended for 

human consumption that meets all quality and labeling standards imposed by Federal, State, and 

local laws and regulations even though the food may not be readily marketable due to appearance, 

age, freshness, grade, size, surplus, or other conditions.

In addition, the provision provides that the fair market value of donated apparently 

wholesome food that cannot or will not be sold solely due to internal standards of the taxpayer or 

lack of market is determined without regard to such internal standards or lack of market and by 

taking into account the price at which the same or substantially the same food items (as to both 

type and quality) are sold by the taxpayer at the time of the contribution or, if not so sold at such 

time, in the recent past.

Effective Date

The provision is effective for contributions made after the date of enactment.

 

26 This includes, for example, taxpayers who are eligible for administrative relief under 

Revenue Procedures 2002-28 and 2001-10.
14

D. Charitable Deduction for Contributions of Book Inventory

(sec. 104 of the bill and sec. 170 of the Code)

Present Law

Under present law, a taxpayer’s deduction for charitable contributions of inventory 

generally is limited to the taxpayer’s basis (typically, cost) in the inventory. 

However, for certain contributions of inventory, C corporations may claim an enhanced 

deduction equal to the lesser of (1) basis plus one-half of the item’s appreciated value (i.e., basis 

plus one half of fair market value in excess of basis) or (2) two times basis.27 To be eligible for the 

enhanced deduction, the contributed property generally must be inventory of the taxpayer, 

contributed to a charitable organization described in section 501(c)(3) (except for private 

nonoperating foundations), and the donee must: (1) use the property consistent with the donee’s 

exempt purpose solely for the care of the ill, the needy, or infants, (2) not transfer the property in 

exchange for money, other property, or services, and (3) provide the taxpayer a written statement 

that the donee’s use of the property will be consistent with such requirements.

Explanation of Provision

The provision modifies the present-law enhanced deduction for C corporations so that it is 

equal to the lesser of fair market value or twice the taxpayer’s basis in the case of qualified book 

contributions. The provision provides that the fair market value for this purpose is determined by 

reference to a bona fide published market price for the book. Under the provision, a bona fide 

published market price of a book means a price: (1) determined using the same printing and 

edition; (2) determined in the usual market in which such a book has been customarily sold by the 

taxpayer; and (3) for which the taxpayer can demonstrate to the satisfaction of the Secretary that 

the taxpayer customarily sold such books in arm's length transactions within 7 years preceding the 

contribution. For example, a publisher’s listed retail price for a book would not meet the standard 

if the publisher could not demonstrate to the satisfaction of the Secretary that the price was one at 

which the publisher customarily sold the book in its usual market in arm’s length transactions 

occurring within the 7-year period prior to the contribution. If a publisher entered into a contract 

with a local school district to sell newly published textbooks six years prior to making a qualified 

book contribution of such textbooks, the publisher could use as a bona fide published market price, 

the price at which such books regularly were sold to the school district under the contract. By 

contrast, if a publisher listed in a catalogue or elsewhere a “suggested retail price,” but the 

publisher did not in fact customarily sell the books at such price, the publisher could not use the 

“suggested retail price” to determine the fair market value of the book for purposes of the 

enhanced deduction. Thus, in general, a bona fide published market price must be independently 

verifiable by reference to actual sales within the seven-year period preceding the contribution, and 

not to a publisher’s own price list. 

As an illustration of the mechanics of calculating the enhanced deduction under the 

provision, a C corporation that made a qualified book contribution with a bona fide published 

 

27 Sec. 170(e)(3).
15

market price of $10 and a basis of $4 could take a deduction of $8 (twice basis). If the taxpayer’s 

basis is $6 instead of $4, then the deduction is $10. Also, in such latter case, if the book’s bona 

fide market published market price was $5 at the time of the contribution but was $10 five years 

before the contribution, then the deduction is $10.

A qualified book contribution means a charitable contribution of books to: (1) an 

educational organization that normally maintains a regular faculty and curriculum and normally 

has a regularly enrolled body of pupils or students in attendance at the place where its educational 

activities are regularly carried on; (2) a public library; or (3) an organization described in section 

501(c)(3) (except for private nonoperating foundations), that is organized primarily to make books 

available to the general public at no cost or to operate a literacy program. The donee must: (1) use 

the property consistent with the donee’s exempt purpose; (2) not transfer the property in exchange 

for money, other property, or services; and (3) provide the taxpayer a written statement that the 

donee’s use of the property will be consistent with such requirements and also that the books are 

suitable, in terms of currency, content, and quantity, for use in the donee’s educational programs 

and that the donee will use the books in such educational programs.

Effective Date

The provision is effective for contributions made after the date of enactment.
16

E. Expand Charitable Contribution Allowed for Scientific Property Used

for Research and for Computer Technology and Equipment 

(sec. 105 of the bill and sec. 170 of the Code)

Present Law

In the case of a charitable contribution of inventory or other ordinary-income or shortterm capital gain property, the amount of the charitable deduction generally is limited to the 

taxpayer’s basis in the property. In the case of a charitable contribution of tangible personal 

property, the deduction is limited to the taxpayer’s basis in such property if the use by the 

recipient charitable organization is unrelated to the organization’s tax-exempt purpose. In cases 

involving contributions to a private foundation (other than certain private operating foundations), 

the amount of the deduction is limited to the taxpayer’s basis in the property.28

Under present law, a taxpayer’s deduction for charitable contributions of scientific 

property used for research and for contributions of computer technology and equipment 

generally is limited to the taxpayer’s basis (typically, cost) in the property. However, certain 

corporations may claim a deduction in excess of basis for a “qualified research contribution” or a 

“qualified computer contribution.”29 This enhanced deduction is equal to the lesser of (1) basis 

plus one-half of the item’s appreciated value (i.e., basis plus one half of fair market value minus 

basis) or (2) two times basis. The enhanced deduction for qualified computer contributions 

expires for any contribution made during any taxable year beginning after December 31, 2003.

A qualified research contribution means a charitable contribution of inventory that is 

tangible personal property. The contribution must be to a qualified educational or scientific 

organization and be made not later than two years after construction of the property is 

substantially completed. The original use of the property must be by the donee, and be used 

substantially for research or experimentation, or for research training, in the U.S. in the physical 

or biological sciences. The property must be scientific equipment or apparatus, constructed by 

the taxpayer, and may not be transferred by the donee in exchange for money, other property, or 

services. The donee must provide the taxpayer with a written statement representing that it will 

use the property in accordance with the conditions for the deduction. For purposes of the 

enhanced deduction, property is considered constructed by the taxpayer only if the cost of the 

parts used in the construction of the property (other than parts manufactured by the taxpayer or a 

related person) do not exceed 50 percent of the taxpayer’s basis in the property.

A qualified computer contribution means a charitable contribution of any computer 

technology or equipment, which meets standards of functionality and suitability as established by 

the Secretary of the Treasury. The contribution must be to certain educational organizations or 

public libraries and made not later than three years after the taxpayer acquired the property or, if 

the taxpayer constructed the property, not later than the date construction of the property is 

 

28 Sec. 170(e)(1).

29 Secs. 170(e)(4) and 170(e)(6).
17

substantially completed.30 The original use of the property must be by the donor or the donee,31

and in the case of the donee, must be used substantially for educational purposes related to the 

function or purpose of the donee. The property must fit productively into the donee’s education 

plan. The donee may not transfer the property in exchange for money, other property, or 

services, except for shipping, installation, and transfer costs. To determine whether property is 

constructed by the taxpayer, the rules applicable to qualified research contributions apply. 

Contributions may be made to private foundations under certain conditions.32 

Explanation of Provision

Under the provision, property assembled by the taxpayer, in addition to property 

constructed by the taxpayer, is eligible for either enhanced deduction. It is not intended that old 

or used components assembled by the taxpayer into scientific property or computer technology 

or equipment are eligible for the enhanced deduction.

The provision extends the enhanced deduction for qualified computer contributions to 

contributions made during any taxable year beginning before January 1, 2006.

Effective Date

The provision is effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2002.

 

30 If the taxpayer constructed the property and reacquired such property, the contribution 

must be within three years of the date the original construction was substantially completed. 

Sec. 170(e)(6)(D)(i).

31 This requirement does not apply if the property was reacquired by the manufacturer 

and contributed. Sec. 170(e)(6)(D)(ii).

32 Sec. 170(e)(6)(C).
18

F. Encourage Contributions of Capital Gain Real Property

Made for Conservation Purposes

(sec. 106 of the bill and sec. 170 of the Code)

Present Law

Charitable contributions generally

In general, a deduction is permitted for charitable contributions, subject to certain 

limitations that depend on the type of taxpayer, the property contributed, and the donee 

organization. The amount of deduction generally equals the fair market value of the contributed 

property on the date of the contribution. Charitable deductions are provided for income, estate, 

and gift tax purposes.33

In general, in any taxable year, charitable contributions by a corporation are not 

deductible to the extent the aggregate contributions exceed 10 percent of the corporation’s 

taxable income computed without regard to net operating or capital loss carrybacks. For 

individuals, the amount deductible is a percentage of the taxpayer’s contribution base, which is 

the taxpayer’s adjusted gross income computed without regard to any net operating loss 

carryback. The applicable percentage of the contribution base varies depending on the type of 

donee organization and property contributed. Cash contributions of an individual taxpayer to 

public charities, private operating foundations, and certain types of private nonoperating 

foundations may not exceed 50 percent of the taxpayer’s contribution base. Cash contributions 

to private foundations and certain other organizations generally may be deducted up to 30 

percent of the taxpayer’s contribution base. 

In general, a charitable deduction is not allowed for income, estate, or gift tax purposes if 

the donor transfers an interest in property to a charity while also either retaining an interest in 

that property or transferring an interest in that property to a noncharity for less than full and 

adequate consideration. Exceptions to this general rule are provided for, among other interests, 

remainder interests in charitable remainder annuity trusts, charitable remainder unitrusts, and 

pooled income funds, present interests in the form of a guaranteed annuity or a fixed percentage 

of the annual value of the property, and qualified conservation contributions. 

Capital gain property

Capital gain property means any capital asset or property used in the taxpayer’s trade or 

business the sale of which at its fair market value, at the time of contribution, would have 

resulted in gain that would have been long-term capital gain. Contributions of capital gain 

property to a qualified charity are deductible at fair market value within certain limitations. 

Contributions of capital gain property to charitable organizations described in section 

170(b)(1)(A) (e.g., public charities, private foundations other than private non-operating 

foundations, and certain governmental units) generally are deductible up to 30 percent of the 

taxpayer’s contribution base. An individual may elect, however, to bring all these contributions 

of capital gain property for a taxable year within the 50-percent limitation category by reducing 

 

33 Secs. 170, 2055, and 2522, respectively.
19

the amount of the contribution deduction by the amount of the appreciation in the capital gain 

property. Contributions of capital gain property to charitable organizations described in section 

170(b)(1)(B) (e.g., private non-operating foundations) are deductible up to 20 percent of the 

taxpayer’s contribution base.

For purposes of determining whether a taxpayer’s aggregate charitable contributions in a 

taxable year exceed the applicable percentage limitation, contributions of capital gain property 

are taken into account after other charitable contributions. Contributions of capital gain property 

that exceed the percentage limitation may be carried forward for five years.

Qualified conservation contributions

Qualified conservation contributions are not subject to the “partial interest” rule, which 

generally bars deductions for charitable contributions of partial interests in property. A qualified 

conservation contribution is a contribution of a qualified real property interest to a qualified 

organization exclusively for conservation purposes. A qualified real property interest is defined 

as: (1) the entire interest of the donor other than a qualified mineral interest; (2) a remainder 

interest; or (3) a restriction (granted in perpetuity) on the use that may be made of the real 

property. Qualified organizations include certain governmental units, public charities that meet 

certain public support tests, and certain supporting organizations. Conservation purposes 

include: (1) the preservation of land areas for outdoor recreation by, or for the education of, the 

general public; (2) the protection of a relatively natural habitat of fish, wildlife, or plants, or 

similar ecosystem; (3) the preservation of open space (including farmland and forest land) where 

such preservation will yield a significant public benefit and is either for the scenic enjoyment of 

the general public or pursuant to a clearly delineated Federal, State, or local governmental 

conservation policy; and (4) the preservation of an historically important land area or a certified 

historic structure.

Qualified conservation contributions of capital gain property are subject to the same 

limitations and carryover rules of other charitable contributions of capital gain property.

Explanation of Provision

In general

Under the provision, the 30-percent contribution base limitation on contributions of 

capital gain property by individuals does not apply to qualified conservation contributions (as 

defined under present law). Thus, individuals may include the fair market value of any qualified 

conservation contribution of capital gain property in determining the amount of the charitable 

contributions subject to the 50-percent contribution base limitation. 

Individuals are allowed to carryover any qualified conservation contributions that exceed 

the 50-percent limitation for up to 15 years. The 50-percent contribution base limitation applies 

first to contributions other than qualified conservation contributions and then to qualified 

conservation contributions. For example, assume an individual with a contribution base of $100 

makes a qualified conservation contribution of property with a fair market value of $80 and 

makes other charitable contributions described in section 170(b)(1)(A) of $60. The individual is 

allowed a deduction of $50 in the current taxable year for the other contributions (50 percent of 
20

the $100 contribution base) and is allowed to carryover the excess $10 for up to 5 years. No 

current deduction is allowed for the qualified conservation contribution but the entire $80 

qualified conservation contribution may be carried forward for up to 15 years.

Farmers and ranchers

A qualified conservation contribution made by an eligible farmer or rancher is allowable 

up to 100 percent of the taxpayer’s contribution base (after taking into account other charitable 

contributions). This rule applies both to individuals and corporations. In addition, corporate (as 

well as non-corporate) eligible farmers and ranchers are allowed to carryover any excess 

qualified conservation contributions for up to 15 years. The 100-percent contribution base 

limitation applies first to contributions other than qualified conservation contributions (to the 

extent allowable under other percentage limitations) and then to qualified conservation 

contributions. For example, assume an individual eligible farmer or rancher with a contribution 

base of $100 makes a qualified conservation contribution of property with a fair market value of 

$80 and makes other charitable contributions described in section 170(b)(1)(A) of $60. The 

individual is allowed a deduction of $50 in the current taxable year for the other contributions 

(50 percent of the $100 contribution base) and is allowed to carryover the excess $10 for up to 5 

years. The individual also is allowed a deduction of $50 in the current taxable year for the 

qualified conservation contribution (the amount of the remaining contribution base). The 

remaining $30 qualified conservation contribution may be carried forward for up to 15 years and 

is treated as a qualified conservation contribution made by an eligible farmer or rancher in each 

of the carryover years (whether or not the taxpayer is an eligible farmer or rancher in the 

carryover year).34

For this purpose, an eligible farmer or rancher means a taxpayer (other than a publicly 

traded C corporation) whose gross income from the trade or business of farming is at least 51 

percent of the taxpayer’s gross income for the taxable year.

Effective Date

The provision is effective for contributions made after the date of enactment.

 

34 In a carryover year, the carryover of qualified conservation contributions made by a 

person who was an eligible farmer or rancher in the contribution year are taken into account after 

contributions made during the carryover year and after carryovers of both (i) contributions other 

than qualified conservation contributions and (ii) qualified conservation contributions made in a 

taxable year in which the taxpayer was not an eligible farmer or rancher.
21

G. Exclusion of 25 Percent of Capital Gain for Certain Sales

Made for Qualifying Conservation Purposes

(sec. 107 of the bill and new sec. 121A of the Code)

Present Law

Sales of capital gain property

Gain from the sale or exchange of land held more than one year generally is treated as 

long-term capital gain. Generally, the net capital gain of an individual (i.e., long-term capital 

gain less short-term capital loss) is subject to a maximum tax rate of 20 percent. 

Charitable contributions of capital gain property for conservation purposes

Special rules apply to charitable contributions of qualified conservation contributions. 

Qualified conservation contributions are not subject to the “partial interest” rule, which generally 

bars deductions for charitable contributions of partial interests in property. A qualified 

conservation contribution is a contribution of a qualified real property interest to a qualified 

organization exclusively for conservation purposes. A qualified real property interest is defined 

as: (1) the entire interest of the donor other than a qualified mineral interest; (2) a remainder 

interest; or (3) a restriction (granted in perpetuity) on the use that may be made of the real 

property. Charitable contributions of interests that constitute the taxpayer’s entire interest in the 

property are not regarded as qualified real property interests within the meaning of section 

170(h),35 but instead are subject to the general rules applicable to charitable contributions of 

entire interests of the taxpayer. Qualified organizations include certain governmental units, 

public charities that meet certain public support tests, and certain supporting organizations. 

Conservation purposes include: (1) the preservation of land areas for outdoor recreation by, or 

for the education of, the general public; (2) the protection of a relatively natural habitat of fish, 

wildlife, or plants, or similar ecosystem; (3) the preservation of open space (including farmland 

and forest land) where such preservation will yield a significant public benefit and is either for 

the scenic enjoyment of the general public or pursuant to a clearly delineated Federal, State, or 

local governmental conservation policy; and (4) the preservation of an historically important land 

area or a certified historic structure.

Treasury regulations provide that a deduction for a qualified conservation contribution is 

allowed only if the donor prohibits in the instrument of conveyance the donee from subsequently 

transferring the qualified real property interest, whether or not for consideration, unless the 

donee organization, as a condition of the subsequent transfer, requires that the conservation 

purpose which the contribution was originally intended to advance continues to be carried out.36 

Moreover, subsequent transfers of such interests are restricted to organizations that are qualified 

conservation organizations.37 

 

35 Ltr. Rul. 8626029.

36 Treas. Reg. sec. 1.170A-14(c)(2).

37

 Id.
22

Explanation of Provision

In general

The provision provides a 25-percent exclusion from gross income of long-term capital 

gain from the qualifying sale or exchange of land, or an interest in land or water rights, provided 

that the land or interest in land or water rights constitutes an interest in real property that has 

been held by the taxpayer or the taxpayer’s family at all times during the five years preceding the 

date of sale. The qualifying sale must be made to a qualified organization that intends that the 

acquired property be used for qualified conservation purposes in perpetuity.38

Qualifying interests

The exclusion applies only to sales or exchanges of real property interests in land or 

water rights that constitute the entire interest of the taxpayer in such land or water rights, or that 

constitute qualified real property interests as defined in section 170(h), specifically: (1) the entire 

interest of the taxpayer other than a qualified mineral interest; (2) a remainder interest; or (3) a 

restriction (granted in perpetuity) on the use which may be made of the real property. Partial 

interests in property that are not the entire interest of the taxpayer or a qualified real property 

interest do not qualify for the exclusion. For example, a taxpayer who owns land and related 

mineral rights but who sells only the mineral rights is not eligible for the exclusion. However, a 

taxpayer who owns only mineral rights is eligible for the 25-percent exclusion if the taxpayer 

sells his or her entire interest in the mineral rights and satisfies the other requirements of the 

provision. 

Generally, an undivided interest that constitutes the taxpayer’s entire interest in the 

property is eligible for the exclusion. A partial interest that constitutes the taxpayer’s entire 

interest in the property, however, does not qualify for the exclusion if the property in which such 

partial interest exists was divided in an attempt to avoid the partial interest rules. It is intended 

that the partial interest rules contained in Treasury Regulations section 1.170A-7(a)(2)(i) and 

generally applicable to contributions of partial interests be applied similarly for purposes of this 

provision. For example, if a taxpayer transfers an undivided interest in property to a spouse and 

immediately thereafter sells the remaining undivided interest to a qualified organization, the 

exclusion will not apply to the taxpayer’s sale to the qualified organization.

Under the provision, the exclusion is available for long-term capital gain from certain 

sales or exchanges of stock in a C corporation if the qualified organization ultimately obtains a 

controlling stock interest (generally a stock interest that provides the qualified organization at 

least 90 percent of the total voting power and total value of the corporation’s stock) and if at least 

 

38 The exclusion is mandatory if all of the requirements of the provision are satisfied, and 

a taxpayer need not file an election to take advantage of the exclusion. A taxpayer who transfers 

qualifying property to a qualified organization may opt out of the 25-percent exclusion by 

choosing not to satisfy one or more of the provision’s requirements without having to file a 

formal election with the Secretary, such as by failing to obtain the requisite letter of intent from 

the qualified organization. 
23

90 percent of the fair market value of the C corporation’s assets at the time of the sale or 

exchange consists of land or water rights, or interests in land or water rights, that were held by 

the corporation at all times during the five years preceding the sale. Stock in a corporation will 

not qualify if at the time of the sale or exchange the fair market value of water rights and 

infrastructure relating to the delivery of water constitutes more than 50 percent of the fair market 

value of all of the corporation’s assets. Only a stock interest held by the taxpayer or the 

taxpayer’s family at all times during the five years preceding the sale qualifies for the 25-percent 

exclusion. It is intended that in appropriate circumstances a controlling stock interest may be 

acquired by the qualified organization from multiple persons in multiple transactions, and that 

the Secretary may issue guidance regarding the availability of the exclusion in such cases.

Qualifying gain

The exclusion applies only to long-term capital gain. Gain treated as ordinary income, 

such as under depreciation recapture provisions, is not eligible for the exclusion. Gain 

attributable to certain improvements, such as buildings or structures that do not further a 

qualified conservation purpose (“disqualified improvements”), also does not qualify for the 

exclusion.

39 The provision provides that the maximum amount of gain that may be excluded by 

a shareholder in the case of a sale or exchange of a controlling stock interest is 25 percent of the 

shareholder’s proportionate share of the C corporation’s underlying gain attributable to 

qualifying land, water rights, or interests therein held by the C corporation. 

Consistent with present law, the determination of gain or loss is to be calculated on an 

asset-by-asset basis whenever that is required for other purposes of the Code (such as for 

purposes of section 1245 or section 1250). To minimize administrative complexity and assist 

taxpayers in the preparation of their returns, it is intended that in those cases where the Code 

does not otherwise require a separate determination of gain or loss for the disqualified 

improvement, the gain allocable to the disqualified improvement shall be determined by 

reference to the fair market value of the disqualified improvement relative to the fair market 

value of all assets for which a gain or loss determination is not otherwise required by the Code.40 

For example, if a taxpayer sells a qualifying land interest with a fair market value of $100 

and a basis of $30, that includes a building or structure that does not further a conservation 

purpose (a disqualified improvement) and that has a fair market value of $40, the taxpayer must 

determine the portion of the gain that is attributable to the eligible land and to the disqualified 

improvement. If determination of gain or loss on the sale of the improvement is required for 

other purposes of the Code, then the gain or loss determined for those purposes governs, and the 

 

39 It is intended that soil and water conservation expenditures in the nature of those 

described in section 175, determined without regard to whether the taxpayer is engaged in a 

farming business and that the land be used for farming, generally shall be treated as furthering a 

qualified conservation purpose. 

40 It is intended that the taxpayer be required to use this gain allocation rule unless the 

taxpayer has adequate records to substantiate the adjusted basis and fair market value to support 

a separate calculation. 
24

taxpayer must determine his or her basis of the disqualified improvement (in this case, assumed 

to be zero), with the result that the $40 gain on the disqualified improvement is not eligible for 

the 25-percent exclusion and the gain of $30 on the land is eligible for the 25-percent exclusion. 

On the other hand, if the determination of gain or loss on the sale of the improvement is not 

required for other purposes of the Code, then it is intended that the taxpayer allocate the 

aggregate gain of $70 attributable to the land and the disqualified improvement between the land 

and the improvement on the basis of their respective fair market values (i.e., 40 percent to the 

improvement and 60 percent to the land). Under this gain allocation rule, the $28 of gain 

allocable to the improvement is not eligible for the 25-percent exclusion, and the $42 of gain 

allocable to the land qualifies for the 25-percent exclusion.

Eligible sales

An eligible sale is a sale or exchange (excluding a transfer made by order of 

condemnation or eminent domain)41 that may be made only to a qualified organization, defined 

as a Federal, State, or local government, or an agency or department thereof or a section 

501(c)(3) organization that is organized and operated primarily to meet a qualified conservation 

purpose. In addition, to be an eligible sale, the organization acquiring the property interest must 

provide the taxpayer with a letter stating that the intent of such organization in acquiring the 

property is to further a qualified conservation purpose and that any subsequent transfer of the 

acquired interest will be to a qualified organization and made to protect the conservation purpose 

in perpetuity. A qualified conservation purpose is: (1) the preservation of land areas for outdoor 

recreation by, or the education of, the general public; (2) the protection of a relatively natural 

habitat of fish, wildlife, or plants, or similar ecosystem; or (3) the preservation of open space 

(including farmland and forest land) where the preservation is for the scenic enjoyment of the 

general public or pursuant to a clearly delineated Federal, State, or local governmental 

conservation policy and will yield a significant public benefit.

Protection of conservation purposes

The provision provides for the imposition of penalty excise taxes in appropriate cases 

where a qualified organization fails to take steps consistent with the protection of conservation 

purposes. Because the penalty taxes are imposed on an organization that fails to protect the 

conservation purpose, and do not serve to encumber the property in the same manner as a 

restriction contained in an instrument of conveyance, it is believed that the penalty taxes will 

adequately protect conservation purposes without decreasing the value of the property in the 

hands of the conservation organizations.

If ownership or possession of the property is transferred by a qualified organization other 

than to another qualified organization that provides the requisite letter of intent, or a legal 

restriction contained in an instrument of conveyance that protects the qualified conservation 

purpose is removed, then: (1) a 20-percent excise tax applies to the proceeds or fair market value 

of the property; (2) any realized gain or income is subject to an additional excise tax imposed at 

 

41 A sale or exchange made prior to the issuance of an order, but that is the result of a 

threat of condemnation or eminent domain, may qualify for the exclusion. 
25

the highest income tax rate applicable to C corporations; and (3) any otherwise applicable nonrecognition provisions of the Code shall not apply to the transferor. It is intended that the excise 

taxes apply to all cases involving the transfer of ownership or possession of the property to a 

transferee that is not a qualified organization unless the transferring qualified organization 

demonstrates to the satisfaction of the Secretary that qualified conservation purposes will be 

protected in perpetuity. In the case of a removal of a legal restriction contained in an instrument 

of conveyance, the qualified organization must demonstrate to the satisfaction of the Secretary 

that a later unexpected change in the conditions surrounding the property makes retaining the 

conservation restriction impossible or impractical and that any proceeds derived from the 

removal of the restriction will be used to further qualified conservation purposes. The Secretary 

may provide guidance to identify appropriate cases where transfers to persons other than 

qualified organizations are regarded as protecting a conservation purpose in perpetuity. For 

example, it is intended that a qualified organization may acquire a fee simple interest in real 

property operated as a farm and then transfer, without imposition of the penalty taxes, the real 

property subject to a conservation easement that constitutes a qualified real property interest if, 

in a recorded instrument of conveyance, the transferor prohibits the transferee from subsequently 

transferring the real property unless the transferee, as a condition of the subsequent transfer, 

requires that the qualified conservation purpose of preserving the property as open space 

farmland will continue to be carried out.

In the case of a transfer by a qualified organization to another qualified organization, the 

transferee must provide the transferor at the time of the transfer a letter stating that the intent of 

the transferee is to further a qualified conservation purpose and that any subsequent transfer of 

the acquired interest will be made to protect the conservation purpose in perpetuity, and the 

transferee becomes subject to the excise tax provisions for subsequent transfers. It is intended 

that in the case of a sale or exchange of stock of a C corporation in which a qualified 

organization acquires a controlling stock interest, all of the stock of such corporation acquired by 

the qualified organization (including any stock which did not qualify for the exclusion), as well 

as the property held by such C corporation, becomes subject to the penalty tax provisions.

The provision provides that the Secretary may require such reporting as may be necessary 

or appropriate to further the purpose that any conservation use be in perpetuity.

Relationship with other provisions 

In the case of an individual, the exclusion applies both for purposes of the regular tax and 

the alternative minimum tax. In the case of a corporation, the present-law alternative minimum 

tax provisions apply without modification. 

If a taxpayer sells a real property interest to a qualified organization for less than the 

property’s fair market value, the amount of any charitable contribution deduction is determined 

in accordance with the bargain sale rules,42 and the taxpayer shall not fail to qualify for a 

contribution deduction under those rules solely because the taxpayer derives a tax benefit from 

the partial exclusion of long-term capital gain from the sale. For example, if a taxpayer sells 

 

42 Sec. 1011(b) and Treas. Reg. sec. 1.1011-2.
26

qualifying land with a fair market value of $100 and an adjusted basis of $10 to a qualified 

organization for a sales price of $95 (or alternatively, for a sale price of $50), the taxpayer’s 

basis of $10 shall be allocated between the sale and the contribution components of the transfer 

under the bargain sale rules, and the tax savings resulting from the 25-percent exclusion of longterm capital gain on the sale will not reduce the portion of the transfer treated as a charitable 

contribution under the bargain sale rules. The present-law requirements applicable to the 

charitable contribution component of the transfer, including, for example, the recordkeeping, 

substantiation, and appraisal provisions of Treasury Regulations section 1.170A-13, must be 

satisfied. 

