## Breadcrumb

-  Justice.gov 
-  Executive Office for Immigration Review 
-  Board of Immigration Appeals 

# Board of Immigration Appeals

                      -  Facebook 
                      -  X 
                      -  LinkedIn 
                      -  Email 

                      - About
                      - Meet the Board
                      - BIA Practice Manual
                      - BIA Decisions
                      - Additional Information

----

 The Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) is the highest administrative body for interpreting and applying immigration laws. It is authorized 28 Appellate Immigration Judges, including a Chief Appellate Immigration Judge and one or two Deputy Chief Appellate Immigration Judges. The BIA is located at EOIR headquarters in Falls Church, Virginia. Generally, the BIA does not conduct courtroom proceedings - it decides appeals by conducting a "paper review" of cases. On rare occasions, however, the BIA hears oral arguments of appealed cases, predominately at headquarters.

The BIA has been given nationwide jurisdiction to hear appeals from certain decisions rendered by Immigration Judges and by district directors of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) in a wide variety of proceedings in which the Government of the United States is one party and the other party is an alien, a citizen, or a business firm.

BIA decisions are binding on all DHS officers and Immigration Judges unless modified or overruled by the Attorney General or a federal court. Most BIA decisions are subject to judicial review in the federal courts. The majority of appeals reaching the BIA involve orders of removal and applications for relief from removal. Other cases before the BIA include the exclusion of aliens applying for admission to the United States, petitions to classify the status of alien relatives for the issuance of preference immigrant visas, fines imposed upon carriers for the violation of immigration laws, and motions for reopening and reconsideration of decisions previously rendered.

The BIA is directed to exercise its independent judgment in hearing appeals for the Attorney General. BIA decisions designated for publication are printed in bound volumes entitled *Administrative Decisions Under Immigration and Nationality Laws of the United States*.

## Meet the Board of Immigration Appeals

David H. Wetmore - Chief Appellate Immigration Judge

Attorney General William P. Barr appointed David H. Wetmore as the Chief Appellate Immigration Judge of the Board of Immigration Appeals in May 2020. Chief Judge Wetmore earned a Bachelor of Arts, *magna cum laude*, in 1997 from Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, and a Juris Doctor, with High Honors, in 2002 from The George Washington University Law School, Washington, D.C. He joined the Department of Justice (DOJ) in 2009 as a career appellate litigator. From 2019 to May 2020, he served as Associate Deputy Attorney General, Office of the Deputy Attorney General (ODAG).  From 2018 to 2019, he served as Senior Counsel to the Deputy Attorney General in ODAG. From 2009 to 2018, Chief Judge Wetmore served as a Trial Attorney in the Civil Division, Office of Immigration Litigation’s (OIL) Appellate Section, DOJ. During his tenure at OIL, he also served a detail from 2017 to 2018 as an Immigration Advisor to the White House Domestic Policy Counsel. From 2005 to 2006, and again from 2007 to 2009, Chief Judge Wetmore was a litigation associate at Sidley Austin LLP. From 2006 to 2007, Chief Judge Wetmore was a law clerk to the Honorable Daniel A. Manion, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit. From 2003 to 2005, Chief Judge Wetmore worked as a litigation associate at Jenner & Block LLP. From 2002 to 2003, Chief Judge Wetmore served as a law clerk to the Honorable Gordon J. Quist, U.S. District Court for the Western District of Michigan. Chief Judge Wetmore has served on an intermittent basis in 2006, 2008 through 2009, and 2010 through 2011, as an adjunct professor of law at The George Washington University Law School, where he taught legal writing and oral advocacy. Chief Judge Wetmore is a member of the District of Columbia Bar.

