FEDERAL ELECTIO N CO MMISSION 

WASHINGTO N, D.C. 20463 

VIA ELECTRONIC AND CERTIFIED MAIL 

Chris Gober, Esq. 

The Gober Group 

P.O. Box 341016 

Austin, TX 78734 

OCT - 6 20t7 

RE: MUR6920 

Now or Never PAC 

James C. Thomas, in his 

official capacity as treasurer 

Dear Mr. Gober: 

On July 11 , 2017, the Federal Election Commission found reason to beli.eve that your 

client, Now or Never PAC and James C. Thomas, III in his official capacity as treasurer ("Now 

or Never PAC"), knowingly and willfully violated 52 U.S.C. §§ 30122 and 30104(b)(3)(A) by 

knowingly accepting a contribution in the name of another and misreporting that contribution. 

We have sent to you, under separate cover, the pre-probable cause conciliation offer approved by 

the Commission. 

Although the Commission has offered to resolve this matter prior to a finding of probable 

cause, the Office of the General Counsel is also prepared to recommend that the Commission 

find probable cause to believe that Now or Never PAC knowingly and willfully violated 

52 U.S.C. §§ 30122 and 30104(b)(3)(A). Therefore, we have enclosed a brief stating the position 

of the General Counsel on the legal and factual issues underlying this Office's probable cause 

recommendation while you consider possible resolution of this matter in pre-probable cause 

conciliation. 

Within 15 days of your receipt of this notice, you may file with the Secretary of the 

Commission a brief (ten copies if possible) stating your position on the issues and replying to the 

brief of the General Counsel. (Three copies of such brief should also be forwarded to the Office 

of the General Counsel, if possible.) The General Counsel's brief and any brief which you may 

submit will be considered by the Commission before proceeding to a vote of whether there is 

probable cause to believe a violation has occurred. 

If you are unable to file a responsive brief within 15 days, you may submit a written 

request for an extension of time. All requests for extensions of time must be submitted in writing 
five days prior to the due date, and good cause must be demonstrated. In addition, the Office of 

the General Counsel ordinarily will not give extensions beyond 20 days. The Office of the 

General Counsel will not give extensions absent an agreement to toll the applicable statute of 

limitations. 

You may also request additional information gathered by the Commission in the course of 

its investigation in this matter. See Agency Procedure for Disclosure of Documents and 

Information in the Enforcement Process, 76 Fed. Reg. 34986 (June 15, 2011). We have enclosed 

documents supporting the analysis set forth in the General Counsel's brief. 

In addition, you may also request an oral hearing before the Commission. See Procedural 

Rules for Probable Cause Hearings, 72 Fed. Reg. 64919 (Nov. 19, 2007) and Amendment of 

Agency Procedures for Probable Cause Hearings, 74 Fed. Reg. 55443 (Oct. 28, 2009). Hearings 

are voluntary, and no adverse inference will be drawn by the Commission based on a 

respondent's decision not to request such a hearing. Any request for a hearing must be submitted 

along with your reply brief and must state with specificity why the hearing is being requested and 

what issues the respondent expects to address. In this matter, a request for a probable cause 

hearing will require the Respondent to toll the applicable statute of limitations. See Procedural 

Rules for Probable Cause Hearings, 72 Fed. Reg. 64919, 64920 (Nov. 19, 2007). The 

Commission will notify you within 30 days of your request for a hearing as to whether or not the 

request has been granted. 

A finding of probable cause to believe requires that the Office of the General Counsel 

attempt for a period of not less than 30, but not more than 90 days, to settle this matter through a 

post-probable cause conciliation agreement. 

If you have any questions please contact Antoinette Fuoto, the attorney assigned to this 

matter, at (202) 694-1634. 

Enclosures 

General Counsel's Brief 

Sincerely, 

~~.~!),_~ 

Lisa J. Stevenson 

Acting General Counsel 
1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 I. 

