Filed 6/30/22 In re Elizabeth C. CA5

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

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or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

In re ELIZABETH C., a Person Coming Under 

the Juvenile Court Law.

KERN COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN 

SERVICES,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

ISAAC C. et al.,

Defendants and Appellants.

F083861

(Super. Ct. No. JD140630-00)

OPINION

THE COURT*

APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of Kern County. Christie Canales 

Norris, Judge.

Beth A. Sears, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for I.C., Defendant and 

Appellant.

David M. Thompson, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for C.D.,

Defendant and Appellant.

Margo A. Raison, County Counsel, and Jennifer E. Feige, Deputy County 

Counsel, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

-ooOoo-

* Before Franson, Acting P. J., Snauffer, J. and DeSantos, J.
2.

Christina D. (mother) and Isaac C. (father) appeal the juvenile court’s order 

terminating parental rights to their daughter Elizabeth C. (born December 2019) pursuant 

to Welfare and Institutions Code section 366.26.1 They argue the court erred in finding 

that they had not satisfied the first prong of the parental-benefit exception to adoption—

regular visitation and contact. We affirm.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Initial Petition and Detention

On January 14, 2020, the Kern County Department of Human Services 

(department) filed a petition on behalf of one-month-old Elizabeth and her three siblings 

pursuant to section 300, subdivision (b)(1)–(3) alleging she had suffered, or was at 

substantial risk of suffering, serious physical harm or illness due to the parents’ failure to 

protect her.2 Mother had a history of substance abuse and had used methadone and 

heroin while pregnant with Elizabeth. Although father knew of mother’s substance 

abuse, he allowed her to be the children’s primary caretaker.

On January 15, 2020, at the detention hearing, the juvenile court ordered Elizabeth 

detained and granted mother and father supervised visits two times a week for two hours.

Jurisdiction and Disposition

On January 16, 2020, mother and father had their first supervised visit. They had 

two additional visits in February 2020. The department reported mother and father 

visited consistently.

On March 6, 2020, at the jurisdiction and disposition hearing, the juvenile court 

found all allegations in the petition true and found Elizabeth to be a person described by 

section 300, subdivision (b). The disposition hearing was continued.

1 All further statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code.

2 Mother and father had three other children in common. However, those children

are not part of this appeal.
3.

From March 2020 to early June 2020, mother and father’s visits were cancelled 

due to COVID-19. During that time, mother reported she maintained daily contact with 

Elizabeth virtually. Father reported he was having “drive by” visits and video chat visits. 

In June 2020, mother resumed in-person visits. In July 2020, father was approved for 

unsupervised visits at his house.

On August 26, 2020, at the continued disposition hearing, the juvenile court 

ordered reunification services for mother and father. It also extended mother’s 

supervised visits to three times a week for two hours per visit and confirmed that father’s 

visits would remain unsupervised. Mother eventually graduated to overnight visits.

On December 10, 2020, Elizabeth was returned to mother and father’s custody on 

a family maintenance plan.

Supplemental Petition and Detention

On April 15, 2021, the department filed a supplemental petition pursuant to 

section 387 on behalf of Elizabeth, alleging she was at substantial risk of suffering 

serious physical harm or illness due to mother’s ongoing mental health and substance 

abuse problems after she tested positive for methamphetamine. Father was also named in 

the petition because he had failed to adequately supervise or protect Elizabeth. Elizabeth 

was placed into protective custody that same day.

On April 19, 2021, at the detention hearing, the juvenile court ordered Elizabeth 

detained and granted mother and father supervised visits two times a week for two hours 

per visit. Mother was ordered to continue participating in substance abuse and mental 

health counseling and to submit to random unannounced drug testing.

Disposition and Jurisdiction on the Supplemental Petition

The jurisdiction report dated May 21, 2021, indicated mother failed to consistently 

participate in her family maintenance case plan. She failed to drug test seven times and 

did not participate in substance abuse counseling regularly. She tested positive for 

amphetamine and methamphetamine twice and abused alcohol. Father admitted he knew 
4.

about mother’s alcohol abuse and did not call law enforcement during an altercation in 

which mother broke a door in the home.

