[Cite as Discover Bank v. Passmore, 2016-Ohio-3121.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS 

ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT 

LAKE COUNTY, OHIO 

DISCOVER BANK, : O P I N I O N 

 Plaintiff-Appellee, : 

 CASE NO. 2015-L-098

 - vs - : 

THERESA M. PASSMORE, : 

 Defendant/Third Party 

 Plaintiff-Appellant, 

: 

: 

 -vs- 

: 

LEVY & ASSOCIATES, LLC, et al., 

: 

 Third Party 

 Defendants-Appellees. : 

Civil Appeal from the Lake County Court of Common Pleas, Case No. 10 CV 002054. 

Judgment: Affirmed. 

Steven A. Friedman, Squire Patton Boggs (US) LLP, 4900 Key Tower, 127 Public 

Square, Cleveland, OH 44114 (For Plaintiff-Appellee). 

Anand N. Misra, The Misra Law Firm, L.L.C., 3659 Green Road, Suite 100, 

Beachwood, OH 44122; Robert S. Belovich, 9100 South Hills Boulevard, Suite 320, 

Broadview Heights, OH 44147 (For Defendant/Third Party Plaintiff-Appellant). 

Boyd W. Gentry and Zachary P. Elliott, Law Office of Boyd W. Gentry, LLC, 2661 

Commons Boulevard, Suite 100, Beavercreek, OH 45431 (For Third Party DefendantsAppellees). 
 2

TIMOTHY P. CANNON, J. 

{¶1} Appellant, Theresa M. Passmore, appeals the judgment of the Lake 

County Court of Common Pleas granting motions to confirm an arbitration award in 

favor of appellees, Discover Bank, Yale R. Levy, and Levy & Associates, LLC, and 

dismissing Passmore’s counterclaims. For the reasons that follow, we affirm the trial 

court’s judgment. 

{¶2} In July 2010, Discover Bank filed a complaint against Passmore to collect 

a credit card debt in the Lake County Court of Common Pleas (“the Trial Court”). 

Discover Bank did not attach a copy of the cardmember agreement to its complaint. 

Passmore filed a counterclaim against Discover Bank and its counsel, Yale R. Levy of 

Levy & Associates, LLC (“Levy”). Passmore alleged fraud, abuse of process, 

defamation, civil conspiracy, and violations of the Federal Debt Collection Practice Act 

and the Ohio Consumer Protection Act. She also asserted class action allegations on 

behalf of herself and others similarly situated. 

{¶3} Discover Bank voluntarily dismissed its claim against Passmore in 

October 2010 and filed a motion to compel arbitration and to stay or dismiss the 

counterclaim. Discover Bank alleged the credit card agreement between the parties 

contained a valid arbitration clause and attached an unauthenticated copy of the 

agreement to its motion. Passmore objected, as the copy was not self-authenticating 

under Evid.R. 902 and Discover Bank did not present the court with evidentiary 

materials to substantiate it as authentic. Discover Bank filed a reply, this time attaching 

another copy of the cardmember agreement and a declaration from Jeff Naami, the 
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director of Discover Bank’s credit card servicing affiliate. Naami’s declaration stated the 

agreement was a true and accurate copy, but the declaration was not notarized. 

{¶4} In June 2011, the Trial Court denied Discover Bank’s motion. The Trial 

Court held that it could not make a determination regarding whether the case was 

referable to arbitration because Discover Bank had “not presented this court with any 

credible evidence that the credit card agreements attached to either its motion to 

compel or its reply in support are actually binding on Passmore.” 

{¶5} In the meantime, Levy had filed a motion to realign the parties. The Trial 

Court granted this motion because “the only claims still pending before this court are 

those asserted by Passmore.” In doing so, the Trial Court relied on (1) a procedural 

ruling issued by the Ohio Supreme Court, which granted a motion to realign the parties 

for purposes of oral argument; and (2) a Sixth District Appellate Court decision 

acknowledging the trial court had granted a motion to realign—a judgment not 

challenged or addressed on appeal. See McCrone v. Bank One Corp., 105 Ohio St.3d 

1444, 2005-Ohio-669; Magyar v. Lightning Rod Mut. Ins. Co., Inc., 6th Dist. Erie No. E95-007, 1995 Ohio App. LEXIS 4537 (Oct. 13, 1995). The Trial Court ordered 

Passmore to refile her counterclaim as an amended complaint against the counterclaim 

defendants within 30 days. 

