NPSAS:1 6 F IELD T EST S UPPORTING S TATEMENT A- 1 

# App **endix A Studies Addressing Issues Relevant to NCES’**  **Postsecondary Longitudinal and Sample Surveys Studies Program** A PP ENDIX A. S TUDIES A DDRESSING I SSUES R ELEVANT TO NCES’ P OSTSECONDARY AND L ONGITUDINAL S AM PLE S URVEYS S TUDIES

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## National Postsecondary Student Aid Study ( **NPSAS )**  “NCES”, “ED”, and “EJ” publication numbers are indicated in parenthesis. Publications with an “NCES” number may be accessed from the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) at http://nces.ed.gov. Publications with “ED” or “EJ” numbers are indexed in the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) at http://www.askeric.org. **Arranged alphabetically by study and year** 

### 2013 Adelman, C. (2013). Searching for Our Lost Associate’s Degrees: Project Win - Win at the Finish Line . Washington, DC: Institute for Higher Education Policy. Alliance for Excellent Education. (2013). Repairing a Broken System: Fixing Federal Student Aid . Washington, DC: Author. Bailey, T. (2012). Developing Input-Adjusted Metrics of Community College Performance . Washington, DC: HCM Strategists, LLC. Baum, S., Kurose, C., and Ma, J. (2013). How College Shapes Lives: Understanding the Issues . Washington, DC: College Board Advocacy & Policy Center. Baum, S., Kurose, C., and McPherson, M. (2013). An Overview of American Higher Education. Postsecondary Education in the United States, 23 (1): 17 –40. Baum, S., Ma, J., and Payea, K. (2013). Education Pays 2013: the Benefits of Higher Education for Individuals and Society . Washington, DC: College Board Advocacy & Policy Center. Baum, S., and Sc hwartz, S. (2013). Student Aid, Student Behavior, and Educational Attainment . Washington, DC: George Washington University, Graduate School of Education and Human Development. Baum, S., and Scott - Clayton, J. (2013). Redesigning the Pell Grant Program for the Twenty- First Century . Washington, DC: The Hamilton Project. Belfield, C.R. (2013). Student Loans and Repayment Rates: The Role of For - Profit Colleges. Research in Higher Education, 54 (1): 1 – 29. Burd, S. (2013). Undermining Pell: How Colleges Compete for Wealthy Students and Leave the Low- Income Behind . Washington, DC: New America Foundation. Carter, D.F., Locks, A.M., and Winkle - Wagner, R. (2013). From When and Where I Enter: Theoretical and Empirical Considerations of Minority Students’ Transition to College. Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research, 28 : 93 – 149. Center for Analysis o f Postsecondary Education and Employment. (2013). For- Profit Colleges: Growth, Outcomes, Regulation . New York: Author. Chen, X. (2013). STEM Attrition: College Students’ Paths into and out of STEM Fields (NCES 2014 - 001). National Center for Education Stat istics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Choitz, V., and Reimherr, P. (2013). Mind the Gap: High Unmet Financial Need Threatens Persistence and Completion for Low- Income Community College Students . Washington, DC: Center for Law and Social Policy, Inc. College Board Advocacy and Policy Center. (2013). Rethinking Pell Grants . New York: Author. Crisp, G., and Delgado, C. (2013). The Impact of Developmental Education on Community College Persistence and Vertical Tr ansfer. Community College Review. Retrieved January 17, 2014, from http://crw.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/11/05/0091552113516488.abstract .A PP ENDIX A. S TUDIES A DDRESSING I SSUES R ELEVANT TO NCES’ P OSTSECONDARY AND L ONGITUDINAL S AM PLE S URVEYS S TUDIES

A- 4 Dannenberg, M., and Voight, M. (2013). Doing Away With Debt: Using Existing Resources to Ensure College Affordability for Low and Middle - Income Families . Washington, DC: The Education Trust. Daun - Barnett, N.J. (2013). Access to College: A Reconsideration of the National Education Longitudinal Study (NELS). Educational Policy, 27 (1): 3 – 32. Davidson, J.C. (2013). Increa sing FAFSA Completion Rates: Research, Policies and Practice. Journal of Student Financial Aid, 43 (1): 38– 54. Davidson, J.C. (2013). Why Community College Students are so Poor, but Only 16.9% Received Federal Pell Grants. Community College Journal of Resea rch and Practice, 37(7): 503 –513. Day, A., Dworsky, A., and Feng, W. (2013, April). An Analysis of Foster Care Placement History and Post - Secondary Graduation Rates. Research in Higher Education Journal, 19 : 1 – 17. Deming, D., Goldin, C., and Katz, L. (2013). For - Profit Colleges. Postsecondary Education in the United States, 23 (1): 137– 164. Dillman, D.A., and House, C.C. (Eds.). (2013). Measuring What We Spend: Toward a New Consumer Expenditure Survey . Washington, DC : The National Academies Press. Doyle, W.R. (2013). A New Partnership: Reshaping the Federal and State Commitment to Need- Based Aid . Washington, DC: The Committee for Economic Development. Dynarski, S., and Kreisman, D. (2013). Loans for Educational Opport unity: Making Borrowing Work for Today’s Students . Washington, DC: The Hamilton Project. Dynarski, S., and Scott - Clayton, J. (2013). Financial Aid Policy: Lessons From Research . NBER Working Paper 18710. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. Esen, E. (2013). Financial Aid and Student Persistence: A Review and Analysis of the Literature. Journal of Education Policy, Planning and Administration, 2 (2): 107 – 116. Flynn, D. (2013). Baccalaureate Attainment of College Students at 4 -Year Institutions as a Function of Student Engagement Behaviors: Social and Academic Student Engagement Behaviors Matter. Research in Higher Education. Retrieved January 17, 2014, from htt p://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11162 - 013 - 9321 - 8 . Gray, R., Vitak, J., Easton, E.W., and Ellison, N.B. (2013). Examining Social Adjustment to College in the Age of Social Media: Factors Influencing Successful Transitions and Persistence. Computers & Education, 67 : 193 – 207. Guzman, T. (2013). To Choose or Not to Choose: Federal Income Tax Credits and Deductions and College Choice Decisions . Research Paper No. 2013 - 01 - 01. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University - School of Public and Environmental Affairs. Habersham, S.L. (2013). Dual Enrollment: An Analysis of Persistence, Ethnicity, and Gender. Unpublished dissertation, Capella University, Minneapolis. Retrieved January 27, 2014, from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1412677956 . Hamilton, D.W., and Torr aco, R.J. (2013). Integrative Review of the Literature on Adults With Limited Education and Skills and the Implications for Human Resource Development. Human Resource Development. Retrieved July1, 2013, from Review http://hrd.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/ 01/23/1534484312471135.abstract . Hamilton, L.T. (2013). More Is More or More Is Less? Parental Financial Investments During College. American Sociological Review, 78 (1): 70–95. HCM Strategists. (2013). The American Dream 2.0: How Financial Aid Can Help Imp rove College Access, Affordability, and Completion . Washington, DC: Author.A PP ENDIX A. S TUDIES A DDRESSING I SSUES R ELEVANT TO NCES’ P OSTSECONDARY AND L ONGITUDINAL S AM PLE S URVEYS S TUDIES

A- 5 HCM Strategists. (2013). Doing Better for More Students: Putting Student Outcomes at the Center of Federal Financial Aid . Washington, DC: Author. Hershbein, B., and Hollenbeck, K.M . (2013). The Distribution of College Graduate Debt, 1990 to 2008: A Decomposition Approach. Paper presented at the Conference on Student Loans, Kalamazoo, MI. Huelsman, M., and Cunningham, A.F. (2013). Making Sense of the System: Financial Aid Reform for the 21st Century Student . Washington, DC: Institute for Higher Education Policy. The Institute for College Access & Success. (2013). Aligning the Means and the Ends: How to Improve Federal Student Aid and Increase College Access and Success . White Paper. W ashington, DC: Author. The Institute for College Access & Success. (2013). Strengthening Cal Grants to Better Serve Today’s Students: Analysis and Recommendations . Washington, DC: Author. Jackson, B.A., and Reynolds, J.R. (2013). The Price of Opportunity: Race, Student Loan Debt, and College Achievement. Sociological Inquiry, 83 (2) Karikari, J.A., and Dezhbakhsh, H. (2013). Are Selective Private and Public Colleges Affordable? Education Economics, 21 (1): 60–78. Kim, Y.M., and Cole, J.S. (2013). Student Vete rans/Service Members’ Engagement in College and University Life and Education . Washington, DC: American Council on Education. Kofoed, M.S. (2013). For- Profit and Traditional Colleges: Institutional Control, Financial Aid Allocation, and Net Costs . Athens, GA: University of Georgia, Department of Economics, Terry College of Business. Kofoed, M.S. (2013). To Apply or Not to Apply: FAFSA Completion and Financial Aid Gaps . Athens, GA: University of Georgia, Department of Economics, Terry College of Business. La ng, K., and Weinstein, R. (2013). The Wage Effects of Not- for- Profit and For- Profit Certifications: Better Data, Somewhat Different Results . NBER Working Paper Series. No. 19135. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved January 27, 20 14, from http://www.nber.org/papers/w19135 . Lott II, J.L., Hernandez, J., King, J.P., Brown, T., and Fajardo, I. (2013). Public Versus Private Colleges: Political Participation of College Graduates. Research in Higher Education . Retrieved July1, 2013, from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11162 - 013 - 9301 - z . Lovenheim, M.F., and Owens, E.G. (2013). Does Federal Financial Aid Affect College Enrollment? Evidence From Drug Offenders and the Higher Education Act of 1998 . NBER Working Paper No. 18749. Cam bridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. Lynch, D. (2013). Does Diversity Matter? Evidence From the Relationship Between an Institution’s Diversity and the Salaries of Its Graduates. Columbia University, New York. Mamiseishvili, K., and Deggs, D.M . (2013). Factors Affecting Persistence and Transfer of Low - Income Students at Public Two - Year Institutions. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory and Practice, 15 (3): 409 –432. McKinney, L., and Novak, H. (2013). The Relationship Between FAFSA Filing and Persistence Among First - Year Community College Students. Community College Review, 41 (1): 63 –85. Mendoza, P. (2012). Should I Work or Should I Borrow? Counterfactual Analysis on the Effect of Working While Enrolled and Debt on Baccalaureate Completion. Journal of Student Financial Aid, 42 (2): 25 – 59. Mishory, J., and O'Sullivan, R. (2012). The Student Perspective on Federal Financial Aid Reform . Washington, DC: Young Invincibles.A PP ENDIX A. S TUDIES A DDRESSING I SSUES R ELEVANT TO NCES’ P OSTSECONDARY AND L ONGITUDINAL S AM PLE S URVEYS S TUDIES

A- 6 Montgomerie, J. (2013). America’s Debt Safety - Net. Public Administration: An International Quarterly . Retrieved July1, 2013, from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467 - 9299.2012.02094.x/abstract . Okahana, H. (2013). Shifting Demand or Just Moving Price?: A Multi- Level Analysis of Student Price Demand for College Education and State Policy Preferences. Unpublished dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles. Retrieved January 27, 2014, from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1371028120 . Pontes, M.C.F., and Pontes, N.M.H. (2013). Undergraduate Students’ Preferences for Distance Education by Field of Study. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 16 (4). Retrieved January 17, 2014, from http://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/winte r164/pontes_pontes164.html . Radey, M., and Cheatham, L.P. (2013). Do Single Mothers Take Their Share?: FAFSA Completion Among Aid Eligible Female Students. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 6 (4): 261 – 275. Radwin, D., and Matthews, M. (2013). Chara cteristics of Certificate Completers with Their Time to Certificate and Labor Market Outcomes (NCES 2013 - 157). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Radwin, D., Wine, J., S iegel, P., Bryan, M., and Hunt - White, T. (2013). 2011 - 12 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:12): Student Financial Aid Estimates for 2011 - 12 (NCES 2013 - 165). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Depa rtment of Education. Washington, DC. Reed, M., and Cochrane, D. (2013). Student Debt and the Class of 2012 . Washington, DC: The Institute for College Access & Success. Reimherr, P., Harmon, T., Strawn, J., and Choitz, V. (2013). Reforming Student Aid: How to Simplify Tax Aid and Use Performance Metrics to Improve College Choices and Completion . Washington, DC: Center for Law and Social Policy, Inc. Ross, P. (2013). Community College Pathways: A Narrative Inquiry with One Student . Open Access Theses and Diss ertations from the College of Education and Human Sciences. Document 199. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska — Lincoln. Ruot, B. (2013). An Investigation of the Six- Year Persistence/Attainment of Independent Students and Students Beginning in Community Colleges, 2003 –04 – 2008–09: A Closer Look at Academic and Social Integration Factors. Unpublished dissertation, University at Buffalo, State University of New York. Retrieved January 27, 2014, from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1413329202 . Santiago, D.A. (2013). Using a Latino Lens to Reimagine Aid Design and Delivery . White Paper. Washington, DC: Excelencia in Education. Santos, J.L., and Sáenz, V.B. (2013). In the Eye of the Perfect Storm: The Convergence of Policy and Latina/o Trends in Access and Fina ncial Concerns, 1975 – 2008. Educational Policy . Retrieved July1, 2013, from http://epx.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/02/05/0895904812465111.abstract . Shaw, S.F., and Dukes III, L.L. (2013). Transition to Postsecondary Education: A Call for Evidence - Based P ractice. Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals, 36 (1): 51 – 57. Simone, S., Radwin, D., Wine, J., Siegel, P., Bryan, M., and Hunt - White, T. (2013). 2011 - 12 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:12). Price Estimates for Atten ding Postsecondary Education Institutions (NCES 2014 - 166). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Smith, K., and Read, K. (2013). Student Characteristics and Summer Enrollme nt: A Comparison of Earlier Research With Findings From Nationally Representative Data. Summer Academe, 7 : 1 – 19. Sparks, D., and Malkus, N. (2013). First- Year Undergraduate Remedial Coursetaking: 1999–2000, 2003 –04, 2007 – 08 (NCES 2013 - 013). National Center Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.A PP ENDIX A. S TUDIES A DDRESSING I SSUES R ELEVANT TO NCES’ P OSTSECONDARY AND L ONGITUDINAL S AM PLE S URVEYS S TUDIES

A- 7 Staklis, S., Henke, R., and Soldner, M. (2013). Who Considers Teaching and Who Teaches? First- Time 2007 –08 Bachelor’s Deg ree Recipients by Teaching Status 1 Year after Graduation (NCES 2014 - 002). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Stange, K.M. (2013). Differential Pricing in Undergraduate Education: Effects on Degree Production by Field . NBER Working Paper Series. No. 19183. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved January 17, 2014, from http://www.nber.org/papers/w19183 . Turner, L.J. (2013). Rethinking Institutional A id: Implications for Affordability, Access, and the Effectiveness of Federal Student Aid . Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. Wang, X., and Wickersham, K. (2013). Postsecondary Co - Enrollment and Baccalaureate Completio n: A Look at Both Beginning 4 - Year College Students and Baccalaureate Aspirants Beginning at Community Colleges. Research in Higher Education. Retrieved January 17, 2014, from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11162 - 013 - 9317 - 4# . Wei, C.C., and Horn , L. (2013). Federal Student Loan Debt Burden of Noncompleters (NCES 2013 - 155). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Wells, R.S., and Lynch, C.M. (2013). Volunteering for C ollege? Potential Implications of Financial Aid Tax Credits Rewarding Community Service. Educational Policy . Retrieved July1, 2013, from http://epx.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/02/13/0895904813475707.abstract. Woo, J.H. (2013). Degrees of Debt. Student Borrowing and Loan Repayment of Bachelor’s Degree Recipients 1 Year after Graduating: 1994, 2001, 2009 (NCES 2014 - 011). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Wood, J.L. (20 13). The Same...But Different: Examining Background Characteristics among Black Males in Public Two -Year Colleges. The Journal of Negro Education, 82 (1): 47 – 61. Wood, J.L., and Palmer, R.T. (2013). Understanding the Personal Goals of Black Male Community Col lege Students: Facilitating Academic and Psychosocial Development. Journal of African American Studies, 17 (2): 222 – 241. Zeiser, K.L., Kirshstein, R.J., and Tanenbaum, C. (2013). The Price of a Science PhD: Variations in Student Debt Levels Across Disciplin es and Race/Ethnicity . Washington, DC: Center for STEM Education & Innovation at American Institutes for Research. Zhan, M., and Xiang, X. (2013). An Event History Analysis of Education Loans and College Graduation: A Focus on Differences by Race and Ethnicity . CSD Working Papers. No. 13 - 35. St. Louis: Washington University in Saint Louis, Center for Social Development. Zhukov, B.A. (2013). Measuring College Price Indices . Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University, Department of Economics. 