Effective Date

The provision is effective for sales or exchanges occurring after the date of enactment.
27

H. Cost Sharing Payments under the Partners for Fish and Wildlife Program

(sec. 108 of the bill and sec. 126 of the Code)

Present Law

Under present law, gross income does not include the excludable portion of payments 

made to taxpayers by federal and state governments for a share of the cost of improvements to 

property under certain conservation programs. These programs include payments received under 

(1) the rural clean water program authorized by section 208(j) of the Federal Water Pollution 

Control Act, (2) the rural abandoned mine program authorized by section 406 of the Surface 

Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977, (3) the water bank program authorized by the 

Water Bank Act, (4) the emergency conservation measures program authorized by title IV of the 

Agricultural Credit Act of 1978, (5) the agriculture conservation program authorized by the Soil 

Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act, (6) the great plains conservation program authorized 

by section 16 of the Soil Conservation and Domestic Policy Act, (7) the resource conservation 

and development program authorized by the Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act and by the Soil 

Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act, (8) the forestry incentives program authorized by 

section 4 of the Cooperative Forestry Assistance Act of 1978, (9) any small watershed program 

administered by the Secretary of Agriculture which is determined by the Secretary of the 

Treasury or his delegate to be substantially similar to the type of programs described in items (1) 

through (8), and (10) any program of a State, possession of the United States, a political 

subdivision of any of the foregoing, or the District of Columbia under which payments are made 

to individuals primarily for the purpose of conserving soil, protecting or restoring the 

environment, improving forests, or providing a habitat for wildlife.

Explanation of Provision

The provision expands the types of qualified cost-sharing payments to include payments 

under the Partners for Fish and Wildlife Program.

Effective Date

The provision applies to payments received after the date of enactment.
28

I. Basis Adjustment to Stock of S Corporation Contributing Property

(sec. 109 of the bill and sec. 1367 of the Code)

Present Law

Under present law, if an S corporation contributes money or other property to a charity, 

each shareholder takes into account the shareholder’s pro rata share of the contribution in 

determining its own income tax liability.43 A shareholder of an S corporation reduces the basis 

in the stock of the S corporation by the amount of the charitable contribution that flows through 

to the shareholder.44

Explanation of Provision

The provision provides that the amount of a shareholder’s basis reduction in the stock of 

an S corporation by reason of a charitable contribution made by the corporation will be equal to 

the shareholder’s pro rata share of the adjusted basis of the contributed property.45

Thus, for example, assume an S corporation with one individual shareholder makes a 

charitable contribution of stock with a basis of $200 and a fair market value of $500. The 

shareholder will be treated as having made a $500 charitable contribution (or a lesser amount if 

the special rules of section 170(e) apply), and will reduce the basis of the S corporation stock by 

$200. 

Effective Date

The provision applies to contributions made after the date of enactment.

 

43 Sec. 1366(a)(1)(A).

44 Sec. 1367(a)(2)(B).

45

 See Rev. Rul. 96-11 (1996-1 C.B. 140) for a rule reaching a similar result in the case 

of charitable contributions made by a partnership. 
29

J. Enhanced Deduction for Charitable Contributions of Literary,

Musical, Artistic, and Scholarly Compositions

(sec. 110 of the bill and sec. 170 of the Code)

Present Law

In the case of a charitable contribution of inventory or other ordinary-income or shortterm capital gain property, the amount of the deduction generally is limited to the taxpayer’s 

basis in the property.46 In the case of a charitable contribution of tangible personal property, the 

deduction is limited to the taxpayer’s basis in such property if the use by the recipient charitable 

organization is unrelated to the organization’s tax-exempt purpose. In cases involving 

contributions of tangible personal property to a private foundation (other than certain private 

foundations),47 the amount of the deduction is limited to the taxpayer’s basis in the property.

Under present law, charitable contributions of literary, musical, and artistic compositions 

created or prepared by the donor are considered ordinary income property and a taxpayer’s 

deduction of such property is limited to the taxpayer’s basis (typically, cost) in the property. A 

charitable contribution of a literary, musical, or artistic composition by a person other than the 

person who created or prepared the work generally is eligible for a fair market value deduction if 

the donee organization’s use of the property is related to such organization’s exempt purposes. 

To be eligible for the deduction, the contribution must be of an undivided portion of the 

donor’s entire interest in the property.48 For purposes of the charitable income tax deduction, the 

copyright and the work in which the copyright is embodied are not treated as separate property 

interests. Accordingly, if a donor owns a work of art and the copyright to the work of art, a gift 

of the artwork without the copyright or the copyright without the artwork will constitute a gift of 

a “partial interest” and will not qualify for the income tax charitable deduction.

Explanation of Provision

The provision provides that a deduction for “qualified artistic charitable contributions” 

generally is increased from the value under present law (generally, basis) to the fair market value 

of the property contributed, measured at the time of the contribution. However, the amount of 

the increase of the deduction provided by the provision may not exceed the amount of the 

donor’s adjusted gross income for the taxable year attributable to: (1) income from the sale or 

use of property created by the personal efforts of the donor that is of the same type as the 

donated property; and (2) income from teaching, lecturing, performing, or similar activities with 

respect to such property. In addition, the increase to the present-law deduction provided by the 

provision may not be carried over and deducted in other taxable years.

 

46 Sec. 170(e)(1).

47 Sec. 170(e)(1)(B)(ii).

48 Sec. 170(f)(3).
30

The provision defines a qualified artistic charitable contribution to mean a charitable 

contribution of any literary, musical, artistic, or scholarly composition, or similar property, or the 

copyright thereon (or both) that meets certain requirements. First, the contributed property must 

have been created by the personal efforts of the donor at least 18 months prior to the date of 

contribution. Second, the donor must obtain a qualified appraisal of the contributed property, a 

copy of which is required to be attached to the donor’s income tax return for the taxable year in 

which such contribution is made. The appraisal must include evidence of the extent (if any) to 

which property created by the personal efforts of the taxpayer and of the same type as the 

donated property is or has been owned, maintained, and displayed by certain charitable 

organizations and sold to or exchanged by persons other than the taxpayer, donee, or any related 

person. Third, the contribution must be made to a public charity or to certain limited types of 

private foundations. Finally, the use of donated property by the recipient organization must be 

related to the organization’s charitable purpose or function, and the donor must receive a written 

statement from the organization verifying such use.

Under the provision, the tangible property and the copyright on such property are treated 

as separate properties for purposes of the “partial interest” rule; thus, a gift of artwork without 

the copyright or a copyright without the artwork does not constitute a gift of a partial interest and 

is deductible. Contributions of letters, memoranda, or similar property that are written, prepared, 

or produced by or for an individual while the individual is an officer or employee of any person 

(including a government agency or instrumentality) do not qualify for a fair market value 

deduction unless the contributed property is entirely personal.

Effective Date

The deduction for qualified artistic charitable contributions applies to contributions made 

after the date of enactment.
31

K. Exclusion for Certain Mileage Reimbursements to Charitable Volunteers

(sec. 111 of the bill and new sec. 139A of the Code)

Present Law

Unreimbursed out-of-pocket expenditures made incident to providing donated services to 

a qualified charitable organization -- such as out-of-pocket transportation expenses necessarily 

incurred in performing donated services -- may constitute an itemized deduction for charitable 

contributions.49 No charitable contribution deduction is allowed for traveling expenses 

(including expenses for meals and lodging) while away from home, whether paid directly or by 

reimbursement, unless there is no significant element of personal pleasure, recreation, or 

vacation in such travel.50 In determining the amount treated as a charitable contribution where a 

taxpayer operates a vehicle in providing services to a charity, the taxpayer either may deduct 

actual out-of-pocket expenditures or may use the charitable standard mileage rate. The taxpayer 

may also deduct (under either computation method), any parking fees and tolls incurred in 

rendering the services, but may not deduct any amount (regardless of the computation method 

used) for general repair or maintenance expenses, depreciation, insurance, registration fees, etc.

The charitable standard mileage rate is set by statute at 14 cents per mile.51 The standard 

mileage rate for charitable purposes is lower that the standard business rate because the 

charitable rate covers only the out-of-pocket operating expenses (including gasoline and oil) 

directly related to the use of the car in performing the donated services that a taxpayer may 

deduct as a charitable contribution. The charitable rate does not include costs that are not 

deductible as a charitable contribution such as general repair or maintenance expenses, 

depreciation, insurance, and registration fees. Such costs are, however, included in computing 

the business standard mileage rate (the rate allowed for business use of an automobile), which is 

36 cents per mile.

Volunteer drivers who are reimbursed for mileage expenses have taxable income to the 

extent the reimbursement exceeds deductible travel expenses. Employees who are reimbursed 

for mileage expenses under a qualified arrangement that pays a mileage allowance in lieu of 

reimbursing actual expenses generally have taxable income to the extent the reimbursement 

exceeds the amount of the business standard mileage rate multiplied by the actual business miles.

Explanation of Provision

Under the provision, reimbursement by an organization described in section 170(c) 

(including public charities and private foundations) to a volunteer for the costs of using an 

automobile in connection with providing donated services is excludable from the gross income 

of the volunteer, provided that (1) the reimbursement does not exceed the business standard 

mileage rate prescribed for business use (as periodically adjusted), and (2) recordkeeping 

 

49 Treas. Reg. sec. 1.170A-1(g). 

50 Sec. 170(j).

51 Sec. 170(i).
32

requirements applicable to deductible business expenses are satisfied. The provision does not 

permit a volunteer to claim a deduction or credit with respect amounts excluded under the 

provision. Information reporting required by section 6041 is not required with respect to 

reimbursements excluded under the provision.

Effective Date

The provision is effective for taxable years beginning after the date of enactment. 
33

L. Extend Enhanced Deduction for Inventory to Include Public Schools

(sec. 112 of the bill and sec. 170 of the Code)

Present Law

Under present law, a taxpayer’s deduction for charitable contributions of inventory 

generally is limited to the taxpayer’s basis (typically, cost) in the inventory. 

However, for certain contributions of inventory, C corporations may claim an enhanced 

deduction equal to the lesser of (1) basis plus one-half of the item’s appreciated value (i.e., basis 

plus one half of fair market value in excess of basis) or (2) two times basis.52 To be eligible for 

the enhanced deduction, the contributed property generally must be inventory of the taxpayer, 

contributed to a charitable organization described in section 501(c)(3) (except for private 

nonoperating foundations), and the donee must (1) use the property consistent with the donee’s 

exempt purpose solely for the care of the ill, the needy, or infants, (2) not transfer the property in 

exchange for money, other property, or services, and (3) provide the taxpayer a written statement 

that the donee’s use of the property will be consistent with such requirements. In the case of 

contributed property subject to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, the property must 

satisfy the applicable requirements of such Act on the date of transfer and for 180 days prior to 

the transfer. 

Donations to educational organizations described in section 170(b)(1)(A)(ii) (and that are 

not described in section 501(c)(3) and exempt under section 501(a)) are not eligible to receive 

the enhanced deduction. An organization is described in section 170(b)(1)(A)(ii) if it normally 

maintains a regular faculty and curriculum and normally has a regularly enrolled body of pupils 

or students in attendance at the place where its educational activities are regularly carried on. 

Donations to such organizations are eligible to receive an enhanced deduction if the donation 

qualifies as a qualified computer contribution.53

Explanation of Provision

The provision would extend the enhanced deduction for inventory property to donations 

to educational organizations described in section 170(b)(1)(A)(ii) (to the extent such 

organizations are not described in section 501(c)(3) and exempt under section 501(a)). 

Charitable contributions of computer technology and equipment continue to be covered by the 

present law enhanced deduction of section 170(e)(6) and are not eligible property for an 

enhanced deduction under the provision. 

The provision retains present law requirements (1) that use of the donated property by the 

donee is related to the donee’s exempt purposes (or, in the case of a section 170(b)(1)(A)(ii) 

organization, to educational purposes) and is used solely for the care of the ill, the needy, or 

infants, (2) that the organization not transfer the property in exchange for money, other property, 

 

52 Sec. 170(e)(3). In general, a C corporation’s charitable contribution deductions for a 

year may not exceed 10 percent of the corporation’s taxable income. Sec. 170(b)(2).

53 Sec. 170(e)(6).
34

or services, and (3) that the organization provide the taxpayer a written statement that the 

donee’s use of the property will be consistent with such requirements. 

The enhanced deduction is available only for inventory that is used by the donee in the 

direct provision of care to the ill, the needy or infants. Thus, for example, it is not intended that 

inventory property that may be useful to a school in maintaining its physical plant (e.g., paint, 

electrical supplies, equipment not used directly for educational purposes) or administrative 

offices but that is not used directly for the educational benefit of the ill, the needy, or infants is 

eligible for the enhanced deduction.

Effective Date

The provision is effective for contributions made after December 31, 2003.
35

M. Ten-Year Divestiture Period For Certain Excess Business

Holdings of Private Foundations

(sec. 113 of the bill and secs. 4941, 4942, and 4943 of the Code)

Present Law

Private foundations are subject to tax on excess business holdings.54 In general, the Code 

prescribes certain percentage amounts of voting stock as permitted holdings by a private 

foundation, reduced by the amount of voting stock held by all disqualified persons (as defined in 

section 4946). A private foundation shall not be treated as having excess business holdings in 

any corporation if it owns (together with certain other related private foundations) not more than 

two percent of the voting stock and not more than two percent in value of all outstanding shares 

of all classes of stock in that corporation. Foundations generally have a five-year period to 

dispose of excess business holdings (acquired other than by purchase) without being subject to 

tax.55 This five-year period may be extended an additional five years in limited circumstances.56

In general, private foundations are required to distribute a minimum amount, calculated 

each taxable year, for charitable purposes, or face an excise tax on the amount not distributed for 

such purposes. The distributable amount is based primarily on the foundation’s minimum 

investment return, which is a percentage (five percent) of the foundation’s non-charitable use 

assets (less acquisition indebtedness with respect to such assets).57 A foundation must make the 

required distributions with respect to a taxable year by the first day of the second taxable year 

following such taxable year.58 In determining whether a distribution qualifies as being expended 

for charitable purposes, the foundation is permitted to take into account reasonable and necessary 

administrative expenses.59

In general, excise taxes are imposed on “self-dealing” between private foundations and 

disqualified persons.60 Special rules provide safe harbors for some transactions.61

 

54 Sec. 4943.

55 Sec. 4943(c)(6).

56 Sec. 4943(c)(7).

57 Sec. 4942(d) and (e).

58 Sec. 4942(a).

59 Sec. 4942(g)(1).

60 Sec. 4941.

61 Sec. 4941(d)(2)(B)-(H).
36

Explanation of Provision

The bill provides a private foundation a ten-year period to dispose of excess business 

holdings under certain circumstances. To qualify for the ten-year period, a private foundation 

must have excess business holdings (or an increase in excess business holdings) in a single 

business enterprise of at least $1 billion and such excess must be the result of a gift or bequest 

the fair market value of which is at least $1 billion. The gift or bequest may not give the 

foundation effective control of any business enterprise. (The $1 billion figure is indexed for 

inflation.) To take advantage of the ten-year rule to dispose of such excess holdings, a 

foundation must make an election within six months of the gift or bequest. The election must 

establish the value of the gift or bequest and certify that the gift does not provide the foundation 

effective control of any business enterprise.

With the election, a foundation must submit to the Secretary a reasonable plan for 

disposing of all of the excess business holdings related to the gift or bequest. A timely submitted 

plan is presumed to be acceptable to the Secretary unless the Secretary notifies the foundation to 

the contrary within six months of submission. The foundation then may submit an alternative 

plan, but the burden is on the foundation to establish the plan’s reasonableness. Although the 

reasonableness of a plan will depend on the facts and circumstances, in general, to be reasonable, 

a plan must require the regular and continuous disposition of the excess business holdings over 

the ten-year period in substantially similar amounts, beginning in the year of the gift or bequest. 

For example, it would not be reasonable for a foundation to hold the majority of the excess 

business holdings until the eighth, ninth, or tenth year after the gift or bequest and then begin to 

dispose of the holdings.

Special rules apply during any period that a foundation relies on the ten-year rule. The 

percentage used to determine a foundation’s minimum investment return is 12 percent instead of 

five percent. Thus, the foundation’s annual distributable amount, which is based primarily on 

the minimum investment return, increases. The bill also provides the foundation with an 

additional year to make the required distributions (until the beginning of the third taxable year 

following the taxable year). In determining whether a distribution qualifies as being made for 

charitable purposes, the foundation may not take into account reasonable and necessary 

administrative expenses. In addition, during the ten-year period, the special rules that provide 

safe harbors to self-dealing treatment for transactions between a foundation and disqualified 

persons do not apply (except that the special rules remain in effect if the disqualified person is a 

foundation manager). 

A private foundation must certify annually (for example, as part of the foundation’s 

annual information return filing) that the foundation is disposing of excess business holdings in 

accordance with the reasonable plan and meets the other applicable requirements.

Effective Date

The provision is effective for gifts and bequests made after the date of enactment.
37

II. PROVISIONS IMPROVING THE OVERSIGHT OF

TAX-EXEMPT ORGANIZATIONS

A. Disclosure of Written Determinations

(sec. 201 of the bill and sec. 6110 of the Code)

Present Law

In general

Three provisions of present law govern the disclosure of information relating to taxexempt organizations. First, section 6103 provides a general rule that tax returns and return 

information generally are not subject to disclosure unless authorized by the Code.62 Second, in 

order to allow the public to scrutinize the activities of tax-exempt organizations, section 6104 

grants an exception to the confidentiality rule of section 6103 for certain categories of taxexempt organization documents and information. Third, section 6110 provides that written 

determinations by the IRS and related background file documents generally are open to public 

inspection in redacted form. Section 6110 does not apply to any matter to which section 6104 

applies.63

Disclosure of applications for recognition of tax exemption and annual information returns 

Under present law, the IRS is required to make approved applications for recognition of 

tax-exempt status (and certain related documents)64 and annual information returns (Form 990 or 

Form 990-PF) available for public inspection, except that the IRS is not authorized to disclose 

the names and addresses of contributors (other than contributors to a private foundation). 

The Secretary may withhold disclosure of certain information described in an 

organization’s application for tax-exempt status if disclosure would: (1) divulge a trade secret, 

patent, process, style of work, or apparatus of the organization, and the Secretary determines that 

such disclosure would harm the organization; or (2) that the Secretary determines would harm 

the national defense.65 The organization must apply to the Commissioner for a determination 

that the disclosure would violate one of these criteria. The organization will be given 15 days to 

 

62 Sec. 6103(a). 

63 Sec. 6110(l)(1).

64 Section 6104(a)(1)(A) provides that “any papers submitted in support of” an 

application for tax-exempt status must be available for inspection. Treasury regulations limit the 

definition of supporting documents to papers submitted by the organization. Treas. Reg. sec. 

301.6104(a)-1(e). 

65 Sec. 6104(a)(1)(D).
38

contest an adverse determination before the information is made available for public 

inspection.66

Disclosure of written determinations

Section 6110 provides that the text of any written determination by the IRS and related 

background file document is open to public inspection.67 The term “written determination” 

means a ruling, determination letter, technical advice memorandum, or Chief Counsel advice. 

Closing agreements, which are final and conclusive written agreements entered into by the IRS 

and a taxpayer in order to settle the taxpayer’s tax liability with respect to a taxable year, do not 

constitute written determinations.68

Before releasing any written determination or background file document, the IRS must 

delete identifying details of the person about whom the written determination pertains and 

certain other private information.69

The application of section 6110 to guidance relating to tax-exempt organizations is 

limited to written determinations unrelated to an organization’s tax-exempt status. Section 

6110(l)(1) provides, “this section shall not apply to any matter to which section 6104 applies.” 

The regulations under section 6110 clarify which matters are within the ambit of section 6104 

and, therefore, are not subject to disclosure under section 6110:

[a]ny application filed with the Internal Revenue Service with respect to the 

qualification or exempt status of an organization . . .; any document issued by the 

Internal Revenue Service in which the qualification or exempt status of an 

organization is . . . granted, denied or revoked or the portion of any document in 

which technical advice with respect thereto is given to a district director; . . . the 

portion of any document issued by the Internal Revenue Service in which is 

discussed the effect on the qualification or exempt status of an organization . . . of 

proposed transactions by such organization . . . ; and any document issued by the 

Internal Revenue Service in which is discussed the qualification or status of a 

[private foundation or private operating foundation].70

 

66 Treas. Reg. sec. 301.6104(a)-5(a)(1).

67 Sec. 6110(a). A background file document includes the request for a written 

determination, any written material submitted by the taxpayer in support of the request, and any 

communications between the IRS and other persons in connection with the written determination 

received before issuance of the written determination. Sec. 6110(b)(2). 

68 Sec. 6103(b)(2)(D); sec. 6110(b)(1)(B). 

69 Sec. 6110(c). 

70 Treas. Reg. sec. 301.6110-1(a).
39

In addition, the regulations under section 6104 provide that some documents relating to 

tax exemption that are not open to public inspection under section 6104(a)(1)(A) are nevertheless 

“within the ambit” of section 6104 for purposes of the disclosure provisions of section 6110.71 

The regulation explains that the following documents are, therefore, not available for public 

inspection under either section 6104 or 6110:

(1) unfavorable rulings or determination letters issued in response to applications for 

tax exemption;

(2) rulings or determination letters revoking or modifying a favorable determination 

letter;

(3) technical advice memoranda relating to a disapproved application for tax 

exemption or the revocation or modification of a favorable determination letter;

(4) any letter or document filed with or issued by the IRS relating to whether a 

proposed or accomplished transaction is a prohibited transaction under section 

503;

(5) any letter or document filed with or issued by the IRS relating to an organization’s 

status as a private foundation or private operating foundation, unless the letter or 

document relates to the organization’s application for tax exemption; and

(6) any other letter or document filed with or issued by the IRS which, although it 

relates to an organization’s tax exempt status as an organization described in 

section 501(c), does not relate to that organization’s application for tax 

exemption.72

The effect of these limitations is that written determinations relating to exempt status 

issues are not released, even in redacted form. The IRS does, however, release under section 

6110 written determinations issued to tax-exempt organizations that include issues that clearly 

are not within the ambit of section 6104, such as the application of the unrelated business income 

tax to a particular proposed transaction.

Explanation of Provision

The provision provides that the provisions of section 6110 apply to written 

determinations and related background file documents relating to an organization described in 

section 501(c) or (d) (including any written determination denying an organization exempt status 

under such subsection), or to a political organization described in section 527, that are not 

required to be disclosed by section 6104(a)(1)(A). 

 

71 Treas. Reg. sec. 301.6104(a)-1(i).

72

 Id.
40

Effective Date

The provision is effective for written determinations issued after the date of enactment.
41

B. Disclosure of Internet Web Site and Name

Under Which Organization Does Business

(sec. 202 of the bill and sec. 6033 of the Code)

Present Law

Most types of tax-exempt organizations are required to file annually an information 

return.73 The Internal Revenue Code does not specifically require an exempt organization to 

furnish on the applicable information return any name under which the organization operates or 

does business, if such name differs from the legal name of the organization, or the organization’s 

Internet web site address, if any.74

Explanation of Provision

The provision requires a tax-exempt organization subject to reporting requirements under 

section 6033(a) to include on its annual return any name under which such organization operates 

or does business, and the Internet web site address (if any) of such organization.

Effective Date

The provision applies to returns filed after December 31, 2003.

 

73 Sec. 6033(a). See, e.g., Form 990 -- Return of Organization Exempt From Income 

Tax. An organization that is required to file Form 990, but that has gross receipts of less than 

$100,000 during its taxable year, and total assets of less than $250,000 at the end of its taxable 

year, may file Form 990-EZ instead of Form 990. Private foundations are required to file Form 

990-PF rather than Form 990. 

74 The IRS requires disclosure of an organization’s Internet web site address on Forms 

990 and 990-EZ.
42

C. Modification to Reporting of Capital Transactions

(sec. 203 of the bill and secs. 6033 and 6104 of the Code)

Present Law

Private foundations are required to file an annual information return (Form 990-PF).75 

Part IV of the Form 990-PF requires that private foundations report detailed information 

regarding the gain or loss from the sale or other disposition of property, including a description 

of the property sold, how it was acquired (purchase or donation), the date acquired, the date sold, 

the gross sales price, the amount of depreciation allowed or allowable, and the cost or other basis 

plus expenses of the sale. Such information generally is required for the IRS to calculate the tax 

on the private foundation’s net investment income. The Form 990-PF is required to be made 

available to the public. 

Explanation of Provision

The provision requires that any information regarding capital gains and losses from the 

sale or disposition of stock or securities that are listed on an established securities market that is 

required to be furnished by private foundations in order to calculate the tax on net investment 

income be furnished also in summary form. 

In addition, information regarding capital gains and losses from the sale or disposition of 

stock or securities that are listed on an established securities market that is required to be filed 

with the IRS but that is not in summary form is not required to be made available to the public by 

the IRS or by the private foundation except by the explicit request of a member of the public to 

the IRS or to the foundation. A member of the public may request disclosure of such 

information from the Secretary, who shall prescribe the manner of making such request and the 

manner of disclosure. A member of the public also may request disclosure of the private 

foundation, which must be made in person or in writing. If the request is made in person, the 

foundation shall provide a copy of the information immediately and, if the request is made in 

writing, the foundation shall provide the information within 30 days. 

The provision also provides that private foundations are required to state on the furnished 

summary that the more detailed description is available upon request.

Effective Date

The provision applies to returns filed after December 31, 2003.

 

75 Sec. 6033(a).
43

D. Disclosure that Form 990 is Publicly Available

(sec. 204 of the bill)

Present Law

Under present law, there is no requirement that the IRS notify the public that the Form 

990 is publicly available.

Explanation of Provision

The provision requires the IRS to notify the public in appropriate publications and other 

materials of the extent to which Form 990, Form 990-EZ, or Form 990-PF are publicly available.

Effective Date

The provision applies to publications or other materials issued or revised after the date of 

enactment.
44

E. Disclosure to State Officials of Proposed Actions

Related to Section 501(c) Organizations 

(sec. 205 of the bill and sec. 6104 of the Code)

Present Law

In the case of organizations that are described in section 501(c)(3) and exempt from tax 

under section 501(a) or that have applied for exemption as an organization so described, present 

law (sec. 6104(c)) requires the Secretary to notify the appropriate State officer of (1) a refusal to 

recognize such organization as an organization described in section 501(c)(3), (2) a revocation of 

a section 501(c)(3) organization’s tax-exempt status, and (3) the mailing of a notice of deficiency 

for any tax imposed under section 507, chapter 41, or chapter 42.76 In addition, at the request of 

such appropriate State officer, the Secretary is required to make available for inspection and 

copying, such returns, filed statements, records, reports, and other information relating to the 

above-described disclosures, as are relevant to any State law determination. An appropriate 

State officer is the State attorney general, State tax officer, or any State official charged with 

overseeing organizations of the type described in section 501(c)(3). 

In general, return and return information (as such terms are defined in sec. 6103(b)) is 

confidential and may not be disclosed or inspected unless expressly provided by law.77 Present 

law requires the Secretary to keep records of disclosures and requests for inspection78 and 

requires that persons authorized to receive return and return information maintain various 

safeguards to protect such information against unauthorized disclosure.79 Willful unauthorized 

disclosure or inspection of return or return information is subject to a fine and/or imprisonment.80 

The knowing or negligent unauthorized inspection or disclosure of returns or return information 

gives the taxpayer a right to bring a civil suit.81 Such present-law protections against 

unauthorized disclosure or inspection of return and return information do not apply to the 

disclosures or inspections, described above, that are authorized by section 6104(c).

 

76 The applicable taxes include the termination tax on private foundations; taxes on 

public charities for certain excess lobbying expenses; taxes on a private foundation’s net 

investment income, self-dealing activities, undistributed income, excess business holdings, 

investments that jeopardize charitable purposes, and taxable expenditures (some of these taxes 

also apply to certain non-exempt trusts); taxes on the political expenditures and excess benefit 

transactions of section 501(c)(3) organizations; and certain taxes on black lung benefit trusts and 

foreign organizations.

77 Sec. 6103(a).

78 Sec. 6103(p)(3).

79 Sec. 6103(p)(4).

80 Secs. 7213 and 7213A.

81 Sec. 7431.
45

Explanation of Provision

The provision provides that upon written request by an appropriate State officer, the 

Secretary may disclose: (1) a notice of proposed refusal to recognize an organization as a section 

501(c)(3) organization; (2) a notice of proposed revocation of tax-exemption of a section 

501(c)(3) organization; (3) the issuance of a proposed deficiency of tax imposed under section 

507, chapter 41, or chapter 42; (4) the names, addresses, and taxpayer identification numbers of 

organizations that have applied for recognition as section 501(c)(3) organizations; and (5) returns 

and return information of organizations with respect to which information has been disclosed 

under (1) through (4) above.82 Disclosure or inspection is permitted for the purpose of, and only 

to the extent necessary in, the administration of State laws regulating section 501(c)(3) 

organizations, such as laws regulating tax-exempt status, charitable trusts, charitable solicitation, 

and fraud. Disclosure or inspection may be made only to or by designated representatives of the 

appropriate State officer, which does not include any contractor or agent. The Secretary also is 

permitted to disclose or open to inspection the return and return information of an organization 

that is recognized as tax-exempt under section 501(c)(3), or that has applied for such recognition, 

to an appropriate State officer if the Secretary determines that disclosure or inspection may 

facilitate the resolution of Federal or State issues relating to the tax-exempt status of the 

organization. For this purpose, appropriate State officer means the State attorney general or any 

other State official charged with overseeing organizations of the type described in section 

501(c)(3). 

In addition, the provision provides that upon the written request by an appropriate State 

officer, the Secretary may make available for inspection or disclosure returns and return 

information of an organization described in section 501(c)(2) (certain title holding companies), 

501(c)(4) (certain social welfare organizations), 501(c)(6) (certain business leagues and similar 

organizations), 501(c)(7) (certain recreational clubs), 501(c)(8) (certain fraternal organizations), 

501(c)(10) (certain domestic fraternal organizations operating under the lodge system), and 

501(c)(13) (certain cemetery companies). Such return and return information is available for 

inspection or disclosure only for the purpose of, and to the extent necessary in, the administration 

of State laws regulating the solicitation or administration of the charitable funds or charitable 

assets of such organizations. Disclosure or inspection may be made only to or by designated 

representatives of the appropriate State officer, which does not include any contractor or agent. 