BEFORE THE FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION 

In the Matter of 

Now or Never PAC and 

James C. Thomas, III 

in his official capacity as treasurer 

) 

) 

) 

) 

) 

) 

GENERAL COUNSEL'S BRIEF 

STATEMENT OF THE CASE 

MUR6920 

12 The Federal Election Commission (the "Commission") received a Complaint alleging 

13 that an Unknown Respondent made a $1.71 million contribution to Now or Never PAC in the 

14 name of American Conservative Union ("ACU"), in violation of 52 U.S.C. § 30122 and 

15 11 C.F.R. § 110.4(b). Based on ACU's representation that the contribution to Now or Never 

16 PAC was "a political contribution received by the Organization and promptly and directly 

17 delivered to a separate political organization,"1 the Commission found reason to believe that an 

18 Unknown Respondent made a contribution in the name of another. 

19 During the course of the Office of General Counsel's ("OGC's") subsequent 

20 investigation, the Commission learned that Now or Never PAC's treasurer, James C. Thomas, 

21 III, wired $1.8 million from Government Integrity, LLC (''GI LLC") to ACU on the same date 

22 ACU provided the $1.71 million contribution to Now or Never PAC. Based on Thomas's dual 

23 role in transferring the funds from GI LLC to ACU and serving as treasurer of Now or Never 

24 PAC, the Commission found reason to believe that Now or Never PAC and Thomas in his 

25 official capacity as treasurer, knowingly and willfully violated 52 U.S.C. § 30122 by knowingly 

See Compl. (Feb. 27, 20 15), Ex.Cat Sched. 0, Sched. C (ACU Amended Form 990, May 12, 2014). 
MUR 6920 (Now or Never PAC) 

General Counsel's Brief 

Page 2 of 14 

accepting a contribution in the name of another, and knowingly and willfully violated 

2 52 U.S.C. § 30 l 04(b )(3)(A) by failing to accurately report that contribution.2 

3 As set forth below, OGC is now prepared to recommend that the Commission find 

4 probable cause to believe that Now or Never PAC knowingly and willfully violated 

5 52 U.S.C. §§ 30122 and 30104(b)(3)(A) by knowingly accepting a contribution in the name of 

6 another and misreporting that contribution. 

7 II. FACTS 

8 A. Background 

9 Now or Never PAC is an independent expenditure-only committee that filed its Statement 

10 of Organization with the Commission on February 21, 2012. During the 2012 election cycle, 

11 Now or Never PAC raised $8,250,500 and reported $7,760,174 in independent expenditures. 

12 The group raised $540,000 during the 2014 election cycle and made $714,811 in independent 

13 expenditures. Now or Never PAC has been largely inactive since the 2014 cycle. It has not 

14 reported making any independent expenditures since then, and raised only $8,000 in 2016. 

15 James C. Thomas, ITI, an attorney and an accountant, is the treasurer of Now or Never 

16 PAC. He has served as treasurer since the PAC's formation in February 2012.3 Thomas is the 

17 treasurer of at least one other federal committee,4 has received disbursements from multiple 

2 See Factual and Legal Analysis, MUR 6920 (Now or Never PAC) (July 13, 2017). 

See Statement of Organization, Now or Never PAC (Feb. 21, 2012). 

See Statement of Organization, Courageous Conservatives PAC (Sept. 16, 20 15). 
MUR 6920 (Now or Never PAC) 

General Counsel's Brief 

Page 3 of 14 

1 federal committees for legal services, 5 and has served as the treasurer of approximately twenty 

2 Missouri political committees.6 

3 In 2012, Thomas also provided legal and other professional services to GI LLC. 7 GI 

4 LLC is a Delaware limited liability company that was established in September 2012. GI LLC's 

5 only known organizational purpose was to support conservative organizations and causes.8 

6 Christopher W. Byrd, who died in 2014, served as the "sole manager and officer" of GI LLC in 

7 2012.

9 Byrd retained Thomas to prepare organizational paperwork, serve as attorney, and 

8 perform various tasks on behalf of GI LLC. 10 Thomas states that all tasks he performed for GI 

9 LLC were conducted at the request and under the direction of Byrd. 11 

l O The Incentive Discretionary Trust ("IDT") is an entity that established and appears to 

11 control GI LLC. Charles Harris, acting as trustee ofIDT, appointed Byrd as the "sole nominee" 

12 of GI LLC in or around September 2012, when the LLC was formed. 12 IDT also funded GI 

13 LLC, providing it with a $2.5 million wire transfer in October 2012. 13 

See, e.g., Amended July Quarterly Report, Billy Long for Congress (May 6, 2010); Amended October 

Quarterly Report, Barnett for Congress (Jan. 28, 2011 ); Termination Report, Wink for Congress (Jan. 31, 2011 ); 

October Quarterly Report, Anders for Congress (Oct. 13, 2011); April Quarterly Report, Jay Jordan for Congress 

(Apr. 14, 2012). 

