HEADQUARTERS

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

TRAINING CIRCULAR 90-1

TRAINING

FOR

URBAN OPERATIONS

20110630158

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited.
This publication is available on the

General Dennis J. Reimer Training

and Doctrine Digital Library at

www.adtdl.army.mil
•TRAINING CIRCULAR

No. 90-1

Headquarters

Department of the Army

Washington, D.C. 1 April 2002

TRAINING

FOR

URBAN OPERATIONS

CONTENTS

Page

PREFACE iii

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

1-1. Definitions 1-1

1-2. Training Strategy 1-1

1-3. Prerequisite Training 1-7

1-4. Individual Task Training 1-8

1-5. Collective Task Training 1-9

1-6. Risk Assessment 1-11

CHAPTER 2. URBAN ASSAULT COURSE

2-1. Purpose 2-1

2-2. Station 1: Individual and Team Task/Technique Trainer 2-3

2-3. Station 2: Squad and Platoon Task/Technique Trainer 2-6

2-4. Station 3: Grenadier Gunnery Trainer 2-19

2-5 Station 4: Urban Offense/Defense Building, Task/

Technique Trainer 2-22

2-6. Station 5: Underground Trainer 2-26

CHAPTER 3. SHOOT HOUSE

3-1. Purpose 3-1

3-2. Description 3-1

3-3. Training Audience 3-3

3-4. Training Information 3-4

3-5. Conduct of Training 3-4

3-6. Training Support Requirements 3-13

3-7. Training and Evaluation 3-13

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited.

*This publication supersedes TC 90-1, 30 September 1993.
TC 90-1

Page

CHAPTER 4. BREACH FACILITY

4-1. Purpose 4-1

4-2. Description 4-1

4-3. Training Audience 4-3

4-4. Training Information 4-3

4-5. Conduct of Training 4-4

4-6. Training Support Requirements 4-5

4-7. Training and Evaluation 4-6

4-8. Safety Considerations 4-6

CHAPTER 5. COMBINED ARMS COLLECTIVE TRAINING FACILITY

5-1. Purpose 5-1

5-2. Description 5-1

5-3. Tactical Exercise Without Troops 5-4

5-4. Urban Operations Collective Training Exercises 5-4

5-5. Infantry Rifle Platoon STX Attack 5-5

5-6. Mechanized Infantry Platoon STX Defend 5-8

5-7. Infantry Rifle Company FTX Attack 5-16

5-8. Mechanized Infantry Company or Team FTX Defend 5-25

5-9. Targetry 5-37

5-10. Considerations for Training with Armor 5-37

APPENDIX A. TRAINING TIPS A-l

APPENDIX B. UNIT TRAINING MATRIX B-l

APPENDIX C. STABILITY AND SUPPORT OPERATIONS UNIT

TRAINING MATRIX C-l

APPENDIX D. DEMOLITION EFFECTS SIMULATORS FOR THE URBAN

ASSAULT COURSE, SHOOT HOUSE, AND COMBINED

ARMS COLLECTIVE TRAINING FACILITY D-l

APPENDIX E. LEADER DEVELOPMENT TRAINING E-l

GLOSSARY Glossary-1

REFRERENCES References-1

INDEX Index-1
TC 90-1

PREFACE

This training circular is a training support package for training urban operations. It

provides guidance for leaders conducting training in urban environments across the full

spectrum of Army operations: offense, defense, stability, and support. The focus of this

circular is on effective usage of the home station urban training facilities: Urban Assault

Course (UAC), Shoot House (SH), Breach Facility (BF), and Combined Arms Collective

Training Facility (CACTF). Although the primary focus of this circular is on the four

primary home station facilities, with modification it can also support urban training in nonstandard facilities.

The proponent ofthis publication is the US Army Infantry School. Submit changes for

improving this publication on DA Form 2028 directly to Commandant, US Army Infantry

School, ATTN: ATSH-OT, Fort Benning, Georgia 31905-5593.

Unless this publication states otherwise, masculine nouns and pronouns do not refer

exclusively to men.

E-mail address for this training circular is:

doctrine@benning.army.mil

in
TC 90-1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

This chapter discusses the definitions, training strategy, prerequisite

training, individual task training, and collective task training.

1-1. DEFINITIONS

The following includes some definitions of urban operations:

a. Full Spectrum Operations. Full spectrum operations include offensive,

defensive, stability, and support (ODSS) operations. Missions in any environment require

Army forces to conduct or be prepared to conduct any combination of ODSS operations.

b. Urban Operations. The urban operations (UO) are operations planned and

conducted in an area of operations (AO) that includes one or more urban areas. Army

forces normally conduct full-spectrum UO in urban environments. Often, the rules of

engagement (ROE) and use of combat power are more restrictive than in other

environments.

c. Urban Area. An urban area is a topographical complex where manmade

construction or high-population density is the dominant features. The five categories of

urban areas:

• Villages (population less than 3,000).

• Towns (population of 3,000 to 100,000).

• Cities (population over 100,000 to 1 million inhabitants).

• Metropolis (population over 1 million to 10 million inhabitants).

• Megalopolis (population over 10 million).

Brigades normally bypass, move through, defend from, and attack objectives within

villages. Brigades normally participate in UO in towns, cities, metropolises, and

megalopolises as part of a larger force.

d. Urban Operations Under Precision Conditions. Under precision UO

conditions, either the enemy is so thoroughly mixed with noncombatants or political

considerations are such that the use of more highly restrictive ROE and different tactics,

techniques, and procedures (TTP), may be required during the execution of UO.

Conventional Army forces routinely conduct UO under precision conditions.

e. Urban Operations Under High-Intensity Conditions. These conditions include

combat operations against a determined enemy occupying prepared positions or

conducting deliberate attacks against friendly forces. High-intensity UO require the

synchronization of the full combat power of the joint combined arms team. Conventional

Army forces must always be prepared to conduct UO under high-intensity conditions.

1-2. TRAINING STRATEGY

Urban terrain and environmental conditions challenge the trainer. The UO training

strategy integrates live, virtual, and constructive training (Figure 1-1, page 1-2). Live,

virtual, and constructive training is based on the unit's METL. The live environment

consists of home station training using the urban operations facilities (Urban Assault

Course [UAC], SH, battle force [BF], combined arms collective training facility

[CACTF]), Combat Training Centers (CTC) rotations, and any other live training that

supports the UO collective tasks list. The virtual environment consists of simulators such

1-1
TC 90-1

as close combat tactical trainer (CCTT) or engagement skills trainer (EST) used to train

small-unit leaders and crews. The constructive environment consists of battle staff

training for battalion and above staff and leaders such as joint conflict and tactical

simulation (JCATS)/OneSAF.

URBAN OPERATIONS

TRAINING SUPPORT STRATEGY

Q CONSTRUCTIVE

WARSIM (DIV/CORPS)

•WFX

(BCTP)

JCATS/OneSAF

(BDE & below)

•STAFFEX

•CPX

•JTX

OyyE

HOME STATION FACILITIES

(BN & below)

•BREACH FACILITY

•URBAN ASSAULT COURSE

•SHOOT HOUSE

•CACTF

COMBAT TRAINING CENTERS

(BDE&BN)

NTC

JRTC

CMTC

MISSION REHEARSAL

EXERCISE

COMBINED ARMS TACTICAL TRAINERS

(CO/PLT/Crew)

AVCATT ENCATT

CCTT FSCATT

EST ADCATT

IMBEDDED TRAINER

'Need Urban Operations

terrain and weapons

effects incorporated

into Virtual and

Constructive

environment

102

Figure 1-1. Live, virtual, constructive training support strategy.

FMs 25-100 and 25-101 explain how to determine a unit's METL and battle tasks, and

how to plan, provide resources for, and execute training events. Due to limited training

facilities, it is important that leaders use all available assets to train and maintain combat

readiness. Specific FMs, TCs, and ARTEP MTPs provide the TTPs and standards to

conduct and evaluate training. A complete training program emphasizes initial,

intermediate, and culminating UO training (Figure 1-2).

a. Initial Training. This training is the first step in the building-block approach and

sets the basis for unit or collective training. Mastery of individual and crew skills is an

essential precondition for UO training. Initial-UO training includes but is not limited to

precision marksmanship, EST, crew simulators and CCTTs.

1-2
TC 90-1

INITIAL

Precision Marksmanship (L)

Engagement Skill Trainer (V)

(Individual-Sauad)

INITIAL

All Crew Simulators and CCTT (V)

(Crew-Platoon-Company)

INTERMEDIATE

Breach Facility (L)

Urban Assault Course (L)

Shoot House (L)

(Team-Squad-Platoon)

INTERMEDIATE

BATTLE STAFF

JCATS (C)

ONESAF (C)

(BN/BDE)

CULMINATING

CACTF (see Page 1-6)

Platoon STX (L)

Company STX (L)

Battalion FTX (L)

LEGEND

Live - L

Virtual-V

Constructive - C

CTC ROTATION (L)

MISSION REHEARSAL

EXERCISE (L)

Figure 1-2. Urban operations strategy—live, virtual,

and constructive training.

b. Intermediate Training. This phase of training is characterized by unit collective

training and leaders varying the training conditions (limited visibility, different entry

techniques, different entry points, use of combatants and noncombatants, OPFOR,

MILES, and live-fire exercises) under which tasks are performed. Collective task training

is the critical link between individual tasks and mission accomplishment. Intermediate

training should be conducted at, but is not limited to, the breach facility, live-fire shoot

house, and UAC. Figures 1-3 through 1-6 show the design and the purpose for each of

these facilities.

(1) Breach Facility. The purpose of this facility is to train soldiers on the technical

aspects of the breaching techniques (Figure 1-3). This facility is used to train TTPs,

mechanical, ballistic, thermal, and explosive techniques.

Figure 1-3. Breach facility.

(2) Shoot House. The purpose of this facility is to provide the leader with a facility to

train and evaluate fire teams, squads, and platoons during a live-fire exercise

1-3
TC 90-1

(Figure 1-4). Units are trained and evaluated on their ability to move tactically and

engage targets, while practicing target discrimination in an urban environment.

NOTE: The specific design of the shoot house and all other facilities may differ based

on unique training requirements at different installations.

Figure 1-4. Shoot house.

(3) Urban Assault Course. The purpose of the UAC facility is to train squad-size

units using the task Enter a Building/Clear a Room, grenadier gunnery, and subterranean

TTPs. However, the unit's training requirements determine the size of the unit and the

tasks to be trained. The unit develops its organizational structure and steps for conducting

the exercise based on its METL and on their training needs (Figure 1-5).

1-4
TC 90-1

Figure 1-5. Urban assault course.

c. Culminating Training. During this phase of training, multiechelon, combined

arms, and branch specific STX training may be conducted. Culminating training is

conducted at the CACTF (Figure 1-6, page 1-6).

1-5
TC 90-1

Aumo

CITY DUMP

WDC* SIZE AW TYPE (FUTURE) AREA FOR

01 1 STORY WAREHOUSE SHANTY TOWN

02 t STORY WAREHOUSE CONSTRUCTION

03 3 STORY OFFICE (EMBASSY) • •• •• (FUTURE)

04 2 STORY OfFtCE '•*•

OS 1 STORY SERVCE STATCN > ;

SUBSTATION n

• (FUTURE) J

OS * STORY BUSttCSS \

07 1 STORY BUStCSS

Oft 1 STORY BUSINESS

09 3 STORY HOTEL

AREA FOR tlirCZJW

11 CHURCH AND CEMETARY

12 t STORY BUSNESS (FUTURE) , -"

13 1 STORY BANK •.—-

14 2 STORY TOWNHOUSE

15 1 STORY RESDENT ' 5 KM

16 1 STORY RESDENT I "f-r1 \

17 1 STORY RESDENT s <

IS 1 STORY RESDENT i H ^^L.

10 1 STORY RESDENT •

(

J ^^i

20 1 STORY RESDENT

fcj3 21 1 STORY RESDENT "

22 1 STORY RESDENT 1 / ' ••••-

COMMAND A CONTROL M'

ST<*¥ RCS"*NT

^^AAR M 2 ST<*

V SO<)0,• J . .dk W.

VP^* AMMO BREAKDOWN "*? (/••'-""•S BET-* «13 , •"

STORAOC LAIHWE LKJND

— FENCEWALL

WAU.

y— TUNNEL SYSTEM

UTUTY POLE

• LATRf*

1* - 100* ; \ 7

' ' tf

if

Figure 1-6. Combined arms collective training facility.

d. Conduct of Training. Depending on unit proficiency, every training event should

follow a crawl-walk-run sequence, based on clearly defined standards.

(1) Crawl. The trainer explains each training objective and performance standards,

and then talks the soldiers through the exercise, step by step, describing what each

individual or unit must do. This training often includes a demonstration.

(2) Walk. The soldiers slowly practice each task to standard. Trainers coach soldiers

at this stage stopping as often as needed to correct mistakes and provide feedback.

Soldiers practice each task repeatedly until they can perform it to standard.

(3) Run. Soldiers perform each task at full speed as if they are in combat. The

soldiers need feedback during this stage as well. The following can be used to enhance

realism:

Blank ammunition.

Special effects small-arms marking system (SESAMS).

Short-range training ammunition (SRTA).

Service ammunition.

Targetry.

Pyrotechnics.

Tactical engagement systems (MILES).

Opposing forces (force on force).

Nuclear, biological, and chemical simulation/weapons of mass destruction.

Training in limited visibility conditions.

1-6
TC 90-1

e. After-Action Review. Leaders conduct an after-action review (AAR) after each

training event to help soldiers and units improve their skills by providing immediate

feedback. An AAR increases the benefits gained from each training exercise by allowing

the leader and soldiers to work together to analyze the performance of each task. Being

involved in this analysis enables the soldiers to learn and retain more than they would if

they were simply critiqued. An AAR improves the performance of soldiers, leaders, and

unit tasks and provides the commander with information and insight that he needs to

evaluate training.

1-3. PREREQUISITE TRAINING

Prerequisite training teaches individuals, crews, units, leaders, and command and staff

what they need to know before they can perform a task. Prerequisite training builds

teamwork at all levels.

a. Command and Staff Training. The battalion battle staff and leadership must

train themselves before the execution of battalion collective training. The battalion

command and staff culminates their prerequisite training with UO tactical exercise

without troops (TEWTs) and UO command post exercises (CPXs). This procedure helps

develop urban operations TTPs and unit standing operating procedure (SOP).

b. Leader Training. A comprehensive leader's training program is the key to

successful UO training. Time spent teaching battalion leaders (trainers) during the

planning and preparation phase pays dividends during the intermediate and culminating

phases of training. Leader's training compliments institutional instruction (Basic and

Career Officer Course, Basic Noncommissioned Officer Course [BNCOC], or Advanced

Noncommissioned Officer Course [ANCOC], of current UO doctrine [FM 90-10 and

FM 90-10-1], and unit knowledge based on experience and prior training events).

Recommended subject areas include threat analysis, urban area and building analysis,

weapons effects on urban structures, urban attack and defense. UO TTP, STP, and SOP

development.

c. Individual Training. Many urban-specific tasks and skills can be trained,

sustained, and maintained in a barracks environment. Other tasks can be trained at local

UO facilities, and weapons ranges. The unit should focus on three general areas for

preliminary training; urban combat skills, urban marksmanship skills, and physical

fitness.

(1) The following are examples of preliminary training tasks and or TTPs:

Individual movement techniques.

Battle drills.

Weapon positioning in an urban area.

Roadblock and vehicle search procedures.

Dismounted and mounted urban navigation.

Urban scanning techniques.

Quick fire techniques.

Assault fire techniques.

Hasty urban firing positions.

Prepared urban firing positions.

1-7
TC 90-1

(2) Prior to urban collective training cycle, trainers can develop urban-specific firing

conditions in conjunction with weapons firing ranges. Build facades on existing ranges,

or use the unit's local UAC (if available). Urban combat skills include:

• Firing positions behind rubble, around corners, from windows or rooftops.

• Urban targets behind rubble, in windows and doorways.

• Fire commands.

• Lifting and shifting fires from lower to upper story windows.

• Fire control and fire discipline.

• Rapid firing engagements.

• ROE firing scenarios.

(3) Urban physical fitness skills include:

• Endurance runs and upper body conditioning.

• Vaulting exercises.

• Urban-Specific Obstacle Course negotiation.

• Leadership Reaction Course (LRC) negotiation.

1-4. INDIVIDUAL TASK TRAINING

Urban operations require the soldier to be proficient in several individual tasks unique to

urban fighting. Additional urban fighting techniques have been developed based on

combat lessons learned and on evolving technology.

a. Army doctrine includes three individual urban-specific tasks:

STP 7-11BCHM14-SM-TG.

• 071 -326-0541, Perform Movement Techniques During MOUT.

• 071-326-0550, Prepare Positions for Individual and Crew-Served Weapons

During MOUT.

• 071-326-0557, Select Hasty Firing Positions During MOUT.

b. FM 90-10-1, An Infantryman's Guide to Combat in Built-up Areas:

(1) Movement Techniques.

• Crossing of a wall.

• Movement around corners.

• Movement past windows.

• Use of doorways.

• Movement parallel to buildings.

• Crossing of open areas.

• Fire team employment.

• Movement between positions.

• Movement inside a building.

(2) Entry Techniques.

• Upper building levels.

• Use ofladders.

• Scaling of walls.

• Entry at lower levels.

• Hand grenades.

(3) Firing Positions:

• Hasty firing position.

1-8
TC 90-1

• Prepared firing position.

• Target acquisition.

• Employment ofsnipers.

1-5. COLLECTIVE TASK TRAINING

Squads, platoons, and companies train on collective tasks IAW ARTEP MTPs. However,

only a few of these tasks specifically address UO; the others must be adapted for the

urban environment.

a. Urban-specific tasks at squad and platoon level include the following tasks:

(1) ARTEP 7-8-MTP.

• 07-3-1134, Conduct Tactical Movement (Mech Infantry Platoon).

• 07-3-4141, Clear Built-up Area/Building (Infantry/Mech Infantry Platoon).

• 07-3-1123, Defend Built-up Area/Building (Infantry Platoon/Squad).

(2) ARTEP 7-7J-MTP.

• 71-2-0331.07-3126, Conduct Tactical Movement (Infantry Platoon Mounted).

• 71 -3-1110, Clear a Building.

• 71-2-2026.07-3418, Defend Built-up Area/Building (Infantry Platoon

Mounted).

• 07-3-4141 Clear Built-up Area/Building (Infantry/Mech Infantry Platoon).

b. Urban-specific tasks for the infantry company are as follows:

(1) ARTEP 7-10-MTP.

• 07-2-1134, Conduct Tactical Movement (Infantry Company).

• 07-2-1109, Assault Built-up Area/Building.

• 07-2-1118, Defend Built-up Area/Building (Infantry Company).

• 07-2-1401, Establish a Roadblock/Checkpoint (Infantry Company).

(2) ARTEP 71-1-MTP.

• 71-2-1016.17-00KC, Conduct Tactical Movement.

• 07-5-1097, Clear a Building.

• 71-2-2026.17-00KC, Defend Built-up Area.

• 71-2-2025.17-00KC, Clear Built-up Area.

• 71 -2-2027.17-OOKC, Cordon and Search.

c. Urban-specific tasks for the company team and infantry battalions are as follows:

• ARTEP 7-20-MTP.

— 07-1-3004, Conduct Tactical Movement (Battalion).

-- 71-1-2025.07-1164, Clear a Built-up Area.

-- 71-1-9220.07-1162, Traverse a Built-up Area (Battalion).

-- 71-1-9262.07-1163, Defend in a Built-up Area (Battalion).

d. Urban-specific tasks for stability and support operations. The following tasks are

samples that are listed in TC 7-98-1:

• Perform Cordon and Search.

• Search and Attach.

• Checkpoints.

• Disturbance.

• Control Civilian Movement.

• Conduct Platoon Riot Control Formation.

1-9
TC 90-1

(3) Select and develop risk-reduction measures.

(4) Implement controls by integrating them into plans and orders, SOPs, training

performance standards, and rehearsals.

(5) Supervise and enforce risk reduction measures and safety standards at all times.

1-12
TC 90-1

CHAPTER 2

URBAN ASSAULT COURSE

This chapter describes the Urban Assault Course (VAC), which

incorporates doctrine and tactics from FM 90-10-1 and the ARTEP MTPs.

The UAC contains five stations: Individual and Team Task/Technique

Trainer Station I, Squad and Platoon Task/Technique Trainer Station 2,

Grenadier Gunnery Trainer Station 3, Urban Offense/Defense Building

Station 4, and the Underground Trainer Station 5. These stations are

designed for individual tasks and small-unit collective task training.

Various types of organizations with a variety ofmissions can train at the

UAC. Tactical operations in an urban environment may include combat to

stability and support tasks. The UAC is a dismounted trainingfacility.

2-1. PURPOSE

The purpose is to provide squad and platoon size units with a facility to train and evaluate

urban operations tasks (Figure 2-1). With the exception of Station 3, Grenadier Gunnery,

the UAC is not intended for live-fire training. Station 3, Grenadier Gunnery Trainer, is

designed to support 40-mm TP and 5.56-mm service ammunition.

• -'-- Station 3

tit.

/&

Station 2 X<>"--' •. -

Figure 2-1. Urban assault course.

a. Facility Description. The UAC has five training stations that facilitate the

crawl/walk/run training concept.

2-1
TC 90-1

(1) Station 1, Individual and Team Trainer. This station is a three-room trainer

where team leaders and squad leaders train the basics of building and room clearing.

(2) Station 2, Squad and Platoon Trainer. This station is a four-structure trainer with

multiple rooms. Squads build upon tasks learned at Station 1 and begin to learn the

concepts of clearing multiple buildings. The station is designed in such a way that it can

be used as individual buildings with a narrow street or as rooms inside a building with a

long connecting hallway.

(3) Station 3, Grenadier Gunnery Trainer. This station is a live-fire station where

M203 gunners master target engagements in an urban area, move tactically, and respond

to the fire commands.

(4) Station 4, Offense/Defense House. This station is where a platoon can train to

attack and or defend a building. This station can also be divided into a number of smaller

training stations to reinforce training or to train tasks not yet trained at the other stations.

(For example, upper-level entry techniques.)

(5) Station 5, Underground Trainer. This station provides training for subterranean

operations.

b. Targetry. Targets throughout the UAC are either 3D precision targets (for

engagements less than 50 meters) or 2D non-precision targets (for engagements greater

than 50 meters).

(1) Precision targets support short distance engagements. Sensors contained within

the precision target respond only to lethal shot placement. The torso lethal zone is

18 inches by 8 inches and the neck-head lethal zone is 4 inches by 8 inches.

(2) Non-precision targets support engagements that are at ranges greater than

50 meters. These targets are 2D pop-up type targets.

c. Training Audience. The facility provides Infantry, Engineer, Military Police,

Cavalry, and other units with a facility to train the individual soldier through

platoon-level UO skills.

d. Training Information. Combat, CS, and CSS units can use this facility and the

UAC can also be used as a mission rehearsal exercise site. Recommended training

frequency is quarterly.

(1) The following information is provided for each UAC station, if applicable.

(a) Purpose. States the purpose of the station. Units may use the station in the manner

originally intended, or they may modify it to meet their unique training needs.

(b) Description. Describes the station and its design.

(c) Targetry. Recommends the targetry required to train at the station. Targets may be

moved, modified, or added based on available target systems and or training

requirements.

(d) Controller Requirements. Based on unit's needs at each station.

(e) Safety Requirements. Provides the safety information and considerations for the

station. The unit or installation range SOP may mandate additional safety requirements.

(f) Individual MOUT Tasks or Skills Trained. ARTEP 7-8-MTP, Chapter 2, contains

a list of related common, individual, and urban specific training and evaluation outlines

(T&EOs).

(g) Training Support Requirements. Describes minimum materiel requirements to

support training at each station.

2-2
TC 90-1

(h) Conduct of Training. Describes sample training scenarios and sequence of events

for that station.

(2) The UAC can accommodate an assortment of training ammunition and

pyrotechnics.

2-2. STATION 1: INDIVIDUAL AND TEAM TASK/TECHNIQUE TRAINER

This station is used to train individual and collective tasks, tactics, techniques, and

procedures. Specifically: Enter a Building and Clear a Room, Engage Targets

(Figure 2-2).

Figure 2-2. Individual and team task/technique trainer.

a. Description. This station is a single wood structure with three rooms that have

open doorways, windows, and a man-size hole.

b. Targetry. Targets present realistic close quarters combat situations (0 to

15 meters), consisting of a possible mixture of combatant and noncombatant targets.

Target discrimination is trained by presenting up to six precision targets. Targetry sensors

respond only to lethal shot placement and also facilitate training during limited visibility.

c. Controller Requirements. As required by unit.

d. Safety Requirements. Only smoke, practice grenades, or M84 stun grenades may

be used at this station.

WARNING

To avoid injury, place the weapon on SAFE when climbing

through obstacles such as windows, fences, and walls during

training.

2-3
TC 90-1

e. Individual and or Collective Tasks Trained. (Non-inclusive.)

(1) Collective Task. Enter a Building/Clear a Room.

(2) Supporting Individual Tasks.

071-311-2007, Engage Targets With M16A1/2 Rifle.

071-315-2308, Engage Targets With M16A1/2 Rifle Using a Night Vision

Sight AN/PVS 4.

071-010-0006, Engage Targets With M249 Machine Gun.

071-325-4407, Employ Hand Grenades.

071-326-0503, Move Over, Through, or Around Obstacles (Except

Minefields).

051-193-1013, Neutralize Booby Traps.

071-326-0501, Move as a Member of a Fire Team.

071-326-0541, Perform Movement Techniques During MOUT.

071-326-0557, Select Hasty Firing Positions During MOUT.

071-326-5605, Control Movement of a Fire Team.

071-326-5611, Conduct the Maneuver of a Squad.

071-710-0008, Operate Night Vision Goggles AN/PVS7B.

(3) Related Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures.

(a) FM 90-10-1, Infantryman's Guide to Urban Operations.

(b) FM 23-9, M16A1/2 Rifle Marksmanship.

f. Training Support Requirements. Use Table 2-1 for the minimum ammunition

required to train at this station.

AMMUNITION ROUNDS PER WEAPON

5.56-mm Blank 10 rounds

5.56 mm Blank (Linked) 15 rounds

Practice Grenade Bodies 2 per team

Practice Grenade Fuses 2 per team

Table 2-1. Support requirements.

g. Conduct of Training. Table 2-2, page 2-6, lists the training sequence and

Figures 2-3 and 2-4 provide sample scenarios. The following are only examples.

The units should develop their training events based on their METL and training needs.

Example I: Assault Teams, Battle Drill 6. The team leader first trains to execute

Battle Drill 6 using no targets. This technique is the crawl phase of training. The trainer

has the assault teams position to various places to demonstrate how the start position can

affect the final points of domination. (Figure 2-3.)

2-4
TC 90-1

0 Soldier position before entry

O Soldier at point of domination

/\ | Enemy Target

1 Last covered

• position t

®

-®--(D->-Ml1 r

"

Figure 2-3. Example Scenario 1,

Execute Battle Drill 6, Varied Entry Positions.

