United States

Department of

Agriculture

Natural

Resources

Conservation

Service

In cooperation with

Alabama Agricultural

Experiment Station and

Alabama Soil and Water

Conservation Committee

Soil Survey of

Russell County,

Alabama

General Soil Map

The general soil map, which is the color map preceding the detailed soil maps, shows the survey area divided

into groups of associated soils called general soil map units. This map is useful in planning the use and

management of large areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the map,

identify the name of the map unit in the area on the color-coded map

legend, then refer to the section General Soil Map Units for a

general description of the soils in your area.

Detailed Soil Maps

The detailed soil maps follow the

general soil map. These maps

can be useful in planning the use

and management of small areas.

To find information about your

area of interest, locate that area

on the Index to Map Sheets,

which precedes the soil maps.

Note the number of the map

sheet and turn to that sheet.

Locate your area of interest on

the map sheet. Note the map

units symbols that are in that

area. Turn to the Contents, which

lists the map units by symbol and

name and shows the page where

each map unit is described.

The Contents shows which table has data on a specific land use for each detailed soil map unit. Also see the

Contents for sections of this publication that may address your specific needs.

3

How to Use This Soil Survey
4

Additional information about the Nation’s natural resources is available online

from the Natural Resources Conservation Service at http://www.nrcs.usda.gov.

This soil survey is a publication of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, a joint effort

of the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State

agencies including the Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local agencies. The Natural

Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) has

leadership for the Federal part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey.

Major fieldwork for this soil survey was completed in 1994. Soil names and

descriptions were approved in 1997. Unless otherwise indicated, statements in this

publication refer to conditions in the survey area in 1994. This survey was made

cooperatively by the Natural Resources Conservation Service, the Alabama Agricultural

Experiment Station, the Alabama Cooperative Extension System, the Alabama Soil and

Water Conservation Committee, and the Alabama Department of Agriculture and

Industries. The survey is part of the technical assistance furnished to the Russell

County Soil and Water Conservation District.

Soil maps in this survey may be copied without permission. Enlargement of these

maps, however, could cause misunderstanding of the detail of mapping. If enlarged,

maps do not show the small areas of contrasting soils that could have been shown at a

larger scale.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs

and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability,

political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases

apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for

communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should

contact USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD).

To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights,

Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC

20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice or TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider

and employer.

Cover: Peanuts growing in an area of Orangeburg fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes.

Peanuts are an important crop in Russell County.
5

Contents

How to Use This Soil Survey .................................. 3

Contents .................................................................. 5

Foreword ................................................................. 9

General Nature of the County .................................. 11

How This Survey Was Made ............................... 14

Soil Survey Procedures ...................................... 15

General Soil Map Units ......................................... 17

1. Congaree-Wickham-Maxton.......................... 17

2. Dogue-Kinston-Lynchburg............................. 18

3. Urbo-Mooreville-Una ..................................... 18

4. Conecuh-Luverne ......................................... 19

5. Hannon ......................................................... 20

6. Springhill-Troup-Luverne ............................... 20

7. Sumter-Hannon ............................................ 21

8. Cowarts-Uchee-Marvyn ................................ 21

9. Dothan-Fuquay-Orangeburg .......................... 22

Detailed Soil Map Units ........................................ 25

AnA—Annemaine fine sandy loam, 0 to 2

percent slopes, rarely flooded....................... 26

BdA—Bladen fine sandy loam, 0 to 1 percent

slopes, occasionally flooded ........................ 27

BeA—Bladen loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes,

ponded ......................................................... 28

BnB—Blanton loamy sand, 0 to 5 percent

slopes .......................................................... 28

CnB—Conecuh fine sandy loam, 1 to 3

percent slopes .............................................. 30

CoC2—Conecuh loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes,

eroded .......................................................... 31

CtB—Congaree-Toccoa complex, gently

undulating, occasionally flooded ................... 32

CwB—Cowarts loamy sand, 2 to 5 percent

slopes .......................................................... 34

DgA—Dogue fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes, rarely flooded ................................... 35

DoA—Dothan fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes .......................................................... 36

DoB—Dothan fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent

slopes .......................................................... 37

FpA—Fluvaquents, ponded................................. 38

FuB—Fuquay loamy fine sand, 0 to 5 percent

slopes .......................................................... 39

GoA—Goldsboro loamy fine sand, 0 to 2

percent slopes .............................................. 40

GrB—Gritney fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent

slopes .......................................................... 41

HaB—Hannon clay loam, 1 to 3 percent

slopes .......................................................... 42

HnC2—Hannon clay, 3 to 5 percent slopes,

eroded .......................................................... 43

HnD2—Hannon clay, 5 to 8 percent slopes,

eroded .......................................................... 44

HsE2—Hannon-Sumter complex, 5 to 12

percent slopes, eroded ................................. 46

KMA—Kinston, Mantachie, and Iuka soils,

0 to 1 percent slopes, frequently

flooded ......................................................... 47

KoA—Kolomoki fine sandy loam, 0 to 2

percent slopes, rarely flooded....................... 48

LnB—Luverne sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent

slopes .......................................................... 49

LnC2—Luverne sandy loam, 5 to 10 percent

slopes, eroded .............................................. 52

LsE—Luverne-Springhill complex, 15 to 25

percent slopes .............................................. 53

LyA—Lynchburg loamy fine sand, 0 to 2

percent slopes, rarely flooded....................... 54

MnB—Marvyn loamy sand, 2 to 5 percent

slopes .......................................................... 55

MxA—Maxton loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent

slopes, rarely flooded ................................... 56

OcA—Ocilla loamy fine sand, 0 to 2 percent

slopes, rarely flooded ................................... 57

OrA—Orangeburg fine sandy loam, 0 to 2

percent slopes .............................................. 58

OuC—Orangeburg-Urban land complex, 1 to 8

percent slopes .............................................. 59

PaE—Pacolet sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent

slopes .......................................................... 59

Pt—Pits .............................................................. 60

RbA—Red Bay sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes .......................................................... 61

RvA—Riverview loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes,

occasionally flooded ..................................... 62

SbB—Springhill sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent

slopes .......................................................... 62

ScD—Springhill-Cowarts-Urban land complex,

8 to 15 percent slopes .................................. 64
6

ShE3—Sumter-Hannon complex, 12 to 25

percent slopes, severely eroded ................... 65

TaB—Troup-Alaga complex, 0 to 5 percent

slopes .......................................................... 66

TsE—Troup-Springhill-Luverne complex,

10 to 30 percent slopes ................................ 67

UcB—Uchee-Cowarts complex, 0 to 5 percent

slopes .......................................................... 69

UcD—Uchee-Cowarts complex, 5 to 15

percent slopes .............................................. 70

UdA—Udorthents-Urban land complex, 0 to 2

percent slopes .............................................. 72

Ur—Urban land ................................................... 72

UuA—Urbo-Mooreville-Una complex, 0 to 2

percent slopes, frequently flooded ................ 73

WbA—Wahee-Bladen complex, 0 to 1 percent

slopes, occasionally flooded ........................ 74

WkA—Wickham fine sandy loam, 0 to 2

percent slopes, rarely flooded....................... 75

Prime Farmland .................................................... 77

Use and Management of the Soils ....................... 79

Crops and Pasture .............................................. 79

Woodland Management and Productivity ............ 84

Recreation .......................................................... 86

Wildlife Habitat.................................................... 87

Aquaculture ........................................................ 88

Engineering ......................................................... 89

Soil Properties ...................................................... 95

Engineering Index Properties .............................. 95

Physical and Chemical Properties ...................... 96

Soil and Water Features ...................................... 97

Physical and Chemical Analyses of Selected

Soils ............................................................. 98

Engineering Index Test Data ............................... 98

Classification of the Soils................................... 101

Soil Series and Their Morphology .......................... 101

Alaga Series ..................................................... 101

Annemaine Series ............................................ 102

Bladen Series ................................................... 103

Blanton Series .................................................. 103

Conecuh Series ................................................ 104

Congaree Series ............................................... 105

Cowarts Series ................................................. 105

Dogue Series .................................................... 106

Dothan Series ................................................... 107

Fuquay Series .................................................. 108

Goldsboro Series .............................................. 108

Gritney Series ................................................... 109

Hannon Series .................................................. 110

Iuka Series ....................................................... 111

Kinston Series .................................................. 112

Kolomoki Series ................................................ 112

Luverne Series.................................................. 113

Lynchburg Series .............................................. 114

Mantachie Series .............................................. 114

Marvyn Series .................................................. 115

Maxton Series .................................................. 116

Mooreville Series .............................................. 116

Ocilla Series ..................................................... 117

Orangeburg Series ............................................ 118

Pacolet Series .................................................. 118

Red Bay Series ................................................ 119

Riverview Series ............................................... 119

Springhill Series ................................................ 120

Sumter Series ................................................... 120

Toccoa Series ................................................... 121

Troup Series...................................................... 122

Uchee Series .................................................... 122

Una Series ........................................................ 123

Urbo Series ....................................................... 123

Wahee Series ................................................... 124

Wickham Series ............................................... 125

Formation of the Soils ........................................ 127

Factors of Soil Formation .................................. 127

Processes of Horizon Differentiation ................. 128

Surface Geology ............................................... 129

References ........................................................... 131

Glossary .............................................................. 133

Tables .................................................................. 143

Table 1.—Temperature and Precipitation ........... 144

Table 2.—Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall ......... 145

Table 3.—Growing Season ................................ 145

Table 4.—Suitability and Limitations of

General Soil Map Units for Specified

Uses .......................................................... 146

Table 5.—Acreage and Proportionate Extent

of the Soils ................................................. 147

Table 6.—Land Capability and Yields per

Acre of Crops ............................................. 148

Table 7.—Yields per Acre of Pasture and Hay ... 151
7

Table 8.—Woodland Management and

Productivity ................................................ 154

Table 9.—Recreational Development................. 159

Table 10.—Wildlife Habitat ................................ 163

Table 11.—Building Site Development .............. 167

Table 12.—Sanitary Facilities ............................ 171

Table 13.—Construction Materials ..................... 176

Table 14.—Water Management ......................... 180

Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties .......... 184

Issued 2003

Table 16.—Physical and Chemical Properties

of the Soils ................................................. 191

Table 17.—Soil and Water Features .................. 196

Table 18.—Physical Analyses of Selected

Soils ........................................................... 199

Table 19.—Chemical Analyses of Selected

Soils ........................................................... 200

Table 20.—Engineering Index Test Data ............ 201

Table 21.—Classification of the Soils ................ 202

9

This soil survey contains information that affects land use planning in this survey

area. It contains predictions of soil behavior for selected land uses. The survey also

highlights soil limitations, improvements needed to overcome the limitations, and the

impact of selected land uses on the environment.

This soil survey is designed for many different users. Farmers, ranchers, foresters,

and agronomists can use it to evaluate the potential of the soil and the management

needed for maximum food and fiber production. Planners, community officials,

engineers, developers, builders, and home buyers can use the survey to plan land use,

select sites for construction, and identify special practices needed to ensure proper

performance. Conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation, wildlife

management, waste disposal, and pollution control can use the survey to help them

understand, protect, and enhance the environment.

Various land use regulations of Federal, State, and local governments may impose

special restrictions on land use or land treatment. The information in this report is

intended to identify soil properties that are used in making various land use or land

treatment decisions. Statements made in this report are intended to help the land users

identify and reduce the effects of soil limitations that affect various land uses. The

landowner or user is responsible for identifying and complying with existing laws and

regulations.

Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils are

seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are shallow to bedrock. Some are too

unstable to be used as a foundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet soils are poorly

suited to use as septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil poorly

suited to basements or underground installations.

These and many other soil properties that affect land use are described in this soil

survey. Broad areas of soils are shown on the general soil map. The location of each soil

is shown on the detailed soil maps. Each soil in the survey area is described.

Information on specific uses is given for each soil. Help in using this publication and

additional information are available at the local office of the Natural Resources

Conservation Service or the Cooperative Extension System.

Robert N. Jones

State Conservationist

Natural Resources Conservation Service

Foreword

11

RUSSELL COUNTY is in the southeastern part of

Alabama (fig. 1). It has a total area of about 413,940

acres, or about 654 square miles. About 405,620 acres

consists of land areas and small areas of water. About

8,320 acres consists of large areas of water in the form

of lakes and rivers. The county is bordered on the north

by Lee County, on the west by Macon and Bullock

Counties, and on the south by Barbour County. The

Chattahoochee River forms the eastern border and is

also the border between Alabama and Georgia.

Russell County is mostly rural, and it had a

population of about 48,198 in 1994. Phenix City, the

largest city and the county seat, had a population of

about 29,600 in 1994 (8, 11). It is in the northeastern

part of the county. Columbus, Georgia, is directly

across the Chattahoochee River from Phenix City. The

largest communities in the county are Phenix City,

Hurtsboro, Crawford, Seale, Pittsview, Cottonton, Fort

Mitchell, Rutherford, and Hatchechubbee. Part of the

Fort Benning Military Reservation is in the east-central

part of the county.

Farming and timber production are the main

agricultural enterprises in the county. The climate is

favorable for crop and livestock production. The major

crops are cotton, soybeans, peanuts, corn, wheat, and

hay. Plywood, pulpwood, and sawtimber are also

produced.

Russell County makes up part of the Southern

Coastal Plain and the Alabama, Mississippi, and

Arkansas Blackland Prairie Major Land Resource

Areas. Soils in the Southern Coastal Plain range from

sandy to clayey and from somewhat excessively

drained to very poorly drained. The topography in this

area is varied, ranging from highly dissected upland

areas that have high relief to broad, nearly level stream

terraces and flood plains along the Chattahoochee

River and other major streams. Soils in the Blackland

Prairie area, which is in the west-central part of the

county, are dominantly clayey and range from acid to

alkaline in reaction. The topography in this area is

generally smooth to gently rolling with low relief.

This soil survey updates an earlier survey of Russell

County published in 1915 (3). It provides additional

information and larger maps, which show the soils in

greater detail.

General Nature of the County

This section provides general information about the

county. It gives a brief description of the early history

of the county, transportation facilities, water resources,

mineral resources, and climate.

Early History

Russell County was organized in 1832 from Creek

Indian Territory. It was named in honor of Colonel

Gilbert Christian Russell, a noted soldier who traveled

through the area (3, 15).

Girard was the first settlement in the area that is

now Russell County. It was established as a trading

post on the west bank of the Chattahoochee River prior

to 1820. The main industries in Girard were cotton

milling and the brewing and distilling of alcoholic

Soil Survey of

Russell County, Alabama

By James M. Mason

Fieldwork by James M. Mason, Robert W. Stevens, and Johnny C. Trayvick

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service,

in cooperation with

the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, the Alabama Cooperative Extension

System, the Alabama Soil and Water Conservation Committee, and the Alabama

Department of Agriculture and Industries
12 Soil Survey

liquors. In 1883, the community of Brownville was

incorporated in the vicinity of Girard. In 1889, the

combined communities were renamed Phenix City. The

community of Seale, which is near the center of the

county, was the county seat until 1935 (3, 15).

The early non-Indian settlers in the area were from

the Lower Atlantic and Eastern Gulf States. They

established farms on flat terraces adjacent to the

Chattahoochee River and other major streams. As a

means of subsistence, they grew a variety of crops

and raised livestock. Logging was another early

occupation. To protect the settlers from the Creek

Indians, the U.S. Government established Fort

Bainbridge, Fort Mitchell, and Sand Fort. Fort Mitchell

became an important trading center and was used as a

base of operation against the Creek Indian Nation (15).

Russell County developed rapidly until about 1860,

when progress was slowed by the Civil War. The

communities of Crawford, Seale, and Glenville had

been thriving towns and centers of trade until the war.

Agriculture in the county was also adversely affected

by the war (3, 15).

Transportation Facilities

The Southern Railway provides freight services to

the county. It runs parallel to the Chattahoochee River

in the eastern part of the county and from Hurtsboro to

Seale to Phenix City.

U.S. Highway 80 crosses the northern part of the

county from east to west. U.S. Highway 431 crosses

the central part of the county from north to south.

Numerous State and County hard-surfaced roads

provide easy access to most parts of the county.

Air transportation is available through the municipal

airport at Columbus, Georgia, which is across the

Chattahoochee River from Phenix City. Several private

airfields provide service suitable for small aircraft

throughout the county.

A series of locks and dams on the Chattahoochee

River provides access to the Gulf of Mexico through

the Gulf Intercoastal Waterway (4).

Water Resources

Russell County has an adequate amount of surface

water suitable for domestic and recreational uses. The

main streams in the county are the Chattahoochee

River, Uchee Creek, Little Uchee Creek, Ihagee Creek,

Hatchechubbee Creek, and Cowikee Creek. Lakes that

provide water for livestock and recreational uses

include Torbert Lake, Choppers Lake, Lake Margloba,

Lake Bickerstaff, Mott Lake, Clarks Lake, and

Lonesome Duck Lake. Numerous farm ponds also

provide water for livestock and recreational uses.

Moderate to large quantities of ground water are

available for municipal and industrial uses and for

irrigation in Russell County. The principal sources of

ground water in the county are sand and gravel beds in

the following geologic units: Tuscaloosa Group

undifferentiated, the Eutaw Formation, and the

Blufftown Formation. Other sources of water are

Precambrian rocks in the northeastern part of the

county, the Cusseta Sand member of the Ripley

Formation in the southern part of the county, and

terrace and alluvial deposits in the larger stream

valleys. Water from the Tuscaloosa Group

undifferentiated is generally of good quality in most

areas. Water from the Eutaw and Blufftown Formations

is soft to very hard and in some areas has a high

content of iron. Water from the Precambrian rocks is

generally hard and contains excessive amounts of iron

and sulfates. It is, however, suitable for some uses.

Water from the Ripley Formation and the terrace and

Figure 1.—Location of Russell County in Alabama.
Russell County, Alabama 13

alluvial deposits generally is of good quality but may

contain excessive amounts of iron (13).

Mineral Resources

Economically important minerals in Russell County

include limestone, sand, gravel, and clay. Limestone is

in the west-central part of the county and is a potential

source of agricultural lime. Sand and gravel (fig. 2) are

in terrace deposits along the Chattahoochee River and

other major streams. Extensive deposits of sand

suitable for use as foundry sand are in the western and

central parts of the county. Extensive deposits of

clayey materials suitable for brick and light aggregate

are on low terraces adjacent to the Chattahoochee

River and other major streams (12, 13).

Climate

Russell County has long, hot summers because

moist tropical air from the Gulf of Mexico persistently

covers the area. Winters are cool and fairly short.

Figure 2.—A sand and gravel pit in an area of Maxton loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes, rarely flooded, on a terrace along the

Chattahoochee River. Sand and gravel are important resources in the county.
14 Soil Survey

Precipitation is fairly heavy throughout the year, and

prolonged droughts are rare. Summer precipitation,

mainly in the form of afternoon thunderstorms, is

usually adequate for all locally grown crops.

Severe local storms, including tornadoes, strike

occasionally in or near the area. They are short in

duration and cause variable and spotty damage. Every

few years in summer or fall, a tropical depression or

remnant of a hurricane that has moved inland causes

extremely heavy rains for 1 to 3 days.

Table 1 gives data on temperature and precipitation

for the survey area as recorded at Columbus, Georgia,

in the period 1961 to 1990. Table 2 shows probable

dates of the first freeze in fall and the last freeze in

spring. Table 3 provides data on length of the growing

season.

In winter, the average temperature is 48 degrees F

and the average daily minimum temperature is 37

degrees. The lowest temperature on record, which

occurred on January 21, 1985, is -2 degrees. In

summer, the average temperature is 80 degrees and

the average daily maximum temperature is 91 degrees.

The highest recorded temperature, which occurred on

July 31, 1986, is 104 degrees.

Growing degree days are shown in table 1. They are

equivalent to “heat units.” During the month, growing

degree days accumulate by the amount that the

average temperature each day exceeds a base

temperature (50 degrees F). The normal monthly

accumulation is used to schedule single or successive

plantings of a crop between the last freeze in spring

and the first freeze in fall.

The total annual precipitation is about 51 inches.

Of this, 27 inches, or 53 percent, usually falls in

April through October. The growing season for most

crops falls within this period. In 2 years out of 10,

the rainfall in April through October is less than 14

inches. The heaviest 1-day rainfall during the period of

record was 5.7 inches on April 1, 1981. Thunderstorms

occur on about 56 days each year, and most occur in

July.

The average seasonal snowfall is about 0.7 inch.

The greatest snow depth at any one time during the

period of record was 14 inches. On the average, there

are no days that have at least 1 inch of snow on the

ground. The number of such days varies greatly from

year to year.

The average relative humidity in midafternoon is

about 54 percent. Humidity is higher at night, and the

average at dawn is about 87 percent. The sun shines

63 percent of the time possible in summer and 51

percent in winter. The prevailing wind is from the south.

Average windspeed is highest, about 7 miles per hour,

in March.

How This Survey Was Made

This survey was made to provide information about

the soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey area.

The information includes a description of the soils

and miscellaneous areas and their location and a

discussion of their suitability, limitations, and

management for specified uses. Soil scientists

observed the steepness, length, and shape of the

slopes; the general pattern of drainage; the kinds of

crops and native plants; and the kinds of bedrock.

They dug many holes to study the soil profile, which

is the sequence of natural layers, or horizons, in a

soil. The profile extends from the surface down into

the unconsolidated material in which the soil formed.

The unconsolidated material is devoid of roots and

other living organisms and has not been changed by

other biological activity.

The soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey

area are in an orderly pattern that is related to the

geology, landforms, relief, climate, and natural

vegetation of the area. Each kind of soil and

miscellaneous area is associated with a particular

kind of landform or with a segment of the landform.

By observing the soils and miscellaneous areas in

the survey area and relating their position to specific

segments of the landform, a soil scientist develops a

concept or model of how they were formed. Thus,

during mapping, this model enables the soil scientist

to predict with a considerable degree of accuracy the

kind of soil or miscellaneous area at a specific

location on the landscape.

Commonly, individual soils on the landscape

merge into one another as their characteristics

gradually change. To construct an accurate soil map,

however, soil scientists must determine the

boundaries between the soils. They can observe only

a limited number of soil profiles. Nevertheless, these

observations, supplemented by an understanding of

the soil-vegetation-landscape relationship, are

sufficient to verify predictions of the kinds of soil in

an area and to determine the boundaries.

Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the

soil profiles that they studied. They noted color,

texture, size and shape of soil aggregates, kind and

amount of rock fragments, distribution of plant roots,

reaction, and other features that enable them to

identify soils. After describing the soils in the survey

area and determining their properties, the soil

scientists assigned the soils to taxonomic classes

(units). Taxonomic classes are concepts. Each

taxonomic class has a set of soil characteristics with

precisely defined limits. The classes are used as a
Russell County, Alabama 15

basis for comparison to classify soils systematically.

Soil taxonomy, the system of taxonomic classification

used in the United States, is based mainly on the kind

and character of soil properties and the arrangement of

horizons within the profile. After the soil scientists

classified and named the soils in the survey area, they

compared the individual soils with similar soils in the

same taxonomic class in other areas so that they

could confirm data and assemble additional data based

on experience and research.

While a soil survey is in progress, samples of some

of the soils in the area generally are collected for

laboratory analyses and for engineering tests. Soil

scientists interpret the data from these analyses and

tests as well as the field-observed characteristics and

the soil properties to determine the expected behavior

of the soils under different uses. Interpretations for all

of the soils are field tested through observation of the

soils in different uses and under different levels of

management. Some interpretations are modified to fit

local conditions, and some new interpretations are

developed to meet local needs. Data are assembled

from other sources, such as research information,

production records, and field experience of specialists.

For example, data on crop yields under defined levels

of management are assembled from farm records and

from field or plot experiments on the same kinds of

soil.

Predictions about soil behavior are based not only

on soil properties but also on such variables as climate

and biological activity. Soil conditions are predictable

over long periods of time, but they are not predictable

from year to year. For example, soil scientists can

predict with a fairly high degree of accuracy that a

given soil will have a high water table within certain

depths in most years, but they cannot predict that a

high water table will always be at a specific level in the

soil on a specific date.

After soil scientists located and identified the

significant natural bodies of soil in the survey area,

they drew the boundaries of these bodies on aerial

photographs and identified each as a specific map unit.

Aerial photographs show trees, buildings, fields, roads,

and rivers, all of which help in locating boundaries

accurately.

This survey area was mapped at two levels of detail.

At the more detailed level, map units are narrowly

defined. Map unit boundaries were plotted and verified

at closely spaced intervals. At the less detailed level,

map units are broadly defined. Boundaries were plotted

and verified at wider intervals. In the legend for the

detailed soil maps, narrowly defined units are indicated

by symbols in which the first letter is a capital and the

second is lowercase. For broadly defined units, the first

and second letters are capitals.

The descriptions, names, and delineations of the

soils in this survey area do not fully agree with those of

the soils in adjacent survey areas. Differences are the

result of a better knowledge of soils, modifications in

series concepts, or variations in the intensity of

mapping or in the extent of the soils in the survey

areas.

Soil Survey Procedures

The general procedures followed in making this

survey are described in the “National Soil Survey

Handbook” of the Natural Resources Conservation

Service (23). The soil survey of Russell County,

published in 1915, and the “Geologic Map of Russell

County, Alabama” were among the references used

(3, 12).

Before the fieldwork began, preliminary boundaries

of landforms were plotted stereoscopically on high

altitude aerial photographs taken in 1977. U.S.

Geological Survey topographic maps and aerial

photographs were studied to relate land and image

features.

Traverses were made on foot and by vehicle, mostly

at intervals of about one-fourth mile. They were made

at closer intervals in areas of high variability. Soil

examinations along the traverses were made 50, 100,

and 300 feet apart, depending on the landscape and

soil pattern (10, 14). Observations of landforms,

uprooted trees, vegetation, roadbanks, and animal

burrows were made continuously without regard to

spacing. Soil boundaries were determined on the basis

of soil examinations, observations, and photo

interpretation. The soil material was examined with

the aid of a spade, a hand auger, or a truck-mounted

probe to a depth of 5 feet or more. The pedons

described as typical were observed and studied in

excavations.

Samples for chemical and physical analyses and for

engineering test data were taken from the site of the

typical pedon of some of the major soils in the survey

area. The analyses were made by the Agronomy and

Soils Clay Mineralogy Laboratory, Auburn University,

Auburn, Alabama, and by the Alabama Department

of Highways and Transportation, Montgomery,

Alabama. The results of some of the analyses and the

laboratory procedures can be obtained from the

laboratory.

High-altitude aerial photography base maps at a

scale of 1:20,000 were used for mapping of soil and

surface drainage in the field. Cultural features were
16

transferred from U.S. Geological Survey 7.5-minute

series topographic maps and were recorded from visual

observations. Soil mapping, drainage patterns, and

cultural features recorded on base maps were then

transferred to half-tone film positives by cartographic

technicians prior to the final map-finishing process.
17

The general soil map at the back of this publication

shows broad areas that have a distinctive pattern of

soils, relief, and drainage. Each map unit on the

general soil map is a unique natural landscape.

Typically, it consists of one or more major soils or

miscellaneous areas and some minor soils or

miscellaneous areas. It is named for the major soils or

miscellaneous areas. The components of one map unit

can occur in another but in a different pattern.

The general soil map can be used to compare the

suitability of large areas for general land uses. Areas of

suitable soils can be identified on the map. Likewise,

areas where the soils are not suitable can be identified.

Because of its small scale, the map is not suitable

for planning the management of a farm or field or for

selecting a site for a road or building or other structure.

The soils in any one map unit differ from place to place

in slope, depth, drainage, and other characteristics that

affect management.

Each map unit is rated for cultivated crops, pasture

and hay, woodland, and urban uses. Cultivated crops

are those grown extensively in the survey area.

Pasture and hay refer to improved, locally grown

grasses and legumes. Woodland refers to areas of

native or introduced trees. Urban uses include

residential, commercial, and industrial developments.

Table 4 summarizes the suitability and limitations of

the general soil map units.

The boundaries of the general soil map units in

Russell County were matched, where possible, with

those of the previously completed surveys of Bullock

and Lee Counties, Alabama, and Chattahoochee,

Muscogee, and Stewart Counties, Georgia. In a few

areas, however, the lines do not join and the names of

the map units differ. These differences result mainly

because of changes in soil series concepts,

differences in map unit design, and changes in soil

patterns near survey area boundaries.

1. Congaree-Wickham-Maxton

Nearly level and gently undulating, well drained soils

that have a loamy or sandy surface layer and a loamy

or sandy substratum or a loamy subsoil; formed in

loamy and sandy alluvial sediments

This map unit consists of soils on the flood plains

and low terraces that parallel the Chattahoochee River.

Areas are long and narrow. The soils in this unit are

subject to occasional or rare flooding. Slopes range

from 0 to 3 percent. The natural vegetation consists of

bottom land hardwoods in the lower areas on the

landscape and mixed hardwoods and pines in the

higher areas.

This unit makes up about 5 percent of the county. It

is about 35 percent Congaree and similar soils, 25

percent Wickham soils, 15 percent Maxton soils, and

25 percent soils of minor extent.

The Congaree and similar soils are on the higher,

more convex parts of the flood plain. Typically, the

surface layer is brown and dark brown loam. The

substratum is brown loam in the upper part, brown fine

sandy loam in the next part, and dark yellowish brown

fine sandy loam in the lower part.

The Wickham soils are on high parts of broad

terraces. The surface layer is dark brown fine sandy

loam. Typically, the subsoil is yellowish red sandy clay

loam in the upper part and yellowish red sandy loam in

the lower part. The substratum is strong brown fine

sandy loam.

The Maxton soils are on broad terraces at slightly

lower elevations than the Wickham soils. Typically, the

surface layer is dark brown loamy sand. The subsoil is

yellowish red and red sandy clay loam. The substratum

is yellowish red sand in the upper part and strong

brown sand in the lower part.

Of minor extent in this map unit are Bladen,

Kolomoki, Riverview, and Toccoa soils. The poorly

drained Bladen soils are in depressions on low

terraces. Kolomoki soils are in positions similar to

those of the Maxton soils and have a clayey subsoil.

Riverview soils are in slightly higher positions than the

Congaree soils and have a more strongly developed

subsoil. Toccoa soils are in positions similar to those of

the Congaree soils and have less clay in the

substratum.

Most areas of this map unit are used for cultivated

General Soil Map Units
18 Soil Survey

crops, pasture, or hay. Some areas are used for

woodland or pecan orchards. A few areas are used for

gravel, sand, or clay pits.

The soils in this map unit are well suited to

cultivated crops, pasture, and hay. Flooding is a hazard

in areas of the Congaree and similar soils.

The soils in this map unit are well suited to

woodland. The potential productivity of loblolly pine and

hardwoods is very high. Common trees include loblolly

pine, yellow-poplar, sweetgum, American sycamore,

eastern cottonwood, green ash, and water oak.

The soils in this map unit are poorly suited to most

urban uses. The flooding is a hazard affecting most

uses.

2. Dogue-Kinston-Lynchburg

Nearly level, moderately well drained, poorly drained,

and somewhat poorly drained soils that have a loamy

or sandy surface layer and a clayey or loamy subsoil

or a loamy substratum; formed in loamy sediments

This map unit consists of soils on low terraces and

flood plains along major streams. Areas are long and

narrow. Numerous old channel scars and small

depressions are scattered throughout the map unit. The

soils in this unit are subject to rare or frequent flooding.

Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. The natural

vegetation consists of bottom land hardwoods in the

lower areas on the landscape and mixed hardwoods

and pines in the higher areas.

This map unit makes up about 12 percent of the

county. It is about 30 percent Dogue soils, 25 percent

Kinston and similar soils, 20 percent Lynchburg and

similar soils, and 25 percent soils of minor extent.

The moderately well drained Dogue soils are in high

positions on low terraces. Typically, the surface layer is

dark brown and brown fine sandy loam. The subsoil is

strong brown clay in the upper part, yellowish brown

clay that has grayish mottles in the next part, and

yellowish brown sandy clay loam that has grayish

mottles in the lower part. The substratum is light

brownish gray loam that has brownish and reddish

mottles.

The poorly drained Kinston and similar soils are in

low positions on flood plains along streams. Typically,

the surface layer is dark gray sandy loam. The

substratum is light gray clay loam that has brownish

mottles in the upper part and gray clay loam that has

brownish mottles in the lower part.

The somewhat poorly drained Lynchburg soils are in

intermediate positions on low terraces. Typically, the

surface layer is very dark gray loamy fine sand. The

subsurface layer is pale brown loamy fine sand. The

subsoil is grayish brown sandy clay loam that has

brownish and reddish mottles in the upper part and

grayish brown clay loam that has brownish mottles in

the lower part.

Of minor extent in this map unit are Bladen,

Goldsboro, Mantachie, and Wahee soils and

Fluvaquents. The poorly drained Bladen soils are in

depressions on low terraces. The very poorly drained

Fluvaquents are in depressions on flood plains. The

moderately well drained Goldsboro soils are on low

terraces at slightly higher elevations than the Dogue

soils and are loamy throughout the profile. The

somewhat poorly drained Mantachie soils are at

slightly higher elevations than the Kinston soils. The

somewhat poorly drained Wahee soils are in positions

similar to those of the Lynchburg soils and have a

clayey subsoil.

Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland

and wildlife habitat. A few areas are used for cultivated

crops, pasture, or hay.

The soils in this map unit are generally suited to

cultivated crops, pasture, and hay. Wetness is the

main limitation in areas of the Dogue and Lynchburg

soils. Areas of the Kinston and similar soils on flood

plains are poorly suited to cultivated crops, pasture,

and hay. The flooding and the wetness are the main

management concerns.

The soils in this map unit are suited to woodland.

The potential productivity of loblolly pine and

hardwoods is very high. Common trees include loblolly

pine, yellow-poplar, sweetgum, and water oak. The

flooding and wetness limit the use of equipment and

increase the seedling mortality rate.

The soils in this map unit are poorly suited to most

urban uses because of the flooding and wetness.

3. Urbo-Mooreville-Una

Nearly level, somewhat poorly drained, moderately well

drained, and poorly drained soils that have a loamy

surface layer and a clayey or loamy subsoil; formed in

clayey and loamy alluvium

This map unit consists of soils on broad flood plains

along major streams in the northwestern and

southwestern parts of the county. Areas are long and

narrow. The soils are frequently flooded, but the

duration of flooding is brief. Slopes are dominantly 0 to

2 percent. The natural vegetation consists mainly of

bottom land hardwoods.

This map unit makes up about 2 percent of the

county. It is about 35 percent Urbo soils, 25 percent

Mooreville soils, 20 percent Una soils, and 20 percent

soils of minor extent.
Russell County, Alabama 19

The somewhat poorly drained Urbo soils are on flats

or in slightly concave areas at intermediate levels on

the flood plain. Typically, the surface layer is dark

brown clay loam. The subsoil is grayish brown clay that

has brownish mottles in the upper part, gray clay loam

that has brownish mottles in the next part, and grayish

brown silty clay loam that has brownish mottles in the

lower part.

The moderately well drained Mooreville soils are

on the higher, more convex parts of flood plains.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown fine sandy

loam. The subsoil is yellowish brown sandy clay loam

in the upper part and yellowish brown sandy clay loam

that has grayish and brownish mottles in the lower

part.

The poorly drained Una soils are in sloughs, swales,

and other depressional areas on flood plains. Typically,

the surface layer is very dark gray silty clay loam. The

subsoil is gray and grayish brown clay that has

brownish mottles.

Of minor extent in this map unit are Bladen, Dogue,

Lynchburg, Ocilla, and Wahee soils. These soils are on

low terraces at slightly higher elevations than the major

soils and are not subject to frequent flooding. Also

included are small areas of sandy soils that are

adjacent to stream channels.

Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland

and wildlife habitat. A few areas are used for pasture.

The soils in this map unit are poorly suited to

cultivated crops, pasture, and hay. The choice of crops

and pasture plants and the period of grazing are limited

by wetness and the flooding.

The soils in this map unit are suited to hardwoods

and pine trees. Common trees include sweetgum,

water oak, cherrybark oak, yellow-poplar, and loblolly

pine. The frequent flooding and the wetness limit the

use of equipment and increase the seedling mortality

rate.

The soils in this map unit are poorly suited to most

urban uses because of the frequent flooding and the

wetness.

4. Conecuh-Luverne

Gently sloping to strongly sloping, moderately well

drained and well drained soils that have a loamy

surface layer and a clayey subsoil; formed in clayey

sediments overlying shale and in stratified clayey and

loamy sediments

The landscape generally has varied relief in areas of

this map unit. It is dominated by narrow to broad,

nearly level and gently sloping ridgetops and strongly

sloping side slopes on uplands. Narrow flood plains

border incised intermittent and perennial streams. The

landscape is dissected by a well-defined, branching

drainage system. Slopes are dominantly 1 to 8 percent

but range from 1 to 15 percent. The natural vegetation

consists of pines and mixed hardwoods.

This map unit makes up about 22 percent of the

county. It is about 65 percent Conecuh soils, 20

percent Luverne soils, and 15 percent soils of minor

extent.

The moderately well drained Conecuh soils are on

the lower ridgetops and on the lower parts of side

slopes. Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish

brown fine sandy loam. The subsoil is red silty clay in

the upper part, red clay that has grayish mottles in the

next part, and mottled grayish, reddish, and brownish

silty clay in the lower part. The substratum is light olive

brown silty clay that has reddish and grayish mottles in

the upper part and olive silty clay loam that has

yellowish and grayish mottles in the lower part.

The well drained Luverne soils are on the higher

ridgetops and on the more strongly sloping positions on

side slopes. Typically, the surface layer is dark brown

sandy loam. The subsurface layer is light yellowish

brown loamy fine sand. The subsoil is yellowish red

clay in the upper part and red sandy clay that has

brownish and grayish mottles in the lower part. The

substratum is stratified sandy clay loam and sandy

loam.

Of minor extent in this map unit are Kinston,

Springhill, and Troup soils. The poorly drained Kinston

soils are on narrow flood plains. Springhill soils are in

slightly higher positions than the Luverne soils and are

loamy throughout. Troup soils are on high ridgetops and

have thick sandy surface and subsurface layers.

Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland

and wildlife habitat. A few areas are used for cultivated

crops, pasture, or hay.

The soils in this map unit are poorly suited to most

cultivated crops and are well suited to pasture and hay.

Erosion is the main management concern. Applications

of lime and fertilizer are needed for crops and pasture

plants. Conservation tillage, terraces, grassed

waterways, cover crops, and contour farming are

necessary to maintain productivity and control erosion.

The soils in this map unit are well suited to

woodland. The potential productivity of loblolly pine is

very high. Common trees include loblolly pine, longleaf

pine, shortleaf pine, sweetgum, and water oak. The low

strength of the clayey subsoil restricts the use of

equipment when the soils are wet. Erosion is a hazard

along logging roads, landings, and skid trails.

The soils in this map unit are poorly suited to most

urban uses. The main management concerns are the

very slow permeability and high shrink-swell potential
20 Soil Survey

in the Conecuh soils and the moderately slow

permeability and moderate shrink-swell potential in the

Luverne soils. In some areas the slope is a

management concern.

5. Hannon

Nearly level to strongly sloping, moderately well

drained soils that have a clayey surface layer and a

clayey subsoil; formed in clayey sediments and the

underlying soft limestone (chalk) or alkaline clay

The landscape generally has slight to moderate

relief in areas of this map unit. It is dominated by

broad, nearly level and gently sloping ridgetops and

gently sloping and moderately sloping side slopes on

uplands. Narrow flood plains border incised, mostly

intermittent streams. Slopes are generally long and

smooth, and they range from 1 to 15 percent. The

natural vegetation consists of pines and mixed

hardwoods.

This map unit makes up about 2 percent of the

county. It is about 85 percent Hannon soils and 15

percent soils of minor extent.

Typically, the surface layer of the Hannon soils is

dark brown clay. The upper part of the subsoil is red

clay that has brownish and grayish mottles. The lower

part of the subsoil is light olive brown and olive clay

and silty clay that has masses of calcium carbonate.

Of minor extent in this map unit are Conecuh,

Luverne, Sumter, and Urbo soils. Conecuh and Luverne

soils are in positions similar to those of the Hannon

soils but are at higher elevations. They do not have

alkaline materials within the profile. Sumter soils are in

lower positions than those of the Hannon soils and are

alkaline throughout. The somewhat poorly drained Urbo

soils are on narrow flood plains and are frequently

flooded.

Most areas of this map unit are used for pasture or

hay. A few large areas are used for woodland and

wildlife habitat.

The soils in this map unit are poorly suited to

cultivated crops and are well suited to pasture and hay.

Erosion and poor tilth are the main management

concerns. Applications of lime and fertilizer are needed

for crops and pasture plants. Conservation tillage,

grassed waterways, cover crops, and contour farming

are necessary to maintain productivity and minimize

erosion.

The soils in this map unit are well suited to

woodland. The potential productivity of loblolly pine is

high. Common trees include loblolly pine, longleaf pine,

sweetgum, water oak, and post oak. The low strength

of the clayey surface layer restricts the use of

equipment when the soils are wet. Erosion is a hazard

along logging roads, landings, and skid trails.

The soils in this map unit are poorly suited to most

urban uses. The main limitations are the very slow

permeability and the high shrink-swell potential. In

some areas the slope is a management concern.

6. Springhill-Troup-Luverne

Gently sloping to moderately steep, well drained and

somewhat excessively drained soils that have a loamy

or sandy surface layer and a clayey or loamy subsoil;

formed in loamy, clayey, and sandy sediments

The landscape generally has varied relief in areas of

this map unit. It is dominated by narrow to broad,

gently sloping ridgetops and strongly sloping and

moderately steep side slopes on uplands. Narrow flood

plains border incised, intermittent and perennial

streams. The landscape is dissected by a well-defined,

branching drainage system. Slopes are short and

complex, and they range from 0 to 30 percent. The

natural vegetation consists of pines and mixed

hardwoods.

This map unit makes up about 40 percent of the

county. It is about 30 percent Springhill soils, 25

percent Luverne soils, 20 percent Troup soils, and 25

percent soils of minor extent.

The well drained Springhill soils are on the middle

and upper parts of side slopes and on narrow

ridgetops. Typically, the surface layer is dark brown

loamy sand. The subsurface layer is brown loamy

sand. The subsoil is red sandy clay loam in the upper

part and yellowish red sandy clay loam in the lower

part.

The somewhat excessively drained Troup soils are

on narrow ridgetops and on the upper parts of side

slopes. Typically, the surface layer is brown loamy fine

sand. The subsurface layer is pale brown loamy sand

in the upper part and very pale brown loamy sand in

the lower part. The subsoil is red sandy loam.

The well drained Luverne soils are on the lower

parts of side slopes and on narrow ridgetops. Typically,

the surface layer is dark brown sandy loam. The

subsurface layer is light yellowish brown sandy loam.

The subsoil is yellowish red clay in the upper part and

red clay that has brownish and grayish mottles in the

lower part. The substratum is mottled reddish,

brownish, and grayish sandy clay loam.

Of minor extent in this map unit are Alaga,

Conecuh, Cowarts, Fuquay, and Kinston soils. Alaga

and Fuquay soils are in positions similar to those of

the Troup soils. Alaga soils are sandy to a depth of 80

inches or more. Fuquay soils are sandy to a depth of
Russell County, Alabama 21

20 to 40 inches. Conecuh soils are on lower parts of

side slopes than the major soils and have smectitic

clay mineralogy. Cowarts soils are in positions similar

to those of the Springhill soils, do not have thick sandy

surface and subsurface layers, and have a brownish

subsoil. The poorly drained Kinston soils are on narrow

flood plains and are subject to frequent flooding.

Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland.

Areas that are used for cultivated crops, pasture, or

hay or as sites for homes are scattered throughout the

map unit, mainly on the broad ridgetops.

The soils in this map unit are poorly suited to

cultivated crops and are suited to pasture and hay. Low

fertility, complex slopes, and droughtiness are the

main limitations. Erosion is a hazard if the soils are

tilled. Applications of lime and fertilizer are needed for

crops and pasture plants. Conservation tillage,

terraces, grassed waterways, cover crops, and contour

farming help to maintain productivity and control

erosion.

The soils in this map unit are well suited to

woodland. The potential productivity of loblolly pine is

high. Common trees include loblolly pine, longleaf pine,

shortleaf pine, southern red oak, sweetgum, and water

oak. The slope limits the use of logging equipment in

the steeper areas. Erosion is a hazard along logging

roads, landings, and skid trails. In areas of the Troup

soils, the sandy texture restricts the use of wheeled

equipment, especially when the soils are very dry, and

droughtiness increases the seedling mortality rate.

The soils in this map unit are poorly suited to most

urban uses. The slope is a limitation affecting most

urban uses in some areas. The moderately slow

permeability and moderate shrink-swell potential in

areas of the Luverne soils are management concerns.

7. Sumter-Hannon

Gently sloping to moderately steep, well drained and

moderately well drained soils that have a clayey

surface layer and a clayey subsoil; formed in clayey

sediments and the underlying soft limestone (chalk)

The landscape generally has varied relief in areas of

this map unit. It is dominated by narrow, gently sloping

ridgetops and strongly sloping and moderately steep

side slopes on uplands in the northwestern part of the

county. Narrow flood plains border incised, mostly

intermittent streams. Slopes are generally short and

complex, and they range from 5 to 25 percent. The

natural vegetation consists of eastern redcedar in

areas of the Sumter soils and loblolly pine and mixed

hardwoods in areas of the Hannon soils.

This map unit makes up about 1 percent of the

county. It is about 45 percent Sumter soils, 35 percent

Hannon soils, and 20 percent soils of minor extent.

The moderately deep, well drained Sumter soils are

on side slopes. Typically, the surface layer is very dark

grayish brown silty clay loam. The subsoil is pale olive

silty clay loam in the upper part and light olive brown

silty clay loam that has brownish mottles in the lower

part. The substratum is stratified soft limestone

(chalk), marl, and fossil oyster shell.

The very deep, moderately well drained Hannon

soils are on narrow ridgetops and on the upper parts of

side slopes. Typically, the surface layer is dark brown

clay. The upper part of the subsoil is red clay that has

brownish and grayish mottles. The lower part of the

subsoil is light olive brown and olive clay and silty clay

that has masses of calcium carbonate.

Of minor extent in this map unit are Conecuh,

Luverne, and Urbo soils. Conecuh and Luverne soils

are in positions similar to those of the Hannon soils but

are at higher elevations. They do not have alkaline

materials within the profile. The somewhat poorly

drained Urbo soils are on narrow flood plains and are

frequently flooded.

Most areas of this unit are used for woodland and

wildlife habitat. A few small areas are used for pasture.

The soils in this map unit are poorly suited to

cultivated crops, pasture, and hay. The complex

slopes, poor tilth, and the severe hazard of erosion are

the main management concerns.

The soils in this map unit are suited to woodland.

The potential productivity of loblolly pine is high in

areas of the Hannon soils. Because they are alkaline

throughout, the Sumter soils are not suited to pine

trees. Common trees include loblolly pine, longleaf

pine, shortleaf pine, eastern redcedar, water oak, and

sweetgum. The slope and clayey textures limit the use

of logging equipment in the steeper areas. Erosion is a

hazard along logging roads, landings, and skid trails.

The soils in this map unit are poorly suited to most

urban uses. The very slow permeability, the shrinkswell potential, and the slope are management

concerns.

8. Cowarts-Uchee-Marvyn

Gently sloping to strongly sloping, well drained soils

that have a loamy or sandy surface layer and a loamy

subsoil; formed in loamy and sandy sediments

The landscape generally has slight to moderate

relief in areas of this map unit. It is dominated by

narrow to broad, gently sloping ridgetops and strongly

sloping side slopes on uplands in the northern part of

the county. Narrow flood plains border incised,
22 Soil Survey

intermittent and perennial streams. The landscape is

dissected by a well-defined, branching drainage

system. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent. The natural

vegetation consists of pines and mixed hardwoods.

This unit makes up about 10 percent of the county.

It is about 30 percent Cowarts soils, 30 percent Uchee

soils, 15 percent Marvyn and similar soils, and 25

percent soils of minor extent.

The Cowarts soils are on narrow ridgetops and on

side slopes. Typically, the surface layer is brown loamy

sand. The subsoil is yellowish brown sandy clay loam

in the upper part and brownish yellow sandy clay loam

that has reddish mottles in the lower part. The

substratum is mottled brownish, reddish, and grayish

sandy clay loam.

The Uchee soils are on narrow to broad ridgetops

and on the upper parts of side slopes. Typically, the

surface layer is dark grayish brown loamy sand. The

subsurface layer is yellowish brown loamy sand in the

upper part and light yellowish brown loamy sand in the

lower part. The subsoil is yellowish brown sandy loam

in the upper part and yellowish brown sandy clay loam

that has brownish and grayish mottles in the lower part.

The substratum is mottled brownish, reddish, and

grayish sandy clay loam.

The Marvyn soils are on broad ridgetops at higher

elevations. Typically, the surface layer is dark brown

loamy sand. The subsoil is yellowish brown sandy loam

in the upper part, yellowish brown sandy clay loam in

the next part, and yellowish brown sandy loam in the

lower part. The substratum is mottled brownish,

grayish, and reddish sandy loam.

Of minor extent in this map unit are Blanton,

Kinston, Luverne, Orangeburg, and Springhill soils.

Blanton soils are in positions similar to those of the

Uchee soils. They have sandy surface and subsurface

layers that have a combined thickness of more than 40

inches. The poorly drained Kinston soils are on narrow

flood plains. Orangeburg soils are on high ridgetops.

They have a reddish subsoil and do not have thick

sandy surface and subsurface layers. Luverne and

Springhill soils are in positions similar to those of the

Cowarts soils. Luverne soils have a clayey subsoil.

Springhill soils have a reddish subsoil and do not have

thick sandy surface and subsurface layers.

Most areas of this map unit are used for cultivated

crops, pasture, or hay. A few areas are used for

woodland. Corn, cotton, soybeans, peanuts, and wheat

are the main crops.

The soils in this map unit are suited to cultivated

crops and are well suited to pasture and hay. Low

fertility, droughtiness, and erosion are the main

management concerns. Applications of lime and

fertilizer are needed for crops and pasture plants.

Conservation tillage, terraces, grassed waterways,

cover crops, and contour farming are necessary to

maintain productivity and minimize erosion.

The soils in this map unit are well suited to

woodland. The potential productivity of loblolly pine is

high. Common trees include loblolly pine, longleaf pine,

shortleaf pine, southern red oak, water oak, and

sweetgum. The soils in this unit have few limitations

affecting woodland.

The soils in this map unit are suited to most urban

uses. The moderately slow permeability is a

management concern. The slope is a management

concern in the steeper areas.

9. Dothan-Fuquay-Orangeburg

Nearly level and gently sloping, well drained soils that

have a loamy or sandy surface layer and a loamy

subsoil; formed in loamy and sandy sediments

The landscape generally has slight to moderate

relief in areas of this map unit. It consists of gently

rolling uplands that have gentle side slopes, broad

flats, and broad, convex ridgetops. It is dissected by a

well-defined, branching drainage system. Slopes are

long and smooth, and they range from 0 to 5 percent.

The natural vegetation consists of pines and mixed

hardwoods.

This unit makes up about 6 percent of the county. It

is about 40 percent Dothan soils, 25 percent Fuquay

soils, 15 percent Orangeburg soils, and 20 percent

soils of minor extent.

The Dothan soils are on broad, nearly level

ridgetops and on gently sloping side slopes. Typically,

the surface layer is dark brown fine sandy loam. The

subsoil is brownish yellow and yellowish brown sandy

clay loam in the upper part, yellowish brown sandy

clay loam that has masses of plinthite in the next part,

and mottled brownish, reddish, and grayish sandy clay

loam in the lower part.

The Fuquay soils are on broad, nearly level and

gently sloping ridgetops. Typically, the surface layer is

brown loamy fine sand. The subsurface layer is light

yellowish brown loamy sand in the upper part and very

pale brown loamy fine sand in the lower part. The

subsoil is yellowish brown sandy clay loam in the

upper part and yellowish brown sandy clay loam that

has reddish mottles and masses of plinthite in the

lower part.

The Orangeburg soils are on the slightly higher,

narrow to broad ridgetops. Typically, the surface layer is

dark brown fine sandy loam. The subsurface layer is
Russell County, Alabama 23

brown sandy loam. The subsoil is sandy clay loam. It is

yellowish red in the upper part and red in the lower

part.

Of minor extent in this map unit are Kinston,

Luverne, Springhill, and Troup soils. The poorly drained

Kinston soils are on narrow flood plains. Luverne and

Springhill soils are on side slopes. Luverne soils are

clayey in the upper part of the subsoil. Springhill soils

have a reddish subsoil and do not have thick sandy

surface and subsurface layers. Troup soils are on the

higher parts of ridgetops and have sandy surface and

subsurface layers that have a combined thickness of

more than 40 inches.

Most areas of this map unit are used for cultivated

crops, pasture, or hay. Scattered areas are used as

sites for homes. A few areas on the strongly sloping

side slopes along drainageways and on narrow flood

plains are used as woodland.

The soils in this map unit are well suited to

cultivated crops, pasture, and hay. The low fertility, the

hazard of erosion, and the droughtiness in areas of the

Fuquay soils are the main management concerns.

Applications of lime and fertilizer are needed for crops

and pasture plants. Conservation tillage, terraces,

grassed waterways, cover crops, and contour farming

help to maintain productivity and control erosion.

The soils in this map unit are well suited to

woodland. The potential productivity of loblolly pine is

high. Common trees include loblolly pine, longleaf pine,

shortleaf pine, southern red oak, water oak, sweetgum,

and hickory. The soils in this unit have few limitations

affecting woodland.

The soils in this map unit are well suited to most

urban uses. The moderately slow permeability and the

seasonal high water table are management concerns in

areas of the Dothan and Fuquay soils.

25

The map units delineated on the detailed maps at

the back of this survey represent the soils or

miscellaneous areas in the survey area. The map unit

descriptions in this section, along with the maps, can

be used to determine the suitability and potential of a

unit for specific uses. They also can be used to plan

the management needed for those uses. More

information about each map unit is given under the

heading “Use and Management of the Soils.”

A map unit delineation on a map represents an area

dominated by one or more major kinds of soil or

miscellaneous areas. A map unit is identified and

named according to the taxonomic classification of the

dominant soils or miscellaneous areas. Within a

taxonomic class there are precisely defined limits for

the properties of the soils. On the landscape, however,

the soils and miscellaneous areas are natural

phenomena, and they have the characteristic variability

of all natural phenomena. Thus, the range of some

observed properties may extend beyond the limits

defined for a taxonomic class. Areas of soils of a

single taxonomic class rarely, if ever, can be mapped

without including areas of other taxonomic classes.

Consequently, every map unit is made up of the soils

or miscellaneous areas for which it is named and some

“included” areas that belong to other taxonomic

classes.

Most included soils have properties similar to those

of the dominant soil or soils in the map unit, and thus

they do not affect use and management. These are

called noncontrasting, or similar, inclusions. They may

or may not be mentioned in the map unit description.

Other included soils and miscellaneous areas,

however, have properties and behavioral

characteristics divergent enough to affect use or to

require different management. These are called

contrasting, or dissimilar, inclusions. They generally are

in small areas and could not be mapped separately

because of the scale used. Some small areas of

strongly contrasting soils or miscellaneous areas are

identified by a special symbol on the maps. The

included areas of contrasting soils or miscellaneous

areas are mentioned in the map unit descriptions. A

few included areas may not have been observed, and

consequently they are not mentioned in the

descriptions, especially where the pattern was so

complex that it was impractical to make enough

observations to identify all the soils and miscellaneous

areas on the landscape.

The presence of included areas in a map unit in no

way diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the data.

The objective of mapping is not to delineate pure

taxonomic classes but rather to separate the

landscape into landforms or landform segments that

have similar use and management requirements. The

delineation of such segments on the map provides

sufficient information for the development of resource

plans, but if intensive use of small areas is planned,

onsite investigation is needed to define and locate the

soils and miscellaneous areas.

An identifying symbol precedes the map unit name

in the map unit descriptions. Each description includes

general facts about the unit and gives the principal

hazards and limitations to be considered in planning for

specific uses.

Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make

up a soil series. Except for differences in texture of the

surface layer, all the soils of a series have major

horizons that are similar in composition, thickness, and

arrangement.

Soils of one series can differ in texture of the

surface layer, slope, stoniness, salinity, degree of

erosion, and other characteristics that affect their use.

