U N PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 21

- 4082

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA , Plaintiff

- Appellee ,

v.
DEWAN ANTONIO GARRIS , Defendant

- Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of North Carolina, at Charlotte. Robert J. Conrad, Jr., District Judge. ( 3:18

- cr
- 00285

- RJC

- DCK

- 1 )

A rgued : May 5, 2022 Decided: July 21, 2022

Before KING and RICHARDSON, Circuit Judges, and KEENAN, Senior Circuit Judge.

Affirmed in part, vacated in part, and remanded by unpublished per curiam opinion

. Judge Richardson wrote a dissenting opinion.

ARGUED: Megan Coyle Hoffman, FEDERAL DE FENDERS OF WESTERN NORTH CAROLINA, INC., Charlotte, North Carolina, for Appellant. Samir H. Doshi, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Anthony Martinez, Federal Public Defender, FEDERAL DEFENDERS OF WESTERN NOR TH CAROLINA, INC., Charlotte, North Carolina, for Appellant. William T. Stetzer, Acting United States Attorney, Anthony J. Enright, Assistant United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Charlotte, North Carolina, for Appellee.

Unpubli shed opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. USCA4 Appeal: 21-4082 Doc: 60 Filed: 07/21/2022 Pg: 1 of 132 PER CURIAM : Dewan Antonio Garris appeals from the judgment of conviction and the sentence
imposed against him in February 2021 in the Western District of North Carolina

. The
sentencing followed a bench trial on a charge against Garris of possessing a firearm as a
convicted felon, in contravention of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g). As explained herein, we find merit

as to one of Garris’s appellate contentions : that the sentencing court procedurally erred in
imposing seve n discretionary conditions of supervised release (the “challenged
conditions”)

. 1 Accordingly, we affirm Garris’s conviction, vacate his sentence with respect

to th e challenged conditions, and remand for resentencing.

I.

As show n by the evidence, in the early morning hours of July 4, 2018, Garris was
arrested by the Charlotte

- Mecklenburg County Police Department on various state law

offenses

. After Garris was apprehended , the authorities search ed two backpacks that were

in his possession an d discovered a firearm in each backpack

. A grand jury in the Western

District of North Carolina indicted Garris in August 2018 on the firearm offense , in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)

.

1 In challenging his conviction, Garris argues that the district court erred in denying his motion

— on Fourth and Fifth Amendment grounds

— to suppress evidence that resulted from his arrest. We have considered those contentions and conclude, without furth er discussion herein, that they lack merit. USCA4 Appeal: 21-4082 Doc: 60 Filed: 07/21/2022 Pg: 2 of 133 After conduct ing the bench trial in July 2019 , the district court found Garris guilty

of the firearm charge

. On September 17, 2019, t he p robation o ffice filed the relevant
Presentence Investigation Report (the “PSR”), which indicated that Garris was eligible for

a term of supervised release. See J.A. 302. 2 A lthough the PSR provided that “[t]he
Probation Officer has not identified any special conditions that will be included as part of
the recommendation to the Court at this time,” it instructed Garris to “refer to [a standing
order at] http://www.ncwp.uscourts.gov to view all mandatory and standard conditions
adopted by this Court.” Id. at 304

. 3

When Garris was sentenc ed on January 26, 2021 , a newly issued district court
standing order p rovided for 21 standard discretionary conditions of supervised release , to
be imposed “for all such terms of supervised release .