{¶6} Passmore filed a motion to reconsider the order to realign the parties. 

Before the Trial Court could address that motion, Levy removed the case to the U.S. 

District Court, Northern District of Ohio (“the District Court”) on July 5, 2011. Passmore 

then moved the District Court to reconsider the Trial Court’s order to realign the parties, 

which was denied. 
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{¶7} Discover Bank and Levy filed renewed motions to compel arbitration and 

to stay or dismiss the case. The District Court found that it had authority to reconsider 

the Trial Court’s order because it was interlocutory, citing Fed.Civ.R. 54(b) and 

Rodriguez v. Tennessee Laborers Health & Welfare Fund, 89 Fed.Appx. 949, 959 (6th 

Cir.2004). The District Court then stated it must apply federal law in determining 

whether to consider Naami’s declaration as evidence that the cardmember agreement 

was a true and accurate copy, citing Granny Goose Foods Inc. v. Brotherhood of 

Teamsters, 415 U.S. 423, 437 (1974). 

{¶8} The District Court held that Naami’s declaration was properly 

authenticated under 28 U.S.C. § 1746, which provides that a properly sworn statement 

may be filed in lieu of a notarized affidavit. More importantly, although the District Court 

did not mention this in its entry, the declaration submitted before the District Court was 

in fact notarized. It then found that “[a]ll necessary showings have been made to 

demonstrate that the arbitration clause in the Cardmember Agreement is valid, 

enforceable, and binds the parties currently before the Court to arbitrate this particular 

dispute.” The District Court granted the motions to compel arbitration and stayed the 

case pending arbitration. 

{¶9} On June 29, 2012, Passmore initiated arbitration proceedings. In 

November 2013, the arbitrator ruled in favor of Discover Bank and Levy on all claims. 

On May 26, 2014, Discover Bank and Levy filed motions with the District Court to 

confirm the arbitration award. Passmore responded by filing a motion to set aside 

judgment, arguing that removal from the Trial Court had been improper. Based on a 

ruling out of this court, the District Court granted Passmore’s motion to set aside 
 5

judgment and vacated all of its prior rulings. In State ex rel. Caszatt v. Gibson, 11th 

Dist. Lake No. 2012-L-107, 2013-Ohio-213, ¶27-28, we held that an order to realign 

parties “is clearly and patently not authorized by the Rules of Civil Procedure. * * * 

There is no provision in the civil rules to allow the parties (or the court for that matter) to 

magically transform a counterclaim into a complaint.” As a result, the District Court 

denied the motions to confirm the arbitration award based on lack of subject matter 

jurisdiction and remanded the matter back to the Trial Court. 

{¶10} Discover Bank and Levy subsequently filed motions before the Trial Court 

to confirm the arbitration award, and the Trial Court held a hearing. On August 6, 2015, 

the Trial Court issued a judgment entry granting the motions and dismissing Passmore’s 

counterclaims. It is from this entry that Passmore now appeals. She assigns three 

errors for our review: 

[1.] The trial court committed prejudicial error in finding that the July 

15, 2014 Judgment of the U.S. District Court denying the motion to 

confirm the arbitration award was not a final appealable order 

despite 9 U.S.C. 16 (a)(1)(D). * * * 

[2.] The trial court committed prejudicial error in finding that its June 

10, 2011 ‘Order Denying Motion to Compel Arbitration and to Stay 

or Dismiss Claims’ was not a final appealable order despite R.C. 

2711.02(C) or R.C. 2505.02(B)(2). * * * 

[3.] The trial court committed prejudicial error in granting a ‘Motion 

for Realignment of the Parties.’ 

