NPSAS:16 FIELD TEST SUPPORTING STATEMENT A-1

Appendix A 

Studies Addressing Issues Relevant to NCES’ 

Postsecondary Longitudinal and Sample Surveys 

Studies Program

APPENDIX A. STUDIES ADDRESSING ISSUES RELEVANT TO NCES’ POSTSECONDARY AND LONGITUDINAL SAMPLE SURVEYS STUDIES

A-3

National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS)

“NCES”, “ED”, and “EJ” publication numbers are indicated in parenthesis. Publications with an “NCES” number 

may be accessed from the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) at http://nces.ed.gov. Publications with 

“ED” or “EJ” numbers are indexed in the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) at 

http://www.askeric.org.

Arranged alphabetically by study and year

2013

Adelman, C. (2013). Searching for Our Lost Associate’s Degrees: Project Win-Win at the Finish Line. Washington, 

DC: Institute for Higher Education Policy.

Alliance for Excellent Education. (2013). Repairing a Broken System: Fixing Federal Student Aid. Washington, DC: 

Author.

Bailey, T. (2012). Developing Input-Adjusted Metrics of Community College Performance. Washington, DC: HCM 

Strategists, LLC.

Baum, S., Kurose, C., and Ma, J. (2013). How College Shapes Lives: Understanding the Issues. Washington, DC: 

College Board Advocacy & Policy Center.

Baum, S., Kurose, C., and McPherson, M. (2013). An Overview of American Higher Education. Postsecondary 

Education in the United States, 23(1): 17–40.

Baum, S., Ma, J., and Payea, K. (2013). Education Pays 2013: the Benefits of Higher Education for Individuals and 

Society. Washington, DC: College Board Advocacy & Policy Center.

Baum, S., and Schwartz, S. (2013). Student Aid, Student Behavior, and Educational Attainment. Washington, DC: 

George Washington University, Graduate School of Education and Human Development.

Baum, S., and Scott-Clayton, J. (2013). Redesigning the Pell Grant Program for the Twenty-First Century. 

Washington, DC: The Hamilton Project.

Belfield, C.R. (2013). Student Loans and Repayment Rates: The Role of For-Profit Colleges. Research in Higher 

Education, 54(1): 1–29.

Burd, S. (2013). Undermining Pell: How Colleges Compete for Wealthy Students and Leave the Low-Income Behind. 

Washington, DC: New America Foundation.

Carter, D.F., Locks, A.M., and Winkle-Wagner, R. (2013). From When and Where I Enter: Theoretical and Empirical 

Considerations of Minority Students’ Transition to College. Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and 

Research, 28: 93–149.

Center for Analysis of Postsecondary Education and Employment. (2013). For-Profit Colleges: Growth, Outcomes, 

Regulation. New York: Author.

Chen, X. (2013). STEM Attrition: College Students’ Paths into and out of STEM Fields (NCES 2014-001). National 

Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC.

Choitz, V., and Reimherr, P. (2013). Mind the Gap: High Unmet Financial Need Threatens Persistence and 

Completion for Low-Income Community College Students. Washington, DC: Center for Law and Social 

Policy, Inc.

College Board Advocacy and Policy Center. (2013). Rethinking Pell Grants. New York: Author.

Crisp, G., and Delgado, C. (2013). The Impact of Developmental Education on Community College Persistence and 

Vertical Transfer. Community College Review. Retrieved January 17, 2014, from 

http://crw.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/11/05/0091552113516488.abstract.
APPENDIX A. STUDIES ADDRESSING ISSUES RELEVANT TO NCES’ POSTSECONDARY AND LONGITUDINAL SAMPLE SURVEYS STUDIES

A-4

Dannenberg, M., and Voight, M. (2013). Doing Away With Debt: Using Existing Resources to Ensure College 

Affordability for Low and Middle-Income Families. Washington, DC: The Education Trust.

Daun-Barnett, N.J. (2013). Access to College: A Reconsideration of the National Education Longitudinal Study 

(NELS). Educational Policy, 27(1): 3–32.

Davidson, J.C. (2013). Increasing FAFSA Completion Rates: Research, Policies and Practice. Journal of Student 

Financial Aid, 43(1): 38–54.

Davidson, J.C. (2013). Why Community College Students are so Poor, but Only 16.9% Received Federal Pell Grants. 

Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 37(7): 503–513.

Day, A., Dworsky, A., and Feng, W. (2013, April). An Analysis of Foster Care Placement History and Post-Secondary 

Graduation Rates. Research in Higher Education Journal, 19: 1–17.

Deming, D., Goldin, C., and Katz, L. (2013). For-Profit Colleges. Postsecondary Education in the United States, 

23(1): 137–164.

Dillman, D.A., and House, C.C. (Eds.). (2013). Measuring What We Spend: Toward a New Consumer Expenditure 

Survey. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

Doyle, W.R. (2013). A New Partnership: Reshaping the Federal and State Commitment to Need-Based Aid. 

Washington, DC: The Committee for Economic Development.

Dynarski, S., and Kreisman, D. (2013). Loans for Educational Opportunity: Making Borrowing Work for Today’s 

Students. Washington, DC: The Hamilton Project.

Dynarski, S., and Scott-Clayton, J. (2013). Financial Aid Policy: Lessons From Research. NBER Working Paper 18710. 

Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.

Esen, E. (2013). Financial Aid and Student Persistence: A Review and Analysis of the Literature. Journal of 

Education Policy, Planning and Administration, 2(2): 107–116.

Flynn, D. (2013). Baccalaureate Attainment of College Students at 4-Year Institutions as a Function of Student 

Engagement Behaviors: Social and Academic Student Engagement Behaviors Matter. Research in Higher 

Education. Retrieved January 17, 2014, from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11162-013-9321-8.

Gray, R., Vitak, J., Easton, E.W., and Ellison, N.B. (2013). Examining Social Adjustment to College in the Age of 

Social Media: Factors Influencing Successful Transitions and Persistence. Computers & Education, 67: 193–

207.

Guzman, T. (2013). To Choose or Not to Choose: Federal Income Tax Credits and Deductions and College Choice 

Decisions. Research Paper No. 2013-01-01. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University - School of Public and 

Environmental Affairs.

Habersham, S.L. (2013). Dual Enrollment: An Analysis of Persistence, Ethnicity, and Gender. Unpublished 

dissertation, Capella University, Minneapolis. Retrieved January 27, 2014, from 

http://search.proquest.com/docview/1412677956.

Hamilton, D.W., and Torraco, R.J. (2013). Integrative Review of the Literature on Adults With Limited Education 

and Skills and the Implications for Human Resource Development. Human Resource Development.

Retrieved July1, 2013, from

Reviewhttp://hrd.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/01/23/1534484312471135.abstract.

Hamilton, L.T. (2013). More Is More or More Is Less? Parental Financial Investments During College. American 

Sociological Review, 78(1): 70–95.

HCM Strategists. (2013). The American Dream 2.0: How Financial Aid Can Help Improve College Access, 

Affordability, and Completion. Washington, DC: Author.
APPENDIX A. STUDIES ADDRESSING ISSUES RELEVANT TO NCES’ POSTSECONDARY AND LONGITUDINAL SAMPLE SURVEYS STUDIES

A-5

HCM Strategists. (2013). Doing Better for More Students: Putting Student Outcomes at the Center of Federal 

Financial Aid. Washington, DC: Author.

Hershbein, B., and Hollenbeck, K.M. (2013). The Distribution of College Graduate Debt, 1990 to 2008: A 

Decomposition Approach. Paper presented at the Conference on Student Loans, Kalamazoo, MI.

Huelsman, M., and Cunningham, A.F. (2013). Making Sense of the System: Financial Aid Reform for the 21st 

Century Student. Washington, DC: Institute for Higher Education Policy.

The Institute for College Access & Success. (2013). Aligning the Means and the Ends: How to Improve Federal 

Student Aid and Increase College Access and Success. White Paper. Washington, DC: Author.

The Institute for College Access & Success. (2013). Strengthening Cal Grants to Better Serve Today’s Students: 

Analysis and Recommendations. Washington, DC: Author.

Jackson, B.A., and Reynolds, J.R. (2013). The Price of Opportunity: Race, Student Loan Debt, and College 

Achievement. Sociological Inquiry, 83(2)

Karikari, J.A., and Dezhbakhsh, H. (2013). Are Selective Private and Public Colleges Affordable? Education 

Economics, 21(1): 60–78.

Kim, Y.M., and Cole, J.S. (2013). Student Veterans/Service Members’ Engagement in College and University Life 

and Education. Washington, DC: American Council on Education.

Kofoed, M.S. (2013). For-Profit and Traditional Colleges: Institutional Control, Financial Aid Allocation, and Net 

Costs. Athens, GA: University of Georgia, Department of Economics, Terry College of Business.

Kofoed, M.S. (2013). To Apply or Not to Apply: FAFSA Completion and Financial Aid Gaps. Athens, GA: University of 

Georgia, Department of Economics, Terry College of Business.

Lang, K., and Weinstein, R. (2013). The Wage Effects of Not-for-Profit and For-Profit Certifications: Better Data, 

Somewhat Different Results. NBER Working Paper Series. No. 19135. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of 

Economic Research. Retrieved January 27, 2014, from http://www.nber.org/papers/w19135.

Lott II, J.L., Hernandez, J., King, J.P., Brown, T., and Fajardo, I. (2013). Public Versus Private Colleges: Political 

Participation of College Graduates. Research in Higher Education. Retrieved July1, 2013, from

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11162-013-9301-z.

Lovenheim, M.F., and Owens, E.G. (2013). Does Federal Financial Aid Affect College Enrollment? Evidence From 

Drug Offenders and the Higher Education Act of 1998. NBER Working Paper No. 18749. Cambridge, MA: 

National Bureau of Economic Research.

Lynch, D. (2013). Does Diversity Matter? Evidence From the Relationship Between an Institution’s Diversity and the 

Salaries of Its Graduates. Columbia University, New York.

Mamiseishvili, K., and Deggs, D.M. (2013). Factors Affecting Persistence and Transfer of Low-Income Students at 

Public Two-Year Institutions. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory and Practice, 15(3): 

409–432.

McKinney, L., and Novak, H. (2013). The Relationship Between FAFSA Filing and Persistence Among First-Year 

Community College Students. Community College Review, 41(1): 63–85.

Mendoza, P. (2012). Should I Work or Should I Borrow? Counterfactual Analysis on the Effect of Working While 

Enrolled and Debt on Baccalaureate Completion. Journal of Student Financial Aid, 42(2): 25–59.

Mishory, J., and O'Sullivan, R. (2012). The Student Perspective on Federal Financial Aid Reform. Washington, DC: 

Young Invincibles.
APPENDIX A. STUDIES ADDRESSING ISSUES RELEVANT TO NCES’ POSTSECONDARY AND LONGITUDINAL SAMPLE SURVEYS STUDIES

A-6

Montgomerie, J. (2013). America’s Debt Safety-Net. Public Administration: An International Quarterly. Retrieved 

July1, 2013, from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2012.02094.x/abstract.

Okahana, H. (2013). Shifting Demand or Just Moving Price?: A Multi-Level Analysis of Student Price Demand for 

College Education and State Policy Preferences. Unpublished dissertation, University of California, Los 

Angeles. Retrieved January 27, 2014, from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1371028120.

Pontes, M.C.F., and Pontes, N.M.H. (2013). Undergraduate Students’ Preferences for Distance Education by Field 

of Study. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 16(4). Retrieved January 17, 2014, from 

http://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/winter164/pontes_pontes164.html.

Radey, M., and Cheatham, L.P. (2013). Do Single Mothers Take Their Share?: FAFSA Completion Among AidEligible Female Students. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 6(4): 261–275.

Radwin, D., and Matthews, M. (2013). Characteristics of Certificate Completers with Their Time to Certificate and 

Labor Market Outcomes (NCES 2013-157). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education 

Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Radwin, D., Wine, J., Siegel, P., Bryan, M., and Hunt-White, T. (2013). 2011-12 National Postsecondary Student Aid 

Study (NPSAS:12): Student Financial Aid Estimates for 2011-12 (NCES 2013-165). National Center for 

Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Reed, M., and Cochrane, D. (2013). Student Debt and the Class of 2012. Washington, DC: The Institute for College 

Access & Success.

Reimherr, P., Harmon, T., Strawn, J., and Choitz, V. (2013). Reforming Student Aid: How to Simplify Tax Aid and 

Use Performance Metrics to Improve College Choices and Completion. Washington, DC: Center for Law 

and Social Policy, Inc.

Ross, P. (2013). Community College Pathways: A Narrative Inquiry with One Student. Open Access Theses and 

Dissertations from the College of Education and Human Sciences. Document 199. Lincoln, NE: University 

of Nebraska—Lincoln.

Ruot, B. (2013). An Investigation of the Six-Year Persistence/Attainment of Independent Students and Students 

Beginning in Community Colleges, 2003–04 – 2008–09: A Closer Look at Academic and Social Integration 

Factors. Unpublished dissertation, University at Buffalo, State University of New York. Retrieved January 

27, 2014, from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1413329202.

Santiago, D.A. (2013). Using a Latino Lens to Reimagine Aid Design and Delivery. White Paper. Washington, DC: 

Excelencia in Education.

Santos, J.L., and Sáenz, V.B. (2013). In the Eye of the Perfect Storm: The Convergence of Policy and Latina/o 

Trends in Access and Financial Concerns, 1975–2008. Educational Policy. Retrieved July1, 2013, from

http://epx.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/02/05/0895904812465111.abstract.

Shaw, S.F., and Dukes III, L.L. (2013). Transition to Postsecondary Education: A Call for Evidence-Based Practice. 

Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals, 36(1): 51–57.

Simone, S., Radwin, D., Wine, J., Siegel, P., Bryan, M., and Hunt-White, T. (2013). 2011-12 National Postsecondary 

Student Aid Study (NPSAS:12). Price Estimates for Attending Postsecondary Education Institutions (NCES 

2014-166). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC.

Smith, K., and Read, K. (2013). Student Characteristics and Summer Enrollment: A Comparison of Earlier Research 

With Findings From Nationally Representative Data. Summer Academe, 7: 1–19.

Sparks, D., and Malkus, N. (2013). First-Year Undergraduate Remedial Coursetaking: 1999–2000, 2003–04, 2007–

08 (NCES 2013-013). National Center Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC.
APPENDIX A. STUDIES ADDRESSING ISSUES RELEVANT TO NCES’ POSTSECONDARY AND LONGITUDINAL SAMPLE SURVEYS STUDIES

A-7

Staklis, S., Henke, R., and Soldner, M. (2013). Who Considers Teaching and Who Teaches? First-Time 2007–08 

Bachelor’s Degree Recipients by Teaching Status 1 Year after Graduation (NCES 2014-002). National 

Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC.

Stange, K.M. (2013). Differential Pricing in Undergraduate Education: Effects on Degree Production by Field. NBER 

Working Paper Series. No. 19183. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved 

January 17, 2014, from http://www.nber.org/papers/w19183.

Turner, L.J. (2013). Rethinking Institutional Aid: Implications for Affordability, Access, and the Effectiveness of 

Federal Student Aid. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.

Wang, X., and Wickersham, K. (2013). Postsecondary Co-Enrollment and Baccalaureate Completion: A Look at 

Both Beginning 4-Year College Students and Baccalaureate Aspirants Beginning at Community Colleges. 

Research in Higher Education. Retrieved January 17, 2014, from 

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11162-013-9317-4#.

Wei, C.C., and Horn, L. (2013). Federal Student Loan Debt Burden of Noncompleters (NCES 2013-155). National 

Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC.

Wells, R.S., and Lynch, C.M. (2013). Volunteering for College? Potential Implications of Financial Aid Tax Credits 

Rewarding Community Service. Educational Policy. Retrieved July1, 2013, from

http://epx.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/02/13/0895904813475707.abstract.

Woo, J.H. (2013). Degrees of Debt. Student Borrowing and Loan Repayment of Bachelor’s Degree Recipients 1 Year 

after Graduating: 1994, 2001, 2009 (NCES 2014-011). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of 

Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Wood, J.L. (2013). The Same...But Different: Examining Background Characteristics among Black Males in Public 

Two-Year Colleges. The Journal of Negro Education, 82(1): 47–61.

Wood, J.L., and Palmer, R.T. (2013). Understanding the Personal Goals of Black Male Community College Students: 

Facilitating Academic and Psychosocial Development. Journal of African American Studies, 17(2): 222–241.

Zeiser, K.L., Kirshstein, R.J., and Tanenbaum, C. (2013). The Price of a Science PhD: Variations in Student Debt 

Levels Across Disciplines and Race/Ethnicity. Washington, DC: Center for STEM Education & Innovation at 

American Institutes for Research.

Zhan, M., and Xiang, X. (2013). An Event History Analysis of Education Loans and College Graduation: A Focus on 

Differences by Race and Ethnicity. CSD Working Papers. No. 13-35. St. Louis: Washington University in 

Saint Louis, Center for Social Development.

Zhukov, B.A. (2013). Measuring College Price Indices. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University, Department of 

Economics.

2012

Amuedo-Dorantes, C., and Sparber, C. (2012). In-State Tuition for Undocumented Immigrants and Its Impact on 

College Enrollment, Tuition Costs, Student Financial Aid, and Indebtedness. Discussion Paper No. 6857. 

Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).

Avery, C., and Turner, S. (2012). Student Loans: Do College Students Borrow Too Much — Or Not Enough? Journal 

of Economic Perspectives, 26(1): 165–192.

Dynarski, S., and Wiederspan, M. (2012). Student Aid Simplification: Looking Back and Looking Ahead. Working 

Paper 17834. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.

Flowers, L.O., White, E.N., James E. Raynor, J., and Bhattacharya, S. (2012). African American Students’ 

Participation in Online Distance Education in STEM Disciplines: Implications for HBCUs. SAGE Open, 2(2).
APPENDIX A. STUDIES ADDRESSING ISSUES RELEVANT TO NCES’ POSTSECONDARY AND LONGITUDINAL SAMPLE SURVEYS STUDIES

A-8

Gilpin, G.A. (2012). Teacher Salaries and Teacher Aptitude: An Analysis Using Quantile Regressions. Economics of 

Education Review, 31(3): 15–29.

Kim, J. (2012). Exploring the Relationship Between State Financial Aid Policy and Postsecondary Enrollment 

Choices: A Focus on Income and Race Differences. Research in Higher Education, 53(2): 123–151.

Melguizo, T., and Chung, A. (2012). College Aid Policy and Competition for Diversity. The Review of Higher 

Education, 35(3): 403–430.

Metcalfe, Y. (2012). A Logistic Regression and Discriminant Function Analysis of Enrollment Characteristics of 

Student Veterans With and Without Disabilities. Dissertation. Virginia Commonwealth University.

Mullin, C.M. (2012). It’s a Matter of Time: Low-Income Students and Community Colleges. AACC Policy Brief 2012-

02PBL. Washington, DC: American Association of Community Colleges.

