UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

AUSTIN JACOBS,

Plaintiff,

v.

RELIANCE STANDARD LIFE 

INSURANCE COMPANY,

Defendant.

Civil Action No. 21-cv-323 (TSC/GMH)

MAGISTRATE JUDGE’S

RECOMMENDED FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW

Before the undersigned are the dueling motions of Plaintiff Austin Jacobs (“Dr. Jacobs” or 

“Plaintiff”) and Defendant Reliance Standard Life Insurance Company (“Reliance” or 

“Defendant”). The key question in this case is whether Reliance properly applied a pre-existing 

condition limitation in its contract of insurance to deny Dr. Jacobs’ claim for long-term disability 

benefits. Finding that it did, the undersigned accordingly recommends that judgment be entered 

in Reliance’s favor. 

Dr. Jacobs became totally disabled in September 2018, only a few months into his new job 

as an Internal Medicine physician at Georgetown Physicians Group, a subsidiary of MedStar 

Health (“MedStar”). That much is not in dispute. What happened next, however, spawned this 

case. When Dr. Jacobs applied for long-term disability benefits from Reliance—MedStar’s 

insurer—his application was rejected. Reliance, citing the Pre-existing Conditions Limitation 

provision in its policy (the “Reliance Policy” or the “Policy”), denied Plaintiff’s claim because he 

had sought treatment for the conditions he claimed were disabling in the three months prior to the 

effective date of his coverage under the Reliance Policy. Plaintiff appealed the initial denial, but 

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Reliance rejected the appeal, as well. After his bid for reconsideration was rebuffed, Dr. Jacobs

filed this case, claiming that Reliance’s denials of his disability claims were erroneous and violated 

his rights guaranteed by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”), 29 

U.S.C. § 1001 et seq. 

Now before the Court are the parties’ competing motions seeking judgment in their favor. 

Dr. Jacobs seeks judgment under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 52 and essentially asks the Court

to conduct a trial on the papers. See generally ECF No. 17. He asserts that Reliance erroneously 

applied the pre-existing condition limitation to his claim and requests that Reliance’s decision be 

reversed and that he be awarded benefits. For its part, Reliance moves for summary judgment 

under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56 and resists Dr. Jacobs’ bid to use the Rule 52 framework. 

See generally ECF No. 16. While Reliance does not dispute that Dr. Jacobs is totally disabled, it 

nevertheless maintains that denial of his claim was proper under its policy’s Pre-existing Condition 

Limitation and that it is therefore entitled to judgment. The key issues here, then, are twofold—

one procedural and one substantive. Procedurally, the Court must determine whether the parties’ 

motions should be adjudicated under Rule 52 or Rule 56. Because the Court is to review Reliance’s 

decision denying Dr. Jacobs’ claim for benefits de novo, the undersigned finds that Rule 52 

provides the proper framework. As to substance, the ultimate issue is whether Dr. Jacobs’ claim 

for long-term disability benefits was rightly denied under the Reliance Policy’s Pre-existing 

Conditions Limitation. The undersigned finds that it was, and therefore recommends that 

judgment be entered for Reliance.

1

 

1

Judge Chutkan referred this case to the undersigned for full case management up to but excluding trial. The relevant 

docket entries for purposes of this Report and Recommendation are: (1) the administrative record (ECF No 11-1); (2) 

Defendant’s motion for summary judgment (ECF No. 16-1); (3) Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment (ECF No. 

17-1); (4) Defendant’s opposition to Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment (ECF No. 18-1); (5) Plaintiff’s 

opposition to Defendant’s motion for summary judgment (ECF No. 19); (6) Defendant’s reply in support of its motion 

for summary judgment (ECF No. 20); and (7) Plaintiff’s reply in support of his motion for summary judgment (ECF 

No. 21). The page numbers cited herein are those assigned by the Court’s CM/ECF system.

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I. LEGAL STANDARD

A. ERISA and the Standard of Review

ERISA’s goal is to safeguard “the interests of participants in employee benefit plans and 

their beneficiaries.” 29 U.S.C. § 1001(b). Under section 502(a) of the Act, “[i]f a participant or 

beneficiary believes that benefits promised to him under the terms of the plan are not provided, he 

can bring suit seeking provision of those benefits . . . [or] to ‘enforce his rights’ under the plan, or 

to clarify any of his rights to future benefits.” Aetna Health Inc. v. Davila, 542 U.S. 200, 210 

(2004) (quoting 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B)). 

