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# PE I ASSOCIATE SP. 3

SEASONA L VARIATION S I NTH E AMOUN T O F TIM E CHILDRE NSPEN D INDOORS , OUTDOORS , AN D I NMOTO R VEHICLE S

b y Ann e Pop e PE I Associates , Inc
. 50 5 Sout h Duk e Street , Suit e 50 3 Durham , Nort h Carolin a 27701-319 6

Contrac t No
. 68-02-430 9 Wor k Assignmen t No
. 9 P N3659- 9

Richar d B
. Atherton , Projec t Office r Jef f Cohen , Wor k Assignmen t Manage r

STRATEGIE S AN D AI R STANDARD S DIVISIO N U.S
. ENVIRONMENTA L PROTECTIO NAGENC Y RESEARC H TRIANGL E PARK , NORT H CAROLINA2771 1

Januar y198 6P. 4

DISCLAIME R

Thi s repor t wa s prepare db y PE I Associates , Inc. , Cincinnati , Ohio , unde r Contrac t No . 68-02-4309 , Wor k Assignmen t No . 9 . I t ha s bee nreviewe d b y th e Strategie s andAi r Standard s Divisio no f th e Offic e o f Ai r Qualit y Plannin g an

dStandards , U.S . Environmenta l Protectio nAgenc y an dapprove d fo r publication . Approva l doe s no t signif y tha t th e content s necessaril y reflec t th e view s andpolicie s o f th e U.S . Environmenta l Protectio nAgency . Mentio n o f trad e name s o r commercia l product s i s no t intende d t o constitut e endorse men t o r recommendatio nfo r use .



### nP. 5

CONTENT S

Pag e Figure s i v Table s i v Acknowledgmen t v 1 . Introductio n. ....... . 1 2 . Methodolog y

2 Formatio no f demographi c group s 2 Estimatio no f activit y pattern s 4 3. ' Result s 6 4 . Compariso no f th e Estimate s o f PE I an d EP A 8 Reference s 1 0

mP. 6

FIGURE S

Numbe r 1 2 Exampl e o f Estimat e o f Tim e Spen t i nMicroenvironments . . Exampl e o f Breakdowno f Tim e Spen t i nMicroenvironment s Accordin g t o Activit y . . . Pag e 4

TABLE S

Numbe r 1 2 3 Pag e Demographi c Group s o f Children . . 3
Summar y o f Activit y

Pattern s o f Childre n7 Averag e Dail y

Time Childre nSpen dIndoors , Outdoors , an d i nMoto r Vehicle s 9

i vP. 7

ACKNOWLEDGMEN T

Thi s repor t wa s prepare d fo r th e U.S . Environmenta l Protectio nAgenc y b y PE I Associates , Inc. , Cincinnati , Ohio . Mr . Jef f Cohe nwa s th e EPA Wor k Assignmen t Manager . Mr . Davi d Dunba r serve d a s th e Projec t Director ; Mr . Te d Johnso nwa s th e Projec t Manager . Th e principa l autho r wa s Ms . Ann e Pope . Th e autho r woul d lik e t o than k Mr . Jef f Cohe nfo r hi s guidanc e an d directio no

nthi s Wor k Assignment .P. 8

SECTIO N 1
INTRODUCTIO N

Th e U.S . Environmenta l Protectio nAgenc y (EPA ) i s currentl y

assessin g th e lea d exposur e o f childre ninseve nag e group s ( 0 t o 0.9 9 year , 1.0 0 t o 1.9 9 years , 2.0 0 t o 2.9 9 years , 3.0 0 t o 3.9 9 years , 4.0 0 t o 4.9 9 years , 5.0 0 t o 5.9 9 years , an

d 6.0 0 t o 6.9 9 years) . Base d onth e motor , mental , an d socia l developmen t an