On the basis of such differences, a soil series is

divided into soil phases. Most of the areas shown on

the detailed soil maps are phases of soil series. The

name of a soil phase commonly indicates a feature

that affects use or management. For example, Hannon

clay loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes, is a phase of the

Hannon series.

Some map units are made up of two or more major

soils or miscellaneous areas. These map units are

complexes, associations, or undifferentiated groups.

A complex consists of two or more soils or

miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern or in

such small areas that they cannot be shown separately

on the maps. The pattern and proportion of the soils or

miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in all areas.

Uchee-Cowarts complex, 5 to 15 percent slopes, is an

example.

Detailed Soil Map Units
26 Soil Survey

An undifferentiated group is made up of two or more

soils or miscellaneous areas that could be mapped

individually but are mapped as one unit because

similar interpretations can be made for use and

management. The pattern and proportion of the soils or

miscellaneous areas in a mapped area are not uniform.

An area can be made up of only one of the major soils

or miscellaneous areas, or it can be made up of all of

them. Kinston, Mantachie, and Iuka soils, 0 to 1

percent slopes, frequently flooded, is an

undifferentiated group in this survey area.

This survey includes miscellaneous areas. Such

areas have little or no soil material and support little or

no vegetation. Urban land is an example.

Table 5 gives the acreage and proportionate extent

of each map unit. Other tables (see “Table of

Contents”) give properties of the soils and the

limitations, capabilities, and potentials for many uses.

The “Glossary” defines many of the terms used in

describing the soils or miscellaneous areas.

Soil Descriptions

AnA—Annemaine fine sandy loam, 0 to 2

percent slopes, rarely flooded

This very deep, moderately well drained soil is on

stream terraces along the Chattahoochee River and

other large streams. Flooding is rare but can occur

under unusual weather conditions. Slopes are long and

smooth. Individual areas generally are oblong. They

range from 10 to about 100 acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown

fine sandy loam about 4 inches thick. The subsoil, to a

depth of 42 inches, is yellowish red clay. It has red and

light yellowish brown mottles in the upper part and light

brownish gray and yellowish brown mottles in the lower

part. The substratum, to a depth of 65 inches, is

yellowish brown fine sandy loam that has light gray

mottles.

Important properties of the Annemaine soil—

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: High

Organic matter content: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1.5

to 2.5 feet from January through March

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Flooding: Rare

Included in mapping are a few small areas of

Kinston, Maxton, and Wickham soils. The poorly

drained Kinston soils are on narrow flood plains or in

small depressions. The well drained Maxton and

Wickham soils are in slightly higher, more convex

positions than those of the Annemaine soil and are

loamy throughout. Included soils make up about 10

percent of the map unit. Individual areas generally are

less than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used as pasture,

hayland, or woodland. A few areas are used for

cultivated crops.

This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. The

main management concerns are wetness and the low

fertility. Shallow ditches can help to remove excess

surface water. Using minimum tillage and returning all

crop residue to the soil or regularly adding other

organic matter improve fertility and help to maintain

tilth and the content of organic matter. Most crops

respond well to applications of lime and fertilizer.

This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay

plants, such as bermudagrass and bahiagrass.

Wetness is a moderate limitation. Shallow ditches can

help to remove excess surface water. Restricting

grazing during very wet periods or deferring grazing

until the ground is dry helps to keep the pasture in

good condition. Applications of lime and fertilizer

improve fertility and increase the production of forage.

This map unit is well suited to loblolly pine. Other

species that commonly grow in areas of this map unit

include yellow-poplar, sweetgum, American sycamore,

water oak, and cherrybark oak. On the basis of a 50-

year site curve, the site index for loblolly pine is 90.

The average annual growth of well stocked, even-aged,

unmanaged stands of loblolly pine at 25 years of age

is 2.2 cords per acre per year. The understory

vegetation consists mainly of blackberry, greenbrier,

panicums, longleaf uniola, poison ivy, Alabama

supplejack, muscadine grape, sweetgum, and water

oak.

This map unit has moderate limitations affecting

timber management. The main management concerns

are an equipment limitation and plant competition.

Using standard wheeled and tracked equipment when

the soil is wet results in ruts and compaction. Using

low-pressure ground equipment reduces damage to the

soil and helps to maintain productivity. Harvesting

activities should be planned for seasons when the soil

is dry. Plant competition reduces timber production and

can prevent adequate reforestation. The competing

vegetation can be controlled by site preparation,

applications of herbicides, or prescribed burning.

This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses.

The main management concerns are the flooding,
Russell County, Alabama 27

wetness, and the slow permeability. Buildings can be

constructed on pilings or mounds to elevate them

above the expected level of flooding.

This map unit has good potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat and poor potential for wetland

wildlife habitat. Habitat for white-tailed deer, turkey, and

squirrel can be improved by planting appropriate

vegetation, maintaining the existing plant cover, or

promoting the natural establishment of desirable plants.

Prescribed burning every three years, rotated among

several tracts of land, can increase the amount of

palatable browse for deer and the number of seedproducing plants for quail and turkey.

The capability subclass is IIw. The woodland

ordination symbol is 9W.

BdA—Bladen fine sandy loam, 0 to 1

percent slopes, occasionally flooded

This very deep, poorly drained soil is on low

terraces adjacent to major streams throughout the

county. It is subject to occasional flooding, usually in

late winter and early spring. Most mapped areas are

long and narrow, but some are broad. Individual areas

range from 5 to 30 acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish

brown fine sandy loam about 3 inches thick. The

subsurface layer, to a depth of 14 inches, is dark gray

fine sandy loam. The subsoil, to a depth of 65 inches,

is clay. In the upper part, it is light brownish gray and

light grayish brown and has mottles in shades of brown

and red. In the lower part, it is gray and has mottles in

shades of yellow, red, and brown.

Important properties of the Bladen soil—

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: High

Organic matter content: Medium

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at the surface to

a depth of 1.0 foot from December through May

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Flooding: Occasional

Included in this map unit are a few small areas of

Goldsboro, Lynchburg, Ocilla, and Wahee soils. These

soils are in slightly higher, more convex positions than

those of the Bladen soil. Goldsboro soils are

moderately well drained and have a loamy subsoil.

Lynchburg soils are somewhat poorly drained and have

a loamy subsoil. Ocilla soils have thick sandy surface

and subsurface layers. Wahee soils are somewhat

poorly drained. Included soils make up about 10

percent of the map unit. Individual areas generally are

less than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland

and wildlife habitat. A few small areas are used for

cultivated crops or pasture.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops,

pasture, and hay. Wetness and the occasional flooding

are the main management concerns. If cultivated crops

are grown, a surface drainage system and protection

from flooding are needed. If areas are used for pasture

or hay, grasses that tolerate wet soil conditions should

be selected. Common bermudagrass is suitable.

This map unit is suited to loblolly pine and

hardwoods. Other species that commonly grow in

areas of this map unit include sweetgum, water oak,

and green ash. On the basis of a 50-year site curve,

the site index for loblolly pine is 85. The average

annual growth of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged

stands of loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.1 cords

per acre per year. The understory vegetation consists

mainly of red maple, water oak, green ash, sweetgum,

panicums, sweetbay, greenbrier, blackberry, Alabama

supplejack, ironwood, and longleaf uniola.

This map unit has severe limitations affecting timber

management. The main management concerns are an

equipment limitation, the seedling mortality rate, and

plant competition. The seasonal high water table and

the flooding restrict the use of equipment to periods

when the soil is dry. Using standard wheeled and

tracked equipment when the soil is wet results in ruts

and compaction. Using low-pressure ground equipment

reduces damage to the soil and helps to maintain

productivity. The high seedling mortality rate is caused

by excessive wetness. It can be reduced by planting

on beds, or it can be compensated for by increasing

the number of trees planted. Plant competition reduces

timber production and can prevent adequate

reforestation unless sites receive intensive preparation

and maintenance. Site preparation can control the

initial plant competition, and herbicides can control

subsequent growth.

This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. It

has severe limitations affecting building sites, local

roads and streets, and most kinds of sanitary facilities.

The main management concerns are wetness, the slow

permeability, and the occasional flooding. Buildings can

be constructed on pilings or mounds to elevate them

above the expected level of flooding.

This map unit has fair potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat and good potential for wetland

wildlife habitat. Habitat can be improved by planting

appropriate vegetation, maintaining the existing plant

cover, or promoting the natural establishment of
28 Soil Survey

desirable plants. Habitat for wetland wildlife can be

improved by constructing shallow ponds that provide

areas of open water for waterfowl and furbearing

animals.

The capability subclass is IVw. The woodland

ordination symbol is 8W.

BeA—Bladen loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes,

ponded

This very deep, poorly drained soil is in shallow

depressions on low terraces. Slopes are smooth and

concave. Most areas are subject to shallow ponding for

several months in most years. Individual areas vary in

shape from circular to long and narrow. They range

from 5 to 50 acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish

brown loam about 3 inches thick. The subsoil, to a

depth of 65 inches, is clay. In the upper part, it is dark

gray and has yellowish brown mottles. In the lower

part, it is grayish brown and has light olive brown

mottles.

Important properties of the Bladen soil—

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: High

Organic matter content: Medium

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: Apparent, from 1.0 foot

above the surface to a depth of 1.0 foot from

December through May

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Flooding: None

Included in mapping are a few small areas of Dogue

and Wahee soils. The moderately well drained Dogue

soils and the somewhat poorly drained Wahee soils are

in slightly higher positions than those of the Bladen soil

and are not subject to ponding. Included soils make up

about 5 percent of the map unit. Individual areas

generally are less than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland

and wildlife habitat.

This map unit is not suited to cultivated crops,

pasture, or hay. Wetness and the ponding are severe

limitations affecting these uses.

This map unit is suited to loblolly pine and

hardwoods. Other species that commonly grow in

areas of this map unit include blackgum, red maple,

sweetgum, green ash, baldcypress, and water tupelo.

On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the site index for

loblolly pine is 85. The average annual growth of well

stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands of loblolly pine

at 25 years of age is 2.1 cords per acre per year. The

understory vegetation consists mainly of sweetbay, red

maple, water oak, sweetgum, greenbrier, switchcane,

and Alabama supplejack.

This map unit has severe limitations affecting timber

management. The main management concerns are an

equipment limitation, the seedling mortality rate, and

plant competition. The seasonal high water table and

the ponding restrict the use of equipment to periods

when the soil is dry. Using standard wheeled and

tracked equipment when the soil is wet results in ruts

and compaction. Using low-pressure ground equipment

reduces damage to the soil and helps to maintain

productivity. The high seedling mortality rate is caused

by excessive wetness. It can be compensated for by

planting on beds or increasing the number of trees

planted. Plant competition can prevent adequate

natural or artificial reforestation unless sites receive

intensive preparation and maintenance. Site

preparation can control the initial plant competition, and

herbicides can control subsequent growth.

This map unit is not suited to most urban uses. The

ponding and wetness are severe limitations affecting

most uses. Buildings and roads should be constructed

on well-compacted fill to elevate them above the

expected level of ponding.

This map unit has poor potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat and good potential for wetland

wildlife habitat. Habitat for openland and woodland

wildlife can be improved by planting appropriate

vegetation, maintaining the existing plant cover, and

promoting the establishment of desirable plants.

Habitat for wetland wildlife can be improved by

providing more areas of open water for waterfowl and

furbearing animals and by planting mast-producing

trees.

The capability subclass is VIw. The woodland

ordination symbol is 8W.

BnB—Blanton loamy sand, 0 to 5 percent

slopes

This very deep, moderately well drained soil is on

broad ridgetops in the uplands in the northern part of

the county. Slopes generally are long and smooth.

Individual areas are irregular in shape and range from 5

to more than 100 acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish

brown loamy sand about 7 inches thick. The

subsurface layer, to a depth of 42 inches, is loamy

sand. It is yellowish brown in the upper part, light

yellowish brown in the next part, and very pale brown
Russell County, Alabama 29

in the lower part. The subsoil extends to a depth of 65

inches. In the upper part, it is yellowish brown sandy

loam. In the lower part, it is mottled yellowish brown,

gray, and brownish yellow sandy clay loam.

Important properties of the Blanton soil—

Permeability: Rapid in the surface layer and subsurface

layer; moderately slow in the subsoil

Available water capacity: Low

Organic matter content: Low

Natural fertility: Very low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 4.0

to 6.0 feet from January through March

Flooding: None

Included in mapping are a few small areas of

Cowarts, Dothan, and Uchee soils. Cowarts and

Dothan soils are in lower positions than those of the

Blanton soil and do not have thick sandy surface and

subsurface layers. Uchee soils are in positions similar

to those of the Blanton soil and have sandy surface

and subsurface layers that have a combined thickness

of 20 to 40 inches. Included soils make up about 15

percent of the map unit. Individual areas generally are

less than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland.

A few areas are used for cultivated crops, pasture, or

hay.

This map unit is suited to cultivated crops. The main

management concerns are the low available water

capacity, the very low fertility, and a moderate hazard

of erosion. Irrigation can prevent crop damage and

increase productivity in most years. Returning crop

residue to the soil helps to maintain tilth and increases

the available water capacity. Minimum tillage, contour

farming, and cover crops reduce the runoff rate and

help to control erosion. Most crops respond well to

applications of lime and to frequent, light applications

of fertilizer.

This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay

plants, such as coastal bermudagrass and bahiagrass.

The main management concerns are the low available

water capacity and the very low fertility. Leaching of

plant nutrients is also a management concern.

Frequent, light applications of nitrogen are necessary

to maintain the productivity of grasses. Proper stocking

rates, pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during

prolonged dry periods or deferring grazing until the

ground is dry help to keep the pasture in good

condition.

This map unit is suited to loblolly pine. Other

species that commonly grow in areas of this map unit

include longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, and southern red

oak. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the site

index is 80 for loblolly pine. The average annual growth

of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands of

loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 1.8 cords per acre

per year. The understory vegetation consists mainly of

little bluestem, longleaf uniola, lespedeza, common

persimmon, pricklypear cactus, brackenfern, flowering

dogwood, and blackjack oak.

 This map unit has moderate limitations affecting

timber management. The main management concerns

are an equipment limitation, the moderate seedling

mortality rate, and plant competition. The sandy texture

restricts the use of wheeled equipment, especially

when the soils are very dry. Harvesting activities

should be planned for seasons when the soil is moist.

The moderate seedling mortality rate is caused by

droughtiness. It can be compensated for by increasing

the number of trees planted. Plant competition reduces

timber production and can prevent adequate

reforestation. The competing vegetation can be

controlled by mechanical methods, herbicides, or

prescribed burning.

This map unit is suited to most urban uses. It has

slight to moderate limitations affecting building sites,

local roads and streets, and most kinds of sanitary

facilities. The main management concerns are the

sandy texture, wetness, the very low fertility, and

droughtiness. Cutbanks are unstable and subject to

slumping. Support beams should be used to maintain

the stability of the cutbanks. If this unit is used as a

site for septic tank absorption fields, effluent can

surface in downslope areas and create a health hazard.

Increasing the length of the absorption lines helps to

overcome this concern. Applying lime and fertilizer,

mulching, and irrigating help to establish lawns and

landscape plants.

This map unit has fair potential for openland wildlife

habitat, poor potential for woodland wildlife habitat, and

very poor potential for wetland wildlife habitat. The low

available water capacity and the very low natural

fertility are limitations. Habitat can be improved by

planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the

existing plant cover, or promoting the natural

establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning

every three years, rotated among several small tracts

of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse

for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for

quail and turkey.

The capability subclass is IIIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 8S.
30 Soil Survey

CnB—Conecuh fine sandy loam, 1 to 3

percent slopes

This very deep, moderately well drained soil is on

broad ridgetops in the uplands in the west-central and

central parts of the county. Slopes generally are long

and smooth. Individual areas are irregular in shape.

They range from 10 to 200 acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish

brown fine sandy loam about 3 inches thick. The

subsoil extends to a depth of 55 inches. It is red silty

clay in the upper part, red clay that has light brownish

gray mottles in the next part, and mottled grayish,

reddish, and brownish silty clay in the lower part. The

substratum extends to a depth of 80 inches. In the

upper part, it is light olive brown silty clay that has

red and grayish brown mottles. In the lower part, it is

olive silty clay loam that has olive yellow and gray

mottles.

Important properties of the Conecuh soil—

Permeability: Very slow

Available water capacity: Moderate

Organic matter content: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deep

Shrink-swell potential: High

Flooding: None

Included in mapping are a few small areas of

Luverne and Orangeburg soils. Luverne and

Orangeburg soils are on slightly higher knolls than the

Conecuh soil. Luverne soils have mixed clay

mineralogy. Orangeburg soils are loamy throughout.

Included soils make up about 15 percent of mapped

areas. Individual areas generally are less than 5 acres

in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland.

A few areas are used for pasture and hay.

This map unit is suited to cultivated crops. The main

management concerns are the low fertility, poor tilth,

and a moderate hazard of erosion. Early-fall seeding,

minimum tillage, terraces, diversions, grassed

waterways, and cover crops help to control erosion.

Tillage should be on the contour or across the slope.

Maintaining crop residue on or near the surface helps

to control runoff and maintain tilth and the content of

organic matter. Most crops respond well to systematic

applications of fertilizer and lime.

This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay.

Bahiagrass and coastal bermudagrass are the main

grasses grown in areas of this map unit. The main

management concerns are the low fertility and a

hazard of erosion. Seedbeds should be prepared on the

contour or across the slope if practical. Proper stocking

rates, pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during

wet periods help to keep the pasture in good condition

(fig. 3).

This map unit is well suited to loblolly pine. Other

species that commonly grow in areas of this map unit

include shortleaf pine, water oak, and sweetgum. On

the basis of a 50-year site curve, the site index for

loblolly pine is 90. The average annual growth of well

stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands of loblolly pine

at 25 years of age is 2.2 cords per acre per year. The

understory vegetation consists mainly of muscadine

grape, poison ivy, longleaf uniola, yellow jessamine,

blackberry, panicums, huckleberry, sweetgum, water

oak, and flowering dogwood.

This map unit has moderate or severe limitations

affecting timber management. The main management

concerns are an equipment limitation and plant

competition. Low strength restricts the use of

equipment to periods when the soil is dry. Using

standard wheeled and tracked equipment when the soil

is wet results in ruts and compaction. Using lowpressure ground equipment reduces damage to the soil

and helps to maintain productivity. Plant competition

reduces timber production and can prevent adequate

reforestation unless sites receive intensive preparation

and maintenance. Site preparation can control the

initial plant competition, and herbicides can control

subsequent growth.

This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. It

has severe limitations affecting building sites, local

roads and streets, and most kinds of sanitary facilities.

The main management concerns are the very slow

permeability, the high shrink-swell potential, and low

strength on sites for roads and streets. The instability

of cutbanks is also a management concern. Support

beams should be used to maintain the stability of the

cutbanks. Properly designing foundations and footings

and diverting runoff away from the buildings help to

prevent the structural damage that results from

shrinking and swelling. Roads and streets should be

designed to compensate for the low strength and

instability of the subsoil. Septic tank absorption fields

do not function properly during rainy periods because

of the very slow permeability. An alternative method is

needed to dispose of sewage properly.

This map unit has good potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat and poor potential for wetland

wildlife habitat. Habitat for deer, turkey, and squirrel can

be improved by planting or encouraging the growth of

existing oak trees and suitable understory plants.

Prescribed burning every three years, rotated among
Russell County, Alabama 31

several small tracts of land, can increase the amount

of palatable browse for deer and the number of seedproducing plants for quail and turkey.

The capability subclass is IIIe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 9C.

CoC2—Conecuh loam, 3 to 8 percent

slopes, eroded

This very deep, moderately well drained soil is on

side slopes in the uplands. In most areas, the surface

layer is a mixture of the original surface layer and

material from the subsoil. In some places, all of the

original surface layer has been removed. Some areas

have a few rills and gullies. Slopes generally are long

and smooth, but some are short and complex.

Individual areas are irregular in shape. They range from

10 to 200 acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown loam about

3 inches thick. The subsoil extends to a depth of 47

inches. It is yellowish red silty clay in the upper part,

yellowish red clay that has grayish mottles in the next

part, and mottled grayish, reddish, and brownish clay

in the lower part. The substratum, to a depth of 65

inches, is olive brown silty clay and silty clay loam

having brownish and grayish mottles.

Important properties of the Conecuh soil—

Permeability: Very slow

Available water capacity: Moderate

Organic matter content: Low

Figure 3.—A well managed pasture of bahiagrass in an area of Conecuh fine sandy loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes. This pasture

provides good quality forage for cattle.
32 Soil Survey

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deep

Shrink-swell potential: High

Flooding: None

Included in mapping are a few small areas of

Luverne, Kinston, and Hannon soils. Luverne soils are

on slightly higher knolls or ridges than the Conecuh

soil. They have mixed mineralogy. Hannon soils are on

the lower parts of slopes. They are alkaline in the lower

part of the subsoil and in the substratum. The poorly

drained Kinston soils are in drainageways. Included

soils make up about 15 percent of the map unit.

Individual areas generally are less than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland.

A few areas are used for cultivated crops, pasture, or

hay.

This map unit is poorly suited to most cultivated

crops. The main management concerns are the low

fertility and a severe hazard of erosion. Early-fall

seeding, minimum tillage, terraces, diversions, and

grassed waterways help to control erosion. Tillage

should be on the contour or across the slope.

Maintaining crop residue on or near the surface helps

to control runoff and maintain tilth and the content of

organic matter. Most crops respond well to systematic

applications of fertilizer and lime.

This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay.

Bahiagrass and coastal bermudagrass are the main

grasses grown in areas of this map unit. The main

management concerns are the low fertility and a

hazard of erosion. Seedbeds should be prepared on the

contour or across the slope if practical. Proper stocking

rates, pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during

wet periods help to keep the pasture in good condition.

Applications of lime and fertilizer improve fertility and

increase the production of forage.

This map unit is well suited to loblolly pine. Other

species that commonly grow in areas of this map unit

include shortleaf pine, sweetgum, and water oak. On

the basis of a 50-year site curve, the site index for

loblolly pine is 90. The average annual growth of well

stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands of loblolly pine

at 25 years of age is 2.2 cords per acre per year. The

understory vegetation consists mainly of muscadine

grape, poison ivy, yellow jessamine, flowering

dogwood, longleaf uniola, panicums, sweetgum, and

water oak.

This map unit generally has moderate limitations

affecting timber management. The main management

concerns are an equipment limitation and plant

competition. Low strength restricts the use of

equipment to periods when the soil is dry. Using

standard wheeled and tracked equipment when the soil

is wet results in ruts and compaction. Using lowpressure ground equipment reduces damage to the soil

and helps to maintain productivity. Plant competition

reduces timber production and can prevent adequate

reforestation unless sites receive intensive preparation

and maintenance. Site preparation can control the

initial plant competition, and herbicides can control

subsequent growth. Exposing the surface by removing

ground cover increases the hazard of erosion, including

rill and gully erosion. Mulching, seeding, and

constructing diversions can help to control erosion on

roads, landings, and skid trails.

This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. It

has moderate to severe limitations affecting building

sites, local roads and streets, and most kinds of

sanitary facilities. The main management concerns are

the high shrink-swell potential, the very slow

permeability, and low strength on sites for roads and

streets. The instability of cutbanks is also a

management concern. Support beams should be used

to maintain the stability of the cutbanks. Properly

designing foundations and footings and diverting runoff

away from the buildings help to prevent the structural

damage that results from shrinking and swelling. Roads

and streets should be designed to compensate for the

low strength and instability of the subsoil. Septic tank

absorption fields do not function properly because of

the very slow permeability. An alternate method is

needed to dispose of sewage properly.

This map unit has good potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat and very poor potential for

wetland wildlife habitat. Habitat for white-tailed deer,

turkey, and squirrel can be improved by planting or

encouraging the growth of existing oak trees and

suitable understory plants. Prescribed burning every

three years, rotated among several small tracts of

land, can increase the amount of palatable browse for

deer and the number of seed-producing plants for quail

and turkey. Habitat for wetland wildlife can be improved

by constructing shallow ponds that provide areas of

open water for waterfowl and furbearers.

The capability subclass is IVe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 9C.

CtB—Congaree-Toccoa complex, gently

undulating, occasionally flooded

This map unit consists of very deep, well drained

Congaree and Toccoa soils on the flood plain along the

Chattahoochee River. These soils are subject to

occasional flooding, usually in late winter and early

spring. These soils occur as areas so intricately

intermingled that they could not be mapped separately
Russell County, Alabama 33

at the scale selected for mapping. The Congaree and

similar soils make up about 50 percent of the unit, and

the Toccoa and similar soils make up about 35 percent.

Slopes generally are short and complex. Individual

areas are long and narrow. They range from 10 to 200

acres in size.

The Congaree soil is on low and intermediate parts

of the flood plain. Typically, the surface layer is brown

loam about 7 inches thick. The subsurface layer, to a

depth of 14 inches, is dark brown loam. The

substratum extends to a depth of 80 inches. It is brown

loam in the upper part, brown fine sandy loam in the

next part, and dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam

that has pale brown mottles in the lower part.

Important properties of the Congaree soil—

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Organic matter content: Medium

Natural fertility: Medium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 2.5

to 4.0 feet from December through April

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Flooding: Occasional

The Toccoa soil is on the slightly higher parts of the

flood plain. Typically, the surface layer is dark brown

fine sandy loam about 5 inches thick. The substratum

extends to a depth of 65 inches. It is strong brown fine

sandy loam in the upper part, yellowish brown fine

sandy loam and strong brown loam in the next part,

and light yellowish brown sandy loam in the lower

part.

Important properties of the Toccoa soil—

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: Moderate

Organic matter content: Low

Natural fertility: Medium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 2.5

to 5.0 feet from December through April

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Flooding: Occasional

Included in mapping are a few small areas of

Kinston, Kolomoki, Maxton, and Wickham soils. The

poorly drained Kinston soils are in small depressions.

Kolomoki, Maxton, and Wickham soils are on low

knolls or on remnants of terraces at slightly higher

elevations than the Congaree and Toccoa soils. They

are not subject to the occasional flooding. The included

soils make up about 15 percent of the map unit.

Individual areas generally are less than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used as pasture or

woodland. A few areas are used for cultivated crops or

hay.

This map unit is suited to cultivated crops. The main

management concern is the flooding. Although crops

can be grown in most years, the flooding delays

planting or damages crops in some years. Crops and

drainage ditches may be damaged or destroyed due to

scouring and deposition by fast-flowing floodwaters.

This map unit is suited to pasture and hay. The main

management concern is the occasional flooding. Cattle

and other livestock need to be moved to higher areas

during periods of flooding. Proper stocking rates,

pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during wet

periods help to keep the pasture in good condition.

This map unit is well suited to loblolly pine and

hardwoods. Other species that commonly grow in

areas of this map unit include eastern cottonwood,

sweetgum, yellow-poplar, American sycamore, water

oak, and green ash. On the basis of a 50-year site

curve, the site index for loblolly pine is 100 in areas of

the Congaree soil and 105 in areas of the Toccoa soil.

The average annual growth of well stocked, even-aged,

unmanaged stands of loblolly pine at 25 years of age is

2.7 cords per acre per year in areas of the Congaree

soil and 2.9 cords per acre per year in areas of the

Toccoa soil. The understory vegetation consists mainly

of panicums, muscadine grape, Alabama supplejack,

eastern cottonwood, green ash, American sycamore,

sweetgum, and water oak.

This map unit has moderate limitations affecting

timber management. The main management concerns

are an equipment limitation and plant competition. The

seasonal high water table and the occasional flooding

restrict the use of equipment to periods when the soils

are dry. Using standard wheeled and tracked equipment

when the soils are wet results in ruts and compaction.

Using low-pressure ground equipment reduces damage

to the soil and helps to maintain productivity. Plant

competition reduces timber production and can prevent

adequate reforestation unless sites receive intensive

preparation and maintenance. Site preparation can

control the initial plant competition, and herbicides can

control subsequent growth.

This map unit is not suited to most urban uses. The

main management concern is the occasional flooding.

Buildings can be constructed on pilings or wellcompacted fill to elevate them above the expected

level of flooding.

This map unit has good potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat. Potential for wetland wildlife

habitat is fair in areas of the Congaree soil and very
34 Soil Survey

poor in areas of the Toccoa soil. Habitat for openland

and woodland wildlife can be improved by planting or

encouraging the growth of existing oak trees and

suitable understory plants. Habitat for wetland wildlife

can be improved by constructing shallow ponds that

provide areas of open water for waterfowl and

furbearing animals.

The capability subclass is IIw. The woodland

ordination symbol is 11A in areas of the Congaree soil

and 12A in areas of the Toccoa soil.

CwB—Cowarts loamy sand, 2 to 5 percent

slopes

This very deep, well drained soil is on narrow

ridgetops and on side slopes in the uplands in the

northern part of the county. Slopes generally are short

and complex, but may be long and smooth in some

areas. Individual areas are irregular in shape. They

range from 10 to 200 acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer is brown loamy sand

about 6 inches thick. The subsoil, to a depth of 28

inches, is sandy clay loam. It is yellowish brown in the

upper part and is brownish yellow and has yellowish

red mottles in the lower part. The substratum, to a

depth of 60 inches, is mottled yellowish brown, red,

and gray sandy clay loam. In some areas the surface

layer is sandy loam.

Important properties of the Cowarts soil—

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: Moderate

Organic matter content: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deep

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Flooding: None

Included in mapping are a few small areas of

Blanton, Luverne, Marvyn, Springhill, and Uchee soils.

Also included are soils that have a slope of less than 2

percent or more than 5 percent. Blanton and Uchee

soils are on slightly higher parts of ridgetops than the

Cowarts soil and have thick sandy surface and

subsurface layers. Luverne soils are on lower parts of

slopes and are clayey in the upper part of the subsoil.

Marvyn and Springhill soils are in landscape positions

similar to those of the Cowarts soil. The combined

thickness of the surface layer and subsoil in the

Marvyn soils is more than 40 inches. Springhill soils

have a reddish subsoil. Included soils make up about

10 percent of the map unit. Individual areas generally

are less than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used as

pastureland, hayland, or woodland. A few areas are

used for cultivated crops.

This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. The

main management concerns are the low fertility and a

moderate hazard of erosion. Gullies form readily in

areas that have a concentrated flow of water on the

surface. Conservation tillage, terraces, contour

farming, and cover crops reduce the runoff rate and

help to control erosion. Installing drop-inlet structures in

grassed waterways helps to prevent gullying. Returning

all crop residue to the soil or regularly adding other

organic matter improves fertility and helps to maintain

tilth and the content of organic matter. Most crops

respond well to additions of lime and fertilizer.

This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay

plants, such as coastal bermudagrass and bahiagrass.

The main management concerns are the low fertility

and a moderate hazard of erosion. Tillage should be on

the contour or across the slope if practical. Proper

stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted grazing

during prolonged wet and dry periods help to keep the

pasture in good condition. Applications of lime and

fertilizer improve fertility and increase the production of

forage.

This map unit is well suited to loblolly pine. Other

species that commonly grow in areas of this map unit

include longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, sweetgum, and

water oak. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the

site index for loblolly pine is 85. The average annual

growth of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands

of loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.1 cords per acre

per year. The understory vegetation consists mainly of

little bluestem, greenbrier, panicums, brackenfern,

southern red oak, blackjack oak, water oak, and

flowering dogwood.

This map unit has few limitations affecting woodland

management. Competition from understory plants is a

minor management concern. Carefully managed

reforestation helps to control this competition. Site

preparation practices, such as chopping, burning, and

applying herbicides, help to control the initial plant

competition and facilitate mechanical planting.

This map unit is suited to most urban uses. It has

slight limitations affecting building sites and local roads

and streets and has slight to severe limitations

affecting most kinds of sanitary facilities. The main

management concern is the slow permeability. Septic

tank absorption fields do not function properly because

of the slow permeability. Enlarging the size of the

absorption area helps to overcome this limitation.

This map unit has good potential for openland and
Russell County, Alabama 35

woodland wildlife habitat and very poor potential for

wetland wildlife habitat. Habitat can be improved by

planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the

existing plant cover, or promoting the natural

establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning

every three years, rotated among several small tracts

of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse

for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for

quail and turkey.

The capability subclass is IIe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 8A.

DgA—Dogue fine sandy loam, 0 to 2

percent slopes, rarely flooded

This very deep, moderately well drained soil is on

stream terraces along major streams throughout the

county. Flooding is rare but can occur under unusual

weather conditions. Slopes are long and smooth.

Individual areas generally are oblong. They range from

5 to about 200 acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown and brown

fine sandy loam about 11 inches thick. The subsoil

extends to a depth of 52 inches. It is strong brown clay

in the upper part, yellowish brown clay that has light

brownish gray mottles in the next part, and yellowish

brown sandy clay loam that has light brownish gray

mottles in the lower part. The substratum, to a depth of

70 inches, is light brownish gray loam that has

brownish and reddish mottles.

Important properties of the Dogue soil—

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: High

Organic matter content: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1.5

to 3.0 feet from January through March

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Flooding: Rare

Included in mapping are a few small areas of

Bladen, Goldsboro, Lynchburg, Ocilla, and Wahee soils.

The poorly drained Bladen soils are on narrow flood

plains and in small depressions. Goldsboro and Ocilla

soils are in slightly higher, more convex positions than

those of the Dogue soil. Goldsboro soils are loamy

throughout. Ocilla soils have thick sandy surface and

subsurface layers. The somewhat poorly drained

Lynchburg and Wahee soils are in slightly lower

positions than those of the Dogue soil. Included

soils make up about 10 percent of the map unit.

Individual areas generally are less than 5 acres in

size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for cultivated

crops or woodland. A few areas are used for pasture

and hay.

This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. The

main management concerns are wetness and the low

fertility. Shallow ditches can help to remove excess

surface water. Using minimum tillage and returning all

crop residue to the soil or regularly adding other

organic matter improve fertility and help to maintain

tilth and the content of organic matter. Most crops

respond well to applications of lime and fertilizer.

 This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay

plants, such as bermudagrass and bahiagrass.

Wetness is a moderate limitation. Shallow ditches can

help to remove excess surface water. Restricting

grazing during very wet periods or deferring grazing

until the ground is dry helps to keep the pasture in

good condition. Applications of lime and fertilizer

improve fertility and increase the production of forage.

This map unit is well suited to loblolly pine. Other

species that commonly grow in areas of this map unit

include yellow-poplar, sweetgum, American sycamore,

water oak, and cherrybark oak. On the basis of a 50-

year site curve, the site index for loblolly pine is 90.

The average annual growth of well stocked, even-aged,

unmanaged stands of loblolly pine at 25 years of age is

2.2 cords per acre per year. The understory vegetation

consists mainly of blackberry, greenbrier, panicums,

longleaf uniola, poison ivy, Alabama supplejack,

muscadine grape, sweetgum, and water oak.

This map unit has moderate limitations affecting

timber management. The main management concerns

are an equipment limitation and plant competition.

Using standard wheeled and tracked equipment when

the soil is wet results in ruts and compaction. Using

low-pressure ground equipment reduces damage to the

soil and helps to maintain productivity. Harvesting

activities should be planned for seasons when the soil

is dry. Plant competition reduces timber production and

can prevent adequate reforestation. The competing

vegetation can be controlled by site preparation,

applications of herbicides, or prescribed burning.

This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses.

The main management concerns are the flooding,

wetness, and the slow permeability. Buildings can be

constructed on pilings or mounds to elevate them

above the expected level of flooding.

This map unit has good potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat and poor potential for wetland

wildlife habitat. Habitat for white-tailed deer, turkey, and

squirrel can be improved by planting appropriate

vegetation, maintaining the existing plant cover, or
36 Soil Survey

promoting the natural establishment of desirable plants.

Prescribed burning every three years, rotated among

several tracts of land, can increase the amount of

palatable browse for deer and the number of seedproducing plants for quail and turkey.

The capability subclass is IIw. The woodland

ordination symbol is 9W.

DoA—Dothan fine sandy loam, 0 to 2

percent slopes

This very deep, well drained soil is on broad

ridgetops in the uplands in the northern and eastern

parts of the county. Slopes generally are long and

smooth. Individual areas generally are oblong. They

range from 5 to more than 100 acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown fine sandy

loam about 6 inches thick. The subsoil, to a depth of

65 inches, is sandy clay loam. It is brownish yellow

and yellowish brown in the upper part, yellowish brown

and has reddish masses of plinthite in the next part,

and mottled strong brown, yellowish brown, dark red,

and gray in the lower part. The content of nodular

plinthite in the lower part of the subsoil is about 10

percent.

Important properties of the Dothan soil—

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: Moderate

Organic matter content: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 3.0

to 5.0 feet from January through March

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Flooding: None

Included in mapping are a few small areas of

Cowarts, Fuquay, and Orangeburg soils. Cowarts and

Fuquay soils are in lower positions than those of the

Dothan soil. Cowarts soils do not have a significant

content of plinthite in the subsoil. Fuquay soils have

thick sandy surface and subsurface layers. Orangeburg

soils are on slightly higher knolls than the Dothan soil

or are on more convex slopes. They have a reddish

subsoil. Included soils make up about 10 percent of the

map unit. Individual areas generally are less than 5

acres in size.

Most areas of map unit soil are used for cultivated

crops, pasture, or hay. A few areas are used as sites

for homes, and a few areas are used for woodland.

This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops

(fig. 4). It has few limitations affecting this use.

Peanuts and corn are the most common crops and

generally are grown in rotation. Tillage should be on the

contour or across the slope. Maintaining crop residue

on or near the surface helps to control runoff and

maintains tilth and the content of organic matter. Most

crops respond well to systematic applications of lime

and fertilizer.

This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay. It

has few limitations affecting these uses. Coastal

bermudagrass and bahiagrass are the main grasses

grown in areas of this map unit. Applications of lime

and fertilizer improve fertility and increase the

production of forage and hay. Proper stocking rates,

pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during very wet

or dry periods help to keep the pasture in good

condition.

This map unit is well suited to loblolly pine. Other

species that commonly grow in areas of this map unit

include longleaf pine, sweetgum, and water oak. On the

basis of a 50-year site curve, the site index for loblolly

pine is 90. The average annual growth of well stocked,

even-aged, unmanaged stands of loblolly pine at 25

years of age is 2.2 cords per acre per year. The

understory vegetation consists mainly of little

bluestem, yellow jessamine, panicums, flowering

dogwood, southern red oak, and huckleberry.

This map unit has few limitations affecting the

production of timber. Soil compaction and plant

competition are minor management concerns.

Harvesting during the drier periods helps to prevent

compaction. Using proper site preparation and

spraying, cutting, or girdling can eliminate unwanted

weeds, brush, and trees.

This map unit is well suited to most urban uses. It

has slight or moderate limitations affecting building

sites and local roads and streets and has moderate or

severe limitations affecting most kinds of sanitary

facilities. The main management concerns are wetness

and the moderately slow permeability. A subsurface

drainage system can reduce the wetness. Septic tank

absorption fields do not function properly during rainy

periods because of the wetness and the moderately

slow permeability. Enlarging the size of the absorption

field helps to overcome these limitations.

This map unit has good potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat and very poor potential for

wetland wildlife habitat. Habitat can be improved by

planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the

existing plant cover, or promoting the natural

establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning

every three years, rotated among several small tracts

of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse

for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for
Russell County, Alabama 37

quail and turkey. Leaving undisturbed areas of

vegetation around cropland and pasture improves

habitat for openland wildlife by providing food and rest

areas.

The capability class is I. The woodland ordination

symbol is 9A.

DoB—Dothan fine sandy loam, 2 to 5

percent slopes

This very deep, well drained soil is on side slopes in

the uplands in the northern and eastern parts of the

county. Slopes generally are short and smooth. Most

areas are long and narrow in shape. They range from 5

to more than 150 acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer is brown fine sandy loam

about 5 inches thick. The subsoil, to a depth of 65

inches, is sandy clay loam. It is yellowish brown in the

upper part, yellowish brown and has reddish masses of

plinthite in the next part, and mottled brownish,

reddish, and grayish in the lower part.

Important properties of the Dothan soil—

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: Moderate

Organic matter content: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Figure 4.—Peanuts in an area of Dothan fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes. This soil has few limitations affecting cultivated

crops, pasture, or hay.
38 Soil Survey

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 3.0

to 5.0 feet from January through March

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Flooding: None

Included in mapping are a few small areas of

Cowarts, Fuquay, and Orangeburg soils. Cowarts soils

are in positions similar to those of the Dothan soil.

They do not have significant accumulations of plinthite

in the lower part of the subsoil. Fuquay soils are on the

upper parts of slopes and have thick sandy surface

and subsurface layers. Orangeburg soils are on narrow

ridges and have a reddish subsoil. Included soils make

up about 15 percent of mapped areas. Individual areas

generally are less than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for cultivated

crops or pasture. A few small areas are used for

woodland.

This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. The

main management concerns are the low fertility and a

moderate hazard of erosion. Gullies form readily in

areas that have a concentrated flow of water on the

surface. Conservation tillage, terraces, contour

farming, and cover crops reduce the runoff rate and

help to control erosion. Using minimum tillage and

returning all crop residue to the soil or regularly adding

other organic matter improve fertility and help to

maintain tilth and the content of organic matter. Most

crops respond well to additions of lime and fertilizer.

This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay

plants, such as coastal bermudagrass and bahiagrass.

The main management concerns are the low fertility

and a moderate hazard of erosion. Seedbed preparation

should be on the contour or across the slope if

practical. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and

restricted grazing during prolonged wet and dry periods

help to keep the pasture in good condition. Applications

of lime and fertilizer improve fertility and increase the

production of forage.

This map unit is well suited to loblolly pine. Other

species that commonly grow in areas of this map unit

include longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, sweetgum, and

water oak. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the

site index for loblolly pine is 90. The average annual

growth of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands

of loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.2 cords per acre

per year. The understory vegetation consists mainly of

little bluestem, greenbrier, yellow jessamine, panicums,

sumac, sweetgum, southern red oak, and water oak.

This map unit has few limitations affecting woodland

management. Competition from understory plants is a

minor management concern. Carefully managed

reforestation helps to control competition from

undesirable understory plants. Site preparation

practices, such as chopping, burning, and applying

herbicide, help to control the initial plant competition

and facilitate mechanical planting.

This map unit is suited to most urban uses. It has

moderate limitations affecting building sites, slight

limitations affecting local roads and streets, and

severe limitations affecting most sanitary facilities. The

main management concerns are wetness and the

moderately slow permeability. A subsurface drainage

system can reduce the wetness. Septic tank

absorption fields do not function properly during rainy

periods because of the wetness and the moderately

slow permeability. Enlarging the size of the absorption

field helps to overcome these limitations.

This map unit has good potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat and very poor potential for

wetland wildlife habitat. Habitat for deer, turkey, and

squirrel can be improved by planting or encouraging the

growth of existing oak trees and suitable understory

plants. Prescribed burning every three years, rotated

among several small tracts of land, can increase the

amount of palatable browse for deer and the number of

seed-producing plants for quail and turkey. Leaving

undisturbed areas of vegetation around cropland and

pasture improves habitat for openland wildlife by

providing food and rest areas.

The capability subclass is IIe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 9A.

FpA—Fluvaquents, ponded

These very deep, very poorly drained soils are in

swales, sloughs, oxbows, beaver ponds, and other

shallow depressions on flood plains along streams that

drain the Coastal Plain. Slopes are smooth and

concave. Most areas are subject to ponding for several

months in most years. Individual areas vary in shape

from circular to long and narrow. They range from 5 to

50 acres in size.

Important properties of the Fluvaquents—

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: High

Organic matter content: Medium

Natural fertility: Medium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: Apparent, from 2.0 feet

above the surface to a depth of 1.0 foot from

January through December

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Flooding: Frequent
Russell County, Alabama 39

Included in mapping are a few small areas of

Kinston, Iuka, and Mantachie soils. The poorly drained

Kinston soils are in positions similar to those of the

Fluvaquents but are not subject to ponding. The

somewhat poorly drained Mantachie soils and the

moderately well drained Iuka soils are in slightly higher

positions than those of the Fluvaquents. They are not

subject to ponding. Included soils make up about 5

percent of the map unit. Individual areas generally are

less than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland

and wildlife habitat.

This map unit is not suited to cultivated crops,

pasture, or hay. Wetness, the ponding, and the flooding

are severe limitations affecting these uses.

This map unit is suited to the production of

baldcypress and green ash. Other species that

commonly grow in areas of this map unit include

blackgum, green ash, red maple, and water tupelo. The

understory vegetation consists mainly of black alder,

bulrush, greenbrier, ferns, switchcane, red maple, and

black willow.

The main management concerns affecting woodland

management are an equipment limitation, the seedling

mortality rate, and plant competition. The seasonal

high water table and the ponding restrict the use of

equipment to periods when the soils are dry. Using

standard wheeled and tracked equipment when the

soils are wet results in ruts and compaction. Using lowpressure ground equipment reduces damage to the

soils and helps to maintain productivity. The high

seedling mortality rate is caused by excessive

wetness. It can be compensated for by planting on

beds or increasing the number of trees planted. Plant

competition can prevent adequate natural or artificial

reforestation unless sites receive intensive preparation

and maintenance. Site preparation can control the

initial plant competition, and herbicides can control

subsequent growth.

This map unit is not suited to most urban uses. The

ponding, wetness, and the frequent flooding are severe

limitations affecting most uses. Buildings and roads

should be constructed on well-compacted fill to elevate

them above the expected level of flooding.

This map unit has poor potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat and good potential for wetland

wildlife habitat. Habitat for openland and woodland

wildlife can be improved by planting appropriate

vegetation, maintaining the existing plant cover, and

promoting the establishment of desirable plants.

Habitat for wetland wildlife can be improved by

providing more areas of open water for waterfowl

and furbearers and by planting mast-producing

trees.

The capability subclass is VIIw. This map unit

has not been assigned a woodland ordination

symbol.

FuB—Fuquay loamy fine sand, 0 to 5

percent slopes

This very deep, well drained soil is on broad

ridgetops in the uplands in the southeastern part of the

county. Slopes are long and smooth. Individual areas

are oblong to irregular in shape. They range from 5 to

more than 80 acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer is brown loamy fine sand

about 8 inches thick. The subsurface layer, to a depth

of 28 inches, is loamy sand. It is light yellowish brown

in the upper part and very pale brown in the lower part.

The subsoil, to a depth of 65 inches, is yellowish

brown sandy clay loam. It has strong brown and red

mottles in the lower part. Nodular plinthite makes up

about 15 percent of the matrix in the lower part of the

subsoil.

Important properties of the Fuquay soil—

Permeability: Rapid in the surface layer and subsurface

layer; slow in the subsoil

Available water capacity: Low

Organic matter content: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 2.0

to 4.0 feet from January through March

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Flooding: None

Included in mapping are a few small areas of

Blanton, Dothan, and Orangeburg soils. Blanton soils

are in landscape positions similar to those of the

Fuquay soil. They have sandy surface and subsurface

layers that have a combined thickness of more than 40

inches. Dothan and Orangeburg soils are in slightly

higher landscape positions than those of the Fuquay

soil. They do not have thick sandy surface layers.

Included soils make up about 10 percent of the map

unit. Individual areas generally are less than 5 acres in

size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for cultivated

crops or woodland. Some areas are used for pasture,

hay, or homesites.

This map unit is well suited to most cultivated

crops. The main management concerns are the low

available water capacity and the low fertility.

Conservation tillage, cover crops in winter, a crop

residue management system, and a crop rotation that
40 Soil Survey

includes grasses and legumes increase the available

water capacity, minimize crusting, and improve fertility.

Using supplemental irrigation and selecting crop

varieties that are adapted to droughty conditions

increase the production of crops. Most crops respond

well to applications of lime and to frequent, light

applications of fertilizer.

This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay

plants, especially such drought tolerant grasses as

bahiagrass and coastal bermudagrass. The main

management concerns are the low available water

capacity and the low fertility. Leaching of plant

nutrients is also a management concern. Split

applications of nitrogen fertilizer are recommended to

maintain the productivity of grasses. Proper stocking

rates, pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during

prolonged dry periods help to keep the pasture in good

condition.

This map unit is well suited to loblolly pine. Other

species that commonly grow in areas of this map unit

include longleaf pine, sweetgum, and water oak. On the

basis of a 50-year site curve, the site index for loblolly

pine is 90. The average annual growth of well stocked,

even-aged, unmanaged stands of loblolly pine at 25

years of age is 2.2 cords per acre per year. The

understory vegetation consists mainly of greenbrier,

poison oak, flowering dogwood, common persimmon,

blackjack oak, and little bluestem.

This map unit has moderate limitations affecting

timber management. The main management concerns

are an equipment limitation, the seedling mortality rate,

and plant competition. The sandy texture of the surface

layer restricts the use of wheeled equipment,

especially when the soil is very dry. Harvesting

activities should be planned for seasons when the soil

is moist. The moderate seedling mortality rate can be

compensated for by increasing the number of trees

planted. Plant competition reduces timber production

and can prevent adequate reforestation. The competing

vegetation can be controlled by site preparation,

herbicides, or prescribed burning.

This map unit is suited to most urban uses. The

main management concerns are the slow permeability

in the subsoil and droughtiness. Applying lime and

fertilizer, mulching, and irrigating help to establish

lawns and landscape plants. Septic tank absorption

fields may not function properly during rainy periods

because of the slow permeability in the subsoil.

Enlarging the size of the absorption field helps to

compensate for this limitation.

This map unit has good potential for openland

wildlife habitat, fair potential for woodland wildlife

habitat, and very poor potential for wetland wildlife

habitat. The low available water capacity and the low

fertility are limitations. Habitat can be improved by

planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the

existing plant cover, or promoting the natural

establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning

every three years, rotated among several small tracts

of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse

for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for

quail and turkey.

The capability subclass is IIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 9S.

GoA—Goldsboro loamy fine sand, 0 to 2

percent slopes

This very deep, moderately well drained soil is on

low stream terraces that parallel large streams

throughout the county. Slopes generally are long and

smooth. Individual areas generally are oblong. They

range from 5 to about 100 acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown loamy fine

sand about 9 inches thick. The subsurface layer, to a

depth of 17 inches, is light yellowish brown loamy fine

sand. The subsoil extends to a depth of 64 inches. In

the upper part, it is light olive brown sandy clay loam.

In the next part, it is light yellowish brown clay loam

that has reddish and grayish mottles. In the lower part,

it is light brownish gray clay loam that has reddish and

brownish mottles. The substratum, to a depth of 90

inches, is light gray sandy clay loam that has reddish

and brownish mottles.

Important properties of the Goldsboro soil—

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Organic matter content: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 2.0

to 3.0 feet from January through March

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Flooding: None

Included in mapping are a few small areas of

Bladen, Lynchburg, and Ocilla soils. The poorly drained

Bladen soils are in narrow drainageways or small

depressions. The somewhat poorly drained Lynchburg

and Ocilla soils are in slightly lower, less convex

positions than those of the Goldsboro soils. Ocilla soils

have thick sandy surface and subsurface layers.

Included soils make up about 10 percent of the map

unit. Individual areas generally are less than 5 acres in

size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for cultivated
Russell County, Alabama 41

crops, pasture, or hay. A few areas are used for

woodland or homesites.

This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. The

main management concerns are wetness and the low

fertility. The surface layer is friable and easy to keep in

good tilth. It can be worked over a wide range of

moisture content. Shallow ditches can help to remove

excess surface water. Using minimum tillage and

returning all crop residue to the soil or regularly adding

other organic matter improve fertility and help to

maintain tilth and the content of organic matter. Most

crops respond well to applications of lime and

fertilizer.

This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay

plants, such as bermudagrass and bahiagrass.

Wetness is a moderate limitation. Shallow ditches can

help to remove excess surface water. Restricting

grazing during very wet periods or deferring grazing

until the ground is dry helps to keep the pasture in

good condition. Applications of lime and fertilizer

improve fertility and increase the production of forage.

This map unit is well suited to loblolly pine. Other

species that commonly grow in areas of this map unit

include sweetgum, yellow-poplar, and water oak. On

the basis of a 50-year site curve, the site index for

loblolly pine is 90. The average annual growth of well

stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands of loblolly pine

at 25 years of age is 2.2 cords per acre per year. The

understory vegetation consists mainly of poison ivy,

greenbrier, panicums, waxmyrtle, water oak, and

sweetgum.

This map unit has moderate limitations affecting

timber management. The main management concerns

are an equipment limitation and plant competition.

Using standard wheeled and tracked equipment when

the soil is wet results in ruts and compaction. Using

low-pressure ground equipment reduces damage to the

soil and helps to maintain productivity. Harvesting

activities should be planned for seasons when the soil

is dry. Plant competition reduces tree growth and can

prevent adequate reforestation. The competing

vegetation can be controlled by site preparation or

prescribed burning.

This map unit is suited to most urban uses. It has

moderate limitations affecting building sites and local

roads and streets and has severe limitations affecting

most sanitary facilities. The main management concern

is wetness. Septic tank absorption fields may not

function properly during rainy periods because of the

moderate permeability and the seasonal high water

table. Enlarging the size of the absorption field helps to

compensate for this limitation.

This map unit has good potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat and poor potential for wetland

wildlife habitat. Habitat for openland and woodland

wildlife can be improved by planting appropriate

vegetation, maintaining the existing plant cover, or

promoting the natural establishment of desirable plants.

Prescribed burning every three years, rotated among

several tracts of land, can increase the amount of

palatable browse for deer and the number of seedproducing plants for quail and turkey.

The capability subclass is IIw. The woodland

ordination symbol is 9A.

GrB—Gritney fine sandy loam, 2 to 5

percent slopes

This very deep, moderately well drained soil is on

toeslopes in the uplands in the southern part of the

county. Slopes generally are long and smooth.

Individual areas are irregular in shape. They range from

10 to 100 acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown fine sandy

loam about 7 inches thick. The subsurface layer, to a

depth of 13 inches, is pale brown fine sandy loam. The

subsoil extends to a depth of 49 inches. In the upper

part, it is strong brown sandy clay. In the next part, it

is yellowish brown clay that has grayish, brownish, and

reddish mottles. In the lower part, it is yellowish brown

sandy clay that has reddish and grayish mottles. The

substratum, to a depth of 80 inches, is mottled light

brownish gray, dark brown, and yellowish brown sandy

clay loam.

Important properties of the Gritney soil—

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: Moderate

Organic matter content: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1.5

to 3.0 feet from January through March

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Flooding: None

Included in mapping are a few small areas of

Conecuh, Cowarts, and Luverne soils. Conecuh and

Luverne soils are in landscape positions similar to

those of the Gritney soils. Conecuh soils have

smectitic clay mineralogy. Luverne soils are well

drained and are reddish in the upper part of the subsoil.

Cowarts soils are on narrow ridges and are loamy

throughout. Included soils make up about 15 percent of

the map unit. Individual areas generally are less than 5

acres in size.
42 Soil Survey

Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland

or pasture. A few areas are used for cultivated crops.

This map unit is suited to cultivated crops. The main

management concern is a moderate hazard of erosion.

Terraces, contour farming, minimum tillage, and cover

crops reduce the runoff rate and help to control erosion.

Returning crop residue to the soil and growing winter

cover crops minimize crusting, help to maintain tilth,

and increase the rate of water infiltration. Most crops

respond well to systematic applications of lime and

fertilizer.

This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay.

Erosion is a hazard if the surface layer is exposed

during the establishment of pasture. Tillage should be

on the contour or across the slope to minimize erosion.

Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted

grazing during prolonged wet or dry periods help to

keep the pasture in good condition. Applications of lime

and fertilizer improve fertility and increase the

production of forage.

This map unit is well suited to loblolly pine. Other

species that commonly grow in areas of this map unit

include longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, sweetgum, and

water oak. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the

site index for loblolly pine is 85. The average annual

growth of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands

of loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.1 cords per acre

per year. The understory vegetation consists mainly of

little bluestem, panicums, greenbrier, poison ivy,

huckleberry, muscadine grape, waxmyrtle, sweetgum,

water oak, and flowering dogwood.

This map unit has moderate limitations affecting

timber management. The main management concerns

are an equipment limitation and plant competition. Low

strength restricts the use of equipment to periods when

the soil is dry. Using standard wheeled and tracked

equipment when the soil is wet results in ruts and

compaction. Using low-pressure ground equipment

reduces damage to the soil and helps to maintain

productivity. Plant competition reduces timber

production and can prevent adequate reforestation

unless sites receive intensive preparation and

maintenance. Site preparation can control the initial

plant competition, and herbicides can control

subsequent growth.