Pender, M., Hurwitz, M., Smith, J., and Howell, J. (2012). College Choice: Informing Students’ Trade-Offs Between 

Institutional Price and College Completion. Policy Brief. College Board Advocacy & Policy Center.

Pontes, M.C.F., and Pontes, N.M.H. (2012). Enrollment in Distance Education Classes in 2008 is Associated with 

Fewer Enrollment Gaps Among Independent Undergraduate Students in the US. Journal of Asynchronous 

Learning Networks, 16(1): 79–89.

Reeves, T.J., Miller, L.A., and Rouse, R.A. (2011). Reality Check: A Vital Update to the Landmark 2002 NCES Study 

of Nontraditional College Students. Apollo Research Institute.

Schmitt, J., and Boushey, H. (2012). Why Don’t More Young People Go to College? Challenge, 55(4): 78–93.

Scott-Clayton, J. (2012). What Explains Trends in Labor Supply Among U.S. Undergraduates, 1970–2009? NBER 

Working Paper No. 17744. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.

Shuster, K. (2012). Re-Examining Exit Exams: New Evidence From the Education Longitudinal Study of 2002. 

Education Policy Analysis Archives, 20(3): 1–35.

Soldner, M., Wine, J., and Janson, N. (2012). Developing a Multi-Mode, Longitudinal Study to Understand College 

Student Outcomes Using Becker’s Human Capital Framework. National Center for Education Statistics and 

RTI International.

Staklis, S., and Horn, L. (2012). New Americans in Postsecondary Education: A Profile of Immigrant and SecondGeneration American Undergraduates (NCES 2012-213). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute 

of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Turner, L.J. (2012). “Essays in Applied Microeconomics.” Ph.D. Dissertation. Columbia University.

Wood, J.L. (2012). Examining Academic Variables Affecting the Persistence and Attainment of Black Male 

Collegians: A Focus on Academic Performance and Integration in the Two-Year College. Race, Ethnicity, 

and Education, 15(1): 1–22.

Wood, J.L., and Essien-Wood, I. (2012). Capital Identity Projection: Understanding the Psychosocial Effects of 

Capitalism on Black Male Community College Students. Journal of Economic Psychology, 33: 984–995.

Young, J.W., Lakin, J., Courtney, R., and Martiniello, M. (2012). Advancing the Quality and Equity of Education for 

Latino Students: A White Paper. Princeton, New Jersey: Educational Testing Service.

Zarifa, D. (2012). Higher Education Expansion, Social Background, and College Selectivity in the United States. 

International Journal of Sociology of Education, 1(3): 263–291.

2011

Alon, S. (2011). Who Benefits Most From Financial Aid? The Heterogeneous Effect of Need-Based Grants on 

Students’ College Persistence. Social Science Quarterly, 92(3): 807–829.
APPENDIX A. STUDIES ADDRESSING ISSUES RELEVANT TO NCES’ POSTSECONDARY AND LONGITUDINAL SAMPLE SURVEYS STUDIES

A-9

Bersudskaya, V., and Wei, C.C. (2011). Trends in Student Financing of Undergraduate Education: Selected Years, 

1995–96 to 2007–08 (NCES 2011-218). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education 

Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Burns, S., Wang, X., and Alexandra Henning (Eds.). (2011). NCES Handbook of Survey Methods (NCES 2011-609). 

National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC. 

Cheslock, J.J., and Hughes, R.P. (2011). Differences Across States in Higher Education Finance Policy. Journal of 

Education Finance, 36(4): 369–393.

Choy, S.P., and Cataldi, E.F. (2011). Graduate and First-Professional Students: 2007–08 (NCES 2011-174). National 

Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC.

Griffith, J. (2011). A Decade of Helping: Community Service Among Recent High School Graduates Attending 

College. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly (published online before print on August 22, 2011).

Ho, P., and Wei, C.C. (2011). Web Tables—Trends in the Receipt of Pell Grants: Selected Years, 1995–96 to 2007–

08 (NCES 2011-155). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Livermore, G., Whalen, D., Prenovitz, S., Aggerwal, R., and Bardos, M. (2011). Disability Data in National Surveys. 

Washington, DC: Mathematica Policy Research.

Radford, A.W. (2011). Learning at a Distance: Undergraduate Enrollment in Distance Education Courses and 

Degree Programs (NCES 2012-154). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education 

Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Radford, A.W. (2011). Military Service Members and Veterans: A Profile of Those Enrolled in Undergraduate and 

Graduate Education in 2007–08 (NCES 2011-163). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of 

Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Radford, A.W., and Berkner, L. (2011). Federal Education Tax Benefits: Who Receives Them and to What Extent Do 

They Shape the Price of College Attendance? (NCES 2012-212). National Center for Education Statistics, 

Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Smith, K.S. (2011). “Characteristics of Students Who Enroll in Summer Session.” Ph.D. Dissertation. Virginia 

Polytechnic Institute.

Snyder, T.D., and Dillow, S.A. (2011). Digest of Education Statistics 2010 (NCES 2011-015). National Center for 

Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Staklis, S., Bersudskaya, V., and Horn, L. (2011). Web Tables—Students Attending For-Profit Postsecondary 

Institutions: Demographics, Enrollment Characteristics, and 6-Year Outcomes (NCES 2012-173). National 

Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC.

Steele, P. (2011). Suggestions for Improvements to the Collection and Dissemination of Federal Financial Aid Data

(NPEC 2012-834). National Postsecondary Education Cooperative, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC.

Turley, R.N.L. (2011). Contributions to College Costs by Married, Divorced, and Remarried Parents. Journal of 

Family Issues, 32(6): 767–790.

Wei, C.C., and Skomsvold, P. (2011). Borrowing at the Maximum: Undergraduate Stafford Loan Borrowers in 

2007–08 (NCES 2012-161). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC. 
APPENDIX A. STUDIES ADDRESSING ISSUES RELEVANT TO NCES’ POSTSECONDARY AND LONGITUDINAL SAMPLE SURVEYS STUDIES

A-10

Woo, J.H. (2011). The Expansion of Private Loans in Postsecondary Education (NCES 2012-184). National Center for 

Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Woo, J., and Skomsvold, P. (2011). Web Tables—Trends in Student Financing of Graduate and First-Professional 

Education: Selected Years, 1995–96 to 2007–08 (NCES 2011-217). National Center for Education Statistics, 

Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Woo, J.H., and Choy, S.P. (2011). Merit Aid for Undergraduates: Trends From 1995–96 to 2007–08 (NCES 2012-

160). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC. 

2010

Bersudskaya, V., and Wei, C.C. (2011). Trends in Student Financing of Undergraduate Education: Selected Years, 

1995–96 to 2007–08 (NCES 2011-218). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education 

Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Boureiko, N.V. (2010). “Factors Influencing the Academic Success of Second Generation Immigrant College 

Students.” Dissertation. University of Arkansas at Little Rock.

Cataldi, E.F., and Ho, P. (2010). Web Tables—Student Financing of Graduate and First-Professional Education: 

2007–08 (NCES 2011-172). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Chen, R., and DesJardins, S.L. (2010). Investigating the Impact of Financial Aid on Student Dropout Risks: Racial 

and Ethnic Differences. The Journal of Higher Education, 81(2): 179–208.

Chen, X. (2010). Web Tables—Profile of Graduate and First-Professional Students: Trends From Selected Years, 

1995–96 to 2007–08 (NCES 2011-219). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education 

Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Cominole, M., Riccobono, J., Siegel, P., and Caves, L. (2010). 2007–08 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study 

(NPSAS:08) Full-Scale Methodology Report (NCES 2011-188). National Center for Education Statistics, 

Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Dezhbakhsh, H., and Karikari, J.A. (2010). Enrollment at Highly Selective Private Colleges: Who is Left Behind? 

Contemporary Economic Policy, 28(1): 94–109.

Goldrick-Rab, S., and Sorensen, K. (2010). Unmarried Parents in College. The Future of Children, 20(2): 179–203.

Hillman, N.W. (2010). Who Benefits From Tuition Discounts at Public Universities? Journal of Student Financial 

Aid, 40(1): 17–30.

Hornak, A.M., Farrell, P.L., and Jackson, N.J. (2010). Making It (or Not) on a Dime in College: Implications for 

Practice. Journal of College Student Development 51(5): 481–495.

Perna, L.W., Fester, R., and Walsh, E. (2010). Exploring the College Enrollment of Parents: A Descriptive Analysis. 

Journal of Student Financial Aid, 40(1): 6–16.

Pontes, M.C.F., Hasit, C., Pontes, N.M.H., Lewis, P.A., and Siefring, K.T. (2010). Variables Related to Undergraduate 

Students Preference for Distance Education Classes. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 

13(2).

Staklis, S. (2010). Web Tables—Profile of Undergraduate Students: 2007–08 (NCES 2010-205). National Center for 

Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Turley, R.N.L., and Wodtke, G. (2010). College Residence and Academic Performance: Who Benefits From Living 

on Campus? Urban Education, 45(4): 506–532.
APPENDIX A. STUDIES ADDRESSING ISSUES RELEVANT TO NCES’ POSTSECONDARY AND LONGITUDINAL SAMPLE SURVEYS STUDIES

A-11

Turner, N. (2010). Who Benefits From Student Aid? The Economic Incidence of Tax-Based Federal Student Aid. 

Department of Economics, University of California at San Diego. Retrieved December 15, 2012, from 

http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/7g0888mj.

Vienne, K.L. (2010). Differences in Debt Levels Among Undergraduate Students as a Function of Gender, Ethnicity, 

and Parental Education Levels: Sam Houston State University.

Wei, C.C. (2010). Web Tables—Student Financing of Undergraduate Education: 2007–08 (NCES 2010-162). 

National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC.

Wei, C.C. (2010). Web Tables—Trends in Undergraduate Stafford Loan Borrowing: 1989–90 to 2007–08 (NCES 

2010-183). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC.

Wei, C.C. (2010). What Is the Price of College? Total, Net, and Out-of-Pocket Prices in 2007–08 (NCES 2011-175). 

National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC.

2009

Ambrose, A.S. (2009). “Student Characteristics of Merit Aid Recipients: Structural and Human Agency 

Determinants.” Ph.D. Dissertation. Illinois State University.

Babcock, P. (2009). Real Costs of Nominal Grade Inflation? New Evidence From Student Course Evaluations. 

Department of Economics, University of California, Santa Barbara.

Babiarz, P., and Yilmazer, T. (2009). The Impact of College Financial Aid Rules on Household Portfolio Choice. 

National Tax Journal, 62(4): 635–655.

Chen, X. (2009, July). Students Who Study Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) in 

Postsecondary Education (NCES 2009-161). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education 

Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Cheslock, J.J. (2009). A Nonparametric Examination of the Prices Low-Income Students Face. Center for the Study 

of Higher Education, Penn State University.

Choy, S.P., Berkner, L., Lee, J., and Topper, A. (2009). Academic Competitiveness and SMART Grant Programs: 

First-Year Lessons Learned. Washington, DC: US Department of Education.

Doyle, W.R., Delaney, J.A., and Naughton, B.A. (2009). Does Institutional Aid Compensate for or Comply With 

State Policy? Research in Higher Education, 50(5): 502–523.

Ferguson, C.D., and Gilpin, G. (2009). Wage Frictions and Teacher Quality: An Empirical Analysis of Differential 

Effects Across Subject Areas. Indiana University-Bloomington.

Foraker, M. J. (2009). “State Appropriations: Implications for Tuition and Financial Aid Policies.” Dissertation. 

University of Arizona.

Radford, A.W., and Wun, J. (2009). Issue Tables: A Profile of Military Servicemembers and Veterans Enrolled in 

Postsecondary Education in 2007–08 (NCES 2009-182). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute 

of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Shao, L. (2009). The Financial Aid Tax and Student Work Incentives. Department of Economics, Stanford University.

Wei, C.C., Berkner, L., He, S., Lew, S., Cominole, M., and Siegel, P. (2009). 2007–08 National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study (NPSAS:08): Student Financial Aid Estimates for 2007–08. First Look (NCES2009-166). National 

Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC.
APPENDIX A. STUDIES ADDRESSING ISSUES RELEVANT TO NCES’ POSTSECONDARY AND LONGITUDINAL SAMPLE SURVEYS STUDIES

A-12

Wei, C.C., and Wun, J. (2009). Undergraduate Financial Aid Estimates for Six States: 2007–08 (NCES 2010-181). 

National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC.

Wei, C.C., and Wun, J. (2009). Web Tables—Undergraduate Financial Aid Estimates by Type of Institution in 2007–

08 (NCES 2009-201). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC.

2008

Advisory Committee on Student Financial Assistance. (2008). Apply to Succeed: Ensuring Community College 

Students Benefit From Need-Based Financial Aid. Washington, DC: Author.

Anderson, S. (2008). Teacher Career Choices: Timing of Teacher Careers Among 1992–93 Bachelor’s Degree 

Recipients (NCES 2008-153). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Archibald, R. B., and Feldman, D.H. (2008). How to Think About Changes in Higher Education Affordability. 

Williamsburg, VA: Department of Economics, College of William and Mary.

Berkner, L., and Choy, S. (2008). Descriptive Summary of 2003–04 Beginning Postsecondary Students: Three Years 

Later (NCES 2008-174). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Chen, S.H. (2008). Estimating Effective Subsidy Rates of Student Aid Programs. University at Albany-SUNY.

Chung, A.S. (2008). For-Profit Student Heterogeneity. University of Michigan (Ann Arbor).

Dynarski, S.M., and Scott-Clayton, J.E. (2008). “Complexity and Targeting in Federal Student Aid: A Quantitative 

Analysis.” In Tax Policy and the Economy, edited by James M. Poterba, 109–150. Chicago: University of 

Chicago Press.

Epple, D.,Romano, R., and Sieg, H. (2008). Diversity and Affirmative Action in Higher Education. Journal of Public 

Economic Theory, 10(4): 475–501.

Fergus, M., Grimes, T., Kissane, E., Lydell, L., Misukanis, M., and Rayburn, J. (2008). Enrollment Patterns of 

Students From Low-Income Families. St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Office of Higher Education.

McSwain, C. (2008). Window of Opportunity: Targeting Federal Grant Aid to Students With Lowest Incomes. 

Washington, DC: Institute for Higher Education Policy.

Wei, C.C., and Berkner, L. (2008). Trends in Undergraduate Borrowing II: Federal Student Loans in 1995–96, 1999–

2000, and 2003–04 (NCES 2008-179). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education 

Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

2007

Chen, X. (2007). Part-Time Undergraduates in Postsecondary Education: 2003–04 (NCES 2007-165). National 

Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC.

Cominole, M., Wheeless, S., Dudley, K., Franklin, J., and Wine, J. (2007). 2004/06 Beginning Postsecondary 

Students Longitudinal Study (BPS:04/06) (NCES 2008-184). National Center for Education Statistics, 

Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Lang, D.M. (2007). Financial Aid and Student Bargaining Power. The B. E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy,

7(1): 1–21.

Wasley, P. (2007). Part-Time Students Lag Behind Full-Time Peers, Study Finds. Chronicle of Higher Education, 

53(45): 25.
APPENDIX A. STUDIES ADDRESSING ISSUES RELEVANT TO NCES’ POSTSECONDARY AND LONGITUDINAL SAMPLE SURVEYS STUDIES

A-13

2006

Berkner, L., and Wei, C.C. (2006). 2003–04 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:04). Undergraduate 

Financial Aid Estimates for 12 States: 2003–04 (NCES 2006-158). National Center for Education Statistics, 

Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Berkner, L., and Wei, C.C. (2006). Student Financing of Undergraduate Education: 2003–04. With a Special Analysis 

of the Net Price of Attendance and Federal Education Tax Benefits (NCES 2006-168). National Center for 

Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Choy, S., and Cataldi, E.F. (2006). Student Financing of Graduate and First-Professional Education: 2003–04. 

Profiles of Students in Selected Degree Programs and Part-Time Students (NCES 2006-185). National 

Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC.

Cominole, M., Siegel, P., Dudley, K., Roe, D., and Gilligan, T. (2006). 2004 National Postsecondary Student Aid 

Study (NPSAS:04) (NCES 2006-180). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education 

Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Epple, D.,Romano, R., and Sieg, H. (2006). Admission, Tuition, and Financial Aid Policies in the Market for Higher 

Education. Econometrica, 74(4): 885–928.

Heller, D.E. (2006, March). Merit Aid and College Access. Paper presented at the Symposium on the Consequences 

of Merit-Based Student Aid. Madison, WI.

Horn, L., Nevill, S., and Griffith, J. (2006). Profile of Undergraduates in U.S. Postsecondary Education Institutions, 

2003–04: With a Special Analysis of Community College Students. Statistical Analysis Report. (NCES 2006-

184). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC.

Murphy, K.B. (2006). Factors Affecting the Retention, Persistence, and Attainment of Undergraduate Students at 

Public Urban Four Year Higher Education Institutions. Chicago, IL: Association for Institutional Research 

(AIR).

2005

Berkner, L., He, S., Lew, S., Cominole, C., and Siegel, P. (2005). 2003–04 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study 

(NPSAS:04): Student Financial Aid Estimates for 2003– (NCES 2005-158). National Center for Education 

Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Berkner, L., Wei, C.C., He, S., Lew, S., Cominole, M., and Siegel, P. (2005). National Postsecondary Student Aid 

Study (NPSAS:04), 2003–04: Undergraduate Financial Aid Estimates for 2003–04 by Type of Institution

(NCES 2005-163). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Horn, L., Cataldi, E., and Sikora, A. (2005). Waiting to Attend College: Undergraduates Who Delay Their 

Postsecondary Enrollment (NCES 2005-152). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of 

Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Hurst, D., and Hudson, L. (2005). Estimating Undergraduate Enrollment in Postsecondary Education Using National 

Center for Education Statistics Data (NCES 2005-063). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of 

Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Minicozzi, A. (2005). The Short Term Effect of Educational Debt on Job Decisions. Economics of Education Review, 

24(4): 417–430. (EJ697552)

Peter, K., and Horn, L. (2005). Gender Differences in Participation and Completion of Undergraduate Education and 

How They Have Changed Over Time (NCES 2005-169). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of 

Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.
APPENDIX A. STUDIES ADDRESSING ISSUES RELEVANT TO NCES’ POSTSECONDARY AND LONGITUDINAL SAMPLE SURVEYS STUDIES

A-14

Riccobono, J., Siegel, P., Cominole, M., Dudley, K., Charleston, S., and Link, M. (2005). 2004 National 

Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:04) Field Test Methodology Report (NCES 2005-02). National 

Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC.

Santiago, D.A., and Cunningham, A.F. (2005). How Latino Students Pay for College: Patterns of Financial Aid in 

2003–04. Washington, DC: Excelencia in Education.

