In the 

Missouri Court of Appeals

Western District

IN RE THE MATTER OF B.S.-S.,

A MINOR CHILD BY HIS NEXT 

FRIEND, GABRIEL S. SNOWDEN, AND 

GABRIEL S. SNOWDEN, 

INDIVIDUALLY,

 Respondent,

v.

REBECCA ANN CALLAHAN,

 Appellant.

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WD83294

OPINION FILED:

June 30, 2020 

Appeal from the Circuit Court of Clay County, Missouri

The Honorable Timothy Jon Flook, Judge

Before Division One:

Lisa White Hardwick, P.J., Cynthia L. Martin, and Thomas N. Chapman, JJ.

Rebecca Callahan appeals the judgment of the Circuit Court of Clay County, Missouri,

granting Gabriel Snowden’s “Motion to Modify Judgment Declaring Paternity, Parenting Time 

and Child Support.” She argues that the circuit court erred in striking her pleadings and 

prohibiting her from offering evidence at the modification trial. She argues further that the 

circuit court erred in admitting certain medical records as exhibits at the trial. Finding no error, 

we affirm.
2

Facts & Procedural Background

B.S.-S. is the minor child of Benjamin Snowden (Father) and Rebecca Callahan 

(Mother). In January 2017, the Circuit Court of Clay County, Missouri entered a Judgment of 

Paternity, Parenting Time and Child Support (original judgment),

1

declaring Father to be the 

natural parent of B.S.-S. and granting joint legal and physical custody of the minor child to 

Father and Mother. Father was also ordered to pay child support in the amount of $475.00 per 

month and to provide health insurance for B.S.-S.

In March 2018, Father filed a “Motion to Modify Judgment Declaring Paternity, 

Parenting Time and Child Support.” In his motion, he alleged that Mother had refused to allow 

Father his court-ordered parenting time, that Mother was a drug user and was residing in a drug 

house, and that Mother had falsely accused him of abusing B.S.-S. He requested sole legal and 

physical custody of the parties’ child and asked the court to order Mother to pay child support. 

The same day, Father also filed a Motion for Family Access Order, indicating that Mother had 

persistently refused to allow him parenting time in contravention of the original judgment.2 In 

May 2018, Mother filed a Motion for Temporary Custody and Supervised Visitation Pendente 

Lite, an answer to Father’s modification motion as well as a counter-motion to modify, and a 

motion for appointment of a guardian ad litem (GAL). In her counter-motion to modify, Mother 

alleged that Father had been investigated for abusing B.S.-S., that he had made only minimal 

 

1 The original judgment is not included in the record on appeal.

2 Father’s Motion for Family Access Order indicates that he was to have parenting time with the parties’ child on the 

first, third, and fourth Saturday of the month until the following Tuesday; on the second and fifth (if applicable) 

Sunday of the month until the following Tuesday; and on holidays in alternating years.
3

efforts to see the child, and requested sole legal and physical custody. The circuit court 

subsequently appointed a GAL for B.S.-S.

Citing concerns about Mother’s past history with illegal drug use, Father filed a motion 

seeking an order from the court requiring her to undergo drug testing in August 2018. He alleged 

that in coordination with the GAL, Mother had previously agreed to submit herself to testing 

without an order from the circuit court but had failed to do so. The circuit court entered an order 

requiring Mother to “present herself to Test Smartly within 48 hours of this Order for a 9 panel 

nail testing for illegal drugs, prescription drugs, alcohol and controlled substances.” The order 

further provided that if Mother failed to present herself for drug testing, the circuit court would 

“presume that the test results would be adverse to her.”

In September 2018, Father filed a motion for sanctions and to strike Mother’s pleadings 

due to her failure to comply with the circuit court’s order for drug testing. In the motion, Father 

alleged that Mother had appeared at the Test Smartly facility for testing but that a sample could 

not be taken at that time because her fingernails and toenails were not of sufficient length. 

Father contended further that Mother had not attempted to arrange another test after her initial 

appearance at the testing facility. Father argued that Mother’s failure to comply with the order 

for drug testing had hindered his trial preparation and asked the court to strike Mother’s 

pleadings and preclude her from presenting evidence at the modification trial. 