d th e weekda y

locatio no f children , th e seve nEPA ag e group s hav e bee naggregate d int o fou r ag e group s ( 0 t o 0.9 9 year , 1.0 0 t o 1.9 9 years , 2.0 0 t o 4.9 9 years , an d 5.0 0 t o 6.9 9 years ) t o estimat e th e time tha t childre n spend i nthre e microenvironments : outdoors , indoors , an d inmoto r vehicles . Unde r Wor k Assignmen t No . 9 , Contrac t No . 68-02-4309 , PE I Associates , Inc . (PEI ) ha s develope d estimate s o f thes e microenvironmenta l time allocation s fro m activit y

pattern s dat a previousl y compile d fo r a

nanalysi s o f populatio nexposur e t o ozone . Thi s repor t describe s th e methodolog y employe d b

y PE I i ndevelopin g th e time allocations , summarize s th e time allocation s accordin g to.demographi c group s an d climati c seaso no f th e year , an

d compare s th e result s develope d b y PE I t o time allocation s pre viousl y developed , b

y EPA .P. 9

SECTIO N 2
METHODOLOG Y

Becaus e o f tim e an

dresourc e constraints , PE I use dpreviousl y develope d activit y pattern s o f childre nexpose dt o ozon e t o estimat e dail y tim e alloca tion s o f childre nwh o ar e potentiall y expose dt o lea di nthre e microenviron ments . Th e microenvironmenta l tim e dat a containe di nth e ozon e activit y pat ter nform s wer e analyze dan dreduce dt o calculat e th e microenvironmenta l tim e allocation s o f childre nexpose dt o lead . Sectio n3 present s th e estimate d tim e allocation s o f fou r ag e group s o f childre nexpose dt o lead . Thi s sectio ndescribe s th e methodolog y PE I use dt o identif y demographi c ag e group s andt o develo pactivit y pattern s fo r childre nexpose dt o ozone . Th e identificatio no f appropriat e demographi c ag e group s o f childre nan d th e constructio no f reasonabl e activit y pattern s wer e base dona detaile d revie w o f th e curren t literature . Inth e assessmen t o f th e ozon e exposur e o f children , PE I mos t frequentl y use d th e followin g article s t o specif y th e demographi c group s an dt o develo pactivit y pattern s fo r th e groups : J . P . Robinson , Ho w

American s Us e Time , 1977 ; M . D . Koont z an dJ.P . Robinson , Populatio nActivit y

Pattern s St . Loui s Study , 1982 ; D . J . Moschandrea s e t al. , Compariso no f Indoo r andOutdoo r Ai r Quality , 1981 ; an dR . Hart , Children' s Experienc e o f Place . Othe r source s ar e indicate d i nth e tex t wher e appropriate .

2. 1 FORMATION

O F DEMOGRAPHI C GROUP S Base do na memorandum prepare db

y PE I onth e developmen t o f activit y pattern s fo r childre nexpose dt o ozone , a listin g o f th e demographi c group s o f childre ni s presente di nTabl e 1 . Age , censu s data , an dactivit y

dat a wer e use dt o classif y th e populatio no f childre nint o fou r groups . Th e factor s o f age , weekda y location , an

dmotor , mental , an

dsocia l developmen t serve da s a basi s fo r th e divisio no f childre nint o groups .P.1 0

TABL E 1 . DEMOGRAPHI C GROUP S O F Demographi c qrou p 0 t o 0.9 9 yea r ol d 1 t o 1.9 9 yea r ol d 2 t o 4.9 9 yea r ol d 5 t o 6.9 9 yea r ol d CHILDRE N Stag e o f developmen t Bab y Toddle r Preschoo l chil d Kindergarte nandschool-ag e chil d

Becaus e o f thei r simila r physical , mental , andsocia l characteristics , childre n0 t o 0.9 9 year s o f ag e ar e groupe dtogether . Babie s spen dmos t o f thei r tim e sleeping . Whe nthe y ar e awake , the y