This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. It

has moderate limitations affecting building sites and

severe limitations affecting local roads and streets and

most kinds of sanitary facilities. The main management

concerns are the moderate shrink-swell potential, the

slow permeability, wetness, and low strength on sites

for roads or streets. The effects of shrinking and

swelling can be minimized by using proper engineering

designs and by backfilling with material that has low

shrink-swell potential. Roads and streets should be

designed to offset the limited ability of this soil to

support a load. Septic tank absorption fields may not

function properly because of the slow permeability and

the seasonal high water table. Enlarging the size of the

absorption field or using an alternative method of waste

disposal helps to overcome these limitations.

This map unit has good potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat and poor potential for wetland

wildlife habitat. Habitat for deer, turkey, and squirrel can

be improved by planting or encouraging the growth of

existing oak trees and suitable understory plants.

Prescribed burning every three years, rotated among

several small tracts of land, can increase the amount

of palatable browse for deer and the number of seedproducing plants for quail and turkey. Habitat for

wetland wildlife can be improved by constructing

shallow ponds that provide areas of open water for

waterfowl and furbearers.

The capability subclass is IIIe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 8A.

HaB—Hannon clay loam, 1 to 3 percent

slopes

This very deep, moderately well drained soil is on

ridgetops in the uplands of the Blackland Prairie.

Slopes generally are long and smooth. Individual areas

are irregular in shape. They range from 10 to 100 acres

in size.

Typically, the surface layer is dark yellowish brown

clay loam about 4 inches thick. The subsoil extends to

a depth of 65 inches. In the upper part, it is red clay

that has light brownish gray mottles. In the next part, it

is light olive brown clay that has soft masses of

calcium carbonate. In the lower part, it is olive and

olive gray silty clay that has soft masses of calcium

carbonate.

Important properties of the Hannon soil—

Permeability: Very slow

Available water capacity: Moderate

Organic matter content: Low

Natural fertility: Medium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deep

Shrink-swell potential: High

Flooding: None

Included in mapping are a few small areas of

Conecuh and Sumter soils. Conecuh soils are on

slightly higher knolls than the Hannon soil and do not

have alkaline materials in the surface layer and
Russell County, Alabama 43

subsoil. Sumter soils are in scattered areas and are

alkaline throughout. Included soils make up about 10

percent of the map unit. Individual areas generally are

less than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used as pasture. A

few areas are used for cultivated crops, hay, or

woodland.

This map unit is suited to most cultivated crops. The

main management concerns are poor tilth and a

moderate hazard of erosion. This map unit can be

worked only within a narrow range of moisture content

because it becomes cloddy if worked when too wet or

too dry. Conservation tillage, contour farming, and

cover crops help to reduce the runoff rate and control

erosion. Returning all crop residue to the soil improves

tilth, minimizes crusting, and increases the available

water capacity.

This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay. Tall

fescuegrass, dallisgrass, and bahiagrass are the main

grasses grown in areas of this map unit. Proper

stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted grazing

during wet periods help to keep the pasture in good

condition. Applications of lime and fertilizer improve

fertility and increase the production of forage.

This map unit is suited to loblolly pine. Other

species that commonly grow in areas of this map unit

include longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, eastern redcedar,

sugarberry, and sweetgum. On the basis of a 50-year

site curve, the site index for loblolly pine is 80. The

average annual growth of well stocked, even-aged,

unmanaged stands of loblolly pine at 25 years of age is

1.8 cords per acre per year. The understory vegetation

consists mainly of panicums, waxmyrtle, blackberry,

greenbrier, poison ivy, and hawthorns.

This map unit has moderate limitations affecting

timber management. The main management concerns

are an equipment limitation, the seedling mortality rate,

and plant competition. The clayey texture of the

surface layer and the subsoil restricts the use of

equipment, especially during rainy periods. Using

standard wheeled and tracked equipment when the soil

is wet results in ruts and compaction. Using lowpressure ground equipment reduces damage to the soil

and helps to maintain productivity. Harvesting and

managing activities should be planned for seasons

when the soil is dry. Planting rates can be increased to

compensate for the high seedling mortality rate. Plant

competition reduces timber production and can prevent

adequate reforestation unless sites receive intensive

preparation and maintenance. Site preparation can

control the initial plant competition, and herbicides can

control subsequent growth.

This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. It

has severe limitations affecting building sites, local

roads and streets, and most kinds of sanitary facilities.

The main management concerns are the high shrinkswell potential, the very slow permeability, and low

strength on sites for roads and streets. The instability

of cutbanks is also a management concern. Support

beams should be used to maintain the stability of the

cutbanks. Properly designing foundations and footings

and diverting runoff away from the buildings help to

prevent the structural damage that results from

shrinking and swelling. Roads and streets should be

designed to compensate for the instability of the

subsoil. Septic tank absorption fields do not function

properly because of the very slow permeability. An

alternate method of waste disposal is needed to

dispose of sewage properly.

This map unit has fair potential for openland wildlife

habitat, good potential for woodland wildlife habitat, and

poor potential for wetland wildlife habitat. Habitat for

deer, turkey, and squirrel can be improved by planting

appropriate vegetation, maintaining the existing plant

cover, or promoting the natural establishment of

desirable plants. Prescribed burning every three years,

rotated among several small tracts of land, can

increase the amount of palatable browse for deer and

the number of seed-producing plants for quail and

turkey. Habitat for wetland wildlife can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide areas of open

water for waterfowl and furbearers.

The capability subclass is IIe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 7C.

HnC2—Hannon clay, 3 to 5 percent

slopes, eroded

This very deep, moderately well drained soil is on

side slopes in the uplands of the Blackland Prairie. In

most areas, the surface layer is a mixture of the

original surface layer and material from the subsoil that

has been mixed in by tillage. Some areas have a few

rills and shallow gullies. Slopes generally are long and

smooth. Individual areas are irregular in shape. They

range from 10 to 100 acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown clay about

2 inches thick. The subsoil extends to a depth of 65

inches. In the upper part, it is red clay. In the next part,

it is light olive brown clay that has soft masses of

calcium carbonate. In the lower part, it is grayish brown

and light olive brown silty clay that has soft masses

and concretions of calcium carbonate.

Important properties of the Hannon soil—

Permeability: Very slow

Available water capacity: Moderate
44 Soil Survey

Organic matter content: Low

Natural fertility: Medium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deep

Shrink-swell potential: High

Flooding: None

Included in mapping are a few small areas of

Conecuh and Sumter soils. Conecuh soils are on

slightly higher parts of slopes than the Hannon soil and

do not have alkaline materials within the surface layer

and subsoil. Sumter soils are in scattered areas and

are alkaline throughout. Included soils make up about

10 percent of the map unit. Individual areas generally

are less than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used as pasture or

hayland. A few areas are used for cultivated crops or

woodland.

This map unit is suited to most cultivated crops. The

main management concerns are poor tilth and a hazard

of erosion. Erosion is a severe hazard if this soil is

cultivated. This map unit can be worked only within a

narrow range of moisture content because it becomes

cloddy if worked when too wet or too dry. Conservation

tillage, contour farming, and cover crops help to reduce

the runoff rate and control erosion. Returning all crop

residue to the soil improves tilth, minimizes crusting,

and increases the available water capacity.

This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay. Tall

fescuegrass, dallisgrass, and bahiagrass are the main

grasses grown in areas of this map unit. Seedbeds

should be prepared on the contour or across the slope.

Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted

grazing during wet periods help to keep the pasture

in good condition. Applications of lime and fertilizer

improve fertility and increase the production of

forage.

This map unit is suited to loblolly pine. Other

species that commonly grow in areas of this map unit

include longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, eastern redcedar,

sugarberry, and sweetgum. On the basis of a 50-year

site curve, the site index for loblolly pine is 80. The

average annual growth of well stocked, even-aged,

unmanaged stands of loblolly pine at 25 years of age is

1.8 cords per acre per year. The understory vegetation

consists mainly of panicums, waxmyrtle, blackberry,

greenbrier, poison ivy, and hawthorns.

This map unit has moderate limitations affecting

timber management. The main management concerns

are an equipment limitation, the seedling mortality rate,

and plant competition. The clayey texture of the

surface layer and the subsoil restricts the use of

equipment, especially during rainy periods. Using

standard wheeled and tracked equipment when the soil

is wet results in ruts and compaction. Using lowpressure ground equipment reduces damage to the soil

and helps to maintain productivity. Harvesting and

managing activities should be planned for seasons

when the soil is dry. Planting rates can be increased to

compensate for the high seedling mortality rate. Plant

competition reduces timber production and can prevent

adequate reforestation unless sites receive intensive

preparation and maintenance. Site preparation can

control the initial plant competition, and herbicides can

control subsequent growth.

This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. It

has severe limitations affecting building sites, local

roads and streets, and most kinds of sanitary facilities.

The main management concerns are the high shrinkswell potential, the very slow permeability, and low

strength on sites for roads and streets. The instability

of cutbanks is also a management concern. Support

beams should be used to maintain the stability of the

cutbanks. Properly designing foundations and footings

and diverting runoff away from the buildings help to

prevent the structural damage that results from

shrinking and swelling. Roads and streets should be

designed to compensate for the instability of the

subsoil. Septic tank absorption fields do not function

properly because of the very slow permeability. An

alternate method of waste disposal is needed to

dispose of sewage properly.

This map unit has fair potential for openland wildlife

habitat, good potential for woodland wildlife habitat, and

poor potential for wetland wildlife habitat. Habitat for

deer, turkey, and squirrel can be improved by planting

appropriate vegetation, maintaining the existing plant

cover, or promoting the natural establishment of

desirable plants. Prescribed burning every three years,

rotated among several small tracts of land, can

increase the amount of palatable browse for deer and

the number of seed-producing plants for quail and

turkey. Habitat for wetland wildlife can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide areas of open

water for waterfowl and furbearers.

The capability subclass is IIIe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 7C.

HnD2—Hannon clay, 5 to 8 percent

slopes, eroded

This very deep, moderately well drained soil is on

narrow ridgetops and side slopes of the Blackland

Prairie. In most areas, the surface layer is a mixture of

the original surface layer and material from the subsoil.

In some places, all of the original surface layer has
Russell County, Alabama 45

been removed. Some areas have a few rills and

shallow gullies. Slopes generally are short and

complex. Individual areas are irregular in shape. They

range from 5 to more than 50 acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown clay about

2 inches thick. The subsoil extends to a depth of 65

inches. In the upper part, it is red clay. In the next part,

it is red clay that has brownish and grayish mottles. In

the lower part, it is light olive brown clay and silty clay

that has soft masses and concretions of calcium

carbonate.

Important properties of the Hannon soil—

Permeability: Very slow

Available water capacity: Moderate

Organic matter content: Medium

Natural fertility: Medium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deep

Shrink-swell potential: High

Flooding: None

Included in mapping are a few small areas of

Conecuh and Sumter soils. Conecuh soils are on the

upper parts of slopes and do not have alkaline

materials within the surface layer and subsoil. Sumter

soils are in scattered areas and are alkaline throughout.

Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map

unit. Individual areas are less than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland

or pasture. A few areas are used for hay or cultivated

crops.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops.

The main management concerns are the slope, poor

tilth, and a severe hazard of erosion. Early-fall seeding,

minimum tillage, diversions, and grassed waterways

help to control erosion. Tillage should be on the contour

or across the slope.

This map unit is suited to pasture and hay. The main

management concerns are the slope and a severe

hazard of erosion. Seedbeds should be prepared on the

contour or across the slope if practical. Proper stocking

rates, pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during

wet periods help to keep the pasture in good condition.

Applications of lime and fertilizer improve fertility and

increase the production of forage.

This map unit is suited to loblolly pine. Other

species that commonly grow in areas of this map unit

include eastern redcedar, sugarberry, longleaf pine,

shortleaf pine, and sweetgum. On the basis of a 50-

year site curve, the site index for loblolly pine is 80.

The average annual growth of well stocked, even-aged,

unmanaged stands of loblolly pine at 25 years of age is

1.8 cords per acre per year. The understory vegetation

consists mainly of greenbrier, waxmyrtle, blackberry,

panicums, little bluestem, sumac, poison ivy, and

honeysuckle.

This map unit has moderate or severe limitations

affecting timber management. The main management

concerns are an equipment limitation, the seedling

mortality rate, and plant competition. Exposing the

surface by removing ground cover increases the

hazard of erosion, including rill and gully erosion.

Mulching, seeding, and constructing diversions can

help to control erosion on roads, landings, and skid

trails. The low strength of the clayey subsoil restricts

the use of equipment to periods when the soil is dry.

Using low-pressure ground equipment reduces damage

to the soil and helps to maintain productivity. The high

seedling mortality rate is caused by droughtiness and

the high content of clay in the surface layer. It can be

compensated for by increasing the number of trees

planted. Planting on raised beds or subsoiling help to

increase the seedling survival rate. Plant competition

reduces timber production and can prevent adequate

reforestation unless sites receive intensive preparation

and maintenance. Site preparation can control the

initial plant competition, and herbicides can control

subsequent growth.

This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. It

has severe limitations affecting building sites, local

roads and streets, and most kinds of sanitary facilities.

The main management concerns are the very slow

permeability, the slope, the high shrink-swell potential,

and low strength on sites for roads and streets. The

instability of cutbanks is also a management concern.

Support beams should be used to maintain the stability

of the cutbanks. Properly designing foundations and

footings and diverting runoff away from the buildings

help to prevent the structural damage that results from

shrinking and swelling. Septic tank absorption fields do

not function properly during rainy periods because of

the very slow permeability. An alternative system

should be used to dispose of sewage properly.

This map unit has good potential for woodland

wildlife habitat, fair potential for openland wildlife

habitat, and poor potential for wetland wildlife habitat.

Habitat can be improved by planting appropriate

vegetation, maintaining the existing plant cover, or

promoting the establishment of desirable plants.

Prescribed burning every three years, rotated among

several small tracts of land, can increase the amount

of palatable browse for deer and the number of seedproducing plants for quail and turkey.
46 Soil Survey

The capability subclass is IVe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 7C.

HsE2—Hannon-Sumter complex, 5 to 12

percent slopes, eroded

This map unit consists of the very deep, moderately

well drained Hannon soil and the moderately deep, well

drained Sumter soil. It is on side slopes and narrow

ridges on uplands of the Blackland Prairie. The soils

occur as areas so intricately intermingled that they

could not be mapped separately at the scale selected

for mapping. In most areas, the surface layer is a

mixture of the original surface layer and material from

the subsoil. In places, all of the original surface layer

has been removed. Some areas have a few rills and

shallow gullies. The Hannon soil makes up about 45

percent of the map unit, and the Sumter soil makes up

about 35 percent. Slopes generally are short and

complex. Individual areas are irregular in shape. They

range from 10 to 100 acres in size.

The Hannon soil is on narrow ridgetops and the

upper parts of slopes. Typically, the surface layer is

very dark grayish brown clay about 5 inches thick. The

subsoil extends to a depth of 65 inches. In the upper

part, it is strong brown clay. In the next part, it is

yellowish brown clay that has grayish mottles. In the

lower part, it is light olive brown clay and silty clay that

has soft masses of calcium carbonate.

Important properties of the Hannon soil—

Permeability: Very slow

Available water capacity: Moderate

Organic matter content: Medium

Natural fertility: Medium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deep

Shrink-swell potential: High

Flooding: None

The Sumter soil is on the lower parts of slopes.

Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown silty

clay about 4 inches thick. The subsoil extends to a

depth of 29 inches. It is light olive brown silty clay in

the upper part and olive brown silty clay loam in the

lower part. The substratum, to a depth of 60 inches, is

soft limestone (chalk) interbedded with strata of fossil

oyster shells.

Important properties of the Sumter soil—

Permeability: Very slow

Available water capacity: Moderate

Organic matter content: Medium

Natural fertility: High

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Root zone: 20 to 40 inches

Seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deep

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Flooding: None

Included in mapping are a few small areas of

Conecuh and Kinston soils. Also included are a few

small areas of gullied land. Conecuh soils are on the

upper parts of slopes and do not have alkaline

materials within the surface layer and subsoil. The

poorly drained Kinston soils are on narrow flood plains.

Included areas make up about 10 percent of the map

unit. Individual areas generally are less than 5 acres in

size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland

and wildlife habitat. A few areas are used for cultivated

crops, pasture, or hay.

This map unit is not suited to cultivated crops. The

main management concerns are poor tilth and a hazard

of erosion. Erosion is a severe hazard if these soils are

cultivated. Sheet and rill erosion are evident in most

areas, and shallow gullies are common. This map unit

can be worked only within a narrow range of moisture

content because it becomes cloddy if worked when too

wet or too dry. Conservation tillage, contour farming,

and cover crops help to reduce the runoff rate and

control erosion. Returning all crop residue to the soils

improves tilth, minimizes crusting, and increases the

available water capacity.

This map unit is suited to pasture and hay.

Seedbeds should be prepared on the contour or across

the slope. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and

restricted grazing during prolonged wet periods help to

keep the soils in good condition.

This map unit is suited to loblolly pine in areas of

the Hannon soil, but it is not suited to pine trees in

areas of the Sumter soil because of alkalinity. Because

the soils occur as intricately intermingled areas, onsite

investigation is necessary before planting. On the

basis of a 50-year site curve, the site index is 80 for

loblolly pine in areas of the Hannon soil. The average

annual growth of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged

stands of loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 1.8 cords

per acre per year. This map unit is suited to eastern

redcedar in areas of the Sumter soil. On the basis of a

50-year curve, the site index for eastern redcedar is 40.

The average annual growth of well stocked, even-aged,

unmanaged stands of eastern redcedar at 40 years of

age is 140 board feet per acre per year. The understory

vegetation consists mainly of greenbrier, panicums,

Johnsongrass, broomsedge bluestem, Macartney rose,

blackberry, poison ivy, sumac, winged elm, and

sugarberry.
Russell County, Alabama 47

This map unit has moderate limitations affecting

timber management. The main management concerns

are an equipment limitation, the seedling mortality rate,

and plant competition. Using standard wheeled and

tracked equipment when the soils are wet results in

ruts and compaction. Harvesting and managing

activities should be planned for seasons when the soils

are dry. Planting rates can be increased to compensate

for the high seedling mortality rate. Plant competition

reduces timber production and can prevent adequate

reforestation. The competing vegetation can be

controlled by mechanical methods, herbicides, or

prescribed burning.

This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. It

has severe limitations affecting building sites, local

roads and streets, and most kinds of sanitary facilities.

The main management concerns are the depth to

bedrock, the very slow permeability, the shrink-swell

potential, and low strength on sites for roads and

streets. The instability of cutbanks is also a

management concern. Support beams should be used

to maintain the stability of the cutbanks in areas of the

Hannon soil. Properly designing foundations and

footings and diverting runoff away from the buildings

help to prevent the structural damage that results from

shrinking and swelling. Roads and streets should be

designed to compensate for the instability of the

subsoil. Septic tank absorption fields do not function

properly because of the very slow permeability. An

alternate method of waste disposal is needed to

dispose of sewage properly.

This map unit has fair potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat and very poor potential for

wetland wildlife habitat. Habitat for white-tailed deer,

turkey, and squirrel can be improved by planting

appropriate vegetation, maintaining the existing plant

cover, or promoting the natural establishment of

desirable plants. Habitat for openland wildlife can be

improved by planting grasses and other seed-producing

plants in small areas around cropland and pasture.

Habitat for wetland wildlife can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide areas of open

water for waterfowl and furbearers.

The capability subclass is VIe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 7C in areas of the Hannon soil and

3C in areas of the Sumter soil.

KMA—Kinston, Mantachie, and Iuka soils,

0 to 1 percent slopes, frequently

flooded

This map unit consists of the very deep, poorly

drained Kinston soil, the somewhat poorly drained

Mantachie soil, and the moderately well drained Iuka

soil on flood plains along streams that drain the

Coastal Plain. These soils are subject to flooding for

brief periods several times each year. The composition

of the unit varies, but the mapping was sufficiently

controlled to evaluate the soils for the expected uses.

Some areas mainly consist of a single soil, and others

contain all three soils in varied proportions. Individual

areas are usually long and narrow. They range from 5 to

more than 1,000 acres in size.

The Kinston soil makes up about 35 percent of the

map unit. It is in flat to concave positions, generally at

the lowest elevations on the flood plain. Typically, the

surface layer is dark gray sandy loam about 3 inches

thick. The subsurface layer, to a depth of 14 inches, is

gray loam that has strong brown mottles. The

substratum, to a depth of 65 inches, is light gray and

gray clay loam that has yellowish brown and strong

brown mottles.

Important properties of the Kinston soil—

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Organic matter content: Medium

Natural fertility: Medium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at the surface to

a depth of 1.0 foot from December through April

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Flooding: Frequent

The Mantachie soil makes up about 30 percent of

the map unit. It is in smooth, slightly convex positions

at intermediate elevations on the flood plain. Typically,

the surface layer is dark brown fine sandy loam about

4 inches thick. The subsoil extends to a depth of 65

inches. In the upper part, it is brown loam that has

grayish and brownish mottles. In the next part, it is

grayish brown loam that has brownish, yellowish, and

reddish mottles. In the lower part, it is gray sandy clay

loam that has brownish mottles.

Important properties of the Mantachie soil—

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Organic matter content: Medium

Natural fertility: Medium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1.0

to 1.5 feet from December through April

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Flooding: Frequent
48 Soil Survey

The Iuka soil makes up about 25 percent of the map

unit. It is on the higher, more convex parts of the flood

plain. Typically, the surface layer is dark brown fine

sandy loam about 8 inches thick. The substratum, to a

depth of 80 inches, is yellowish brown fine sandy loam

in the upper part and yellowish brown fine sandy loam

that has grayish and brownish mottles in the lower

part.

Important properties of the Iuka soil—

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Moderate

Organic matter content: Medium

Natural fertility: Medium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1.0

to 3.0 feet from December through April

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Flooding: Frequent

Included in mapping are a few small areas of Dogue

and Mooreville soils and Fluvaquents. The moderately

well drained Dogue soils are on low knolls or remnants

of terraces at slightly higher elevations than the

Kinston, Mantachie, and Iuka soils. They are not

subject to frequent flooding. The very poorly drained

Fluvaquents are in small depressions and are subject

to ponding. The moderately well drained Mooreville

soils are in positions similar to those of the Iuka soil.

They have layers of clay loam or sandy clay loam in

the subsoil. The included soils make up about 10

percent of the map unit. Individual areas generally are

less than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland

and wildlife habitat. A few areas are used for pasture,

hay, or cultivated crops.

This map unit is poorly suited to most cultivated

crops. The frequent flooding and the wetness are the

main management concerns. If cultivated crops are

grown, a surface drainage system and protection from

flooding are needed.

This map unit is poorly suited to pasture and hay

because of the frequent flooding and the wetness. If

areas are used for pasture or hay, grasses that tolerate

the wet soil conditions should be selected. Common

bermudagrass is suitable. Shallow ditches can help to

remove excess surface water.

This map unit is suited to loblolly pine and

hardwoods. Other species that commonly grow in

areas of this map unit include American sycamore,

yellow-poplar, cherrybark oak, water oak, green ash,

and sweetgum. On the basis of a 50-year site curve,

the site index for loblolly pine is 90 in areas of the

Kinston soil, 100 in areas of the Mantachie soil, and

105 in areas of the Iuka soil. The average annual

growth of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands

of loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.2 cords per acre

per year in areas of the Kinston soil, 2.7 cords per acre

per year in areas of the Mantachie soil, and 2.9 cords

per acre per year in areas of the Iuka soil. The

understory vegetation consists mainly of muscadine

grape, Alabama supplejack, greenbrier, poison ivy,

longleaf uniola, sweetgum, blackgum, water oak,

sweetbay, green ash, and red maple.

This map unit has severe limitations affecting timber

management. The main management concerns are an

equipment limitation, the seedling mortality rate, and

plant competition. The seasonal high water table and

the flooding restrict the use of equipment to periods

when the soils are dry. Using standard wheeled and

tracked equipment when the soils are wet results in

ruts and compaction. Using low-pressure ground

equipment reduces damage to the soils and helps to

maintain productivity. The high seedling mortality rate

is caused by excessive wetness. It can be reduced by

planting on beds and increasing the number of trees

planted. Plant competition reduces timber production

and can prevent adequate reforestation unless sites

receive intensive preparation and maintenance. Site

preparation can control the initial plant competition, and

herbicides can control subsequent growth.

This map unit is not suited to most urban uses. The

flooding and wetness are severe limitations affecting

most uses. Buildings can be constructed on pilings or

well-compacted fill to elevate them above the expected

level of flooding.

The Mantachie and Iuka soils have fair potential for

openland wildlife habitat and good potential for

woodland wildlife habitat. The Kinston soil has poor

potential for openland and woodland wildlife habitat.

The potential for wetland wildlife habitat is fair in areas

of the Mantachie and Kinston soils and poor in areas of

the Iuka soil. Habitat for openland and woodland wildlife

can be improved by planting or encouraging the growth

of existing oak trees and suitable understory plants.

Habitat for wetland wildlife can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide areas of open

water for waterfowl and furbearers.

The capability subclass is Vw. The woodland

ordination symbol is 9W in areas of the Kinston soil,

11W in areas of the Mantachie soil, and 12W in areas

of the Iuka soil.

KoA—Kolomoki fine sandy loam, 0 to 2

percent slopes, rarely flooded

This very deep, well drained soil is on low terraces

that parallel the Chattahoochee River. Flooding is rare
Russell County, Alabama 49

but can occur under unusual weather conditions.

Slopes are long and smooth. Individual areas generally

are oblong. They range from 20 to about 400 acres in

size.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown fine sandy

loam about 6 inches thick. The subsoil extends to a

depth of 48 inches. In the upper part, it is yellowish red

clay. In the next part, it is yellowish red sandy clay. In

the lower part, it is strong brown sandy clay loam. The

substratum, to a depth of 65 inches, is strong brown

loamy sand.

Important properties of the Kolomoki soil—

Permeability: Moderate in the subsoil; rapid in the

substratum

Available water capacity: Moderate

Organic matter content: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deep

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Flooding: Rare

Included in mapping are a few small areas of

Annemaine, Bladen, Dogue, and Maxton soils. The

moderately well drained Annemaine and Dogue soils

are in slightly lower, less convex positions than those

of the Kolomoki soil. They have grayish mottles in the

upper part of the subsoil. The poorly drained Bladen

soils are in small depressions. Maxton soils are in

slightly higher, more convex positions than those of the

Kolomoki soil and are loamy throughout. Included soils

make up about 10 percent of the map unit. Individual

areas generally are less than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for cultivated

crops, pasture, or hay. A few areas are used for

woodland and wildlife habitat.

This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops

(fig. 5). It has no significant management concerns

affecting this use. Using minimum tillage and returning

all crop residue to the soil or regularly adding other

organic matter improve fertility and help to maintain

tilth and the content of organic matter. Most crops

respond well to applications of lime and fertilizer.

 This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay

plants, such as bermudagrass and bahiagrass. It has

no significant management concerns affecting pasture

and hayland. Restricting grazing during very wet

periods or deferring grazing until the ground is dry

helps to keep the pasture in good condition.

Applications of lime and fertilizer improve fertility and

increase the production of forage.

This map unit is well suited to loblolly pine. Other

species that commonly grow in areas of this map unit

include yellow-poplar, sweetgum, American sycamore,

water oak, and cherrybark oak. On the basis of a 50-

year site curve, the site index for loblolly pine is 85.

The average annual growth of well stocked, even-aged,

unmanaged stands of loblolly pine at 25 years of age is

2.1 cords per acre per year. The understory vegetation

consists mainly of blackberry, greenbrier, panicums,

longleaf uniola, poison ivy, Alabama supplejack,

muscadine grape, sweetgum, and water oak.

This map unit has few limitations affecting woodland

management. Competition from understory plants is a

minor management concern. Carefully managed

reforestation helps to control competition from

undesirable understory plants. Site preparation

practices, such as chopping, burning, and applying

herbicides, help to control the initial plant competition

and facilitate mechanical planting.

This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses.

The hazard of flooding is severe and difficult to

overcome. Buildings can be constructed on pilings or

mounds to elevate them above the expected level of

flooding.

This map unit has good potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat and very poor potential for

wetland wildlife habitat. Habitat for white-tailed deer,

turkey, and squirrel can be improved by planting

appropriate vegetation, maintaining the existing plant

cover, or promoting the natural establishment of

desirable plants. Prescribed burning every three years,

rotated among several tracts of land, can increase the

amount of palatable browse for deer and the number of

seed-producing plants for quail and turkey.

The capability class is I. The woodland ordination

symbol is 8A.

LnB—Luverne sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent

slopes

This very deep, well drained soil is on narrow

ridgetops in the uplands throughout the county. Slopes

are long and smooth. Individual areas are irregular in

shape. They range from 10 to 50 acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown sandy

loam about 4 inches thick. The subsurface layer, to a

depth of 10 inches, is light yellowish brown loamy fine

sand. The subsoil extends to a depth of 48 inches. In

the upper part, it is yellowish red clay. In the next part,

it is yellowish red clay that has brownish mottles. In

the lower part, it is red sandy clay that has brownish

and grayish mottles. The substratum, to a depth of 65

inches, is stratified red, yellowish brown, strong brown,

and light brownish gray sandy clay loam and sandy

loam.
50 Soil Survey

Important properties of the Luverne soil—

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: Moderate

Organic matter content: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deep

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Flooding: None

Included in mapping are a few small areas of

Conecuh, Cowarts, and Springhill soils. Also included

are soils that have a slope of less than 2 percent or

more than 5 percent. Conecuh soils are in slightly lower

positions than those of the Luverne soil and have

smectitic clay mineralogy. Cowarts and Springhill soils

are in slightly higher landscape positions than those of

the Luverne soil and are loamy throughout. Included

soils make up about 10 percent of the map unit.

Individual areas generally are less than 5 acres in

size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland.

A few areas are used for cultivated crops, pasture,

hay, or homesites.

This map unit is suited to cultivated crops. The main

management concerns are the low fertility and a

severe hazard of erosion. Terraces, contour farming,

minimum tillage, and cover crops can reduce the runoff

rate and help to control erosion. Using a sod-based

rotation system and incorporating crop residue into the

soil increase the content of organic matter and improve

tilth. Crops respond well to systematic applications of

lime and fertilizer.

This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay. It

has few limitations affecting these uses. Erosion is a

hazard if the surface layer is exposed during the

establishment of pasture. Tillage should be on the

contour or across the slope to minimize erosion. Proper

stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted grazing

Figure 5.—High yields of cotton can be expected in this area of Kolomoki fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, rarely flooded.
Russell County, Alabama 51

during wet periods help to keep the pasture and soil in

good condition. Applications of lime and fertilizer

improve fertility and increase the production of

forage.

This map unit is well suited to loblolly pine (fig. 6).

Other species that commonly grow in areas of this

map unit include longleaf pine, shortleaf pine,

sweetgum, and water oak. On the basis of a 50-year

site curve, the site index for loblolly pine is 90. The

average annual growth of well stocked, even-aged,

unmanaged stands of loblolly pine at 25 years of age is

2.2 cords per acre per year. The understory vegetation

consists mainly of greenbrier, poison ivy, flowering

dogwood, waxmyrtle, little bluestem, huckleberry,

American beautyberry, muscadine grape, common

persimmon, and panicums.

This map unit has moderate limitations affecting

timber management. The main management concerns

are an equipment limitation and plant competition. The

low strength of the clayey subsoil restricts the use of

equipment when the soil is wet. Using standard

wheeled and tracked equipment when the soil is wet

results in ruts and compaction. Using low-pressure

ground equipment reduces damage to the soil and

helps to maintain productivity. Plant competition

reduces timber production and can prevent adequate

reforestation unless sites receive intensive preparation

and maintenance. Site preparation can control the

Figure 6.—A well managed, even-aged stand of loblolly pine in an area of Luverne sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes.
52 Soil Survey

initial plant competition, and herbicides can control

subsequent growth.

This map unit is suited to most urban uses. It has

moderate limitations affecting building sites and severe

limitations affecting local roads and streets and most

kinds of sanitary facilities. The main management

concerns are the moderately slow permeability, the

moderate shrink-swell potential, and low strength on

sites for local roads and streets. Properly designing

foundations and footings and diverting runoff away

from the buildings help to prevent the structural

damage that results from shrinking and swelling. Septic

tank absorption fields do not function properly during

rainy periods because of the moderately slow

permeability. An alternative method is needed to

dispose of sewage properly.

This map unit has good potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat and poor potential for wetland

wildlife habitat. Habitat for deer, turkey, and squirrel can

be improved by planting or encouraging the growth of

existing oak trees and suitable understory plants.

Prescribed burning every three years, rotated among

several small tracts of land, can increase the amount

of palatable browse for deer and the number of seedproducing plants for quail and turkey.

The capability subclass is IIIe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 9C.

LnC2—Luverne sandy loam, 5 to 10

percent slopes, eroded

This very deep, well drained soil is on narrow

ridgetops and on side slopes in the uplands. In most

areas, the surface layer is a mixture of the original

surface layer and material from the subsoil. In places,

all of the original surface layer has been removed.

Some areas have a few rills and gullies. Slopes

generally are short and complex, but some are long

and smooth. Individual areas are irregular in shape.

They range from 10 to more than 300 acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer is dark yellowish brown

sandy loam about 4 inches thick. The subsoil extends

to a depth of 33 inches. It is red clay in the upper part,

red clay loam that has pale brown mottles in the next

part, and red clay loam that has brownish and

yellowish mottles in the lower part. The substratum, to

a depth of 65 inches, is stratified red, yellowish brown,

and gray sandy loam and sandy clay loam.

Important properties of the Luverne soil—

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: Moderate

Organic matter content: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deep

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Flooding: None

Included in mapping are a few small areas of

Conecuh, Cowarts, Gritney, and Springhill soils. The

moderately well drained Conecuh and Gritney soils are

on the lower parts of slopes. Conecuh soils have

smectitic clay mineralogy. Gritney soils have a

brownish subsoil. Cowarts and Springhill soils are on

the upper parts of slopes and are loamy throughout.

Included soils make up about 15 percent of mapped

areas. Individual areas generally are less than 5 acres

in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland

and wildlife habitat. A few areas are used for pasture

and hay.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops.

The main management concerns are the low fertility,

poor tilth, and a severe hazard of erosion. Terraces,

contour farming, minimum tillage, and cover crops

reduce the runoff rate and help to control erosion.

Installing drop-inlet structures in grassed waterways

helps to prevent gullying. Using a sod-based rotation

system and incorporating crop residue into the soil

increase the content of organic matter and improve

tilth. Most crops respond well to systematic

applications of lime and fertilizer.

This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay.

Erosion is a hazard if the surface layer is exposed

during the establishment of pasture. Tillage should be

on the contour or across the slope to minimize erosion.

Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted

grazing during prolonged wet or dry periods help to

keep the pasture in good condition. Applications of lime

and fertilizer improve fertility and increase the

production of forage.

This map unit is well suited to loblolly pine. Other

species that commonly grow in areas of this map unit

include longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, sweetgum, and

water oak. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the

site index for loblolly pine is 90. The average annual

growth of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands

of loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.2 cords per acre

per year. The understory vegetation consists mainly of

greenbrier, poison ivy, flowering dogwood, little

bluestem, huckleberry, American beautyberry, yellow

jessamine, waxmyrtle, muscadine grape, sweetgum,

and water oak.

This map unit has moderate limitations affecting

timber management. The main management concerns

are an equipment limitation and plant competition. The

low strength of the clayey subsoil restricts the use of
Russell County, Alabama 53

equipment, especially when the soil is wet. Using

standard wheeled and tracked equipment when the soil

is wet results in ruts and compaction. Using lowpressure ground equipment reduces damage to the soil

and helps to maintain productivity. Plant competition

reduces timber production and can prevent adequate

reforestation unless sites receive intensive preparation

and maintenance. Site preparation can control the

initial plant competition, and herbicides can control

subsequent growth.

This map unit is suited to most urban uses. It has

moderate limitations affecting building sites and severe

limitations affecting local roads and streets and most

kinds of sanitary facilities. The main management

concerns are the moderate shrink-swell potential, the

moderately slow permeability, and the low strength on

sites for roads or streets. The effects of shrinking and

swelling can be minimized by using proper engineering

designs and by backfilling with material that has low

shrink-swell potential. Roads and streets should be

designed to offset the limited ability of the soil to

support a load. Septic tank absorption fields may not

function properly because of the moderately slow

permeability. Enlarging the size of the absorption field

or using an alternative method of waste disposal helps

to overcome this limitation.

This map unit has good potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat and very poor potential for

wetland wildlife habitat. Habitat for deer, turkey, and

squirrel can be improved by planting or encouraging the

growth of existing oak trees and suitable understory

plants. Prescribed burning every three years, rotated

among several tracts of land, can increase the amount

of palatable browse for deer and the number of seedproducing plants for quail and turkey. Habitat for

wetland wildlife can be improved by constructing

shallow ponds that provide areas of open water for

waterfowl and furbearers.

The capability subclass is IVe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 9C.

LsE—Luverne-Springhill complex, 15 to

25 percent slopes

This map unit consists of very deep, well drained

Luverne and Springhill soils. It is on side slopes and

narrow ridgetops of highly dissected uplands. The soils

occur as areas so intricately intermingled that they

could not be mapped separately at the scale selected

for mapping. The Luverne soil makes up about 50

percent of the map unit, and the Springhill soil makes

up about 35 percent. Slopes generally are short and

complex. Individual areas are irregular in shape. They

range from 25 to more than 1,000 acres in size.

The Luverne soil is generally on the middle and

lower parts of slopes. Typically, the surface layer is

dark brown sandy loam about 3 inches thick. The

subsoil extends to a depth of 29 inches. In the upper

part, it is yellowish red clay that has brownish mottles.

In the lower part, it is yellowish red clay loam. The

substratum, to a depth of 65 inches, is stratified red,

strong brown, and light gray sandy loam and sandy

clay loam.

Important properties of the Luverne soil—

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: Moderate

Organic matter content: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deep

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Flooding: None

The Springhill soil is generally on the upper parts of

slopes and on narrow ridgetops. Typically, the surface

layer is dark yellowish brown loamy sand about 4

inches thick. The subsurface layer, to depth of 12

inches, is brown loamy sand. The subsoil extends to a

depth of 65 inches. In the upper part, it is red sandy

clay loam. In the next part, it is yellowish red sandy

clay loam. In the lower part, it is yellowish red sandy

loam.

Important properties of the Springhill soil—

Permeability: Moderate in the upper part of the subsoil;

moderately rapid in the lower part

Available water capacity: High

Organic matter content: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deep

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Flooding: None

Included in mapping are a few small areas of

Conecuh, Kinston, and Troup soils. Conecuh soils are

on the lower parts of slopes and have smectitic clay

mineralogy. The poorly drained Kinston soils are on

narrow flood plains. Troup soils are on the upper parts

of slopes and have thick sandy surface and

subsurface layers. Included soils make up about 15

percent of the map unit. Individual areas generally are

less than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland

and wildlife habitat. A few areas are used for pasture.

This map unit is not suited to cultivated crops. The
54 Soil Survey

main management concerns are the moderately steep

slope and a severe hazard of erosion. The short,

complex slopes and the low fertility are also

limitations.

This map unit is poorly suited to pasture and hay.

The main management concerns are the slope, the low

fertility, and a severe hazard of erosion. The more

steeply sloping areas are best suited to native grasses.

Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted

grazing during wet periods help to keep the pasture in

good condition.

This map unit is suited to loblolly pine. Other

species that commonly grow in areas of this map unit

include shortleaf pine, longleaf pine, sweetgum, and

water oak. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the

site index for loblolly pine is 90. The average annual

growth of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands

of loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.2 cords per acre

per year. The understory vegetation consists mainly of

greenbrier, poison oak, little bluestem, waxmyrtle,

muscadine grape, American beautyberry, yellow

jessamine, huckleberry, sweetgum, water oak, and

flowering dogwood.

This map unit has moderate limitations affecting

timber management. The main management concerns

are a hazard of erosion, an equipment limitation, and

plant competition. Exposing the surface by removing

ground cover increases the hazard of erosion, including

rill and gully erosion. Mulching, seeding, and

constructing diversions can help to control erosion on

roads, landings, and skid trails. The slope restricts the

use of equipment. Using standard wheeled and tracked

equipment when the soils are wet results in ruts and

compaction. Cable yarding systems are safer and

damage the soil less. Plant competition reduces timber

production and can prevent adequate reforestation

unless sites receive intensive preparation and

maintenance. Site preparation can control the initial

plant competition, and herbicides can control

subsequent growth.

This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. It

is generally not suitable as a site for buildings because

of the slope. Other limitations include the moderately

slow permeability, the moderate shrink-swell potential,

and low strength in areas of the Luverne soil.

This map unit has fair potential for openland wildlife

habitat, good potential for woodland wildlife habitat, and

very poor potential for wetland wildlife habitat. Habitat

can be improved by planting appropriate vegetation,

maintaining the existing plant cover, or promoting the

natural establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed

burning every three years, rotated among several

tracts of land, can increase the amount of palatable

browse for deer and the number of seed-producing

plants for quail and turkey. Habitat for wetland wildlife

can be improved by constructing shallow ponds that

provide areas of open water for waterfowl and

furbearers.

The capability subclass is VIIe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 9R.

LyA—Lynchburg loamy fine sand, 0 to 2

percent slopes, rarely flooded

This very deep, somewhat poorly drained soil is on

low terraces that parallel major streams throughout the

county. Flooding is rare but can occur under unusual

weather conditions. Slopes are long and smooth.

Individual areas generally are broad. They range from

10 to 80 acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark gray loamy

fine sand about 7 inches thick. The subsurface layer, to

a depth of 15 inches, is very pale brown loamy fine

sand. The subsoil extends to a depth of 65 inches. It is

light olive brown sandy clay loam in the upper part,

grayish brown sandy clay loam that has brownish and

reddish mottles in the next part, and grayish brown

clay loam that has brownish mottles in the lower

part.

Important properties of the Lynchburg soil—

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Organic matter content: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 0.5

foot to 1.5 feet from January through March

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Flooding: Rare

Included in mapping are a few small areas of

Bladen, Dogue, Goldsboro, and Ocilla soils. The poorly

drained Bladen soils are in depressions. The

moderately well drained Dogue and Goldsboro soils

and the Ocilla soils are on slightly higher knolls than

the Lynchburg soil. Ocilla soils have thick sandy

surface and subsurface layers. Included soils make up

about 10 percent of the map unit. Individual areas

generally are less than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland.

A few areas are used for pasture, hay, or cultivated

crops.

This map unit is suited to cultivated crops. The main

management concerns are the low fertility and

wetness. Planting may be delayed in spring because of

the wetness. Shallow ditches can help to remove
Russell County, Alabama 55

excess surface water. Using minimum tillage and

returning all crop residue to the soil or regularly adding

other organic matter improve fertility and help to

maintain tilth and the content of organic matter.

This map unit is suited to pasture and hay. Wetness

is the main management concern. Grasses that

tolerate the wet soil conditions should be selected.

Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted

grazing during wet periods help to keep the pasture in

good condition. Applications of fertilizer and lime are

needed for the optimum production of forage.

This map unit is well suited to loblolly pine. Other

species that commonly grow in areas of this map unit

include sweetgum, water oak, and yellow-poplar. On

the basis of a 50-year site curve, the site index for

loblolly pine is 90. The average annual growth of well

stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands of loblolly pine

at 25 years of age is 2.2 cords per acre per year. The

understory vegetation consists mainly of longleaf

uniola, poison ivy, waxmyrtle, blackgum, sweetgum,

and water oak.

This map unit has moderate or severe limitations

affecting timber management. The main management

concerns are an equipment limitation and plant

competition. Harvesting operations should be planned

for seasons when the soil is dry. Using standard

wheeled and tracked equipment when the soil is wet

results in ruts and compaction. Using low-pressure

ground equipment reduces damage to the soil and

helps to maintain productivity. Plant competition

reduces timber production and can prevent adequate

reforestation. The competing vegetation can be

controlled by site preparation, herbicides, or prescribed

burning.

This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses.

The main management concerns are the flooding and

wetness. Buildings can be constructed on pilings or

mounds to elevate them above the expected level of

flooding. Because of the seasonal high water table, a

drainage system is needed if buildings are constructed.

Septic tank absorption fields do not function properly

during rainy periods because of the wetness.

Increasing the size of the absorption field or

constructing the absorption field on a raised bed helps

to compensate for this limitation.

This map unit has good potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat and fair potential for wetland

wildlife habitat. Habitat for deer, turkey, and squirrel can

be improved by planting or encouraging the growth of

existing oak trees and suitable understory plants.

Prescribed burning every three years, rotated among

several small tracts of land, can increase the amount

of palatable browse for deer and the number of seedproducing plants for quail and turkey. Habitat for

wetland wildlife can be improved by constructing

shallow ponds that provide areas of open water for

waterfowl and furbearing animals.

The capability subclass is IIw. The woodland

ordination symbol is 9W.

MnB—Marvyn loamy sand, 2 to 5 percent

slopes

This very deep, well drained soil is on broad

ridgetops in the uplands in the northern part of the

county. Slopes generally are long and smooth.

Individual areas are irregular in shape. They range from

10 to 100 acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown loamy

sand about 6 inches thick. The subsoil extends to a

depth of 49 inches. In the upper part, it is yellowish

brown sandy loam and sandy clay loam. In the next

part, it is yellowish brown sandy clay loam that has

reddish mottles. In the lower part, it is yellowish brown

sandy loam. The substratum, to a depth of 65 inches,

is mottled strong brown, gray, and red sandy loam. In

some areas, the texture of the surface layer is sandy

loam.

Important properties of the Marvyn soil—

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: Moderate

Organic matter content: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deep

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Flooding: None

Included in mapping are a few small areas of

Blanton, Cowarts, Dothan, Luverne, and Uchee soils.

Also included are soils that have a slope of less than 2

percent or more than 5 percent. Blanton and Uchee

soils are on slightly higher parts of ridgetops than the

Marvyn soil and have thick sandy surface and

subsurface layers. Cowarts soils are on the lower parts

of slopes. The combined thickness of the surface layer

and subsoil of the Cowarts soils is less than 40 inches.

Dothan soils are in positions similar to those of the

Marvyn soil. They have significant accumulations of

plinthite in the lower part of the subsoil. Luverne soils

are on the lower parts of slopes and are clayey in the

upper part of the subsoil. Included soils make up about

10 percent of the map unit. Individual areas generally

are less than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for cultivated
56 Soil Survey

crops, pasture, or hay. A few areas are used for

woodland.

This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. The

main management concerns are the low fertility and a

moderate hazard of erosion. Gullies form readily in

areas that have a concentrated flow of water on the

surface. Conservation tillage, terraces, contour

farming, and cover crops reduce the runoff rate and

help to control erosion. Installing drop-inlet structures in

grassed waterways helps to prevent gullying. Returning

all crop residue to the soil or regularly adding other

organic matter improves fertility and helps to maintain

tilth and the content of organic matter. Most crops

respond well to additions of lime and fertilizer.

This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay

plants, such as coastal bermudagrass and bahiagrass.

The main management concerns are the low fertility

and a moderate hazard of erosion. Tillage should be on

the contour or across the slope if practical. Proper

stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted grazing

during prolonged wet and dry periods help to keep the

pasture in good condition. Applications of lime and

fertilizer improve fertility and increase the production of

forage.

This map unit is well suited to loblolly pine. Other

species that commonly grow in areas of this map unit

include longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, sweetgum, and

water oak. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the

site index for loblolly pine is 90. The average annual

growth of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands

of loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.2 cords per acre

per year. The understory vegetation consists mainly of

little bluestem, greenbrier, panicums, brackenfern,

southern red oak, blackjack oak, water oak, and

flowering dogwood.

This map unit has few limitations affecting woodland

management. Competition from understory plants is a

minor management concern. Carefully managed

reforestation helps to control competition from

undesirable understory plants. Site preparation

practices, such as chopping, burning, and applying

herbicides, help to control the initial plant competition

and facilitate mechanical planting.

This map unit is suited to most urban uses. It has

slight limitations affecting building sites and local roads

and streets and has slight to severe limitations

affecting most kinds of sanitary facilities. The main

management concern is the moderately slow

permeability. Septic tank absorption fields do not

function properly because of the moderately slow

permeability. Enlarging the size of the absorption area

helps to overcome this limitation.

This map unit has good potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat and very poor potential for

wetland wildlife habitat. Habitat can be improved by

planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the

existing plant cover, or promoting the natural

establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning

every three years, rotated among several small tracts

of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse

for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for

quail and turkey.

The capability subclass is IIe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 9A.

MxA—Maxton loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent

slopes, rarely flooded

This very deep, well drained soil is on low terraces

that parallel the Chattahoochee River and other large

streams. Flooding is rare but can occur under unusual

weather conditions. Slopes are long and smooth.

Individual areas generally are oblong. They range from

10 to about 100 acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown loamy

sand about 10 inches thick. The subsoil, to a depth of

38 inches, is yellowish red and red sandy clay loam.

The substratum, to a depth of 75 inches, is reddish

yellow and strong brown sand.

Important properties of the Maxton soil—

Permeability: Moderate in the subsoil; rapid in the

substratum

Available water capacity: Moderate

Organic matter content: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deep

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Flooding: Rare

Included in mapping are a few small areas of

Annemaine, Bladen, Dogue, and Kolomoki soils. The

moderately well drained Annemaine and Dogue soils

and the Kolomoki soils are in slightly lower, less

convex positions than those of the Maxton soil. They

are clayey in the upper part of the subsoil. The poorly

drained Bladen soils are in small depressions. Included

soils make up about 10 percent of the map unit.

Individual areas generally are less than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for cultivated

crops, pasture, or hay. A few areas are used for

woodland and wildlife habitat.

This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. It

has no significant management concerns affecting this

use. Using minimum tillage and returning all crop

residue to the soil or regularly adding other organic
Russell County, Alabama 57

matter improve fertility and help to maintain tilth and

the content of organic matter. Most crops respond well

to applications of lime and fertilizer.

 This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay

plants, such as bermudagrass and bahiagrass. It has

no significant management concerns affecting pasture

and hayland. Restricting grazing during very wet

periods or deferring grazing until the ground is dry

helps to keep the pasture in good condition.

Applications of lime and fertilizer improve fertility and

increase the production of forage.

This map unit is well suited to loblolly pine. Other

species that commonly grow in areas of this map unit

include yellow-poplar, sweetgum, American sycamore,

water oak, and cherrybark oak. On the basis of a 50-

year site curve, the site index for loblolly pine is 90.

The average annual growth of well stocked, even-aged,

unmanaged stands of loblolly pine at 25 years of age is

2.2 cords per acre per year. The understory vegetation

consists mainly of blackberry, greenbrier, panicums,

longleaf uniola, poison ivy, Alabama supplejack,

muscadine grape, sweetgum, and water oak.

This map unit has few limitations affecting woodland

management. Competition from understory plants is a

minor management concern. Carefully managed

reforestation helps to control competition from

undesirable understory plants. Site preparation

practices, such as chopping, burning, and applying

herbicides, help to control the initial plant competition

and facilitate mechanical planting.

This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses.

The hazard of flooding is severe and difficult to

overcome. Buildings can be constructed on pilings or

mounds to elevate them above the expected level of

flooding.

This map unit has good potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat and very poor potential for

wetland wildlife habitat. Habitat for white-tailed deer,

turkey, and squirrel can be improved by planting

appropriate vegetation, maintaining the existing plant

cover, or promoting the natural establishment of

desirable plants. Prescribed burning every three years,

rotated among several tracts of land, can increase the

amount of palatable browse for deer and the number of

seed-producing plants for quail and turkey.

The capability class is I. The woodland ordination

symbol is 9A.

OcA—Ocilla loamy fine sand, 0 to 2

percent slopes, rarely flooded

This very deep, somewhat poorly drained soil is on

low terraces that parallel large streams throughout the

county. Flooding is rare but can occur under unusual

weather conditions. Slopes generally are long and

smooth. Individual areas generally are oblong. They

range from 5 to 50 acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown

loamy fine sand about 8 inches thick. The subsurface

layer, to a depth of 28 inches, is loamy fine sand. It is

yellowish brown in the upper part and very pale brown

in the lower part. The subsoil extends to a depth of 65

inches. In the upper part, it is yellowish brown sandy

clay loam that has brownish and grayish mottles. In the

lower part, it is mottled yellowish brown, light brownish

gray, and strong brown sandy clay loam and sandy

clay.

Important properties of the Ocilla soil—

Permeability: Rapid in the surface layer and subsurface

layer; moderate in the subsoil

Available water capacity: Low

Organic matter content: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1.0

to 2.5 feet from January through March

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Flooding: Rare

Included in mapping are a few small areas of

Bladen, Goldsboro, and Lynchburg soils. The poorly

drained Bladen soils are in small depressions. The

moderately well drained Goldsboro soils are on small

knolls at slightly higher elevations than the Ocilla soil.

They do not have thick sandy surface and subsurface

layers. Lynchburg soils are in slightly lower positions

than those of the Ocilla soil and also do not have thick

sandy surface and subsurface layers. Included soils

make up about 15 percent of the map unit. Individual

areas generally are less than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of map unit soil are used for woodland.

A few areas are used for pasture, hay, or cultivated

crops.

This map unit is suited to most cultivated crops. The

low fertility, wetness, and the low available water

capacity are the main management concerns. Shallow

ditches can help to remove excess surface water.

Conservation tillage, cover crops in winter, a crop

residue management system, and a crop rotation that

includes grasses and legumes increase the available

water, minimize crusting, and improve fertility. Using

supplemental irrigation and selecting crop varieties that

are adapted to droughty conditions increase the

production of crops. Most crops respond well to

applications of lime and fertilizer.

This map unit is suited to pasture and hay. The low

fertility, wetness, and the low available water capacity
58 Soil Survey

are the main management concerns. Shallow ditches

can help to remove excess surface water. Drought

tolerant grasses, such as bahiagrass and

bermudagrass, should be selected. Proper stocking

rates, pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during

very wet and very dry periods help to keep the pasture

in good condition. Applications of lime and fertilizer

improve fertility and promote the growth of forage

plants.

This map unit is well suited to loblolly pine. Other

species that commonly grow in areas of this map unit

include longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, sweetgum, and

water oak. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the

site index for loblolly pine is 90. The average annual

growth of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands

of loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.2 cords per acre

per year. The understory vegetation consists mainly of

panicums, greenbrier, waxmyrtle, water oak, and

sweetgum.

This map unit has moderate limitations affecting

timber management. The main management concerns

are an equipment limitation, the seedling mortality rate,

and plant competition. The sandy texture of the surface

layer restricts the use of wheeled equipment,

especially when the soil is very dry. Wetness limits the

use of equipment during winter and spring. Using lowpressure ground equipment reduces damage to the soil

and helps to maintain productivity. The moderate

seedling mortality rate is caused by droughtiness. It

can be compensated for by increasing the number of

trees planted. Plant competition can prevent adequate

reforestation unless sites receive appropriate site

preparation and maintenance. Site preparation can

control the initial plant competition, and herbicides can

control subsequent growth.

This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses.

The main management concerns are the flooding and

wetness. Buildings can be constructed on pilings or

mounds to elevate them above the expected level of

flooding. Because of the seasonal high water table, a

drainage system is needed if buildings are constructed.

Septic tank absorption fields do not function properly

during rainy periods because of the wetness.

Increasing the size of the absorption field or

constructing the absorption field on a raised bed helps

to compensate for this limitation.

This map unit has fair potential for openland and

wetland wildlife habitat and good potential for woodland

wildlife habitat. Habitat can be improved by planting

appropriate vegetation, maintaining the existing cover,

or promoting the natural establishment of desirable

plants. Prescribed burning every three years, rotated

among several small tracts of land, can increase the

amount of palatable browse for deer and the number of

seed-producing plants for quail and turkey. Habitat for

wetland wildlife can be improved by constructing

shallow ponds that provide open water for waterfowl

and furbearing animals.

The capability subclass is IIIw. The woodland

ordination symbol is 9W.