The case proceeded to trial in January 2019. At trial, the circuit court began by taking up 

Father’s motion for sanctions. The GAL joined in Father’s motion to strike Mother’s pleadings. 

In support of his motion, Father presented the testimony of Covet Padara, the coordinator of the 

Test Smartly facility. Padara testified that when Mother initially presented to the facility, her 

fingernails and toenails were not long enough to take a sample. Padara testified that he 
4

instructed Mother to return when her nails had grown and were not painted. Mother 

subsequently returned to the laboratory, but her nails were once again too short to conduct the 

test and they were also painted despite Padara’s instruction. Mother was not present for Padara’s 

testimony and the transcript reflects that she arrived late for trial, immediately after her counsel 

finished arguing against the motion. After receiving Padara’s testimony and hearing the 

arguments of counsel, the circuit court ruled as follows:

THE COURT: All right, if there’s nothing further, I’m going to rule. Court has 

taken up the motion for sanctions. The Court does rule on this motion pursuant to

the rule on this motion pursuant to Rule 67.03, Rules of Civil Procedures. The 

Court Order to appear for drug testing is a very serious matter. It’s not only a 

matter of discovery; it’s a matter of respecting the Court Order, especially when 

something as serious as the best interest of a trial [sic] may be involved. Failure to 

do so over a long period of time based on the evidence that I have, that failure to 

do so was without just cause. The Court hereby grants the Motion for Sanctions. 

[Mother’s] pleadings are stricken. And adverse influence [sic] may be drawn from 

the failure to submit to drug testing within compliance of the Court Order, and 

[Mother] is prohibited from introducing evidence at trial. 

With that, [Mother] is capable of - - counsel may cross examine and make 

objections on evidentiary matters in [Father’s] case. But outside of that, the Court 

will prohibit introducing evidence in her case-in-chief and on a claim defense

[sic].

Father then testified in support of his motion to modify. He stated that although the 

circuit court had awarded the parties joint legal custody, he had not been consulted regarding 

important medical, educational, and childcare decisions involving B.S.-S. Father also testified 

regarding Mother’s medical records and records pertaining to an investigation conducted by the 

Clay County Children’s Division.

3

 These records indicated that Mother was using drugs during 

 

3 Father, Father’s counsel, Mother’s counsel, the GAL, and the Court refer to an investigation and records of “DFS” 

and “Children’s Division.” They use these terms for said state agency, without explanation or distinction, and 

interchangeably. As pointed out in our discussion of Point II of Mother’s appeal, Mother failed to include these 

exhibits in her record on appeal. We interpret these references to be to the Children’s Division of the Missouri 

Department of Social Services, and will refer to that agency as “Children’s Division.”
5

and after she had been pregnant with B.S.-S. Father also indicated that the Children’s Division

investigated an allegation of abuse that Mother had made against Father concerning bruises she 

had noticed on B.S.-S.’s backside, legs, and head. Father was later notified that the Children’s 

Division terminated the investigation after concluding that the allegation was “unsubstantiated.”

Father stated that the original judgment provided for a fifty-fifty parenting time schedule. 

A series of text messages between Father and Mother were admitted as exhibits at the 

modification trial. Father’s testimony indicated that between November 2017 and February 

2018, he repeatedly sent text messages to Mother to arrange to pick up B.S.-S. for Father’s courtordered parenting time, but that Mother failed to respond. Father also learned that Mother had 

relocated to an unknown residence without telling him. He hired two private investigators to 

find out where Mother was residing with B.S.-S., but they were unable to locate her. Father then 

sent a letter to Mother’s last known address with a notation reading “return service requested.” 

The letter was returned to him with Mother’s then-current address. After discovering her new 

address, he filed and served Mother with a Motion for Family Access Order. Mother continued 

to prevent Father from seeing the parties’ child until October 2018, when Father sought a 

temporary restraining order asking the court to place B.S.-S. in his physical custody and prevent 

Mother from having any unsupervised contact with the child until “further Order of the Court[.]” 

At this time, Father learned that Mother had been evicted from her apartment and that she had 

again relocated with the parties’ child without informing him. Upon filing for a temporary 
6

restraining order, Father was granted a supervised visit with B.S.-S. after nearly fourteen months 

of being denied parenting time by Mother.4

Father presented his proposed parenting plan as an exhibit at the modification trial. In his 

plan, he requested that he be granted sole legal and physical custody of B.S.-S. and proposed that 

Mother be allowed supervised visitation for two hours every week. He sought an order 

designating his address as the child’s residential address for educational and mailing purposes. 

