### Yield and Agricultural Input Assumptions Used in Analysis



### Category
Yield (Current) 4.5-5 dry ton/acre 11.2-20.2 dry ton/acre
Yield (Projected) 6.59 dry ton/acre 13.7-24.6 dry ton/acre

Nitrogen Fertilizer 100 lbs/acre 15.2 lbs/dry ton 160 lbs/acre 8.4 lbs/dry ton

Phosphorus Fertilizer 40 lbs/acre 6.1 lbs/dry ton 60 lbs/acre 3.1 lbs/dry ton

Potassium Fertilizer 40 lbs/acre 6.1 lbs/dry ton 80 lbs/acre 4.2 lbs/dry ton

Herbicide 0.01 lbs/acre 0.002 lbs/dry ton 5.5 lbs/acre 0.29 lbs/dry ton

Insecticide 0.1-0.2 lbs/acre 0.0228 lbs/dry ton 0 lbs/acre 0 lbs/dry ton

Lime 0 lbs/acre 0.0 lbs/dry ton 2000 lbs/acre 104.7 lbs/dry ton

Diesel 2.8-3.0 gal/acre 0.4 gal/dry ton 25 gal/acre 1.3 gal/dry ton

Electricity (irrigation) 0 kwh/acre 0.0 kWh/dry ton 600 kWh/acre 31.4 kWh/dry ton

1Switchgrass sources: 2022 Nat'l Avg RFS2 Control Case (FASOM); 2010 Beach et al
2Assumes switchgrass yield of 6.59 dry tons/acre in 2022.
3Assumes energy cane yield of 19.1 dry tons/acre in 2022.
4Energy Cane References: 

### Switchgrass**1** 

### Energy Cane **per acre per try ton** **2** 

### per acre **per dry ton 3** Bischoff, K.P., Gravois, K.A., Reagan, T.E., Hoy, J.W., Kimbeng, C.A., LaBorde, C.M., Hawkins, G.L.Plant Regis. 2008, Vol 2, No. 3, 211-217. Hale, A.L.Sugar Bulletin,2010, Vol 88, No. 10, 28-31

### Energy Cane Data Sources**4**

### /Notes Bischoff 2008 (variety L 79-1002); Hale 2010 (variety Ho 02-113);

discussions with USDA Based on 2% annual yield growth; analysis assumes average of 19.1 dry tons/acre Bischoff 2008; discussions with USDA; LSU Ag Center Sugar Cane Fertilizer Recommendations 2011 (analysis assumes low end of what is recommended for sugarcane because energy cane is expected to be more efficient) Bischoff 2008; discussions with USDA; LSU Ag Center Sugar Cane Fertilizer Recommendations 2011 (analysis assumes low end of what is recommended for sugarcane because energy cane is expected to be more efficient) Discussions with USDA; LSU Ag Center Sugar Cane Fertilizer Recommendations 2011 (analysis assumes low end of what is recommended for sugarcane because energy cane is expected to be more efficient)
USDA estimate based on conservative scenario (2.5 lbs active ingredient/acre of Metribuzin in the spring and perhaps an application of Atrazine at last cultivation at 3.0 lbs active ingredient/acre). Herbicide would probably not be needed in the stubble crops. USDA has not seen major insect pests for energy cane because it is so high in fiber, therefore not anticipating need for insecticide

application unless pest emerges.
Lime application is highly dependent on soil pH; discussions with USDA suggest that approximately 25% of acreage may need application of lime at a rate of 2 tons/acre. This analysis assumes 50% of energy cane acreage requires lime application at 2 tons/acre.
Based on FASOM assumption of 24.8 gal/acre for sugarcane Based on USDA estimate of 1.3 acre feet of irrigation (if little/no rainfall and therefore actual irrigation rates may be lower) and average FASOM electricity requirements for irrigation in SE, SC, and SW.Emissions Calculations for Biochemical Ethanol Ethanol yield = 92.3 gal/dry ton LHV Ethanol = 76000 btu/gal



### Category

N2O Emissions* 0.01083424 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.31579E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 53583g CO2eq/ dry ton biomass 7639



### Nitrogen Fertilizer 15.2 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of nitrogen/lbs of nitrogen 0.01083424 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.31579E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 3291413.998g CO2eq/ ton of nitrogen 3560



### Phosphorus Fertilizer 6.1 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of P/lbs of P 0.01083424 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.31579E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 1123158.905 g CO2eq/ ton of phosphate 486