Where, as in this case, “a denial of benefits [is] challenged under [29 U.S.C.] § 

1132(a)(1)(B),” the denial must “be reviewed under a de novo standard unless the plan gives the 

administrator or fiduciary discretionary authority to determine eligibility for benefits or to construe 

the terms of the plan.” Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. v. Bruch, 489 U.S. 101, 115 (1989); see also 

Moore v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Nat’l Cap. Area, 70 F. Supp. 2d 9, 20 (D.D.C. 1999) (“Courts 

clearly have the authority to construe the language of the contract de novo where the denial of 

benefits does not involve any discretionary authority on the part of the plan administrator.”). 

“However, when a fiduciary exercises discretionary powers to deny benefits or construe the terms 

of a plan, a deferential standard of review must be employed.” Moore, 70 F. Supp. 2d at 20. Here, 

Reliance concedes that the Policy vests in it no discretionary authority, at least with respect to the 

denial of claims under its Pre-existing Conditions Limitation. ECF No. 16-1 at 14. Thus, 

Reliance’s denial of Dr. Jacobs’ insurance claim is subject to de novo review. See, e.g., Mathews

v. Nw. Mut. Life Ins. Co., No. 18-cv-46, 2019 WL 5578333, at *8 (W.D. Wis. Oct. 29, 2019) 

(“[Defendant insurer] concedes that there is no language in the plan giving it discretionary 

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authority to determine eligibility. Thus, the de novo standard applies in this case.” (internal citation 

omitted)). Dr. Jacobs agrees. ECF No. 17-1 at 7. 

B. The Parties’ Motions Should be Adjudicated Under Rule 52 

The parties’ initial disagreement concerns which Federal Rule of Civil Procedure should 

supply the framework for resolution of their motions. They are not alone in that disagreement. 

Indeed, “[t]here is a divide among the circuit courts of appeal . . . as to whether Fed. R. Civ. P. 56 

is necessarily the appropriate mechanism to resolve a § 1132(a)(1)(B) ERISA claim for denial of 

benefits.” Horton v. Life Ins. Co. of N. Am., 2015 WL 1469196, at *12 (D. Md. Mar. 30, 2015); 

see also Koch v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 425 F. Supp. 3d 741, 746–47 (N.D. Tex. 2019) (outlining 

four distinct approaches amongst the appellate courts). The principal dispute is whether appeals 

from claim denials should be adjudicated on a motion for summary judgment under Federal Rule 

of Civil Procedure 56—as Reliance contends—or a motion for judgment on the administrative 

record under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 52—as Dr. Jacobs argues. See Katherine P. v.

Humana Health Plan, Inc., 939 F.3d 206, 208 (5th Cir. 2020) (“There is an open question whether 

it is appropriate to resolve ERISA claims subject to de novo review on summary judgment, or 

whether the district court should conduct a bench trial.”).

Dr. Jacobs urges the Court to adjudicate the motions under Rule 52, which permits courts 

to make findings of fact and conclusions of law following a bench trial. ECF No. 17-1 at 7–9; 

Fed. R. Civ. P. 52(a) (“In an action tried on the facts without a jury or with an advisory jury, the 

court must find the facts specially and state its conclusions of law separately.”). Courts have also 

found that Rule 52 allows for a “trial on the papers” process, the vehicle for which is a motion for 

judgment on the administrative record (or some similarly-styled pleading). Crespo v. Unum Life

Insurance Co. of America, 294 F. Supp. 2d 980, 991 (N.D. Ill. 2003) (discussing the “problem of 

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reviewing ERISA benefit claims on cross-motions for summary judgment” and strongly 

suggesting “parties consider proceeding by means of a trial on the papers under” Rule 52(a)); see 

also McDowell v. Standard Ins. Co., No. 07-cv-1103, 2008 WL 11320066, at *3 (N.D. Ga. Nov. 

