Partnership for Clean Indoor AirSolving the Biggest Health RiskFactor You’ve Never Heard OfJacob Moss, U.S. EPAMay 2009Sources: WHO (2002); IEA (2007)Solid Fuel Use and Collection200 million more people will be using biomass by 2030.Half the world cooks with solid fuels (wood, dung, coal,...).Making dung patties (India)Collecting fuelwood (Togo)Charcoal on sale (Togo)Fuelwood transport and sale (Niger River, Mali)www.PCIAonline.orgMajor Burden of Disease -- 10 Leading Risk Factors inPoor Developing Countries0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0CholesterolTobaccoBlood pressureVitamin A deficiencyIron deficiencyZinc deficiencyIndoor smoke from solid fuelsUnsafe water, sanitation and hygieneUnsafe sexUnderweight% DALYsMajor Burden of Disease -- 10 Leading Risk Factors inPoor Developing Countries0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0CholesterolTobaccoBlood pressureVitamin A deficiencyIron deficiencyZinc deficiencyIndoor smoke from solid fuelsUnsafe water, sanitation and hygieneUnsafe sexUnderweight% DALYsIndoor Smoke from Cookstoves is the 4thWorstHealth Risk Factor in Poor, Developing Countries



# I n d o o r S m o ke f r o m

co o kst o ve s l e a d s t o 1

. 5

m i l l i o n p r e m a t u r e d e a t h s

e a ch ye a r – n e a r l y a l l a m o n g

yo u n g ch i l d r e n a n d w o m e n

.WHO (2002) 

# I n d o o r sm o ke co n t a i n s m a n y

cr i t e r i a & t o xi c a i r p o l l u t a n t s,

t yp i ca l l y a t l e ve l s 1

- 2 o r d e r s

o f m a g n i t u d e h i g h e r t h a n

i n t e r n a t i o n a l g u i d e l i n e s.These estimates derive almost entirely from childhood pneumonia &COPD in women – they do not include many other likely acute (e.g.,stillbirth, low birth weight) and chronic (cardiovascular disease, variouscancers) diseases for whichadequate evidence does not yet exist.-1-0.500.511.52

Change in Forcing Since 1750 (W/m

2 )CO2Black Carbon(IPCC, 2007)Red: SnowAlbedo EffectBlack Carbon(R&C, 2008)OrganicCarbonCH4Black Carbon has aSignificant Impact on Global Warming•IPCC(2007): BC warming islarge at global (and regional)scale. BC deposition on snowhas a strong warming effect•BC forcing ~9-48% as largeas CO2forcing•Ramanathan & Carmichael:BC may be 2ndstrongestcontributor to currentwarming.•~25-88% of CO2forcingwww.PCIAonline.orgBlack Carbon:“Reductions ofshort-lived pollutants from thedomestic fuel burning sector inAsia, whose climate impacts inthis study are dominated byblack carbon (soot), appear tooffer the greatest potential forsubstantial, simultaneousimprovement in local air qualityand reduction of globalwarming.”From Key Finding #3, U.S. Climate ChangeScience Program, SAP 3.2 (9/2008)Cookstoves & Carbon Credits•CO2indicates more complete combustion – it is good!–If biomass is harvested renewably, net CO2impact is a wash.–If not, CO2savings = biomass displaced x fNRB x emissions factor•Reasons for Optimism:–Powerful incentive to keep using stoves year after year–Transaction costs incentivize large projects–No reductions, no money – much more rigorous•Reasons for Caution:–Monitoring for highly bundled projects difficult–if not done right, could undermine field for years–More efficient doesn’t necessarily mean clean•Example: Patsari Stove in Mexico–3.1 tCO2-e/year for CO2& CH4–3.9 tCO2-e/year for w/CO & NMHCs too(Source: Johnson et al, March 2009)Patsari Stovewww.PCIAonline.orgAdditional Impacts of Solid Fuel UseContributes todeforestationTime loss for women .................. andchildrenContributes to loss ofcritical habitatWomen’s & girl’s personalsafety in conflict zoneswww.PCIAonline.orgAbout the Partnership for Clean Indoor Air (PCIA)Partnership for Clean Indoor Air (PCIA)•Grownfrom 13 to over 265 partners in since 2002 launch•PCIA Mission:To improve health, livelihood, & quality of life byreducing exposure to indoor air pollution, primarily among women andchildren, from household energy use through the use of clean,reliable, affordable, efficient, & safe home cooking & heating practices.•Current Activities:–Knowledge Management: website, bulletins, tools, guides, etc–Capacity Building: stove design, monitoring, commercialization–Implementation: replicating and scaling up effective approachesResults Reporting at the 4thPCIA BiennialForum in Kampala (March 2009)P artnersHelpMillionsuseC leanerC ookingTechnologies0.30.50.71.64.08.0012345678A nnualaverage2003‐062007 2008

MillionsHous eholdsP eopleResults reported from 87 implementingorganizationsExamples of Improved Stoves & FuelsCambodia: GEREScharcoal stoveBosch-SiemensProtos-2 (plant oil)India: householdbiogas SystemEnvirofit/ShellFoundation stove (wood)Guatemala: ONIL woodstove (for tortillas)BP Oorjastove(pellet stove)Uganda: woodUgastovePhilips stove(wood)www.PCIAonline.org