Charles Adkins-Blanch - Deputy Chief Appellate Immigration Judge

Attorney General Eric H. Holder appointed Charles Adkins-Blanch as a Deputy Chief Appellate Immigration Judge of the Board of Immigration Appeals in January 2013. Deputy Chief Judge Adkins-Blanch earned a Bachelor of Arts in 1984 from Grinnell College and a Juris Doctorate in 1990 from the National Law Center, George Washington University. He served as a Board Member from 2008 until his appointment as Deputy Chief Judge. From 2004 to 2008, he served as an Immigration Judge at the Headquarters Immigration Court and, from 1995 to 2004, Deputy Chief Judge Adkins-Blanch served in EOIR’s Office of the General Counsel, as General Counsel from 2000 to 2004, as Acting General Counsel from 1999 to 2000, and as an Associate General Counsel from 1995 to 1999. From 1990 to 1995, he worked for the Board as an attorney advisor entering on duty through the Attorney General’s Honors Program. From 1989 to 1990, he clerked in private practice with the firm of Maggio & Kattar, specializing in immigration and nationality law. Deputy Chief Judge Adkins-Blanch is a member of the District of Columbia Bar and the Virginia State Bar.

Garry D. Malphrus - Deputy Chief Appellate Immigration Judge

Attorney General William P. Barr appointed Garry D. Malphrus as a Deputy Chief Appellate Immigration Judge of the Board of Immigration Appeals in September 2020. Judge Malphrus earned a Bachelor of Arts, *magna cum laude*, in 1989 from the University of South Carolina and a Juris Doctor (Order of the Coif) in 1993 from the University of South Carolina. From August 2008 to September 2020, he served on the Board of Immigration Appeals, including as acting Board Chairman from October 2019 to May 2020. From 2005 to 2008, he served as an Immigration Judge at the Arlington Immigration Court. From 2001 to 2005, he served as associate director of the White House Domestic Policy Council. From 1997 to 2001, he worked for the U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, which included serving as chief counsel and staff director on the Subcommittee on Criminal Justice Oversight and the Subcommittee on the Constitution. From 1995 to 1997, he served as a law clerk for the Honorable Dennis W. Shedd, U.S. District Judge for the District of South Carolina. From 1994 to 1995, he was a law clerk for the Honorable William W. Wilkins of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. From 1993 to 1994, he was a law clerk for the Honorable Larry R. Patterson, Circuit Judge for South Carolina. Judge Malphrus is a member of the South Carolina Bar and the District of Columbia Bar.

Michael P. Baird

Attorney General William P. Barr appointed Michael P. Baird as an Appellate Immigration Judge in August 2020. Judge Baird earned a Bachelor of Business Administration in 1989 from Clayton State University and a Juris Doctorate in 1992 from Georgia State University College of Law. From 2009 to 2020, he served as an Immigration Judge first at the Dallas Immigration Court, and then later transferred to the Atlanta Immigration Court. From 2006 to 2009, he served as a senior assistant district attorney in the Appalachian Judicial Circuit, in Georgia. From 2004 to 2006, he served as a judge in the Municipal Court of Jonesboro, Georgia. From 1997 to 2004, he served as Chief Judge for the Magistrate Court of Clayton County, Georgia. From 1995 to 1996, he was in private practice. From 1993 to 1995, he served as senior assistant solicitor general at the Clayton County Solicitor’s Office. From 1992 to 1993, he was in private practice. From 1986 to 1990, he was a police officer. Judge Baird has taught as adjunct faculty at the Georgia State University College of Law, Clayton State University and the University of West Georgia. Judge Baird is a member of the State Bar of Georgia.

Katharine E. Clark

Attorney General Merrick B. Garland appointed Katharine E. Clark as an Appellate Immigration Judge in August 2023. Judge Clark earned a Bachelor of Arts, magna cum laude, in 2003 from Brown University and a Juris Doctorate in 2006 from Georgetown University Law Center. From 2022 to 2023, and 2007 to 2018, she served as a senior litigation counsel and trial attorney at the Office of Immigration Litigation, Civil Division, Department of Justice. From 2019 to 2021, she was a managing attorney at Ayuda in Silver Spring, Maryland, where she also handled cases on a pro bono basis. From 2018 to 2019, she was counsel for the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee. From 2006 to 2007, she served as a Judicial Law Clerk at the Boston Immigration Court, entering on duty through the Attorney General’s Honors Program. Judge Clark is a member of the Maryland State Bar and the Pennsylvania State Bar.

