Partnership for Clean Ind

Solving the Biggest Hea

Factor You’ve Never H

Jacob Moss, U.S. EPA

May 2009
Sour

Solid Fuel Use and Co

200 million more people will be using biomass by 2030.

Half the world cooks with solid fuels (wood, dung, coal,...).

M

C

Fuelwood transport and sale (Niger River, Mali) 

www.PCIAonline.org
Major Burden of Disease -- 10 Leading Risk Factors in 

Poor Developing Countries

0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16

Cholesterol 

Tobacco

Blood pressure 

Vitamin A deficiency 

Iron deficiency

Zinc deficiency 

Indoor smoke from solid fuels 

Unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene 

Unsafe sex 

Underweight 

% DALYs

Major Burden of Disease -- 10 Leading Risk Factors in 

Poor Developing Countries

0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16

Cholesterol 

Tobacco

Blood pressure 

Vitamin A deficiency 

Iron deficiency

Zinc deficiency 

Indoor smoke from solid fuels 

Unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene 

Unsafe sex 

Underweight 

% DALYs

Indoor Smoke from Cookstoves is 

Health Risk Factor in Poor, Develop

In

d

o

or S

m

oke fro

m

co

okst

oves le

a

ds to 1.5

millio

n

pre

m

ature

d

e

aths 

e

ach ye

ar –

n

e

arly 

all a

m

o

n

g

yo

u

n

g childre

n

a

n

d

w

o

m

e

n.

WHO (2002)

In

d

o

or sm

oke co

ntains 

m

a

ny 

criteria

& toxic 

air p

olluta

nts,

typically 

at levels 1-2

ord

ers 

of m

a

g

nitu

d

e

hig

h

er th

a

n

intern

atio

n

al g

uid

elin

es.

These estimates derive almost entirely from childhood pneumonia & COPD in women – they do not include many other likely acute (e.g., stillbirth, low birth weight) and chronic (cardiovascular disease, various cancers) diseases for which adequate evidence does not yet exist.
-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

Change in Forcing Since 1750 (W/m2)

CO2 Black Carbon

(IPCC, 2007)

Red: Snow 

Albedo Effect

Black Carbon

(R&C, 2008)

Organic 

Carbon

CH4 

Black Carbon has a 

Significant Impact on Global W

• IPCC 

large scalehas a 

• B

a

• Ram

BC m

contwarm

• ~
Cookstoves & Carbon 

• CO2 indicates more complete combustion – i

– If biomass is harvested renewably, net CO2 impact 

– If not, CO2 savings = biomass displaced x fNRB 

• Reasons for Optimism:

– Powerful incentive to keep using stoves year after 

– Transaction costs incentivize large projects– No reductions, no money – much more rigorous

• Reasons for Caution:

– Monitoring for highly bundled projects difficult– if not done right, could undermine field for years– More efficient doesn’t necessarily mean clean

• Example: Patsari Stove in Mexico

– 3.1 tCO2 -e/year for CO2 & CH

4

– 3.9 tCO2 -e/year for w/CO & NMHCs too

(Source: Johnson et al, March 2009)

www.PCIAonline.org 
Additional Impacts of Solid 

Contributes to 

deforestation 

Time loss for women .................. and children

Co

Wo

s
Partnership for Clean Indoo

About the Partnership for Clean Ind

• Grown from 13 to over 265 partners in sin

• PCIA Mission: To improve health, livelihood, & 

reducing exposure to indoor air pollution, primarily children, from household energy use through the reliable, affordable, efficient, & safe home cooking 

• Current Activities:

– Knowledge Management: website, bulletins, to– Capacity Building: stove design, monitoring, c– Implementation: replicating and scaling up effe
Results Reporting at the 4th PC

Forum in Kampala (March 

P artners Help Millions use C leaner C 

Technologies

0.3 0.5 0.7

1.6

4.0

012345678

A nnual average

2003‐06

2007 200

Millions

Results re

ported from 87 im

plementin

g 
Examples of Improved Stove

Cambodia: GERES 

charcoal stove

Envirofit/Shell 

Foundation stove (wood)

Guatemala: ONIL wood 

stove (for tortillas)

BP Oorja s

(pellet sto

Uganda: wo

Ugastove

Philips stove 

(wood)

www.PCIAonline.org

Local 

Manufacturers

Multinational 

Manufacturers
PCIA Expansio

Field mapping, market 

assessment, gap/needs analysis, PCIA analysis Business Plan Strategic feed- back from field’s leaders Determi