### 2012 Amuedo - Do rantes, C., and Sparber, C. (2012). In -State Tuition for Undocumented Immigrants and Its Impact on College Enrollment, Tuition Costs, Student Financial Aid, and Indebtedness . Discussion Paper No. 6857. Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). Avery, C., and Turner, S. (2012). Student Loans: Do College Students Borrow Too Much — Or Not Enough? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26 (1): 165 – 192. Dynarski, S., and Wiederspan, M. (2012). Student Aid Simplification: Looking Back and Looking Ahead . Working Paper 178 34. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. Flowers, L.O., White, E.N., James E. Raynor, J., and Bhattacharya, S. (2012). African American Students’ Participation in Online Distance Education in STEM Disciplines: Implications for HBCUs. SAGE Open, 2 (2).A PP ENDIX A. S TUDIES A DDRESSING I SSUES R ELEVANT TO NCES’ P OSTSECONDARY AND L ONGITUDINAL S AM PLE S URVEYS S TUDIES

A- 8 Gilpin, G.A. (2012). Teacher Salaries and Teacher Aptitude: An Analysis Using Quantile Regressions. Economics of Education Review, 31 (3): 15 – 29. Kim, J. (2012). Exploring the Relationship Between State Financial Aid Policy and Postsecondary Enro llment Choices: A Focus on Income and Race Differences. Research in Higher Education, 53 (2): 123 – 151. Melguizo, T., and Chung, A. (2012). College Aid Policy and Competition for Diversity. The Review of Higher Education, 35 (3): 403 –430. Metcalfe, Y. (2012). A Logistic Regression and Discriminant Function Analysis of Enrollment Characteristics of Student Veterans With and Without Disabilities . Dissertation. Virginia Commonwealth University. Mullin, C.M. (2012). It’s a Matter of Time: Low- Income Students and Community Colleges . AACC Policy Brief 2012 - 02PBL. Washington, DC: American Association of Community Colleges. Pender, M., Hurwitz, M., Smith, J., and Howell, J. (2012). College Choice: Informing Students’ Trade - Offs Between Institutional Price and College Completion . Policy Brief. College Board Advocacy & Policy Center. Pontes, M.C.F., and Pontes, N.M.H. (2012). Enrollment in Distance Education Classes in 2008 is Associated with Fewer Enrollment Gaps Among Independent Undergraduate Students in the US. Journ al of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 16 (1): 79 –89. Reeves, T.J., Miller, L.A., and Rouse, R.A. (2011). Reality Check: A Vital Update to the Landmark 2002 NCES Study of Nontraditional College Students . Apollo Research Institute. Schmitt, J., and Boushey, H. (2012). Why Don’t More Young People Go to College? Challenge, 55 (4): 78 –93. Scott - Clayton, J. (2012). What Explains Trends in Labor Supply Among U.S. Undergraduates, 1970–2009? NBER Working Paper No. 17744. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Res earch. Shuster, K. (2012). Re - Examining Exit Exams: New Evidence From the Education Longitudinal Study of 2002. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 20 (3): 1 – 35. Soldner, M., Wine, J., and Janson, N. (2012). Developing a Multi- Mode, Longitudinal Study to Un derstand College Student Outcomes Using Becker’s Human Capital Framework . National Center for Education Statistics and RTI International. Staklis, S., and Horn, L. (2012). New Americans in Postsecondary Education: A Profile of Immigrant and SecondGeneration American Undergraduates (NCES 2012 - 213). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Turner, L.J. (2012). “ Essays in Applied Microeconomics .” Ph.D. Dissertation. Columbia Univ ersity. Wood, J.L. (2012). Examining Academic Variables Affecting the Persistence and Attainment of Black Male Collegians: A Focus on Academic Performance and Integration in the Two - Year College. Race, Ethnicity, and Education, 15 (1): 1 – 22. Wood, J.L., and Essien - Wood, I. (2012). Capital Identity Projection: Understanding the Psychosocial Effects of Capitalism on Black Male Community College Students. Journal of Economic Psychology, 33 : 984– 995. Young, J.W., Lakin, J., Courtney, R., and Martiniello , M. (2012). Advancing the Quality and Equity of Education for Latino Students: A White Paper . Princeton, New Jersey: Educational Testing Service. Zarifa, D. (2012). Higher Education Expansion, Social Background, and College Selectivity in the United State s. International Journal of Sociology of Education, 1 (3): 263 – 291. 

### 2011 Alon, S. (2011). Who Benefits Most From Financial Aid? The Heterogeneous Effect of Need - Based Grants on Students’ College Persistence. Social Science Quarterly, 92 (3): 807 –829.A PP ENDIX A. S TUDIES A DDRESSING I SSUES R ELEVANT TO NCES’ P OSTSECONDARY AND L ONGITUDINAL S AM PLE S URVEYS S TUDIES

A- 9 Bersuds kaya, V., and Wei, C.C. (2011). Trends in Student Financing of Undergraduate Education: Selected Years, 1995– 96 to 2007

–08 (NCES 2011 - 218). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Burns, S., Wang, X., and Alexandra Henning (Eds.). (2011). NCES Handbook of Survey Methods (NCES 2011 - 609). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Cheslock, J.J., and H ughes, R.P. (2011). Differences Across States in Higher Education Finance Policy. Journal of Education Finance, 36 (4): 369 – 393. Choy, S.P., and Cataldi, E.F. (2011). Graduate and First- Professional Students: 2007 –08 (NCES 2011 - 174). National Center for Edu cation Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Griffith, J. (2011). A Decade of Helping: Community Service Among Recent High School Graduates Attending College. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly (pu blished online before print on August 22, 2011). Ho, P., and Wei, C.C. (2011). Web Tables — Trends in the Receipt of Pell Grants: Selected Years, 1995–96 to 2007 – 08 (NCES 2011 - 155). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U .S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Livermore, G., Whalen, D., Prenovitz, S., Aggerwal, R., and Bardos, M. (2011). Disability Data in National Surveys . Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research. Radford, A.W. (2011). Learning at a Distance: Unde rgraduate Enrollment in Distance Education Courses and Degree Programs (NCES 2012 - 154). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Radford, A.W. (2011). Military Service Members and Veterans: A Profile of Those Enrolled in Undergraduate and Graduate Education in 2007 –08 (NCES 2011 - 163). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Radford, A.W., and Berk ner, L. (2011). Federal Education Tax Benefits: Who Receives Them and to What Extent Do They Shape the Price of College Attendance? (NCES 2012 - 212). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Wa shington, DC. Smith, K.S. (2011). “ Characteristics of Students Who Enroll in Summer Session .” Ph.D. Dissertation. Virginia Polytechnic Institute. Snyder, T.D., and Dillow, S.A. (2011). Digest of Education Statistics 2010 (NCES 2011 - 015). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Staklis, S., Bersudskaya, V., and Horn, L. (2011). Web Tables — Students Attending For- Profit Postsecondary Institutions: Demographics, Enrollment Characteristics, and 6- Year Outcomes (NCES 2012 - 173). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Steele, P. (2011). Suggestions for Improvements to the Collection and Dissemination of Federal Financial Aid Data (NPEC 2012 - 834). National Postsecondary Education Cooperative, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Turley, R.N.L. (2011). Contributions to College Costs by Married, Divorced, and Remarried Parents. Journal of Family Issu es, 32 (6): 767 –790. Wei, C.C., and Skomsvold, P. (2011). Borrowing at the Maximum: Undergraduate Stafford Loan Borrowers in 2007 –08 (NCES 2012 - 161). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Wa shington, DC.A PP ENDIX A. S TUDIES A DDRESSING I SSUES R ELEVANT TO NCES’ P OSTSECONDARY AND L ONGITUDINAL S AM PLE S URVEYS S TUDIES

A- 10 Woo, J.H. (2011). The Expansion of Private Loans in Postsecondary Education (NCES 2012 - 184). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Woo, J., and Skomsvold, P. (2011). Web Tables — Trends in Student Financing of Graduate and First- Professional Education: Selected Years, 1995– 96 to 2007

–08 (NCES 2011 - 217). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washi ngton, DC. Woo, J.H., and Choy, S.P. (2011). Merit Aid for Undergraduates: Trends From 1995–96 to 2007 –08 (NCES 2012 - 160). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

### 2010 Bersu dskaya, V., and Wei, C.C. (2011). Trends in Student Financing of Undergraduate Education: Selected Years, 1995– 96 to 2007

–08 (NCES 2011 - 218). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washingto n, DC. Boureiko, N.V. (2010). “ Factors Influencing the Academic Success of Second Generation Immigrant College Students .” Dissertation. University of Arkansas at Little Rock. Cataldi, E.F., and Ho, P. (2010). Web Tables — Student Financing of Graduate and First- Professional Education: 2007 –08 (NCES 2011 - 172). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Chen, R., and DesJardins , S.L. (2010). Investigating the Impact of Financial Aid on Student Dropout Risks: Racial and Ethnic Differences. The Journal of Higher Education, 81 (2): 179 – 208. Chen, X. (2010). Web Tables — Profile of Graduate and First- Professional Students: Trends From Selected Years, 1995– 96 to 2007

–08 (NCES 2011 - 219). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Cominole, M., Riccobono, J., Siegel, P., and Caves, L. (2010). 2007 –08 National Pos tsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:08) Full-Scale Methodology Report (NCES 2011 - 188). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Dezhbakhsh, H., and Karikari, J.A. (2010). Enrol lment at Highly Selective Private Colleges: Who is Left Behind? Contemporary Economic Policy, 28 (1): 94– 109. Goldrick - Rab, S., and Sorensen, K. (2010). Unmarried Parents in College. The Future of Children, 20 (2): 179 – 203. Hillman, N.W. (2010). Who Benefits From Tuition Discounts at Public Universities? Journal of Student Financial Aid, 40 (1): 17 – 30. Hornak, A.M., Farrell, P.L., and Jackson, N.J. (2010). Making It (or Not) on a Dime in College: Implications for Practice. Journal of College Student Development 51 (5): 481 –495. Perna, L.W., Fester, R., and Walsh, E. (2010). Exploring the College Enrollment of Parents: A Descriptive Analysis. Journal of Student Financial Aid, 40 (1): 6 – 16. Pontes, M.C.F., Hasit, C., Pontes, N.M.H., Lewis, P.A., and Siefr ing, K.T. (2010). Variables Related to Undergraduate Students Preference for Distance Education Classes. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 13 (2). Staklis, S. (2010). Web Tables — Profile of Undergraduate Students: 2007 –08 (NCES 2010 - 205). N ational Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Turley, R.N.L., and Wodtke, G. (2010). College Residence and Academic Performance: Who Benefits From Living on Campus? Urban Education, 45 (4): 506 – 532.A PP ENDIX A. S TUDIES A DDRESSING I SSUES R ELEVANT TO NCES’ P OSTSECONDARY AND L ONGITUDINAL S AM PLE S URVEYS S TUDIES

A- 11 Turner, N. (2010). Who Benefits From Student Aid? The Economic Incidence of Tax- Based Federal Student Aid . Department of Economics, University of California at San Diego. Retrieved December 15, 2012, from http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item /7g0888mj . Vienne, K.L. (2010). Differences in Debt Levels Among Undergraduate Students as a Function of Gender, Ethnicity, and Parental Education Levels : Sam Houston State University. Wei, C.C. (2010). Web Tables — Student Financing of Undergraduate Education: 2007 –08 (NCES 2010 - 162). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Wei, C.C. (2010). Web Tables — Trends in Undergraduate Stafford Loan Borrowing: 1989– 90 to 2007

–08 (NCES 201 0 - 183). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Wei, C.C. (2010). What Is the Price of College? Total, Net, and Out- of - Pocket Prices in 2007

–08 (NCES 2011 - 175). National Cente r for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

### 2009 Ambrose, A.S. (2009). “Student Characteristics of Merit Aid Recipients: Structural and Human Agency Determinants.” Ph.D. Dissertation. Illinois State University. Babcock, P. (2009). Real Costs of Nominal Grade Inflation? New Evidence From Student Course Evaluations . Department of Economics, University of California, Santa Barbara. Babiarz, P., and Yilmazer, T. (2009). The Impact of College Financi al Aid Rules on Household Portfolio Choice. National Tax Journal, 62 (4): 635 – 655. Chen, X. (2009, July). Students Who Study Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) in Postsecondary Education (NCES 2009 - 161). National Center for Education S tatistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Cheslock, J.J. (2009). A Nonparametric Examination of the Prices Low- Income Students Face . Center for the Study of Higher Education, Penn State University. Choy, S.P. , Berkner, L., Lee, J., and Topper, A. (2009). Academic Competitiveness and SMART Grant Programs: First- Year Lessons Learned. Washington, DC: US Department of Education. Doyle, W.R., Delaney, J.A., and Naughton, B.A. (2009). Does Institutional Aid Compensa te for or Comply With State Policy? Research in Higher Education, 50 (5): 502 – 523. Ferguson, C.D., and Gilpin, G. (2009). Wage Frictions and Teacher Quality: An Empirical Analysis of Differential Effects Across Subject Areas . Indiana University - Bloomington. Foraker, M. J. (2009). “State Appropriations: Implications for Tuition and Financial Aid Policies.” Dissertation. University of Arizona. Radford, A.W., and Wun, J. (2009). Issue Tables: A Profile of Military Servicemembers and Veterans Enrolled in Postsecondary Education in 2007 –08 (NCES 2009 - 182). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Shao, L. (2009). The Financial Aid Tax and Student Work Incentives . Department of Economics, Stanford University. Wei, C.C., Berkner, L., He, S., Lew, S., Cominole, M., and Siegel, P. (2009). 2007 –08 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:08): Student Financial Aid Estimates for 2007 –08. First Look (NCES2009 - 166) . National Cent er for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.A PP ENDIX A. S TUDIES A DDRESSING I SSUES R ELEVANT TO NCES’ P OSTSECONDARY AND L ONGITUDINAL S AM PLE S URVEYS S TUDIES

A- 12 Wei, C.C., and Wun, J. (2009). Undergraduate Financial Aid Estimates for Six States: 2007 –08 (NCES 2010 - 181). National Center for Education Statisti cs, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Wei, C.C., and Wun, J. (2009). Web Tables — Undergraduate Financial Aid Estimates by Type of Institution in 2007 – 08 (NCES 2009 - 201). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

### 2008 Advisory Committee on Student Financial Assistance. (2008). Apply to Succeed: Ensuring Community College Students Benefit From Need- Based Financial Aid . Washington, DC: Aut hor. Anderson, S. (2008). Teacher Career Choices: Timing of Teacher Careers Among 1992 –93 Bachelor’s Degree Recipients (NCES 2008 - 153). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Archibald, R. B., and Feldman, D.H. (2008). How to Think About Changes in Higher Education Affordability . Williamsburg, VA: Department of Economics, College of William and Mary. Berkner, L., and Choy, S. (2008). Descriptive Summary of 2003–04 Beginning Po stsecondary Students: Three Years Later (NCES 2008 - 174). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Chen, S.H. (2008). Estimating Effective Subsidy Rates of Student Aid Programs . University at Albany - SUNY. Chung, A.S. (2008). For- Profit Student Heterogeneity . University of Michigan (Ann Arbor). Dynarski, S.M., and Scott - Clayton, J.E. (2008). “Complexity and Targeting in Federal Student Aid: A Quantitative Analysis.” In Tax Policy and the Economy, edited by James M. Poterba, 109– 150. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Epple, D.,Romano, R., and Sieg, H. (2008). Diversity and Affirmative Action in Higher Education. Journal of Public Economic Theory, 10 (4): 475 – 501. Fergus, M., Grim es, T., Kissane, E., Lydell, L., Misukanis, M., and Rayburn, J. (2008). Enrollment Patterns of Students From Low- Income Families . St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Office of Higher Education. McSwain, C. (2008). Window of Opportunity: Targeting Federal Grant Aid to Students With Lowest Incomes . Washington, DC: Institute for Higher Education Policy. Wei, C.C., and Berkner, L. (2008). Trends in Undergraduate Borrowing II: Federal Student Loans in 1995–96, 1999– 2000, and 2003 –04 (NCES 2008 - 179). National Center for Educ ation Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

### 2007 Chen, X. (2007). Part- Time Undergraduates in Postsecondary Education: 2003 –04 (NCES 2007 - 165). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Educ ation Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Cominole, M., Wheeless, S., Dudley, K., Franklin, J., and Wine, J. (2007). 2004/06 Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study (BPS:04/06) (NCES 2008 - 184). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Lang, D.M. (2007). Financial Aid and Student Bargaining Power. The B. E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 7 (1): 1 – 21. Wasley, P. (2007). Part -Time Students Lag Behind Full - Time Peers, Study Finds. Chronicle of Higher Education, 53 (45): 25.A PP ENDIX A. S TUDIES A DDRESSING I SSUES R ELEVANT TO NCES’ P OSTSECONDARY AND L ONGITUDINAL S AM PLE S URVEYS S TUDIES

A- 13 

### 2006 Berkner, L., and Wei, C.C. (2006). 2003 –04 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:04). Undergraduate Financial Aid Estimates for 12 States: 2003 –04 (NCES 2006 - 158). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Berkner, L., and Wei, C.C. (2006). Student Financing of Undergraduate Education: 2003–04 . With a Special Analysis of the Net Price of Attendance and Federal Education Tax Benefits (NCES 2006 - 168). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Choy, S., and Cataldi , E.F. (2006). Student Financing of Graduate and First- Professional Education: 2003 –04. Profiles of Students in Selected Degree Programs and Part- Time Students (NCES 2006 - 185). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Cominole, M., Siegel, P., Dudley, K., Roe, D., and Gilligan, T. (2006). 2004 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:04) (NCES 2006 - 180). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sci ences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Epple, D.,Romano, R., and Sieg, H. (2006). Admission, Tuition, and Financial Aid Policies in the Market for Higher Education. Econometrica, 74 (4): 885 –928. Heller, D.E. (2006, March). Merit Aid and College Access . Paper presented at the Symposium on the Consequences of Merit - Based Student Aid. Madison, WI. Horn, L., Nevill, S., and Griffith, J. (2006). Profile of Undergraduates in U.S. Postsecondary Education Institutions, 2003 –04: With a Special Ana lysis of Community College Students. Statistical Analysis Report. (NCES 2006 - 184). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Murphy, K.B. (2006). Factors Affecting the Retention , Persistence, and Attainment of Undergraduate Students at Public Urban Four Year Higher Education Institutions. Chicago, IL: Association for Institutional Research (AIR). 