Settersten, R.A. Jr., Furstenberg, F.F. Jr., and Rumbaut, R.G (Eds.). (2005). On the Frontier of Adulthood: Theory, 

Research, and Public Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

St. John, E.P., Paulsen, M.B., and Carter, D.F. (2005). Diversity, College Costs, and Postsecondary Opportunity: An 

Examination of the Financial Nexus Between College Choice and Persistence for African Americans and 

Whites. The Journal of Higher Education, 76(5): 545–569.

Wei, C., Nevill, S., and Berkner, L. (2005). Independent Undergraduates: 1999–2000 (NCES 2005-151). National 

Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC.

2004

Heuer, R.E. (2004). “Migration of Recent College Graduates.” Dissertation. North Carolina State University.

Hoef, T.F. (2004). “Within-Year Persistence of Four-Year College Students by Gender.” Dissertation. University of 

Missouri, Saint Louis.

Hudson, L., and Shafer, L. (2004). Undergraduate Enrollments in Academic, Career, and Vocational Education 

(NCES 2004-018). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Kim, M.H. (2004). “The Determinants of Institutional Financial Aid and its Effect on Degree Completion: The 

Difference Between Students at Public and Private Four-Year Institutions.” Dissertation. Columbia 

University.

McManus, R.A. (2004). “Special Education and College Enrollment: A Secondary Analysis of the National 

postsecondary Student Aid Data.” Dissertation. Morgan State University.

Wei, C.C., Li, X., and Berkner, L. (2004). A Decade of Undergraduate Student Aid: 1989–90 to 1999–20 (NCES 2004-

158). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC.

2003

Ashby, C.M. (2003). Student Financial Aid: Monitoring Aid Greater Than Federally Defined Need Could Help 

Address Student Loan Indebtedness. Report to the honorable Rod Paige, Secretary of Education GAO-03-

508. Washington, DC: General Accounting Office.

Below, D.L. (2003). “The First-to-Second-Year Persistence of Public, Four-Year College Students by Ethnicity.”

Unpublished Dissertation. University of Missouri, Saint Louis.

Berker, A., and Horn, L. (2003). Work First, Study Second: Adult Undergraduates Who Combine Employment and 

Postsecondary Enrollment (NCES 2003-167). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of 

Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Choy, S., and Berker, A. (2003). How Families of Low- and Middle-Income Undergraduates Pay for College: FullTime Dependent Students in 1999–2000 (NCES 2003-162). National Center for Education Statistics, 

Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Clark, C.R. (2003). “The Influence of Student Background, College Experience, and Financial Aid on Community 

College Within-Year Retention.” Dissertation. The University of Mississippi.
APPENDIX A. STUDIES ADDRESSING ISSUES RELEVANT TO NCES’ POSTSECONDARY AND LONGITUDINAL SAMPLE SURVEYS STUDIES

A-15

Clinedinst, M.E., Cunningham, A.F., and Merisotis, J.P. (2003). Characteristics of Undergraduate Borrowers: 1999–

2000 (NCES 2003-155). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Clinedinst, M.E., Cunningham, A.F., and Merisotis, J.P. (2003). Characteristics of Undergraduate Borrowers: 1999–

2000. Education Statistics Quarterly, 5(1): 57–61.

Flowers, L.A., and Zhang, Y. (2003). Racial Differences in Information Technology Use in College. College Student 

Journal, 37(2): 235–241.

Hoachlander, G., Sikora, A., and Horn, L. (2003). Community College Students: Goals, Academic Preparation, and 

Outcomes (NCES 2003-164). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Hoezee, L.D. (2003). “The Influence of Academic and Financial Variables on Within-Year Persistence by First-Year 

Undergraduates Attending Public Four-Year Colleges and Universities: An Analysis of the National 

Postsecondary Student Aid Survey, 1995–1996.” Dissertation. Indiana University.

Horn, L., and Peter, K. (2003). What Colleges Contribute: Institutional Aid to Full-Time Undergraduates Attending 

4-Year Colleges and Universities (NCES 2003-157). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of 

Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Langrehr, A.M. (2003). “The Persistence of Adult Students in Two-Year Colleges.” Dissertation. University of 

Missouri, Saint Louis.

Minicozzi, A. (2003). The Short Term Effect of Educational Debt on Job Decisions. Economics of Education Review, 

24(4): 417–430.

National Center for Education Statistics. (2003, September). Congressionally Mandated Studies of College Costs 

and Prices (NCES 2003-171). Brochure. National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education 

Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Wegmann, C.A., Cunningham, A.F., and Merisotis, J.P. (2003). Private Loans and Choice in Financing Higher 

Education (ED478298). Washington, DC: Institute for Higher Education Policy. 

2002

Berkner, L., Berker, A., Rooney, K., and Peter, K. (2002). Student Financing of Undergraduate Education: 1999–

2000 (NCES 2002-167). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Choy, S.P. (2002). Findings From the Condition of Education 2001: Students Whose Parents Did Not Go to College 

(NCES 2001-126). Brochure. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC. 

Choy, S.P. (2002). Findings From the Condition of Education 2002: Nontraditional Undergraduates (NCES 2002-

012). Brochure. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Choy, S.P., and Geis, S. (2002). Student Financing of Graduate and First-Professional Education, 1999–2000 (NCES 

2002-166). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC. 

Horn, L., Wei, C.C., and Berker, A. (2002). What Students Pay for College: Changes in Net Price of College 

Attendance Between 1992–93 and 1999–2000 (NCES 2002-174). Statistical Analysis Report. National 

Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Horn, L., Peter, K., and Rooney, K. (2002). Profile of Undergraduates in U.S. Postsecondary Education Institutions: 

1999–2000 (NCES 2002-168). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC. 
APPENDIX A. STUDIES ADDRESSING ISSUES RELEVANT TO NCES’ POSTSECONDARY AND LONGITUDINAL SAMPLE SURVEYS STUDIES

A-16

Riccobono, J.A., Cominole, M.B, Siegel, P.H., Gabel, T.J, Link, M.W., and Berkner, L. (2002). National Postsecondary 

Student Aid Study 1999–2000 [NPSAS:2000] Methodology Report (NCES 2002-152). National Center for 

Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Siegel, P.H., Whitmore, R.W., Johnson, R.E., and Yu, D. (2002). National Postsecondary Student Aid Study 1999–

2000 (NPSAS: 2000), CATI Nonresponse Bias Analysis Report (NCES 2002-03). Working Paper. National 

Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Sikora, A. (2002). A Profile of Participation in Distance Education (NCES 2003-154). Statistical Analysis Report. 

National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Wei, C.C, and Horn, L. (2002). Persistence and Attainment of Beginning Students With Pell Grants (NCES 2002-

169). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC.

2001

Cofer, J., and Somers, P. (2001). What Influences Student Persistence at Two-Year Colleges? Community College 

Review, 29(3): 56–76.

Duggan, M. (2001, November 17–20). Factors Influencing the First-Year Persistence of First Generation College 

Students. Cambridge, MA: Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the North East Association for 

Institutional Research. (ED460140)

Henry, D.P. (2001). “Student Debt and Debt Burden of Graduate and First Professional Students: A National and 

Institutional Analysis.” Dissertation. The College of William and Mary. 

Lee, J.B. (2001). Undergraduates Enrolled With Higher Sticker Prices (NCES 2001-171 ED450678). Statistical 

Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Malizio, A.G. (2001). National Postsecondary Student Aid Study: Student Financial Aid Estimates for 1999–2000. 

Education Statistics Quarterly, 3(3): 82–83. (EJ640237)

Mbadugha, L.N.A. (2001). “The Financial Nexus Between College Choice and Persistence for Community College 

Students: A Financial Impact Model.” Ph.D. Dissertation. University of New Orleans. (ED459884)

Presley, J.B., and Clery, S.B. (2001). Middle Income Undergraduates: Where They Enroll and How They Pay for 

Their Education (NCES 2001-155 ED456686). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education 

Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

2000

Berkner, L., and Bobbitt, L. (2000). Trends in Undergraduate Borrowing: Federal Student Loans in 1989–90, 1992–

93, and 1995–96 (NCES 2000-151 ED440562). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education 

Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Choy, S.P. (2000). Low-Income Students: Who They Are and How They Pay for Their Education (NCES 2000-169 

ED440189). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC. 

Cofer, J., and Somers, P. (2000, December). Within-Year Persistence of Students at Two-Year Colleges. Community 

College Journal of Research and Practice, 24(10): 785–807. (EJ618564)

Cofer, J., and Somers, P. (2000). A Comparison of the Influence of Debtload on the Persistence of Students at 

Public and Private Colleges. Journal of Student Financial Aid, 30(2): 39–58. (EJ620059)

DeAngelis, S.L. (2000, October). Tuition, Financial Aid, Debt, and Dental Student Attrition. Journal of Student 

Financial Aid, 30(2): 7–21. (EJ620057)
APPENDIX A. STUDIES ADDRESSING ISSUES RELEVANT TO NCES’ POSTSECONDARY AND LONGITUDINAL SAMPLE SURVEYS STUDIES

A-17

Heller, D.E. (2000, November 16–19). Institutional Scholarship Awards: The Role of Student and Institutional 

Characteristics. Sacramento, CA: Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for the Study 

of Higher Education. (ED448637)

Heller, D.E. (2000, April 24–28). The Role of Race and Gender in the Awarding of Institutional Financial Aid. New 

Orleans, LA: Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association. 

(ED442444)

Hergenrother, D.S. (2000). “Gender Bias: An Analysis of the Distribution of Institutional Student Aid.” Ed.D. 

Dissertation. St. John’s University, School of Education and Human Services. 

Hurst, D., and Smerdon, B. (2000). Postsecondary Students With Disabilities: Enrollment, Services, and Persistence

(NCES 2000-092 ED444329). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC. 

King, J.E. (2000). Status Report on the Pell Grant Program (ED448627). Washington, DC: American Council on 

Education, Center for Policy Analysis. 

Lang, D.M. (2000, May 21–24). Financial Aid and Student Bargaining Power. Cincinnati, OH: Paper presented at 

the Annual Forum of the Association for Institutional Research. (ED445636)

1999

Choy, S.P. (1999). College Access and Affordability (NCES 1999-108). Brochure. National Center for Education 

Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Cofer, J., and Somers, P. (1999, May 30–June 3). Deeper in Debt: The Impact of the 1992 Reauthorization on 

Student Persistence. Seattle, WA: Paper presented at the Annual Forum of the Association for Institutional 

Research. (ED433784)

Cofer, J., and Somers, P. (1999, Fall). An Analytical Approach To Understanding Student Debtload Response.

Journal of Student Financial Aid, 29(3): 25–44. (EJ614953)

Geddes, C. (1999). Learning About Education Through Statistics. Second Edition (NCES 1999-028 ED429127). 

National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Heller, D.E., and Laird, T.F.N. (1999, May 30–June 3). Trends in the Use of Need-Based and Non-Need Financial Aid 

in American Colleges and Universities. Seattle, WA: Paper presented at the Annual Forum of the 

Association for Institutional Research. (ED433757)

Heller, D.E., and Laird, TFN. (1999, Fall). Institutional Need-Based and Non-Need Grants: Trends and Differences 

Among College and University Sectors. Journal of Student Financial Aid, 29(3): 7–24. (EJ614952)

Horn, L., and Berktold, J. (1999). Students With Disabilities in Postsecondary Education: A Profile of Preparation, 

Participation, and Outcomes (NCES 1999-187 ED431268). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for 

Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

King, J.E. (1999). Money Matters: The Impact of Race/Ethnicity and Gender on How Students Pay for College

(ED443364). Washington, DC: American Council on Education, Center for Policy Analysis. 

Lee, J.B., and Suzanne B. Clery. (1999). State Aid for Undergraduates in Postsecondary Education. (NCES 1999-186 

ED430484). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC.

Mulugetta, Y. (1999, May 30–June 3). Possible Long-Term Effects of Awarding Merit Aid. Seattle, WA: Paper 

presented at the Annual Forum of the Association for Institutional Research. (ED433755)

Redd, K.E. (1999). Is There Still a Need for Perkins Loans? Differences in the Demographic Characteristics and 

Income Levels of Perkins and Stafford Loan Borrowers (ED426683). Washington, DC: Sallie Mae Education 

Institute. 
APPENDIX A. STUDIES ADDRESSING ISSUES RELEVANT TO NCES’ POSTSECONDARY AND LONGITUDINAL SAMPLE SURVEYS STUDIES

A-18

Shafer, L.L. (1999). Data Sources on Lifelong Learning Available from the National Center for Education Statistics

(NCES WP-1999-11 ED431892). Working Paper. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department 

of Education. Washington, DC.

Somers, P., Cofer, J., Hall, M.M, and Putten, J.V. (1999, November 18–21). A Comparison of the Persistence of 

African American and White Students Using NPSAS: 96. San Antonio, TX: Paper presented at the Annual 

Meeting of the Association for the Study of Higher Education. (ED437872)

U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. (1999, Fall). Trends in Student Borrowing.

Education Statistics Quarterly, 1(3): 69–70. (EJ600480)

1998

Berkner, L. (1998). Student Financing of Undergraduate Education: 1995–96. With an Essay on Student Loans.

(NCES 98-076 ED424835). Descriptive Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Choy, S.P., and Moskovitz, R. (1998). Student Financing of Graduate and First-Professional Education, 1995–96. 

With Profiles of Students in Selected Degree Programs (NCES 98-083 ED419452). Descriptive Analysis 

Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Choy, S.P., Moskovitz, R., and Malizio, A.G. (1998). Graduate and First-Professional Students: National 

Postsecondary Student Aid Study, 1996 (NCES 98-139 ED421038). National Center for Education Statistics, 

U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Choy, S.P., and Ottinger, C. (1998). Choosing a Postsecondary Institution (NCES 98-080 ED424830). Statistical 

Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Cuccaro-Alamin, S., and Choy, S.P. (1998). Postsecondary Financing Strategies: How Undergraduates Combine 

Work, Borrowing, and Attendance (NCES 98-088 ED418097). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC.

DeAngelis, S. (1998, Fall). The Influence of Price and Price Subsidies on Within-Year Persistence of Graduate and 

Professional Students. Journal of Student Financial Aid, 28(3): 41–57. (EJ584136)

Horn, L.J. (1998). Undergraduates Who Work. National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, 1996 (NCES 98-137 

ED421042). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Horn, L.J., and Berktold, J. (1998). Profile of Undergraduates in U.S. Postsecondary Education Institutions: 1995–

96. With an Essay on Undergraduates Who Work (NCES 98-084 ED419461]. Statistical Analysis Report. 

National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Kojaku, L.K., and Nunez, A-M. (1998) Descriptive Summary of 1995–96 Beginning Postsecondary Students, with 

Profiles of Students Entering 2- and 4-Year Institutions (NCES 1999-030 ED425684). Descriptive Analysis 

Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Volkwein, J. F., Szelest, B.P., Cabrera, A.F., and Napierski-Prancl, M.R. (1998, March–April). Factors Associated 

With Student Loan Default Among Different Racial and Ethnic Groups. Journal of Higher Education, 69(2): 

206–237. (EJ561345)

1997

Dey, E.L., Hurtado, S., Rhee, B-S, Inkelas, K.K., Wimsatt, L.A., and Guan, F. (1997). Improving Research on 

Postsecondary Student Outcomes: A Review of the Strengths and Limitations of National Data Resources

(ED429519). Stanford, CA: National Center for Postsecondary Improvement.

Flint, T. (1997, June). Intergenerational Effects of Paying for College. Research in Higher Education, 38(3): 313–

344. (EJ547652)
APPENDIX A. STUDIES ADDRESSING ISSUES RELEVANT TO NCES’ POSTSECONDARY AND LONGITUDINAL SAMPLE SURVEYS STUDIES

A-19

Flint, T.A. (1997, May–June ). Predicting Student Loan Defaults. Journal of Higher Education, 68(3): 322–54. 

(EJ546176)

Ignash, J.M. (Ed.) (1997, Winter). Implementing Effective Policies for Remedial and Developmental Education. 

New Directions for Community Colleges, 25(4). (ED413965)

Lee, J.B., and Clery, S.B. (1997). Institutional Aid 1992–93 (NCES 98-104 ED413853). Statistical Analysis Report. 

National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Perna, L.W. (1997). The Contribution of Financial Aid to Undergraduate Persistence. ASHE Annual Meeting Paper. 

(ED415818)

Riccobono, J.A., Whitmore, R.W., Gabel, T.J., Traccarella, M.A., Pratt, D.J., Berkner, L.K, and Malizio, A.G. (1997). 

National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, 1995–96 (NPSAS:96), Methodology Report (NCES 98-073 

ED414341). Technical Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC.

Wenglinsky, H. (1997). Students at Historically Black Colleges and Universities: Their Aspirations & 

Accomplishments. Policy Information Report. New Jersey: Policy Information Center. (ED415239)

1996

Choy, S.P., and Premo, M.D. (1996). How Low Income Undergraduates Financed Postsecondary Education: 1992–

93 (NCES 96-161 ED394473). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Geddes, C. (1996). Learning About Education Through Statistics (NCES 96-871 ED403329). National Center for 

Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Horn, L.J., and Carroll, C.D. (1996). Nontraditional Undergraduates: Trends in Enrollment From 1986 to 1992 and 

Persistence and Attainment Among 1989–90 Beginning Postsecondary Students (NCES-97-578 ED402857). 

Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC. 

Malizio, A.A. (1996). National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, 1995–96: Student Financial Aid Estimates for 

Federal Aid Recipients, 1995–96 (NCES 97-937). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department 

of Education. Washington, DC.

Millett, C.M., and MacKenzie, S. (1996). An Exploratory Study of College Purchase Options: How Financial Aid 

Widens Minorities’ Choices (ED402829). Michigan: ASHE Annual Meeting Paper. 

Perna, L.W. (1996). The Contribution of Financial Aid to the Price of Four-Year Institution Attended by 1989/90 

Freshmen (ED402820). Virginia: ASHE Annual Meeting Paper. 

St. John, E.P., and Others. (1996). The Nexus Between College Choice and Persistence. Research in Higher 

Education, 37(2): 175–220. (EJ523071)

U.S. General Accounting Office. (1996). Tax Expenditures. Information on Employer-Provided Educational 

Assistance. Report to the Chairman, Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives. 

Washington, DC: Author. (ED403419)

Wells, E.D. (1996). “The Influence of Student Aid and Prices on Within-Year Persistence in the Health Care 

Professions.” Ph.D. Dissertation. The University of New Orleans.

1995

Boschung, M.D. (1995). “Title IV Student Loans Assumed by Students Enrolled in Four-Year Institutions: A National 

Study of the Factors Predicting Amounts Borrowed.” Ph.D. Dissertation. The University of Alabama.
APPENDIX A. STUDIES ADDRESSING ISSUES RELEVANT TO NCES’ POSTSECONDARY AND LONGITUDINAL SAMPLE SURVEYS STUDIES

A-20

Choy, S.P., and Premo, M. (1995). Student Financing of Graduate and First-Professional Education, 1992–93 With 

an Essay on Student Borrowing. National Postsecondary Student Aid Study: 1992–93 (NCES 96-235 

ED389241). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC. 