### Potassium Fertilizer 6.1 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of K/lbs of K 0.01083424 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.31579E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 742545.7661 g CO2eq/ ton of potassium 321



### Herbicide 0.002 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons herbicide/ lbs herbicide 0.01083424 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.31579E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 23450278.67gCO2eq/ tons of herbicide 3 

### Pesticide (average across regions) 0.0228 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons pesticide/ lbs pesticide 0.01083424 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.31579E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 27216586.75 gCO2eq/ tons of pesticide 44



### Lime 0.0 lbs/ dry ton 0.0



### Diesel 0.4 gal/dry ton 0.13 mmBTU diesel/ gal diesel 0.01083424 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.31579E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 96551.365 gCO2eq/ mmBTU diesel 787 

### Electricity (irrigation) 0.0 kWh/dry ton 0 Total Emissions 12840 

### Category

N2O Emissions* 0.01086957 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.31579E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 41100g CO2eq/ dry ton biomass 5878



### Nitrogen Fertilizer 8.4 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of nitrogen/lbs of nitrogen 0.01086957 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.31579E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 3291414.00 g CO2eq/ ton of nitrogen 1972



### Phosphorus Fertilizer 3.1 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of P/lbs of P 0.01086957 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.31579E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 1123158.905 g CO2eq/ ton of phosphate 252



### Potassium Fertilizer 4.2 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of K/lbs of K 0.01086957 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.31579E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 742545.7661 g CO2eq/ ton of potassium 222



### Herbicide 0.3 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons herbicide/ lbs herbicide 0.01086957 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.31579E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 23450278.67gCO2eq/ tonsof herbicide 483 

### Switchgrass Inputs

**Energy Cane Inputs Conversions**  **Emissions/mmbtu fuel**

### Pesticide 0.0 lbs/dry ton 0



### Lime 104.7 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 ton lime/ lbs lime 0.01086957 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.31579E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 408231 gCO2eq/ ton of lime 3057



### Diesel 1.3 gal/dry ton 0.13 mmBTU/ gal diesel 0.01086957 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.31579E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 96551.365 gCO2eq/ mmBTU diesel 2350



### Electricity (irrigation) 31.4 kWh/dry ton 0.0034 mmBtu/ kWh 0.01086957 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.31579E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 219,824 gCO2eq/ mmBtu 3370 Total Emissions 17584

Difference 4744 *Source: IPCC (2006). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Vol. 4: Agriculture, Forestry; and Other Land Use.gCO2eq/mm

btu fuel
gCO2eq/mm btu fuel
gCO2eq/mm btu fuel
gCO2eq/mm btu fuel
gCO2eq/mm btu fuel
gCO2eq/mm btu fuel gCO2eq/mm btu fuel
gCO2eq/mm btu fuel
gCO2eq/mm btu fuel

gCO2eq/mm btu fuel
gCO2eq/mm btu fuel
gCO2eq/mm btu fuel

gCO2eq/mm btu fuel **Emissions/mmbtu fuel**gCO2eq/mm

btu fuel
gCO2eq/mm btu fuel
gCO2eq/mm btu fuel
gCO2eq/mm btu fuel gCO2eq/mm btu fuel
gCO2eq/mm btu fuelEmissions Calculations for Thermochemical Ethanol Ethanol yield = 74.9 gal/dry ton LHV Mixed alcohols = 89480 btu/gal



### Category

N2O Emissions* 0.01335113 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.11757E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 53583g CO2eq/ dry ton biomass 7995 gCO2eq/mm btu fuel



### Nitrogen Fertilizer 15.2 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of nitrogen/lbs of nitrogen 0.01335113 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.11757E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 3291413.998g CO2eq/ ton of nitrogen 3726gCO2eq/mm btu fuel



### Phosphorus Fertilizer 6.1 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of P/lbs of P 0.01335113 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.11757E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 1123158.905 g CO2eq/ ton of phosphate 509 gCO2eq/mm btu fuel



### Potassium Fertilizer 6.1 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of K/lbs of K 0.01335113 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.11757E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 742545.7661 g CO2eq/ ton of potassium 336gCO2eq/mm btu fuel



### Herbicide 0.0015 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons herbicide/ lbs herbicide 0.01335113 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.11757E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 23450278.67gCO2eq/ tons of herbicide 3 gCO2eq/mm btu fuel