(2) Example 2: Assault Teams, Battle Drill 6. The team leader trains soldiers to

execute Battle Drill 6 using targets in a multiple room scenario. This technique is the

walk phase of the training. The trainer has the assault teams enters the room and engage

targets using precision marksmanship techniques with the tactical engagement system

(TES) and or SESAMS (Figure 2-4). The assault team enters the first room and engages

the targets. As the number two man clears his area of responsibility, he sees and engages

the target in the second room, but remains in place until the assault teams finishes

clearing the first room. Once the room is clear, the assault team moves to the second

room and continues clearing or lets the next team move through.

$ SoldliH poaMon b«for« antry

OSoldier at point of d

| Enamy Target

T

,®,-

t

®

-it—q>-»M

"V^P

Figure 2-4. Example Scenario 2,

Multiple Room Clearing Techniques.

2-5
TC 90-1

EVENT ACTION ESTIMATED TIME

1

Employ Hand Grenades 30 minutes

Crawl, Walk, Run

Perform Movement Techniques

• Engage Target with M16

• Target Discrimination

20 minutes Crawl

20 minutes Walk

10 minutes Run

2 Enter a Building

20 minutes Crawl

20 minutes Walk

10 minutes Run

3 Enter and Clear a Room

20 minutes Crawl

20 minutes Walk

10 minutes Run

4 Conduct an AAR 40 minutes

Table 2-2. Sequence of training and time for Station 1.

2-3. STATION 2: SQUAD AND PLATOON TASK/TECHNIQUE TRAINER

Station 2 is used to train individual and collective tasks, tactics, techniques, and

procedures. Specifically, Move Tactically Down a Street (Hallway), Enter a Building and

Clear a Room, and Engage Targets. Station 2 increases the complexity of command,

control, and maneuver (Figure 2-5).

Figure 2-5. Squad and platoon task/technique trainer.

a. Description. This station has four separate structures that face inward to create a

street and introduces a two-story building.

(1) Building One is an L-shape structure. The long leg of the building to the right

looks like it is a single-story building; the short leg of the building to the front is a

2-6
TC 90-1

two-story structure. A landing is located along the length ofthe second floor with outside

stairs leading down. An inside stairway also joins the floors. The two legs of the L are

adjacent, with no access between them to their interiors.

(2) Building Two has a single floor and two rooms; each room has a window and a

doorway. An open area much like a street separates this structure from the first.

(3) Building Three is a structure that looks like a row of buildings along a street. The

structure is made of wood and has many windows and doorways. At the far end of the

structure is an adjoining room.

(4) Building Four is a structure to the left that is a mirror image of building three. It

also has a wall on the side at the near end.

NOTE: Units can place additional walls in all the structures by using target cloth or

some other material to add to the number of rooms or complexity of the

training (Appendix A).

b. Targetry. Targets present realistic close quarters combat situations (0 to

15 meters), consisting of a possible mixture of combatant and noncombatant targets.

Target discrimination is trained by presenting up to ten precision targets. Targetry sensors

respond only to lethal shot placement and also facilitate training during limited visibility.

c. Controller Requirements. As required by unit.

d. Safety Requirements.

(1) While not intended as a live-fire station, it is capable of supporting live-fire

training.

WARNING

To avoid injury, place the weapon on SAFE when climbing

through obstacles such as windows, fences, and walls during

training.

(2) Only smoke, practice, or M84 stun grenades may be used at this station,

e. Individual and Collective Tasks Trained. (Non-inclusive)

(1) Collective Task. Enter and Clear a Building.

(2) Related Collective Tasks

• ARTEP 7-8-MTP, Perform Consolidation and Reorganization.

• ARTEP 7-8-MTP, Treat and Evacuate Casualties.

• ARTEP 7-8 MTP, Defend MOUT Building.

• ARTEP 7-8-MTP, Move Tactically.

• ARTEP 7-8-Drill, Battle Drill 6, Enter a Building/Clear a Room (Squad).

(3) Supporting Individual Tasks.

• 071 -311 -2007, Engage Targets with M16A1 or M16A2 Rifle.

• 071-315-2308, Engage Targets with M16A1/2 Rifle Using a Night Vision

Sight AN/PVS-4.

• 071-010-0006, Engage Targets with M249 Machine Gun.

• 071-325-4407, Employ Hand Grenades.

• 113-571-1022, Perform Voice Communications.

2-7
TC 90-1

• 071-326-0600, Use Visual Signaling Techniques While Dismounted.

• 071-326-0503, Move Over, Through, or Around Obstacles (Except

Minefields).

• 051-193-1013, Neutralize Booby Traps.

• 191-377-5250, Handle Enemy Personnel and Equipment.

• 071-326-0501, Move as a Member of a Fire Team.

• 071 -326-0541, Perform Movement Techniques During MOUT.

• 071 -326-0557, Select Hasty Firing Positions During MOUT.

• 071-326-5605, Control Movement of a Fire Team.

• 071-326-5611, Conduct the Maneuver of a Squad.

• 071 -710-0008, Operate Night Vision Goggles AN/PVS-7B.

(4) Related Tactics, Techniques and Procedure.

(a) FM 3-06.11 (90-10-1), Combined Arms Operations in Urban Terrain.

• Chapter 3, Offensive Operations.

• Chapter 5, Fundamental Combat Skills.

• Appendix M, Field Expedient Breaching of Common Urban Barriers.

(b) FM 23-9 (FM 3-23.9), M16A1/2 Rifle Marksmanship.

f. Training Support Requirements. Use Table 2-3, for the minimum ammunition

required to train at this station.

AMMUNITION ROUNDS PER WEAPON

5.56-mm Blank 16

5.56-mm Blank (Linked) 24

Practice Grenade Fuses 8 per Squad

Practice Grenade Bodies 8

Table 2-3. Support requirements.

g. Conduct of Training. Table 2-4 depicts sequence of events and Figures 2-6

through 2-28 depict sample scenarios that can be conducted at this station. This is only an

example, and the unit should develop its training events based on their METL and

training needs.

EVENT ACTION ESTIMATED TIME

1 Conduct Tactical Movement in a Built-up Area

Move Across an Open Area

Move Parallel to Buildings

10 minutes Crawl

20 minutes Walk

10 minutes Run

2 Enter and Clear a Room (SQUAD)

Clear a Stairwell

Clear a Hallway

Conduct a Breach

10 minutes Crawl

20 minutes Walk

10 minutes Run

3 Enter and Clear a Building (PLATOON)

Clear Multiple Rooms

Consolidate and Reorganize

10 minutes Crawl

20 minutes Walk

10 minutes Run

4 Conduct AAR (Squad) 10 minutes

NOTE: Training should include techniques outlined FM 3-06.11 (90-10-1).

Table 2-4. Sequence of events and time requirements for Station 2.

2-8
TC 90-1

(1) The squad is clearing Station 2 as if it is a single building, and the street is a

hallway.

(a) Fire Team A moves down the left side, throws the appropriate grenade IAW

ROE, enters, engages the target and clears the room on that side. The last man remains

outside and secures the rear. Fire Team B prepares to enter the next room (Figure 2-6).

A

^J

HALLWAY —

A

A

FIRE TEAM A «/• SQD I DR

Soldier A Enemy Target A Killed Enemy Target

Figure 2-6. Move tactically.

(b) Fire Team B throws the appropriate grenade, enters, engages the targets, and

clears the room on the right while the last man secures the rear. Fire Team A prepares to

continue movement to the next room (Figure 2-7).

FIRE TEAM B

. I

* *

HALLWAY —

_A

A

FIRE TEAM A

• Soldier A Enemy Target A Killed Enemy Target

Figure 2-7. Team B clearing a building.

(c) Fire Team A moves across the hall, throws the appropriate grenade, enters,

engages the target, and clears the next room. Three team members enter the room, the

fourth remains in the doorway and secures the hallway (Figure 2-8).

A

-J *-

IE TEAM A , N A

HALLWAY •SQDLDR

A

A

Soldier A Enemy Target A Killed Enemy Target

Figure 2-8. Team moving across the hall.

2-9
TC 90-1

(d) Fire Team B moves in a cross-cover formation down the hallway to the next

room, throws the appropriate grenade, and clears the room. As Fire Team B passes the

security man of Team A, he turns and picks up rear security. The last man in Fire Team B

remains in the vicinity ofthe doorway and secures the hallway (Figure 2-9).

_J

FIRE TEAM A

A^ . SQDLDR>

HALLWAY

A

A 1

• Soldier A Enemy Target A Killed Enemy Target

Figure 2-9. Team B in cross cover formation.

(e) Fire Team A clears the hallway intersection while Team B uses the Rolling-T

technique to pass through Team A in route to the next room (Figure 2-10).

r

FIRE TEAM i

1

^L_

HALLWAY

A

A

SODLDR

FIRE TEAM B

Soldier A Enemy Target A Killed Enemy Target

Figure 2-10. Team A clearing a hallway intersection.

(f) Fire Team B throws the appropriate grenade, enters, engages the targets, and

clears the room. Only three men enter while the forth man picks up rear security. Fire

Team A prepares to move (Figure 2-11).

•A

A

A

]

•

I

A

A

A

>•;

num. " FIRE TEAM A

SQD LDR HALLWAY

*—• f A

•

FIRE TEAM B

Sol dier A Enemy Target A Killed Enemy Targe 1

Figure 2-11. Team B clearing a room.

2-10
TC 90-1

(g) Fire Team A moves from the intersection, throws the appropriate grenade, enters,

then engages the targets, and clears the next room. All team members enter because of

the size ofthe room. Fire Team B prepares to move (Figure 2-12).

A

A

A

HALLWAY

-.HfcF

FIRE TEAM B

• Soldier A Enemy Target A Killed Enemy Target

Figure 2-12. Team A clearing room by room.

(h) Fire Team B throws the appropriate grenade, enters, engages the target, and clears

the next room using three men, the fourth man remains in the doorway and secures the

rear. Fire Team A prepares to move up the stairs (Figure 2-13).

I

HALLWAY

luTiri

FIRE TEAM B

• Soldier

•

A Enemy Target A Killed Enemy Target

Figure 2-13. Team B clearing the next room.

(i) Fire Team A begins movement up the stairs and onto the landing. The team

prepares to enter the room off the landing. Fire Team B splits and two members move

around the corner and secure the area across from the stairs on the lower level. The other

two members of Team B secure back down the hallway from where the squad moved

from (Figure 2-14).

'A

FIRE TEAM

i

AA

i

R

1 A

A A

HALLWAY ""-•SQDLC

•

FIRE TEAM B A

A A

• Soldier £i Enemy Target A Killed Enemy Target

Figure 2-14. Securing the stairs and hallway.

2-11
TC 90-1

(j) Fire Team A throws the appropriate grenade, enters, engages the target, and clears

the room finding another set of stairs and prepares to continue clearing up the stairs. Fire

Team B continues to secure the rear while the other team members move down to the end

of the short hallway and secure both directions (Figure 2-15).

'A

FIRE TEAM A

AsQDLDR

A 1

1 A

A *

•

•—

HALLWAY

1 FIRE TEAM B

A A

7 \

/ • So dier A Enemy Target M Killed Enemy Target

Figure 2-15. Preparing to clear more stairs.

(k) Fire Team A clears the stairs and the landing. Fire team B continues to secure the

ground level ready to assist the other team, if necessary (Figure 2-16).

rr

_J A

A *

HALLWAY

FIRE TEAM B

A l

• Soldier A Enemy Target A Killed Enemy Target

Figure 2-16. Team A clearing stairs and landing.

(2) The example was without noncombatant targets using blanks/SESAMS and TES.

This technique is the crawl phase for this station. Once the squad is ready to move on to

more challenging exercises the platoon leader/sergeant can add targets into the scenario.

As proficiency increases, mixing both combatant and noncombatant targets can be added.

At any point, the platoon leader/sergeant can include multiple squads on the station,

which increases the complexity of the scenarios until the platoon has achieved

proficiency.

(3) The following is an example of a platoon scenario. There are noncombatants on

the battlefield. The platoon has decided to clear through the buildings without using the

streets for movement from building to building whenever possible. The platoon is using

two squads to assault and one squad in support/reserve.

2-12
TC 90-1

(a) The support element isolates the buildings while the assault team for each squad

prepares and executes the breach of each building to be able to gain a foothold

(Figure 2-17).

©

.£_

1 o

A

A Non-Prectston Enemy Target

/\ Precision Enemy Target

0L\ Engaged Enemy Tergal

A Wted Enemy Target S3

9 NorvCombetant Target

<> .< Grenade Use I

Figure 2-17. Preparing to gain a foothold.

(b) The assault teams throw a grenade into the breach and follows, engaging enemy

targets, securing and moving noncombatants to the collection point (CP) (Figure 2-18).

Z\ Non-Precision Enemy Target

A Precision Enemy Target

4^ Engaged Enemy Target

A Kled Enemy Target \Jf

O Non-Combatant

f I Grenade Use V a

Breach Point

Figure 2-18. Secure and move noncombatants to the CP.

2-13
TC 90-1

(c) The teams prepare and detonate wall breaches to continue movement through the

building. Once the charges are ready for detonation, the assault teams move to a covered

position and execute the breach (Figure 2-19).

En!

A

:

.§_

©

A 5

©

A Non-Preciston Enemy Target ® Non-Combe* irget

,fi\ Precision Enemy Target J^

•? i Grenade Use

0^ Engaged Enemy Target

A Kited Enemy Target

a

&

Figure 2-19. Execute breach.

(d) The assault teams lead into the next room with a grenade. Upon entering the

teams engage any enemy targets and secure and move noncombatants to the CP. At the

same time, the next assault team moves into the foothold. (Figure 2-20).

A

A 1 ©

Q.»* A« B*

•>

_•

Ar~T A»X. •»SL B» B! I

X^AV" A«| 6. Bt 1

A Non-Precision Enemy Target © Non-Combatant

/* Precision Enemy Tafget ** 7

sj £ Grenade Use

££ Engaged Enemy Target

A Kied Enemy Target

I

#

Figure 2-20. Move to the foothold.

©

2-14
TC 90-1

(e) With the second room secured, the next assault team moves forward and prepares

to breach the next wall. Once the charges are placed, the teams move back to a covered

position and execute the breach. At the time the breach is executed, the first nonprecision target is exposed and engaged by the support element (Figure 2-21).

/\ Non-Precision EnettiY Target

/\ Precision Enerrry Target

pL Engaged Enemy Target

A Klled Enemy Target ijfc

0 Won Combatant T a

BreacnPort

Figure 2-21. Breach the wall.

(f) Upon inspecting the breach, the assault teams find that they have an alley with

another wall to breach. Smoke is employed to obscure the teams placing the breaching

charge. The first assault teams take up securing positions throughout the already cleared

areas while the follow-on assault teams move to a covered position and execute the

breach (Figure 2-22).

• B B •-•

•A I*

>B »SlA •»

i-V

ZA Non-Precision Enemy Target

A Precision Enemy Target

£& Engaged Enemy Target

A Kied Enemy Target j! "t

V a

Figure 2-22. Secure a wall in an alley.

2-15
TC 90-1

(g) Once the breach is executed, the assault teams must determine if there is still

enough smoke to cover their movement, or if more smoke must be deployed. When

obscurity is obtained, the assault teams throw in a grenade, then enter, engage any enemy

targets, and clear the rooms (Figure 2-23).

1

A

i

«B V?B ^- -

A Non-Prectetan Enemy Target (J

A Prociaton Enemy Target J> *%.

fl{ Engaged Enemy Target **

A K*ed Enemy Target £ "i

JA?i

NorvComMUrt G

A« ' 4

>

^

Figure 2-23. Obtain obscurity.

(h) While one team finds itself at the end of the building in their sector, the other

team is faced with another wall and more clearing. While one team prepares'to breach the

wall, the other team takes up a hasty position and prepares for any counterattack. When

the breach is executed, the next non-precision target is presented and is engaged by the

support element (Figure 2-24).

I ~ A I

A

"3 r U *•

pr -i r|^- 7i I rr •

-X I ..

B

.V A li

A. Non-Precision Enemy Target $ Non-Combatant Target

Preoscn Enemy Target J* V

r Grenade Use

0§^ Engaged Enemy Target C**

A K«ed Enemy Target \ 5

a

©

®

Figure 2-24. Clear the wall.

2-16
TC 90-1

(i) A grenade is thrown through the breach and the assault team enters and secures

the room. When the grenade explodes in the room, the final non-precision target is

presented and engaged by the support element (Figure 2-25).

!.p•«

'B «B

A

71 r

I

BrVgB'i"«st i ,A> A

K

*•

A NorvPrectwon Enemy Target <S> Non-Combatart

A Predawn Enemy Target

Grenade Use

K Engaged Enemy Target

A Weed Enemy Target

#

Breach Port

I

Figure 2-25. Secure a room.

(j) With the first squad reaching its limit of advance and the second squad reaching

the end of the building, the platoon leader calls forward another assault team from the

reserve. The reserve assault team moves forward through the buildings and positions to

clear up the outside stairs of the two-story structure. The second squad places and

detonates loophole charges on the far wall of the building so they can support the clearing

ofthe last building (Figure 2-26).

r^-ir

•

71 r

1ML „l i!L

«BT5B AJ1 J~~ l

A Non-PrecSlon Enemy Tergal Q non-Combaart I

A Precision Enemy Target ^\

* 1 Grenade Use

JSa\ Engaged Enemy Target

A K*M Enemy large!

$

I

Figure 2-26. Reserve assault team.

foo

o

2-17
TC 90-1

(k) Team B of the second squad moves into supporting fire positions and the new

assault teams move up the outside stairs to the second floor ofthe final structure and clear

the balcony and the first room on the second floor. The support by fire position shift fires

to the lower floor of the same structure that is being cleared (Figure 2-27).

lyw

**

* • H

h& •T

J t

i \ Non-Precision Enemy Target

£^ Praciscn Enemy Target

JS^ Engaged Enemy Target

A Kfed Enemy Target

®

$

A#

Non-Combatant

4

a

Figure 2-27. Team B, second squad,

moves into the supporting fire position.

(1) Once the floor is secure, the assault team moves down the stairs and clears the

remaining floor (Figure 2-28). During this time, the platoon repositions its soldiers and

conducts consolidation and reorganization.

Z\ Non-Preciswn Enemy Target ^ Non-Combaten

A Precision Enemy Target ,** >

>1 Grenade Use

$( Engaged Enemy Target *

A K*ed Enemy Target AjJ" Breach Point

a

Figure 2-28. Consolidation and reorganization.

2-18
TC 90-1

2-4. STATION 3: GRENADIER GUNNERY TRAINER

This station is used to train M203 (Dual-Purpose Weapon) gunners on the engagement of

targets in an urban area. Specifically, M203 point-type targets, Ml6 targets 50 to

150 meters. Tactical movement and fire commands are also trained at this station.

a. Description. This station has two main parts:

(1) The first part is a wooden facade wall that depicts a two-story building. This

facade is about 20 feet high by 30 feet wide. It has three upper floor windows and two

lower floor windows, a doorway with outside steps, and two basement windows at

ground level (Figure 2-29).

Figure 2-29. Part 1 of grenadier gunnery trainer.

(2) The second part consists of the target engagement lane and seven firing positions

that are between the wooden facade and the first firing position. These positions have

cover such as sandbags, log walls, and rubble. Firing points can be adjusted to support a

variety oftraining scenarios (Figure 2-30, page 2-20).

2-19
TC 90-1

10

20

30

_4P

_50

60

70

80

90

[ISO

110

120

130

140

150

I 8UK.DMG

^2=^7 ENEMY BUNKER

I ENEMY TARGET

O IIR1NC, POSITION

Figure 2-30. Part 2 of grenadier gunnery trainer.

WARNING

Never engage targets with the 40-mm at ranges less than

31 meters, which is the minimum safe range. Trainers ensure the

station accommodates this requirement as well as the 14-meter

arming range.

b. Targetry. This station has twelve target mechanisms that are arranged in an array

that influence the gunners decision as to which munition to use.

c. Controller Requirements. As required by unit.

d. Safety Requirements.

(1) Check the unit SOP and local safety regulations regarding live-fire ranges.

2-20
TC 90-1

(2) Ensure all weapon systems are on SAFE before moving to the next firing position.

(3) Ensure that no 40-mm target is engaged at less than minimum arming range.

e. Individual and Collective Tasks Trained. (Non-inclusive.)

(1) Supporting Individual Tasks.

• 071 -311 -2007, Engage Targets with M16A112 Rifle.

• 071 -311 -2130, Engage Targets with M203 Grenade Launcher.

• 071-326-0608, Use Visual Signaling Techniques While Dismounted.

• 071-326-0503, Move Over, Through, or Around Obstacles (Except

Minefields).

• 071 -326-0541, Perform Movement Techniques During MOUT.

• 071-326-0557, Select Hasty Firing Positions During MOUT.

(2) Related Tactics, Techniques and Procedures.

• FM 3-06.11 (FM 90-10-1), Combined Arms Operations in Urban Terrain.

• Chapter 3, Offensive Operations.

• Chapter 5, Fundamental Combat Skills.

• Appendix M, Field Expedient Breaching ofCommon Urban Barriers.

f. Training Support Requirements. Use Table 2-5 for the minimum materials

required to train at this station.

AMMUNITION

ROUNDS FOR

EACH WEAPON TARGETS REQUIRED

5.56-mm Ball 8 Four non-precision human

target mechanisms.

40-mm TP 8 Eight non-precision human

target mechanisms.

Table 2-5. Support requirements.

g. Conduct of Training. Table 2-6 depicts a sample sequence of events that can be

conducted at this station, with the minimum amount of ammunition required as shown in

Table 2-5. Table 2-7, page 2-22, shows a sample target scenario for Station 3.

EVENT ACTION ESTIMATED TIME

1 Perform Movement Techniques

Select Hasty Firing Position

Engage Targets With 5.56-mm (dry run)

Engage targets with 40-mm

20 minutes

2 Perform Movement Techniques

Select Hasty Firing Position

Engage Targets with 5.56-mm (live-fire)

Engage targets with 40-mm

10 minutes

NOTE: Training should include techniques outlined in FM 3-06.11 (90-10-1}

Table 2-6. Sequence of events and time for Station 3.

2-21
TC 90-1

FIRING

POSITION WEAPON

PRESENTATION

TIME

RANGE TO

TARGET

TARGET

PRESENTED

1 5.56-mm 6 seconds 67 meters Single Human

Target

2 40-mm 2 minutes 105 meters Multiple Human

Targets

3 5.56-mm 6 seconds 63 meters Single Human

Target

4 5.56-mm 6 seconds 105 meters Single Human

Target

5 40-mm 2 minutes 57 meters Multiple Human

Targets

6 40-mm 2 minutes 70 meters Multiple Human

Targets

6 5.56-mm 6 seconds 70 meters Single Human

Target

7 40-mm 2 minutes 50 meters Multiple Human

Targets

Table 2-7. Sample target presentation for Station 3.

2-5. STATION 4: URBAN OFFENSE/DEFENSE BUILDING,

TASK/TECHNIQUE TRAINER

This station is used to train collective tasks and individual tasks, tactics, techniques, and

procedures. This station allows the platoon to exercise the task steps and performance

measures associated for the offense and defense tasks. Station 4 increases the complexity

of command, control, and maneuver (Figure 2-31).

mjffl

Figure 2-31. Urban offense/defense building.

2-22
TC 90-1

a. Description. This station is a two-story building with a basement. Each floor has

several rooms, windows, doorways, loopholes, and mouseholes. The gabled roof has

windows and a hatch to the attic below and half of the rooftop is flat. The building has

exterior and interior stairways.

b. Targetry. This station has ten target mechanisms.

c. Controller Requirements. As required by unit.

d. Safety Requirements.

(1) Only smoke, practice and M84 stun grenades may be used at this station.

WARNING

To avoid injury, place your weapon on SAFE when

climbing through obstacles such as windows,

fences, and walls.

(2) Station 4 is not a live-fire station. Training is conducted using TES with blank

5.56-mm, or TES and or SESAMS. Units should consult with their supporting combat

engineers for the proper demolition effects simulators (DES) for use against the blow

panels located through-out the station.

DANGER

TO AVOID ASPHYXIATION, NEVER DETONATE SMOKE

GRENADES INSIDE BUILDINGS. ANY TYPE IS DANGEROUS

IN AN ENCLOSED SPACE.

WARNING

To avoid inflicting carbon burns or more serious injury,

never fire blank ammunition at other soldiers within 1 meter.

e. Individual or Collective Tasks Trained.

(1) Collective Task.

FM 7-8.

07-3-1110, Clear a Building.

07-3-1118, Defens a Built-up Area/Building.

(2) Related Collective Tasks.

07-3-4607, Perform Consolidation and Reorganization.

08-2-0003.07-3104, Treat and Evacuate Casualties.

19-3-3106.07-A256, Handle Prisoners of War.

19-3-3105.07-A255, Process Captured Documents and Equipment.

7-3-1134, Move Tactically.

7-3-1123, Conduct Tactical Roadmarch.

2-23
TC 90-1

• Battle Drill 6, Enter and Clear a Building; Battle Drill 6a, Enter a Building

and Clear a Room.

(3) Supporting Individual Tasks.

071-311-2007, Engage Targets with M16A1/2 Rifle.

071-315-2308, Engage Targets with M16A1/2 Rifle Using a Night Vision

Sight AN/PVS-4.

071-010-0006, Engage Targets with M249 Machine Gun.

071-325-4407, Employ Hand Grenades.

113-571-1022, Perform Voice Communications.

071-326-0600, Use Visual Signaling Techniques While Dismounted.

071-326-0503, Move Over, Through, or Around Obstacles (Except

Minefields).

051-193-1013, Neutralize Booby Traps.

191-377-5250, Handle Enemy Personnel and Equipment.

071-326-0501, Move as a Member of a Fire Team.

071-326-0541, Perform Movement Techniques During MOUT.

071-326-0557, Select Hasty Firing Positions During MOUT.

071-326-5605, Control Movement of a Fire Team.

071-326-5611, Conduct the Maneuver of a Squad.

071-710-0008, Operate Night Vision Goggles AN/PVS-7B.

(4) Related Tactics, Techniques, and Procedure.

(a) FM 3-06.11 (FM 90-10-1), Combined Arms Operations in Urban Terrain.

Chapter 3, Offensive Operations.

Chapter 5, Fundamental Combat Skills.

Appendix M, Field Expedient Breaching of Common Urban Barriers.

(b) FM 23-9 (FM 3-23.9), M16A1/2 Rifle Marksmanship.

f Training Support Requirements. Use Table 2-8 for the minimum ammunition

required to train at this station.

AMMUNITION ROUNDS FOR EACH WEAPON

5.56-mm Blank 16

5.55-mm Blank (Linked) 24

7.62-mm Blank 100

Practice Grenade Bodies 5

Practice Grenade Fuses 10 per platoon

M84 Stun Grenade Bodies 5

M84 Stun Grenade Fuses 10 per platoon

Smoke Grenades 4 per platoon

Table 2-8. Ammunition requirements.

g. Conduct of Training. Table 2-9 depicts the sequence of training for Station 4.

Figures 2-32 and 2-33 depict sample scenarios of training events that can be conducted at

this station. These are only examples. The unit should develop their training events based

on their METL and training needs.

2-24
TC 90-1

EVENT ACTION ESTIMATED TIME

1 Clear a Building 2 Hours Crawl

1 Hour Walk

30 Minutes Run

2 Defend Built-up Area/Building 1 Hours Crawl

1 Hour Walk

2. Hour Run

3 Conduct AAR 1 Hour

Table 2-9. Sequence of training.