Michael J. Creppy

Attorney General Eric H. Holder appointed Michael J. Creppy as a member of the Board of Immigration Appeals in February 2011. Judge Creppy earned a Bachelor of Arts in 1975 from Fisk University, a Juris Doctorate in 1978 from Howard University School of Law and a Masters of Law in 1979 from Georgetown University Law Center. From April 2006 to February 2011, he served as EOIR’s Chief Administrative Hearing Officer. From May 1994 to April 2006, he served as Chief Immigration Judge, overseeing the numerous immigration courts around the country. Prior to joining EOIR, Judge Creppy worked for the former Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) in various capacities: from 1988 to 1994, in the Office of the General Counsel as deputy general counsel for litigation; from 1986 to 1988, as an associate general counsel primarily focusing on the employer sanctions and anti-discrimination provisions of the Immigration and Nationality Act; and from 1984 to 1986, as chief legal officer for the INS district office in Los Angeles. From 1983 to 1984, he served as a trial attorney with the Office of Immigration Litigation, Civil Division, Department of Justice. From 1981 to 1983, Judge Creppy was a trial attorney for the former INS district office in New York. From 1979 to 1981 he served as a judicial law clerk for the Superior Court for the District of Columbia. Judge Creppy is a member of the District of Columbia Bar.

**Joan B. Geller**

Attorney General Merrick B. Garland appointed Joan B. Geller as an appellate immigration judge in May 2024. Judge Geller earned a Bachelor of Arts in 1990 from the University of Wisconsin and a Juris Doctorate in 1994 from the Georgetown University Law Center. From 2003 to 2024, Judge Geller served as an attorney advisor with the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA), and in 2015, 2016, 2018, 2020, and 2021 she served as a temporary Appellate Immigration Judge with the BIA. From 2002 to 2003, she was deputy staff counsel at the District of Columbia Court of Appeals. From 1996 to 2002, she was a staff attorney at the District of Columbia Court of Appeals. From 1994 to 1996, she was a court law clerk at the District of Columbia Court of Appeals. Judge Geller is a member of the Maryland State Bar and the District of Columbia Bar.

Deborah K. Goodwin

Attorney General William P. Barr appointed Deborah K. Goodwin as a member of the Board of Immigration Appeals in August 2019. Judge Goodwin earned a Bachelor of Arts in 1986 from Wilson College and a Juris Doctor in 2000 from the State University of New York at Buffalo School of Law. From February 2017 to August 2019, Judge Goodwin served as an Immigration Judge in Miami. From 2015 to January 2017, she served as an associate legal advisor for the District Court Litigation Division, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), Department of Homeland Security (DHS), in the District of Columbia. From 2007 through 2015, she served as an associate counsel for U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, DHS, in San Francisco. From 2002 through 2007, she served as an assistant chief counsel for ICE, DHS, and former Immigration and Naturalization Service, in San Francisco. Judge Goodwin is a member of the Florida Bar.

Stephanie E. Gorman

Attorney General William P. Barr appointed Stephanie E. Gorman as a member of the Board of Immigration Appeals in August 2019. Judge Gorman earned a Bachelor of Science in 1996 from California State University Sacramento, a Juris Doctor in 2002 from the Thomas Jefferson School of Law, and a Master of Laws in 2005 from the University of San Diego School of Law. From February 2017 to August 2019, Judge Gorman served as an Immigration Judge in Houston. From 2014 to January 2017, she served as an attorney and legal instructor at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center in Glynco, Georgia, for the Office of the Chief Counsel, Customs and Border Protection, Department of Homeland Security (DHS). From 2008 through 2014, she served as an assistant chief counsel for the Office of the Principal Legal Advisor, Immigration and Customs Enforcement, DHS. From 2009 through 2012, she also served as a special assistant U.S. attorney for the U.S. Attorney’s Office, Middle District of Florida, Department of Justice (DOJ), in Orlando, Florida. From 2007 through 2008, she served as a judicial law clerk for the Honorable M. James Lorenz, U.S. District Court for the Southern District of California, in San Diego. From March 2007 to September 2007, she served as a judicial law clerk for the Honorable Roger T. Benitez, U.S. District Court for the Southern District of California, in San Diego. From 2006 through 2007, she served as an assistant state attorney for the 12th Judicial Circuit, in Sarasota, Fla. From 2003 through 2006, she served in various capacities on the faculty of the Thomas Jefferson School of Law, including as visiting assistant professor of law and senior legal writing instructor and adjunct professor. From 2002 through 2004, she served as an associate attorney for the Law Office of Matthew P. Rocco, in Carlsbad, California. Judge Gorman is a member of the State Bar of California and the Florida Bar.