Choy, S.P., and Premo, M.K. (1995). Profile of Older Undergraduates: 1989–90 (NCES 95-167 ED382122). Statistical 

Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Education Resources Institute, and Institute for Higher Education Policy. (1995). College Debt and the American 

Family (ED420228). Massachusetts: Education Resources Institute. 

Flint, T. (1995). Legacies of Paying for College. Illinois: AIR 1995 Annual Forum Paper. (ED387012)

Horn, L.J., and Premo, M. (1995). Profile of Undergraduates in U.S. Postsecondary Education Institutions: 1992–93. 

With an Essay on Undergraduates at Risk (NCES 96-237 ED392852). Statistical Analysis Report. National 

Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Horn, L., and Maw, C. (1995). Minority Undergraduate Participation in Postsecondary Education (NCES 95-166 

ED383276). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC.

Lee, J.B., and Clery, S.B. (1995). Packaging of Undergraduate Student Financial Aid: 1989–90 (NCES 95-313 

ED386083). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC. 

Malizio, A.G. (1995). Methodology Report for the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, 1992–93 (NCES 95-

211 ED392849). Technical Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC. 

Malizio, A.G. (1995). National Postsecondary Student Aid Study: Estimates of Student Financial Aid, 1992–93 (NCES 

95-746 ED384292). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, 

DC.

McCormick, A.C., and Geis, S. (1995). Profile of Part-Time Undergraduates in Postsecondary Education: 1989–1990 

(NCES 95-173 ED386117). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Merisotis, J.P. (1995). The Next Step: Student Aid for Student Success (ED387069). Washington, DC: Education 

Resources Institute.

Millett, C.M., and MacKenzie, S. (1995). An Exploratory Study of the Role of Financial Aid in Minority Doctoral 

Education. Michigan: ASHE Annual Meeting Paper. (ED391411)

National Center for Education Statistics. (1995). Net Cost of Attending Postsecondary Education. Indicator of the 

Month (NCES 95-786 ED387026). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC.

National Transition Network. (1995). Provisions for Youth with Disabilities in Higher Education (ED385043). 

Minneapolis, MN: Author. 

Persell, C.H., and Weglinsky, H. (1995). Comparing Proprietary and Non-Profit Vocational Schools: Implications for 

Educational Privatization. American Sociological Association.

St. John, E.P., Starkey, J.B., Paulsen, M.B, and Mbaduagha, L.M. (1995, Summer). The Influences of Prices and Price 

Subsidies on Within-Year Persistence by Students in Proprietary Schools. Educational Evaluation & Policy 

Analysis, 17(2): 149–65. (EJ511049)

Tuma, J. (1995). Student Financing of Undergraduate Education, 1992–93, With an Essay on the Costs of 

Undergraduate Education Before and After Student Financial Aid (NCES 95-202 ED389240). National 

Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 
APPENDIX A. STUDIES ADDRESSING ISSUES RELEVANT TO NCES’ POSTSECONDARY AND LONGITUDINAL SAMPLE SURVEYS STUDIES

A-21

Volkwein, J. F. (1995). Characteristics of Student Loan Defaulters Among Different Racial and Ethnic Groups. New 

York: AIR 1995 Annual Forum Paper. (ED386972)

1994

Choy, S.B. (1994). Characteristics of Students Who Borrow To Finance Their Postsecondary Education (NCES 95-310 

ED377778). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC. 

Dynarski, M. (1994, March). Who Defaults on Student Loans? Findings from the National Postsecondary Student 

Aid Study. Economics of Education Review, 13(1). (EJ483390)

Fitzgerald, R., and Others. (1994). Descriptive Summary of 1989–90 Beginning Postsecondary Students: Two Years 

Later (NCES 94-386 ED372691). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC.

Flint, T.A. (1994). “Legacies of Paying for College: The Intergenerational Effects of Financial Support to Attend 

College.” Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Illinois at Chicago.

Horn, L., and Maw, C. (1994). Undergraduates Who Work While Enrolled in Postsecondary Education: 1989–90

(NCES 94-311 ED374727). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Trammell, M.L. (1994). Estimating the Enrollment Effects of a Mid-Year Surcharge: Using National Price Response 

Measures in Institutional Planning. Louisiana: AIR 1994 Annual Forum Paper. (ED373660)

St. John, E.P., and Starkey, J.B. (1994). The Influence of Costs on Persistence by Traditional College-Age Students in 

Community Colleges. Community College Journal of Research and Practice 18(2): 201–213.

Starky, J.B. (1994). “The Influence of Prices and Price Subsidies on the Within-Year Persistence by Part-Time 

Undergraduate Students: A Sequential Analysis.” Ph.D. Dissertation. University of New Orleans.

Tuma, J. (1994). Patterns of Enrollment in Postsecondary Vocational and Academic Education. Journal of 

Vocational Education Research, 19(3): 107–130. (EJ507747)

Volkwein, F.J., and Szelest, B.P. (1994). The Relationship of Student Loan Default to Individual and Campus 

Characteristics (ED373616). AIR 1994 Annual Forum Paper.

1993

Byce, C., and Schmitt, C. (1993). Financing Undergraduate Education: 1990 (NCES 93-201 ED357728). Statistical 

Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Byce, C., and Schmitt, C. (1993). Quality of Responses in the 1987 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NCES 

93-446 ED356718). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, 

DC. 

Byce, C., and Khazzoom, A. (1993). Changes in Undergraduate Student Financial Aid: Fall 1986 to Fall 1989 (NCES 

93-157 ED360902). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC. 

Horn, L., and Khazzoom, A. (1993). Profile of Undergraduates in U.S. Postsecondary Education Institutions: 1989–

90 (NCES 93-091). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC. 

Kaltenbaugh, L.S. (1993). “By African American Students: An Analysis of the National Postsecondary Student Aid 

Survey of 1987.” Dissertation. University of New Orleans.

Lyn, D.S. (1993). “The Impact of Living in University Residential Housing on Within-Year Persistence by 

Undergraduate Students Attending Postsecondary Institutions.” Dissertation. University of New Orleans.
APPENDIX A. STUDIES ADDRESSING ISSUES RELEVANT TO NCES’ POSTSECONDARY AND LONGITUDINAL SAMPLE SURVEYS STUDIES

A-22

Lyn, J.G. (1993). “The Influence of Being Disabled on Within-Year Persistence by Students Attending Four-year 

Postsecondary Institutions.” Dissertation. University of New Orleans.

Tynes, S. F.” (1993). The Relationship of Social, Economic, Academic, and Institutional Characteristics to 

Persistence of Nontraditional Age Students in Higher Education: Implications for Counselors.” Ph.D. 

Dissertation. University of New Orleans.

Wenglinsky, H.H., and Persell, C.H. (1993). The Paradoxes of Educational Privatization: The Case of the Proprietary 

Schools. American Sociological Association. 

1992

Byce, C., and Schmitt, C.M. (1992). Students at Less-Than-4-Year Institutions (NCES 92-206 ED351957). Statistical 

Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Choy, S.P., and Henke, R.R. (1992). Parental Financial Support for Undergraduate Education (NCES 92-390 

ED345623). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC.

Malizio, A.G. (1992). Who Gets Financial Aid? And Why Low-Income Students Don’t Apply for Student Aid? Key 

Findings from the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (ED362969). National Center for Education 

Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Shepherd, J., and Malizio, A.G. (1992). Methodology Report for the 1990 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study

(NCES 92-080 ED347206). Technical Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC. 

Scmitt, C. (1992). National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, 1987: Parental Financial Support for Undergraduate 

Education (NCES 92-390). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC.

1991

American Association of Community and Junior Colleges, and Association of Community College Trustees. (1991). 

Toward Human Resource Development: Position Statement on the Reauthorization of the Higher 

Education Act (ED330404). Washington, DC. 

Boyd, L.A. (1992). “Federally Subsidized Student Loans and the Economics of Default (Loan Defaults).” 

Dissertation. The Ohio State University.

Center, D.B., and Kaufman, M.E. (1991). A Study of the Present and Future Needs for Leadership Personnel To Train 

Educators in Behavioral Disorders (ED343308). Paper presented at the Annual Conference on Severe 

Behavior Disorders in Children and Youth. Tempe, Arizona. 

Congress of the United Stated, Congressional Budget Office. (1991). Student Aid and the Cost of Postsecondary 

Education. A CBO Study (ED329158). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC. 

Dynarski, M. (1991). Analysis of Factors Related to Default (ED354801).

Malizio, A.G. (1991). National Postsecondary Student Aid Study: Estimates of Student Financial Aid, 1989–90 (NCES 

92-003). Statistical Analysis Report. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC. 

Shepherd, J.C. (1991). National Postsecondary Student Aid Study: Preliminary Estimates on Student Financial Aid 

Recipients, 1989–90 (NCES 91-335 ED331378). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department 

of Education. Washington, DC.

Yankosky, R.E., and Andrew, L. (1991). The Proprietary School Sector: A Demographic and Financial Aid Profile

(ED330269). 
APPENDIX A. STUDIES ADDRESSING ISSUES RELEVANT TO NCES’ POSTSECONDARY AND LONGITUDINAL SAMPLE SURVEYS STUDIES

A-23

Zito, E.H. (1991). Student Financial Aid and Choice of Undergraduate Major (ED339334). ASHE Annual Meeting 

Paper. 

1990

Choy, S.P. and Gifford, A.G. (1990). Profile of Undergraduates in American Postsecondary Institutions (NCES 90-

353 ED325483). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Malitz, G. (1990). Methodology Report for the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, 1987. Technical Report 

(NCES 90-309 ED315460). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC. 

Ross, Laurent and Others. (1990). Federal Student Aid Packages: Academic Year 1986–87 (ED323829). 

Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, American Council on Education. 

Stowe, P. (1990). Undergraduate Financial Aid Awards: A Report of the 1987 National Postsecondary Student Aid 

Study. Analysis Report (NCES 90-332 ED326145). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department 

of Education. Washington, DC.

Stowe, P., and Zimbler, L. (1990). Characteristics of Stafford Loan Recipients, 1988 (NCES 90-349 ED322859). 

National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

1989

Andrew, L.D., and Russo, R. (1989). Who Gets What? Impact of Financial Aid Policies (ED309717).

Bishop, K.O. (1989). “Student Financial Aid: Comparison by Sector.” Ph.D. Dissertation. Virginia Polytechnic 

Institute and State University.

Brick, M.J. (1989). Comparison of Fall and Academic Year Student Aid Estimates (NCES 89-313 ED311834). National 

Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Greene, B., and Zimbler, L. (1989). Profile of Handicapped Students in Postsecondary Education, 1987 (NCES 89-

337 ED310616). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

Korb, R. (1989). Student Financing of Graduate and Professional Education (NCES 89-303 ED309721). National 

Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. 

National Center for Education Statistics and Westat Research, Inc. (1989). Student Education Expenses, 1987 

(NCES 89-245 ED309711). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC. 

Westat Research, Inc. (1989). End of Academic Year Student Financial Aid Update Report. 1987 National 

Postsecondary Student Aid Study. Technical Report (NCES 89-310 ED311833). National Center for 

Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.
APPENDIX A. STUDIES ADDRESSING ISSUES RELEVANT TO NCES’ POSTSECONDARY AND LONGITUDINAL SAMPLE SURVEYS STUDIES

A-24

Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study (BPS) 

2013

An, B.P. (2013). The Impact of Dual Enrollment on College Degree Attainment: Do Low-SES Students Benefit? 

Educational Evaluation And Policy Analysis, 35(1): 57–75. American Educational Research Association, 

Sage Publications. Retrieved July 18, 2013, from http://epa.sagepub.com/content/35/1/57.

Crisp, G. (2013). The Influence of Co-Enrollment on the Success of Traditional Age Community College Students. 

Teachers College Record, 115(10).

Deming, D., Goldin, C., and Katz, L. (2013). For-Profit Colleges. Future of Children, 23(1): 137–163. Princeton 

University.

Hamilton, L.T. (2013). More Is More or More Is Less? Parental Financial Investments During College. American 

Sociological Review, 78(1): 70–95. Sage Publications.

Jackson, B.A., and Reynolds, J.R. (2013). The Price of Opportunity: Race, Student Loan Debt, and College 

Achievement. Sociological Inquiry, 83(3): 335–368.

Lang, K., and Weinstein, R. (2013). The Wage Effects of Not-For-Profit and For-Profit Certifications: Better Data, 

Somewhat Different Results. NBER Working Paper Series. No. 19135. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of 

Economic Research.

McKinney, L., and Novak, H. (2013). The Relationship Between FAFSA Filing and Persistence Among First-Year 

Community College Students. Community College Review, 41(1): 63–85. Sage Publications.

Nichols, A.H., and Clinedinst, M. (2013). Provisional Admission Practices: Blending Access and Support to Facilitate 

Student Success. Washington, DC: The Pell Institute for the Study of Opportunity in Higher Education.

Radwin, D., and Matthews, M. (2013). Web Tables—Characteristics of Certificate Completers With Their Time to 

Certificate and Labor Market Outcomes (NCES 2013-157). National Center for Education Statistics, 

Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

St. Rose, A., and Hill, C. (2013). Women in Community Colleges: Access to Success. Washington, DC: American 

Association of University Women.

Wei, C.C., and Horn, L. (2013). Federal Student Loan Debt Burden of Noncompleters (NCES 2013-155). National 

Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC. Retrieved July 18, 2013, from 

http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2013155.

Wood, J.L. (2013). The Same... But Different: Examining Background Characteristics Among Black Males in Public 

Two-Year Colleges. Journal of Negro Education, 82(1): 47–61.

Wood, J.L., and Palmer, R.T. (2013). Understanding the Personal Goals of Black Male Community College Students: 

Facilitating Academic and Psychosocial Development. Journal of African American Studies, 17(2): 222–241. 

Springer Science.

2012

Baker, C.N., and Robnett, B. (2012). Race, Social Support and College Student Retention: A Case Study. Journal of 

College Student Development, 53(2): 325–335.

Carlson, D. (2012). Out of the Classroom and Into the Voting Booth? Analyzing the Effects of Education on Political 

Participation. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Wisconsin - Madison.

Chen, R. (2012). Institutional Characteristics and College Student Dropout Risks: A Multilevel Event History 

Analysis. Research in Higher Education, 53(5): 487–505.
APPENDIX A. STUDIES ADDRESSING ISSUES RELEVANT TO NCES’ POSTSECONDARY AND LONGITUDINAL SAMPLE SURVEYS STUDIES

A-25

Chen, X., and Ho, P. (2012). Web Tables—STEM in Postsecondary Education: Entrance, Attrition, and Coursetaking 

Among 2003–04 Beginning Postsecondary Students (NCES 2013-152). National Center for Education 

Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Deming, D.J., Goldin, C., and Katz, L.F. (2012). The For-Profit Postsecondary School Sector: Nimble Critters or Agile 

Predators? The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26(1): 139–164.

Flynn, D. (2012). Baccalaureate Attainment as a Function of Student Engagement: Comparing the Impact of 

Engagement on Engineering/ICS Degree Attainment to Other Majors at 4-Year Institutions. Paper 

presented at the American Society for Engineering Education Pacific Southwest Section Conference, San

Luis Obispo, CA.

Franke, R. (2012). Towards the Education Nation: Revisiting the Impact of Financial Aid, College Experience, and 

Institutional Context on Baccalaureate Degree Attainment Using a Propensity Score Matching, Multilevel 

Modeling Approach. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.

Green, C., and Radwin, D. (2012). Web Tables—Characteristics of Associate’s Degree Attainers and Time to 

Associate’s Degree (NCES 2012-271). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education 

Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Herrera, F.A. (2012). Community College Pathways: A Multilevel Examination of Institutional Roles in Student 

Success. Unpublished Ph.D dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.

Horn, L., and Radwin, D. (2012). The Completion Arch: Measuring Community College Student Success—2012. New 

York: College Board Advocacy & Policy Center.

Ifill, N., and Radford, A.W. (2012). Web Tables—Beginning Subbaccalaureate Students’ Labor Market Experiences: 

Six Years Later in 2009 (NCES 2012-273). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education 

Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Jackson, K. (2012). Evolving Role of Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) in Student Access, 

Retention, and Degree Attainment. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Walden University.

Kanno, Y., and Harklau, L. (Eds.). (2012). Linguistic Minority Students Go to College: Preparation, Access, and 

Persistence. New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.

Lang, K., and Weinstein, R. (2012). Evaluating Student Outcomes at For-Profit Colleges. Working Paper 18201. 

Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.

Mamiseishvili, K. (2012). Academic and Social Integration and Persistence of International Students at U.S. TwoYear Institutions. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 36(1): 15–27.

Mamiseishvili, K. (2012). International Student Persistence in U.S. Postsecondary Institutions. Higher Education, 

64(1): 1–17.

Mamiseishvili, K., and Koch, L.C. (2012). Students With Disabilities at 2-Year Institutions in the United States: 

Factors Related to Success. Community College Review, 40(4): 320–339.

Mercado, M. (2012). Examining the Effects of Contextual Factors on Students’ Educational Outcomes: A Special 

Focus on Community Colleges. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Chapel 

Hill.

Merritt, B.S. (2012). The Impact of Pre/Postenrollment Intervention on College Success for First-Generation Black 

Students. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Walden University.

Nguyen, M. (2012). Degreeless in Debt: What Happens to Borrowers Who Drop Out. Charts You Can Trust. 

Washington, DC: Education Sector.
APPENDIX A. STUDIES ADDRESSING ISSUES RELEVANT TO NCES’ POSTSECONDARY AND LONGITUDINAL SAMPLE SURVEYS STUDIES

A-26

Nuñez, A.-M., and Crisp, G. (2012). Ethnic Diversity and Latino/a College Access: A Comparison of Mexican 

American and Puerto Rican Beginning College Students. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 5(2): 78–

95.

Radford, A.W., and Horn, L. (2012). Web Tables—An Overview of Classes Taken and Credits Earned by Beginning 

Postsecondary Students (NCES 2013-151). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education 

Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Radford, A.W., Pearson, J., Ho, P., Chambers, E., and Ferlazzo, D. (2012). Remedial Coursework in Postsecondary 

Education: The Students, Their Outcomes, and Strategies for Improvement. Berkeley, CA: MPR Associates, 

Inc.

Santos-George, A.A. (2012). An Empirical Test of Tinto’s Integration Framework for Community Colleges Using 

Structural Equation Modeling. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Illinois State University.

Schneider, M., and Yin, L.M. (2012, April). Completion Matters: The High Cost of Low Community College 

Graduation Rates. Education Outlook, 1(2): 1–10.

Staklis, S., and Ho, P. (2012). Web Tables—Occupational and Academic Majors in Postsecondary Education: 6-Year 

Education and Employment Outcomes, 2001 and 2009 (NCES 2012- 256). National Center for Education 

Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Steidl, C.R. (2012). Intersectionality, Institutions, & Inequality: STEM Majors and Status Competition Processes in 

the U.S. Higher Education System. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Emory University.