For this purpose, appropriate State officer means the State attorney general and the head of an 

agency designated by the State attorney general as having primary responsibility for overseeing 

the solicitation of funds for charitable purposes of such organizations.

In addition, the provision provides that any return and return information disclosed under 

section 6104(c) may be disclosed in civil administrative and civil judicial proceedings pertaining 

to the enforcement of State laws regulating the applicable tax-exempt organization in a manner 

prescribed by the Secretary. Returns and return information are not to be disclosed under section 

6104(c), or in such an administrative or judicial proceeding, to the extent that the Secretary 

determines that such disclosure would seriously impair Federal tax administration. The 

 

82 Such returns and return information also may be open to inspection by an appropriate 

State officer.
46

provision makes disclosures of returns and return information under section 6104(c) subject to 

the disclosure, recordkeeping, and safeguard provisions of section 6103, including the 

requirements that such information remain confidential (sec. 6103(a)(2)), that the Secretary 

maintain a permanent system of records of requests for disclosure (sec. 6103(p)(3)), and that the 

appropriate State officer maintain various safeguards that protect against unauthorized disclosure 

(sec. 6103(p)(4)). The provision provides that the willful unauthorized disclosure of returns or 

return information described in section 6104(c) is a felony subject to a fine of up to $5,000 

and/or imprisonment of up to five years (sec. 7213(a)(2)), the willful unauthorized inspection of 

returns or return information described in section 6104(c) is subject to a fine of up to $1,000 

and/or imprisonment of up to one year (sec. 7213A), and provides the taxpayer the right to bring 

a civil action for damages in the case of knowing or negligent unauthorized disclosure or 

inspection of such information (sec. 7431(a)(2)).

Effective Date

The provision is effective on the date of enactment but does not apply to requests made 

before such date.
47

F. Expansion of Penalties to Preparers of Form 990

(sec. 206 of the bill and sec. 6695 of the Code)

Present Law

Under present law, income tax return preparers are subject to a penalty of $250 with 

respect to any return if a portion of an understatement of tax liability is due to a position for 

which there was not a realistic possibility of success on the merits, the preparer knew or 

reasonably should have known of the position, and the position was not disclosed or was 

frivolous.83 In addition, present law imposes a penalty on income tax return preparers of $1,000 

with respect to a tax return if a portion of an understatement of tax liability is due to a willful 

attempt to understate liability or to reckless or intentional disregard of rules or regulations.84 

Explanation of Provision

The provision provides that a preparer (for compensation) of an information return of an 

exempt organization is subject to a penalty of $250 if the preparer omits or misrepresents any 

information with respect to such return that was known or should have been known by the 

preparer. The penalty does not apply to minor, inadvertent omissions. 

In addition, a preparer of such an information return is subject to a penalty of $1,000 if 

the preparer recklessly or intentionally misrepresents any information or recklessly or 

intentionally disregards any rule or regulation with respect to such return. With respect to any 

return, the $1,000 penalty is reduced by the amount of any penalty paid by such person with 

respect to the return for omissions and misrepresentations (the $250 penalty imposed by the 

provision) or a penalty imposed by section 6694.

Effective Date

The provision is effective for documents prepared after the date of enactment.

 

83 Sec. 6694(a).

84 Sec. 6694(b).
48

G. Notification Requirement for Exempt Entities not Currently Required

to File an Annual Information Return

(sec. 207 of the bill and sec. 6033 of the Code)

Present Law

Under present law, the requirement that an exempt organization file an annual 

information return does not apply to several categories of exempt organizations. Organizations 

excepted from the filing requirement include organizations (other than private foundations), the 

gross receipts of which in each taxable year normally are not more than $25,000.85 Also exempt 

from the requirement are churches, their integrated auxiliaries, and conventions or associations 

of churches; the exclusively religious activities of any religious order; section 501(c)(1) 

instrumentalities of the United States; section 501(c)(21) trusts; an interchurch organization of 

local units of a church; certain mission societies; certain church-affiliated elementary and high 

schools; certain state institutions whose income is excluded from gross income under section 

115; certain governmental units and affiliates of governmental units; and other organizations that 

the IRS has relieved from the filing requirement pursuant to its statutory discretionary authority.

Explanation of Provision

The provision provides that organizations that are excused from filing an information 

return by reason of normally having gross receipts below a certain specified amount (generally, 

under $25,000) shall furnish to the Secretary annually the legal name of the organization, any 

name under which the organization operates or does business, the organization’s mailing address 

and Internet web site address (if any), the organization’s taxpayer identification number, the 

name and address of a principal officer, and evidence of the organization’s continuing basis for 

its exemption from the generally applicable information return filing requirements. Upon such 

organization’s termination of existence, the organization is required to furnish notice of such 

termination. 

The provision provides that if an organization fails to provide the required notice for 

three consecutive years, the organization’s tax-exempt status is revoked. In addition, if an 

organization that is required to file an annual information return under section 6033(a) (Form 

990) fails to file such an information return for three consecutive years, the organization’s taxexempt status is revoked. If an organization fails to meet its filing obligation to the IRS for three 

consecutive years in cases where the organization is subject to the information return filing 

requirement in one or more years during a three-year period and also is subject to the notice 

requirement for one or more years during the same three-year period, the organization’s taxexempt status is revoked. 

 

85 Sec. 6033(a)(2); Treas. Reg. sec. 1.6033-2(a)(2)(i); Treas. Reg. sec. 1.6033-2(g)(1). 

Sec. 6033(a)(2)(A)(ii) provides a $5,000 annual gross receipts exception from the annual 

reporting requirements for certain exempt organizations. In Announcement 82-88, 1982-25 

I.R.B. 23, the IRS exercised its discretionary authority under section 6033 to increase the gross 

receipts exception to $25,000, and enlarge the category of exempt organizations that are not 

required to file Form 990.
49

A revocation under the provision is effective from the date that the Secretary determines 

was the last day the organization could have timely filed the third required information return or 

notice. To again be recognized as tax-exempt, the organization must apply to the Secretary for 

recognition of tax-exemption, irrespective of whether the organization was required to make an 

application for recognition of tax-exemption in order to gain tax-exemption originally. 

If upon application for tax-exempt status after a revocation under the provision, the 

organization shows to the satisfaction of the Secretary reasonable cause for failing to file the 

required annual notices or returns, the organization’s tax-exempt status may, in the discretion of 

the Secretary, be reinstated retroactive to the date of revocation. An organization may not 

challenge under the Code’s declaratory judgment procedures (section 7428) a revocation of taxexemption made pursuant to the provision. 

There is no monetary penalty for failure to file the notice. The provision does not require 

that the notices be made available to the public under the public disclosure and inspection rules 

generally applicable to exempt organizations. The provision does not affect an organization’s 

obligation under present law to file required information returns or existing penalties for failure 

to file such returns.

The Secretary is required to notify in a timely manner every organization that is subject 

to the notice filing requirement of the new filing obligation. Notification by the Secretary shall 

be by mail, in the case of any organization the identity and address of which is included in the 

list of exempt organizations maintained by the Secretary, and by Internet or other means of 

outreach, in the case of any other organization. In addition, the Secretary is required to publicize 

in a timely manner in appropriate forms and instructions and other means of outreach the new 

penalty imposed for consecutive failures to file the information return.

The Secretary is authorized to publish a list of organizations whose exempt status is 

revoked under the provision.

Effective Date

The provision is effective for notices with respect to annual periods beginning after 2003.
50

H. Suspension of Tax-Exempt Status of Terrorist Organizations

(sec. 208 of the bill and sec. 501 of the Code)

Present Law

Under present law, the Internal Revenue Service generally issues a letter revoking 

recognition of an organization’s tax-exempt status only after (1) conducting an examination of 

the organization, (2) issuing a letter to the organization proposing revocation, and (3) allowing 

the organization to exhaust the administrative appeal rights that follow the issuance of the 

proposed revocation letter. In the case of an organization described in section 501(c)(3), the 

revocation letter immediately is subject to judicial review under the declaratory judgment 

procedures of section 7428. To sustain a revocation of tax-exempt status under section 7428, the 

IRS must demonstrate that the organization is no longer entitled to exemption. There is no 

procedure under current law for the IRS to suspend the tax-exempt status of an organization.

To combat terrorism, the Federal government has designated a number of organizations 

as terrorist organizations or supporters of terrorism under the Immigration and Nationality Act, 

the International Emergency Economic Powers Act, and the United Nations Participation Act of 

1945. 

Explanation of Provision

The provision suspends the tax-exempt status of an organization that is exempt from tax 

under section 501(a) for any period during which the organization is designated or identified by 

U.S. Federal authorities as a terrorist organization or supporter of terrorism. The provision also 

makes such an organization ineligible to apply for tax exemption under section 501(a). The 

period of suspension runs from the date the organization is first designated or identified (or from 

the date of enactment of the provision, whichever is later) to the date when all designations or 

identifications with respect to the organization have been rescinded pursuant to the law or 

Executive order under which the designation or identification was made.

The provision describes a terrorist organization as an organization that has been 

designated or otherwise individually identified (1) as a terrorist organization or foreign terrorist 

organization under the authority of section 212(a)(3)(B)(vi)(II) or section 219 of the Immigration 

and Nationality Act; (2) in or pursuant to an Executive order that is related to terrorism and 

issued under the authority of the International Emergency Economic Powers Act or section 5 of 

the United Nations Participation Act for the purpose of imposing on such organization an 

economic or other sanction; or (3) in or pursuant to an Executive order that refers to the 

provision and is issued under the authority of any Federal law if the organization is designated or 

otherwise individually identified in or pursuant to such Executive order as supporting or 

engaging in terrorist activity (as defined in section 212(a)(3)(B) of the Immigration and 

Nationality Act) or supporting terrorism (as defined in section 140(d)(2) of the Foreign Relations 

Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1988 and 1989). During the period of suspension, no deduction 

for any contribution to a terrorist organization is allowed under the Code, including under 

sections 170, 545(b)(2), 556(b)(2), 642(c), 2055, 2106(a)(2), or 2522.
51

No organization or other person may challenge, under section 7428 or any other 

provision of law, in any administrative or judicial proceeding relating to the Federal tax liability 

of such organization or other person, the suspension of tax-exemption, the ineligibility to apply 

for tax-exemption, a designation or identification described above, the timing of the period of 

suspension, or a denial of deduction described above. The suspended organization may maintain 

other suits or administrative actions against the agency or agencies that designated or identified 

the organization, for the purpose of challenging such designation or identification (but not the 

suspension of tax-exempt status under this provision).

If the tax-exemption of an organization is suspended and each designation and 

identification that has been made with respect to the organization is determined to be erroneous 

pursuant to the law or Executive order making the designation or identification, and such 

erroneous designation results in an overpayment of income tax for any taxable year with respect 

to such organization, a credit or refund (with interest) with respect to such overpayment shall be 

made. If the operation of any law or rule of law (including res judicata) prevents the credit or 

refund at any time, the credit or refund may nevertheless be allowed or made if the claim for

such credit or refund is filed before the close of the one-year period beginning on the date that 

the last remaining designation or identification with respect to the organization is determined to 

be erroneous. 

The provision directs the IRS to update the listings of tax-exempt organizations to take 

account of organizations that have had their exemption suspended and to publish notice to 

taxpayers of the suspension of an organization’s tax-exemption and the fact that contributions to 

such organization are not deductible during the period of suspension.

Effective Date

The provision is effective for designations made before, on, or after the date of 

enactment.
52

III. OTHER CHARITABLE AND EXEMPT ORGANIZATION PROVISIONS

A. Modify Tax on Unrelated Business Taxable

Income of Charitable Remainder Trusts

(sec. 301 of the bill and sec. 664 of the Code)

Present Law

Charitable remainder annuity trusts and charitable remainder unitrusts are exempt from 

Federal income tax for a tax year unless the trust has any unrelated business taxable income for 

the year. Unrelated business taxable income includes certain debt financed income. A charitable 

remainder trust that loses exemption from income tax for a taxable year is taxed as a regular 

complex trust. As such, the trust is allowed a deduction in computing taxable income for 

amounts required to be distributed in a taxable year, not to exceed the amount of the trust’s 

distributable net income for the year. Taxes imposed on the trust are required to be allocated to 

corpus.86

Distributions from a charitable remainder annuity trust or charitable remainder unitrust 

are treated in the following order as: (1) ordinary income to the extent of the trust’s current and 

previously undistributed ordinary income for the trust’s year in which the distribution occurred, 

(2) capital gains to the extent of the trust’s current capital gain and previously undistributed 

capital gain for the trust’s year in which the distribution occurred, (3) other income (e.g., taxexempt income) to the extent of the trust’s current and previously undistributed other income for 

the trust’s year in which the distribution occurred, and (4) corpus.87

In general, distributions to the extent they are characterized as income are includible in 

the income of the beneficiary for the year that the annuity or unitrust amount is required to be 

distributed even though the annuity or unitrust amount is not distributed until after the close of 

the trust’s taxable year.88

A charitable remainder annuity trust is a trust that is required to pay, at least annually, a 

fixed dollar amount of at least five percent of the initial value of the trust to a noncharity for the 

life of an individual or for a period of 20 years or less, with the remainder passing to charity. A 

charitable remainder unitrust is a trust that generally is required to pay, at least annually, a fixed 

percentage of at least five percent of the fair market value of the trust’s assets determined at least 

annually to a noncharity for the life of an individual or for a period 20 years or less, with the 

remainder passing to charity.89

 

86 Treas. Reg. sec. 1.664-1(d)(2).

87 Sec. 664(b).

88 Treas. Reg. sec. 1.664-1(d)(4).

89 Sec. 664(d).
53

A trust does not qualify as a charitable remainder annuity trust if the annuity for a year is 

greater than 50 percent of the initial fair market value of the trust’s assets. A trust does not 

qualify as a charitable remainder unitrust if the percentage of assets that are required to be 

distributed at least annually is greater than 50 percent. A trust does not qualify as a charitable 

remainder annuity trust or a charitable remainder unitrust unless the value of the remainder 

interest in the trust is at least 10 percent of the value of the assets contributed to the trust. 

Explanation of Provision

The provision imposes a 100-percent excise tax on the unrelated business taxable income 

of a charitable remainder trust. This replaces the present-law rule that takes away the income tax 

exemption of a charitable remainder trust for any year in which the trust has any unrelated 

business taxable income. Consistent with present law, the tax is treated as paid from corpus. 

The unrelated business taxable income is considered income of the trust for purposes of 

determining the character of the distribution made to the beneficiary.

Effective Date

The provision is effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2002.
54

B. Modify Tax Treatment of Certain Payments to Controlling Exempt Organizations 

(sec. 302 of the bill and sec. 512 of the Code)

Present Law

In general, interest, rents, royalties, and annuities are excluded from the unrelated 

business income of tax-exempt organizations. However, section 512(b)(13) generally treats 

otherwise excluded rent, royalty, annuity, and interest income as unrelated business income if 

such income is received from a taxable or tax-exempt subsidiary that is 50 percent controlled by 

the parent tax-exempt organization. In the case of a stock subsidiary, “control” means ownership 

by vote or value of more than 50 percent of the stock. In the case of a partnership or other entity, 

control means ownership of more than 50 percent of the profits, capital or beneficial interests. 

In addition, present law applies the constructive ownership rules of section 318 for purposes of 

section 512(b)(13). Thus, a parent exempt organization is deemed to control any subsidiary in 

which it holds more than 50 percent of the voting power or value, directly (as in the case of a 

first-tier subsidiary) or indirectly (as in the case of a second-tier subsidiary).

Under present law, interest, rent, annuity, or royalty payments made by a controlled 

entity to a tax-exempt organization are includable in the latter organization’s unrelated business 

income and are subject to the unrelated business income tax to the extent the payment reduces 

the net unrelated income (or increases any net unrelated loss) of the controlled entity (determined 

as if the entity were tax exempt). 

The Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 (the “1997 Act”) made several modifications to the 

control requirement of section 512(b)(13). In order to provide transitional relief, the changes 

made by the 1997 Act do not apply to any payment received or accrued during the first two 

taxable years beginning on or after the date of enactment of the 1997 Act (August 5, 1997) if 

such payment is received or accrued pursuant to a binding written contract in effect on June 8, 

1997, and at all times thereafter before such payment (but not pursuant to any contract provision 

that permits optional accelerated payments).

Explanation of Provision

The provision provides that the general rule of section 512(b)(13), which includes 

interest, rent, annuity, or royalty payments made by a controlled entity to a tax-exempt 

organization in the latter organization’s unrelated business income to the extent the payment 

reduces the net unrelated income (or increases any net unrelated loss) of the controlled entity, 

applies only to the portion of payments received or accrued in a taxable year that exceed the 

amount of the specified payment that would have been paid or accrued if such payment had been 

determined under the principles of section 482. Thus, if a payment of rent by a controlled 

subsidiary to its tax-exempt parent organization exceeds fair market value, the excess amount of 

such payment over fair market value (as determined in accordance with section 482) is included 

in the parent organization’s unrelated business income, to the extent that such excess reduced the 

net unrelated income (or increased any net unrelated loss) of the controlled entity (determined as 

if the entity were tax exempt). In addition, the provision imposes a 20-percent penalty on the 

larger of such excess determined without regard to any amendment or supplement to a return of 

tax, or such excess determined with regard to all such amendments and supplements. 
55

The provision provides that if modifications to section 512(b)(13) made by the 1997 Act 

did not apply to a contract because of the transitional relief provided by the 1997 Act, then such 

modifications also do not apply to amounts received or accrued under such contract before 

January 1, 2001.

Effective Date

The provision applies to payments received or accrued after December 31, 2000.
56

C. Simplification of Lobbying Expenditure Limitation

(sec. 303 of the bill and secs. 501 and 4911 of the Code)

Present Law

In general

An organization does not qualify for tax-exempt status under section 501(c)(3) unless “no 

substantial part” of the activities of the organization is “carrying on propaganda, or otherwise 

attempting, to influence legislation,” except as provided by section 501(h).90 Carrying on 

propaganda and attempting to influence legislation commonly are referred to as “lobbying” 

activities. Thus, section 501(c)(3) permits a limited amount of lobbying activity without loss of 

tax-exempt status. 

For purposes of determining whether lobbying activities are a substantial part of an 

organization’s overall functions, an organization generally may choose between two standards, 

the “no substantial part” test of section 501(c)(3) or the “expenditure” test of section 501(h). 

Whether an organization meets the “no substantial part” test is based on all the facts and 

circumstances. There is no statutory or regulatory guidance, and it is not clear whether the 

determination is based on the organization’s activities, its expenditures, or both. Alternatively, 

under section 501(h), certain organizations described in section 501(c)(3) can elect to be subject 

to the expenditure test,91 which consists of bright-line rules that specify the dollar amount of 

permitted expenditures on lobbying activities. 

Consequences of excess lobbying under section 501(h)

Organizations that make a section 501(h) election (“electing charities”) are subject to tax 

if the electing charity makes either “lobbying expenditures” or “grass roots expenditures” in 

excess of a certain amount established for each type of expenditure for each taxable year. 

Lobbying expenditures are the sum of grass-roots expenditures and “direct lobbying” 

expenditures.92 

The expenditure limits are based on a “lobbying nontaxable amount” for the taxable year 

and a “grass roots nontaxable amount” for the taxable year. The lobbying nontaxable amount is 

the lesser of $1 million or an amount determined as a percentage of an organization’s exempt 

purpose expenditures.93 The grass-roots nontaxable amount is 25 percent of the organization’s 

 

90 Sec. 501(c)(3).

91 Organizations that do not make a section 501(h) election are subject to the “no 

substantial part” test. 

92 Secs. 501(h)(2)(A), 4911(c)(1), 4911(d).

93 Exempt purpose expenditures generally are expenses incurred for exempt purposes, 

such as amounts paid to accomplish exempt purposes, administrative expenses such as overhead, 

lobbying expenses, and certain fundraising expenses. Exempt purpose expenditures do not 
57

lobbying nontaxable amount. An electing charity that exceeds either of the spending limitations 

is subject to a 25 percent tax on the excess. An electing charity that exceeds both of the spending 

limitations is subject to a 25 percent tax on the greater of the excess of the lobbying expenditures 

or the grass-roots expenditures.

An electing charity that normally exceeds either of two “ceiling amounts,” which are 

based on the expenditure limits, will lose its tax exemption.94 The “lobbying ceiling amount” is 

150 percent of the electing charity’s lobbying nontaxable amount for the taxable year and the 

“grass roots ceiling amount” is 150 percent of the grass-roots nontaxable amount for the taxable 

year. For this purpose, “normal” expenditures are calculated based on a four-year averaging 

mechanism.95

Definitions

Grass-roots expenditures are defined as “any attempt to influence any legislation through 

an attempt to affect the opinions of the general public or any segment thereof.”96 For a 

communication to constitute grass-roots lobbying, it must refer to “specific legislation,” reflect a 

view on such legislation, and encourage the recipient of the communication to take action with 

respect to such legislation (a “call to action”).97 A communication includes a call to action if it 

incorporates one of four elements: (1) it urges the recipient to contact a legislator, employee of a 

government body, or any other government official or employee who may participate in the 

formulation of legislation with the principal purpose of influencing legislation; (2) it states the 

address, telephone number, or similar information of a legislator or an employee of a legislative 

body; (3) it provides a petition, tear-off postcard, or similar device for the recipient to 

communicate with government officials or employees who participate in the formulation of 

legislation with the principal purpose of influencing legislation; or (4) it states the position of one 

or more legislators on the legislation, except that a communication may name the main sponsors 

of legislation for purposes of identifying the legislation without constituting a call to action.98 In 

 

include, for example, expenses not for exempt purposes, payments of unrelated business income 

tax, or capital expenses in connection with an unrelated business. See Treas. Reg. sec. 56.4911-

4.

94 Sec. 501(h)(1).

95 Treas. Reg. sec. 1.501(h)-3.

96 Secs. 501(h)(2)(C) & 4911(d)(1)(A).

97 Treas. Reg. sec. 56.4911-2(b)(2)(i).

98 Treas. Reg. sec. 56.4911-2(b)(2)(iii). The regulations provide that the first three 

elements constitute “direct” encouragement, whereas the fourth element is “indirect” 

encouragement. This distinction becomes relevant in determining whether a communication 

meets one of the prescribed exceptions to lobbying, i.e., an indirect call to action in a grass-roots 

communication may qualify as “nonpartisan analysis, study or research” (Treas. Reg. sec. 

56.4911-2(b)(2)(iv)), and in determining the proper allocation of expenses between grass-roots 

and direct lobbying. Treas. Reg. sec. 56.4911-5(e).
58

addition, a communication is presumed to be grass-roots lobbying if the communication is a paid 

advertisement that: (1) appears in the mass media within two weeks before a vote by a legislative 

body or committee (but not a subcommittee) on a highly publicized piece of legislation; (2) 

reflects a view on the general subject of the legislation; and (3) either refers to the legislation or 

encourages the public to communicate with legislators on the general subject of such 

legislation.99 The presumption is rebuttable if the electing charity demonstrates that the timing 

of the communication was not related to the legislation or that the advertisement was of a type 

regularly made by the electing charity without regard to the timing of the legislation (a 

customary course of business exception).100

Direct lobbying expenditures are “any attempt to influence any legislation through 

communication with any member or employee of a legislative body, or with any government 

official or employee who may participate in the formulation of the legislation” if the principal 

purpose of the communication is to influence legislation.101 A communication would constitute 

direct lobbying only if the communication “refers to specific legislation” and reflects a view on 

such legislation.

Certain specified activities do not constitute attempts to influence legislation and 

therefore expenditures for such activities are not subject to the expenditure limits for lobbying 

expenditures or grass-roots expenditures. In general, such activities include: (1) making 

available the results of nonpartisan analysis, study, or research; (2) providing technical advice or 

assistance to a governmental body or to a committee in response to a written request; (3) 

appearances before, or communications to, any legislative body with respect to a possible 

decision of such body that might affect the existence of the organization, its powers and duties, 

tax-exempt status, or the deduction of contributions to the organization (so-called “self-defense” 

expenditures); (4) certain communications to members of the electing charity; and (5) 

communications with governmental officials or employees that are not intended to influence 

legislation.102

Special rules for mixed lobbying expenditures

Expenses that serve both direct and grass-roots lobbying purposes, e.g., communications 

that are sent to members and nonmembers, or “mixed lobbying” expenditures, are subject to 

special rules. The regulations specify how an electing charity is to allocate mixed lobbying 

expenditures between direct and grass-roots lobbying purposes.103 For example, for a mixed 

lobbying communication that is designed primarily for members (i.e., more than half the 

recipients are members) and that directly encourages grass-roots lobbying (even if it also 

 

99 Treas. Reg. sec. 56.4911-2(b)(5)(ii).

100

 Id.

101 Secs. 501(h)(2)(A) and 4911(d)(1)(B) and Treas. Reg. sec. 56.4911-2(b)(1).

102 Sec. 4911(d)(2).

103 Treas. Reg. sec. 56.4911-5(e).
59

encourages direct lobbying), the grass-roots expenditure amount includes all the costs of 

preparing the material used for purposes of grass-roots lobbying plus the mechanical and 

distributional costs associated with the communication. If a mixed lobbying communication 

encourages direct lobbying, but only indirectly encourages grass-roots lobbying, then the entire 

costs of the communication are allocated based on the proportion of members and nonmembers 

receiving the communication.

Disclosure of lobbying expenditures

An electing charity must disclose lobbying expenditures annually on Schedule A of Form 

990. In order to meet disclosure requirements, electing charities are required to keep detailed 

records of direct and grass-roots lobbying expenditures. Required records of grass-roots 

expenditures include: (1) all amounts directly paid or incurred for grass-roots lobbying; (2) 

payments to other organizations earmarked for grass-roots lobbying; (3) fees and expenses paid 

for grass-roots lobbying; (4) the printing, mailing, and other costs of reproducing and distributing 

materials used in grass-roots lobbying; (5) the portion of amounts paid or incurred as current or 

deferred compensation for an employee’s grass-roots lobbying services; (6) any amount paid for 

out-of-pocket expenditures incurred on behalf of the electing charity for grass-roots lobbying; (7) 

the allocable portion of administrative, overhead and other general expenditures attributable to 

grass-roots lobbying; and (8) expenditures for grass-roots lobbying of a controlled 

organization.104

Explanation of Provision

The provision eliminates the separate limitation for grass-roots lobbying expenditures 

applicable to electing charities. Electing charities remain subject to the overall limitation on 

lobbying expenditures, which does not change in amount, but electing charities are not required 

to limit grass roots expenditures as a percentage of overall lobbying. Thus, an electing charity is 

able to make tax-free any combination of grass-roots and direct lobbying expenditures up to the 

lobbying non-taxable amount and does not risk loss of tax-exemption as a result of such 

expenditures until total lobbying expenditures normally exceed the lobbying ceiling amount. For 

purposes of the section 501(h) election, electing charities are not required to distinguish between 

grass-roots lobbying and direct lobbying, whether for mixed lobbying expenditures or otherwise.

Effective Date

The provision is effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2002. 

 

104

 See Treas. Reg. sec. 56.4911-6.
60

D. Expedited Review Process for Certain Tax-Exemption Applications

(sec. 304 of the bill)

Present Law

Most organizations that seek tax-exempt status as a charitable organization are required 

to file an Application for Recognition of Exemption (Form 1023) with the IRS.105 Organizations 

that are not required to file Form 1023 include churches, their integrated auxiliaries, and 

conventions or associations of churches, and any organization (other than a private foundation) 

that normally has gross receipts of $5,000 or less in a taxable year. Organizations that file Form 

1023 within 15 months of the end of the month of the organization’s formation will, if the 

application is approved, be recognized as tax-exempt from the date of formation. The IRS will 

automatically grant an organization’s request for an additional 12-month extension of the 15-

month period. Otherwise, exemption normally will be recognized as of the date the application 

was received by the IRS. In appropriate circumstances, upon written request, the IRS will 

expedite consideration of applications for tax-exemption. For example, organizations formed to 

provide relief to victims of disasters or other emergencies often receive expedited consideration.

Explanation of Provision

The provision provides that the Secretary or his delegate shall adopt procedures to 

expedite consideration of applications for exempt status by organizations that are organized and 

operated for the primary purpose of providing social services. To be eligible, the organization 

must: (1) be seeking a contract or grant under a Federal, State, or local program that provides 

funding for social service programs; (2) establish that tax-exempt status is a condition of 

applying for such contract or grant; (3) include a completed copy of the contract or grant 

application with the application for exemption; and (4) meet such other criteria as the Secretary 

may provide. Organizations that meet the eligibility requirements described above (except for 

the requirement that tax-exempt status is a condition of the contract or grant application), and 

that certify that the organization’s average annual gross receipts over the four year period 

preceding the application was not more than $50,000 (or, in the case of an organization in 

existence less than four years, is not expected to be more than $50,000 during the organization’s 

first four years) are entitled to a waiver of any fee for application of tax-exempt status.