The GAL submitted a proposed parenting plan as well. In her plan, the GAL proposed that 

Father be awarded sole legal and physical custody of the parties’ child and that Mother be 

granted supervised visitation with B.S.-S. for four hours on alternating Sundays and every 

Wednesday for three hours. Both plans provided parenting time for Mother during holidays in 

alternating years. Father also submitted a Form 14, requesting that Mother be ordered to pay 

child support in the amount of $454.00 per month. Father asked that that court order him to 

continue to provide B.S.-S. with health insurance (as was the arrangement under the original 

judgment).

In March 2019, the circuit court entered its judgment of modification. In the judgment, 

the circuit court began by addressing Mother’s drug use and her failure to comply with its order 

for drug testing. The court observed that Mother was fully apprised that her failure to submit 

herself for testing would result in an adverse inference that she would have tested positive for 

drugs; that Mother knew her alleged drug use was a core issue affecting the best interests of B.S.-

S.; and that Mother’s violation of the order was “without good cause or excuse” and done with a

 

4 Father also testified that his daughter (B.S.-S.’s half-sister) and B.S.-S. have an extremely close relationship and 

that the siblings did not see each other at all during the nearly fourteen months that Mother blocked Father’s 

parenting time.
7

“contumacious and deliberate disregard for the authority of the Court.” The court found that 

Mother’s disregard of the drug testing order denied Father an opportunity to obtain full and 

complete discovery and to prepare for the modification trial. An adverse inference was drawn 

against Mother regarding her alleged drug use. 

The circuit court also found that a substantial change in circumstances had occurred since 

entry of the original judgment in that, among other things, Mother failed to maintain a stable and 

permanent home for B.S.-S.5 Additionally, Mother denied Father custody and parenting time 

with the parties’ child for a significant period of time, Mother often arrived late to drop off the 

child for Father’s parenting time, and Mother changed residences without providing notice to 

Father. The court found that Father had not been allowed to participate in medical and 

educational decisions affecting the child, even though the parties had been granted joint legal 

custody under the original judgment. The court also observed that Mother alleged Father had 

physically abused B.S.-S., that Father credibly denied the allegation at trial, and that a Children’s 

Division investigation concluded the allegation was unsubstantiated. The court determined that 

Mother had used the Children’s Division investigation to block Father from exercising his courtordered parenting time. The court also concluded that Mother was a drug user who had tested 

positive for controlled substances according to Children’s Division records and that her failure to 

comply with the court-ordered testing indicated that she was still abusing drugs. 

 

5

In support of this finding, the circuit court noted Father’s testimony that when he finally located Mother’s 

residence, he found her outside smoking a cigarette at 4:00 a.m. while B.S.-S. was inside sitting on a couch 

(apparently still awake) with two individuals whom Father did not recognize. The court also cited Father’s 

testimony that he drove by Mother’s former residence (after she had been evicted) and discovered B.S.-S.’s toys and 

other belongings on the curb by a dumpster.
8

After considering the statutory factors set forth in § 452.375.2 RSMo 2016, the circuit 

court determined that it was in the best interests of B.S.-S. to award Father sole legal and 

physical custody and to designate his address as the child’s residential address for educational 

and mailing purposes. The circuit court adopted the GAL’s proposed parenting plan, providing 

Mother with supervised parenting time for four hours on alternating Sundays and three hours 

every Wednesday (as well as parenting time during holidays in alternating years). With regard to 

child support, the court accepted Father’s “Exhibit 39,” which set forth his Form 14 calculation 

requiring Mother to pay monthly child support in the amount of $454.00. 

Mother filed a “Motion to Vacate, Modify or Amend Judgment or in the Alternative For 

New Trial” in April 2019. The circuit court did not rule on Mother’s post-trial motion within 90 

days of its filing, and the motion was therefore overruled as a matter of law pursuant to Rule 

78.06. This appeal follows.

Discussion

As in any bench-tried case, our standard of review is governed by Murphy v. Carron, 536 

S.W.2d 30, 32 (Mo. 1976). See Frawley v. Frawley, 597 S.W.3d 742, 749 (Mo. App. W.D. 