Wood, J.L. (2012). Leaving the 2-Year College: Predictors of Black Male Collegian Departure. Journal of Black 

Studies, 43(3): 303–326.

2011

Alon, S. (2011). Who Benefits Most From Financial Aid? The Heterogeneous Effect of Need-Based Grants on 

Students’ College Persistence. Social Science Quarterly, 92(3): 807–829.

Alon, S., and Gelbgiser, D. (2011). The Female Advantage in College Academic Achievements and Horizontal Sex 

Segregation. Social Science Research, 40(1): 107–119 

Attewell, P., Heil, S., and Reisel, L. (2011). Competing Explanations of Undergraduate Noncompletion. American 

Educational Research Journal, 48(3): 536–559.

Barnhart, D. (2011). The Relationship of Academic and Social Integration to Veterans’ Educational Persistence.

Unpublished Ed.D. dissertation, The George Washington University.

Booker, R.L., Jr. (2011). Single Mothers in College: The Effect of Selected Variables. Unpublished Ed.D. dissertation, 

University of Arkansas.

Chen, R., and St. John, E.P. (2011). State Financial Policies and College Student Persistence: A National Study. The 

Journal of Higher Education, 82(5): 629–660.

Doyle, W.R. (2011). Effect of Increased Academic Momentum on Transfer Rates: An Application of the Generalized 

Propensity Score. Economics of Education Review, 30(1): 191–200.

Hinrichs, P. (2011). The Effects of Attending a Diverse College. Economics of Education Review, 30(2): 332–341.

Ho, P., and Wei, C.C. (2011). Web Tables—Trends in Attainment Among Student Populations at Increased Risk of 

Noncompletion: Selected Years, 1989–90 to 2008–09 (NCES 2012-254). National Center for Education 

Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.
APPENDIX A. STUDIES ADDRESSING ISSUES RELEVANT TO NCES’ POSTSECONDARY AND LONGITUDINAL SAMPLE SURVEYS STUDIES

A-27

Horn, L., and Skomsvold, P. (2011). Web Tables—Community College Student Outcomes: 1994–2009 (NCES 2012-

253). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC.

Mamiseishvili, K., and Koch, L.C. (2011). First-to-Second-Year Persistence of Students With Disabilities in 

Postsecondary Institutions in the United States. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 54(2): 93–105.

McGhee, S.C. (2011). Financial Aid, Persistence, and the Status of the Under-represented in Higher Education: 

Exploring the Relationships Between Financial Aid, Persistence, and Degree Attainment Among AfricanAmerican, Hispanic, and Low-Income Students. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Mercer University.

McKean, J.R. (2011). First-Time Beginning Student Attainment: Examining the Role of Distance Education.

Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Ohio University.

Oden, L.M. (2011). Factors Affecting Persistence of Non-traditional Students Enrolled in Two-Year Colleges.

Unpublished Ed.D. dissertation, University of Arkansas at Little Rock.

Radford, A.W. (2011). Military Service Members and Veterans: A Profile of Those Enrolled in Undergraduate and 

Graduate Education in 2007–08 (NCES 2011-163). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of 

Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Savi, K.A. (2011). Community College Student Motivation and Persistence to Goals. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, 

University of Denver.

Settle, J.S. (2011). Variables That Encourage Students to Persist in Community Colleges. Community College 

Journal of Research and Practice, 35(4): 281–300.

Skomsvold, P., Radford, A.W., and Berkner, L. (2011). Web Tables—Six-Year Attainment, Persistence, Transfer, 

Retention, and Withdrawal Rates of Students Who Began Postsecondary Education in 2003–04 (NCES 

2011-152). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC.

Soldner, M.E. (2011). Web Tables—Persistence and Attainment Among Pell Grant Recipients: Results From the 

Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study of 2004/09 (NCES 2011-275). National Center for 

Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Staklis, S., Bersudskaya, V., and Horn, L. (2011). Web Tables—Students Attending For-Profit Postsecondary 

Institutions: Demographics, Enrollment Characteristics, and 6-Year Outcomes (NCES 2012-173). National 

Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC.

Wine, J., Janson, N., and Wheeless, S. (2011). 2004/09 Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study 

(BPS:04/09) Methodology Report (NCES 2012-246). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of 

Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Wood, J.L., Nevarez, C., and Hilton, A.A. (2011). Creating a Culture of Transfer. Making Connections, 13(1): 54–61.

Zhang, J. (2011). Advanced Placement Courses and College Student Success: Evidence From BPS: 96/01.

Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Western Michigan University.

2010

Camp, A.G., Gilleland, D.S., Pearson, C., and Putten, J.V. (2010). Differentiating Between Women in Hard and Soft 

Science and Engineering Disciplines. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 

11(3): 363–384.

Chen, R., and DesJardins, S.L. (2010). Investigating the Impact of Financial Aid on Student Dropout Risks: Racial 

and Ethnic Differences. Journal of Higher Education, 81(2): 179–208.
APPENDIX A. STUDIES ADDRESSING ISSUES RELEVANT TO NCES’ POSTSECONDARY AND LONGITUDINAL SAMPLE SURVEYS STUDIES

A-28

Crisp, G., and Nora, A. (2010). Hispanic Student Success: Factors Influencing the Persistence and Transfer 

Decisions of Latino Community College Students Enrolled in Developmental Education. Research in Higher 

Education, 51(2): 175–194.

DesJardins, S.L., and Chen, R. (2010). Investigating the Impact of Financial Aid on Student Dropout Risks: Racial 

and Ethnic Differences. Journal of Higher Education, 81(2): 179–208.

Griffith, J. (2010). Community Service Among a Panel of Beginning College Students: Its Prevalence and 

Relationship to Having Been Required and to Supporting “Capital.” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector 

Quarterly, 39(5): 884–900.

Hornak, A.M., Farrell, P.L., and Jackson, N.L. (2010). Making It (or Not) on a Dime in College: Implications for 

Practice. Journal of College Student Development, 51(5): 481–495.

Li, D. (2010). They Need Help: Transfer Students From Four-Year to Four-Year Institutions. The Review of Higher 

Education, 33(2): 207–238.

Mamiseishvili, K. (2010). Effects of Employment on Persistence of Low-income, First-Generation College Students. 

College Student Affairs Journal, 29(1): 65–74, 93.

Museus, S.D. (2010). Understanding Racial Differences in the Effects of Loans on Degree Attainment: A Path 

Analysis. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 11(4): 499–527.

Radford, A.W., Berkner, L., Wheeless, S.C., and Shepherd, B. (2010). Persistence and Attainment of 2003–04 

Beginning Postsecondary Students: After 6 Years. First Look (NCES 2011-151). National Center for 

Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

2009

Camp, A., Gilleland, D., Pearson, C., and Putten, J.V. (2009). Women’s Path Into Science and Engineering Majors: A 

Structural Equation Model. Educational Research & Evaluation, 15(1): 63–77.

Chen, X. (2009). Students Who Study Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) in Postsecondary 

Education (NCES 2009-161). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Choy, S.P., Berkner, L., Lee, J., and Topper, A. (2009). Academic Competitiveness and SMART Grant Programs: 

First-Year Lessons Learned. U.S. Department of Education, Office of Planning, Evaluation and Policy 

Development, Policy and Program Studies Service. Washington, DC.

Cragg, K.M. (2009). Influencing the Probability for Graduation at Four-Year Institutions: A Multi-Model Analysis. 

Research in Higher Education, 50(4): 394–413.

Doyle, W. (2009). The Effect of Community College Enrollment on Bachelor’s Degree Completion. Economics of 

Education Review, 28(2): 199–206.

Horn, L. (2009). On Track to Complete? A Taxonomy of Beginning Community College Students and Their 

Outcomes 3 Years After Enrolling: 2003–04 Through 2006 (NCES 2009-152). National Center for Education 

Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Radford, A.W. (2009). Military Service Members and Veterans in Higher Education: What the New GI Bill May 

Mean for Postsecondary Institutions. Washington, DC: American Council on Education.

Radford, A.W., and Tasoff, S. (2009). Web Tables—Choosing a Postsecondary Institution: Considerations Reported 

by Students (NCES 2009-186). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC.
APPENDIX A. STUDIES ADDRESSING ISSUES RELEVANT TO NCES’ POSTSECONDARY AND LONGITUDINAL SAMPLE SURVEYS STUDIES

A-29

Radford, A.W., and Wun, J. (2009). Issue Tables: A Profile of Military Servicemembers and Veterans Enrolled in 

Postsecondary Education in 2007–08 (NCES 2009-182). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute 

of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Snyder, T.D., Dillow, S.A., and Hoffman, C.M. (2009). Digest of Education Statistics, 2008 (NCES 2009-020). 

National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC.

Wine, J., Cominole, M., and Caves, L. (2009). 2004/09 Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study 

(BPS:04/09) Field Test (NCES 2009-01). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education 

Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

2008

Berkner, L., and Choy, S. (2008). Descriptive Summary of 2003–04 Beginning Postsecondary Students: Three Years 

Later (NCES 2008-174). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Provasnik, S., and Planty, M. (2008, August). Community Colleges: Special Supplement to The 2008 Condition of 

Education (NCES 2008-033). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Stratton, L.S., O’Toole, D.M., and Wetzel, J.N. (2008). A Multinomial Logit Model of College Stopout and Dropout 

Behavior. Economics of Education Review, 27(3): 319–331.

2007

Berkner, L., He, S., Mason, M., and Wheeless, S. (2007). Persistence and Attainment of 2003–04 Beginning 

Postsecondary Students: After Three Years (NCES 2007-169). National Center for Education Statistics, 

Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Chen, X. (2007). Part-Time Undergraduates in Postsecondary Education: 2003–04 (NCES 2007-165). National 

Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC.

Cominole, M., Wheeless, S., Dudley, K., Franklin, J., and Wine, J. (2007). 2004/06 Beginning Postsecondary 

Students Longitudinal Study (BPS:04/06) Methodology Report (NCES 2008-184). National Center for 

Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Dongbin, K. (2007). The Effect of Loans on Students’ Degree Attainment: Differences by Student and Institutional 

Characteristics. Harvard Educational Review, 77(1): 64–100.

Goan, S.K., and Cunningham, A.F. (2007). Differential Characteristics of 2-Year Postsecondary Institutions (NCES 

2007-164rev). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC.

Hudson, L., Kienzl, G., and Diehl, J. (2007). Students Entering and Leaving Postsecondary Occupational Education: 

1995–2001 (NCES 2007-041). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Hunt-White, T. (2007). 2004/06 Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study Data Analysis System (NCES 

2007-185). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC.
APPENDIX A. STUDIES ADDRESSING ISSUES RELEVANT TO NCES’ POSTSECONDARY AND LONGITUDINAL SAMPLE SURVEYS STUDIES

A-30

2006

Anderson, G. (2006). Effectiveness of Statewide Articulation Agreements on the Probability of Transfer: A 

Preliminary Policy Analysis. The Review of Higher Education, 29(3): 261–291.

Blecher, L. (2006). Persistence Toward Bachelor Degree Completion of Students in Family and Consumer Sciences. 

College Student Journal, 40(3): 469–484.

Dougherty, K.J., and Kienzl, G.S. (2006). It’s Not Enough to Get Through the Open Door: Inequalities by Social 

Background in Transfer From Community Colleges to Four-Year Colleges. Teachers College Record, 108(3): 

452–487.

Dowd, A., and Coury, T. (2006). The Effect of Loans on the Persistence and Attainment of Community College 

Students. Research in Higher Education, 47(1): 33–62.

Flowers, L.A. (2006). Effects of Attending a 2-Year Institution on African American Males’ Academic and Social 

Integration in the First Year of College. Teachers College Record, 108(2): 267–286.

Horn, L. (2006). Placing College Graduation Rates in Context: How 4-Year College Graduation Rates Vary With 

Selectivity and the Size of Low-Income Enrollment (NCES 2007-161). National Center for Education 

Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Murphy, K. (2006). Factors Affecting the Retention, Persistence, and Attainment of Undergraduate Students at 

Public Urban Four Year Higher Education Institutions. Washington, DC: American Institutes for Research.

Person, A., and Rosenbaum, J. (2006). Educational Outcomes of Labor-Market Linking and Job Placement for 

Students at Public and Private 2-Year Colleges. Economics of Education Review, 25(4): 412–429.

Titus, M.A. (2006). No College Student Left Behind: The Influence of Financial Aspects of a State’s Higher 

Education Policy on College Completion. The Review of Higher Education, 29(3): 293–317.

Titus, M.A. (2006). Understanding the Influence of the Financial Context of Institutions on Student Persistence at 

Four-Year Colleges and Universities. The Journal of Higher Education, 77(2): 353–375.

Wine, J., Cominole, M., Wheeless, S., Bryant, A., Gilligan, T., Dudley, K., and Franklin, J. (2006). 2004/06 Beginning 

Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study (BPS:04/06) Field Test Methodology Report (2006-01). National 

Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC.

2005

Adelman, C. (2005). Moving Into Town—and Moving On: The Community College in the Lives of Traditional-Age 

Students. U.S. Department of Education, Office of Vocational and Adult Education. Washington, DC.

Alfonso, M., Bailey, T.R., and Scott, M. (2005). The Educational Outcomes of Occupational Sub-Baccalaureate 

Students: Evidence From the 1990s. Economics of Education Review, 24(2): 197–212.

Bailey, T., Jenkins, D., and Leinbach, T. (2005). What We Know About Community College Low-Income and 

Minority Student Outcomes: Descriptive Statistics From National Surveys. New York: Community College 

Research Center.

Horn, L., Cataldi, E., and Sikora, A. (2005). Waiting to Attend College: Undergraduates Who Delay Their 

Postsecondary Enrollment (NCES 2005-152). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of 

Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Leppel, K. (2005). College Persistence and Student Attitudes Toward Financial Success. College Student Journal, 

39(2): 223–241.
APPENDIX A. STUDIES ADDRESSING ISSUES RELEVANT TO NCES’ POSTSECONDARY AND LONGITUDINAL SAMPLE SURVEYS STUDIES

A-31

Lohfink, M.M., and Paulsen, M.B. (2005). Comparing the Determinants of Persistence for First-Generation and 

Continuing-Generation Students. Journal of College Student Development, 46(4): 409–428.

Peter, K., and Cataldi, E. (2005). The Road Less Traveled? Students Who Enroll in Multiple Institutions (NCES 2005-

157). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC.

Peter, K., and Horn, L. (2005). Gender Differences in Participation and Completion of Undergraduate Education and 

How They Have Changed Over Time (NCES 2005-169). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of 

Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Schuetz, P. (2005). UCLA Community College Review: Campus Environment: A Missing Link in Studies of 

Community College Attrition. Community College Review, 32(4): 60–80.

2004

Bauer, C.J. (2004). The Nexus Between Community College Choice and Student Persistence. Unpublished Ph.D. 

dissertation, University of Missouri, Saint Louis.

Borden, V.M.H. (2004). Accommodating Student Swirl: When Traditional Students are no Longer the Tradition. 

Change, 36(2): 10–17.

Boswell, K. (2004). Bridges or Barriers? Public Policy and the Community College Transfer Function. Change, 36(6): 

22–29.

Brothen, T., and Wambach, C.A. (2004). Refocusing Developmental Education. Journal of Developmental 

Education, 28(2): 16–33.

Duggan, M.B. (2004). E-Mail as Social Capital and Its Impact on First-Year Persistence of 4-Year College Students. 

Journal of College Student Retention Research Theory and Practice, 6(2): 169–189.

Ferris, E., Finster, M., and McDonald, D. (2004). Academic Fit of Student-Athletes: An Analysis of NCAA Division I-A 

Graduation Rates. Research in Higher Education, 45(6): 555–575.

Hahs-Vaughn, D. (2004). The Impact of Parents’ Education Level on College Students: An Analysis Using the 

Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study 1990–92/94. Journal of College Student 

Development, 45(5): 483–500.

Horn, L., and Berger, R. (2004). College Persistence on the Rise? Changes in 5-Year Degree Completion and 

Postsecondary Persistence Rates Between 1994 and 2000 (NCES 2005-156). National Center for Education 

Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Kane, M.A., Beals, C., Valeau, E.J., and Johnson, M.J. (2004). Fostering Success Among Traditionally 

Underrepresented Student Groups: Hartnell College’s Approach to Implementation of the Math, 

Engineering, and Science Achievement (MESA) Program. Community College Journal of Research and 

Practice, 28(1): 17–26.

Kim, M.H. (2004). The Determinants of Institutional Financial Aid and its Effect on Degree Completion: The 

Difference Between Students at Public and Private Four-Year Institutions. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, 

Columbia University.

Long, A.C. (2004). Community College Attrition of GED Certificate Holders and Regular High School Graduates: A 

Comparative Study Using National BPS Data. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Oregon State University.

Pascarella, E.T. (2004). First-Generation College Students: Additional Evidence on College Experiences and 

Outcomes. The Journal of Higher Education, 75(3): 249–284.

Pascarella, E.T. (2004). The Role of Race in the Development of Plans for a Graduate Degree. The Review of Higher 

Education, 27(3): 299–320.
APPENDIX A. STUDIES ADDRESSING ISSUES RELEVANT TO NCES’ POSTSECONDARY AND LONGITUDINAL SAMPLE SURVEYS STUDIES

A-32

Persell, C.H., and Wenglinsky, H. (2004). For-Profit Post-Secondary Education and Civic Engagement. Higher 

Education, 47(2): 337–360.

Saunders, K.P. (2004). Degree Attainment of Low-Socioeconomic Status Students: Structural Equation Modeling 

Test of an Elaborated Theory of Socialization. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Iowa State University.

Wassmer, R., Moore, C., and Shulock, N. (2004). Effect of Racial/Ethnic Composition on Transfer Rates in 

Community Colleges: Implications for Policy and Practice. Research in Higher Education, 45(6): 651–672.

2003

Alfonso, M., Bailey, T.R., and Scott, M. (2003). The Educational Outcomes of Occupational Sub-Baccalaureate 

Students: Evidence From the 1990s. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational 

Research Association, Chicago, IL.

Ashby, C.M. (2003). College Completion: Additional Efforts Could Help Education With its Completion Goal (GAO03-568). Washington, DC: United States General Accounting Office.

Below, D.L. (2003). The First-to-Second-Year Persistence of Public, Four-Year College Students by Ethnicity.

Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Missouri, Saint Louis.

Berkner, L., He, S., and Cataldi, E.F. (2003). Descriptive Summary of 1995–96 Beginning Postsecondary Students: 

Six Years Later. Education Statistics Quarterly, 5(1): 62–67.

Freeman, T.L. (2003). Theoretical Model for Studying Year-to-Year Persistence of Two-Year College Students by 

Ethnicity Using the Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study, 1996–1998. Unpublished Ph.D. 

dissertation, University of Missouri, Saint Louis.

