1

A debtor in possession has (with a few exceptions) the rights and duties of a Chapter 11 Trustee. See

11 U.S.C. § 1107(a). 

IN RE: AMERICAN STEEL PRODUCT, INC., Debtor.

Inglesby, Falligant, Horne, Courington & Nash, P.C., Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

Anne R. Moore, Chapter 7 Trustee, Defendant-Appellee.

No. 98-8831.

United States Court of Appeals,

Eleventh Circuit.

Dec. 15, 1999.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Georgia.(No. CV 695-102), B.

Avant Edenfield, Judge.

Before BLACK and WILSON, Circuit Judges, and RONEY, Senior Circuit Judge.

WILSON, Circuit Judge:

This case involves an issue of statutory interpretation. We consider whether a Chapter 7 debtor' s

attorney is entitled under the Bankruptcy Code to compensation from the debtor's bankruptcy estate. The

district and bankruptcy courts, interpreting 11 U.S.C. § 330, determined that the debtor's attorney is not so

entitled. We agree and affirm.

BACKGROUND

Debtor, American Steel Products, Inc. ("ASP"), was placed in involuntary Chapter 7 bankruptcy by

its creditors. The bankruptcy court subsequently converted it to a Chapter 11 proceeding and then

reconverted it back to a Chapter 7. Although ASP was initially a debtor in possession,1

 Anne R. Moore

("Trustee") was appointed as Chapter 11 Trustee and remained as trustee when the case was reconverted to

a Chapter 7. Inglesby, Falligant, Horne, Courington & Nash, P.C., ("the Inglesby firm"), a law firm, was

subsequently appointed as counsel.
At the conclusion of the bankruptcy proceedings, the Inglesby firm submitted for court approval its

application for compensation for services provided to the bankruptcy estate in the total amount of $30,141.87.

A part of that proposed fee, $19,600.00, had been paid in the form of a retainer prior to the filing of the initial

petition. The bankruptcy court entered an order permitting payment of $10,541.87, the difference between

the fee application and the retainer fee initially paid, but reserved ruling on whether that payment should be

derived from the bankruptcy estate itself or from the initial retainer. After receiving authority on the effect

of the 1994 Amendments to 11 U.S.C. § 330, the bankruptcy court vacated its prior order and disallowed

attorney's fees out of the estate. The bankruptcy court found that the plain language of § 330 precluded an

award of attorney's fees to a debtor's attorney in both Chapter 7 and Chapter 11 cases. The district court

affirmed. We now have jurisdiction to consider this matter pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 158(d).

STANDARD OF REVIEW 

 In bankruptcy proceedings, we review factual findings for clear error and conclusions of law de

novo. See General Trading, Inc. v. Yale Materials Handling Corp., 119 F.3d 1485, 1494 (11th Cir.1997).

DISCUSSION 

 The district court's ultimate denial of Ingelesby's compensation request was based on a plain reading

of § 330 barring compensation to debtor's counsel in a Chapter 7 or 11 proceeding. In the Bankruptcy Reform

Act of 1994, Congress amended § 330 to eliminate the former authorization for payment of debtor's counsel

from estate assets in a Chapter 7 and Chapter 11 case. Prior to the 1994 amendments, § 330(a) provided in

pertinent part:

(a) After notice to any parties in interest and to the United States trustee and a hearing, and subject

to sections 326, 328, and 329 of this title, the court may award to a trustee, to an examiner, to a

professional person employed under section 327 or 1103 of this title, or to the debtor's attorney—

(1) reasonable compensation for actual, necessary services rendered by such trustee,

examiner, professional person, or attorney, as the case may be, and by any paraprofessional persons

employed by such trustee, professional person, or attorney, as the case may be, based on the nature,

the extent, and the value of such services, the time spent on such services, and the cost of comparable

services other than in a case under this title;

(emphasis added).
As a result of the amendments, Bankruptcy Code § 330(a) now provides in pertinent part:

(a)(1) After notice to the parties in interest and the United States Trustee and a hearing, and subject

to sections 326, 328, and 329, the court may award to a trustee, an examiner, a professional person

employed under section 327 or 1103—

(A) reasonable compensation for actual, necessary services rendered by the trustee, examiner,

professional person, or attorney and by any paraprofessional person employed by any such person;

and

(B) reimbursement for actual, necessary expenses

... 