2020). “[W]e must affirm the circuit court’s judgment unless it is unsupported by substantial 

evidence, it is against the weight of the evidence, or it erroneously declares or applies the law.” 

Id. (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). We construe the evidence and all reasonable 

inferences in the light most favorable to the circuit court’s judgment and disregard all contrary 

evidence and inferences. Id. Additionally, we defer to the circuit court’s credibility 

determinations, recognizing that it “may believe or disbelieve all, part, or none of the testimony 

of any witnesses.” Id. (citation omitted).
9

In her first point on appeal, Mother asserts that the circuit court erred in entering an order 

striking her pleadings and precluding her from presenting evidence as a sanction for failing to 

comply with the court’s order for drug testing. “We will not reverse a trial court's sanctions 

unless they reflect an abuse of discretion.” Doss v. Brown, 419 S.W.3d 784, 789 (Mo. App. W.D. 

2012), as modified (Jan. 20, 2013). “This standard applies both to a determination to strike 

pleadings and to a determination to deny the right to present witnesses.” Goodsell v. Noland, 

540 S.W.3d 394, 403 (Mo. App. W.D. 2018) (citation omitted). “An evidentiary ruling is an 

abuse of discretion only if it is clearly against the logic of the circumstances then before the court 

and is so unreasonable and arbitrary that it shocks the sense of justice and indicates a lack of 

careful, deliberate consideration.” Frawley, 597 S.W.3d at 752 (citation omitted). “If reasonable 

persons may differ as to the propriety of an action taken by the trial court, then there was no 

abuse of discretion.” State v. Quick, 334 S.W.3d 603, 609 (Mo. App. W.D. 2011).

Missouri circuit courts have authority to order a party to a civil action to submit to a 

physical examination (in this case, a drug test) under Rule 60.01(a)6:

(1) In an action in which the mental condition, physical condition, or blood 

relationship of a party, or of an agent or a person in the custody or under the legal 

control of a party, is in controversy, the court in which the action is pending may 

order the party (i) to submit to physical, mental, or blood examinations by 

physicians or other appropriate licensed health care providers or (ii) to produce 

for such examinations such party's agent or the person in such party's custody or 

legal control.

...

(3) Any order under this Rule 60.01(a) may be made only on motion for good 

cause shown, upon notice to the person against whom the order is sought and to 

all other parties. Such order shall specify the time, place, manner, conditions, 

scope of, and identity of each person conducting the examination or evaluation. 

...

 

6 Rule references are to the Missouri Court Rules (2018).
10

Rule 61.01(e) authorizes the circuit court to impose specific sanctions when a party fails to 

appear for an ordered physical examination:

(e) Failure to Appear for Physical Examination. If a party fails to obey an order 

directing a physical or mental or blood examination under Rule 60.01, the court 

may, upon motion and reasonable notice to the other parties and all persons 

affected thereby, make such orders in regard to the failure as are just, and among 

others, it may take any action authorized under Rules 61.01(d)(1), (2), and (4). ...

Finally, Rule 61.01(d)(1) allows the circuit court to “[e]nter an order ... prohibiting the 

disobedient party from introducing designated matters in evidence,” while (d)(2) allows the court 

to strike the disobedient party’s pleadings as a sanction for failing to comply with an order to 

appear for a physical examination.

Here, the circuit court struck Mother’s pleadings and prohibited her from presenting 

evidence at the modification hearing. As best we can tell, Mother’s argument appears to be that 

the court’s ruling was erroneous because (1) the decision to strike her pleadings and preclude her 

from presenting evidence was disproportionately severe when compared with the discovery 

violation, and (2) it deprived the court of necessary evidence pertaining to the best interests of 

the parties’ child.

7

 

7 Mother also seems to argue that by simply appearing at the testing facility, she did in fact comply with the circuit 

court’s drug-testing order:

[Mother] was required to appear at the specific facility and present herself for a sample. The 

record is devoid of any evidence that [Mother] was ordered to do any more than that. The record 

does support through substantial evidence that [Mother] in fact did appear not once but twice. 

While [Father] can complain that [Mother] “cut” her nails to [sic] short or somehow prevented the 

test is irrelevant to the terms of the order. 

