IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE 

IN RE APPLICANT 146 TO THE § 

2021 DELAWARE BAR § No. 384, 2021 

EXAMINATION § 

 

 Submitted: June 29, 2022 

Decided: August 17, 2022 

Before SEITZ, Chief Justice; VALIHURA, VAUGHN, TRAYNOR, and 

MONTGOMERY-REEVES, Justices, constituting the Court en Banc. 

PER CURIAM: 

ORDER

(1) The COVID-19 pandemic forced the Delaware Board of Bar Examiners 

to administer the 2021 Delaware Bar Exam remotely. Before the Bar Exam date, 

the Board twice sent instructions to applicants covering how and when to report 

technical difficulties during the remote administration of the Bar Exam, including 

an instruction to restart their computers. Many applicants experienced software 

problems during the Bar Exam. If applicants encountered/experienced technical 

issues that required a computer restart confirmed by the testing software program, 

the Board increased their final Bar Exam score to compensate for the difficulties. 

(2) Applicant No. 146, who we will refer to as “the Applicant,” did not 

receive a passing grade for the 2021 Bar Exam and petitioned the Board for relief. 

Although he did not have to restart his computer and did not report technical 
2 

problems in a timely manner in compliance with the Board’s instructions, he 

nonetheless requested that the Board increase his score as it did for applicants who 

restarted their computers. He also took issue with how the Board addressed his 

request for special accommodations to use physical scratch paper during the Bar 

Exam. As a remedy, he asked the board to adjust his score to a passing grade or give 

him an opportunity to prove his fitness to practice law independent of passing the 

Bar Exam. The Board denied his petition. 

(3) On appeal, the Applicant argues that the Board’s refusal to increase his 

score for technical difficulties violated the Due Process and Equal Protection 

Clauses of the United States Constitution. He also renews his claim that the Board 

denied him reasonable accommodations when it required him to take the Bar Exam 

in person if he wanted to use physical scratch paper. 

(4) We have the utmost sympathy for the Applicant, and all applicants who 

had to contend with technical difficulties during the 2021 remote Bar Exam. But the 

remedy the Applicant seeks—waiver of the Board’s and the Court’s Bar admission 

requirements and a hearing to demonstrate his fitness for Bar admission—is not a 

remedy this Court will award. The Court will not revisit an applicant’s grade or 

waive admission requirements. And the Applicant’s remedy for defects in exam 

administration is to retake the Bar Exam free from any legal deficiencies. In any 

event, we find that the Board’s grading procedures for the 2021 Bar Exam withstand 
3 

constitutional scrutiny, and the Applicant did not timely appeal his scratch paper 

accommodation request. Thus, the Board’s decision is affirmed. 

 (5) The Applicant attended an ABA-accredited law school from 2018–21 

and applied for admission to the Delaware Bar following graduation. On March 15, 

2021, the Board decided that the Bar Exam would be offered remotely due to 

COVID-19 safety concerns with an in-person test. When announcing the July 2021 

Bar Exam, applicants were directed to the Board’s website for policies and 

procedures about the remote testing conditions. Among other requirements, and for 

security reasons, applicants could not eat or drink unless the Board approved an 

accommodation, could not use physical scratch paper, and had to be alone while 

taking the exam. The website also had a frequently asked questions (“FAQs”) 

section that explained in detail how to handle a technical issue during the Bar Exam, 

and when and how to file an incident report to document the problem. 

(6) The Applicant filed an Application for Testing Accommodations on the 

day that the Board announced the remote exam. After some back and forth, on June 

11, 2021, the Board granted the Applicant a fifty-percent extension of time to 

complete the Bar Exam but denied his request for a private room because the new 

remote exam format allowed him to take the Bar Exam in a location of his choosing. 

