CHAPTER 7

. ENERGY AND WATER USE DETERMINATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

7.1 INTRODUCTION

................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 7

- 1

7.2 PER

- CYCLE ENERGY AND WAT ER CONSUMPTION BY EF FICIENCY

LEVEL

................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. 7

- 1

7.3 AVERAGE ANNUAL ENERG Y AND WATER CONSUMPT ION BY

EFFICIENCY LEVEL

................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 7

- 5

7.4 VARIABILITY OF ANNUA L ENERGY AND WATER C ONSUMPTION

.............. 7

- 10

LIST OF TABLES

Table 7.2.1 Load Usage Factors from the Test Procedure

................................ ...................... 7

- 2

Table 7.2.2 Top

- Loading Commercial Cloth es Washers: Per

- Cycle Energy and Water Use by Efficiency Level

................................ ................................ ....................... 7

- 5

Table 7.2.3 Front

- Loading Commercial Clothes Washers: Per

- Cycl e Energy and Water Use by Efficiency Level

................................ ................................ ............ 7

- 5

Table 7.3.1 Commercial Clothes Washer Usage Data

................................ ............................ 7

- 6

Table 7.3.2 Top

- Loading Commercial Clothes Washers, Multi

- Family Application: Annual Energy and Water Use by Efficiency Level

................................ ............ 7

- 8

Table 7.3.3 Top

- Loading Commercial Clothes Washers, Laundromat Application: Annual Energy and Water Use by Efficiency Level

................................ ............ 7

- 9

Table 7.3.4 Front

- Loading Commercial Clothes Washers, Multi

- Family Application: Annual Energy and Water Use by Efficiency Level

................................ ............ 7

- 9

Table 7.3.5 Front

- Loading Commercial Clothes Washers, Laundromat Application: Annual Energy and Water Use by Efficiency Level

................................ ............ 7

- 9

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 7.4.1 Probability Distribution for Commercial Clothes Washer Usage in Multi

Family Applications

................................ ................................ ........................... 7

- 10 Figure 7.4.2 Probability Distribution for Commercial Clothes Washer Usage in Laundromat Applications

................................ ................................ ................... 7

- 11

7

- iCHAPTER 7. ENERGY AND WATER USE DETERMINATION

7.1 INTRODUCTION

To carry out the life

- cycle cost (LCC) and payback period (PBP) calculations described in Chapter 8, the U.S. Department of Energy ( DOE ) needed to determine the operating cost savings to consumers from more

- efficient equipment. The LCC and PBP analysis req uires data on annual energy and water use because, along with energy and water prices, DOE uses these data to establish the most significant component of consumer operating costs. (Maintenance and repair costs are the other contributors to operating cost.) This chapter describes how DOE determined the annual energy and water consumption of commercial clothes washers.

7.2 PER

- CYCLE ENERGY AND WAT ER CONSUMPTION BY EF FICIENCY

LEVEL

DOE established the annual energy and water consumption of commercial clothes washers by multiplying the per

- cycle energy and water use by the number of cycles per year.

Commercial clothes washer per

- cycle energy consumption is composed of three

components: water

- heating energy, machine energy, and drying energy. The machine ener gy is composed of the motor energy needed for turning an agitator or rotating the wash basket. Based on language in the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPACT 2005), DOE is required to rate

commercial clothes washers with the same test procedure established for residential clothes

washers. 1 The DOE test procedure s for commercial clothes washers currently being

manufactured is codified at Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) pa rt 430, subpart B, appendix J1. In March 2012 , DOE published a final rule amending its test procedures for

residential clothes washers

. (77 FR 13888 ) The March 2012 final rule included minor amendments to appendix J1 and also established a new test procedure at appendix J2 (hereafter, “appendix J2”)

. 2

The DOE test procedure p rovides the following equations to calculate the total per

- cycle

clothes washer energy consumption:

E T T
CYCLE D ME c

e HE CW + + × =

W here:

C W CYCLE = t otal commercial clothes washer per

- cycle energy consumption,

HE T = p er

- cycle water heating consumption (kWh/cycle),

e = e fficiency of electric water heater (100%) or gas water heater (75%),

c = c onversion factor if water heater is gas (3

, 412 Btu/kWh),

7-1M E T = p er

- cycle machine electrical energy consumption (kWh/cycle), and

D E = p er

- cycle energy consum ption for removal of moisture from test load, i.e., dryer energy consumption (kWh/cycle).