. . given on or after January 1, 2021,
unless affirmatively omitted or altered by the presiding judge. ” See I n re: Mandatory &
Discretionary Conditions of Probation & Supervised Release , No. 3:21

- mc
- 00003 , at 1
(W.D.N.C. Jan. 11, 2021), ECF No. 2 (the “Standing Order”)

. The Standing Order’s
discretionary conditions i nclude d the challenged conditions: Condition 7 (prohibiting
Garris from leaving the judicial district); Condition 8 (requiring Garris to truthfully answer
all questions from the p robation o ffice); Condition 9 (requiring Garris to live at a place
approved by the p robation o ffice); Condition 12 (prohib iting Garris from communicating

2 Citations herein to “J.A. __” refer to the contents of the Joint Appendix filed by the parties in this appeal.

3 We observe that the standing order in effect at the time the PSR was filed in September 2019 is not in the record on appeal

. USCA4 Appeal: 21-4082 Doc: 60 Filed: 07/21/2022 Pg: 3 of 134 or interacting with known felons without permission from the p robation o ffice); Condition
16 (prohibiting Garris from “excessive use of alcohol”); Condition 17 (requiring Garris to
participate in drug treatment “if directed ” by the probation office ); and Condition 18
(requiring Garris to submit to searches by the probation office without a warrant based
upon a showing of reasonable suspicion ). See J.A. 277. 4

D uring the sentencing hearing, Garris’s lawyer interposed numer ous objections to
the challenged conditions. First , Garris asserted that Conditions 7, 9, 12, 16, and 17 each
constitute an impermissible delegation of the court’s Article III judicial authority to its

P robation Of fice r

. Additionally, Garris contended that Condition 7 lacks a “knowingly”
mens rea requirement, as contemplated by the Sentencing Guidelines. See J.A. 253. He
also argued that Condition 8 contravenes his “Fifth Amendment right against self

incrimination” and has no connect ion with the circumstances of his case. Id. Moreover,
Garris maintained that Conditions 9 and 16 are void for vagueness because they fail to
provide adequate notice of permissible or prohibited conduct. And he asserted that

Condition 18 allows “arbitrary intrusions by law enforcement,” provides the probation
officer with unlimited access to his personal information and , under the Guidelines , is
applicable only to sex offenders. Id. at 256.

4 For purposes of this appeal, we refer to the challenged conditions as they are numerically expressed in the final judgment

. S ee J.A. 277 . Those descriptions differ somewhat from the system used in the S tanding O rder. USCA4 Appeal: 21-4082 Doc: 60 Filed: 07/21/2022 Pg: 4 of 135 I n pronouncing Garris’s sentence , the district court impos ed t he challenged
conditions, along with 12 other discretionary conditions set forth in the S tanding O rder

.
The court sustained Garris’s objections to two discretionary conditions. 5
On the merits of the challenged conditions, the sentencing court briefly discussed
and rejected one of Garris’s contentions

— that five of the challenged conditions constitute
an impermissible delegation of the court’s Article III authority to the Probation Officer

. In

so ruling , the court did not specifically address that contention as it relates to any of the
challenged conditions. The court did not discus s Garris’s other objections to the challenged

conditions.

In collectively stating its reasons for imposing 19 of the discretionary conditions
(including the challenged conditions) , the sentencing court explained that each of those

conditions is
reasonably related to the nature and circumstances of the offense, the characteristics of the defendant, the need to afford adequate deterrence to criminal conduct, and to protect the public from further crimes of Mr. Garris, as well as to provide him with needed educational and vocational training, medical care, or other correctional treatment, in the most effective manner.

See J.A. 2 71. T he court explained t hat each of the discretionary condition s involve “ no greater deprivation of liberty than is reasonably necessary for the purposes listed in [ 18

U.S.C. §] 3553(a) ” and are “ consistent with pertinent policy statements of the Sentenc ing

5 Before assessing the merits of Garris’s objections to the S tanding O rder’s discretionary conditions, the district court suggested that the objections interposed by Garris were untimely , because they were not made in writing prior to the sentencing hearing. Nevertheless, the court apparently rejected the objections solely on their merits and not on timeliness grounds. USCA4 Appeal: 21-4082 Doc: 60 Filed: 07/21/2022 Pg: 5 of 136 Commission. ” Id. In so doing , the court “incorporate[d], by reference, the details
previously stated about [Garris’s] history and characteristics, his serious criminal history,
the very serious nature of the [§] 922(g) felony criminal conduct, and the information

contained in the [PSR] .” Id. at 272 . And the court explained that it considered information

from “ the bench trial, and the suppression hearin g, and the relationship that [the § 3553(a)]
factors suggest for the purposes of sentencing applicable to supervised release. ” Id.
Finally, t he district court sentenced Garris to 51 months of imprisonment, to be
followed by a two

- year term of supervise d release. Garris has noted this appeal, and we
possess jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3742 and 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

II.