6 See Missouri Ethics Commission Treasurer Search, available at 

http://rnec.rno.gov/MEC/Campaign _Finance/CF 11 _ SearchComm.aspx (last visited Aug. 23, 2017). 

7 Thomas Interrogatory Answers at I, 3 (July 28, 2017). 

8 Id. at 3. 

9 

10 

It 

Id. at l-2. 

Id. at I, 3. 

Id. at I. 

12 Id. at 2. A "nominee" is "[a) party who holds bare legal title for the benefit of others or who receives and 

distributes funds for the benefit of others." Black's Law Dictionary (10th ed.2014). 

13 See Thomas Interrogatory Answers at 4. 
MUR 6920 (Now or Never PAC) 

General Counsel's Brief 

Page 4 of 14 

1 Axiom Strategies is a Missouri-based political consulting firm that has connections to 

2 both Now or Never PAC and GI LLC. Axiom Strategies provides political consulting services, 

3 including fundraising services to Now or Never P AC. 14 Axiom Strategies has "participated in 

4 [Now or Never PAC's] operations and financial activities," and Thomas's terms of engagement 

5 with Now or Never PAC ''expressly authorize" him to carry out the instructions of Axiom 

6 Strategies.15 Thomas represents that he primarily took direction from Axiom Strategies' founder, 

7 Jeff Roe. Axiom Strategies also reportedly provided advisory services to GI LLC, by making 

8 "recommendations as to how GI LLC could distribute its funds." 16 Specifically, Axiom 

9 Strategies recommended that GI LLC contribute funds to ACU, and also solicited ACU to make 

10 a contribution to Now or Never P AC. 17 

11 American Conservative Union is registered with the IRS as a social welfare organization 

12 under section 501(c)(4) of the Internal Revenue Code, and is not registered with the Commission 

13 as a political committee. ACU describes itself as the oldest and largest conservative grassroots 

14 organization in the United States. It received donations totaling $8,485,503 in 2012. 18 In 2012, 

15 ACU's executive director was Gregg Keller. 

14 

I $ 

16 

Axiom Interrogatory Answers at 2 (Sept. l, 2017). 

Thomas Interrogatory Answers at 7. 

Id. at 2. 

17 See Axiom Interrogatory Answers at 4, 7. Axiom Strategies states that it did not communicate its belief 

that ACU would donate to Now or Never PAC to either Thomas or Byrd. Id. at 7. 

18 See Comp!., Ex. C at Part I. 
MUR 6920 (Now or Never PAC) 

General Counsel's Brief 

Page 5 of 14 

B. The October 31, 2012 Contribution 

2 On or around October 31, 2012, GI LLC received a $2.5 million wire transfer from 

3 IDT. 19 On October 31, 2012, GI LLC transferred $1.8 million to ACU. On the same day, 

4 shortly after receiving those funds, ACU transferred $1.71 million to Now or Never PAC. 

5 The transfers from GI LLC to ACU and from ACU to Now or Never PAC occurred 

6 within an extremely short window over the course of a single day. That morning, ACU's 

7 executive director Gregg Keller and Axiom Strategies consultant Jeff Roe sent a series of emails 

8 confirming an apparent arrangement to transfer funds from GI LLC to ACU, and then from ACU 

9 to Now or Never PAC. At 9:41 am, Keller received an email from ACU's banking 

10 representative instructing him that, "[ w ]hen the funds arrive, we'll reach out to you immediately 

11 for notification," and requesting "the outgoing wire instructions" to prepare a subsequent transfer 

12 for Keller's signature.2° Keller forwarded that email to Roe at 9:43 am, who forwarded it on 

13 to Thomas and Axiom Strategies consultant Sarah Hoeller at 9:46 am.

21 

14 Later, at 11: 11 am, Thomas emailed Roe and Hoeller to confirm the receipt of funds from 

15 IDT, writing "[t]he 2.5 million is here. I am about to wire $1.8 million to American Conservative 

16 Union. "22 At 11: 14 am, Thomas emailed Roe and Hoeller requesting ACU' s wiring address. 

17 Roe forwarded that message to Keller, who confirmed the address.23 Thomas then emailed a 

19 See Thomas Interrogatory Answers at 4. It is unclear if GI LLC, which had only been formed the previous 

month, had any funds prior to receiving that transfer. 