For this purpose, social services is defined as services directed at helping people in need, 

reducing poverty, improving outcomes of low-income children, revitalizing low-income 

communities, and empowering low-income families and low-income individuals to become selfsufficient, including: (1) child care services, protective services for children and adults, services 

for children and adults in foster care, adoption services, services related to the management and 

maintenance of the home, day care services for adults, and services to meet the special needs of 

children, older individuals, and individuals with disabilities (including physical, mental, or 

emotional disabilities); (2) transportation services; (3) job training and related services, and 

employment services; (4) information, referral, and counseling services; (5) the preparation and 

delivery of meals, and services related to soup kitchens or food banks; (6) health support 

 

105 Sec. 508(a).
61

services; (7) literacy and mentoring programs; (8) services for the prevention and treatment of 

juvenile delinquency and substance abuse, services for the prevention of crime and the provision 

of assistance to the victims and the families of criminal offenders, and services related to the 

intervention in, and prevention of, domestic violence; and (9) services related to the provision of 

assistance for housing under Federal law. Social services does not include a program having the 

purpose of delivering educational assistance under the Elementary and Secondary Education Act 

of 1965 or under the Higher Education Act of 1965.

Effective Date

The provision applies to applications for tax-exempt status filed after December 31, 2003.
62

E. Clarification of Definition of Church Tax Inquiry

(sec. 305 of the bill and sec. 7611 of the Code)

Present Law

Under present law, the IRS may begin a church tax inquiry only if an appropriate highlevel Treasury official reasonably believes, on the basis of the facts and circumstances recorded 

in writing, that an organization (1) may not qualify for tax exemption as a church, (2) may be 

carrying on an unrelated trade or business, or (3) otherwise may be engaged in taxable 

activities.106 A church tax inquiry is defined as any inquiry to a church (other than an 

examination) that serves as a basis for determining whether the organization qualified for tax 

exemption as a church or whether it is carrying on an unrelated trade or business or otherwise is 

engaged in taxable activities. An inquiry is considered to commence when the IRS requests 

information or materials from a church of a type contained in church records, other than routine 

requests for information or inquiries regarding matters that do not primarily concern the tax 

status or liability of the church itself.

Explanation of Provision

The provision clarifies that the church tax inquiry procedures do not apply to contacts 

made by the IRS for the purpose of educating churches with respect to the Federal income tax 

law governing tax-exempt organizations. For example, the IRS does not violate the church tax 

inquiry procedures when written materials are provided to a church or churches for the purpose 

of educating such church or churches with respect to the types of activities that are not 

permissible under section 501(c)(3).

Effective Date

The provision is effective on the date of enactment.

 

106 Sec. 7611. Prior to the year 2000 IRS restructuring, the lowest level official who 

could initiate a church tax inquiry was an IRS Regional Commissioner.
63

F. Extension of Declaratory Judgment Procedures to

Non-501(c)(3) Tax-Exempt Organizations

(sec. 306 of the bill and sec. 7428 of the Code)

Present Law

In order for an organization to be granted tax exemption as a charitable entity described 

in section 501(c)(3), it generally must file an application for recognition of exemption with the 

IRS and receive a favorable determination of its status. Similarly, for most organizations, a 

charitable organization’s eligibility to receive tax-deductible contributions is dependent upon its 

receipt of a favorable determination from the IRS. In general, a section 501(c)(3) organization 

can rely on a determination letter or ruling from the IRS regarding its tax-exempt status, unless 

there is a material change in its character, purposes, or methods of operation. In cases in which 

an organization violates one or more of the requirements for tax exemption under section 

501(c)(3), the IRS is authorized to revoke an organization’s tax exemption, notwithstanding an 

earlier favorable determination.

In situations in which the IRS denies an organization’s application for recognition of 

exemption under section 501(c)(3) or fails to act on such application, or in which the IRS 

informs a section 501(c)(3) organization that it is considering revoking or adversely modifying 

its tax-exempt status, present law authorizes the organization to seek a declaratory judgment 

regarding its tax status (sec. 7428). Section 7428 provides a remedy in the case of a dispute 

involving a determination by the IRS with respect to: (1) the initial qualification or continuing 

qualification of an organization as a charitable organization for tax exemption purposes or for 

charitable contribution deduction purposes; (2) the initial classification or continuing 

classification of an organization as a private foundation; (3) the initial classification or 

continuing classification of an organization as a private operating foundation; or (4) the failure of

the IRS to make a determination with respect to (1), (2), or (3). A “determination” in this 

context generally means a final decision by the IRS affecting the tax qualification of a charitable 

organization, although it also can include a proposed revocation of an organization’s tax-exempt 

status or public charity classification. Section 7428 vests jurisdiction over controversies 

involving such a determination in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, the U.S. 

Court of Federal Claims, and the U.S. Tax Court.

Prior to utilizing the declaratory judgment procedure, an organization must have 

exhausted all administrative remedies available to it within the IRS. An organization is deemed 

to have exhausted its administrative remedies at the expiration of 270 days after the date on 

which the request for a determination was made if the organization has taken, in a timely 

manner, all reasonable steps to secure such determination.

If an organization (other than a section 501(c)(3) organization) files an application for 

recognition of exemption and receives a favorable determination from the IRS, the determination 

of tax-exempt status is usually effective as of the date of formation of the organization if its 

purposes and activities during the period prior to the date of the determination letter were 

consistent with the requirements for exemption. However, if the organization files an application 

for recognition of exemption and later receives an adverse determination from the IRS, the IRS 

may assert that the organization is subject to tax on some or all of its income for open taxable 
64

years. In addition, as with charitable organizations, the IRS may revoke or modify an earlier 

favorable determination regarding an organization’s tax-exempt status.

Under present law, a non-charity (i.e., an organization not described in section 501(c)(3)) 

may not seek a declaratory judgment with respect to an IRS determination regarding its taxexempt status. The only remedies available to such an organization are to petition the U.S. Tax 

Court for relief following the issuance of a notice of deficiency or to pay any tax owed and sue 

for refund in federal district court or the U.S. Court of Federal Claims. 

Explanation of Provision

The provision extends declaratory judgment procedures similar to those currently 

available only to charities under section 7428 to other section 501(c) and 501(d) determinations. 

The provision limits jurisdiction over controversies involving such other determinations to the 

United States Tax Court.

107

Effective Date

The extension of the declaratory judgment procedures to organizations other than section 

501(c)(3) organizations is effective for pleadings filed with respect to determinations (or requests 

for determinations) made after December 31, 2002.

 

107 This limitation currently applies to declaratory judgments relating to tax qualification 

for certain employee retirement plans (sec. 7476).
65

G. Definition of Convention or Association of Churches

(sec. 307 of the bill and sec. 7701 of the Code)

Present Law

Under present law, an organization that qualifies as a “convention or association of 

churches” (within the meaning of sec. 170(b)(1)(A)(i)) is not required to file an annual return,108

is subject to the church tax inquiry and church tax examination provisions applicable to 

organizations claiming to be a church,109 and is subject to certain other provisions generally 

applicable to churches.110 The Internal Revenue Code does not define the term “convention or 

association of churches.”

Explanation of Provision

The provision provides that an organization that otherwise is a convention or association 

of churches does not fail to so qualify merely because the membership of the organization 

includes individuals as well as churches, or because individuals have voting rights in the 

organization.

Effective Date

The provision is effective on the date of enactment.

 

108 Sec. 6033(a)(2)(A)(i).

109 Sec. 7611(h)(1)(B).

110

 See, e.g., Sec. 402(g)(8)(B) (limitation on elective deferrals); sec. 403(b)(9)(B) 

(definition of retirement income account); sec. 410(d) (election to have participation, vesting, 

funding, and certain other provisions apply to church plans); sec. 414(e) (definition of church 

plan); sec. 415(c)(7) (certain contributions by church plans); sec. 501(h)(5) (disqualification of

certain organizations from making the sec. 501(h) election regarding lobbying expenditure 

limits); sec. 501(m)(3) (definition of commercial-type insurance); sec. 508(c)(1)(A) (exception 

from requirement to file application seeking recognition of exempt status); sec. 512(b)(12) 

(allowance of up to $1,000 deduction for purposes of determining unrelated business taxable 

income); sec. 514(b)(3)(E) (definition of debt-financed property); sec. 3121(w)(3)(A) (election 

regarding exemption from social security taxes); sec. 3309(b)(1) (application of federal 

unemployment tax provisions to services performed in the employ of certain organizations); sec. 

6043(b)(1) (requirement to file a return upon liquidation or dissolution of the organization); and 

sec. 7702(j)(3)(A) (treatment of certain death benefit plans as life insurance).
66

H. Payments by Charitable Organizations to Victims of War

on Terrorism and Families of Astronauts

(sec. 308 of the bill)

Present Law

In general, organizations described in section 501(c)(3) of the Code are exempt from 

taxation. Contributions to such organizations generally are tax deductible.111 Section 501(c)(3) 

organizations must be organized and operated exclusively for exempt purposes and no part of the 

net earnings of such organizations may inure to the benefit of any private shareholder or 

individual. An organization is not organized or operated exclusively for one or more exempt 

purposes unless the organization serves a public rather than a private interest. Thus, an 

organization described in section 501(c)(3) generally must serve a charitable class of persons that 

is indefinite or of sufficient size. 

Tax-exempt private foundations are a type of organization described in section 501(c)(3) 

and are subject to special rules. Private foundations are subject to excise taxes on acts of selfdealing between the private foundation and a disqualified person with respect to the 

foundation.112 For example, it is self-dealing if assets of a private foundation are used for the 

benefit of a disqualified person, such as a substantial contributor to the foundation or a person in 

control of the foundation, and the benefit is not incidental or tenuous. 

Explanation of Provision

The provision provides that organizations described in section 501(c)(3) that make 

certain payments are not required to make a specific assessment of need for the payments to be 

related to the purpose or function constituting the basis for the organization’s exemption, 

provided that the organization makes the payments in good faith and uses an objective formula 

that is consistently applied in making the payments. 

The provision applies to payments to a member of the Armed Forces of the United States 

(as defined in section 7701(a)(15)), or to a member of such person’s immediate family (including 

spouses, parents, children, and foster children), by reason of the death, injury, wounding, or 

illness of a member of the Armed Forces of the United States that was incurred as a result of the 

military response of the United States to the terrorist attacks against the United States on 

September 11, 2001. The provision also applies to payments to an individual of an astronaut’s 

immediate family by reason of the death of such astronaut occurring in the line of duty after 

December 31, 2002. 

As under present law, such payments must be for public and not private benefit and 

therefore must serve a charitable class. For example, a charitable organization that assists the 

families of members of the Armed Forces killed in the line of duty may make pro-rata 

distributions to the families of those killed, even though the specific financial needs of each 

 

111 Sec. 170.

112 Sec. 4941.
67

family are not directly considered. Similarly, if the amount of a distribution is based on the 

number of dependents of a charitable class of persons killed in the military response to the 

attacks and this standard is applied consistently among distributions, the specific needs of each 

recipient do not have to be taken into account. However, it is not appropriate for a charity to 

make pro-rata payments based on the recipients’ living expenses before the harm occurred if the 

result generally provides significantly greater assistance to persons in a better position to provide 

for themselves than to persons with fewer financial resources. Although such a distribution 

might be based on objective criteria, it is not a reasonable formula for distributing assistance in 

an equitable manner. Similarly, although specific assessments of need are not required, 

payments that do not further public purposes are not permitted. The provision does not change 

the substantive standards for exemption under section 501(c)(3), including the prohibition on 

private inurement. The provision also provides that if a private foundation makes payments 

under the conditions described above, the payment is not treated as made to a disqualified person 

for purposes of section 4941.

Effective Date

For payments related to members of the Armed Forces, the provision applies to payments 

made after the date of enactment and before September 11, 2004. For payments related to 

astronauts, the provision applies to payments made after December 31, 2002.
68

I. Increase Percentage Limits for Certain Employer-Related Scholarship Programs

(sec. 309 of the bill)

Present Law

Gross income does not include any amount received as a qualified scholarship by an 

individual who is a candidate for a degree at an educational organization (sec. 117(a)). For this 

purpose, a scholarship generally means an amount paid or allowed to, or for the benefit of, a 

student to aid that student in pursuing studies.113 However, an amount paid or allowed to, or on 

behalf of, an individual to enable the individual to pursue studies is not treated as a scholarship if 

the amount represents compensation for past, present, or future services. 114 The determination 

of whether an amount is properly treated as a scholarship or compensation for services is made in 

light of all the relevant facts and circumstances.

Present law imposes excise taxes on the taxable expenditures of a private foundation.115 

A taxable expenditure includes, among other things, any amount paid or incurred by a private 

foundation as a grant to an individual for travel, study, or other similar purposes by such 

individual, unless such grant is awarded on an objective and nondiscriminatory basis pursuant to 

a procedure approved in advance by the Secretary.116 In the case of individual grants to be made 

as scholarships or fellowships, the private foundation must demonstrate to the satisfaction of the 

Secretary that the grant: (1) constitutes a scholarship or fellowship which would be subject to the 

provisions of section 117(a),117 and (2) is to be used for study at an educational organization 

which normally maintains a regular faculty and curriculum and normally has a regularly enrolled 

body of pupils or students in attendance at the place where its educational activities are regularly 

carried on.118 

Private foundations may in the course of their activities make scholarship or fellowship 

grants to individuals to be used for educational purposes. However, a private foundation’s grant 

program may not provide compensation, an employment incentive, or an employee fringe benefit 

to persons employed by the foundation or by another employer (including, for example, 

employees of a “related” employer organization). Revenue Procedure 76-47 provides advance 

approval guidelines to determine whether grants made by private foundations under employerrelated grant programs to an employee or to a child of an employee of the employer to which the 

program relates is considered a scholarship or fellowship grant subject to the provisions of 

 

113 Treas. Reg. sec. 1.117-3(a).

114 Treas. Reg. sec. 1.117-4(c).

115 Secs. 4945(a) and (b). 

116 Secs. 4945(d)(3) and (g). 

117 For the purpose of section 4945(g), the term “scholarship or fellowship” refers to the 

provisions of section 117(a) as in effect before the Tax Reform Act of 1986. Sec. 4945(g)(1).

118 Secs. 4945(g)(1) and 170(b)(1)(A)(ii).
69

section 117(a).119 To the extent that such grants are considered scholarships or fellowships under 

these guidelines, the Secretary will assume the grants are not taxable expenditures subject to 

section 4945 taxes. Educational grants that are not scholarships or fellowships under these 

guidelines might, depending upon the circumstances, be taxable under Chapter 42 of the Code.120 

Under Revenue Procedure 76-47, a grant made under an employer-related grant program 

that satisfies seven conditions and a percentage test is considered a scholarship or fellowship.121 

Grants awarded to children of employees and to employees are considered as having been 

awarded under separate programs for purposes of the revenue procedure, regardless of whether 

they are awarded under separately administered programs. All such grants must satisfy each of 

the seven conditions to obtain advance approval of the grant program. The percentage test 

applicable to grants to children of employees requires that the number of grants awarded not 

exceed either 25 percent of the eligible applicants considered by the selection committee in 

selecting grant recipients or 10 percent of those eligible for grants (regardless of whether they 

submitted grant applications). The percentage test applicable to grants to employees requires 

that the number of grants awarded not exceed 10 percent of eligible applicants considered by the 

selection committee in selecting grant recipients. If the seven conditions are met, but the 

relevant percentage test is not satisfied, then the question of whether the grants constitute 

scholarships or fellowships is based upon all of the facts and circumstances. 

Similar requirements and percentage limits apply to determine whether educational loans 

made by a private foundation under an employer-related loan program are taxable 

expenditures.122 If an employer-related program encompasses educational loans and scholarship 

 

119 Rev. Proc. 76-47, 1976-2 C.B. 670. The revenue procedure defines an employerrelated program as a program that treats some or all of the employees, or children of some or all 

of the employees, of an employer as a group from which grantees of some or all of the grants 

will be selected, limits the potential grantees for some or all of the grants to individuals who are 

employees or children of employees of an employer, or otherwise gives such individuals a 

preference or priority over others in being selected as grantees. 

120 Treas. Reg. sec. 53.4941(d)-2(f)(2).

121 The seven conditions include: (1) the program must not be used to recruit employees, 

to induce employees to continue their employment, or to compel a course of action sought by the 

employer; (2) the selection of grant recipients must be made by a committee consisting of 

independent individuals; (3) the program must impose identifiable minimum requirements for 

grant eligibility; (4) the selection of grant recipients must be based solely upon substantial 

objective standards that are completely unrelated to employment and to the employer’s line of 

business; (5) a grant may not be terminated because the recipient or the recipient’s parent 

terminates employment with the employer; (6) the courses of study for which grants are available 

must not be limited to those would be of particular benefit to the employer or the foundation; and 

(7) the terms of the grant and the courses of study for which grants are available must meet all 

other requirements of section 117 and must be consistent with the disinterested purpose of 

education for personal benefit rather than for the benefit of the employer or the foundation. 

122 Rev. Proc. 80-39, 1980-2 C.B. 772. 
70

or fellowship grants to the same group of eligible employees or employees’ children, the 

percentage tests applicable to the loan program apply to the total number of individuals receiving 

combined grants of scholarships, fellowships, and educational loans.123

Explanation of Provision

The percentage limits set forth in Revenue Procedure 76-47 for grants to children of 

employees are increased to 35 percent of eligible applicants considered by the selection 

committee or 20 percent of those eligible for the grants. However, the higher percentage limits 

are available only if the private foundation meets the other requirements of the Revenue 

Procedure and demonstrates that the foundation provides a comparable number and aggregate 

amount of grants during the same grant-program year to individuals who are not such employees, 

children or dependents of such employees, or affiliated with the employer of such employees. 

The provision does not amend the percentage limits for grants to employees, or the percentage 

limits of Revenue Procedure 80-39 relating to loan programs or programs which encompass both 

loans and grants.

Effective Date

Revenue Procedure 76-47 is to be amended effective for grants awarded after the date of 

enactment.

 

123

 Id.
71

J. Treatment of Certain Hospital Support Organizations 

in Determining Acquisition Indebtedness

(sec. 310 of the bill and sec. 514 of the Code)

Present Law

In general, income of a tax-exempt organization that is produced by debt-financed 

property is treated as unrelated business income in proportion to the acquisition indebtedness on 

the income-producing property. Acquisition indebtedness generally means the amount of unpaid 

indebtedness incurred by an organization to acquire or improve the property and indebtedness 

that would not have been incurred but for the acquisition or improvement of the property. 

However, under an exception, acquisition indebtedness does not include indebtedness incurred 

by certain qualified organizations to acquire or improve real property. Qualified organizations 

include pension trusts, educational institutions, and title-holding companies.

Explanation of Provision

The provision expands the exception to the definition of acquisition indebtedness in the 

case of a qualified hospital support organization. The exception applies to eligible indebtedness 

(or the qualified refinancing thereof) of the qualified hospital support organization.

A qualified hospital support organization is a supporting organization (under section 

509(a)(3)) of a hospital that is an academic health center (under section 119(d)(4)(B)). The 

assets of the supporting organization have to meet certain requirements. First, more than half of 

the value of the organization’s assets at any time since its organization (1) have to have been 

acquired, directly or indirectly, by testamentary gift or devise, and (2) have to consist of real 

property. In addition, the fair market value of the organization’s real estate acquired by gift or 

devise has to exceed 25 percent of the fair market value of all investment assets held by the 

organization immediately prior to the time that the eligible indebtedness was incurred. These 

requirements have to be met each time eligible indebtedness was incurred or a qualified 

refinancing thereof occurs.

Eligible indebtedness means indebtedness secured by real property acquired directly or 

indirectly by gift or devise, the proceeds of which are used exclusively to acquire a leasehold 

interest in or to improve or repair the property. A qualified refinancing of eligible indebtedness 

occurs if the refinancing does not exceed the amount of refinanced eligible indebtedness 

immediately before the refinancing.

Effective Date

The provision applies to indebtedness incurred after December 31, 2003.
72

K. Charitable Contribution Deduction for Certain Expenses

 in Support of Native Alaskan Subsistence Whaling

(sec. 311 of the bill and sec. 170 of the Code)

Present Law

In computing taxable income, individuals who do not elect the standard deduction may 

claim itemized deductions, including a deduction (subject to certain limitations) for charitable 

contributions or gifts made during the taxable year to a qualified charitable organization or 

governmental entity.124 Individuals who elect the standard deduction may not claim a deduction 

for charitable contributions made during the taxable year.

No charitable contribution deduction is allowed for a contribution of services. However, 

unreimbursed expenditures made incident to the rendition of services to an organization, 

contributions to which are deductible, may constitute a deductible contribution.125 Specifically, 

section 170(j) provides that no charitable contribution deduction is allowed for traveling 

expenses (including amounts expended for meals and lodging) while away from home, whether 

paid directly or by reimbursement, unless there is no significant element of personal pleasure, 

recreation, or vacation in such travel.

Explanation of Provision

The provision allows individuals to claim a deduction under section 170 not exceeding 

$10,000 per taxable year for certain expenses incurred in carrying out sanctioned whaling 

activities. The deduction would be available only to an individual who is recognized by the 

Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission as a whaling captain charged with the responsibility of 

maintaining and carrying out sanctioned whaling activities. The deduction would be available 

for reasonable and necessary expenses paid by the taxpayer during the taxable year for: (1) the 

acquisition and maintenance of whaling boats, weapons, and gear used in sanctioned whaling 

activities, (2) the supplying of food for the crew and other provisions for carrying out such 

activities, and (3) storage and distribution of the catch from such activities. It is intended that the 

Secretary shall require that the taxpayer substantiate deductible expenses by maintaining 

appropriate written records that show, for example, the time, place, date, amount, and nature of 

the expense, as well as the taxpayer’s eligibility for the deduction. In addition, it would be 

appropriate for the taxpayer to provide such substantiation as part of the taxpayer’s income tax 

return, to the extent provided by the Secretary.

For purposes of the provision, the term “sanctioned whaling activities” means subsistence 

bowhead whale hunting activities conducted pursuant to the management plan of the Alaska 

Eskimo Whaling Commission. 

 

124 Sec. 170. Section references are to the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 unless 

otherwise indicated.

125 Treas. Reg. sec. 1.170A-1(g).
73

Effective Date

The provision is effective for contributions made after December 31, 2003.
74

L. Matching Grants to Low-Income Taxpayer Clinics for Return Preparation 

(sec. 312 of the bill and new sec. 7526A of the Code)

Present Law

The Code provides that the Secretary is authorized to provide up to $6 million per year in 

matching grants to certain low-income taxpayer clinics. Eligible clinics126 are those that charge 

no more than a nominal fee to either represent low-income taxpayers in controversies with the 

IRS or provide tax information to individuals for whom English is a second language. No clinic 

can receive more than $100,000 per year.

Explanation of Provision

The bill authorizes up to $10 million annually in matching grants for low-income 

taxpayer assistance clinics. These clinics may provide routine tax return preparation and filing 

services to low income taxpayers.

Effective Date

The provision is effective for grants made after the date of enactment.

 

126 Eligible clinics must be either: (1) part of an accredited law, business, or accounting 

school; or (2) a tax-exempt organization.
75

M. Qualified 501(c)(3) Bonds for Nursing Homes Exempt from 

Federal Guarantee Prohibition

(sec. 313 of the bill and sec. 149 of the Code)

Present Law

Qualified 501(c)(3) bonds

Interest on State or local government bonds is tax-exempt when the proceeds of the bonds 

are used to finance activities carried out by or paid for by those governmental units. Interest on 

bonds issued by State or local governments acting as conduit borrowers for private businesses is 

taxable unless a specific exception is included in the Code. One such exception allows taxexempt bonds to be issued to finance activities of non-profit organizations described in section 

501(c)(3) (“qualified 501(c)(3) bonds”). A 501(c)(3) organization could provide, among other 

things, low-income housing facilities, assisted living facilities, nursing homes, hospitals, and 

homes for the aged.

For a bond to be a qualified 501(c)(3) bond, the bond must meet certain requirements. 

The property that is to be provided by the net proceeds of the issue must be owned by a 501(c)(3) 

organization, or by a government unit. In addition, a bond failing both a modified private 

business use test and a modified private security or payment test would not be a qualified 

501(c)(3) bond. Under the modified private business use test at least 95 percent of the net 

proceeds of the bond must be used by a 501(c)(3) organization in furtherance of its exempt 

purpose. Under a modified private security or payment test, the debt service on not more than 5 

percent of the net proceeds of the bond issue can be (1) secured by an interest in property, or 

payments in respect of property, used by a 501(c)(3) organization in furtherance of an unrelated 

trade or business or by a private user, or (2) derived from payments in respect of property, or 

borrowed money, used by a 501(c)(3) organization in furtherance of an unrelated trade or 

business or by a private user. 

Federal guarantee prohibition

Subject to exceptions for certain Federal programs in existence before 1984, interest on 

any obligation is not tax-exempt if the obligation is Federally guaranteed. An obligation is 

treated as Federally guaranteed if (1) the payment of the principal or interest on the obligation is 

guaranteed (directly or indirectly), in whole or in part, by the United States or any agency or 

instrumentality thereof; or (2) five percent or more of the proceeds of the issue of which the 

obligation is a part is to be (i) used in making loans the payment of principal or interest on which 

are guaranteed in whole or in part by the United States or any agency or instrumentality thereof 

or, (ii) invested, directly or indirectly, in Federally insured deposits or accounts in a financial 

institution.

The Code provides exceptions to the Federal guarantee prohibition for certain insurance 

programs. Specifically, a bond is not treated as Federally guaranteed by reason of any guarantee 

by the Federal Housing Administration, the Veterans’ Administration, the Federal National 

Mortgage Association, the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, or the Government 

National Mortgage Association, any guarantee of student loans and any guarantee by the Student 
76

Loan Marketing Association to finance student loans, or any guarantee by the Bonneville Power 

Authority pursuant to the Northwest Power Act (16 U.S.C. 839d) as in effect on the date of the 

enactment of the Tax Reform Act of 1984. 

The Code also excludes certain housing-related bond issues, proceeds invested for an 

initial temporary period until needed for the purpose for which such issue was issued, bona fide 

debt service fund investments, investments in a reasonably required reserve fund, investments in 

United States Treasury obligations, and other investments permitted by regulation.

Explanation of Provision

Under the provision, the Federal guarantee prohibition will not apply to qualified 

501(c)(3) bonds issued for the benefit of an organization described in subsection 501(c)(3), if 

such bonds are part of an issue, the proceeds of which are used to finance one or more of the 

following facilities primarily for the benefit of the elderly: (1) licensed nursing home facilities, 

(2) licensed or certified assisted living facilities, (3) licensed personal care facilities, or (4) 

continuing care retirement communities. The provision is limited to $15 million or less of 

aggregate bond issuance per issuer per calendar year. The bonds must be issued within one year 

after the date of enactment of the provision.

“Continuing care retirement community” means a community that provides, on the same 

campus, a continuum of residential living options and support services to persons sixty (60) 

years of age or older under a written agreement. The residential living options shall include 

independent living units, nursing home beds, and either assisted living units or personal care 

beds.

Effective Date

The provision is effective for bonds issued after the date of enactment.
77

N. Excise Taxes Exemption for Blood Collector Organizations

(sec. 314 of the bill and secs. 4041(g), 4221(a), 4253, 6416, and 7701 of the Code)

Present Law

American National Red Cross

The American National Red Cross (“Red Cross’) is a Congressionally chartered 

corporation. It is responsible for giving aid to members of the U.S. Armed Forces, to disaster 

victims in the United States and abroad to help people prevent, prepare for, and respond to 

emergencies.127 The Red Cross is responsible for half of the nation’s blood supply and blood 

products.128

Exemption from certain retail and manufacturers excise taxes

The Code permits the Secretary to exempt from excise tax certain articles and services to 

be purchased for the exclusive use of the United States. This authority is conditioned upon the 

Secretary determining (1) that the imposition of such taxes will cause substantial burden or 

expense which can be avoided by granting tax exemption and (2) that full benefit of such 

exemption, if granted, will accrue to the United States.

On April 18, 1979, the Secretary exercised this authority to exempt, with limited 

exceptions, the Red Cross from the taxes imposed by chapters 31 and 32 of the Code with 

respect to articles sold to the Red Cross for its exclusive use.129 The taxes covered by chapters 

31 and 32 of the Code for which the Red Cross is exempt include: the retail excise taxes on 

special fuels, and heavy trucks and trailers, and the manufacturers excise taxes on tires, 

petroleum products130, vaccines, and recreational equipment (sport fishing equipment, bows, 

arrows, and firearms).131 An exemption is also authorized from the taxes imposed with respect 

to tires and inner tubes if such tire or inner tube is sold by any person on or in connection with 

the sale of any article to the American National Red Cross, for its exclusive use.132 No 

 

127

 See 36 U.S.C. sec. 300102.

128 American Red Cross, Frequently Asked Questions 

http://www.redcross.org/sys/search/faqnew.asp (April 11, 2003).

129 Department of the Treasury, Notice-Manufacturers and Retailers Excise Taxes -

Exemption from Tax of Sales of Certain Articles to the American Red Cross, 44 F.R. 23407, 

1979-1 C.B. 478 (1979).

130 The Red Cross is treated as a State for purposes of the taxes on taxable fuel (i.e. 

gasoline, diesel fuel, and kerosene). Treas. Reg. sec. 48.4081-1(b).

131 The Red Cross is also exempt from the tax on luxury passenger vehicles, however, 

this tax expired on December 31, 2002 (sec. 4001(g).).

132 Under present law, there is no longer a tax on inner tubes.
78

exemption is provided from the gas guzzler tax (sec. 4064), and the taxes imposed on aviation 

fuel, on fuel used on inland waterways (sec. 4042), and on coal (sec. 4121).133

Exemption from highway motor vehicle use tax

An annual use tax is imposed on highway motor vehicles, at the rates below (sec. 4481).