In his appeal, Garris maintains that the sentencing court erred in imposing the
challenged condition s , in that those conditions are neither procedurally nor substantively

reasonable. We review the imposition of supervised release conditions for abuse of

discretion. See United States v. Worley , 685 F.3d 404, 407 (4th Cir. 2012)

.
R elevant here, “ [a] sentencing court mu st craft conditions of supervised release that
comply with the requirements listed in 18 U.S.C. § 3583(d) .” See United States v. Ellis , 984 F.3d 1092, 1098 (4th Cir. 2021). Section 3583(d) requires that conditions of
supervised release be: (1) “reasonably related” to the nature and circumstances of the
offense, the history and characteristics of the defendant, and the statutory goals of
deterrence, protection of the public, and rehabilitation; (2) “no greater [a] deprivation of
liberty than is r easonably necessary” to achieve those statutory goals; and (3) consistent USCA4 Appeal: 21-4082 Doc: 60 Filed: 07/21/2022 Pg: 6 of 137 with the Sentencing Commission ’s pertinent policy statements

. See 18 U.S.C. § 3583(d);

see also United States v. McMiller , 954 F.3d 670, 676 (4th Cir. 2020). C rucially , any supervi sed release condition imposed must be both procedurally and substantively

reasonable. See United States v. Arbaugh , 951 F.3d 167, 178

- 79 (4th Cir. 2020)

.
A.

First and foremost , Garris maintains that the sentencing court committed procedural
error in overruling his objections to the challenged conditions by failing to address his
nonfrivolous arguments “head

- on , ” as required b y our decision of July 21, 2021, in United
States v. Boyd

— which the court did not have the bene fit of at the time it sentenced Garris

.
See 5 F.4th 550, 559 (4th Cir. 2021) (internal quotation marks omitted). On that score, we
agree with Garris.

1.

We have recognized that procedural reasonableness requires that a sentencing court

“ adequately explain its decision and its reasons for imposing” discretionary conditions of
supervised release. See Worley , 685 F.3d at 407

. O ur Boyd decision made clear that
sentencing court s must make individualized assessments based u pon the facts and
“adequately [ explain ] its reasons for imposing certain conditions

. ” See 5 F.4th at 557
(internal quotation marks omitted). As we have said, “a talismanic recitation of the
[§] 3553(a) factors without application to the defendant being s entenced does not
demonstrate reasoned decisionmaking or provide an adequate basis for appellate review.”

See United States v. Carter , 564 F.3d 325, 329 (4th Cir. 2009). USCA4 Appeal: 21-4082 Doc: 60 Filed: 07/21/2022 Pg: 7 of 138 Moreover , we explained in Boyd that “[w]hen a defendant presents [ nonfrivolous ]
reasons for imposing a different sentence, the sentencing court must address or consider
them and explain why it has rejected them.” See 5 F.4th at 557 (internal quotation marks
omitted). In that regard , “ where a defendant makes nonfrivolous objections that cast doubt
on compliance with § 3583(d), the district court must address them head

- on. ” Id. at 559
(internal quotation marks omitted). If the court “ fails to do so, we will vacate the sentence

and remand fo r resentencing unless context makes the court ’ s reasons for rejecting the
nonfrivolous objections patently obvious. ” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).

2.

D uring his sentencing hearing, Garris presented the sentencing court with

nonfrivolous arguments supporting his objections to the challenged conditions. See J.A.