We find this argument entirely unpersuasive. The drug testing order required Mother to appear at the Test Smartly 

facility “for a 9 panel nail testing for illegal drugs, prescription drugs, alcohol and controlled substances.” The 

circuit court entered the drug testing order so that Father could obtain discoverable information pertaining to 

Mother’s suspected drug use. Mother was therefore required to appear at the facility with her nails in a condition 

that an adequate sample could be taken for testing. Even if the order does not include express language to that 

effect, the requirement is clearly implicit in its terms. Bishop v. Heartland Chevrolet, Inc., 152 S.W.3d 893, 896 

(Mo. App. W.D. 2005) (indicating that a trial court’s order includes that which is “clearly implicit” therein). 
11

In Whitworth v. Whitworth, the wife filed a Petition for Dissolution of Marriage alleging 

that the marriage was irretrievably broken. 878 S.W.2d 479, 480 (Mo. App. W.D. 1994). The 

husband answered, denying that the marriage was irretrievably broken and asking the circuit 

court to dismiss the wife’s petition and order the parties to participate in marriage counseling. 

Id. at 481. The wife then served the husband with interrogatories, seeking (among other things) 

information pertaining to his income and expenses. Id. For several months, the husband failed 

to return answers to these interrogatories, and the wife filed a motion to compel discovery which 

the court granted. Id. The husband continued to ignore the wife’s discovery requests, and the 

wife moved the court (under Rule 61.01) to sanction the husband by striking his Answer and 

entering a default judgment against him. Id. The court granted the motion and a hearing on the 

default judgment was held, which resulted in a judgment dissolving the parties’ marriage. Id. 

On appeal, the husband complained that the circuit court’s order striking his pleadings 

was “extreme” and “unjust.” Id. This Court observed that several attempts were made to obtain 

the husband’s answers to interrogatories, “but to no avail.” Id. at 482. The Court concluded that 

the husband had only himself to blame for the striking of his pleadings and the entry of a default 

judgment:

By his inaction and his failure to make himself available, Husband has 

demonstrated a deliberate disregard for the authority of the court. The trial court 

was within its discretion in striking Husband's Answer and rendering judgment by 

default. ... The court's imposition of sanctions against Husband in striking his 

Answer and not allowing him to testify and present evidence was solely the result 

of Husband's evasive behavior and his failure to cooperate with a direct court 

order, and Husband's complaint on appeal is without merit.

Id. at 482-83.

 

Accordingly, Mother thwarted the facility’s efforts to take a nail sample for testing on two occasions and thereby 

violated the circuit court’s drug testing order.
12

Similarly, in Doss the mother sought modification of the parties’ existing custody and 

child support judgment, as well as emancipation of the parties’ child. 419 S.W.3d at 786. The 

father responded, asking the circuit court to deny her requests. Id. The father failed for several 

months to respond to the mother’s interrogatories and requests for documents. Id. at 788. The 

mother moved to compel discovery, and the circuit court granted the motion. Id. at 789. When 

the father still failed to respond, the mother filed a motion for sanctions. Id. At the pretrial 

conference, the circuit court entered a scheduling order requiring the parties to submit all 

outstanding discovery within two weeks, to update discovery responses as appropriate, and to 

complete all remaining discovery by a later date. Id. The court also ordered the parties to attend 

mediation. Id. When the father failed to comply with the scheduling order or attend mediation, 

the circuit court entered an order striking his pleadings and prohibiting him from presenting any 

defense to the mother’s claims. Id.

On appeal, the husband contended that the circuit court abused its discretion by striking 

his pleadings in that “the failure to use less drastic sanctions deprived the court of information 

necessary to determine the children's best interests.” Id. at 788. This Court began its analysis by 

noting that a circuit “court’s choice as to which sanction promotes the purpose of discovery is a 

matter of its discretion.” Id. at 789. We noted further that “[t]he striking of a party's pleadings is 

an appropriate sanction when the party's failure to respond to pretrial discovery orders reflects a 

contumacious and deliberate disregard for the trial court's authority.” Id. at 790 (citation and 

internal quotation marks omitted). Applying these principles to the father’s actions, we found 

that he had deliberately disregarded the circuit court’s authority by refusing to supplement his 

discovery responses and attend mediation despite a specific instruction from the court that he do 

so. Id. Thus, we held that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion when it struck the father’s 
13

pleadings and precluded him from presenting a defense. Id. We further observed that the circuit 

court was able to fulfill its statutory duties with regard to the mother’s requested “modifications 

and emancipation” based on the evidence presented by the mother alone. Id.