DOE determined the per

- cycle machine energy use from the tests results of the considered models, performed according to the current DOE test procedure (77 FR 13888, Mar. 7, 2012). It determined the per

- cycle clothes drying energy use by using remaining moisture content (RMC) values contained in the cost s and efficiencies data set developed in the engineering analysis. The energy required to remove moisture from cloth es, i.e., the dryer energy, is a significant component of total clothes washer energy consumption. The equation used to determine this energy component is as described in the current DOE test procedure.

The following equation from the current DOE test procedure calculates the per

- cycle energy consumption for removing moisture:



## ( ) 

# ( ) ( ) 

# ( ) 

# ( ) DUF DEF RMC W LUF W LUF W LUF D

avg avg E 

### × × × × + × + × = % 4

_ min min max max

Where:

D E = per

- cycle energy consumption for removal of moisture from test load,

LUF = load usage factor

, W = weight of test load [pounds (lb )/cycle],

RMC = moisture content that remains after washing (lb),

DEF = nominal energy required for a clothes dryer to remove moisture from clothes (0.5kWh/lb), and

DUF = dryer usage factor, a percentage of washer loads dried in a clothes dryer (0.91)

.

F or clothes washers with manual fill control systems, only the LUF

max and LUF min terms are used. For clothes washers with adaptive fill control systems, all three terms are included. DOE implements the Load Usage Factor, as described in the current test pro cedure. According to

th e test procedure description, LUF

max , LUF min , and LUF avg are described in the Table 7.2.1

.

Table 7.2.1 Load Usage Factors from the Test Procedure

LUF
max LUF avg LUF min Manual Fill 0.72

- 0.28 Adaptive Fill 0.12 0.74 0.14

Since the test procedure describes the load usage for a typical residential application

, DOE received comments on possible differences in loading in a commercial setting. DOE

exami ned this issue by analyzing data from a study that monitored energy and water usage in multiple sites. a DOE found a pattern based on water usage in 6 sites to establish an alternative

LUF distribution for the range of load usage factors. However, since thi s pattern does not have

a PNNL 2008. Cal

- UCONS Commercial Laundry Program Measurement and Evaluation

- PNWD

- 3910.

7-2sufficient geographic coverage to conclusively establish a new usage factor

, DOE has implemented an optional LUF as a sensitivity in the energy and water use calculations . The optional LUF for adaptive fill category of 0.26, 0.54, a nd 0.20 for L

max , L avg , and L min captures possible divergence in the load usage factor in the field. Details of this estimation are provided in Appendix 7

- A.

When considering gas drying, DOE multiplies the dryer energy consumption by a gas

correction fa ctor to account for the additional energy a gas dryer requires relative to an electric dryer. The following equation determines per

- cycle energy consumption for gas drying.

E G 

### D GCF D × =

W here:

D G = p er

- cycle energy consumption for removal of moisture from test load due to a gas dryer, i.e., dryer energy consumption (kWh/cycle), and

GCF = g as correction factor = 1.12 3

, D E = per

- cycle energy consumption for removal of moisture from test load, i.e., dryer energy consumption (kWh/cycle).

DOE previously used a modified energy factor (MEF) and a water factor (WF) to establish the energy and water efficiencies of clothes washers. The following equations

determine the MEF and WF :

CYCLE CW C MEF =

C Q WF T

=

Where:

C = container capacity [cubic feet (cu ft)],

C W CYCLE = total commercial clothes washer per

- cycle energy consumption, and Q T = per

- cycle water consumption [gallons (gal)/cycle].