OrA—Orangeburg fine sandy loam, 0 to 2

percent slopes

This very deep, well drained soil is on broad

ridgetops in the uplands in the eastern part of the

county. Slopes are long and smooth. Individual areas

generally are irregular in shape. They range from 10 to

more than 100 acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown fine sandy

loam about 8 inches thick. The subsurface layer, to a

depth of 15 inches, is brown fine sandy loam. The

subsoil, to a depth of 80 inches, is red sandy clay

loam.

Important properties of the Orangeburg soil—

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Organic matter content: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deep

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Flooding: None

Included in mapping are a few small areas of

Fuquay, Red Bay, and Springhill soils. Fuquay soils are

in slightly lower landscape positions than those of the

Orangeburg soil. They have thick sandy surface and

subsurface layers. Red Bay soils are in landscape

positions similar to those of the Orangeburg soil. They

have dark red colors throughout the subsoil. Springhill

soils are on the lower parts of slopes. The subsoil of

the Springhill soil has a significant decrease in clay

content within 60 inches of the surface. Included soils

make up about 10 percent of the map unit. Individual

areas generally are less than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for cultivated

crops, pasture, or hay. A few areas are used for

homesites or woodland.

This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. It

has few limitations affecting this use, although low

fertility is a management concern. The surface layer is

friable and is easy to keep in good tilth. It can be tilled

over a wide range of moisture content without

becoming cloddy. Cover crops, minimum tillage, and a
Russell County, Alabama 59

crop residue management system or regular additions

of other organic matter improve fertility and help to

maintain tilth and the content of organic matter. Most

crops respond well to systematic applications of lime

and fertilizer.

This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay. It

has no significant limitations affecting these uses,

although low fertility is a management concern.

Coastal bermudagrass and bahiagrass are commonly

grown grasses. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation,

and restricted grazing during wet periods help to keep

the pasture in good condition. Applications of lime and

fertilizer improve fertility and increase the production of

forage.

This map unit is well suited to loblolly pine. Other

species that commonly grow in areas of this map unit

include longleaf pine, sweetgum, and water oak. On the

basis of a 50-year site curve, the site index for loblolly

pine is 90. The average annual growth of well stocked,

even-aged, unmanaged stands of loblolly pine at 25

years of age is 2.2 cords per acre per year. The

understory vegetation consists mainly of little

bluestem, yellow jessamine, panicums, poison oak,

greenbrier, flowering dogwood, and sweetgum.

This map unit has few limitations affecting the

production of timber. Plant competition is a minor

management concern. Using proper site preparation

and spraying, cutting, or girdling can eliminate

unwanted weeds, brush, and trees.

This map unit is well suited to most urban uses. It

has no significant management concerns affecting

most uses.

This map unit has good potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat and very poor potential for

wetland wildlife habitat. Habitat can be improved by

planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the

existing plant cover, or promoting the natural

establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning

every three years, rotated among several small tracts

of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse

for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for

quail and turkey.

The capability class is I. The woodland ordination

symbol is 9A.

OuC—Orangeburg-Urban land complex,

1 to 8 percent slopes

This map unit consists of a very deep, well drained

Orangeburg soil and areas of Urban land on ridgetops

in the Phenix City area. The areas of Orangeburg soil

and Urban land are so closely intermingled that they

could not be mapped separately at the scale selected

for mapping. The Orangeburg soil makes up about 50

percent of the map unit, and the Urban land makes up

about 40 percent. Individual areas are rectangular. They

range from 5 to 200 acres in size.

Typically, the Orangeburg soil has a surface layer of

dark brown fine sandy loam about 8 inches thick. The

subsurface layer, to a depth of 15 inches, is brown fine

sandy loam. The subsoil, to a depth of 80 inches, is

red sandy clay loam.

Important properties of the Orangeburg soil—

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Organic matter content: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deep

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Flooding: None

Urban land consists of areas that are covered by

sidewalks, patios, driveways, parking lots, streets,

playgrounds, and buildings.

Included in mapping are a few small areas of

Cowarts, Springhill, and Uchee soils. Also included are

areas that have been modified to such an extent that

the soil series cannot be identified. Cowarts and

Springhill soils are on the lower parts of slopes and

have a brownish subsoil. Uchee soils are on high knolls

and have thick sandy surface and subsurface layers.

Included soils make up about 10 percent of the map

unit. Individual areas generally are less than 5 acres in

size.

Areas of the Orangeburg soil cannot easily be

managed for crops, pasture, timber, or wildlife habitat

because of the limited size of the areas, the areas of

Urban land, and the areas of highly disturbed soils.

Areas of the Orangeburg soil are well suited to most

urban uses. The soil has no significant limitations

affecting these uses.

This map unit has not been assigned a capability

subclass or a woodland ordination symbol.

PaE—Pacolet sandy loam, 15 to 25

percent slopes

This very deep, well drained soil is on narrow ridges

and side slopes in the uplands in the northeastern part

of the county. Most areas are dissected by deeply

incised, intermittent drainageways. Slopes generally

are short and complex. Individual areas are irregular in

shape. They range from 10 to 60 acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown sandy
60 Soil Survey

loam about 4 inches thick. The subsurface layer, to a

depth of 9 inches, is red sandy clay loam. The subsoil,

to a depth of 22 inches, is red sandy clay. The

substratum, to a depth of 80 inches, is mottled red and

reddish yellow saprolite that has a texture of sandy

loam.

Important properties of the Pacolet soil—

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Moderate

Organic matter content: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deep

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Flooding: None

Included in mapping are a few small areas of

Kinston, Orangeburg, and Springhill soils. The poorly

drained Kinston soils are on narrow flood plains.

Orangeburg and Springhill soils are on the upper parts

of slopes or on narrow ridgetops. They are loamy

throughout. Included soils make up about 10 percent of

the map unit. Individual areas generally are less than 5

acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland.

A few areas are used as sites for homes.

This map unit is not suited to most cultivated crops.

The complex topography and the moderately steep

slopes are severe limitations affecting the use of

equipment. Erosion is a severe hazard. Gullies form

readily in areas that have a concentrated flow of water

on the surface. If the soil is cultivated, all tillage should

be on the contour or across the slope.

This map unit is poorly suited to pasture and hay.

The complex slopes and a severe hazard of erosion

are the main management concerns. The use of

equipment is limited by the sloping, complex

topography. Tillage should be on the contour or across

the slope if practical. Grasses that require low

maintenance are best suited to the more steeply

sloping areas. Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation,

and restricted grazing during wet periods help to keep

the pasture in good condition.

This map unit is well suited to loblolly pine. Other

species that commonly grow in areas of this map unit

include longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, sweetgum, and

water oak. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the

site index for loblolly pine is 80. The average annual

growth of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands

of loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 1.8 cords per acre

per year. The understory vegetation consists mainly of

greenbrier, poison ivy, flowering dogwood, huckleberry,

muscadine grape, sweetgum, hickory, and water oak.

This map unit has moderate limitations affecting

timber management. The main management concerns

are a hazard of erosion, an equipment limitation, and

plant competition. Exposing the surface by removing

ground cover increases the hazard of erosion.

Mulching, seeding, and constructing diversions can

help to control erosion on roads, landings, and skid

trails. The slope restricts the use of equipment. Using

standard wheeled and tracked equipment when the soil

is wet results in ruts and compaction. Management

activities should be planned for seasons when the soil

is dry. Plant competition reduces timber production and

can prevent adequate reforestation. The competing

vegetation can be controlled by mechanical methods,

herbicides, or prescribed burning.

This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. It

has moderate to severe limitations affecting building

sites, local roads and streets, and most kinds of

sanitary facilities. The main management concerns are

the slope and a severe hazard of erosion. If areas of

this map unit are used as building sites, only the part

of the site that is used for construction should be

disturbed. Access roads can be designed so that

surface runoff is controlled and cut slopes are

stabilized. Roads should also be designed to offset the

limited ability of this map unit to support a load. Septic

tank absorption fields may not function properly

because of the slope. Effluent from absorption fields

may surface in downslope areas and create a health

hazard. Alternative methods should be used to properly

dispose of waste.

This map unit has poor potential for openland wildlife

habitat, fair potential for woodland wildlife habitat, and

very poor potential for wetland wildlife habitat. Habitat

can be improved by planting appropriate vegetation,

maintaining the existing plant cover, or promoting the

natural establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed

burning every three years, rotated among several

tracts of land, can increase the amount of palatable

browse for deer and the number of seed-producing

plants for quail and turkey. Habitat for wetland wildlife

can be improved by constructing shallow ponds that

provide open water for waterfowl and furbearing

animals.

The capability subclass is VIIe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 7R.

Pt—Pits

This map unit consists of open excavations from

which the original soil and underlying material have

been removed for use at another location. Pits are

scattered throughout the county, primarily on low

terraces that parallel large streams and on sandy
Russell County, Alabama 61

uplands. Individual areas generally are rectangular and

range from 3 to 500 acres in size.

In the uplands, this map unit is mainly in areas

where Alaga, Luverne, Springhill, and Troup soils have

been removed to a depth of 5 to 25 feet. In these

areas, this map unit has been used as a source of

construction material for highways and foundations,

foundry sand, and fill material. On stream terraces and

flood plains, this map unit is mainly in areas where

Bladen, Congaree, Riverview, Toccoa, Wahee, and

Bladen soils have been removed to a depth of 5 to 15

feet. In these areas, this map unit has been used as a

source of sand and gravel for construction and clay for

bricks.

Included in mapping are areas of abandoned pits.

These areas consist of pits and of banks of spoil

material that are 10 to 25 feet high. The surface of

these areas generally is a mixture of coarse sand and

gravel. Reaction is extremely acid or very strongly

acid. Also included are pits that hold water for

extended periods after rains.

Most areas of this map unit do not support

vegetation. A few low-quality trees and sparse stands

of grass are in some of the abandoned pits. This map

unit is unsuited to most uses. Extensive reclamation

efforts are required to make areas suitable as

cropland, pasture, woodland, or a site for urban

development. Onsite investigation and testing are

needed to determine the suitability of this unit for any

uses.

The capability subclass is VIIIs. This map unit has

not been assigned a woodland ordination symbol.

RbA—Red Bay sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes

This very deep, well drained soil is on broad

ridgetops in the uplands in the eastern part of the

county. Slopes are long and smooth. Individual areas

generally are irregular in shape. They range from 10 to

more than 100 acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer is reddish brown sandy

loam about 9 inches thick. The subsoil, to a depth of

65 inches, is dark red and dark reddish brown sandy

clay loam.

Important properties of the Red Bay soil—

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Organic matter content: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deep

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Flooding: None

Included in mapping are a few small areas of

Orangeburg and Springhill soils. Orangeburg soils are

in landscape positions similar to those of the Red Bay

soil. They do not have dark red colors throughout the

subsoil. Springhill soils are on lower parts of slopes

than the Red Bay soil and do not have dark red colors

throughout the subsoil. Included soils make up about

10 percent of the map unit. Individual areas generally

are less than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for cultivated

crops, pasture, or hay. A few areas are used for

homesites or woodland.

This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. It

has few limitations affecting this use, although low

fertility is a management concern. The surface layer is

friable and is easy to keep in good tilth. It can be tilled

over a wide range of moisture content without

becoming cloddy. Cover crops, minimum tillage, and a

crop residue management system or regular additions

of other organic matter improve fertility and help to

maintain tilth and the content of organic matter. Most

crops respond well to systematic applications of lime

and fertilizer.

This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay. It

has no significant limitations affecting these uses,

although low fertility is a management concern.

Coastal bermudagrass and bahiagrass are the

commonly grown grasses. Proper stocking rates,

pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during wet

periods help to keep the pasture in good condition.

Applications of lime and fertilizer improve fertility and

increase the production of forage.

This map unit is well suited to loblolly pine. Other

species that commonly grow in areas of this map unit

include longleaf pine, sweetgum, and water oak. On the

basis of a 50-year site curve, the site index for loblolly

pine is 90. The average annual growth of well stocked,

even-aged, unmanaged stands of loblolly pine at 25

years of age is 2.2 cords per acre per year. The

understory vegetation consists mainly of little

bluestem, yellow jessamine, panicums, poison oak,

greenbrier, flowering dogwood, and sweetgum.

This map unit has few limitations affecting the

production of timber. Plant competition is a minor

management concern. Using proper site preparation

and spraying, cutting, or girdling can eliminate

unwanted weeds, brush, and trees.

This map unit is well suited to most urban uses. It

has no significant management concerns affecting

most uses.

This map unit has good potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat and very poor potential for
62 Soil Survey

wetland wildlife habitat. Habitat can be improved by

planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the

existing plant cover, or promoting the natural

establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning

every three years, rotated among several small tracts

of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse

for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for

quail and turkey.

The capability class is I. The woodland ordination

symbol is 9A.

RvA—Riverview loam, 0 to 1 percent

slopes, occasionally flooded

This very deep, well drained soil is on low terraces

that parallel the Chattahoochee River. It is subject to

occasional flooding, usually in spring. Slopes are long

and smooth. Individual areas generally are long and

narrow. They range from 10 to 200 acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown loam about

8 inches thick. The subsoil extends to a depth of 43

inches. It is dark yellowish brown loam in the upper

part, very dark grayish brown silt loam in the next part,

and dark brown loam in the lower part. The substratum,

to a depth of 65 inches, is yellowish brown loam.

Important properties of the Riverview soil—

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Organic matter content: Medium

Natural fertility: Medium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 3.0

to 5.0 feet from December through April

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Flooding: Occasional

Included in mapping are a few small areas of

Kolomoki, Maxton, and Wickham soils. Also included

are soils that are similar to the Riverview soil, except

that they have a black surface layer. Kolomoki,

Maxton, and Wickham soils are on small knolls at

slightly higher elevations than the Riverview soil. They

have a reddish subsoil. Included soils make up about

10 percent of the map unit. Individual areas generally

are less than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of the Riverview soil are used for

pasture or hay. A few areas are used for cultivated

crops, woodland, or pecan orchards (fig. 7).

This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. The

main management concern is the occasional flooding.

Planting of early-season crops may be delayed in

some years because of the flooding. Conservation

tillage, cover crops in winter, a crop residue

management system, and a crop rotation that includes

grasses and legumes increase the available water,

minimize crusting, and improve fertility. Most crops

respond well to applications of lime and fertilizer.

This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay. The

occasional flooding is the main management concern.

Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted

grazing during very wet periods help to keep the

pasture in good condition. Applications of lime and

fertilizer improve fertility and promote the growth of

forage plants.

This map unit is well suited to loblolly pine and

hardwoods. Common species include yellow-poplar,

pecan, sweetgum, water oak, American sycamore, and

green ash. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the

site index for loblolly pine is 100. The average annual

growth of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands

of loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.7 cords per acre

per year. The understory vegetation consists mainly of

greenbrier, poison ivy, Alabama supplejack, muscadine

grape, red maple, sweetgum, and water oak.

This map unit has few limitations affecting woodland

management. Competition from understory plants is a

minor management concern. Carefully managed

reforestation helps to control competition from

undesirable understory plants. Site preparation

practices, such as chopping, burning, and applying

herbicides, help to control the initial plant competition

and facilitate mechanical planting.

This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses.

The flooding is the main management concern.

Buildings can be constructed on pilings or mounds to

elevate them above the expected level of flooding.

This map unit has good potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat and poor potential for wetland

wildlife habitat. Habitat for deer, turkey, and squirrel can

be improved by planting appropriate vegetation,

maintaining the existing plant cover, and promoting the

establishment of desirable plants. Habitat for openland

wildlife can be improved by planting seed-producing

grasses and shrubs along the edges of fields and

pastures.

The capability subclass is IIw. The woodland

ordination symbol is 11A.

SbB—Springhill sandy loam, 2 to 5

percent slopes

This very deep, well drained soil is on narrow

ridgetops and on side slopes in the uplands in the

central part of the county. Slopes generally are short

and complex but may be long and smooth in some
Russell County, Alabama 63

areas. Individual areas are irregular in shape. They

range from 5 to 100 acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer is yellowish brown sandy

loam about 7 inches thick. The subsoil, to a depth of

42 inches, is yellowish red sandy clay loam. The

substratum, to a depth of 65 inches, is yellowish red

sandy loam. In some areas, the texture of the surface

layer is loamy sand.

Important properties of the Springhill soil—

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Organic matter content: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deep

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Flooding: None

Included in mapping are a few small areas of

Cowarts, Luverne, Orangeburg, and Troup soils. Also

included are soils that have a slope of less than 2

percent or more than 5 percent. Cowarts soils are in

landscape positions similar to those of the Springhill

soil and have a brownish subsoil. Luverne soils are on

the lower parts of slopes and are clayey in the upper

part of the subsoil. Orangeburg and Troup soils are on

slightly higher parts of ridgetops than the Springhill

soil. The subsoil of the Orangeburg soil does not have

a significant decrease in clay content within 60 inches

Figure 7.—Pecan trees and pasture in an area of Riverview loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes, occasionally flooded.
64 Soil Survey

of the surface. Troup soils have thick sandy surface

and subsurface layers. Included soils make up about

10 percent of the map unit. Individual areas generally

are less than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland.

A few areas are used for cultivated crops, pasture, or

hay.

This map unit is suited to most cultivated crops. The

main management concerns are the low fertility and a

moderate hazard of erosion. Gullies form readily in

areas that have a concentrated flow of water on the

surface. Conservation tillage, terraces, contour

farming, and cover crops reduce the runoff rate and

help to control erosion. Installing drop-inlet structures in

grassed waterways helps to prevent gullying. Returning

all crop residue to the soil or regularly adding other

organic matter improves fertility and helps to maintain

tilth and the content of organic matter. Most crops

respond well to additions of lime and fertilizer.

This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay

plants, such as coastal bermudagrass and bahiagrass.

The main management concerns are the low fertility

and a moderate hazard of erosion. Tillage should be on

the contour or across the slope if practical. Proper

stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted grazing

during prolonged wet and dry periods help to keep the

pasture in good condition. Applications of lime and

fertilizer improve fertility and increase the production of

forage.

This map unit is well suited to loblolly pine. Other

species that commonly grow in areas of this map unit

include longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, sweetgum, and

water oak. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the

site index for loblolly pine is 90. The average annual

growth of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands

of loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.2 cords per acre

per year. The understory vegetation consists mainly of

little bluestem, greenbrier, panicums, brackenfern,

southern red oak, blackjack oak, water oak, and

flowering dogwood.

This map unit has few limitations affecting woodland

management. Competition from understory plants is a

minor management concern. Carefully managed

reforestation helps to control competition from

undesirable understory plants. Site preparation

practices, such as chopping, burning, and applying

herbicides, help to control the initial plant competition

and facilitate mechanical planting.

This map unit is well suited to most urban uses. It

has no significant limitations affecting these uses

This map unit has good potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat and very poor potential for

wetland wildlife habitat. Habitat can be improved by

planting appropriate vegetation, maintaining the

existing plant cover, or promoting the natural

establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning

every three years, rotated among several small tracts

of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse

for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for

quail and turkey.

The capability subclass is IIe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 9A.

ScD—Springhill-Cowarts-Urban land

complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes

This map unit consists of very deep, well drained

Springhill and Cowarts soils and areas of Urban land

on side slopes in the uplands in the Phenix City area.

The areas of soils and Urban land are so intermingled

that they could not be mapped separately at the scale

selected for mapping. The Springhill soil makes up

about 35 percent of the map unit, the Cowarts soil

makes up about 30 percent, and the Urban land makes

up about 30 percent. Individual areas are irregular in

shape. They range from 10 to 200 acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer of the Springhill soil is

dark yellowish brown loamy sand about 4 inches thick.

The subsurface layer, to a depth of 12 inches, is pale

brown loamy sand. The subsoil, to a depth of 45

inches, is sandy clay loam. It is red in the upper part

and yellowish red in the lower part. The substratum, to

a depth of 65 inches, is thinly stratified yellowish red

sandy clay loam and sandy loam.

Important properties of the Springhill soil—

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Moderate

Organic matter content: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 6 feet

Root zone: More than 6 feet

Seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deep

Flooding: None

Typically, the surface layer of the Cowarts soil is

dark brown loamy sand about 6 inches thick. The

subsoil, to a depth of 24 inches, is strong brown sandy

clay loam that has reddish mottles in the lower part.

The substratum, to a depth of 65 inches, is yellowish

brown sandy loam that has reddish, brownish, and

grayish mottles.

Important properties of the Cowarts soil—

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: Moderate

Organic matter content: Low

Natural fertility: Low
Russell County, Alabama 65

Depth to bedrock: More than 6.0 feet

Root zone: More than 6.0 feet

Seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deep

Flooding: None

Urban land consists of areas that are covered by

sidewalks, patios, driveways, parking lots, streets,

playgrounds, and buildings.

Included in mapping are a few small areas of

Luverne, Troup, and Uchee soils. Also included are

areas that have been modified to such an extent that

the soil series cannot be identified. Luverne soils are

on the lower parts of slopes and are clayey in the

upper part of the subsoil. Troup and Uchee soils are on

narrow ridgetops and have thick sandy surface and

subsurface layers. Included areas make up about 5

percent of this unit. Individual areas generally are less

than 5 acres in size.

Areas of the Springhill and Cowarts soils cannot

easily be managed for crops, pasture, timber, or wildlife

habitat because of the limited size of the areas, the

areas of Urban land, and the areas of highly disturbed

soils.

Areas of the Springhill and Cowarts soils are suited

to most urban uses. The main management concerns

are the slope and a severe hazard of erosion. The

moderately slow permeability is also a limitation in

areas of the Cowarts soil. If areas of this map unit are

used as building sites, only the part of the site that is

used for construction should be disturbed. Access

roads can be designed so that surface runoff is

controlled and cut slopes are stabilized. If this unit is

used as a site for septic tank absorption fields, effluent

can surface in downslope areas and create a health

hazard. Constructing the absorption lines on the

contour and enlarging the absorption area help to

overcome this limitation.

This map unit has not been assigned a capability

subclass or a woodland ordination symbol.

ShE3—Sumter-Hannon complex, 12 to 25

percent slopes, severely eroded

This map unit consists of a moderately deep, well

drained Sumter soil and a very deep, moderately well

drained Hannon soil. It is on side slopes and narrow

ridgetops in the Blackland Prairie. The soils occur as

areas so intricately intermingled that they could not be

mapped separately at the scale selected for mapping.

The Sumter soil makes up about 50 percent of the map

unit, and the Hannon soil makes up about 35 percent.

In most areas, the surface layer is a mixture of the

original surface layer and material from the subsoil that

has been mixed in by site preparation activities. Some

areas have a few rills and shallow gullies. Slopes

generally are short and complex. Individual areas are

irregular in shape. They range from 20 to 200 acres in

size.

The Sumter soil is on narrow ridgetops and on the

upper and middle parts of slopes. Typically, the surface

layer is very dark grayish brown silty clay loam about 3

inches thick. The subsoil, to a depth of 38 inches, is

silty clay loam. It is pale olive in the upper part and

light olive brown and has pale brown mottles in the

lower part. The substratum, to a depth of 80 inches, is

soft limestone (chalk).

Important properties of the Sumter soil—

Permeability: Very slow

Available water capacity: Moderate

Organic matter content: Medium

Natural fertility: High

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Root zone: 20 to 40 inches

Seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deep

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Flooding: None

The Hannon soil is generally on ridge crests and

lower parts of slopes. Typically, the surface layer is

dark brown clay about 2 inches thick. The subsoil, to a

depth of 40 inches, is clay. In the upper part, it is

yellowish red and red. In the lower part, it is light

yellowish brown and light brownish gray, has red and

yellow mottles, and has masses of calcium carbonate.

The substratum, to a depth of 80 inches, is light olive

gray clay that has many masses of calcium carbonate.

Important properties of the Hannon soil—

Permeability: Very slow

Available water capacity: Moderate

Organic matter content: Medium

Natural fertility: Medium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: More than 60 inches deep

Shrink-swell potential: High

Flooding: None

Included in mapping are a few small areas of

alkaline soils that are shallow over bedrock and a few

that are deep to bedrock. Also included are small areas

of gullied land and areas of soils that have a slope of

more than 25 percent or less than 12 percent. Included

areas make up about 15 percent of the map unit.

Individual areas generally are less than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland

and wildlife habitat.

This map unit is unsuited to cultivated crops. The
66 Soil Survey

complex topography and the strongly sloping and

moderately steep slopes are severe limitations

affecting the use of equipment. Erosion is a severe

hazard.

This map unit is poorly suited to pasture and hay.

The steep, complex slopes and a severe hazard of

erosion are the main management concerns.

This map unit is suited to eastern redcedar in areas

of the Sumter soil. On the basis of a 50-year curve, the

site index for eastern redcedar is 40. The average

annual growth of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged

stands of eastern redcedar at 40 years of age is 140

board feet per acre per year. This map unit is suited to

loblolly pine in areas of the Hannon soil, but it is not

suited to pine trees in areas of the Sumter soil

because of alkalinity. Because the soils occur as

intricately intermingled areas, onsite investigation is

necessary before planting. On the basis of a 50-year

site curve, the site index is 80 for loblolly pine in areas

of the Hannon soil. The average annual growth of well

stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands of loblolly pine

at 25 years of age is 1.8 cords per acre per year. The

understory vegetation consists mainly of greenbrier,

poison ivy, broomsedge bluestem, Johnsongrass,

panicums, honeylocust, redcedar, hackberry, and

sweetgum.

This map unit has moderate limitations affecting

timber management. The main management concerns

are a hazard of erosion, an equipment limitation, the

seedling mortality rate, and plant competition.

Exposing the surface by removing ground cover

increases the hazard of erosion, including rill and gully

erosion. Mulching, seeding, and constructing

diversions can help to control erosion on roads,

landings, and skid trails. The slope and the clayey

texture of the surface layer restrict the use of

equipment. Using standard wheeled and tracked

equipment results in ruts and increases the hazard of

erosion. The high seedling mortality rate is caused by

droughtiness and clayey textures. It can be

compensated for by increasing the number of trees

planted and by planting on raised beds. Plant

competition reduces timber production and can prevent

adequate reforestation. The competing vegetation can

be controlled by mechanical methods, herbicides, or

prescribed burning.

This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses.

The soils have severe limitations affecting building

sites, local roads and streets, and most kinds of

sanitary facilities. The main management concerns are

the slope, the very slow permeability, the shrink-swell

potential, and the depth to bedrock in areas of the

Sumter soil. Erosion is a severe hazard in the steeper

areas.

This map unit has poor potential for openland wildlife

habitat, fair potential for woodland wildlife habitat, and

very poor potential for wetland wildlife habitat. Habitat

can be improved by planting appropriate vegetation,

maintaining the existing plant cover, or promoting the

establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning

every three years, rotated among several small tracts

of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse

for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for

quail and turkey.

The capability subclass is VIIe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 3R in areas of the Sumter soil and

8R in areas of the Hannon soil.

TaB—Troup-Alaga complex, 0 to 5 percent

slopes

This map unit consists of very deep, somewhat

excessively drained Troup and Alaga soils on broad

ridgetops and on upper parts of side slopes in the

uplands in the central part of the county. The soils

occur as areas so intricately intermingled that they

could not be mapped separately at the scale selected

for mapping. The Troup soil makes up about 50 percent

of the map unit, and the Alaga soil makes up about 40

percent. Slopes generally are long and smooth.

Individual areas are irregular in shape and range from

10 to more than 100 acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer of the Troup soil is brown

loamy fine sand about 4 inches thick. The subsurface

layer, to a depth of 54 inches, is loamy sand. It is

yellowish brown and light yellowish brown in the upper

part, brownish yellow in the middle part, and very pale

brown in the lower part. The subsoil, to a depth of 80

inches, is yellowish red sandy loam.

Important properties of the Troup soil—

Permeability: Rapid in the surface layer and subsurface

layer; moderate in the subsoil

Available water capacity: Low

Organic matter content: Low

Natural fertility: Very low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deep

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Flooding: None

Typically, the Alaga soil has a surface layer of dark

brown loamy fine sand about 4 inches thick. The

substratum, to a depth of 80 inches, is loamy sand. It

is yellowish brown in the upper part and light yellowish

brown in the lower part.
Russell County, Alabama 67

Important properties of the Alaga soil—

Permeability: Rapid

Available water capacity: Low

Organic matter content: Low

Natural fertility: Very low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deep

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Flooding: None

Included in mapping are a few small areas of

Cowarts, Orangeburg, and Springhill soils. Also

included are areas that have been strip-mined. Cowarts

and Springhill soils generally are on lower parts of

slopes than the Troup and Alaga soils. They do not

have thick sandy surface and subsurface layers.

Orangeburg soils are in slightly higher landscape

positions than those of the Alaga and Troup soils. They

also do not have thick sandy surface and subsurface

layers. Included areas make up about 10 percent of the

map unit. Individual areas generally are less than 5

acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for hay,

pasture, or woodland.

This map unit is suited to cultivated crops. The main

management concerns are the low available water

capacity, the very low fertility, and a moderate hazard

of erosion. Irrigation can prevent crop damage and

increase productivity in most years. Returning crop

residue to the soil helps to maintain tilth and increases

the available water capacity. Minimum tillage, contour

farming, and cover crops reduce the runoff rate and

help to control erosion. Most crops respond well to

applications of lime and to frequent, light applications

of fertilizer.

This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay

plants, such as coastal bermudagrass and bahiagrass.

The main management concerns are the low fertility

and the low available water capacity. Leaching of plant

nutrients is also a management concern. Frequent,

light applications of nitrogen are necessary to maintain

the productivity of grasses. Proper stocking rates,

pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during

prolonged dry periods help to keep the pasture in good

condition.

This map unit is suited to loblolly pine. Other

species that commonly grow in areas of this map unit

include longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, and southern red

oak. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the site

index for loblolly pine is 85. The average annual growth

of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands of

loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.1 cords per acre

per year. The understory vegetation consists mainly of

little bluestem, poison oak, longleaf uniola, lespedeza,

common persimmon, pricklypear cactus, brackenfern,

flowering dogwood, and blackjack oak.

This map unit has moderate limitations affecting

timber management. The main management concerns

are an equipment limitation, the seedling mortality rate,

and plant competition. The sandy texture restricts the

use of wheeled equipment, especially when the soils

are very dry. Harvesting activities should be planned

for seasons when the soils are moist. The moderate

seedling mortality rate is caused by droughtiness. It

can be compensated for by increasing the number of

trees planted. Plant competition reduces timber

production and can prevent adequate reforestation. The

competing vegetation can be controlled by mechanical

methods, herbicides, or prescribed burning.

This map unit is suited to most urban uses. It has

slight limitations affecting building sites and local roads

and streets and has slight to severe limitations

affecting most kinds of sanitary facilities. The main

management concerns are the sandy textures,

seepage, the very low fertility, and droughtiness.

Cutbanks are unstable and subject to slumping.

Support beams should be used to maintain the stability

of the cutbanks. If this unit is used as a site for septic

tank absorption fields, effluent can surface in

downslope areas and create a health hazard.

Increasing the length of the absorption lines and

constructing the lines on the contour help to

compensate for this concern. Applying lime and

fertilizer, mulching, and irrigating help to establish

lawns and landscape plants.

This map unit has fair potential for openland wildlife

habitat, poor potential for woodland wildlife habitat, and

very poor potential for wetland wildlife habitat. The low

available water capacity and the very low natural

fertility are management concerns. Habitat can be

improved by planting appropriate vegetation,

maintaining the existing plant cover, or promoting the

natural establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed

burning every three years, rotated among several small

tracts of land, can increase the amount of palatable

browse for deer and the number of seed-producing

plants for quail and turkey.

The capability subclass is IIIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 8S.

TsE—Troup-Springhill-Luverne complex,

10 to 30 percent slopes

This map unit consists of very deep, somewhat

excessively drained Troup soil and well drained

Springhill and Luverne soils. It is on side slopes and

narrow ridges of highly dissected uplands in the
68 Soil Survey

southern and eastern parts of the county. The soils

occur as areas so intricately intermingled that they

could not be mapped separately at the scale selected

for mapping. The Troup soil makes up about 35 percent

of the map unit, the Springhill soil makes up about 30

percent, and the Luverne soil makes up about 25

percent. Slopes generally are short and complex.

Individual areas are irregular in shape. They range from

25 to 500 acres in size.

The Troup soil is generally on the upper parts of

slopes. Typically, the surface layer is brown loamy fine

sand about 6 inches thick. The subsurface layer, to a

depth of 50 inches, is loamy sand. It is pale brown in

the upper part and very pale brown in the lower part.

The subsoil, to depth of 65 inches, is red sandy loam.

Important properties of the Troup soil—

Permeability: Rapid in the surface layer and subsurface

layer; moderate in the subsoil

Available water capacity: Low

Organic matter content: Low

Natural fertility: Very low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deep

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Flooding: None

The Springhill soil is generally on the upper and

middle parts of slopes and on narrow ridges. Typically,

the surface layer is dark yellowish brown loamy sand

about 4 inches thick. The subsurface layer, to a depth

of 12 inches, is brown loamy sand. The subsoil, to a

depth of 65 inches, is sandy clay loam. It is red in the

upper part and yellowish red in the lower part.

Important properties of the Springhill soil—

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: Moderate

Organic matter content: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deep

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Flooding: None

The Luverne soil is generally on the middle and

lower parts of slopes. Typically, the surface layer is

dark brown sandy loam about 5 inches thick. The

subsurface layer, to a depth of 8 inches, is light

yellowish brown sandy loam. The subsoil, to a depth of

53 inches, is red clay. It has brownish and grayish

mottles in the lower part. The substratum, to a depth of

65 inches, is stratified sandy loam and sandy clay

loam. Individual strata are yellowish red, red, light gray,

and strong brown.

Important properties of the Luverne soil—

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: Moderate

Organic matter content: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deep

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Flooding: None

Included in mapping are a few small areas of Alaga,

Cowarts, Fuquay, and Kinston soils. Alaga and Fuquay

soils are in landscape positions similar to those of the

Troup soil. Alaga soils do not have loamy materials

within a depth of 80 inches. Fuquay soils have sandy

surface and subsurface layers that have a combined

thickness of 20 to 40 inches. Cowarts soils are in

landscape positions similar to those of the Springhill

soil. They have a brownish subsoil. The poorly drained

Kinston soils are on narrow flood plains. Included soils

make up about 10 percent of the map unit. Individual

areas generally are less than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland

and wildlife habitat. A few areas are used for pasture

and hay.

This map unit is not suited to cultivated crops. The

main management concerns are the moderately steep

slope and the severe hazard of erosion. The shape of

the slope, droughtiness in areas of the Troup soil, and

the low fertility are also management concerns.

This map unit is poorly suited to pasture and hay.

The main management concerns are the slope, the low

fertility, droughtiness in areas of the Troup soil, and a

severe hazard of erosion. The more steeply sloping

areas are best suited to native grasses. Proper

stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted grazing

during wet periods help to keep the pasture in good

condition.

This map unit is suited to loblolly pine. Other

species that commonly grow in areas of this map unit

include shortleaf pine, longleaf pine, sweetgum, and

water oak. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the

site index for loblolly pine is 85 in areas of the Troup

soil and 90 in areas of the Springhill and Luverne soils.

The average annual growth of well stocked, even-aged,

unmanaged stands of loblolly pine at 25 years of age is

2.1 cords per acre per year in areas of the Troup soil

and 2.2 cords per acre per year in areas of the

Springhill and Luverne soils. The understory vegetation

consists mainly of greenbrier, poison oak, little
Russell County, Alabama 69

bluestem, brackenfern, waxmyrtle, muscadine grape,

American beautyberry, red maple, yellow jessamine,

huckleberry, and flowering dogwood.

This map unit has moderate limitations affecting

timber management. The main management concerns

are a hazard of erosion, an equipment limitation, the

seedling mortality rate, and plant competition.

Exposing the surface by removing ground cover

increases the hazard of erosion, including rill and gully

erosion. Mulching, seeding, and constructing

diversions can help to control erosion on roads,

landings, and skid trails. The slope and the sandy

texture in areas of the Troup soil restrict the use of

equipment. Using standard wheeled and tracked

equipment when the soils are wet results in ruts and

compaction. Cable yarding systems are safer and

damage the soil less. The moderate seedling mortality

rate in areas of the Troup soil is caused by

droughtiness. It can be compensated for by increasing

the number of trees planted. Plant competition reduces

timber production and can prevent adequate

reforestation unless sites receive intensive preparation

and maintenance. Site preparation can control the

initial plant competition, and herbicides can control

subsequent growth.

This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. It

is generally not suitable as a site for buildings because

of the slope. Other limitations include the moderately

slow permeability, the moderate shrink-swell potential,

and the low strength in areas of the Luverne soil and

the sandy texture in areas of the Troup soils.

This map unit has fair potential for openland wildlife

habitat, good potential for woodland wildlife habitat, and

very poor potential for wetland wildlife habitat. Habitat

can be improved by planting appropriate vegetation,

maintaining the existing plant cover, or promoting the

establishment of desirable plants. Prescribed burning

every three years, rotated among several small tracts

of land, can increase the amount of palatable browse

for deer and the number of seed-producing plants for

quail and turkey. Habitat for wetland wildlife can be

improved by constructing shallow ponds that provide

areas of open water for waterfowl and furbearers.

The capability subclass is VIIe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 8R in areas of the Troup soil and

9R in areas of the Springhill and Luverne soils.

UcB—Uchee-Cowarts complex, 0 to 5

percent slopes

This map unit consists of very deep, well drained

Uchee and Cowarts soils on narrow to broad ridgetops

and on the upper parts of side slopes in the uplands in

the northern part of the county. The soils occur as

areas so intricately intermingled that they could not be

mapped separately at the scale selected for mapping.

The Uchee soil makes up about 50 percent of the map

unit, and the Cowarts soil makes up about 35 percent.

Slopes generally are long and smooth. Individual areas

are irregular in shape. They range from 5 to more than

100 acres in size.

The Uchee soil generally is on the higher parts of

ridgetops and on shoulder slopes. Typically, the surface

layer is dark grayish brown loamy sand about 3 inches

thick. The subsurface layer, to a depth of 30 inches, is

loamy sand. It is yellowish brown in the upper part and

light yellowish brown in the lower part. The subsoil

extends to a depth of 54 inches. In the upper part, it is

yellowish brown sandy loam. In the lower part, it is

yellowish brown sandy clay loam that has brownish

and grayish mottles. The substratum, to a depth of 80

inches, is mottled yellowish brown, red, and light gray

sandy clay loam.

Important properties of the Uchee soil—

Permeability: Rapid in the surface and subsurface

layers; moderate in the subsoil

Available water capacity: Low

Organic matter content: Low

Natural fertility: Very low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 3.5

to 5.0 feet from January through March

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Flooding: None

The Cowarts soil generally is on the lower parts of

ridgetops and side slopes. Typically, the surface layer

is dark yellowish brown loamy sand about 5 inches

thick. The subsurface layer, to a depth of 12 inches, is

yellowish brown loamy sand. The subsoil extends to a

depth of 34 inches. It is yellowish brown sandy loam in

the upper part and yellowish brown sandy clay loam in

the lower part. The substratum, to a depth of 65

inches, is mottled yellowish brown, red, and light gray

sandy loam and sandy clay loam.

Important properties of the Cowarts soil—

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: Moderate

Organic matter content: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deep

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Flooding: None
70 Soil Survey

 Included in mapping are a few small areas of

Blanton, Dothan, Luverne, and Orangeburg soils.

Blanton soils are in landscape positions similar to

those of the Uchee soil. They have sandy surface and

subsurface layers that have a combined thickness of

40 to 80 inches. Dothan and Orangeburg soils are on

slightly higher knolls than the Uchee and Cowarts

soils. Dothan soils have significant accumulations of

plinthite in the lower part of the subsoil and do not

have thick sandy surface and subsurface layers.

Orangeburg soils have a reddish subsoil and do not

have thick sandy surface and subsurface layers.

Luverne soils are in slightly lower positions than those

of the Uchee and Cowarts soils. They have a clayey

subsoil. Included soils make up about 15 percent of the

map unit. Individual areas generally are less than 5

acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland.

A few areas are used for cultivated crops, pasture, or

hay.

This map unit is suited to cultivated crops. The main

management concerns are the low available water

capacity in areas of the Uchee soil, the low fertility,

and a moderate hazard of erosion. Contour farming,

minimum tillage, and cover crops reduce the runoff rate

and help to control erosion. Returning crop residue to

the soil helps to maintain tilth and increases the

available water capacity. Irrigation can prevent crop

damage and increase productivity in most years. Most

crops respond well to applications of lime and to

frequent, light applications of fertilizer.

This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay

plants, such as coastal bermudagrass and bahiagrass.

The main management concerns are the low fertility

and the low available water capacity of the Uchee soil.

Leaching of plant nutrients is also a management

concern. Frequent, light applications of nitrogen are

necessary to maintain the productivity of grasses.

Proper stocking rates, pasture rotation, and restricted

grazing during prolonged dry periods help to keep the

pasture in good condition.

This map unit is well suited to loblolly pine. Other

species that commonly grow in areas of this map unit

include longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, sweetgum, and

water oak. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the

site index for loblolly pine is 85. The average annual

growth of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands

of loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.1 cords per acre

per year. The understory vegetation consists mainly of

little bluestem, panicums, greenbrier, pricklypear

cactus, brackenfern, common persimmon, flowering

dogwood, and blackjack oak.

This map unit has moderate limitations affecting

timber management. The main management concerns

are an equipment limitation and the seedling mortality

rate in areas of the Uchee soil and plant competition.

The sandy texture of the surface layer restricts the use

of wheeled equipment, especially when the soil is very

dry. Harvesting activities should be planned for

seasons when the soil is moist. The moderate seedling

mortality rate is caused by droughtiness. It can be

compensated for by increasing the number of trees

planted. Plant competition reduces timber production

and can prevent adequate reforestation. The competing

vegetation can be controlled by mechanical methods,

herbicides, or prescribed burning.

This map unit is suited to most urban uses. It has

slight to moderate limitations affecting building sites

and local roads and streets and has severe limitations

affecting most kinds of sanitary facilities. The main

management concern is the restricted permeability. The

seasonal high water table, the sandy textures, and

droughtiness are also management concerns in areas

of the Uchee soil. Septic tank absorption fields may

not function properly during rainy periods because of

the restricted permeability. Enlarging the size of the

absorption field helps to compensate for this limitation.

Applying lime and fertilizer, mulching, and irrigating

help to establish lawns and landscape plants.

This map unit has fair potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat and very poor potential for

wetland wildlife habitat. The low available water

capacity and the low natural fertility are limitations.

Habitat can be improved by planting appropriate

vegetation, maintaining the existing plant cover, or

promoting the establishment of desirable plants.

Prescribed burning every three years, rotated among

several small tracts of land, can increase the amount

of palatable browse for deer and the number of seedproducing plants for quail and turkey.

The capability subclass is IIs in areas of the Uchee

soil and IIe in areas of the Cowarts soil. The woodland

ordination symbol is 8S in areas of the Uchee soil and

8A in areas of the Cowarts soil.

UcD—Uchee-Cowarts complex, 5 to 15

percent slopes

This map unit consists of very deep, well drained

Uchee and Cowarts soils on side slopes and narrow

ridges in the uplands in the northern part of the county.

The soils occur as areas so intricately intermingled

that they could not be mapped separately at the scale

selected for mapping. The Uchee soil makes up about

50 percent of the map unit, and the Cowarts soil

makes up about 35 percent. Slopes generally are short

and complex. Individual areas are irregular in shape.
Russell County, Alabama 71

They range from 10 to more than 200 acres in

size.

The Uchee soil generally is on the upper parts of

slopes and on narrow ridgetops. Typically, the surface

layer is dark yellowish brown loamy sand about 6

inches thick. The subsurface layer, to a depth of 28

inches, is loamy sand. It is yellowish brown in the

upper part and light yellowish brown in the lower part.

The subsoil, to a depth of 44 inches, is yellowish

brown and brownish yellow sandy clay loam. The

substratum, to a depth of 65 inches, is mottled light

gray, red, and strong brown sandy loam.

Important properties of the Uchee soil—

Permeability: Rapid in the surface and subsurface

layers; moderate in the subsoil

Available water capacity: Low

Organic matter content: Low

Natural fertility: Very low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 3.5

to 5.0 feet from January through March

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Flooding: None

The Cowarts soil generally is on the lower and

middle parts of slopes. Typically, the surface layer is

dark brown loamy sand about 6 inches thick. The

subsoil extends to a depth of 24 inches. It is strong

brown sandy clay loam in the upper part and strong

brown sandy clay in the lower part. The substratum, to

a depth of 65 inches, is mottled yellowish brown, red,

and light gray sandy loam.

Important properties of the Cowarts soil—

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: Moderate

Organic matter content: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deep

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Flooding: None

 Included in mapping are a few small areas of

Blanton, Kinston, Luverne, and Springhill soils. Also

included are soils that have a slope of less than 5

percent or more than 15 percent. Blanton soils are in

landscape positions similar to those of the Uchee soil.

They have sandy surface and subsurface layers that

have a combined thickness of 40 to 80 inches. The

poorly drained Kinston soils are on narrow flood plains.

Luverne and Springhill soils are in positions similar to

those of the Cowarts soil. Luverne soils have a clayey

subsoil. Springhill soils have a reddish subsoil and do

not have thick sandy surface and subsurface layers.

Included soils make up about 15 percent of the map

unit. Individual areas generally are less than 5 acres in

size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland.

A few areas are used for cultivated crops, pasture, or

hay.

This map unit is not suited to cultivated crops. The

complex topography and the moderately sloping and

strongly sloping slopes are limitations affecting the use

of equipment. Erosion is a severe hazard. The sandy

texture and droughtiness are limitations in areas of the

Uchee soil. If the soils are cultivated, all tillage should

be on the contour or across the slope.

This map unit is suited to pasture and hay plants,

such as coastal bermudagrass and bahiagrass. The

main management concerns are the slope,

droughtiness, low fertility, and a severe hazard of

erosion. The use of equipment is restricted by the

sloping, complex topography and the sandy texture of

the Uchee soil. Seedbeds should be prepared on the

contour or across the slope if practical. Proper stocking

rates, pasture rotation, and restricted grazing during

very wet or dry periods help to keep the pasture in

good condition.

This map unit is well suited to loblolly pine. Other

species that commonly grow in areas of this map unit

include longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, sweetgum, and

water oak. On the basis of a 50-year site curve, the

site index for loblolly pine is 85. The average annual

growth of well stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands

of loblolly pine at 25 years of age is 2.1 cords per acre

per year. The understory vegetation consists mainly of

little bluestem, panicums, greenbrier, pricklypear

cactus, brackenfern, common persimmon, flowering

dogwood, and blackjack oak.

This map unit has moderate limitations affecting

timber management. The main management concerns

are an equipment limitation and the seedling mortality

rate in areas of the Uchee soil, a hazard of erosion,

and plant competition. Exposing the surface by

removing ground cover increases the hazard of

erosion. Mulching, seeding, and constructing

diversions can help to control erosion on roads,

landings, and skid trails. The sandy texture of the

surface layer restricts the use of wheeled equipment,

especially when the soil is very dry. Using low-pressure

ground equipment reduces damage to the soil and

helps to maintain productivity. The moderate seedling

mortality rate is caused by droughtiness. It can be

compensated for by increasing the number of trees

planted. Plant competition reduces timber production
72 Soil Survey

and can prevent adequate reforestation. The competing

vegetation can be controlled by mechanical methods,

herbicides, or prescribed burning.

This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. It

has moderate to severe limitations affecting building

sites and local roads and streets and has severe

limitations affecting most kinds of sanitary facilities.

The main management concerns are the slope and the

moderate and moderately slow permeability. The

seasonal high water table, the sandy textures, and

droughtiness are also management concerns in areas

of the Uchee soil. Erosion is a hazard in the steeper

areas. If areas of this map unit are used as building

sites, only the part of the site that is used for

construction should be disturbed. Access roads can be

designed so that surface runoff is controlled and cut

slopes are stabilized. Septic tank absorption fields may

not function properly during rainy periods because of

the restricted permeability. Effluent from absorption

areas may surface in downslope areas and create a

health hazard. Alternative methods of sewage disposal

should be used. Applying lime and fertilizer, mulching,

and irrigating help to establish lawns and landscape

plants.

This map unit has fair potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat and very poor potential for

wetland wildlife habitat. The low available water

capacity and the low natural fertility are limitations.

Habitat can be improved by planting appropriate

vegetation, maintaining the existing plant cover, or

promoting the establishment of desirable plants.

Prescribed burning every three years, rotated among

several small tracts of land, can increase the amount

of palatable browse for deer and the number of seedproducing plants for quail and turkey.

The capability subclass is VIe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 8S in areas of the Uchee soil and

8A in areas of the Cowarts soil.

UdA—Udorthents-Urban land complex, 0

to 2 percent slopes

This map unit consists of very deep Udorthents and

areas of Urban land on uplands, primarily in the Phenix

City area. The areas of Udorthents and Urban land are

so closely intermingled that they could not be mapped

separately at the scale selected for mapping. The

Udorthents makes up about 50 percent of the map

unit, and the Urban land makes up about 40 percent.

Individual areas are rectangular. They range from 3 to

more than 20 acres in size.

Udorthents consist of earthen materials that have

been so modified by construction activities that the

original soil components are no longer recognizable.

The original soils were altered by cutting and filling,

shaping and grading, and compacting. In some areas,

the Udorthents consist of materials hauled in from

other sources. Udorthents are highly variable within a

short distance and may be clayey, loamy, or stratified

with various textures. Fragments of concrete, wood,

and metal and other debris from construction activities

commonly are mixed into the Udorthents.

Important properties of the Udorthents—

Permeability: Variable

Available water capacity: Variable

Organic matter content: Very low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: Variable

Seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deep

Shrink-swell potential: Variable

Flooding: None

Urban land consists of areas that are covered by

sidewalks, patios, driveways, parking lots, streets,

playgrounds, and buildings.

Included in mapping are a few small areas of

Cowarts, Riverview, Springhill, Uchee, and Wickham

soils. These soils are on the edges of mapped areas

and have identifiable soil horizons. Included soils make

up about 10 percent of the map unit. Individual areas

generally are less than 5 acres in size.

Areas of the Udorthents cannot easily be managed

for crops, pasture, timber, or wildlife habitat because of

the limited size of the areas, the areas of Urban land,

and the variability in soil properties. Onsite

investigation and testing are needed to determine the

suitability of this unit for any uses.

This map unit has not been assigned a capability

subclass or a woodland ordination symbol.

Ur—Urban land

This map unit consists mainly of high-density

residential areas and commercial and industrial

developments. Generally, these areas have been

graded and smoothed. In most areas, the original soils

have been altered beyond recognition or are covered

by buildings or pavement. The original soils were

altered by cutting and filling, shaping and grading,

compacting, or covering with concrete and asphalt.

Individual areas generally are less than 30 acres in

size. They are primarily in the Phenix City area.

Included in mapping are a few small areas of

unaltered soils, mostly Cowarts, Orangeburg, and

Springhill soils. Included soils generally make up less

than 10 percent of the map unit.
Russell County, Alabama 73

Onsite investigation and testing are needed to

determine the suitability of this unit for any uses.

The capability subclass is VIIIs. This map unit

has not been assigned a woodland ordination

symbol.

UuA—Urbo-Mooreville-Una complex, 0 to

2 percent slopes, frequently flooded

This map unit consists of the very deep, somewhat

poorly drained Urbo soil, the moderately well drained

Mooreville soil, and the poorly drained Una soil on flood

plains along large streams in the northwestern part of

the county. These soils are subject to flooding for brief

periods several times each year. They occur as areas

so intricately intermingled that they could not be

mapped separately at the scale selected for mapping.

The Urbo soil makes up about 40 percent of the map

unit, the Mooreville soil makes up about 25 percent,

and the Una soil makes up about 20 percent. Individual

areas are usually long and narrow. They range from 10

to more than 1,000 acres in size.

The somewhat poorly drained Urbo soil is in flat to

slightly concave positions, generally at low to

intermediate elevations on the flood plain. Typically, the

surface layer is dark brown clay loam about 8 inches

thick. The subsoil extends to a depth of 65 inches. In

the upper part, it is grayish brown clay that has

yellowish brown mottles. In the next part, it is gray clay

loam that has yellowish brown mottles. In the lower

part, it is grayish brown silty clay loam that has

yellowish brown and strong brown mottles.

Important properties of the Urbo soil—

Permeability: Very slow

Available water capacity: High

Organic matter content: Medium

Natural fertility: Medium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: Perched, at a depth of 1.0

to 2.0 feet from December through April

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Flooding: Frequent

The moderately well drained Mooreville soil is in

slightly convex positions on low ridges and natural

levees. Typically, the surface layer is dark brown fine

sandy loam about 6 inches thick. The subsoil, to a

depth of 45 inches, is sandy clay loam. It is yellowish

brown in the upper part, yellowish brown and has

grayish mottles in the next part, and yellowish brown

and has brownish and grayish mottles in the lower part.

The substratum, to a depth of 70 inches, is mottled

yellowish brown, grayish brown, and strong brown

sandy loam.

Important properties of the Mooreville soil—

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Organic matter content: Medium

Natural fertility: Medium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 1.5

to 3.0 feet from January through March

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Flooding: Frequent

The poorly drained Una soil is in swales, sloughs,

and other depressional areas at the lowest elevations

on the flood plain. Typically, the surface layer is very

dark gray silty clay loam about 3 inches thick. The

subsoil, to a depth of 65 inches, is gray clay that has

brownish mottles.

Important properties of the Una soil—

Permeability: Very slow

Available water capacity: High

Organic matter content: Medium

Natural fertility: Medium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: Perched, from 2.0 feet

above the surface to a depth of 0.5 foot from

December through April

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Flooding: Frequent

Included in mapping are a few small areas of Dogue,

Goldsboro, and Iuka soils. The moderately well drained

Dogue and Goldsboro soils are on low knolls or

remnants of terraces at slightly higher elevations than

the Urbo, Mooreville, and Una soils. They are not

subject to frequent flooding. The moderately well

drained Iuka soils are in positions similar to those of

the Mooreville soil. They have less clay in the subsoil

than the Mooreville soil. The included soils make up

about 15 percent of the map unit. Individual areas

generally are less than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland

and wildlife habitat. A few areas are used for pasture,

hay, or cultivated crops.

This map unit is not suited to most cultivated crops.

The frequent flooding and the wetness are the main

management concerns. If cultivated crops are grown, a

surface drainage system and protection from flooding

are needed.

This map unit is poorly suited to pasture and hay
74 Soil Survey

because of the frequent flooding and the wetness. If

areas are used for pasture or hay, grasses that tolerate

the wet soil conditions should be selected. Common

bermudagrass is suitable. Shallow ditches can help to

remove excess surface water.

This map unit is suited to loblolly pine and

hardwoods. Other species that commonly grow in

areas of this map unit include American sycamore,

yellow-poplar, cherrybark oak, water oak, green ash,

and sweetgum. On the basis of a 50-year site curve,

the site index for loblolly pine is 95 in areas of the Urbo

soil and 105 in areas of the Mooreville soil. The

average annual growth of well stocked, even-aged,

unmanaged stands of loblolly pine at 25 years of age is

2.5 cords per acre per year in areas of the Urbo soil

and 2.9 cords per acre per year in areas of the

Mooreville soil. On the basis of a 50-year site curve,

the site index for water tupelo is 70 in areas of the Una

soil. The average annual growth of well stocked, evenaged, unmanaged stands of water tupelo at 30 years of

age is 0.5 cord per acre per year. The understory

vegetation consists mainly of muscadine grape,

Alabama supplejack, greenbrier, poison ivy, longleaf

uniola, sweetgum, blackgum, water oak, sweetbay,

green ash, and red maple.

This map unit has severe limitations affecting timber

management. The main management concerns are an

equipment limitation, the seedling mortality rate, and

plant competition. The seasonal high water table and

the flooding restrict the use of equipment to periods

when the soils are dry. Using standard wheeled and

tracked equipment when the soils are wet results in

ruts and compaction. Using low-pressure ground

equipment reduces damage to the soils and helps to

maintain productivity. The high seedling mortality rate

is caused by excessive wetness. It can be reduced by

planting on raised beds, or it can be compensated for

by increasing the number of trees planted. Plant

competition reduces timber production and can prevent

adequate reforestation unless sites receive intensive

preparation and maintenance. Site preparation can

control the initial plant competition, and herbicides can

control subsequent growth.