### 2005 Berkner, L., He, S., Lew, S., Cominole, C., and Siegel, P. (2005). 2003 –04 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:04): Student Financial Aid Estimates for 2003– (NCES 2005 - 158). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Berkner, L., Wei, C.C., He, S., Lew, S., Cominole, M., and Siegel, P. (2005). National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:04), 2003 –04: Undergraduate Financial Aid Estimates for 2003–04 by Type of Institution (NCES 2005 - 163). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute o f Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Horn, L., Cataldi, E., and Sikora, A. (2005). Waiting to Attend College: Undergraduates Who Delay Their Postsecondary Enrollment (NCES 2005 - 152). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Hurst, D., and Hudson, L. (2005). Estimating Undergraduate Enrollment in Postsecondary Education Using National Center for Education Statistics Data (NCES 2005 - 063). National Ce nter for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Minicozzi, A. (2005). The Short Term Effect of Educational Debt on Job Decisions. Economics of Education Review, 24 (4): 417–430. (EJ697552) Peter, K., and Horn, L. (2005). Gender Differences in Participation and Completion of Undergraduate Education and How They Have Changed Over Time (NCES 2005 - 169). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Educa tion. Washington, DC.A PP ENDIX A. S TUDIES A DDRESSING I SSUES R ELEVANT TO NCES’ P OSTSECONDARY AND L ONGITUDINAL S AM PLE S URVEYS S TUDIES

A- 14 Riccobono, J., Siegel, P., Cominole, M., Dudley, K., Charleston, S., and Link, M. (2005). 2004 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:04) Field Test Methodology Report (NCES 2005 - 02). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Santiago, D.A., and Cunningham, A.F. (2005). How Latino Students Pay for College: Patterns of Financial Aid in 2003 –04 . Washington, DC: Excelencia in Education. Settersten, R.A . Jr., Furstenberg, F.F. Jr., and Rumbaut, R.G (Eds.). (2005). On the Frontier of Adulthood: Theory, Research, and Public Policy . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. St. John, E.P., Paulsen, M.B., and Carter, D.F. (2005). Diversity, College Costs, and Po stsecondary Opportunity: An Examination of the Financial Nexus Between College Choice and Persistence for African Americans and Whites. The Journal of Higher Education, 76 (5): 545 – 569. Wei, C., Nevill, S., and Berkner, L. (2005). Independent Undergraduates : 1999–2000 (NCES 2005 - 151). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

### 2004 Heuer, R.E. (2004). “ Migration of Recent College Graduates .” Dissertation. North Carolina State Unive rsity. Hoef, T.F. (2004). “ Within - Year Persistence of Four - Year College Students by Gender .” Dissertation. University of Missouri, Saint Louis. Hudson, L., and Shafer, L. (2004). Undergraduate Enrollments in Academic, Career, and Vocational Education (NCE S 2004 - 018) . National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Kim, M.H. (2004). “The Determinants of Institutional Financial Aid and its Effect on Degree Completion: The Difference Be tween Students at Public and Private Four - Year Institutions.” Dissertation. Columbia University. McManus, R.A. (2004). “Special Education and College Enrollment: A Secondary Analysis of the National postsecondary Student Aid Data.” Dissertation. Morgan Sta te University. Wei, C.C., Li, X., and Berkner, L. (2004). A Decade of Undergraduate Student Aid: 1989–90 to 1999– 20 (NCES 2004 - 158). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

### 20**03** Ashby, C.M. (2003). Student Financial Aid: Monitoring Aid Greater Than Federally Defined Need Could Help Address Student Loan Indebtedness . Report to the honorable Rod Paige, Secretary of Education GAO - 03 - 508. Washington, DC: General Accounting Office. Below, D.L. (2003). “The First - to - Second - Year Persistence of Public, Four - Year College Students by Ethnicity .” Unpublished Dissertation. University of Missouri, Saint Louis. Berker, A., and Horn, L. (2003). Work First, Study Second: Adult Undergraduates Wh o Combine Employment and Postsecondary Enrollment (NCES 2003 - 167). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Choy, S., and Berker, A. (2003). How Families of Low- and Middle - Income Undergraduates Pay for College: FullTime Dependent Students in 1999–2000 (NCES 2003 - 162). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Clark, C.R. (2003). “The Influence of Student Background, College Experience, and Financial Aid on Community College Within - Year Retention.” Dissertation. The University of Mississippi.A PP ENDIX A. S TUDIES A DDRESSING I SSUES R ELEVANT TO NCES’ P OSTSECONDARY AND L ONGITUDINAL S AM PLE S URVEYS S TUDIES

A- 15 Clinedinst, M.E., Cunningham, A.F., and Merisotis, J.P. (2003). Characteristics of Undergraduate Borrowers: 1999– 2000 (NCES 2003 - 155). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Clinedinst, M.E., Cunningham, A.F., and Merisotis, J.P. (2003). Characteristics of Undergraduate Borrowers: 1999 – 2000. Education Statistics Quarterly, 5 (1): 57– 61. Flowers, L.A., and Zhang, Y. (2003). Racial Differences in Information Technology Use in College. College Student Journal, 37(2): 235 – 241. Hoachlander, G., Sikora, A., and Horn, L. (2003). Community College Students: Goals, Academic Preparation, and Outcomes (NCES 2003 - 164). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Hoezee, L.D. (2003). “The Influence of Academic and Financi al Variables on Within - Year Persistence by First - Year Undergraduates Attending Public Four - Year Colleges and Universities: An Analysis of the National Postsecondary Student Aid Survey, 1995 – 1996.” Dissertation. Indiana University. Horn, L., and Peter, K. ( 2003). What Colleges Contribute: Institutional Aid to Full- Time Undergraduates Attending 4 - Year Colleges and Universities (NCES 2003 - 157). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Langrehr, A.M. (2003). “The Persistence of Adult Students in Two -Year Colleges.” Dissertation. University of Missouri, Saint Louis. Minicozzi, A. (2003). The Short Term Effect of Educational Debt on Job Decisions. Economics of Education Review, 24 (4): 417–430. National Center for Education Statistics. (2003, September). Congressionally Mandated Studies of College Costs and Prices (NCES 2003 - 171) . Brochure. National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Wegmann, C.A., Cunningham, A.F., and Merisotis, J.P. (2003). Private Loans and Choice in Financing Higher Education (ED4782 98). Washington, DC: Institute for Higher Education Policy. 

### 2002 Berkner, L., Berker, A., Rooney, K., and Peter, K. (2002). Student Financing of Undergraduate Education: 1999– 2000 (NCES 2002 - 167) . Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Choy, S.P. (2002). Findings From the Condition of Education 2001: Students Whose Parents Did Not Go to College (NCES 2001 - 126) . Brochure. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Choy, S.P. (2002). Findings From the Condition of Education 2002: Nontraditional Undergraduates (NCES 2002 - 012) . Brochure. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Choy, S.P., a nd Geis, S. (2002). Student Financing of Graduate and First- Professional Education, 1999–2000 (NCES 2002 - 166) . Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Horn, L., Wei, C.C., and Be rker, A. (2002). What Students Pay for College: Changes in Net Price of College Attendance Between 1992–93 and 1999– 2000 (NCES 2002 - 174) . Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Horn, L., Peter, K., and Rooney, K. (2002). Profile of Undergraduates in U.S. Postsecondary Education Institutions: 1999– 2000 (NCES 2002 - 168) . Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.A PP ENDIX A. S TUDIES A DDRESSING I SSUES R ELEVANT TO NCES’ P OSTSECONDARY AND L ONGITUDINAL S AM PLE S URVEYS S TUDIES

A- 16 Riccobono, J.A., Cominole, M.B, Siegel, P.H., Gabel, T.J, Link, M.W., and Berkner, L. (2002). National Postsecondary Student Aid Study 1999–2000 [NPSAS:2000] Methodology Report (NCES 2002 - 152) . National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Siegel, P.H., Whitmore, R.W., Johnson, R.E., and Yu, D. (2002). National Postsecondary Student Aid Study 1999– 2000 (NPSAS: 2000), CATI Nonresponse Bias Analysis Report (NCES 2002 - 03) . Working Paper. National Center for Educat ion Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Sikora, A. (2002). A Profile of Participation in Distance Education (NCES 2003 - 154). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washing ton, DC. Wei, C.C, and Horn, L. (2002). Persistence and Attainment of Beginning Students With Pell Grants (NCES 2002 - 169) . Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

### 2001 Cofer, J., and Somers, P. (2001). What Influences Student Persistence at Two - Year Colleges? Community College Review, 29 (3): 56– 76 . Duggan, M. (2001, November 17 – 20 ). Factors Influencing the First- Year Persistence of First Generation College Students. Cambridge , MA: Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the North East Association for Institutional Research. (ED460140) Henry, D.P. (2001). “Student Debt and Debt Burden of Graduate and First Professional Students: A National and Institutional Analysis.” Dissert ation. The College of William and Mary. Lee, J.B. (2001). Undergraduates Enrolled With Higher Sticker Prices (NCES 2001 - 171 ED450678) . Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Malizio, A.G. (2001). National Postsecondary Student Aid Study: Student Financial Aid Estimates for 1999 – 2000. Education Statistics Quarterly, 3 (3): 82 – 83. (EJ640237) Mbadugha, L.N.A. (2001). “The Financial Nexus Between College Choice and Persistence for Community College Students: A Financial Impact Model.” Ph.D. Dissertation. University of New Orleans. (ED459884) Presley, J.B., and Clery, S.B. (2001). Middle Income Undergraduates: Where They Enroll and How They Pay for Their Education (NCES 2001 - 155 ED45 6686) . Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

### 2000 Berkner, L., and Bobbitt, L. (2000). Trends in Undergraduate Borrowing: Federal Student Loans in 1989– 90, 1992– 93, and 1995–96 (NCES 2000 - 151 ED440562) . Statistical Analysis Report . National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Choy, S.P. (2000). Low- Income Students: Who They Are and How They Pay for Their Education (NCES 2000 - 169 ED440 189) . Statistical Analysis Report . National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Cofer, J., and Somers, P. (2000, December). Within - Year Persistence of Students at Two - Year Colleges. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 24 (10): 785 –807. (EJ618564) Cofer, J., and Somers, P. (2000). A Comparison of the Influence of Debtload on the Persistence of Students at Public and Private Colleges. Journal of Student Financial Aid, 30 (2): 39 –58. (EJ620059) DeAngel is, S.L. (2000, October). Tuition, Financial Aid, Debt, and Dental Student Attrition. Journal of Student Financial Aid, 30 (2): 7 – 21. (EJ620057)A PP ENDIX A. S TUDIES A DDRESSING I SSUES R ELEVANT TO NCES’ P OSTSECONDARY AND L ONGITUDINAL S AM PLE S URVEYS S TUDIES

A- 17 Heller, D.E. (2000, November 16– 19). Institutional Scholarship Awards: The Role of Student and Institutional Cha racteristics. Sacramento, CA: Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for the Study of Higher Education. (ED448637) Heller, D.E. (2000, April 24– 28). The Role of Race and Gender in the Awarding of Institutional Financial Aid. New Orleans, LA: Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association. (ED442444) Hergenrother, D.S. (2000). “Gender Bias: An Analysis of the Distribution of Institutional Student Aid.” Ed.D. Dissertation. St. John’s University, School of Education and Human Services. Hurst, D., and Smerdon, B. (2000). Postsecondary Students With Disabilities: Enrollment, Services, and Persistence (NCES 2000 - 092 ED444329) . National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washingt on, DC. King, J.E. (2000). Status Report on the Pell Grant Program (ED448627) . Washington, DC: American Council on Education, Center for Policy Analysis. Lang, D.M. (2000, May 21 – 24). Financial Aid and Student Bargaining Power. Cincinnati, OH: Paper presented at the Annual Forum of the Association for Institutional Research. (ED445636) 

### 1999 Choy, S.P. (1999). College Access and Affordability (NCES 1999 - 108) . Brochure . National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Cofer, J., and Somers, P. (1999, May 30–June 3). Deeper in Debt: The Impact of the 1992 Reauthorization on Student Persistence . Seattle, WA: Paper presented at the Annual Forum of the Association for Institutional Research. (ED433784) Cofer, J., and S omers, P. (1999, Fall). An Analytical Approach To Understanding Student Debtload Response. Journal of Student Financial Aid, 29 (3): 25 –44. (EJ614953) Geddes, C. (1999). Learning About Education Through Statistics. Second Edition (NCES 1999 - 028 ED429127) . N ational Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Heller, D.E., and Laird, T.F.N. (1999, May 30–June 3). Trends in the Use of Need- Based and Non - Need Financial Aid in American Colleges and Universities. Seattle, WA : Pa per presented at the Annual Forum of the Association for Institutional Research. (ED433757) Heller, D.E., and Laird, TFN. (1999, Fall). Institutional Need - Based and Non - Need Grants: Trends and Differences Among College and University Sectors. Journal of St udent Financial Aid, 29 (3): 7– 24. (EJ614952) Horn, L., and Berktold, J. (1999). Students With Disabilities in Postsecondary Education: A Profile of Preparation, Participation, and Outcomes (NCES 1999 - 187 ED431268) . Statistical Analysis Report. National Cen ter for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. King, J.E. (1999). Money Matters: The Impact of Race/Ethnicity and Gender on How Students Pay for College (ED443364) . Washington, DC: American Council on Education, Center for Pol icy Analysis. Lee, J.B., and Suzanne B. Clery. (1999). State Aid for Undergraduates in Postsecondary Education. (NCES 1999 - 186 ED430484). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Mulugetta, Y. (1999, May 30–June 3). Possible Long - Term Effects of Awarding Merit Aid. Seattle, WA: Pa per presented at the Annual Forum of the Association for Institutional Research. (ED433755) Redd, K.E. (1999). Is There Still a Need for Perkins Loans? D ifferences in the Demographic Characteristics and Income Levels of Perkins and Stafford Loan Borrowers (ED426683). Washington, DC: Sallie Mae Education Institute .A PP ENDIX A. S TUDIES A DDRESSING I SSUES R ELEVANT TO NCES’ P OSTSECONDARY AND L ONGITUDINAL S AM PLE S URVEYS S TUDIES

A- 18 Shafer, L.L. (1999). Data Sources on Lifelong Learning Available from the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES WP - 1999 - 11 ED431892) . Working Paper. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Somers, P., Cofer, J., Hall, M.M, and Putten, J.V. (1999, November 18– 21). A Comparison of the Per sistence of African American and White Students Using NPSAS: 96. San Antonio, TX: Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for the Study of Higher Education. (ED437872) U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. (1999, Fall). Trends in Student Borrowing. Education Statistics Quarterly, 1 (3): 69 – 70. (EJ600480) 

### 1998 Berkner, L. (1998). Student Financing of Undergraduate Education: 1995– 96. With an Essay on Student Loans. (NCES 98 - 076 ED424835) . Descriptive Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Choy, S.P., and Moskovitz, R. (1998). Student Financing of Graduate and First- Professional Education, 1995– 96. With Profiles of Students in Selected Degree Pro grams (NCES 98 - 083 ED419452). Descriptive Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Choy, S.P., Moskovitz, R., and Malizio, A.G. (1998). Graduate and First- Professional Students: National Post secondary Student Aid Study, 1996 (NCES 98 - 139 ED421038) . National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Choy, S.P., and Ottinger, C. (1998). Choosing a Postsecondary Institution (NCES 98 - 080 ED424830) . Statistica l Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Cuccaro - Alamin, S., and Choy, S.P. (1998). Postsecondary Financing Strategies: How Undergraduates Combine Work, Borrowing, and Attendance (NCES 98 - 08 8 ED418097) . National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. DeAngelis, S. (1998, Fall). The Influence of Price and Price Subsidies on Within - Year Persistence of Graduate and Professional Students. Journal of Studen t Financial Aid, 28 (3): 41 –57. (EJ584136) Horn, L.J. (1998). Undergraduates Who Work. National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, 1996 (NCES 98 - 137 ED421042) . National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Horn, L.J. , and Berktold, J. (1998). Profile of Undergraduates in U.S. Postsecondary Education Institutions: 1995– 96. With an Essay on Undergraduates Who Work (NCES 98 - 084 ED419461] . Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Departm ent of Education. Washington, DC. Kojaku, L.K., and Nunez, A - M. (1998) Descriptive Summary of 1995 –96 Beginning Postsecondary Students, with Profiles of Students Entering 2 - and 4 -Year Institutions (NCES 1999 - 030 ED425684). Descriptive Analysis Report . N ational Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Volkwein, J. F., Szelest, B.P., Cabrera, A.F., and Napierski - Prancl, M.R. (1998, March –April). Factors Associated With Student Loan Default Among Different Racial and E thnic Groups. Journal of Higher Education, 69 (2): 206 – 237. (EJ561345) 

### 1997 Dey, E.L., Hurtado, S., Rhee, B - S, Inkelas, K.K., Wimsatt, L.A., and Guan, F. (1997). Improving Research on Postsecondary Student Outcomes: A Review of the Strengths and Limitations of National Data Resources (ED429519). Stanford, CA: National Center for Postsecondary Improvement. Flint, T. (1997, June). Intergenerational Effects of Paying for College . Research in Higher Education, 38 (3): 313 – 344. (EJ547652)A PP ENDIX A. S TUDIES A DDRESSING I SSUES R ELEVANT TO NCES’ P OSTSECONDARY AND L ONGITUDINAL S AM PLE S URVEYS S TUDIES

A- 19 Flint, T.A. (1997, May–J une ). Predicting Student Loan Defaults . Journal of Higher Education, 68 (3): 322 – 54. (EJ546176) Ignash, J.M. (Ed.) (1997, Winter). Implementing Effective Policies for Remedial and Developmental Education. New Directions for Community Colleges, 25 (4). (ED41 3965) Lee, J.B., and Clery, S.B. (1997). Institutional Aid 1992– 93 (NCES 98 - 104 ED413853) . Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Perna, L.W. (1997). The Contribution of Financial Aid to Undergraduate Persistence . ASHE Annual Meeting Paper . (ED415818) Riccobono, J.A., Whitmore, R.W., Gabel, T.J., Traccarella, M.A., Pratt, D.J., Berkner, L.K, and Malizio, A.G. (1997). National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, 1995– 96 (NPSAS:96), Methodology Report (NCES 98 - 073 ED414341) . Technical Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Wenglinsky, H. (1997). Students at Historically Black Colleges and Universities: Their Aspirations & Accomplishments . Policy Information Report. New Jersey: Policy Information Center. (ED415239) 

### 1996 Choy, S.P., and Premo, M.D. (1996). How Low Income Undergraduates Financed Postsecondary Education: 1992– 93 (NCES 96 - 161 ED394473) . Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Geddes, C. (1996). Learning About Education Through Statistics (NCES 96 - 871 ED403329) . National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Depa rtment of Education. Washington, DC. Horn, L.J., and Carroll, C.D. (1996). Nontraditional Undergraduates: Trends in Enrollment From 1986 to 1992 and Persistence and Attainment Among 1989– 90 Beginning Postsecondary Students (NCES - 97 - 578 ED402857). Statisti cal Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Malizio, A.A. (1996). National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, 1995–96: Student Financial Aid Estimates for Federal Aid Recipients, 1995–96 (NCES 97 - 937). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Millett, C.M., and MacKenzie, S. (1996). An Exploratory Study of College Purchase Options: How Financial Aid Widens Minorities’ Choices (ED402829) . Mich igan: ASHE Annual Meeting Paper. Perna, L.W. (1996). The Contribution of Financial Aid to the Price of Four- Year Institution Attended by 1989/90 Freshmen (ED402820) . Virginia: ASHE Annual Meeting Paper. St. John, E.P., and Others. (1996). The Nexus Betwe en College Choice and Persistence . Research in Higher Education, 37 (2): 175 – 220. (EJ523071) U.S. General Accounting Office. (1996). Tax Expenditures. Information on Employer- Provided Educational Assistance . Report to the Chairman, Committee on Ways and Mea ns, House of Representatives . Washington, DC: Author. (ED403419) Wells, E.D. (1996). “The Influence of Student Aid and Prices on Within - Year Persistence in the Health Care Professions.” Ph.D. Dissertation. The University of New Orleans. 