Figure 2-32. Event 1, Clear a building.

DIRECTION 0*= FWIMY

Sgffl^^^tefflsig^^^ffiBatefc

m-mtofflmw&Sto

®Mwmm!*mmfflmms&®m5sm

M

O ! >ily Wdnlnq Otvlti .

Curnmind DKgniltd Oaytnor*

Wlr.

StUui i.f Mr*

Figure 2-33. Event 2, Defend A Building.

2-25
TC 90-1

2-6. STATION 5: UNDERGROUND TRAINER

Station 5 is designed to train up to a squad on clear and move tactically in a subterranean

environment.

a. Description. This station is a sewer system built in an irregular pattern, with four

manhole covers. Two access tunnels lead from the outside tunnel to the underground

loop, and the station is completely covered by dirt, only the manholes and ground level

entrances are exposed (Figure 2-34).

Figure 2-34. Underground trainer.

b. Targetry. Station 5 is a force-on-force training station and has no targetry.

c. Controller Requirements. As required by unit.

d. Safety Requirements.

(1) Soldiers should wear their helmets at all times when in the sewer system to avoid

head injuries.

(2) Smoke grenades or M84 stun grenades WILL NOT be used in the underground

trainer.

DANGER

TO AVOID ASPHYXIATION WHEN IN THE TRAINER, NEVER

DETONATE SMOKE GRENADES IN THE SEWER. USING ANY

TYPE OF EXPLOSIVE SIMULATOR IS DANGEROUS IN AN

ENCLOSED SPACE. THE PROTECTIVE MASK IS NOT

EFFECTIVE IN OXYGEN-DEFICIENT ATMOSPHERES.

e. Individual or Collective Tasks Trained.

(1) Collective Task.

• Move Tactically in a Subterranean Environment.

• Reconnoiter Area.

2-26
TC 90-1

(2) Related Collective Tasks.

• 07-3-1137, Perform Infiltration/Exfiltration.

• 08-2-0003.07-3104, Treat and Evacuate Casualties.

(3) Supporting Individual Tasks.

• 071-311-2007, Engage Targets with M16A1/2 Rifle.

• 071-315-2308, Engage Targets with M16A1/2 Rifle Using a Night Vision

Sight AN/PVS-4.

• 071-010-0006, Engage Targets with M249 Machine Gun.

• 113-571-1022, Perform Voice Communications.

• 071-326-0600, Use Visual Signaling Techniques While Dismounted.

• 071-326-0503, Move Over, Through, or Around Obstacles (Except

Minefields).

• 051-193-1013, Neutralize Booby Traps.

• 191-377-5250, Handle Enemy Personnel and Equipment.

• 071 -326-0501, Move as a Member of a Fire Team.

• 071 -326-0541, Perform Movement Techniques During MOUT.

• 071 -326-0557, Select Hasty Firing Positions During MOUT.

• 071-326-5605, Control Movement of a Fire Team.

• 071-326-5611, Conduct the Maneuver of a Squad.

• 071-710-0008, Operate Night Vision Goggles AN/PVS-7B.

(4) Related Tactics, Techniques and Procedure.

(a) FM 3-06.11 (FM 90-10-1), Combined Arms Operations in Urban Terrain.

• Chapter 3, Offensive Operations.

• Chapter 5, Fundamental Combat Skills.

• Appendix M, Field Expedient Breaching of Common Urban Barriers.

(b) FM 3-23.9, M16A1/2 Rifle Marksmanship minimum ammunition required to

train at this station.

AMMUNITION ROUNDS FOR EACH WEAPON

5.56-mm Blank 20

5.55-mm Blank (Linked) 40

Table 2-10. Ammunition requirements.

f. Conduct of Training. Table 2-11 depicts the sequence of training that can be

conducted at this station. This training is only an example, and the unit should develop

their training events based on their METL and training needs.

EVENT ACTION ESTIMATED TIME

1 Reconnoiter

30 minutes (Crawl)

30 minutes (Walk)

30 minutes (Run)

2 Perform Infiltration/Exfiltration

30minutes (Crawl)

30 minutes (Walk)

30 minutes (Run)

3 Conduct AAR 30 minutes

Table 2-11. Sequence of training.

2-27
TC 90-1

CHAPTER 3

SHOOT HOUSE

This chapter describes the live-fire shoot house and provides layouts

and training scenarios. Fighting in built-up areas isfragmented; gains are

often small. Therefore, units depend on the initiative, skill, and discipline

ofsmall-unit leaders and individual soldiers. Leaders must be competent

and confident in their urban operations skills and must have the courage

to accomplish their missions while isolated from their parent units.

Soldiers and leaders require mission-type orders that allow for

decentralized execution.

3-1. PURPOSE

To provide the leader with a facility to train and evaluate the unit during a live-fire

exercise. Units are trained and evaluated on their ability to move tactically, engage

targets, conduct breaches, and practice target discrimination in an urban environment.

3-2. DESCRIPTION

This facility has two parts, the live-fire facility and the AAR room. The live-fire facility

is a single-level structure with a barn roof, catwalk, and eight adjoining rooms with video

capture capability that should be used for AARs. The walls are bullet proof and prevent

ricochets. There are four entrances, one on each side of the facility. Replaceable blow

panels that can accommodate reduced DES are located throughout the facility for entry

into the building by means other than through doors. The shoot house has a crane system

in the roof that allows for removal of doorways and blow panels not needed for training

and replace those panels with solid wall sections. This gives the unit the ability to vary

the training scenarios. Unit's can conduct explosive and mechanical breaches. For safety

reasons, there are no windows in the structure (Figure 3-1, page 3-2). The AAR building

has a conference/AAR room that can accommodate up to a platoon size element, an

instrumentation and targetry control room, and an AAR edit and projection room that can

facilitate a formal AAR (Figure 3-2, page 3-2).

3-1
TC 90-1

Figure 3-1. Shoot house.

20'

53--

-38'

— 12'

MECHANICAL

ELECTRICAL

ROOM

OFFICE

COVERED

ENTRANCE

-26'-

WSTRUMENATION and TAGETRY

CONTROL ROOM AAR EDIT AND

PROJECTION ROOM

j MODLE

LSPACE j

y CONFERENCE

~^ AND AAR ROOM

.'.* ..a ..^

Ml -

'n. r*

A!?K •-A !.V

PROPOSED AAR AND

COMMAND and CONTROL BUILDING

SCALE 3/32" - V- 0" 1565 SQ. FT.

Figure 3-2. Command and control building and AAR room.

3-2
TC 90-1

3-3. TRAINING AUDIENCE

The facility provides leaders the ability to train and evaluate the unit during a live-fire

exercise. However, the unit's training requirements determine the size of the unit and the

tasks to be trained at this facility. The unit develops its own organization and the steps for

conducting the exercise based on its METL and training needs.

3-4. TRAINING INFORMATION

Tactical operations in an urban environment may range from combat missions to stability

and support missions. Commanders should note that the shoot house is not suited for the

employment of live-fragmentation/concussion grenades, 40-mm HE/HEDP, antiarmor

weapons, mortars, artillery, or air delivered munitions. Crew-served weapon systems, M2

and Ml tanks, and machine guns can be employed against supplemental targetry that is

exterior to the shoot house. The shoot house has specially constructed areas that are used

to conduct either mechanical and or explosive breaching techniques. When conducting

explosive breaching, units should consult with local Engineers for appropriate DES

charges and consult Appendix A before conducting the training.

3-5. CONDUCT OF TRAINING

The unit develops realistic time frames for each operation or task. The times are based on

the crawl, walk, and run concept. The training event or STX can be arranged in any order

as long as they follow a tactical scenario. ARTEP 7-8-MTP, Assault a Building and

ARTEP 7-8-Drill, Battle Drill 7-4-9109, Enter a Building and Clear a Room (Squad),

ARTEP 7-7J-MTP, 07-3-1110, Clear a Building, and ARTEP 7-7J-Drill, Battle Drill

7-4-9109, Enter a Building and Clear a Room (Squad), are the primary collective tasks

trained at this facility.

a. Execution. Tables 3-1 through 3-5, pages 3-4 through 3-7. depicts sequence of

events and Figure 3-3 through Figure 3-6, pages 3-6 through 3-9, provides example

scenarios. This table is only an example and the unit should develop its training events

based on METL tasks and training needs. However, the leader should do the following

when conducting training at the live-fire shoot house:

(1) Identify the unit's critical missions (see commander's training guidance) and

select those tasks that support specific tasks related to urban operations.

(2) Arrange the related tasks in the order of their importance to mission

accomplishment.

(3) Assess the unit's current level of proficiency (strengths and weaknesses) and

determine the degree of difficulty of each task. The training events and scenarios should

start from the least difficult to the most difficult tasks to instill confidence in the soldiers

conducting the training.

(4) Identify the individual and leader tasks that are to be trained.

(5) Conduct individual training first, because it is the first step in the building-block

approach and is the basis for unit or collective task training. The mastery of individual

skills is an essential precondition for effective training.

(6) Set up training conditions based on unit proficiency. At first, conditions are basic

until proficiency is attained. Increased difficulty and realism are incorporated as training

progresses (limited visibility, NBC factors, and live fires with service or SRTA).

3-3
TC 90-1

(7) Understand that the live-fire shoot house is a live-fire training facility; however,

this facility is designed to accommodate any level of training proficiency (blank, TES,

SESAM, SRTA, and ball). The leader must make an assessment ofthe unit's proficiency.

ELEMENT EVENT ACTION ESTIMATED

TIME

All

1st Squad

2d Squad

3rd Squad

1. Conduct precombat checks (for

example; install, align, and trouble

shoot MILES equipment; conduct

inspection; draw equipment).

2. Support Operations.

3. Conduct Rehearsals.

4. Conduct Event 1 (Crawl).

2 Hours

3rd Squad

1st Squad

2d Squad

5. Support Operations.

6. Conduct Rehearsals.

7. Conduct Event 1 (Crawl).

2 Hours

2d Squad

3rd Squad

1st Squad

8. Support Operations.

9. Conduct Rehearsals.

10. Conduct Event 1 (Crawl).

2 Hours

1st Squad

2d Squad

3rd Squad

11. Support Operations.

12. Conduct Rehearsals.

13. Conduct Event 1 (Walk).

2 Hours

3rd Squad

1st Squad

2d Squad

14. Support Operations.

15. Conduct Rehearsals.

16. Conduct Event 1 (walk).

2 Hours

2d Squad

3rd Squad

1st Squad

17. Support Operations.

18. Conduct Rehearsals.

19. Conduct Event 1 (walk).

2 Hours

1st Squad

2d Squad

3rd Squad

20. Support Operations.

21. Conduct Rehearsals.

22. Conduct Event 1 (Run).

1 Hours

1st Squad

2d Squad

3rd Squad

23. Support Operations.

24. Conduct Rehearsals.

25. Conduct Event 1 (Run).

1 Hours

1st Squad

2d Squad

26. Support Operations.

27. Conduct Event 1 (Run). 1 Hours

Table 3-1. Sequence of events for the platoon.

3-4
TC 90-1

EVENT EVENT ACTION ESTIMATED

TIME

1

(CRAWL)

Terminal Learning Objective

Refamiliarize the squad on how to enter and clear a

room during the craw! phase of training.

Enter and Clear a Room (Squad).

• Perform Movement Technique.

• Select Hasty Firing Position.

Conduct a Breach (Mechanical).

• Employ Hand Grenades.

• Engage Targets with M16A2/M4.

• Engage Targets with M249 Machine Gun.

NOTES:

1. Should perform controlled pairs/target

discrimination techniques outlined in FM 3-23.9

2. Should include techniques outlined in FM 90-10-1

and performance measures in ARTEP 7-8-MTP,

ARTEP 7-7J-MTP

2 Hours

Table 3-2. Event one, squad sequence (crawl).

O Norvcanb«Un1

m Contiaant

O Sddtar

Conduct i

lundict flctic.l Mo..^

-t tH r-

• Room!

Breach (mechanic *1>

HandGrenarle

I

0

Figure 3-3. Event one, squad scenario (crawl) force on targetry.

3-5
TC 90-1

EVENT EVENT ACTION ESTIMATED

TIME

2

(WALK)

Terminal Learning Objective

Refamiliarize the squad on how to enter and clear

multiple rooms during the walk phase of training.

Enter and Clear a Building (Squad).

• Perform Movement Technique.

• Select Hasty Firing Position.

Conduct a Breach (Explosive DES).

• Engage Targets with M16A2/M4.

• Engage Targets with M249 Machine Gun.

Conduct AAR.

NOTES:

1. Should perform controlled pairs/target

discrimination techniques as outlined in FM 3-23.9

2. Should include techniques outlined in FM 90-10-1

and performance measures in FM 7-8-MTP,

ARTEP 7-7J-MTP.

2 Hours

Table 3-3. Event two, squad sequence (walk).

O Non-combatant

^ Contoatant

O Soldier

t)

^jmimj^j£jmijflmmj«u

-f »

i h I

4

a

Figure 3-4. Event two, squad scenario (walk) force-on-force.

3-6
TC 90-1

EVENT EVENT ACTION ESTIMAT

ED TIME

Terminal Learning Objective

3

(RUN)

Refamiliarize squad on how to enter and clear

multiple rooms during the run phase of training.

Enter and Clear a Building (Squad).

• Perform Movement Technique.

• Select Hasty Firing Position.

Conduct a Breach (Mechanical).

• Engage Targets with M16A2/M4.

• Engage Targets with M249 Machine Gun.

1 Hour

Clear a Hallway.

• Engage Targets with M16A2/M4.

• Engage Targets with M249 Machine Gun.

Conduct a Breach (Explosive DES)

• Engage Targets with M16A2/M4.

• Engage Targets with M249 Machine Gun.

Conduct AAR.

Table 3-4. Event three, squad sequence (run).

^•^ Combatant

O Solder

Conduct Tactical Movement

-t t

£

4

• Conduct a Broach fnechanical)

-I r

Figure 3-5. Event three, squad scenario (run) force-on-targetry.

3-7
TC 90-1

EVENT ACTION ESTIMATED

(STX) TIME

4 Occupy Assembly Area. 1 Hour

(RUN) Develop and Communicate a Plan.

Prepare for Combat.

2 Hours

Perform Passage of Line. 30 minutes

Move Tactically. 1 Hour

Break Contact. 5 minutes

Intermediate AAR. 20 minutes

Move Tactically. 1 Hours

Perform Overwatch/Support by Fire. 1 Hours

Assault a Building. 2 Hours

Consolidate and Reorganize. 1 Hours

Final AAR.

Table 3-5. Event four, platoon evaluation sequence (run).

Occupry Assembly Area

Develop an Communicate A Plan

Prepare for Combat

Passage of Lines

"Counter Passage of Lines

VConduct Tactical Movement

J^ _£ Break Contact

*-ls^-rTK•• Engage Moving Targets

Intermediate AAR

Conduct Tactical Movement

Perform Overwatch

Support by fire

Conduct Tactical Movement *

t

fti

Clear a Building

"Defend a Building a

Targets

Figure 3-6. Sample platoon tactical scenario (run).

b. Operation Order. Table 3-6, page 3-10, provides a sample operation order for

conduct oftraining.

3-8
TC 90-1

(Classification)

Copy

Company

(Unit Location)

of _ copies

Infantry

Date/time Group

(Message Reference Number)

OPORD:

Reference Map, Series

Time Zone used Throughout the Order:

TASK ORGANIZATION:

Platoon Platoon

Platoon 60-mm Section

Antiarmor Section

1. SITUATION

a. Enemy Forces. ANNEX B (Intelligence Overlay [prepared by battalion S2]).

(1) The company is opposed by elements of the Red Company of the Blue

Brigade at about 60 percent strength. Within our zone, we have a platoon-size

element occupying a defensive position in a building in the vicinity of ( ). The

enemy has small arms weapons and may call on company mortars for support.

(2) Current indications are the enemy is regrouping to initiate small-unit

offensive actions in the area. His most likely course of action is to move to the

(direction) to link up with elements ofthe parent unit.

b. Friendly Forces.

(1) ( ) Infantry attacks at (_ J hours to seize Objective ALPHA (grid).

The intent is to prevent the enemy element from moving (direction) to link up with

other enemy units.

(2) Company ( ) on our (left, right) makes the main attack at ( ) hours to

seize Objective RED (grid) in order to establish blocking positions to stop the enemy's

movement to the (direction).

(Classification)

Table 3-6. Sample of a company OPORD.

3-9
TC 90-1

(Classification)

2. MISSION

Company ( ) attacks to seizes Objective BLUE (grid) at (date/time) hours in order to

prevent the enemy from regrouping and engaging Company ( ) (main effort) from

Objective BLUE.

3. EXECUTION

a. Concept of Operation. ANNEX C (Operations Overlay). (This should include

those steps listed in the task , Conduct Troop-Leading Procedures, paragraph 17.

These should be written out when possible and not just placed on an overlay.)

(1) Maneuver. ( ) Platoon establishes a defense in its zone, NLT

(date/time) hours, to destroy small enemy elements moving or exfiltrating to the

(direction), from the vicinity of Objective BLUE. This defense supports the attack on

Objective BLUE by completing destruction of any enemy that may escape.

(Evaluated) Platoon conducts the company main attack at (hours) to seize Objective

BLUE to destroy the enemy or force them to withdraw into ( ) Platoon's defense.

( ) Platoon supports the attack of the (Evaluated) Platoon on Objective BLUE to

suppress enemy fires and isolate the objective. On seizure of Objective BLUE,

(Evaluated) Platoon and ( ) Platoon will defend in sector to destroy the enemy

elements withdrawing to avoid ( ) Company's attack.

(2) Fire support.

(a) Priority offires.

• Initially to (Evaluated) Platoon.

• Upon seizure of Objective BLUE, priority shifts to (Defensive)

Platoon.

(b) Priority targets.

• 60-mm priority target initially AA4031.

• On initiation of assault on Objective BLUE, priority shifts to

target AA4027 to isolate the objective.

• Upon seizure of Objective BLUE, priority shifts to target

AA4025.

(Classification)

Table 3-6. Sample of a company OPORD (continued).

3-10
TC 90-1

(Classification)

b. Tasks to maneuver units.

(1) ( ) Platoon. Destroy enemy elements moving to the (direction), NLT

(date/time).

(2) (Evaluated) Platoon. Consolidate and defend in sector to destroy enemy

elements following the seizure of Objective BLUE.

(3) ( ) Platoon. Be prepared to assault Objective BLUE, on order,

consolidate and defend in sector to destroy enemy elements following the seizure of

Objective BLUE.

c. Tasks to combat support units.

(1) 60-mm Section. Initially in the vicinity of CP 7, priority of fires to the

(Evaluated) Platoon. Move with the (Supporting) Platoon. On order, priority of fires to

the (Defensive) Platoon.

(2) Antiarmor Section. Attached to the (Supporting) Platoon.

d. Coordinating Instructions:

(1) (Defensive) Platoon reports defense established and locations.

(2) Platoon reports the seizure of all objectives.

(3) Platoon reports the consolidation and establishment ofthe defense.

(4) Order of march from the assembly area to the objective: defense platoon,

evaluated platoon, headquarters, support platoon, 60-mm mortar.

4. SERVICE SUPPORT

a. General. Company trains collocated with the battalion combat trains in the

vicinity of (grid). Supply distribution at the company CP.

(Classification)

Table 3-6. Sample of a company OPORD (continued).

3-11
TC 90-1

(Classification)

b. Materiel and Services.

(1) Class I: Ration cycle MRE-MRE-MRE.

(2) Class V: Pick up basic load at company CP, NLT (date/time).

(3) Medical: Company casualty collection point is .

(4) EPW: EPW collection point is .

5. COMMAND AND SIGNAL

Platoon

a. Command. Company command group initially follows the (Evaluated)

inn

b. Signal.

(1) Radio-listening silence is in effect until contact is made.

(2) SOI is in effect.

JONES

Commanding

ANNEXES:

B-Intelligence Overlay

C-Operations Overlay

D-Fire Support Overlay

(Classification)

Table 3-6. Sample of a company OPORD (continued).

3-12
TC 90-1

3-6. TRAINING SUPPORT REQUIREMENTS

Minimum trainers and evaluators should be based on unit proficiency, training needs, and

local safety requirements. Table 3-7 contains consolidated support requirements.

AMMUNITION EVENT 1 EVENT 2 EVENT 3 EVENT 4

(optional)

5.56-mm (per Weapon) Ball,

Blank, SRTA, or SESAMS

20 Blank 20 SESAMS 20 Ball/SRTA 20 Ball/SRTA

5.56-mm Linked (per Weapon) 30 Blank 30 SESAMS 30 Ball/SRTA 30 Ball/SRTA

Hand Grenade Body (Practice) 0 4 4

Hand Grenade Fuses (Practice) per

platoon

0 4 4

Hand Grenade Smoke per Platoon 0 6 6 6

M84 Hand Grenade Stun per Platoon 0 4 4 0

TES (MILES Equipment)

M16(1 per weapon, 1 perOPFOR)

M249 (1 per weapon)

SAAF (1 per platoon)

Controller Gun (1 perOC)

NO

NO

NO

NO

YES

YES

YES

YES

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

TARGETRY 5 0 5 10

OPFOR NO 6 NO NO

Table 3-7. Consolidated support requirements.

3-7. TRAINING AND EVALUATION

The T&EOs are the foundation of the MTP and the collective training of the platoon.

T&EOs are training objectives (task, conditions, and standards) for the collective tasks

that support platoon critical wartime operations. T&EOs may be trained separately, in an

STX, in an FTX, or in live-fire exercises. For collective live-fire standards, the trainer

needs to refer to the applicable Infantry Gunnery Manual for the appropriate course of

fire. Those standards and courses of fire need to be integrated into the training exercise.

Table 3-8 provides a list of related collective and supporting individual tasks.

3-13
TC 90-1

TASK REFERENCES

Perform Consolidation and Reorganization

Treat and Evacuate Casualties

Process Enemy Prisoners of War/Captured

Materiel

Defend MOUT Building

Move Tactically

ARTEP 7-8/FM 7-8, FM 90-10-1

ARTEP 7-8/FM 7-8, FM 90-10-1

ARTEP 7-8/FM 7-8, FM 90-10-1

ARTEP 7-8/FM 7-8, FM 90-10-1

ARTEP 7-8/FM 7-8, FM 90-10-1

BATTLE DRILL

Enter a Building and Clear a Room (Squad) ARTEP 7-8-Drill (7-4-9109) FM 90-10-1

SUPPORTING INDIVIDUAL TASKS

Engage Targets with an M16A1/M16A2 Rifle

Engage Targets with an M16A1/M16A2 Rifle

Using a Night Vision Sight AN/PVS-4

Engage Targets with an M249 Machine Gun

Employ Hand Grenades

Move Over, Through, or Around Obstacles

(Except Minefields)

Neutralize Booby Traps

Move as a Member of a Fire Team

Perform Movement Techniques During

MOUT

Conduct the Maneuver of a Squad

Conduct an Explosive Breach

Execute a Mechanical Breach

Conduct a Breach

Operate Night Vision Goggles AN/PVS-7

Select Hasty Firing Positions During

MOUT

Control Movement of a Fire Team

STP 21-1-SMCT (071-311-2007) FM 90-10-1

STP 21-1-SMCT (071-315-2007) FM 90-10-1

STP 7-11BCHM (071-010-0006) FM 90-10-1

STP 21-1-SMCT (071-325-4407) FM 90-10-1

STP 21-1-SMCT (071-326-0503) FM 90-10-1

STP 21-24-SMCT (052-193-1013) FM 90-10-1

STP 7-11BCHM (071-326-0501) FM 90-10-1

STP 7-11BCHM (071-326-0541) FM 90-10-1

STP 7-11BCHM (071-326-5611) FM 90-10-1

STP 7-11 BCHM (071-440-0030) FM 90-10-1

STP 7-11 BCHM (071-440-0027) FM 90-10-1

STP7-11BCHM (071-440-0029) FM 90-10-1

STP 7-11 BCHM (071-710-0008) FM 90-10-1

STP 7-11 BCHM (071-326-0557) FM 90-10-1

STP 7-11 BCHM (071-326-5605) FM 90-10-1

Table 3-8. Related collective and supporting individual tasks.

3-14
TC 90-1

CHAPTER 4

BREACH FACILITY

Urban operations require soldiers to enter buildings through walls,

doors, windows, and roofs. The breach facility is designed to train

soldiers using tasks and techniques on how to breach locked doors,

windows, and create man-size holes in walls. The facility can be used to

train mechanical, ballistic, thermal, and explosive breaching.

4-1. PURPOSE

The breach facility (Figure 4-1) is used to train soldiers semiannually on the technical

aspects of breaching techniques. It is also used to train TTPs and explosive techniques

not trained on any other type range.

Figure 4-1. Breach facility.

4-2. DESCRIPTION

This facility has three stations.

a. Station 1. This station is a facade that is 8 feet high and 88 feet wide with four

sections oftwo doors for a total of eight doors. Soldiers can conduct mechanical, thermal,

ballistic, and explosive breaching techniques on doors at this station. Half of the doors

open from the exterior, and the other half of the doors open from the interior (Figure 4-2,

page 4-2).

4-1
TC 90-1

-•-i-r-i—r—~*-r-*-

front view

88'

-22" -22" -22' -22'-

top view

A

side view

1

Figure 4-2. Station 1—door breaching.

b. Station 2. This station is a facade that is 10 feet high and 88 feet wide that has

four sections of two windows each for a total of eight windows. Soldiers can conduct

mechanical and explosive breaching techniques on windows at this station (Figure 4-3).

-C-T-rn r—rX-r*-

_m <1 m HI ! w w in

Jl

front view

22' 221 22' 221

lop view

side view

Figure 4-3. Station 2—window breaching.

c. Station 3. This station is a facade that looks like a wall of a building. This facade

is about 8 feet high by 28 feet wide. The facade has three sections that precast built

panels will fit into. The precast panels are 8 feet high by 8 feet wide and can be made of

4-2
TC 90-1

concrete, concrete masonry unit (blocks), stone, brick, wood or other material. They are

designed to accommodate thermal and explosive breaching techniques (Figure 4-4).

28-

FP

w

Ifp R

m

irP

12-

TOP view PflEUST PAWLS

CD—4-CONOKTEM.OO

PRECAST PANEL

I

i

i

1

i

l

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

BASE PLATE

wmrp)

\

/

(IYP) -~

? r

l-CONC

/ aiocu

FRONT VIEW

PRECAST PANEL NOT SHOWN FOR CLARITY

Figure 4-4. Station 3—wall breaching.

4-3. TRAINING AUDIENCE

The facility provides Infantry, Engineer, MP, and Cavalry leaders with a facility to train

and evaluate individual and leader breaching tasks. Unit training requirements determine

the size of the unit and the tasks to be trained at this facility. The individual tasks trained

at the breach facility are as follows.

. 051-193-1003, Prime Explosives Nonelectrically.

. 071 -440-0027, Execute a Mechanical Breach.

# 071-440-0030, Conduct an Explosive Breach.

. 051-193-1055, Construct a Nonelectric Initiating Assembly with Modernized

Demolition Initiators (MDI).