This map unit is not suited to most urban uses. The

flooding and wetness are severe limitations affecting

most uses. Buildings can be constructed on pilings or

well-compacted fill to elevate them above the expected

level of flooding.

The Urbo and Mooreville soils have fair potential for

openland wildlife habitat and good potential for

woodland wildlife habitat. The Una soil has poor

potential for openland and woodland wildlife habitat.

The potential for wetland wildlife habitat is fair in areas

of the Urbo and Una soils and poor in areas of the

Mooreville soil. Habitat for openland and woodland

wildlife can be improved by planting or encouraging the

growth of existing oak trees and suitable understory

plants. Habitat for wetland wildlife can be improved by

constructing shallow ponds that provide areas of open

water for waterfowl and furbearers.

The capability subclass is Vw. The woodland

ordination symbol is 10W in areas of the Urbo soil,

12W in areas of the Mooreville soil, and 7W in areas of

the Una soil.

WbA—Wahee-Bladen complex, 0 to 1

percent slopes, occasionally flooded

This map unit consists of very deep, somewhat

poorly drained and poorly drained Wahee and Bladen

soils on low terraces along major streams. These soils

are subject to occasional flooding, usually in late winter

and early spring. They occur as areas so intricately

intermingled that they could not be mapped separately

at the scale selected for mapping. The Wahee soil

makes up about 45 percent of the map unit, and the

Bladen soil makes up about 35 percent. Most mapped

areas are long and narrow, but some are broad.

Individual areas range from 10 to more than 100 acres

in size.

The somewhat poorly drained Wahee soil is in flat to

slightly convex positions. Typically, the surface layer is

dark brown loam about 4 inches thick. The subsoil

extends to a depth of 65 inches. In the upper part, it is

light olive brown clay that has grayish mottles. In the

next part, it is light gray, light brownish gray, and gray

clay that has brownish and reddish mottles. In the

lower part, it is light gray sandy clay loam that has

brownish and reddish mottles.

Important properties of the Wahee soil—

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: Moderate

Organic matter content: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: Apparent, at a depth of 0.5

foot to 1.5 feet from January through March

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Flooding: Occasional

The poorly drained Bladen soil is in flat to concave

positions. Typically, the surface layer is very dark

grayish brown fine sandy loam about 3 inches thick.

The subsurface layer, to a depth of 10 inches, is dark

gray fine sandy loam. The subsoil, to a depth of 65

inches, is clay. In the upper part, it is light brownish
Russell County, Alabama 75

gray and has brownish and reddish mottles. In the

lower part, it is gray and has brownish and reddish

mottles.

Important properties of the Bladen soil—

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: Moderate

Organic matter content: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: Apparent, from the surface

to a depth of 1.0 foot from December through May

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Flooding: Occasional

Included in mapping are a few small areas of Dogue,

Goldsboro, and Lynchburg soils. The moderately well

drained Dogue and Goldsboro soils are in slightly

higher, more convex positions than those of the Wahee

and Bladen soils. Lynchburg soils are in positions

similar to those of the Wahee soil and are loamy

throughout. Included soils make up about 20 percent of

the map unit. Individual areas generally are less than 5

acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for woodland.

A few small areas are used for cultivated crops,

pasture, or hay.

This map unit is poorly suited to cultivated crops,

pasture, and hay. Wetness and the occasional flooding

are the main management concerns. If cultivated crops

are grown, a surface drainage system and protection

from flooding are needed. If areas are used for pasture

or hay, grasses that tolerate wet soil conditions should

be selected. Common bermudagrass is suitable.

This map unit is suited to loblolly pine and

hardwoods. Other species that commonly grow in

areas of this map unit include sweetgum, water oak,

and green ash. On the basis of a 50-year site curve,

the site index for loblolly pine is 90 in areas of the

Wahee soil and 85 in areas of the Bladen soil. The

average annual growth of well stocked, even-aged,

unmanaged stands of loblolly pine at 25 years of age is

2.2 cords per acre per year in areas of the Wahee soil

and 2.1 cords per acre per year in areas of the Bladen

soil. The understory vegetation consists mainly of red

maple, water oak, green ash, sweetgum, panicums,

waxmyrtle, greenbrier, poison ivy, and blackberry.

This map unit has severe limitations affecting timber

management. The main management concerns are an

equipment limitation, the seedling mortality rate, and

plant competition. The seasonal high water table and

the flooding restrict the use of equipment to periods

when the soils are dry. Using standard wheeled and

tracked equipment when the soils are wet results in

ruts and compaction. Using low-pressure ground

equipment reduces damage to the soils and helps to

maintain productivity. The high seedling mortality rate

is caused by excessive wetness. It can be reduced by

planting on raised beds, or it can be compensated for

by increasing the number of trees planted. Plant

competition reduces timber production and can prevent

adequate reforestation unless sites receive intensive

preparation and maintenance. Site preparation can

control the initial plant competition, and herbicides can

control subsequent growth.

This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses. It

has severe limitations affecting building sites, local

roads and streets, and most kinds of sanitary facilities.

The main management concerns are wetness and the

occasional flooding. Buildings can be constructed on

pilings or mounds to elevate them above the expected

level of flooding.

This map unit has good potential for wetland wildlife

habitat and fair potential for woodland and openland

wildlife habitat. Habitat can be improved by planting

appropriate vegetation, maintaining the existing plant

cover, or promoting the natural establishment of

desirable plants. Habitat for wetland wildlife can be

improved by constructing or maintaining shallow ponds

that provide water areas for waterfowl and furbearing

animals.

The capability subclass is IIIw in areas of the

Wahee soil and IVw in areas of the Bladen soil. The

woodland ordination symbol is 9W in areas of the

Wahee soil and 8W in areas of the Bladen soil.

WkA—Wickham fine sandy loam, 0 to 2

percent slopes, rarely flooded

This very deep, well drained soil is on low terraces

that parallel the Chattahoochee River and other large

streams. Flooding is rare but can occur under unusual

weather conditions. Slopes are long and smooth.

Individual areas generally are oblong. They range from

10 to about 100 acres in size.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown fine sandy

loam about 4 inches thick. The subsoil extends to a

depth of 55 inches. It is yellowish red sandy clay loam

in the upper part and yellowish red sandy loam in the

lower part. The substratum, to a depth of 65 inches, is

strong brown fine sandy loam.

Important properties of the Wickham soil—

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: High

Organic matter content: Low

Natural fertility: Low

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches
76

Root zone: More than 60 inches

Seasonal high water table: More than 6.0 feet deep

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Flooding: Rare

Included in mapping are a few small areas of

Annemaine, Bladen, and Kolomoki soils. The

moderately well drained Annemaine soils and the

Kolomoki soils are in slightly lower, less convex

positions than those of the Wickham soil. They are

clayey in the upper part of the subsoil. The poorly

drained Bladen soils are in small depressions. Included

soils make up about 10 percent of the map unit.

Individual areas generally are less than 5 acres in size.

Most areas of this map unit are used for cultivated

crops, pasture, or hay. A few areas are used for

woodland and wildlife habitat.

This map unit is well suited to cultivated crops. It

has no significant management concerns affecting this

use. Using minimum tillage and returning all crop

residue to the soil or regularly adding other organic

matter improve fertility and help to maintain tilth and

the content of organic matter. Most crops respond well

to applications of lime and fertilizer.

 This map unit is well suited to pasture and hay

plants, such as bermudagrass and bahiagrass. It has

no significant management concerns affecting pasture

and hayland. Restricting grazing during very wet

periods or deferring grazing until the ground is dry

helps to keep the pasture in good condition.

Applications of lime and fertilizer improve fertility and

increase the production of forage.

This map unit is well suited to loblolly pine. Other

species that commonly grow in areas of this map unit

include yellow-poplar, sweetgum, American sycamore,

water oak, and cherrybark oak. On the basis of a 50-

year site curve, the site index for loblolly pine is 90.

The average annual growth of well stocked, even-aged,

unmanaged stands of loblolly pine at 25 years of age is

2.2 cords per acre per year. The understory vegetation

consists mainly of blackberry, greenbrier, panicums,

longleaf uniola, poison ivy, Alabama supplejack,

muscadine grape, sweetgum, and water oak.

This map unit has few limitations affecting woodland

management. Competition from understory plants is a

minor management concern. Carefully managed

reforestation helps to control competition from

undesirable understory plants. Site preparation

practices, such as chopping, burning, and applying

herbicides, help to control the initial plant competition

and facilitate mechanical planting.

This map unit is poorly suited to most urban uses.

The hazard of flooding is severe and difficult to

overcome. Buildings can be constructed on pilings or

mounds to elevate them above the expected level of

flooding.

This map unit has good potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat and very poor potential for

wetland wildlife habitat. Habitat for white-tailed deer,

turkey, and squirrel can be improved by planting

appropriate vegetation, maintaining the existing plant

cover, or promoting the natural establishment of

desirable plants. Prescribed burning every three years,

rotated among several tracts of land, can increase the

amount of palatable browse for deer and the number of

seed-producing plants for quail and turkey.

The capability class is I. The woodland ordination

symbol is 9A.
77

Prime farmland is one of several kinds of important

farmland defined by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

It is of major importance in meeting the Nation's shortand long-range needs for food and fiber. Because the

supply of high-quality farmland is limited, the U.S.

Department of Agriculture recognizes that responsible

levels of government, as well as individuals, should

encourage and facilitate the wise use of our Nation's

prime farmland.

Prime farmland, as defined by the U.S. Department

of Agriculture, is land that has the best combination of

physical and chemical characteristics for producing

food, feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops and is

available for these uses. It could be cultivated land,

pastureland, forest land, or other land, but it is not

urban or built-up land or water areas. The soil qualities,

growing season, and moisture supply are those needed

for the soil to economically produce sustained high

yields of crops when proper management, including

water management, and acceptable farming methods

are applied. In general, prime farmland has an

adequate and dependable supply of moisture from

precipitation or irrigation, a favorable temperature and

growing season, acceptable acidity or alkalinity, an

acceptable salt and sodium content, and few or no

rocks. It is permeable to water and air. It is not

excessively erodible or saturated with water for long

periods, and it either is not frequently flooded during

the growing season or is protected from flooding. The

slope ranges mainly from 0 to 5 percent. More detailed

information about the criteria for prime farmland is

available at the local office of the Natural Resources

Conservation Service.

A recent trend in land use in some parts of the

survey area has been the loss of some prime farmland

to industrial and urban uses. The loss of prime

farmland to other uses puts pressure on marginal

lands, which generally are more erodible, droughty, and

less productive and cannot be easily cultivated.

The map units in the survey area that are

considered prime farmland are listed at the end of this

section. This list does not constitute a recommendation

for a particular land use. On some soils included in the

list, measures that overcome a hazard or limitation,

such as flooding, wetness, and droughtiness, are

needed. Onsite evaluation is needed to determine

whether or not the hazard or limitation has been

overcome by corrective measures. The extent of each

listed map unit is shown in table 5. The location is

shown on the detailed soil maps at the back of this

publication. The soil qualities that affect use and

management are described under the heading "Detailed

Soil Map Units."

The map units that meet the requirements for prime

farmland are:

AnA Annemaine fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes, rarely flooded

CnB Conecuh fine sandy loam, 1 to 3 percent

slopes

CtB Congaree-Toccoa complex, gently undulating,

occasionally flooded

CwB Cowarts loamy sand, 2 to 5 percent slopes

DgA Dogue fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes,

rarely flooded

DoA Dothan fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes

DoB Dothan fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes

GoA Goldsboro loamy fine sand, 0 to 2 percent

slopes

GrB Gritney fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes

HaB Hannon clay loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes

HnC2 Hannon clay, 3 to 5 percent slopes, eroded

KoA Kolomoki fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes, rarely flooded

LnB Luverne sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes

LyA Lynchburg loamy fine sand, 0 to 2 percent

slopes, rarely flooded

MnB Marvyn loamy sand, 2 to 5 percent slopes

MxA Maxton loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes,

rarely flooded

OrA Orangeburg fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes

RbA Red Bay sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes

RvA Riverview loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes,

occasionally flooded

SbB Springhill sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes

WkA Wickham fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes, rarely flooded

Prime Farmland

79

This soil survey is an inventory and evaluation of

the soils in the survey area. It can be used to adjust

land uses to the limitations and potentials of natural

resources and the environment. Also, it can help to

prevent soil-related failures in land uses.

In preparing a soil survey, soil scientists,

conservationists, engineers, and others collect

extensive field data about the nature and behavioral

characteristics of the soils. They collect data on

erosion, droughtiness, flooding, and other factors that

affect various soil uses and management. Field

experience and collected data on soil properties and

performance are used as a basis in predicting soil

behavior.

Information in this section can be used to plan the

use and management of soils for crops and pasture; as

rangeland and woodland; as sites for buildings, sanitary

facilities, highways and other transportation systems,

and parks and other recreational facilities; and for

wildlife habitat. It can be used to identify the potentials

and limitations of each soil for specific land uses and

to help prevent construction failures caused by

unfavorable soil properties.

Planners and others using soil survey information

can evaluate the effect of specific land uses on

productivity and on the environment in all or part of the

survey area. The survey can help planners to maintain

or create a land use pattern in harmony with the natural

soil.

Contractors can use this survey to locate sources of

sand and gravel, roadfill, and topsoil. They can use it to

identify areas where bedrock, wetness, or very firm soil

layers can cause difficulty in excavation.

Health officials, highway officials, engineers, and

others may also find this survey useful. The survey

can help them plan the safe disposal of wastes and

locate sites for pavements, sidewalks, campgrounds,

playgrounds, lawns, and trees and shrubs.

Crops and Pasture

Kenneth M. Rogers, conservation agronomist, Natural

Resources Conservation Service, helped prepare this section.

General management needed for crops and pasture

is suggested in this section. The crops or pasture

plants best suited to the soil, including some not

commonly grown in the survey area, are identified; the

system of land capability classification used by the

Natural Resources Conservation Service is explained;

and the estimated yields of the main crops and hay

and pasture plants are listed for each soil.

Planners of management systems for individual

fields or farms should consider the detailed information

given in the description of each soil under the heading

“Detailed Soil Map Units.” Specific information can be

obtained from the local office of the Natural Resources

Conservation Service or the Cooperative Extension

System.

In 1994, approximately 12,000 acres of cropland and

24,000 acres of pasture were in Russell County.

Approximately 5,790 acres of cotton, 2,000 acres of

peanuts, 570 acres of corn, 200 acres of soybeans,

and 600 acres of wheat were planted in the county in

1994. Also, 5,500 acres of hay and 210,000 pounds of

pecans were harvested (22). The total acreage used for

cultivated crops and pasture has been decreasing

slightly for several years. The current trend is toward

the conversion of marginal cropland to woodland,

especially in the northern part of the county.

The potential in Russell County for increased

production of food and fiber is good. Yields can be

increased in cultivated areas if the most current

technology is applied. This soil survey can help land

users make sound land-management decisions and

facilitate the application of crop production

technology.

The field crops that are suited to the soils and

climate in Russell County include many crops that are

not commonly grown because of economic

considerations. Cotton, peanuts, and corn are the main

row crops. Grain sorghum, vegetable crops, and similar

crops can be grown if economic conditions are

favorable. Wheat, rye, and oats are the only closegrowing crops planted for grain production, although

barley can be grown. The specialty crops grown in the

county include sweet corn, peas, okra, melons, sod,

and alfalfa. Many of the soils in the survey area,

including Dothan, Red Bay, and Orangeburg soils, are

well suited to specialty crops. If economic conditions

are favorable, a large acreage of these crops can be

Use and Management of the Soils
80 Soil Survey

grown. Pecans are the only orchard crop that is grown

commercially in the county. Additional information

regarding specialty crops can be obtained from the

local office of the Cooperative Extension System or

the Natural Resources Conservation Service.

Soil erosion is a major management concern on

about one-fourth of the cropland and one-half of the

pastureland in Russell County. Where the slope is more

than two percent, erosion is a hazard. Conecuh,

Cowarts, Dothan, Orangeburg, and Luverne soils are

examples of soils that are cultivated and that are

subject to erosion.

Erosion can reduce productivity and can result in

the pollution of streams. Productivity is reduced as the

surface layer erodes and more of the subsoil is

incorporated into the plow layer. Loss of the surface

layer is especially damaging on soils that have a

clayey subsoil, such as Conecuh, Hannon, and

Luverne soils, and on soils that have a layer in the

subsoil that restricts rooting depth, such as Dothan

soils. Controlling erosion on farmland minimizes the

pollution of streams and improves the quality of water

for municipal uses, for recreational uses, and for fish

and wildlife.

Erosion-control practices provide a protective plant

cover, increase the rate of water infiltration, and help to

control runoff. A cropping system that keeps plant

cover and crop residue on the surface for extended

periods can hold soil losses to amounts that do not

reduce the productive capacity of the soils. Including

grasses and legumes in the cropping system helps to

control erosion and improves tilth for the crops that

follow in the rotation. The legumes also increase the

nitrogen levels in the soils.

Applying a system of conservation tillage and

leaving crop residue on the surface increase the rate of

water infiltration and help to control runoff and erosion.

Using a no-till method of planting reduces the hazard of

erosion. This practice is suitable on most of the soils in

the county.

Terraces and diversions help to control runoff and

erosion. They are most practical on very deep, well

drained soils that have uniform slopes. Examples are

Dothan, Luverne, and Orangeburg soils. Sandy soils,

such as Alaga, Blanton, Fuquay, and Troup soils, are

not suited to terracing because gullies form easily

when water is concentrated on the surface. Grassed

waterways or underground tile outlets are essential in

areas where terraces and diversions are installed.

Diversions can be used to intercept surface runoff from

hilly uplands and to divert the water around the fields

to vegetated disposal areas.

Contour farming is a very effective erosion-control

method in cultivated areas when used in conjunction

with a water-disposal system. It is best suited to soils

that have smooth, uniform slopes. Examples are

Conecuh, Dothan, Marvyn, and Orangeburg soils.

Soil blowing can be a management concern in early

spring on some upland soils, especially if the soils are

dry and are not protected by a plant cover. The hazard

of erosion is generally highest after the seedbed has

been prepared, after planting, and when the plants are

small. Tillage methods that leave crop residue on the

surface reduce the hazard of soil blowing. Conventional

planting practices should include an implement that

scratches the surface, leaving a rough, irregular

pattern. Also, strips of close-growing crops are

effective as windbreaks. If possible, seedbed

preparation should be delayed until after March, which

is generally windy. Additional information regarding the

design of erosion-control practices is available at the

local office of the Natural Resources Conservation

Service.

Russell County has an adequate amount of rainfall

for the commonly grown crops. Prolonged periods of

drought are rare, but the distribution of rainfall during

spring and summer generally results in droughty

periods during the growing season in most years.

Irrigation may be needed during these periods to

reduce plant stress. Most of the soils that are

commonly used for cultivated crops are suitable for

irrigation; however, the amount of water applied should

be regulated to prevent excessive runoff. Some soils,

such as Conecuh, Gritney, and Hannon soils, have a

slow rate of water infiltration that limits their suitability

for irrigation.

Most of the soils that are used for crops in the

county have a surface layer of sandy loam or loamy

sand that is light in color and has a low content of

organic matter. Regular additions of crop residue,

manure, and other organic material can improve the

soil structure and minimize crusting, thus improving

the rate of water infiltration.

Natural fertility is low in most of the soils in Russell

County. Most of the soils require applications of

agricultural limestone to neutralize acidity. The crops

commonly grown in the county respond well to

applications of lime and fertilizer. The levels of

available phosphorus and potash are generally low in

most of the soils; however, some fields may have a

buildup of phosphorus or potassium because of past

applications of commercial fertilizer. Therefore, all

applications of lime and fertilizer should be based on

the results of a soil test. Leaching is a concern in

areas of sandy soils, such as Alaga, Blanton, Uchee,

Fuquay, Ocilla, and Troup soils. Higher levels of

nitrogen, applied in split applications, should be used

on these soils. The Cooperative Extension System can
Russell County, Alabama 81

help in the determination of the kinds and amounts of

fertilizer and lime to apply.

Wetness is a management concern in areas of

Bladen, Kinston, Lynchburg, Mantachie, Una, Urbo,

and Wahee soils. A drainage system can minimize the

harmful effects of excessive wetness.

Bahiagrass and coastal bermudagrass are the main

perennial grasses grown for pasture and hay in Russell

County (fig. 8). Rye, ryegrass, and wheat are grown as

annual, cool-season grass forage. Millet, sorghum, and

hybrid forage sorghums provide most of the annual,

warm-season grass forage. These annuals are

generally grown for temporary grazing or hay in areas

commonly used for cropland. Arrowleaf clover, crimson

clover, ball clover, and other cool-season forage

legumes are suitable for most of the soils in the

county, especially if agricultural limestone is applied in

proper amounts. Alfalfa, a warm-season legume, is

suitable for well drained soils, such as Dothan,

Maxton, Red Bay, Orangeburg, Riverview, and

Wickham soils.

Several management practices are needed in areas

that are used for pasture and hay production. These

practices include proper grazing rates, weed control,

proper applications of fertilizer, rotation grazing, and

scattering of animal droppings. Overgrazing,

insufficient fertilizer, and acid soils can result in weak

plants and poor stands that are quickly infested with

weeds. Maintaining a dense cover of desired pasture

species can prevent weeds from becoming

established.

Yields per Acre

The average yields per acre that can be expected of

the principal crops under a high level of management

are shown in tables 6 and 7. In any given year, yields

Figure 8.—High yields of coastal bermudagrass can be produced in this area of Orangeburg fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes.
82 Soil Survey

may be higher or lower than those indicated in the

tables because of variations in rainfall and other

climatic factors. The land capability classification of

each map unit also is shown in table 6.

The yields are based mainly on the experience and

records of farmers, conservationists, and extension

agents. Available yield data from nearby counties and

results of field trials and demonstrations are also

considered.

The management needed to obtain the indicated

yields of the various crops depends on the kind of soil

and the crop. Management can include drainage,

erosion control, and protection from flooding; the proper

planting and seeding rates; suitable high-yielding crop

varieties; appropriate and timely tillage; control of

weeds, plant diseases, and harmful insects; favorable

soil reaction and optimum levels of nitrogen,

phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements for each

crop; effective use of crop residue, barnyard manure,

and green manure crops; and harvesting that ensures

the smallest possible loss.

For yields of irrigated crops, it is assumed that the

irrigation system is adapted to the soils and to the

crops grown, that good-quality irrigation water is

uniformly applied as needed, and that tillage is kept to

a minimum.

The estimated yields reflect the productive capacity

of each soil for each of the principal crops. Yields are

likely to increase as new production technology is

developed. The productivity of a given soil compared

with that of other soils, however, is not likely to

change.

Crops other than those shown in the tables 6 and 7

are grown in the survey area, but estimated yields are

not listed because the acreage of such crops is small.

The local office of the Natural Resources Conservation

Service or of the Cooperative Extension System can

provide information about the management and

productivity of the soils for those crops.

Land Capability Classification

Land capability classification shows, in a general

way, the suitability of soils for most kinds of field

crops. Crops that require special management are

excluded. The soils are grouped according to their

limitations for field crops, the risk of damage if they are

used for crops, and the way they respond to

management. The criteria used in grouping the soils do

not include major and generally expensive landforming

that would change slope, depth, or other

characteristics of the soils, nor do they include

possible but unlikely major reclamation projects.

Capability classification is not a substitute for

interpretations designed to show suitability and

limitations of groups of soils for woodland or for

engineering purposes.

In the capability system, soils are generally grouped

at three levels—capability class, subclass, and unit.

Only class and subclass are used in this survey.

Capability classes, the broadest groups, are

designated by numerals I through VIII. The numerals

indicate progressively greater limitations and narrower

choices for practical use. The classes are defined as

follows:

Class I soils have few limitations that restrict their

use.

Class II soils have moderate limitations that reduce

the choice of plants or that require moderate

conservation practices.

Class III soils have severe limitations that reduce

the choice of plants or that require special

conservation practices, or both.

Class IV soils have very severe limitations that

reduce the choice of plants or that require very careful

management, or both.

Class V soils are not likely to erode but have other

limitations, impractical to remove, that limit their use.

Class VI soils have severe limitations that make

them generally unsuitable for cultivation.

Class VII soils have very severe limitations that

make them unsuitable for cultivation.

Class VIII soils and miscellaneous areas have

limitations that nearly preclude their use for

commercial crop production.

Capability subclasses are soil groups within one

class. They are designated by adding a small letter, e,

w, s, or c, to the class numeral, for example, IIe. The

letter e shows that the main hazard is the risk of

erosion unless close-growing plant cover is maintained;

w shows that water in or on the soil interferes with

plant growth or cultivation (in some soils the wetness

can be partly corrected by artificial drainage); s shows

that the soil is limited mainly because it is shallow,

droughty, or stony; and c, used in only some parts of

the United States, shows that the chief limitation is

climate that is very cold or very dry.

In class I there are no subclasses because the soils

of this class have few limitations. Class V contains

only the subclasses indicated by w, s, or c because

the soils in class V are subject to little or no erosion.

They have other limitations that restrict their use to

pasture, rangeland, woodland, wildlife habitat, or

recreation.

The capability classification of each map unit is

given in the section “Detailed Soil Map Units” and in

table 6.
Russell County, Alabama 83

Landscaping and Gardening

Kenneth M. Rogers, conservation agronomist, Natural

Resources Conservation Service, helped prepare this section.

The soils in residential areas are used primarily as

sites for homes, driveways, and streets. Remaining

areas of each lot are commonly used for lawns, which

enhance the appearance of the homes; as gardens for

vegetables or flowers and shrubs; as orchards for fruits

and nuts; for recreational uses; as habitat for animals

and birds; for trees, which provide shade and promote

energy conservation; for vegetation and structures

designed to abate noise, enhance privacy, and provide

protection from the wind; and for septic tank absorption

fields. Because the outdoor areas are used for several

purposes, careful planning and a good understanding of

the soils are important.

This section contains general soil-related

information regarding landscaping and gardening. Other

information may be obtained from the local office of the

Cooperative Extension System, the Natural Resources

Conservation Service, and private businesses that

provide landscaping and related services. The amount

of soil information needed for use in some areas is

beyond the scope of this survey and is more detailed

than that provided at the map scale used. Onsite

investigation is needed.

Most of the soils in the residential areas in Russell

County have been disturbed to some degree during

construction of houses, streets, driveways, and utility

service. This construction involved cutting and filling,

grading, and excavating. As a result, soil properties are

more variable and less predictable than in undisturbed

areas. Onsite examination is necessary in planning

land uses for soils in disturbed areas.

Some of the poorest soils for plant growth are soils

of the Conecuh, Cowarts, Gritney, and Pacolet series

that have had the surface layer removed during

grading. The exposed dense, firm subsoil restricts root

penetration, absorbs little rainfall, and results in

excessive runoff. These conditions are common where

these and similar soils are mapped as complexes with

Urban land. Incorporating organic matter into the soil

improves tilth and the rate of water infiltration and

provides a more desirable rooting medium. Areas that

are subject to intensive foot traffic should be covered

with gravel or a mulch, such as pine bark or wood

chips.

Some soils, such as Bladen, Lynchburg, and Wahee

soils, are wet. The wetness limits the selection of

plants to those that are tolerant of a high moisture

content in the soil. Several methods can be used to

minimize the effects of the wetness. Installing

underground tile drains can lower the water table in

permeable soils. Bedding the surface layer of slowly

permeable soils, such as Bladen soils, helps to provide

a satisfactory root zone for some plants.

Some soils, such as Congaree, Mantachie, and

Toccoa soils, are on flood plains. Most plants used for

gardening and landscaping can be grown in areas of

these soils, but consideration should be given to the

effects of floodwater. Surface drainage is a

management concern because urban uses commonly

result in increased rates of surface runoff, which

increase the frequency and severity of flooding. Advice

and assistance regarding drainage problems can be

obtained from the Natural Resources Conservation

Service, municipal and county engineering

departments, and private engineering companies.

Sandy soils, such as Alaga, Blanton, Fuquay,

Ocilla, Troup, and Uchee soils, are droughty, have low

fertility, and have a low content of organic matter.

Droughtiness limits the selection of plants that will

grow unless irrigation is provided. Additions of organic

matter increase the available water capacity and help

to retain nutrients in the root zone. Supplemental

watering and split applications of plant nutrients are

recommended. Using a mulch, such as pine bark,

wood chips, or pine straw, or incorporating peat moss

or well-decomposed manure into the soil provides a

more desirable medium for plant growth.

Natural fertility is low in most of the soils in Russell

County. Most of the soils are strongly acid or very

strongly acid. Additions of ground limestone are

needed to neutralize the acidity of most of these soils.

The original surface layer contains the most plant

nutrients and the most favorable pH for most plants. In

many areas, fertility of the surface layer has been

improved by applications of lime and fertilizer. If the

surface layer is removed during construction, the

remaining soil is very acid and low in available plant

nutrients. Also, some nutrients are unavailable for plant

growth in acid soil conditions. Disturbed soils generally

need larger amounts of lime and fertilizer, which should

be applied according to the results of soil tests and the

type of plants grown. Information on sampling for soil

testing can be obtained from the Cooperative

Extension System, the Natural Resources

Conservation Service, and local nurseries.

In the following paragraphs, some of the plants that

are used in landscaping and gardening and some

management relationships between the plants and the

soils are described. Information in this section should

be supplemented by consultations with specialists at

the Cooperative Extension System, the Natural

Resources Conservation Service, and private

landscaping and gardening businesses.

The grasses used for landscaping in Russell County
84 Soil Survey

are mainly vegetatively propagated species, such as

zoysiagrass, hybrid bermudagrass, St. Augustine

grass, and centipede grass, and seeded species, such

as common bermudagrass and centipede grass. The

grasses commonly used for short-term cover include

ryegrass, rye, wheat, sudangrass, and millet.

The vegetatively propagated plants are usually

planted as sprigs, plugs, or sod. Additions of topsoil

may be needed before planting in some areas. Also,

lime and fertilizer should be applied and incorporated

into the soil. The plants should be placed in close

contact with the soil, and the plantings should be

watered to ensure the establishment of the root

system. St. Augustine grass, centipede grass, and

certain strains of zoysiagrass are moderately shade

tolerant. St. Augustine grass and zoysiagrass normally

require more maintenance than centipede grass. The

strains of hybrid bermudagrass are fast growing, but

they are not as tolerant of shade as St. Augustine

grass, centipede grass, or zoysiagrass.

Common perennial grasses that are established by

seeding include common bermudagrass and centipede

grass. Lime and fertilizer should be applied and

incorporated into the soil before seeding. Proper

planting depth is important when grasses are

established from seed.

Short-term vegetative cover is used to protect the

soil at construction sites or to provide cover between

the planting seasons of the desired grass species. The

most commonly used grasses for short-term cover are

ryegrass for cool seasons and sudangrass or millet for

warm seasons. These species are annuals and die

after the growing season. Periodic applications of lime

and fertilizer are needed for all types of grasses. The

kinds and amounts of lime and fertilizer to apply

should be based on the results of soil tests.

Vines can be used to provide vegetative cover in

moderately shaded areas and in steeper areas that

cannot be mowed. English ivy and periwinkle can be

used for ground cover or on walls and fences. All of

these plants are propagated vegetatively, usually from

potted plants or sprigs.

Mulches can be used for ground cover in areas

where traffic is too heavy for grass cover, in areas

where shrubs and flowers are desired with additional

ground cover, and in densely shaded areas. Mulches

provide effective ground cover. They also provide

immediate cover for erosion control in areas where live

vegetation is not desired. Effective mulches include

pine straw, small-grain straw, hay, composted grass

clippings, wood chips, pine bark, gravel, and several

manufactured materials. The best type of mulch to use

depends to some extent on the hazard of erosion.

Mulches also can be used to conserve soil moisture

and control weeds around trees, shrubs, and

flowers.

Shrubs are used primarily to enhance the

appearance of homesites. They also can be used to

control traffic. They can be effective in dissipating the

energy from raindrops and from runoff from roofs. Most

native and adapted species add variety to residential

settings. The effects of acidity and fertility levels vary

greatly among shrub types.

Vegetable and flower gardens are important to many

individuals and businesses. However, the soils in areas

where homes and businesses are established may not

be suited to vegetables and flowers. Soils that have

been disturbed by construction may not be productive

unless topsoil is applied. Soils that have slopes of

more than 8 percent have poor potential for vegetable

gardening because of the hazard of erosion if the soils

are tilled. Generally, steeper soils have a thinner

surface layer. Flower gardening is possible in steeper

areas, however, if mulches are used to help control

erosion.

Incorporating composted tree leaves and grass

clippings into the soil improves fertility, tilth, and

moisture content. Additional information regarding

vegetable crops is included under the heading “Crops

and Pasture.”

Most garden plants grow best in soils that have a

pH level between 5.5 and 6.5 and that have a high

fertility level. Applying too much fertilizer or using

fertilizers with the wrong combination of plant nutrients

can be avoided by soil testing, which is the only

effective method of determining how much and what

type of fertilizer to apply. Information regarding soil

testing can be obtained from the local office of the

Cooperative Extension System, the Natural Resources

Conservation Service, or from retail fertilizer

businesses.

Trees are important in homesite landscaping.

Information regarding the relationships between soils

and trees is available in the section “Woodland

Management and Productivity.” Special assistance in

urban forestry can be obtained from the Alabama

Forestry Commission.

Woodland Management and Productivity

Jerry L. Johnson, forester, Natural Resources Conservation

Service, helped prepare this section.

Forestry is an important industry in Russell County,

and forest products make up a significant portion of

the economy. Forestry ranks first in the production

value of agricultural commodities in the county (22).

Commercial woodland makes up 284,000 acres, or
Russell County, Alabama 85

about 70 percent of the total land area in Russell

County. This acreage decreased by about 1,200

acres from 1982 to 1990, primarily because of the

conversion of woodland to pasture and urban uses (18).

Private landowners own about 65 percent of the

woodland in the county, the forest industry owns about

29 percent, and the Federal government owns about 6

percent (18).

The forest types in Russell County include 81,200

acres of loblolly-shortleaf pine, 92,700 acres of oakpine, 92,700 acres of oak-hickory, and 17,400 acres of

oak-gum-cypress. The county has about 52,200 acres

of sawtimber, 75,300 acres of poletimber, and 156,500

acres of seedlings and saplings (18).

Most of the soils in the county are well suited to

loblolly pine and have a site index of 80 or more. A few

map units, such as Sumter soils and Fluvaquents, are

generally unsuited to the commercial production of pine

trees.

Table 8 can be used by woodland owners or forest

managers in planning the use of soils for wood crops.

Only those soils suitable for wood crops are listed. The

table lists the ordination symbol for each soil. Soils

assigned the same ordination symbol require the same

general management and have about the same

potential productivity.

The first part of the ordination symbol, a number,

indicates the potential productivity of the soils for an

indicator tree species. The number indicates the

volume, in cubic meters per hectare per year, which

the indicator species can produce in a pure stand

under natural conditions. The number 1 indicates low

potential productivity; 2 or 3, moderate; 4 or 5,

moderately high; 6 to 8, high; 9 to 11, very high; and

12 to 39, extremely high. The second part of the

symbol, a letter, indicates the major kind of soil

limitation. The letter R indicates steep slopes; W,

excess water in or on the soil; C, clay in the upper part

of the soil; and S, sandy texture. The letter A indicates

that limitations or restrictions are insignificant. If a soil

has more than one limitation, the priority is as follows:

R, W, C, and S.

In table 8 slight, moderate, and severe indicate the

degree of the major soil limitations to be considered in

management.

Erosion hazard is the probability that damage will

occur as a result of site preparation and cutting where

the soil is exposed along roads, skid trails, and fire

lanes and in log-handling areas. Forests that have been

burned or overgrazed are also subject to erosion.

Ratings of the erosion hazard are based on the percent

of the slope. A rating of slight indicates that no

particular prevention measures are needed under

ordinary conditions. A rating of moderate indicates that

erosion-control measures are needed in certain

silvicultural activities. A rating of severe indicates that

special precautions are needed to control erosion in

most silvicultural activities.

Equipment limitation reflects the characteristics and

conditions of the soil that restrict use of the equipment

generally needed in woodland management or

harvesting. The chief characteristics and conditions

considered in the ratings are slope, stones on the

surface, rock outcrops, soil wetness, and texture of the

surface layer. A rating of slight indicates that under

normal conditions the kind of equipment and season of

use are not significantly restricted by soil factors. Soil

wetness can restrict equipment use, but the wet period

does not exceed 1 month. A rating of moderate

indicates that equipment use is moderately restricted

because of one or more soil factors. If the soil is wet,

the wetness restricts equipment use for a period of 1 to

3 months. A rating of severe indicates that equipment

use is severely restricted either as to the kind of

equipment that can be used or the season of use. If

the soil is wet, the wetness restricts equipment use for

more than 3 months.

Seedling mortality refers to the death of naturally

occurring or planted tree seedlings, as influenced by

the kinds of soil, soil wetness, or topographic

conditions. The factors used in rating the soils for

seedling mortality are texture of the surface layer,

depth to a seasonal high water table and the length of

the period when the water table is high, rock fragments

in the surface layer, effective rooting depth, and slope

aspect. A rating of slight indicates that seedling

mortality is not likely to be a problem under normal

conditions. Expected mortality is less than 25 percent.

A rating of moderate indicates that some problems

from seedling mortality can be expected. Extra

precautions are advisable. Expected mortality is 25 to

50 percent. A rating of severe indicates that seedling

mortality is a serious problem. Extra precautions are

important. Replanting may be necessary. Expected

mortality is more than 50 percent.

Plant competition ratings indicate the degree to

which undesirable species are expected to invade and

grow when openings are made in the tree canopy. The

main factors that affect plant competition are depth to

the water table and the available water capacity. A

rating of slight indicates that competition from

undesirable plants is not likely to prevent natural

regeneration or suppress the more desirable species.

Planted seedlings can become established without

undue competition. A rating of moderate indicates that

competition may delay the establishment of desirable
86 Soil Survey

species. Competition may hamper stand development,

but it will not prevent the eventual development of fully

stocked stands. A rating of severe indicates that

competition can be expected to prevent regeneration

unless precautionary measures are applied.

The potential productivity of common trees on a soil

is expressed as a site index and as a volume number.

The site index is the average height, in feet, that

dominant and codominant trees of a given species

attain in a specified number of years. The site index

applies to fully stocked, even-aged, unmanaged

stands. Commonly grown trees are those that

woodland managers generally favor in intermediate or

improvement cuttings. They are selected on the basis

of growth rate, quality, value, and marketability. The

estimates of the productivity of the soils in this survey

are based on published data (5, 6, 7, 18).

The volume, a number, is the yield likely to be

produced by the most important trees. This number,

expressed as cords per acre per year, indicates the

amount of fiber produced in a fully stocked, even-aged,

unmanaged stand.

The first species listed under common trees for a

soil is the indicator species for that soil. It generally is

the most common species on the soil and is the one

that determines the ordination class.

Trees to plant are those that are suitable for

commercial wood production.

Recreation

The soils of the survey area are rated in table 9

according to limitations that affect their suitability for

recreation. The ratings are based on restrictive soil

features, such as wetness, slope, and texture of the

surface layer. Susceptibility to flooding is considered.

Not considered in the ratings, but important in

evaluating a site, are the location and accessibility of

the area, the size and shape of the area and its scenic

quality, vegetation, access to water, potential water

impoundment sites, and access to public sewer lines.

The capacity of the soil to absorb septic tank effluent

and the ability of the soil to support vegetation are also

important. Soils subject to flooding are limited for

recreational uses by the duration and intensity of

flooding and the season when flooding occurs. In

planning recreational facilities, onsite assessment of

the height, duration, intensity, and frequency of

flooding is essential.

In table 9, the degree of soil limitation is expressed

as slight, moderate, or severe. Slight means that soil

properties are generally favorable and that limitations

are minor and easily overcome. Moderate means that

limitations can be overcome or alleviated by planning,

design, or special maintenance. Severe means that

soil properties are unfavorable and that limitations can

be offset only by costly soil reclamation, special

design, intensive maintenance, limited use, or a

combination of these measures.

The information in the table 9 can be supplemented

by other information in this survey, for example,

interpretations for septic tank absorption fields in table

12 and interpretations for dwellings without basements

and for local roads and streets in table 11.

Camp areas require site preparation, such as

shaping and leveling the tent and parking areas,

stabilizing roads and intensively used areas, and

installing sanitary facilities and utility lines. Camp

areas are subject to heavy foot traffic and some

vehicular traffic. The best soils have mild slopes and

are not wet or subject to flooding during the period of

use. The surface has few or no stones or boulders,

absorbs rainfall readily but remains firm, and is not

dusty when dry. Strong slopes and stones or boulders

can greatly increase the cost of constructing

campsites.

Picnic areas are subject to heavy foot traffic. Most

vehicular traffic is confined to access roads and

parking areas. The best soils for picnic areas are firm

when wet, are not dusty when dry, are not subject to

flooding during the period of use, and do not have

slopes or stones or boulders that increase the cost of

shaping sites or of building access roads and parking

areas.

Playgrounds require soils that can withstand

intensive foot traffic. The best soils are almost level

and are not wet or subject to flooding during the

season of use. The surface is free of stones and

boulders, is firm after rains, and is not dusty when dry.

If grading is needed, the depth of the soil over bedrock

or a hardpan should be considered.

Paths and trails for hiking and horseback riding

should require little or no cutting and filling. The best

soils are not wet, are firm after rains, are not dusty

when dry, and are not subject to flooding more than

once a year during the period of use. They have

moderate slopes and few or no stones or boulders on

the surface.

Golf fairways are subject to heavy foot traffic and

some light vehicular traffic. Cutting or filling may be

required. The best soils for use as golf fairways are

firm when wet, are not dusty when dry, and are not

subject to prolonged flooding during the period of use.

They have moderate slopes and no stones or boulders

on the surface. The suitability of the soil for tees or

greens is not considered in rating the soils.
Russell County, Alabama 87

Wildlife Habitat

Tommy Counts, wildlife biologist, Natural Resources

Conservation Service, helped to prepare this section.

Russell County is dominantly a rural area that has

suitable habitat for many kinds of wildlife. The county

is about 70 percent woodland, but it is interspersed

with areas of cultivated crops, pasture, and hay.

The common species of wild game found in Russell

County are eastern wild turkey, bobwhite quail, whitetailed deer, eastern cottontail rabbit, fox and gray

squirrels, mourning dove, Canada geese, and ducks.

The nongame wildlife species in the county include

armadillos, snakes, egrets, herons, crows, blackbirds,

hawks, owls, and songbirds, such as cardinals, robins,

thrushes, bluejays, meadowlarks, mockingbirds,

sparrows, woodpeckers, vireos, and warblers.

In the upland areas, the woodland generally consists

of loblolly pine or mixed pines and hardwoods. In areas

on the flood plains along streams and rivers, the

woodland consists of bottom land hardwoods. The

forest types and their associated plant communities

are of major importance to wildlife. Many of these

woodland areas are managed primarily to provide

habitat for various species of wildlife, such as bobwhite

quail, white-tailed deer, and turkey. Management

practices that benefit wildlife—including prescribed

burning, creating or maintaining openings in the

woodland, and thinning stands—are common

throughout the county.

Areas of cultivated crops, hay, and pasture are

commonly interspersed with the woodland. The open

areas are very important to many species of wildlife.

The areas of cropland are primarily used for agricultural

commodities, such as cotton and peanuts. The pasture

and hayland are generally used for perennial grasses,

such as bahiagrass and bermudagrass.

Wetlands are used by many kinds of wildlife. Many

of the furbearers and wading birds depend almost

exclusively upon these areas. Natural depressions and

areas of saturated soils along creeks and rivers,

bodies of open water, and beaver ponds make up most

of the wetland areas in the county. They occur mostly

along the Hatchechubbee, Uchee, Little Uchee, and

Cowikee Creeks and in areas that are adjacent to the

Chattahoochee River.

The furbearers in the county include beaver,

muskrat, river otter, mink, bobcat, fox, opossum,

coyote, raccoon, and skunk. Waterfowl and wading

birds are numerous during certain times of the year in

wetland areas, especially in those areas along the

Chattahoochee River.

The wildlife species in Russell County that the

Federal government has listed as threatened or

endangered include the bald eagle, American alligator,

and wood stork.

Soils affect the kind and amount of vegetation that

is available to wildlife as food and cover. They also

affect the construction of water impoundments. The

kind and abundance of wildlife depend largely on the

amount and distribution of food, cover, and water.

Wildlife habitat can be created or improved by planting

appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the existing

plant cover, or by promoting the natural establishment

of desirable plants.

In table 10, the soils in the survey area are rated

according to their potential for providing habitat for

various kinds of wildlife. This information can be used

in planning parks, wildlife refuges, nature study areas,

and other developments for wildlife; in selecting soils

that are suitable for establishing, improving, or

maintaining specific elements of wildlife habitat; and in

determining the intensity of management needed for

each element of the habitat.

The potential of the soil is rated good, fair, poor, or

very poor. A rating of good indicates that the element

or kind of habitat is easily established, improved, or

maintained. Few or no limitations affect management,

and satisfactory results can be expected. A rating of

fair indicates that the element or kind of habitat can be

established, improved, or maintained in most places.

Moderately intensive management is required for

satisfactory results. A rating of poor indicates that

limitations are severe for the designated element or

kind of habitat. Habitat can be created, improved, or

maintained in most places, but management is difficult

and must be intensive. A rating of very poor indicates

that restrictions for the element or kind of habitat are

very severe and that unsatisfactory results can be

expected. Creating, improving, or maintaining habitat is

impractical or impossible.

The elements of wildlife habitat are described in the

following paragraphs.

Grain and seed crops are domestic grains and seedproducing herbaceous plants. Soil properties and

features that affect the growth of grain and seed crops

are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface layer,

available water capacity, wetness, slope, surface

stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and soil

moisture are also considerations. Examples of grain

and seed crops are corn, soybeans, wheat, oats, grain

sorghum, millet, cowpeas, and sunflowers.

Grasses and legumes are domestic perennial

grasses and herbaceous legumes. Soil properties and

features that affect the growth of grasses and legumes

are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface layer,

available water capacity, wetness, surface stoniness,

flooding, and slope. Soil temperature and soil moisture
88 Soil Survey

are also considerations. Examples of grasses and

legumes are fescue, bahiagrass, vetch, bermudagrass,

Johnsongrass, lespedeza, clover, and alfalfa.

Wild herbaceous plants are native or naturally

established grasses and forbs, including weeds. Soil

properties and features that affect the growth of these

plants are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface

layer, available water capacity, wetness, surface

stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and soil

moisture are also considerations. Examples of wild

herbaceous plants are dewberry, blackberry, crotons,

goldenrod, beggarweed, partridge pea, greenbrier, and

honeysuckle.

Hardwood trees and woody understory produce nuts

or other fruit, buds, catkins, twigs, bark, and foliage.

Soil properties and features that affect the growth of

hardwood trees and shrubs are depth of the root zone,

available water capacity, and wetness. Examples of

these plants are oak, yellow-poplar, blackcherry,

sweetgum, apple, hawthorn, dogwood, common

persimmon, sassafras, holly, hickory, and blueberry.

Examples of fruit-producing shrubs that are suitable for

planting on soils rated good are autumn olive,

pyracantha, and crabapple.

Coniferous plants furnish browse and seeds. Soil

properties and features that affect the growth of

coniferous trees, shrubs, and ground cover are depth

of the root zone, available water capacity, and

wetness. Examples of coniferous plants are pine,

eastern redcedar, and baldcypress.

Wetland plants are annual and perennial wild

herbaceous plants that grow on moist or wet sites.

Submerged or floating aquatic plants are excluded. Soil

properties and features affecting wetland plants are

texture of the surface layer, wetness, reaction, salinity,

slope, and surface stoniness. Examples of wetland

plants are smartweed, wild millet, cattails, rushes,

sedges, and reeds.

Shallow water areas have an average depth of less

than 5 feet. Some are naturally wet areas. Others are

created by dams, levees, or other water-control

structures. Soil properties and features affecting

shallow water areas are depth to bedrock, wetness,

surface stoniness, slope, and permeability. Examples

of shallow water areas are marshes, beaver ponds, and

other ponds.

The habitat for various kinds of wildlife is described

in the following paragraphs.

Habitat for openland wildlife consists of cropland,

pasture, meadows, and areas that are overgrown with

grasses, herbs, shrubs, and vines. These areas

produce grain and seed crops, grasses and legumes,

and wild herbaceous plants. Wildlife attracted to these

areas include bobwhite quail, mourning dove,

meadowlark, field sparrow, cottontail, rabbit, and red

fox.

Habitat for woodland wildlife consists of areas of

deciduous plants or coniferous plants or both and

associated grasses, legumes, and wild herbaceous

plants. Wildlife attracted to these areas include wild

turkey, woodcock, thrushes, warblers, vireos,

woodpeckers, squirrels, gray fox, raccoon, and

deer.

Habitat for wetland wildlife consists of open, marshy

or swampy shallow water areas. Some of the wildlife

attracted to such areas are ducks, geese, herons,

rails, kingfishers, otter, turtles, muskrat, mink, and

beaver.

Aquaculture

H.D. Kelly, biologist, Natural Resources Conservation Service,

helped prepare this section.

Aquaculture is the controlled production and harvest

of animals or plants grown in or on water. In Russell

County, catfish farming (channel catfish) and sport fish

production (bass and bream) are the most common

types of aquaculture. The channel catfish, Ictulurus

punctatus, is produced either in cages within ponds or

in open ponds. The county currently has about 100

acres of catfish ponds and about 5,700 acres of bass

and bream ponds. Other species of fish can be

produced in ponds, and fish farming could provide

additional income for some landowners.

An understanding of soil characteristics is important

in determining the potential of a pond site. Conecuh,

Dothan, Luverne, Hannon, and Gritney soils are

generally suited to pond construction.

Some of the tables included in this survey can help

in the evaluation of potential pond sites. Table 14, for

example, lists soil limitations affecting pond reservoir

areas and embankments, dikes, and levees.

Indications of flooding frequency and water table levels

are in table 17. These tables and the detailed soil maps

can help in the evaluation of the pond-building and

water-retaining potential of a location. Once a possible

pond site is selected, additional soil borings should be

made.

The construction of buildings and the accessibility

of the area are important considerations in evaluating a

pond site. Depending on the size and planned use of

the site, a road system may need to be planned to

accommodate harvest trucks. Large trucks are used in

commercial operations. Feed trucks and similar

equipment also require suitable access to the fish

farm. If the farm is planned for fingerling production, a

hatchery building will probably be on the site. Other

buildings may be needed to store equipment or feed.
Russell County, Alabama 89

Table 11 gives soil limitations affecting roads and

building sites.

The quality of water in a pond is influenced by the

soil. Several variables of water quality affect the

production of fish. Total alkalinity, for example, is

directly influenced by the soil. Total alkalinity values

ranging from 30 to 150 parts per million are preferred.

Fish production can be at an acceptable level in ponds

that have a low alkalinity level—less than 20 parts per

million—provided that the fish are well fed. Other

complicating factors, however, affect fish production

when alkalinity values are below 20 parts per million.

The application of agricultural lime can often prevent

production problems associated with low alkalinity.

The soil in pond basins should be analyzed before

the basins are limed and filled with water. The amount

of lime needed should be based on the results of the

analysis, and the lime should be applied before the

ponds are filled with water. Thereafter, annual

applications of lime, even in ponds full of water, should

range from 20 to 25 percent of the original application

to maintain desirable levels of alkalinity. The

importance of proper alkalinity levels cannot be

overemphasized. Except for the Hannon and Sumter

soils, all of the soils that are suitable for pond

construction in Russell County require applications of

lime.

The source and amount of water to be used should

also be considered when evaluating a site for a pond or

fish farm. For example, if runoff water is to be used,

the watershed should be evaluated. Technical

assistance regarding site and production problems is

available from the local office of the Natural Resources

Conservation Service or the Cooperative Extension

System.

Engineering

This section provides information for planning land

uses related to urban development and to water

management. Soils are rated for various uses, and the

most limiting features are identified. Ratings are given

for building site development, sanitary facilities,

construction materials, and water management. The

ratings are based on observed performance of the soils

and on the estimated data and test data in the “Soil

Properties” section.

Information in this section is intended for land use

planning, for evaluating land use alternatives, and for

planning site investigations prior to design and

construction. The information, however, has limitations.

For example, estimates and other data generally apply

only to that part of the soil within a depth of 5 or 6 feet.

Because of the map scale, small areas of different

soils may be included within the mapped areas of a

specific soil.

The information is not site specific and does not

eliminate the need for onsite investigation of the soils

or for testing and analysis by personnel experienced in

the design and construction of engineering works.

Government ordinances and regulations that restrict

certain land uses or impose specific design criteria

were not considered in preparing the information in this

section. Local ordinances and regulations should be

considered in planning, in site selection, and in design.

Soil properties, site features, and observed

performance were considered in determining the ratings

in this section. During the fieldwork for this soil survey,

determinations were made about grain-size distribution,

liquid limit, plasticity index, soil reaction, depth to

bedrock, hardness of bedrock within 5 or 6 feet of the

surface, soil wetness, depth to a seasonal high water

table, slope, likelihood of flooding, natural soil structure

aggregation, and soil density. Data were collected

about kinds of clay minerals, mineralogy of the sand

and silt fractions, and the kinds of adsorbed cations.

Estimates were made for erodibility, permeability,

corrosivity, shrink-swell potential, available water

capacity, and other behavioral characteristics affecting

engineering uses.

This information can be used to evaluate the

potential of areas for residential, commercial,

industrial, and recreational uses; make preliminary

estimates of construction conditions; evaluate

alternative routes for roads, streets, highways,

pipelines, and underground cables; evaluate alternative

sites for sanitary landfills, septic tank absorption fields,

and sewage lagoons; plan detailed onsite

investigations of soils and geology; locate potential

sources of gravel, sand, earthfill, and topsoil; plan

drainage systems, irrigation systems, ponds, terraces,

and other structures for soil and water conservation;

and predict performance of proposed small structures

and pavements by comparing the performance of

existing similar structures on the same or similar soils.

The information in the tables, along with the soil

maps, the soil descriptions, and other data provided in

this survey, can be used to make additional

interpretations.

Some of the terms used in this soil survey have a

special meaning in soil science and are defined in the

“Glossary.”

Building Site Development

Table 11 shows the degree and kind of soil

limitations that affect shallow excavations, dwellings

with and without basements, small commercial

buildings, local roads and streets, and lawns and
90 Soil Survey

landscaping. The limitations are considered slight if soil

properties and site features are generally favorable for

the indicated use and limitations are minor and easily

overcome; moderate if soil properties or site features

are not favorable for the indicated use and special

planning, design, or maintenance is needed to

overcome or minimize the limitations; and severe if soil

properties or site features are so unfavorable or so

difficult to overcome that special design, significant

increases in construction costs, and possibly

increased maintenance are required. Special feasibility

studies may be required where the soil limitations are

severe.

Shallow excavations are trenches or holes dug to a

maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet for basements, graves,

utility lines, open ditches, and other purposes. The

ratings are based on soil properties, site features, and

observed performance of the soils. The ease of

digging, filling, and compacting is affected by the depth

to bedrock; stone content; soil texture; and slope. The

time of the year that excavations can be made is

affected by the depth to a seasonal high water table

and the susceptibility of the soil to flooding. The

resistance of the excavation walls or banks to

sloughing or caving is affected by soil texture and

depth to the water table.

Dwellings and small commercial buildings are

structures built on shallow foundations on undisturbed

soil. The load limit is the same as that for single-family

dwellings no higher than three stories. Ratings are

made for small commercial buildings without

basements, for dwellings with basements, and for

dwellings without basements. The ratings are based on

soil properties, site features, and observed

performance of the soils. A high water table, flooding,

shrinking and swelling, and organic layers can cause

the movement of footings. A high water table, depth to

bedrock, large stones, slope, and flooding affect the

ease of excavation and construction. Landscaping and

grading that require cuts and fills of more than 5 or 6

feet are not considered.

Local roads and streets have an all-weather surface

and carry automobile and light truck traffic all year.

They have a subgrade of cut or fill soil material; a base

of gravel, crushed rock, or stabilized soil material; and

a flexible or rigid surface. Cuts and fills are generally

limited to less than 6 feet. The ratings are based on

soil properties, site features, and observed

performance of the soils. Depth to bedrock, a high

water table, flooding, large stones, and slope affect the

ease of excavating and grading. Soil strength (as

inferred from the engineering classification of the soil),

shrink-swell potential, and depth to a high water table

affect the traffic-supporting capacity.