spen dthei r tim e eatin g and becomin g awar e o f thei r immediat e surrounding s throug htouching , listening , looking , sitting , creeping , activ e pla y wit hobjects , andsocializin g wit h famil y members . Toddler s 1 t o 1.9 9 year s o f ag e exhibi t th e characteristic s o f walking , perceptua l preference s wit hrespec t t o taste s andcolors , speec hdevelopment , classificatio no f objects , imitativ e play , andsolitar y o r paralle l play . Becaus e childre n0 t o 1.9 9 year s o f ag e hav e difficult y toleratin g separatio nfro m thei r mother s o r mothe r figures , PE I ha s assume d that , onweekdays , th e majorit y o f babie s andtoddler s sta y i nth e home s o f thei r parent s o r i nhome s o f caretaker s wit hsmal l number s o f childre n (usuall y les s tha nsix ) rathe r tha ni nday-car e centers . Childre n2 t o 4.9 9 year s o f ag e usuall y atten dsom e typ e o f preschoo l fo r a portio no f eac hweekday . Th e maturatio no f preschooler s include s increase d moto r developmen t a t gros s andfin e levels , menta l representatio no f th e environment , perceptua l discriminatio nandorganization , languag e development , abilit y t o accep t temporar y absence s o f thei r mothers , increase dsocializatio n wit hothe r children , andcooperativ e play . Kindergarte nan dschool-ag e childre n5 t o 6.9 9 year s o f ag e ar e classifie dint o a singl e demographi c grou p becaus e the y

atten dschoo l fo r approximatel y th e sam e perio do f tim e daily . Kindergarte nandschool-ag e childre nsocializ e i npee r groups , pla y game s wit h rules , associat e primaril y wit hmember s o f thei r ow nsex , andrepresen t idea s i na coordinate dmanner .P.1 1

2. 2 ESTIMATIO N

O F ACTIVIT YPATTERN S
Fo r eac hdemographi c grou p liste d i nTabl e 1 , activit y pattern s fo r ozon e exposur e wer e develope dfo r coo l an d ho t weekdays , Saturdays , an d Sundays . Th e thre e microenvironment s wher e activitie s coul d occu r include d indoors , outdoors , an di nmoto r vehicles . Ten-minut e interval s wer e use d t o documen t th e elapse dtime o f eac hactivit y durin g a 24hou r period . T o develo pth e activit y pattern s o f individua l demographi c groups , PE I reviewe dth e literatur e andconducte d informa l surveys . Initially , a roug hestimat e wa s mad e o f th e amoun t o f tfme spen t dail y

i nth e thre e microenvironments . Thi s estimat e wa s furthe r refine d int o differen t activi tie s performe di nth e microenvironments . Example s o f activitie s include d sleeping , eating , traveling , playing , an d doin g schoo l work . References , documentatio no f activities , an dadditiona l factor s tha t migh t possibl y alte r th e dat a wer e note dfo r eac hactivit y pattern . Figure s 1 an d2 show example s o f th e two step s followe d i nth e developmen t o f a nactivit y patter nfo r preschooler s ona coo l weekday .

Demographi c group : Children , ag e 2 t o 4.9 9 year s Da y an dseason : Coo l weekda y

Microenvironmen t Time Indoor s - residenc e Indoor s - schoo l Indoor s - othe r Inmoto r vehicl e Outdoor s - residenc e Outdoor s - schoo l 1 6 h 2 h

3 h 1 h 4 0 mi n

2 0 mi n 3 0 mi n 3 0 mi n

Tota l 2 4 h

Figur e 1 . Exampl e o f estimat e o f time spen t i nmicroenvironments .P.1 2

Demographi c group : Children , ag e 2 t o 4.9 9 year s Da y andseason : Coo l weekda y

Activit y

Tim e Sleepin g - hom e Persona l - hom e Eatin g - hom e Indoo r playin g - hom e Travelin g A t schoo l - indoor s A t schoo l - outdoor s Othe r indoo r activitie s - 3 0 mi n shoppin g wit hmothe r Outdoo r playin g - home 3 h: 1 1 h 1 h 1 h 2 h