The disposition report, also dated May 21, 2021, further provided that a social 

worker contacted mother and father about scheduling visits in April 2021. They had one 

visit that month. They then agreed to one weekly four-hour visit commencing in 

May 2021.

On May 15, 2021, a social worker supervised a visit between Elizabeth, her 

siblings, mother and father, and extended family members. Mother provided for the 

children’s needs by taking them to the bathroom and changing diapers when required. 

She walked Elizabeth around the park and kept her near the family area. The visit went 

well.

The report noted mother and father had been “partially cooperative” with the 

department. They refused to sign the initial voluntary case plan and had not provided 

verification that they had enrolled in the components of their case plan, but had been 

visiting the children regularly. The department recommended mother receive 

reunification services because she had visited the children consistently and had reenrolled 

in substance abuse and mental health counseling. The department also recommended 

father receive reunification services because he had been visiting with the children 

consistently and continued to be enrolled in failure to protect counseling. The department 

noted visits with mother and father were going well.

On June 3, 2021, at the jurisdiction and disposition hearing, the juvenile court 

found the allegations of the supplemental petition true and found that the previous orders 

had not been effective in protecting Elizabeth. The disposition hearing was continued.

A supplemental report dated June 11, 2021, stated the department conducted an 

adoption review on behalf of Elizabeth and determined she was appropriate for adoption 

or guardianship planning. The department recommended the parents not be offered 

reunification services because they were “out of time” as they had already received 

18 months of services.
5.

A supplemental report dated July 13, 2021, noted that the parents had not made 

any progress in their voluntary case plans. Mother had not made herself available to the 

department at all and father had only made himself available to discuss placement or 

visits.

A supplemental report dated August 26, 2021, indicated that father had not made 

himself available to discuss visits for two months. The social worker had made multiple 

attempts to contact the parents regarding visitation without success. Both parents had not 

made any progress in their voluntary case plans and had failed to make themselves 

available to discuss visits. The department recommended that neither mother nor father 

receive reunification services as they had already received over 18 months of 

reunification services.

On September 1, 2021, at the continued disposition hearing, Elizabeth was 

adjudged a dependent of the juvenile court and was removed from the parents’ custody. 

The court found that mother’s progress toward alleviating or mitigating the causes 

necessitating placement had been moderate and that father’s progress had been minimal. 

Mother and father were denied reunification services pursuant to section 361.5, 

subdivision (a)(3). The parents had received over 18 months of reunification services, 

and it was unlikely Elizabeth would return to their care. Mother and father were each 

granted supervised visits two times a week for two hours per visit. The court ordered a 

section 366.26 hearing be set.

Section 366.26

The section 366.26 report stated that mother could have visited Elizabeth 

168 times, but only visited 39 times. Father could have visited 154 times, but only 

visited 31 times. Both mother and father’s visits were age-appropriate and Elizabeth 

appeared to enjoy the visits with each parent as evidenced by her smiles and laughter. 

The department noted Elizabeth had lived with the parents for a total of four months of 

her life. Because mother and father had not visited consistently, there was a “limited 

relationship” between Elizabeth and each parent and any detriment she would experience 
6.

from terminating parental rights would be outweighed by the benefits and permanency of 

adoption. In assessing the degree of detriment that Elizabeth would suffer, the 

department considered her age and the degree of attachment she had to each parent. 

Because Elizabeth was likely to be adopted due to her age, the department recommended 

mother and father’s parental rights be terminated and that she be placed for adoption.