Anne J. Greer

Attorney General Michael B. Mukasey appointed Anne J. Greer as a member of the Board of Immigration Appeals in August 2008. Judge Greer earned a Bachelor of Arts in 1980 from Allegheny College, Meadville, Pennsylvania, and a Juris Doctorate in 1992 from George Mason University School of Law, Arlington, Virginia. From 2003 to 2008, she served as an Assistant Chief Immigration Judge based in Falls Church, Virginia. From 1992 to 2003, she worked as an attorney advisor, supervisory attorney advisor and senior panel attorney for the BIA. From 1989 to 1992, Judge Greer was a law clerk at the U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of the Chief Administrative Law Judge, in Washington, D.C. From 1996 to 2016, she was an adjunct professor of law at George Mason University, where she taught immigration law.  Judge Greer is a member of the District of Columbia Bar and the Virginia State Bar.

Keith E. Hunsucker

Attorney General William P. Barr appointed Keith E. Hunsucker as a member of the Board of Immigration Appeals in August 2019. Judge Hunsucker earned a Bachelor of Arts, *cum laude*, in 1984 from the University of Akron and a Juris Doctorate, *cum laude*, in 1987 from the University of Akron School of Law. From September 2017 to August 2019, Judge Hunsucker served as an Immigration Judge at the Cleveland Immigration Court. From August 2010 to September 2017, Judge Hunsucker served as an Immigration Judge at the Port Isabel Immigration Court. From 2000 to August 2010, he worked as a senior instructor for the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center, Legal Division, Department of Homeland Security, in Glynco, Georgia. From 1992 to 2000, he worked as an attorney for the former Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), in Atlanta. From 1989 to 1992, he was an attorney for the former INS in Harlingen, Texas. From April 1989 to September 1989, Judge Hunsucker was a law clerk for the Ohio Court of Appeals, 9th Judicial District. From 1988 to 1989, he was in private practice. From 1987 to 1988, Judge Hunsucker worked as an INS attorney in the Attorney General’s Honors Program, in San Francisco. Judge Hunsucker is a member of the Ohio State Bar and District of Columbia Bar.

Beth Liebmann

Attorney General Merrick B. Garland appointed Beth Liebmann as an Appellate Immigration Judge in April 2022. Judge Liebmann earned a Bachelor of Arts in 1981 from Brandeis University and a Juris Doctor in 1984 from the University of Miami School of Law. From June 2009 through the time of her appointment, she served as a Senior Legal Advisor with the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA). During her tenure at the BIA, she also served as a temporary Immigration Judge and a temporary Appellate Immigration Judge. From 1995 to 2009 she was an attorney team leader at the BIA, and gained broad agency experience through details to the Office of the General Counsel and the Office of Immigration Litigation, Civil Division, Department of Justice. From 1985 to 1995, she served as an attorney advisor for the BIA. She began her career with the Department of Justice in 1984 as a Judicial Law Clerk at the Miami and Miami Krome immigration courts as part of the Attorney General’s Honors Program. Judge Liebmann is a member of the District of Columbia Bar and the Florida Bar

Ellen Liebowitz

Attorney General Loretta E. Lynch appointed Ellen Liebowitz as a member of the Board of Immigration Appeals in February 2016. Judge Liebowitz earned a Bachelor of Arts, *cum laude*, in 1987 from the University of Delaware, and a Juris Doctor, with Honors, in 1990 from the University of Maryland School of Law. From 2008 to January 2016, Judge Liebowitz served as a senior legal advisor with the BIA. During this time, she was also appointed as a temporary Appellate Immigration Judge. From 1991 to 2007, Judge Liebowitz was an attorney advisor for the BIA. She also served on a detail with the Office of the General Counsel for the Executive Office for Immigration Review. Prior to joining the BIA, Judge Liebowitz clerked for the Circuit Court for Harford County, Maryland. Judge Liebowitz is a member of the Maryland Bar.