The existing test procedure was rev ised to include self

- cleaning and non

- active mode

energy use. 4 Th e revised test procedure us es an integrated modified energy factor (IMEF) that

includes non

- active and self

- cleaning mode energy use , and this analysis takes those revisions into account by a lso using the IMEF, which is defined as:

IMEF = C / (CW cycle +cyclic self

- cleaning energy +cyclic off

- mode energy)

7-3The cyclic self

- cleaning and cyclic off

- mode energy are expressed in units of kWh/cycle

and are obtained by dividing the annual energy use for each of those two modes by the number of wash cycles per year.

The amended energy efficiency standards proposed in this rulemaking are based on the MEF metric. In the framework document, DOE stated it would consider establishing amended

energy e fficiency standards for commercial clothes washers on the IMEF metric, which would incorporate standby and off mode power. As described in Chapter 3 , DOE performed an in

- depth evaluation of the standby and off mode power characteristics of a representative sample of

commercial clothes washer s and has tentatively determined that establishing amended standards for commercial clothes washers based on an integrated energy metric would not be technically

feasible. Instead, DOE proposes amended standards based on MEF J2 , which does not incorporate standby and off mode power but follow appendix J2

. The amended water efficiency standards proposed in this rulemaking are based on the IWF metric contained in appendix J2, as the IWF metric provides a more representative measure of water consumption than the WF metric . For further discussion on metrics, please refer to Chapter 3.

As discussed in Chapter 5, DOE analyzed specific efficiency levels for top

- loading and

front

- loadi n g commercial clothes washers. Table 7.2.2 and Table 7.2.3 show the efficiency levels

for top

- loading and front

- load ing commercial clothes washers , respectively, and their corresponding per

- cycle energy and water use. Per

- cycle energy use is disaggregated into water heating, machine, and clothes drying. DOE determined the per

- cycle clothes drying energy use by first est ablishing the RMC based on the engineering data

. DOE then calculated the per

- cycle

clothes

- drying energy use using the equation that determines the per

- cycle energy consumption

for the removal of moisture. DOE determined the per

- cycle machine energy use from the engineering analysis based on test data

. With the per

- cycle clothes drying and machine energy known, DOE determined the per

- cycle water

- heating energy use by first determining the total

per

- cycle ene rgy use (the clothes container volume divided by the MEF) and then subtracting from it the per

- cycle clothes

- drying and machine energy. The water

- heating energy use assumes

the use of an electric water heater. DOE determined the per

- cycle hot water use by dividing the

per

- cycle water

- heating energy use by an assumed temperature rise of 75 oF (21.1 oC) and a specific heat of 0.0024 kWh/gal

- oF (4.186 joule/gram

- oC)

. DOE determined the total water use by multiplying the WF by the clothes container volume.

7-4Table 7.2.2 Top

- Loading Commercial Clothes Washers: Per

- Cycle Energy and Water Use by Efficiency Level

Level MEF I WF

RMC Energy Use Water Use

Machin e Drye r Water

Heat † Hot Total

cu.ft./kWh/cyc gal/cu.ft. kWh/cyc kWh/cyc kWh/cyc gal/cyc gal/cyc

Baseline 1.15 8.90 49.0% 0.220 2.08 0.391 2.2 27.6

1 1.35 8.80 48.0% 0.210 1.58 0. 506 2. 9 27.3

2 1.55 6.90 47.0% 0.100 1.62 0. 408 2.3 22.8

† Based on the use of an electric water heater at 98 % efficiency.

Table 7.2.3 Front

- Loading Commercial Clothes Washers: Per

- Cycle Energy and Water Use by Efficiency Level

Level MEF I WF

RMC Energy Use Water Use

Machine Dryer Water

Heat † Hot Total

cu.ft./kWh/cyc gal/cu.ft. kWh/cyc kWh/cyc kWh/cyc gal/cyc gal/cyc

Baseline 1.65 5.20 42.0% 0.110 1. 26 0. 325 1. 8 14.6

1 1.80 4.50 39.0% 0.080 1. 19 0. 337 1. 9 13.1

2 2.00 4.10 38.0% 0.100 1. 16 0. 190 1.1 11.9

3 2.20 3.90 36.0% 0.070 1. 30 0. 267 1.5 14.0

† Based on the use of an electric water heater at 98 % efficiency.