On January 24, 2022, at the continued section 366.26 hearing, mother made an 

offer of proof that she believed the number of visits listed in the department’s 

section 366.26 report was “incorrect and that [she] had many more visits than those 

indicated.” She noted that Elizabeth lived with her for at least four months and that the 

juvenile court should apply the parental-benefit exception to adoption because she had 

satisfied all three elements of the exception. Similarly, father made an offer of proof that 

the number of visits noted in the section 366.26 report was incorrect and that he had 

attended every scheduled visit. He also asked the court to apply the parental-benefit 

exception.

In ruling on the parental-benefit exception, the juvenile court stated as follows: 

“All right. Regarding the parents’ offer of proof, I do accept that 

that’s what they would testify to. I do not find their testimony to be 

credible based on the information in the [section 366.26] report and the 

information throughout the court record.

“There have been numerous visits. There’s no way this court can 

find that there has been regular visitation. I do not believe the parents have 

met their burden to show there would be substantial emotional attachment 

that Elizabeth would have towards her parents even based on the minimal, 

at best, visitation between the parents and Elizabeth.”

The court then found there was clear and convincing evidence Elizabeth was likely 

to be adopted and terminated mother and father’s parental rights.

In February 2022, mother and father filed notices of appeal.
7.

DISCUSSION

I. Substantial Evidence Supports the Juvenile Court’s Finding that the 

Parental-Benefit Exception to Adoption Did Not Apply

A. Legal Principles

“The sole purpose of the section 366.26 hearing is to select and implement a 

permanent plan for the child after reunification efforts have failed.” (In re J.D. (2021) 

70 Cal.App.5th 833, 851.) “At a permanency plan hearing, the court may order one of 

three alternatives: adoption, guardianship or long-term foster care.” (In re S.B. (2008) 

164 Cal.App.4th 289, 296.) “Once the court determines the child is likely to be adopted, 

the burden shifts to the parent to show that termination of parental rights would be 

detrimental to the child under one of the exceptions listed in section 366.26, 

subdivision (c)(1).” (Id. at p. 297.) “[I]f the parent shows that termination would be 

detrimental to the child for at least one specifically enumerated reason, the court should 

decline to terminate parental rights and select another permanent plan.” (In re Caden C.

(2022) 11 Cal.5th 614, 630–631 (Caden C.).)

One exception to adoption is the parental-benefit exception, which requires the 

parent to establish, by a preponderance of the evidence, “that the parent has regularly 

visited with the child, that the child would benefit from continuing the relationship, and 

that terminating the relationship would be detrimental to the child.” (Caden C., supra, 

11 Cal.5th at p. 629; see also § 366.26, subd. (c)(1)(B)(i).)

“The first element—regular visitation and contact—is straightforward. The 

question is just whether ‘parents visit consistently,’ taking into account ‘the extent 

permitted by court orders.’ ” (Caden C., supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 632.) “As to the 

second element, courts assess whether ‘the child would benefit from continuing the 

relationship.’ ” (Caden C., at p. 632.) “In other words, ‘[t]he parent must show that the 

child has a substantial, positive, emotional attachment to the parent—the kind of 

attachment implying that the child would benefit from continuing the relationship.’ ” (In 

re J.D., supra, 70 Cal.App.5th at p. 854.) “[T]he focus is the child.” (Caden C., at 
8.

p. 632.) The court may consider “ ‘[t]he age of the child, the portion of the child’s life 

spent in the parent’s custody, the “positive” or “negative” effect of interaction between 

parent and child, and the child’s particular needs.’ ” (Ibid.) “[C]ourts often consider how 

children feel about, interact with, look to, or talk about their parents.” (Ibid.) 

“Interaction between natural parent and child will always confer some incidental benefit 

to the child. The significant attachment from child to parent results from the adult’s 

attention to the child’s needs for physical care, nourishment, comfort, affection and 

stimulation.” (In re Autumn H. (1994) 27 Cal.App.4th at 567, 575.)