The Applicant then made additional informal requests for more accommodations, 
4 

and in response, the Board instructed the Applicant to file a second Application for 

Testing Accommodations with the necessary documentation.1 

(7) The Applicant filed the second application on June 17, 2021, and 

requested the presence of his service animal while testing, use of a clear plastic water 

bottle, and use of physical scratch paper. The Board responded the next day and 

denied the application because it “lack[ed] sufficient documentation and objective 

information to confirm that [his] diagnosis supports the aforementioned 

accommodations.”2 

(8) On June 27, 2021, the Applicant filed a petition requesting a hearing 

before the Board to review the June 17 order denying some of his requested 

accommodations. A Board hearing panel held an evidentiary hearing on July 15, 

2021. The Applicant presented evidence, including an expert report, supporting the 

need for special accommodations to address his claimed disabilities. The hearing 

panel granted each of the Applicant’s requested accommodations but required the 

Applicant to take the Bar Exam in person at a testing site in Wilmington, Delaware 

if he wanted to use physical scratch paper. 

1

 These informal requests apparently were made by email after the April 1 deadline had passed for 

filing accommodation applications. App. to Opening Br. at A3, A33. Despite what appear to be 

untimely requests, the Board permitted the Applicant to file a second application. Id. at A33. 

2

Id. at A35. 
5 

(9) The Applicant contacted the Board to seek clarification of its decision. 

He expressed concern about taking the Bar Exam in person because he lived in 

Pennsylvania and would have to travel about thirty miles to the testing site. In 

response to his concerns, the hearing panel clarified its ruling and stated that he could 

choose to take the Bar Exam in person at the testing site and use physical scratch 

paper or take the Bar Exam remotely without the physical scratch paper, and his 

decision would not affect his other accommodations. The Applicant chose to forgo 

use of physical scratch paper and take the Bar Exam remotely. He did not seek 

review of the hearing panel’s final decision regarding the use of physical scratch 

paper. 

(10) On July 21, 2021, a few days before the Bar Exam began, the Board 

sent an email to all applicants that explained again how to deal with technology 

issues during the Bar Exam. The Board advised applicants to “hold[] down the 

power button [of a test taker’s laptop] for 15 seconds, wait[] a few seconds and then 

hold[] the power button again for 15 seconds to reboot.” 3 The email referred 

applicants to the remote exam testing conditions document and the FAQs on the 

Board’s website and reminded them to review all rules and conditions before taking 

the Bar Exam. 

3

Id. at A73. 
6 

(11) The Board’s notices also directed applicants to “file an Incident Report 

Form to report of [sic] any irregularity that occurs during the bar exam’s 

administration.”4 They also said that “[i]ncident reports are due by 11:00 p.m. on 

the day that the incident occurs . . . .”5 Finally, the documents sent by the Board 

stated that “[a] failure or malfunction of an applicant’s computer or software, or any 

other equipment, loss of power or inability to the [sic] access the internet will not be 

grounds for any reconsideration or modification of an applicant’s score.”6

(12) The Applicant took the Bar Exam and, according to the ExamSoft 

software, did not restart his computer during the test. He did not file any incident 

reports over the three testing days and did not report any technology issues 

immediately following the Bar Exam. 

(13) On October 21, 2021, the Board informed the Applicant that he did not 

pass the Bar Exam. At the same time, after consulting with a grading expert, the 

Board informed all applicants that it had modified its scoring because a significant 

number of applicants had experienced technical issues. The Board awarded point 

increases to applicants who “experienced technical issues with the testing software 

4

Id. at A84. 

5

Id. at A85. 

6

Id. at A75. 
7 

that required a computer restart while the testing session was in progress, as recorded 

by ExamSoft, the testing platform.”7 

(14) On October 27, 2021, months after the deadline set by the Board for 

reporting technical difficulties, the Applicant filed a petition with the Board along 

with an Incident Report Form dated October 21, 2021. The Applicant explained that 

he experienced “[m]ultiple instances of gray, inability to click/type, flickering & 

frozen screen(s) Delayed [sic] buffering, long load time between questions.”8 The 

Applicant alleged further that he “was not afforded an opportunity to assert or 

document these issues[,]” “was not provided notice that the post-exam survey or 

report would be his only opportunity to assert such claims[,]” and “was not provided 

notice that score adjustments due to the technical issues was an available remedy.”9 

The Applicant requested “an adjustment to his exam score which reflects the 

technical issues he and others experienced or a hearing and an opportunity . . . to 

assume the burden of proving fitness to practice law . . . .”10

(15) The Board denied the petition because it could not grant the requested 

relief. First, the Board relied on its own rules, which make all grades final once 

posted publicly.11 Thus, the Board had no authority to review the Applicant’s score. 