### 1995 Boschung, M.D. (1995). “Title IV Student Loans Assumed by Students Enrolled in Four - Year Institutions: A National Study of the Factors Predicting Amounts Borrowed.” Ph.D. Dissertation. The University of Alabama.A PP ENDIX A. S TUDIES A DDRESSING I SSUES R ELEVANT TO NCES’ P OSTSECONDARY AND L ONGITUDINAL S AM PLE S URVEYS S TUDIES

A- 20 Choy, S.P., and Premo, M. (1995). Student Financing of Gra duate and First- Professional Education, 1992–93 With an Essay on Student Borrowing. National Postsecondary Student Aid Study: 1992 –93 (NCES 96 - 235 ED389241). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Educatio n. Washington, DC. Choy, S.P., and Premo, M.K. (1995). Profile of Older Undergraduates: 1989–90 (NCES 95 - 167 ED382122) . Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Education Resource s Institute, and Institute for Higher Education Policy. (1995). College Debt and the American Family (ED420228) . Massachusetts: Education Resources Institute. Flint, T. (1995). Legacies of Paying for College . Illinois: AIR 1995 Annual Forum Paper. (ED3870 12) Horn, L.J., and Premo, M. (1995). Profile of Undergraduates in U.S. Postsecondary Education Institutions: 1992 –93. With an Essay on Undergraduates at Risk (NCES 96 - 237 ED392852) . Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U. S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Horn, L., and Maw, C. (1995). Minority Undergraduate Participation in Postsecondary Education (NCES 95 - 166 ED383276) . Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Edu cation. Washington, DC. Lee, J.B., and Clery, S.B. (1995). Packaging of Undergraduate Student Financial Aid: 1989– 90 (NCES 95 - 313 ED386083) . Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC . Malizio, A.G. (1995). Methodology Report for the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, 1992 – 93 (NCES 95 - 211 ED392849) . Technical Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Malizio, A.G. (1995). N ational Postsecondary Student Aid Study: Estimates of Student Financial Aid, 1992–93 (NCES 95 - 746 ED384292). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. McCormick, A.C., and Geis, S. (1995). Profile of Part- Time Undergraduates in Postsecondary Education: 1989–1990 (NCES 95 - 173 ED386117) . Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Merisotis, J.P. (1995). The Next Step: Student Aid for Studen t Success (ED387069) . Washington, DC: Education Resources Institute. Millett, C.M., and MacKenzie, S. (1995). An Exploratory Study of the Role of Financial Aid in Minority Doctoral Education . Michigan: ASHE Annual Meeting Paper. (ED391411) National Center for Education Statistics. (1995). Net Cost of Attending Postsecondary Education. Indicator of the Month (NCES 95 - 786 ED387026) . National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. National Transition Netw ork. (1995). Provisions for Youth with Disabilities in Higher Education (ED385043). Minneapolis, MN: Author. Persell, C.H., and Weglinsky, H. (1995). Comparing Proprietary and Non - Profit Vocational Schools: Implications for Educational Privatization . Amer ican Sociological Association. St. John, E.P., Starkey, J.B., Paulsen, M.B, and Mbaduagha, L.M. (1995, Summer). The Influences of Prices and Price Subsidies on Within - Year Persistence by Students in Proprietary Schools. Educational Evaluation & Policy Anal ysis, 17 (2): 149 –65. (EJ511049) Tuma, J. (1995). Student Financing of Undergraduate Education, 1992–93, With an Essay on the Costs of Undergraduate Education Before and After Student Financial Aid (NCES 95 - 202 ED389240). National Center for Education Stati stics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.A PP ENDIX A. S TUDIES A DDRESSING I SSUES R ELEVANT TO NCES’ P OSTSECONDARY AND L ONGITUDINAL S AM PLE S URVEYS S TUDIES

A- 21 Volkwein, J. F. (1995). Characteristics of Student Loan Defaulters Among Different Racial and Ethnic Groups . New York: AIR 1995 Annual Forum Paper. (ED386972) 

### 1994 Choy, S.B. (1994). Characteristics of Students Who Borrow To Finance Their Postsecondary Education (NCES 95 - 310 ED377778). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Dynarski, M. (1994, March). Who De faults on Student Loans? Findings from the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study. Economics of Education Review, 13 (1). (EJ483390) Fitzgerald, R., and Others. (1994). Descriptive Summary of 1989– 90 Beginning Postsecondary Students: Two Years Later (NCES 94 - 386 ED372691) . National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Flint, T.A. (1994). “Legacies of Paying for College: The Intergenerational Effects of Financial Support to Attend College.” Ph.D. Dissertation. Univ ersity of Illinois at Chicago. Horn, L., and Maw, C. (1994). Undergraduates Who Work While Enrolled in Postsecondary Education: 1989– 90 (NCES 94 - 311 ED374727) . Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Educat ion. Washington, DC. Trammell, M.L. (1994). Estimating the Enrollment Effects of a Mid- Year Surcharge: Using National Price Response Measures in Institutional Planning . Louisiana: AIR 1994 Annual Forum Paper. (ED373660) St. John, E.P., and Starkey, J.B. (1 994). The Influence of Costs on Persistence by Traditional College - Age Students in Community Colleges. Community College Journal of Research and Practice 18 (2): 201 – 213. Starky, J.B. (1994). “The Influence of Prices and Price Subsidies on the Within - Year P ersistence by Part - Time Undergraduate Students: A Sequential Analysis.” Ph.D. Dissertation. University of New Orleans. Tuma, J. (1994). Patterns of Enrollment in Postsecondary Vocational and Academic Education. Journal of Vocational Education Research, 19 ( 3): 107 – 130. (EJ507747) Volkwein, F.J., and Szelest, B.P. (1994). The Relationship of Student Loan Default to Individual and Campus Characteristics (ED373616). AIR 1994 Annual Forum Paper. 

### 1993 Byce, C., and Schmitt, C. (1993). Financing Undergraduate Educ ation: 1990 (NCES 93 - 201 ED357728) . Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Byce, C., and Schmitt, C. (1993). Quality of Responses in the 1987 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NCES 93 - 446 ED356718) . National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Byce, C., and Khazzoom, A. (1993). Changes in Undergraduate Student Financial Aid: Fall 1986 to Fall 1989 (NCES 93 - 157 ED360902) . Statist ical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Horn, L., and Khazzoom, A. (1993). Profile of Undergraduates in U.S. Postsecondary Education Institutions: 1989– 90 (NCES 93 - 091) . Statistical Ana lysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Kaltenbaugh, L.S. (1993). “By African American Students: An Analysis of the National Postsecondary Student Aid Survey of 1987.” Dissertation. University of New Orleans. Lyn, D.S. (1993). “The Impact of Living in University Residential Housing on Within - Year Persistence by Undergraduate Students Attending Postsecondary Institutions.” Dissertation. University of New Orleans.A PP ENDIX A. S TUDIES A DDRESSING I SSUES R ELEVANT TO NCES’ P OSTSECONDARY AND L ONGITUDINAL S AM PLE S URVEYS S TUDIES

A- 22 Lyn, J.G. (1993). “The Influence of Being Disabled on Within - Year Persistence by Students Attending Four - year Postsecondary Institutions.” Dissertation. University of New Orleans. Tynes, S. F.” (1993). The Relationship of Social, Economic, Academic, and Institutional Characteristics to Pe rsistence of Nontraditional Age Students in Higher Education: Implications for Counselors.” Ph.D. Dissertation. University of New Orleans. Wenglinsky, H.H., and Persell, C.H. (1993). The Paradoxes of Educational Privatization: The Case of the Proprietary S chools. American Sociological Association. 

### 1992 Byce, C., and Schmitt, C.M. (1992). Students at Less - Than - 4 - Year Institutions (NCES 92 - 206 ED351957) . Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Wash ington, DC. Choy, S.P., and Henke, R.R. (1992). Parental Financial Support for Undergraduate Education (NCES 92 - 390 ED345623) . Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Malizio, A. G. (1992). Who Gets Financial Aid? And Why Low- Income Students Don’t Apply for Student Aid? Key Findings from the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (ED362969). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. S hepherd, J., and Malizio, A.G. (1992). Methodology Report for the 1990 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NCES 92 - 080 ED347206) . Technical Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Scmitt, C. (1 992). National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, 1987: Parental Financial Support for Undergraduate Education (NCES 92 - 390) . Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

### 1991 American Association of Community and Junior Colleges, and Association of Community College Trustees. (1991). Toward Human Resource Development: Position Statement on the Reauthorization of the Higher Education Act (ED330404) . Washington, DC. Boyd, L.A. ( 1992). “Federally Subsidized Student Loans and the Economics of Default (Loan Defaults).” Dissertation. The Ohio State University. Center, D.B., and Kaufman, M.E. (1991). A Study of the Present and Future Needs for Leadership Personnel To Train Educators in Behavioral Disorders (ED343308). Paper presented at the Annual Conference on Severe Behavior Disorders in Children and Youth. Tempe, Arizona. Congress of the United Stated, Congressional Budget Office. (1991). Student Aid and the Cost of Postsecondary Education. A CBO Study (ED329158) . National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Dynarski, M. (1991). Analysis of Factors Related to Default (ED354801). Malizio, A.G. (1991). National Postsecondary Student Aid Stud y: Estimates of Student Financial Aid, 1989–90 (NCES 92 - 003) . Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Shepherd, J.C. (1991). National Postsecondary Student Aid Study: Preliminary Estimates on Student Financial Aid Recipients, 1989–90 (NCES 91 - 335 ED331378) . National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Yankosky, R.E., and Andrew, L. (1991). The Proprietary School Sector: A Demographic and Financial Aid Profile (ED330269).A PP ENDIX A. S TUDIES A DDRESSING I SSUES R ELEVANT TO NCES’ P OSTSECONDARY AND L ONGITUDINAL S AM PLE S URVEYS S TUDIES

A- 23 Zito, E.H. (1991). Student Financial Aid and Choice of Undergraduate Major (ED339334) . ASHE Annual Meeting Paper. 

### 1990 Choy, S.P. and Gifford, A.G. (1990). Profile of Undergraduates in American Postsecondary Institutions (NCES 90 - 353 ED325483) . National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Malitz, G. (1990). Methodology Report for the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, 1987. Technical Report (NCES 90 - 309 ED315460). Nationa l Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Ross, Laurent and Others. (1990). Federal Student Aid Packages: Academic Year 1986–87 (ED323829) . Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, American Council o n Education. Stowe, P. (1990). Undergraduate Financial Aid Awards: A Report of the 1987 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study . Analysis Report (NCES 90 - 332 ED326145). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, D C. Stowe, P., and Zimbler, L. (1990). Characteristics of Stafford Loan Recipients, 1988 (NCES 90 - 349 ED322859). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

### 1989 Andrew, L.D., and Russo, R. (1989). Who Gets What? Impact of Financial Aid Policies (ED309717). Bishop, K.O. (1989). “Student Financial Aid: Comparison by Sector.” Ph.D. Dissertation. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Brick, M.J. (1989). Comparison of Fall and Academic Year Student Aid Estimates (NCES 89 - 313 ED311834) . National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Greene, B., and Zimbler, L. (1989). Profile of Handicapped Students in Postsecondary Education, 1987 (NCES 89 - 337 ED310616) . National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Korb, R. (1989). Student Financing of Graduate and Professional Education (NCES 89 - 303 ED309721) . National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washin gton, DC. National Center for Education Statistics and Westat Research, Inc. (1989). Student Education Expenses, 1987 (NCES 89 - 245 ED309711). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Westat Research, Inc. (1 989). End of Academic Year Student Financial Aid Update Report. 1987 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study. Technical Report (NCES 89 - 310 ED311833). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.A PP ENDIX A. S TUDIES A DDRESSING I SSUES R ELEVANT TO NCES’ P OSTSECONDARY AND L ONGITUDINAL S AM PLE S URVEYS S TUDIES

A- 24 

## Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study (BPS) **2013** An, B.P. (2013). The Impact of Dual Enrollment on College Degree Attainment: Do Low - SES Students Benefit? Educational Evaluation And Policy Analysis, 35 (1): 57–75. American Educational Research Association, Sage Publications. Retrieved July 18, 2013, from http://epa.sagepub.com/content/35/1/57 . Crisp, G. (2013). The Influence of Co - Enrollment on the Success of Traditional Age Community College Students. T eachers College Record, 115 (10). Deming, D., Goldin, C., and Katz, L. (2013). For - Profit Colleges. Future of Children, 23 (1): 137– 163. Princeton University. Hamilton, L.T. (2013). More Is More or More Is Less? Parental Financial Investments During College. American Sociological Review, 78 (1): 70–95. Sage Publications. Jackson, B.A., and Reynolds, J.R. (2013). The Price of Opportunity: Race, Student Loan Debt, and College Achievement. Sociological Inquiry, 83 (3): 335 – 368. Lang, K., and Weinstein, R. (2013). The Wage Effects of Not- For- Profit and For- Profit Certifications: Better Data, Somewhat Different Results. NBER Working Paper Series. No. 19135. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. McKinney, L., and Novak, H. (2013). The Relationship Betwe en FAFSA Filing and Persistence Among First - Year Community College Students. Community College Review, 41 (1): 63 –85. Sage Publications. Nichols, A.H., and Clinedinst, M. (2013). Provisional Admission Practices: Blending Access and Support to Facilitate Stu dent Success . Washington, DC: The Pell Institute for the Study of Opportunity in Higher Education. Radwin, D., and Matthews, M. (2013). Web Tables — Characteristics of Certificate Completers With Their Time to Certificate and Labor Market Outcomes (NCES 2013 - 157). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. St. Rose, A., and Hill, C. (2013). Women in Community Colleges: Access to Success . Washington, DC: American Association of Unive rsity Women. Wei, C.C., and Horn, L. (2013). Federal Student Loan Debt Burden of Noncompleters (NCES 2013 - 155). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Retrieved July 18, 201 3, from http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2013155 . Wood, J.L. (2013). The Same... But Different: Examining Background Characteristics Among Black Males in Public Two -Year Colleges. Journal of Negro Education, 82 (1): 47 – 61. Wood, J.L., and Pal mer, R.T. (2013). Understanding the Personal Goals of Black Male Community College Students: Facilitating Academic and Psychosocial Development. Journal of African American Studies, 17 (2): 222 – 241. Springer Science. 

### 2012 Baker, C.N., and Robnett , B. (2012). Race, Social Support and College Student Retention: A Case Study. Journal of College Student Development, 53 (2): 325 – 335. Carlson, D. (2012). Out of the Classroom and Into the Voting Booth? Analyzing the Effects of Education on Political Participation. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Wisconsin - Madison. Chen, R. (2012). Institutional Characteristics and College Student Dropout Risks: A Multilevel Event History Analysis. Research in Higher Education, 53 (5): 487– 505.A PP ENDIX A. S TUDIES A DDRESSING I SSUES R ELEVANT TO NCES’ P OSTSECONDARY AND L ONGITUDINAL S AM PLE S URVEYS S TUDIES

A- 25 Chen, X., and Ho, P. (2012). Web Tables — STEM in Postsecondary Education: Entrance, Attrition, and Coursetaking Among 2003 –04 Beginning Postsecondary Students (NCES 2013 - 152). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Deming, D.J., Goldin, C., and Katz, L.F. (2012). The For - Profit Postsecondary School Sector: Nimble Critters or Agile Predators? The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26 (1): 139 – 164. Flynn, D. (2012). Baccalaureate Attainment as a Function of Student Engagement: Comparing the Impact of Engagement on Engineering/ICS Degree Attainment to Other Majors at 4 - Year Institutions. Paper presented at the American Society for Engineering Education Pacific Southwest Section Conference, San Luis Obispo, CA. Franke, R. (2012). Towards the Education Nation: Revisiting the Impact of Financial Aid, College Experience, and Institutional Context on Baccalaureate Degree Attainment Using a Propensity Score Matching, Multilevel Modeling Approach. Unp ublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles. Green, C., and Radwin, D. (2012). Web Tables — Characteristics of Associate’s Degree Attainers and Time to Associate’s Degree (NCES 2012 - 271). National Center for Education Statistics, Insti tute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Herrera, F.A. (2012). Community College Pathways: A Multilevel Examination of Institutional Roles in Student Success. Unpublished Ph.D dissertation, University of California, Los Ang eles. Horn, L., and Radwin, D. (2012). The Completion Arch: Measuring Community College Student Success — 2012 . New York: College Board Advocacy & Policy Center. Ifill, N., and Radford, A.W. (2012). Web Tables — Beginning Subbaccalaureate Students’ Labor Marke t Experiences: Six Years Later in 2009 (NCES 2012 - 273). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Jackson, K. (2012). Evolving Role of Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) in Student Access, Retention, and Degree Attainment. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Walden University. Kanno, Y., and Harklau, L. (Eds.). (2012). Linguistic Minority Students Go to College: Preparation, Access, and Persistence . New Yo rk: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. Lang, K., and Weinstein, R. (2012). Evaluating Student Outcomes at For- Profit Colleges . Working Paper 18201. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. Mamiseishvili, K. (2012). Academic and Social Integrati on and Persistence of International Students at U.S. Two Year Institutions. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 36 (1): 15 – 27. Mamiseishvili, K. (2012). International Student Persistence in U.S. Postsecondary Institutions. Higher Education, 64 (1): 1 – 17. Mamiseishvili, K., and Koch, L.C. (2012). Students With Disabilities at 2 - Year Institutions in the United States: Factors Related to Success. Community College Review, 40 (4): 320– 339. Mercado, M. (2012). Examining the Effects of Contextual Fac tors on Students’ Educational Outcomes: A Special Focus on Community Colleges. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Merritt, B.S. (2012). The Impact of Pre/Postenrollment Intervention on College Success for First- Generation Black Students. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Walden University. Nguyen, M. (2012). Degreeless in Debt: What Happens to Borrowers Who Drop Out. Charts You Can Trust . Washington, DC: Education Sector.A PP ENDIX A. S TUDIES A DDRESSING I SSUES R ELEVANT TO NCES’ P OSTSECONDARY AND L ONGITUDINAL S AM PLE S URVEYS S TUDIES

A- 26 Nuñez, A. - M., and Crisp, G. (2012). Ethnic Diversity and Latino/a College Access: A Comparison of Mexican American and Puerto Rican Beginning College Students. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 5 (2): 78– 95. Radford, A.W., and Horn, L. (2012). Web Tables —An Overview of Classes Taken and Cre dits Earned by Beginning Postsecondary Students (NCES 2013 - 151). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Radford, A.W., Pearson, J., Ho, P., Chambers, E., and Ferlazzo, D. (20 12). Remedial Coursework in Postsecondary Education: The Students, Their Outcomes, and Strategies for Improvement . Berkeley, CA: MPR Associates, Inc. Santos - George, A.A. (2012). An Empirical Test of Tinto’s Integration Framework for Community Colleges Usin g Structural Equation Modeling. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Illinois State University. Schneider, M., and Yin, L.M. (2012, April). Completion Matters: The High Cost of Low Community College Graduation Rates. Education Outlook, 1 (2): 1 – 10. Staklis, S., and Ho, P. (2012). Web Tables — Occupational and Academic Majors in Postsecondary Education: 6- Year Education and Employment Outcomes, 2001 and 2009 (NCES 2012 - 256). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Steidl, C.R. (2012). Intersectionality, Institutions, & Inequality: STEM Majors and Status Competition Processes in the U.S. Higher Education System. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Emory University. Wood, J.L. (2012). Leaving the 2 - Year College: Predictors of Black Male Collegian Departure. Journal of Black Studies, 43 (3): 303 – 326. 