Hahs, D.L. (2003). The Utilization of Sample Weights in Structural Equation Modeling: An Application Using the 

Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study 1990/92/94. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, 

University of Alabama. 

Hoachlander, G., Sikora, A.C., and Horn, L. (2003). Community College Students: Goals, Academic Preparation, and 

Outcomes (NCES 2003-164). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Horn, L., and Berker, A. (2003). Work First, Study Second: Adult Undergraduates Who Combine Employment and 

Postsecondary Enrollment (NCES 2003-167). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of 

Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Horn, L., and Peter, K. (2003). What Colleges Contribute: Institutional Aid to Full-time Undergraduates Attending 4-

Year Colleges and Universities (NCES 2003-157). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of 

Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Kim, D. (2003). Multilevel Analysis of the Effect of Loans on Degree Attainment: Differences by Race, SES, and 

College Characteristics. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.

O'Toole, D.M., Stratton, L.S., and Wetzel, J.N. (2003). A Longitudinal Analysis of the Frequency of Part-Time 

Enrollment and the Persistence of Students Who Enroll Part Time. Research in Higher Education, 44(5): 

519–537.

Perez, N.M. (2003). Factors Associated With the College Success of Hispanic Women: A Mixed Methods 

Investigation. Unpublished Ed.D. dissertation, Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi.

Rosenfield, E.D. (2003). A Demographic Profile of Single-Mother College Students and an Examination of Factors 

That Influence Their Persistence. Unpublished Ed.D. dissertation, University of Rochester.
APPENDIX A. STUDIES ADDRESSING ISSUES RELEVANT TO NCES’ POSTSECONDARY AND LONGITUDINAL SAMPLE SURVEYS STUDIES

A-33

Titus, M.A. (2003). An Examination of the Influence of Institutional Context on Persistence at Four-Year Colleges 

and Universities: A Multilevel Approach. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Maryland, College 

Park.

Yang, P. (2003). Do Institutional Characteristics Matter in Two- to Four-Year Transfer? Paper presented at the 

Annual Meeting of the Council for the Study of Community Colleges, Dallas, TX.

2002

Berkner, L., He, S., and Cataldi, E.F. (2002). Descriptive Summary of 1995–96 Beginning Postsecondary Students: 

Six Years Later (NCES 2003-151). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC.

Blecher, L., Michael, W.B., and Hagedorn, L.S. (2002). Factors Related to the “System” Persistence of Students 

Seeking the Bachelor’s Degree at Four-Year Institutions. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the 

North East Association for Institutional Research, New Orleans, LA.

Bradburn, E. (2002). Short-Term Enrollment in Postsecondary Education: Student Background and Institutional 

Differences in Reasons for Early Departure, 1996–98 (NCES 2003-153). National Center for Education 

Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Choy, S. (2002). Nontraditional Undergraduates: Findings From The Condition of Education, 2002 (NCES 2002-012). 

National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Choy, S.P. (2002). Access & Persistence: Findings From 10 Years of Longitudinal Research on Students. Washington, 

DC: Center for Policy Analysis, American Council on Education.

Duggan, M.B. (2002). The Effect of Social Capital on the First-Year Persistence of First Generation College Students.

Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Boston.

Hudson, L., and Hurst, D. (2002). The Persistence of Employees Who Pursue College Study (NCES 2002-118). 

National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Hudson, L., and Hurst, D. (2002). The Persistence of Employees Who Pursue Postsecondary Study. Education 

Statistics Quarterly, 4(1): 33–36.

King, J.E. (2002). Crucial Choices: How Students’ Financial Decisions Affect Their Academic Success. Washington, 

DC: Center for Policy Analysis, American Council on Education.

Pearson, A.F. (2002). Gendered Organizations: Academic and Social Integration of Females in Engineering and 

Science Programs. Paper presented at the Southern Sociological Society.

Sherlin, J.H., Jr. (2002). Understanding the System Persistence of First-Generation Students Through Path 

Modeling. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Maryland, College Park.

Wei, C.C., and Horn, L. (2002). Persistence and Attainment of Beginning Students With Pell Grants (NCES 2002-169 

). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Wei, C.C., and Horn, L. (2002). Persistence and Attainment of Beginning Students With Pell Grants. Education 

Statistics Quarterly, 4(2): 91–96.

Wine, J.S., Heuer, R.E., Wheeless, S.C., Francis, T.L., and Dudley, K.M. (2002). Beginning Postsecondary Students 

Longitudinal Study: 1996–2001 (BPS:1996/2001) Methodology Report (NCES 2002-171). National Center 

for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Wine, J.S., Heuer, R.E., Wheeless, S.C., Francis, T.L., Franklin, J.W., and Dudley, K.M. (2002). Beginning 

Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study: 1996–2001 (BPS:1996/2001) Methodology Report. Education 

Statistics Quarterly, 4(3): 147–149.
APPENDIX A. STUDIES ADDRESSING ISSUES RELEVANT TO NCES’ POSTSECONDARY AND LONGITUDINAL SAMPLE SURVEYS STUDIES

A-34

2001

Bradburn, E.M., Hurst, D.G., and Peng, S. (2001). Community College Transfer Rates to 4-Year Institutions Using 

Alternative Definitions of Transfer (NCES 2001-197 ). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Choy, S.P. (2001). Findings From the Condition of Education 2001: Students Whose Parents Did Not Go to College 

(NCES 2001-126). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Duggan, M. (2001). Factors Influencing the First-Year Persistence of First Generation College Students. Paper 

presented at the Annual Meeting of the North East Association for Institutional Research, Cambridge, MA.

Horn, L., and Kojaku, L.K. (2001). High School Academic Curriculum and the Persistence Path Through College 

(NCES 2001-163). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Leppel, K., Williams, M.L., and Waldauer, C. (2001). The Impact of Parental Occupation and Socioeconomic Status 

on Choice of College Major. Journal of Family & Economic Issues, 22(4): 373–394.

Stratton, L.S., O’Toole, D.M., and Wetzel, J.N. (2001). Factors Affecting Part-Time College Enrollment Within the 

First Year. AIR 2001 Annual Forum Paper. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for 

Institutional Research, Long Beach, CA.

Teng, L.Y., Morgan, G.A., and Anderson, S.K. (2001). Career Development Among Ethnic and Age Groups of 

Community College Students. Journal of Career Development 28(2): 115–127.

Warburton, E.C., Bugarin, R., and Nuñez, A. (2001). Bridging the Gap: Academic Preparation and Postsecondary 

Success of First-Generation Students (NCES 2001-153). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Wine, J.S., Heuer, R.E., Link, M.W., Whitmore, R.W., and Francis, T.L. (2001). Beginning Postsecondary Students 

Longitudinal Study: 1996–2001 (BPS:1996/2001) Field Test Methodology Report (NCES 2001-04). National 

Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

2000

Ariguzo, G.C. (2000). An Examination of the Effects of the Federal College Work-Study Program on Minority 

Students’ Persistence, Academic Performance, and Graduation Rates: Based on the NCES 1990/94 

Beginning Postsecondary Longitudinal Study; a Dissertation. Boston: University of Massaachusetts Boston.

Berkner, L., Horn, L., and Clune, M. (2000). Descriptive Summary of 1995–96 Beginning Postsecondary Students: 

Three Years Later, With an Essay on Students Who Started at Less-Than-4-Year Institutions (NCES 2000-

154). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Boyles, L.W. (2000). Exploration of a Retention Model for Community College Students. Unpublished Ph.D. 

dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro.

Byun, K. (2000). A Study on the Applicability of Bean and Metzner’s Nontraditional Student Attrition Model for

Older Students Using Four Different Measures of Persistence. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of 

Oregon.

Chae, J. (2000). Student Departure From United States Community Colleges: A Competing Risks Survival Analysis.

Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University.

Choy, S.P. (2000). Low-Income Students: Who They Are and How They Pay for Their Education (NCES 2000-169). 

National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.
APPENDIX A. STUDIES ADDRESSING ISSUES RELEVANT TO NCES’ POSTSECONDARY AND LONGITUDINAL SAMPLE SURVEYS STUDIES

A-35

Huang, G., Taddese, N., and Walter, E. (2000). Entry and Persistence of Women and Minorities in College Science 

and Engineering Education (NCES 2000-161). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC.

Hurst, D., and Smerdon, B. (2000). Postsecondary Students With Disabilities: Enrollment, Services, and Persistence

(NCES 2000-092). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Ishitani, T.T. (2000). An Application of Event History Modeling to Assessing Student Dropout Behavior: A National 

Data Approach. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Iowa.

Levesque, K., Lauen, D., Teitelbaum, P., Alt, M., and Librera, S. (2000). Vocational Education in the United States: 

Toward the Year 2000 (NCES 2000-029). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC.

U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. (2000). The Condition of Education 2000, 

Indicator 51, Learning Opportunities: Student Satisfaction With Instruction (NCES 2000-062). Author. 

Washington, DC.

U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. (2000). The Condition of Education 2000. 

Postsecondary Persistence and Progress: Persistence Toward a Bachelor’s Degree (NCES 2000-062). 

Author. Washington, DC.

Wine, J.S., Whitmore, R.W., Heuer, R.E., Biber, M., and Pratt, D.J. (2000). Beginning Postsecondary Students 

Longitudinal Study First Follow-Up 1996–98 (BPS:96/98) Methodology Report (NCES 2000-157). National 

Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

1999

Choy, S.P. (1999). College Access and Affordability (NCES 1999-108). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Contento, J.M. (1999). Impacts of Financial Aid on Persistence: A Longitudinal Analysis of Beginning 

Undergraduate Students. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Arizona State University.

Horn, L.J. (1999). Students With Disabilities in Postsecondary Education: A Profile of Preparation, Participation, and 

Outcomes (NCES 1999-187). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC.

Kaufman, P., and Chen, X. (1999). Projected Postsecondary Outcomes of 1992 High School Graduates (NCES 1999-

15). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Salvucci, S., Wenck, S., and Tyson, J. (1999). Development of a Prototype System for Accessing Linked NCES Data

(NCES 9815). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Shafer, L.L. (1999). Data Sources on Lifelong Learning (NCES 1999-11). National Center for Education Statistics, 

U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

1998

Choy, S.P., and Ottinger, C. (1998). Choosing a Postsecondary Institution (NCES 98-080). National Center for 

Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Cuccaro-Alamin, S., and Choy, S.P. (1998). Postsecondary Financing Strategies: How Undergraduates Combine 

Work, Borrowing, and Attendance (NCES 98-088). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC.
APPENDIX A. STUDIES ADDRESSING ISSUES RELEVANT TO NCES’ POSTSECONDARY AND LONGITUDINAL SAMPLE SURVEYS STUDIES

A-36

Horn, L.J. (1998). Profile of Undergraduates in U.S. Postsecondary Education Institutions: 1995–96, With an Essay 

on Undergraduates Who Work (NCES 98-054). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC.

Horn, L.J. (1998). Stopouts or Stayouts? Undergraduates Who Leave College in Their First Year (NCES 1999-087). 

National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Kojaku, L.K., and Nunez, A. (1998). Descriptive Summary of 1995–96 Beginning Postsecondary Students, With 

Profiles of Students Entering 2- and 4-Year Institutions. National Postsecondary Student Aid Study: 1995–

96 (NCES 1999-030). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, 

DC.

Nuñez, A.-M. (1998). First-Generation Students: A Longitudinal Analysis of Educational and Early Labor Market 

Outcomes. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for the Study of Higher Education, 

Miami, FL.

Nuñez, A.-M., and Cuccaro-Alamin, S. (1998). First-Generation Students: Undergraduates Whose Parents Never 

Enrolled in Postsecondary Education (NCES 98-082). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Perna, L.W. (1998). The Contribution of Financial Aid to Undergraduate Persistence. Journal of Student Financial 

Aid, 28(3): 25–40.

Perna, L.W. (1998). Does Financial Aid Help Students To Attend Higher Priced Colleges? Journal of Student 

Financial Aid, 28(1): 19–38.

Pratt, D.J., Wine, J.S., Heuer, R.E., Whitmore, R.W., Kelly, J.E., Doherty, J.M., Simpson, J.B., and Marti, N. (1998). 

Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study First Follow-Up (BPS:96/98) Field Test Report (NCES 

98-11). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Teng, L.Y.-W. (1998). The Institutional Experience and Career Development of Community College Students.

Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Colorado State University.

1997

Arnold, C.L. (1997). Using National Data Sets to Create Comparable National Statistics for the Student 

Characteristics and Outcomes in Community Colleges. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. 

Department of Education; the National Science Foundation; and the Association for Institutional 

Research. Washington, DC and Arlington, VA.

Choy, S.P., and Geis, S. (1997). Early Labor Force Experiences and Debt Burden (NCES 97-286). National Center for 

Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

McCormick, A.C. (1997). Transfer Behavior Among Beginning Postsecondary Students: 1989–94 (NCES 97-266). 

National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Nettles, M.T., and Perna, L.W. (1997). The African American Education Data Book. Volume I: Higher and Adult 

Education. Fairfax, VA: College Fund/UNCF.

Rhee, B., Hurtado, S., Inkelas, K.K., and Briggs, C.L. (1997). Differences in College Access in Choice Among 

Racial/Ethnic Groups: Identifying Continuing Barriers. Research in Higher Education, 38(1): 43–75.

Riccobono, J.A., Whitmore, R.W., Gabel, T.J., Traccarella, M.A., Pratt, D.J., and Berkner, L.K. (1997). National 

Postsecondary Student Aid Study, 1995–96 (NPSAS:96) Methodology Report (NCES 98-073). National 

Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.
APPENDIX A. STUDIES ADDRESSING ISSUES RELEVANT TO NCES’ POSTSECONDARY AND LONGITUDINAL SAMPLE SURVEYS STUDIES

A-37

1996

Berkner, L.K., Cuccaro-Alamin, S., and McCormick, A.C. (1996). Descriptive Summary of 1989–90 Beginning 

Postsecondary Students: 5 Years Later, With an Essay on Postsecondary Persistence and Attainment (NCES 

96-155). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Choy, S.P., and Premo, M.D. (1996). How Low Income Undergraduates Financed Postsecondary Education: 1992–

93 (NCES 96-161). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, 

DC.

Horn, L.J. (1996). Nontraditional Undergraduates: Trends in Enrollment From 1986 to 1992 and Persistence and 

Attainment Among 1989–90 Beginning Postsecondary Students (NCES 97-578). National Center for 

Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Perna, L.W. (1996). The Contribution of Financial Aid to the Price of Four-Year Institution Attended by 1989/90 

Freshmen. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for the Study of Higher Education, 

Memphis, TN.

Pratt, D.J., Whitmore, R.W., Wine, J.S., Blackwell, K.M., Forsyth, B.H., Smith, T.K., Becker, E.A., Veith, K.J., Mitchell, 

M., and Borman, G.D. (1996). Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study Second Follow-Up 

(BPS: 90/94) Final Technical Report (NCES 96-153). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC.

1995

Choy, S.P., and Premo, M.K. (1995). Profile of Older Undergraduates: 1989–90 (NCES 95-167). National Center for 

Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Horn, L.J. (1995). Minority Undergraduate Participation in Postsecondary Education (NCES 95-166). National 

Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

McCormick, A., and Geis, S. (1995). Profile of Part-Time Undergraduates in Postsecondary Education: 1989–90

(NCES 95-173). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

McGrew, K. (1995). Disability Summary Analyses of Select National Data Collection Programs. Technical Report 11. 

Minneapolis, MN: National Center on Educational Outcomes.

1994

Burkheimer, G.J., Jr., Forsyth, B.H., Whitmore, R.W., Wine, J.S., Blackwell, K.M., Veith, K.J., and Borman, G.D. 

(1994). Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study First Follow-up (BPS:90/92): Final Public 

Technical Report (NCES 94-369). U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. 

Washington, DC.

Fitzgerald, R., Berkner, L., Horn, L., Choy, S., and Hoachlander, G. (1994). Descriptive Summary of 1989–90 

Beginning Postsecondary Students: Two Years Later (NCES 94-386). National Center for Education 

Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Pratt, D.J., Burkheimer, G.J., Jr., Forsyth, B.H., Wine, J.S., Veith, K.J., and Beaulieu, J.P. (1994). Beginning 

Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study Second Follow-Up Field Test Report (BPS:90/94) (NCES 94-370). 

National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. (1994). Persistence and Attainment in 

Postsecondary Education for Beginning AY 1989–90 Students as of Spring 1992. Beginning Postsecondary 

Students Longitudinal Study 1992 Follow-Up (BPS: 90/92) (NCES 94-477). Author. Washington, DC.
APPENDIX A. STUDIES ADDRESSING ISSUES RELEVANT TO NCES’ POSTSECONDARY AND LONGITUDINAL SAMPLE SURVEYS STUDIES

A-38

1993

Bobbitt, L.G., and Carroll, C.D. (1993). Coding Major Field of Study. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC.

1992

Knepper, P. (1992). Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study Field Test Methodology Report: BPS 

90/92 (NCES 92-160). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, 

DC.

1991

Nelson, D.D. (1991). Programs and Plans of the National Center for Education Statistics, 1991 Edition (NCES 91-

694). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.
APPENDIX A. STUDIES ADDRESSING ISSUES RELEVANT TO NCES’ POSTSECONDARY AND LONGITUDINAL SAMPLE SURVEYS STUDIES

A-39

Baccalaureate and Beyond Longitudinal Study (B&B) 

2013

Bastin, H., and Kalist, D.E. (2013). The Labor Market Returns to AACSB Accreditation. Journal of Labor Research, 

34: 170–179. New York: Springer Science + Business Media.

Collins, E. (2013). A Review of African American Graduate College Choice. Annuals of the Next Generation, 4(1): 

14–17 Center for African American Research and Policy.

Hamilton, L.T. (2013). More Is More or More Is Less? Parental Financial Investments During College. American 

Sociological Review, 78(1): 70–95.

Lips, H.M. (2013). The Gender Pay Gap: Challenging the Rationalization. Perceived Equity, Discrimination, and the 

Limits of Human Capital Models. Sex Roles, 68: 169–185. Springer Science + Business Media.

Lott, J.L., Hernandez, J., King, J.P., Brown, T., and Fajardo, I. (2013). Public Versus Private Colleges: Political 

Participation of College Graduates. Research in Higher Education New York: Springer Science + Business 

Media.

Radford, A.W., Lew, T., and Shaw, S. (2013). Web Tables—Today’s Baccalaureate: The Fields and Courses That 

2007–08 Bachelor’s Degree Recipients Studied (NCES 2013-755). National Center for Education Statistics, 

Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Staklis, S., and Matthews, M. (2013). Web Tables—Beginning K–12 Teacher Characteristics and Preparation by 

School Type, 2009 (NCES 2013-153). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education 

Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Woo, J.H., Green, C., and Matthews, M. (2013). Web Tables—Profile of 2007–08 First-Time Bachelor’s Degree 

Recipients in 2009 (NCES 2013-150). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education 

Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Woo, J.H., and Matthews, M. (2013). Web Tables—Trends in Debt for Bachelor’s Degree Recipients a Year After 

Graduation: 1994, 2001, and 2009 (NCES 2013-156). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of 

Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Xu, Y.J. (2013). Career Outcomes of STEM and Non-STEM College Graduates: Persistence in Majored-Field and 

Influential Factors in Career Choices. Research in Higher Education, 54: 349–382. New York: Springer 

Science + Business Media.