“Concerning the third element—whether ‘termination would be detrimental to the 

child due to’ the relationship—the court must decide whether it would be harmful to the 

child to sever the relationship and choose adoption.” (Caden C., supra, 11 Cal.5th at 

p. 633.) The court must determine “how the child would be affected by losing the 

parental relationship—in effect, what life would be like for the child in an adoptive home 

without the parent in the child’s life.” (Ibid.) “[T]he effects [on the child] might include 

emotional instability and preoccupation leading to acting out, difficulties in school, 

insomnia, anxiety, or depression. Yet ... a new, stable home may alleviate the emotional 

instability and preoccupation leading to such problems, providing a new source of 

stability that could make the loss of a parent not, at least on balance, detrimental.” (Ibid.) 

“When the relationship with a parent is so important to the child that the security and 

stability of a new home wouldn’t outweigh its loss, termination would be ‘detrimental to 

the child due to’ the child’s beneficial relationship with a parent.” (Id. at pp. 633–634.) 

“When it weighs whether termination would be detrimental, the court is not comparing 

the parent’s attributes as custodial caregiver relative to those of any potential adoptive 

parent(s)[,]” and it “should not look to whether the parent can provide a home for the 

child ....” (Id. at p. 634.) “Even where it may never make sense to permit the child to 

live with the parent, termination may be detrimental.” (Ibid.) “[T]he section 366.26 

hearing is decidedly not a contest of who would be the better custodial caregiver.” (Ibid.)
9.

Moreover, “[a] parent’s continued struggles with the issues leading to dependency 

are not a categorical bar to applying the exception.” (Caden C., supra, 11 Cal.5th at 

p. 637.) “[W]hen the court holds a section 366.26 hearing, it all but presupposes that the 

parent has not been successful in maintaining the reunification plan meant to address the 

problems leading to dependency.” (Ibid.) “The parental-benefit exception can therefore 

only apply when the parent has presumptively not made sufficient progress in addressing 

the problems that led to dependency.” (Ibid.) Thus, “[p]arents need not show that they 

are ‘actively involved in maintaining their sobriety or complying substantially with their 

case plan’ [citation] to establish the exception.” (Ibid.) However, lack of progress is not 

irrelevant. “A parent’s struggles may mean that interaction between parent and child at 

least sometimes has a ‘ “negative” effect’ on the child.” (Ibid.) “Conversely, a parent 

who gains greater understanding of herself and her children’s needs through treatment 

may be in a better position to ensure that her interactions with the children have a 

‘ “positive” ... effect’ on them.” (Id. at pp. 637–638.) “In both scenarios, the parent’s 

struggles speak to the benefit (or lack thereof) of continuing the relationship and are 

relevant to that extent.” (Id. at p. 638.) They “may also be relevant to the detriment from 

terminating parental rights.” (Ibid.)

On review, the first two elements are reviewed for substantial evidence. 

(Caden C., supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 639.) “In reviewing factual determinations for 

substantial evidence, a reviewing court should ‘not reweigh the evidence, evaluate the 

credibility of witnesses, or resolve evidentiary conflicts.’ [Citation.] The determinations 

should ‘be upheld if ... supported by substantial evidence, even though substantial 

evidence to the contrary also exists and the trial court might have reached a different 

result had it believed other evidence.’ ” (Id. at p. 640.) The third element is reviewed for 

abuse of discretion. (Ibid.) A court abuses its discretion only when it “ ‘has exceeded the 

limits of legal discretion by making an arbitrary, capricious, or patently absurd 

determination.’ ” (In re Geoffrey G. (1979) 98 Cal.App.3d 412, 421.) “When two or 

more inferences can reasonably be deduced from the facts, the reviewing court has no 
10.

authority to substitute its decision for that of the trial court.” (Shamblin v. Brattain 

(1988) 44 Cal.3d 474, 478–479.)

B. Analysis

Mother and father contend that substantial evidence does not support the juvenile 

court’s finding that they failed to visit Elizabeth regularly. We disagree.