7

Id. at A101. 

8

Id. at A99. 

9

Id.

10 Id. at A98. 

11 Rules of the Board of Bar Examiners of the State of Delaware, Rule 29 (“Board Rule” or “BR”). 
8 

Second, the Board found that the Applicant was not entitled to a hearing to prove his 

fitness to practice law because he did not pass the Bar Exam, and “obtaining a 

passing score on the Delaware Bar Exam is a requirement for licensure, per Supreme 

Court Rule 52(a)(7).” 12 The Board noted that applicants received a scoring 

adjustment only if the ExamSoft software reported a restart of the applicant’s 

computer during the Bar Exam, and ExamSoft did not report that the Applicant’s 

computer was restarted. The Applicant has appealed the Board’s denial of his 

petition. 

* * * 

 (16) As a threshold matter, the Court must address whether the Applicant’s 

request for review of his Bar Exam score is appealable to the Board and then to the 

Supreme Court. Under Board Rule 29, “any decisions of the Board with respect to 

a specific grade or grades assigned to any individual applicant, once posted 

according to Rule 16, are final and not subject to review by the Board.” Under 

Supreme Court Rule 52(e): 

Any person aggrieved by final action of the Board may appeal to the 

Court for relief if such action affects the substantial rights of the person 

claimed to be aggrieved, except that decisions of the Board with respect 

to a specific grade or grades assigned to any individual applicant are 

final and shall not be subject to review by the Court. 

12 Id. at A101. 
9 

(17) Relying on Board Rule 29, the Board found it could not revisit the 

Applicant’s score. Under Supreme Court Rule 52(e), we are in the same position. 

The Court will not review an applicant’s Bar Exam grade.13 Further, under Supreme 

Court Rule 52(a)(7), a passing Bar Exam score is a requirement for admission to the 

Delaware Bar, and we will not waive that requirement.14 Thus, a hearing on the 

relief requested by the Applicant would have been pointless. 

(18) The Applicant has offered only a weak response to the express 

prohibition against revisiting his final score. He argues that he is not asking for a 

re-grading, but a “scoring adjustment” based on technical difficulties during Bar 

Exam administration. There is, however, no difference between “grading” and a 

“scoring adjustment.” The Board’s grading adjustment due to technical difficulties 

was part of the Board’s grading process and is therefore final. Because the Applicant 

did not achieve a passing Bar Exam score, and a passing score is a Bar admission 

13 See Applicant No. 009 v. Bd. of Bar Exam’rs of Del. Supr. Ct., 2003 WL 22416043, at *1 (Del. 

Oct. 20, 2003) (relying on then Supreme Court Rule 52(f)—the rule that is now Supreme Court 

Rule 52(e)—to deny applicant’s petition claiming the Board’s grading was arbitrary); In re 

Kennedy, 2003 WL 1987984, at *1 (Del. Apr. 28, 2003) (explaining that this Court has repeatedly 

considered and rejected requests to review Bar Exam scores); Applicant No. 26, 780 A.2d at 254 

(denying an applicant’s petition requesting a review of her Bar Exam scores under then Supreme 

Court Rule 52(f)—the rule that is now Supreme Court Rule 52(e)). 

14 Petition of Applicant No. 5 to 1994 Del. Bar and Prof’l Conduct Examinations, 658 A.2d 609, 

612 (Del. 1995) (“This Court has observed that ‘neither the Board nor the Court can undertake, as 

a general function, the granting of bar admissions on waiver of minimum competence standards.’” 