20 

2 1 

22 

23 

Thomas Documents at JT2017-000 I . 

Id. 

Thomas Documents atJT2017-0003. 

Thomas Documents at JT2017-0005. 
MUR 6920 (Now or Never PAC) 

General Counsel's Brief 

Page 6 of 14 

bank representative wiring instructions for the transfer of $1.8 million from GI LLC to ACU.24 

2 Thomas states that he wired the funds to ACU at the direction of Byrd.25 After authorizing the 

3 transfer, Thomas emailed Keller, Roe, and Hoeller to confirm that the "[m]oney should be on its 

4 way shortly."26 

5 Shortly after receiving confirmation of the wire transfer from GI LLC to ACU, Keller 

6 wrote to Thomas, Roe, and Hoeller to state, "[w]ill take action immediately upon receipt."27 He 

7 followed up with that email minutes later, stating that he'd "need wiring instructions," 

8 presumably to transfer funds from ACU to Now or Never PAC.28 Prior to its receipt of the wire 

9 from GI LLC, ACU had a combined total balance of approximately $538,000 across its bank 

IO accounts. 

11 Later that afternoon, at 1 :34 pm, Roe emailed Thomas and Hoeller to inquire into the 

12 status of the "acu dough," stating "[w]e need the mo wire out. .. "29 Thomas replied that he had 

13 "just checked," that the funds had not arrived, and "[i]fthey have a federal wire number from 

24 Thomas Documents at JT2017-0015. Thomas states that he did not exercise independent authority or 

control over GI LLC's funds, and that he believes the decision to wire $1.8 million from GI LLC to ACU was made 

by Byrd. Thomas Interrogatory Answers at 3. He further states that Byrd did not provide any information to him 

regarding the reasons or circumstances for that decision. Id. Thomas asserts that he "was never informed of any 

prior arrangement or agreement between GI LLC and ACU that the funds would be used to finance a contribution to 

by ACU to Now or Never PAC." Id. at 5. 

26 

27 

Thomas Interrogatory Answers at 4. 

Thomas Documents at JT2017-0007. 

Thomas Documents at JT2017-0011. 

28 Thomas Documents at JT2017-0013. Hoeller responded with instructions for wiring funds to Now or 

Never PAC. 

29 Thomas Documents at JT20l 7-0018. OGC's review of Now or Never PAC's disclosure records from 

October 31, 2012 found that "the mo wire" may be a reference to an advertising buy in support of Missouri Senate 

candidate Todd Akin. See Now or Never PAC 24/48 Hour Notice of Independent Expenditures, Schedule E (Oct. 

31, 2012). Now or Never PAC spent $803,775 in support of Akin on October 31, 2012. Id. 
MUR 6920 (Now or Never PAC) 

General Counsel's Brief 

Page 7 of 14 

their end, I can back track it[.]"30 Thomas followed up on that email twelve minutes later, 

2 writing to Roe, Hoeller, and Keller to confirm that Now or Never PAC received the 

3 $1.71 million.31 

4 Now or Never PAC reported receiving $1.71 million from ACU in its 2012 post-general 

5 election disclosure report. Thomas, the treasurer of Now or Never PAC, acknowledges that he 

6 "assumed that this contribution may have consisted in part of funds ACU had previously 

7 received from GI LLC[.]"32 Thomas further acknowledges that he "may have erred" in reporting 

8 ACU as the true source of the $1.71 million contribution to Now or Never PAC.33 

9 ACU's Director of Operations later characterized the funds sent to Now or Never PAC as 

10 a "pass through" in an email asking Keller if ACU had to make its own filing with the 

11 Commission in connection with the transaction.

34 In May 2014, apparently after an independent 

12 auditor reviewed its 2012 finances,35 ACU filed an Amended 2012 IRS Form 990 that disclosed 

13 the $1. 71 contribution to Now or Never PAC as "a political contribution received by the 

14 Organization and promptly and directly delivered to a separate political organization."36 ACU 

15 has not affirmatively disputed its auditors' characterization of the transaction. None of the 

16 parties or witnesses involved have offered an explanation for the multi-step structure of the 

17 transaction. 

30 

3 1 

Id. 

Thomas Documents at JT2017-0020. 