### 2011 Alon, S. (2011). Who Benefits Most From Financial Aid? The Heterogeneous Effect of Need - Based Grants on Students’ College Persistence. Social Science Quarterly, 92 (3): 807 –829. Alon, S., and Gelbgiser, D. (2011). The Female Advantage in College Academic Achievements and Horizontal Sex Segregation. Social Science Research, 40 (1): 107 – 119 Attewell, P., Heil, S., and Reisel, L. (2011). Competing Explanations of Undergraduate Noncompletion. American Educational Research Journal, 48 (3): 536 – 559. Barnhart, D. (2011). The Relationship of Academic and Social Integration to Veterans’ Educational Persistence. Unpublished Ed.D. dissertation, The George Wa shington University. Booker, R.L., Jr. (2011). Single Mothers in College: The Effect of Selected Variables. Unpublished Ed.D. dissertation, University of Arkansas. Chen, R., and St. John, E.P. (2011). State Financial Policies and College Student Persistenc e: A National Study. The Journal of Higher Education, 82 (5): 629 – 660. Doyle, W.R. (2011). Effect of Increased Academic Momentum on Transfer Rates: An Application of the Generalized Propensity Score. Economics of Education Review, 30 (1): 191 – 200. Hinrichs, P. (2011). The Effects of Attending a Diverse College. Economics of Education Review, 30 (2): 332 – 341. Ho, P., and Wei, C.C. (2011). Web Tables — Trends in Attainment Among Student Populations at Increased Risk of Noncompletion: Selected Years, 1989–90 to 2008–09 (NCES 2012 - 254). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.A PP ENDIX A. S TUDIES A DDRESSING I SSUES R ELEVANT TO NCES’ P OSTSECONDARY AND L ONGITUDINAL S AM PLE S URVEYS S TUDIES

A- 27 Horn, L., and Skomsvold, P. (2011). Web Tables — Community College Student Outcomes: 1994 – 2009 (NCES 2012 - 253). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Mamiseishvili, K., and Koch, L.C. (2011). First - to - Second - Year Persistence of Students With Disabilities in Postsecondary Institutions in the United States. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 54 (2): 93 – 105. McGhee, S.C. (2011). Financial Aid, Persistence, and the Status of the Under- represented in Higher Education: Exploring the Relationships Between Financial Aid, Persistence, and Degre e Attainment Among African American, Hispanic, and Low- Income Students. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Mercer University. McKean, J.R. (2011). First- Time Beginning Student Attainment: Examining the Role of Distance Education. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Ohio University. Oden, L.M. (2011). Factors Affecting Persistence of Non - traditional Students Enrolled in Two - Year Colleges. Unpublished Ed.D. dissertation, University of Arkansas at Little Rock. Radford, A.W. (2011). Military Service Members and Veterans: A Profile of Those Enrolled in Undergraduate and Graduate Education in 2007 –08 (NCES 2011 - 163). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Savi, K.A. (2011). Community College Student Motivation and Persistence to Goals. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Denver. Settle, J.S. (2011). Variables That Encourage Students to Persist in Community Colleges. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 35 (4): 281 – 300. Skomsvold, P., Radford, A.W., and Berkner, L. (2011). Web Tables — Six- Year Attainment, Persistence, Transfer, Retention, and Withdrawal Rates of Students Who Began Postsecondary Education in 2003–04 (NCES 2011 - 152). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Soldner, M.E. (2011). Web Tables — Persistence and Attainment Among Pell Grant Recipients: Results From the Beginning Postsecondary Students Longi tudinal Study of 2004/09 (NCES 2011 - 275). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Staklis, S., Bersudskaya, V., and Horn, L. (2011). Web Tables — Students Attending For- Profit P ostsecondary Institutions: Demographics, Enrollment Characteristics, and 6 - Year Outcomes (NCES 2012 - 173). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Wine, J., Janson, N., and Whe eless, S. (2011). 2004/09 Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study (BPS:04/09) Methodology Report (NCES 2012 - 246). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Wood, J.L ., Nevarez, C., and Hilton, A.A. (2011). Creating a Culture of Transfer. Making Connections, 13 (1): 54– 61. Zhang, J. (2011). Advanced Placement Courses and College Student Success: Evidence From BPS: 96/01. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Western Michigan University. 

### 2010 Camp, A.G., Gilleland, D.S., Pearson, C., and Putten, J.V. (2010). Differentiating Between Women in Hard and Soft Science and Engineering Disciplines. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 11 (3): 363 – 384. Chen , R., and DesJardins, S.L. (2010). Investigating the Impact of Financial Aid on Student Dropout Risks: Racial and Ethnic Differences. Journal of Higher Education, 81 (2): 179 – 208.A PP ENDIX A. S TUDIES A DDRESSING I SSUES R ELEVANT TO NCES’ P OSTSECONDARY AND L ONGITUDINAL S AM PLE S URVEYS S TUDIES

A- 28 Crisp, G., and Nora, A. (2010). Hispanic Student Success: Factors Influencing the Persistence and Transfer Decisions of Latino Community College Students Enrolled in Developmental Education. Research in Higher Education, 51 (2): 175 – 194. DesJardins, S.L., and Chen, R. (2010). Investigating the Impact of Financial Aid on Student Drop out Risks: Racial and Ethnic Differences. Journal of Higher Education, 81 (2): 179 – 208. Griffith, J. (2010). Community Service Among a Panel of Beginning College Students: Its Prevalence and Relationship to Having Been Required and to Supporting “Capital.” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 39 (5): 884– 900. Hornak, A.M., Farrell, P.L., and Jackson, N.L. (2010). Making It (or Not) on a Dime in College: Implications for Practice. Journal of College Student Development, 51 (5): 481 –495. Li, D. (2010). They Need Help: Transfer Students From Four - Year to Four - Year Institutions. The Review of Higher Education, 33 (2): 207 – 238. Mamiseishvili, K. (2010). Effects of Employment on Persistence of Low - income, First - Generation College Students. College Student Affairs Journal, 29 (1): 65 –74, 93. Museus, S.D. (2010). Understanding Racial Differences in the Effects of Loans on Degree Attainment: A Path Analysis. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 11 (4): 499 –527. Radford, A.W., Berkner, L., Wheeless, S.C., and Shepherd, B. (2010). Persistence and Attainment of 2003 –04 Beginning Postsecondary Students: After 6 Years. First Look (NCES 2011 - 151). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Educat ion. Washington, DC. 

### 2009 Camp, A., Gilleland, D., Pearson, C., and Putten, J.V. (2009). Women’s Path Into Science and Engineering Majors: A Structural Equation Model. Educational Research & Evaluation, 15 (1): 63 –77. Chen, X. (2009). Students Who Study Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) in Postsecondary Education (NCES 2009 - 161). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Choy, S.P., Berkner, L., Lee, J., and Topper, A. (2009). Academic Competitiveness and SMART Grant Programs: First- Year Lessons Learned . U.S. Department of Education, Office of Planning, Evaluation and Policy Development, Policy and Program Studies Service. Washington, DC. Cragg, K.M. (2009 ). Influencing the Probability for Graduation at Four - Year Institutions: A Multi - Model Analysis. Research in Higher Education, 50 (4): 394–413. Doyle, W. (2009). The Effect of Community College Enrollment on Bachelor’s Degree Completion. Economics of Education Review, 28 (2): 199 – 206. Horn, L. (2009). On Track to Complete? A Taxonomy of Beginning Community College Students and Their Outcomes 3 Years After Enrolling: 2003–04 Through 2006 (NCES 2009 - 152). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of E ducation Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Radford, A.W. (2009). Military Service Members and Veterans in Higher Education: What the New GI Bill May Mean for Postsecondary Institutions . Washington, DC: American Council on Education. R adford, A.W., and Tasoff, S. (2009). Web Tables — Choosing a Postsecondary Institution: Considerations Reported by Students (NCES 2009 - 186). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.A PP ENDIX A. S TUDIES A DDRESSING I SSUES R ELEVANT TO NCES’ P OSTSECONDARY AND L ONGITUDINAL S AM PLE S URVEYS S TUDIES

A- 29 Radford, A.W., and Wun, J. (2009). Issue Tables: A Profile of Military Servicemembers and Veterans Enrolled in Postsecondary Education in 2007 –08 (NCES 2009 - 182). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Departmen t of Education. Washington, DC. Snyder, T.D., Dillow, S.A., and Hoffman, C.M. (2009). Digest of Education Statistics, 2008 (NCES 2009 - 020). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Wine, J., Cominole, M., and Caves, L. (2009). 2004/09 Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study (BPS:04/09) Field Test (NCES 2009 - 01). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. W ashington, DC. 

### 2008 Berkner, L., and Choy, S. (2008). Descriptive Summary of 2003–04 Beginning Postsecondary Students: Three Years Later (NCES 2008 - 174). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Educati on. Washington, DC. Provasnik, S., and Planty, M. (2008, August). Community Colleges: Special Supplement to The 2008 Condition of Education (NCES 2008 - 033). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Educa tion. Washington, DC. Stratton, L.S., O’Toole, D.M., and Wetzel, J.N. (2008). A Multinomial Logit Model of College Stopout and Dropout Behavior. Economics of Education Review, 27 (3): 319 – 331. 

### 2007 Berkner, L., He, S., Mason, M., and Wheeless, S. (2007). P ersistence and Attainment of 2003 –04 Beginning Postsecondary Students: After Three Years (NCES 2007 - 169). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Chen, X. (2007). Part- Time Un dergraduates in Postsecondary Education: 2003 –04 (NCES 2007 - 165). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Cominole, M., Wheeless, S., Dudley, K., Franklin, J., and Wine, J. (2 007). 2004/06 Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study (BPS:04/06) Methodology Report (NCES 2008 - 184). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Dongbin, K. (2007). T he Effect of Loans on Students’ Degree Attainment: Differences by Student and Institutional Characteristics. Harvard Educational Review, 77(1): 64– 100. Goan, S.K., and Cunningham, A.F. (2007). Differential Characteristics of 2 - Year Postsecondary Institutions (NCES 2007 - 164rev). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Hudson, L., Kienzl, G., and Diehl, J. (2007). Students Entering and Leaving Postsecondary Occupational Education: 1995– 2001 (NCES 2007 - 041). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Hunt - White, T. (2007). 2004/06 Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study Data Analysis System (NCES 2007 - 185). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.A PP ENDIX A. S TUDIES A DDRESSING I SSUES R ELEVANT TO NCES’ P OSTSECONDARY AND L ONGITUDINAL S AM PLE S URVEYS S TUDIES

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### 2006 Anderson, G. (2006). Effectiveness of Statewide Articulation Agreements on the Probability of Transfer: A Preliminary Policy Analysis. The Review of Higher Education, 29 (3): 261 –291. Blecher, L. (2006). Persistence Toward Bachelor Degree Completion of Students in Family and Consumer Sciences. College Student Journal, 40 (3): 469 –484. Dougherty, K.J., and Kien zl, G.S. (2006). It’s Not Enough to Get Through the Open Door: Inequalities by Social Background in Transfer From Community Colleges to Four - Year Colleges. Teachers College Record, 108 (3): 452 –487. Dowd, A., and Coury, T. (2006). The Effect of Loans on the Persistence and Attainment of Community College Students. Research in Higher Education, 47(1): 33 – 62. Flowers, L.A. (2006). Effects of Attending a 2 - Year Institution on African American Males’ Academic and Social Integration in the First Year of College. Teachers College Record, 108 (2): 267 – 286. Horn, L. (2006). Placing College Graduation Rates in Context: How 4 - Year College Graduation Rates Vary With Selectivity and the Size of Low- Income Enrollment (NCES 2007 - 161). National Center for Education Statistic s, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Murphy, K. (2006). Factors Affecting the Retention, Persistence, and Attainment of Undergraduate Students at Public Urban Four Year Higher Education Institutions . Washington, DC: American Institutes for Research. Person, A., and Rosenbaum, J. (2006). Educational Outcomes of Labor - Market Linking and Job Placement for Students at Public and Private 2 - Year Colleges. Economics of Education Review, 25 (4): 412 –429. Titus, M.A. (2006 ). No College Student Left Behind: The Influence of Financial Aspects of a State’s Higher Education Policy on College Completion. The Review of Higher Education, 29 (3): 293 – 317. Titus, M.A. (2006). Understanding the Influence of the Financial Context of In stitutions on Student Persistence at Four - Year Colleges and Universities. The Journal of Higher Education, 77 (2): 353 – 375. Wine, J., Cominole, M., Wheeless, S., Bryant, A., Gilligan, T., Dudley, K., and Franklin, J. (2006). 2004/06 Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study (BPS:04/06) Field Test Methodology Report (2006 - 01). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

### 2005 Adelman, C. (2005). Moving Into Town — and Moving On: The Community College in the Lives of Traditional-Age Students . U.S. Department of Education, Office of Vocational and Adult Education. Washington, DC. Alfonso, M., Bailey, T.R., and Scott, M. (2005). The Educational Outcomes of Occupational Sub - Baccal aureate Students: Evidence From the 1990s. Economics of Education Review, 24 (2): 197– 212. Bailey, T., Jenkins, D., and Leinbach, T. (2005). What We Know About Community College Low- Income and Minority Student Outcomes: Descriptive Statistics From National Surveys . New York: Community College Research Center. Horn, L., Cataldi, E., and Sikora, A. (2005). Waiting to Attend College: Undergraduates Who Delay Their Postsecondary Enrollment (NCES 2005 - 152). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of E ducation Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Leppel, K. (2005). College Persistence and Student Attitudes Toward Financial Success. College Student Journal, 39 (2): 223 – 241.A PP ENDIX A. S TUDIES A DDRESSING I SSUES R ELEVANT TO NCES’ P OSTSECONDARY AND L ONGITUDINAL S AM PLE S URVEYS S TUDIES

A- 31 Lohfink, M.M., and Paulsen, M.B. (2005). Comparing the Determin ants of Persistence for First - Generation and Continuing - Generation Students. Journal of College Student Development, 46 (4): 409 –428. Peter, K., and Cataldi, E. (2005). The Road Less Traveled? Students Who Enroll in Multiple Institutions (NCES 2005 - 157). Na tional Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Peter, K., and Horn, L. (2005). Gender Differences in Participation and Completion of Undergraduate Education and How They Have Changed O ver Time (NCES 2005 - 169). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Schuetz, P. (2005). UCLA Community College Review: Campus Environment: A Missing Link in Studies of Community College Attrition. Community College Review, 32 (4): 60–80. 

### 2004 Bauer, C.J. (2004). The Nexus Between Community College Choice and Student Persistence. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Missouri, Saint Louis. Borden, V.M.H. (2004). Accommodating Student Swirl: When Traditional Students are no Longer the Tradition. Change, 36 (2): 10– 17. Boswell, K. (2004). Bridges or Barriers? Public Policy and the Community College Transfer Function. Change, 36 (6): 22 – 29. Broth en, T., and Wambach, C.A. (2004). Refocusing Developmental Education. Journal of Developmental Education, 28 (2): 16 – 33. Duggan, M.B. (2004). E - Mail as Social Capital and Its Impact on First - Year Persistence of 4 - Year College Students. Journal of College St udent Retention Research Theory and Practice, 6 (2): 169 – 189. Ferris, E., Finster, M., and McDonald, D. (2004). Academic Fit of Student - Athletes: An Analysis of NCAA Division I - A Graduation Rates. Research in Higher Education, 45 (6): 555 – 575. Hahs - Vaughn, D . (2004). The Impact of Parents’ Education Level on College Students: An Analysis Using the Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study 1990 –92/94. Journal of College Student Development, 45 (5): 483 – 500. Horn, L., and Berger, R. (2004). College Per sistence on the Rise? Changes in 5 - Year Degree Completion and Postsecondary Persistence Rates Between 1994 and 2000 (NCES 2005 - 156). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Ka ne, M.A., Beals, C., Valeau, E.J., and Johnson, M.J. (2004). Fostering Success Among Traditionally Underrepresented Student Groups: Hartnell College’s Approach to Implementation of the Math, Engineering, and Science Achievement (MESA) Program. Community Co llege Journal of Research and Practice, 28 (1): 17 – 26. Kim, M.H. (2004). The Determinants of Institutional Financial Aid and its Effect on Degree Completion: The Difference Between Students at Public and Private Four- Year Institutions. Unpublished Ph.D. dis sertation, Columbia University. Long, A.C. (2004). Community College Attrition of GED Certificate Holders and Regular High School Graduates: A Comparative Study Using National BPS Data. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Oregon State University. Pascarella, E .T. (2004). First - Generation College Students: Additional Evidence on College Experiences and Outcomes. The Journal of Higher Education, 75 (3): 249 – 284. Pascarella, E.T. (2004). The Role of Race in the Development of Plans for a Graduate Degree. The Review of Higher Education, 27 (3): 299 – 320.A PP ENDIX A. S TUDIES A DDRESSING I SSUES R ELEVANT TO NCES’ P OSTSECONDARY AND L ONGITUDINAL S AM PLE S URVEYS S TUDIES

A- 32 Persell, C.H., and Wenglinsky, H. (2004). For - Profit Post - Secondary Education and Civic Engagement. Higher Education, 47 (2): 337 – 360. Saunders, K.P. (2004). Degree Attainment of Low-Socioeconomic Status Students: Structural Equation Modeling Test of an Elaborated Theory of Socialization. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Iowa State University. Wassmer, R., Moore, C., and Shulock, N. (2004). Effect of Racial/Ethnic Composition on Transfer Rates in Community Colleges: Implications for Policy and Practice. Research in Higher Education, 45 (6): 651 – 672. 