24, 2008) (“The Court concludes that judgment on the administrative record in ERISA cases 

involving de novo review is authorized under Rule 52.”); Adair v. El Pueblo Boys’ & Girls’ Ranch,

Inc. Long Term Disability Plan, No. 06-cv-1343, 2007 WL 2788614, at *1 (D. Colo. Sept. 21, 

2007) (“[C]ourts routinely decide ERISA cases on motions for judgment on the administrative 

record.”). That is what Dr. Jacobs proposes. He argues that applying the Rule 52 standard would 

allow the Court to “determine issues of credibility in the administrative record as it sees fit, and 

the parties . . . to argue the appropriate weight that should be afforded the evidence.” ECF No. 17-

1 at 8–9. 

Reliance, on the other hand, contends that adjudication under Rule 56—not Rule 52—is 

proper, and identifies several courts in this Circuit that have applied the Rule 56 standard in 

assessing benefit denial claims. ECF No. 18-1 at 9–10. The D.C. Circuit has not yet addressed 

this issue, see Foster v. Sedgwick Claims Mgmt. Servs., Inc., 125 F. Supp. 3d 200, 204 (D.D.C. 

2015) (acknowledging no on-point D.C. Circuit precedent), aff’d, 842 F.3d 721 (D.C. Cir. 2016), 

and courts in this district have utilized both the Rule 52 and Rule 56 frameworks. Compare, e.g.,

Foster, 125 F. Supp. 3d at 204 (applying Rule 56), Pettaway v. Tchrs. Ins. & Annuity Ass’n of Am., 

699 F. Supp. 2d 185, 198 (D.D.C. 2010) (same), aff’d, 644 F.3d 427 (D.C. Cir. 2011), and Becker

v. Weinberg Grp., Inc. Pension Tr., 473 F. Supp. 2d 48, 58 (D.D.C. 2007) (same), with Mobley v.

Cont’l Cas. Co., 405 F. Supp. 2d 42, 47 (D.D.C. 2005) (applying Rule 52). In the absence of any 

controlling precedent, the undersigned is persuaded that, at least in this case, the best way to 

resolve the parties’ motions is under Rule 52. 

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To begin, there are clear shortcomings if the Rule 56 summary judgment standard were 

applied in this case. The parties agree that the Court must review Reliance’s denial of Dr. Jacobs’ 

long-term disability benefits claim de novo. ECF No. 16-1 at 14; ECF No. 17-1 at 7. Yet “[t]he 

de novo standard requires the court to make findings of fact and weigh the evidence.” Anderson

v. Liberty Mut. Long Term Disability Plan, 116 F. Supp. 3d 1228, 1231 (W.D. Wash. 2015) (citing 

Walker v. Am. Home Shield Long Term Disability Plan, 180 F.3d 1065, 1069 (9th Cir. 1999) (de

novo review applies to plan administrator’s factual findings as well as plan interpretation)); see 

also Lebron v. Boeing Co., No. 18-cv-3935, 2020 WL 444428, at *1–2 (S.D. Tex. Jan. 13, 2020) 

(“When the review is de novo, the court must ‘independently weigh the facts and opinions in the 

administrative record to determine whether the claimant has met his burden of showing’ an 

entitlement to benefits.” (quoting Pike v. Hartford Life & Accident Ins. Co., 368 F. Supp. 3d 1018, 

1030 (E.D. Tex. 2019)), report and recommendation adopted, 2020 WL 430964 (S.D. Tex. Jan. 

28, 2020), aff’d sub nom. Lebron v. Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, Pa., 849 F. App’x 484

(5th Cir. 2021). That is problematic because “under [a Rule 56] motion the court is forbidden to 

make factual findings or weigh evidence.” Anderson, 116 F. Supp. 3d at 1231; see also Mobley, 

405 F. Supp. 2d at 47 (“On summary judgment, the Court may not make credibility determinations 

or weigh evidence.”). And so there is an inherent tension between de novo review and the Rule 

56 summary judgment standard. See Rabbat v. Standard Ins. Co., 894 F. Supp. 2d 1311, 1314 (D. 

Or. 2012) (explaining that “[t]here are reasons to think” that a Rule 56 motion for summary 

judgment is not “the appropriate vehicle for resolution of an ERISA benefits claim” because of the 

conflict between the de novo and Rule 56 standards).