Under 55,000 pounds No tax

55,000-75,000 pounds $100 plus $22 per 1,000 pounds over 

55,000

Over 75,000 pounds $550

The Code provides that the Secretary may authorize exemption from the heavy vehicle use tax 

as to the use by the United States of any particular highway motor vehicle or class of highway 

motor vehicles if the Secretary determines that the imposition of such tax with respect to such 

use will cause substantial burden or expense which can be avoided by granting tax exemption 

and that the full benefit of such exemption, if granted will accrue to the United States (sec. 

4483(b)). The IRS has ruled that the Red Cross comes within the term “United States” for 

purposes of the exemption from the highway motor vehicle use tax (Rev. Rul. 76-510).

Exemption from communications excise tax

The Code imposes a three-percent tax on amounts paid for local telephone service; toll 

telephone service and teletypewriter exchange service (sec. 4251). These taxes do not apply to 

amounts paid for services furnished to the Red Cross (sec. 4253(c)).

Certain other tax-free sales

Exemption from certain manufacturer and retail sale excise taxes

The following sales generally are exempt from certain manufacturer and retail sale excise 

taxes: (1) for use by the purchaser for further manufacture, or for resale to a second purchaser in 

further manufacture; (2) for export or for resale to a second purchaser for export; (3) for use by 

the purchaser as supplies for vessels or aircraft; (4) to a State or local government for the 

exclusive use of a State or local government; and (5) to a nonprofit educational organization for 

its exclusive use (sec. 4221). The exemption generally applies to manufacturers taxes imposed 

by chapter 32 of the Code (the gas guzzlers tax, and the taxes imposed on tires, certain vaccines, 

and recreational equipment) and the tax on retail sales of heavy trucks and trailers.134 

 

133

 Id. The Treasury notice also exempts the Red Cross from tax on aircraft tires and 

tubes, however, present law currently limits the tax to highway vehicle tires (sec. 4071(a)).

134 The tax on the sales of luxury passenger vehicles (subchapter A of chapter 31) are 

also exempt pursuant to this provision, however, as noted above, this tax expired on December 

31, 2002. (sec. 4001(g).)
79

The manufacturers excise taxes on coal (sec. 4121), on gasoline, diesel fuel, and kerosene 

(sec. 4081) and on aviation fuel (sec. 4091) are not covered by the exemption. The exemption 

for a sale to a State or local government for their exclusive use and the exemption for sales to a 

nonprofit educational organization does not apply to the gas guzzlers tax, and the tax on 

vaccines. In addition, the exemption of sales for use as supplies for vessels and aircraft does not 

apply to the vaccine tax.

Exempt sales of special fuels

A retail excise tax is imposed on special fuels such as propane, compressed natural gas, 

and certain alcohol mixtures (sec. 4041). Among other exemptions, the sale or use of these fuels 

is exempt from the imposition of the retail excise tax if (1) sold for use or used as supplies for 

vessels or aircraft, (2) sold for the exclusive use of any State, any political subdivision of a State, 

or the District of Columbia or is used by such entity as fuel, (3) sold for export, or for shipment 

to a possession of the United States and is actually exported or shipped, (4) sold to a nonprofit 

educational organization for its exclusive use, or used by such entity as fuel (sec. 4041(g)). 

Credits and refunds

In general

A credit or refund is allowed for overpayment of manufacturers or retail excise taxes 

(sec. 6416). In addition, a credit or refund may be obtained when the item was taxed and (1) sold 

for a tax-exempt purpose, (2) its price was readjusted, or (3) it is used in the manufacture or 

production of a specified item. 

Specified uses and resales

The special fuel taxes, the retail tax on heavy trucks and trailers, and any of the 

manufacturers excise taxes paid on any article will be a deemed overpayment subject to credit or 

refund if sold for certain specified uses (sec. 6416(b)(2)). These uses are (1) export, (2) used or 

sold for use as supplies for vessels or aircraft, (3) sold to a State or local government for the 

exclusive use of a State or local government, (4) sold to a nonprofit educational organization for 

its exclusive use; (5) taxable tires sold to any person for use in connection with a qualified bus, 

or (6) the case of gasoline used or sold for use in the production of a special fuel. Certain 

exceptions apply in that this deemed overpayment rule does not apply to diesel fuel (sec. 

4041(a)(1)), kerosene (sec. 4081), aviation fuel (sec. 4091), and coal taxes (sec. 4121). 

Additionally, the deemed overpayment rule does not apply to the gas guzzler tax in the case of an 

article sold to a state or local government for its exclusive use or sold to an educational 

organization for its exclusive use. 

Special rule for tires sold in connection with other articles

If the tax imposed on tires (sec. 4071) has been paid with respect to the sale of any tire by 

the manufacturer, producer, or importer, and such tire is sold by any person in connection with 

the sale of any other article, such tax will be deemed an overpayment by person if such other 

article (1) is an automobile bus chassis or an automobile bus body, or (2) is by any person 

exported, sold to a State or local government for exclusive use of a State or local government, 
80

sold to a nonprofit educational organization for its exclusive use, or used or sold for use as 

supplies for vessels or aircraft (sec. 6416(b)(4)). 

Gasoline used for exempt purposes

If gasoline is sold to any person for certain specified purposes, the Secretary is required 

to pay (without interest) to such person an amount equal to the product of the number of gallons 

of gasoline so sold multiplied by the rate at which tax was imposed on such gasoline under 

section 4081 (sec. 6421(c)). Under this provision, the specified purposes are (1) for export or for 

resale to a second purchaser for export; (2) for use by the purchaser as supplies for vessels or 

aircraft; (3) to a State or local government for exclusive use of a State or local government; and 

(4) to a nonprofit educational organization for its exclusive use (sec. 4221(a), 6421(c)).

Diesel fuel, kerosene and aviation fuel used in a nontaxable use

If diesel fuel, kerosene, or aviation fuel, upon which tax has been imposed is used by any 

person in a nontaxable use, the Code authorizes the Secretary to pay (without interest) to the 

ultimate purchaser of such fuel an amount equal to the aggregate amount of tax imposed on such 

fuel (sec. 6427(l)). Nontaxable uses include any exemption under the rules governing special 

fuels (except prior taxation). 

Explanation of Provision

The provision exempts qualified blood collector organizations for certain retail and 

manufacturers excise taxes to the extent such items are for the exclusive use of such an 

organization. A qualified blood collector organization means an organization that is (1) 

described in section 501(c)(3) and exempt from tax under section 501(a), (2) registered by the 

Food and Drug Administration to collect blood, and (3) primarily engaged in the activity of the 

collection of blood. 

Under the provision, qualified blood collector organizations are exempt from the 

communications excise tax as provided by Treasury regulations. The provision also provides an 

exemption from the special fuels tax, and certain taxes imposed by chapter 32 and subchapter A 

and C of chapter 31 of the Code (i.e., the retail excise tax on heavy trucks and trailers, and the 

manufacturers excise taxes on tires, vaccines, and recreational equipment (sport fishing 

equipment, bows, arrows, and firearms)). 135 The provision also makes conforming amendments 

to allow for the credit or refund of these taxes and any tax paid on gasoline for the exclusive use 

of the blood collector organization. The provision also permits a refund of tax for diesel fuel, 

kerosene or aviation fuel used by a qualified blood collector organization.

 

135 Such organizations are also exempt from the expired retail excise tax on luxury 

passenger vehicles. No exemption is provided from the gas guzzler tax (sec. 4064), and the taxes 

imposed on fuel used on inland waterways (sec. 4042), and on coal (sec. 4121).
81

Effective Date

Generally, the provision is effective for excise tax imposed on sales or uses occurring on 

or after October 1, 2003. For purposes of the refund on gasoline sales and any other provision 

that allows for a refund or a payment in respect of an excise tax payment at a level before the 

sale to a qualified blood collector organization, the provision applies to sales to a qualified blood 

collector organization on or after October 1, 2003.
82

O. Pilot Project for Forest Conservation Activities

(sec. 315 of the bill)

Present Law

Tax-exempt bonds

In general

Interest on debt incurred by States or local governments is excluded from income if the 

proceeds of the borrowing are used to carry out governmental functions of those entities or the 

debt is repaid with governmental funds (section 103). Interest on bonds that nominally are 

issued by States or local governments, but the proceeds of which are used (directly or 

indirectly) by a private person and payment of which is derived from funds of such a private 

person, is taxable unless the purpose of the borrowing is approved specifically in the Code or in a 

non-Code provision of a revenue act. Such bonds are called “private activity bonds.” The term 

“private person” includes the Federal Government and all other individuals and entities other 

than States or local governments.

Private activities eligible for financing with tax-exempt private activity bonds

Present law includes several exceptions permitting States or local governments to act as 

conduits providing tax-exempt financing for private activities. Both capital expenditures and 

limited working capital expenditures of charitable organizations described in section 501(c)(3) of 

the Code may be financed with tax-exempt bonds (“qualified 501(c)(3) bonds”).

States or local governments may issue tax-exempt “exempt-facility bonds” to finance 

property for certain private businesses. Business facilities eligible for this financing include 

transportation (airports, ports, local mass commuting, and high speed intercity rail facilities); 

privately owned and/or privately operated public works facilities (sewage, solid waste disposal, 

local district heating or cooling, and hazardous waste disposal facilities); privately owned and/or 

operated low-income rental housing;136 and certain private facilities for the local furnishing of 

electricity or gas. A further provision allows tax-exempt financing for “environmental 

enhancements of hydro-electric generating facilities.” Tax-exempt financing also is authorized 

for capital expenditures for small manufacturing facilities and land and equipment for first-time 

farmers (“qualified small-issue bonds”), local redevelopment activities (“qualified 

redevelopment bonds”), and eligible empowerment zone and enterprise community businesses. 

Tax-exempt private activity bonds also may be issued to finance limited non-business purposes: 

certain student loans and mortgage loans for owner-occupied housing (“qualified mortgage 

bonds” and “qualified veterans’ mortgage bonds”). 

With the exception of qualified 501(c)(3) bonds, private activity bonds may not be issued 

to finance working capital requirements of private businesses. In most cases, the aggregate 

 

136 Residential rental projects must satisfy low-income tenant occupancy requirements 

for a minimum period of 15 years.
83

volume of tax-exempt private activity bonds that may be issued in a State is restricted by annual 

volume limits. 

Several additional restrictions apply to the issuance of tax-exempt bonds. First, private 

activity bonds (other than qualified 501(c)(3) bonds) may not be advance refunded. 

Governmental bonds and qualified 501(c)(3) bonds may be advance refunded one time. An 

advance refunding occurs when the refunded bonds are not retired within 90 days of issuance of 

the refunding bonds.

Issuance of private activity bonds is subject to restrictions on use of proceeds for the 

acquisition of land and existing property, use of proceeds to finance certain specified facilities 

(e.g., airplanes, skyboxes, other luxury boxes, health club facilities, gambling facilities, and 

liquor stores), and use of proceeds to pay costs of issuance (e.g., bond counsel and underwriter 

fees). Additionally, the term of the bonds generally may not exceed 120 percent of the economic 

life of the property being financed, and certain public approval requirements (similar to 

requirements that typically apply under State law to issuance of governmental debt) apply under 

Federal law to issuance of private activity bonds. Present law precludes substantial users of 

property financed with private activity bonds from owning the bonds to prevent their deducting 

tax-exempt interest paid to themselves. Finally, owners of most private-activity-bond-financed 

property are subject to special “change-in-use” penalties if the use of the bond-financed property 

changes to a use that is not eligible for tax-exempt financing while the bonds are outstanding.

Taxation of income from timber harvesting

In general, gross income for Federal income tax purposes means all income from 

whatever source derived, including gross income derived from a trade or business. An 

organization exempt from taxation generally is subject to tax on its unrelated business taxable 

income, generally defined to mean gross income (less deductions) derived from a trade or 

business, the conduct of which is not substantially related to the exercise or performance of the 

organization’s exempt purposes or functions, that is regularly carried on by the organization. 

Special unrelated trade or business income rules applicable to the cutting of timber are contained 

in sections 512(b)(5) and 631. Under these rules, the determination of whether income derived 

from the cutting of timber constitutes unrelated trade or business income depends upon a variety 

of factors. 

Explanation of Provision

In general

The bill establishes a pilot project for forest conservation activities by providing two 

types of tax benefits available to qualified organizations that acquire forest and forest lands for 

conservation management. First, the bill provides for the treatment of qualified forest 

conservation bonds issued by a State or local government for a qualified organization as exempt 

facility bonds within the meaning of section 142. Second, the bill provides for the exclusion 

from gross income of income from certain timber harvesting activities conducted by a qualified 

organization on lands acquired with proceeds from qualified forest conservation bonds. 
84

Under the provision, an organization must be a qualified organization to be eligible for 

the tax-exempt financing benefit, and must be a qualified organization for whom qualified forest 

conservation bonds have been issued (and remain outstanding as tax-exempt bonds) to be 

eligible for the income exclusion. Under the provision, a qualified organization means a 

nonprofit organization: (1) substantially all the activities of which are charitable, scientific, or 

educational, including acquiring, protecting, restoring, managing, and developing forest lands 

and other renewable resources for the long-term charitable, educational, scientific, and public 

benefit; (2) more than one half of the value of the property of which consists of forest and forest 

lands acquired with the proceeds of qualified forest conservation bonds; (3) that periodically 

conducts educational programs designed to inform the public of environmentally sensitive 

forestry management and conservation techniques; (4) whose board satisfies certain board 

composition requirements designed to ensure that it represents public conservation interests;137

(5) with governance provisions contained in its bylaws that provide a supermajority vote of at 

least two-thirds of the members of the board of directors (determined by including any vacancies 

as members) is required to approve and amend the qualified organization’s qualified 

conservation plan; and (6) that upon dissolution, its assets are required to be dedicated to an 

organization exempt from tax under section 501(c)(3) that is organized and operated for 

conservation purposes, or to a governmental unit.

Qualified forest conservation bonds

In general

The provision creates a new category of tax-exempt bonds, the “qualified forest 

conservation bond.” For purposes of the Code, qualified forest conservation bonds are treated as 

exempt facility bonds, and therefore, unless otherwise provided, are governed by the same rules 

as exempt facility bonds. A qualified forest conservation bond means any State or local bond 

issued as part of an issue if: (1) 95 percent or more of the net proceeds of such issue are to be 

used for qualified project costs; (2) such bond is issued for a qualified organization; and (3) such 

bond is issued before December 31, 2006. The maximum aggregate face amount of bonds that 

may be issued under the pilot program is $2 billion, excluding refunding bonds. The $2 billion 

limitation shall be allocated by the Secretary of the Treasury among qualified organizations, 

based on criteria established by the Secretary not later than 180 days after the date of enactment 

of the provision, after consultation with the Chief of the Forest Service (U.S. Department of 

Agriculture).

 

137 The provision requires that at least 20 percent of the board members be comprised of 

representatives of the holders of the conservation restriction, and that at least 20 percent of the 

board members be public officials. An organization shall not fail to be treated as a qualified 

organization due to a vacancy in the Board of Directors, as long as the vacancy is filled in a 

reasonably prompt manner, as provided in the organization’s by-laws. Not more than one-third 

of the board members may be comprised of individuals who have or had (during a prescribed 

five year period) certain types of financial or contractual relationships with a commercial forest 

products enterprise.
85

Qualified project costs 

Qualified project costs include the cost of acquisition by the qualified organization, from 

an unrelated person, of forests and forest land that at the time of acquisition or immediately 

thereafter are subject to a conservation restriction that meets certain requirements.138 Qualified 

project costs also include interest on the qualified forest conservation bonds for the three-year 

period beginning on the date of issuance of such bonds, and credit enhancement fees that 

constitute qualified guarantee fees within the meaning of section 148. The conservation 

restriction must: (1) be granted in perpetuity to an unrelated charitable organization (other than a 

private foundation) that is organized and operated for conservation purposes, or to a 

governmental unit; (2) protect a relatively natural habitat of fish, wildlife, or plants, or similar 

ecosystem, or preserve open space (including farmland and forest land) pursuant to a clearly 

delineated Federal, State, or local governmental conservation policy and yield a significant 

public benefit; (3) obligate the qualified organization to pay the costs incurred by the holder of 

the conservation restriction in monitoring compliance with such restriction; and (4) require that 

an increasing level of conservation benefits be provided whenever circumstances allow it. 

Special rules

Subject to the following exceptions and modifications, issuance of qualified forest 

conservation bonds is subject to the general rules applicable to issuance of exempt-facility 

private activity bonds:

(1) Issuance of the bonds is not subject to the aggregate annual State private activity 

bond volume limits (section 146);

(2) The restrictions on acquisition of land and existing property do not apply (section 

147(c) and (d));

(3) For purposes of section 147(b) (relating to the rule that maturity may not exceed 

120 percent of economic life) the land and standing timber acquired with the 

proceeds of the bonds is treated as having an economic life of 35 years; and 

(4) Interest on the bonds is not a preference item for purposes of the alternative 

minimum tax preference for private activity bond interest (section 57(a)(5)).

Qualified forest conservation bonds may be currently refunded if certain requirements are 

satisfied, but may not be advance refunded.

 

138 For this purpose, a person is related to another person if such person bears a 

relationship to such other person described in section 267(b) (determined without regard to 

paragraph (9) thereof), or section 707(b)(1), determined by substituting 25 percent for 50 percent 

for purposes of those determinations. If such other person is a nonprofit organization, a person is 

related to such nonprofit organization if such person controls directly or indirectly more than 25 

percent of the governing body of such nonprofit organization. 
86

Exclusion of certain qualified harvesting activity income from tax

Income from qualified harvesting activities

Under the provision, income, gains, deductions, losses, or credits from a qualified 

harvesting activity conducted by a qualified organization generally are not subject to tax or taken 

into account for Federal income tax purposes. A qualified harvesting activity means the sale, 

lease, or harvesting of standing timber: (1) on land owned by a qualified organization that it 

acquired with proceeds of qualified forest conservation bonds; (2) with respect to which a written 

acknowledgement has been obtained by the qualified organization from the State or local 

governments with jurisdiction over such land that the acquisition lessens the burdens of such 

government with respect to such land; and (3) pursuant to a qualified conservation plan adopted 

by the organization. 

Timber cutting and the sale or lease of timber is not a qualified harvesting activity to the 

extent the timber harvesting or removal exceeds prescribed limits. For this purpose, the average 

annual area of timber harvested cannot exceed 2.5 percent of the total area of the land acquired 

with the proceeds of qualified forest conservation bonds. Further, the quantity of timber 

removed from such land cannot exceed the quantity that can be removed from such land annually 

in perpetuity on a sustained-yield basis determined only with respect to such land. Certain 

deviations from these restrictions are permitted to protect the forest from catastrophic danger, 

such as by fire or windthrow, or from imminent danger from insect or disease attack.

The amount of income from a qualified harvesting activity that may be excluded from 

gross income for a taxable year may not exceed the amount used by the qualified organization to 

make debt service payments during such taxable year for qualified forest conservation bonds.139 

The exclusion of income from a qualified harvesting activity does not apply during any period 

the organization fails to qualify as a qualified organization, or after the bonds are no longer 

outstanding or fail to qualify as tax-exempt bonds.

Written acknowledgement of lessening the burdens of government

The exclusion of income from a qualified harvesting activity is only available if the 

qualified organization obtains written acknowledgement from the State or local governments 

with jurisdiction over the acquired land that the acquisition by the qualified organization lessens 

the burdens of such government with respect to such land. The exclusion is not available unless 

every portion of the land acquired by the organization with proceeds of the qualified forest 

conservation bonds is the subject of at least one such acknowledgement.140

 

139 This debt service limitation does not apply to income that otherwise is not subject to 

tax under other provisions of the Code (e.g., income from harvesting if such harvesting activity is 

not an unrelated trade or business within the meaning of section 513 with respect to the qualified 

organization).

140 The qualified organization need not obtain a written acknowledgement from every 

State or local government that has jurisdiction over some or all of the acquired land, but it must 

obtain at least one acknowledgement with respect to each portion of the acquired land. For 
87

Qualified conservation plan

A qualified conservation plan means a multiple land use plan (a) designed and 

administered primarily for the purposes of protecting and enhancing wildlife, fish, timber, scenic 

attributes, recreation, and soil and water quality of the forest and forest land, (b) mandates that 

conservation of the forest and forest land is the single-most significant use of the forest and land, 

and (c) requires that timber harvesting be consistent with restoring and maintaining reference 

conditions for the region’s ecotype (such as with respect to types of trees), preventing damage to 

the resources from fire, insect or disease, maintaining or enhancing wildlife or fish habitat, or 

enhancing research opportunities in sustainable renewable resource uses. 

Recapture taxes

Once the qualified forest conservation bonds issued for a qualified organization are no 

longer outstanding or cease to qualify as tax-exempt bonds, the qualified organization becomes 

liable for a recapture of tax benefits (plus interest) for amounts excluded with respect to any 

excess harvesting activities. Under the provision, if the average annual area of timber harvested 

from the land exceeds the applicable 2.5 percent average annual area limitation, the 

organization’s income tax liability is increased by the amount of the tax benefits (plus interest) 

attributable to such excess harvesting. 

Effective Date

The provision is effective for obligations issued on or after the date which is 180 days 

after the date of enactment.

 

example, if the acquired land is wholly situated in a city, a county, and a State, the qualified 

organization may obtain the acknowledgement from any of the city, county, or State government 

that has jurisdiction over the entire land. If the acquired land is situated in two or more 

jurisdictions at the same government level (e.g., in two or more States), the qualified 

organization must obtain acknowledgements with respect to the land in each of the States. 
88

P. Clarification of Treatment of Patriot Trusts

(sec. 316 of the bill)

Present Law

Section 601 of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 provides that certain entities are 

entitled to be designated as Johnny Micheal Spann Patriot Trusts (“Patriot Trust”). In general, to 

claim the designation, the entity must meet several requirements, central of which are that the 

entity must: (1) meet all applicable requirements under law with respect to charitable entities; (2) 

spend at least 85 percent of funds or donations (or earnings thereon) on certain beneficiaries; (3) 

spend not more than 15 percent of funds or donations (or earnings thereon) on administrative 

expenses; (4) make distributions to beneficiaries at least once a year; and (5) distribute all funds, 

donations, and earnings that are not placed in a private foundation within 36 months after the end 

of the fiscal year in which the funds, donations, and earnings are received.

When making distributions, a Patriot Trust “should” take into account the amount of any 

collateral source compensation that a beneficiary has received, such as compensation from life 

insurance, pension funds, and death benefit programs.

Patriot Trusts that receive annual contributions of more than $1,000,000 must be audited 

annually by an independent certified public accounting firm. Such audits are required to be filed 

with the IRS and made open to public inspection, except that the availability of the audit must be 

consistent with the protection of sensitive national security and law enforcement information.

The primary beneficiaries of a Patriot Trust must be surviving spouses, children, or 

dependent parents, grandparents, or siblings of one or more of the following: (1) members of the 

Armed Forces of the United States; (2) personnel, including contractors, of elements of the 

intelligence community; (3) employees of the FBI; and (4) officers, employees, or contract 

employees of the Federal government, whose deaths occur in the line of duty and arise out of 

terrorist attacks, military operations, intelligence operations, or law enforcement operations or 

accidents connected with activities occurring after September 11, 2001, and related to domestic 

or foreign efforts to curb international terrorism.

Explanation of Provision

The bill clarifies that for an entity to be eligible for the Patriot Trust designation, the 

entity must be described in section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code and exempt from tax 

under section 501(a). The bill conforms the private inurement prohibition that was originally 

provided in the Homeland Security Act of 2002 to that of section 501(c)(3).

The bill replaces the requirement that a Patriot Trust “should” take into account collateral 

source compensation when making distributions with a requirement that a Patriot Trust “shall” 

take such compensation into account. 

The bill omits the requirement that mandated audits of Patriot Trusts be filed with the 

IRS. The bill requires that such audits be open to public inspection in a manner consistent with 

section 6104(d)(1), except that, as under present law, the availability of the audit must be 

consistent with the protection of sensitive national security and law enforcement information.
89

The bill clarifies that funds, donations, and earnings not distributed by a Patriot Trust 

within 36 months of receipt must be placed in a private foundation that is described in section 

509(a) and exempt from tax under section 501(a). Prior to the bill, the term “private foundation” 

was not defined. The bill clarifies that funds are “contributed to” a private foundation, rather 

than “placed in” or “invested in” a private foundation.

The bill clarifies that regulations to be prescribed by the Secretary of Defense, in 

coordination with the Attorney General, the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and 

the Director of Central Intelligence, pertain only to the notification of Patriot Trust beneficiaries 

and not to the entire Patriot Trust provision.

Effective Date

The provision is effective as if included in the enactment of the Homeland Security Act 

of 2002.
90

IV. SOCIAL SERVICES BLOCK GRANT

(secs 401-403 of the bill)

Present Law

Social Services Block Grant Funding (“SSBG”), also known as “Title XX” (because it is 

Title XX of the Social Security Act), is a flexible funding stream, providing states with resources 

to support a variety of social services. SSBG funds can be used to assist the elderly and disabled 

so that they do not need to enter institutions, to prevent child and elder abuse, to provide child 

care, to promote and support adoption, and for several other services. There are certain specified 

limitations so that SSBG cannot fund most medical care, for example, or cash welfare payments. 

It is a mandatory capped entitlement, distributed by a population-based formula among the 

states.

States use SSBG in differing ways. Much of the funding supports local social service 

providers, including faith-related organizations, through contracts with state and local 

governments. Overall, in fiscal year 1999, SSBG spending was as follows: 13.4 percent for 

“prevention” and case management; 13 percent for day care; 12.4 percent for child and adult 

protective services; 10.9 percent for foster care; 7.4 percent for home-based services. There are 

several other categories in the expenditure data as well.

Prior to the 1996 welfare reform law, SSBG was funded at $2.8 billion. That legislation 

reduced SSBG to $2.38 billion, as part of achieving budgetary savings, and permitted states to 

transfer up to 10 percent of their new Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) welfare 

block grant allocations to SSBG. (Any transferred funds are required to be spent on behalf of 

families below 200 percent of poverty.) In 1998, as part of the TEA-21 highway legislation, 

SSBG funding as further reduced, declining to $1.7 billion for fiscal year 2001 and fiscal year 

2002. The TANF transfer was further limited to 4.25 percent. 

Explanation of Provision

The provision increases SSBG funding to $1.975 billion for fiscal year 2003 and $2.8 

billion for fiscal year 2004. In addition, the TANF transfer limit is restored to 10 percent. These 

two measures provide additional resources to faith-related social service organizations. Finally, 

the Secretary of HHS is required to submit annual reports on SSBG expenditures to the 

Congress.

Effective Date

The provision is effective for amounts made available for fiscal year 2003 and for 

amounts made available each fiscal year thereafter. The provision requiring annual reports 

applies to such reports with respect to fiscal year 2002 and each fiscal year thereafter.
91

V. INDIVIDUAL DEVELOPMENT ACCOUNTS

(sec. 501-512 of the bill)

Present Law

Individual development accounts were first authorized by the Personal Work and 

Responsibility Act of 1996. In 1998, the Assets for Independence Act established a five-year 

$125 million demonstration program to permit certain eligible individuals to open and make 

contributions to an individual development account. Contributions by an individual to an 

individual development account do not receive a tax preference but are matched by contributions 

from a State program, a participating nonprofit organization, or other “qualified entity.” The IRS 

has ruled that matching contributions by a qualified entity are a gift and not taxable to the 

account owner.141 The qualified entity chooses a matching rate, which must be between 50 and 

400 percent. Withdrawals from individual development accounts can be made for certain higher 

education expenses, a first home purchase, or small-business capitalization expenses. Matching 

contributions (and earnings thereon) typically are held separately from the individuals’ 

contributions (and earnings thereon) and must be paid directly to a mortgage provider, 

university, or business capitalization account at a financial institution. The Department of Health 

and Human Services administers the individual development account program.

Explanation of Provision

The provision provides for a nonrefundable tax credit for an eligible entity (i.e., a 

qualified financial institution) that has an individual development account program in a taxable 

year. The tax credit equals the amount of matching contributions made by the eligible entity 

under the program (up to $500 per taxable year) plus $50 for each individual development 

account maintained during the taxable year under the program. Except in the first year that each 

account is open, the $50 credit is available only for accounts with a balance of more than $100 at 

year-end (including matching funds). The $50 credit is limited to seven years (the year the 

account is created and the six years immediately thereafter). The credit for matching funds is not 

allowed with respect to an individual’s account if such individual has outstanding student loans, 

child support payments, or Federal tax liability. No deduction or other credit is available with 

respect to the amount of matching funds taken into account in determining the credit.

The credit applies with respect to the first 300,000 individual development accounts 

opened before January 1, 2012, and with respect to matching funds for participant contributions 

that are made after December 31, 2004, and before January 1, 2012. An account is considered 

open if at any time the balance in the account exceeds $100 (including matching amounts). The 

maximum amount of annual contributions to an individual development account by an otherwise 

eligible individual is limited to three times the maximum credit amount for matching 

contributions for such year. The individual development accounts will be available on the 

following basis: (1) a maximum of 100,000 accounts may be opened after December 31, 2004 

and before January 1, 2008; (2) a second 100,000 accounts may be opened after December 31, 

2007 and before January 1, 2010, if the entire 100,000 of authorized accounts are opened after 

 

141 Rev. Rul. 99-44, 1999-2 C.B. 549.
92

December 31, 2004 and before January 1, 2008 and the Secretary of the Treasury determines that 

these accounts are being reasonably and responsibly administered;142 and (3) a third 100,000 

accounts may be opened after December 31, 2009 and before January 1, 2012 if the previous 

cohorts of 100,000 accounts have been opened under the schedule described above and the 

Secretary of the Treasury makes a four-part determination. Specifically, the Secretary will have 

to determine: (1) that all previously opened accounts have been reasonably and responsibly 

administered to date; (2) that the individual development account program has increased net 

savings of participants in the program; (3) whether participants in the individual development 

account program have increased Federal income tax liability and decreased utilization of Federal 

assistance programs (e.g., Temporary Assistance to Needy Families and Food Stamps) relative to 

similarly situated individuals that did not participate in the individual development account 

program; and (4) that the sum of the increased Federal tax liability and reduction of Federal 

assistance program benefits to participants in the individual development account program is 

greater than the cost of the individual development account program to the Federal government. 