Local Manufacturers

Multinational ManufacturersPCIA ExpansionField mapping, marketassessment, gap/needsanalysis, PCIA analysisBusinessPlanStrategic feed-back fromfield’s leadersDetermine & refinePCIA draftbusiness planIssue RFP toCompetitivelySelect HostSettleonhostI.D. resourcesHostResourcesIMPLEMENTSTRATEGYEstimateresourceneedsInformal discussions withpotential hostsQuestion: How can government incubate a sustainable developmentinitiative, and then re-launchit as a bigger, independent, &sustainably funded entity?www.PCIAonline.orgPCIA faces 2 major limitations while it is hosted by the U.S. EPA:•Financial:As a regulatory agency, EPA cannot raise or accept fundsfrom government, donor, orprivate sector partners.•Operational:While PCIA is managed, staffed, and funded by EPA, itwill continue to be viewed as simply an EPA initiative.PHASE 2: Global Campaign to Reduce Smoke from Cookstoves, 2016–2030 (Budget: $100s millions/yr)Blueprint to Transform the FieldNot PCIA RoleCommunicate Results ofLarge-Scale DemonstrationsDevelop Strategy withGlobal LeadersIdentify Global ResourcesPHASE 1b: MatureGlobal InfrastructureStandards & MeasuresGlobal CommunicationsKnowledge &NetworkingPHASE 1: Demonstrate Ability toReach Scale, 2010 –2015 (Budget≈$50 million)PHASE 1c:Priority ResearchHealth EffectsClimate Change:Impacts & RemediesClean Stove & FuelResearchEconomic MetricsGoal:Eliminate these risks for half ofthe 3 billion affected people.PCIA Role w/PartnersPHASE 1a: Support Commercial Markets toDemonstrate Success at Regional ScaleUsers•Homes•Institutions•BusinessesManufacturers•Local Businesses•Multi-NationalCorporationsTestingCentersGovernmentPolicyFinancingPublicAwareness 

# Monitoring &

Evaluation



# DEMAND SUPPLYSales/Distribution•Local Businesses•Multi-National CorpsGoals:Bring clean cooking practices to 20 million homes (100 million people), and for this group:►Reduce fuel use –and GHG emissions –by 50-70%►Reduce stove emissions –including black carbon –by 60-90%►Reduce daily personal exposure by at least 50% and reduce severechild pneumonia by 30-40%•Local NGOsCONVENE REGIONAL NETWORKSExample: Uganda project where baselinedaily exposure concentrations were ~3000μg/m3?Response0521341.5~50% reduction –relativelydoable.15~95% reduction –requires maintained chimney,advanced stove, &/or switch to clean fuel.75www.PCIAonline.orgSomeHealthBenefitLittleHealthBenefitHealthBenefitLittleHealthBenefitKey Question: Are clean stoves and fuelsimproving health???What is the Dose-Response Relationship?24-HR Dose of PM (1000sμg/m3)OR IS IT THE PEAK EXPOSURES THAT ARE CRITICAL????PEAK Dose of PM (1000sμg/m3)Response010426810% reductiongets much of thehealth benefits90% reduction getsmore, but nowherenear 9X, benefitswww.PCIAonline.orgKey Question: Are clean stoves and fuelsimproving health???What is the Dose-Response Relationship?A 95% reduction in PM concentrations...... still isn’t even close to clean.How Clean is “Clean”?01503510015USEPA DailyPM2.5 StandardUSEPA AnnualPM2.5 StandardWhat should a 2ndinterim target be?What is theultimate goal??Responsestill over 4x what peakdaily exposure should bestill ~10x what average daily exposure over a year should beIs a 95% reductionachievable as a 1storder target?www.PCIAonline.org24-HR Dose of PM (1000sμg/m3)The Time is Ripe for PCIA to Lead aQuantum Leap for this FieldLeadership:• This is little agreement among leadersin this field on what works.• Most leading organizations in this fieldwork independently of each other.• A need exists to convene and raisethe game of the entire field.Leadership:•This is little agreement among leadersin this field on what works.•Most leading organizations in this fieldwork independently of each other.•A need exists to convene and raisethe game of the entire field.It is a rare opportunity tolead solutions to the 4thworst health risk factor in poor countries.It is a rare opportunity tolead solutions to the 4thworst health risk factor in poor countries.Is the Field at a Tipping Point?• Leading donors are ramping up efforts.• Major corporations are investing andleading NGOs are achieving scale• Climate change is causing globalenvironmental awareness to peak.• More complete health data is emerging.Is the Field at a Tipping Point?•Leading donors are ramping up efforts.•Major corporations are investing andleading NGOs are achieving scale•Climate change is causing globalenvironmental awareness to peak.•More complete health data is emerging.It is a particularly ripeand important time toenter and catalyze this field.It is a particularly ripeand important time toenter and catalyze this field.“We followed the road into cooler hills, where women walked barefootcarrying firewood.”“A lovely young mother... invited me into her hut. It was a cramped, pitchblack space with a five-foot-high ceiling. The woman told me her familycooked, slept, and kept newborn calves init. The smoke was blinding, andafter a minute I had to leave.”“We followed the road into cooler hills, where women walked barefootcarrying firewood.”“A lovely young mother... invited me into her hut. It was a cramped, pitchblack space with a five-foot-high ceiling. The woman told me her familycooked, slept, and kept newborn calves init. The smoke was blinding, andafter a minute I had to leave.”President Obama, in his book, “Dreams fromMy Father,” during his 1st trip to KenyaPresident Obama, in his book, “Dreams fromMy Father,” during his 1st trip to Kenya