252

- 57. 6 Nevertheless , t he court summarily overruled Garris’s objections to the challenged

conditions and simply stated that each of the 19 discretionary conditions of supervised

release it imposed comply with the terms of 18 U.S.C. § 3583(d)

. The court then recited

that each of the discretionary conditions involve “no greater deprivation of liberty than is

6 We observe that Garris maintained before the sentencing court that Condition 18 was impermissible because it authorized the probation office to conduct warrantless searches without even reasonable suspicion. Although the court rejected that objection at sentencing in January 2021 , Garris’s position

— that Condition 18 was impermissible

— was adopted in the Western District of North Carolina in a September 2021 order pertaining to conditions of supervised release. See In re: Mandatory & Discretionary Conditions of Probation & Superv ised Release , No. 3:21

- mc
- 00003 , at 4 (W.D.N.C. Sept. 30, 2021), ECF No. 4. USCA4 Appeal: 21-4082 Doc: 60 Filed: 07/21/2022 Pg: 8 of 139 reasonably necessary for the purpo ses listed in [§] 3553(a)” and are “consistent with
pertinent policy statements of the Sentencing Commission.” Id. at 271.
In these circumstances, the sentencing court failed to sufficiently explain why it had
rejected Garris’s nonfrivolous arguments as to the challenged conditions

. Although the

court c onsidered the facts underlying Garris’s case in imposin g the discretionary conditions
(including the challenged conditions ) , it was obliged to do more

. That is, b efore the court
could impose the challenged conditions , it should have assessed Garris’s nonfrivolous

arguments on those conditions and “explain[ed] why it .

. . rejected them.” See Boyd , 5
F.4th at 557 (internal quotation marks omitted). T o the extent the court discussed why it

had rejected the merits of Garris’s delegation argument, it did so without addressing that

contention as it relates to any of the challenged conditions.

Put most simply, the sentencing court was required to address ea ch of Garris’s

nonfrivolous arguments as to the challenged conditions

— as the Boyd case said

— “head

on.” See 5 F.4th at 559 (internal quotation marks omitted). And we are unable to perceive

that “ context ” renders the c ourt ’ s reasons for rejecting Garris’s contentions “ patently

obvious. ” Id

. Thus , the challenged conditions were erroneously imposed in contravention

of Boyd , and we vacate Garris’s sentence as to th ose conditions and remand for
resentencing

. 7

7 Had the sentencing court failed to orally pronounce the discretionary conditions at the January 2021 hearing

— but included them in a final judgment

— we would vacate the entirety of Garris’s sentence

. See United States v. Rogers , 961 F.3d 291 (4th Cir. 2020); United States v. Singletary , 984 F.3d 341 (4th Cir. 2021)

. But i n circumstances such as these, when the court pronounces discr etionary conditions of supervised release at the (Continued) USCA4 Appeal: 21-4082 Doc: 60 Filed: 07/21/2022 Pg: 9 of 1310 B.

Garris also maintains that the challenged conditions are substantively un reasonable , thereby warranting further relief

. Because t he challenged conditions are procedurally

unreasonable , however, “we cannot

. . . review the conditions for substantive

reason ableness.” See Boyd , 5 F.4th at 560 n.10

. Accordingly, we refrain from conducting

a substantive reasonableness inquiry

. 8

sentencing hearing but fails to explain its rejection of the defendant’s nonfrivolous objections thereto, the proper remedy is to vacate the sentence only as to the procedurally unreasonable conditions. See Boyd , 5 F.4th at 560 n.11; see also United States v. Hardin , 998 F.3d 582, 593 n.14 (4th Cir. 2021) , cert. denied , 142 S. Ct. 779 (2022).