2012

Bryan, M., and Simone, S. (2012). 2010 College Course Map: Technical Report (NCES 2012-162rev). National 

Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC.

Collins, E.L. (2012). Beyond the Baccalaureate: Black Students’ Decisions to Pursue a Graduate Education.

Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Nevada, Las Vegas.

Corbett, C., and Hill, C. (2012). Graduating to a Pay Gap: The Earnings of Women and Men One Year After College 

Graduation. Washington, DC: American Association of University Women.

Farinde, A.A., and Lewis, C.W. (2012). The Underrepresentation of African American Female Students in STEM 

Fields: Implications for Classroom Teachers. US-China Education Review: 421–430. Charlotte, NC: David 

Publishing.
APPENDIX A. STUDIES ADDRESSING ISSUES RELEVANT TO NCES’ POSTSECONDARY AND LONGITUDINAL SAMPLE SURVEYS STUDIES

A-40

Franklin, S.L., and Slate, J.R. (2012). First-Generation Student Enrollment and Attainment Beyond the 

Baccalaureate. Journal of Education Research, 6(2): Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

Hilmer, M.J., and Hilmer, C.E. (2012). On the Relationship Between Student Tastes and Motivations, Higher 

Education Decisions, and Annual Earnings. Economics of Education Review, 31(1): 66–75.

Skomsvold, P., Durand, S., and Henke, R. (2012). Early K-12 Teaching Experiences of 2007-08 Bachelor’s Degree 

Recipients (NCES 2013-154). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Stevenson, A. (2012). The Male-Female Gap in Post-Baccalaureate School Quality. ProQuest LLC. Social Science 

Electronic Publishing.

Strayhorn, T.L., Williams, M.S., Tillman-Kelly, D., and Suddeth, T. (2012). Sex Differences in Graduate School 

Choice for Black HBCU Bachelor’s Degree Recipients: A National Analysis. Journal of African American 

Studies, 17: 174–188. Springer Science + Business Media.

Texas Guaranteed Student Loan Corporation. (2012). A Brief Look at...Transfer Students and Financial Aid. Author.

Zarifa, D. (2012). Higher Education Expansion, Social Background and College Selectivity in the United States. RISE 

International Journal of Sociology of Education, 1(3): 263–291. Hipatia Press.

2011

Cataldi, E.F., Green, C., Henke, R., Lew, T., Woo, J., Shepherd, B., and Siegel, P. (2011). 2008–09 Baccalaureate and 

Beyond Longitudinal Study (B&B:08/09) First Look (NCES 2011-236). National Center for Education 

Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

2010

Ingersoll, R.M., and Perda, D. (2010). Is the Supply of Mathematics and Science Teachers Sufficient? American 

Educational Research Journal, 47(3): 563–594.

Liu, X., Thomas, S., and Zhang, L. (2010). College Quality, Earnings, and Job Satisfaction: Evidence From Recent 

College Graduates. Journal of Labor Research, 31(2): 183–201.

Snyder, T.D., and Dillow, S.A. (2010). Digest of Education Statistics, 2009 (NCES 2010-013). National Center for 

Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

2009

Ingersoll, R.M., and Perda, D. (2009). The Mathematics and Science Teacher Shortage: Fact and Myth. Masison, 

WI: Consortium for Policy Research in Education.

Ionescu, F. (2009). The Federal Student Loan Program: Quantitative Implications for College Enrollment and 

Default Rates. Review of Economic Dynamics, 12(1): 205–231.

McAnulty, K.G. (2009). Predictors of Graduate Enrollment in Hard and Soft Academic Disciplines and the Impact of 

Sex and Ethnicity. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY.

Olbrecht, A. (2009). Do Academically Deficient Scholarship Athletes Earn Higher Wages Subsequent to 

Graduation? Economics of Education Review, 28(5): 611–619.

Snyder, T.D., Dillow, S.A., and Hoffman, C.M. (2009). Digest of Education Statistics, 2008 (NCES 2009-020). 

National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC.

Wei, C.C., and Horn, L. (2009). A Profile of Successful Pell Grant Recipients: Time to Bachelor’s Degree and Early 

Graduate School Enrollment (NCES 2009-156). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of 

Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.
APPENDIX A. STUDIES ADDRESSING ISSUES RELEVANT TO NCES’ POSTSECONDARY AND LONGITUDINAL SAMPLE SURVEYS STUDIES

A-41

Zhang, L. (2009). A Value-Added Estimate of Higher Education Quality of US States. Education Economics, 17(4): 

469–489.

2008

Anderson, S.E. (2008). Teacher Career Choices: Timing of Teacher Careers Among 1992–93 Bachelor’s Degree 

Recipients (NCES 2008-153). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Bosshardt, W., and Watts, M. (2008). Undergraduate Students’ Coursework in Economics. Journal of Economic 

Education, 39(2): 198–205.

Choy, S., and Bradburn, E. (2008). Ten Years After College: Comparing the Employment Experiences of 1992–93 

Bachelor’s Degree Recipients With Academic and Career-Oriented Majors (NCES 2008-155). National 

Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC.

Hill, J.L. (2008). The Ambiguous Effects of Undergraduate Debt: Extending the Human Capital Model of Graduate 

School Enrollment. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.

Ionescu, F.A. (2008). Consolidation of Student Loan Repayments and Default Incentives. The B.E. Journal of 

Macroeconomics, 8(1).

Kurt, M.R. (2008). Essays on the Inter-industry Wage Differential, Human Capital, and Directed Search.

Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.

Lowe, S.K., Borstorff, P.C., and Landry III, R.J. (2008). An Empirical Examination of the Phenomenon of Grade 

Inflation in Higher Education: A Focus of Grade Divergence Between Business and Other Fields of Study. 

Academy of Educational Leadership Journal, 12(1): 15–33.

Mittapalli, K. (2008). Understanding Classroom Teacher Attrition: Characteristics of Three Groups. ERS Spectrum, 

26(3): 21–33.

Mittapalli, K. (2008). What Makes Public School Teachers Stay, Leave or Become Non-Teachers? An In-Depth 

Understanding of Their Personal Characteristics, Beliefs and Perceptions. Unpublished doctoral 

dissertation, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA.

Sasser, A. (2008). The Future of the Skilled Labor Force in New England: The Supply of Recent College Graduates. 

Boston, MA: New England Public Policy Center, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston.

Strayhorn, T. (2008). Influences on Labor Market Outcomes of African American College Graduates: A National 

Study. Journal of Higher Education, 79(1): 28–57.

Zhang, L. (2008). Gender and Racial Gaps in Earnings Among Recent College Graduates. Review of Higher 

Education, 32(1): 51–72.

Zhang, L. (2008, May). The Way to Wealth and the Way to Leisure: The Impact of College Education on Graduates’ 

Earnings and Hours of Work. Research in Higher Education, 49(3): 199–213.

2007

Alt, M.N., and Henke, R.R. (2007). To Teach or Not to Teach? Teaching Experience and Preparation Among 1992–

93 Bachelor’s Degree Recipients 10 Years After College (NCES 2007-163). National Center for Education 

Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Bacolod, M. (2007). Who Teaches and Where They Choose to Teach: College Graduates of the 1990s. Educational 

Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 29(3): 155–168. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.

Bartlett, C.L. (2007). Essays on the Links Between Education, Ability, and Income. Unpublished doctoral 

dissertation, University of Texas, Austin, TX.
APPENDIX A. STUDIES ADDRESSING ISSUES RELEVANT TO NCES’ POSTSECONDARY AND LONGITUDINAL SAMPLE SURVEYS STUDIES

A-42

Freeman, M.L. (2007). Selected Characteristics Related to Persistence to the Baccalaureate Degree for Vertical 

Transfer Students: Geography, Age, Gender, and Risk. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Ohio University, 

Athens, OH.

Lowe, S.K. (2007). Grade Inflation and Market Benefits: A Higher Education Analysis. Unpublished doctoral 

dissertation, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL.

Masuo, D.M., Kutara, P., Wall, R., and Cheang, M. (2007). Financial Information Project: Assessing the Financial 

Interests of College Students. Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences, 99(3): 29–36.

Nevill, S.C., and Chen, X. (2007). The Path Through Graduate School: A Longitudinal Examination 10 Years After 

Bachelor’s Degree (NCES 2007-162). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education 

Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Tsupryk, G. (2007). Job Match Quality: Measurement and Applications. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, State 

University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY.

2006

Bradburn, E.M., Nevill, S., and Cataldi, E.F. (2006). Where Are They Now? A Description of 1992–93 Bachelor’s 

Degree Recipients 10 Years Later (NCES 2007-159). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of 

Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Choy, S.P., and Li, X. (2006). Dealing With Debt: 1992–93 Bachelor’s Degree Recipients 10 Years Later (NCES 2006-

156). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC.

Feng, L. (2006). Combating Teacher Shortages: Who Leaves, Who Moves, and Why. Unpublished doctoral 

dissertation, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL.

Fong, A.B. (2006). Essays on Sorting, Mobility, and Attrition in the Teacher Labor Market. Unpublished doctoral 

dissertation, Columbia University, New York.

Goyette, K., and Mullen, A. (2006). Who Studies the Arts and Sciences? Social Background and the Choice and 

Consequences of Undergraduate Field of Study. Journal of Higher Education, 77(3): 497–538.

Joy, L. (2006). Occupational Differences Between Recent Male and Female College Graduates. Economics of 

Education Review, 25(2): 221–231.

Lowry, K.S. (2006). The Paths to Becoming a Mathematics Teacher. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The 

University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL.

McPhee, S. (2006). En Route to the Baccalaureate: Community College Student Outcomes. Washington, DC: 

American Association of Community Colleges.

Strayhorn, T. (2006). Factors Influencing the Academic Achievement of First-Generation College Students. NASPA 

Journal, 43(4): 82–111.

2005

Bosshardt, W., and Watts, M. (2005). Teachers’ Undergraduate Coursework in Economics in the Baccalaureate 

and Beyond Longitudinal Study. Journal of Economic Education, 36(4): 400.

Bradburn, E.M., Nevill, S., and Cataldi, E.F. (2005). 1992–93 Bachelor’s Degree Recipients and Their Opinions About 

Education in 2003 (NCES 2005-174). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education 

Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Choy, S.P., and Li, X. (2005). Debt Burden: A Comparison of 1992–93 and 1999–2000 Bachelor’s Degree Recipients 

a Year After Graduating (NCES 2005-170). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education 

Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.
APPENDIX A. STUDIES ADDRESSING ISSUES RELEVANT TO NCES’ POSTSECONDARY AND LONGITUDINAL SAMPLE SURVEYS STUDIES

A-43

Henke, R.R., Peter, K., Li, X., and Geis, S. (2005). Elementary/Secondary School Teaching Among Recent College 

Graduates: 1994 and 2001 (NCES 2005-161). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of 

Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Minicozzi, A. (2005). The Short Term Effect of Educational Debt on Job Decisions. Economics of Education Review, 

24(4): 417–430.

Perry, K. (2005). Baccalaureate and Beyond Longitudinal Study 1993/2003 Data Analysis System (DAS) On-line

(NCES 2005-150). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Peter, K., and Cataldi, E.F. (2005). The Road Less Traveled? Students Who Enroll in Multiple Institutions (NCES 

2005-157). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC.

Peter, K., and Horn, L. (2005). Gender Differences in Participation and Completion of Undergraduate Education and 

How They Have Changed Over Time (NCES 2005-169). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of 

Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Strayhorn, T.L. (2005). More Than Money Matters: An Integrated Model of Graduate Student Persistence.

Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA.

Thomas, S.L., and Zhang, L. (2005). Post-Baccalaureate Wage Growth Within 4 Years of Graduation: The Effects of 

College Quality and College Major. Research in Higher Education, 46(4): 437–459.

Wine, J.S., Cominole, M.B., Wheeless, S., Dudley, K., and Franklin, J. (2005). 1993/03 Baccalaureate and Beyond 

Longitudinal Study (B&B:93/03) Methodology Report (NCES 2006-166). National Center for Education 

Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Zhang, L. (2005). Advance to Graduate Education: The Effect of College Quality and Undergraduate Majors. 

Review of Higher Education, 28(3): 313–338.

Zhang, L. (2005). Do Measures of College Quality Matter? The Effect of College Quality on Graduates’ Earnings. 

Review of Higher Education, 28(4): 571–596.

2004

Conn, R.E. (2004). The Relationship Between Non-Employment and Respondent Personal Characteristics, College 

Major, GPA and Work Experience Among 1992–1993 College Graduates. Unpublished doctoral 

dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.

Heuer, R. (2004). Migration of Recent College Graduates. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, North Carolina State 

University, Raleigh, NC.

Perna, L.W. (2004). Understanding the Decision to Enroll in Graduate School: Sex and Racial/Ethnic Group 

Differences. The Journal of Higher Education, 75(5): 487–527.

Price, D.V. (2004). Educational Debt Burden Among Student Borrowers: An Analysis of the Baccalaureate & 

Beyond Panel, 1997 Follow-Up. Research in Higher Education, 45(7): 701–737.

Shen, J., Mansberger, N., and Yang, H. (2004). Teacher Quality and Students Placed at Risk: Results From the 

Baccalaureate and Beyond Longitudinal Study, 1993–97. Educational Horizons, 82(3): 226–235.

2003

Bradburn, E.M., Berger, R., Li, X., Peter, K., and Rooney, K. (2003). A Descriptive Summary of 1999–2000 Bachelor’s 

Degree Recipients 1 Year Later, With an Analysis of Time to Degree (NCES 2003-165). National Center for 

Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.
APPENDIX A. STUDIES ADDRESSING ISSUES RELEVANT TO NCES’ POSTSECONDARY AND LONGITUDINAL SAMPLE SURVEYS STUDIES

A-44

Charleston, S., Riccobono, J., Mosquin, P., and Link, M. (2003). Baccalaureate and Beyond Longitudinal Study: 

2000/01 Methodology Report (NCES 2003-156). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of 

Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Joy, L. (2003). Salaries of Recent Male and Female College Graduates: Educational and Labor Market Effects. 

Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 56(4): 606–621.

Millett, C.M. (2003, July/August). How Undergraduate Loan Debt Affects Application and Enrollment in Graduate 

or First Professional School. The Journal of Higher Education, 74(4): 386–427.

Mullen, A.L., Goyette, K.A., and Soares, J.A. (2003). Who Goes to Graduate School? Social and Academic 

Correlates of Educational Continuation After College. Sociology of Education, 76(2): 143–169.

Mustafa, S. (2003). Three Essays on College Enrollment, Completion and Labor Market Returns. Unpublished 

Doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.

Thomas, S.L. (2003). Longer-Term Economic Effects of College Selectivity and Control. Research in Higher 

Education, 44(3): 263–299.

Zhang, L. (2003). How College Affects Students: Toward the Reconciliation of Theory With Empirical Evidence.

Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.

2002

Bradburn, E.M., and Berger, R. (2002). Beyond 9 to 5: The Diversity of Employment Among 1992–93 College 

Graduates in 1997 (NCES 2003-152). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC.

LaTurner, R.J. (2002, August). Teachers’ Academic Preparation and Commitment To Teach Math and Science. 

Teaching and Teacher Education, 18(6): 653–663.

2001

Clune, M.S., Nuñez, A.-M., and Choy, S.P. (2001). Competing Choices: Men’s and Women’s Paths After Earning a 

Bachelor’s Degree (NCES 2001-154). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of 

Education. Washington, DC.

Heller, D.E. (2001). Debts and Decisions: Student Loans and Their Relationship to Graduate School and Career 

Choice. New Agenda SeriesTM. Indianapolis, IN: Lumina Foundation for Education.

Henke, R., and Zahn, L. (2001). Attrition of New Teachers Among Recent College Graduates: Comparing 

Occupational Stability Among 1992–93 College Graduates Who Taught and Those Who Worked in Other 

Occupations (NCES 2001-189). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC.

Henry, D.P. (2001). Student Debt and Debt Burden of Graduate and First Professional Students: A National and 

Institutional Analysis. Unpublished dissertation, The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA.

Horn, L.J., and Zahn, L. (2001). From Bachelor’s Degree To Work: Major Field of Study and Employment Outcomes 

of 1992–93 Bachelor’s Degree Recipients Who Did Not Enroll in Graduate Education by 1997 (NCES 2001-

165). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Lasiewski, D.K. (2001). An Examination of the Factors by Gender and Race/Ethnicity Influencing Science, 

Mathematics, and Engineering Undergraduate Degree Recipients to Enroll in Graduate Study. Unpublished 

dissertation, University of Massachusetts Boston.

Perry, K.K. (2001). Where College Students Live After They Graduate (ED453739 ). National Center for Education 

Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.
APPENDIX A. STUDIES ADDRESSING ISSUES RELEVANT TO NCES’ POSTSECONDARY AND LONGITUDINAL SAMPLE SURVEYS STUDIES

A-45

2000

Choy, S.P. (2000). Debt Burden Four Years After College (NCES 2000-188). National Center for Education Statistics, 

U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Henke, R.R., Chen, X., and Geis, S. (2000). Progress Through the Teacher Pipeline: 1992–93 College Graduates and 

Elementary/Secondary School Teaching as of 1997 (NCES 2000-152). National Center for Education 

Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Redd, K.E. (2000). HBCU Graduates: Employment Earnings and Success After College. New Agenda SeriesTM. 

Indianapolis, IN: USA Group, Inc.

1999

Boe, E.E., Cook, L.H., Paulsen, C.A., Barkanic, G., and Leow, C.S. (1999). Productivity of Teacher Preparation 

Programs: Surplus or Shortage in Quantity and Quality of Degree Graduates. Data Analysis Report 

No.1999-DAR2. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Center for Research and Evaluation in Social 

Policy and U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement.

Fabiano, L. (1999). Measuring Teacher Qualifications (NCES 1999-04). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Green, P., Myers, S., Veldaman, C., and Pedlow, S. (1999). Baccalaureate and Beyond Longitudinal Study: 1993/97 

Second Follow-Up Methodology Report (NCES 1999-159). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Horn, L.J., and Berktold, J. (1999). Students With Disabilities in Postsecondary Education: A Profile of Preparation, 

Participation, and Outcomes (NCES 1999-187). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department 

of Education. Washington, DC.

McCormick, A.C., Nuñez, A.-M., Shah, V., and Choy, S.P. (1999). Life After College: A Descriptive Summary of 1992–

93 Bachelor’s Degree Recipients in 1997, With an Essay on Participation in Graduate and First-Professional 

Education (NCES 1999-155). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC.