If the Secretary finds that any of the four determinations has not been satisfied, the Congress will 

have the discretion to authorize the third 100,000 accounts after the Secretary makes his or her 

report to the Congress regarding the four determinations. The third 100,000 accounts must be 

equally divided among the States. For all accounts, the Secretary will take steps to encourage 

use of individual development accounts in rural areas.

Nonstudent U.S. citizens or lawful permanent residents between the ages of 18 and 60 

(inclusive) who meet certain income requirements are eligible to open and contribute to an 

individual development account. The income limit for participation is modified adjusted gross 

income of $18,000 for single filers, $38,000 for joint filers, and $30,000 for head-of-household 

filers.143 Eligibility in a taxable year generally is based on the previous year’s modified adjusted 

gross income and circumstances (e.g., status as a student). Modified adjusted gross income is 

adjusted gross income plus certain items that are not includible in gross income. The items added 

are tax-exempt interest and the amounts otherwise excluded from gross income under Code 

sections 86, 893, 911, 931, and 933 (relating to the exclusion of certain social security and Tier 1 

railroad retirement benefits; the exclusion of compensation of employees of foreign governments 

and international organizations; the exclusion of income of U.S. citizens or residents living 

abroad; the exclusion of income for residents of Guam, American Samoa, and the Northern 

Mariana Islands; and the exclusion of income for residents of Puerto Rico). The income limits 

are adjusted for inflation after 2003. These amounts are rounded to the nearest multiple of 50 

dollars.

Under the provision, an individual development account must: (1) be owned by the 

eligible individual for whom the account was established; (2) consist only of cash contributions; 

 

142 If less than 100,000 accounts are opened before January 1, 2008, then the number of 

accounts that can be opened after December 31, 2007 and before January 1, 2010 will be reduced 

to the lesser of 75,000 accounts or three times the number of accounts opened before January 1, 

2007.

143 Married taxpayers filing separate returns are not eligible to open an IDA or to receive 

matching funds for an IDA that is already open.
93

(3) be held by a person authorized to be a trustee of any individual retirement account under 

section 408(a)(2); and (4) not commingle account assets with other property (except in a 

common trust fund or common investment fund). These requirements must be reflected in the 

written governing instrument creating the account. The entity establishing the program is 

required to maintain separate accounts for the individual's contributions (and earnings thereon) 

and for matching funds and earnings thereon (a “parallel account”).

Contributions to individual development accounts by individuals are not deductible and 

earnings thereon are taxable to the account holder. Matching contributions and earnings thereon 

are not taxable to the account holder. Any amount (including earnings) in an individual 

development account and matching contributions are disregarded for purposes of any meanstested Federal programs.

The provision permits individuals to withdraw amounts from an individual development 

account for qualified expenses of the account owner, owner’s spouse, or dependents as well as 

for nonqualified expenses, subject to certain restrictions. Qualified expenses include qualified: 

(1) higher education expenses (as generally defined in section 529(e)(3)); (2) first-time 

homebuyer costs (as generally provided in section 72 (t)(8)); (3) business capitalization or 

expansion costs (expenditures made pursuant to a business plan that has been approved by the 

financial institution); (4) rollovers of the balance of the account (including the parallel account) 

to another individual development account for the benefit of the same owner; and (5) final 

distributions in the case of a deceased account owner. Withdrawals for qualified expenses must 

be made from funds that have been in the account for at least one year and must be paid directly 

to the unrelated third party to whom the amount is due, except in the case of expenses under a 

qualified business plan, rollover, or final distribution. Such withdrawals generally are not 

permitted until the account owner completes a financial education course offered by a qualified 

financial institution. The Secretary of the Treasury (the “Secretary”) is required to establish 

minimum standards for such courses. Withdrawals for nonqualified expenses may result in the 

account owner’s forfeiture of matching funds. The amount of the forfeiture is the lesser of: (1) 

an amount equal to the nonqualified withdrawal; or (2) the excess of the amount in the parallel 

account (excluding earnings on matching funds) over the amount remaining in the individual 

development account after the nonqualified withdrawal. If the individual development account 

(or a portion thereof) is pledged as security for a loan, then the portion so used will be treated as 

a nonqualified withdrawal and will result in the loss of an equal amount of matching funds from 

the parallel account. At age 65, an individual may withdraw the balance of his or her individual 

development account for nonqualified purposes without losing matching amounts.

The qualified entity administering the individual development account program generally 

is required to make quarterly payments of matching funds to a parallel account on a dollar-fordollar basis for the first $500 contributed by the account owner in a taxable year. Matching 

funds also may be provided by State, local, or private sources. Balances of the individual 

development account and parallel account must be reported annually to the account owner. If an 

account owner ceases to meet eligibility requirements, matching funds generally may not be 

contributed during the period of ineligibility. Any amount withdrawn from a parallel account is 

not includible in an eligible individual’s gross income or the account sponsor’s gross income.
94

Qualified entities administering a qualified program are required to report to the 

Secretary that the program is administered in accordance with legal requirements. If the 

Secretary determines that the program was not so operated, the Secretary would have the power 

to terminate the program. Qualified entities also are required to report annually to the Secretary 

information about: (1) the number of individuals making contributions to individual 

development accounts; (2) the amounts contributed by such individuals; (3) the amount of 

matching funds contributed; (4) the amount of funds withdrawn and for what purpose; (5) 

balance information; and (6) any other information that the Secretary deems necessary. The 

fiduciary requirements of Title 12 of the United States Code with respect to insured depository 

institutions and insured credit unions (as defined therein) continue to apply to those financial 

institutions participating in the individual development account program. Qualified entities are 

prohibited from charging any fees with regard to the individual development accounts.

The Secretary is authorized to prescribe necessary regulations, including rules to permit 

individual development account program sponsors to verify eligibility of individuals seeking to 

open accounts and rules to allow a financial institution (e.g., a tax-exempt credit union) to 

transfer those credits to another taxpayer. The Secretary also is authorized to provide rules to 

recapture credits claimed with respect to individuals who forfeit matching funds.

The Secretary must submit annual reports to Congress on the status of the qualified 

individual account program.

Effective Date

The provision is effective for taxable years ending after December 31, 2004, and 

beginning before January 1, 2012.
95

VI. MANAGEMENT OF EXEMPT ORGANIZATIONS

(sec. 601 of the bill)

Explanation of Provision

The provision authorizes $80 million to be appropriated to the Secretary of the Treasury 

for each fiscal year to carry out the administration of exempt organizations by the IRS.

The provision authorizes $3 million to be appropriated to the Secretary of the Treasury to 

carry out the provisions of Public Laws 106-230 and 107-276, relating to section 527.

Effective Date

The authorizations are effective on the date of enactment.
96

VII. REVENUE PROVISIONS

A. Provisions Designed to Curtail Tax Shelters

1. Clarification of the economic substance doctrine (sec. 701 of the bill and sec. 7701 of the

Code)

Present Law

In general

The Code provides specific rules regarding the computation of taxable income, including 

the amount, timing, source, and character of items of income, gain, loss and deduction. These 

rules are designed to provide for the computation of taxable income in a manner that provides for 

a degree of specificity to both taxpayers and the government. Taxpayers generally may plan 

their transactions in reliance on these rules to determine the federal income tax consequences 

arising from the transactions. 

In addition to the statutory provisions, courts have developed several doctrines that can 

be applied to deny the tax benefits of tax motivated transactions, notwithstanding that the 

transaction may satisfy the literal requirements of a specific tax provision. The common-law 

doctrines are not entirely distinguishable, and their application to a given set of facts is often 

blurred by the courts and the IRS. Although these doctrines serve an important role in the 

administration of the tax system, invocation of these doctrines can be seen as at odds with an 

objective, “rule-based” system of taxation. Nonetheless, courts have applied the doctrines to 

deny tax benefits arising from certain transactions.144 

A common-law doctrine applied with increasing frequency is the “economic substance” 

doctrine. In general, this doctrine denies tax benefits arising from transactions that do not result 

in a meaningful change to the taxpayer’s economic position other than a purported reduction in 

federal income tax.145

Economic substance doctrine

Courts generally deny claimed tax benefits if the transaction that gives rise to those 

benefits lacks economic substance independent of tax considerations -- notwithstanding that the 

purported activity actually occurred. The tax court has described the doctrine as follows:

 

144

 See, e.g., ACM Partnership v. Commissioner, 157 F.3d 231 (3d Cir. 1998), aff’g 73 

T.C.M. (CCH) 2189 (1997), cert. denied 526 U.S. 1017 (1999).

145 Closely related doctrines also applied by the courts (sometimes interchangeable with 

the economic substance doctrine) include the “sham transaction doctrine” and the “business 

purpose doctrine”. See, e.g., Knetsch v. United States, 364 U.S. 361 (1960) (denying interest 

deductions on a “sham transaction” whose only purpose was to create the deductions).
97

The tax law . . . requires that the intended transactions have economic substance 

separate and distinct from economic benefit achieved solely by tax reduction. 

The doctrine of economic substance becomes applicable, and a judicial remedy is 

warranted, where a taxpayer seeks to claim tax benefits, unintended by Congress, 

by means of transactions that serve no economic purpose other than tax 

savings.146

Business purpose doctrine

Another common law doctrine that overlays and is often considered together with (if not 

part and parcel of) the economic substance doctrine is the business purpose doctrine. The 

business purpose test is a subjective inquiry into the motives of the taxpayer -- that is, whether 

the taxpayer intended the transaction to serve some useful non-tax purpose. In making this 

determination, some courts have bifurcated a transaction in which independent activities with 

non-tax objectives have been combined with an unrelated item having only tax-avoidance 

objectives in order to disallow the tax benefits of the overall transaction.147

Application by the courts

Elements of the doctrine

There is a lack of uniformity regarding the proper application of the economic substance 

doctrine. Some courts apply a conjunctive test that requires a taxpayer to establish the presence 

of both economic substance (i.e., the objective component) and business purpose (i.e., the 

subjective component) in order for the transaction to sustain court scrutiny.148 A narrower 

approach used by some courts is to invoke the economic substance doctrine only after a 

determination that the transaction lacks both a business purpose and economic substance (i.e., the 

existence of either a business purpose or economic substance would be sufficient to respect the 

transaction).149 A third approach regards economic substance and business purpose as “simply 

 

146

 ACM Partnership v. Commissioner, 73 T.C.M. at 2215.

147

 ACM Partnership v. Commissioner, 157 F.3d at 256 n.48.

148

 See, e.g., Pasternak v. Commissioner, 990 F.2d 893, 898 (6th Cir. 1993) (“The 

threshold question is whether the transaction has economic substance. If the answer is yes, the 

question becomes whether the taxpayer was motivated by profit to participate in the 

transaction.”)

149

 See, e.g., Rice’s Toyota World v. Commissioner, 752 F.2d 89, 91-92 (4th Cir. 1985)

(“To treat a transaction as a sham, the court must find that the taxpayer was motivated by no 

business purposes other than obtaining tax benefits in entering the transaction, and, second, that 

the transaction has no economic substance because no reasonable possibility of a profit exists.”); 

IES Industries v. United States, 253 F.3d 350, 358 (8th Cir. 2001) (“In determining whether a 

transaction is a sham for tax purposes [under the Eighth Circuit test], a transaction will be 

characterized as a sham if it is not motivated by any economic purpose out of tax considerations 

(the business purpose test), and if it is without economic substance because no real potential for 

profit exists” (the economic substance test).”) As noted earlier, the economic substance doctrine 
98

more precise factors to consider” in determining whether a transaction has any practical 

economic effects other than the creation of tax benefits.150 

Profit potential

There also is a lack of uniformity regarding the necessity and level of profit potential 

necessary to establish economic substance. Since the time of Gregory, several courts have 

denied tax benefits on the grounds that the subject transactions lacked profit potential.151 In 

addition, some courts have applied the economic substance doctrine to disallow tax benefits in 

transactions in which a taxpayer was exposed to risk and the transaction had a profit potential, 

but the court concluded that the economic risks and profit potential were insignificant when 

compared to the tax benefits.152 Under this analysis, the taxpayer’s profit potential must be more 

than nominal. Conversely, other courts view the application of the economic substance doctrine 

as requiring an objective determination of whether a “reasonable possibility of profit” from the 

transaction existed apart from the tax benefits.153 In these cases, in assessing whether a 

 

and the sham transaction doctrine are similar and sometimes are applied interchangeably. For a 

more detailed discussion of the sham transaction doctrine, see, e.g., Joint Committee on 

Taxation, Study of Present-Law Penalty and Interest Provisions as Required by Section 3801 of 

the Internal Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998 (including Provisions 

Relating to Corporate Tax Shelters) (JCS-3-99) at 182.

150

 See, e.g., ACM Partnership v. Commissioner, 157 F.3d at 247; James v. 

Commissioner, 899 F.2d 905, 908 (10th Cir. 1995); Sacks v. Commissioner, 69 F.3d 982, 985 (9th

Cir. 1995) (“Instead, the consideration of business purpose and economic substance are simply 

more precise factors to consider . . ..We have repeatedly and carefully noted that this formulation 

cannot be used as a ‘rigid two-step analysis’.”).

151

 See, e.g., Knetsch, 364 U.S. at 361; Goldstein v. Commissioner, 364 F.2d 734 (2d Cir. 

1966) (holding that an unprofitable, leveraged acquisition of Treasury bills, and accompanying 

prepaid interest deduction, lacked economic substance); Ginsburg v. Commissioner, 35 T.C.M. 

(CCH) 860 (1976) (holding that a leveraged cattle-breeding program lacked economic 

substance).

152

 See, e.g., Goldstein v. Commissioner, 364 F.2d at 739-40 (disallowing deduction even 

though taxpayer had a possibility of small gain or loss by owning Treasury bills); Sheldon v. 

Commissioner, 94 T.C. 738, 768 (1990) (stating, “potential for gain . . . is infinitesimally 

nominal and vastly insignificant when considered in comparison with the claimed deductions”).

153

 See, e.g., Rice’s Toyota World v. Commissioner, 752 F.2d at 94 (the economic 

substance inquiry requires an objective determination of whether a reasonable possibility of 

profit from the transaction existed apart from tax benefits); Compaq Computer Corp. v. 

Commissioner, 277 F.3d at 781 (applied the same test, citing Rice’s Toyota World); IES 

Industries v. United States, 253 F.3d at 354 (the application of the objective economic substance 

test involves determining whether there was a “reasonable possibility of profit . . . apart from tax 

benefits.”). 
99

reasonable possibility of profit exists, it is sufficient if there is a nominal amount of pre-tax profit 

as measured against expected net tax benefits.

Explanation of Provision

In general

The bill clarifies and enhances the application of the economic substance doctrine. The 

bill provides that a transaction has economic substance (and thus satisfies the economic 

substance doctrine) only if the taxpayer establishes that (1) the transaction changes in a 

meaningful way (apart from Federal income tax consequences) the taxpayer’s economic position, 

and (2) the taxpayer has a substantial non-tax purpose for entering into such transaction and the 

transaction is a reasonable means of accomplishing such purpose.154 

The bill does not change current law standards used by courts in determining when to 

utilize an economic substance analysis. Also, the bill does not alter the court's ability to 

aggregate or disaggregate a transaction when applying the doctrine. The bill provides a uniform 

definition of economic substance, but does not alter court flexibility in other respects.

Conjunctive analysis

The bill clarifies that the economic substance doctrine involves a conjunctive analysis --

there must be an objective inquiry regarding the effects of the transaction on the taxpayer’s 

economic position, as well as a subjective inquiry regarding the taxpayer’s motives for engaging 

in the transaction. Under the bill, a transaction must satisfy both tests -- i.e., it must change in a 

meaningful way (apart from Federal income tax consequences) the taxpayer’s economic position, 

and the taxpayer must have a substantial non-tax purpose for entering into such transaction (and 

the transaction is a reasonable means of accomplishing such purpose) -- in order to satisfy the 

economic substance doctrine. This clarification eliminates the disparity that exists among the 

circuits regarding the application of the doctrine, and modifies its application in those circuits in 

which either a change in economic position or a non-tax business purpose (without having both) 

is sufficient to satisfy the economic substance doctrine. 

Non-tax business purpose

The bill provides that a taxpayer’s non-tax purpose for entering into a transaction (the 

second prong in the analysis) must be “substantial,” and that the transaction must be “a 

reasonable means” of accomplishing such purpose. Under this formulation, the non-tax purpose 

 

154 If the tax benefits are clearly contemplated and expected by the language and purpose 

of the relevant authority, it is not intended that such tax benefits be disallowed if the only reason 

for such disallowance is that the transaction fails the economic substance doctrine as defined in 

this provision.
100

for the transaction must bear a reasonable relationship to the taxpayer’s normal business 

operations or investment activities.155 

In determining whether a taxpayer has a substantial non-tax business purpose, it is 

intended that an objective of achieving a favorable accounting treatment for financial reporting 

purposes will not be treated as having a substantial non-tax purpose.156 Furthermore, a 

transaction that is expected to increase financial accounting income as a result of generating tax 

deductions or losses without a corresponding financial accounting charge (i.e., a permanent 

book-tax difference)157 should not be considered to have a substantial non-tax purpose unless a 

substantial non-tax purpose exists apart from the financial accounting benefits.158 

By requiring that a transaction be a “reasonable means” of accomplishing its non-tax 

purpose, the bill broadens the ability of the courts to bifurcate a transaction in which independent 

activities with non-tax objectives are combined with an unrelated item having only tax-avoidance 

objectives in order to disallow the tax benefits of the overall transaction.

 

155

 See, Martin McMahon Jr., Economic Substance, Purposive Activity, and Corporate 

Tax Shelters, 94 Tax Notes 1017, 1023 (Feb. 25, 2002) (advocates “confining the most rigorous 

application of business purpose, economic substance, and purposive activity tests to transactions 

outside the ordinary course of the taxpayer’s business -- those transactions that do not appear to 

contribute to any business activity or objective that the taxpayer may have had apart from tax 

planning but are merely loss generators.”); Mark P. Gergen, The Common Knowledge of Tax 

Abuse, 54 SMU L. Rev. 131, 140 (Winter 2001) (“The message is that you can pick up tax gold 

if you find it in the street while going about your business, but you cannot go hunting for it.”).

156 However, if the tax benefits are clearly contemplated and expected by the language 

and purpose of the relevant authority, such tax benefits should not be disallowed solely because 

the transaction results in a favorable accounting treatment. An example is the repealed foreign 

sales corporation rules.

157 This includes tax deductions or losses that are anticipated to be recognized in a period 

subsequent to the period the financial accounting benefit is recognized. For example, FAS 109 

in some cases permits the recognition of financial accounting benefits prior to the period in 

which the tax benefits are recognized for income tax purposes.

158 Claiming that a financial accounting benefit constitutes a substantial non-tax purpose 

fails to consider the origin of the accounting benefit (i.e., reduction of taxes) and significantly 

diminishes the purpose for having a substantial non-tax purpose requirement. See, e.g., 

American Electric Power, Inc. v. U.S., 136 F. Supp. 2d 762, 791-92 (S.D. Ohio, 2001) (“AEP’s 

intended use of the cash flows generated by the [corporate-owned life insurance] plan is 

irrelevant to the subjective prong of the economic substance analysis. If a legitimate business 

purpose for the use of the tax savings ‘were sufficient to breathe substance into a transaction 

whose only purpose was to reduce taxes, [then] every sham tax-shelter device might succeed,’” 

citing Winn-Dixie v. Commissioner, 113 T.C. 254, 287 (1999)). 
101

Profit potential

Under the bill, a taxpayer may rely on factors other than profit potential to demonstrate 

that a transaction results in a meaningful change in the taxpayer’s economic position; the bill 

merely sets forth a minimum threshold of profit potential if that test is relied on to demonstrate a 

meaningful change in economic position. If a taxpayer relies on a profit potential, however, the 

present value of the reasonably expected pre-tax profit must be substantial in relation to the 

present value of the expected net tax benefits that would be allowed if the transaction were 

respected.159 Moreover, the profit potential must exceed a risk-free rate of return. In addition, in 

determining pre-tax profit, fees and other transaction expenses and foreign taxes are treated as 

expenses.

In applying the profit test to the lessor of tangible property, certain deductions and other 

applicable tax credits (such as the rehabilitation tax credit and the low income housing tax credit) 

are not taken into account in measuring tax benefits. Thus, a traditional leveraged lease is not 

affected by the bill to the extent it meets the present law standards.

Transactions with tax-indifferent parties

The bill also provides special rules for transactions with tax-indifferent parties. For this 

purpose, a tax-indifferent party means any person or entity not subject to Federal income tax, or 

any person to whom an item would have no substantial impact on its income tax liability. Under 

these rules, the form of a financing transaction will not be respected if the present value of the 

tax deductions to be claimed is substantially in excess of the present value of the anticipated 

economic returns to the lender. Also, the form of a transaction with a tax-indifferent party will 

not be respected if it results in an allocation of income or gain to the tax-indifferent party in 

excess of the tax-indifferent party’s economic gain or income or if the transaction results in the 

shifting of basis on account of overstating the income or gain of the tax-indifferent party.

Other rules

The Secretary may prescribe regulations which provide (1) exemptions from the 

application of this bill, and (2) other rules as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out the 

purposes of the bill. 

No inference is intended as to the proper application of the economic substance doctrine 

under present law. In addition, except with respect to the economic substance doctrine, the 

provision shall not be construed as altering or supplanting any other common law doctrine 

(including the sham transaction doctrine), and this provision shall be construed as being additive 

to any such other doctrine.

Effective Date

The bill applies to transactions entered into after February 15, 2004.

 

159 Thus, a “reasonable possibility of profit” will not be sufficient to establish that a 

transaction has economic substance.
102

2. Penalty for failure to disclose reportable transactions (sec. 702 of the bill and new sec. 

6707A of the Code) 

Present Law

Regulations under section 6011 require a taxpayer to disclose with its tax return certain 

information with respect to each “reportable transaction” in which the taxpayer participates.160 

There are six categories of reportable transactions. The first category is any transaction 

that is the same as (or substantially similar to)161 a transaction that is specified by the Treasury 

Department as a tax avoidance transaction whose tax benefits are subject to disallowance under 

present law (referred to as a “listed transaction”).162 

The second category is any transaction that is offered under conditions of confidentiality. 

In general, if a taxpayer’s disclosure of the structure or tax aspects of the transaction is limited in 

any way by an express or implied understanding or agreement with or for the benefit of any 

person who makes or provides a statement, oral or written, as to the potential tax consequences 

that may result from the transaction, it is considered offered under conditions of confidentiality 

(whether or not the understanding is legally binding).163 

The third category of reportable transactions is any transaction for which (1) the taxpayer 

has the right to a full or partial refund of fees if the intended tax consequences from the 

transaction are not sustained or, (2) the fees are contingent on the intended tax consequences 

from the transaction being sustained.164

The fourth category of reportable transactions relates to any transaction resulting in a 

taxpayer claiming a loss (under section 165) of at least (1) $10 million in any single year or $20 

million in any combination of years by a corporate taxpayer or a partnership with only corporate 

 

160 On February 27, 2003, the Treasury Department and the IRS released final 

regulations regarding the disclosure of reportable transactions. In general, the regulations are 

effective for transactions entered into on or after February 28, 2003. 

The discussion of present law refers to the new regulations. The rules that apply with 

respect to transactions entered into on or before February 28, 2003, are contained in Treas. Reg. 

sec. 1.6011-4T in effect on the date the transaction was entered into.

161 The regulations clarify that the term “substantially similar” includes any transaction 

that is expected to obtain the same or similar types of tax consequences and that is either 

factually similar or based on the same or similar tax strategy. Further, the term must be broadly 

construed in favor of disclosure. Treas. Reg. sec. 1-6011-4(c)(4).

162 Treas. Reg. sec. 1.6011-4(b)(2).

163 Treas. Reg. sec. 1.6011-4(b)(3).

164 Treas. Reg. sec. 1.6011-4(b)(4).
103

partners; (2) $2 million in any single year or $4 million in any combination of years by all other 

partnerships, S corporations, trusts, and individuals; or (3) $50,000 in any single year for 

individuals or trusts if the loss arises with respect to foreign currency translation losses.165

The fifth category of reportable transactions refers to any transaction done by certain 

taxpayers166 in which the tax treatment of the transaction differs (or is expected to differ) by 

more than $10 million from its treatment for book purposes (using generally accepted accounting 

principles) in any year.167

The final category of reportable transactions is any transaction that results in a tax credit 

exceeding $250,000 (including a foreign tax credit) if the taxpayer holds the underlying asset for 

less than 45 days.168

Under present law, there is no specific penalty for failing to disclose a reportable 

transaction; however, such a failure may jeopardize a taxpayer’s ability to claim that any income 

tax understatement attributable to such undisclosed transaction is due to reasonable cause, and 

that the taxpayer acted in good faith.169 

Explanation of Provision

In general

The bill creates a new penalty for any person who fails to include with any return or 

statement any required information with respect to a reportable transaction. The new penalty 

applies without regard to whether the transaction ultimately results in an understatement of tax, 

and applies in addition to any accuracy-related penalty that may be imposed.

 

165 Treas. Reg. sec. 1.6011-4(b)(5). IRS Rev. Proc. 2003-24, 2003-11 I.R.B. 599, 

exempts certain types of losses from this reportable transaction category.

166 The significant book-tax category applies only to taxpayers that are reporting 

companies under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 or business entities that have $250 million 

or more in gross assets.

167 Treas. Reg. sec. 1.6011-4(b)(6). IRS Rev. Proc. 2003-25, 2003-11 I.R.B. 601, 

exempts certain types of transactions from this reportable transaction category. 

168 Treas. Reg. sec. 1.6011-4(b)(7).

169 Section 6664(c) provides that a taxpayer can avoid the imposition of a section 6662 

accuracy-related penalty in cases where the taxpayer can demonstrate that there was reasonable 

cause for the underpayment and that the taxpayer acted in good faith. On December 31, 2002, 

the Treasury Department and IRS issued proposed regulations under sections 6662 and 6664 

(REG-126016-01) that limit the defenses available to the imposition of an accuracy-related 

penalty in connection with a reportable transaction when the transaction is not disclosed.
104

Transactions to be disclosed

The bill does not define the terms “listed transaction”170 or “reportable transaction,” nor 

does the bill explain the type of information that must be disclosed in order to avoid the 

imposition of a penalty. Rather, the bill authorizes the Treasury Department to define a “listed 

transaction” and a “reportable transaction” under section 6011. 

Penalty rate

The penalty for failing to disclose a reportable transaction is $50,000. The amount is 

increased to $100,000 if the failure is with respect to a listed transaction. For large entities and 

high net worth individuals, the penalty amount is doubled (i.e., $100,000 for a reportable 

transaction and $200,000 for a listed transaction). The penalty cannot be waived with respect to 

a listed transaction. As to reportable transactions, the penalty can be rescinded (or abated) only 

if: (1) the taxpayer on whom the penalty is imposed has a history of complying with the Federal 

tax laws, (2) it is shown that the violation is due to an unintentional mistake of fact, (3) imposing 

the penalty would be against equity and good conscience, and (4) rescinding the penalty would 

promote compliance with the tax laws and effective tax administration. The authority to rescind 

the penalty can only be exercised by the IRS Commissioner personally or the head of the Office 

of Tax Shelter Analysis. Thus, the penalty cannot be rescinded by a revenue agent, an Appeals 

officer, or any other IRS personnel. The decision to rescind a penalty must be accompanied by a 

record describing the facts and reasons for the action and the amount rescinded. There will be no 

taxpayer right to appeal a refusal to rescind a penalty. The IRS also is required to submit an 

annual report to Congress summarizing the application of the disclosure penalties and providing 

a description of each penalty rescinded under this provision and the reasons for the rescission.

A “large entity” is defined as any entity with gross receipts in excess of $10 million in the 

year of the transaction or in the preceding year. A “high net worth individual” is defined as any 

individual whose net worth exceeds $2 million, based on the fair market value of the individual’s 

assets and liabilities immediately before entering into the transaction.

A public entity that is required to pay a penalty for failing to disclose a listed transaction 

(or is subject to an understatement penalty attributable to a non-disclosed listed transaction, a 

non-disclosed reportable avoidance transaction,171 or a transaction that lacks economic 

substance) must disclose the imposition of the penalty in reports to the Securities and Exchange 

 

170 The provision states that, except as provided in regulations, a listed transaction means 

a reportable transaction, which is the same as, or substantially similar to, a transaction 

specifically identified by the Secretary as a tax avoidance transaction for purposes of section 

6011. For this purpose, it is expected that the definition of “substantially similar” will be the 

definition used in Treas. Reg. sec. 1.6011-4(c)(4). However, the Secretary may modify this 

definition (as well as the definitions of “listed transaction” and “reportable transactions”) as 

appropriate. 