### 2003 Alfonso, M., Bailey, T.R., and Scott, M. (2003). The Educational Outcomes of Occupational Sub - Baccalaureate Students: Evidence From the 1990s. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, IL. Ashby, C.M. (2003). College Completion: Additional Efforts Could Help Education With its Completion Goal ( GAO 03 - 568) . Washington, DC: United States General Accounting Office. Be low, D.L. (2003). The First- to -Second- Year Persistence of Public, Four- Year College Students by Ethnicity. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Missouri, Saint Louis. Berkner, L., He, S., and Cataldi, E.F. (2003). Descriptive Summary of 1995 –96 Be ginning Postsecondary Students: Six Years Later. Education Statistics Quarterly, 5 (1): 62 – 67. Freeman, T.L. (2003). Theoretical Model for Studying Year- to - Year Persistence of Two - Year College Students by Ethnicity Using the Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study, 1996 –1998. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Missouri, Saint Louis. Hahs, D.L. (2003). The Utilization of Sample Weights in Structural Equation Modeling: An Application Using the Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudina l Study 1990/92/94. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Alabama. Hoachlander, G., Sikora, A.C., and Horn, L. (2003). Community College Students: Goals, Academic Preparation, and Outcomes (NCES 2003 - 164). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Horn, L., and Berker, A. (2003). Work First, Study Second: Adult Undergraduates Who Combine Employment and Postsecondary Enrollment (NCES 2003 - 167). National Center for Educati on Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Horn, L., and Peter, K. (2003). What Colleges Contribute: Institutional Aid to Full- time Undergraduates Attending 4 - Year Colleges and Universities (NCES 2003 - 157). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Kim, D. (2003). Multilevel Analysis of the Effect of Loans on Degree Attainment: Differences by Race, SES, and College Chara cteristics. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles. O'Toole, D.M., Stratton, L.S., and Wetzel, J.N. (2003). A Longitudinal Analysis of the Frequency of Part - Time Enrollment and the Persistence of Students Who Enroll Part Time . Research in Higher Education, 44 (5): 519 – 537. Perez, N.M. (2003). Factors Associated With the College Success of Hispanic Women: A Mixed Methods Investigation. Unpublished Ed.D. dissertation, Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi. Rosenfield, E.D. (2003). A Demographic Profile of Single - Mother College Students and an Examination of Factors That Influence Their Persistence. Unpublished Ed.D. dissertation, University of Rochester.A PP ENDIX A. S TUDIES A DDRESSING I SSUES R ELEVANT TO NCES’ P OSTSECONDARY AND L ONGITUDINAL S AM PLE S URVEYS S TUDIES

A- 33 Titus, M.A. (2003). An Examination of the Influence of Institutional Context o n Persistence at Four- Year Colleges and Universities: A Multilevel Approach. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Maryland, College Park. Yang, P. (2003). Do Institutional Characteristics Matter in Two - to Four- Year Transfer? Paper presented at th e Annual Meeting of the Council for the Study of Community Colleges, Dallas, TX. 

### 2002 Berkner, L., He, S., and Cataldi, E.F. (2002). Descriptive Summary of 1995– 96 Beginning Postsecondary Students: Six Years Later (NCES 2003 - 151). National Center for Educ ation Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Blecher, L., Michael, W.B., and Hagedorn, L.S. (2002). Factors Related to the “System” Persistence of Students Seeking the Bachelor’s Degree at Four- Year Institutions. Paper presented at the A nnual Meeting of the North East Association for Institutional Research, New Orleans, LA. Bradburn, E. (2002). Short- Term Enrollment in Postsecondary Education: Student Background and Institutional Differences in Reasons for Early Departure, 1996–98 (NCES 2 003 - 153). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Choy, S. (2002). Nontraditional Undergraduates: Findings From The Condition of Education, 2002 (NCES 2002 - 012). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Choy, S.P. (2002). Access & Persistence: Findings From 10 Years of Longitudinal Research on Students . Washington, DC: Center for Policy Analysis, American Council on Education. Duggan, M.B. (2002). The Effect of So cial Capital on the First- Year Persistence of First Generation College Students. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Boston. Hudson, L., and Hurst, D. (2002). The Persistence of Employees Who Pursue College Study (NCES 2002 - 118). N ational Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Hudson, L., and Hurst, D. (2002). The Persistence of Employees Who Pursue Postsecondary Study. Education Statistics Quarterly, 4 (1): 33 – 36. King, J.E. (2002). Crucial Ch oices: How Students’ Financial Decisions Affect Their Academic Success . Washington, DC: Center for Policy Analysis, American Council on Education. Pearson, A.F. (2002). Gendered Organizations: Academic and Social Integration of Females in Engineering and S cience Programs. Paper presented at the Southern Sociological Society. Sherlin, J.H., Jr. (2002). Understanding the System Persistence of First- Generation Students Through Path Modeling. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Maryland, College Park. Wei, C.C., and Horn, L. (2002). Persistence and Attainment of Beginning Students With Pell Grants (NCES 2002 - 169 ). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Wei, C.C., and Horn, L. (2002). Persistence and Att ainment of Beginning Students With Pell Grants. Education Statistics Quarterly, 4 (2): 91 – 96. Wine, J.S., Heuer, R.E., Wheeless, S.C., Francis, T.L., and Dudley, K.M. (2002). Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study: 1996–2001 (BPS:1996/2001) Methodology Report (NCES 2002 - 171). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Wine, J.S., Heuer, R.E., Wheeless, S.C., Francis, T.L., Franklin, J.W., and Dudley, K.M. (2002). Beginning Postsecondary Students Longi tudinal Study: 1996 – 2001 (BPS:1996/2001) Methodology Report. Education Statistics Quarterly, 4 (3): 147 – 149.A PP ENDIX A. S TUDIES A DDRESSING I SSUES R ELEVANT TO NCES’ P OSTSECONDARY AND L ONGITUDINAL S AM PLE S URVEYS S TUDIES

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### 2001 Bradburn, E.M., Hurst, D.G., and Peng, S. (2001). Community College Transfer Rates to 4 - Year Institutions Using Alternative Definitions of Tra nsfer (NCES 2001 - 197 ). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Choy, S.P. (2001). Findings From the Condition of Education 2001: Students Whose Parents Did Not Go to College (NCES 2001 - 126). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Duggan, M. (2001). Factors Influencing the First- Year Persistence of First Generation College Students. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the North East Association for Institut ional Research, Cambridge, MA. Horn, L., and Kojaku, L.K. (2001). High School Academic Curriculum and the Persistence Path Through College (NCES 2001 - 163). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Leppel, K., Williams, M.L., and Waldauer, C. (2001). The Impact of Parental Occupation and Socioeconomic Status on Choice of College Major. Journal of Family & Economic Issues, 22 (4): 373 – 394. Stratton, L.S., O’Toole, D.M., and Wetzel, J.N. (2001). Factors Affecting P art- Time College Enrollment Within the First Year. AIR 2001 Annual Forum Paper. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Institutional Research, Long Beach, CA. Teng, L.Y., Morgan, G.A., and Anderson, S.K. (2001). Career Development Amo ng Ethnic and Age Groups of Community College Students. Journal of Career Development 28 (2): 115 – 127. Warburton, E.C., Bugarin, R., and Nuñez, A. (2001). Bridging the Gap: Academic Preparation and Postsecondary Success of First- Generation Students (NCES 20 01 - 153). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Wine, J.S., Heuer, R.E., Link, M.W., Whitmore, R.W., and Francis, T.L. (2001). Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study: 1996–2001 (BPS:1996/2001) F ield Test Methodology Report (NCES 2001 - 04). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

### 2000 Ariguzo, G.C. (2000). An Examination of the Effects of the Federal College Work-Study Program on Minority Students’ Persistence, Academic Performance, and Graduation Rates: Based on the NCES 1990/94 Beginning Postsecondary Longitudinal Study; a Dissertation . Boston: University of Massaachusetts Boston. Berkner, L., Horn, L., and Clune, M. (2000). Descriptive Summary of 1 995– 96 Beginning Postsecondary Students: Three Years Later, With an Essay on Students Who Started at Less - Than - 4 - Year Institutions (NCES 2000 - 154). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Boyles, L.W. (2000). Exploration of a Retention Model for Community College Students. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro. Byun, K. (2000). A Study on the Applicability of Bean and Metzner’s Nontraditional Student Attrition Model for Older Students Using Four Different Measures of Persistence. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Oregon. Chae, J. (2000). Student Departure From United States Community Colleges: A Competing Risks Survival Analysis. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertatio n, Harvard University. Choy, S.P. (2000). Low- Income Students: Who They Are and How They Pay for Their Education (NCES 2000 - 169). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.A PP ENDIX A. S TUDIES A DDRESSING I SSUES R ELEVANT TO NCES’ P OSTSECONDARY AND L ONGITUDINAL S AM PLE S URVEYS S TUDIES

A- 35 Huang, G., Taddese, N., and Walter, E. (2000). Entry and Persistence of Women and Minorities in College Science and Engineering Education (NCES 2000 - 161). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Hurst, D., and Smerdon, B. (2000). Postsecondary St udents With Disabilities: Enrollment, Services, and Persistence (NCES 2000 - 092). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Ishitani, T.T. (2000). An Application of Event History Modeling to Assessing Student Dropout Behavior: A National Data Approach. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Iowa. Levesque, K., Lauen, D., Teitelbaum, P., Alt, M., and Librera, S. (2000). Vocational Education in the United States: Toward the Year 2000 (NCES 2000 - 029). Nat ional Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. (2000). The Condition of Education 2000, Indicator 51, Learning Opportunities: Student Satisfaction With Instruction (NCES 2000 - 062). Author. Washington, DC. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. (2000). The Condition of Education 2000. Postsecondary Persistence and Progress: Persistence Toward a Bachelor’s Degree (NCES 2000 - 062). Author. Washington, DC. Wine, J.S., Whitmore, R.W., Heuer, R.E., Biber, M., and Pratt, D.J. (2000). Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study First Follow- Up 1996– 98 (BPS:96/98) Methodology Report (NCES 2000 - 157). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

### 1999 Choy, S.P. (1999). College Access and Affordability (NCES 1999 - 108). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Contento, J.M. (1999). Im pacts of Financial Aid on Persistence: A Longitudinal Analysis of Beginning Undergraduate Students. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Arizona State University. Horn, L.J. (1999). Students With Disabilities in Postsecondary Education: A Profile of Preparation, Participation, and Outcomes (NCES 1999 - 187). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Kaufman, P., and Chen, X. (1999). Projected Postsecondary Outcomes of 1992 High School Graduates (NCES 1999 - 15 ). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Salvucci, S., Wenck, S., and Tyson, J. (1999). Development of a Prototype System for Accessing Linked NCES Data (NCES 9815). National Center for Education Statistic s, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Shafer, L.L. (1999). Data Sources on Lifelong Learning (NCES 1999 - 11). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

### 1998 Choy, S.P., and Ottinger, C. (1998). Choosing a Postsecondary Institution (NCES 98 - 080). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Cuccaro - Alamin, S., and Choy, S.P. (1998). Postsecondary Financing Strategies: How Undergraduates Combine Work, Borrowing, and Attendance (NCES 98 - 088). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.A PP ENDIX A. S TUDIES A DDRESSING I SSUES R ELEVANT TO NCES’ P OSTSECONDARY AND L ONGITUDINAL S AM PLE S URVEYS S TUDIES

A- 36 Horn, L.J. (1998). Profile of Undergraduates in U.S. Postsecondary Education Institutions: 1995– 96, With an Essay on Undergraduates Who Work (NCES 98 - 054). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Horn, L.J. (1998). Stopouts or Stayouts? Undergraduates Who Leave College in Their First Year (NCES 1999 - 087). National Center for Education St atistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Kojaku, L.K., and Nunez, A. (1998). Descriptive Summary of 1995–96 Beginning Postsecondary Students, With Profiles of Students Entering 2 - and 4 - Year Institutions. National Postsecondary Student Aid S tudy: 1995– 96 (NCES 1999 - 030). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Nuñez, A. - M. (1998). First- Generation Students: A Longitudinal Analysis of Educational and Early Labor Market Outcomes. Paper presented a t the Annual Meeting of the Association for the Study of Higher Education, Miami, FL. Nuñez, A. - M., and Cuccaro - Alamin, S. (1998). First- Generation Students: Undergraduates Whose Parents Never Enrolled in Postsecondary Education (NCES 98 - 082). National Cen ter for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Perna, L.W. (1998). The Contribution of Financial Aid to Undergraduate Persistence. Journal of Student Financial Aid, 28 (3): 25 –40. Perna, L.W. (1998). Does Financial Aid Help Stud ents To Attend Higher Priced Colleges? Journal of Student Financial Aid, 28 (1): 19 – 38. Pratt, D.J., Wine, J.S., Heuer, R.E., Whitmore, R.W., Kelly, J.E., Doherty, J.M., Simpson, J.B., and Marti, N. (1998). Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Stud y First Follow- Up (BPS:96/98) Field Test Report (NCES 98 - 11). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Teng, L.Y. - W. (1998). The Institutional Experience and Career Development of Community College Students. U npublished Ph.D. dissertation, Colorado State University. 

### 1997 Arnold, C.L. (1997). Using National Data Sets to Create Comparable National Statistics for the Student Characteristics and Outcomes in Community Colleges . National Center for Education Statist ics, U.S. Department of Education; the National Science Foundation; and the Association for Institutional Research. Washington, DC and Arlington, VA. Choy, S.P., and Geis, S. (1997). Early Labor Force Experiences and Debt Burden (NCES 97 - 286). National Cen ter for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. McCormick, A.C. (1997). Transfer Behavior Among Beginning Postsecondary Students: 1989–94 (NCES 97 - 266). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Was hington, DC. Nettles, M.T., and Perna, L.W. (1997). The African American Education Data Book. Volume I: Higher and Adult Education . Fairfax, VA: College Fund/UNCF. Rhee, B., Hurtado, S., Inkelas, K.K., and Briggs, C.L. (1997). Differences in College Access in Choice Among Racial/Ethnic Groups: Identifying Continuing Barriers. Research in Higher Education, 38 (1): 43 –75. Riccobono, J.A., Whitmore, R.W., Gabel, T.J., Traccarella, M.A., Pratt, D.J., and Berkner, L.K. (1997). National Postsecondary Student Aid S tudy, 1995– 96 (NPSAS:96) Methodology Report (NCES 98 - 073). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.A PP ENDIX A. S TUDIES A DDRESSING I SSUES R ELEVANT TO NCES’ P OSTSECONDARY AND L ONGITUDINAL S AM PLE S URVEYS S TUDIES

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### 1996 Berkner, L.K., Cuccaro - Alamin, S., and McCormick, A.C. (1996). Descriptive Summary of 1989–90 Beginning Postsecondary Students: 5 Years Later, With an Essay on Postsecondary Persistence and Attainment (NCES 96 - 155). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Choy, S.P., and Premo, M.D. (1996). How Low Income Undergraduates Financed Postsecondary Education: 1992 – 93 (NCES 96 - 161). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Horn, L.J. (1996). Nontraditional Undergraduates: Trends in Enrollment From 1986 to 1992 and Per sistence and Attainment Among 1989– 90 Beginning Postsecondary Students (NCES 97 - 578). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Perna, L.W. (1996). The Contribution of Financial Aid to the Price of Four- Year In stitution Attended by 1989/90 Freshmen. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for the Study of Higher Education, Memphis, TN. Pratt, D.J., Whitmore, R.W., Wine, J.S., Blackwell, K.M., Forsyth, B.H., Smith, T.K., Becker, E.A., Veith, K.J. , Mitchell, M., and Borman, G.D. (1996). Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study Second Follow - Up (BPS: 90/94) Final Technical Report (NCES 96 - 153). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

### 1995 C hoy, S.P., and Premo, M.K. (1995). Profile of Older Undergraduates: 1989–90 (NCES 95 - 167). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Horn, L.J. (1995). Minority Undergraduate Participation in Postsecondary Educ ation (NCES 95 - 166). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. McCormick, A., and Geis, S. (1995). Profile of Part- Time Undergraduates in Postsecondary Education: 1989– 90 (NCES 95 - 173). National Center for Educ ation Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. McGrew, K. (1995). Disability Summary Analyses of Select National Data Collection Programs. Technical Report 11 . Minneapolis, MN: National Center on Educational Outcomes. 

### 1994 Burkheimer, G.J ., Jr., Forsyth, B.H., Whitmore, R.W., Wine, J.S., Blackwell, K.M., Veith, K.J., and Borman, G.D. (1994). Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study First Follow - up (BPS:90/92): Final Public Technical Report (NCES 94 - 369). U.S. Department of Educa tion, National Center for Education Statistics. Washington, DC. Fitzgerald, R., Berkner, L., Horn, L., Choy, S., and Hoachlander, G. (1994). Descriptive Summary of 1989– 90 Beginning Postsecondary Students: Two Years Later (NCES 94 - 386). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Pratt, D.J., Burkheimer, G.J., Jr., Forsyth, B.H., Wine, J.S., Veith, K.J., and Beaulieu, J.P. (1994). Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study Second Follow - Up Field Test Repo rt (BPS:90/94) (NCES 94 - 370). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. (1994). Persistence and Attainment in Postsecondary Education for Beginning AY 1989–90 Students as of Spring 1992. Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study 1992 Follow- Up (BPS: 90/92) (NCES 94 - 477). Author. Washington, DC.A PP ENDIX A. S TUDIES A DDRESSING I SSUES R ELEVANT TO NCES’ P OSTSECONDARY AND L ONGITUDINAL S AM PLE S URVEYS S TUDIES

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### 1993 Bobbitt, L.G., and Carroll, C.D. (1993). Coding Major Field of Study . National Cen ter for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

### 1992 Knepper, P. (1992). Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study Field Test Methodology Report: BPS 90/92 (NCES 92 - 160). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

### 1991 Nelson, D.D. (1991). Programs and Plans of the National Center for Education Statistics, 1991 Edition (NCES 91 - 694). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.A PP ENDIX A. S TUDIES A DDRESSING I SSUES R ELEVANT TO NCES’ P OSTSECONDARY AND L ONGITUDINAL S AM PLE S URVEYS S TUDIES

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## Baccalaureate and **Beyond Longitudinal Study (B&B)**  **2013** Bastin, H., and Kalist, D.E. (2013). The Labor Market Returns to AACSB Accreditation. Journal of Labor Research, 34 : 170– 179. New York: Springer Science + Business Media. Collins, E. (2013). A Review of African American Graduate College Choice. Annuals of the Next Generation, 4 (1): 14– 17 Center for African American Research and Policy. Hamilton, L.T. (2013). More Is More or More Is Less? Parental Financial Investments Durin g College. American Sociological Review, 78 (1): 70–95. Lips, H.M. (2013). The Gender Pay Gap: Challenging the Rationalization. Perceived Equity, Discrimination, and the Limits of Human Capital Models. Sex Roles, 68 : 169 – 185. Springer Science + Business Med ia. Lott, J.L., Hernandez, J., King, J.P., Brown, T., and Fajardo, I. (2013). Public Versus Private Colleges: Political Participation of College Graduates. Research in Higher Education New York: Springer Science + Business Media. Radford, A.W., Lew, T., an d Shaw, S. (2013). Web Tables — Today’s Baccalaureate: The Fields and Courses That 2007 –08 Bachelor’s Degree Recipients Studied (NCES 2013 - 755). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washing ton, DC. Staklis, S., and Matthews, M. (2013). Web Tables — Beginning K –12 Teacher Characteristics and Preparation by School Type, 2009 (NCES 2013 - 153). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Woo, J.H., Green, C., and Matthews, M. (2013). Web Tables — Profile of 2007 –08 First- Time Bachelor’s Degree Recipients in 2009 (NCES 2013 - 150). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Ed ucation. Washington, DC. Woo, J.H., and Matthews, M. (2013). Web Tables — Trends in Debt for Bachelor’s Degree Recipients a Year After Graduation: 1994, 2001, and 2009 (NCES 2013 - 156). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Science s, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Xu, Y.J. (2013). Career Outcomes of STEM and Non - STEM College Graduates: Persistence in Majored - Field and Influential Factors in Career Choices. Research in Higher Education, 54 : 349 – 382. New York: Springer Science + Business Media. 