. Conduct a Thermal Breach (Engineers only)

4-4. TRAINING INFORMATION

Many types of organizations (Combat, CS, CSS) can train at this facility. Tactical

operations in an urban environment may range from combat missions to stability and

support actions. Commanders should note that this facility is an individual task and

technique trainer. Training at the breach facility should be conducted prior to conducting

collective training at the UAC, shoot house, and the CACTF. Trainers must be certif}e(j

before conducting demolition training per local SOP or MACOM policy.

4-3
TC 90-1

4-5. CONDUCT OF TRAINING

Trainers develop realistic time requirements for each task to be trained based on the

crawl, walk, and run concept and the size ofthe unit to be trained. The training event may

be arranged in any order as long as it builds from simple to complex task and techniques.

Table 4-1 contains a sample sequence of events to assist units in developing their training

plan. Leaders should do the following prior to conducting training:

a. Identify the unit's critical missions (see commander's training guidance) and

select those tasks that support specific METL related to urban operations.

b. Arrange the related tasks in the order of their importance to mission

accomplishment.

c. Assess the unit's current level of proficiency (strengths and weaknesses) and

determine the degree of difficulty of each task. The training events should start from the

less difficult tasks to the more difficult tasks to instill confidence in the soldiers

conducting the training. Leaders should consult FM 90-10-1 for more information on

explosive breach techniques.

d. Identify the individual and leader tasks that are to be trained.

e. Set up training conditions based on unit proficiency.

NOTE: Before conducting ballistic breaching with automatic weapons, leaders should

consult FM 90-10-1.

ELEMENT EVENT ACTION ESTIMATED TIME

3rd Squad

1st Squad

2d Squad

Wall Breach:

Explosive (crawl, walk, run)

Door Breach:

Mechanical, Ballistic, Explosive (crawl, walk, run)

Window Breach:

Mechanical, Explosive (crawl, walk, run)

3 hours

2d Squad

3rd Squad

1st Squad

Wall Breach:

Explosive (crawl, walk, run)

Door Breach:

Mechanical, Ballistic, Explosive (crawl, walk, run)

Window Breach:

Mechanical, Explosive (crawl, walk, run)

3 hours

1st Squad

2d Squad

3rd Squad

Wall Breach:

Explosive (crawl, walk, run)

Door Breach:

Mechanical, Ballistic, Explosive (crawl, walk, run)

Window Breach:

Mechanical, Explosive (crawl, walk, run)

NOTE: Walls, doors, and windows require

replacement after each run/iteration to train to

standards.

3 hours

Table 4-1. Example platoon sequence of events.

4-4
TC 90-1

4-6. TRAINING SUPPORT REQUIREMENTS

Table 4-2 depicts minimum requirements based on three breacli teams for each

platoon-size element. This facility is resource intensive, and Table 4-3, page 4-6, depicts

the total annual requirements per platoon-size element.

AMMUNITION/EQUIPMENT Crawl Walk Run

Mechanical Breach:

Prying , Striking, or Cutting Tool

1 per team

Door (talk through) 1 per team (defeat hinges)

(defeat one lock) 1 per team

Window (talk through) 1 per team

(defeat one lock)

(defeat hinges)

Ballistic Breach:

Door

Shot Gun *1 (talk through) 2 rds per weapon 5 rds per weapon

(defeat one lock) (defeat hinges)

RLEM (inert) *2 (talk through) 1 per team - inert 1 per team -

NOTES: * service

1. If available to unit.

2. Rifle launched Entry munition

(RLEM).

Explosive Breach:

Door:

Det Cord (flex linear charge)

Non electric firing system (build) (practice 29 feet per team

emplacement) 1 per team

Wall:

C4 (satchel charge)

Non electric firing system (build) 4 blocks per team

(practice 23 feet per team

Window: emplacement) 1 per team

Det Cord (flex linear charge)

Non electric firing system (build)

(practice

emplacement)

29 feet per team

1 per team

Thermal Breach Equipment

Sappers (Only) 1 1 1

Table 4-2. Consolidated minimum support requirements.

4-5
TC 90-1 DRAFT

AMMUNITION/EQUIPMENT TOTAL

Doors 6

Windows 6

Wall Panels 6

Shot Gun Rounds 42

RLEM 6 inert/2 service

DET Cord (feet) 486

C4 (blocks) 24

Nonelectric firing systems 18

Table 4-3. Consolidated annual support requirements.

4-7. TRAINING AND EVALUATION

Individual training is the first step in the building-block approach and sets the basis for

unit or collective training. Mastery of individual skills is an essential precondition for

urban operations training and a good method for conducting individual training is through

concurrent training. Concurrent training is designed to train groups of soldiers on

different tasks or techniques and these tasks or techniques may or may not be related. For

example, a leader may subdivide the unit at the breach facility into breaching orders. One

group of soldiers may be conducting an explosive breach, while other groups are

conducting mechanical and ballistic breaches. Ballistic breaching and explosive

breaching does have a SDZ, an MSD, and ricochet considerations.

4-8. SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS

Safety requires effort on the part of everyone. It is not enough to teach safety rules; the

rules must be practiced and enforced. Depending on the nature of the obstacle that must

be breached, the breacher may use anyone of the following techniques: mechanical,

ballistic or explosive techniques. The following guidelines should be followed when

training at the Breach Facility. Wear all appropriate personal protective equipment and

follow appropriate guidelines:

Safety glasses.

Hearing protection.

Body armor.

Helmet.

Gloves.

Elbow and knee pads.

Inspect equipment before use.

Use appropriate tool.

Use appropriate amount of explosive not to exceed 4 blocks ofC4.

4-6
TC 90-1

Stay within the surface danger zone.

Always use the minimum safe distance.

Do not modify tool.

Ensure proper use and maintenance of hydraulic and pneumatic tools; tools can

burst under pressure when improperly used.

4-7
TC 90-1

CHAPTER 5

COMBINED ARMS COLLECTIVE TRAINING FACILITY

The home station CACTF is a training facility designed to conduct

multi-echelon, full-spectrum operations training up to battalion TF level.

Sample company and platoon STX lanes, and support and stability

operations tasks, are provided to assist the units in developing training

plans.

5-1. PURPOSE

The leader or commander is provided with a CACTF to evaluate unit urban operations

proficiency. The CACTF is intended to support blank fire, MILES/TES, SESAMS, STX,

and FTX scenarios on a semiannual basis. The CACTF supports branch-specific lane

training and combined arms training up to battalion level across the full spectrum of

operations: offense, defense, stability, and support. c

5-2. DESCRIPTION

The CACTF replicates an urban environment. The facility consists of 2.25 square

kilometers of urban sprawl with 20 to 26 buildings, roads, alleys, parking areas,

underground sewers, parks, athletic fields, and command and control building. The actual

size and configuration of the CACTF depends on the local installation site requirements.

The CACTF is designed to support heavy and light infantry, armor, artillery, and aviation

positioning and maneuver. Table 5-1 shows the recommended types of buildings and

features in the CACTF.

20 TO 26 BUILDINGS (1.5 km by 1.5 km)

• Tunnel/sewer system.

• Shanty town.

• One, three-story building.

• Three, two-story buildings.

• Industrial area.

• Electricity and potable water.

• City dump.

• Props/furniture.

• Targetry.

• Audio/image capture with an

EDIT/REPLAY.

• Control Building with AAR

facility.

• Breachable walls.

Table 5-1. CACTF characteristics.

a. The buildings have one, two, or three stories (some with basements), sloped and

flat roofs. CACTF building variations pose different tactical and technical training

challenges. Figure 5-1 depicts an example CACTF containing 24 buildings with the

following characteristics:

(1) The hotel is a dominating structure typical of a central business district. The hotel

has an elevator shaft, fire escapes, and a large first-floor lobby.

(2) The two-story office building contains a series of identical rooms.

(3) The school has a long, central corridor, large windows, and a single large room.

(4) The townhouse has multiple sections with a common attic.

5-1
TC 90-1

(5) The service station accommodates combat vehicles in its service bay.

b. The buildings have other features that enhance the CACTF's training value.

(1) Constructed mouse-holes permit movement between rooms and floors.

(2) Loopholes in roofs and outside walls allow observation and fields of fire.

(3) Roof hatchways lead to the top floors ofmultiple story buildings.

(4) Rooms vary in size and in quantity of doorways and windows. These variations

require soldiers to identify rooms that provide suitable indoor fighting positions for

TOW, Javelin, Dragon, and AT4 antitank weapon systems.

CCMMAMOJ CONTROL

MR

BLDG*

01

02

03

CM

OS

06

07

12

13

M

13

16

17

18

19

20

21

23

23

24

SIZE AMI TYPE

1 STORY WAREHOUSE

1 STORY WAREHOUSE

3 STORY OFFICE (EMBASSY)

2 STORY OFFICE

1 STORY SERVICE STATION

1 STORY eustcss

1 STORY BUSttSS

1 STORY BU3NESS

3STORYHOTEI

1 STORY POUCE STATONAIAL

CHURCH AND CEMETARY

1 STORY BUSNESS

1 STORY BANK

2 STORY TOWNHOUSE

1 STORY RESCENT

I STORY RESCENT

1 STORY RESCENT

1 STORY RESCENT

t STORY RESCENT

1 STORY RESCENT

1 STORY RESCENT

1 STORY RESCENT

1 STORY RESCENT

2 STORY SCHOOL

OPERATCNS;

STORAGE

AMMO BREAKDOWN

LEGEND

— FENCBWALL

— WALL

y— TUNNEL SYSTEM

.—* TREEL»£

• UTUTYPOLE

1 LATRTE

i

1,flft'> (Timiifi

' AREAFOR ! " 4

CITY PARK ',. ,,-, V\

„U|J (FUTURE)

] si,~

Figure 5-1. Example CACTF schematic.

c. Buildings are arranged in a realistic urban pattern. The CACTF represents an area

consisting mainly of residential, commercial, public institutional, and light industrial

buildings. Buildings and streets are arrayed with sufficient dispersion to allow up to nine

platoon-size STX sectors (Figure 5-2) or three company/team STX sectors (Figure 5-3).

5-2
TC 90-1

AREA FOR

CITY DUMP

(FUTURE) AREA FOR

SHANTY TOWN

CONSTRUCTION

(FUTURE)

Figure 5-2. Platoon ODSS STX sectors.

AREA FOR

SHANTY TOWN

CONSTRUCTION

(FUTURE)

Offense/Defense/

SASO Lanes

Figure 5-3. Company/team STX sectors.

5-3
TC 90-1

d. Other urban features pose a variety of terrain considerations. The street network

includes one and two-lane primary, secondary, local, and service roads. They join in

T-shaped, L-shaped, and four-way intersections. Other features may be used to enhance

realism such as signs, benches, furniture, newsstands, utility poles, street lights,

vegetation, simulated rubble, live civilians on the battlefield, role players, and OPFOR.

Open areas next to the CACTF can be used for maneuvering and staging areas.

The specific details and layout ofthe CACTF may vary from one installation to another.

CAUTION

Trainers must ensure that fighting position reinforcement

does not exceed the weight limits of the buildings in

order to avoid structural damage and safety hazards to

the soldiers.

5-3. TACTICAL EXERCISE WITHOUT TROOPS

A terrain walk and a TEWT may be conducted in a local downtown area to prepare

leaders and to take advantage of the available time in the CACTF. Terrain walks and

TEWTs are conducted to teach leaders the tactical value of urban terrain. Appendix A

contains training tips and additional information regarding the conduct of a TEWT.

5-4. URBAN OPERATIONS COLLECTIVE TRAINING EXERCISES

Leaders use training exercises to train, evaluate, and practice performance-oriented

collective tasks. TEWT, STX, and FTX are the three types of exercises covered in this

chapter. Each is designed to help the trainer develop urban operations training skills and

increase unit proficiency in an urban environment. The urban operations collective

training exercises were developed using the standard CACTF described in this chapter

and may be modified to fit available urban operations facilities. This chapter contains the

following examples of STX and FTX scenarios and OPORDs.

• Infantry Rifle Platoon Attack STX.

• Mechanized Infantry Platoon Defend STX.

• Infantry Rifle Company Attack FTX.

• Mechanized Infantry Company Team Defend FTX.

a. These exercises were developed based on the principles outlined in ARTEPs,

MTPs, and on the guidance provided in FM 25-101, FM 25-4, and TC 7-98-1.

b. This chapter provides examples of offensive and defensive scenarios for combat

in urban areas. Paragraphs 5-5 and 5-6 include two platoon STXs, and paragraphs 5-7 and

5-8 include two company FTXs. Each of the example scenarios can be conducted with

blank fire, MILES/TES, 9-mm/5.56-mm SESAMS for short-range precision target

engagements (less than 50 meters), or force on force. The example exercises are designed

to help the commander develop, sustain, and evaluate the unit's mission proficiency.

5-4
TC 90-1

5-5. INFANTRY RIFLE PLATOON STX ATTACK

INFANTRY RIFLE PLATOON

SITUATIONAL TRAINING EXERCISE

ATTACK

1. Objective.

This example STX trains collective, leader, and individual tasksfor the platoon operation,

Attack in a Built-Up Area.

2. Interface.

This STX is supported by two drills from ARTEP 7-8-Drill: React to Contact and Enter

and Clear a Building.

3. Training.

a. Guidance. ARTEP 7-8-MTP (Chapter 4), FM 25-100, and FM 25-101 provide

training guidance, tips, and enhancers for planning and executing STXs. The trainer

should review the individual, leader, and collective tasks to be performed during the STX

to determine the ones that require initial or refresher training.

b. General Situation.

(1) The exercise scenario is as follows: Contact with the enemy has been

reestablished. Initial reports indicate he is at 65 to 70 percent strength and has not been

reinforced. His defensive positions are located in the CACTF and are not well

established. He has the capability for indirect fire and CAS; he has already used

chemicals and will probably do so again. The platoon receives an order to prevent the

enemy from establishing a heavily fortified defense in the CACTF. Such a defense could

prevent friendly forces from continuing offensive operations.

(2) This exercise begins when the platoon leader receives the company FRAGO, and

it ends after the platoon consolidates and reorganizes on the objective. An AAR should be

held after completing the task, React to Contact, and at the completion of the exercise.

If necessary, portions of the exercise should be repeated until the platoon performs them

to standard. Figure 5-4 provides a graphic scenario of task performance for the STX

Attack. Table 5-2 provides a recommended sequence for performance of T&EOs from

ARTEP 7-8-MTP and the time allotted for each portion of the STX.

5-5
TC 90-1

OCCUPLY ASSEMBLY AREA

DEVELOP AND COMMUMCATE

A PLAN

DISRUPT ASSEMBLY

AREA ACTIVITIES

INFANTRY

PLATOON

ATTACK

PREFORM PASSAGE OF LMES

• COUNTER PASAGE OF LINES

MOVE TACTICALLY

'ENGAGE MOVING UNIT

• OPFOR TASK

"DRILLS

REACT TO CONTACT

ENGAGE PLATOON/SO.UAO

MOVE TACTICALLY

'ENGAGE MOVING UNIT

ENTER AND CLEAR A Bltll DING

' DEFEND BUILDING

J PERFORM CONSOLIOAT ION AM

REORGANIZATION

'COUNTERATTACK

Figure 5-4. Attack STX scenario.

EVENT ACTION ESTIMATED TIME

1

2

3

4

5

6

Occupy Assembly Area

Develop and Communicate a Plan

Perform Passage of Lines

Move Tactically

React to Contact (Drill)

Conduct Intermediate AAR

1 hour

1 hour

1 hour

1 hour

30 minutes

30 minutes

7

8

9

10

Move Tactically

Enter and Clear a Building (Drill)

Perform Consolidation and Reorganization

Conduct Final AAR

30 minutes

1 hour

1 hour

1 hour

* Total Time 8 hours, 30 minutes

* Conducting a T exercise at night or in increased MOPP requires additional time.

Table 5-2. Sequence of events and times for STX attack.

5-6
TC 90-1

c. Special Situation. The platoon is part of a company in a secure assembly area

when a FRAGO to attack is received (Figure 5-5).

1. SITUATION. The company is opposed by one platoon.

a. Enemy Forces. The enemy is at 65 to 70 percent strength. He is preparing a

defense in CACTF (MOUT site) to prevent friendly forces from continuing to attack

along the CACTF avenue of approach. He is expected to use artillery-delivered

nonpersistent nerve agents in the defense ofCACTF.

b. Friendly Forces. (Battalion designation) attacks (date-time group) to

destroy enemy forces at OBJ COWBOY (CACTF) in order to pass follow-on forces,

allowing friendly forces to continue the attack.

2. MISSION. ( ) Company seizes OBJ HORSE (CACTF) vicinity (grid) NLT

(date-time group) to prevent the enemy from establishing a heavily fortified

defense.

3. EXECUTION.

a. Concept ofthe Operation. (See overlay.) The company moves in a wedge to

Assault Position 1, assault CACTF to seize OBJ HORSE, consolidate, and

reorganize.

(1) Maneuver. (Evaluated) Platoon will lead the company and be the main effort

in the attack. They seize OBJ SADDLE vicinity (grid) to allow passage of friendly

elements through CACTF. ( ) Platoon moves on the company's left and seize OBJ

SPUR vicinity (grid) to protect the left flank ofthe main effort. ( ) Platoon moves

on the company's right and establish a support-by-fire position located vicinity

(grid).

(2) Fire support, fires are used to obscure movement to OBJ HORSE and to

suppress the enemy during the assault. Priority of indirect fires is to (evaluated)

Platoon, which is allocated one priority target (120-mm mortar).

b. Tasks to Maneuver Unit.

(1) (Evaluated) Platoon.

(a) Use Passage Point 1.

(b) Orient defense from TRP 2 to TRP 3.

(c) Be prepared to employ a wire-mined obstacle vicinity TRP 5 during

consolidation.

Figure 5-5. Example FRAGO for STX attack.

5-7
TC 90-1

(2) ( ) Platoon.

(a) Use Passage Point 2.

(b) Orient defense from TRP 1 to TRP 2.

(3) ( ) Platoon

(a) Use Passage Point 2.

(b) Orient defense from TRP 3 to TRP 4.

c. Coordinating Instructions.

(1) Company RP is located (grid).

(2) Company linkup is (grid).

(3) MOPP1 is in effect (date and time).

(4) Selective rubbling is authorized. Destruction of an area larger than one city

block requires brigade commander approval.

Figure 5-5. Example FRAGO for STX Attack (continued).

4. Support Requirements.

a. Minimum Trainers/Evaluators: This exercise can be conducted with the company

commander or platoon leader acting as the trainer or primary evaluator. At least one more

controller or evaluator is required with the OPFOR. Other platoons being trained or

evaluated will increase support personnel requirements.

b. Vehicles/Communications: All vehicles organic to the platoon should be included.

The OPFOR should also possess some combat or combat support vehicles.

c. Opposing Force: The OPFOR should consist of at least a reinforced squad.

d. Maneuver Area: A training area at least 4 by 15 km is needed for cross-country

movement and infiltration and the CACTF is the ideal objective area. The terrain should

offer multiple covered and concealed approaches to the objective.

5. Evaluation.

Table 5-3 lists the T&EOs from ARTEP 7-8-MTP used to evaluate this STX.

TASK/FUNCTION TASK NUMBER

Perform Passage of Lines 7-3-1125

Move Tactically 7-3-1134

Occupy Assembly Area 7-3-1136

Develop and Communicate a Plan 7-3-1605

Perform Consolidation and Reorganization 7-3-1607

Table 5-3. T&EOs used to evaluate STX attack.

5-6. MECHANIZED INFANTRY PLATOON STX DEFEND

1. Objective. This example STX trains collective, leader, and individual tasks for the

platoon operation, Defend Urban Area/Building.

2. Interface. This STX is supported by two drills from ARTEP 7-8-Drill: React to

Contact, and Enter and Clear a Building.

5-8
TC 90-1

3. Training.

a. Guidance. ARTEP 7-8-MTP (Chapter 4), FM 25-100, and FM 25-101 provide

training guidance, tips, and enhancers for planning and executing STXs. The trainer

should review the individual, leader, and collective tasks to be performed during the STX

to determine which require initial or refresher training.

b. General Situation.

(1) The exercise scenario is as follows: Latest INTSUMs indicate that enemy forces

are expected to use a high-speed avenue of approach to counterattack. The approach is

dominated by a small urban area containing strongly constructed buildings. The enemy

has the capability for indirect fire, CAS, and chemicals. A defense in and around the town

is necessary to deny the enemy the use of the avenue of approach. The platoon, as part of

a larger force, is ordered to occupy and prepare defensive positions that overlook the

avenue of approach. Indirect fire is available.

(2) Conduct of the exercise begins when the platoon receives an OPORD to move to

establish a platoon defensive position. An AAR should be conducted after soldiers enter a

building and clear a room, and a final AAR should be conducted once all evaluation notes

are compiled. If necessary, portions of the exercise should be repeated until the platoon's

performance is satisfactory.

(3) When the platoon receives a warning order to prepare to move to establish a

defense, the platoon is part of a company, which is part of a task force, and is located in

an assembly area. Figure 5-6 provides a graphic scenario of task performance for the

Defend STX. Table 5-4 provides a recommended sequence for performance of T&EOs

from ARTEP 7-8-MTP and the time allotted for each portion ofthe STX.

5-9
TC 90-1

DEFEND

"ATTACK

INTERMEDIATE AAR

"ENTER AND CLEAR A BUILDING

' DEFEND BOILING

MOVE TACTICALLY

'ENGAGE MOVING UNIT

"REACT TO CONTACT

• ENGAGE PLATOON

"DRILLS

•OPFORTASK

MECHANIZED

INFANTRY PLATOON

DEFEND

MOVE TACTICALLY

'ENGAGE MOVING UNIT

PERFORM PASSAGE OF LINES

COUNTER PASSAGE OF LINES

Figure 5-6. Defend STX scenario.

EVENT ACTION ESTIMATED TIME

1 Perform Passage of Lines 1 hour

2 Move Tactically 30 minutes

3 React to Contact 1 hours

4 Move Tactically 30 minutes

5 Enter and Clear a Building (Drill) 1 hour

6 Intermediate AAR 30 minutes

7 Defend MOUT/Building 6 hours

8 Conduct Final AAR 1 hour

*Total Time 11 hr 30 min

*Conducting an exercise at night or in increased MOPP requ res additional time.

Table 5-4. Sequence of events and times for STX defend.

c. Special Situation. Thirty minutes after receiving the warning order, the platoon

receives the company OPORD (Figure 5-7).

5-10
TC 90-1

(Classification)

Copy no of copies

_ Battalion, Infantry

Unit location or place ofissue

Date-time group (with time zone)

Message reference number

OPERATION ORDER NO

References: Map, series no. _ , sheet no. , edition

Time Zone Used Throughout the Order: _

TASK ORGANIZATION:

Platoon, Platoon(-), Platoon, Company Control

Company HQ

l/l/C-52dEngr

1/2 ,

(Reserve)

Company Trains

1. SITUATION

a. Enemy Forces.

(1) Composition, Distribution, and Strength. We are opposed by elements of the

Liberation Guards Militia, Red Brigade. Several platoon-sized outposts are located within

the battalion sector and consist of about 30 to 35 soldiers per platoon. They are equipped

with an assortment of Soviet small arms, including AK-47s, RPKs, RPGs, and various

wheeled and tracked vehicles including some BMPs. Enemy outposts are at 60 to

70 percent strength and have indirect fire assets available.

(2) Capabilities. The enemy units are well entrenched in their defensive positions.

The strongpoints have dedicated fire support assets and are capable of using nonpersistent nerve agents to prevent coordinated attacks. No enemy air threat exists but

some heavy armored vehicles have been sighted in the area.

(3) Probable Course of Action. Intelligence indicates the enemy strongpoints will

continue to fortify their positions until relief arrives within 24 hours in the form of a main

enemy counterattack.

b. Friendly Forces. ( ) TF defends in sector NLT ( ) along PL ( ) to

deny enemy forces use of avenue of approach ( ). ( ) TF must be prepared to

continue movement forward of PL ( ), on order.

(1) Missions of units on left and right are (as required).

(Classification)

Figure 5-7. Example OPORD for STX defend.

5-11
TC 90-1

(Classification)

(2) ( ) TF defends in sector NLT ( ) from (grid) to (grid) to (grid) to contain

any penetrations ofthe brigade sector.

(3) ( ) Battery, ( ) Battalion provides DS to 1st Brigade.

c. Attachments and Detachments. l/l/C-52d Engineers attached.

2. MISSION. ( ) Company blocks enemy forces NLT (date-time group) to prevent

them from using high-speed avenues of approach through (name of MOUT site), and to

prevent the enemy from counterattacking into the battalion sector.

3. EXECUTION.

a. Concept of the Operation. (See overlay.) Company prevents the enemy from

using the high-speed avenues of approach through (MOUT site) by moving to the site and

establishing a blocking position, which overwatches the platoon BPs covering the main

avenues. We will block in depth by placing two platoons forward and one back, and

maintaining a reserve to block any penetration. We must ensure our sectors of fire are

placed to mass fire at the decisive point.

(1) Maneuver. (Evaluated) Platoon acts as the main effort, blocking from BP ( ),

vicinity (grid), to prevent enemy penetration of PL ( ). ( ) Platoon occupies

BP ( ), vicinity (grid), to block enemy movement into the main effort's left flank. ( )

Platoon occupies BP ( ) to prevent the enemy from making a coordinated attack on the

main effort.

(2) Fire Support. The purpose of fires is to disrupt the enemy when his counterattack

reaches PL ( ). Priority of indirect fires is to (evaluated) Platoon, which is allocated

two 155-mm priority targets, one of which may be used as an FPF.

(3) Intelligence. Priority of collection is to identify and locate enemy combat

reconnaissance patrols and the enemy main effort.

(4) Engineering. During movement to the battle position, obstacles are used to ensure

mobility. During blocking actions, the purpose of obstacles is to prevent the enemy from

advancing on larger streets and to canalize him into more restrictive terrain. Priority of

effort is to countermobility. Priority ofsupport is to (evaluated) Platoon.

b. Tasks to Maneuver Units:

(1) (Evaluated) Platoon:

(a) Conduct passage oflines using PP 1.

(b) Lead the company movement after crossing the LD. Be prepared to react to

enemy contact when (MOUT site) is reached.

(c) Enter and clear building(s) (number determined by commander).

(Classification)

Figure 5-7. Example OPORD for STX defend (continued).

5-12
TC 90-1

(Classification)

(d) Occupy BP ( ) and orient on TRPs 2 and 3.

(e) Establish an OP vicinity (grid) to observe main avenue of approach.

(2) ( ) Platoon:

(a) Conduct passage oflines using PP 2.

(b) Move second in order of movement.

(c) Enter and clear building(s) (number determined by commander).

(d) Occupy BP (_) and orient on TRP 1.

(3) ( ) Platoon:

(a) Conduct passage of lines using PP 3.

(b) Move last in order ofmovement.

(c) Enter and clear building(s) (number determined by commander).

(d) Occupy BP ( ) and orient on TRPs 4 and 5.

(e) Establish an OP vicinity (grid).

c. Tasks to Combat Support Units: Engineer squad travels with the company

headquarters behind (evaluated) Platoon and supports the main effort's emplacement of

obstacles.

d. Coordinating Instructions.

(1) Timings.

(a) Brief back .