8 Our dissenting colleague is of the view that the sentencing court rejected Garris’s objections to the challenged conditions as untimely, in that they were not presented in writing when the PSR was filed in September 2019. We do not, however, read the record that way. See supra note 5 . The government apparently do es not agree with the dissent’s interpretation either, given that the government has not raised the issue of timeliness on appeal. In any eve nt , there was good reason for the court not to rely on timeliness as a ground to reject Garris’s objections. The Standing Order setting forth the challenged conditions was issued just prior to Garris’s sentencing in January 2021, raising the question of h ow Garris could have lodged his objections 16 months earlier in September 2019. Additionally, courts widely accept

— and , in fact, encourage

— oral objections interposed by a defendant at a sente ncing hearing

. See, e.g. , Fed. R. Crim. P. 32(i)(1)(D) (recognizing that a sentencing court “may, for good cause, allow a party to make a new objection at any time before sentence is imposed”); Irizarry v. United States , 553 U.S. 708, 715 (2008) (recognizing that courts should gi ve the parties “an adequate opportunity to confront and debate the relevant issues” at sentencing hearings ); Boyd , 5 F.4th at 557 (recognizing that oral objections to discretionary conditions of supervised release

— lodged initially at sentencing

— are suf ficient to preserve arguments for appellate review if presented with reasonable degree of specificity ). USCA4 Appeal: 21-4082 Doc: 60 Filed: 07/21/2022 Pg: 10 of 1311 III.
Pursuant to the foregoing, we affirm Garris’s conviction, vacate his sentence as to

the challenged conditions , and remand for resentencing

. AFFIRMED IN PART, VACATED IN PART,

AND REMANDED USCA4 Appeal: 21-4082 Doc: 60 Filed: 07/21/2022 Pg: 11 of 1312 RICHARDSON, Circuit Judge, dissenting:
On September 17, 2019, recent convict Dewan Antonio Garris received a copy of a

presentenc e report , informing him he would be subject to the Western District of North
Carolina’s standard conditions of supervised release. 1 Rather than submitting written
objections to those conditions within two weeks, as required by rule, h e waited until the
day of his sentencing hearing, sixteen months later. Then, his counsel orally rattled off (by
my count) seventeen untimely objections . The majority says that the district court excused
the untimeliness of these objections. Maj ority Op

. 5 n. 5

. But I disagree

. T he court instead

stated:
The Court will note that the objections to the standard conditions appear to the Court to be untimely. If they were properly filed with respect to objections to the Presentence Report, this would have g iven the probation officer and the U.S. Attorney’s office adequate time to address the various issues raised by the defendant with respect to the conditions. So, the Court will deny the objection to the standard conditions

— the discretionary conditions s et forth in the standard conditions of supervised release adopted in the Western District of North Carolina.

J.A. 270

– 71. The court then moved on to other arguments: “The Court, also on the merits , denies the impermissible delegation argument, . . . ” Id. (emphasis added).

1 At that time, the standard conditions of supervised release for the district were contained in a December 2016 standing order. See Standard Conditi ons of Probation and Supervised Release, Misc. Order 3:16

- MC

- 221 (M.D.N.C. Dec. 8, 2016) (saved as ECF opinion attachment). The conditions contained in this standing order were identical to the ones Garris was sentenced under in all respects pertinent to his objections. So Garris was not ambushed by materially new conditions after the PSR objection period had passed. See Majority Op. 10 n.8. USCA4 Appeal: 21-4082 Doc: 60 Filed: 07/21/2022 Pg: 12 of 1313 Nothing more needed to be said to meet Garris’s untimely objections “head

- on.”
The district court’s alternative grounds (“ also on the merits”) for denying some objections
does not nullify its timeliness ruling. And where the dis trict judge did excuse untimeliness,
he specifically noted he was excusing two specific objections. J.A. 271 (“Number 19 and
number 23, the Court will grant the objections to those, notwithstanding the timeliness of
those objections.”).
Over the past sev eral years, our court has held district court judges to ever higher
procedural standards, insisting that they respond to defendants’ nonfrivolous sentencing
arguments in detail. It is only sensible that those judges should, in turn, be able to hold

defend ants to their own procedural obligation

— that they make those objections and

arguments in a timely manner to enable the detailed responses we require. Garris simply
failed to do so. So I respectfully dissent. USCA4 Appeal: 21-4082 Doc: 60 Filed: 07/21/2022 Pg: 13 of 13