**Homero López Jr.**

Attorney General Merrick B. Garland appointed Homero López Jr. as an appellate immigration judge in May 2024. Judge López earned a Bachelor of Arts in 2007 from Southern Methodist University and a Juris Doctorate in 2010 from Tulane University Law School. From 2018 to 2024, Judge Lopez worked with the Immigration Services and Legal Advocacy (ISLA) in New Orleans, which he cofounded, serving as legal director from 2021 to 2024 and executive director from 2018 to 2020. From 2015 to 2018, he worked with Catholic Charities of the Archdiocese of New Orleans, serving as managing attorney of Immigration Legal Services from 2015 to 2018 and as supervising attorney for the Unaccompanied Children’s Program in 2015. From 2011 to 2014, he worked with Catholic Charities of the Diocese of Baton Rouge, serving as a staff attorney from 2011 to 2014 and as a supervising attorney in 2014. Judge López is a member of the Louisiana Bar. 

Sunita B. Mahtabfar

Attorney General William P. Barr appointed Sunita B. Mahtabfar as an Appellate Immigration Judge in August 2020. Judge Mahtabfar earned a Bachelor of Arts in 1994 from the University of Texas at Austin and a Juris Doctorate in 1998 from Thurgood Marshall School of Law. From 2013 to 2020, she served as an Immigration Judge in the El Paso Immigration Court. From 2006 to 2013, she served as an attorney in the Office of the Assistant Chief Counsel, U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Department of Homeland Security (DHS), in El Paso, Texas. From 2003 to 2006, she served as an asylum officer, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, DHS, in Houston. Judge Mahtabfar is a member of the State Bar of Texas.

Ana Landazabal Mann

Attorney General Eric H. Holder appointed Ana Landazabal Mann as a member of the Board of Immigration Appeals in November 2011. Judge Mann earned a Bachelor of Arts in 1982 from Rutgers University and a Juris Doctorate in 1985 from George Washington University. From 1996 to November 2011, Judge Mann served as a senior legal advisor to the Chairman of the BIA, during which time she also served as a temporary Board Member. From 1986 to 1996, Judge Mann was an attorney advisor for the BIA. Judge Mann joined DOJ through the Attorney General’s Honors Program when she clerked at the Drug Enforcement Administration from 1985 until 1986. Judge Mann is a member of the New Jersey State Bar.

Philip J. Montante Jr.

Attorney General William P. Barr appointed Philip J. Montante, Jr. as a member of the Board of Immigration Appeals in April 2020. Judge Montante comes to the Board of Immigration Appeals after serving as an Immigration Judge since 1990, when he was initially appointed by former Attorney General Richard L. Thornburgh. He earned a Bachelor of Business Administration in 1966 from Drake College, a Master of Education in 1967 from Florida Atlantic University, and a Doctor of Jurisprudence in 1971 from Samford University. From March 2019 to April 2020, he served as an assistant chief immigration judge, based in Buffalo, New York. From March 2018 to March 2019, he was an Immigration Judge in Buffalo and Batavia; from July 2016 to March 2018, an Immigration Judge in Orlando; from August 1997 to July 2016, an Immigration Judge in Buffalo; and from April 1990 to August 1997, an Immigration Judge in Miami. From 1975 to 1990, Judge Montante was in private practice. During this time, in 1989, Judge Montante was certified by the Chief Justice of the Florida Supreme Court as a circuit court mediator. From 1975 to 1976, he served as a special assistant attorney general and in 1976, was appointed as a chief municipal court judge in Broward County, Florida. From 1971 to 1975, he held various positions in the state attorney’s office for the 17th judicial circuit of Florida, including prosecutor, chief assistant state attorney, and assistant state attorney. From 1975-1979, Judge Montante was appointed by the Governor of the State of Florida to a four-year term as a member of the Judicial Nominating Commission, first as secretary and then as Chairman. From 1983-1985, he was Chairman of the Florida Bar Grievance Committee 17 (C) 1983. He served as a member of the President’s Commission on White House Fellowships from 2018 to 2021 and likewise was a member of the President’s Commission from 2001 to 2007. Judge Montante is a member of the District of Columbia Bar, the Florida Bar, and the New York State Bar.