7.3 AVERAGE ANNUAL ENERG Y AND WATER CONSUMPT ION BY

EFFICIENCY LEVEL

DOE determined the average annual energy and water consumption by multiplying the

per

- cycle energy and water consumption by the number of cycles per year. Because the predominant applications of commercial clothes washers are in multi

- fam ily buildings and laundromats, DOE focused only on these two building applications to determine the appropriate number of commercial clothes washer cycles per year. Other applications include lodging establishments ( e.g., hotels and motels), inpatient heal th care facilities, and nursing homes.

Relative to multi

- family buildings and laundromats, these other applications are a small segment

of the market. Therefore, DOE believes it is not critical to the analysis to accurately characterize

commercial clothes washer usage for these applications.

Table 7.3.1 shows the usage of commercial clothes washers from several studies. The last

column of the table shows the vari ation in usage from each of the studies. Note that the variation shown for the City of Toronto and Multi

- Housing Laundry Association (MLA) studies is based

7-5on the range of average values for either specific buildings or cities. Thus, if individual machine data were made available, the variation in usage would likely be much greater than indicated by

the average data. For multi

- family applications, the usage ranges from 1 to 6 cycles per day. Assuming each study has equal representation, the average value fr om all studies performed on

multi

- family applications is 3 cycles per day. The sparse data on commercial clothes washer use in laundromats show a usage variation of 2.8 to 6 cycles per day with an average value of 4.1 cycles per day. Based on 365 days per year of use, the minimum, average, and maximum usage

data for multi

- family applications of 1. 5 , 3 .0 , and 4.3 cycles per day yield 548 , 1

, 095 , and 1,570 cycles per year, respectively. For laundromats, the minimum, average, and maximum usage data

of 2.8

, 4.1 , and 6 .0 cycles per day yield 1

, 022

, 1,4 97 , and 2

, 190 cycles per year, respectively. As a comparison, DOE assumed that residential clothes washers have an annual average usage of

295 cycles per year.

Table 7.3.1 Commercial Clothes Washer Usage Data

Study Application Population Usage per Machine (cycles/day) Variation (cycles/day)

Multi

- Family Buildings

City of Toronto (1999) 5 Multifamily coin

operated (6 buildings, 945 apartments, 39 machines) 3 family; 1 mixed;

1 seniors & singles; and 1

seniors 4.3: metered 3.3 to 6.0 (variation based on average

values from 6 buildings)

SCE/PNNL (2000) 6 Multifamily coin

operated (12 machines) Seniors 2.2 : metered 1 to 4

MLA (2002) 7 Multifamily coin

operated (4 buildings in 4 cities,

50 common area machines) General 2.9: metered *

2.7: coin * 4.5: survey * 2.6 to 3.1 (variation based on average values from 4 cities)

Wisconsin/ PNNL (2004) 8 Multifamily coin

operated (9 machines) Apartments &

Condos 1.5: metere d ** 1 to 3

Lightwash/ Equipoise (2004) 9 Multifamily &

Businesses Not specified. 3: businesses & multif amily <10 units, industry value

***

4: multifamily ≥10 units, industry valu e *** Not available.

PG&E Cal

- UCONS (2008) 10 Multifamily Not specified. 2.6: metered 1.1 to 3.9 (variation based on average

values from 5 metered property sites)

SCGC, SDG&E Cal

UCONS (2008) 11 Multifamily Not specified. 4.2: metered 3.3 to 5.4 (variation based on average

values from 5 metered property sites)

Alliance for Water Efficiency Multifamily Not specified. 2: estimated

Laundromats

7-6Study Application Population Usage per Machine (cycles/day) Variation (cycles/day)

Lightwash/ Equipoise (2004) 10 Laundromat &

Institutional Not specified. 6: industry valu e *** Not available.