{¶11} Passmore maintains the Trial Court “committed prejudicial error in failing 

to deny the current motions to confirm arbitration award.” Under her first assignment of 

error, Passmore argues the motions to confirm filed with the Trial Court were barred by 

res judicata. “The determination of whether an action is barred by the doctrine of res 

judicata is a question of law which an appellate court reviews de novo.” Miller v. Lagos, 
 6

11th Dist. Trumbull No. 2008-T-0014, 2008-Ohio-5863, ¶15, citing Rossow v. Ravenna, 

11th Dist. Portage No. 2001-P-0036, 2002-Ohio-1476, ¶7. 

{¶12} Under the doctrine of res judicata, “[a] valid, final judgment rendered upon 

the merits bars all subsequent actions based upon any claim arising out of the 

transaction or occurrence that was the subject matter of the previous action.” Grava v. 

Parkman Twp., 73 Ohio St.3d 379 (1995), syllabus. Any issues that were raised or 

could have been raised in a direct appeal of a valid, final judgment are also barred by 

the doctrine of res judicata. State v. Lintz, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2010-L-067, 2011-Ohio6511, ¶36, citing State v. Perry, 10 Ohio St.2d 175 (1967). “Further, it does not matter 

that the court which previously decided the claim is of a different jurisdiction than the 

court currently deciding the claim.” Smith v. Bd. Cuyahoga Cty. Commrs., 8th Dist. 

Cuyahoga No. 86482, 2006-Ohio-1073, ¶17, citing Horne v. Woolever, 170 Ohio St. 

178, 183 (1959). 

{¶13} To satisfy the doctrine, three elements must be met: (1) both actions must 

involve the same parties or their privies; (2) both actions must involve the same claim or 

issue; and (3) the first judgment must have been final, valid, and on the merits. 

Johnson v. Cleveland City Sch. Dist., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 94214, 2011-Ohio-2778, 

¶38. “[W]hen a court declines to consider an issue – in effect rendering no judgment at 

all on the merits – there has not been a final judgment on the merits for purposes of res 

judicata.” Fraternal Order of Police v. Akron, 9th Dist. Summit No. 23668, 2007-Ohio7033, ¶19 (citation omitted). 

{¶14} Here, Passmore asserts that Discover Bank and Levy were barred from 

filing the motions to confirm in the Trial Court because they failed to appeal from the 
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District Court’s order that remanded the matter back to the Trial Court. She argues that, 

because the motions involve the exact same parties and the exact same issues, the 

Trial Court erred by granting the motions following remand. This argument erroneously 

assumes the District Court’s order was a judgment on the merits. 

{¶15} The sole issue to be determined in the motion to confirm the arbitration 

award was whether the award should be vacated, modified, or corrected for one of the 

enumerated grounds found in 9 U.S.C. §§ 10-11. The District Court notably did not 

remark on this underlying issue. In fact, the District Court specifically refused to rule on 

the merits of the motions because it found it lacked subject matter jurisdiction to do so. 

It held that removal of the case had been improper, and therefore it “lacked jurisdiction 

to enter any order in this case.” The District Court acknowledged that “[s]ome 

jurisdiction arguably exists to confirm the arbitration award under the Federal Arbitration 

Act,” but found that “the better approach” was to direct Discover Bank and Levy to file 

the appropriate motions in the Trial Court. The District Court thus relinquished subject 

matter jurisdiction; it did not deny the motions to confirm on the merits. As a result, 

Discover Bank and Levy were not barred by the doctrine of res judicata from filing the 

motions to confirm in the Trial Court. 

{¶16} Passmore’s first assignment of error is without merit. 

{¶17} Under her second assignment of error, Passmore asserts the Trial Court’s 

initial order denying the motions to compel arbitration was a final, appealable order. 

Thus, Passmore argues, granting the motions to confirm was an improper 

reconsideration of the Trial Court’s initial order. 
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{¶18} An order that grants or denies a stay of a trial pending arbitration “is a final 

order and may be reviewed, affirmed, modified, or reversed on appeal pursuant to the 

Rules of Appellate Procedure and, to the extent not in conflict with those rules, Chapter 

2505. of the Revised Code.” R.C. 2711.02(C). R.C. 2505.02(B) provides for seven 

categories of final orders. The only category that could arguably apply here is found in 

(B)(1): “[a]n order that affects a substantial right in an action that in effect determines 

the action and prevents a judgment.” Our standard of review on appeal is de novo. 