The first element of the parental-benefit exception requires parents to prove 

regular visitation and contact. (Caden C., supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 632.) “The question is 

just whether ‘parents visit consistently,’ taking into account ‘the extent permitted by 

court orders.’ [Citation.] Visits and contact ‘continue[ ] or develop[ ] a significant, 

positive, emotional attachment from child to parent.’ ” (Ibid.)

Here, the juvenile court accepted mother and father’s offers of proof that the 

section 366.26 report incorrectly categorized the number of visits they attended. 

However, the court did not find the parents to be credible based on the information 

contained in the section 366.26 report and other information throughout the record. The 

court recognized “[t]here [had] been numerous visits[,]” but said there was “no way [it 

could] find that there [had] been regular visitation.” As a reviewing court, “we cannot 

reweigh the evidence or evaluate witness credibility. [Citation.] We must uphold the 

juvenile court’s factual determination as long as it is supported by substantial evidence 

‘ “even though substantial evidence to the contrary also exists and the trial court might 

have reached a different result had it believed other evidence.” ’ ” (In re Eli B. (2022) 73 

Cal.App.5th 1061, 1072.)

The record reflects mother and father had regular visits and contact with Elizabeth 

for the first 18 months of the dependency proceedings (i.e., up until May 2021). In 

July 2021, the department reported mother had stopped making herself available to the 

department and father only made himself available to discuss placement and visits. In 

August 2021, the department further reported that father stopped making himself 

available to discuss visitation at some point during the previous month. The social 

worker had “made multiple attempts to make contact with the parents to discuss their 
11.

case plan and visits with no success.” The social worker also attempted to reschedule 

two visits that same month, but neither mother nor father responded to the social 

worker’s calls. In December 2021, the section 366.26 report indicated the parents had 

not visited Elizabeth consistently. Mother participated in 39 visits out of 168 possible 

visits, and father participated in 31 visits out of 154 possible visits. Although mother and 

father argue that the section 366.26 improperly characterized their visits, earlier reports 

indicate that mother and father stopped visiting Elizabeth regularly in May 2021. Thus, 

substantial evidence supports the court’s finding that mother and father did not have 

regular visitation with Elizabeth.

Even assuming for argument’s sake that mother and father had proven they 

maintained regular visitation and contact with Elizabeth, there is no evidence she would 

benefit from continuing a relationship with them. At the time parental rights were 

terminated, Elizabeth had just turned two years old and had only spent four months of her 

short life in mother and father’s care. Although visits were going well and she appeared 

to enjoy the visits, a parent must show that the relationship confers more than “some

incidental benefit.” (In re Autumn H., supra, 27 Cal.App.4th at p. 575.) “ ‘A biological

parent who has failed to reunify with an adoptable child may not derail adoption merely

by showing the child would derive some benefit from continuing a relationship

maintained during periods of visitation with the parent. [Citation.] A child who has been

adjudged a dependent of the juvenile court should not be deprived of an adoptive parent

when the natural parent has maintained a relationship that may be beneficial to some

degree, but that does not meet the child’s need for a parent.’ ” (In re Jason J. (2009) 175 

Cal.App.4th 922, 937.) Based on the record before us, we cannot conclude that 

substantial evidence supports that Elizabeth would benefit from a continued relationship 

with mother and father.

Additionally, as to the third element—whether termination of parental rights 

would be detrimental to Elizabeth—we conclude mother and father did not meet their 

burden of establishing that Elizabeth would suffer detriment. A finding of detriment is 
12.

based on the child’s best interest, and the juvenile “court must decide whether the harm 

from severing the child’s relationship with the parent outweighs the benefit to the child of 

placement in a new adoptive home.” (Caden C., supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 632.) Because 

Elizabeth had a limited relationship with mother and father, any detriment would be 

outweighed by the benefits and permanency that adoption would provide her with.

Accordingly, we find no error in the juvenile court’s determination that the

parental-benefit exception did not apply.

DISPOSITION

The juvenile court’s order terminating mother and father’s parental rights is 

affirmed.