Alliance for Water Efficiency Laundromat Not specified. 4.8 : estimated Not available.

San Diego County Water Authority (2006) 12 Laundromat Not specified. 2.8: metered. 2.3 to 4.7 (variation based on average

values from 3 metered sites)

PG&E Cal

- UCONS (2008) 11 Laundromat Not specified. 4.8: metered 4.2 to 5.3 (variation based on average values from top

- load

and front

- load washing machines in

one metered site.

SCGC and SDG & E

Cal

- UCONS (2008) 12 Laundromat Not specified. 3.5: metered 2.4 to 4.6 (variation based on average values from top

- load

and front

- load washing machines in

one metered site.

Sutter, M. (2006) 13 Laundromat Not specified. 3.0 : metered 2.97±0.70

Coin

- op (2013) 14 Laundromat Not specified. 3.6: survey data Not available.

* U sage per machine values derived based on water usage of 32 gallons per cycle.

** R eport states that multifamily industry average is 2.5 cycles per day and attribut es the lower reported usage per

machine value to a lower ratio of tenants to machines.

*** U sage per machine values are “industry values.” Study says that survey data in report may be unreliable.

DOE calculated commercial clothes washer annual energy consumption with the following equation:



### N CW CW CYCLE ANNUAL 

### × =

W here:

C W ANNUAL = t otal annual commercial clothes washer energy consumption,

C W CYCLE = t otal per

- cycle commercial clothes washer energy consumption, and

N = r epresentative average commercial clothes washer use.

DOE calculated commercial clothes washer annual water consumption with the following equation:

N CW CW WATER CYCLE WATER ANNUAL × =

W here:

7-7C W ANNUAL WATER = t otal annual commercial clothes washer water consumption,

C W CYCLE WATER = t otal per

- cycle commercial clothes washer water consumption, and

N = r epresentative average commercial clothes washer use.

Table 7.3.2 and Table 7.3.3 show the annual energy and water consumption for multi

family buildings and laundro mats, respectively , for to p

- loading washers. Table 7.3.4 and Table

7.3.5 show the annual energy and water consumption for multi

- family buildings and laundromats, respectively, for front

- loading washers

. The electric and gas water heating and drying consumption in Table 7.3.2 through Table 7.3.5 are weighted by the share of buildings that use electric and gas water heaters and dryers. Based on data from the Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS) 2009 15 and Consortium for Energy Efficiency (CEE), 16 the shares of electric and gas water heating and drying in multi

- family applications are: 25 percent and 75 percent electric and gas water heati ng, respectively, and 40 percent and 60 percent electric and gas drying, respectively. Also based on CEE data, 100 percent of laundromats use gas water heating and drying. The energy and water consumption values provided are based on average use cycles of 3

. 0 cycles per day for multi

- family buildings and 4.1 cycles per day for laundromats.

The annual water

- heating and clothes

- drying energy consumption reflects the use of either an electric or a gas water heater.

Table 7.3.2 Top

- Loading Commercial Clothes Washers, Multi

- Family Application: Annual Energy and Water Use by Efficiency Level

Level MEF I WF Annual Energy Use*

Annual

Water Use Water Heatin g** Dryin g

Machine Electric Gas Electric Gas

cu.ft./kWh/cyc gal/cu.ft. kWh/yr MMBtu/yr kWh/yr MMBtu/yr kWh/yr 1000 gal/year

Baseline 1.15 8.90 107.1 1. 2 9 913.0 5.23 240.9 30.21

1 1.35 8.80 138.6 1. 6 8 692.0 3.97 230.0 29.87

2 1.55 6.90 108.7 1. 31 690.9 3.96 109.5 24.26

* Annua l usage based on 3. 0 cycles per day (1 ,095 cycles per year).