### 2012 Bryan, M., and Simone, S. (2012). 2010 College Course Map: Technical Report (NCES 2012 - 162rev). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Collins , E.L. (2012). Beyond the Baccalaureate: Black Students’ Decisions to Pursue a Graduate Education. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Corbett, C., and Hill, C. (2012). Graduating to a Pay Gap: The Earnings of Women and Men One Year After College Graduation . Washington, DC: American Association of University Women. Farinde, A.A., and Lewis, C.W. (2012). The Underrepresentation of African American Female Students in STEM Fields: Implications for Classroom Teachers. US - China Ed ucation Review : 421 –430. Charlotte, NC: David Publishing.A PP ENDIX A. S TUDIES A DDRESSING I SSUES R ELEVANT TO NCES’ P OSTSECONDARY AND L ONGITUDINAL S AM PLE S URVEYS S TUDIES

A- 40 Franklin, S.L., and Slate, J.R. (2012). First - Generation Student Enrollment and Attainment Beyond the Baccalaureate. Journal of Education Research, 6 (2): Nova Science Publishers, Inc. Hilmer, M.J., and Hilmer, C.E. (2012). On the Relationship Between Student Tastes and Motivations, Higher Education Decisions, and Annual Earnings. Economics of Education Review, 31 (1): 66– 75. Skomsvold, P., Durand, S., and Henke, R. (2012). Early K - 12 Teaching Experiences of 2007- 08 Bachelor’s Degree Recipients (NCES 2013 - 154). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Stevenson, A. (2012). The Male - Female Gap in Post- Baccalaureate S chool Quality . ProQuest LLC. Social Science Electronic Publishing. Strayhorn, T.L., Williams, M.S., Tillman - Kelly, D., and Suddeth, T. (2012). Sex Differences in Graduate School Choice for Black HBCU Bachelor’s Degree Recipients: A National Analysis. Journal of African American Studies, 17 : 174– 188. Springer Science + Business Media. Texas Guaranteed Student Loan Corporation. (2012). A Brief Look at...Transfer Students and Financial Aid . Author. Zarifa, D. (2012). Higher Education Expansion, Social Background and College Selectivity in the United States. RISE International Journal of Sociology of Education, 1 (3): 263 – 291. Hipatia Press. 

### 2011 Cataldi, E.F., Green, C., Henke, R., Lew, T., Woo, J., S hepherd, B., and Siegel, P. (2011). 2008–09 Baccalaureate and Beyond Longitudinal Study (B&B:08/09) First Look (NCES 2011 - 236). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

### 2010 In gersoll, R.M., and Perda, D. (2010). Is the Supply of Mathematics and Science Teachers Sufficient? American Educational Research Journal, 47(3): 563 – 594. Liu, X., Thomas, S., and Zhang, L. (2010). College Quality, Earnings, and Job Satisfaction: Evidence F rom Recent College Graduates. Journal of Labor Research, 31 (2): 183 – 201. Snyder, T.D., and Dillow, S.A. (2010). Digest of Education Statistics, 2009 (NCES 2010 - 013). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

### 2009 Ingersoll, R.M., and Perda, D. (2009). The Mathematics and Science Teacher Shortage: Fact and Myth . Masison, WI: Consortium for Policy Research in Education. Ionescu, F. (2009). The Federal Student Loan Program: Quantita tive Implications for College Enrollment and Default Rates. Review of Economic Dynamics, 12 (1): 205 – 231. McAnulty, K.G. (2009). Predictors of Graduate Enrollment in Hard and Soft Academic Disciplines and the Impact of Sex and Ethnicity. Unpublished doctora l dissertation, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY. Olbrecht, A. (2009). Do Academically Deficient Scholarship Athletes Earn Higher Wages Subsequent to Graduation? Economics of Education Review, 28 (5): 611 – 619. Snyder, T.D., Dillow, S.A., and Hoffman , C.M. (2009). Digest of Education Statistics, 2008 (NCES 2009 - 020). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Wei, C.C., and Horn, L. (2009). A Profile of Successful Pell Grant Recipients: Time to Bachelor’s Degree and Early Graduate School Enrollment (NCES 2009 - 156). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.A PP ENDIX A. S TUDIES A DDRESSING I SSUES R ELEVANT TO NCES’ P OSTSECONDARY AND L ONGITUDINAL S AM PLE S URVEYS S TUDIES

A- 41 Zhang, L. (2009). A Value - Added Estimate o f Higher Education Quality of US States. Education Economics, 17(4): 469 –489. 

### 2008 Anderson, S.E. (2008). Teacher Career Choices: Timing of Teacher Careers Among 1992– 93 Bachelor’s Degree Recipients (NCES 2008 - 153). National Center for Education Statistics , Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Bosshardt, W., and Watts, M. (2008). Undergraduate Students’ Coursework in Economics. Journal of Economic Education, 39 (2): 198 – 205. Choy, S., and Bradburn, E. (2008). Ten Yea rs After College: Comparing the Employment Experiences of 1992–93 Bachelor’s Degree Recipients With Academic and Career- Oriented Majors (NCES 2008 - 155). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education . Washington, DC. Hill, J.L. (2008). The Ambiguous Effects of Undergraduate Debt: Extending the Human Capital Model of Graduate School Enrollment. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC. Ionescu, F.A. (2008). Consol idation of Student Loan Repayments and Default Incentives. The B.E. Journal of Macroeconomics, 8 (1). Kurt, M.R. (2008). Essays on the Inter- industry Wage Differential, Human Capital, and Directed Search. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA. Lowe, S.K., Borstorff, P.C., and Landry III, R.J. (2008). An Empirical Examination of the Phenomenon of Grade Inflation in Higher Education: A Focus of Grade Divergence Between Business and Other Fields of Study. Academy of Educationa l Leadership Journal, 12 (1): 15 – 33. Mittapalli, K. (2008). Understanding Classroom Teacher Attrition: Characteristics of Three Groups. ERS Spectrum, 26 (3): 21 – 33. Mittapalli, K. (2008). What Makes Public School Teachers Stay, Leave or Become Non - Teachers? An In - Depth Understanding of Their Personal Characteristics, Beliefs and Perceptions. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA. Sasser, A. (2008). The Future of the Skilled Labor Force in New England: The Supply of Recent College Graduates . Boston, MA: New England Public Policy Center, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. Strayhorn, T. (2008). Influences on Labor Market Outcomes of African American College Graduates: A National Study. Journal of Higher Education, 79 (1): 28 –57. Zhang, L. (2008). Gender and Racial Gaps in Earnings Among Recent College Graduates. Review of Higher Education, 32 (1): 51 –72. Zhang, L. (2008, May). The Way to Wealth and the Way to Leisure: The Impact of College Education on Graduates’ Earnings and Hours of Work. Research in Higher Education, 49 (3): 199 – 213. 

### 2007 Alt, M.N., and Henke, R.R. (2007). To Teach or Not to Teach? Teaching Experience and Preparation Among 1992– 93 Bachelor’s Degree Recipients 10 Years After College (NCES 2007 - 163). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Bacolod, M. (2007). Who Teaches and Where They Choose to Teach: College Graduates of the 1990s. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 29 (3): 155 – 168. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. Bartlett, C.L. (2007). Essays on the Links Between Education, Ability, and Income. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Texas, Austin, TX.A PP ENDIX A. S TUDIES A DDRESSING I SSUES R ELEVANT TO NCES’ P OSTSECONDARY AND L ONGITUDINAL S AM PLE S URVEYS S TUDIES

A- 42 Freeman, M.L. (2007). Selected Characteristics Related to Per sistence to the Baccalaureate Degree for Vertical Transfer Students: Geography, Age, Gender, and Risk. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Ohio University, Athens, OH. Lowe, S.K. (2007). Grade Inflation and Market Benefits: A Higher Education Analysis. Unpu blished doctoral dissertation, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL. Masuo, D.M., Kutara, P., Wall, R., and Cheang, M. (2007). Financial Information Project: Assessing the Financial Interests of College Students. Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences, 99 (3): 29 – 36. Nevill, S.C., and Chen, X. (2007). The Path Through Graduate School: A Longitudinal Examination 10 Years After Bachelor’s Degree (NCES 2007 - 162). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Tsupryk, G. (2007). Job Match Quality: Measurement and Applications. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY. 

### 2006 Bradburn, E.M., Nevill, S., and Cataldi, E.F. (2006). Whe re Are They Now? A Description of 1992 –93 Bachelor’s Degree Recipients 10 Years Later (NCES 2007 - 159). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Choy, S.P., and Li, X. (2006). D ealing With Debt: 1992– 93 Bachelor’s Degree Recipients 10 Years Later (NCES 2006 - 156). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Feng, L. (2006). Combating Teacher Shortages: Wh o Leaves, Who Moves, and Why. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL. Fong, A.B. (2006). Essays on Sorting, Mobility, and Attrition in the Teacher Labor Market. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Columbia Universit y, New York. Goyette, K., and Mullen, A. (2006). Who Studies the Arts and Sciences? Social Background and the Choice and Consequences of Undergraduate Field of Study. Journal of Higher Education, 77 (3): 497 –538. Joy, L. (2006). Occupational Differences Bet ween Recent Male and Female College Graduates. Economics of Education Review, 25 (2): 221 – 231. Lowry, K.S. (2006). The Paths to Becoming a Mathematics Teacher. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL. McPhee, S. (20 06). En Route to the Baccalaureate: Community College Student Outcomes . Washington, DC: American Association of Community Colleges. Strayhorn, T. (2006). Factors Influencing the Academic Achievement of First - Generation College Students. NASPA Journal, 43 (4 ): 82 – 111. 

### 2005 Bosshardt, W., and Watts, M. (2005). Teachers’ Undergraduate Coursework in Economics in the Baccalaureate and Beyond Longitudinal Study. Journal of Economic Education, 36 (4): 400. Bradburn, E.M., Nevill, S., and Cataldi, E.F. (2005). 1992 –93 Bachelor’s Degree Recipients and Their Opinions About Education in 2003 (NCES 2005 - 174). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Choy, S.P., and Li, X. (2005). Debt Burden: A Comparison of 1992–93 and 1999–2000 Bachelor’s Degree Recipients a Year After Graduating (NCES 2005 - 170). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.A PP ENDIX A. S TUDIES A DDRESSING I SSUES R ELEVANT TO NCES’ P OSTSECONDARY AND L ONGITUDINAL S AM PLE S URVEYS S TUDIES

A- 43 Henke, R.R., Peter, K., Li, X., and Geis, S. (2005). Elementary/Secondary School Teaching Among Recent College Graduates: 1994 and 2001 (NCES 2005 - 161). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Minicozzi , A. (2005). The Short Term Effect of Educational Debt on Job Decisions. Economics of Education Review, 24 (4): 417–430. Perry, K. (2005). Baccalaureate and Beyond Longitudinal Study 1993/2003 Data Analysis System (DAS) On - line (NCES 2005 - 150). National Cen ter for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Peter, K., and Cataldi, E.F. (2005). The Road Less Traveled? Students Who Enroll in Multiple Institutions (NCES 2005 - 157). National Center for Educ ation Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Peter, K., and Horn, L. (2005). Gender Differences in Participation and Completion of Undergraduate Education and How They Have Changed Over Time (NCES 2005 - 16 9). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Strayhorn, T.L. (2005). More Than Money Matters: An Integrated Model of Graduate Student Persistence. Unpublished doctoral disserta tion, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA. Thomas, S.L., and Zhang, L. (2005). Post - Baccalaureate Wage Growth Within 4 Years of Graduation: The Effects of College Quality and College Major. Research in Higher Education, 46 (4 ): 437 –459. Wine, J.S., Cominole, M.B., Wheeless, S., Dudley, K., and Franklin, J. (2005). 1993/03 Baccalaureate and Beyond Longitudinal Study (B&B:93/03) Methodology Report (NCES 2006 - 166). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Zhang, L. (2005). Advance to Graduate Education: The Effect of College Quality and Undergraduate Majors. Review of Higher Education, 28 (3): 313 – 338. Zhang, L. (2005). Do Measures of College Quality Ma tter? The Effect of College Quality on Graduates’ Earnings. Review of Higher Education, 28 (4): 571 –596. 

### 2004 Conn, R.E. (2004). The Relationship Between Non - Employment and Respondent Personal Characteristics, College Major, GPA and Work Experience Among 1992 –1993 College Graduates. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA. Heuer, R. (2004). Migration of Recent College Graduates. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC. Perna, L.W. (2004). Understanding the Decision to Enroll in Graduate School: Sex and Racial/Ethnic Group Differences. The Journal of Higher Education, 75 (5): 487 – 527. Price, D.V. (2004). Educational Debt Burden Among Student Borrowers: An Analysis of the B accalaureate & Beyond Panel, 1997 Follow - Up. Research in Higher Education, 45 (7): 701 – 737. Shen, J., Mansberger, N., and Yang, H. (2004). Teacher Quality and Students Placed at Risk: Results From the Baccalaureate and Beyond Longitudinal Study, 1993 –97. Ed ucational Horizons, 82 (3): 226– 235. 

### 2003 Bradburn, E.M., Berger, R., Li, X., Peter, K., and Rooney, K. (2003). A Descriptive Summary of 1999– 2000 Bachelor’s Degree Recipients 1 Year Later, With an Analysis of Time to Degree (NCES 2003 - 165). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.A PP ENDIX A. S TUDIES A DDRESSING I SSUES R ELEVANT TO NCES’ P OSTSECONDARY AND L ONGITUDINAL S AM PLE S URVEYS S TUDIES

A- 44 Charleston, S., Riccobono, J., Mosquin, P., and Link, M. (2003). Baccalaureate and Beyond Longitudinal Study: 2000/01 Methodology Report (NCES 2003 - 15 6). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Joy, L. (2003). Salaries of Recent Male and Female College Graduates: Educational and Labor Market Effects. Industrial & Labor Rela tions Review, 56 (4): 606 – 621. Millett, C.M. (2003, July/August). How Undergraduate Loan Debt Affects Application and Enrollment in Graduate or First Professional School. The Journal of Higher Education, 74 (4): 386 –427. Mullen, A.L., Goyette, K.A., and Soar es, J.A. (2003). Who Goes to Graduate School? Social and Academic Correlates of Educational Continuation After College. Sociology of Education, 76 (2): 143 – 169. Mustafa, S. (2003). Three Essays on College Enrollment, Completion and Labor Market Returns. Unp ublished Doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. Thomas, S.L. (2003). Longer - Term Economic Effects of College Selectivity and Control. Research in Higher Education, 44 (3): 263 – 299. Zhang, L. (2003). How College Affects Students: Toward the Reconciliation of Theory With Empirical Evidence. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ. 

### 2002 Bradburn, E.M., and Berger, R. (2002). Beyond 9 to 5: The Diversity of Employment Among 19 92 – 93 College Graduates in 1997 (NCES 2003 - 152). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. LaTurner, R.J. (2002, August). Teachers’ Academic Preparation and Commitment To Teach Math and Science. Teaching and Te acher Education, 18 (6): 653 – 663. 

### 2001 Clune, M.S., Nuñez, A. - M., and Choy, S.P. (2001). Competing Choices: Men’s and Women’s Paths After Earning a Bachelor’s Degree (NCES 2001 - 154). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Heller, D.E. (2001). Debts and Decisions: Student Loans and Their Relationship to Graduate School and Career Choice . New Agenda SeriesTM. Indianapolis, IN: Lumina Foundation for Education. Henke, R., and Zahn, L. (2001). Attrition of New Teachers Among Recent College Graduates: Comparing Occupational Stability Among 1992 – 93 College Graduates Who Taught and Those Who Worked in Other Occupations (NCES 2001 - 189). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Henry, D.P. (2001). Student Debt and Debt Burden of Graduate and First Professional Students: A National and Institutional Analysis. Unpublished dissertation, Th e College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA. Horn, L.J., and Zahn, L. (2001). From Bachelor’s Degree To Work: Major Field of Study and Employment Outcomes of 1992–93 Bachelor’s Degree Recipients Who Did Not Enroll in Graduate Education by 1997 (NCES 20 01 - 165). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Lasiewski, D.K. (2001). An Examination of the Factors by Gender and Race/Ethnicity Influencing Science, Mathematics, and Engineering Undergraduate Degree Recip ients to Enroll in Graduate Study. Unpublished dissertation, University of Massachusetts Boston. Perry, K.K. (2001). Where College Students Live After They Graduate (ED453739 ). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washin gton, DC.A PP ENDIX A. S TUDIES A DDRESSING I SSUES R ELEVANT TO NCES’ P OSTSECONDARY AND L ONGITUDINAL S AM PLE S URVEYS S TUDIES

A- 45 

### 2000 Choy, S.P. (2000). Debt Burden Four Years After College (NCES 2000 - 188). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Henke, R.R., Chen, X., and Geis, S. (2000). Progress Through the Teacher Pipelin e: 1992–93 College Graduates and Elementary/Secondary School Teaching as of 1997 (NCES 2000 - 152). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Redd, K.E. (2000). HBCU Graduates: Employment Earnings and Success After College . New Agenda SeriesTM. Indianapolis, IN: USA Group, Inc. 

### 1999 Boe, E.E., Cook, L.H., Paulsen, C.A., Barkanic, G., and Leow, C.S. (1999). Productivity of Teacher Preparation Programs: Surplus or Shortage in Quantity and Quality of Degree Graduates . Data Analysis Report No.1999 - DAR2. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Center for Research and Evaluation in Social Policy and U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement. Fabiano, L. (1999). Measuring Teacher Qua lifications (NCES 1999 - 04). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Green, P., Myers, S., Veldaman, C., and Pedlow, S. (1999). Baccalaureate and Beyond Longitudinal Study: 1993/97 Second Follow- Up Methodology Report (NCES 1999 - 159). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Horn, L.J., and Berktold, J. (1999). Students With Disabilities in Postsecondary Education: A Profile of Preparation, Participation, and Outcom es (NCES 1999 - 187). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. McCormick, A.C., Nuñez, A. - M., Shah, V., and Choy, S.P. (1999). Life After College: A Descriptive Summary of 1992 – 93 Bachelor’s Degree Recipients in 1997, With an Essay on Participation in Graduate and First- Professional Education (NCES 1999 - 155). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. National Center for Education Statistics. (1999). CD - ROM: Baccalaure ate and Beyond Longitudinal Study: Second Follow- Up. Public Use Data Analysis System (DAS) (NCES 2000 - 158). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education Washington, DC. Salvucci, S., Wenck, S., and Tyson, J. (1999). Development of a Prototype System for Accessing Linked NCES Data (NCES 98 - 15). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Shafer, L.L. (1999). Data Sources on Lifelong Learning Available From the National Center for Education Statistics (Working Paper No. 1999 - 11). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Syverson, P.D. (1999, Fall). Invited Commentary: Part -Time Study Plus Full - Time Employment: The New Way to Go to Graduate Schoo l. Education Statistics Quarterly, 1 (3): 13 – 15. Terkla, D.G. (1999, Fall). Invited Commentary: Baccalaureate and Beyond: Tracking Long - Term Outcomes for Bachelor’s Degree Recipients. Education Statistics Quarterly, 1 (3): 16– 17. 