Use of Rule 56 would also add another layer of complexity onto what should be a relatively 

straightforward de novo review of a plan administrator’s decision to deny benefits. See Campbell

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v. Hartford Life & Accident Ins. Co., No. 17-cv-80193, 2018 WL 4963118, at *5 (S.D. Fla. Oct. 

15, 2018) (“In reviewing a benefits-denial decision, a district court operates as an appellate 

tribunal.”). That is especially true in cases where, as here, the parties are litigating on an agreedupon administrative record. In such cases, “Rule 56 practice seems to be an extra and unnecessary 

step—and one that can result in two appeals rather than one.” Doyle v. Liberty Assurance Co. of

Boston, 542 F.3d 1352, 1363 n.5 (11th Cir. 2008). That is because “there is no right to a jury trial 

under ERISA.” Muller v. First Unum Life Ins. Co., 341 F.3d 119, 124 (2d Cir. 2003). Thus, since

“the task of resolving . . . factual disputes ultimately falls to the court,” litigating via summary 

judgment motion just “forces the parties to take an additional step in order to secure final 

judgment.” Soucy v. First Unum Life Ins. Co., No. 3:07-cv-467, 2011 WL 13047471, at *1 (D. 

Conn. Mar. 17, 2011). Doing so would be inconsistent with “[a] primary goal of ERISA,” which 

is “to provide a method for workers and beneficiaries to resolve disputes over benefits 

inexpensively and expeditiously.” Perry v. Simplicity Eng’g, 900 F.2d 963, 967 (6th Cir. 1990). 

“It seems sensible, then, for courts to reach the merits of motions for judgment on the 

administrative record despite the existence of the type of factual dispute that would normally 

preclude summary judgment.” Soucy, 2011 WL 13047471, at *1. 

Relatedly, “[a] trial on the papers process” provides added certainty: “It is certain to result 

in a decision for one party rather than present the risk of a non-decision if the cross-motions for 

summary judgment are both denied.” Crespo, 294 F. Supp. 2d at 991–92. Further, “[i]f the 

decision resulting from a trial on the papers is reversed on appeal, it is unnecessary to remand for 

a new trial, which may occur on a reversal from cross-motions for summary judgment.” Id. So, 

in addition to the clashes between the de novo review and summary judgment standards, Rule 56 

motions would also seem to unnecessarily complicate the already “labyrinthine complexities of 

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ERISA law and practice.” Foltz v. U.S. News & World Rep., 760 F.2d 1300, 1308 (D.C. Cir. 

1985). 

Reliance’s objection to the use of Rule 52 to resolve the parties’ dispute, on the other hand,

is not persuasive. It is true, as Reliance contends, that the parties are before the Court “on [an] 

undisputed factual record.” ECF No. 18-1 at 10. But the facts to be derived from that record—

including things as basic as the Reliance Policy’s “Effective Date”—are hotly contested, making 

summary judgment less palatable.2 Indeed, that the parties are proceeding on an agreed-upon 

record militates against using the Rule 56 summary judgment framework, not for it. See Ogletree

v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., 508 F. Supp. 3d 1318, 1321 (N.D. Ga. 2020) (“[I]n cases based on an agreedupon administrative record, ‘Rule 56 practice seems to be an extra and unnecessary step—and one 

that can result in two appeals rather than one.’” (quoting Doyle, 542 F.3d at 1363 n.5)), appeal 

docketed No. 21-10081 (11th Cir. Jan. 6, 2021). Nor does Reliance address the inherent tension 

between the Rule 56 standard and the de novo review it says the undersigned must conduct.3 

2 Perhaps most tellingly, Reliance’s own briefing invites the undersigned to weigh the differing interpretations of its 

Policy in its favor—something the undersigned cannot do when deciding a motion for summary judgment, but that 

may be done, where appropriate, when conducting a “trial on the papers.” For instance, Reliance acknowledges the 

parties’ dispute concerning the Policy’s “Effective Date,” but then asks the undersigned to resolve the discrepancy in 

its favor. See ECF No. 20 at 6. That the undersigned simply cannot do on summary judgment. See, e.g., Bank of Am.