(b) Company rehearsal .

(c) SP time .

(d) In position NLT (time) .

(2) Report all enemy contact.

(3) Report crossing all phase lines.

(4) MOPP status ; enemy chemical attack is expected.

(5) Air defense status is YELLOW, WEAPONS HOLD.

(6) Leaders briefback the movement and defense plan to the commander at the

company CP at (date-time group).

(7) Destruction ofsubterranean approaches requires brigade commander's approval.

(8) Selective rubbling is authorized. Destruction of more than one building requires

commander's approval.

(9) Marking ofrooms and buildings is IAW CO SOP.

(Classification)

Figure 5-7. Example OPORD for STX defend (continued).

5-13
TC 90-1

(Classification)

(10) Rules ofEngagement are as follows:

(a) Minimize collateral damage to structures.

(b) Civilians have been evacuated. Evacuate to company CP any other civilians

encountered.

4. SERVICE SUPPORT. IAW the battalion SOP.

a. Miscellaneous.

(1) Battalion trains located vicinity (grid).

(2) Company trains located vicinity (grid).

b. Materiel and Services.

(1) Supply.

(a) Class I. Ration Cycle M-M-M. Platoons must maintain a three-day supply in

each BP.

(b) Class II. Submit requirements for special equipment ASAP. Coordinate with

1SG.

(c) Class III. Refuel all vehicles before (date-time group).

(d) Class IV. Coordinate with S4 for delivery.

(e) Class V.

Platoons cache one additional basic load in BP.

Platoons submit request for additional demolitions NLT (date-time group).

(2) Services. Battalion decontamination site is located vicinity (grid).

(3) Maintenance.

(a) Priority to (evaluated) Platoon M2 BFVs.

(b) UMCP located vicinity (grid).

c. Medical Evacuation and Hospitalization.

(1) Battalion aid station located vicinity (grid).

(2) Company CCP located with company CP.

d. Personnel.

(1) No replacements for next 72 to 96 hours.

(2) Brigade mortuary affairs point located in BSA.

(3) EPW collection sites located at (grid) for battalion and (grid) for company.

(Classification)

Figure 5-7. Example OPORD for STX defend (continued).

5-14
TC 90-1

(Classification)

5. COMMAND AND SIGNAL.

a. Command. Initially, company CP will be traveling center of company wedge.

Location in BP to be determined.

b. Signal.

(1) Current SOI in effect.

(2) Primary means of communication in BP is wire, FM, messenger, in that order.

(3) Radio listening silence is in effect until after crossing PL( ) or until contact is

made.

(Classification)

Figure 5-7. Example OPORD for STX defend (continued).

4. Support Requirements.

a. Minimum Trainers/Evaluators: This exercise is conducted by one company grade

officer who is the trainer and primary evaluator.

b. Vehicles/Communications: All vehicles organic to the platoon should be included.

c. Opposing Force: The OPFOR should be platoon strength.

d. Maneuver Area: A training area at least 2 by 10 km, with hasty fighting positions,

is desirable for cross-country movement. The CACTF serves as the objective area. The

terrain, ideally, should offer multiple covered and concealed routes. Using terrain that

limits the leader to a geographic or predictable route prevents evaluation of the unit's

ability to conduct a terrain analysis and select covered and concealed routes.

e. Barrier Materials. Sufficient Class IV (sandbags, lumber, and so forth) must be

made available to fortify positions, IAW chapter 3, FM 90-10-1.

5. Evaluation.

Table 5-5 lists the T&EOs from ARTEP 7-8-MTP used to evaluate this STX and

Table 5-6 lists the supporting tasks.

TASK/FUNCTION TASK NUMBER

Defend MOUT/Building

Perform Passage of Lines

Move Tactically

7-3-1118

7-3-1125

7-3-1134

Table 5-5. T&EOs used to evaluate STX defend.

5-15
TC 90-1

5-7. INFANTRY RIFLE COMPANY FTX ATTACK

FTX-1—ATTACK

STX C-ll-1 STX C-ll-2 STX C-ll-3

Perform Infiltration/ Exfiltration Perform Cordon and Search Disarm Belligerents

Perform Linkup Take Action on Contact Handle Captured Insurgents or

Belligerents

Execute an Assault (MOUT)

Perform Consolidation and

Reorganization

Perform InfiltrationN Exfiltration

Perform Linkup

Perform Passage of Lines

Occupy Assembly Area

Apprehend/Detain

Noncombatants

Table 5-6. Supporting tasks for company FTX.

INFANTRY RIFLE COMPANY

FIELD TRAINING EXERCISE

ATTACK

1. Objective. This FTX is designed to train the infantry rifle company in conducting

offensive operations. This exercise provides practice for the company commander,

platoon leaders, squad leaders, and company headquarters personnel in planning,

coordinating, and controlling combat operations.

2. Interface. This FTX is supported by STX C-II-1, C-II-2, and C-II-3 (Table5-6). It is

also supported by two drills from ARTEP 7-8-Drill: React to Contact and Break Contact.

3. Training.

a. Guidance. ARTEP 7-8-MTP (Chapter 4), FM 25-100, and FM 25-101 provide

training guidance, tips, and enhancers for planning and executing STXs. The trainer

should review the individual, leader, and collective tasks to be performed during the STX

to determine which require initial or refresher training.

b. General Situation.

(1) The battalion is ordered to conduct offensive operations in support of the brigade

mission. The company is ordered to infiltrate enemy lines and to destroy an insurgent

operations base located in the CACTF. The company must be prepared to remain in the

CACTF to conduct cordon and search missions.

(2) This exercise should be conducted under various conditions.

(3) When the company receives the battalion warning order the planning process for

the attack mission begins. The exercise ends when the company completes a passage of

lines, occupies an assembly area, and completes preparations to continue its mission.

Figure 5-8 shows a graphic scenario of task performance for the FTX Attack. Table 5-7 ,

5-16
TC 90-1

page 5-18, provides a recommended sequence for performance of ARTEP 7-8-MTP

T&EOs and the time allotted for each portion ofthe STX, including AARs.

AA

OCCUPY ASSEMBLY AREA

•DISRUPT ASSEMBLY

AREA ACTWIES

PERFORM PASSAGE OF LINES

•COUNTER PASSAGE OF LINES

PERFORM INFILTRATION/EXFILTRATION

•COUNTER INFILTRATION/EXFILTRATION

PERFORM LINKUP

•COUNTER

LINKUP 11 \£*

TAKE ACTION ON

CONTACT

•ENGAGE ON CONTACT

PERFORM LINKUP

COUNTER LINKUP

EXECUTE AN

ASSAULT (MOUT)

PERFORM CONSOLIDATION

AND REORGANIZATION

•COUNTERATTACK

PERFORM CORDON AND SEARCH

•uuUNTER SEARCH

PERFORM CONSOLIDATION

AND REORGANIZATION

•COUNTERATTACK

MOVE TACTICALLY

•ENGAGE MOVING FORCE

•OPFOR TASKS

Figure 5-8. Attack FTX scenario.

5-17
TC 90-1

EVENT ACTION ESTIMATED

TIME

START STX C-ll-1

1

2

3

4

5

Issue Company OPORD

Perform Infiltration/Exfiltration

Perform Linkup 3 hr

Execute an Assault (MOUT) AAR

Perform Consolidation and Reorganization

4 hours

6 hours

3 hours

3 hours

3 hours

ISSUE FRAGO, START STX C-ll-2

6 Perform Cordon and Search

7 Take Action on Contact AAR

8 Perform Infiltration/Exfiltration

9 Perform Linkup

10 Perform Passage of Lines

11 Occupy Assembly Area

6 hours

3 hours

6 hours

3 hours

2 hours

3 hours

START STX C-ll-3

12

13

14

15

Disarm Belligerents

Handle Captured Insurgents or Belligerents

Apprehend/Detain Noncombatants

Conduct Final AAR

3 hours

4 hours

4 hours

2 hours

***Total Time 55 hours

** Prepare for Combat

** Maintain Operations Security

** Move Tactically

** Perform Consolidation

** Perform Reorganization

** Perform Stability and Support Operations

* The time required to train an event varies based on the factors of METT-T and on the unit's

training proficiency. Regardless, training is conducted to standards, not to time limitations.

** These tasks are integrated and evaluated throughout the exercise.

*** Time for intermediate AARs is not included in this total; additional time

much of the exercise is conducted at night or during other limited visibility

s required if

Table 5-7. Sequence of events and times for FTX attack.

(4) The battalion commander issues an OPORD to the company commanders

(Figure 5-9).

5-18
TC 90-1

(Classification)

Copy no of copies

Battalion, Infantry

Unit location or place ofissue

Date-time group (with time zone)

Message reference number

OPERATION ORDER NO.

References: Map, series no. , sheet no. , edition

Time Zone Used Throughout the Order:

TASK ORGANIZATION:

_Company Company Company Battalion Control

Scout Platoon

81-mm Mortar Platoon

Antitank Platoon

l/C/58th ENGR (DS)

Battalion Trains

1. SITUATION

a. Enemy Forces. ANNEX A (See intelligence overlay [prepared by brigade S2].)

(1) Disposition, Composition, and Strength. The battalion is opposed by one

company from the Dona Anna Militia Guards Battalion. This enemy company consists of

3 platoons with 35 to 40 soldiers, equipped with Ml6s, AK-47s, and LMGs.

The company headquarters is currently located in the town hall of CACTF. The company

is at 90 percent strength and has indirect fire support assets available.

(2) Capabilities. The enemy possesses nonpersistent nerve agents and indirect fire

assets capable of delivery. He also has some light armored vehicles in the area, but their

location is undetermined. No enemy air threat exists. However, the enemy may be able to

reinforce CACTF with an additional company, within two hours.

(3) Most Probable Course ofAction. The enemy defends CACTF and continues using

it as a base of operations and to consolidate weapons and material. His intent is to prevent

the capture of CACTF and its support base, provided by its facilities and population.

(Classification)

Figure 5-9 Example battalion OPORD for FTX attack.

5-19
TC 90-1

b. Friendly Forces.

(1) ( ) Brigade, C

(Classification)

J Division attacks at (date-time group) to seize the town of

CACTF at (grid), to keep the enemy from using it as a base of operations. The intent is to

secure the town and the road network in the area, to prevent the enemy from using it as a

base of operations.

(2) ( ) Battalion, ( ) Infantry attacks to seize the road network at OBJ ( ),

vicinity (grid), at (date-time group) to prevent enemy forces from counterattacking along

Route (_ ).

(3) ( ) Battalion, ( ) Infantry attacks at (date-time group), to seize the high

ground at OBJ ( ), vicinity (grid), and to establish defensive positions to block enemy

routes in and out of CACTF.

2. MISSION. ( ) Battalion, ( ) Infantry attacks at (date-time group) to seize

CACTF, vicinity (grid), NLT (date-time group), to prevent the enemy from using the

town as an operations and logistics base.

3. EXECUTION.

a. Concept of the Operation. The battalion will accomplish its mission, which is to

deny the enemy use of CACTF and its surrounding terrain and population, by seizing the

town and controlling the key areas in the vicinity. We will conduct a feint in the west and

then attack the decisive point within CACTF (OBJ [ ]).

(1) Maneuver. ( ) Company conducts a feint to deceive the enemy, then the main

effort (evaluated) company seizes OBJ ( ), to prevent the enemy from using CACTF

as an operational and logistical base. ( ) Company supports the main effort by seizing

OBJ ( ), in order to prevent the enemy from counterattacking the main effort. ( )

Company seizes OBJ ( ) to support the main effort's attack.

(2) Fire Support. ANNEX C. (See fire support.) Purpose of fires is to suppress the

enemy and to obscure movement to CACTF. Priority of artillery fires is to (feinting)

Company; on order, priority will shift to (supporting effort) Company. Priority of 81-mm

mortar fires is to (evaluated) Company.

(3) Engineering. The purpose ofthe engineers is to breach obstacles during the attack,

to help (evaluated) Company seize OBJ ( ). Priority of support is to (evaluated)

Company, ( ) Company, and ( ) Company in order. The battalion commander must

authorize any booby traps, and point and hasty minefields.

(Classification)

Figure 5-9. Example battalion OPORD for FTX attack (continued).

5-20
TC 90-1

(Classification)

b. Tasks to Maneuver Units.

(1) (Evaluated) Company.

(a) Infiltrate using infiltration lane TANGO.

(b) Seize OBJ ( ), vicinity (grid), NLT (date-time group).

(c) Be prepared to perform cordon and search of CACTF, after consolidation and

reorganization.

(2) (Supporting) Company.

(a) Follow (main attack) Company and infiltrate on infiltration lane TANGO.

(b) Seize OBJ ( ), vicinity (grid), NLT (date-time group).

(c) Coordinate the attack with (evaluated) Company, so that both units attack at

the same time.

(d) Be prepared to perform cordon and search in the objective area after

consolidation and reorganization.

(e) Be prepared to assume the mission of (evaluated) Company.

(3) (Supporting) Company.

(a) Infiltrate using infiltration lane ZEBRA.

(b) Conduct feint to OBJ ( ), vicinity (grid), NLT (date-time group).

(c) Be prepared to establish defensive positions vicinity (grid) to prevent enemy

movement to and from CACTF.

c. Tasks to Combat Support Units.

(1) (Scout) Platoon.

(a) During movement, determine location, strength, and disposition of enemy

forces in CACTF.

(b) On order, screen the battalion flank from (grid) to (grid) to warn of the

approach of enemy units from the southwest

(2) Mortar Platoon. Priority of mortar fire is to (evaluated) Company. Mortar platoon

moves with (evaluated) Company, establishes a firing position vicinity (grid), and

displaces on order.

(3) Antitank Platoon.

(a) Initially, over watch from (grid) to (grid) to secure the unit infiltration.

(b) On order, move vicinity (grid) to support (evaluated) Company's consolidation

and reorganization.

(Classification)

Figure 5-9. Example battalion OPORD for FTX attack (continued).

5-21
TC 90-1

(Classification)

(4) l/C/58 Engineers.

(a) Move with (evaluated) Company to provide mobility support.

(b) Be prepared to reduce obstacles in CACTF during cordon and search mission.

d. Coordinating Instructions.

(1) Report when ready to execute an assault.

(2) Report any movement of enemy forces from the southwest.

(3) No rubbling is authorized, so minimize collateral damage to property.

(4) MOPP0 is in effect.

(5) Terrorist threat warning is red.

(6) Commanders brief back OPORD to battalion commander at battalion tactical CP

at (date-time group).

(7) Rules of Engagement (ROE).

(a) Commanders take all steps necessary and appropriate for their units'

protection.

(b) The minimum necessary force is used to control the situation.

(c) Leaders must take measures to minimize risk to civilians, without endangering

the unit.

(d) Fire is returned directly to its source, not sprayed into a general area.

(e) Firing ceases when the threat is over.

(f) Anyone trying to surrender is allowed to do so.

(g) Civilians and property are treated with respect.

(h) WP can be used vicinity CACTF to aid in isolating the objectives. The

requests for indirect fire, within the town, must be authorized by the battalion

commander.

4. SERVICE SUPPORT. (See Annex D.)

5. COMMAND AND SIGNAL

a. Command.

(1) The tactical CP moves with (evaluated) Company.

(2) The main CP is vicinity (grid) and displaces on order.

(3) The second in command remains in the battalion main CP.

(4) The rear CP is the alternate battalion main CP.

(Classification)

Figure 5-9. Example battalion OPORD for FTX attack (continued).

5-22
TC 90-1

(Classification)

b. Signal.

(1) Current SOI is in effect.

(2) Radio-listening silence is in effect for all elements except scouts, until prepared to

attack.

ACKNOWLEDGE:

JONES

LTC

OFFICIAL:

SMITH

S3

Annexes: A—Intelligence

B—Operations Overlay

C—Fire Support

D—Service Support

(Classification)

Figure 5-9. Example battalion OPORD for FTX attack (continued).

(5) The battalion has destroyed the enemy operating in CACTF and seized the town.

Two companies are defending against a limited counterattack with one company in a

blocking position. The (evaluated) company receives a FRAGO (Figure 5-10, page 5-24)

to conduct a cordon and search operation to locate enemy personnel and equipment

remaining in the CACTF.

5-23
TC 90-1

Enemy personnel in squad-size elements are reported by the civilian

population to be hiding in the CACTF. Reports also indicate numerous

weapons caches are being hidden by civilians collaborating with the

enemy. Battalion has completed its mission and is preparing to conduct a

cordon and search. After completing this, the battalion exfiltrates to

perform a passage of friendly lines. (Evaluated) Company moves to

perform cordon and search vicinity OBJ ( ), beginning (date-time

group) to (date-time group), to locate and seize enemy personnel or

equipment. The (evaluated) company notifies the commander ofthe results

of the search and when they are ready to start movement. They exfiltrate

on order along Route Gold to perform linkup at (grid) and passage of lines

at (grid). (See overlay for lanes.)

Figure 5-10. Example FRAGO for FTX attack.

4. Support Requirements.

a. Minimum Trainers/Evaluators: The company commander acts as the trainer/

evaluator for the platoons. The battalion may direct the FTX internal evaluation along

with a company evaluator and an FO evaluator. The platoon leaders and platoon sergeants

are the primary trainers during the initial phases of the training. The company

commander, the XO, the platoon leaders, and the platoon sergeants all act as trainers

during the company phases oftraining. Ifthe exercise is conducted by the battalion, either

the battalion commander, XO, or S3 acts as the trainer and evaluator, but additional

battalion assets may be required to support the evaluation phase. The controllers or

evaluators are positioned at critical locations throughout the exercise to observe the

action. They must not interfere with the conduct of the operation, except to halt it when a

safety violation occurs or to conduct an AAR.

b. Vehicles/Communications: Those organic to the company are used in the exercise.

This includes one designated medical evacuation vehicle per platoon and at least one

aidman on site.

c. Opposing Force: The OPFOR ground force should be at least platoon-size. FTXs

conducted by the company require internal resourcing; units should rotate to ensure total

training. OPFOR tasks and standards are provided in each T&EO.

d. Maneuver Area: A training area 5 by 10 km which includes the CACTF is best for

this exercise.

5-24
TC 90-1

5. Evaluation.

Table 5-8 lists the ARTEP mission training plan T&EOs used to evaluate this STX.

TASK/FUNCTION TASK NUMBER

ARTEP 7-8-MTP

Perform Cordon and Search 7-3-1105

Take Action on Contact 7-4-1107

Perform Passage of Lines 7-4-125

Perform Linkup 7-4-1128

Move Tactically 7-4-1134

Occupy Assembly Area 7-4-1136

Maintain Operations Security 7-4-1409

Prepare for Combat 7-4-1606

Perform Consolidation and Reorganization 7-4-1607

ARTEP 7-10-MTP

Perform Cordon and Search 7-2-1105

Execute an Assault (MOUT) 7-2-1109

ARTEP 7-20-MTP

Perform Exfiltration 7-1-1146

Perform Infiltration 7-1-1147

Perform Reorganization 7-1-1608

Perform Consolidation 7-1-1609

Table 5-8. T&EOs used to evaluate STX attack.

END OF FTX ATTACK

5-8. MECHANIZED INFANTRY COMPANY OR TEAM FTX DEFEND

1. Objective. This FTX is designed to train the mechanized infantry company or team in

conducting defensive operations in urban terrain. It also provides platoons an opportunity

to prepare for full-scale FTXs conducted and evaluated by the parent battalion. This

exercise provides practice for the company commander, platoon leaders, squad leaders,

and company headquarters personnel in planning, coordinating, and controlling combat

operations.

2. Interface. This FTX is supported by the STX C-II-4, C-II-5, and C-II-6 tasks shown

in Table 5-9. It is also supported by two drills from ARTEP 7-8-Drill: React to Contact

and Break Contact.

5-25
TC 90-1

FTX-2—DEFENSE

STX C-ll-4 STX C-ll-5 STX C-ll-6

Occupy Assembly Area Perform Ambush Operate a Checkpoint

Perform Tactical

Road March

Establish a Roadblock/

Checkpoint

Interdict Smuggling

Operations

Perform Relief in Place Perform NBC Operations Defend Convoy

Defend Built-Up Area/

Building

Move Tactically

Perform Passage of Lines

Occupy Assembly Area

Table 5-9. Supporting tasks for company FTX.

3. Training.

a. Guidance. ARTEP 7-8-MTP, FM 25-100, and FM 25-101 provide training

guidance, tips, and enhancers for planning and executing STXs. The trainer should

review the individual, leader, and collective tasks to be performed during the STX to

determine which require initial or refresher training.

b. General Situation.

(1) The battalion is ordered to conduct defensive operations in support of the brigade

mission; the company is ordered to perform a relief operation and to prepare a defense in

an urban area. The company remains in position for at least 36 hours before receiving a

follow-on mission. Most civilians have been evacuated from the area, but a few remain.

A terrorist threat exists as well as the possibility of enemy battalion-level offensive

actions.

(2) This exercise should be conducted under various environmental conditions. The

company also conducts operations under threat ofNBC attack.

c. Special Situation.

(1) The planning process for the defense mission begins when the company receives a

warning order. The exercise ends when the company completes the passage of lines and

occupies an assembly area. Figure 5-11 shows a graphic scenario oftask performance for

the FTX Defend. Table 5-10, page 5-28, provides a recommended sequence for

performance of T&EOs from ARTEP 7-8-MTP and the time allotted for each portion of

the STX, including AARs.

(2) The battalion commander issues the defense OPORD to the company

(Figure 5-12, page 5-29).

5-26
TC 90-1

OCCUPY ASSEMBLY AREA

•DISRUPT ASSEMBLY AREA ACTIVrTIES

PERFORM TACTICAL ROAD MARCH

MECHANIZED

COMPANY OR TEAM

PERFORM RELIEF OPERATIONS

•DISRUPT REUEF

DEFEND BUILT-UP

AREA/BUILDING

ASSAULT BUILT-UP

AREA/BUILDING

• -^_ —

r"^^» PERFORM AMBUSH

e> i c

5 c

3 C

•> Cc

'•V•REACT TO AMBUSH

ESTABLISH A ROADBLOCK/CHECKPOINT

•DEFEAT A ROADBLOCK/CHECKPOINT

PERFORM NBC OPERATIONS

•EMPLOY NBC WEAPONS

OCCUPY ASSEMBLY AREA

•OISRUPT ASSEMBLY AREA ACTIVITIES

•OPFOR TASKS

MOVE TACTICALLY

•ENGAGE MOVING UNIT

PERFORM PASSAGE OF LINES

•COUNTER PASSAGE OF UNES

Figure 5-11. Graphic scenario of task performance for FTX defend.

5-27
TC 90-1

EVENT ACTION ESTIMATED

TIME

Start STX C-ll-4

1

2

3

4

5

Occupy Assembly Area

Issue Company OPORD

Perform Tactical Road March

Perform Relief Operations AAR

Defend MOUT/Building

2 hours

4 hours

3 hours

6 hours

24 hours

Issue FRAGO, Start STX C-ll-5

6 Perform Ambush

7 Establish a Roadblock/Checkpoint AAR

8 Perform NBC Operations

9 Move Tactically

10 Perform Passage of Lines

11 Occupy Assembly Area

6 hours

6 hours

6 hours

3 hours

2 hours

3 hours

Start STX C-ll-6

12

13

14

15

Operate a Checkpoint

Interdict Smuggling Operations

Defend Convoy

Conduct Final AAR

2 hours

6 hours

4 hours

2 hours

** Prepare for Combat

** Maintain Operations Security

** Perform Consolidation and Reorganization

** Perform Stability and Support Operations

***Total Time 79 hours

* The time required to train an event varies based on the factors of METT-T and on the unit's

training proficiency. Regardless, training is conducted to standards, not to time limitations.

** These tasks are integrated and evaluated throughout the exercise.

*** Time for intermediate AARs is not included in this total; additional time is required if much of

the exercise is conducted at night or during other limited visibility.

Table 5-10. Sequence of events and times for FTX defend.

5-28
TC 90-1

(Classification)

Copy no of copies

_ Battalion, Infantry

Unit location or place ofissue

Date-time group (with time zone)

Message reference number

OPERATION ORDER NO.

Reference: Map, series no. _ sheet no. , edition

Time Zone Used Throughout the Order:

TASK ORGANIZATION:

Co Tm Tm(-)

1/ / /AR 2/ / /AR

Team Tank

l/_/_/Inf

2/ / /Inf

E Co(-)

Battalion Control

Scout Platoon

120-mm Mortar Platoon

l/C/1-222 ADA (Stinger) (DS)

C/58 ENGR (DS)

1/1 (GSR) TM A/58 MI Bn

ATK Force B(l/_/_/Inf)

Battalion Trains

1. SITUATION.

a. Enemy Forces. ANNEX A (see intelligence overlay [prepared by brigade S2]).

(1) Composition, Disposition, Strength. The company is opposed by the 1st Dragoons

Regiment, 60th Guards Division. This regiment is at 85 percent strength and has received

engineer and artillery reinforcements. The enemy is equipped with an assortment of

former Soviet and Warsaw pact small arms, machine guns, and armored vehicles

including T-62 tanks.

(2) Capabilities. The enemy has established defensive positions that follow a line

from vicinity (grid) to vicinity (grid). Enemy armored reconnaissance units are operating

in the more open terrain to the southwest of CACTF. The enemy has been observed

moving forces in depth throughout the area in preparation for an offensive action.

(3) Probable Course ofAction. The enemy's most probable course of action will be to

begin offensive actions within the next 24 to 36 hours. Enemy encountered includes

numerous reconnaissance elements trying to find the company's vulnerabilities and a

main body trying to exploit any weakness.

(Classification)

Figure 5-12. Example battalion OPORD for mechanized company

or team STX defend.

5-29
TC 90-1

(Classification)

b. Friendly Forces.

(1) ( ) Brigade, ( ) Division relieves ( ) Brigade in place at (date-time group),

to defend in sector from (grid) to (grid) to (grid) to (grid), in order to secure the corps

counterattack axis of advance, (grid). The intent is to secure the road netwofk around

CACTF to prevent the enemy from impeding the movement of the ( ) Brigade, ( )

Division.

(2) TF ( ) is the main effort in the defense and, NLT (date-time group), holds key

terrain vicinity (grid) on our left, to prevent an enemy bypass ofthe brigade left flank.

(3) TF ( ), on our right, defends along Route 360, vicinity (grid) to (grid) to (grid) to

(grid), NLT (date-time group), to prevent an envelopment of the right flank. They

conduct a supporting attack at (date-time group) to seize the high ground at OBJ OAK,

vicinity (grid), to establish defensive positions that prevent the enemy armored

reconnaissance units from interfering with the seizure ofthe pass at (grid) or the attack of

the ( ) Battalion, ( ) Infantry, Mechanized.

2. MISSION. TF ( ) defends NLT (date-time group), to retain the town of CACTF

and its surrounding road network and allow brigade to prevent enemy interference with

corps counterattack.

3. EXECUTION.

a. Concept of the Operation. ANNEX B (see operations overlay).

(1) Maneuver. Company (main effort) retains the main intersection (traffic loop) in

CACTF, to prevent enemy movement through the sector. Team (evaluated) blocks

movement west of 3d Street, to prevent the enemy from enveloping the main effort. The

counterattack force is committed as needed. Team ( ) blocks movement east of Oak

Street, to canalize the enemy into EA ( ). Team ( ) defends from BP1, to prevent a

coordinated attack against the main effort. E Company occupies BPs, to destroy enemy

vehicles and protect the TF flanks.