See Akron v. Frazier, 142 Ohio App.3d 718, 721 (9th Dist.2001). 

{¶19} “[A] trial court does not have authority to reconsider its own final 

judgments.” Brown v. FirstEnergy Corp., 159 Ohio App.3d 696, 2005-Ohio-712, ¶8 (9th 

Dist.), citing Pitts v. Ohio Dept. of Transp., 67 Ohio St.2d 378, 380 (1981). Until the trial 

court enters a final judgment, however, “its interlocutory orders are ‘subject to revision 

at any time.’” Capital One Bank (USA), N.A. v. Tenney, 11th Dist. Trumbull No. 2010-T0109, 2011-Ohio-4305, ¶18, quoting Civ.R. 54(B). 

{¶20} In support of this assignment of error, Passmore relies on a statement 

made by the District Court in its remand order: “the most recent, valid order concerning 

the arbitration agreement was the state court’s determination that no valid arbitration 

agreement exists. For the Court to accept the case and confirm the award as 

[appellees] request, the Court would cast doubt on the state court’s factual 

determination.” This statement, however, is an incorrect interpretation of the Trial 

Court’s initial order. The Trial Court did not determine whether a valid arbitration 

agreement existed; rather, as acknowledged above, the Trial Court stated it could not 
 9

make that determination because of the lack of authenticated evidence before it. As a 

result, the order was not final and appealable under R.C. 2711.02. 

{¶21} Further, we agree with the Trial Court that its order denying the motion to 

compel was interlocutory, as it did not determine the action and did not prevent further 

judgment: “On the contrary, it left Passmore’s claims open pending further motion 

practice or trial.” Therefore, the order was also not final and appealable under R.C. 

2505.02. 

{¶22} In its first order, the Trial Court did not make a determination as to whether 

a valid arbitration agreement existed. In its second order, the Trial Court stated, “the 

arbitration agreement at issue here is valid and binding on the parties.” It made this 

determination based on evidence not before it at the time of the first order, to wit: 

Naami’s notarized declaration. Whether this actually amounted to a reconsideration of 

the first order is irrelevant, as it was interlocutory and subject to revision at any time. 

{¶23} Passmore’s second assignment of error is without merit. 

{¶24} Under her final assignment of error, Passmore argues the Trial Court 

committed prejudicial error in ordering a realignment of the parties after Discover Bank 

dismissed its claims against Passmore. 

{¶25} We agree that the Trial Court erred in ordering Passmore to refile her 

counterclaim as an amended complaint so that the parties could be realigned. See

Caszatt, supra, at ¶27-28 (an order to realign parties “is clearly and patently not 

authorized by the Rules of Civil Procedure”; “[t]here is no provision in the civil rules to 

allow the parties (or the court for that matter) to magically transform a counterclaim into 
 10

a complaint”). This is not reversible error, however, as it was not prejudicial to the 

ultimate outcome of the case. 

{¶26} Again, we note Discover Bank and Levy refiled Naami’s declaration in the 

District Court, which stated the cardmember agreement was a true and accurate copy. 

This time it was notarized and would have been admissible in the Trial Court, as well. 

In its entry confirming the arbitration award, the Trial Court stated, “the arbitration 

agreement at issue here is valid and binding on the parties.” Thus, regardless of 

whether Passmore’s claims were brought as an original plaintiff or as a counterclaim 

plaintiff, and regardless of whether the notarized declaration was refiled before the Trial 

Court or the District Court, the matter would eventually have been stayed pending 

arbitration. If we were to remand the case, the procedure might be different, but the 

result would be the same. Passmore therefore did not suffer prejudice as a result of 

being compelled to initiate arbitration by the District Court as opposed to the Trial Court. 

{¶27} Passmore’s third assignment of error is without merit. 

{¶28} Finally, Discover Bank has requested an award of reasonable expenses, 

including attorney fees and costs, pursuant to App.R. 23. We do not find this appeal 

frivolous and therefore overrule Discover Bank’s request. 

{¶29} For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the Lake County Court of 

Common Pleas is affirmed. 

CYNTHIA WESTCOTT RICE, P.J., 

THOMAS R. WRIGHT, J., 

concur.