Hugh Mullane

Attorney General Michael B. Mukasey appointed Hugh Mullane as a member of the Board of Immigration Appeals in August 2008.  Judge Mullane earned a Bachelor of Business Administration in 1989 from Siena College and a Juris Doctorate in 1993 from Georgetown University Law Center. From 2005 to 2008, he served as special counsel, Office of Legal Policy, Department of Justice (DOJ). From 2004 to 2005, he worked as the Director of Immigration Security for the Homeland Security Council at the White House. From 1995 to 2004, he served as a senior litigation counsel, Civil Division, DOJ. From 1994 to 1995, Judge Mullane was an attorney with the Federal Trade Commission. From 1993 to 1994, he was a law clerk for the Honorable David G. Larimer, U.S. District Judge for the Western District of New York.  Judge Mullane is a member of the District of Columbia Bar and the New York State Bar.

Blair O'Connor

Attorney General Loretta E. Lynch appointed Blair O’Connor as a member of the Board of Immigration Appeals in February 2016.  Judge O’Connor earned a Bachelor of Business Administration in 1992 from the University of Notre Dame and a Juris Doctor in 1995 from the Valparaiso University School of Law. From 2002 to 2016, he served as an assistant director, senior litigation counsel, and trial attorney at the Office of Immigration Litigation, Civil Division, Department of Justice. From 1996 to 2002, he served on active duty in various capacities in the Army’s Judge Advocate General Corps including as legal assistance and claims attorney, prosecutor, appellate defense attorney, and as a law clerk to the U.S. Army Court of Criminal Appeals. Judge O’Connor is a member of the Illinois Bar.

Sirce E. Owen

Attorney General William P. Barr appointed Sirce E. Owen as a member of the Board of Immigration Appeals in August 2020. Judge Owen earned a Bachelor of Science in 1996 from Johns Hopkins University, a Master of Business Administration in 2002 from Georgia State University, and a Juris Doctor in 2005 from Georgia State University. From 2018 to 2020, she served as an Assistant Chief Immigration Judge, based in Atlanta. From June 2019 to January 2020, she served as acting Deputy Director of EOIR. From 2016 to 2018, she served as deputy chief counsel, Office of Chief Counsel, Office of the Principal Legal Advisor, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), Department of Homeland Security (DHS), in Atlanta. From 2008 to 2016, she served as assistant chief counsel, ICE, DHS, in Atlanta. From 2005 to 2008, she was an associate attorney with Mozley, Finlayson & Loggins LLP, in Atlanta. Judge Owen is a member of the State Bar of Georgia.

Aaron R. Petty

Attorney General William P. Barr appointed Aaron R. Petty as a member of the Board of Immigration Appeals in April 2020.  Judge Petty comes to the Board of Immigration Appeals from the Civil Division, Department of Justice where he has served since October 2009. He earned a Bachelor of Arts in 2004 from Northwestern University, a Juris Doctor in 2007 from the University of Michigan Law School, a Master of Studies in 2012 from the University of Cambridge, and a Doctor of Philosophy in 2016 from Leiden University. From October 2015 to April 2020, he served as counsel for national security and senior counsel for national security, District Court Section, Office of Immigration Litigation (OIL), Civil Division, Department of Justice (DOJ). From October 2009 to October 2015, he served as a trial attorney and counsel for national security, Appellate Section, OIL, DOJ. From 2007 to 2009, he worked as a law clerk for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit. He also serves as an officer in the U.S. Air Force Reserve. Judge Petty is a member of the District of Columbia Bar and the Illinois State Bar.