32 Thomas Interrogatory Answers at 5. Thomas asserts, however, that he believed that "ACU's disposition of 

the funds was the product of its own independent decisionmaking[.]" Id. 

33 Id. at 9. Thomas claims that "excessive personal and professional demands on his time and attention" may 

have caused his reporting error, but states that his error was not knowing and willful. Id.; see also id. at 8. 

34 ACU Second Document Submission, November 30, 2012 email from Melissa Bowman to Gregg Keller. 

35 

36 

Comp!.~~ 15-17, Exs. B (Conlon & Associates Independent Auditor's Report, Apr. 9, 2014) and C. 

Id., Ex. Cat Schedule 0, Schedule C. 
MUR 6920 (Now or Never PAC) 

General Counsel's Brief 

Page 8 of 14 

III. LEGAL ANALYSIS 

2 The undisputed record demonstrates that consultants for Now or Never PAC, and 

3 Thomas, as treasurer of Now or Never PAC, arranged for a multi-step transfer of funds that 

4 resulted in Now or Never PAC receiving a $1. 71 million contribution in the name of another. 

5 Accordingly, there is probable cause to believe Now or Never PAC knowingly and willfully 

6 accepted and then misreported the contribution made in the name of another. 

7 A. There is Probable Cause to Believe that Now or Never PAC Knowingly Accepted 

8 and Misreported a Contribution in the Name of Another 

9 

10 The Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971, as amended (the "Act"), prohibits any 

11 person from making a contribution in the name of another person, knowingly permitting his or 

12 her name to be used to effect such a contribution, or knowingly accepting such a contribution.

37 

13 The requirement that a contribution be made in the name of its true source promotes Congress's 

14 objective of ensuring the complete and accurate disclosure by candidates and committees of the 

15 political contributions they receive.38 Courts have uniformly rejected the assertion that "only the 

16 person who actually transmits funds ... makes the contribution,"39 recognizing that "it is 

17 implausible that Congress, in seeking to promote transparency, would have understood the 

18 relevant contributor to be [an] intermediary who merely transmitted the campaign gift."40 

19 Accordingly, the Act and the Commission's regulations provide that a person who gives funds to 

37 52 u.s.c. § 30122. 

38 See, e.g., United States v. O'Donnell, 608 F.3d 546, 553 (9th Cir. 20 I 0) ("[T]he congressional purpose 

behind [section 30122] - to ensure the complete and accurate disclosure of the contributors who finance federal 

elections - is plain."). 

39 United States v. Boender, 649 F.3d 650,660 (7th Cir. 2011). 

40 0 'Donnell, 608 F.3d at 554; see also Doe v. Reed, 56 l U.S. 186, 199 (20 I 0) ("Public disclosure also 

promotes transparency and accountability in the electoral process to an extent other measures cannot."). 
MUR 6920 (Now or Never PAC) 

General Counsel's Brief 

Page 9 of 14 

1 another for the purpose of contributing to a committee "makes" the resulting contribution.41 If 

2 an intermediary merely plays a "ministerial role" in transmitting a contribution, the contribution 

3 should not be attributed to the intermediary but instead to the original source.

42 

4 The Act also requires political committees such as Now or Never PAC to file regular 

5 disclosure reports. 43 Committees, through their treasurers, must disclose itemized breakdowns of 

6 receipts, including the name and address of each person who has made any contribution in an 

7 aggregate amount or value in excess of $200 within the calendar year, together with the date and 

8 amount of any such contribution.

44 In addition, if a committee treasurer discovers after receipt of 

9 an apparently legitimate contribution that it was made in the name of another, the treasurer must 

10 refund or disgorge the contribution within 30 days. 45 

11 The record establishes probable cause to believe that Now or Never PAC participated in 

12 the arrangement of a multi-step transfer of funds which resulted in a contribution in the name of 

13 another designed to evade reporting the true source of the funds. Consultants for Axiom 

14 Strategies, who worked for Now or Never PAC, both recommended to GI LLC that it provide 

15 funds to ACU and solicited the corresponding transfer of funds from ACU to Now or Never 

16 PAC. Pursuant to those suggestions from Now or Never PAC's agents, the dual transfers were 

17 executed within a short period over the course of a single day. And, without the transfer from GI 

18 LLC, ACU would have lacked the funds needed to make a $1.71 million federal contribution. 

41 See, e.g., Boender, 649 F.3d at 660 ("[W]e consider the giver to be the source of the gift, not any 

intermediary who simply conveys the gift from the donor to the donee."). 