1 1 h 1 h 3 0 mi n

3 0 mi n 4 0 mi n 3 0 mi n 2 0 mi n

Tota l 2 4 h

Figur e 2 . Exampl e o f breakdowno f tim e spen t i nmicroenvironment s

accordin g t o activity .P.1 3

SECTION- 3
RESULT S

A summar y o f th e tim e allocation s o f childre nexpose dt o lea di s pre sente di nTabl e 2, whic hshow s th e amoun t o f tim e tha t eac hdemographi c grou p spend s i nth e microenvironment s o ncoo l andho t weekdays , Saturdays , andSun days , alon g wit hth e appropriat e references . I nadditio nt o usin g documente d facts , PE I mad e man y assumption s t o estimat e th e microenvironmenta l tim e allocation s o f th e differen t demographi c groups . Wit hth e exceptio no f 5 t o 6.9 9 year s old , mos t childre nspen dmor e tim e indoor s whe ni t i s ho t tha n whe ni t i s cool . Th e kindergarte nandschool-ag e childre nspen dmor e tim e outdoor s onsumme r weekday s tha nwhe nthe y ar e i nschool . Childre non e yea r o f ag e andolde r ar e assume dt o spen dmor e tim e i nmoto r vehicle s o nSunday s tha nd o babie s becaus e th e olde r childre natten dchurch , visi t relatives , o r ea t Sunda y

lunc hi nrestaurants . Th e activit y pattern s o f babie s an dtoddler s ar e assume dt o be simila r t o thos e o f thei r mother s o r sitters . Preschooler s usuall y ar e enrolle di nnurser y schoo l year-roun dfo r a naverag e o f 3 han

d 2 0 mi no nweekdays . Kindergarte nan dschool-ag e childre natten dschoo l fo r 5 hand2 0 mi noncoo l weekday s an dar e insid e o r outsid e thei r home s o nho t weekdays . Preschool , kindergarten , an dschool-ag e childre nar e assume dt o commut e fo r 1 0 minute s on e wa y t o an dfro m school . Th e amoun t o f tim e childre nspen di nth e thre e microenvironment s i s dependen t o

nth e children' s ages , th e climati c season , th e geographica l loca tio nan dfamil y

characteristics . Th e microenvironmenta l tim e allocation s tha t PE I ha s estimate drepresen t anaverag e chil dlivin g i nth e suburbs . Rura l childre nolde r tha non e yea r probabl y spen dmor e tim e outdoor s an d commut e i nmoto r vehicle s fo r longe r time s tha nPEI' s estimat e indicates . O nth e othe r hand , urba nchildre nprobabl y spendles s tim e outdoor s tha nshow n i nth e estimate . Extremel y col dclimates , ho t climates , o r rainy area s caus e childre nt o be indoor s mor e tha nth e estimate s i nTabl e 2 indicate . Th e life style s o f individua l familie s als o woul dalte r thes e estimates . A naffluen t famil y woul dprobabl y

trave l more , an

da low-incom e famil y woul dprobabl yP.1 4

trave l les s an

d rarel y

outsid e o f thei r ow nneighborhood . A

physicall y

activ e famil y woul d spend thei r leisur e tim e outdoor s mor e tha nwoul d a physicall y inactiv e family .

TABL E 2 . S U
Demographi c grou p 0 t o 0.9 9 yr b

1 t o 1.9 9 yr b

2 t o 4.9 9 yr c

5 t o 6.9 9 yr d Da y o f week a 

### W D W D Sa t Sa t Su n Su n W D W D Sa t Sa t Su n Su n W D W D Sa t Sa t Su n Su n W D W D Sa t Sa t Su n Su n WAR YO F ACTIVIT Y

Seaso n
Coo l 

### Ho t Coo l 

### Ho t Coo l 

### Ho t
Coo l 

### Ho t Coo l 

### Ho t Coo l 

### Ho t
Coo l 

### Ho t Coo l 

### Ho t Coo l 

### Ho t
Coo l 

### Ho t Coo l 

### Ho t Coo l 

### Ho t PATTERN S

Tim e spe n Indoor s 2 2 h 2 3 h 2 2 h 2 3 h 2 3 h 2 3 h
2 1 h 2 2 h 2 0 h 2 1 h 2 1 h 2 2 h
1 9 h 2 0 h 1 9 h 2 1 h 2 0 h 2 1 h
2 0 h 1 8 h 2 0 h 2 0 h 2 0 h 2 1 h '4 0 mi n 2 0 mi n