Lawns and landscaping require soils on which turf

and ornamental trees and shrubs can be established

and maintained. The ratings are based on soil

properties, site features, and observed performance of

the soils. Soil reaction, a high water table, depth to

bedrock, and the available water capacity in the upper

40 inches affect plant growth. Flooding, wetness,

slope, stoniness, and the amount of sand, clay, or

organic matter in the surface layer affect trafficability

after vegetation is established.

Sanitary Facilities

Table 12 shows the degree and kind of soil

limitations that affect septic tank absorption fields,

sewage lagoons, and sanitary landfills. The limitations

are considered slight if soil properties and site features

are generally favorable for the indicated use and

limitations are minor and easily overcome; moderate if

soil properties or site features are not favorable for the

indicated use and special planning, design, or

maintenance is needed to overcome or minimize the

limitations; and severe if soil properties or site features

are so unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that

special design, significant increases in construction

costs, and possibly increased maintenance are

required.

Table 12 also shows the suitability of the soils for

use as daily cover for landfill. A rating of good

indicates that soil properties and site features are

favorable for the use and good performance and low

maintenance can be expected; fair indicates that soil

properties and site features are moderately favorable

for the use and one or more soil properties or site

features make the soil less desirable than the soils

rated good; and poor indicates that one or more soil

properties or site features are unfavorable for the use

and overcoming the unfavorable properties requires

special design, extra maintenance, or costly alteration.

Septic tank absorption fields are areas in which

effluent from a septic tank is distributed into the soil

through subsurface tiles or perforated pipe. Only that

part of the soil between depths of 24 and 72 inches is

evaluated. The ratings are based on soil properties,

site features, and observed performance of the soils.

Permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock, and

flooding affect absorption of the effluent. Large stones

and bedrock interfere with installation.

Unsatisfactory performance of septic tank

absorption fields, including excessively slow

absorption of effluent, surfacing of effluent, and hillside

seepage, can affect public health. Ground water can be

polluted if highly permeable sand and gravel or

fractured bedrock is less than 4 feet below the base of

the absorption field, if slope is excessive, or if the
Russell County, Alabama 91

water table is near the surface. There must be

unsaturated soil material beneath the absorption

field to filter the effluent effectively. Many local

ordinances require that this material be of a certain

thickness.

Sewage lagoons are shallow ponds constructed to

hold sewage while aerobic bacteria decompose the

solid and liquid wastes. Lagoons should have a nearly

level floor surrounded by cut slopes or embankments

of compacted soil. Lagoons generally are designed to

hold the sewage within a depth of 2 to 5 feet. Nearly

impervious soil material for the lagoon floor and sides

is required to minimize seepage and contamination of

ground water.

Table 12 gives ratings for the natural soil that makes

up the lagoon floor. The surface layer and, generally, 1

or 2 feet of soil material below the surface layer are

excavated to provide material for the embankments.

The ratings are based on soil properties, site features,

and observed performance of the soils. Considered in

the ratings are slope, permeability, a high water table,

depth to bedrock, flooding, large stones, and content of

organic matter.

Excessive seepage resulting from rapid permeability

in the soil or a water table that is high enough to raise

the level of sewage in the lagoon causes a lagoon to

function unsatisfactorily. Pollution results if seepage is

excessive or if floodwater overtops the lagoon. A high

content of organic matter is detrimental to proper

functioning of the lagoon because it inhibits aerobic

activity. Slope and bedrock can cause construction

problems, and large stones can hinder compaction of

the lagoon floor.

Sanitary landfills are areas where solid waste is

disposed of by burying it in soil. There are two types of

landfill—trench and area. In a trench landfill, the waste

is placed in a trench. It is spread, compacted, and

covered daily with a thin layer of soil excavated at the

site. In an area landfill, the waste is placed in

successive layers on the surface of the soil. The waste

is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thin

layer of soil from a source away from the site.

Both types of landfill must be able to bear heavy

vehicular traffic. Both types involve a risk of groundwater pollution. Ease of excavation and revegetation

should be considered.

The ratings in the table 12 are based on soil

properties, site features, and observed performance of

the soils. Permeability, depth to bedrock, a high water

table, slope, and flooding affect both types of landfill.

Texture, stones and boulders, highly organic layers,

and soil reaction affect trench type landfills. Unless

otherwise stated, the ratings apply only to that part of

the soil within a depth of about 6 feet. For deeper

trenches, a limitation rated slight or moderate may not

be valid. Onsite investigation is needed.

Daily cover for landfill is the soil material that is

used to cover compacted solid waste in an area

sanitary landfill. The soil material is obtained offsite,

transported to the landfill, and spread over the waste.

Soil texture, wetness, coarse fragments, and slope

affect the ease of removing and spreading the material

during wet and dry periods. Loamy or silty soils that are

free of large stones or excess gravel are the best

cover for a landfill. Clayey soils are sticky or cloddy

and are difficult to spread; sandy soils are subject to

wind erosion.

After soil material has been removed, the soil

material remaining in the borrow area must be thick

enough over bedrock or the water table to permit

revegetation. The soil material used as the final cover

for a landfill should be suitable for plants. The surface

layer generally has the best workability, more organic

matter, and the best potential for plants. Material from

the surface layer should be stockpiled for use as the

final cover.

Construction Materials

Table 13 gives information about the soils as a

source of roadfill, sand, gravel, and topsoil. The soils

are rated good, fair, or poor as a source of roadfill and

topsoil. They are rated as a probable or improbable

source of sand and gravel. The ratings are based on

soil properties and site features that affect the removal

of the soil and its use as construction material. Normal

compaction, minor processing, and other standard

construction practices are assumed. Each soil is

evaluated to a depth of 5 or 6 feet.

Roadfill is soil material that is excavated in one

place and used in road embankments in another place.

In this table, the soils are rated as a source of roadfill

for low embankments, generally less than 6 feet high

and less exacting in design than higher embankments.

The ratings are for the soil material below the

surface layer to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. It is assumed

that soil layers will be mixed during excavating and

spreading. Many soils have layers of contrasting

suitability within their profile. The table showing

engineering index properties provides detailed

information about each soil layer. This information can

help to determine the suitability of each layer for use

as roadfill. The performance of soil after it is stabilized

with lime or cement is not considered in the ratings.

The ratings are based on soil properties, site

features, and observed performance of the soils. The

thickness of suitable material is a major consideration.

The ease of excavation is affected by large stones, a

high water table, and slope. How well the soil performs
92 Soil Survey

in place after it has been compacted and drained is

determined by its strength (as inferred from the

engineering classification of the soil) and shrink-swell

potential.

Soils rated good contain significant amounts of sand

or gravel or both. They have at least 5 feet of suitable

material, a low shrink-swell potential, few cobbles and

stones, and slopes of 15 percent or less. Depth to the

water table is more than 3 feet. Soils rated fair are

more than 35 percent silt- and clay-sized particles and

have a plasticity index of less than 10. They have a

moderate shrink-swell potential, slopes of 15 to 25

percent, or many stones. Depth to the water table is 1

to 3 feet. Soils rated poor have a plasticity index of

more than 10, a high shrink-swell potential, many

stones, or slopes of more than 25 percent. They are

wet and have a water table at a depth of less than 1

foot. They may have layers of suitable material, but the

material is less than 3 feet thick.

Sand and gravel are natural aggregates suitable for

commercial use with a minimum of processing. They

are used in many kinds of construction. Specifications

for each use vary widely. In table 13, only the

probability of finding material in suitable quantity is

evaluated. The suitability of the material for specific

purposes is not evaluated, nor are factors that affect

excavation of the material.

The properties used to evaluate the soil as a source

of sand or gravel are gradation of grain sizes (as

indicated by the engineering classification of the soil),

the thickness of suitable material, and the content of

rock fragments. Kinds of rock, acidity, and stratification

are given in the soil series descriptions. Gradation of

grain sizes is given in the table on engineering index

properties.

A soil rated as a probable source has a layer of

clean sand or gravel or a layer of sand or gravel that is

up to 12 percent silty fines. This material must be at

least 3 feet thick and less than 50 percent, by weight,

large stones. All other soils are rated as an improbable

source. Coarse fragments of soft bedrock, such as

shale, soft limestone (chalk), and siltstone, are not

considered to be sand and gravel.

Topsoil is used to cover an area so that vegetation

can be established and maintained. The upper 40

inches of a soil is evaluated for use as topsoil. Also

evaluated is the reclamation potential of the borrow

area.

Plant growth is affected by toxic material and by

such properties as soil reaction, available water

capacity, and fertility. The ease of excavating, loading,

and spreading is affected by rock fragments, slope, a

water table, soil texture, and thickness of suitable

material. Reclamation of the borrow area is affected by

slope, a water table, rock fragments, bedrock, and

toxic material.

Soils rated good have friable, loamy material to a

depth of at least 40 inches. They are free of stones and

cobbles, have little or no gravel, and have slopes of

less than 8 percent. They are low in content of soluble

salts, are naturally fertile or respond well to fertilizer,

and are not so wet that excavation is difficult.

Soils rated fair are sandy soils, loamy soils that

have a relatively high content of clay, soils that have

only 20 to 40 inches of suitable material, soils that

have an appreciable amount of gravel, stones, or

soluble salts, or soils that have slopes of 8 to 15

percent. The soils are not so wet that excavation is

difficult.

Soils rated poor are very sandy or clayey, have less

than 20 inches of suitable material, have a large

amount of gravel, stones, or soluble salts, have slopes

of more than 15 percent, or have a seasonal high water

table at or near the surface.

The surface layer of most soils is generally

preferred for topsoil because of its organic matter

content. Organic matter greatly increases the

absorption and retention of moisture and nutrients for

plant growth.

Water Management

Table 14 gives information on the soil properties and

site features that affect water management. The degree

and kind of soil limitations are given for pond reservoir

areas and embankments, dikes, and levees. The

limitations are considered slight if soil properties and

site features are generally favorable for the indicated

use and limitations are minor and are easily overcome;

moderate if soil properties or site features are not

favorable for the indicated use and special planning,

design, or maintenance is needed to overcome or

minimize the limitations; and severe if soil properties or

site features are so unfavorable or so difficult to

overcome that special design, significant increase in

construction costs, and possibly increased

maintenance are required.

This table also gives for each soil the restrictive

features that affect drainage, irrigation, terraces and

diversions, and grassed waterways.

Pond reservoir areas hold water behind a dam or

embankment. Soils best suited to this use have low

seepage potential in the upper 60 inches. The seepage

potential is determined by the permeability of the soil

and the depth to fractured bedrock or other permeable

material. Excessive slope can affect the storage

capacity of the reservoir area.

Embankments, dikes, and levees are raised

structures of soil material, generally less than 20 feet
Russell County, Alabama 93

high, constructed to impound water or to protect land

against overflow. In this table, the soils are rated as a

source of material for embankment fill. The ratings

apply to the soil material below the surface layer to a

depth of about 5 feet. It is assumed that soil layers will

be uniformly mixed and compacted during

construction.

The ratings do not indicate the ability of the natural

soil to support an embankment. Soil properties to a

depth even greater than the height of the embankment

can affect performance and safety of the embankment.

Generally, deeper onsite investigation is needed to

determine these properties.

Soil material in embankments must be resistant to

seepage, piping, and erosion and have favorable

compaction characteristics. Unfavorable features

include less than 5 feet of suitable material and a high

content of stones or boulders, organic matter, or salts

or sodium. A high water table affects the amount of

usable material. It also affects trafficability.

Drainage is the removal of excess surface and

subsurface water from the soil. How easily and

effectively the soil is drained depends on the depth to

bedrock or to other layers that affect the rate of water

movement; permeability; depth to a high water table or

depth of standing water if the soil is subject to ponding;

slope; and susceptibility to flooding. Excavating and

grading and the stability of ditchbanks are affected by

depth to bedrock, large stones, slope, and the hazard

of cutbanks caving. The productivity of the soil after

drainage is adversely affected by extreme acidity or by

toxic substances in the root zone, such as salts,

sodium, and sulfur. Availability of drainage outlets is

not considered in the ratings.

Irrigation is the controlled application of water to

supplement rainfall and support plant growth. The

design and management of an irrigation system are

affected by depth to the water table, the need for

drainage, flooding, available water capacity, intake

rate, permeability, erosion hazard, and slope. The

construction of a system is affected by large stones

and depth to bedrock. The performance of a system is

affected by the depth of the root zone, the amount of

salts or sodium, and soil reaction.

Terraces and diversions are embankments or a

combination of channels and ridges constructed

across a slope to control erosion and conserve

moisture by intercepting runoff. Slope, wetness,

large stones, and depth to bedrock affect the

construction of terraces and diversions. A restricted

rooting depth, a severe hazard of wind erosion or

water erosion, an excessively coarse texture, and

restricted permeability adversely affect

maintenance.

Grassed waterways are natural or constructed

channels, generally broad and shallow, that conduct

surface water to outlets at a nonerosive velocity. Large

stones, wetness, slope, and depth to bedrock affect

the construction of grassed waterways. A hazard of

wind erosion, low available water capacity, restricted

rooting depth, toxic substances such as salts and

sodium, and restricted permeability adversely affect

the growth and maintenance of the grass after

construction.

95

Data relating to soil properties are collected during

the course of the soil survey. The data and the

estimates of soil and water features, listed in tables,

are explained on the following pages.

Soil properties are determined by field examination

of the soils and by laboratory index testing of some

benchmark soils. Established standard procedures are

followed. During the survey, many shallow borings are

made and examined to identify and classify the soils

and to delineate them on the soil maps. Samples are

taken from some typical profiles and tested in the

laboratory to determine grain-size distribution,

plasticity, and compaction characteristics. These

results are reported in table 20.

Estimates of soil properties are based on field

examinations, on laboratory tests of samples from the

survey area, and on laboratory tests of samples of

similar soils in nearby areas. Tests verify field

observations, verify properties that cannot be

estimated accurately by field observation, and help to

characterize key soils.

The estimates of soil properties shown in the tables

include the range of grain-size distribution and

Atterberg limits, the engineering classification, and the

physical and chemical properties of the major layers of

each soil. Pertinent soil and water features also are

given.

Engineering Index Properties

Table 15 gives estimates of the engineering

classification and of the range of index properties for

the major layers of each soil in the survey area. Most

soils have layers of contrasting properties within the

upper 5 or 6 feet.

Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each

layer is indicated. The range in depth and information

on other properties of each layer are given for each soil

series under the heading “Soil Series and Their

Morphology.”

Texture is given in the standard terms used by the

U.S. Department of Agriculture. These terms are

defined according to percentages of sand, silt, and

clay in the fraction of the soil that is less than 2

millimeters in diameter. “Loam,” for example, is soil that

is 7 to 27 percent clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, and less

than 52 percent sand. If the content of particles

coarser than sand is as much as about 15 percent, an

appropriate modifier is added, for example, “gravelly.”

Textural terms are defined in the “Glossary.”

Classification of the soils is determined according to

the Unified soil classification system (2) and the

system adopted by the American Association of State

Highway and Transportation Officials (1).

The Unified system classifies soils according to

properties that affect their use as construction

material. Soils are classified according to grain-size

distribution of the fraction less than 3 inches in

diameter and according to plasticity index, liquid limit,

and organic matter content. Sandy and gravelly soils

are identified as GW, GP, GM, GC, SW, SP, SM, and

SC; silty and clayey soils as ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, and

OH; and highly organic soils as PT. Soils exhibiting

engineering properties of two groups can have a dual

classification, for example, CL-ML.

The AASHTO system classifies soils according to

those properties that affect roadway construction and

maintenance. In this system, the fraction of a mineral

soil that is less than 3 inches in diameter is classified

in one of seven groups from A-1 through A-7 on the

basis of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, and

plasticity index. Soils in group A-1 are coarse grained

and low in content of fines (silt and clay). At the other

extreme, soils in group A-7 are fine grained. Highly

organic soils are classified in group A-8 on the basis of

visual inspection.

If laboratory data are available, the A-1, A-2, and A7 groups are further classified as A-1-a, A-1-b, A-2-4,

A-2-5, A-2-6, A-2-7, A-7-5, or A-7-6. As an additional

refinement, the suitability of a soil as subgrade

material can be indicated by a group index number.

Group index numbers range from 0 for the best

subgrade material to 20 or higher for the poorest. The

AASHTO classification for soils tested, with group

index numbers in parentheses, is given in table 20.

Percentage (of soil particles) passing designated

sieves is the percentage of the soil fraction less than 3

inches in diameter based on an ovendry weight. The

sieves, numbers 4, 10, 40, and 200 (USA Standard

Series), have openings of 4.76, 2.00, 0.420, and 0.074

Soil Properties
96 Soil Survey

millimeters, respectively. Estimates are based on

laboratory tests of soils sampled in the survey area

and in nearby areas and on estimates made in the

field.

Liquid limit and plasticity index (Atterberg limits)

indicate the plasticity characteristics of a soil. The

estimates are based on test data from the survey area

or from nearby areas and on field examination.

The estimates of grain-size distribution, liquid limit,

and plasticity index are generally rounded to the

nearest 5 percent. Thus, if the ranges of gradation and

Atterberg limits extend a marginal amount (1 or 2

percentage points) across classification boundaries,

the classification in the marginal zone is omitted in the

table.

Physical and Chemical Properties

Table 16 shows estimates of some characteristics

and features that affect soil behavior. These estimates

are given for the major layers of each soil in the survey

area. The estimates are based on field observations

and on test data for these and similar soils.

Clay as a soil separate consists of mineral soil

particles that are less than 0.002 millimeter in

diameter. In this table, the estimated clay content of

each major soil layer is given as a percentage, by

weight, of the soil material that is less than 2

millimeters in diameter.

The amount and kind of clay greatly affect the

fertility and physical condition of the soil. They

determine the ability of the soil to adsorb cations and

to retain moisture. They influence shrink-swell

potential, permeability, plasticity, the ease of soil

dispersion, and other soil properties. The amount and

kind of clay in a soil also affect tillage and earthmoving

operations.

Moist bulk density is the weight of soil (ovendry) per

unit volume. Volume is measured when the soil is at

field moisture capacity, that is, the moisture content at

1

/3-bar moisture tension. Weight is determined after

drying the soil at 105 degrees C. In this table, the

estimated moist bulk density of each major soil horizon

is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter of soil

material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter.

Bulk density data are used to compute shrink-swell

potential, available water capacity, total pore space,

and other soil properties. The moist bulk density of a

soil indicates the pore space available for water and

roots. A bulk density of more than 1.6 can restrict

water storage and root penetration. Moist bulk density

is influenced by texture, kind of clay, content of

organic matter, and soil structure.

Permeability refers to the ability of a soil to transmit

water or air. The estimates indicate the rate of

downward movement of water when the soil is

saturated. They are based on soil characteristics

observed in the field, particularly structure, porosity,

and texture. Permeability is considered in the design of

soil drainage systems and septic tank absorption

fields.

Available water capacity refers to the quantity of

water that the soil is capable of storing for use by

plants. The capacity for water storage is given in

inches of water per inch of soil for each major soil

layer. The capacity varies, depending on soil properties

that affect the retention of water and the depth of the

root zone. The most important properties are the

content of organic matter, soil texture, bulk density,

and soil structure. Available water capacity is an

important factor in the choice of plants or crops to be

grown and in the design and management of irrigation

systems. Available water capacity is not an estimate of

the quantity of water actually available to plants at any

given time.

Soil reaction is a measure of acidity or alkalinity and

is expressed as a range in pH values. The range in pH

of each major horizon is based on many field tests. For

many soils, values have been verified by laboratory

analyses. Soil reaction is important in selecting crops

and other plants, in evaluating soil amendments for

fertility and stabilization, and in determining the risk of

corrosion.

Shrink-swell potential is the potential for volume

change in a soil with a loss or gain in moisture. Volume

change occurs mainly because of the interaction of

clay minerals with water and varies with the amount

and type of clay minerals in the soil. The size of the

load on the soil and the magnitude of the change in soil

moisture content influence the amount of swelling of

soils in place. Laboratory measurements of swelling of

undisturbed clods were made for many soils. For

others, swelling was estimated on the basis of the kind

and amount of clay minerals in the soil and on

measurements of similar soils.

If the shrink-swell potential is rated moderate to very

high, shrinking and swelling can cause damage to

buildings, roads, and other structures. Special design

is often needed.

Shrink-swell potential classes are based on the

change in length of an unconfined clod as moisture

content is increased from air-dry to field capacity. The

classes are low, a change of less than 3 percent;

moderate, 3 to 6 percent; high, more than 6 percent;

and very high, more than 9 percent.

Erosion factor K indicates the susceptibility of a soil
Russell County, Alabama 97

to sheet and rill erosion by water. Factor K is one of six

factors used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation

(USLE) to predict the average annual rate of soil loss

by sheet and rill erosion in tons per acre per year. The

estimates are based primarily on percentage of silt,

sand, and organic matter (up to 4 percent) and on soil

structure and permeability. Values of K range from 0.02

to 0.64. Other factors being equal, the higher the value,

the more susceptible the soil is to sheet and rill erosion

by water.

Erosion factor T is an estimate of the maximum

average annual rate of soil erosion by wind or water

that can occur without affecting crop productivity over

a sustained period. The rate is in tons per acre per

year.

Organic matter is the plant and animal residue in the

soil at various stages of decomposition. In table 16,

the estimated content of organic matter is expressed

as a percentage, by weight, of the soil material that is

less than 2 millimeters in diameter.

The content of organic matter in a soil can be

maintained or increased by returning crop residue to

the soil. Organic matter affects the available water

capacity, infiltration rate, and tilth. It is a source of

nitrogen and other nutrients for crops.

Soil and Water Features

Table 17 gives estimates of various soil and water

features. The estimates are used in land use planning

that involves engineering considerations.

Hydrologic soil groups are based on estimates of

runoff potential. Soils are assigned to one of four

groups according to the rate of water infiltration when

the soils are not protected by vegetation, are

thoroughly wet, and receive precipitation from longduration storms.

The four hydrologic soil groups are:

Group A. Soils having a high infiltration rate (low

runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist

mainly of deep, well drained to excessively drained

sands or gravelly sands. These soils have a high rate

of water transmission.

Group B. Soils having a moderate infiltration rate

when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of

moderately deep or deep, moderately well drained or

well drained soils that have moderately fine texture to

moderately coarse texture. These soils have a

moderate rate of water transmission.

Group C. Soils having a slow infiltration rate when

thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of soils having a

layer that impedes the downward movement of water or

soils of moderately fine texture or fine texture. These

soils have a slow rate of water transmission.

Group D. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate

(high runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These

consist chiefly of clays that have a high shrink-swell

potential, soils that have a high water table, soils that

have a claypan or clay layer at or near the surface, and

soils that are shallow over nearly impervious material.

These soils have a very slow rate of water

transmission.

Flooding, the temporary inundation of an area, is

caused by overflowing streams, by runoff from

adjacent slopes, or by tides. Water standing for short

periods after rainfall or snowmelt is not considered

flooding, and water standing in swamps and marshes

is considered ponding rather than flooding.

Table 17 gives the frequency and duration of

flooding and the time of year when flooding is most

likely.

Frequency, duration, and probable dates of

occurrence are estimated. Frequency is expressed as

none, rare, occasional, and frequent. None means that

flooding is not probable; rare that it is unlikely but

possible under unusual weather conditions (the chance

of flooding is nearly 0 percent to 5 percent in any year);

occasional that it occurs, on the average, once or less

in 2 years (the chance of flooding is 5 to 50 percent in

any year); and frequent that it occurs, on the average,

more than once in 2 years (the chance of flooding is

more than 50 percent in any year). Common is used

when the occasional and frequent classes are grouped

for certain purposes. Duration is expressed as very

brief if less than 2 days, brief if 2 to 7 days, long if 7

days to 1 month, and very long if more than 1 month.

Probable dates are expressed in months. About twothirds to three-fourths of all flooding occurs during the

stated period.

The information is based on evidence in the soil

profile, namely thin strata of gravel, sand, silt, or clay

deposited by floodwater; irregular decrease in organic

matter content with increasing depth; and little or no

horizon development.

Also considered are local information about the

extent and levels of flooding and the relation of each

soil on the landscape to historic floods. Information on

the extent of flooding based on soil data is less

specific than that provided by detailed engineering

surveys that delineate flood-prone areas at specific

flood frequency levels.

High water table (seasonal) is the highest level of a

saturated zone in the soil in most years. The estimates

are based mainly on observations of the water table at

selected sites and on the evidence of a saturated
98 Soil Survey

zone, namely grayish colors or mottles (redoximorphic

features) in the soil. Indicated in table 17 are the depth

to the seasonal high water table; the kind of water

table—that is, perched or apparent; and the months of

the year that the water table commonly is high. A water

table that is seasonally high for less than 1 month is

not indicated in table 17.

An apparent water table is a thick zone of free water

in the soil. It is indicated by the level at which water

stands in an uncased borehole after adequate time is

allowed for adjustment in the surrounding soil. A

perched water table is water standing above an

unsaturated zone. In places an upper, or perched,

water table is separated from a lower one by a dry

zone.

Two numbers in the column showing depth to the

water table indicate the normal range in depth to a

saturated zone. Depth is given to the nearest half foot.

The first numeral in the range indicates the highest

water level. A plus sign preceding the range in depth

indicates that the water table is above the surface of

the soil. “More than 6.0” indicates that the water table

is below a depth of 6 feet or that it is within a depth of

6 feet for less than a month.

Depth to bedrock is given if bedrock is within a

depth of 5 feet. The depth is based on many soil

borings and on observations during soil mapping. The

rock is either soft or hard. If the rock is soft or

fractured, excavations can be made with trenching

machines, backhoes, or small rippers. If the rock is

hard or massive, blasting or special equipment

generally is needed for excavation.

Risk of corrosion pertains to potential soil-induced

electrochemical or chemical action that dissolves or

weakens uncoated steel or concrete. The rate of

corrosion of uncoated steel is related to such factors

as soil moisture, particle-size distribution, acidity, and

electrical conductivity of the soil. The rate of corrosion

of concrete is based mainly on the sulfate and sodium

content, texture, moisture content, and acidity of the

soil. Special site examination and design may be

needed if the combination of factors results in a severe

hazard of corrosion. The steel in installations that

intersect soil boundaries or soil layers is more

susceptible to corrosion than steel in installations that

are entirely within one kind of soil or within one soil

layer.

For uncoated steel, the risk of corrosion, expressed

as low, moderate, or high, is based on soil drainage

class, total acidity, electrical resistivity near field

capacity, and electrical conductivity of the saturation

extract.

For concrete, the risk of corrosion is also expressed

as low, moderate, or high. It is based on soil texture,

acidity, and amount of sulfates in the saturation

extract.

Physical and Chemical Analyses of

Selected Soils

The results of physical analyses of several typical

pedons in the survey area are given in table 18, and

the results of chemical analyses are given in table 19.

The data are for soils sampled at carefully selected

sites, and the pedons are typical of the series. The

pedons are described in the section “Soil Series and

Their Morphology.” Soil samples were analyzed by the

Agronomy and Soils Clay Mineralogy Laboratory,

Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.

Most determinations, except those for grain-size

analysis and bulk density, were made on soil material

smaller than 2 millimeters in diameter. Measurements

reported as percent or quantity of unit weight were

calculated on an ovendry basis. The methods used in

obtaining the data are indicated in the list that follows.

The codes in parentheses refer to published methods

(9, 19).

Sand—(0.05-2.0 mm fraction) weight percentages of

material less than 2 mm (3A1).

Silt—(0.002-0.05 mm fraction) pipette extraction,

weight percentages of all material less than 2 mm

(3A1).

Clay—(fraction less than 0.002 mm) pipette

extraction, weight percentages of material less than 2

mm (3A1).

Extractable bases—method of Hajek, Adams, and

Cope (9).

Cation-exchange capacity—sum of cations (5A3a).

Base saturation—method of Hajek, Adams, and

Cope (9).

Reaction (pH)—1:1 water dilution (8C1f).

Engineering Index Test Data

Table 20 shows laboratory test data for several

pedons sampled at carefully selected sites in the

survey area. The pedons are representative of the

series described in the section “Soil Series and Their

Morphology.” The soil samples were tested by the

Alabama Highway Department, Bureau of Materials

and Tests, Montgomery, Alabama.

The testing methods generally are those of the

American Association of State Highway and

Transportation Officials (AASHTO) or the American

Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).
Russell County, Alabama 99

The tests and methods are AASHTO

classification—M 145 (AASHTO), D 3282 (ASTM);

Unified classification—D 2487 (ASTM); Mechanical

analysis—T 88 (AASHTO), D 422 (ASTM), D 2217

(ASTM); Liquid limit—T 89 (AASHTO), D 4318

(ASTM); Plasticity index—T 90 (AASHTO), D 4318

(ASTM); and Moisture density—T 99 (AASHTO), D

698 (ASTM).

101

The system of soil classification used by the

National Cooperative Soil Survey has six categories

(16, 21). Beginning with the broadest, these categories

are the order, suborder, great group, subgroup, family,

and series. Classification is based on soil properties

observed in the field or inferred from those

observations or from laboratory measurements. Table

21 shows the classification of the soils in the survey

area. The categories are defined in the following

paragraphs.

ORDER. Twelve soil orders are recognized. The

differences among orders reflect the dominant soilforming processes and the degree of soil formation.

Each order is identified by a word ending in sol. An

example is Ultisol.

SUBORDER. Each order is divided into suborders

primarily on the basis of properties that influence soil

genesis and are important to plant growth or properties

that reflect the most important variables within the

orders. The last syllable in the name of a suborder

indicates the order. An example is Udult (Ud, meaning

humid, plus ult, from Ultisol).

GREAT GROUP. Each suborder is divided into great

groups on the basis of close similarities in kind,

arrangement, and degree of development of pedogenic

horizons; soil moisture and temperature regimes; type

of saturation; and base status. Each great group is

identified by the name of a suborder and by a prefix

that indicates a property of the soil. An example is

Hapludults (Hapl, meaning minimal horizonation, plus

udult, the suborder of the Ultisols that has a udic

moisture regime).

SUBGROUP. Each great group has a typic

subgroup. Other subgroups are intergrades or

extragrades. The typic subgroup is the central concept

of the great group; it is not necessarily the most

extensive. Intergrades are transitions to other orders,

suborders, or great groups. Extragrades have some

properties that are not representative of the great group

but do not indicate transitions to any other taxonomic

class. Each subgroup is identified by one or more

adjectives preceding the name of the great group. The

adjective Typic identifies the subgroup that typifies the

great group. An example is Typic Hapludults.

FAMILY. Families are established within a subgroup

on the basis of physical and chemical properties and

other characteristics that affect management.

Generally, the properties are those of horizons below

plow depth where there is much biological activity.

Among the properties and characteristics considered

are particle size, mineral content, clay activity, soil

temperature regime, soil depth, and reaction. A family

name consists of the name of a subgroup preceded by

terms that indicate soil properties. An example is fineloamy, mixed, semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludults.

SERIES. The series consists of soils within a family

that have horizons similar in color, texture, structure,

reaction, consistence, mineral and chemical

composition, and arrangement in the profile. The

Wickham series is an example of a fine-loamy, mixed,

semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludults.

Soil Series and Their Morphology

In this section, each soil series recognized in the

survey area is described. Characteristics of the soil

and the material in which it formed are identified for

each series. A pedon, a small three-dimensional area

of soil, that is typical of the series in the survey area is

described. The detailed description of each soil horizon

follows standards in the “Soil Survey Manual” (20).

Many of the technical terms used in the descriptions

are defined in “Soil Taxonomy” (16) and in “Keys to Soil

Taxonomy” (21). Unless otherwise indicated, colors in

the descriptions are for moist soil. Following the pedon

description is the range of important characteristics of

the soils in the series.

The map units of each soil series are described in

the section “Detailed Soil Map Units.”

Alaga Series

The Alaga series consists of very deep, somewhat

excessively drained soils that formed in sandy

sediments. These soils are on ridgetops in the uplands.

Slopes range from 0 to 5 percent. These soils are

thermic, coated Typic Quartzipsamments.

 Alaga soils are commonly associated on the

landscape with Luverne, Springhill, and Troup soils.

Classification of the Soils
102 Soil Survey

Luverne and Springhill soils are in lower positions than

the Alaga soils. They are on side slopes. Luverne soils

have a clayey argillic horizon. Springhill soils have a

loamy argillic horizon. Troup soils are in landscape

positions similar to those of the Alaga soils. They have

a loamy kandic horizon at a depth of 40 to 80 inches.

Typical pedon of Alaga loamy fine sand, in an area

of Troup-Alaga complex, 0 to 5 percent slopes; about 5

miles north of Hatchechubbee, 2,700 feet east and 300

feet north of the southwest corner of sec. 28, T. 16 N.,

R. 28 E.

Ap—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) loamy fine

sand; single grained; loose; many fine roots;

moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

C1—4 to 18 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loamy

sand; single grained; loose; common fine roots;

moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.

C2—18 to 54 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

loamy sand; single grained; loose; strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

C3—54 to 63 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

loamy sand; single grained; loose; few streaks of

uncoated sand; strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

C4—63 to 90 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

loamy sand; single grained; loose; strongly acid.

The combined thickness of the sandy horizons is

more than 80 inches. Reaction ranges from very

strongly acid to moderately acid throughout the profile,

except where lime has been applied. The content of

quartz gravel ranges from 0 to 5 percent throughout the

profile.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to

5, and chroma of 2 or 3.

The C horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 to 8, and

chroma of 4 to 6. The texture is loamy sand or sand.

Annemaine Series

The Annemaine series consists of very deep,

moderately well drained soils that formed in stratified

clayey and loamy sediments. These soils are on low

stream terraces adjacent to major streams. Slopes

range from 0 to 2 percent. These soils are fine, mixed,

semiactive, thermic Aquic Hapludults.

Annemaine soils are commonly associated on the

landscape with Kolomoki, Maxton, and Wickham soils.

The well drained Kolomoki soils are in slightly higher

positions on the low terraces than the Annemaine soils.

They do not have low-chroma redoximorphic depletions

in the upper part of the argillic horizon. The well drained

Maxton and Wickham soils are in higher, more convex

positions on the low terraces than the Annemaine soils.

They are fine-loamy.

Typical pedon of Annemaine fine sandy loam, 0 to 2

percent slopes, rarely flooded; about 2 miles northeast

of Oswichee, 2,400 feet west and 1,800 feet north of

the southeast corner of sec. 13, T. 15 N., R. 30 E.

Ap—0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine

sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very

friable; many fine and medium roots; strongly acid;

abrupt wavy boundary.

Bt1—4 to 12 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) clay;

strong medium subangular blocky structure; firm;

few fine and medium roots; few faint clay films on

faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt2—12 to 20 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) clay;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; common faint clay films on faces of peds; few

fine distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron

depletions; common medium distinct red (2.5YR

4/8) and light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) masses

of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt3—20 to 42 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) clay;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; common faint clay films on faces of peds;

common medium distinct light brownish gray

(10YR 6/2) iron depletions; common medium

distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

C—42 to 62 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) fine

sandy loam; massive; friable; common medium

distinct light gray (10YR 7/2) iron depletions; few

fine flakes of mica; very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to more

than 60 inches. Reaction ranges from very strongly

acid to moderately acid throughout the profile, except

in areas where the surface layer has been limed.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR,

value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4.

The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4

or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8. The texture is clay or clay

loam. The number of redoximorphic depletions in

shades of gray and pale brown ranges from none to

common in the upper part and from few to many in the

lower part. The number of redoximorphic accumulations

in shades of red, yellow, and brown ranges from none

to common in the upper part and from few to many in

the lower part.

The C horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4
Russell County, Alabama 103

to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8; or it has no dominant matrix

color and is multicolored in shades of red, brown, and

gray. It has common or many redoximorphic depletions

in shades of gray and common or many redoximorphic

accumulations in shades of red, yellow, and brown. The

texture commonly is fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or

sandy clay loam. In some pedons, however, the

horizon contains stratified materials ranging from sand

to clay.

Bladen Series

The Bladen series consists of very deep, poorly

drained soils that formed in clayey sediments. These

soils are in level positions or in concave areas on low

terraces adjacent to major streams. Slopes are 0 to 1

percent. These soils are fine, mixed, semiactive,

thermic Typic Albaquults.

Bladen soils are commonly associated on the

landscape with Dogue, Lynchburg, Ocilla, and Wahee

soils. The moderately well drained Dogue soils are in

slightly higher, more convex positions than the Bladen

soils. The somewhat poorly drained Lynchburg and

Wahee soils are in slightly higher positions than the

Bladen soils. Lynchburg soils are fine-loamy. The

somewhat poorly drained Ocilla soils are in slightly

higher, more convex positions than the Bladen soils

and have a thick sandy epipedon.

Typical pedon of Bladen fine sandy loam in an area

of Wahee-Bladen complex, 0 to 1 percent slopes,

occasionally flooded; about 3 miles west of Glenville,

200 feet east and 2,600 feet south of the northwest

corner of sec. 15, T. 13 N., R. 28 E.

Ap—0 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

fine sandy loam; weak medium granular structure;

very friable; few fine and medium roots; strongly

acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

E—3 to 10 inches; dark gray (10YR 5/1) fine sandy

loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;

very friable; common fine and medium roots;

common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

masses of iron accumulation in root channels;

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Btg1—10 to 18 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

clay; strong medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; few medium roots; few faint clay films on

faces of peds; common medium distinct yellowish

brown (10YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation;

very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Btg2—18 to 27 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

clay; strong medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; common faint clay films on faces of peds; few

medium roots; common medium distinct yellowish

brown (10YR 5/8) and common fine prominent red

(2.5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Btg3—27 to 35 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) clay; strong

medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common

faint clay films on faces of peds; common medium

distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and common

fine prominent red (2.5YR 5/8) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Btg4—35 to 51 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) clay; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common

faint clay films on faces of peds; common coarse

prominent red (2.5YR 5/8) and common medium

distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Btg5—51 to 65 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) clay; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common

faint clay films on faces of peds; many coarse

distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and common

fine prominent red (2.5YR 5/8) and strong brown

(7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation;

extremely acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 60 inches

to more than 80 inches. Reaction ranges from

extremely acid to strongly acid throughout the profile,

except in areas where the surface layer has been

limed.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 to

4, and chroma of 1 or 2. It is fine sandy loam or loam.

The E horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and

chroma of 1 or 2.

The Btg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4

to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has common or many

masses of iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow,

and brown. The texture is clay loam, sandy clay, or

clay.

Blanton Series

The Blanton series consists of very deep,

moderately well drained soils that formed in sandy and

loamy sediments. These soils are on ridgetops in the

uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 5 percent. These soils

are loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Grossarenic

Paleudults.

Blanton soils are commonly associated on the

landscape with Cowarts, Fuquay, Marvyn, and Uchee

soils. Cowarts soils are on side slopes at slightly lower

elevations than the Blanton soils and do not have a

thick sandy epipedon. Marvyn soils are on the
104 Soil Survey

ridgetops at slightly lower elevations than the Blanton

soils and do not have a thick sandy epipedon. Fuquay

and Uchee soils are in landscape positions similar to

those of the Blanton soils. They have a sandy

epipedon that is 20 to 40 inches thick.

Typical pedon of Blanton loamy sand, 0 to 5 percent

slopes; about 2 miles south of Crawford, 500 feet east

and 50 feet south of the northwest corner of sec. 36, T.

17 N., R. 28 E.

Ap—0 to 7 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

loamy sand; single grained; loose; few fine and

medium roots; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

E1—7 to 18 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loamy

sand; single grained; loose; few fine and medium

roots; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

E2—18 to 32 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

loamy sand; single grained; loose; few fine roots;

very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

E3—32 to 42 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4)

loamy sand; single grained; loose; few fine streaks

of uncoated sand; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt1—42 to 52 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; very friable; sand grains coated and

bridged with clay; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt2—52 to 65 inches; 40 percent yellowish brown

(10YR 5/8), 35 percent gray (10YR 6/1), and 25

percent brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) sandy clay

loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;

friable; common faint clay films on faces of peds;

areas of gray are iron depletions; very strongly

acid.

The solum is more than 60 inches thick. Reaction

ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid

throughout the profile, except in areas where lime has

been applied.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to

5, and chroma of 2 to 4.

The E horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 5 to 8, and

chroma of 1 to 8. It is sand, loamy sand, or loamy fine

sand.

The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5

to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8; or it has no dominant matrix

color and is multicolored in shades of brown, yellow,

and red. It has few or common redoximorphic

accumulations in shades of brown, yellow, and red. The

number of redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray

is few or common. The texture is sandy loam or sandy

clay loam.

Conecuh Series

The Conecuh series consists of very deep,

moderately well drained soils that formed in clayey

marine sediments. These soils are on ridgetops and

side slopes in the uplands. Slopes range from 1 to 8

percent. These soils are fine, smectitic, thermic Vertic

Hapludults.

Conecuh soils are commonly associated on the

landscape with Gritney, Hannon, and Luverne soils.

Gritney and Hannon soils are in positions similar to

those of the Conecuh soils but are at lower elevations.

Gritney soils have mixed clay mineralogy. Hannon soils

have accumulations of calcium carbonate in the upper

part of the subsoil. Luverne soils are in positions

similar to those of the Conecuh soils but are at higher

elevations and have mixed clay mineralogy.

Typical pedon of Conecuh fine sandy loam, 1 to 3

percent slopes; about 3 miles south of Hurtsboro, 300

feet south and 100 feet west of the northeast corner of

sec. 24, T. 14 N., R. 26 E.

Ap—0 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

fine sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very

friable; many fine and medium roots; strongly acid;

abrupt wavy boundary.

Bt1—3 to 10 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) silty clay;

moderate fine subangular blocky structure; firm;

many fine roots; common faint clay films on faces

of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—10 to 22 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure parting to

strong fine angular blocky; firm; few fine and

medium roots; common faint clay films on faces of

peds; few fine distinct light brownish gray (10YR

6/2) iron depletions; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt3—22 to 43 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; strong

medium angular blocky structure; firm; few fine

roots; common distinct clay films on faces of peds;

common medium distinct light brownish gray

(10YR 6/2) iron depletions; very strongly acid; clear

wavy boundary.

Bt4—43 to 55 inches; 25 percent light brownish gray

(2.5Y 6/2), 25 percent light yellowish brown (2.5Y

6/4), 25 percent red (2.5YR 4/6), and 25 percent

strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silty clay; weak coarse

angular blocky structure; firm; few fine flakes of

mica; areas of light brownish gray are iron

depletions; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

C1—55 to 68 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) silty

clay; massive; firm; many fine flakes of mica; few

fine prominent red (2.5YR 4/6) masses of iron
Russell County, Alabama 105

accumulation; common medium faint grayish

brown (2.5Y 5/2) iron depletions; extremely acid;

clear smooth boundary.

C2—68 to 80 inches; olive (5Y 5/3) silty clay loam;

moderate medium platy rock structure; firm; few

fine concretions of manganese oxide; many fine

flakes of mica; common medium distinct olive

yellow (2.5Y 6/6) masses of iron accumulation;

common medium distinct gray (5Y 5/1) iron

depletions; extremely acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to 60

inches. Reaction ranges from extremely acid to

strongly acid throughout the profile, except in areas

where the surface layer has been limed.

The Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of

3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. The texture is loam or fine

sandy loam.

The upper part of the Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR

or 5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. The

number of redoximorphic accumulations in shades of

red, yellow, and brown ranges from none to common.

The number of redoximorphic depletions in shades of

gray ranges from none to common. The lower part of

the horizon has the same range in color as the upper

part, or it has no dominant matrix color and is

multicolored in shades of red, yellow, brown, and gray.

It has common or many redoximorphic accumulations

in shades of red and brown and common or many

redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray. The texture

is clay or silty clay.

The C horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 5Y, value of 4 to

7, and chroma of 2 to 6; or it has no dominant matrix

color and is multicolored in shades of red, yellow,

brown, and gray. It is massive or has platy rock

structure. It has few to many redoximorphic

accumulations in shades of red, yellow, and brown and

few to many redoximorphic depletions in shades of

gray. The texture dominantly ranges from sandy loam

to clay. In some pedons, however, the C horizon is

clayey shale.

Congaree Series

The Congaree series consists of very deep, well

drained soils that formed in loamy alluvium. These

soils are on high parts of natural levees adjacent to

major streams. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent.

These soils are fine-loamy, mixed, active, nonacid,

thermic Typic Udifluvents.

Congaree soils are associated on the landscape

with Riverview and Toccoa soils. Riverview soils are in

positions similar to those of the Congaree soils but are

at slightly higher elevations. They have a loamy

cambic horizon. Toccoa soils are in landscape

positions similar to those of the Congaree soils and are

coarse-loamy.

Typical pedon of Congaree loam, in an area of

Congaree-Toccoa complex, gently undulating,

occasionally flooded; about 1.5 miles northeast of Lake

Bickerstaff, 800 feet east and 1,900 feet north of the

southwest corner of sec. 12, T. 16 N., R.30 E.

Ap—0 to 7 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam; weak fine

granular structure; very friable; common fine and

medium roots; many fine flakes of mica; strongly

acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

A—7 to 14 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam; weak

fine granular structure; very friable; common fine

and medium roots; few fine flakes of mica;

moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.

C1—14 to 35 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam; massive;

friable; few fine roots; common fine flakes of mica;

moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary.

C2—35 to 50 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy

loam; massive; friable; many fine and medium

flakes of mica; moderately acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

C3—50 to 80 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

fine sandy loam; massive; friable; many fine and

medium flakes of mica; common fine distinct pale

brown (10YR 6/3) iron depletions; moderately acid.

Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to

moderately acid throughout the profile, except in areas

where the surface layer has been limed.

The Ap and A horizons have hue of 5YR to 10YR,

value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 to 4. The texture is

loam or fine sandy loam.

The C horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4

or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. The texture is silty clay

loam, loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam.

Cowarts Series

The Cowarts series consists of very deep, well

drained soils that formed in loamy marine sediments.

These soils are on ridgetops and side slopes in the

uplands. Slopes range from 2 to 15 percent. These

soils are fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Typic

Kanhapludults.

Cowarts soils are associated on the landscape with

Blanton, Marvyn, Springhill, and Uchee soils. Blanton,

Springhill, and Uchee soils are in landscape positions

similar to those of the Cowarts soils. Blanton and

Uchee soils have a thick sandy epipedon. Springhill

soils have a reddish subsoil. Marvyn soils are on broad

ridgetops at slightly higher elevations than the Cowarts

soils. They have a solum that is more than 40 inches

thick.
106 Soil Survey

Typical pedon of Cowarts loamy sand, 2 to 5

percent slopes; about 3.5 miles east of Marvyn, 1,800

feet east and 1,200 feet south of the northwest corner

of sec. 25, T. 17 N., R. 27 E.

Ap—0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loamy sand; weak

fine granular structure; very friable; common fine

and few medium roots; very strongly acid; abrupt

wavy boundary.

Bt1—6 to 11 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) sandy

clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine and medium roots;

common faint clay films on faces of peds; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—11 to 28 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6)

sandy clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common faint clay films on faces

of peds; common medium distinct yellowish red

(5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

C—28 to 60 inches; 45 percent yellowish brown (10YR

5/4), 35 percent red (2.5YR 4/5), and 20 percent

gray (10YR 6/1) sandy clay loam; massive; firm;

areas of gray are relic iron depletions; very strongly

acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 40

inches. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid

throughout the profile, except in areas where the

surface layer has been limed. The content of quartz

gravel ranges from 0 to 15 percent in the surface and

subsurface horizons and from 0 to 10 percent in the

subsoil.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to

5, and chroma of 2 to 4. The texture is loamy sand or

sandy loam.

The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR, value

of 5 or 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. The texture is loamy

sand or sandy loam.

The BE horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 7.5YR or

10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. The

texture is sandy loam or fine sandy loam.

The Bt horizon commonly has hue of 10YR, value of

5 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. In some pedons, however,

it has hue of 7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to

6. In some pedons, it has relic redoximorphic

accumulations in shades of red, brown, and yellow and

redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray. The texture

is sandy clay loam or clay loam.

The BC horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 5YR to

10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8; or it has

no dominant matrix color and is multicolored in shades

of red, brown, yellow, and gray. The texture varies,

ranging from sandy loam to sandy clay.

The C horizon has the same range in color as the

BC horizon. The texture varies, ranging from loamy

sand to clay. The C horizon is commonly stratified with

fine- and coarse-textured materials.

Dogue Series

The Dogue series consists of very deep, moderately

well drained soils that formed in clayey and loamy

fluvial deposits. These soils are on low stream terraces

adjacent to major streams. Slopes range from 0 to 2

percent. These soils are fine, mixed, semiactive,

thermic Aquic Hapludults.

Dogue soils are commonly associated on the

landscape with Bladen, Goldsboro, Lynchburg, and

Wahee soils. The poorly drained Bladen and somewhat

poorly drained Lynchburg and Wahee soils are in

slightly lower positions on the terraces than the Dogue

soils. Goldsboro soils are in slightly higher positions

than the Dogue soils and are fine-loamy.

Typical pedon of Dogue fine sandy loam, 0 to 2

percent slopes, rarely flooded; about 2.5 miles

southeast of Pittsview, 1,600 feet west and 2,000 feet

north of the southeast corner of sec. 28, T. 14 N., R. 29

E.

Ap1—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy

loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; few

fine roots; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Ap2—4 to 11 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) fine sandy

loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; few

fine roots; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

Bt1—11 to 17 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay;

strong medium subangular blocky structure; firm;

few medium and fine roots; common faint clay

films on faces of peds; very strongly acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

Bt2—17 to 24 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; common faint clay films on faces of peds; few

fine distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) and few

medium distinct yellowish red (5YR 5/6) masses of

iron accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt3—24 to 37 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm;

common faint clay films on faces of peds;

common medium distinct light brownish gray

(10YR 6/2) iron depletions; very strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

BC—37 to 52 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

sandy clay loam; weak coarse subangular blocky

structure; friable; common medium distinct light
Russell County, Alabama 107

brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; very

strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Cg1—52 to 62 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

loam; massive; many fine flakes of mica; common

fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and few fine

distinct yellowish red (5YR 4/6) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Cg2—62 to 70 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

loam; massive; common medium distinct yellowish

red (5YR 5/6) and brownish yellow (10YR 6/8)

masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to 60

inches. Reaction ranges from extremely acid to

strongly acid throughout the profile, except in areas

where the surface layer has been limed.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value

of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4.

The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of

4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It has few or common

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of yellow,

brown, and red and few or common redoximorphic

depletions in shades of gray. The texture is clay loam

or clay.

The BC horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or

2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 3 to 8. It has

common or many redoximorphic accumulations in

shades of red and yellow and common or many

redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray. The texture

is sandy clay loam or sandy clay.

The C horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5

to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8. It has common or many

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown, red,

and yellow and common or many redoximorphic

depletions in shades of gray. The texture is loamy

sand, sandy loam, or loam.

Dothan Series

The Dothan series consists of very deep, well

drained soils that formed in loamy sediments. These

soils are on broad ridgetops in the uplands. Slopes

range from 0 to 5 percent. These soils are fine-loamy,

kaolinitic, thermic Plinthic Kandiudults.

Dothan soils are commonly associated on the

landscape with Fuquay, Orangeburg, Springhill, and

Red Bay soils. Fuquay and Orangeburg soils are in

slightly higher positions than the Dothan soils. Fuquay

soils have a thick sandy epipedon. Orangeburg soils

have a reddish subsoil and do not have significant

accumulations of plinthite. Springhill soils are on side

slopes and have a reddish subsoil. Red Bay soils are

in positions similar to those of the Dothan soils but are

at slightly higher elevations. They have a dark red

subsoil.

Typical pedon of Dothan fine sandy loam, 0 to 2

percent slopes; about 1.5 miles south of Jernigan,

2,100 feet west and 1,500 feet south of the northeast

corner of sec. 24, T. 13 N., R. 29 E.

Ap—0 to 6 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy

loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable;

common fine roots; slightly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

Bt1—6 to 18 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) sandy

clay loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure;

friable; common fine roots; few faint clay films on

faces of peds; strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt2—18 to 34 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8)

sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; few faint

clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid; clear

wavy boundary.

Btv1—34 to 50 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; few faint

clay films on faces of peds; 10 percent nodular

plinthite; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Btv2—50 to 65 inches; 35 percent strong brown (7.5YR

5/6), 30 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6), 20

percent dark red (2.5YR 3/6), and 15 percent gray

(10YR 6/1) sandy clay loam; weak coarse

subangular blocky structure; firm; few faint

clay films on faces of peds; 10 percent nodular

plinthite; areas of gray are iron depletions; strongly

acid.

The solum is more than 60 inches thick. The depth

to horizons that contain 5 percent or more plinthite

ranges from 24 to 60 inches. Reaction is very strongly

acid or strongly acid throughout the profile, except in

areas where the surface layer has been limed.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value

of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. The texture is fine

sandy loam or sandy loam.

The BE or BA horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR

or 2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. The

texture is sandy loam or fine sandy loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of

5 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. The texture is sandy loam

or sandy clay loam.

The Btv horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5

or 6, and chroma of 4 to 8; or it has no dominant matrix

color and is multicolored in shades of red, yellow,

brown, and gray. The content of nodular plinthite ranges
108 Soil Survey

from 5 to 25 percent, by volume. The texture is sandy

clay loam or clay loam.

Fuquay Series

The Fuquay series consists of very deep, well

drained soils that formed in sandy and loamy

sediments. These soils are on broad ridgetops in the

uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 5 percent. These soils

are loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Arenic Plinthic

Kandiudults.

Fuquay soils are commonly associated on the

landscape with Blanton, Dothan, Orangeburg, and Red

Bay soils. Blanton soils are in landscape positions

similar to those of the Fuquay soils and have a sandy

epipedon that is 40 to 80 inches thick. Dothan soils are

in slightly lower positions than the Fuquay soils and do

not have a thick sandy epipedon. Orangeburg and Red

Bay soils are in slightly higher positions than the

Fuquay soils. They do not have a thick sandy epipedon

and have a reddish subsoil.

Typical pedon of Fuquay loamy fine sand, 0 to 5

percent slopes; about 4.5 miles south of Fort Mitchell,

2,000 feet west and 1,000 feet north of the southeast

corner of sec. 21, T. 15 N., R. 30 E.

Ap—0 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loamy fine sand;

weak fine granular structure; very friable; common

fine roots; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

E1—8 to 16 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

loamy sand; single grained; loose; common fine

roots; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.

E2—16 to 28 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4)

loamy sand; single grained; loose; common fine

roots; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt—28 to 48 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) sandy

clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine roots; few faint clay films

on faces of peds; moderately acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Btv—48 to 65 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8)

sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; firm; few faint clay films on faces

of peds; 15 percent nodular plinthite; common

medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and

prominent red (2.5YR 4/6) masses of iron

accumulation; common fine and medium distinct

gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions; moderately

acid.

The solum is more than 60 inches thick. The depth

to horizons that contain 5 percent or more plinthite

ranges from 35 to 60 inches. Reaction ranges from

very strongly acid to moderately acid throughout the

profile, except in areas where lime has been applied.

The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to

5, and chroma of 2 to 4.

The E horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 5 to 7, and

chroma of 3 to 6. The texture is loamy sand or loamy

fine sand.

The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of

4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. The texture is sandy loam

or sandy clay loam.

The Btv horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4

to 8, and chroma of 4 to 8. The redoximorphic

accumulations in shades of red, yellow, and brown and

redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray are in a

reticulate pattern. The content of nodular plinthite

ranges from 5 to 25 percent, by volume. The texture is

sandy clay loam or sandy loam.

Goldsboro Series

The Goldsboro series consists of very deep,

moderately well drained soils that formed in loamy

sediments. These soils are on low terraces adjacent to

major streams. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent.

These soils are fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive,

thermic Aquic Paleudults.

Goldsboro soils are commonly associated on the

landscape with Dogue, Gritney, Lynchburg, and Ocilla

soils. Dogue soils are in slightly lower positions than

the Goldsboro soils and have a clayey argillic horizon.

Gritney soils are in higher positions than the Goldsboro

soils and have a clayey argillic horizon. The somewhat

poorly drained Lynchburg and Ocilla soils are in slightly

lower positions than the Goldsboro soils.