Nat’l Trust and Savings Assoc. v. Gillaizeau, 766 F.2d 709, 715 (2d Cir. 1985) (“Where contract language is 

ambiguous, the differing interpretations of the contract present a triable issue of fact. Summary Judgment is therefore 

inappropriate.”); Consol. Edison, Inc. v. Ne. Utilities, 249 F. Supp. 2d 387, 411 (S.D.N.Y. 2003) (“‘Where the 

language used is susceptible to differing interpretations, each of which may be said to be as reasonable as another, 

then the interpretation of the contract becomes a question of fact’ and cannot be resolved on a motion for summary

judgment.” (quoting Bourne v. Walt Disney Co., 68 F.3d 621, 629 (2d Cir. 1995))), rev’d in part on other grounds,

426 F.3d 524 (2d Cir. 2005); Geogas Trading, S.A. v. Mitsui & Co. (U.S.A.), No. 95-cv-910, 1996 WL 71505, at *5 

(S.D.N.Y. Feb. 20, 1996) (“These differing interpretations of the Contract present triable issues of fact that cannot be 

decided on a summary judgment motion. The Court’s role on summary judgment is not issue determination, but issue 

spotting.” (internal citations omitted)).

3 More, the cases Reliance cites from this Court do not preclude the use of Rule 52 and, in any event, are 

distinguishable. In Foster, this Court noted the aforementioned Circuit split on how to resolve appeals of ERISAgoverned benefit denials, but proceeded under Rule 56 “[b]ecause the D.C. Circuit has not ruled on the question and 

because both parties endorse the use of Rule 56.” 125 F. Supp. 3d at 204. Not so here, where one party asserts that 

the case should be adjudicated under Rule 52 and only accedes to Rule 56 in the alternative. See ECF No. 17-1 at 7–

9. Further, other courts have reasoned that the lack of on-point circuit authority opens up the opportunity to consider 

the application of Rule 52 “[i]n the event of a material dispute of fact.” Horton, 2015 WL 1469196, at *13 (reasoning 

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Thus, it is unsurprising that a great many courts have found that Rule 52 provides a better 

framework than Rule 56 for de novo review of a denial of disability benefits governed by ERISA. 

Courts in the Second, Fourth, Fifth, Seventh, Ninth, and Eleventh Circuits have all endorsed the 

use of Rule 52—and specifically, a “trial on the papers”—in disability benefit denial cases where 

the standard of review is de novo. See, e.g., Muller, 341 F.3d at 124 (“[T]he decision on the motion 

for judgment on the administrative record, or the District Court’s de novo review of the parties’ 

submissions and resolution thereof, can best be understood as essentially a bench trial on the papers 

with the District Court acting as the finder of fact. Since there is no right to a jury trial under 

ERISA this form of bench trial [is] entirely proper.” (internal citations and quotation marks 

omitted)); Kearney v. Standard Ins. Co., 175 F.3d 1084, 1094–95 (9th Cir. 1999) (en banc) (“[I]n 

its discretion . . . the district court may try the case on the record that the administrator had before 

it.”); Casey v. Uddeholm Corp., 32 F.3d 1094, 1099 (7th Cir. 1994) (finding that on de novo review 

of an ERISA benefits claim, the “appropriate proceeding[ ] . . . is a bench trial and not the 

disposition of a summary judgment motion”); Pike, 368 F. Supp. 3d at 1071 (“Using Rule 52 is 

that, “in the absence of explicit Fourth Circuit guidance rejecting Rule 56 as a valid standard upon which to evaluate 

a . . . ERISA claim, [it] may well be appropriate, so long as the court is satisfied that there is no genuine dispute of

material fact. In the event of a material dispute of fact, however, resolution under Rule 52 appears appropriate.”). 

Importantly, neither the District Court nor the D.C. Circuit in Foster took a position on the propriety of utilizing the 

Rule 52 framework. See Foster, 842 F.3d 721; Foster, 125 F. Supp. 3d at 204. Nor did this Court in James v. Int’l

Painters & Allied Trades Indus. Pension Plan, 844 F. Supp. 2d 131, 141 (D.D.C. 2012), aff’d, 738 F.3d 282 (D.C. 