We find the facts involved in the instant case analogous to those at issue in Whitworth

and Doss. In this matter, Mother tested positive for amphetamines both before and after she gave 

birth to B.S.-S. 8 Father’s testimony at the modification trial indicated that Mother had tested 

positive for amphetamines in March 2015, immediately after giving birth to B.S.-S. Records 

submitted at trial indicated that Mother had been directed to undergo a urinalysis screening as a 

result of a Children’s Division investigation involving suspected drug use during her pregnancy. 

In an apparent effort to evade such drug testing, on one occasion Mother dropped her urine 

sample into the toilet when being tested. 

In his motion for drug testing, Father alleged that Mother had agreed to submit herself for 

drug testing without a formal order from the court in July 2018. Consequently, Father submitted 

payment information for Mother to undergo testing at Test Smartly later in the month. By 

August 2018, Mother had still not appeared at the facility, and Father thus filed a formal motion 

seeking an order from the court that she undergo nail follicle testing. The court entered the 

requested order twelve days later, clearly advising Mother that her failure to comply would result 

in the application of an adverse inference that she would have tested positive for drugs. Mother 

did appear at the facility, but her finger and toenails were not of sufficient length to take a 

 

8 This evidence is derived from Father’s testimony at the modification trial. It appears from the transcript that 

Father was reading from Mother’s medical records as well as documents pertaining to a Children’s Division 

investigation. These documents were admitted as exhibits at trial but (as will be set forth more fully below) are not 

included in the record on appeal. “When an exhibit is not deposited with this Court, ‘the intendment and content of 

the exhibit [will be] taken as favorable to the trial court's ruling and as unfavorable to the appellant.’” APACMissouri, Inc. v. Boyer, 420 S.W.3d 651, 657-58 (Mo. App. S.D. 2013) (citation omitted).
14

sample. The facility coordinator advised her to return at a later date when her nails had grown 

out and were not polished. Mother then returned in the fall of 2018, but her nails were once 

again too short and had been polished. At the time of trial in January 2019, Mother had not made 

any further arrangements with the Test Smartly facility to undergo the court-ordered nail testing.9 

Mother complains that the sanctions order required the court to assess the best interests of 

B.S.-S. “with literally only half the case presented.” Like the Doss Court, we would note that 

Father’s testimony and exhibits furnished the circuit court with ample evidence to evaluate the 

best interests of the parties’ child. Indeed, the circuit court made highly detailed findings with 

respect to the best interest factors enumerated in § 452.375.2. In addition, the circuit court 

appointed a GAL for B.S.-S., whose role was to serve as “the court's investigative agent, charged 

with the same ultimate standard that must ultimately govern the court's decision—i.e., the ‘best 

interests of the child.’” State ex rel. Bird v. Weinstock, 864 S.W.2d 376, 384 (Mo. App. E.D. 

1993); see also McCreary v. McCreary, 954 S.W.2d 433, 448 (Mo. App. W.D. 1997) (“As their 

representative, the guardian ad litem is to stand in the shoes of the children and weigh the factors 

as they would weigh them if their judgment was mature.”). In this regard, it is significant that 

 

9 At trial Mother’s counsel argued, and in her brief on appeal, Mother again asserts that she did undergo a hair test 

for the purpose of detecting drugs in her system. The result of this test (which purportedly indicated that Mother 

tested negative for drugs) was attached to Mother’s post-trial motion to amend the judgment and was appended to 

her brief on appeal. In response, Father argues that Mother did not preserve this sub-argument because she failed to 

make an adequate offer of proof at the hearing on the motion for sanctions. The contention is unpreserved for the 

additional reason that “[i]t is plainly outside the scope of” his point relied on. See Kissinger v. Am. Family Mut. Ins. 

Co., 563 S.W.3d 765, 780 n.10 (Mo. App. W.D. 2018). 