Typical pedon of Goldsboro loamy fine sand, 0 to 2

percent slopes; about 4 miles west of Glenville, 1,200

feet east and 50 feet north of the southwest corner of

sec. 4, T. 13 N., R. 28 E.

Ap—0 to 9 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) loamy fine

sand; weak fine granular structure; very friable;

many fine and medium roots; very strongly acid;

abrupt wavy boundary.

E—9 to 17 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4)

loamy fine sand; weak coarse subangular blocky

structure; very friable; many fine and medium

roots; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt1—17 to 28 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6)

sandy clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; few

faint clay films on faces of peds; very strongly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—28 to 43 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine roots; few faint clay films

on faces of peds; common medium prominent dark

red (2.5YR 3/6) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8)
Russell County, Alabama 109

masses of iron accumulation; few medium distinct

light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; very

strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Btg—43 to 64 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; firm; few fine roots; few faint clay films

on faces of peds; common medium prominent

strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and red (2.5YR 4/8)

masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

Cg—64 to 80 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) sandy clay

loam; massive; common thin strata of sandy loam;

common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR

5/8) and yellowish red (5YR 5/8) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid.

The solum is more than 60 inches thick. Reaction

ranges from extremely acid to strongly acid throughout

the profile, except in areas where the surface layer has

been limed.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or

4, and chroma of 2 to 4.

The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y,

value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is loamy fine

sand, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam.

The BE horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR and

2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 6. The texture

is fine sandy loam or sandy loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4

to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. The number of

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown and

red is none or few in the upper part and few or common

in the lower part. The number of redoximorphic

depletions in shades of gray is none or few in the

upper part and few or common in the lower part. The

texture is sandy loam, loam, clay loam, or sandy clay

loam.

The Btg horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or

2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has

common or many redoximorphic accumulations in

shades of red and brown. The texture is clay loam or

loam.

The Cg horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR to 5Y,

value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has few to

many redoximorphic accumulations in shades of

red and brown. The texture commonly is sandy clay

loam or sandy loam. In some pedons, however, the

horizon contains stratified sandy, loamy, and clayey

materials.

Gritney Series

The Gritney series consists of very deep,

moderately well drained soils that formed in clayey

marine sediments. These soils are on ridgetops and

toeslopes in the uplands. Slopes range from 2 to 5

percent. These soils are fine, mixed, semiactive,

thermic Aquic Hapludults.

Gritney soils commonly are associated on the

landscape with Conecuh, Goldsboro, and Luverne soils.

Conecuh and Luverne soils are in landscape positions

similar to those of the Gritney soils but are at higher

elevations. Conecuh soils have smectitic clay

mineralogy. Luverne soils do not have low-chroma

redoximorphic depletions in the upper part of the

argillic horizon. Goldsboro soils are in lower positions

than the Gritney soils and are fine-loamy.

Typical pedon of Gritney fine sandy loam, 2 to 5

percent slopes; about two miles east of Rutherford,

2,000 feet east and 300 feet north of the southwest

corner of sec. 13, T. 14 N., R. 27 E.

Ap—0 to 7 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy

loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; few

fine and medium roots; moderately acid; abrupt

wavy boundary.

E—7 to 13 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) fine sandy

loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;

very friable; few fine and medium roots; moderately

acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt1—13 to 25 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

sandy clay; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; firm; few fine roots; common faint clay

films on faces of peds; common medium

prominent yellowish red (5YR 4/6) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt2—25 to 39 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; common faint clay films on faces of peds;

common medium prominent red (2.5YR 4/6)

masses of iron accumulation; common medium

distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron

depletions; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt3—39 to 49 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

sandy clay; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; firm; common faint clay films on faces of

peds; common medium prominent dark red (10R

3/6) masses of iron accumulation; few medium

distinct light gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; very

strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

C—49 to 80 inches; 40 percent light brownish gray

(10YR 6/2), 40 percent dark red (10R 3/6), and 20

percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) sandy clay

loam; massive; firm; few thin strata of sandy loam;

areas of light brownish gray are iron depletions;

very strongly acid.
110 Soil Survey

The thickness of the solum ranges from 35 to 60

inches. Reaction ranges from extremely acid to

strongly acid throughout the profile, except in areas

where the surface layer has been limed.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to

5, and chroma of 2 to 4. The texture is fine sandy loam.

The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y,

value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 3 or 4. It is loamy sand,

sandy loam, or fine sandy loam.

The upper part of the Bt horizon has hue of 10YR,

value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. The middle and

lower parts of the Bt horizon have hue of 7.5YR or

10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 3 to 8; or they

have no dominant matrix color and are multicolored in

shades of gray, brown, red, and yellow. The number of

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of red or brown

ranges from none to common in the upper part and is

common or many in the lower part. The number of

redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray ranges

from none to common in the upper part and is common

or many in the lower part. The texture is clay or sandy

clay.

The BC or CB horizon, if it occurs, has color and

texture similar to those of the lower part of the Bt

horizon.

The C horizon is multicolored in shades of red,

yellow, brown, and gray. The texture is loam, sandy

clay loam, or clay loam. In most pedons the horizon

has thin strata of loamy sand, sandy loam, or sandy

clay.

Hannon Series

The Hannon series consists of very deep,

moderately well drained soils that formed in clayey

sediments overlying soft limestone (chalk) or alkaline

clays. These soils are on broad ridgetops and on side

slopes in the uplands. Slopes range from 1 to 25

percent. These soils are fine, smectitic, thermic

Chromic Hapluderts.

Hannon soils are commonly associated on the

landscape with Conecuh, Luverne, and Sumter soils.

Conecuh and Luverne soils are in landscape positions

similar to those of the Hannon soils but are at higher

elevations. They do not have alkaline materials within a

depth of 60 inches. Sumter soils are in slightly lower

positions on the ridgetops and side slopes than the

Hannon soils. They are calcareous to the surface.

Typical pedon of Hannon clay, 5 to 8 percent slopes,

eroded; about 3 miles east of Hurtsboro, 1,000 feet

west and 400 feet south of the northeast corner of sec.

31, T. 15 N., R. 27 E.

Ap—0 to 2 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) clay; weak

fine granular structure; friable; common fine and

medium roots; strongly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

Bt—2 to 10 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; strong

medium angular blocky structure; firm; many fine

roots; common pressure faces; common medium

distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron

accumulation; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Btss1—10 to 18 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; strong

medium angular blocky structure; firm; common

fine roots; few large intersecting slickensides that

have prominent polished and grooved surfaces;

many pressure faces; common medium distinct

light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) masses of iron

accumulation; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Btss2—18 to 26 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; moderate

coarse angular blocky structure parting to strong

medium angular blocky; firm; common fine roots

flattened on faces of peds; common large

intersecting slickensides that have prominent

polished and grooved surfaces; many pressure

faces; many medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR

4/6) masses of iron accumulation; few fine and

medium distinct grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) iron

depletions on surfaces of peds; moderately acid;

clear wavy boundary.

Bkss1—26 to 33 inches; clay, light olive brown (2.5Y

5/4) interior and olive gray (5Y 5/2) exterior;

moderate coarse angular blocky structure parting

to strong fine and medium angular blocky; firm; few

fine roots on faces of peds; common large

intersecting slickensides that have distinct

polished and grooved surfaces; few fine and

medium rounded soft masses of calcium

carbonate; few fine black concretions of iron and

manganese oxides; few medium distinct yellowish

red (5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation; olive

gray surfaces of slickensides and peds are iron

depletions; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline;

clear wavy boundary.

Bkss2—33 to 65 inches; silty clay, olive (5Y 5/4)

interior and olive gray (5Y 5/2) exterior; moderate

coarse angular blocky structure parting to strong

fine and medium angular blocky; firm; common

large intersecting slickensides that have distinct

polished and grooved surfaces; many pressure

faces; many fine and medium soft masses of

calcium carbonate; olive gray surfaces of

slickensides and peds are iron depletions; strongly

effervescent; moderately alkaline.

The depth to soft limestone (chalk) bedrock that is

characterized as paralithic is more than 80 inches. The

depth to horizons that have accumulations of calcium

carbonate ranges from 12 to 30 inches.
Russell County, Alabama 111

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR,

value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 to 4. Reaction ranges

from strongly acid to neutral. The texture is clay loam

or clay.

The Bt and Btss horizons have hue of 2.5YR to

7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. The

number of redoximorphic accumulations in shades of

red and brown ranges from none to common. The

number of redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray

ranges from none to common. Reaction ranges from

very strongly acid to neutral. The texture is clay or silty

clay.

The Bkss horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y and value

of 4 to 6. It has chroma of 4 to 6 in ped interiors and 2

to 4 on exterior surfaces of peds. It has few to many

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown and

red and few to many redoximorphic depletions in

shades of gray. The content of soft masses and

nodules or concretions of calcium carbonate ranges

from few to many. The content of soft black masses

and concretions of iron and manganese oxides

ranges from none to common. Reaction is slightly

alkaline or moderately alkaline. The texture is clay or

silty clay.

The BC or CB horizon, if it occurs, has a range in

color similar to that of the Bkss horizon, or it has no

dominant matrix color and is multicolored in shades of

olive, gray, and brown. The texture is loam, clay loam,

sandy clay loam, or silty clay loam. The content of soft

masses or concretions or both of calcium carbonate

ranges from common to many. The content of soft

masses and concretions of iron and manganese oxides

ranges from none to common.

The 2C or C horizon, if it occurs, is commonly

stratified. It has hue of 2.5Y or 5Y, value of 5 or 6, and

chroma of 2 to 6. Strata that have chroma of 4 to 6 are

generally thinner and have less clay than those that

have chroma of 2 or 3. The horizon is massive or has

platy rock structure. The texture ranges from sandy

loam to clay. Some pedons have strata of soft

limestone (chalk) or oyster shells.

Iuka Series

The Iuka series consists of very deep, moderately

well drained soils that formed in stratified loamy and

sandy alluvium. These soils are on high parts of natural

levees on flood plains along streams throughout the

county. Slopes are 0 to 1 percent. These soils are

coarse-loamy, siliceous, active, acid, thermic Aquic

Udifluvents.

Iuka soils are commonly associated on the

landscape with Kinston, Mantachie, and Mooreville

soils. The poorly drained Kinston and somewhat poorly

drained Mantachie soils are in lower, less convex

positions on the flood plains than the Iuka soils and are

fine-loamy. The well drained Mooreville soils are in

slightly lower positions on the natural levees than the

Iuka soils and are fine-loamy.

Typical pedon of Iuka fine sandy loam in an area of

Kinston, Mantachie, and Iuka soils, 0 to 1 percent

slopes, frequently flooded; about 2 miles southeast of

Hurtsboro, 200 feet west and 300 feet south of the

northeast corner of sec. 13, T. 14 N., R. 26 E.

Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy

loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable;

many fine and medium roots; strongly acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

C1—8 to 16 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine

sandy loam; massive; very friable; few fine and

medium roots; few fine faint light brownish gray

iron depletions; strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

C2—16 to 32 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine

sandy loam; massive; very friable; few fine roots;

few fine distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/8)

masses of iron accumulation; common medium

faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions;

very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

C3—32 to 45 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) fine

sandy loam; massive; very friable; few thin strata

of loamy sand; few medium distinct light yellowish

brown (10YR 6/4) masses of iron accumulation;

common medium distinct light brownish gray

(10YR 6/2) iron depletions; very strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

C4—45 to 80 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) fine

sandy loam; massive; very friable; few thin strata

of loamy sand; common medium distinct strong

brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation;

common medium distinct light brownish gray

(10YR 6/2) iron depletions; very strongly acid.

Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid

throughout the profile, except in areas where the

surface layer has been limed.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or

4, and chroma of 2 to 4. The texture is fine sandy

loam.

The C horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and

chroma of 3 to 6. It has few or common redoximorphic

accumulations in shades of brown and yellow in the

upper part and common or many in the lower part. It

has few or common redoximorphic depletions in

shades of gray in the upper part and common or many

in the lower part. The texture is fine sandy loam or

sandy loam. Thin strata of finer- and coarser-textured

materials are in most pedons.
112 Soil Survey

The Cg horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or

2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has

common or many redoximorphic accumulations in

shades of brown, yellow, and red. The texture is loamy

sand, fine sandy loam, sandy loam, silt loam, or loam.

In most pedons the horizon has thin strata of finer- or

coarser-textured materials.

Kinston Series

The Kinston series consists of very deep, poorly

drained soils that formed in stratified loamy alluvium.

These soils are on low parts of flood plains. Slopes are

0 to 1 percent. These soils are fine-loamy, siliceous,

semiactive, acid, thermic Typic Fluvaquents.

Kinston soils are commonly associated on the

landscape with Iuka, Mantachie, and Mooreville soils.

These associated soils are in slightly higher, more

convex positions on the flood plains than the Kinston

soils. Iuka soils are moderately well drained and are

coarse-loamy. Mantachie soils are somewhat poorly

drained. Mooreville soils are moderately well drained.

Typical pedon of Kinston sandy loam, in an area of

Kinston, Mantachie, and Iuka soils, 0 to 1 percent

slopes, frequently flooded; about 4 miles east of

Marvyn, 1,600 feet west and 1,800 feet south of

northeast corner of sec. 4, T. 16 N., R. 27 E.

A—0 to 3 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) sandy loam;

weak fine granular structure; very friable; many fine

and medium roots; strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Ag—3 to 14 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) loam; weak fine

granular structure; friable; many fine roots;

common fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 4/6)

masses of iron accumulation in root channels; very

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Cg1—14 to 38 inches; light gray (10YR 6/1) clay loam;

massive; friable; few fine roots; common medium

distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Cg2—38 to 65 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) clay loam;

massive; friable; few thin strata of sandy loam;

common fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)

masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid.

Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid

throughout the profile, except in areas where the

surface layer has been limed.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or

4, and chroma of 1 to 3. The Ag horizon, if it occurs,

has hue of 10YR, value 4 or 5, and chroma of 1 or 2. It

is loam, sandy loam, or silt loam.

The Cg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4

to 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has few to many

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown and

yellow. The texture dominantly is loam, silt loam, or

clay loam in the upper part and sandy loam or clay

loam in the lower part. Most pedons have strata of

finer- and coarser-textured materials. In some pedons

the horizon has gravelly layers below a depth of 40

inches.

Kolomoki Series

The Kolomoki series consists of very deep, well

drained soils that formed in clayey sediments. These

soils are on low stream terraces adjacent to major

streams. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. These soils

are fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Hapludults.

Kolomoki soils are commonly associated on the

landscape with Annemaine, Maxton, Riverview, and

Wickham soils. Annemaine soils are in slightly lower

positions on the terraces than the Kolomoki soils. They

have low-chroma iron depletions in the upper part of

the argillic horizon. Maxton and Wickham soils are in

slightly higher positions on the terraces than the

Kolomoki soils and are fine-loamy. Riverview soils are

on flood plains adjacent to areas of the Kolomoki soils

and are fine-loamy.

Typical pedon of Kolomoki fine sandy loam, 0 to 2

percent slopes, rarely flooded; about 10 miles

southeast of Fort Mitchell, 1,400 feet west and 300

feet south of the northeast corner of sec. 8, T. 14 N., R.

31 E.

Ap—0 to 6 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy

loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable;

many fine and medium roots; strongly acid; abrupt

wavy boundary.

Bt1—6 to 14 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) clay;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; many fine and few medium roots; few faint

clay films on faces of peds; few black stains on

faces of peds; strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt2—14 to 22 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) clay;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; common fine and medium roots; few faint clay

films on faces of peds; strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt3—22 to 36 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) sandy

clay; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; few fine roots; few faint clay films on faces of

peds; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

BC—36 to 48 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandy

clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.
Russell County, Alabama 113

C—48 to 65 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) loamy

sand; single grained; loose; very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 36 to 60

inches. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to

moderately acid throughout the profile, except in areas

where the surface layer has been limed.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or

4, and chroma of 2 to 4. The texture is fine sandy

loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4

or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. The texture is clay loam,

sandy clay, or clay.

The BC horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 5YR or

7.5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. The

texture is sandy loam or sandy clay loam.

The C horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 5

or 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. The texture is sandy loam,

loamy sand, or sand.

Luverne Series

The Luverne series consists of very deep, well

drained soils that formed in stratified clayey and loamy

marine sediments. These soils are on ridgetops and

side slopes in the uplands. Slopes range from 2 to 25

percent. These soils are fine, mixed, semiactive,

thermic Typic Hapludults.

Luverne soils are commonly associated on the

landscape with Conecuh, Gritney, Hannon, Springhill,

and Troup soils. Conecuh, Gritney, and Hannon soils

are in landscape positions similar to those of the

Luverne soils but are at lower elevations. Conecuh

soils have smectitic mineralogy. Gritney soils are

brownish in the upper part of the subsoil. Hannon soils

have smectitic mineralogy and are alkaline in the lower

part of the subsoil. Springhill soils are in positions

similar to those of the Luverne soils and are fine-loamy.

Troup soils are in higher positions than the Luverne

soils and have a thick sandy epipedon.

Typical pedon of Luverne sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent

slopes; about 2 miles southeast of Glenville, about

1,400 feet west and 700 feet south of the northeast

corner of sec. 29, T. 13 N., R. 29 E.

Ap—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) sandy loam;

weak fine granular structure; very friable; many fine

and medium roots; strongly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

E—4 to 10 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

loamy fine sand; single grained; loose; many fine

and medium roots; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

Bt1—10 to 18 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) clay;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; many fine and medium roots; common faint

clay films on faces of peds; very strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—18 to 31 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) clay;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; few fine roots; common faint clay films on

faces of peds; common medium prominent

brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

BC—31 to 48 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) sandy clay; weak

coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; common

medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

masses of iron accumulation; few fine distinct light

brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; the iron

accumulations and depletions are relict

redoximorphic features; very strongly acid; clear

wavy boundary.

C—48 to 65 inches; thinly stratified red (2.5YR 4/6),

yellowish brown (10YR 5/6), strong brown (7.5YR

5/6), and light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) sandy clay

loam and sandy loam; massive; friable; areas of

red, yellowish brown, and strong brown are masses

of iron accumulation; areas of light brownish gray

are iron depletions; very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 50

inches. Reaction ranges from extremely acid to

strongly acid throughout the profile, except in areas

where the surface layer has been limed.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR,

value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4.

The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 7.5YR or

10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is loamy

sand, loamy fine sand, or sandy loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4

or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. The number of

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown and

yellow ranges from none to common. The number of

redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray ranges

from none to common. The accumulations and

depletions are relict redoximorphic features. The

texture is clay loam, sandy clay, or clay.

The BC horizon, if it occurs, has a range in color

similar to that of the Bt horizon, or it has no dominant

matrix color and is multicolored in shades of red,

yellow, gray, and brown. The texture is sandy clay or

sandy clay loam.

The C horizon consists of stratified sediments

having a high content of mica. The texture of individual

strata ranges from loamy sand to clay. Color varies,

but the sandier textured strata commonly have hue of

2.5YR to 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8.

Clayey strata are generally grayish. In some pedons

the horizon has thin lenses or strata of shale or

ironstone.
114 Soil Survey

Lynchburg Series

The Lynchburg series consists of very deep,

somewhat poorly drained soils that formed in loamy

sediments. These soils are on low terraces. Slopes

range from 0 to 2 percent. These soils are fine-loamy,

siliceous, semiactive, thermic Aeric Paleaquults.

Lynchburg soils commonly are associated on the

landscape with Bladen, Dogue, Goldsboro, and Ocilla

soils. The poorly drained Bladen soils are in lower

positions than those of the Lynchburg soils. Dogue,

Goldsboro, and Ocilla soils are in slightly higher,

more convex positions than those of the Lynchburg

soils. Dogue soils are moderately well drained and

have a clayey argillic horizon. Goldsboro soils are

moderately well drained. Ocilla soils have a thick

sandy epipedon.

Typical pedon of Lynchburg loamy fine sand, 0 to 2

percent slopes, rarely flooded; about 2 miles east of

Rutherford, 2,500 feet west and 1,200 feet north of the

southeast corner of sec. 24, T. 14 N., R. 27 E.

Ap—0 to 7 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loamy

fine sand; weak fine granular structure; very friable;

many fine roots; slightly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

E—7 to 15 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) loamy

fine sand; weak fine granular structure; very friable;

many fine roots; common fine distinct yellowish

brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation;

slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt—15 to 32 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) sandy

clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; many fine roots; few faint clay

films on faces of peds; common medium distinct

strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron

accumulation; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Btg1—32 to 45 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) sandy

clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few faint clay films on faces of

peds; common medium prominent strong brown

(7.5YR 5/8) and red (2.5YR 4/6) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Btg2—45 to 65 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; firm; few faint clay films on faces of

peds; common medium prominent strong brown

(7.5YR 5/8) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

The solum is more than 60 inches thick. Reaction

ranges from extremely acid to strongly acid throughout

the profile, except in areas where the surface layer has

been limed.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or

4, and chroma of 1 or 2.

The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and

chroma of 4 to 8. It has common or many

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of red, brown,

and yellow and common or many redoximorphic

depletions in shades of gray. The texture is sandy loam

or sandy clay loam.

The Btg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5

to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has common or many

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown,

yellow, and red. The texture is sandy clay loam or clay

loam.

Mantachie Series

 The Mantachie series consists of very deep,

somewhat poorly drained soils that formed in loamy

alluvium. These soils are on low to intermediate parts

of flood plains. Slopes are 0 to 1 percent. These soils

are fine-loamy, siliceous, active, acid, thermic Aeric

Endoaquepts.

Mantachie soils are commonly associated on the

landscape with Iuka and Kinston soils. The moderately

well drained Iuka soils are in slightly higher, more

convex positions than those of the Mantachie soils and

are coarse-loamy. The poorly drained Kinston soils are

in slightly lower, more concave positions than those of

the Mantachie soils.

Typical pedon of Mantachie fine sandy loam, in an

area of Kinston, Mantachie, and Iuka soils, 0 to 1

percent slopes, frequently flooded; about 3 miles

southeast of Marvyn, 2,400 feet west and 2,200 feet

north of the southeast corner of sec. 35, T. 16 N., R. 27

E.

A—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy

loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; many

fine and medium roots; strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bw—4 to 10 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loam; weak

medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many

fine and medium roots; few medium distinct strong

brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in

root channels; common medium distinct grayish

brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

Bg1—10 to 28 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) loam;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

many fine and medium roots; common medium

distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) and few fine
Russell County, Alabama 115

distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron

accumulation; common dark concretions of iron

and manganese oxides; strongly acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

Bg2—28 to 45 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) loam;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

common fine and medium roots; common medium

prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and yellowish

red (5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation; few

fine dark concretions of iron and manganese

oxides; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bg3—45 to 65 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) sandy clay

loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;

friable; few fine roots; common medium prominent

strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 30 to more

than 60 inches. Reaction is very strongly acid or

strongly acid throughout the profile, except in areas

where the surface layer has been limed.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to

5, and chroma of 2 or 3. The texture is fine sandy

loam.

The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4

or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6; or it has no dominant matrix

color and is multicolored in shades of yellow, brown,

and gray. It has common or many redoximorphic

accumulations in shades of red, yellow, and brown and

common or many redoximorphic depletions in shades

of gray. The texture is loam, sandy clay loam, or clay

loam.

The Bg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5

or 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has few to many

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of red, yellow,

and brown. The texture is loam, sandy clay loam, or

clay loam.

Marvyn Series

The Marvyn series consists of very deep, well

drained soils that formed in loamy marine sediments.

These soils are on ridgetops in the uplands. Slopes

range from 2 to 5 percent. These soils are fine-loamy,

kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults.

Marvyn soils are commonly associated on the

landscape with Blanton, Cowarts, and Uchee soils.

Blanton and Uchee soils are in slightly higher positions

than those of the Marvyn soils. They have a thick

sandy epipedon. Cowarts soils are on side slopes

adjacent to areas of the Marvyn soils and have a

solum that is less than 40 inches thick.

Typical pedon of Marvyn loamy sand, 2 to 5 percent

slopes; about 2 miles southwest of Crawford, 400 feet

west and 1,400 feet north of the southeast corner of

sec. 27, T. 17 N., R. 28 E.

Ap—0 to 6 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) loamy sand;

weak medium granular structure; very friable;

common fine roots; slightly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

Bt1—6 to 16 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) sandy

loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

very friable; common fine roots; few faint clay films

on faces of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt2—16 to 38 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; common

faint clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

Bt3—38 to 44 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; common

faint clay films on faces of peds; few medium

distinct yellowish red (5YR 4/6) masses of iron

accumulation; strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

BC—44 to 49 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

sandy loam; weak coarse subangular blocky

structure; very friable; common medium prominent

red (2.5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation,

which are relict redoximorphic features; strongly

acid; gradual wavy boundary.

C—49 to 65 inches; 45 percent strong brown (7.5YR

5/4), 35 percent light brownish gray (10YR 6/2),

and 20 percent red (2.5YR 4/6) sandy loam;

massive; very friable; few thin strata of sandy clay

loam and loamy sand; areas of light brownish gray

are iron depletions, which are relict redoximorphic

features; very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to 60

inches. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid

throughout the profile, except in areas where the

surface layer has been limed.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to

5, and chroma of 2 or 3.

The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of

5 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. The texture is sandy loam

or sandy clay loam.

The BC horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR, value

of 5 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 8; or it has no dominant

matrix color and is multicolored in shades of red,

yellow, brown, and gray.

The C horizon commonly has no dominant matrix

color and is multicolored in shades of red, yellow,

brown, and gray. The texture is sandy loam or sandy
116 Soil Survey

clay loam. Most pedons have strata or pockets of finerand coarser-textured materials.

Maxton Series

The Maxton series consists of very deep, well

drained soils that formed in stratified loamy and sandy

sediments. These soils are on low terraces adjacent to

the Chattahoochee River and other large streams.

Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. These soils are fineloamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, siliceous,

subactive, thermic Typic Hapludults.

Maxton soils are commonly associated on the

landscape with Annemaine, Kolomoki, Riverview, and

Wickham soils. Annemaine and Kolomoki soils are in

slightly lower positions than those of the Maxton soils.

They have a clayey argillic horizon. Riverview soils are

on flood plains adjacent to areas of the Maxton soils.

They have a loamy cambic horizon. Wickham soils are

in positions similar to those of the Maxton soils. They

do not have a sandy substratum.

Typical pedon of Maxton loamy sand, 0 to 2 percent

slopes, rarely flooded; about 6 miles east of Loflin, 700

feet west and 800 feet north of the southeast corner of

sec. 5, T. 14 N., R. 31 E.

Ap—0 to 10 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) loamy

sand; weak fine granular structure; very friable;

many fine and medium roots; slightly acid; abrupt

wavy boundary.

Bt1—10 to 18 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) sandy

clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; many fine and medium roots; few

faint clay films on surfaces of peds; few fine flakes

of mica; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—18 to 27 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) sandy clay loam;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; many medium and few fine roots; few faint

clay films on faces of peds; few fine flakes of

mica; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt3—27 to 38 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) sandy clay loam;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

few faint clay films on faces of peds; very strongly

acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

2C1—38 to 55 inches; reddish yellow (5YR 6/8) sand;

single grained; loose; very strongly acid; clear

wavy boundary.

2C2—55 to 75 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sand;

single grained; loose; strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 40

inches. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid

throughout the profile, except in areas where the

surface layer has been limed.

The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or

4, and chroma of 2 to 4.

The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4

or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is sandy loam or sandy

clay loam.

The 2C horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4

to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. The texture is coarse sand,

sand, loamy sand, or very gravelly sand.

Mooreville Series

The Mooreville series consists of very deep,

moderately well drained soils that formed in loamy

alluvium. These soils are on flood plains along major

streams. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. These soils

are fine-loamy, siliceous, active, thermic Fluvaquentic

Dystrochrepts.

Mooreville soils are commonly associated on the

landscape with Una and Urbo soils. The somewhat

poorly drained Urbo soils are in slightly lower positions

than those of the Mooreville soils. The poorly drained

Una soils are in depressions on the flood plains.

Typical pedon of Mooreville fine sandy loam, in an

area of Urbo-Mooreville-Una complex, 0 to 2 percent

slopes, frequently flooded; about 1,600 feet north and

1,700 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 15, T.

14 N., R. 26 E.

A—0 to 6 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy

loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; common

fine and medium roots; strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bw1—6 to 15 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

sandy clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine and medium roots;

few fine faint light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

masses of iron accumulation; strongly acid; clear

wavy boundary.

Bw2—15 to 28 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

sandy clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; few

medium distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron

depletions; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bw3—28 to 45 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; few medium distinct

strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron

accumulation; common medium distinct grayish

brown (10YR 5/2) and light gray (10YR 7/2) iron

depletions; strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

C—45 to 70 inches; 40 percent yellowish brown

(10YR 5/4), 30 percent grayish brown (10YR 5/2),
Russell County, Alabama 117

and 30 percent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) sandy

loam; massive; friable; few thin strata of loamy

sand; few streaks of pale brown (10YR 7/3)

uncoated sand; areas of yellowish brown and

strong brown are masses of iron accumulation;

areas of grayish brown are iron depletions; strongly

acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to more

than 60 inches. Reaction is very strongly acid or

strongly acid throughout the profile, except in areas

where the surface layer has been limed.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to

5, and chroma of 2 or 3.

The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5,

and chroma of 3 to 8. It has few to many redoximorphic

accumulations in shades of red or brown and few to

many redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray. The

texture is loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam.

The C horizon commonly has no dominant matrix

color and is multicolored in shades of red, brown, and

gray. The texture is loam, sandy loam, or sandy clay

loam. Most pedons have strata of finer- and coarsertextured materials.

Ocilla Series

The Ocilla series consists of very deep, somewhat

poorly drained soils that formed in sandy and loamy

sediments. These soils are on low stream terraces.

Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. These soils are

loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Aquic Arenic

Paleudults.

Ocilla soils are commonly associated on the

landscape with Bladen, Goldsboro, and Lynchburg

soils. The poorly drained Bladen soils are in slightly

lower positions than those of the Ocilla soils. The

moderately well drained Goldsboro soils are in

slightly higher positions than those of the Ocilla soils.

They do not have a thick sandy epipedon. Lynchburg

soils are in landscape positions similar to those of

the Ocilla soils and do not have a thick sandy

epipedon.

Typical pedon of Ocilla loamy fine sand, 0 to 2

percent slopes, rarely flooded; about 6 miles south of

Hurtsboro, 200 feet west and 700 feet north of the

southeast corner of sec. 36, T. 14 N., R. 26 E.

Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

loamy fine sand; weak fine granular structure; very

friable; common fine and medium roots; slightly

acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

E1—8 to 20 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loamy

fine sand; single grained; loose; common fine roots;

few fine faint very pale brown iron depletions;

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

E2—20 to 28 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3)

loamy fine sand; single grained; loose; few fine and

medium roots; few fine distinct yellowish brown

(10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; strongly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

 Bt1—28 to 35 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

sandy clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few faint clay films on faces of

peds; common medium distinct strong brown

(7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; common

medium distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron

depletions; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt2—35 to 48 inches; 40 percent yellowish brown

(10YR 5/6), 30 percent light brownish gray (10YR

6/2), and 30 percent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)

sandy clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common faint clay films on faces

of peds; areas of yellowish brown and strong brown

are masses of iron accumulation; areas of light

brownish gray are iron depletions; strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

Bt3—48 to 65 inches; 40 percent yellowish brown

(10YR 5/6), 30 percent light brownish gray (10YR

6/2), and 30 percent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)

sandy clay; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common faint clay films on

faces of peds; areas of yellowish brown and strong

brown are masses of iron accumulation; areas of

light brownish gray are iron depletions; strongly

acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 60 to more

than 80 inches. Reaction is very strongly acid or

strongly acid throughout the profile, except in areas

where lime has been applied.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to

5, and chroma of 2 or 3.

The E horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5

to 7, and chroma 2 to 4. The number of redoximorphic

accumulations in shades of brown and yellow ranges

from none to common. The number of redoximorphic

depletions in shades of gray ranges from none to

common. The texture is loamy sand or loamy fine

sand.

The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5

or 6, and chroma of 3 to 8; or it has no dominant matrix

color and is multicolored in shades of brown, yellow,

red, and gray. It has common or many redoximorphic

accumulations in shades of red, yellow, and brown and

common or many redoximorphic depletions in shades

of gray. The texture is sandy loam, sandy clay loam, or

sandy clay.
118 Soil Survey

Orangeburg Series

The Orangeburg series consists of very deep, well

drained soils that formed in loamy marine sediments.

These soils are on ridgetops in the uplands. Slopes

range from 0 to 8 percent. These soils are fine-loamy,

kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kandiudults.

Orangeburg soils are commonly associated on the

landscape with Dothan, Fuquay, Red Bay, and

Springhill soils. Dothan, Fuquay, and Red Bay soils are

in landscape positions similar to those of the

Orangeburg soil. Dothan soils have a brownish argillic

horizon and have significant accumulations of plinthite

in the lower part of the kandic horizon. Fuquay soils

have a thick sandy epipedon. Red Bay soils have a

dark red kandic horizon. Springhill soils are on side

slopes adjacent to areas of the Orangeburg soils and

have a significant decrease in clay content in the lower

part of the kandic horizon.

Typical pedon of Orangeburg fine sandy loam, 0 to 2

percent slopes; about 2 miles west of Oswichee, 400

feet east and 1,100 feet south of the northwest corner

of sec. 21, T. 15 N., R. 30 E.

Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy

loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable;

many fine and few medium roots; very strongly

acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

BA—8 to 15 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) fine sandy

loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very

friable; many fine and medium roots; very strongly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt1—15 to 30 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) sandy

clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few medium roots; few faint clay

films on faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear

wavy boundary.

Bt2—30 to 40 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) sandy clay loam;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

few faint clay films on faces of peds; few medium

distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron

accumulation, which are relict redoximorphic

features; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt3—40 to 80 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) sandy clay loam;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; few faint clay films on faces of peds; very

strongly acid.

The solum is more than 60 inches thick. Reaction is

very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout the

profile, except in areas where the surface layer has

been limed.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to

5, and chroma of 2 to 4.

The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR, value

of 5 or 6, and chroma of 3 or 4. It is fine sandy loam,

sandy loam, loamy sand, or loamy fine sand.

The BA or BE horizon, if it occurs, has hue of

2.5YR to 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8.

The texture is fine sandy loam or sandy loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4

or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8. The texture is sandy clay

loam.

Pacolet Series

The Pacolet series consists of very deep, well

drained soils that formed in material weathered from

acid crystalline rocks. These soils are on side slopes in

the uplands. Slopes range from 15 to 25 percent. These

soils are fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults.

Pacolet soils are commonly associated on the

landscape with Orangeburg and Springhill soils. These

associated soils are in higher positions than those of

the Pacolet soils. They are fine-loamy.

Typical pedon of Pacolet sandy loam, 15 to 25

percent slopes; about one mile north of Phenix City,

200 feet west and 300 feet south of the northeast

corner of sec. 2, T. 18 N., R. 30 E.

Ap—0 to 4 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) sandy

loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable;

many fine and medium roots; strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

BA—4 to 9 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) sandy clay loam;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

many fine roots; strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt1—9 to 15 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) sandy clay;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; many fine and medium roots; common faint

clay films on faces of peds; few fine flakes of

mica; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt2—15 to 22 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) sandy clay;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; few medium roots; common faint clay films on

faces of peds; common fine flakes of mica; 10

percent quartz gravel; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

C—22 to 80 inches; 50 percent red (2.5YR 4/8) and 50

percent reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) saprolite that

has a texture of sandy loam; massive; friable;

many fine and medium flakes of mica; very

strongly acid.

The solum is less than 30 inches thick. The depth to

hard bedrock is more than 60 inches. Reaction ranges

from very strongly acid to moderately acid throughout

the profile.
Russell County, Alabama 119

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR,

value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4.

The BA horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 2.5YR or

5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. The texture

is loam, sandy clay loam, or sandy loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR, value of 4 or 5,

and chroma of 6 to 8. The texture is clay, clay loam, or

sandy clay.

The BC horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10R to 5YR,

value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8. The content of

rock fragments ranges from 0 to 15 percent. The

texture is sandy loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam.

The C horizon has hue of 10R to 5YR, value of 4 or

5, and chroma of 6 to 8. It is loamy saprolite that

weathered from felsic crystalline rock. The texture is

loam, sandy loam, or sandy clay loam.

Red Bay Series

 The Red Bay series consists of very deep, well

drained soils that formed in loamy sediments. These

soils are on broad ridgetops in the uplands. Slopes

range from 0 to 2 percent. These soils are fine-loamy,

kaolinitic, thermic Rhodic Kandiudults.

Red Bay soils are commonly associated on the

landscape with Dothan, Fuquay, and Orangeburg soils.

These associated soils are in landscape positions

similar to those of the Red Bay soils. Dothan soils

have a brownish kandic horizon that has significant

accumulations of plinthite in the lower part. Fuquay

soils have a thick sandy epipedon. Orangeburg soils do

not have a dark red kandic horizon.

Typical pedon of Red Bay sandy loam, 0 to 2

percent slopes; about 1 mile southeast of Oswichee,

1,500 feet east and 300 feet north of the southwest

corner of sec. 23, T. 15 N., R. 30 E.

Ap—0 to 9 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/3) sandy

loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable;

common fine and medium roots; moderately acid;

abrupt wavy boundary.

Bt1—9 to 29 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) sandy clay

loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; few fine and medium roots; few faint clay

films on faces of peds; strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt2—29 to 45 inches; dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4)

sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; common

faint clay films on faces of peds; very strongly

acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt3—45 to 65 inches; dark red (10R 3/6) sandy clay

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common faint clay films on faces

of peds; very strongly acid.

The solum is more than 60 inches thick. Reaction

ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid in

the upper part of the solum and is very strongly acid or

strongly acid in the lower part.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value

of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 to 4.

The Bt horizon has hue of 10R or 2.5YR, value of 3,

and chroma of 4 to 6. The texture is sandy loam or

sandy clay loam.

Riverview Series

The Riverview series consists of very deep, well

drained soils that formed in loamy alluvium. These

soils are on low terraces and natural levees along the

Chattahoochee River. Slopes are 0 to 1 percent. These

soils are fine-loamy, mixed, active, thermic Fluventic

Dystrochrepts.

Riverview soils are commonly associated on the

landscape with Congaree, Kolomoki, Maxton, Toccoa,

and Wickham soils. Congaree and Toccoa soils are in

landscape positions similar to those of the Riverview

soils but are at lower elevations. Congaree soils do not

have a cambic horizon. Toccoa soils do not have a

cambic horizon and are coarse-loamy. Kolomoki,

Maxton, and Wickham soils are in landscape positions

similar to those of the Riverview soils but are at higher

elevations. Kolomoki soils have a clayey argillic

horizon. Maxton and Wickham soils have a fine-loamy

argillic horizon.

Typical pedon of Riverview loam, 0 to 1 percent

slopes, occasionally flooded; about 5 miles southeast

of Phenix City, 1,600 feet north and 2,000 feet east

of the southwest corner of sec. 13, T. 16 N., R. 30

E.

Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) loam; weak

medium granular structure; friable; many fine roots;

few fine flakes of mica; strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bw—8 to 25 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6)

loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; many fine roots; many fine flakes of mica;

very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Ab—25 to 30 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; many fine flakes of mica; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

B’w—30 to 43 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam;

weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable;

many fine flakes of mica; very strongly acid; clear

wavy boundary.

C—43 to 65 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam;

massive; friable; few thin strata of sandy loam;

many fine flakes of mica; very strongly acid.
120 Soil Survey

The thickness of the solum ranges from 24 to 60

inches. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to

slightly acid in the A horizon and is very strongly acid

or strongly acid in the B and C horizons. Some pedons

have a buried A or B horizon or both below a depth of

20 inches. These buried horizons have the same range

in color and texture as the A or B horizon.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR,

value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. The texture is

loam or silt loam.

The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of

4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8. The number of

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of brown and

red is none or few. The texture is loam, silt loam, silty

clay loam, or clay loam.

The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4

to 6, and chroma of 4 to 6. The number of

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of yellow,

brown, and red ranges from none to common. The

number of redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray

ranges from none to common. The texture is loamy

sand, fine sandy loam, or loam. Most pedons have thin

strata of finer- or coarser-textured material.

Springhill Series

The Springhill series consists of very deep, well

drained soils that formed in loamy sediments. These

soils are on narrow ridgetops and on side slopes in the

uplands. Slopes range from 2 to 30 percent. These

soils are fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Typic

Kanhapludults.

Springhill soils are commonly associated on the

landscape with Alaga, Cowarts, Luverne, Orangeburg,

Pacolet, and Troup soils. Alaga, Orangeburg, and Troup

soils are in higher landscape positions than those of

the Springhill soils. Alaga soils are sandy throughout.

Orangeburg soils do not have a significant decrease in

clay content within a depth of 60 inches. Troup soils

have a thick sandy epipedon. Cowarts and Luverne

soils are in positions similar to those of the Springhill

soils. Cowarts soils have a brownish kandic horizon.

Luverne soils have a clayey argillic horizon. Pacolet

soils are in lower landscape positions than those of the

Springhill soils. They have a clayey kandic horizon.

Typical pedon of Springhill loamy sand, in an area of

Troup-Springhill-Luverne complex, 10 to 30 percent

slopes; about 0.5 mile east of Glenville, 2,600 feet

west and 1,200 feet south of the northeast corner of

sec. 18, T. 13 N., R. 29 E.

Ap—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/4) loamy sand;

weak fine granular structure; very friable; common

fine and medium roots; very strongly acid; clear

wavy boundary.

E—4 to 12 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) loamy sand;

weak fine granular structure; very friable; few fine

and medium roots; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt1—12 to 31 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) sandy clay loam;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; few medium roots; few faint clay films on

faces of peds; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt2—31 to 38 inches; red (2.5YR 4/8) sandy clay loam;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; few faint clay films on faces of peds; very

strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt3—38 to 45 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) sandy

clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few faint clay films on faces of

peds; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt4—45 to 65 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) sandy

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine distinct yellowish

brown (10YR 5/8) and red (2.5YR 4/8) masses of

iron accumulation, which are relict redoximorphic

features; very strongly acid.

The solum is more than 40 inches thick. Reaction is

very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout the

profile, except in areas where the surface layer has

been limed. The content of rounded quartz gravel or

fragments of ironstone or both ranges from 0 to 10

percent throughout the profile.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR,

value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. The texture is

loamy sand or sandy loam.

The E horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR, value

of 5 or 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. The texture is loamy

sand or sandy loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4

or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. The texture is sandy clay

loam in the upper part and sandy clay loam or sandy

loam in the lower part. The number of redoximorphic

accumulations in shades of yellow, brown, or red

ranges from none to common in the lower part. The

accumulations are considered to be relict features.

The C horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 2.5YR or

5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. It is

commonly stratified. The texture ranges from sandy

clay loam to loamy sand.

Sumter Series

The Sumter series consists of moderately deep,

well drained soils that formed in materials weathered

from alkaline clays and soft limestone (chalk). These

soils are on side slopes in uplands of the Blackland

Prairie. Slopes range from 5 to 25 percent. These soils
Russell County, Alabama 121

are fine-silty, carbonatic, thermic Rendollic

Eutrochrepts.

Sumter soils are commonly associated on the

landscape with Hannon soils. Hannon soils are in

slightly higher positions than those of the Sumter soils.

They have a reddish argillic horizon and are acid in the

upper part of the subsoil.

Typical pedon of Sumter silty clay loam, in an area

of Sumter-Hannon complex, 12 to 25 percent slopes,

severely eroded; about 5 miles south of Marvyn, 1,800

feet east and 2,000 feet north of the southwest corner

of sec. 12, T. 16 N., R. 26 E.

Ap—0 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2)

silty clay loam; weak coarse granular structure;

firm; many fine roots; common fragments of fossil

oyster shell; common fine soft masses of calcium

carbonate; strongly effervescent; moderately

alkaline; clear wavy boundary.

Bk1—3 to 21 inches; pale olive (5Y 6/4) silty clay

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; firm; few fine and medium roots; few fine

fragments of soft limestone (chalk); many fine,

medium, and coarse soft masses of calcium

carbonate; strongly effervescent; moderately

alkaline; gradual wavy boundary.

 Bk2—21 to 28 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) silty

clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; firm; few fine roots; common fine

fragments of soft limestone (chalk); few fossil

oyster shells; many fine, medium, and coarse soft

masses of calcium carbonate; strongly

effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy

boundary.

Bk3—28 to 38 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) silty

clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; firm; common fine fragments of soft

limestone (chalk); few fossil oyster shells; many

fine, medium, and coarse soft masses of calcium

carbonate; common medium distinct pale olive (5Y

6/3) iron depletions; strongly effervescent;

moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary.

Cr—38 to 80 inches; weathered, soft limestone (chalk)

bedrock; massive; very firm; common thin strata of

fossil oyster shell; violently effervescent;

moderately alkaline.

The thickness of the solum and depth to soft

bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Reaction is

slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline throughout the

profile.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3

or 4, and chroma of 1 or 2. The texture is silty clay

loam or silty clay.

The Bk horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 5Y, value of 4 to

7, and chroma of 3 to 6. It has common or many soft

masses or concretions or both of calcium carbonate.

The texture is silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay.

The Cr horizon is weathered, soft limestone (chalk)

bedrock. It is massive or has thick platy rock structure.

It can be cut with difficulty using hand tools and is

rippable by heavy equipment. In most pedons it has

strata of fossil oyster shell. These strata range in

thickness from a few inches to a few feet.

Toccoa Series

The Toccoa series consists of very deep, well

drained soils that formed in loamy and sandy alluvium.

These soils are on high parts of natural levees along

major streams. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent.

These soils are coarse-loamy, mixed, active, nonacid,

thermic Typic Udifluvents.

Toccoa soils are commonly associated on the

landscape with Congaree, Riverview, and Wickham

soils. Congaree and Riverview soils are in positions

similar to those of the Toccoa soils. They are fineloamy. Wickham soils are on terraces at higher

elevations than the Toccoa soils and are fine-loamy.

Typical pedon of Toccoa fine sandy loam, in an area

of Congaree-Toccoa complex, gently undulating,

occasionally flooded; about 2 miles northeast of Lake

Bickerstaff, 1,900 feet west and 2,400 feet north of the

southeast corner of sec. 12, T. 16 N., R. 30 E.

Ap—0 to 5 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) fine sandy

loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable;

many fine and medium roots; few fine flakes of

mica; moderately acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

C1—5 to 17 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) fine

sandy loam; massive; faint bedding planes; very

friable; many fine and medium roots; common fine

flakes of mica; moderately acid; clear wavy

boundary.

C2—17 to 22 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) fine

sandy loam; massive; faint bedding planes; very

friable; common fine flakes of mica; moderately

acid; clear wavy boundary.

C3—22 to 37 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) loam;

massive; faint bedding planes; very friable;

common fine flakes of mica; moderately acid; clear

wavy boundary.

C4—37 to 65 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

sandy loam; massive; faint bedding planes; very

friable; few thin strata of loam; common fine flakes

of mica; moderately acid.

Reaction is strongly acid or moderately acid

throughout the profile, except in areas where the

surface layer has been limed.
122 Soil Survey

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR,

value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 to 4.

The C horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4

or 5, and chroma of 4 to 6. The texture is fine sandy

loam, sandy loam, or loam. Most pedons have strata of

finer- or coarser-textured materials.

Troup Series

The Troup series consists of very deep, somewhat

excessively drained soils that formed in sandy and

loamy marine sediments. These soils are on ridgetops

and side slopes in the uplands. Slopes range from 0 to

30 percent. These soils are loamy, kaolinitic, thermic

Grossarenic Kandiudults.

Troup soils are commonly associated on the

landscape with Alaga, Luverne, and Springhill soils.

Alaga soils are in positions similar to those of the Troup

soils. They have sandy textures to a depth of more

than 80 inches. Luverne and Springhill soils are in

lower landscape positions than those of the Troup soils

and do not have a thick sandy epipedon. Luverne soils

have a clayey argillic horizon.

Typical pedon of Troup loamy fine sand, in an area of

Troup-Alaga complex, 0 to 5 percent slopes; about 1

mile north of Sandfort, 800 feet east and 600 feet

south of the northwest corner of sec. 27, T. 16 N., R. 28

E.

A—0 to 4 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loamy fine sand;

weak fine granular structure; very friable; common

fine roots; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

E1—4 to 10 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loamy

sand; single grained; loose; common fine roots;

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

E2—10 to 27 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

loamy sand; single grained; loose; few fine and

medium roots; strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

E3—27 to 45 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6)

loamy sand; single grained; loose; strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

E4—45 to 54 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4)

loamy sand; single grained; loose; strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

Bt1—54 to 64 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) sandy

loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

very friable; sand grains are bridged and coated

with clay; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—64 to 80 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) sandy

loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure;

very friable; sand grains bridged and coated with

clay; very strongly acid.

The solum is more than 80 inches thick. Reaction is

very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout the

profile, except in areas where lime has been applied.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to

5, and chroma of 2 to 4. The texture is loamy sand or

loamy fine sand.

The E horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 5 to 8, and

chroma of 3 to 8. The texture is loamy sand or loamy

fine sand.

The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4

or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. The texture is sandy loam

or sandy clay loam.

Uchee Series

The Uchee series consists of very deep, well

drained soils that formed in sandy and loamy marine

sediments. These soils are on ridgetops and side

slopes in the uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 15

percent. These soils are loamy, kaolinitic, thermic

Arenic Kanhapludults.

Uchee soils are commonly associated on the

landscape with Blanton, Cowarts, and Marvyn soils.

Blanton and Cowarts soils are in landscape positions

similar to those of the Uchee soils. Blanton soils have

a sandy epipedon that is 40 to 80 inches thick.

Cowarts soils do not have a thick sandy epipedon.

Marvyn soils are on broad ridgetops at slightly higher

elevations than the Uchee soils and do not have a

thick sandy epipedon.

Typical pedon of Uchee loamy sand, in an area of

Uchee-Cowarts complex, 0 to 5 percent slopes; about

0.5 mile south of Crawford, 600 feet east and 2,400

feet south of the northwest corner of sec. 24, T. 17 N.,

R. 28 E.

Ap—0 to 7 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

loamy sand; single grained; loose; common fine

and medium roots; strongly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

E1—7 to 16 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loamy

sand; single grained; loose; few fine and medium

roots; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

E2—16 to 30 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

loamy sand; single grained; loose; few medium

roots; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt1—30 to 42 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; very friable; sand grains coated and

bridged with clay; few fine distinct strong brown

(7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; very

strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt2—42 to 54 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; common faint clay films

on faces of peds; common medium distinct strong
Russell County, Alabama 123

brown (7.5YR 5/8) masses of iron accumulation;

common fine and medium distinct light gray (10YR

7/1) iron depletions; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

C—54 to 80 inches; 35 percent yellowish brown (10YR

5/8), 35 percent red (2.5YR 4/6), and 30 percent

light gray (10YR 7/1) sandy loam; massive; friable;

few thin strata and streaks of loamy sand; areas

of light gray are iron depletions; very strongly

acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to more

than 60 inches. Reaction is very strongly acid or

strongly acid throughout the profile, except in areas

where lime has been applied. The content of rounded

quartz gravel ranges from 0 to 10 percent throughout

the profile.

The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to

5, and chroma of 2 to 4.

The E horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and

chroma of 3 to 6. It is sand or loamy sand.

The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of

4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. It has few or common

redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray below a

depth of 30 inches. The texture is sandy loam or sandy

clay loam.

The C horizon commonly has no dominant matrix

color and is multicolored in shades of red, brown,

yellow, and gray. The texture is loamy sand, sandy

loam, or sandy clay loam. Most pedons have strata

and streaks of finer- and coarser-textured materials.

Una Series

The Una series consists of very deep, poorly

drained soils that formed in clayey alluvium. These

soils are in depressional areas on flood plains. Slopes

are 0 to 1 percent. These soils are fine, mixed, active,

acid, thermic Typic Epiaquepts.

Una soils are commonly associated on the

landscape with Mooreville and Urbo soils. The

moderately well drained Mooreville and somewhat

poorly drained Urbo soils are in slightly higher, more

convex positions on the flood plains than the Una soils.

Mooreville soils are fine-loamy. Urbo soils have vertic

properties.

Typical pedon of Una silty clay loam, in an area of

Urbo-Mooreville-Una complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes,

frequently flooded; about 3 miles south of Huguley,

1,800 feet north and 1,900 feet west of the southeast

corner of sec. 9, T. 16 N., R. 28 E.

A—0 to 3 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty clay

loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; common

fine and medium roots; strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bg1—3 to 8 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) clay; weak

medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common

fine and medium roots; few fine soft black masses

of iron and manganese oxides; few fine distinct

yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron

accumulation in root channels; strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

Bg2—8 to 36 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) clay; weak

medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine

roots; few fine soft black masses of iron and

manganese oxides; few medium distinct yellowish

brown (10YR 5/4) masses of iron accumulation;

strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bg3—36 to 42 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm;

few fine soft black masses of iron and manganese

oxides; few medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR

5/6) masses of iron accumulation; strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

Bg4—42 to 65 inches; gray (5Y 5/1) clay; weak coarse

subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine soft

black masses of iron and manganese oxides; few

medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)

masses of iron accumulation; strongly acid.

The solum is more than 60 inches thick. Reaction is

very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout the

profile.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 3 to

5, and chroma of 1 or 2. The number of redoximorphic

accumulations in shades of red, brown, and yellow

ranges from none to common.

The Bg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 to

7, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has few to many

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of red, yellow,

and brown. In most pedons the horizon has few or

common soft masses or concretions or both of iron

and manganese oxides. The texture is silty clay loam,

silty clay, or clay.

Urbo Series

The Urbo series consists of very deep, somewhat

poorly drained soils that formed in clayey alluvium.

These soils are in low areas on flood plains. Slopes

range from 0 to 2 percent. These soils are fine, mixed,

active, acid, thermic Vertic Epiaquepts.

Urbo soils are commonly associated on the

landscape with Mooreville and Una soils. The

moderately well drained Mooreville soils are in slightly

higher positions on the flood plains than the Urbo soils

and are fine-loamy. The poorly drained Una soils are in
124 Soil Survey

slightly lower depressional positions on the flood plains

than the Urbo soils.

Typical pedon of Urbo clay loam, in an area of UrboMooreville-Una complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes,

frequently flooded; about 3 miles south of Huguley,

2,100 feet west and 1,800 feet north of the southeast

corner of sec. 9, T. 16 N., R. 28 E.

A1—0 to 3 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) clay loam;

weak fine granular structure; friable; few fine roots;

strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

A2—3 to 8 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) clay loam;

weak fine granular structure; friable; few fine roots;

few fine distinct dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) masses of

iron accumulation; common medium distinct

grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; few fine

soft black masses of iron and manganese oxides;

very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bg—8 to 18 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm;

few fine roots; common fine soft black masses of

iron and manganese oxides; common medium

distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron

accumulation; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bssg1—18 to 35 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) clay; weak

medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few

large intersecting slickensides that have polished

and faintly grooved faces; many fine soft black

masses of iron and manganese oxides; common

medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

Bssg2—35 to 65 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) silty

clay loam; weak coarse subangular blocky

structure; firm; few large intersecting slickensides

that have polished and faintly grooved faces;

common fine and medium distinct yellowish brown

(10YR 5/6) and few fine prominent strong brown

(7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; very

strongly acid.

The solum is more than 60 inches thick. Reaction is

very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout the

profile, except in areas where the surface layer has

been limed.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to

5, and chroma of 2 or 3.

The Bg and Bssg horizons have hue of 10YR or

2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 1 or 2. They have

few or common redoximorphic accumulations in

shades of red, yellow, and brown. These horizons have

few to many soft masses or concretions or both of iron

and manganese oxides. The texture is silty clay, clay,

silty clay loam, or clay loam.

The Bw horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or

2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 or 4; or it has no

dominant matrix color and is multicolored in shades of

brown, yellow, and gray. It is thin and has common or

many redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray. The

texture is silty clay, clay, silty clay loam, or clay loam.

Wahee Series

The Wahee series consists of very deep, somewhat

poorly drained soils that formed in clayey sediments.

These soils are on low stream terraces. Slopes are 0 to

1 percent. These soils are fine, mixed, semiactive,

thermic Aeric Endoaquults.