(quoting In re Fischer, 425 A.2d 601, 603 (Del. 1980))). We have explained in another decision 

issued today, In re Murphy, No. 398, 2021, why In re Rubenstein, 637 A.2d 1131 (Del. 1994) and 

Petition of Golby 375 A.2d 1049 (Del. 1977) are of no help to the Applicant. 
10 

requirement, he failed to meet the minimum competence standards required for 

admission to the Delaware Bar. 

 (19) Further, only Board action that affects an applicant’s substantial rights 

is appealable to our Court.15 While it is admittedly cold comfort, the Applicant can 

retake the Bar Exam. An applicant’s substantial rights are unaffected when he has 

another opportunity to take the Bar Exam.16 Thus, the Board correctly denied the 

Applicant’s petition. 

* * * 

(20) The Applicant also claims that the Board’s exam administration 

violated the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses of the United States 

Constitution. He argues that the Board applied scoring adjustments in an unfair 

manner when it adjusted only the scores for applicants who performed a computer 

restart. The Applicant claims that his technical issues were similarly serious, 

although he did not restart his computer, and refusing to grant him a scoring 

adjustment denied him “equal protection under the law and [was] a violation of his 

due process rights.”17 He also argues on appeal that the Board’s decision to deny his 

15 “Any person aggrieved by final action of the Board may appeal to the Court for relief if such 

action affects the substantial rights of the person claimed to be aggrieved, except that decisions of 

the Board with respect to a specific grade or grades assigned to any individual applicant are final 

and shall not be subject to review by the Court.” Supr. Ct. R. 52(e). 

16 Applicant No. 009, 2003 WL 22416043, at *1. 

17 Reply Br. at 1. 
11 

petition to challenge the disparate application of adjustments denied him due 

process. 

(21) The Board responds that, in addition to making only conclusory 

constitutional arguments, the Constitution requires only that the Board’s procedures 

are rationally related to the testing purpose.18 According to the Board, because its 

actions were not arbitrary, fraudulent, or unfair, the scoring adjustment for applicants 

who restarted their computers was rationally related to the Board’s goal of 

administering a fair exam that accounted for the challenges of remote administration 

due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 

(22) Even though “[b]ar examination procedures are always reviewable to 

determine if there has been any contravention of the Due Process or Equal Protection 

Clause[,]”19 we note that the remedy for constitutional or statutory violations is not 

waiver of the passing score requirement and admission to the Bar, the only remedy 

the Applicant requests. “Neither the Board nor the Court can undertake, as a general 

function, the granting of bar admissions on waiver of minimum competence 

18 Answering Br. at 32 (citing Petition of Applicant No. 5, 658 A.2d at 611; In re Reardon, 378 

A.2d 614, 618 n.9, 619 (Del. 1977)). 

19 In re Reardon, 378 A.2d at 618. 
12 

standards.”20 If there were constitutional or statutory errors in administering the Bar 

Exam, the Applicant’s remedy is to re-take the Bar Exam free from those errors.21 

(23) In any event, we are unpersuaded by the Applicant’s constitutional 

claims. When the Board administers the Bar Exam, the “Constitution does not 

require a perfect test nor does it require perfect examiners; it requires only a rule of 

rationality.”22 Unless the Board acted in an arbitrary, fraudulent, or unfair manner, 

the Board’s scoring adjustment process will withstand rational basis scrutiny.23 And 

the Board’s actions withstand this scrutiny if there is “some reasonable basis for the 

challenged act, some ‘rational connection’ between it and a legitimate State 

interest[.]”24 

(24) The Board was faced with an unprecedented challenge. At the time of 

the 2021 Bar Exam, the COVID-19 pandemic continued to cause serious illness and 

death. In-person gatherings were discouraged. The Board had an unenviable 

decision to make—cancel the Bar Exam again as it had done in 2020 or administer 

the Bar Exam remotely for the first time. It chose the latter. Anticipating difficulties 

20 Petition of Applicant No. 5, 658 A.2d at 612 (quoting In re Fischer, 425 A.2d at 603). 

21 See In re Fischer, 425 A.2d at 603 (examining the petitioner’s due process claim and stating 

“[w]e decline to reach the constitutional question, either as a facial matter or as applied in this 

case, because we determine, as a matter of discretion, that the petitioner, assuming he otherwise 

qualifies, should be permitted to take the Delaware Bar Examination again . . . .”). 