Father also contends on appeal that a hair test is not as reliable as a nail follicle test, which is why a nail test was 

requested in the first place. In the absence of any expert testimony in the record regarding the efficacy of the 

various tests, the circuit court was not in a good position to assess the relative strengths and weaknesses of different 

methods of drug-testing, and neither are we. We do observe, however, that the circuit court ordered Mother to 

undergo a “9 panel nail testing for illegal drugs, prescription drugs, alcohol and controlled substances[,]” and that 

Mother was not at liberty to choose a different drug testing method without obtaining the court’s permission.
15

the GAL joined in Father’s motion for sanctions. We would note finally that the GAL (who, 

again, was charged with advancing the best interests of the parties’ child) proposed a parenting 

plan which the circuit court ultimately adopted.

The trial judge found, and we agree, that Mother’s persistent evasion and inaction in the 

face of a specific order from the circuit court represented a deliberate and contumacious 

disregard for the authority of the court. The judge found further that Mother’s refusal to provide 

complete discovery hindered Father’s trial preparation given that Mother’s suspected drug abuse 

was a core issue affecting the best interests of the parties’ child. We afford considerable 

deference to the circuit court’s choice as to which sanctions to impose as punishment for a 

party’s failure to comply with a discovery order.10 Here, the sanctions imposed by the trial judge 

were specifically authorized by Rule 61.01(d)(1)-(2). Mindful of our scope of review, we cannot 

say that the court’s decision to strike Mother’s pleadings and prohibit her from presenting 

evidence at the modification trial was “clearly against the logic of the circumstances then before 

the court” or “so unreasonable and arbitrary that it shocks the sense of justice and indicates a 

lack of careful, deliberate consideration.” Frawley, 597 S.W.3d at 752. Point I is denied.11

 

10 “The most deferential standard of review, the abuse of discretion standard, severely limits the power of the 

appellate court to reverse or otherwise alter the rulings of the lower court.” In re Marriage of Stephens, 954 S.W.2d 

672, 678 n.3 (Mo. App. S.D. 1997) (quoting Thomas A. Sheehan, Standard of Review on Appeal, Vol. 53, Journal of 

The Missouri Bar, No. 5, p. 281)).

11 Mother also contends that she “was afforded no opportunity to present witnesses or to testify herself” on the drugtesting issue. Again, this claim of error is not preserved for our review because it is not fairly encompassed by the 

point relied on. See Fessler v. McGovern, 524 S.W.3d 208, 214 n.4 (Mo. App. W.D. 2017). Additionally, we find 

nothing in the transcript to support Mother’s assertion. The modification judgment specifically states that Mother 

“was not precluded from offering evidence at the sanctions hearing.” The transcript reflects that Mother arrived late 

for the trial and while the hearing on Father’s motion for sanctions was in progress. Upon her arrival, the court 

stated from the bench, “All right, if there’s nothing further, I’m going to rule.” In other words, the circuit court 

indicated that it was prepared to rule on Father’s motion unless the parties wished to present additional arguments or 

evidence.
16

In her second point, Mother contends that the circuit court erred in admitting as exhibits 

certain medical records because the records contained hearsay as well as evidence that existed at 

the time of the original judgment (rather than evidence that arose after entry of that judgment). 

Whether to admit or exclude evidence is a determination committed to the sound discretion of 

the circuit court. Margolis v. Steinberg, 242 S.W.3d 394, 397 (Mo. App. E.D. 2007). The circuit 

court’s “evidentiary rulings will not be disturbed absent an abuse of discretion.” Id. 

Here, we are unable to determine whether the circuit court abused its discretion in 

admitting the purportedly objectionable exhibits because they have not been included in the 

record on appeal. “If original exhibits are necessary to the determination of any point relied on, 

they shall be deposited in the appellate court by the appellant.” City of Kansas City v. Cosic, 540 

S.W.3d 461, 464 (Mo. App. W.D. 2018) (quoting Rule 81.16(a)). “Where ... exhibits are not 

made a part of the record on appeal, such evidentiary omissions will be taken as favorable to the 

trial court's ruling and unfavorable to the appeal.” Id. (citation omitted). And where documents 

necessary to evaluate a claim of error are not made a part of the record before the Court,

appellate review is impossible. Id. Accordingly, Point II is dismissed.

Conclusion

The judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.

/s/ Thomas N. Chapman

Thomas N. Chapman, Judge

All concur.