Wahee soils are commonly associated on the

landscape with Bladen and Dogue soils. The poorly

drained Bladen soils are in slightly lower positions than

those of the Wahee soils, and the moderately well

drained Dogue soils are in slightly higher, more convex

positions.

Typical pedon of Wahee loam, in an area of WaheeBladen complex, 0 to 1 percent slopes, occasionally

flooded; about 3.5 miles southwest of Rutherford, 2,600

feet west and 700 feet south of the northeast corner of

sec. 30, T. 14 N., R. 26 E.

Ap—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) loam; weak

fine granular structure; friable; many fine and

medium roots; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt—4 to 15 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) clay;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; common fine and medium roots; few faint clay

films on faces of peds; few fine distinct light

brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; strongly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

Btg1—15 to 25 inches; light gray (10YR 6/1) clay;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

firm; few fine roots; common faint clay films on

faces of peds; few fine prominent strong brown

(7.5YR 5/6) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

masses of iron accumulation; strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

Btg2—25 to 38 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

clay; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; firm; common faint clay films on faces of

peds; common medium prominent strong brown

(7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; strongly

acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Btg3—38 to 46 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) clay; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common

faint clay films on faces of peds; common medium

prominent red (2.5YR 4/6) and yellowish brown

(10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; strongly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

BCg—46 to 65 inches; light gray (10YR 6/1) sandy clay
Russell County, Alabama 125

loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;

friable; few fine streaks of uncoated sand; few fine

prominent yellowish red (5YR 4/6) and few medium

prominent strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) masses of iron

accumulation; strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to more

than 60 inches. Reaction ranges from very strongly

acid to moderately acid throughout the profile, except

in areas where the surface layer has been limed.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to

5, and chroma of 1 to 3.

The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5

or 6, and chroma of 3 to 8. The number of

redoximorphic depletions in shades of gray ranges

from none to common. The texture is clay loam, sandy

clay, or clay.

The Btg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4

to 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has common or many

redoximorphic accumulations in shades of red, yellow,

and brown. The texture is sandy clay, clay loam, or

clay.

The BCg horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 10YR or

2.5Y, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 1 or 2; or it has no

dominant matrix color and is multicolored in shades of

brown, yellow, and gray. The texture is sandy clay, clay

loam, or sandy clay loam.

Wickham Series

The Wickham series consists of very deep, well

drained soils that formed in loamy sediments. These

soils are on broad terraces adjacent to the

Chattahoochee River. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent.

These soils are fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, thermic

Typic Hapludults.

Wickham soils are commonly associated on the

landscape with Annemaine, Kolomoki, Maxton,

Riverview, and Toccoa soils. Annemaine and Kolomoki

soils are in slightly lower positions on the terraces than

the Wickham soils. They have a clayey argillic horizon.

Maxton soils are in landscape positions similar to

those of the Wickham soils. They have a sandy

substratum. Riverview and Toccoa soils are on flood

plains at lower elevations than the Wickham soils. They

do not have an argillic horizon.

Typical pedon of Wickham fine sandy loam, 0 to 2

percent slopes, rarely flooded; about 7 miles east of

Oswichee, 225 feet east and 2,200 feet south of the

northwest corner of sec. 28, T. 15 N., R. 31 E.

Ap—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy

loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; few

fine and medium roots; moderately acid; abrupt

wavy boundary.

Bt1—4 to 14 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) sandy

clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine roots; few faint clay films

on faces of peds; moderately acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt2—14 to 26 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) sandy

clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine roots; few faint clay films

on faces of peds; strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt3—26 to 40 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/8) sandy

clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine roots; few faint clay films

on faces of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

BC—40 to 55 inches; reddish yellow (5YR 6/8) sandy

loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;

friable; many fine flakes of mica; strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

C—55 to 70 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) fine

sandy loam; massive; very friable; many fine

flakes of mica; strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 36 to more

than 60 inches. Reaction ranges from very strongly

acid to moderately acid throughout the profile, except

in areas where the surface layer has been limed.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR,

value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 to 4.

The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value of

4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. The texture is loam,

sandy clay loam, or clay loam.

The BC horizon, if it occurs, has hue of 2.5YR to

7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. The

texture is sandy loam or fine sandy loam.

The C horizon has hue of 2.5YR to 10YR, value of 4

to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8. The texture is loamy sand,

sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, or sandy clay

loam.

127

In this section, the factors of soil formation are

related to the soils in Russell County and the

processes of horizon differentiation are explained.

Factors of Soil Formation

Soil is a natural, three-dimensional body on the

earth’s surface that supports plants. It forms through

weathering and other processes that act on deposited

or accumulated geologic material. The kind of soil that

forms depends on the type of parent material; the

climate under which soil material has existed since

accumulation; the relief, or lay of the land; the plant

and animal life in and on the soil; and the length of time

that the forces of soil formation have acted on the soil

material. The relative importance of each of these

factors differs from place to place; in some areas, one

factor is more important, and in other areas another

may dominate. A modification or variation in any of the

factors results in a different kind of soil.

Climate and living organisms are the active factors

of soil formation. They act on parent material and

change it to a natural body with definite characteristics.

The effects of climate and living organisms are

conditioned by relief, which influences surface

drainage, the amount of water that percolates through

the soil, the rate of erosion, and the kind of vegetation

that grows on the soil. The nature of the parent material

also affects the kind of soil profile that is formed. Time

is needed for the parent material to change into a soil.

The development of a distinct soil horizon normally

requires a long period of time.

Parent Material

The soils of Russell County formed mainly in two

kinds of parent material—marine sediments that have

undergone considerable weathering in place and waterdeposited material on stream terraces and flood plains.

Conecuh, Cowarts, Dothan, Hannon, Luverne, and

Orangeburg soils formed in weathered marine

sediments. Congaree, Dogue, Kinston, Kolomoki,

Riverview, and Urbo soils formed in the waterdeposited material on stream terraces and flood

plains.

Climate

The climate of Russell County is warm and humid.

Summers are long and hot. Winters are short and mild,

and the ground rarely freezes to a depth of more than a

few inches. The climate is fairly even throughout the

county and accounts for few differences between the

soils. Rainfall averages 51 inches a year.

This mild, humid climate favors rapid decomposition

of organic matter and increases the rate of chemical

reactions in the soil. The plentiful rainfall leaches large

amounts of soluble bases and carries the less soluble

fine particles downward, resulting in acid and sandy

soils that are low in natural fertility. The large amount of

moisture and the warm temperature favor the growth of

bacteria and fungi and speed the decomposition of

organic matter, resulting in soils that are low in organic

matter content.

Relief

Relief influences the formation of soil through its

effect on drainage, runoff, and erosion. In Russell

County, the topography ranges from nearly level to

steep. The elevation ranges from about 200 to 530 feet

above sea level. Large, flat areas and depressions

generally are poorly drained, and accumulated water,

received mainly as runoff from adjacent areas,

slows the formation of soils. As slope increases, the

hazard of erosion and the runoff rate increase and

leaching decreases. In places, the rate of erosion

nearly keeps pace with the rate of soil formation. Thus,

the steeper soils are generally thin and weakly

developed.

The aspect of the slope affects the microclimate.

Soils on south- or southwest-facing slopes warm up

somewhat earlier in spring and generally reach a higher

temperature each day than soils on north-facing

slopes. The warmer soil temperature results in

accelerated chemical weathering. The soils on northfacing slopes retain moisture longer because they are

in shade for longer periods and the temperature is

lower. In Russell County, differences caused by the

direction of the slope are slight and are of minor

importance to the formation of soils.

Formation of the Soils
128 Soil Survey

Plants and Animals

Living organisms greatly influence the processes of

soil formation and the characteristics of the soils.

Trees, grasses, earthworms, rodents, fungi, bacteria,

and other forms of plant and animal life are affected by

the other soil-forming factors. Animal activity is largely

confined to the surface layer of the soil. The soil is

continually mixed by this activity, which improves

water infiltration. Plant roots create channels through

which air and water move more rapidly, thereby

improving soil structure and increasing the rate of

chemical reactions in the soil.

Micro-organisms are important in the decomposition

of organic matter, which releases plant nutrients and

chemicals into the soil. These nutrients are either used

by the plants or are leached from the soil. Human

activities have a strong influence on plant and animal

populations in the soil and thus affect the future rate of

soil formation.

The native vegetation in the uplands in Russell

County consisted dominantly of coniferous and

deciduous trees. The understory species were sumac,

waxmyrtle, holly, panicums, bluestems, American

beautyberry, Indiangrass, longleaf uniola, and flowering

dogwood. These species represent only a very limited

number of species that once grew in the county. They

can be used as a guide to the plants that currently

grow in the county.

The plant communities in the area are reflected in

the distribution of species of fauna. Animals, in turn,

have an impact on the soil properties of a particular

area. For example, ants, worms, moles, armadillo, and

gophers can improve aeration in a compacted soil.

Microbes that thrive in a particular plant community will

react to various soil conditions and consequently

influence the soil profile by providing decayed organic

matter and nitrogen to the soil matrix.

Time

If all other factors of soil formation are equal, the

degree of soil formation is in direct proportion to time.

If soil-forming factors have been active for a long time,

horizon development is stronger than if these same

factors have been active for a relatively short time.

Geologically, the soils in Russell County are

relatively young. The youngest soils are the alluvial

soils on active flood plains along streams and rivers.

These soils receive deposits of sediment and are

undergoing a cumulative soil-forming process. In most

cases, these young soils have very weakly defined

horizons, mainly because the soil-forming processes

have been active for only a short time.

Soils on terraces along the Chattahoochee River are

older than soils on flood plains but are still relatively

young. Although they formed in material deposited by

the river, these soils are no longer reached by overflow

because the river channel is now deeper. Many of

these soils have relatively strong horizon development.

The oldest soils in the county are in the uplands.

They formed in marine sediments that have undergone

considerable weathering.

Processes of Horizon Differentiation

The processes involved in the formation of soil

horizons are accumulation of organic matter, leaching

of calcium carbonate and bases, reduction and transfer

of iron, and formation and translocation of silicate clay

minerals. These processes can occur in combination or

individually, depending on the integration of the factors

of soil formation.

Most soils have four main horizons. The A horizon is

the surface layer. It is the horizon of maximum

accumulation of organic matter. The E horizon, usually

called the subsurface layer, is the horizon of maximum

loss of soluble or suspended material. Fuquay soils

have an A horizon and an E horizon. Other soils, such

as Riverview soils, have an A horizon but do not have

an E horizon. In all soils in Russell County, organic

matter has accumulated in the surface layer to form an

A horizon. The content of organic matter varies in

different soils because of differences in relief, wetness,

and natural fertility.

The B horizon, usually called the subsoil, lies

directly below the A or E horizon. It is the horizon of

maximum accumulation of dissolved or suspended

material, such as iron or clay. The B horizon has not

yet developed in very young soils, such as Iuka soils.

The C horizon is the substratum. It has been

affected very little by soil-forming processes, but it

may be somewhat modified by weathering.

The chemical reduction and transfer of iron, called

gleying, is evident in the wet soils in the county.

Gleying results in gray colors in the subsoil and gray

mottles in other horizons. The gray colors indicate the

reduction and loss of iron and manganese. The

horizons of some soils, such as Dothan and Fuquay

soils, have red or reddish-brown masses of iron

accumulation, which indicate a segregation of iron.

Leaching of carbonates and bases has occurred in

most of the soils in the county. This process

contributes to the development of distinct horizons and

to the naturally low fertility and acid reaction of some

soils. Some other soils, such as Hannon and Sumter

soils, formed in material weathered from soft limestone

(chalk) and maintain a high content of bases and an

alkaline reaction.

In uniform materials, natural drainage generally is
Russell County, Alabama 129

closely associated with slope or relief. It generally

affects the color of the soil. Soils that formed under

good drainage conditions, such as Orangeburg and

Springhill soils, have a subsoil that is uniformly bright

in color. Soils that formed under poor drainage

conditions, such as Bladen and Kinston soils, are

grayish. Soils that formed where drainage is

intermediate have a subsoil that is mottled in shades

of gray and brown. Lynchburg and Wahee soils are

examples. The grayish color persists even if artificial

drainage is provided.

In steeper areas, the surface soil erodes. In low

areas or in depressions, soil materials commonly

accumulate and add to the thickness of the surface

layer. In some areas, the formation of soil materials

and the rates of removal are in equilibrium with soil

development. The degree of relief also affects the

eluviation of clay from the E horizon to the Bt horizon.

Surface Geology

The geologic units exposed in Russell County range

in age from Precambrian to Quaternary. They are

mostly of sedimentary origin, except for the

Precambrian unit, which is of metamorphic origin. The

sedimentary materials consist mainly of sand, gravel,

clay, silt, sandstone, and limestone. The metamorphic

materials consist mainly of gneiss. The units, from

oldest to youngest, are the Phenix City Gneiss, which

is of Precambrian age; the Tuscaloosa Group

undifferentiated, the Eutaw Formation, the Blufftown

Formation, the Mooreville Chalk, and the Cusseta

Sand member of the Ripley Formation, which are of

Cretaceous age; and terrace and alluvial deposits,

which are of Quaternary age (11, 12).

The Phenix City Gneiss is the oldest formation. It

crops out on the lower parts of slopes in the extreme

northeastern part of the county. The outcrop consists

mainly of diorite gneiss and biotite-hornblende gneiss.

Pacolet soils formed in material weathered from the

Phenix City Gneiss.

The Tuscaloosa Group undifferentiated overlies the

Phenix City Gneiss in the northern part of the county.

It consists of white, yellowish-orange, and gray sand

and gravel interbedded with vari-colored and gray clay

that contains thin strata of sandstone. Blanton,

Marvyn, and Uchee soils formed in material weathered

from the Tuscaloosa Group undifferentiated.

The Eutaw Formation unconformably overlies the

Tuscaloosa Group undifferentiated and crops out in a

narrow eastward trending belt south of Uchee Creek. It

consists mainly of gray, sandy, calcareous,

fossiliferous sandstone and limestone. Sumter,

Hannon, and Conecuh soils formed in material

weathered from the Eutaw Formation.

The Blufftown Formation overlies the Eutaw

Formation and crops out throughout the central part of

the county. The lower part of this formation consists of

fine- to coarse-grained sand and sandy clay. The upper

part consists of gray, calcareous sandy clay that

contains thin strata of sand and calcareous sandstone.

Luverne, Gritney, Cowarts, Alaga, Orangeburg,

Springhill, and Troup soils formed in material weathered

from the Blufftown Formation.

The Mooreville Chalk crops out in a narrow belt from

Hurtsboro to Hatchechubbee, where it merges with the

lower part of the Blufftown Formation. It consists of

clay, marl, and soft limestone (chalk). Hannon, Sumter,

and Conecuh soils formed in material weathered from

the Mooreville Chalk.

The Cusseta Sand member of the Ripley Formation

crops out in the southern part of the county from

Glenville and Cottonton southward to Barbour County.

It consists of yellowish-orange to gray, fine- to coarsegrained sand and sandy clay. Dothan, Fuquay, Blanton,

Cowarts, and Orangeburg soils formed in material

weathered from the Cusseta Sand member of the

Ripley Formation.

The Quaternary System consists of high terraces,

low terraces, and alluvium. The high terrace deposits,

which indicate that the level of the flood plain

previously was higher, are adjacent to the valley of the

Chattahoochee River. These deposits consist of sand,

gravel, and sandy clay. Orangeburg, Red Bay,

Springhill, and Troup soils formed in material weathered

from these deposits. The low terrace deposits and

alluvium are found on the flood plains along the

Chattahoochee River and other major streams. They

consist of layers of sand, clay, and gravel. They are

generally thinner than the high terrace deposits.

Annemaine, Bladen, Dogue, Goldsboro, Kolomoki,

Lynchburg, Maxton, Ocilla, Wahee, and Wickham soils

formed in material weathered from the low terrace

deposits. Congaree, Iuka, Kinston, Mantachie,

Mooreville, Urbo, and Una soils formed in material

weathered from the alluvium (11, 12).

131

(1) American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. 1986.

Standard specifications for highway materials and methods of sampling and

testing. Ed. 14, 2 vols.

(2) American Society for Testing and Materials. 1993. Standard classification of soils

for engineering purposes. ASTM Stand. D 2487.

(3) Bell, N.E., L.A. Hurst, and J.M. Snyder, 1915. Soil survey of Russell County,

Alabama. U.S. Dep. Agric., Bureau of Soils.

(4) Brief economic facts, Phenix City, Russell County, Alabama. SMSA 1991.

(5) Broadfoot, W.M., and R.M. Krinard. 1959. Guide for evaluating sweetgum sites.

U.S. Dep. Agric., Forest Serv., South. Forest Exp. Sta. Occas. Pap. 176.

(6) Broadfoot, W.M. 1963. Guide for evaluating water oak sites. U.S. Dep. Agric.,

Forest Serv., South. Forest Exp. Sta. Res. Pap. SO-1.

(7) Coile, T.S., and F.X. Schumacher. 1953. Site index curves for young stands of

loblolly and shortleaf pines in the Piedmont Plateau Region. J. For. 51.

(8) Equifax National Decision Systems. 1995. Census estimate of Phenix City and

Russell County, Alabama.

(9) Hajek, B.F., F. Adams, and J.T. Cope, Jr. 1972. Rapid determination of

exchangeable bases, acidity, and base saturation for soil characterization. Soil

Sci. Soc. Am. J., vol. 36.

(10) Johnson, William M. 1961. Transect methods for determination of composition of

soil mapping units. Soil Surv. Tech. Notes, U.S. Dep. of Agric., Soil Conserv. Serv.

(11) Phenix City Chamber of Commerce, Phenix City, Alabama. 1985. This is Phenix

City and Russell County, Alabama.

(12) Scott, John C. 1962. Geologic map of Russell County, Alabama. U.S. Dep. of

Interior., Geol. Surv., Oil and Gas Invest., Map 24.

(13) Scott, John C. 1964. Ground water resources of Russell County, Alabama. Geol.

Surv. of Alabama. Bul. 75.

(14) Steers, C.A., and B.F. Hajek. 1979. Determination of map unit composition by a

random selection of transects. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., vol. 43.

(15) Tigner, Kenneth C. 1982. Russell County history. Russell County Historical

Commission. National Sharegraphic Inc.

References
132

(16) United States Department of Agriculture. 1975. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of

soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. Soil Conserv. Serv.,

U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 436.

(17) United States Department of Agriculture. 1976. Volume, yield, and stand tables

for second growth southern pines. Forest Serv. Misc. Publ. 50.

(18) United States Department of Agriculture. 1985. Forest statistics for southeast

Alabama counties in 1984. Forest Serv., South. Forest Exp. Sta., Resour. Bull.

SO-97.

(19) United States Department of Agriculture. 1991. Soil survey laboratory methods

manual. Soil Conserv. Serv., Soil Surv. Invest. Rep. 42.

(20) United States Department of Agriculture. 1993. Soil Survey Manual, U.S. Dep.

Agric. Handb. 18.

(21) United States Department of Agriculture. 1994. Keys to soil taxonomy. 6th ed.,

Soil Surv. Staff.

(22) United States Department of Agriculture. 1994. Total farm acreage report. Agric.

Stab. and Conserv. Serv.

(23) United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation

Service. National soil survey handbook. Soil Survey Staff. (Available in the State

Office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service at Auburn, Alabama)
133

ABC soil. A soil having an A, a B, and a C horizon.

AC soil. A soil having only an A and a C horizon.

Commonly, such soil formed in recent alluvium or

on steep, rocky slopes.

Aeration, soil. The exchange of air in soil with air from

the atmosphere. The air in a well aerated soil is

similar to that in the atmosphere; the air in a poorly

aerated soil is considerably higher in carbon

dioxide and lower in oxygen.

Aggregate, soil. Many fine particles held in a single

mass or cluster. Natural soil aggregates, such as

granules, blocks, or prisms, are called peds. Clods

are aggregates produced by tillage or logging.

Alluvium. Material, such as sand, silt, or clay,

deposited on land by streams.

Alpha,alpha-dipyridyl. A dye that when dissolved in

1N ammonium acetate is used to detect the

presence of reduced iron (Fe II) in the soil. A

positive reaction indicates a type of redoximorphic

feature.

Animal unit month (AUM). The amount of forage

required by one mature cow of approximately 1,000

pounds weight, with or without a calf, for 1 month.

Aquic conditions. Current soil wetness characterized

by saturation, reduction, and redoximorphic

features.

Area reclaim (in tables). An area difficult to reclaim

after the removal of soil for construction and other

uses. Revegetation and erosion control are

extremely difficult.

Argillic horizon. A subsoil horizon characterized by

an accumulation of illuvial clay.

Aspect. The direction in which a slope faces.

Available water capacity (available moisture

capacity). The capacity of soils to hold water

available for use by most plants. It is commonly

defined as the difference between the amount of

soil water at field moisture capacity and the

amount at wilting point. It is commonly expressed

as inches of water per inch of soil. The capacity, in

inches, in a 60-inch profile or to a limiting layer is

expressed as:

Very low ........................................................... 0 to 3

Low ................................................................... 3 to 6

Moderate .......................................................... 6 to 9

High ................................................................ 9 to 12

Very high ............................................. more than 12

Base saturation. The degree to which material having

cation-exchange properties is saturated with

exchangeable bases (sum of Ca, Mg, Na, and K),

expressed as a percentage of the total cationexchange capacity.

Bedding planes. Fine strata, less than 5 millimeters

thick, in unconsolidated alluvial, eolian, lacustrine,

or marine sediment.

Bedding system. A drainage system made by

plowing, grading, or otherwise shaping the

surface of a flat field. It consists of a series of

low ridges separated by shallow, parallel dead

furrows.

Bedrock. The solid rock that underlies the soil and

other unconsolidated material or that is exposed at

the surface.

Bedrock-controlled topography. A landscape where

the configuration and relief of the landforms are

determined or strongly influenced by the underlying

bedrock.

Bench terrace. A raised, level or nearly level strip of

earth constructed on or nearly on a contour,

supported by a barrier of rocks or similar material,

and designed to make the soil suitable for tillage

and to prevent accelerated erosion.

Bottom land. The normal flood plain of a stream,

subject to flooding.

Breast height. An average height of 4.5 feet above the

ground surface; the point on a tree where diameter

measurements are ordinarily taken.

Cable yarding. A method of moving felled trees to a

nearby central area for transport to a processing

facility. Most cable yarding systems involve use of

a drum, a pole, and wire cables in an arrangement

similar to that of a rod and reel used for fishing. To

reduce friction and soil disturbance, felled trees

generally are reeled in while one end is lifted or the

entire log is suspended.

Calcareous soil. A soil containing enough calcium

carbonate (commonly combined with magnesium

carbonate) to effervesce visibly when treated with

cold, dilute hydrochloric acid.

Glossary
134 Soil Survey

Canopy. The leafy crown of trees or shrubs. (See

Crown.)

Capillary water. Water held as a film around soil

particles and in tiny spaces between particles.

Surface tension is the adhesive force that holds

capillary water in the soil.

Catena. A sequence, or “chain,” of soils on a landscape

that formed in similar kinds of parent material but

have different characteristics as a result of

differences in relief and drainage.

Cation. An ion carrying a positive charge of electricity.

The common soil cations are calcium, potassium,

magnesium, sodium, and hydrogen.

Cation-exchange capacity. The total amount of

exchangeable cations that can be held by the soil,

expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100

grams of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some other

stated pH value. The term, as applied to soils, is

synonymous with base-exchange capacity but is

more precise in meaning.

Chemical treatment. Control of unwanted vegetation

through the use of chemicals.

Chiseling. Tillage with an implement having one or

more soil-penetrating points that shatter or loosen

hard, compacted layers to a depth below normal

plow depth.

Clay. As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles less

than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. As a soil textural

class, soil material that is 40 percent or more clay,

less than 45 percent sand, and less than 40

percent silt.

Clay depletions. Low-chroma zones having a low

content of iron, manganese, and clay because of

the chemical reduction of iron and manganese and

the removal of iron, manganese, and clay. A type

of redoximorphic depletion.

Clay film. A thin coating of oriented clay on the

surface of a soil aggregate or lining pores or root

channels. Synonyms: clay coating, clay skin.

Climax plant community. The stabilized plant

community on a particular site. The plant cover

reproduces itself and does not change so long as

the environment remains the same.

Coarse textured soil. Sand or loamy sand.

Complex slope. Irregular or variable slope. Planning or

establishing terraces, diversions, and other watercontrol structures on a complex slope is difficult.

Complex, soil. A map unit of two or more kinds of soil

or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern

or so small in area that it is not practical to map

them separately at the selected scale of mapping.

The pattern and proportion of the soils or

miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in all

areas.

Concretions. Cemented bodies with crude internal

symmetry organized around a point, a line, or a

plane. They typically take the form of concentric

layers visible to the naked eye. Calcium carbonate,

iron oxide, and manganese oxide are common

compounds making up concretions. If formed in

place, concretions of iron oxide or manganese

oxide are generally considered a type of

redoximorphic concentration.

Conservation cropping system. Growing crops in

combination with needed cultural and management

practices. In a good conservation cropping system,

the soil-improving crops and practices more than

offset the effects of the soil-depleting crops and

practices. Cropping systems are needed on all

tilled soils. Soil-improving practices in a

conservation cropping system include the use of

rotations that contain grasses and legumes and

the return of crop residue to the soil. Other

practices include the use of green manure crops of

grasses and legumes, proper tillage, adequate

fertilization, and weed and pest control.

Conservation tillage. A tillage system that does not

invert the soil and that leaves a protective amount

of crop residue on the surface throughout the year.

Consistence, soil. Refers to the degree of cohesion

and adhesion of soil material and its resistance to

deformation when ruptured. Consistence includes

resistance of soil material to rupture and to

penetration; plasticity, toughness, and stickiness

of puddled soil material; and the manner in which

the soil material behaves when subject to

compression. Terms describing consistence are

defined in the “Soil Survey Manual.”

Contour stripcropping. Growing crops in strips that

follow the contour. Strips of grass or close-growing

crops are alternated with strips of clean-tilled crops

or summer fallow.

Control section. The part of the soil on which

classification is based. The thickness varies

among different kinds of soil, but for many it is that

part of the soil profile between depths of 10 inches

and 40 or 80 inches.

Corrosion. Soil-induced electrochemical or chemical

action that dissolves or weakens concrete or

uncoated steel.

Cover crop. A close-growing crop grown primarily to

improve and protect the soil between periods of

regular crop production, or a crop grown between

trees and vines in orchards and vineyards.

Cropping system. Growing crops according to a

planned system of rotation and management

practices.

Crop residue management. Returning crop residue to
Russell County, Alabama 135

the soil, which helps to maintain soil structure,

organic matter content, and fertility and helps to

control erosion.

Cross-slope farming. Deliberately conducting farming

operations on sloping farmland in such a way that

tillage is across the general slope.

Crown. The upper part of a tree or shrub, including the

living branches and their foliage.

Culmination of the mean annual increment (CMAI).

The average annual increase per acre in the

volume of a stand. Computed by dividing the total

volume of the stand by its age. As the stand

increases in age, the mean annual increment

continues to increase until mortality begins to

reduce the rate of increase. The point where the

stand reaches its maximum annual rate of growth

is called the culmination of the mean annual

increment.

Cutbanks cave (in tables). The walls of excavations

tend to cave in or slough.

Deferred grazing. Postponing grazing or resting

grazing land for a prescribed period.

Dense layer (in tables). A very firm, massive layer that

has a bulk density of more than 1.8 grams per

cubic centimeter. Such a layer affects the ease of

digging and can affect filling and compacting.

Depth, soil. Generally, the thickness of the soil over

bedrock. Very deep soils are more than 60 inches

deep over bedrock; deep soils, 40 to 60 inches;

moderately deep, 20 to 40 inches; shallow, 10 to

20 inches; and very shallow, less than 10 inches.

Depth to rock (in tables). Bedrock is too near the

surface for the specified use.

Diversion (or diversion terrace). A ridge of earth,

generally a terrace, built to protect downslope

areas by diverting runoff from its natural course.

Drainage class (natural). Refers to the frequency and

duration of wet periods under conditions similar to

those under which the soil formed. Alterations of

the water regime by human activities, either

through drainage or irrigation, are not a

consideration unless they have significantly

changed the morphology of the soil. Seven classes

of natural soil drainage are recognized—

excessively drained, somewhat excessively

drained, well drained, moderately well drained,

somewhat poorly drained, poorly drained, and very

poorly drained. These classes are defined in the

“Soil Survey Manual.”

Drainage, surface. Runoff, or surface flow of water,

from an area.

Eluviation. The movement of material in true solution

or colloidal suspension from one place to another

within the soil. Soil horizons that have lost material

through eluviation are eluvial; those that have

received material are illuvial.

Endosaturation. A type of saturation of the soil in

which all horizons between the upper boundary of

saturation and a depth of 2 meters are saturated.

Episaturation. A type of saturation indicating a

perched water table in a soil in which saturated

layers are underlain by one or more unsaturated

layers within 2 meters of the surface.

Erosion. The wearing away of the land surface by

water, wind, ice, or other geologic agents and by

such processes as gravitational creep.

Erosion (geologic). Erosion caused by geologic

processes acting over long geologic periods and

resulting in the wearing away of mountains and the

building up of such landscape features as flood

plains and coastal plains. Synonym: natural

erosion.

Erosion (accelerated). Erosion much more rapid

than geologic erosion, mainly as a result of human

or animal activities or of a catastrophe in nature,

such as a fire, that exposes the surface.

Escarpment. A relatively continuous and steep slope

or cliff breaking the general continuity of more

gently sloping land surfaces and resulting from

erosion or faulting. Synonym: scarp.

Excess fines (in tables). Excess silt and clay in the

soil. The soil does not provide a source of gravel or

sand for construction purposes.

Fallow. Cropland left idle in order to restore

productivity through accumulation of moisture.

Summer fallow is common in regions of limited

rainfall where cereal grain is grown. The soil is tilled

for at least one growing season for weed control

and decomposition of plant residue.

Fast intake (in tables). The rapid movement of water

into the soil.

Fertility, soil. The quality that enables a soil to provide

plant nutrients, in adequate amounts and in proper

balance, for the growth of specified plants when

light, moisture, temperature, tilth, and other growth

factors are favorable.

Field moisture capacity. The moisture content of a

soil, expressed as a percentage of the ovendry

weight, after the gravitational, or free, water has

drained away; the field moisture content 2 or 3

days after a soaking rain; also called normal field

capacity, normal moisture capacity, or capillary

capacity.

Fine textured soil. Sandy clay, silty clay, or clay.

Firebreak. An area cleared of flammable material to

stop or help control creeping or running fires. It

also serves as a line from which to work and to

facilitate the movement of firefighters and
136 Soil Survey

equipment. Designated roads also serve as

firebreaks.

First bottom. The normal flood plain of a stream,

subject to frequent or occasional flooding.

Flood plain. A nearly level alluvial plain that borders a

stream and is subject to flooding unless protected

artificially.

Fluvial. Of or pertaining to rivers; produced by river

action, as a fluvial plain.

Foot slope. The inclined surface at the base of a hill.

Forb. Any herbaceous plant not a grass or a sedge.

Forest cover. All trees and other woody plants

(underbrush) covering the ground in a forest.

Forest type. A stand of trees similar in composition

and development because of given physical and

biological factors by which it may be differentiated

from other stands.

Genesis, soil. The mode of origin of the soil. Refers

especially to the processes or soil-forming factors

responsible for the formation of the solum, or true

soil, from the unconsolidated parent material.

Gilgai. Commonly, a succession of microbasins and

microknolls in nearly level areas or of microvalleys

and microridges parallel with the slope. Typically,

the microrelief of clayey soils that shrink and swell

considerably with changes in moisture content.

Gleyed soil. Soil that formed under poor drainage,

resulting in the reduction of iron and other

elements in the profile and in gray colors.

Grassed waterway. A natural or constructed waterway,

typically broad and shallow, seeded to grass as

protection against erosion. Conducts surface water

away from cropland.

Gravel. Rounded or angular fragments of rock as much

as 3 inches (2 millimeters to 7.6 centimeters) in

diameter. An individual piece is a pebble.

Gravelly soil material. Material that is 15 to 35

percent, by volume, rounded or angular rock

fragments, not prominently flattened, as much as 3

inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter.

Green manure crop (agronomy). A soil-improving crop

grown to be plowed under in an early stage of

maturity or soon after maturity.

Ground water. Water filling all the unblocked pores of

the material below the water table.

Gully. A miniature valley with steep sides cut by

running water and through which water ordinarily

runs only after rainfall. The distinction between a

gully and a rill is one of depth. A gully generally is

an obstacle to farm machinery and is too deep to

be obliterated by ordinary tillage; a rill is of lesser

depth and can be smoothed over by ordinary

tillage.

High-residue crops. Such crops as small grain and

corn used for grain. If properly managed, residue

from these crops can be used to control erosion

until the next crop in the rotation is established.

These crops return large amounts of organic

matter to the soil.

Hill. A natural elevation of the land surface, rising as

much as 1,000 feet above surrounding lowlands,

commonly of limited summit area and having a

well defined outline; hillsides generally have slopes

of more than 15 percent. The distinction between a

hill and a mountain is arbitrary and is dependent on

local usage.

Horizon, soil. A layer of soil, approximately parallel to

the surface, having distinct characteristics

produced by soil-forming processes. In the

identification of soil horizons, an uppercase letter

represents the major horizons. Numbers or

lowercase letters that follow represent subdivisions

of the major horizons. An explanation of the

subdivisions is given in the “Soil Survey Manual.”

The major horizons of mineral soil are as follows:

O horizon.—An organic layer of fresh and decaying

plant residue.

A horizon.—The mineral horizon at or near the

surface in which an accumulation of humified

organic matter is mixed with the mineral material.

Also, a plowed surface horizon, most of which was

originally part of a B horizon.

E horizon.—The mineral horizon in which the main

feature is loss of silicate clay, iron, aluminum, or

some combination of these.

B horizon.—The mineral horizon below an A

horizon. The B horizon is in part a layer of

transition from the overlying A to the underlying C

horizon. The B horizon also has distinctive

characteristics, such as (1) accumulation of clay,

sesquioxides, humus, or a combination of these;

(2) prismatic or blocky structure; (3) redder or

browner colors than those in the A horizon; or (4) a

combination of these.

C horizon.—The mineral horizon or layer, excluding

indurated bedrock, that is little affected by soilforming processes and does not have the

properties typical of the overlying soil material. The

material of a C horizon may be either like or unlike

that in which the solum formed. If the material is

known to differ from that in the solum, an Arabic

numeral, commonly a 2, precedes the letter C.

Cr horizon.—Soft, consolidated bedrock beneath

the soil.

Humus. The well decomposed, more or less stable

part of the organic matter in mineral soils.

Hydrologic soil groups. Refers to soils grouped

according to their runoff potential. The soil
Russell County, Alabama 137

properties that influence this potential are those

that affect the minimum rate of water infiltration on

a bare soil during periods after prolonged wetting

when the soil is not frozen. These properties are

depth to a seasonal high water table, the infiltration

rate and permeability after prolonged wetting, and

depth to a very slowly permeable layer. The slope

and the kind of plant cover are not considered but

are separate factors in predicting runoff.

Illuviation. The movement of soil material from one

horizon to another in the soil profile. Generally,

material is removed from an upper horizon and

deposited in a lower horizon.

Impervious soil. A soil through which water, air, or

roots penetrate slowly or not at all. No soil is

absolutely impervious to air and water all the time.

Infiltration. The downward entry of water into the

immediate surface of soil or other material, as

contrasted with percolation, which is movement of

water through soil layers or material.

Infiltration rate. The rate at which water penetrates the

surface of the soil at any given instant, usually

expressed in inches per hour. The rate can be

limited by the infiltration capacity of the soil or the

rate at which water is applied at the surface.

Intake rate. The average rate of water entering the soil

under irrigation. Most soils have a fast initial rate;

the rate decreases with application time. Therefore,

intake rate for design purposes is not a constant

but is a variable depending on the net irrigation

application. The rate of water intake, in inches per

hour, is expressed as follows:

Less than 0.2 .............................................. very low

0.2 to 0.4 .............................................................. low

0.4 to 0.75 ........................................ moderately low

0.75 to 1.25 ................................................moderate

1.25 to 1.75 ..................................... moderately high

1.75 to 2.5 .......................................................... high

More than 2.5............................................. very high

Intermittent stream. A stream, or reach of a stream,

that flows for prolonged periods only when it

receives ground-water discharge or long, continued

contributions from melting snow or other surface

and shallow subsurface sources.

Iron depletions. Low-chroma zones having a low

content of iron and manganese oxide because of

chemical reduction and removal, but having a clay

content similar to that of the adjacent matrix. A

type of redoximorphic depletion.

Irrigation. Application of water to soils to assist in

production of crops. Methods of irrigation are:

Basin.—Water is applied rapidly to nearly level

plains surrounded by levees or dikes.

Border.—Water is applied at the upper end of a

strip in which the lateral flow of water is controlled

by small earth ridges called border dikes, or

borders.

Controlled flooding.—Water is released at intervals

from closely spaced field ditches and distributed

uniformly over the field.

Corrugation.—Water is applied to small, closely

spaced furrows or ditches in fields of close-growing

crops or in orchards so that it flows in only one

direction.

Drip (or trickle).—Water is applied slowly and under

low pressure to the surface of the soil or into the

soil through such applicators as emitters, porous

tubing, or perforated pipe.

Furrow.—Water is applied in small ditches made by

cultivation implements. Furrows are used for tree

and row crops.

Sprinkler.—Water is sprayed over the soil surface

through pipes or nozzles from a pressure system.

Subirrigation.—Water is applied in open ditches or

tile lines until the water table is raised enough to

wet the soil.

Wild flooding.—Water, released at high points, is

allowed to flow onto an area without controlled

distribution.

Knoll. A small, low, rounded hill rising above adjacent

landforms.

Leaching. The removal of soluble material from soil or

other material by percolating water.

Liquid limit. The moisture content at which the soil

passes from a plastic to a liquid state.

Loam. Soil material that is 7 to 27 percent clay

particles, 28 to 50 percent silt particles, and less

than 52 percent sand particles.

Low-residue crops. Such crops as corn used for

silage, peas, beans, and potatoes. Residue from

these crops is not adequate to control erosion until

the next crop in the rotation is established. These

crops return little organic matter to the soil.

Low strength. The soil is not strong enough to support

loads.

Marl. An earthy, unconsolidated deposit consisting

chiefly of calcium carbonate mixed with clay in

approximately equal amounts.

Masses. Concentrations of substances in the soil

matrix that do not have a clearly defined boundary

with the surrounding soil material and cannot be

removed as a discrete unit. Common compounds

making up masses are calcium carbonate, gypsum

or other soluble salts, iron oxide, and manganese

oxide. Masses consisting of iron oxide or

manganese oxide generally are considered a type

of redoximorphic concentration.
138 Soil Survey

Mechanical treatment. Use of mechanical equipment

for seeding, brush management, and other

management practices.

Medium textured soil. Very fine sandy loam, loam, silt

loam, or silt.

Mineral soil. Soil that is mainly mineral material and

low in organic material. Its bulk density is more

than that of organic soil.

Minimum tillage. Only the tillage essential to crop

production and prevention of soil damage.

Miscellaneous area. An area that has little or no

natural soil and supports little or no

 vegetation.

Moderately coarse textured soil. Coarse sandy loam,

sandy loam, or fine sandy loam.

Moderately fine textured soil. Clay loam, sandy clay

loam, or silty clay loam.

Morphology, soil. The physical makeup of the soil,

including the texture, structure, porosity,

consistence, color, and other physical, mineral,

and biological properties of the various horizons,

and the thickness and arrangement of those

horizons in the soil profile.

Mottling, soil. Irregular spots of different colors that

vary in number and size. Descriptive terms are as

follows: abundance—few, common, and many;

size—fine, medium, and coarse; and contrast—

faint, distinct, and prominent. The size

measurements are of the diameter along the

greatest dimension. Fine indicates less than 5

millimeters (about 0.2 inch); medium, from 5 to 15

millimeters (about 0.2 to 0.6 inch); and coarse,

more than 15 millimeters (about 0.6 inch).

Munsell notation. A designation of color by degrees of

three simple variables—hue, value, and chroma.

For example, a notation of 10YR 6/4 is a color with

hue of 10YR, value of 6, and chroma of 4.

Neutral soil. A soil having a pH value of 6.6 to 7.3.

(See Reaction, soil.)

Nodules. Cemented bodies lacking visible internal

structure. Calcium carbonate, iron oxide, and

manganese oxide are common compounds making

up nodules. If formed in place, nodules of iron

oxide or manganese oxide are considered types of

redoximorphic concentrations.

Nutrient, plant. Any element taken in by a plant

essential to its growth. Plant nutrients are mainly

nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium,

magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper,

boron, and zinc obtained from the soil and carbon,

hydrogen, and oxygen obtained from the air and

water.

Organic matter. Plant and animal residue in the soil in

various stages of decomposition. The content of

organic matter in the surface layer is described as

follows:

Very low ................................. less than 0.5 percent

Low ............................................... 0.5 to 2.0 percent

Moderate ...................................... 2.0 to 4.0 percent

High .............................................. 4.0 to 8.0 percent

Parent material. The unconsolidated organic and

mineral material in which soil forms.

Ped. An individual natural soil aggregate, such as a

granule, a prism, or a block.

Pedon. The smallest volume that can be called “a soil.”

A pedon is three dimensional and large enough to

permit study of all horizons. Its area ranges from

about 10 to 100 square feet (1 square meter to 10

square meters), depending on the variability of the

soil.

Percolation. The downward movement of water

through the soil.

Percs slowly (in tables). The slow movement of water

through the soil adversely affects the specified

use.

Permeability. The quality of the soil that enables water

or air to move downward through the profile. The

rate at which a saturated soil transmits water is

accepted as a measure of this quality. In soil

physics, the rate is referred to as “saturated

hydraulic conductivity,” which is defined in the “Soil

Survey Manual.” In line with conventional usage in

the engineering profession and with traditional

usage in published soil surveys, this rate of flow

continues to be expressed as “permeability.” Terms

describing permeability, measured in inches per

hour, are as follows:

Very slow ....................................... 0.01 to 0.06 inch

Slow.................................................. 0.06 to 0.2 inch

Moderately slow ................................ 0.2 to 0.6 inch

Moderate ................................ 0.6 inch to 2.0 inches

Moderately rapid ............................ 2.0 to 6.0 inches

Rapid ............................................... 6.0 to 20 inches

Very rapid ................................ more than 20 inches

Phase, soil. A subdivision of a soil series based on

features that affect its use and management, such

as slope, stoniness, and flooding.

pH value. A numerical designation of acidity and

alkalinity in soil. (See Reaction, soil.)

Piping (in tables). Formation of subsurface tunnels or

pipelike cavities by water moving through the soil.

Plasticity index. The numerical difference between the

liquid limit and the plastic limit; the range of

moisture content within which the soil remains

plastic.
Russell County, Alabama 139

Plastic limit. The moisture content at which a soil

changes from semisolid to plastic.

Plinthite. The sesquioxide-rich, humus-poor, highly

weathered mixture of clay with quartz and other

diluents. It commonly appears as red mottles,

usually in platy, polygonal, or reticulate patterns.

Plinthite changes irreversibly to an ironstone

hardpan or to irregular aggregates on repeated

wetting and drying, especially if it is exposed also

to heat from the sun. In a moist soil, plinthite can

be cut with a spade. It is a form of laterite.

Plowpan. A compacted layer formed in the soil directly

below the plowed layer.

Ponding. Standing water on soils in closed

depressions. Unless the soils are artificially

drained, the water can be removed only by

percolation or evapotranspiration.

Poor filter (in tables). Because of rapid or very rapid

permeability, the soil may not adequately filter

effluent from a waste disposal system.

Poorly graded. Refers to a coarse grained soil or soil

material consisting mainly of particles of nearly the

same size. Because there is little difference in size

of the particles, density can be increased only

slightly by compaction.

Potential rooting depth (effective rooting depth).

Depth to which roots could penetrate if the content

of moisture in the soil were adequate. The soil has

no properties restricting the penetration of roots to

this depth.

Prescribed burning. Deliberately burning an area for

specific management purposes, under the

appropriate conditions of weather and soil moisture

and at the proper time of day.

Productivity, soil. The capability of a soil for producing

a specified plant or sequence of plants under

specific management.

Profile, soil. A vertical section of the soil extending

through all its horizons and into the parent material.

Proper grazing use. Grazing at an intensity that

maintains enough cover to protect the soil and

maintain or improve the quantity and quality of the

desirable vegetation. This practice increases the

vigor and reproduction capacity of the key plants

and promotes the accumulation of litter and mulch

necessary to conserve soil and water.

Reaction, soil. A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a

soil, expressed in pH values. A soil that tests to

pH 7.0 is described as precisely neutral in reaction

because it is neither acid nor alkaline. The degrees

of acidity or alkalinity, expressed as pH values,

are:

Ultra acid .............................................. less than 3.5

Extremely acid ........................................... 3.5 to 4.4

Very strongly acid ...................................... 4.5 to 5.0

Strongly acid .............................................. 5.1 to 5.5

Moderately acid ......................................... 5.6 to 6.0

Slightly acid ................................................ 6.1 to 6.5

Neutral ....................................................... 6.6 to 7.3

Slightly alkaline........................................... 7.4 to 7.8

Moderately alkaline .................................... 7.9 to 8.4

Strongly alkaline ........................................ 8.5 to 9.0

Very strongly alkaline ........................ 9.1 and higher

Redoximorphic concentrations. Nodules,

concretions, soft masses, pore linings, and other

features resulting from the accumulation of iron or

manganese oxide. An indication of chemical

reduction and oxidation resulting from saturation.

Redoximorphic depletions. Low-chroma zones from

which iron and manganese oxide or a combination

of iron and manganese oxide and clay has been

removed. These zones are indications of the

chemical reduction of iron resulting from

saturation.

Redoximorphic features. Redoximorphic

concentrations, redoximorphic depletions, reduced

matrices, a positive reaction to alpha,alphadipyridyl, and other features indicating the

chemical reduction and oxidation of iron and

manganese compounds resulting from saturation.

Reduced matrix. A soil matrix that has low chroma in

situ because of chemically reduced iron (Fe II).

The chemical reduction results from nearly

continuous wetness. The matrix undergoes a

change in hue or chroma within 30 minutes after

exposure to air as the iron is oxidized (Fe III). A

type of redoximorphic feature.

Regolith. The unconsolidated mantle of weathered

rock and soil material on the earth’s surface; the

loose earth material above the solid rock.

Relief. The elevations or inequalities of a land surface,

considered collectively.

Residuum (residual soil material). Unconsolidated,

weathered or partly weathered mineral material that

accumulated as consolidated rock disintegrated in

place.

Rill. A steep-sided channel resulting from accelerated

erosion. A rill generally is a few inches deep and

not wide enough to be an obstacle to farm

machinery.

Road cut. A sloping surface produced by mechanical

means during road construction. It is commonly on

the uphill side of the road.

Rock fragments. Rock or mineral fragments having a

diameter of 2 millimeters or more; for example,

pebbles, cobbles, stones, and boulders.

Rooting depth (in tables). Shallow root zone. The soil

is shallow over a layer that greatly restricts roots.
140 Soil Survey

Root zone. The part of the soil that can be penetrated

by plant roots.

Runoff. The precipitation discharged into stream

channels from an area. The water that flows off the

surface of the land without sinking into the soil is

called surface runoff. Water that enters the soil

before reaching surface streams is called groundwater runoff or seepage flow from ground water.

Sand. As a soil separate, individual rock or mineral

fragments from 0.05 millimeter to 2.0 millimeters in

diameter. Most sand grains consist of quartz. As a

soil textural class, a soil that is 85 percent or more

sand and not more than 10 percent clay.

Sandstone. Sedimentary rock containing dominantly

sand-sized particles.

Saprolite. Unconsolidated residual material underlying

the soil and grading to hard bedrock below.

Saturation. Wetness characterized by zero or positive

pressure of the soil water. Under conditions of

saturation, the water will flow from the soil matrix

into an unlined auger hole.

Second bottom. The first terrace above the normal

flood plain (or first bottom) of a river.

Sedimentary rock. Rock made up of particles

deposited from suspension in water. The chief

kinds of sedimentary rock are conglomerate,

formed from gravel; sandstone, formed from sand;

shale, formed from clay; and limestone, formed

from soft masses of calcium carbonate. There are

many intermediate types. Some wind-deposited

sand is consolidated into sandstone.

Seepage (in tables). The movement of water through

the soil. Seepage adversely affects the specified

use.

Series, soil. A group of soils that have profiles that are

almost alike, except for differences in texture of

the surface layer. All the soils of a series have

horizons that are similar in composition, thickness,

and arrangement.

Shale. Sedimentary rock formed by the hardening of a

clay deposit.

Sheet erosion. The removal of a fairly uniform layer of

soil material from the land surface by the action of

rainfall and surface runoff.

Shrink-swell (in tables). The shrinking of soil when dry

and the swelling when wet. Shrinking and swelling

can damage roads, dams, building foundations,

and other structures. It can also damage plant

roots.

Silica. A combination of silicon and oxygen. The

mineral form is called quartz.

Silt. As a soil separate, individual mineral particles

that range in diameter from the upper limit of clay

(0.002 millimeter) to the lower limit of very fine

sand (0.05 millimeter). As a soil textural class, soil

that is 80 percent or more silt and less than 12

percent clay.

Similar soils. Soils that share limits of diagnostic

criteria, behave and perform in a similar manner,

and have similar conservation needs or

management requirements for the major land uses

in the survey area.

Site index. A designation of the quality of a forest site

based on the height of the dominant stand at an

arbitrarily chosen age. For example, if the average

height attained by dominant and codominant trees

in a fully stocked stand at the age of 50 years is

75 feet, the site index is 75.

Slickensides. Polished and grooved surfaces

produced by one mass sliding past another. In

soils, slickensides may occur at the bases of slip

surfaces on the steeper slopes; on faces of

blocks, prisms, and columns; and in swelling

clayey soils, where there is marked change in

moisture content.

Slippage (in tables). Soil mass susceptible to

movement downslope when loaded, excavated, or

wet.

Slope. The inclination of the land surface from the

horizontal. Percentage of slope is the vertical

distance divided by horizontal distance, then

multiplied by 100. Thus, a slope of 20 percent is a

drop of 20 feet in 100 feet of horizontal distance. In

this survey, classes for simple slopes are as

follows:

Level ................................................... 0 to 1 percent

Nearly level ........................................ 0 to 2 percent

Gently sloping .................................... 2 to 5 percent

Moderately sloping ............................ 5 to 8 percent

Strongly sloping ............................... 8 to 15 percent

Moderately steep ........................... 15 to 30 percent

Classes for complex slopes are as follows:

Level ................................................... 0 to 1 percent

Nearly level ........................................ 0 to 2 percent

Gently undulating ............................... 0 to 3 percent

Slope (in tables). Slope is great enough that special

practices are required to ensure satisfactory

performance of the soil for a specific use.

Slow intake (in tables). The slow movement of water

into the soil.

Slow refill (in tables). The slow filling of ponds,

resulting from restricted permeability in the soil.

Small stones (in tables). Rock fragments less than 3

inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. Small stones

adversely affect the specified use of the soil.
Russell County, Alabama 141

Soft bedrock. Bedrock that can be excavated with

trenching machines, backhoes, small rippers, and

other equipment commonly used in construction.

Soil. A natural, three-dimensional body at the earth’s

surface. It is capable of supporting plants and has

properties resulting from the integrated effect of

climate and living matter acting on earthy parent

material, as conditioned by relief over periods of

time.

Soil separates. Mineral particles less than 2

millimeters in equivalent diameter and ranging

between specified size limits. The names and

sizes, in millimeters, of separates recognized in

the United States are as follows:

Very coarse sand ...................................... 2.0 to 1.0

Coarse sand .............................................. 1.0 to 0.5

Medium sand ........................................... 0.5 to 0.25

Fine sand ............................................... 0.25 to 0.10

Very fine sand ........................................ 0.10 to 0.05

Silt ......................................................... 0.05 to 0.002

Clay less than .................................................. 0.002

Solum. The upper part of a soil profile, above the C

horizon, in which the processes of soil formation

are active. The solum in soil consists of the A, E,

and B horizons. Generally, the characteristics of

the material in these horizons are unlike those of

the material below the solum. The living roots and

plant and animal activities are largely confined to

the solum.

Stone line. A concentration of coarse fragments in a

soil. Generally, it is indicative of an old weathered

surface. In a cross section, the line may be one

fragment or more thick. It generally overlies

material that weathered in place and is overlain by

recent sediment of variable thickness.

Stones. Rock fragments 10 to 24 inches (25 to 60

centimeters) in diameter if rounded or 15 to 24

inches (38 to 60 centimeters) in length if flat.

Stripcropping. Growing crops in a systematic

arrangement of strips or bands that provide

vegetative barriers to wind erosion and water

erosion.

Structure, soil. The arrangement of primary soil

particles into compound particles or aggregates.

The principal forms of soil structure are—platy

(laminated), prismatic (vertical axis of aggregates

longer than horizontal), blocky (angular or

subangular), and granular. Structureless soils are

either single grained (each grain by itself, as in

dune sand) or massive (the particles adhering

without any regular cleavage, as in many

hardpans).

Subsoil. Technically, the B horizon; roughly, the part of

the solum below plow depth.

Subsoiling. Tilling a soil below normal plow depth,

ordinarily to shatter a hardpan or claypan.

Substratum. The part of the soil below the solum.

Subsurface layer. Any surface soil horizon (A, E, AB,

or EB) below the surface layer.

Surface layer. The soil ordinarily moved in tillage, or its

equivalent in uncultivated soil, ranging in depth

from 4 to 10 inches (10 to 25 centimeters).

Frequently designated as the “plow layer,” or the

“Ap horizon.”

Surface soil. The A, E, AB, and EB horizons,

considered collectively. It includes all subdivisions

of these horizons.

Terrace. An embankment, or ridge, constructed across

sloping soils on the contour or at a slight angle to

the contour. The terrace intercepts surface runoff

so that water soaks into the soil or flows slowly to

a prepared outlet. A terrace in a field generally is

built so that the field can be farmed. A terrace

intended mainly for drainage has a deep channel

that is maintained in permanent sod.

Terrace (geologic). An old alluvial plain, ordinarily flat

or undulating, bordering a river, a lake, or the sea.

Texture, soil. The relative proportions of sand, silt, and

clay particles in a mass of soil. The basic textural

classes, in order of increasing proportion of fine

particles, are sand, loamy sand, sandy loam,

loam, silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay loam,

silty clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and clay.

The sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam classes

may be further divided by specifying “coarse,”

“fine,” or “very fine.”

Thin layer (in tables). Otherwise suitable soil material

that is too thin for the specified use.

Tilth, soil. The physical condition of the soil as related

to tillage, seedbed preparation, seedling

emergence, and root penetration.

Toe slope. The outermost inclined surface at the base

of a hill; part of a foot slope.

Topsoil. The upper part of the soil, which is the most

favorable material for plant growth. It is ordinarily

rich in organic matter and is used to topdress

roadbanks, lawns, and land affected by mining.

Unstable fill (in tables). Risk of caving or sloughing on

banks of fill material.

Upland. Land at a higher elevation, in general, than the

alluvial plain or stream terrace; land above the

lowlands along streams.

Variegation. Refers to patterns of contrasting colors

assumed to be inherited from the parent material

rather than to be the result of poor drainage.

Water bars. Smooth, shallow ditches or
142

depressional areas that are excavated at an

angle across a sloping road. They are used to

reduce the downward velocity of water and

divert it off and away from the road surface.

Water bars can easily be driven over if

constructed properly.

Weathering. All physical and chemical changes

produced in rocks or other deposits at or near the

earth’s surface by atmospheric agents. These

changes result in disintegration and decomposition

of the material.

Well graded. Refers to soil material consisting of

coarse grained particles that are well distributed

over a wide range in size or diameter. Such soil

normally can be easily increased in density and

bearing properties by compaction. Contrasts with

poorly graded soil.

Wilting point (or permanent wilting point). The

moisture content of soil, on an ovendry basis, at

which a plant (specifically a sunflower) wilts so

much that it does not recover when placed in a

humid, dark chamber.
143

Tables
144 Soil Survey

		






	



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Russell County, Alabama 181

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Russell County, Alabama 185

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Russell County, Alabama 187

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Russell County, Alabama 189

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