22 In re Reardon, 378 A.2d at 619 (considering both Equal Protection Clause and Due Process 

Clause claims). 

23 Id. at 619. 

24 Id. at 618. 
13 

with a remote administration, the Board adopted procedures to report technical 

problems. Unfortunately, technical issues were common. The Board responded by 

drawing a cutoff for verifiable problems (computer re-start) and worked with an 

expert in high stakes standardized licensing exams to adjust the scoring procedures 

in a way that “reasonably and appropriately account for the impacts to affected 

applicants while maintaining the integrity and fairness of the test for all 

examinees.”25 The Board’s method for adjusting scores was reasonable considering 

the unusual circumstances surrounding the 2021 Bar Exam and the need for a 

verifiable yardstick for making adjustments. And they were rationally related to the 

legitimate interest of accounting for problems with remote testing while ensuring a 

valid test for minimum competence to practice law in Delaware. Thus, the Board 

did not violate the Applicant’s rights under either the Equal Protection or Due 

Process Clauses.26

* * * 

(25) Finally, the Applicant argues that the Board denied him reasonable 

accommodations when it required him to take the Bar Exam in Wilmington or forego 

the use of physical scratch paper. The Board issued its decision on the Applicant’s 

25 Id. at A91. 

26 See also In re Kennedy, 2003 WL 1987984, at *1 (rejecting a request by petitioner to review 

Bar Exam answers and holding that “we continue to find no violation of procedural or substantive 

due process in the manner in which the Delaware Bar examination is graded and reviewed.”). 
14 

accommodations on July 16, 2021. This appeal—the first time the Applicant raised 

any challenge to the Board’s scratch paper decision—was filed on December 1, 

2021.27 The Applicant did not timely appeal the physical scratch paper decision 

within the deadlines set by the Board’s rules or this Court’s rules.28 Thus, we lack 

jurisdiction to consider the physical scratch paper accommodation issue.29

NOW, THEREFORE, IT IS ORDERED that the Board of Bar Examiner’s 

decision is AFFIRMED. 

27 The petition did not raise the Board’s failure to provide reasonable accommodations. App. to 

Opening Br. at A96–99. 

28 BR 15(d)(iii) (“The applicant may appeal the decision of the Hearing Panel by filing a Notice 

of Appeal with the Supreme Court no later than ten (10) days after the date of the Hearing Panel’s 

written decision.”); Supr. Ct. R. 52(e) (“The appeal shall be commenced by serving 2 copies 

thereof upon the Chair and the Executive Director of the Board and by filing the original and 1 

copy with the Clerk of the Court in compliance with Rule 7, such service and filing to be 

accomplished within 30 days of the action of the Board.”). 

29 Even if we ignore the jurisdictional issue, we still find the Applicant’s accommodations 

challenge lacking. The Americans with Disabilities Act (the “ADA”) requires reasonable 

accommodations for bar applicants with disabilities that can limit their ability to perform well on 

the Bar Exam. While the ADA requires reasonable accommodations for disabled individuals to 

take the examination, the “integrity of the examination process” is an important factor that the 

board should consider when making reasonable accommodations. Petition of Rubenstein, 637 

A.2d at 1135–36. The Board had legitimate security concerns with the use of physical scratch 

paper and remote administration of the Bar Exam. And the Applicant would have had to travel to 

the Wilmington exam site regardless if the Bar Exam had been offered in person and he used the 

private room accommodation.