National Center for Education Statistics. (1999). CD-ROM: Baccalaureate and Beyond Longitudinal Study: Second 

Follow-Up. Public Use Data Analysis System (DAS) (NCES 2000-158). National Center for Education 

Statistics, U.S. Department of Education Washington, DC.

Salvucci, S., Wenck, S., and Tyson, J. (1999). Development of a Prototype System for Accessing Linked NCES Data

(NCES 98-15). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Shafer, L.L. (1999). Data Sources on Lifelong Learning Available From the National Center for Education Statistics

(Working Paper No. 1999-11). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. 

Washington, DC.

Syverson, P.D. (1999, Fall). Invited Commentary: Part-Time Study Plus Full-Time Employment: The New Way to Go 

to Graduate School. Education Statistics Quarterly, 1(3): 13–15.

Terkla, D.G. (1999, Fall). Invited Commentary: Baccalaureate and Beyond: Tracking Long-Term Outcomes for 

Bachelor’s Degree Recipients. Education Statistics Quarterly, 1(3): 16–17.

1998

Nunez, A.-M., and Cuccaro-Alamin, S. (1998). First-Generation Students: Undergraduates Whose Parents Never 

Enrolled in Postsecondary Education (NCES 98-082). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC.
APPENDIX A. STUDIES ADDRESSING ISSUES RELEVANT TO NCES’ POSTSECONDARY AND LONGITUDINAL SAMPLE SURVEYS STUDIES

A-46

Thomas, S.L. (1998). Deferred Costs and Economic Returns to College Major, Quality, and Performance: Recent 

Trends. Miami, FL: Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for the Study of Higher 

Education.

1997

Choy, S.P., and Geis, S. (1997). Early Labor Force Experiences and Debt Burden (NCES 97-286). National Center for 

Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Dey, E.L., Hurtado, S., Rhee, B.-S., Inkelas, K.K., Wimsatt, L.A., and Guan, F. (1997). Improving Research on 

Postsecondary Student Outcomes: A Review of the Strengths and Limitations of National Data Resources. 

NCPI–5–01. Stanford, CA: National Center for Postsecondary Improvement.

Henke, R.R., Choy, S.P., Chen, X., Geis, S., and Alt, M.N. (1997). America’s Teachers: Profile of a Profession, 1993–

94 (NCES 97-460). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, 

DC.

Veldman, C., Green, P.J., Myers, S., Chuchro, L., and Giese, P. (1997). Baccalaureate and Beyond Longitudinal 

Study: Second Follow-Up Field Test Report, 1996 (NCES 97-261). National Center for Education Statistics, 

U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

1996

Green, P.J., Meyers, S.L., Giese, P., Law, J., Speizer, H.M., Tardino, V.S., and Knepper, P. (1996). Baccalaureate and 

Beyond Longitudinal Study: 1993/94 First Follow-Up Methodology Report (NCES 96-149). National Center 

for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

Henke, R.R., Geis, S., and Giambattista, J. (1996). Out of the Lecture Hall and Into the Classroom: 1992–93 College 

Graduates and Elementary/Secondary School Teaching (NCES 96-899). National Center for Education 

Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.

McCormick, A., and Horn, L.J. (1996). A Descriptive Summary of 1992–93 Bachelor’s Degree Recipients: 1 Year 

Later, With Essay on Time to Degree (NCES 96-158). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. 

Department of Education. Washington, DC.

1995

McGrew, K. (1995). Disability Summary Analyses of Select National Data Collection Programs. Technical Report 11. 

Minneapolis, MN: National Center on Educational Outcomes, University of Minnesota.

1994

Knepper, P. (1994). Field Test Methodology Report, Baccalaureate and Beyond First Follow-Up (B&B:93/94) (NCES 

94-371). National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC.
B-47

Appendix B

Technical Review Panel Contact List

APPENDIX B. TECHNICAL REVIEW PANEL CONTACT LIST

B-49

Technical Review Panel

Michelle Appel

Director, Enrollment Policy & Planning

University of Maryland

Institution Research, Planning and Assessment 

1101 Mitchell Building

College Park, MD 20742

Phone: (301)405-0475

Email: mappel@umd.edu

Steven Barnhart

Director, Student Information Systems Development

University of Southern California

3434 South Grand Avenue, Suite 340-K 

Los Angeles, CA 90089-2812

Phone: (213)740-2748

Email: barnhart@usc.edu

Teresita Bazan

Executive Director

Austin Community College

5930 Middle Fiskville Road

Austin, TX 78752

Phone: (512)223-7550

Email: tbazan@austincc.edu

Vasilios Bournas

Senior Government Relations Analyst

DeVry Education Group 

3005 Highland Parkway

Downers Grove, IL 60515

Phone: (630)515-5463

Email: vbournas@devry.edu

Keith Brown

Chief Consultant

JKB Postsecondary Consulting

407 Dorothy Drive 

Cary, NC 27511

Phone: (919)215-4240

Email: brown.jkeith@gmail.com

Rebecca Carr

Director, AAU Data Exchange

2301 Vanderbilt Place

P.O. Box 407832 

Nashville, TN 37240-7832

Phone: (615)290-5577

Email: rebecca.e.carr@vanderbilt.edu

Jennifer Engle

Vice President for Policy Research

Institute of Higher Education Policy

1825 K Street NW, Suite 720

Washington, DC 20006

Phone: (202)861-8223

Email: jengle@ihep.org

Donyell Francis

Data Compliance Manager

Office of Data, Planning & Research

Technical College System of Georgia

1800 Century Place NE

Atlanta, Ga 30345-4304

Phone: (404)679-4594

Email: dfrancis@tcsg.edu

Gigi Jones

Director of Research

National Association of Student Financial Aid 

Administrators

1101 Connecticut Avenue NW, Suite 1100 

Washington, DC 20036

Phone: (202)785-0543

Email: jonesg@nasfaa.org

Wendy Kilgore

Director of Research & Managing Consultant

American Association of Collegiate Registrars and 

Admissions Officers

One Dupont Circle NW, Suite 520 

Washington, DC 20036

Phone: (520)465-6255

Email: wendyk@aacrao.org

Hans L’Orange

Vice President for Research and Information Resources

State Higher Education Executive Officers (SHEEO)

3035 Center Green Drive, Suite 100 

Boulder, CO 80301

Phone: (303)541-1606

Email: hlorange@sheeo.org

Jean Russo

Financial Aid Administrator

Bryant and Stratton Colleges

2410 North Forest Road, Suite 101A

Getzville, NY 14068

Phone: (716)250-7500

Email: jlrusso@bryantstratton.edu
APPENDIX B. TECHNICAL REVIEW PANEL CONTACT LIST

B-50

Michael Sessa

President & CEO

P20W Education Standards Council

1250 Connecticut Avenue NW, Suite 200

Washington, DC 20036

Phone: (202)261-6514

Email: michael.sessa@pesc.org

Sonia Schaible Brandon

Institutional Research

Colorado Mesa University

Lowell Heiny Hall (LHH), 220D 

1101 North Avenue

Grand Junction, CO 81501

Phone: (970)248-1884

Email: sbrandon@coloradomesa.edu

Jonathan Smith

Associate Policy Research Scientist

College Board

1919 M Street NW, Suite 300 

Washington, DC 20003

Phone: (202)741-4733

Email: jsmith@collegeboard.org

Christopher Strome

Product Manager

FAME

6451 North Federal Highway, Suite 501 

Fort Lauderdale, FL 33442

Phone: (800)327-5772, Ext. 172

Email: cstrome@fameinc.com

Randy Swing

Executive Director

Association for Institutional Research

1435 East Piedmont Drive, Suite 211

Tallahassee, FL 32308

Phone: (850)385-4155

Email: rswing@airweb.org

Jeff Webster

Assistant Vice President

TG Research and Analytical Services

P.O. Box 83100

Round Rock, TX 78683

Phone: (800)252-9743

Email: jeff.webster@tgslc.org

Sandra Whalen

Interim Director

Consortium for Student Retention Data Exchange

University of Oklahoma

1700 Asp Avenue 

Norman, OK 73072

Phone: (405)325-2158

Email: swhalen@ou.edu

Lynn Williford

Assistant Provost for Institutional Research and 

Assessment

The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

313 Carr Building, CB# 3350

Chapel Hill, NC 27599

Phone: (919)962-1500

Email: lynn_williford@unc.edu

Federal Panelists

Donald Conner

U.S. Department of Education, OPE

1990 K Street NW 

Room 8030

Washington, DC 20006

Phone: (202)502-7818

Email: donald.conner@ed.gov

John Easton

Director, Institute of Education Sciences

U.S. Department of Education, IES

555 New Jersey Avenue NW 

Room 600D

Washington, DC 20208

Phone: (202)219-1385

Email: john.easton@ed.gov

Matthew Greene

Data Integration, Postsecondary Institutional Studies 

Program

U.S. Department of Education, NCES

1990 K Street NW 

Room 8144

Washington, DC 20006

Phone: (202)502-7428

Email: matthew.greene@ed.gov
APPENDIX B. TECHNICAL REVIEW PANEL CONTACT LIST

B-51

Daniel Goldenberg

Management and Program Analyst

Budget Service, Cost Estimation and Analysis Division 

U.S. Department of Education, OPEPD

400 Maryland Avenue SW

Room 5W308

Washington, DC 20202

Phone: (202)401-3562

Email: daniel.goldenberg@ed.gov

Kashka Kubzdela

OMB Liaison

U.S. Department of Education, NCES

1990 K Street NW

Room 9014

Washington, DC 20006

Phone: (202)502-7411

Email: kashka.kubzdela@ed.gov

Rochelle Martinez

Office of Management and Budget

725 17th Street NW 

Room 10202 NEOB

Washington, DC 20503

Phone: (202)395-3147

Email: Rochelle_W._Martinez@omb.eop.gov

Erin O'Brien

Office of Management and Budget

725 17th Street NW 

Washington, DC 20503

Email: Erin_McNeece@omb.eop.gov

Gene Piskator

Statistician

U.S. Department of Education, FSA

830 First Street NE

Washington, DC 20202

Email: gene.piskator@ed.gov

Daniel Pollard

Senior Loan Portfolio Advisor

U.S. Department of Education, FSA

830 First Street NE

Washington, DC 20202

Phone: (202)377-3389

Email: daniel.pollard@ed.gov

Richard Reeves

Program Director, Postsecondary Institutional Studies 

Program

U.S. Department of Education, NCES

1990 K Street NW

Washington, DC 20006

Phone: (202)502-7436

Email: richard.reeves@ed.gov

Marilyn Seastrom

Chief Statistician

U.S. Department of Education, NCES

1990 K Street NW

Room 9040

Washington, DC 20006

Phone: (202)502-7303

Email: marilyn.seastrom@ed.gov

Tom Weko

Management and Program Analyst

Budget Service, Cost Estimation and Analysis Division 

U.S. Department of Education, OPEPD

400 Maryland Avenue SW

Washington, DC 20202

Phone: (202)401-1270

Email: tom.weko@ed.gov

U.S. Department of Education, NCES

Sample Surveys Division 

Sharon Boivin

Chair, Interagency Working Group on Expanded 

Measures of Enrollment and Attainment

U.S. Department of Education, NCES

1990 K Street NW 

Room 9052

Washington, DC 20006

Phone: (202)502-7627

Email: sharon.boivin@ed.gov

Chris Chapman

Acting Associate Comissioner, Sample Surveys Division

U.S. Department of Education, NCES

1990 K Street NW 

Room 9042

Washington, DC 20006

Phone: (202)502-7414

Email: chris.chapman@ed.gov
APPENDIX B. TECHNICAL REVIEW PANEL CONTACT LIST

B-52

Elise Christopher

Project Officer, ELS:2002 and HSLS:09

U.S. Department of Education, NCES

1990 K Street NW 

Room 9030

Washington, DC 20006

Phone: (202)502-7899

Email: elise.christopher@ed.gov

Sarah Crissey

Project Officer, BPS

U.S. Department of Education, NCES

1990 K Street NW

Room 9026

Washington, DC 20006

Phone: (202)502-7395

Email: sarah.crissey@ed.gov

Tracy Hunt-White

Project Officer, NPSAS

U.S. Department of Education, NCES

1990 K Street NW 

Room 9018

Washington, DC 20006

Phone: (202)502-7438

Email: tracy.hunt-white@ed.gov

Jeff Owings

Branch Chief, Longitudinal Studies Branch

U.S. Department of Education, NCES

1990 K Street NW 

Room 9114

Washington, DC 20006

Phone: (202)502-7423

Email: jeffrey.owings@ed.gov

Sean Simone

Associate Project Officer, NPSAS

U.S. Department of Education, NCES

1990 K Street NW 

Room 9025

Washington, DC 20006

Phone: (202)502-7367

Email: sean.simone@ed.gov

Ted Socha

Project Officer, B&B 

U.S. Department of Education, NCES

1990 K Street NW 

Room 9028

Washington, DC 20006

Phone: (202)502-7383

Email: ted.socha@ed.gov

Matthew Soldner

Technical Advisor

U.S. Department of Education, NCES

1990 K Street NW 

Room 9027

Washington, DC 20006

Phone: (202)219-7025

Email: matthew.soldner@ed.gov

Consultants and Subcontractors

Sandy Baum

Research Professor & Senior Fellow

George Washington University and Urban Institute

161 East Chicago Avenue, Apartment 45C

Chicago, IL 60611

Phone: (518)369-3774

Email: sbaum@gwu.edu

RTI International

Kristin Dudley

Research Programmer Analyst

RTI International

P.O. Box 12194

3040 East Cornwallis Road

Research Triangle Park, NC 27709

Phone: (919)541-6855

Email: marvill@rti.org

Robin Henke

Senior Research Associate

RTI International

2150 Shattuck Avenue, Suite 800

Berkeley, CA 94704

Phone: (510)665-8236

Email: rrhenke@rti.org

Laura Horn

Director, Center for Postsecondary Education

RTI International

2150 Shattuck Avenue, Suite 800

Berkeley, CA 94704

Phone: (510)665-8206

Email: lhorn@rti.org 
APPENDIX B. TECHNICAL REVIEW PANEL CONTACT LIST

B-53

Annaliza Nunnery

Education Analyst

RTI International

P.O. Box 12194

3040 East Cornwallis Road

Research Triangle Park, NC 27709

Phone: (919)316-3542

Email: anunnery@rti.org

David Radwin

Senior Research Associate

RTI International

2150 Shattuck Avenue, Suite 800

Berkeley, CA 94704

Phone: (510)665-8274

Email: dradwin@rti.org

Christine Rasmussen

Senior Manager, Systems Development Program

RTI International

P.O. Box 12194

3040 East Cornwallis Road

Research Triangle Park, NC 27709

Phone: (919)541-6775

Email: crasmussen@rti.org

John Riccobono

Vice President, Education & Workforce Development

RTI International

P.O. Box 12194

3040 East Cornwallis Road

Research Triangle Park, NC 27709

Phone: (919)541-7006

Email: jar@rti.org

Jennifer Wine

Director, Longitudinal Studies Program

RTI International

P.O. Box 12194

3040 East Cornwallis Road

Research Triangle Park, NC 27709

Phone: (919)541-6870

Email: jennifer@rti.org
Appendix C

Confidentiality Agreement 
B-55

CONFIDENTIALITY AGREEMENT

2015-16 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:16)

And Postsecondary Longitudinal Studies

(RTI Under Contract No. ED-IES-13-C-0070)

Safeguards for Individuals Against Invasion of Privacy: In accordance with the Privacy Act of 1974 (5 United States Code 

552a), the Education Sciences Reform Act of 2002 (Public Law 107-279), the Federal Statistical Confidentiality Order of 

1997, the E-Government Act of 2002 (Public Law 107-347), the Computer Security Act of 1987, and the National Center 

for Education Statistics’ (NCES’) Restricted Use Data Procedures Manual, RTI International (RTI) and all its subcontractors 

are required to comply with the applicable provisions of the legislation, regulations, and guidelines and to undertake all 

necessary safeguards for individuals against invasions of privacy. 

To provide this assurance and these safeguards in performance of work on this project, all staff, consultants, and agents of 

RTI, and its subcontractors who have any access to study data, shall be bound by the following assurance. 

Assurance of Confidentiality

1. In accordance with all applicable legislation, regulations, and guidelines, RTI assures all respondents that their responses 

may be used only for statistical purposes and may not be disclosed, or used, in identifiable form for any other purpose 

except as required by law [Education Sciences Reform Act of 2002 (ESRA 2002), 20 U.S. Code, § 9573].

2. The following safeguards will be implemented to assure that confidentiality is protected as allowable by law (20 U.S.C. § 

9573) by all employees, consultants, agents, and representatives of RTI and all subcontractors and that physical security of 

the records is provided:

a. All staff with access to data will take an oath of nondisclosure and sign an affidavit to that effect. 

b. At each site where these items are processed or maintained, all confidential records that will permit identification of 

individuals shall be kept in a safe, locked room when not in use or personally attended by project staff.

c. When confidential records are not locked, admittance to the room or area in which they reside shall be restricted to 

staff sworn to confidentiality on this project.

d. All electronic data shall be maintained in secure and protected data files, and personally identifying information shall 

be maintained on separate files from statistical data collected under this contract.

e. All data files on network or multi-user systems shall be under strict control of a database manager with access 

restricted to project staff sworn to confidentiality, and then only on a need-to-know basis.

f. All data files on single-user computers shall be password protected and all such machines will be locked and 

maintained in a locked room when not attended by project staff sworn to confidentiality.

g. External electronically stored data files (e.g., tapes on diskettes) shall be maintained in a locked storage device in a 

locked room when not attended by project staff sworn to confidentiality.

h. Any data released to the general public shall be appropriately masked or perturbated such that linkages to individually 

identifying information are protected to avoid individual identification in disclosed data.

i. Data or copies of data may not leave the authorized site for any reason.

3. Staff, consultants, agents, or RTI and all its subcontractors will take all necessary steps to ensure that the letter and intent 

of all applicable legislation, regulations, and guidelines are enforced at all times through appropriate qualifications 

standards for all personnel working on this project and through adequate training and periodic follow-up procedures.

By my signature affixed below, I hereby swear and affirm that I have carefully read this statement and fully understand the 

statement as well as legislative and regulatory assurances that pertain to the confidential nature of all records to be handled in 

regard to this project, and will adhere to all safeguards that have been developed to provide such confidentiality. As an 

employee, consultant, agent, or representative of RTI or one of its subcontractors, consultants, agents, or representatives, I 

understand that I am prohibited by law from disclosing any such confidential information to anyone other than staff, consultant, 

agents, or representatives of RTI, its subcontractors, or agents, and NCES. I understand that any willful and knowing 

individual disclosure or allowance of disclosure in violation of the applicable legislation, regulations, and guidelines is 

punishable by law and would subject the violator to possible fine or imprisonment. 

(Signature) (RTI Employee ID Number) (Date)

(Signature) (RTI Employee ID Number) (Date)