PCI

busine

Iss

Com

Se

Host

Resources

Estimate 

resource 

needs

Informal discussions with 

potential hosts

Question: How can government incubate a sustaina

initiative, and then re-launch it as a bigge

sustainably funded entity?

www.PCIAonline.org

PCIA faces 2 major limitations while it is hosted by the • Financial: As a regulatory agency, EPA cannot ra

from government, donor, or private sector partners

• Operational: While PCIA is managed, staffed, and 

will continue to be viewed as simply an EPA initiati
PHASE 2: Global Campaign to Reduce Smoke from Cookstoves, 2016 – 20

Blueprint to Transform the Field 

Communicate Results of 

Large-Scale Demonstrations

Develop Strategy with 

Global Leaders Ident

PHASE 1b: Mat

Global Infrastruc

Standards & Meas

Global Communica

Knowledge & 

Networking

PHASE 1: Demonstrate Ability to Reach Scale, 2010 – 2015 (Bu

Goal: Eliminate these risks for half of the 3 billion affected people.

PHASE 1a: Support Commercial Markets to 

Demonstrate Success at Regional Scale

Users• Homes• Institutions• Businesses

Manufacturers• Local Businesses• Multi-National 

Corporations

Testing 

Centers

Government 

Policy Financing

Public 

Awareness

Monitoring & 

Evaluation

DEMAND SUPPLY Sales/Distribution • Local Businesses • Multi-National Corps

Goals: Bring clean cooking practices to 20 million homes (100 million pe► Reduce fuel use – and GHG emissions – by 50-70%

► Reduce stove emissions – including black carbon – by 60-90%

► Reduce daily personal exposure by at least 50% and reduce severe ch

• Local NGOs

CONVENE REGIONAL NETWORKS
Example: Uganda project where baseline 

daily exposure concentrations were ~3000 

μg

Response

0

1 1.5

2

3

~50% reduction –

relatively doable

.15

~95% reduction – requires maintained chimney, 

advanced stove, &/or switch to clean fuel

.75

www.PCIAonline.org

Some 

Health 

Benefit

Little 

Health 

Benefit

Health 

Benefit

Little 

Health 

Benefit

Key Question: Are clean stoves 

improving healt

What is the Dose-Response Relationship?

24-HR Dose of PM (1000s 

μ
OR IS IT THE PEAK EXPOSURES THAT ARE 

PEAK Dose of PM (1000

Response

0

2

4

6

90% reduction gets 

more, but nowhere 

near 9X, benefits

www.PCIAonline.org

Key Question: Are clean stoves 

improving healt

What is the Dose-Response Relationship?
A 95% reduction in PM concent

... still isn’t even close to c

How Clean is “Cle

0 15 35 100 

USEPA Daily 

PM2.5 Standard

USEPA Annual 

PM2.5 Standard

What should a 2nd

interim target be?

What is the 

ultimate goal??

Response still over 4x what peak daily expo

still ~10x what average daily exposure over a 

www.PCIAonline.org 24-HR Dose of PM (1000s 
The Time is Ripe for PCIA 

Quantum Leap for this 

Leadership:• This is little agreement among leaders 

in this field on what works. 

• Most leading organizations in this field 

work independently of each other. 

• A need exists to convene and raise 

the game of the entire field. 

Leadership:• This is little agreement among leaders 

in this field on what works.

• Most leading organizations in this field 

work independently of each other.

• A need exists to convene and raise 

the game of the entire field.

It is a rare opportunity to lead solutions to the 4th 

worst health risk factor in poor countries. 

It is a rare opportunity to lead solutions to the 4th 

worst health risk factor in poor countries.

Is the Field at a • Leading donor• Major corporat

leading NGOs 

• Climate chang

environmental 

• More complete 

Is the Field at a T• Leading donors • Major corporatio

leading NGOs a

• Climate change 

environmental a

• More complete 

It is a particularly 

enter and 

It is a particularly 

enter and 

“We followed the road into cooler hills, where women w

carrying firewood.”

“A lovely young mother... invited me into her hut. It wa

black space with a five-foot-high ceiling. The woman cooked, slept, and kept newborn calves in it. The smoafter a minute I had to leave.”

“We followed the road into cooler hills, where women w

carrying firewood.”

“A lovely young mother... invited me into her hut. It wa

black space with a five-foot-high ceiling. The woman tcooked, slept, and kept newborn calves in it. The smoafter a minute I had to leave.”

President Obama, in his book, “Dreams from My Father,” dur

President Obama, in his book, “Dreams from My Father,” duri