(2) Fire Support. (See ANNEX C.) Fires are used to suppress the enemy and obscure

our movement during the relief operation. Once positions are occupied, fires are used to

suppress enemy overwatch positions, disrupt attempts to breach obstacles, and separate

enemy infantry from their supporting carriers. Priority of CAS and indirect fire is initially

to Team (evaluated), during the relief operation, and then to Team (main effort). Teams

(main effort) and (evaluated) each have two priority 155-mm targets. Each team may

make one priority target an FPF.

(Classification)

Figure 5-12. Example battalion OPORD for mechanized company

or team STX defend (continued).

5-30
TC 90-1

(Classification)

(3) Counter-Air Operations. Priority of protection is to the TF trains and main CP.

Air defense weapons status is free; air defense warning status is yellow.

(4) Intelligence. Priority of collection is to identify and locate the C2 elements of the

MRR and MRB, enemy tank battalions, and the enemy assault detachments' actual axes

of advance.

(5) Engineering. The purpose of obstacles is to turn the enemy into restrictive terrain

and engagement areas. Priority of support is to Team (main effort), Team (evaluated),

Team ( ), and Team ( ), in that order.

b. Tasks to Maneuver Units.

(1) Team (Main Effort).

(a) Sector of defense includes the east side of Front Street, the south side of 1 st

Street, the west side of 3d Avenue area, and the north side of 3d Street.

(b) Team (main effort) relieves Team ( ), TF ( ).

(2) Team (Evaluated).

(a) Sector includes the east side of 3d Avenue, the south side of 1st Street, the

west side of 6th Avenue, and the north side of 3d Street.

(b) Team (evaluated) relieves Team ( ), TF ( ).

(3) Team (_).

(a) Sector includes the east side of Oak Street, the south side of 1st Street, the east

side of Front Street, and the north side of 3d Street.

(b) Team ( ) relieves Team ( ), TF ( ).

(c) Team ( ) coordinates directly with right flank team of TF ( ), to ensure

mutually supporting fires.

(4) Team (__)

(a) Occupy BP 1 vicinity (grid)

(b) Be prepared to occupy BP 2 (grid) to engage enemy in EA ( ).

(5) Company E.

(a) Occupy BP 2-1 (grid) and move on order to BP 2-2 (grid).

(b) Provide antiarmor fires to destroy enemy tanks in EA ( ).

(6) Counterattack B (Reserve).

(a) Occupy AA Black, vicinity (grid).

(b) Reconnoiter routes into TF (main effort) sector.

(Classification)

Figure 5-12. Example battalion OPORD for mechanized company

or team STX defend (continued).

5-31
TC 90-1

(Classification)

(c) Priority for planning:

Battle position to reinforce main effort.

Battle position to counterattack into Team (main effort) sector.

Battle position to counterattack into Team (evaluated) sector.

(7) Scout Platoon.

(a) Determine location, strength, and disposition of enemy forces.

(b) Perform a screen of the TF's right flank from (grid) to (grid) beginning (datetime group) to prevent enemy infiltration ofCACTF.

c. Tasks to Combat Support Units.

(1) Mortar Platoon.

(a) Priority of fire to TF (main effort). Move with TF (main effort) and establish

firing position vicinity (grid).

(b) Displace on order to (grid).

(2) l/C/1-222 ADA. Coordinate locations with S3 NLT (date-time group).

(3) C/58 Engineers.

(a) Coordinate the engineer effort with the team commanders NLT (date-time

group).

(b) Provide an obstacle clearing team to Counterattack Force B, NLT (date-time

group).

(4) 1/1 (GSR) TM A/58 MI. Coordinate location of assets with the task force S3 NLT

(date-time group).

d. Coordinating Instructions.

(1) Selective rubbling is authorized, but destruction of more than one building

requires TF commander approval.

(2) Destruction ofsubterranean approaches requires TF commander approval.

(3) Commanders brief back OPORD to TF commander at the TF tactical CP, vicinity

(grid), at (date-time group).

(4) MOPP1 is in effect as of (date-time group).

(5) Decontamination site established vicinity Miller Pond (grid).

(Classification)

Figure 5-12. Example battalion OPORD for mechanized company

or team STX defend (continued).

5-32
TC 90-1

(Classification)

4. SERVICE SUPPORT. (See Annex D.)

a. General.

(1) Combat trains located vicinity (grid).

(2) Field trains located in the BSA, vicinity (grid).

b. Materiel and Services.

(1) Supply.

(a) Class I. Ration cycle C-A-C. Team establishes MRE cache sufficient for

48 hours in sector.

(b) Class III. Resupply available on request. Class III located in combat trains.

(c) Class IV. Materials are allocated as shown in ANNEX D.

(d) Class V. Each team establishes ammunition caches in sector, but should also

have two basic loads of ammunition on hand.

(2) Transportation. The main streets are capable of two-way heavy vehicle traffic

(class 60). Secondary streets may be one way and oflighter construction (class 50).

(3) Maintenance.

(a) Priority by unit: Team (main effort), Team (evaluated), Team ( ), Company

E, Team ( ).

(b) Priority by vehicle: M1A1, M2/M3, M113.

c. Medical Evacuation and Hospitalization.

(1) TF aid station located vicinity (grid).

(2) Civilian casualties should be transported by nonmilitary means to clinic, located

vicinity (grid).

d. Personnel.

(1) No replacements for the next 96 hours.

(2) EPW collection point located vicinity (grid).

(3) Mortuary affairs point located in BSA, vicinity (grid).

e. Civil-Military Cooperation.

(1) Curfew in effect 1800 to 0800 daily.

(2) Majority of civilians have been evacuated. Those remaining have been notified of

the risk involved.

(Classification)

Figure 5-12. Example battalion OPORD for mechanized companyor team

STX defend (continued).

5-33
TC 90-1

(Classification)

5. COMMAND AND SIGNAL.

a. Command.

(1) Brigade main CP located vicinity (grid).

(2) TF tactical CP located vicinity (grid).

(3) TF main CP located vicinity (grid).

(4) TF commander located at tactical CP.

(5) TF XO located at Main CP.

b. Signal.

(1) SOI INDEX 1-9 in effect.

(2) Primary means of communication is wire, FM, messenger in that order.

(3) Building and obstacle marking IAW TF SOP.

ACKNOWLEDGE:

WILLIAMS

LTC

OFFICIAL:

SMITH

S3

Annexes: A—Intelligence

B—Operations Overlay

C—Fire Support

D—Service Support

(Classification)

Figure 5-12. Example battalion OPORD for mechanized company

or team STX defend (continued).

5-34
TC 90-1

(3) The TF has retained the north half of the CACTF after the enemy attack. The

enemy was defeated but has established squad-size to platoon-size strongpoints in the

southern half ofthe CACTF. The enemy is expected to receive reinforcements within the

next 12 to 24 hours. To prevent enemy reinforcements from moving to the strongpoints to

strengthen and resupply them, TF headquarters orders the team to conduct platoon-size

ambushes. They also order the team to prepare to establish a roadblock, to control refugee

flow through the area of operations, before the team moves out of the area. Headquarters

issues a FRAGO (Figure 5-13).

Numerous enemy strongpoints are located to your front, vicinity (grid),

(grid), and (grid). We expect these strongpoints to receive reinforcements

within the next 12 to 24 hours. Your mission is to establish platoon

ambushes on the likely avenues of approach to the strongpoints, NLT

(date-time group), in order to prevent reinforcements or resupply to these

strongpoints. Notify the TF commander when you are prepared to move.

Coordinate with TF scouts for guides. On order, after return from ambush

missions, establish roadblocks at (grid) and (grid). Be prepared to move

within the next 36 to 48 hours to conduct further follow-on missions.

Figure 5-13. Example FRAGO for FTX defend.

4. Support Requirements.

a. Minimum Trainers/Evaluators: This exercise should be conducted for practice

with the company commander as the trainer/evaluator for his platoons. The battalion may

direct the FTX (internal evaluation) using a company evaluator and an FO evaluator. The

platoon leaders and platoon sergeants are the primary trainers during the initial phases of

the training. The company commander, the XO, the platoon leaders, and the platoon

sergeants act as trainers during the company phases of training. If the exercise is

conducted by the battalion, either the battalion commander, the XO, or the S3 acts as the

trainer and evaluator, but may require additional assets from the battalion to support the

evaluation phase. The controllers or evaluators must be positioned at critical locations

throughout the exercise, to observe the actions. They must not interfere with the conduct

ofthe operation, except to halt it when a safety violation occurs or to conduct an AAR.

b. Vehicles/Communications: Those organic to the company are used.

c. Opposing Force: The OPFOR ground force should be at least platoon-size. FTXs

conducted by the company require internal resourcing, and units should be rotated to

ensure total training. T&EOs provide training tasks and standards for the OPFOR.

d. Maneuver Area: A training area at least 5 by 15 km is best for this exercise.

e. Consolidated Support Requirements: This exercise requires the items shown in

Table 5-11, page 5-36.

f. Barrier materials. Sufficient class IV must be made available to fortify positions,

IAW FM 3-06.11 (FM 90-10-1).

5-35
TC 90-1

AMMUNITION DODAC Per Plt/Co/Bn FTX

5.56-mm blank 1305A080 120 rounds per rifle

5.56-mm SESAMS 120 rounds per rifle

5.56-mm blank 1305A075 200 rounds per M249 LMG

5.56-mm SESAMS 200 rounds per M249 LMG

7.62-mm 1305A111 200 rounds per BFV/M1

400 rounds per M60/240B

ATWESS cartridge 1370L367 6 (Viper) (for LAW)

18 per Dragon

14 per TOW System

9 per OH-58D/AH-64

Hoffman 1370L602 6 per M1

2 per target

Hand grenade fuze (M228) 1330G878 150 per Bn

Stun grenade M84 1330GG09 150 per Bn

Smoke grenade, HC 150 per Bn

Smoke pot 6 per Bn

Table 5-11. Ammunition and pyrotechnics support requirements

for a six days FTX.

5. Evaluation.

Table 5-12 lists the ARTEP mission training plan T&EOs used to evaluate this STX.

TASK/FUNCTION TASK NUMBER

ARTEP 7-8-MTP

Defend MOUT/Building 7-3/4-1118

Perform Tactical Road March 7-3-1123

Perform Relief Operations 7-3-4-1124

Perform Passage of Lines 7-3-4-1125

Move Tactically 7-3-4-1134

Occupy Assembly Area 7-3-4-1136

Establish a Roadblock/Checkpoint 7-3-4-1401

Perform NBC Operations 7-3-4-1406

Maintain Operations Security 7-3-4-1409

Prepare for Combat 7-3-4-1606

Perform Consolidation and Reorganization 7-3-4-1607

ARTEP 7-10-MTP

Perform Ambush 7-2-1106

Table 5-12. T&EOs used to evaluate STX attack.

5-36
TC 90-1

5-9. TARGETRY

Table 5-13 lists the combination of precision and non-precision targets to support the

diversity of scenarios required to support combined arms and branch specific lane

training. Precision targets, less than 50 meters, are used in and around buildings within

the CACTF and reinforce precision marksmanship techniques described in FM 23-9

(Table 5-13).

EVENT

NUMBER

OF LANES

HUMAN TARGETS VEHICLE

TARGETS

TOTALS

HT VT

Company/Platoon

STX Offense

3/9 Precision Non-Precision 9 45 9

15 30

Table 5-13. CACTF target requirements.

5-10. CONSIDERATIONS FOR TRAINING WITH ARMOR

Built-up areas consist mainly of man-made features such as buildings, streets, and

subterranean systems. These features of urban terrain create a variety oftactical problems

and possibilities. In order to ensure that the tank platoon can operate effectively in the

urban environment, the platoon observation and direct-fire plans must address the

ground-level or surface fight (in streets and on the ground floor of buildings), the above

ground fight (intra-surface and super-surface), and the subterranean fight (Figure 5-14).

Infantry can assist the tank platoon by—

• Locating targets for tanks to engage.

• Destroying antitank weapons.

• Assaulting enemy positions and clearing buildings with tank support.

• Protecting tanks from antitank fires.

5-37
TC 90-1

Figure 5-14. Urban battle space.

a. Transporting Infantry. At times, the tank platoon is required to transport

infantrymen on its tanks (as illustrated in Figure 5-15). This technique is done only when

contact is not expected. If the platoon is moving as part of a larger force and is tasked to

provide security for the move, the lead section or element should not carry infantry.

Platoon

leader

M203

Grenadier Rifleman

o

'Rifleman

J.1' ,T~- Rifleman

~; Rifleman

mi

M249

M203

Grenadier

Figure 5-15. Sample positions for infantry riding on a tank.

5-38
TC 90-1

Infantry and armor leaders must observe the following procedures, precautions, and

considerations when infantrymen ride on tanks:

a. Infantry should thoroughly practice mounting and dismounting procedures and

actions on contact.

b. Infantry must always alert the TC before mounting or dismounting. They must

follow the commands ofthe TC.

c. Infantry platoons should be broken down into squad-size groups, similar to air

assault chalks, with the infantry platoon leader on the armor platoon leader's vehicle and

the infantry PSG on the armor PSG's vehicle.

d. Platoon leaders, PSGs, and team leaders should position themselves near the TC's

hatch, using the external phone (if available) to talk to the TC and relay signals to the

unit.

e. If possible, the lead vehicle should not carry infantrymen. Riders restrict turret

movement and are more likely to be injured or killed on initial contact.

f. Whenever possible, Infantrymen should mount and dismount over the left front

slope of the vehicle. This procedure ensures that the driver can see the infantrymen and

that the Infantrymen do not pass in front of the coax machine gun. Infantrymen must

ensure that they remain behind the vehicle's smoke grenade launchers. This will

automatically keep them clear of all weapon systems.

g. Infantrymen must always have three points of contact with the vehicle; they must

watch for low-hanging objects such as tree branches.

h. All Infantrymen should wear hearing protection.

i. Infantrymen should not ride with anything more than their battle gear. Rucksacks

and B-bags should be transported by other means.

j. Infantrymen should scan in all directions. They may be able to spot a target the

vehicle crew does not see.

k. Passengers should be prepared to take the following actions on contact:

• Wait for the vehicle to stop.

• At the TC's command, dismount IMMEDIATELY (one fire team on each

side). DO NOT move forward ofthe turret.

• Move at least 5 meters to the sides of the vehicle. DO NOT move behind or

forward ofthe vehicle.

• DO NOT move in front of vehicles unless ordered to do so. Main gun

discharge overpressure can inflict sever injury or death to forward dismounts.

See Figure 5-16 and warning below.

• DO NOT move in front of vehicles unless ordered to do so. Main gun

discharge overpressure can inflict sever injury or death to forward dismounts.

• DO NOT dismount a vehicle unless ordered or given permission to do so.

• DO NOT dangle arms or legs, equipment, or anything else off the side of a

vehicle; they could get caught in the tracks, causing death, injury, or damage

to the equipment or vehicle.

• DO NOT place too many riders on the vehicle.

5-39
TC 90-1

DO NOT fall asleep when riding. The warm engine may induce drowsiness; a

fall could be fatal.

DO NOT smoke when mounted on a vehicle.

DO NOT stand near a moving or turning vehicle at any time. Tanks have a

deceptively short turning radius.

DANGERS

1. The overpressure from the tank 120-mm cannon

can kill a dismounted infantryman within a

90-degree arc extending from the muzzle of the gun

tube out to 200 meters.

2. From 200 to 1,000 meters along the line of fire, on

a frontage of about 400 meters dismounted infantry

must be aware of the danger from discarding sabot

petals, which can kill or seriously injure soldiers.

Firing Noise &

Overpressure

Caution Area

••

Hearing Protection

Required When

Firing 200M 1000M

400 M

Figure 5-16. Danger areas around a tank

when firing the 120-mm main gun.

b. Additional Considerations. Additional considerations and preparations for

transporting infantrymen include the following.

(1) The armor:

(a) Uses main-gun fire to reduce obstacles or entrenched positions for the infantry.

(b) Takes directions from the infantry ground commander (platoon leader/PSG/squad

leader) to support their fire and maneuver.

(c) Provides reconnaissance by fire for the infantry.

5-40
TC 90-1

(d) Should know and understand how the infantry clears buildings, how they mark

cleared buildings, casualty evacuation plan, signal methods, engagement criteria for tank

main gun, front line trace reporting, ground communication from the tank with the

dismounted Infantry.

(e) Uses its night vision capability to augment and supplement the Infantry's night

vision capability.

(2) The Infantry:

(a) Provides real time information for the tank crewmen to help them overcome tank

noise and the lack of ground situational understanding.

(b) Provides reconnaissance and fire direction of enemy positions for main gun

attack.

(3) Considerations for dismounted tank security include the following:

(a) Tank crewman should rehearse the mounting and dismounting of Infantry from

their vehicle, briefing the Infantrymen on safety procedures for the vehicle and weapon

systems.

(b) Tank commanders need to rehearse communicating with dismounted soldiers by

way ofTA-1 and DR-8 in the bustle rack.

(4) Vehicle preparation for combat in urban terrain should cover these procedures:

(a) Keep at least one ballistic shield to the "Dog House" closed (most engagements

will be under boresight range and the battlesight technique will suffice).

(b) Place sandbags around antenna connections and electrical wiring on the turret top.

(c) Place extra coax ammunition inside the turret.

(d) Remove any highly flammable products from the outside of the vehicle and from

the sponson boxes.

c. Vehicles, Weapons, and Munitions. Numerous factors related to vehicles and

their organic weapons and munitions affect the tank platoon's urban operation planning

and execution, including the following:

(1) The preferred main gun rounds in the urban environment are HEAT, MPAT

(ground mode), and MPAT-OR (XM908). These all perform much better than sabot

rounds against bunkers and buildings.

(2) HEAT ammunition will open a larger hole in reinforced concrete or masonry

structures than MPAT or MPAT-OR (XM908). Both MPAT and MPAT-OR, however,

offer greater incapacitation capability inside the structure.

(3) HEAT ammunition arms approximately 60 feet from the gun muzzle. It loses

most ofits effectiveness against urban targets at ranges ofless than 60 feet.

(4) MPAT and MPAT-OR rounds arm approximately 100 feet from the muzzle ofthe

gun. Because of the shape and metal components of the projectiles, however, this

ammunition remains effective at ranges ofless than 100 feet.

(5) Sabot petals, including those on MPAT and MPAT-OR, endanger accompanying

infantry elements. They create a hazard area extending 70 meters on either side of the

gun-target line out to a range of 1 kilometer.

(6) The tank's main gun can depress only to -10 degrees and can elevate only to +20

degrees. This creates considerable dead space for the crew at the close ranges that are

typical in the urban environment.

5-41
TC 90-1

(7) The external M2 HB machine gun can deliver a heavy volume of suppressive fire

and penetrate light construction, buildings and most barricades. The M2 HB MG can

elevate to +36 degrees; however, the TC must be unbuttoned to fire the M2 on the Ml A2

orMlA2SEP.

(8) The M240 coax machine gun can effectively deliver suppressive fires against

enemy personnel and against enemy positions that are behind light cover.

(9) The loader's M240 machine gun can effectively deliver suppressive fire against

enemy personnel and against enemy positions that are behind light cover; however, the

loader must be unbuttoned to operate it. This weapon may be dismounted and used in a

ground role if units are equipped with the M240 dismount kit.

(10) When buttoned up, the tank crew has limited visibility to the sides and rear and no

visibility to the top. Figures 5-17 and 5-18 illustrate the dead space associated with tank

operations in an urban environment.

(11) FM 3-20.12 (FM 17-12-1-1) explains special uses for tank-mounted machine guns

in the urban environment.

Figure 5-17. Tank weapon dead space at street level.

Figure 5-18. Tank main gun and coax dead space above street level.

5-42
TC 90-1

d. Tank Platoon Command and Control in Urban Operations. The following

command and control considerations affect the tank platoon's urban operations planning

and execution:

(1) Communications Problems. The low-level task organization that may take place

during urban operations requires elements to establish additional communications links,

which can be disrupted by buildings and other urban terrain features.

(2) Fire Control. Extensive direct fire planning and restrictive fire control measures

are an absolute requirement in urban operations.

(3) Proximity and Visibility. Friendly elements often must operate in confined and

restrictive areas during urban operations, and they may not be able to see other nearby

friendly forces. These factors significantly increase the danger offratricide.

(4) Personnel Factors. Urban operations impose significant, and often extreme,

physical and psychological demands on soldiers and leaders.

(5) ROE/ROI and Civilians. The ROE and/or ROI may restrict the use of certain

weapon systems and TTP. As an integral part of urban operations, noncombatants create

special operational problems. To deal with these concerns, units operating in urban terrain

must know how to effectively employ linguists and counterintelligence and civil affairs

teams.

(6) Slow Pace Urban Operations. This operation usually prevents the tank platoon

from taking full advantage ofthe speed and mobility of its tanks.

5-43
TC 90-1

APPENDIX A

TRAINING TIPS

The effectiveness of urban operations training programs depends on

the imagination and thoroughness applied to a training plan. All trainers,

from training managers to junior leaders, should prepare their units to

fulfill their urban operations mission. They can employ procedures that

are based on training doctrine and proven techniques. This appendix

discusses several techniques for conducting urban operations training.

Trainers make the choice based on the training needs and available

resources.

A-l. CONCURRENT TRAINING

Concurrent training allows groups of soldiers to train on different tasks at the same time.

This training requires a plan for rotating soldiers between the stations that teach different

tasks. This procedure is referred to as round-robin training. Concurrent training is an

efficient training technique since it makes the best use of training time and facilities.

Concurrent training in the urban operations training facilities works best with

performance-oriented tasks. It also requires detailed planning, control, coordination, and

more assistant trainers. Trainers should use the example training exercise scenarios

provided to develop training that meets their units' training needs.

a. Urban Assault Course and Breach. These facilities are well suited to conduct

concurrent training. After mastering the tasks at one station, a group ofsoldiers rotates to

the next station in the sequence. To avoid bottlenecks at any of the stations, trainers plan

instructional blocks that last about the same length of time. Concurrent training is often

conducted with dedicated instructors at each station. The advantage °f tn'

s

technique is

that it ensures uniformity of performance standards and saves on trainer preparation time.

The disadvantage xs mat the soldier is not always trained by his leader. Therefore, when

feasible, small-unit leaders should rotate with their soldiers from station-to-station so they

can take part in the training. This technique demands much preparation and expertise

from leaders.

b. Urban Assault Course and Combined Arms Collective Training Facility.

These facilities are well suited for conducting concurrent exercises. Concurrent exercises

are variants of concurrent training. In a concurrent exercise, elements of the same unit

receive different missions. These missions correspond to each element's training

objective for that exercise. This technique can be used during FTXs, STXs, or CFXs. For

example, one unit attacks; a second unit supports by fire; a third unit acts as a reserve.

Also, elements of the same unit can challenge each other. For example, if a trainer has

been training his unit in urban offense and defense operations, he can create a scenario in

which one force is required to attack the other. This technique allows the unit to train

with an OPFOR without an extra investment of resources. Leaders must remember to

carefully plan the force ratios between the OPFOR and counterattacking forces.

A-2. DEMONSTRATIONS

Trainers may demonstrate the correct way to perform the tasks. A demonstration can

include a skit, film, or videotape. A live demonstration is normally an effective teaching

A-1
TC 90-1

method since it holds soldiers' interest. Demonstrations can be performed at the UAC and

the Breach Facility. However, the trainers must demonstrate the task slowly so that the

soldiers can see all the steps. They emphasize key points and stop the action to explain

each one. The trainers can use video cameras to film the action occurring inside the

buildings. Soldiers can watch the demonstrations on a remote monitor, and trainers can

use the videotapes again for later training.

A-3. EXERCISES

Exercises help train soldiers and leaders to work well together and to use their equipment

and resources properly. Table A-l below lays out the type of training exercise, and the

appropriate training facility.

EXERCISE CACTF

SHOOT

HOUSE SIMULATIONS LOCAL TOWN

MAPEX X X X

TEWT X X

CPX X X X

CFX X X

BSX X

LFX X

STX X X X

FTX X X

Table A-1. Training exercise matrix.

a. Map Exercise. A MAPEX allows participants to plan and execute urban

operations using maps, overlays, sand tables, photographs, or models. MAPEXs develop

teamwork and skills in terrain analysis, planning, coordination, order writing, and

employment of urban operation tactics and are more suited for battle staff and leaders.

(1) Using a model of the CACTF is an excellent training aid for instructing soldiers

and leaders. Gather leaders around the map or model and have them devise a tactical

plan. Use figures or markers to represent friendly units and the OPFOR. Create tactical

situations that challenge participants to react as they would in real combat.

(2) Incorporate direct fire, casualties, NBC, logistics, and civilians into the exercise.

Ensure the ROE for each exercise is clear to participants.

(3) Have plenty of detailed maps available for use in the MAPEX and in the planning

and execution ofsubsequent CFX operations.

b. Tactical Exercise Without Troops. A TEWT focuses on leader and staff tasks.

The senior trainer selects the terrain for the urban TEWT. Either the CACTF or a real

village, town, or city is appropriate. The procedure for conducting a TEWT is as follows:

(1) Create a scenario and enemy situation, and assign missions.

A-2
TC 90-1

(2) Allow the leaders to devise their reconnaissance plans and implement them on the

terrain.

(3) Require the leader to brief subordinates while walking the terrain.

(4) Ensure their plans include the following tasks:

• Analyze the terrain.

a Employ units according to the terrain analysis.

a Emplace weapons.

« Devise a unit plan.

. Employ combat, CS, and CSS assets.

(5) Conduct an AAR.

c. Command Post Exercise/Battle Simulation Exercise. These exercises allow

leaders and battle staffs to perform their tasks in a unit CP, where they receive

information in the form of reports that require certain reactions. This type of training can

be achieved through the constructive simulations training portion of the urban operations

training strategy using JANUS or JCATS.

(1) The CPX/BSXs are most effective in achieving the following general training

objectives:

Preparing plans.

Issuing orders.

Building teams.

Reconnoitering, selecting, and tactically occupying CP locations.

Establishing and using communications.

Preparing and sending reports.

Coordinating between subordinate elements.

(2) A company CP is usually associated with a battalion level or higher CPX, but a

company can conduct its own CPX. The headquarters section can set up a CP in a

CACTF building, displace to another building, and repeat the exercise until they meet the

required standards. The section can practice hiding wire on pavement, stringing it

between buildings, and running it through sewers. The CP can practice receiving reports,

posting situation maps, and sending reports forward to higher headquarters.

d. Command Field Exercise. The CFX is used to train commanders, staffs, and

junior leaders. The CACTF or a local town can accommodate this type of exercise.

However, the unit commander must go through the correct procedures when conducting

training off federal property. The CFX employs all of a unit's command and control

assets, with a number of subordinate elements reduced according to a set scale. For

example, one soldier might represent an entire squad, one vehicle a platoon, or one gun

an entire battery.

(1) Preliminary training, such as CPXs, TEWTs, MAPEXs, and BSXs, should

precede the CFX. Units conduct operations, and controllers resolve battle outcomes. The

exercise ends with an AAR. Fewer controllers are needed in a CFX than in an FTX.