42 See O'Donnell, 608 F.3d at 550. 

43 

44 

Id.§ 30104(b). 

Id. § 30l04(b)(3)(A); 11 C.F.R. § 104.3(a)(3)-(4). 

45 11 C.F.R. § I 03.3(b)(2); see MUR 5643 (Carter's Inc.) (informing recipient committee of its obligation to 

refund or disgorge illegal contribution); Advisory Op. 1996-05 (Jay Kim for Congress) (allowing for disgorgement 

of illegal contributions to U.S. Treasury as an alternative to refunding contributions). 
MUR 6920 (Now or Never PAC) 

General Counsel's Brief 

Page 10 of 14 

1 Accordingly, there is probable cause to believe that Now or Never PAC entered into an 

2 agreement by which it would receive a contribution from ACU with the funds ACU received 

3 from GI LLC. The existence of such an agreement is consistent with ACU's Director of 

4 Operations' later characterization of the contribution as a "pass through." Such an agreement is 

5 further confirmed by ACU's amended tax filing in which it characterized the $1.71 contribution 

6 to Now or Never PAC as "a political contribution received by the Organization and promptly and 

7 directly delivered to a separate political organization.'>46 

8 Contemporaneous emails documenting the transactions likewise provide probable cause 

9 to believe that Now or Never PAC knowingly accepted a contribution in the name of another. 

10 Thomas, while serving as Now or Never PAC' s treasurer, wired $1.8 million from GI LLC to 

11 ACU, and very shortly later on the same day, ACU used those funds to wire $1.71 million to 

12 Now or Never PAC. Axiom Strategies, while serving as Now or Never PAC's consultants, 

13 directed the multi-step transfers. Correspondence from the morning of the transaction 

14 demonstrates that Thomas and Axiom Strategies consultants had knowledge of and participated 

15 in the planned multi-step arrangement when Thomas wired $1.8 million from GI LLC to ACU. 

16 Prior to executing the transfer, Thomas received an email from ACU's banking representative, 

17 forwarded to him by Axiom Strategies consultant Jeff Roe, referencing an "outgoing wire" that 

18 ACU was to authorize once the funds arrived. Thomas and Axiom Strategies, as agents of Now 

19 or Never PAC, were aware that ACU would prepare an outgoing transfer upon receipt of the 

20 funds from GI LLC, demonstrating Now or Never PAC's knowledge that ACU was not the true 

21 source of the contribution it received later that day. 

46 Compl., Ex. C at Schedule 0, Schedule C. 
MUR 6920 (Now or Never PAC) 

General Counsel's Brief 

Page 11 of 14 

1 Now or Never PAC's knowledge of an agreement is further supported by correspondence 

2 received from ACU later in the day. Immediately after Thomas authorized the wire from GI 

3 LLC to ACU, ACU's executive director Gregg Keller wrote to Thomas and Axiom Strategies 

4 consultants to confirm that he would "take action immediately upon receipt." ACU's 

5 communications stating that it would take "action" upon receipt of GI LLC' s wire transfer 

6 provide probable cause to believe that ACU' s transfer of funds to Now or Never PAC was 

7 contingent upon it receiving funds from GI LLC, and that Now or Never PAC entered into an 

8 agreement by which GI LLC made a contribution to Now or Never PAC in the name of ACU. 

9 Though Thomas states that he was unaware of such an explicit agreement among the parties, this 

l O claim is unavailing in light of his receipt of emails discussing the multiple steps carried out in 

11 order for Now or Never PAC to receive a portion of the funds that GI LLC provided to ACU. 

12 Notwithstanding knowledge that ACU was not the true source of the funds, Now or 

13 Never PAC accepted the $1.71 million contribution, and later misreported that contribution in 

14 the 2012 post-general election disclosure report filed with the Commission. Accordingly, this 

15 Office is prepared to recommend that Now or Never PAC violated 52 U.S.C. §§ 30122 and 

16 30104(b)(3)(A) by knowingly accepting a contribution in the name of another and failing to 

1 7 accurately report that contribution. 