(4)(A) Except as provided in subparagraph (B), the court shall not allow compensation for—

(i) unnecessary duplication of services; or

(ii) services that were not—

(I) reasonably likely to benefit the debtor's estate; or

(II) necessary to the administration of the case.

(B) In a Chapter 12 or Chapter 13 case in which the debtor is an individual, the court may

allow reasonable compensation to the debtor's attorney for representing the interests of the debtor

in connection with the bankruptcy case based on a consideration of the benefit and necessity of such

services to the debtor and other factors set forth in this section .... (emphasis added)

We agree with the district court that the plain reading of § 330 precludes an award of attorney's fees

to a debtor's attorney in a Chapter 7 or Chapter 11 proceeding. The Inglesby firm attempts to avoid the plain

meaning of the statute by suggesting that the statute contains a drafting error or is ambiguous since the

amendment specifically authorizes the bankruptcy court to award reasonable compensation to the debtor's

attorney in a Chapter 12 or Chapter 13 in cases where the debtor is an individual. We must presume,

however, that Congress intended what it said when it revised § 330 to delete any provision for the award of

compensation to a debtor's attorney in either a Chapter 7 or a Chapter 11 case.

 It is well-settled that courts are required to apply the plain meaning canon of statutory construction

in interpretation of the Bankruptcy Code. "[A]s long as the statutory scheme is coherent and consistent, there

generally is no need for a court to inquire beyond the plain language of the statute." United States v. Ron Pair

Enterprises, Inc., 489 U.S. 235, 240, 109 S.Ct. 1026, 103 L.Ed.2d 290 (1989). We are thus obligated in this
instance to apply the plain meaning of § 330 precluding an award of attorney's fees to a debtor's attorney in

a Chapter 7 or Chapter 11 case. The statute is clear textually on its face and the plain meaning of the statute

is conclusive.

Both the Fifth and the Ninth Circuits have considered this identical issue and have reached contrary

results. In In re Pro-Snax Distributors Inc., 157 F.3d 414, 425 (5th Cir.1998), the Fifth Circuit rejected the

argument that a literal application of § 330(a) would produce a result demonstrably at odds with the intentions

of its drafters, stating:

Although the legislative history and, indeed, a brief syntactical evaluation of the clause at issue

suggest that Congress inadvertently neglected to include attorneys, our cannons of construction do

not require-nay, do not permit-us to consider these exogenous sources when the statute is clear

textually on its face.

Pro-Snax, 157 F.3d at 425. On the other hand, the Ninth Circuit in In re Century Cleaning Services, Inc., 195

F.3d 1053 (9th Cir.1999), found the statutory language of § 330(a) "substantially ambiguous", concluding

that "Congress made a drafting error of some kind". Id. The divided Ninth Circuit panel attributes the

deletion of attorneys from the first list of compensable persons as "an unintended slip of the pen and not from

a deliberate change." Id. We do not believe that it is within our province to make such an assumption in this

case. We agree with the In re Century dissent by Judge Thomas who reasoned, as we do, that the

unambiguous statutory language "should end the discussion, as it did for the Fifth Circuit." Id. Where the

statute's language is plain, as here, our sole function is to enforce it according to its terms. See Ron Pair, 489

U.S. at 241, 109 S.Ct. 1026.

The Inglesby firm suggests that, at the very least, it is entitled to compensation for "professional

services" rendered while representing the debtor prior to the appointment of the Chapter 11 trustee. We will

not reach the merits of this issue because it was not considered by the district court. See Ochran v. U.S., 117

F.3d 495, 502 (11th Cir.1997). Moreover, this case does not present compelling circumstances which warrant

departure from this general rule. See id. at 502-503.

CONCLUSION
We conclude that the plain language of 11 U.S.C. § 330 precludes an award of a attorney's fees to

the debtor's attorney from the Chapter 7 bankruptcy estate.

AFFIRMED.