However, if the number of unit functions increases, the number of controllers must

increase also.

(2) Combat in urban areas entails centralized planning with decentralized execution,

(a) Centralized planning can be practiced in a CFX; however, it can be practiced

more efficiently in a CPX, TEWT, MAPEX, or BSX.

A-3
TC 90-1

(b) Decentralized execution means that platoon, squad, and team leaders lead the

battle in an urban area. However, because element participation is scaled down in a CFX,

trainers usually find STXs, FTXs, and TEWTs more useful.

e. Live-Fire Exercise. Chapter 3 and local range regulations provide specific

guidance for conducting LFXs at the shoot house. Live-fire training allows soldiers and

leaders to maneuver while firing service ammunition or SRTA. An LFX is most

productive when preceded by non-live-fire practice (dry fire or dry run). However, dry

fire should always precede live fire either using TES or SESAM. An AAR should follow

each repetition, and units should not proceed to the next level of difficulty until they

master the current step. The training in a LFX occurs in the following sequence, which

can be shortened iftime and ammunition dictate.

(1) Dry fire to practice unit drills and individual tasks.

(2) Conduct an AAR.

(3) Practice drills and tasks a second time with limited expenditure of ammunition to

show the complex coordination of fire and maneuver required.

(4) Conduct an AAR.

(5) Practice the exercise a third time with full use of ammunition to create realism

and to build confidence.

(6) Conduct an AAR.

f. Situational Training Exercise. The STXs are mission-oriented, limited exercises

used to train a unit to perform a single collective task or a series of related tasks and

drills. With their distinct start and stop points, STXs represent a segment of battle. An

STX is more flexible and complex than a single T&EO or drill. In fact, an STX typically

includes drills, leader tasks, and separate individual tasks, and involves a unit's "slice" of

external combat, CS, and CSS assets. An STX often precedes an FTX or CFX, and can be

conducted in the CACTF by creating a brief situation and mission. For example, the MP

company commanders might want to teach the soldiers about straggler control. They can

string the tasks together into small scenarios such as STXs, describe a tactical situation

that produces stragglers from nearby units, use other soldiers to represent the stragglers,

and train soldiers to process stragglers at straggler collection and transport points.

g. Field Training Exercise. An FTX allows units to execute collective tasks under

conditions that closely resemble actual urban terrain. The FTXs are suitable for the

CACTF.

(1) An FTX requires significant time, resources, and planning. The time is well spent

if units master their collective tasks. An FTX is an excellent way to conduct the ^^ stage

of collective training. Additionally, OPFOR and MILES greatly enhance the training

value ofthe FTX.

(2) A unit's urban operation FTX training plan addresses ROE, maneuver restrictions,

and the controller plan. Soldiers must know the exercise's training objectives before they

begin so they can focus on the correct tasks. Every participant, regardless of position or

rank, must fully understand all safety requirements.

(3) To make maximum use of their training time in the field, leaders must plan in

great detail. The concept of multiechelon training demands that they consider what

training can occur at each level in each event.

A-4
TC 90-1

A-4. EVALUATORS

Soldiers from the training unit or from another unit can evaluate urban operations

training, especially during the run stage oftraining in an STX, FTX, or CFX. A dedicated

evaluator provides objective and thorough comments on the unit's performance

throughout all stages of the exercise. Evaluators monitor the critical point of the action

but must avoid interfering. They must not disrupt unit performance or undermine realism.

They must be trained and given standardized evaluation guides if their feedback is to be

meaningful; MTPs and T&EOs are a good start. Evaluators facilitate AARs alone or

along with the unit leader.

A-5. TACTICAL ENGAGEMENT SYSTEM

The TES realistically replicates the effects of actual fire in training. It uses laser adapters

on the weapons and laser-sensitive equipment on the soldiers and vehicles. A TES

weapon emits a laser beam when fired. Accurate fire strikes the laser-sensitive equipment

and scores a hit. The TES requires soldiers to aim accurately and to use cover and

concealment effectively. When used with an OPFOR, TES offers realistic training. It is

an excellent training aid for an FTX or STX. It is also effective at the shoot house as a

substitute for live fire. The two major shortcomings of TES are that it allows soldiers to

seek cover behind structures that normally would not protect them, and that it does not

replicate suppression.

A-6. NAVIGATION

Navigational techniques for urban areas differ from those needed on other terrain.

a. A typical l:50,000-scale military map provides insufficient detail for accurate

navigation. Therefore, soldiers must learn to navigate using commercial maps, sketches,

and aerial photographs. Leaders must learn how to plan operations using these items.

b. Underground navigation is a special challenge. Soldiers must know subway plans

and be able to identify tunnels, elevated tracks, stairways, and other critical features.

They must learn how to measure distance, remain oriented, and mark their routes.

c. Destruction often erases urban features that could aid in navigation. Soldiers must

learn to orient using distinctive, difficult-to-erase features such as bridges, waterways,

towers, and intersections.

d. Leaders conduct navigational exercises in an actual urban area. Soldiers must

move from point to point while controllers at each point monitor and verify soldiers'

progress.

e. The GPS is a navigational aid that triangulates with satellites to calculate position.

However, this system may be affected by nearby tall buildings, and its effectiveness

decreases inside buildings or underground.

A-7. LIMITED VISIBILITY TRAINING

Urban operations involve day and night operations. FTXs, STXs, CFXs, and CPXs are

the valuable exercises for night training.

a. Field-expedient lighting, NVDs, illumination, and electrical lighting must be

exploited when the tactical situation allows. Soldiers must learn discipline in their use of

light, and also learn the lighting techniques that allow them to carry out their urban

training program.

A-5
TC 90-1

b. Situational awareness is the soldier's knowledge of his location, the locations of

friendly forces, and the locations of the enemy on the battlefield. Situational awareness is

the key to avoiding fratricide, especially during limited visibility operations. Units must

plan to use all the equipment and devices available to mark friendly units and to avoid

fratricide, without exposing themselves to enemy observation.

c. Reverse-cycle training should be part of an urban training program. Limited

visibility fighting skills are perishable, but they can be sustained and improved by

effective training. The goal is for every soldier to operate as effectively at night as during

the day.

A-8. SAFETY/AMMUNITION CONSIDERATIONS

When using ammunition and pyrotechnics, all associated safety requirements must be

adhered to. The following paragraphs describe some of the safety equipment and training

procedures to be considered.

a. Special Effect Small-Arms Marking System. The SESAMS uses 5.56-mm and

9-mm ammunition that is used for urban training. It requires changing the bolt of the

M16/M4 family of weapons and the barrel of the M9 pistol. The ammunition has a

projectile that bursts on contact leaving a colored mark that is visible. Colors vary and

different colors can be assigned to OPFORs for engagement identification and fratricide

tracking. SESAMS, has a 30-meter effective range and activates TES (MILES). TES and

SESAMS should be used together. When using SESAMS all exposed skin must be

covered for protection such as gloves and eye protection worn. The projectile can break

exposed skin at close ranges. Every precaution must be taken to protect the head during

training with this ammunition. The eyes must be completely enclosed within the eye

protection. The standard-Army's sun, wind, and dust goggles can be used to protect the

eyes. Hearing protection must be worn to prevent injury. The mouth must remain covered

to prevent any injury to the ears. Any time during a training exercise that a soldier loses

any of his protective gear, he must immediately replace the gear. If the soldier is in an

engagement when protective gear is lost, he should immediately cover his face and eyes

with his hands and remain in that position until the engagement ends or is instructed that

it is safe to replace his safety equipment. All individuals to include observer/controllers

during exercises using SESAMS must wear protection.

b. M84 Stun Grenade. The M84 stun grenade is a non-lethal diversionary handdeployed grenade, which produces an intense flash and bang. The bang level at

1.5 meters is over 170 dBs. Even though this level does not produce permanent hearing

damage, one-time use soldiers are required to wear hearing protection when noise levels

are above 85 dBs. Flash level is between 1 to 2.5 million candlepower. The M84 is

designed to be a non-lethal grenade that is intended to provide a reliable, effective nonlethal means of neutralizing and disorienting enemy personnel and may be used tactically

as well as in training. The M84 stun grenade has an M201A1 fuse and a pyrotechnic

output charge in a synthetic casing with a one to two second delay fuse, which cannot be

cooked off. The grenade body consists of a non-fragmenting metal hexagonal casing,

which resists tendencies to roll once deployed.

c. Smoke Grenades. Smoke grenades are used throughout urban combat and are

employed to cover movement, deceive enemy forces, and for signaling. Smoke should

not be used in buildings and subterranean passages as it displaces oxygen and protective

A-6
TC 90-1

masks do not filter the smoke or provide oxygen. Buildings in the urban area can affect

air current, which influence emplacement; one grenade should be used to test the air's

flow before employing any more.

A-9. OPPOSING FORCES

Trainers should include OPFOR in training, especially during FTXs, CFXs, and STXs.

OPFOR counter tasks should be developed. Leaders should develop a thorough control

plan for scenarios that include an OPFOR. This plan should include uniform and vehicle

markings, ammunition, safety instructions, controller guidance, and guidelines for

handling prisoners. ROE must clearly specify the limits of close combat between soldiers.

a. Using an OPFOR heightens the soldiers' interest by giving them a real opponent.

This technique fosters unit competition and realism, especially when the OPFOR is used

in addition to TES and SESAM.

b. An OPFOR challenges leaders' ability to improvise. However, this free-play

scenario should be monitored to ensure the unit meets the training objectives.

c. The OPFOR can use threat urban operations doctrine. OPFOR uniforms, mock

documents, overlays, and equipment to add realism and intelligence to the scenario.

Leaders conduct preliminary training for the OPFOR, which helps the OPFOR recreate

the threat's urban tactics.

d. Non-combatants should be integrated into training scenarios.

A-10. PRECISION MARKSMANSHIP TRAINING

The UAC, CACTF, and the Shoot House are designed to accommodate target

discrimination training. However, precision marksmanship training should be conducted

before training at these facilities, IAW FM 23-9 (3-23.9). This sequence ensures that the

unit conducting the training gets the best use oftime and resources.

Aril. PHYSICAL TRAINING

Combat in urban areas places extraordinary physical demands on soldiers. Therefore,

physical training with emphasis on upper body development is paramount to any urban

operations training program.

A-12. VARIED SCENARIOS

Leaders must use varied training scenarios to prevent redundant and predictable tactical

behavior. Using predictable avenues of approach into the facility produces stereotypical

tactical solutions.

A-13. BUILDING FACADE WALLS, WINDOWS AND DOORS

The use of facade walls, windows and doors, in conjunction with SESAMS in the interior

ofsome stations at the UAC, provides for more realistic training. This method of training

reinforces the fact that walls, windows, and doors in most cases DO NOT stop the

penetration ofservice ammunition. Plastic wrap sheeting, tarpaper, or some other type of

material can be used to allow SESAMS penetration (Figure A-l, page A-8).

A-7
TC 90-1

I

L

Modular Wall System

NOTE: Framework is

covered with Black

plastic sheeting,

tarpaper, or other

SESAMS penetrable

material.

<

V

>*

WINDOW DOOR

Figure A-1. Shoot through walls and doors.

A-14. USE OF OLDER OR NONSTANDARD FACILITIES

Some installations may not receive the UAC, SH, BF, and CACTF for some time until

the necessary funding is allocated to construct the facilities. The older MOUT Assault

Course (MAC) and Collective Training Facility (CTF) described in TC 90-1 can be used

as substitute facilities along with nonstandard shoot houses. It can also be used with other

nonstandard urban facilities to implement the training strategies outlined in this TC.

Specific training tips for adaptation to these facilities are described in this paragraph.

a. Urban Assault Course. Generally, the MAC can be used to train the majority of

tasks that would be trained in the UAC. The MAC will not have any targetry and

instrumentation. Units can use portable video cameras for video capture and VCRs and

television sets for video play back to facilitate an AAR. Targets can be OPFOR

A-8
TC 90-1

with MILES. Role players in civilian clothes can be introduced to play the part of

noncombatants.

b. Shoot House. Many nonstandard shoot houses, for example, tire houses, exist in

different installations. Local range regulations and unit risk analyses will govern their

use. Again, units can use portable video cameras for video capture and VCRs and

television sets for video play back to facilitate an AAR. Both precision and nonprecision

targets can be fabricated using E-type silhouettes on a stake, old BDUs/civilian clothes

filled with straw, and so forth. Simulate noncombatants with E-type silhouettes painted

white or dummies in civilian clothes. Place balloons in the head and upper torso area to

simulate lethal shot placement. Where local policy permits, convert portions of collective

training facilities into live-fire shoot houses using SRTA.

CAUTION

Units should ensure that they are in

compliance with all local policies affecting

live fire before attempting to use SRTA in an

older collective training facility or nonstandard urban training site.

c. Breach Facility. Existing demolition ranges may be used to conduct explosive

breaching provided door, window, and wall units, or facsimiles, are available.

Mechanical breaching can be practiced in older areas of the installation designated for

demolition, if such facilities are available. In all cases, units must ensure that local safety

policies are met.

d. Combined Arms Collective Training Facility. Generally the older CTF can be

used to train the majority of tasks that would be trained in the CACTF. The CTF will not

have any targetry and instrumentation. Again, units can use portable video cameras for

video capture and VCRs and television sets for video play back to facilitate an AAR.

Targets can be OPFOR with MILES. Role players in civilian clothes can be introduced to

play the part of noncombatants. If armored vehicles will be used, units should ensure that

local range policies allow for their use. Older CTFs are normally either a 16 or 32

building design. Appropriate unit-level training, platoon, company, or battalion, should

be planned based on the size of the facility.

A-9
TC 90-1

APPENDIX B

UNIT TRAINING MATRIX

Unit training plans are prepared I AW FM 25-101, which states that

"Planning links the unit METL and the execution of battle-focused

training." The commander begins his planning with guidance from a

higher echelon and an in-depth assessment of METL tasks (in this case,

mission-essential urban tasks). Based on his own observations, feedback

from his subordinates, and other sources the commander determines which

tasks should be trained, which should be trainedfirst, and how much time

should be allottedfor each. Table B-l provides a list of training tasks by

BOS to be trained at each facility.

BRIGADE TASKS

HI

2 «

11S3

$

E

X »

ui

9

z>

OK

ua: a

CD «J DO

I

o 5

]

I

r <

z

o

!i

Develop Intelligence

Perform Intelligence Operations

Perform S2 Operations

X

X

X

X

Deploy/Conduct Maneuver

Attack

Perform Air Assault

Defend

Lodgment

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Exercise Command and Control

Command and Control the Brigade

Maintain Communications

Coordinate Air Defense Operation

Conduct Noncombatant Evacuation

Develop a Media Plan

Conduct Mediation and Negotiation

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Employ Firepower

Execute Fires

Employ Air Support

Employ Attack Helicopters

Synchronize Fire Support

Synchronize CAS

Conduct Targeting Process

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Table B-1. Army unit training matrix.

B-1
TC 90-1

BRIGADE TASKS

m

101!

I a

V) V)

ID</>

3

O n

I!

m </>

•c

I

1

1] O (0

•a

•

Q

z

o

Si

inn<

Protect the Force

Perform Mobility/Survivability Operations

Provide Engineer Support

Coordinate NBC Operations

Conduct Operations Security

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Perform CSS and Sustainment

Perform Combat Service Support

Evacuate Casualties

Treat Casualties

Sustain the Force

Conduct a Civil-Military Operation

Provide Humanitarian Support

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Develop Intelligence

Conduct S2 Operations X X X

Deploy/Conduct Maneuver

Attack of a Bui It-Up Area

Plan for Urban Operation

Defend an Urban Area

Conduct an Infiltration /Exfiltration

Perform Cordon and Search Operations in an Urban

Area

Plan for Urban Operations

Conduct Tactical Movement

Conduct Presence Operation in a Stability Environment

Defend an Urban Area

Traverse a Built-up Area

Conduct a Mobile Defense

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Employ Firepower

Integrate Fires and Effects Support

Establish the Fire Support Element

X

X

X

X

X

X

Protect the Force

Conduct Mobility and or Survivability Operations

Secure Civilians During Operation

Conduct Passive Air Defense Measures

Conduct Active Air Defense Measures

Employ Operation Security Measures

Integrate Air Defense Support

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Table B-1. Army unit training matrix (continued).

B-2
TC 90-1

BATTALION TASKS

mg

II

9

E

x e

CO </>

Ul

(0

o «

iifl

CD CO

\

m

iiO CO

s

s

F 5

z

o

hco<

Perform CSS and Sustainment

Conduct S1 Operations

Conduct S4 Operations

Conduct a Civil Military Operations

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Exercise Command and Control

Conduct S6 Operations

Conduct Noncombatant Evacuation

Conduct S3 Operations

Conduct Mediation and Negotiations

Plan Roadblocks and or Checkpoints

Establish Liaison

-

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

COMPANY TASKS

UJ

co

21

9

E

X a

co co

Ul

co

0 «

ii01 Si

i

si

Develop Intelligence

Conduct an Area or Zone Reconnaissance

Reconnoiter a Built-Up Area

X

X

Deploy/Conduct Maneuver

Conduct Cordon and Search in a Built-Up Area

Attack a Built-Up Area

Conduct Presence Operations

Conduct Tactical Movement in a Built-Up Area

Defend in Urban Environment

Conduct an Infiltration/Exfiltration

Conduct Operations with Armored or Mechanized

Infantry Vehicles in an Urban Environment

Conduct Civil Disturbance Operations

Establish Checkpoints

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Employ Firepower

Integrate Direct Fires

Integrate Indirect Fires X

X

Table B-1. Army unit training matrix (continued).

B-3
TC 90-1

COMPANY TASKS

uj

(O

II

?

£

(0 </)

u

in

O n

II

ID in

|

o 3

to

n

c

F 5

1]

Protect the Force

Maintain Operation Security

Conduct Passive Air Defense Measures

Conduct Passive Air Defense Measures

X

X

X

Perform CSS and Sustainment

Treat and Evacuate Casualties

Secure Civilians During Operations

Conduct Resupply Operations

Process Captured Documents and Equipment

Handle Enemy Prisoners of War

X

X

X

X

X

Exercise Command and Control

Prepare for Combat

Establish Communications

Conduct Consolidation and Reorganization

Conduct Negotiation

Conduct Troop-Leading Procedures

X

X

X

X

X

PLATOON/SQUAD TASKS

UJ in

On I]

II

in m

U

CO

3

O TO i|

CE of

CD <f)

r

3o o in

Develop Intelligence

Report Tactical Information

Conduct an Area or Zone Reconnaissance

Reconnoiter a Built-Up Area

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Deploy/Conduct Maneuver

Conduct tactical Movement in a Built-Up Area

Assualt a Building

Conduct a Strongpoint Defense of a Building

Conduct an Infiltration or Exfiltration

Conduct Operations with Armored or Mechanized

Vehicles in an Urban Environment

Conduct a Presence Patrol

React to a Civil Disturbance

Establish a Checkpoint

Search a Building

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Employ Firepower

Employ Fire Support X

Table B-1. Army unit training matrix (continued).

B-4
PLATOON/SQUAD TASKS

u

in

3ra II

9

E

in i/>

u

M

0 ra

1 =

1co m

•

t

o ra

«

3

c

i]

Protect the Force

Maintain Operation Security

Conduct Passive air Defense Measures

Conduct Active Air Defense Measures

X

X

X

Perform CSS and Sustainment

Secure Civilians During Operations

Perform Rejupply Operations

Treat and Evacuate Casualties

Handle Enemy Prisoners of War

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Exercise Command and Control

Conduct Troop-Leading Procedures

Establish Radio Communication

Conduct Consolidation and Reorganization

Prepare for Combat

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

INDIVIDUAL TASKS/TECHNIQUES

UJ

in

3ra I}

9

E

•n in

Ui

(0

0 ra

1 3

I!UJ £

m in

>>

•c

01

t

o 5

§3

1c

§1

Skill Level 1

Perform Movement Techniques in an Urban

Environment, 071-326-0541

Prepare Positions for Individual and Crew-Served

Weapons in an Urban Environment, 071-326-0550

Select Hasty Fighting Positions in an Urban

Environment, 071-326-0557

Employ Hand Grenades, 071-325-4407

Engage Targets with an M16A1 or M16A2 Rifle,

071-311-2007

Execute a Mechanical Breach, 071-440-0027

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Skill Level 2

Conduct an Explosive Breach

Conduct a Breach, 071-440-0029

Prime Explosive Nonelectrically, 051-193-1003

Construct a Nonelectric Initiating Assembly with

Modernized Demolition

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

TC 90-1

Table B-1. Army unit training matrix (continued).

B-5
TC 90-1

APPENDIX C

STABILITY AND SUPPORT OPERATIONS UNIT

TRAINING MATRIX

When assigned a stability or support mission, a well-trained unit

must be able to rapidly shift itsfocusfrom warfighting to stability and

support and also from stability and support to war fighting. During a

stability or support operation, the unit performs numerous activities.

Essentially, the unit accomplishes these activities through execution of

tactical missions and tasks. While stability and support operations can

occur anywhere, it is most probable that they will occur in an urban

environment. Table C-1 provides a list of training tasks by BOS to be

trained at eachfacility.

BRIGADE TASKS

t- UJ

O «

°2x O

(O z

z

U UJ

a. c

CD X

o

<

3

Li.

H

O

o

o

1-

o

z

o

1-

s

(A

Develop Intelligence

Collect and Disseminate Information X X

Deploy/Conduct Maneuver

Demonstrate a Show of Force

Employ Psychological Operation

X

X X

Employ Firepower

Provide Fire Support X X

Protect the Force

Protect the Force X

Perform CSS and Sustainment

Restore Law and Order X

Exercise Command and Control

Establish an Evacuation Control Center/Conduct

Evacuation Control Center Operations

Negotiate

Perform Noncombatant Evacuation Operations

Plan a Media Visit

X

X

X

X

Develop Intelligence

Collect and Disseminate Information X X X

Table C-1. Stability and support operations unit training matrix.

c-1
TC 90-1

BATTALION TASKS

1- UJ

O m

°5x O

W X

z

o u.

QCC m z

<

3

IL

H

O

3

o

o

1-

o

z

o

1-

3

|

in

Deploy/Conduct Maneuver

Interdict Smuggling Operations

Disarm Belligerents

Handle Captured Insurgents or Belligerents

Employ Psychological Operation

React to Civil Disturbance

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Employ Firepower

Provide Fire Support X X X

Protect the Force

Protect the Force X X

Perform CSS and Sustainment

Restore Law and Order

Identify and Process Detainees

Deliver Supplies or Humanitarian Aid

Control Civilian Movement

Prepare Traffic Control Plan

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Exercise Command and Control

Negotiate

Perform Noncombatant Evacuation Operations

Conduct Marshalling Force Operations

Negotiate a Belligerent Force Checkpoint

Plan a Media Visit

Perform a Cordon and Search

Coordinate and Monitor Convoy Security

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

COMPANY TASKS

V- UJ

O m

0 =

X o

<n I

X

U UJ

< (/]

UJ 3

a o

ED X

o

<

tl.

Ku

<

o

(J

z

o

1-

s

m

Develop Intelligence

Collect and Disseminate Information

X X

Deploy/Conduct Maneuver

Interdict Smuggling Operations

Disarm Belligerents

Handle Captured Insurgents or Belligerents

Defend Convoy

Apprehend/Detain Noncombatants

Perform Cordon and Search

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Employ Firepower

Provide Fire Support X X

Table C-1. Stability and support operations unit training matrix

(continued).

C-2
TC 90-1

COMPANY TASKS 0 co °21 o

CO X

X

o w

KG

OX

<

3

IL

»-

O

<

o

u

z

o

p

3

3

z

CO

Protect the Force

Establish a Checkpoint

Operate a Checkpoint

Protect the Force

X

X

X

X

X

X

Perform CSS and Sustainment

Process Captured Documents and Equipment X X

Exercise Command and Control

Negotiate a Belligerent Force Checkpoint

Conduct Marshaling Force Operations

Negotiate a Belligerent Force Checkpoint

Plan a Media Visit

Coordinate and Monitor Convoy Security

Link Up with a Convoy

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

PLATOON/SQUAD TASKS

1- 111

O co °SX o

co x

X

u u.

C£ C

m x

<

3

IL

5

o

o

1-

o

z

o

(-

z>

s

CO

Deploy/Conduct Maneuver

Disarm Belligerents

Handle Captured Insurgents or Belligerents

Apprehend/Detain Noncombatants

Search a Building

React to a Sniper

Conduct Platoon Riot Control Formation

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Protect the Force

Establish a Checkpoint

Operate a Checkpoint

Protect the Force

X

X

X

X

X

X

Exercise Command and Control

Negotiate a Belligerent Force Checkpoint X X

Exercise Command and Control

React to a Media Interview

X X

Table C-1. Stability and support operations unit training matrix

(continued).

C-3
TC 90-1

APPENDIX D

DEMOLITION EFFECTS SIMULATORS FOR THE URBAN

ASSAULT COURSE, SHOOT HOUSE, AND COMBINED

ARMS COLLECTIVE TRAINING FACILITY

This appendix provides information on Demolition Effects Simulators

(DES) that replicates breaching to gain entry to buildings and or rooms.

The design of the UAC, Shoot House, and CACTF facilities allows for

breaching of walls (wall breach charge DES). Generally, interior and

exterior walls are constructed with blow panels using plasterboard or

some other similar type ofmaterial approximately, 4feet by 4 feet.

D-l. FACILITY

Many types of organizations (Combat, CS, CSS) can train at these facilities. Trainers

must be certified before conducting demolition training per local SOP or MACOM

policy. AR 385-63 lays out the safety requirements.

D-2. CHARGE

The DES charges for use at the UAC, shoot house, and the CACTF are constructed to

affect the breach of a predetermined entry point but not to damage the facility itself. The

flex-linear shape charge, the doorknob charge, and the E-silhouette charge are all

field-expedient charges that are commonly used during urban operations training.

Operational charges can be found in FM 3-06.11 (FM 90-10-1). However unit trainers

must consult with installation safety and combat engineers to determine the appropriate

reduced charge.

D-1
TC 90-1

APPENDIX E

LEADER DEVELOPMENT TRAINING

To be successful in combat, the Army must continually train to develop

and maintain combat-ready soldiers, leaders, and units that can perform

assigned tasks to specific standards.

E-l. FUTURE SIMULATIONS TRAINING

Commanders train their staffs to plan, coordinate, and synchronize their units' operations

from initial mobilization and deployment. These operations include the full spectrum of

Army operations; offense, defense, stability, and support. Current simulations lack

adequate replication of urban scenarios, terrain, and weapons effects. The introduction of

WARSIM 2000 and OneSAF should help to solve these simulations modeling

deficiencies.

a. For lower echelon units, battalion and below, constructive simulations (JANUS)

complement collective battle staff training that occurs during virtual simulation similar to

the close combat tactical trainer and live events. For echelons above battalion, it becomes

difficult to use simulators or live maneuver to train. Studies to date indicate the crossover

point for simulation versus simulator is at the battalion level. Some training events from

battalion and below can be trained effectively using various types of simulators. Above

battalion level, effective training almost has to be conducted with a simulation

(Figure E-l).