Andrea Saenz

Attorney General Merrick B. Garland appointed Andrea Saenz as an Appellate Immigration Judge in October 2021. Judge Saenz earned a Bachelor of Arts in 2002 from the University of California, Los Angeles, and a Juris Doctor in 2008 from Harvard Law School. From 2016 to 2021, she was Attorney-in-Charge of the New York Immigrant Family Unity Project, Brooklyn Defender Services, in Brooklyn, New York. From 2013 to 2016, she was a Clinical Teaching Fellow at the Immigration Justice Clinic, Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law (New York). From 2012 to 2013, she was a Staff Attorney at the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. From 2010 to 2012, she served as a Judicial Law Clerk at the New York – Varick Immigration Court, entering on duty through the Attorney General’s Honors Program. From 2008 to 2010, she was an Equal Justice Works Fellow at the Political Asylum/Immigration Representation Project in Boston. Judge Saenz is a member of the New York State Bar.

### Temporary Board Members

### 

Erika L. Borkowski

Attorney General Merrick B. Garland appointed Erika L. Borkowski as a temporary Appellate Immigration Judge in March 2023. Judge Borkowski earned a Bachelor of Arts, *cum laude*, in 2002 from Cornell University and a Juris Doctor in 2006 from the University of Pittsburgh School of Law. Since 2010, Judge Borkowski has served as an attorney advisor with the Board of Immigration Appeals, Executive Office for Immigration Review. From 2007 to 2010, she was an assistant chief counsel for the Office of the Principal Legal Advisor, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, Department of Homeland Security (DHS), in Arlington, Virginia. During this time, from November 2009 to May 2010, she was detailed as an attorney advisor with the Office of the General Counsel, DHS. Judge Borkowski is a member of the District of Columbia Bar and the New York State Bar.

John Crossett

Attorney General Merrick B. Garland appointed John Crossett as a temporary Appellate Immigration Judge in October 2022. Judge Crossett earned Bachelor of Arts in 1991 and Master of Arts in 1996, both from the University at Albany, State University of New York, and a Juris Doctor, m*agna cum laude*, in 1999 from the George Mason University School of Law. Since 2001, Judge Crossett has served as an attorney advisor with the Board of Immigration Appeals, Executive Office for Immigration Review, and during this time, from January 2018 to January 2019, he served as a temporary Appellate Immigration Judge. He joined the Department of Justice in 1999 through the Attorney General’s Honors Program. Judge Crossett is a member of the Virginia State Bar.

S. Kathleen Pepper

Attorney General Merrick B. Garland appointed S. Kathleen Pepper as a temporary Appellate Immigration Judge in September 2022. Judge Pepper earned a Bachelor of Arts in 1981 and a Master of Business Administration in 1986, both from the College of William and Mary, and a Juris Doctor in 1991 from the Marshall-Wythe School of Law, College of William and Mary. Since October 1992, she has served as an attorney advisor, Board of Immigration Appeals, Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR) and, since January 2008, has worked in that capacity as the federal court remand coordinator. During this time, from April 2020 to April 2021, she served as a temporary Appellate Immigration Judge and from January to July 2017, she served as a temporary Immigration Judge. From April to December 2007, she served on detail as a legislative counsel at the Senate Judiciary Committee. From April 2003 to January 2004, she served on detail as a special assistant U.S. attorney for the Department of Justice, U.S. Attorney’s Office, Eastern District of Virginia, Civil Division. From September 1991 to October 1992, Judge Pepper worked as a judicial law clerk at the Arlington and Phoenix immigration courts, entering on duty through the Attorney General’s Honors Program. Judge Pepper is a member of the Virginia State Bar.

----

## Resources

                          - Board of Immigration Appeals Precedent Decisions
                          - Board of Immigration Appeals Practice Manual

## Additional Information

                          - Fact Sheet: BIA Emergency Stay Requests  (PDF)
                          - Fact Sheet: Board of Immigration Appeals: Final Rule  (PDF)
                          - Attorney General Issues Final Rule Reforming Board of Immigration Appeals Procedures  (PDF)
                          - Notice of Temporary Protected Status Extension of Burma (Myanmar)  (PDF) -  Translation
                          - Notice of Temporary Protected Status Extension of Syria  (PDF) -  Translation 
                          - Notice of Temporary Protected Status Extension and Redesignation of Somalia  (PDF) -  Translation
                          - Notice of Temporary Protected Status Extension and Redesignation of Yemen  (PDF) -  Translation