2 0 mi n 5 0 mi n 2 0 mi n 4 0 mi n 5 0 mi n 4 0 mi n 4 0 mi n 3 0 mi n 2 0 mi n 5 0 mi n 1 0 mi n 1 0 mi n 1 0 mi n 5 0 mi n 5 0 mi n 5 0 mi n 1 0 mi n 1 0 mi n D F CHILDRE N

t i nmicroenvironment s Outdoor s 

### l- h 4 0 mi n 1 h2 0 mi n 4 0 mi n 4 0 mi n 2 0 mi n 1 h5 0 min . 1 h2 0 mi n 3 h 1 h5 0 mi n 1 h3 0 mi n 3 0 mi n 4 h 3 h. . . 3 h5 0 mi n 2 h3 0 mi n 3 h 2 h
2 h1 0 mi n 4 h5 0 mi n 3 h4 0 mi n 2 h5 0 mi n 3 h 2 h Moto r

vehicle s 2 0 mi n 2 0 mi n 2 0 mi n 2 0 mi n 2 0 mi n 2 0 mi n 2 0 mi n 2 0 mi n 2 0 mi n 2 0 mi n 5 0 mi n 5 0 mi n 3 0 mi n 4 0 mi n 2 0 mi n 2 0 mi n 5 0 mi n 5 0 mi n 1 h 2 0 mi n 2 0 mi n 2 0 mi n 5 0 mi n 5 0 mi n WD a weekday , Sa t = Saturday , Sun= Sunday . Referenc e 2 . 'Reference s 3 throug h6 . Reference s 3 , 4 , an

d 6 .P.1 5

SECTIO N 4
COMPARISO N

O F TH E ESTIMATE S O F PE I AN D EP A

Fo r compariso no f PEI' s estimate s wit hth e value s presente d i nth e Offic e
o f Ai r Qualit y

Plannin g and Standard s (OAQPS ) draf t staf f pape r onlead , PE I ha s average d th e elapse d dail y tim e tha t demographi c group s spen d i nth e thre e microenvironment s durin g coo l an d ho t seasons . Thi s averag e i s obtaine d b y th e equatio n

Averag e dail y tim e i nmicroenvironmen t

= ( 5 W D tim e + Sa t tim e + Su ntime)/ 7

wher e W D equal s a weekday . Tabl e 3 present s th e averag e dail y tim e fo r eac h demographi c grou p i nth e thre e microenvironments . Thi s tabl e als o show s sea sona l variation s i nth e amoun t o f tim e childre nspen d indoor s an d outdoors . Childre n0 t o 4.9 9 year s o f ag e ar e outdoor s mor e i ncoo l season s tha ni nho t
seasons , wherea s kindergarte nan d school-ag e childre nar e outdoor s mor e i n th e warme r months . A s childre ngrow older , th e overal l time the y spen d out door s increases . A s indicate d i nTabl e 3 , th e averag e dail y outdoo r tim e o f th e fou r demographi c group s o f childre nvarie s fro m 4 0 mi n(0.6 2 h ) t o 4 h 1 0 mi n(4.1 4 h ) i nbot hcoo l and ho t seasons . Durin g coo l seasons , th e averag e tim e childre nspen d outdoor s range s fro m 1 ht o 3 h5 0 mi n(3.8 3 h) ; an d dur ing ho t seasons , th e averag e tim e spen t outdoor s range s fro m 4 0 mi n(0.6 2 h ) t o 4 h1 0 mi n(4.1 4 h) . I nanOAQP S draf t staff.pape r o nlead , EP A estimate d tha t 2 yea r ol d childre nspen d onth e averag e 2 t o 4 hdail y outdoors . Th e EP A estimate s
cove r onl y

th e amoun t o f tim e childre nar e indoor s and outdoors ; the y do no t
accoun t fo r th e tim e childre nspen d i nmoto r vehicles . No r d o th e EP A esti mate s o f outdoo r dail y tim e show

any variatio naccordin g t o season . A mor e complet e analysi s o f th e availabl e dat a coul d be mad e i f EP A wer e t o includ e estimate d range s o f outdoo r time tha t eac ho f th e fou r demographi c group s o f childre ni nTabl e 1 spen d outdoor s durin g coo l months , ho t months , an d th e entir e yea r i nadditio nt o th e annua l estimate d rang e fo r childre ntha t i s presente d i nth e draf t staf f paper . 8TABL E