Figure E-1. Echelons and uses.

b. Simulations that support leader and battle staff training focus on collective tasks

rather than individual leader tasks. Simulations, used in this context, rely on the human

dynamics in the command setting and use real-time actions in a tactical environment with

E-1
TC 90-1

a unit's go-to-war systems. This process forces commander and staff interaction that

provides feedback and helps refine the integration process. Battle staff training

encourages team building, task coordination, and standardization ofstaff actions.

(1) Constructive simulations can provide commanders large areas for conducting

training, access to sensitive areas through computer and mapping technology, and

futuristically provide a much better level of fidelity in terms of urban operations terrain

and scenario replication.

(2) Simulations can portray large, capable, and doctrinally correct OPFORs. All of

the soldiers portrayed in the units in a simulation do not have to be present in order for

the training to be realistic. An attractive feature of simulations has always been the

reduced staffing necessary to conduct this type oftraining exercise.

(3) Simulations can stress CPs and provide the realistic conditions under which

commanders must make decisions. Brigade and below simulation (BBS) and corp battle

simulation (CBS) are well known for the stressful environments created during an

exercise. The stress is realistic and can assist in conditioning the training audience before

CTC rotations.

(4) Simulations allow different units to train under the same conditions and to the

same standards. This technique is a unique feature of simulations as the exact weather,

opposing force organization, location of units, and equipment can be used to train many

different units on the same terrain with the same conditions.

(5) The size and number of personnel in a battle staff vary depending on the echelon

and other demands unique to that commander. However, the BOS are represented by the

following staff officers: intelligence, operations, fire support, communications, logistics,

air defense, and engineer (Figure E-2).

Commander

Figure E-2. Battle staff and command post.

E-2
TC 90-1

(6) Characteristics and benefits ofsimulations used to support battle staff training are

listed below:

• Builds and sustains staffteamwork.

• Builds and sustains effective and efficient organizations.

• Provides training and validation of command and staff procedures (SOPs,

TACSOPs, FSOPs).

• Provides proficiency to the individual staff officer while building proficiency

in a fully integrated staff.

• Allows practice of battle drills and tactical missions (movement to contact,

hasty defense).

• Allows commanders to determine if their staff and subordinate commanders

understand the commander's intent and concept of operations.

c. The major development efforts for FAMSIM is WARSIM 2000. WARSIM 2000,

in conjunction with OneSAF, exploits new technologies to enable commanders and staffs

at battalion through EAC to train in a realistic simulation environment (Figure E-3). The

increasea realism of WARSIM 2000 over existing models allows units to use ABCS

systems to synchronize across the complete range of operations. WARSIM 2000's design

allows warfighting CPs to use organic ABCS equipment to interact with the simulation

from training sites in the field, as well as from simulation centers. WARSIM 2000 will

also be capable of depicting a joint and combined environment across the operational

continuum.

Urban Operations

Simulations

CAMTF

TRAINING

TASKS

Kw/AHsiivia

13S gS>

OK

CS JK '^m Sfm Ailoiulni

iSiir rora (OKSATI

CORPS •

DIVISION •

BRIGADE •

BATTALION •

COMPANY

•

PLATOON

•

Figure E-3. Urban operations simulations crosswalk.

E-3
TC 90-1

d. Future simulation capabilities simultaneously integrate live, virtual, and

constructive environments (Figure E-4). The timeline in Figure E-4 below depicts when

this capability may be realized. Constructive simulation is a viable solution for battalion

and above training and the federation of WARSIM and OneSAF models should alleviate

the following training simulation problems:

• Eliminate the need for swivel chair interface

• Allows focus on subordinate units fighting the fight

• Digital and analog feeds to C4I systems including FBCB2

• May provide for distance learning opportunities

• Facilitates simultaneous multi-echelon urban operations training

(1) At company and below the best training solution is live and virtual. This is

accomplished by linking the close combat tactical trainer (CCTT) to OneSAF and VLET

to engagement skills trainer (EST) technology.

(2) Entity based models like OneSAF can allow the leader to fight from a TOC or

vehicle if linked to virtual or live environments and also has the potential for distance

learning.

VIRTUAL AND CONSTRUCTIVE RESOURCE STRATEGY

Battalion &

Above

Company &

Below /

Individual Ldr

V

c

o

M

U

c

OH g" _

.Stmkluumiied (•& /» •H'"

Fof« (OMSAH UX^-»-

OK

Semi-Autowtfd

Fof« (OitSAr)

L

I

V

••

LEGEND: ^ - Limited Capability * ^ - Full Capability

Figure E-4. Live, virtual, constructive training strategy.

E-4
TC 90-1

E-2. URBAN OPERATIONS LEADER TRAINING

The CAMTF urban operations training strategy consists of initial, intermediate, and

culminating stages.

a. These phases of training, depicted in Figure E-5, describe the sequence in which

urban operations training tasks should be conducted.

INITIAL

Precision Marksmanship (L)

Engagement Skill Trainer (V) h

INTERMEDIATE

Breach Facility (L)

Urban Assault Course (L)

(Individual-Squad) w Shoot House (L)

INITIAL

All Crew Simulators and CCTT (V)

(Crew-Platoon-Company)

LEGEND

Live- L

Virtual - V

INTERMEDIATE Constructive - C

\\

I > CULMINATING

CACTF BATTLE STAFF

JCATS (C)

ONESAF (C)

(BN/BDE)

^

Company STX (L)

Battalion FTX (L)

CTC ROTATION (L)

MISSION REHEARSAL I

DEPLOYMENT i\_\ tACKoiac (u

Figure E-5. Live/virtual/constructive training strategy.

(1) Initial Phase. The initial phase of training covers those individual and collective

tasks that soldiers and leaders should be proficient at before arriving at any of the urban

operations training sites. They consist primarily of basic marksmanship skills and soldier

tasks needed to perform any tactical operation.

(2) Intermediate Phase. The intermediate phase consists of training conducted at the

breach facility, shoot house, and the urban assault course. Urban operations training tasks

should be conducted here before advancing to the combined arms collective training

facility with the exception of Aviation, Armor, and other branches that have no practical

use for the shoot house, breach facility, or urban assault course.

(3) Culminating Phase. The combined arms collective training facility is the

culminating phase of urban operations training and focuses on multiechelon collective

skills for all branches ofthe combined arms team.

b. Urban operations leader training currently exists in our leader professional

development courses. Units have developed internal urban warfare training programs and

TRADOC schools have assembled technical mobile training teams (MTTs) for

marksmanship, combatives, and breaching techniques. An example of a leader's urban

operations training program is as follows:

(1) Education Phase.

• Urban warfare reading/video list.

E-5
TC 90-1

• Urban operations equipment.

• Review of doctrinal publications (FM 7-10, FM 90-10-l[3-06.11], for

Infantry) and corresponding publications for other branches.

• Small-unit urban movement techniques and considerations.

(2) Planning and Execution Phase.

• Prepare company OPORD or BOS related products.

• Brief platoon/company OPORD/BOS related products to commander or staff

representative.

• Participate as briefer in urban environment TEWT.

(3) Sustainment Phase.

• Participate in company/platoon TEWT or other urban operations event.

• Execute/facilitate a company or platoon TEWT.

c. A sample urban leaders' course POI, which is intended to provide unit trainers

with a tailorable urban operations training program, is provided below. It is a train-thetrainer course for team leaders through platoon leaders to train tactics, techniques, and

procedures of advanced urban operations skills. The length and focus of the POI can be

tailored to support the commander's training objectives and unit METL. The target

audience is newly arrived, or soon to be, small unit leaders. The recommended course

length is about two weeks or 120 to 140 hours ofinstruction. Recommended POI subjects

are as follows:

(1) Course Overview.

• Introduction.

(2) Precision Marksmanship.

• Firing techniques.

• Target discrimination.

(3) Breaching Techniques.

• Explosive.

• Ballistic.

• Mechanical.

(4) Offensive Operations.

• Planning considerations.

—METT-TC.

—Snipers.

—CASEVAC.

—Communications.

—ROE.

• Platoon attack a built-up area (task organization)

—Assault (isolate, enter, clear).

—Rooms, hallway, stairs, superstructure, subsurface.

—Markings.

—Movement techniques.

—Streets.

—Alley ways.

E-6
TC 90-1

—Obstacles.

—Other danger areas.

—Open areas.

—Rooftops.

• Combined arms.

—Armor/mechanized platforms.

—Aviation assets.

—Artillery.

—Engineer.

• Limited visibility.

(5) Defensive Operations.

• Planning considerations.

—METT-TC.

—Snipers.

—CASEVAC.

—Communications.

—ROE.

• Characteristics of urban areas.

• Hasty defense.

—Occupation and preparation of positions.

—Hasty firing positions.

—Improving the defense.

• Deliberate defense.

—Priorities of work and other considerations.

• Defensive plan at platoon level.

—Defense of a strongpoint.

—Defense against armor.

• Combined arms.

—Armor/mechanized.

—Aviation assets.

—Artillery.

—Engineer.

• Limited visibility.

• Fundamental combat skills.

(6) Stability and Support Operations.

• Principles ofstability and support.

• Stability and support activities.

—NEO.

—Humanitarian assistance.

—Disaster relief.

—Show of force.

—Attack and raids.

• Rules of engagement application.

E-7
TC 90-1

Convoy operations.

Checkpoints.

Fire support.

Sniper employment/counter sniper measures.

Civil disturbance.

(7) Urban Training Facilities.

Breach facility.

Urban assault course.

Shoot house.

CACTF.

(8) New Technologies.

Rifle launch entry munition.

Unmanned vehicles.

—UAV.

—UGV.

—Ladders.

—Night vision devices.

E-3. REALISTIC TRAINING OFF FEDERAL FACILITIES

Realistic training for urban operations is critical to force readiness. Training opportunities

that are both realistic and challenging may not be available at federal installations or other

facilities specifically established for the conduct of urban operations training. Training in

off post civilian urban settings may become necessary in order to support readiness and

training requirements.

To accommodate both military training needs and the unique concerns of civilian

communities in which realistic urban training events are proposed, the following

Department of Defense uniform procedures have been established for planning and

approval oftraining activities in civilian urban settings:

UNIFORM PROCEDURES FOR

PLANNING AND APPROVING REALISTIC URBAN TRAINING

1. REFRENCES.

a. Secretary of Defense Memorandum, (date), Department of Defense Policy for

Realistic Urban Training off Federal Facilities.

b. 10 USC § 167, Unified Combatant Command for Special Operations Forces.

c. 10 t/SC§§ 3013, 5013, 8013.

E-8
TC 90-1

d. Department ofDefense Directive 5111.10.

e. Unified Command Plan 99.

2. PURPOSE. This enclosure establishes uniform planning and approval procedures for

realistic urban training (RUT) events conducted in civilian urban settings in the United

States, its territories and possessions.

3. APPLICABILITY. This procedure applies to all RUT events in civilian urban

settings conducted in the United States, its territories and possessions, by Active or

Reserve Forces, including National Guard Forces in Federal service. This policy does not

apply to National Guard Forces while in State status (under title 32) or to aviation

operations that do not require an exemption from standard Federal Aviation Regulations.

4. DEFINITIONS. For the purposes of this enclosure, the following definitions are

applied:

a. Military Operations on Urban Terrain. MOUT is all military actions planned

and conducted on a topographical complex and its adjacent natural terrain where manmade construction is the dominant feature. It includes combat-in-cities, which is that

portion of MOUT involving house-to-house and street-by-street fighting in towns and

cities.

b. Realistic Urban Training. RUT is high-intensity, close-quarter battle training

and the use of live or non-lethal fires, demolitions/explosives (for example, breaching),

and air and naval supporting platforms at the objective in civilian urban settings. It

includes MOUT training that equals the definition of realistic urban training,

c. Civilian Urban Setting. A civilian urban setting is an area or areas located in or

near a civilian community. This proposed realistic urban training event should not be

located on federal, installations, state, local, or private facilities. These settings should not

be developed or established for the purpose of training events especially where training

activities are not expected to have an effect on civilian residences or commercial areas

because of noise, traffic, or other foreseeable effects ofthe training activity.

5. PROCEDURES. The following procedures apply to the planning and approval of

RUT in civilian urban settings.

a. It is the responsibility of the combatant commander or the service to ensure

compliance with these procedures and the intent of the policy established by reference.

Approval authority for RUT events may be delegated to a general or flag officer within

the chain of command ofthe combatant command or service conducting the training.

b. Proposed training events are reviewed to determine whether they are necessary

and appropriate for unit readiness. Training must support unit METs and JMETs.

E-9
TC 90-1

c. Upon approval of the proposed training and not later than 14 days before the

commencement of training, the combatant command or service notifies the SECR)PF

through the CJCS (by way of message) of the approved training, At a minimum this

notice will include the following:

(1) Name and location ofthe unit conducting training.

(2) A description of the scope of the, training and types of activities to be conducted

during the training event (for example, live fire, breaching, use of aircraft).

(3) Start and end dates ofthe training.

(4) Training location.

(5) A statement that all necessary coordination has been accomplished IAW the

procedures outlined below listing the names and positions of each official contacted IAW

subparagraph d below.

d. Coordination with civilian officials.

(1) During the planning phase for the training event, the commander responsible for

planning the training must coordinate with and obtain approval for the event from the

appropriate federal, state, and local civilian authorities. Civil officials shall approve in

writing. Commanders shall consult their legal and public affairs officers to assist in

determining the appropriate civilian officials with whom to coordinate the training event.

In determining the appropriate civilian officials for coordination, local government

officials (for example, mayor, borough chief, county commissioners or supervisors), and

local and Federal law enforcement agencies are consulted. At a minimum, a senior level

official with responsibility for each affected civilian urban settings is consulted.

(2) Issues to be addressed with civilian officials, during coordination, shall include

details on specific proposed training activities (such as whether the event involves live

fire, the use of rotary- or fixed-wing aircraft, close quarters battle training, whether the

exercises are to be conducted in daylight or at night, and so forth.), precautions to ensure

public and participant safety, proposed public or resident notification/outreach

procedures, and any other issues that might result in public interest or concern regarding

the conduct ofthe exercise.

(3) To the maximum extent possible civilian officials are to be briefed in person on

the exercise concept.

(4) The US congressional representative, or his/her staff, in whose district the training

is taking place, and the US senators for the state, or their staffs, are advised of the

proposed training event and provided information to the extent requested. Written

E-10
TC 90-1

approval or concurrence from the representative or senators is not a precondition to

exercise execution. However, if objections or issues by the representative or senators are

raised and cannot be resolved, the issues are immediately elevated to the Joint Staff, J3,

and the service or combatant commander point of contact.

(5) For each training site, license agreements with civilian or government property

owners or managers are executed. Agreements address liability and conditions on usage

of property. Property owners are informed of the nature of the training to include written

notification whether the activities will include Breaching charges (amount of explosive),

live ammunition (type: for example, shotgun, frangible, and so forth.), rotary or fixedwing aircraft, and whether the exercises will be conducted in daylight or at night. Before

execution, license agreements must be reviewed for legal sufficiency. Copies of the

license agreements shall be provided to the senior civilian officials responsible for the

affected civilian urban settings.

(6) A record of coordination activities is maintained for each training event. The

record includes the names and positions of the officials that coordinate and approve the

event. It also includes a summary of the information for the officials regarding the event

(for example, date, time, and location of the training; types of activities to be conducted;

proposed public notification/outreach plans, and so forth.). A follow-on letter is

distributed to the senior civilian officials responsible for the affected civilian urban

settings that confirms the training event and lists the names of the civilian officials that

the plans for the training event.

(7) Training events that will be conducted on a recurring basis at the same area or

location may be based on a single MOA with the appropriate authorizing civilian

officials. The terms of the MOA must comply with the requirements of this attachment.

The MOA, which authorizes the recurring training, is reviewed by the service or the

combatant commander to ensure it complies with the procedures. Once the MOA is

approved, individual training events conducted pursuant to the MOA can be conducted

without further Joint Staff or OSD review. However, services and combatant

commanders ensure that SO/LIC and the Joint Staff are notified 14 days in advance ofthe

training events conducted pursuant to such MOA. Services and combatant commanders

must ensure that such MOAs are periodically reviewed to ensure they continue to fulfill

the intent.

(8) If nondisclosure agreements are required, they are reviewed by command legal

representatives. Nondisclosure statements should clearly explain that the agreement does

not preclude persons from informing others of general, nonsensitive information about

the training exercise.

(9) To the extent practicable, consistent with OPSEC and safety considerations,

recommendations of civilian officials regarding community notification/outreach and

press procedures will be followed. Community notification/outreach procedures may

include door-to-door notification conducted by the local law enforcement agency.

E-11
TC 90-1

Where notification/outreach and press recommendations cannot be followed, civilian

officials will be so advised.

e. Other instructions include:

(1) Legal and PA representatives are present for final planning meetings and on-site

for the duration of all training activities.

(2) The on-site PAO handles all press queries after coordinating with the on-scene

commander.

(3) All requested training must be in accordance with all applicable statutes, law,

DOD directives and other guidance, and implementing service directives.

E-12
TC90-1

GLOSSARY

AA assembly area

AAR after-action review

ADA air defense artillery

ADCATT air defense combined arms tactical trainer

AMTP Army mission training plan

ANCOC advanced noncommissioned officer course

AO area of operations

ARTEP Army training and evaluation program

ASAP as soon as possible

AT antitank

ATGM antitank guided missile

ATWESS antitank weapon effect signature simulator

AVCATT aviation combined arms tactical trainer

BBS brigade and below simulation

BBSAAR brigade/battalion battle simulation after-action review

Bde brigade

BFV Bradley fighting vehicle

bldg building

BMNT beginning morning nautical twilight

Bn battalion

BNCOC basic noncommissioned officer course

BOS battlefield operating system

BP battle position

BSA brigade support area

BSX battle simulation exercise

CA civil affairs

CACTF combined arms collective training facility

CAMTF combined arms MOUT task force

CAS close air support

CBS corp battle simulation

CCP communications checkpoint

CCTT close combat tactical trainer

cdr commander

CEV combat engineer vehicle

CFA covering forces area

CFX command field exercise

CI counterintelligence

CO company

COA course of action

catk counterattack

CMTC combat maneuver training center

Glossary-1
TC 90-1

CP

CPX

CS

CSS

CTA

CTC

CTF

decon

DES

DODAC

DS

DTG

command post

command post exercise

combat support

combat service support

common table of allowances

combat training center

collective training facility

decontamination

demolition effects simulator

Department of Defense Ammunition Code

direct support

date-time group

EA engagement area

EAC echelons above corp

engr engineer(s)

ENCATT Engineer combined arms tactical trainer

EOD explosive ordnance disposal

EST engagement skills trainer

FAMSIM family simulation

FM field manual

FO forward observer

FOB forward operation base

FPF final protective fires

FRAGO fragmentary order

FSCATT fire support combined arms tactical trainer

FTX field training exercise

GPS global positioning system

GSR ground surveillance radar

HC hexachloroethane

HE high explosive

HELLFIRE heliborne laser fire and forget (missile)

hq headquarters

hr hour

HRO humanitarian relief organization

IAW in accordance with

indiv individual

inf infantry

INTSUM intelligence summary

IPB intelligence preparation ofthe battlefield

IPW interrogation of prisoners of war

Glossary-2
TC 90-1

JANUS

JAWS

JCATS

JMET

JRTC

JTX

km

joint Navy uniform simulation

JANUS analyst workstation

joint conflict and tactical simulation

joint mission-essential tasks

joint readiness training center

joint tactical exercise

kilometer

LAW light antitank weapon

LD line of departure

LFX live-fire exercise

LIC low-intensity conflict

LMG light machine gun

LO liaison officer

LOGPAC logistics package

LRC leadership reaction course

LTC lieutenant colonel

LZ loading zone

MAPEX map exercise

MBA main battle area

MDI modernized demolition initiators

MEDEVAC medical evacuation

MET mission-essential task

METL mission-essential task list

METT-T mission, enemy, terrain, troops, time available

METT-TC mission, enemy, terrain, troops, time available, and civilians

MILES multiple-integrated laser engagement system

min minute(s)

MOA memorandum of agreement

MOPP mission-oriented protective posture

MOS military occupational specialty

MOUT military operations on urbanized terrain

MP military police

MRE meal, ready-to-eat

MSD minimum safe distance

MTP mission training plan

MTT mobile training teams

NBC nuclear, biological, chemical

NCO noncommissioned officer

NCOIC noncommissioned officer in charge

NGO nongovernment organization

NLT no later than

Glossary-3
TC 90-1

NTC

NSC

NVD

national training center

national simulation center

night vision device

OAKOC obstacles, avenues of approach, key terrain, observation and fields of

fire, and cover and concealment

OBC officer basic course

obj objective

ODSS offense, defense, stability, and support

OOTW operations other than war

OP observation post

OPCON operational control

OPFOR opposing force

OPORD operation order

OPSKED operational schedule

PA public affairs

PADS position and azimuth determining system

PL phase line

pit platoon

POI program of instruction

POV privately owned vehicle

PVO private volunteer organization

prep preparation

PSYOP psychological operations

PW prisoner of war

PZ pickup zone

recon reconnoiter or reconnaissance

RLEM rifle launched entry munition

ROE rules of engagement

RUT realistic urban training

SBF support by fire

SDZ surface danger zone

SESAMS special effects small-arms marking system

SO special operations

SOF special operations force

SOI signal operation instruction

SOP standing operating procedure

SP start point

SRTA short-range training ammunition

sqd squad

STAFFEX staff exercise

STP soldier training publication

Glossary-4
TC 90-1

STRAC standards in training commission

STX situational training exercise

T&EO training and evaluation outline

TACSOP tactical standing operating procedure

TBA to be announced

TBD to be determined

TC training circular

TCP traffic control post

TES tacical engagement system

TEWT tactical exercise without troops

TF task force

TG trainer's guide

tm team

tng training

TNT A flammable toxic compound used as a high explosive.

TOC tactical operations center

TOW tube-launched, optically tracked, wire-guided missile

TP training practice

TPvP target reference point

TSC theater support command

TSP training support package

TTP tactics, techniques, and procedures

UAC urban assault course

UO urban operations

UMCP unit maintenance collection point

WARSIM war simulation

WFX war fighting exercise

WP white phosphorus

XO executive officer

Glossary-5
TC 90-1

REFERENCES

The publications with an asterisk by them will have new numbers (in parenthesis) when

rewritten and published. They will also include all revisions and updates.

SOURCES USED

These are the sources quoted or paraphrased in this publication.

ARTEP3-21.21-MTP

ARTEP3-21.H-MTP

ARTEP3-21.9-MTP

ARTEP 7-7J-Drill

ARTEP 7-8-MTP

FM 5-34

FM 5-250

FM 7-7J

FM7-8

FM 23-9

FM 23-31

FM 25-4

*FM 25-100

*FM 25-101

FM 3-06.11

STP21-1-SMCT

IBCT Infantry Battalion. To be published.

The IBCT Rifle Company. To be published.

The ICBT Rifle Platoon and Squad. To be published.

Battle Drills for the Bradley Fighting Vehicle, Section, and

Squad. 8 Dec 92

Mission Training Plan for the Infantry Rifle Platoon and

Squad. 29 Sep 94

Engineer Field Data. 30 Aug 99

Explosives and Demolitions. 30 Jul 98

Mechanized Infantry Platoon and Squad (Bradley). 7 May 93

Infantry Rifle Platoon and Squad. 22 Apr 92

M16A1 and M16A2 Rifle Marksmanship. 3 Jul 89

40-mm Grenade Launcher, M203. 20 Sep 94

How to Conduct Training Exercises. 10 Sep 84

Training the Force. 15 Nov 88. (Under revision, FM 7-0.)

Battle Focused Training. 30 Sep 90. (Under revision

FM7-10.)

An Infantryman's Guide to Combat in Built-Up Areas.

28Feb02

Soldier's Manual of Common Tasks, Skill Level 1. 1 Oct 94

References-1
TC 90-1

fire control, 5-43

force-on-force, 5-4

fragmentary order (FRAGO), 5-7

field training exercise (FTX), 5-16,

5-25

full spectrum operations, 1-1

grenade,

M-84 Stun Grenade, A-6

Smoke, A-6

grenade launcher,

40-mm, 2-19, 3-3

M203,2-19

grenadier gunnery, 2-19, 2-20

hand grenades

employment, 2-6

M84 stun, A-6

smoke, A-6

hearing protection, 4-6

leader training, E-1

leadership reaction course (LRC),

1-8

limited visibility training, A-5

live-fire exercise (LFX), A-4, 2-2,

2-20, 3-1

loopholes, 2-24

modernized demolition initiators

(MDI), 4-3

Ml tanks, 3-3

mission-essential task list (METL), 1-2

multiple-integrated laser engagement system

(MILES), 1-7

movement techniques, 2-9 thru 2-12

mission training plans (MTPs), 1-9

mouseholes, 2-24

navigation, A-5

noncombatants, 1-3

obscurrants, 2-16

operations order,

sample, 3-10, 5-11,5-19, 5-29

operations,

combined arms, 1-1

defensive, E-7

high intensity conditions,l-l

offensive, E-6

precision conditions, 1-1

stability and support, E-7

urban, 1-1

opposing force (OPFOR), A-7

physical training, A-7

precision marksmanship, A-7

prerequisite training, 1-7

pyrotechnics, 5-36

risk assessment, 1-11

rifle-launched entry munition (RLEM), 4-6

room clearing,

securing, 2-17

lndex-2
TC 90-1

rules of engagement, 1-1, 5-44

safety, A-6, 2-3, 2-7,4-6

scenarios, 3-8

securing,

alleys, 2-16

rooms, 2-17

walls, 2-17

special effects small-arms marking

system (SESAMS), A-6

simulations, E-l

BBS, E-2

CBS, E-2

CCTT, E-4

EST, E-4

JANUS, E-l

OneSAF, E-3

WARSIM, E-3

VLET, E-4

shoot house, A-8, 1-4, 3-1

shoot through walls, A-8

SRTA, 1-7, 3-4

stability and support, C-l

stafftraining, E-l

situational training exercise (STX),

5-5, 5-8, 5-26,5-29

supporting tasks, 2-3, 2-7,2-22,

2-24, 2-27,3-14,

tank cannon

characteristics, 5-41

deadspace, 5-43

effects and employment, 5-37

MPAT, 5-42

overpressure, 5-40

tank, Ml, 3-3

targetry, 2-2, 2-3, 2-7, 2-21, 2-24, 5-37

tactical engagement system, A-5, 3-4

tactical exercise without troops (TEWT), 5-4

training,

armor, 5-37

conduct, 2-4, 2-8

crawl, 1-6

walk, 1-6

run, 1-6

leader development, E-l,4

limited visibility, A-5

matrix, B-l, C-l

off federal facilities, E-8

realistic urban training, E-9

civilian urban setting, E-9

procedures, E-9

urban operations (UO), E-9

phases, E-5

culminating, E-5, 1-6

education, E-5

initial, E-5, 1-2

intermediate, E-5. 1-3

planning and execution, E-5

sustainment, E-6

precision marksmanship, A-7, E-6

prerequisite, 1-7

command and staff, 1 -7

individual, 1-7

leader, 1-7

physical, A-7

strategy,

active, 1-1,2,10

reserve component, 1-11

support requirements, 2-4, 2-8, 3-13,

4-5,5-8,5-15,5-24,5-35

tasks

collective, 1-9,2-3,2-7

individual, 1-8,2-3,2-7

tips, A-l

lndex-3