** El ectric and gas water heating based on water heater efficiencies of 98 % for electric and 8 3 % for gas.

7-8Table 7.3.3 Top

- Loading Commercial Clothes Washers, Laundromat Application: Annual Energy and Water Use by Efficiency Level

Level MEF I WF Annual Energy Use*

Annual

Water Use Water Heatin g** Dryin g

Machine Electric Gas Electric Gas

cu.ft./kWh/cyc gal/cu.ft. kWh/yr MMBtu/yr kWh/yr MMBtu/yr kWh/yr 1000 gal/year

Baseline 1.15 8.90 0.0 2. 36 0.0 11.92 329.3 41.30

1 1.35 8.80 0.0 3.05 0.0 9.04 314.4 40.84

2 1.55 6.90 0.0 2. 3 9 0.0 9.02 149.7 33.17

* Annua l usage based on 4.1 cycles per day ( 1,497 cycles per year).

** Electric and gas water heating based on water heater efficiencies of 98 % for electric and 8 3 % for gas.

Table 7.3.4 Front

- Loading Commercial Clothes Washers, Multi

- Family Application: Annual Energy and Water Use by Efficiency Level

Level MEF I WF Annual Energy Use*

Annual

Water Use Water Heatin g** Dryin g

Machine Electric Gas Electric Gas

cu.ft./kWh/cyc gal/cu.ft. kWh/yr MMBtu/yr kWh/yr MMBtu/yr kWh/yr 1000 gal/year

Baseline 1.65 5.20 88.9 1. 0 7 552.9 3.17 120.5 15.94

1 1.80 4.50 91.1 1. 10 516.1 2.96 87.6 14.10

2 2.00 4.10 51.4 0. 6 2 501.3 2.87 109.5 12.85

3 2.20 3.90 67.1 0.81 522.7 3.00 76.7 14.12

* Annua l usage based on 3. 0 cycles per day (1 ,095 cycles per year).

** Electric and gas water heating based on water heater efficiencies of 98 % for electric and 8 3 % for gas.

Table 7.3.5 Front

- Loading Commercial Clothes Washers, Laundromat Application: Annual Energy and Water Use by Efficiency Level

Level MEF I WF Annual Energy Use*

Annual

Water Use Water Heatin g** Dryin g

Machine Electric Gas Electric Gas

cu.ft./kWh/cyc gal/cu.ft. kWh/yr MMBtu/yr kWh/yr MMBtu/yr kWh/yr 1000 gal/year

Baseline 1.65 5.20 0.0 1. 96 0.0 7.22 164.7 21.80

1 1.80 4.50 0.0 2.01 0.0 6.74 119.8 19.28

2 2.00 4.10 0.0 1.13 0.0 6.55 149.7 17.57

3 2.20 3.90 0.0 1.48 0.0 6.83 104.8 19.30

* Annual usage based on 4.1 8 cycles per day ( 1,497 cycles per year).

** Electric and gas water heating based on water heater efficiencies of 98 % for electric and 8 3 % for gas.

7-97.4 VARIABILITY OF ANNUA L ENERGY AND WATER C ONSUMPTION

DOE determined the variability in annual energy and water consumption using the average usage data from Table 7.3.1

. From the table, there are nine average usage values for

multi

- family buildings ranging from a low of 1.5 cycles per day to a high of 4.3 cycles per day.

For l aundromats, the low and high values are 2.8 and 6.0 cycles per day, respectively.

DOE weighted the usage from each study to v ary the annual energy and water consumptio n of commercial clothes washers when it conducted the LCC and PBP analysis. As

shown in Figure 7.4.1 and Figure 7.4.2 , DOE weighted the usage studies equally for multi

- family

and laundromats applications. As will be described in c hapter 8 on the LCC and PBP analysis, DOE used the usag e variability to vary the annual energy and water consumption for multi

family and laundromat applications when it conducted the LCC and PBP analysis.