171 A reportable avoidance transaction is a reportable transaction with a significant tax 

avoidance purpose. 
105

Commission for such period as the Secretary shall specify. The bill applies without regard to 

whether the taxpayer determines the amount of the penalty to be material to the reports in which 

the penalty must appear, and treats any failure to disclose a transaction in such reports as a 

failure to disclose a listed transaction. A taxpayer must disclose a penalty in reports to the 

Securities and Exchange Commission once the taxpayer has exhausted its administrative and 

judicial remedies with respect to the penalty (or if earlier, when paid).

Effective Date

The bill is effective for returns and statements the due date for which is after the date of 

enactment.

3. Modifications to the accuracy-related penalties for listed transactions and reportable 

transactions having a significant tax avoidance purpose (sec. 703 of the bill and new sec. 

6662A of the Code)

Present Law

The accuracy-related penalty applies to the portion of any underpayment that is 

attributable to (1) negligence, (2) any substantial understatement of income tax, (3) any 

substantial valuation misstatement, (4) any substantial overstatement of pension liabilities, or (5) 

any substantial estate or gift tax valuation understatement. If the correct income tax liability 

exceeds that reported by the taxpayer by the greater of 10 percent of the correct tax or $5,000 

($10,000 in the case of corporations), then a substantial understatement exists and a penalty may 

be imposed equal to 20 percent of the underpayment of tax attributable to the understatement.172 

The amount of any understatement generally is reduced by any portion attributable to an item if 

(1) the treatment of the item is supported by substantial authority, or (2) facts relevant to the tax 

treatment of the item were adequately disclosed and there was a reasonable basis for its tax

treatment.173 

Special rules apply with respect to tax shelters.174 For understatements by non-corporate 

taxpayers attributable to tax shelters, the penalty may be avoided only if the taxpayer establishes 

that, in addition to having substantial authority for the position, the taxpayer reasonably believed 

that the treatment claimed was more likely than not the proper treatment of the item. This 

reduction in the penalty is unavailable to corporate tax shelters. 

The understatement penalty generally is abated (even with respect to tax shelters) in cases 

in which the taxpayer can demonstrate that there was “reasonable cause” for the underpayment 

and that the taxpayer acted in good faith.175 The relevant regulations provide that reasonable 

 

172 Sec. 6662.

173 Sec. 6662(d)(2)(B).

174 Sec. 6662(d)(2)(C).

175 Sec. 6664(c).
106

cause exists where the taxpayer “reasonably relies in good faith on an opinion based on a 

professional tax advisor’s analysis of the pertinent facts and authorities [that] . . . unambiguously 

concludes that there is a greater than 50-percent likelihood that the tax treatment of the item will 

be upheld if challenged” by the IRS.176

Explanation of Provision

In general

The bill modifies the present-law accuracy related penalty by replacing the rules 

applicable to tax shelters with a new accuracy-related penalty that applies to listed transactions 

and reportable transactions with a significant tax avoidance purpose (hereinafter referred to as a 

“reportable avoidance transaction”).177 The penalty rate and defenses available to avoid the 

penalty vary depending on whether the transaction was adequately disclosed.

Disclosed transactions

In general, a 20-percent accuracy-related penalty is imposed on any understatement 

attributable to an adequately disclosed listed transaction or reportable avoidance transaction. 

The only exception to the penalty is if the taxpayer satisfies a more stringent reasonable cause 

and good faith exception (hereinafter referred to as the “strengthened reasonable cause 

exception”), which is described below. The strengthened reasonable cause exception is available 

only if the relevant facts affecting the tax treatment are adequately disclosed, there is or was 

substantial authority for the claimed tax treatment, and the taxpayer reasonably believed that the 

claimed tax treatment was more likely than not the proper treatment.

Undisclosed transactions

If the taxpayer does not adequately disclose the transaction, the strengthened reasonable 

cause exception is not available (i.e., a strict-liability penalty applies), and the taxpayer is subject 

to an increased penalty rate equal to 30 percent of the understatement. 

In addition, a public entity that is required to pay the 30 percent penalty must disclose the 

imposition of the penalty in reports to the SEC for such periods as the Secretary shall specify. 

The disclosure to the SEC applies without regard to whether the taxpayer determines the amount 

of the penalty to be material to the reports in which the penalty must appear, and any failure to 

disclose such penalty in the reports is treated as a failure to disclose a listed transaction. A 

taxpayer must disclose a penalty in reports to the SEC once the taxpayer has exhausted its 

administrative and judicial remedies with respect to the penalty (or if earlier, when paid).

Once the 30 percent penalty has been included in the Revenue Agent Report, the penalty 

cannot be compromised for purposes of a settlement without approval of the Commissioner 

 

176 Treas. Reg. sec. 1.6662-4(g)(4)(i)(B); Treas. Reg. sec. 1.6664-4(c).

177 The terms “reportable transaction” and “listed transaction” have the same meanings 

as used for purposes of the penalty for failing to disclose reportable transactions.
107

personally or the head of the Office of Tax Shelter Analysis. Furthermore, the IRS is required to 

submit an annual report to Congress summarizing the application of this penalty and providing a 

description of each penalty compromised under this provision and the reasons for the 

compromise. 

Determination of the understatement amount

The penalty is applied to the amount of any understatement attributable to the listed or 

reportable avoidance transaction without regard to other items on the tax return. For purposes of 

this bill, the amount of the understatement is determined as the sum of (1) the product of the 

highest corporate or individual tax rate (as appropriate) and the increase in taxable income 

resulting from the difference between the taxpayer’s treatment of the item and the proper 

treatment of the item (without regard to other items on the tax return) 178, and (2) the amount of 

any decrease in the aggregate amount of credits which results from a difference between the 

taxpayer’s treatment of an item and the proper tax treatment of such item. 

Except as provided in regulations, a taxpayer’s treatment of an item shall not take into 

account any amendment or supplement to a return if the amendment or supplement is filed after 

the earlier of when the taxpayer is first contacted regarding an examination of the return or such 

other date as specified by the Secretary.

Strengthened reasonable cause exception

A penalty is not imposed under the bill with respect to any portion of an understatement 

if it shown that there was reasonable cause for such portion and the taxpayer acted in good faith. 

Such a showing requires (1) adequate disclosure of the facts affecting the transaction in 

accordance with the regulations under section 6011,179 (2) that there is or was substantial 

authority for such treatment, and (3) that the taxpayer reasonably believed that such treatment 

was more likely than not the proper treatment. For this purpose, a taxpayer will be treated as 

having a reasonable belief with respect to the tax treatment of an item only if such belief (1) is 

based on the facts and law that exist at the time the tax return (that includes the item) is filed, and 

(2) relates solely to the taxpayer’s chances of success on the merits and does not take into 

account the possibility that (a) a return will not be audited, (b) the treatment will not be raised on 

audit, or (c) the treatment will be resolved through settlement if raised. 

A taxpayer may (but is not required to) rely on an opinion of a tax advisor in establishing 

its reasonable belief with respect to the tax treatment of the item. However, a taxpayer may not 

rely on an opinion of a tax advisor for this purpose if the opinion (1) is provided by a 

“disqualified tax advisor,” or (2) is a “disqualified opinion.”

 

178 For this purpose, any reduction in the excess of deductions allowed for the taxable 

year over gross income for such year, and any reduction in the amount of capital losses which 

would (without regard to section 1211) be allowed for such year, shall be treated as an increase 

in taxable income.

179

 See the previous discussion regarding the penalty for failing to disclose a reportable 

transaction.
108

Disqualified tax advisor

A disqualified tax advisor is any advisor who (1) is a material advisor180 and who 

participates in the organization, management, promotion or sale of the transaction or is related 

(within the meaning of section 267 or 707) to any person who so participates, (2) is compensated 

directly or indirectly181 by a material advisor with respect to the transaction, (3) has a fee 

arrangement with respect to the transaction that is contingent on all or part of the intended tax 

benefits from the transaction being sustained, or (4) as determined under regulations prescribed 

by the Secretary, has a continuing financial interest with respect to the transaction. 

A material advisor is considered as participating in the “organization” of a transaction if 

the advisor performs acts relating to the development of the transaction. This may include, for 

example, preparing documents (1) establishing a structure used in connection with the 

transaction (such as a partnership agreement), (2) describing the transaction (such as an offering 

memorandum or other statement describing the transaction), or (3) relating to the registration of 

the transaction with any federal, state or local government body.182 Participation in the 

“management” of a transaction means involvement in the decision-making process regarding any 

business activity with respect to the transaction. Participation in the “promotion or sale” of a 

transaction means involvement in the marketing or solicitation of the transaction to others. Thus, 

an advisor who provides information about the transaction to a potential participant is involved 

in the promotion or sale of a transaction, as is any advisor who recommends the transaction to a 

potential participant. 

 

180 The term “material advisor” (defined below in connection with the new information 

filing requirements for material advisors) means any person who provides any material aid, 

assistance, or advice with respect to organizing, promoting, selling, implementing, or carrying 

out any reportable transaction, and who derives gross income in excess of $50,000 in the case of 

a reportable transaction substantially all of the tax benefits from which are provided to natural 

persons ($250,000 in any other case). 

181 This situation could arise, for example, when an advisor has an arrangement or 

understanding (oral or written) with an organizer, manager, or promoter of a reportable 

transaction that such party will recommend or refer potential participants to the advisor for an 

opinion regarding the tax treatment of the transaction. 

182 An advisor should not be treated as participating in the organization of a transaction if 

the advisor’s only involvement with respect to the organization of the transaction is the rendering 

of an opinion regarding the tax consequences of such transaction. However, such an advisor 

may be a “disqualified tax advisor” with respect to the transaction if the advisor participates in 

the management, promotion or sale of the transaction (or if the advisor is compensated by a 

material advisor, has a fee arrangement that is contingent on the tax benefits of the transaction, or 

as determined by the Secretary, has a continuing financial interest with respect to the 

transaction). 
109

Disqualified opinion

An opinion may not be relied upon if the opinion (1) is based on unreasonable factual or 

legal assumptions (including assumptions as to future events), (2) unreasonably relies upon 

representations, statements, finding or agreements of the taxpayer or any other person, (3) does 

not identify and consider all relevant facts, or (4) fails to meet any other requirement prescribed 

by the Secretary.

Coordination with other penalties

Any understatement upon which a penalty is imposed under this bill is not subject to the 

accuracy-related penalty under section 6662. However, such understatement is included for 

purposes of determining whether any understatement (as defined in sec. 6662(d)(2)) is a 

substantial understatement as defined under section 6662(d)(1).

The penalty imposed under this provision shall not apply to any portion of an 

understatement to which a fraud penalty is applied under section 6663.

Effective Date

The bill is effective for taxable years ending after the date of enactment.

4. Penalty for understatements from transactions lacking economic substance (sec. 704 of 

the bill and new sec. 6662B of the Code) 

Present Law

An accuracy-related penalty applies to the portion of any underpayment that is 

attributable to (1) negligence, (2) any substantial understatement of income tax, (3) any 

substantial valuation misstatement, (4) any substantial overstatement of pension liabilities, or (5) 

any substantial estate or gift tax valuation understatement. If the correct income tax liability 

exceeds that reported by the taxpayer by the greater of 10 percent of the correct tax or $5,000 

($10,000 in the case of corporations), then a substantial understatement exists and a penalty may 

be imposed equal to 20 percent of the underpayment of tax attributable to the understatement.183 

The amount of any understatement is reduced by any portion attributable to an item if (1) the 

treatment of the item is supported by substantial authority, or (2) facts relevant to the tax 

treatment of the item were adequately disclosed and there was a reasonable basis for its tax 

treatment. 

Special rules apply with respect to tax shelters.184 For understatements by non-corporate 

taxpayers attributable to tax shelters, the penalty may be avoided only if the taxpayer establishes 

that, in addition to having substantial authority for the position, the taxpayer reasonably believed 

 

183 Sec. 6662.

184 Sec. 6662(d)(2)(C).
110

that the treatment claimed was more likely than not the proper treatment of the item. This 

reduction in the penalty is unavailable to corporate tax shelters. 

The penalty generally is abated (even with respect to tax shelters) in cases in which the 

taxpayer can demonstrate that there was “reasonable cause” for the underpayment and that the 

taxpayer acted in good faith.185 The relevant regulations provide that reasonable cause exists 

where the taxpayer “reasonably relies in good faith on an opinion based on a professional tax 

advisor’s analysis of the pertinent facts and authorities [that] . . . unambiguously concludes that 

there is a greater than 50-percent likelihood that the tax treatment of the item will be upheld if 

challenged” by the IRS.186

Explanation of Provision

The bill imposes a penalty for an understatement attributable to any transaction that lacks 

economic substance (referred to in the statute as a “non-economic substance transaction 

understatement”).187 The penalty rate is 40 percent (reduced to 20 percent if the taxpayer 

adequately discloses the relevant facts in accordance with regulations prescribed under section 

6011). No exceptions (including the reasonable cause or rescission rules) to the penalty would 

be available under the bill (i.e., the penalty is a strict-liability penalty).

A “non-economic substance transaction” means any transaction if (1) the transaction 

lacks economic substance (as defined in the earlier provision regarding the economic substance 

doctrine),188 (2) the transaction was not respected under the rules relating to transactions with 

tax-indifferent parties (as described in the earlier provision regarding the economic substance 

doctrine),189 or (3) any similar rule of law. For this purpose, a similar rule of law would include, 

for example, an understatement attributable to a transaction that is determined to be a sham 

transaction.

For purposes of this provision, the calculation of an “understatement” is made in the 

same manner as in the separate provision relating to accuracy-related penalties for listed and 

reportable avoidance transactions (new sec. 6662A). Thus, the amount of the understatement 

 

185 Sec. 6664(c).

186 Treas. Reg. sec. 1.6662-4(g)(4)(i)(B); Treas. Reg. sec. 1.6664-4(c).

187 Thus, unlike the new accuracy-related penalty under section 6662A (which applies 

only to listed and reportable avoidance transactions), the new penalty under this provision 

applies to any transaction that lacks economic substance.

188 The provision provides that a transaction has economic substance only if: (1) the 

transaction changes in a meaningful way (apart from Federal income tax effects) the taxpayer’s 

economic position, and (2) the transaction has a substantial non-tax purpose for entering into 

such transaction and is a reasonable means of accomplishing such purpose.

189 The provision provides that the form of a transaction that involves a tax-indifferent 

party will not be respected in certain circumstances.
111

under this provision would be determined as the sum of (1) the product of the highest corporate 

or individual tax rate (as appropriate) and the increase in taxable income resulting from the 

difference between the taxpayer’s treatment of the item and the proper treatment of the item 

(without regard to other items on the tax return), 190 and (2) the amount of any decrease in the 

aggregate amount of credits which results from a difference between the taxpayer’s treatment of 

an item and the proper tax treatment of such item. In essence, the penalty will apply to the 

amount of any understatement attributable solely to a non-economic substance transaction.

 Except as provided in regulations, the taxpayer’s treatment of an item will not take into 

account any amendment or supplement to a return if the amendment or supplement is filed after 

the earlier of the date the taxpayer is first contacted regarding an examination of the return or 

such other date as specified by the Secretary. 

A public entity that is required to pay a penalty under this provision (regardless of 

whether the transaction was disclosed) must disclose the imposition of the penalty in reports to 

the SEC for such periods as the Secretary shall specify. The disclosure to the SEC applies 

without regard to whether the taxpayer determines the amount of the penalty to be material to the 

reports in which the penalty must appear, and any failure to disclose such penalty in the reports is 

treated as a failure to disclose a listed transaction. A taxpayer must disclose a penalty in reports 

to the SEC once the taxpayer has exhausted its administrative and judicial remedies with respect 

to the penalty (or if earlier, when paid). 

Once a penalty (regardless of whether the transaction was disclosed) has been included in 

the Revenue Agent Report, the penalty cannot be compromised for purposes of a settlement 

without approval of the Commissioner personally or the head of the Office of Tax Shelter 

Analysis. Furthermore, the IRS is required to submit an annual report to Congress summarizing 

the application of this penalty and providing a description of each penalty compromised under 

this provision and the reasons for the compromise.

Any understatement to which a penalty is imposed under this provision will not be 

subject to the accuracy-related penalty under section 6662 or under new 6662A (accuracy-related 

penalties for listed and reportable avoidance transactions). However, an understatement under 

this provision would be taken into account for purposes of determining whether any 

understatement (as defined in sec. 6662(d)(2)) is a substantial understatement as defined under 

section 6662(d)(1). The penalty imposed under this provision will not apply to any portion of an 

understatement to which a fraud penalty is applied under section 6663.

Effective Date

The bill applies to transactions entered into after February 15, 2004.

 

190 For this purpose, any reduction in the excess of deductions allowed for the taxable 

year over gross income for such year, and any reduction in the amount of capital losses that 

would (without regard to section 1211) be allowed for such year, would be treated as an increase 

in taxable income.
112

5. Modifications to the substantial understatement penalty (sec. 705 of the bill and sec. 6662 

of the Code)

Present Law

Definition of substantial understatement

An accuracy-related penalty equal to 20 percent applies to any substantial understatement 

of tax. A “substantial understatement” exists if the correct income tax liability for a taxable year 

exceeds that reported by the taxpayer by the greater of 10 percent of the correct tax or $5,000 

($10,000 in the case of most corporations).191 

Reduction of understatement for certain positions

For purposes of determining whether a substantial understatement penalty applies, the 

amount of any understatement generally is reduced by any portion attributable to an item if (1) 

the treatment of the item is supported by substantial authority, or (2) facts relevant to the tax 

treatment of the item were adequately disclosed and there was a reasonable basis for its tax 

treatment.192

The Secretary is required to publish annually in the Federal Register a list of positions for 

which the Secretary believes there is not substantial authority and which affect a significant 

number of taxpayers.193

Explanation of Provision

Definition of substantial understatement

The bill modifies the definition of “substantial” for corporate taxpayers. Under the bill, a 

corporate taxpayer has a substantial understatement if the amount of the understatement for the

taxable year exceeds the lesser of (1) 10 percent of the tax required to be shown on the return for 

the taxable year (or, if greater, $10,000), or (2) $10 million.

Reduction of understatement for certain positions

The bill elevates the standard that a taxpayer must satisfy in order to reduce the amount 

of an understatement for undisclosed items. With respect to the treatment of an item whose facts 

are not adequately disclosed, a resulting understatement is reduced only if the taxpayer had a 

reasonable belief that the tax treatment was more likely than not the proper treatment. The bill 

also authorizes (but does not require) the Secretary to publish a list of positions for which it 

believes there is not substantial authority or there is no reasonable belief that the tax treatment is 

 

191 Sec. 6662(a) and (d)(1)(A).

192 Sec. 6662(d)(2)(B).

193 Sec. 6662(d)(2)(D).
113

more likely than not the proper treatment (without regard to whether such positions affect a 

significant number of taxpayers). The list shall be published in the Federal Register or the 

Internal Revenue Bulletin.

Effective Date

The bill is effective for taxable years beginning after date of enactment.

6. Tax shelter exception to confidentiality privileges relating to taxpayer communications 

(sec. 706 of the bill and sec. 7525 of the Code)

Present Law

In general, a common law privilege of confidentiality exists for communications between 

an attorney and client with respect to the legal advice the attorney gives the client. The Code 

provides that, with respect to tax advice, the same common law protections of confidentiality that 

apply to a communication between a taxpayer and an attorney also apply to a communication 

between a taxpayer and a federally authorized tax practitioner to the extent the communication 

would be considered a privileged communication if it were between a taxpayer and an attorney. 

This rule is inapplicable to communications regarding corporate tax shelters.

Explanation of Provision

The bill modifies the rule relating to corporate tax shelters by making it applicable to all 

tax shelters, whether entered into by corporations, individuals, partnerships, tax-exempt entities, 

or any other entity. Accordingly, communications with respect to tax shelters are not subject to 

the confidentiality provision of the Code that otherwise applies to a communication between a 

taxpayer and a federally authorized tax practitioner.

Effective Date

The bill is effective with respect to communications made on or after the date of 

enactment.
114

7. Disclosure of reportable transactions by material advisors (secs. 707 and 708 of the bill 

and secs. 6111 and 6707 of the Code)

Present Law

Registration of tax shelter arrangements

An organizer of a tax shelter is required to register the shelter with the Secretary not later 

than the day on which the shelter is first offered for sale.194 A “tax shelter” means any 

investment with respect to which the tax shelter ratio195 for any investor as of the close of any of 

the first five years ending after the investment is offered for sale may be greater than two to one 

and which is: (1) required to be registered under Federal or State securities laws, (2) sold 

pursuant to an exemption from registration requiring the filing of a notice with a Federal or State 

securities agency, or (3) a substantial investment (greater than $250,000 and at least five 

investors).196

Other promoted arrangements are treated as tax shelters for purposes of the registration 

requirement if: (1) a significant purpose of the arrangement is the avoidance or evasion of 

Federal income tax by a corporate participant; (2) the arrangement is offered under conditions of 

confidentiality; and (3) the promoter may receive fees in excess of $100,000 in the aggregate.197

In general, a transaction has a “significant purpose of avoiding or evading Federal income 

tax” if the transaction: (1) is the same as or substantially similar to a “listed transaction,”198 or 

(2) is structured to produce tax benefits that constitute an important part of the intended results of 

the arrangement and the promoter reasonably expects to present the arrangement to more than 

one taxpayer.199 Certain exceptions are provided with respect to the second category of 

transactions.200

An arrangement is offered under conditions of confidentiality if: (1) an offeree has an 

understanding or agreement to limit the disclosure of the transaction or any significant tax 

 

194 Sec. 6111(a).

195 The tax shelter ratio is, with respect to any year, the ratio that the aggregate amount of 

the deductions and 350 percent of the credits, which are represented to be potentially allowable 

to any investor, bears to the investment base (money plus basis of assets contributed) as of the 

close of the tax year.

196 Sec. 6111(c).

197 Sec. 6111(d).

198 Treas. Reg. sec. 301.6111-2(b)(2).

199 Treas. Reg. sec. 301.6111-2(b)(3).

200 Treas. Reg. sec. 301.6111-2(b)(4).
115

features of the transaction; or (2) the promoter knows, or has reason to know that the offeree’s 

use or disclosure of information relating to the transaction is limited in any other manner.201 

Failure to register tax shelter

The penalty for failing to timely register a tax shelter (or for filing false or incomplete 

information with respect to the tax shelter registration) generally is the greater of one percent of 

the aggregate amount invested in the shelter or $500.202 However, if the tax shelter involves an 

arrangement offered to a corporation under conditions of confidentiality, the penalty is the 

greater of $10,000 or 50 percent of the fees payable to any promoter with respect to offerings 

prior to the date of late registration. Intentional disregard of the requirement to register increases 

the penalty to 75 percent of the applicable fees.

Section 6707 also imposes (1) a $100 penalty on the promoter for each failure to furnish 

the investor with the required tax shelter identification number, and (2) a $250 penalty on the 

investor for each failure to include the tax shelter identification number on a return.

Explanation of Provision

Disclosure of reportable transactions by material advisors

The bill repeals the present law rules with respect to registration of tax shelters. Instead, 

the bill requires each material advisor with respect to any reportable transaction (including any 

listed transaction)203 to timely file an information return with the Secretary (in such form and 

manner as the Secretary may prescribe). The return must be filed on such date as specified by 

the Secretary. 

The information return will include (1) information identifying and describing the 

transaction, (2) information describing any potential tax benefits expected to result from the 

transaction, and (3) such other information as the Secretary may prescribe. It is expected that the 

Secretary may seek from the material advisor the same type of information that the Secretary 

may request from a taxpayer in connection with a reportable transaction.204

 

201 The regulations provide that the determination of whether an arrangement is offered 

under conditions of confidentiality is based on all the facts and circumstances surrounding the 

offer. If an offeree’s disclosure of the structure or tax aspects of the transaction are limited in 

any way by an express or implied understanding or agreement with or for the benefit of a tax 

shelter promoter, an offer is considered made under conditions of confidentiality, whether or not 

such understanding or agreement is legally binding. Treas. Reg. sec. 301.6111-2(c)(1).

202 Sec. 6707.

203 The terms “reportable transaction” and “listed transaction” have the same meaning as 

previously described in connection with the taxpayer-related provisions.

204

 See the previous discussion regarding the disclosure requirements under new section 

6707A.
116

A “material advisor” means any person (1) who provides material aid, assistance, or 

advice with respect to organizing, promoting, selling, implementing, or carrying out any 

reportable transaction, and (2) who directly or indirectly derives gross income in excess of 

$250,000 ($50,000 in the case of a reportable transaction substantially all of the tax benefits from 

which are provided to natural persons) for such advice or assistance.

The Secretary may prescribe regulations which provide (1) that only one material advisor 

has to file an information return in cases in which two or more material advisors would otherwise 

be required to file information returns with respect to a particular reportable transaction, (2) 

exemptions from the requirements of this section, and (3) other rules as may be necessary or 

appropriate to carry out the purposes of this section (including, for example, rules regarding the 

aggregation of fees in appropriate circumstances).

Penalty for failing to furnish information regarding reportable transactions

The bill repeals the present law penalty for failure to register tax shelters. Instead, the bill 

imposes a penalty on any material advisor who fails to file an information return, or who files a 

false or incomplete information return, with respect to a reportable transaction (including a listed 

transaction).205 The amount of the penalty is $50,000. If the penalty is with respect to a listed 

transaction, the amount of the penalty is increased to the greater of (1) $200,000, or (2) 50 

percent of the gross income of such person with respect to aid, assistance, or advice which is 

provided with respect to the transaction before the date the information return that includes the 

transaction is filed. Intentional disregard by a material advisor of the requirement to disclose a 

listed transaction increases the penalty to 75 percent of the gross income. 

The penalty cannot be waived with respect to a listed transaction. As to reportable 

transactions, the penalty can be rescinded (or abated) only in exceptional circumstances.206 All 

or part of the penalty may be rescinded only if: (1) the material advisor on whom the penalty is 

imposed has a history of complying with the Federal tax laws, (2) it is shown that the violation is 

due to an unintentional mistake of fact, (3) imposing the penalty would be against equity and 

good conscience, and (4) rescinding the penalty would promote compliance with the tax laws 

and effective tax administration. The authority to rescind the penalty can only be exercised by 

the Commissioner personally or the head of the Office of Tax Shelter Analysis; this authority to 

rescind cannot otherwise be delegated by the Commissioner. Thus, the penalty cannot be 

rescinded by a revenue agent, an Appeals officer, or other IRS personnel. The decision to 

rescind a penalty must be accompanied by a record describing the facts and reasons for the action 

and the amount rescinded. There will be no right to appeal a refusal to rescind a penalty. The 

IRS also is required to submit an annual report to Congress summarizing the application of the 

 

205 The terms “reportable transaction” and “listed transaction” have the same meaning as 

previously described in connection with the taxpayer-related provisions.

206 The Secretary’s present-law authority to postpone certain tax-related deadlines 

because of Presidentially-declared disasters (sec. 7508A) will also encompass the authority to 

postpone the reporting deadlines established by the provision.
117

disclosure penalties and providing a description of each penalty rescinded under this provision 

and the reasons for the rescission.

Effective Date

The provision requiring disclosure of reportable transactions by material advisors applies 

to transactions with respect to which material aid, assistance or advice is provided after the date 

of enactment.

The provision imposing a penalty for failing to disclose reportable transactions applies to 

returns the due date for which is after the date of enactment.

8. Investor lists and modification of penalty for failure to maintain investor lists (secs. 707 

and 709 of the bill and secs. 6112 and 6708 of the Code)

Present Law

Investor lists

Any organizer or seller of a potentially abusive tax shelter must maintain a list identifying 

each person who was sold an interest in any such tax shelter with respect to which registration 

was required under section 6111 (even though the particular party may not have been subject to 

confidentiality restrictions).207 Recently issued regulations under section 6112 contain rules 

regarding the list maintenance requirements. 208 In general, the regulations apply to transactions 

that are potentially abusive tax shelters entered into, or acquired after, February 28, 2003.209

The regulations provide that a person is an organizer or seller of a potentially abusive tax 

shelter if the person is a material advisor with respect to that transaction.210 A material advisor is 

defined any person who is required to register the transaction under section 6111, or expects to 

receive a minimum fee of (1) $250,000 for a transaction that is a potentially abusive tax shelter if 

all participants are corporations, or (2) $50,000 for any other transaction that is a potentially 

abusive tax shelter.211 For listed transactions (as defined in the regulations under section 6011), 

the minimum fees are reduced to $25,000 and $10,000, respectively.

 

207 Sec. 6112.

208 Treas. Reg. sec. 301-6112-1.

209 A special rule applies the list maintenance requirements to transactions entered into 

after February 28, 2000 if the transaction becomes a listed transaction (as defined in Treas. Reg. 

1.6011-4) after February 28, 2003.

210 Treas. Reg. sec. 301.6112-1(c)(1).

211 Treas. Reg. sec. 301.6112-1(c)(2) and (3).
118

A potentially abusive tax shelter is any transaction that (1) is required to be registered 

under section 6111, (2) is a listed transaction (as defined under the regulations under section 

6011), or (3) any transaction that a potential material advisor, at the time the transaction is 

entered into, knows is or reasonably expects will become a reportable transaction (as defined 

under the new regulations under section 6011).212 

The Secretary is required to prescribe regulations which provide that, in cases in which two or 

more persons are required to maintain the same list, only one person would be required to 

maintain the list.213

Penalty for failing to maintain investor lists

Under section 6708, the penalty for failing to maintain the list required under section 

6112 is $50 for each name omitted from the list (with a maximum penalty of $100,000 per year). 