### 1998 Nunez, A. - M., and Cucca ro - Alamin, S. (1998). First- Generation Students: Undergraduates Whose Parents Never Enrolled in Postsecondary Education (NCES 98 - 082). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.A PP ENDIX A. S TUDIES A DDRESSING I SSUES R ELEVANT TO NCES’ P OSTSECONDARY AND L ONGITUDINAL S AM PLE S URVEYS S TUDIES

A- 46 Thomas, S.L. (1998). Deferred Costs and Economic Returns to College Major, Quality, and Performance: Recent Trends . Miami, FL: Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for the Study of Higher Education. 

### 1997 Choy, S.P., and Geis, S. (1997). Early Labor Force Experiences and Debt Burden (NCES 97 - 286). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Dey, E.L., Hurtado, S., Rhee, B. - S., Inkelas, K.K., Wimsatt, L.A., and Guan, F. (1997). Improving Research on Postsecondary Student Outcomes: A Review of the Strengths and Limitations of National Data Resources . NCPI – 5 –01. Stanford, CA: National Center for Postsecondary Improvement. Henke, R.R., Choy, S.P., Chen, X., Geis, S., and Alt, M.N. (1997). America’s Teachers: Profile of a Profession, 1993 – 94 (NCES 97 - 460). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Veldman, C., Green, P.J., Myers, S., Chuchro, L., and Giese, P. (1997). Baccalaureate and Beyond Longitudinal Study: Second Follow- Up Field T est Report, 1996 (NCES 97 - 261). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

### 1996 Green, P.J., Meyers, S.L., Giese, P., Law, J., Speizer, H.M., Tardino, V.S., and Knepper, P. (1996). Baccalaureate and Beyond Longi tudinal Study: 1993/94 First Follow- Up Methodology Report (NCES 96 - 149). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. Henke, R.R., Geis, S., and Giambattista, J. (1996). Out of the Lecture Hall and Into the Classroom: 1992–93 College Graduates and Elementary/Secondary School Teaching (NCES 96 - 899). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. McCormick, A., and Horn, L.J. (1996). A Descriptive Summary of 1992 – 93 Bachelor’s Degree Recipients: 1 Year Later, With Essay on Time to Degree (NCES 96 - 158). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

### 1995 McGrew, K. (1995). Disability Summary Analyses of Select National Data Collection Pro grams. Technical Report 11. Minneapolis, MN: National Center on Educational Outcomes, University of Minnesota. 

### 1994 Knepper, P. (1994). Field Test Methodology Report, Baccalaureate and Beyond First Follow- Up (B&B:93/94) (NCES 94 - 371). National Center for E ducation Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.B - 47 

# Appendix **B**

**Technical Review Panel Contact List** A PP ENDIX B . T ECHNICAL R EVIEW P ANEL C ONTACT LIST

B - 49 **Technical Review Panel** Michelle A ppel Director , Enrollment Policy & Planning University of Maryland Institution Research, Planning and Assessment 1101 Mitchell Building College Park, MD 20742 Phone : (3 01 ) 405 - 0475 Email: mappel @ umd.edu Steven Barnha rt Director, Student Information Systems Development University of Southern California 3434 South Grand Avenue, Suite 340 - K Los Angeles, CA 90089 - 2812 Phone : ( 213 ) 740 - 2748 Email: barnhart@usc.edu Teresita Bazan Executive Director Austin Community College 5930 Middle Fiskville Road Austin, TX 78752 Phone : ( 512 ) 223 - 7550 Email: tbazan @ austincc .edu Vasilios Bournas Senior Government Relations Analyst DeVry Education Group 3005 Highland Parkway Downers Grove, IL 60515 Phone : ( 630 ) 515 - 5463 Emai l: vbournas@devry.edu Keith Brown Chief Consultant JKB Postsecondary Consulting 407 Dorothy Drive Cary, NC 27511 Phone : ( 919 ) 215 - 4240 Email: brown.jkeith@gmail.com Rebecca Carr Director, AAU Data Exchange 2301 Vanderbilt Place P.O. Box 407832 Nashville , TN 37240 - 7832 Phone : ( 615 ) 290 - 5577 Email: rebecca.e.carr@vanderbilt.edu Jennifer Engle Vice President for Policy Research Institute of Higher Education Policy 1825 K Street NW, Suite 720 Washington, DC 20006 Phone : (202)861 - 8223 Email: jengle@ihep.org Donyell Francis Data Compliance Manager Office of Data, Planning & Research Technical College System of Georgia 1800 Century Place NE Atlanta, Ga 30345 - 4304 Phone : ( 404 ) 679 - 4594 Email: dfrancis@tcsg.edu Gigi Jones Director of Research National Association of Student Financial Aid Administrators 1101 Connecticut Avenue NW, Suite 1100 Washington, DC 20036 Phone : ( 202 ) 785 - 0543 Email: jonesg@nasfaa.org Wendy Kilgore Director of Research & Managing Consultant American Associ ation of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers One Dupont Circle NW, Suite 520 Washington, DC 20036 Phone : ( 5 2 0 )465 - 6255 Email: wendyk@aacrao.org Hans L’Orange Vice President for Research and Information Resources State Higher Education Executive Officers (SHEEO) 3035 Center Green Drive, Suite 100 Boulder, CO 80301 Phone : ( 303 ) 541 - 1606 Email: hlorange@sheeo.org Jean Russo Financial Aid Administrator Bryant and Stratton Colleges 2410 North Forest Road, Suite 101A Getzville, NY 14068 Phone : ( 716 ) 250 - 7500 Email: jlrusso@bryantstratton.eduA PP ENDIX B . T ECHNICAL R EVIEW P ANEL C ONTACT LIST

B - 50

Michael Sessa President & CEO P20W Education Standards Council 1250 Connecticut Avenue NW, Suite 200 Washington , DC 20036 Phone : (202) 261 - 6514 Email: michael.sessa@pesc.org Sonia Schaible Brandon Institutional Research Colorado Mesa University Lowell Heiny Hall (LHH), 220D 1101 North Avenue Grand Junction, CO 81501 Phone : ( 970 ) 248 - 1884 Email: sbrandon@coloradomesa.edu Jonathan Smith Associate Policy Research Scientist College Board 1919 M Street NW, Suite 300 Washington , DC 200 03 Phone : (202) 741 - 4733 Email: jsmith@collegeboard.org Christopher Strome Product Manager FAME 6451 North Federal Highway, Suite 501 Fort Lauderdale, FL 33442 Phone : ( 800 ) 327 - 5772, Ext. 172 Email: cstrome@fameinc.com Randy Swing Executive Director Association for Institutional Research 1435 East Piedmont Drive, Suite 211 Tallahassee , FL 32308 Phone : (8 50 ) 385 - 4155 Email: rswing@airweb.org Jeff Webster Assistant Vice President TG Research and Analytical Services P.O. Box 83100 Round Rock, TX 78683 Phone : (800)252 - 9743 Email: jeff.webster@tgslc.org Sandra Whalen Interim Director Consortium for Student Retention Data Exchange University of Oklahoma 1700 Asp Avenue Norman , OK 73072 Phone : ( 405 ) 325 - 2158 Email: swhalen@ou.edu Lynn Williford Assistant Provost for Institutional Research and Assessment The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 313 Carr Building, CB# 3350 Chapel Hill , NC 27599 Phone : ( 919 ) 962 - 1500 Email: lynn_williford@unc.edu **Federal Panelists** Donald Conner U.S. Department of Education, OPE 1990 K Street NW Room 8 0 30 Washington , DC 20006 Phone : (202)502 - 78 18 Email: donald.conner @ed.gov John Easton Director, Institute of Education Sciences U.S. Department of Education, I ES 555 New Jersey Avenue NW Room 600D Washington , DC 20 208 Phone : (202) 219 - 1385 Email: john.easton @ed.gov Matthew Greene Data Integration, Postsecondary Institutional Studies Program U.S. Department of Education, NCES 1990 K Street NW Room 8144 Washington , DC 20006 Phone : (202) 502 - 7428 Email: matthew.greene @ ed .govA PP ENDIX B . T ECHNICAL R EVIEW P ANEL C ONTACT LIST

B - 51 Daniel Goldenberg Management and Program Analyst Budget Service, Cost Estimation and Analysis Division U.S. Department of Education, OPEPD 400 Maryland Avenue SW Room 5W308 Washington , DC 20202 Phone : (202)401 - 3562 Email: daniel.goldenberg@ed.gov Kashka Kubzdela OMB Liaison U.S. Department of Education , NCES 1990 K Street NW Room 9014 Washington , DC 20006 Phone : (202)502 - 7411 Email: kashka.kubzdela@ed.gov Rochelle Martinez Office of Management and Budget 725 17th Street NW Room 10202 NEOB Washington , DC 20503 Phone : (202)395 - 3147 Email: Rochelle_W._Martinez@omb.eop.gov Erin O'B rien Office of Management and Budget 725 17th Street NW Washington , DC 2 0 503 Email: Erin_McNeece@omb.eop.gov Gene Piskator Statistician U.S. Department of Education, FSA 830 First Street NE Washington , DC 20202 Email: gene.piskator @ ed .gov Daniel Pollard Senior Loan Portfolio Advisor U.S. Department of Education, FSA 830 First Street NE Washington , DC 20202 Phone : (202)3 77 - 3389 Email: daniel.pollard @ ed.gov Richard Reeves Program Director, Postsecondary Institutional Studies Program U.S. Department of Education, NCES 1990 K Street NW Washington , DC 20 006 Phone : (202) 502 - 7436 Email: richard.reeves@ed .gov Marilyn Seastrom Chief Statistician U.S. Department of Education, NCES 1990 K Street NW Room 9040 Washington , DC 2 0006 Phone : (202) 502 - 7303 Email: marilyn.seastrom @ed.gov Tom Weko Management and Program Analyst Budget Service, Cost Estimation and Analysis Division U.S. Department of Education , OPEPD 400 Maryland Avenue SW Washington , DC 20202 Phone : (202) 401 - 1270 Email: tom.weko@ed.gov **U.S. Department of Education, NCES Sample Surveys Division**  Sharon Boivin Chair, Interagency Working Group on Expanded Measures of Enrollment and Attainment U.S. Department of Education, NCES 1990 K Street NW Room 90 5 2 Washington , DC 20006 Phone : (202)502 - 7627 Email: sharon.boivin@ed.gov Chris Chapman Acting Associate Comissioner, Sample Surveys Division U.S. Department of Education, NCES 1990 K Street NW Room 90 42 Washington , DC 20006 Phone : (202)502 - 7 414 Email: chris . c h apman @ed.govA PP ENDIX B . T ECHNICAL R EVIEW P ANEL C ONTACT LIST

B - 52

Elise Christopher Project Officer , ELS:2002 and HSLS:09 U.S. Department of Education, NCES 1990 K Street NW Room 90 30 Washington , DC 20006 Phone : (202)502 - 7899 Email: e lise. c hristopher@ed.gov Sarah Crissey Project Officer, BPS U.S. Department of Education, NCES 1990 K Street NW Room 9026 Washington , DC 2000 6 Phone : (202)502 - 7 395 Email: s arah . crissey @ed.gov Tracy Hunt - White Project Officer, NPSAS U.S. Department of Education, NCES 1990 K Street NW Room 9018 Washington , DC 20006 Phone : (202)502 - 7438 Email: tracy.hunt - white@ed.gov Jeff Owings Branch Chief, Longitudinal Studies Branch U.S. Department of Education, NCES 1990 K Street NW Room 9114 Washington , DC 20006 Phone : ( 202 ) 502 - 7423 Email: jeffrey.owings@ed.gov Sean Simone Associate Project Officer, NPSAS U.S. Department of Education, NCES 1990 K Street NW Room 9025 Washington , DC 20006 Phone : ( 202 ) 502 - 7367 Email: sean.simone@ed.gov Ted Socha Project Officer , B&B U.S. Department of Education, NCES 1990 K Street NW Room 9028 Washington , DC 20006 Phone : (202)502 - 7383 Email: ted. s ocha@ed.gov Matthew Soldner Technical Advisor U.S. Department of Education, NCES 1990 K Street NW Room 9027 Washington , DC 20006 Phone : (202)219 - 7025 Email: m atthew. s oldner@ed.gov **Consultants and Subcontractors** Sandy Baum Research Professor & Senior Fellow George Washington University and Urban Institute 161 East Chicago Avenue, Apartment 45C Chicago, IL 60611 Phone : ( 5 18) 369 - 3774 Email: sbaum@gwu.edu **RTI International** Kristin Dudley Research Programmer Analyst RTI International P.O. Box 12194 304 0 East Cornwallis Road Research T riangle P ark, NC 27709 Phone : (919)541 - 6855 Email: marvill@rti.org Robin Henke Senior Research Associate RTI International 2150 Shattuck Avenue, Suite 800 Berkeley, CA 94704 Phone : ( 510 ) 665 - 8236 Email: rrhenke @rti.org Laura Horn Director, Center for Postsecondary Education RTI International 2150 Shattuck Avenue, Suite 800 Berke ley, CA 94704 Phone: (510)665 - 8206 Email: lhorn@rti.orgA PP ENDIX B . T ECHNICAL R EVIEW P ANEL C ONTACT LIST

B - 53 Annaliza Nunnery Education Analyst RTI International P.O. Box 12194 304 0 East Cornwallis Road Research T riangle P ark, NC 27709 Phone : (919)316 - 3 542 Email: anunnery @rti.org David Radwin Senior Research Associate RTI International 2150 Shattuck Avenue, Suite 800 Berkeley, CA 94704 Phone : ( 510 ) 665 - 8274 Email: dradwin @rti.org Christine Rasmussen Senior Manager, Systems Development Program RTI International P.O. Box 12194 304 0 East Cornwallis Road Research T riangle P ark, NC 27709 Phone : (919)541 - 6775 Email: crasmussen @rti.org John Riccobono Vice President, Education & Workforce Development RTI International P.O. Box 12194 304 0 East Cornwallis Road Research T riangle P ark, NC 27709 Phone : (919)541 - 7006 Email: jar@rti.org Jennifer Wine Director, Longitudinal Studies Program RTI International P.O. Box 12194 304 0 East Cornwallis Road Research T riangle P ark, NC 27709 Phone : (919)541 - 6870 Email: jennifer@rti.org

# Appendix **C Confidentiality**  **Agreement**B - 55 **CONFIDENTIALITY AGREEMENT 2015**  **- 16 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:16)** 

**And Postsecondary Longitudinal Studies (RTI Under Contract No.**  **ED -**  **IES -**  **13 -**  **C -**  **0070 )**  Safeguards for Individuals Against Invasion of Privacy : In accordance with the Privacy Act of 1974 (5 United States Code 552a), the Education Sciences Reform Act of 2002 (Public Law 107 - 279), the Federal Statistical Confidentiality Order of 1997, the E - Government Act of 2002 (Public Law 107 - 347), the Computer Security Act of 1987, and the National Center for Education Statistics’ (NCES’) Restricted Use Data Procedures Manual , RTI International (RTI) and all its subcontractors are required to comply wit h the applicable provisions of the legislation, regulations, and guidelines and to undertake all necessary safeguards for individuals against invasions of privacy. To provide this assurance and these safeguards in performance of work on this project, all staff, consultants, and agents of RTI, and its subcontractors who have any access to study data, shall be bound by the following assurance. Assurance of Confidentiality 1. In accordance with all applicable legislation, regulations, and guidelines, RTI assures all respondents that their responses may be used only for statistical purposes and may not be disclosed, or used, in identifiable form for any other purpose except as required by law [Education Sciences Reform Act of 2002 (ESRA 2002), 20 U.S. Code, § 9573]. 2. The following safeguards will be implemented to assure that confidentiality is protected as allowable by law (20 U.S.C. § 9573) by all employees, consultants, agents, and representatives of RTI and all subcontractors and that physical security of the records is provided: a. All staff with access to data will take an oath of nondisclosure and sign an affidavit to that effect. b. At each site where these items are processed or maintained, all confidential records that will permit identification of in dividuals shall be kept in a safe, locked room when not in use or personally attended by project staff. c. Wh en confidential records are not locked, admittance to the room or area in which they reside shall be restricted to staff sworn to confidentiality on t his project. d. All electronic data shall be maintained in secure and protected data files, and personally identifying information shall be maintained on separate files from statistical data collected under this contract. e. All data files on network or multi - us er systems shall be under strict control of a database manager with access restricted to project staff sworn to confidentiality, and then only on a need - to - know basis. f. All data files on single - user computers shall be password protected and all such machine s will be locked and maintained in a locked room when not attended by project staff sworn to confidentiality. g. External electronically stored data files (e.g., tapes on diskettes) shall be maintained in a locked storage device in a locked room when not atte nded by project staff sworn to confidentiality. h. Any data released to the general public shall be appropriately masked or perturbated such that linkages to individually identifying information are protected to avoid individual identification in disclosed da ta. i. Data or copies of data may not leave the authorized site for any reason. 3. Staff, consultants, agents, or RTI and all its subcontractors will take all necessary steps to ensure that the letter and int ent of all applicable legislation, regulations, and guidelines are enforced at all times through appropriate qualifications standards for all personnel working on this project and through adequate training and periodic follow - up procedures. By my signature affixed below, I hereby swear and affirm that I ha ve carefully read this statement and fully understand the statement as well as legislative and regulatory assurances that pertain to the confidential nature of all records to be handl ed in regard to this project, and will adhere to all safeguards that have been developed to provide such confidentiality. As an employee, consultant, agent, or representative of RTI or one of its subcontractors, consultants, agents, or representatives, I understand that I am prohibited by law from disclosing any such confident ial information to anyone other than staff, consultant, agents, or representatives of RTI, its subcontractors, or agents, and NCES. I understand that any willful and knowing individual disclosure or allowance of disclosure in violation of the applicable l egislation, regulations, and guidelines is punishable by law and would subject the violator to possible fine or imprisonment. (Signature) (RTI Employee ID Number) (Date) (Signature) (RTI Employee ID Number) (Date)