18 B. There is Probable Cause to Believe that Now or Never PAC Acted Knowingly and 

19 Willfully 

20 

21 The Act prescribes additional monetary penalties for violations that are knowing and 

22 willful.47 A violation of the Act is knowing and willful if the "acts were committed with full 

47 See 52 U.S.C. §§ 30109(a)(S)(B), 30109(d). 
MUR 6920 (Now or Never PAC) 

General Counsel's Brief 

Page 12 of 14 

1 knowledge of all the relevant facts and a recognition that the action is prohibited by law."48 This 

2 standard does not require proving knowledge of the specific statute or regulation the respondent 

3 allegedly violated.49 Instead, it is sufficient to demonstrate that a respondent "acted voluntarily 

4 and was aware that his conduct was unlawful."50 This may be shown by circumstantial evidence 

5 from which a respondent's unlawful intent reasonably may be inferred. 51 For example, a 

6 person's awareness that an action is prohibited may be inferred from "the [person's] elaborate 

7 scheme for disguising . .. political contributions."52 

8 The available evidence demonstrates probable cause to believe that Thomas and Axiom 

9 Strategies consultants, as agents of Now or Never PAC, acted in a knowing and willful manner 

10 in accepting and misreporting the contribution. First, as treasurer for Now or Never PAC, 

11 Thomas was familiar with the Act's requirements for making and accepting contributions. 

12 Thomas, an attorney, has served as the treasurer of Now or Never PAC since 2012, when the 

13 group filed its Statement of Organization. He is also the treasurer of at least one other federal 

14 committee, has received disbursements from multiple federal committees for legal services, and 

48 122 Cong. Rec. 12,197, 12,199 (May 3, 1976). 

49 United States v. Danielczyk, 917 F. Supp. 2d 573 (E.D. Va. 2013) ( quoting Bryan v. United States, 524 U.S. 

184, 195 & n.23 (1998) (holding that, to establish a violation is willful, government needs to show only that 

defendant acted with knowledge that conduct was unlawful, not knowledge of specific statutory provision violated)). 

50 Id. (citing jury instructions in United States v. Edwards, No. 11 -61 (M.D.N.C. 2012), United States v. 

Acevedo Vila, No. 08-36 (D.P.R. 2009), United States v. Fieger, No. 07-20414 (E.D. Mich. 2008), and United States 

v. Alford, No. 05-69 (N.D. Fla. 2005)). 

51 Cf. United States v. Hopkins, 916 F.2d 207,213 (5th Cir. 1990) (quoting United States v. Bordelon, 871 

F.2d 491, 494 (5th Cir. 1989)). Hopkins involved a conduit contributions scheme, and the issue before the Fifth 

Circuit concerned the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the defendants' convictions for conspiracy and false 

statements under 18 U.S.C. §§ 371 and 1001. 

52 Id. at 214- 15. As the Hopkins court noted, "[ i]t has long been recognized that 'efforts at concealment 

[may] be reasonably explainable only in terms of motivation to evade' lawful obligations." Id. at 214 (quoting 

Ingram v. United States, 360 U.S. 672, 679 (l 959)). 
MUR 6920 (Now or Never PAC) 

General Counsel's Brief 

Page 13 of 14 

1 has served as the treasurer of approximately twenty state political committees. 53 Consultants for 

2 Axiom Strategies likewise have been active in political fundraising. Given this experience, there 

3 is probable cause to believe that Now or Never PAC had the requisite knowledge that federal 

4 campaign finance law required it to disclose the true source of all contributions, and that it was 

5 illegal to make, assist in making, or accept a contribution in the name of another. Although 

6 aware of the Act's disclosure requirements, Now or Never PAC accepted a contribution in the 

7 name of another and misreported that contribution. 

8. IV. CONCLUSION 

9 Based on the foregoing, the Office of the General Counsel is prepared to recommend that 

10 there is probable cause to believe that Now or Never PAC and James C. Thomas, III in his 

11 official capacity as treasurer, knowingly and willfully violated 52 U.S.C. § 30122 by knowingly 

12 accepting a contribution in the name of another, and knowingly and willfully violated 

13 52 U.S.C. § 30104(b )(3)(A) by failing to accurately report that contribution. 

53 See supra, Part II.A. 
1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

MUR 6920 (Now or Never PAC) 

General Counsel's Brief 

Page 14 of 14 

io-~-r1 

Date Lisa1:11':v!~/[U--

Acting General Counsel 

Associate General Counsel for Enforcement 

Assistant General Counsel 

~ Attorney