Figure 7.4.1 Probability Distribution for Commercial Clothes Washer Usage in

Multi

- Family Applications 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10

1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5Probability

Usage (cycles/day)Wisc/PNNLAllianceSCE/PNNLPG&EMLAEquip<10Equip>=10SCGC, etal.Toronto

7-10Figure 7.4.2 Probability Distribution for Commercial Clothes Washer Usage in Laundromat Applications 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16

1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5Probability

Usage (cycles/day)San DiegoSutter, M.SCGC & SDG&E; Coin-opPG&E; AllianceEquip

7-11REFERENCES

1 Energy Policy Act of 2005, Title 1

— Energy Efficiency, Subtitle C

— Energy Efficient Products, Sec. 136., Energy conservation standards for commercial equipment.

2 U.S. Federal Register. Energy Conservation Standards for Certain Consumer Products and Commercial and Industrial Equipment, Final Rule; technical amendment, October 18, 2005.

70 FR 60407

.

3 Biermayer, P.J. Preliminary Engineering Analysis for Clothes Washers , October 1996. Berkeley, CA. LBNL

- 478 89: Appendix D.

4 U.S. Office of the Federal Register. Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 430

–

Energy Conservation Program for Certain Commercial and Industrial Product, Subpart B, Appendix

JI

— Residential Clothes Washers . 2010. Washington, D.C.

5 City of Toronto Works and Emergency Services and Toronto Community Housing Corporation. Multi

- Unit Residential Clothes Washer Replacement Pilot Project 1999 , May,

2003. Toronto, Ontario, Canada

.

6 G. P. Sullivan, J. W. Currie, T.C. Hillman, and G.B. Parker, Southern California Edison High

- Performance Clothes Washer Demonstration at Leisure World Laguna Woods, Final Report , December 2000. Prepared for Southern California Edison Company by Battelle

Pa cific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA.

7 National Research Center, Inc., A National Study of Water & Energy Consumption in Multifamily Housing , November 2002. Prepared for the Multi

- Housing Laundry Association by National Research Center, Inc , Boulder, CO.

8 Sullivan, G.P., G. B. Parker, and J. W. Currie. Wisconsin Focus on Energy Resource Efficient Laundry (REL) Room Demonstration, Final Report , June 2004. Prepared for Wisconsin Focus on Energy by Battelle Pacific Northwest National Labora tory, Richland, WA. Report

No. PNWD

- 3445.

9 Equipoise Consulting, Inc. Final Report for Local Energy Efficiency Program No. 148

- 02 Energy Solutions’ 2002/03 LightWash Program , June 30, 2004. Prepared by Equipoise Consulting Incorporated.

10 PNNL 2008a

. Cal

- UCONS Commercial Laundry Program Measurement and Evaluation: Pacific Gas and Electric Final Report

, PNWD

- 3910 . Prepared by Battelle.

11 PNNL 2008b. Cal

- UCONS Commercial Laundry Program Measurement and Evaluation: Pacific Gas and Electric Final Report

, PNWD

- 3910. Prepared by Battelle.

12 San Diego County Water Authority. Report on the Monitoring and Assessment of Water

7-12Savings from the Coin

- operated Multi

- Load Clothes Washers Voucher Initiative Program

, October 2006. Prepared by Water Management, Inc.

13 Sutter, M., 2006, Estimating Commercial Clothes Washer Use in California Coin Laundry

Stores , 2006 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings.

< http://www.eceee.org/conference_proceedings/ACEEE_buildings/2006/Panel_9/p9_29/paper >

14 America Coin

- Op. State of the Industry, 2012

– 2013 . April 2013.

< http://www.americancoinop.com/ >

15 U.S. Energy Information Administration, Residential Energy Consumption Survey 2009. Washington, DC.

< http://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/data/2009/ >

16 Consor tium for Energy Efficiency. Commercial, Family

- Sized Washers: An Initiative Description of the Consortium for Energy Efficiency , 1998. Boston, MA.

< http://www.cee1.org/com/cwsh/cwsh

- main.php3 >

7-13