### Pesticide (average across regions) 0.023 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons pesticide/ lbs pesticide 0.01335113 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.11757E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 27216586.75 gCO2eq/ tons of pesticide 46gCO2eq/mm btu fuel



### Lime 0.0 lbs/ dry ton 0gCO2eq/mm btu fuel



### Diesel 0.4 gal/dry ton 0.13 mmBTU diesel/ gal diesel 0.01335113 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.11757E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 96551.365 gCO2eq/ mmBTU diesel 824 gCO2eq/mm btu fuel 

### Electricity (irrigation) 0.0 kWh/dry ton 0 Total Emissions 13439 gCO2eq/mm btu fuel 

### Category

N2O Emissions* 0.01335113 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.11757E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 41100g CO2eq/ dry ton biomass 6132 gCO2eq/mm btu fuel



### Nitrogen Fertilizer 8.4 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of nitrogen/lbs of nitrogen 0.01335113 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.11757E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 3291414.00 g CO2eq/ ton of nitrogen 2057gCO2eq/mm btu fuel



### Phosphorus Fertilizer 3.1 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of P/lbs of P 0.01335113 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.11757E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 1123158.905 g CO2eq/ ton of phosphate 263 gCO2eq/mm btu fuel



### Potassium Fertilizer 4.2 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of K/lbs of K 0.01335113 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.11757E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 742545.7661 g CO2eq/ ton of potassium 232 gCO2eq/mm btu fuel



### Herbicide 0.3 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons herbicide/ lbs herbicide 0.01335113 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.11757E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 23450278.67gCO2eq/ tonsof herbicide 504gCO2eq/mm btu fuel 

### Switchgrass Inputs

**Energy Cane Inputs Conversions**  **Emissions/mmbtu fuel**

### Pesticide 0.0 lbs/dry ton 0gCO2eq/mm btu fuel



### Lime 104.7 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 ton lime/ lbs lime 0.01335113 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.11757E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 408231 gCO2eq/ ton of lime 3189 gCO2eq/mm btu fuel



### Diesel 1.3 gal/dry ton 0.13 mmBTU/ gal diesel 0.01335113 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.11757E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 96551.365 gCO2eq/ mmBTU diesel 2451 gCO2eq/mm btu fuel



### Electricity (irrigation) 31.4 kWh/dry ton 0.0034 mmBtu/ kWh 0.01335113 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 1.11757E-05 gallons fuel/ btu fuel 219,824 gCO2eq/ mmBtu 3516gCO2eq/mm btu fuel Total Emissions 18345 gCO2eq/mm btu fuel

Difference 4906gCO2eq/mm btu fuel *Source: IPCC (2006). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Vol. 4: Agriculture, Forestry; and Other Land Use.Emissions Calculations for F-T Diesel Ethanol yield = 58.6gal/dry ton F-T diesel LHV 115439 btu/gallon



### Category

N2O Emissions* 0.01706485 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 8.66258E-06gallons fuel/ btu fuel 53583g CO2eq/ dry ton biomass 7921



### Nitrogen Fertilizer 15.2 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of nitrogen/lbs of nitrogen 0.01706485 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 8.66258E-06gallons fuel/ btu fuel 3291413.998g CO2eq/ ton of nitrogen 3692



### Phosphorus Fertilizer 6.1 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of P/lbs of P 0.01706485 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 8.66258E-06gallons fuel/ btu fuel 1123158.905 g CO2eq/ ton of phosphate 504



### Potassium Fertilizer 6.1 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of K/lbs of K 0.01706485 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 8.66258E-06gallons fuel/ btu fuel 742545.7661 g CO2eq/ ton of potassium 333



### Herbicide 0.0015 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons herbicide/ lbs herbicide 0.01706485 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 8.66258E-06gallons fuel/ btu fuel 23450278.67gCO2eq/ tons of herbicide 3 

### Pesticide (average across regions) 0.023 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons pesticide/ lbs pesticide 0.01706485 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 8.66258E-06gallons fuel/ btu fuel 27216586.75 gCO2eq/ tons of pesticide 46



### Lime 0.0 lbs/ dry ton 0



### Diesel 0.4 gal/dry ton 0.13 mmBTU diesel/ gal diesel 0.01706485 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 8.66258E-06gallons fuel/ btu fuel 96551.365 gCO2eq/ mmBTU diesel 817 