Explanation of Provision

Investor lists

Each material advisor214 with respect to a reportable transaction (including a listed 

transaction)215 is required to maintain a list that (1) identifies each person with respect to whom 

the advisor acted as a material advisor with respect to the reportable transaction, and (2) contains 

other information as may be required by the Secretary. In addition, the bill authorizes (but does 

not require) the Secretary to prescribe regulations which provide that, in cases in which 2 or 

more persons are required to maintain the same list, only one person would be required to 

maintain the list.

Penalty for failing to maintain investor lists

The bill modifies the penalty for failing to maintain the required list by making it a timesensitive penalty. Thus, a material advisor who is required to maintain an investor list and who 

fails to make the list available upon written request by the Secretary within 20 business days 

after the request will be subject to a $10,000 per day penalty. The penalty applies to a person 

who fails to maintain a list, maintains an incomplete list, or has in fact maintained a list but does 

 

212 Treas. Reg. sec. 301.6112-1(b).

213 Sec. 6112(c)(2).

214 The term “material advisor” has the same meaning as when used in connection with 

the requirement to file an information return under section 6111.

215 The terms “reportable transaction” and “listed transaction” have the same meaning as 

previously described in connection with the taxpayer-related provisions.
119

not make the list available to the Secretary. The penalty can be waived if the failure to make the 

list available is due to reasonable cause.216

Effective Date

The provision requiring a material advisor to maintain an investor list applies to 

transactions with respect to which material aid, assistance or advice is provided after the date of 

enactment.

The provision imposing a penalty for failing to maintain investor lists applies to requests 

made after the date of enactment. 

9. Actions to enjoin conduct with respect to tax shelters and reportable transactions (sec. 

710 of the bill and sec. 7408 of the Code)

Present Law

The Code authorizes civil action to enjoin any person from promoting abusive tax 

shelters or aiding or abetting the understatement of tax liability.217

Explanation of Provision

The bill expands this rule so that injunctions may also be sought with respect to the 

requirements relating to the reporting of reportable transactions218 and the keeping of lists of 

investors by material advisors.219 Thus, under the bill, an injunction may be sought against a 

material advisor to enjoin the advisor from (1) failing to file an information return with respect to 

a reportable transaction, or (2) failing to maintain, or to timely furnish upon written request by 

the Secretary, a list of investors with respect to each reportable transaction.

Effective Date

The provision is effective on the day after the date of enactment.

 

216 In no event will failure to maintain a list be considered reasonable cause for failing to 

make a list available to the Secretary.

217 Sec. 7408.

218 Sec. 6707, as amended by other provisions of this bill.

219 Sec. 6708, as amended by other provisions of this bill.
120

10. Understatement of taxpayer’s liability by income tax return preparer (sec. 711 of the 

bill and sec. 6694 of the Code)

Present Law

An income tax return preparer who prepares a return with respect to which there is an 

understatement of tax that is due to a position for which there was not a realistic possibility of 

being sustained on its merits and the position was not disclosed (or was frivolous) is liable for a 

penalty of $250, provided that the preparer knew or reasonably should have known of the 

position. An income tax return preparer who prepares a return and engages in specified willful 

or reckless conduct with respect to preparing such a return is liable for a penalty of $1,000.

Explanation of Provision

The bill alters the standards of conduct that must be met to avoid imposition of the first 

penalty. The bill replaces the realistic possibility standard with a requirement that there be a 

reasonable belief that the tax treatment of the position was more likely than not the proper 

treatment. The bill also replaces the not frivolous standard with the requirement that there be a 

reasonable basis for the tax treatment of the position. 

In addition, the bill increases the amount of these penalties. The penalty relating to not 

having a reasonable belief that the tax treatment was more likely than not the proper tax 

treatment is increased from $250 to $1,000. The penalty relating to willful or reckless conduct is 

increased from $1,000 to $5,000.

Effective Date

The provision is effective for documents prepared after the date of enactment.

11. Penalty for failure to report interests in foreign financial accounts (sec. 712 of the bill 

and sec. 5321 of Title 31, United States Code)

Present Law

The Secretary of the Treasury must require citizens, residents, or persons doing business 

in the United States to keep records and file reports when that person makes a transaction or 

maintains an account with a foreign financial entity.220 In general, individuals must fulfill this 

requirement by answering questions regarding foreign accounts or foreign trusts that are 

contained in Part III of Schedule B of the IRS Form 1040. Taxpayers who answer “yes” in 

response to the question regarding foreign accounts must then file Treasury Department Form 

TD F 90-22.1. This form must be filed with the Department of the Treasury, and not as part of 

the tax return that is filed with the IRS.

The Secretary of the Treasury may impose a civil penalty on any person who willfully 

violates this reporting requirement. The civil penalty is the amount of the transaction or the 

 

220 31 U.S.C. 5314.
121

value of the account, up to a maximum of $100,000; the minimum amount of the penalty is 

$25,000.221 In addition, any person who willfully violates this reporting requirement is subject to 

a criminal penalty. The criminal penalty is a fine of not more than $250,000 or imprisonment for 

not more than five years (or both); if the violation is part of a pattern of illegal activity, the 

maximum amount of the fine is increased to $500,000 and the maximum length of imprisonment 

is increased to 10 years.222

On April 26, 2002, the Secretary of the Treasury submitted to the Congress a report on 

these reporting requirements.223 This report, which was statutorily required,224 studies methods 

for improving compliance with these reporting requirements. It makes several administrative 

recommendations, but no legislative recommendations. A further report was required to be 

submitted by the Secretary of the Treasury to the Congress by October 26, 2002.

Explanation of Provision

The bill adds an additional civil penalty that may be imposed on any person who violates 

this reporting requirement (without regard to willfulness). This new civil penalty is up to $5,000. 

The penalty may be waived if any income from the account was properly reported on the income 

tax return and there was reasonable cause for the failure to report.

Effective Date

The provision is effective with respect to violations occurring after the date of enactment.

12. Frivolous tax returns and submissions (sec. 713 of the bill and sec. 6702 of the Code)

Present Law

The Code provides that an individual who files a frivolous income tax return is subject to 

a penalty of $500 imposed by the IRS (sec. 6702). The Code also permits the Tax Court225 to 

impose a penalty of up to $25,000 if a taxpayer has instituted or maintained proceedings 

primarily for delay or if the taxpayer’s position in the proceeding is frivolous or groundless (sec. 

6673(a)).

 

221 31 U.S.C. 5321(a)(5).

222 31 U.S.C. 5322.

223

 A Report to Congress in Accordance with Sec. 361(b) of the Uniting and 

Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct 

Terrorism Act of 2001, April 26, 2002.

224 Sec. 361(b) of the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 (Pub. L. 107-56).

225 Because in general the Tax Court is the only pre-payment forum available to 

taxpayers, it deals with most of the frivolous, groundless, or dilatory arguments raised in tax 

cases.
122

Explanation of Provision

The bill modifies the IRS-imposed penalty by increasing the amount of the penalty to up 

to $5,000 and by applying it to all taxpayers and to all types of Federal taxes.

The bill also modifies present law with respect to certain submissions that raise frivolous 

arguments or that are intended to delay or impede tax administration. The submissions to which 

this provision applies are requests for a collection due process hearing, installment agreements, 

offers-in-compromise, and taxpayer assistance orders. First, the bill permits the IRS to dismiss 

such requests. Second, the bill permits the IRS to impose a penalty of up to $5,000 for such 

requests, unless the taxpayer withdraws the request after being given an opportunity to do so.

The bill requires the IRS to publish a list of positions, arguments, requests, and 

submissions determined to be frivolous for purposes of these provisions.

Effective Date

The provision is effective for submissions made and issues raised after the date on which 

the Secretary first prescribes the required list.

13. Regulation of individuals practicing before the Department of the Treasury (sec. 714 of 

the bill and sec. 330 of Title 31, United States Code)

Present Law

The Secretary of the Treasury is authorized to regulate the practice of representatives of 

persons before the Department of the Treasury.226 The Secretary is also authorized to suspend or 

disbar from practice before the Department a representative who is incompetent, who is 

disreputable, who violates the rules regulating practice before the Department, or who (with 

intent to defraud) willfully and knowingly misleads or threatens the person being represented (or 

a person who may be represented). The rules promulgated by the Secretary pursuant to this 

provision are contained in Circular 230.

Explanation of Provision

The bill makes two modifications to expand the sanctions that the Secretary may impose 

pursuant to these statutory provisions. First, the bill expressly permits censure as a sanction. 

Second, the bill permits the imposition of a monetary penalty as a sanction. If the representative 

is acting on behalf of an employer or other entity, the Secretary may impose a monetary penalty 

on the employer or other entity if it knew, or reasonably should have known, of the conduct. This 

monetary penalty on the employer or other entity may be imposed in addition to any monetary 

penalty imposed directly on the representative. These monetary penalties are not to exceed the 

gross income derived (or to be derived) from the conduct giving rise to the penalty. These 

monetary penalties may be in addition to, or in lieu of, any suspension, disbarment, or censure.

 

226 31 U.S.C. 330.
123

The bill also confirms the present-law authority of the Secretary to impose standards 

applicable to written advice with respect to an entity, plan, or arrangement that is of a type that 

the Secretary determines as having a potential for tax avoidance or evasion.

Effective Date

The modifications to expand the sanctions that the Secretary may impose are effective for 

actions taken after the date of enactment.

14. Penalties on promoters of tax shelters (sec. 715 of the bill and sec. 6700 of the Code)

Present Law

A penalty is imposed on any person who organizes, assists in the organization of, or 

participates in the sale of any interest in, a partnership or other entity, any investment plan or 

arrangement, or any other plan or arrangement, if in connection with such activity the person 

makes or furnishes a qualifying false or fraudulent statement or a gross valuation 

overstatement.227 A qualified false or fraudulent statement is any statement with respect to the 

allowability of any deduction or credit, the excludability of any income, or the securing of any 

other tax benefit by reason of holding an interest in the entity or participating in the plan or 

arrangement which the person knows or has reason to know is false or fraudulent as to any 

material matter. A “gross valuation overstatement” means any statement as to the value of any 

property or services if the stated value exceeds 200 percent of the correct valuation, and the 

value is directly related to the amount of any allowable income tax deduction or credit.

The amount of the penalty is $1,000 (or, if the person establishes that it is less, 100 

percent of the gross income derived or to be derived by the person from such activity). A 

penalty attributable to a gross valuation misstatement can be waived on a showing that there was 

a reasonable basis for the valuation and it was made in good faith.

Explanation of Provision

The bill modifies the penalty amount to equal 50 percent of the gross income derived by 

the person from the activity for which the penalty is imposed. The new penalty rate applies to 

any activity that involves a statement regarding the tax benefits of participating in a plan or 

arrangement if the person knows or has reason to know that such statement is false or fraudulent 

as to any material matter. The enhanced penalty does not apply to a gross valuation 

overstatement.

Effective Date

The bill is effective for activities after the date of enactment.

 

227 Sec. 6700.
124

15. Extend statute of limitations for certain undisclosed transactions (sec. 716 of the bill 

and sec. 6501 of the Code)

Present Law

In general, the Code requires that taxes be assessed within three years228 after the date a 

return is filed.229 If there has been a substantial omission of items of gross income that total 

more than 25 percent of the amount of gross income shown on the return, the period during 

which an assessment must be made is extended to six years.230 If an assessment is not made 

within the required time periods, the tax generally cannot be assessed or collected at any future 

time. Tax may be assessed at any time if the taxpayer files a false or fraudulent return with the 

intent to evade tax or if the taxpayer does not file a tax return at all.231

Explanation of Provision

The bill extends the statute of limitations to six years with respect to the entire tax 

return232 if a taxpayer required to disclose a listed transaction233 fails to do so in the manner 

required. For example, if a taxpayer entered into a transaction in 2005 that becomes a listed 

transaction in 2006 and the taxpayer fails to disclose such transaction in the manner required by 

Treasury regulations, the 2005 tax return will be subject to a six-year statute of limitations.234

Effective Date

The bill is effective for transactions in taxable years beginning after the date of 

enactment.

 

228 Sec. 6501(a).

229 For this purpose, a return that is filed before the date on which it is due is considered

to be filed on the required due date (sec. 6501(b)(1)).

230 Sec. 6501(e).

231 Sec. 6501(c).

232 The tax year extended is the tax year the transaction is entered into.

233 The term “listed transaction” has the same meaning as described in a previous 

provision regarding the penalty for failure to disclose reportable transactions.

234 However, if the Treasury Department lists a transaction in a year subsequent to the 

year a taxpayer entered into such transaction, and the taxpayer’s tax return for the year the 

transaction was entered into is closed by the statute of limitations prior to the transaction 

becoming a listed transaction, this provision does not re-open the statute of limitations for such 

year. 
125

16. Deny deduction for interest paid to IRS on underpayments involving certain 

tax-motivated transactions (sec. 717 of the bill and sec. 163 of the Code)

Present Law

In general, corporations may deduct interest paid or accrued within a taxable year on 

indebtedness.235 Interest on indebtedness to the Federal government attributable to an 

underpayment of tax generally may be deducted pursuant to this provision. 

Explanation of Provision

The bill disallows any deduction for interest paid or accrued within a taxable year on any 

portion of an underpayment of tax that is attributable to an understatement arising from (1) an 

undisclosed reportable avoidance transaction, (2) an undisclosed listed transaction, or (3) a 

transaction that lacks economic substance.236

Effective Date

The provision is effective for underpayments attributable to transactions entered into in 

taxable years beginning after the date of enactment. 

17. Authorize additional $300 million per year to the IRS to combat abusive tax avoidance 

transactions (sec. 718 of the bill)

Present Law

There is no explicit authorization of appropriations to the Internal Revenue Service to be 

used to combat abusive tax avoidance transactions.

Explanation of Provision

The bill includes an authorization of an additional $300 million to the Internal Revenue 

Service to be used to combat abusive tax avoidance transactions.

Effective Date

The provision is effective on the date of enactment.

 

235 Sec. 163(a). 

236 The definitions of these transactions are the same as those previously described in 

connection with the provision to modify the accuracy-related penalty for listed and certain 

reportable transactions and the provision to impose a penalty on understatements attributable to 

transactions that lack economic substance.
126

B. Other Provisions

1. Affirmation of consolidated return regulation authority (sec. 721 of the bill and sec. 1502 

of the Code)

Present Law

An affiliated group of corporations may elect to file a consolidated return in lieu of 

separate returns. A condition of electing to file a consolidated return is that all corporations that 

are members of the consolidated group must consent to all the consolidated return regulations 

prescribed under section 1502 prior to the last day prescribed by law for filing such return.237 

Section 1502 states:

The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as he may deem necessary in order that the 

tax liability of any affiliated group of corporations making a consolidated return and of 

each corporation in the group, both during and after the period of affiliation, may be 

returned, determined, computed, assessed, collected, and adjusted, in such manner as 

clearly to reflect the income-tax liability and the various factors necessary for the 

determination of such liability, and in order to prevent the avoidance of such tax 

liability.238

Under this authority, the Treasury Department has issued extensive consolidated return 

regulations.239

In the recent case of Rite Aid Corp. v. United States,240 the Federal Circuit Court of 

Appeals addressed the application of a particular provision of certain consolidated return loss 

 

237 Sec. 1501.

238 Sec. 1502. 

239 Regulations issued under the authority of section 1502 are considered to be 

“legislative” regulations rather than “interpretative” regulations, and as such are usually given 

greater deference by courts in case of a taxpayer challenge to such a regulation. See, S. Rep. No. 

960, 70th Cong., 1st Sess. at 15, describing the consolidated return regulations as “legislative in 

character”. The Supreme Court has stated that “. . . legislative regulations are given controlling 

weight unless they are arbitrary, capricious, or manifestly contrary to the statute.” Chevron, 

U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 844 (1984) (involving an 

environmental protection regulation). For examples involving consolidated return regulations, 

see, e.g., Wolter Construction Company v. Commissioner, 634 F.2d 1029 (6th Cir. 1980); 

Garvey, Inc. v.United States, 1 Ct. Cl. 108 (1983), aff’d 726 F.2d 1569 (Fed. Cir. 1984), cert. 

denied 469 U.S. 823 (1984). Compare, e.g., Audrey J. Walton v. Commissioner, 115 T.C. 589 

(2000), describing different standards of review. The case did not involve a consolidated return 

regulation. 

240 255 F.3d 1357 (Fed. Cir. 2001), reh’g denied, 2001 U.S. App. LEXIS 23207 (Fed. 

Cir. Oct. 3, 2001).
127

disallowance regulations, and concluded that the provision was invalid.241 The particular 

provision, known as the “duplicated loss” provision,242 would have denied a loss on the sale of 

stock of a subsidiary by a parent corporation that had filed a consolidated return with the 

subsidiary, to the extent the subsidiary corporation had assets that had a built-in loss, or had a net 

operating loss, that could be recognized or used later.243 

 

241 Prior to this decision, there had been a few instances involving prior laws in which 

certain consolidated return regulations were held to be invalid. See, e.g., American Standard, Inc. 

v. United States, 602 F.2d 256 (Ct. Cl. 1979), discussed in the text infra. see also Union Carbide 

Corp. v. United States, 612 F.2d 558 (Ct. Cl. 1979), and Allied Corporation v. United States, 685 

F. 2d 396 (Ct. Cl. 1982), all three cases involving the allocation of income and loss within a 

consolidated group for purposes of computation of a deduction allowed under prior law by the 

Code for Western Hemisphere Trading Corporations. See also Joseph Weidenhoff v. 

Commissioner, 32 T.C. 1222, 1242-1244 (1959), involving the application of certain regulations 

to the excess profits tax credit allowed under prior law, and concluding that the Commissioner 

had applied a particular regulation in an arbitrary manner inconsistent with the wording of the 

regulation and inconsistent with even a consolidated group computation. Cf. Kanawha Gas & 

Utilities Co. v. Commissioner, 214 F.2d 685 (1954), concluding that the substance of a 

transaction was an acquisition of assets rather than stock. Thus, a regulation governing basis of 

the assets of consolidated subsidiaries did not apply to the case. See also General Machinery 

Corporation v. Commissioner, 33 B.T.A. 1215 (1936); Lefcourt Realty Corporation, 31 B.T.A. 

978 (1935); Helvering v. Morgans, Inc., 293 U.S. 121 (1934), interpreting the term “taxable 

year.” 

242 Treas. Reg. Sec. 1.1502-20(c)(1)(iii).

243 Treasury Regulation section 1.1502-20, generally imposing certain “loss 

disallowance” rules on the disposition of subsidiary stock, contained other limitations besides the 

“duplicated loss” rule that could limit the loss available to the group on a disposition of a 

subsidiary’s stock. Treasury Regulation section 1.1502-20 as a whole was promulgated in 

connection with regulations issued under section 337(d), principally in connection with the socalled General Utilities repeal of 1986 (referring to the case of General Utilities & Operating 

Company v. Helvering, 296 U.S. 200 (1935)). Such repeal generally required a liquidating 

corporation, or a corporation acquired in a stock acquisition treated as a sale of assets, to pay 

corporate level tax on the excess of the value of its assets over the basis. Treasury regulation 

section 1.1502-20 principally reflected an attempt to prevent corporations filing consolidated 

returns from offsetting income with a loss on the sale of subsidiary stock. Such a loss could 

result from the unique upward adjustment of a subsidiary’s stock basis required under the 

consolidated return regulations for subsidiary income earned in consolidation, an adjustment 

intended to prevent taxation of both the subsidiary and the parent on the same income or gain. 

As one example, absent a denial of certain losses on a sale of subsidiary stock, a consolidated 

group could obtain a loss deduction with respect to subsidiary stock, the basis of which originally 

reflected the subsidiary’s value at the time of the purchase of the stock, and that had then been 

adjusted upward on recognition of any built-in income or gain of the subsidiary reflected in that 

value. The regulations also contained the duplicated loss factor addressed by the court in Rite 

Aid. The preamble to the regulations stated: “it is not administratively feasible to differentiate 
128

The Federal Circuit Court opinion contained language discussing the fact that the 

regulation produced a result different than the result that would have obtained if the corporations 

had filed separate returns rather than consolidated returns.244 

The Federal Circuit Court opinion cited a 1928 Senate Finance Committee Report to 

legislation that authorized consolidated return regulations, which stated that “many difficult and 

complicated problems, ... have arisen in the administration of the provisions permitting the filing 

of consolidated returns” and that the committee “found it necessary to delegate power to the 

commissioner to prescribe regulations legislative in character covering them.”245 The Court’s 

opinion also cited a previous decision of the Court of Claims for the proposition, interpreting this 

legislative history, that section 1502 grants the Secretary “the power to conform the applicable 

income tax law of the Code to the special, myriad problems resulting from the filing of 

consolidated income tax returns;” but that section 1502 “does not authorize the Secretary to 

choose a method that imposes a tax on income that would not otherwise be taxed.” 246

 

between loss attributable to built-in gain and duplicated loss.” T.D. 8364, 1991-2 C.B. 43, 46 

(Sept. 13, 1991). The government also argued in the Rite Aid case that duplicated loss was a 

separate concern of the regulations. 255 F.3d at 1360. 

244 For example, the court stated: “The duplicated loss factor . . . addresses a situation 

that arises from the sale of stock regardless of whether corporations file separate or consolidated 

returns. With I.R.C. secs. 382 and 383, Congress has addressed this situation by limiting the 

subsidiary’s potential future deduction, not the parent’s loss on the sale of stock under I.R.C. sec. 

165.” 255 F.3d 1357, 1360 (Fed. Cir. 2001).

245 S. Rep. No. 960, 70th Cong., 1st Sess. 15 (1928). Though not quoted by the court in 

Rite Aid, the same Senate report also indicated that one purpose of the consolidated return 

authority was to permit treatment of the separate corporations as if they were a single unit, 

stating “The mere fact that by legal fiction several corporations owned by the same shareholders 

are separate entities should not obscure the fact that they are in reality one and the same business 

owned by the same individuals and operated as a unit.” S. Rep. No. 960, 70th Cong., 1st Sess. 29 

(1928). 

246

 American Standard, Inc. v. United States, 602 F.2d 256, 261 (Ct. Cl. 1979). That 

case did not involve the question of separate returns as compared to a single return approach. It 

involved the computation of a Western Hemisphere Trade Corporation (“WHTC”) deduction 

under prior law (which deduction would have been computed as a percentage of each WHTC’s 

taxable income if the corporations had filed separate returns), in a case where a consolidated 

group included several WHTCs as well as other corporations. The question was how to 

apportion income and losses of the admittedly consolidated WHTCs and how to combine that 

computation with the rest of the group’s consolidated income or losses. The court noted that the 

new, changed regulations approach varied from the approach taken to a similar problem 

involving public utilities within a group and previously allowed for WHTCs. The court objected 

that the allocation method adopted by the regulation allowed non-WHTC losses to reduce 

WHTC income. However, the court did not disallow a method that would net WHTC income of 

one WHTC with losses of another WHTC, a result that would not have occurred under separate 
129

The Federal Circuit Court construed these authorities and applied them to invalidate 

Treas. Reg. Sec. 1.1502-20(c)(1)(iii), stating that:

The loss realized on the sale of a former subsidiary’s assets after the consolidated 

group sells the subsidiary’s stock is not a problem resulting from the filing of 

consolidated income tax returns. The scenario also arises where a corporate 

shareholder sells the stock of a non-consolidated subsidiary. The corporate 

shareholder could realize a loss under I.R.C. sec. 1001, and deduct the loss under 

I.R.C. sec. 165. The subsidiary could then deduct any losses from a later sale of 

assets. The duplicated loss factor, therefore, addresses a situation that arises from the 

sale of stock regardless of whether corporations file separate or consolidated returns. 

With I.R.C. secs. 382 and 383, Congress has addressed this situation by limiting the 

subsidiary’s potential future deduction, not the parent’s loss on the sale of stock under 

I.R.C. sec. 165.247

The Treasury Department has announced that it will not continue to litigate the validity of 

the duplicated loss provision of the regulations, and has issued interim regulations that permit 

taxpayers for all years to elect a different treatment, though they may apply the provision for the 

past if they wish.248

Explanation of Provision

The bill confirms that, in exercising its authority under section 1502 to issue consolidated 

return regulations, the Treasury Department may provide rules treating corporations filing 

consolidated returns differently from corporations filing separate returns. 

Thus, under the statutory authority of section 1502, the Treasury Department is 

authorized to issue consolidated return regulations utilizing either a single taxpayer or separate 

taxpayer approach or a combination of the two approaches, as Treasury deems necessary in order 

that the tax liability of any affiliated group of corporations making a consolidated return, and of 

each corporation in the group, both during and after the period of affiliation, may be determined 

and adjusted in such manner as clearly to reflect the income-tax liability and the various factors 

 

returns. Nor did the court expressly disallow a different fractional method that would net both 

income and losses of the WHTCs with those of other corporations in the consolidated group. 

The court also found that the regulation had been adopted without proper notice. 

247

 Rite Aid, 255 F.3d at 1360.

248

 See Temp. Reg. 1.1502-20T(i)(2). The Treasury Department has also indicated its 

intention to continue to study all the issues that the original loss disallowance regulations 

addressed (including issues of furthering single entity principles) and possibly issue different 

regulations (not including the particular approach of Treas. Reg. Sec. 1.1502-20(c)(1)(iii)) on the 

issues in the future. See Notice 2002-11, 2002-7 I.R.B. 526 (Feb. 19, 2002); T.D. 8984, 67 F.R. 

11034 (March 12, 2002); REG-102740-02, 67 F.R. 11070 (March 12, 2002); see also Notice 

2002-18, 2002-12 I.R.B. 644 (March 25, 2002). 
130

necessary for the determination of such liability, and in order to prevent avoidance of such 

liability. 

Rite Aid is thus overruled to the extent it suggests that there is not a problem that can be 

addressed in consolidated return regulations if application of a particular Code provision on a 

separate taxpayer basis would produce a result different from single taxpayer principles that may 

be used for consolidation. 

The bill nevertheless allows the result of the Rite Aid case to stand with respect to the 

type of factual situation presented in the case. That is, the legislation provides for the override of 

the regulatory provision that took the approach of denying a loss on a deconsolidating disposition 

of stock of a consolidated subsidiary249 to the extent the subsidiary had net operating losses or 

built in losses that could be used later outside the group.250

 Retaining the result in the Rite Aid case with respect to the particular regulation section 

1.1502-20(c)(1)(iii) as applied to the factual situation of the case does not in any way prevent or 

invalidate the various approaches Treasury has announced it will apply or that it intends to 

consider in lieu of the approach of that regulation, including, for example, the denial of a loss on 

a stock sale if inside losses of a subsidiary may also be used by the consolidated group, and the 

possible requirement that inside attributes be adjusted when a subsidiary leaves a group.251

Effective Date

The bill is effective for all years, whether beginning before, on, or after the date of 

enactment of the bill.

No inference is intended that the results following from this provision are not the same as 

the results under present law. 

 

249 Treas. Reg. Sec. 1.1502-20(c)(1)(iii).

250 The provision is not intended to overrule the current Treasury Department 

regulations, which allow taxpayers for the past to follow Treasury Regulations Section 1.1502-

20(c)(1)(iii), if they choose to do so. Temp. Reg. Sec. 1.1502-20T(i)(2). 

251

 See, e.g., Notice 2002-11, 2002-7 I.R.B. 526 (Feb. 19, 2002); T.D. 8984, 67 F.R. 

11034 (Mar.12, 2002); REG-102740-02, 67 F.R. 11070 (Mar.12, 2002); see also Notice 2002-

18, 2002-12 I.R.B. 644 (Mar. 25, 2002). In exercising its authority under section 1502, the 

Secretary is also authorized to prescribe rules that protect the purpose of General Utilities repeal 

using presumptions and other simplifying conventions.
131

2. Chief executive officer required to sign corporate income tax returns (sec. 722 of the bill 

and sec. 6062 of the Code)

Present Law

The Code requires252 that the income tax return of a corporation must be signed by either 

the president, the vice-president, the treasurer, the assistant treasurer, the chief accounting 

officer, or any other officer of the corporation authorized by the corporation to sign the return.

The Code also imposes253 a criminal penalty on any person who willfully signs any tax 

return under penalties of perjury that that person does not believe to be true and correct with 

respect to every material matter at the time of filing. If convicted, the person is guilty of a 

felony; the Code imposes a fine of not more than $100,000254 ($500,000 in the case of a 

corporation) or imprisonment of not more than three years, or both, together with the costs of 

prosecution.

Explanation of Provision

The bill requires that the chief executive officer of a corporation sign that corporation’s 

income tax returns. If the corporation does not have a chief executive officer, the IRS may 

designate another officer of the corporation; otherwise, no other person is permitted to sign the 

income tax return of a corporation. It is intended that the IRS issue general guidance, such as a 

revenue procedure, to (1) address situations when a corporation does not have a chief executive 

officer, and (2) define who the chief executive officer is, in situations (for example) when the 

primary official bears a different title or when a corporation has multiple chief executive officers. 

It is intended that, in every instance, the highest ranking corporate officer (regardless of title) 

sign the tax return.

The provision does not apply to the income tax returns of mutual funds;255 they are 

required to be signed as under present law.

Effective Date

The provision is effective for returns filed after the date of enactment.

 

252 Sec. 6062.

253 Sec. 7206.

254 Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 3571, the maximum fine for an individual convicted of a felony 

is $250,000.

255 The provision does, however, apply to the income tax returns of mutual fund 

management companies and advisors.