Demographi c grou p 0 t o 0.9 9 y r

1 t o 1.9 9 y r

2 t o 4.9 9 y r

^ 5 t o 6.9 9 y r 3 . AVERAG E DAIL YTIM E CHILDRE N SPEN D INDOORS , OUTDOORS , AND IN MOTO RVEHICLE S

Seaso n
Coo l Ho t
Coo l Ho t
Coo l Ho t
Coo l Ho t Time spen t 1 nmicroenvironments 3 Indoor s 2 2 h4 0 mi n(22.6 7 h ) 2 3 h
2 1 h4 0 mi n(21.6 4 h ) 2 2 h2 0 mi n(22.3 0 h )
1 9 h4 0 mi n(19.6 4 h ) 2 0 h3 0 mi n(20.5 7 h )
2 0 h4 0 mi n(20.6 2 h ) 1 9 h3 0 mi n(19.4 5 h ) Outdoor s 1 h 4 0 mi n(0.6 2 h )
2 h(1.9 5 h ) 1 h2 0 mi n(1.2 8 h )
3 h5 0 mi n(3.8 3 h ) 2 h5 0 mi n(2.7 9 h )
2 h3 0 mi n(2.5 0 h ) 4 h1 0 mi n(4.1 4 h ) I nmoto r vehicle s 2 0 mi n(0.3 3 h ) 2 0 mi n(0.3 3 h )
2 0 mi n(0.4 0 h ) 2 0 mi n(0.4 0 h )
3 0 mi n(0.5 2 h ) 4 0 mi n(0.6 4 h )
5 0 mi n(0.8 8 h ) 2 0 m1 n(0.4 0 h ) 

### Roundin g error s i ntime s expresse d1 n1 0 minut e interval s (h , min ) ar e du e t o conversio nfro m averag e hour s t o hour s an

d minutes .P.1 7

REFERENCE S

1 . Hart , R . Children' s Experienc e o f Place . Irvin g Publishers , Inc. , Ne w York . 2 . Huffman , W. , F . Steinhauser , andE . Pohl . Dos e Calculation s fo r th e Respirator y

Trac t fro

m Inhale d Natura l Radioactiv e Nuclide s a s a Functio no f Ag e I . Compartmenta l Deposition , Retention , an d Resultin g Dose . Healt hPhysics , 37:517532 , 1979 . 3 . Rubinstein , E . A. , G . A . Comstock , an d J . P . Murra y

(eds.) . Tele visio nandSocia l Behavior , Volum e IV . Nationa l Institut e o f Menta l Health , U.S . Departmen t o f Health , Education , and Welfare , Rockville , Maryland , 1972 . 4 . Suter , L . E . Trave l t o School : October , 1978 . U.S . Burea u o f Census , Serie s P20 , No . 392 , 1979 . 5 . Moschandreas , D . J. , J . Zabransky , an d D . J . Pelton . Compariso no f Indoo r andOutdoo r Ai r Quality . Geome t Repor t No . EA1733 . Prepare d fo r Electri c Powe r Researc hInstitute , Pal o Alto , California , 1981. . 6 . Koontz , M . D. , an dJ . P . Robinson . Populatio nActivit y Pattern s St . Loui s Study . Environmenta l Monitorin g andAssessment , 2:197212 , 1982 . 7 . U.S . Environmenta l Protectio nAgency . Revie w o f th e Nationa l Ambien t Ai r Qualit y

Standard s fo r Lead : Assessmen t o f Scientifi c and Technica l Information , OAQP S Draf t Staf f Paper . Offic e o f Ai r Qualit y Plannin g andStandards , Researc hTriangl e Park , Nort hCarolina . Apri l 1985 .



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