### Electricity (irrigation) 0.0 kWh/dry ton 0

Total Emissions 13315 

### Category

N2O Emissions* 0.01706485 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 8.66258E-06gallons fuel/ btu fuel 41100g CO2eq/ dry ton biomass 6076



### Nitrogen Fertilizer 8.4 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of nitrogen/lbs of nitrogen 0.01706485 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 8.66258E-06gallons fuel/ btu fuel 3291414.00 g CO2eq/ ton of nitrogen 2038



### Phosphorus Fertilizer 3.1 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of P/lbs of P 0.01706485 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 8.66258E-06gallons fuel/ btu fuel 1123158.905 g CO2eq/ ton of phosphate 261



### Potassium Fertilizer 4.2 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons of K/lbs of K 0.01706485 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 8.66258E-06gallons fuel/ btu fuel 742545.7661 g CO2eq/ ton of potassium 230 

### Switchgrass Inputs

**Energy Cane Inputs Conversions**  **Emissions/mmbtu fuel**

### Herbicide 0.3 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 tons herbicide/ lbs herbicide 0.01706485 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 8.66258E-06gallons fuel/ btu fuel 23450278.67gCO2eq/ tonsof herbicide 499



### Pesticide 0 lbs/dry ton 0



### Lime 104.7 lbs/dry ton 0.0005 ton lime/ lbs lime 0.01706485 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 8.66258E-06gallons fuel/ btu fuel 408231 gCO2eq/ ton of lime 3160



### Diesel 1.3 gal/dry ton 0.13 mmBTU/ gal diesel 0.01706485 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 8.66258E-06gallons fuel/ btu fuel 96551.365 gCO2eq/ mmBTU diesel 2429



### Electricity (irrigation) 31.4 kWh/dry ton 0.0034 mmBtu/ kWh 0.01706485 dry ton biomass/ gallons fuel 8.66258E-06gallons fuel/ btu fuel 219,824 gCO2eq/ mmBtu 3483

Total Emissions 18175

Difference 4860 *Source: IPCC (2006). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Vol. 4: Agriculture, Forestry; and Other Land Use.gCO2eq/m

mbtu fuel
gCO2eq/m mbtu fuel
gCO2eq/m mbtu fuel
gCO2eq/m mbtu fuel
gCO2eq/m mbtu fuel
gCO2eq/m mbtu fuel
gCO2eq/m mbtu fuel
gCO2eq/m mbtu fuel

gCO2eq/m mbtu fuel

gCO2eq/m mbtu fuel
gCO2eq/m mbtu fuel
gCO2eq/m mbtu fuel
gCO2eq/m mbtu fuel **Emissions/mmbtu fuel**gCO2eq/m

mbtu fuel
gCO2eq/m mbtu fuel
gCO2eq/m mbtu fuel
gCO2eq/m mbtu fuel
gCO2eq/m mbtu fuel
gCO2eq/m mbtu fuel

gCO2eq/m mbtu fuel

## Energy cane

Fuel Type Biochemical Thermo-chemical Net Domestic Agriculture (w/o land use change) 11 11 Net International Agriculture (w/o land use change) 0 0 Domestic Land Use Change -2 -3 International Land Use Change, Mean(Low/High) Fuel Production -33 4 Fuel and Feedstock Transport 3 3 Tailpipe Emissions 1 1 **Total Emissions, Mean (Low/High)**  **-5 32**  Reduction 105% 67%
Switchgrass
Fuel Type Biochemical Thermo-chemical Net Domestic Agriculture (w/o land use change) 6 6 Net International Agriculture (w/o land use change) 0 0 Domestic Land Use Change -2 -3 International Land Use Change, Mean(Low/High) Fuel Production -33 4 Fuel and Feedstock Transport 3 3 Tailpipe Emissions 1 1 **Total Emissions, Mean (Low/High)**  **-10 (-17/-2) 27 (20/35)**  15 (9/23) 16 (9/24)

15 (9/23) 16 (9/24)

## F-T diesel

11 0 -3

5 3 1 **33** 66%

F-T diesel 6 0 -3

5 3 1 **29 (22/37)** 16 (9/24)

16 (9/24)

## Hemicellulose 21.1% on dry basis Aden et al. 2002 19% on dry basis

Cellulose 37.4% on dry basis Aden et al. 2002 32% on dry basis
Lignin 18% on dry basis Aden et al. 2002 27% on dry basis 

## Switchgrass **Energy cane**

## *Waiting for confirmation to use

provided by industry under a confidentiality claim*