Cir. 2013), which also used summary judgment motions to resolve an appeal to the denial of ERISA-governed 

disability benefits. Critically, James was decided under an abuse of discretion standard of review, which is more 

amenable to the traditional summary judgment framework. Id. at 141; see also Josef K. v. California Physicians’

Serv., 477 F. Supp. 3d 886, 896 n.4 (N.D. Cal. 2020) (“Where, as here, a court applies an abuse of discretion standard, 

courts frequently treat parties’ motions as ones for summary judgment under Rule 56.”); cf. Frank v. Liberty Life

Assurance Co. of Bos., No. 15-cv-124, 2017 WL 2172320, at *2 (D. Md. Mar. 1, 2017) (“District Courts that have 

commented that resolution under Rule 52 is inappropriate have done so in the context of reviewing an administrator’s 

decision under an abuse of discretion standard, where a court’s independent fact finding would be ‘inappropriate and 

in derogation of the required deference.’” (quoting Tobey v. Keiter, Stephens, Hurst, Gary & Shreaves, No. 3:13-cv315, 2014 WL 61325, at *3 n.2 (E.D. Va. Jan. 7, 2014), aff’d, 585 F. App’x. 837 (4th Cir. 2014))). The same is true 

of Pettaway v. Teachers Insurance & Annuity Association of America, 699 F. Supp. 2d 185, 201 (D.D.C. 2010),

aff’d, 644 F.3d 427 (D.C. Cir. 2011). Like James, the court in Pettaway reviewed the plan administrator’s denial of 

benefits for abuse of discretion, which accommodates the Rule 56 summary judgment standard far better than does de 

novo review.

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effective in the ERISA context because courts may resolve factual disputes and issue legal findings 

without the parties resorting to cross motions for summary judgment.”); Frank, 2017 WL 

2172320, at *2 (“The Court finds that where, as is the case here, the Court is conducting a de novo

review of a denial of benefits, and the record contains a multitude of disputed facts, resolution of 

the case under Rule 52 is the appropriate analytical route.”); Walker-Hall v. Am. Int’l Life

Assurance Co. of New York, 788 F. Supp. 2d 1355, 1357 (M.D. Fla. 2011) (“The court’s final 

adjudication of [p]laintiffs’ [long term disability benefits] claim should be pursuant to a Motion 

for Final Judgment under Rule 52 . . . based on review of the administrative record, rather than a 

Rule 56 Motion for Summary Judgment.”). 

For all these reasons, the undersigned will construe the parties’ motions as motions for 

judgment on the administrative record and resolve the case under Rule 52. See, e.g., Fisher v.

Cont’l Cas. Co., No. 11-cv-111, 2012 WL 3100560, at *2 (D. Mont. July 30, 2012) (“In an ERISA

case under 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B) where the plaintiff is entitled to a bench trial on the record, 

the parties’ cross motions for judgment may be decided under Fed. R. Civ. P. 52 even if the parties 

styled their motions as ones for summary judgment.”); Hill v. Hartford Life & Accident Ins. Co., 

1:08-cv-754, 2009 WL 10664970, at *1 (N.D. Ga. Sept. 16, 2009) (treating the plaintiff’s summary

judgment motion on his ERISA claims as a trial on the papers pursuant to Rule 52).

Under that Rule, in an action tried without a jury, the Court “must find the facts specially

and state its conclusions of law separately.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 52(a)(1); see Neumann v. Prudential

Ins. Co. of Am., 367 F. Supp. 2d 969, 980 (E.D. Va. 2005) (“[J]ust like any other bench 

trial, Rule 52(a) requires that the district court make explicit findings of fact and conclusions of 

law.”). “In setting forth the findings of fact, the court need not address every factual contention 

and argumentative detail raised by the parties, [n]or discuss all evidence presented at trial.” Yah

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Kai World Wide Enters., Inc. v. Napper, 292 F. Supp. 3d 337, 344 (D.D.C. 2018) (alteration in 

original) (quoting Moore v. Hartman, 102 F. Supp. 3d 35, 65 (D.D.C. 2015)). “The Court is neither 

‘require[d]’ nor ‘encourage[d]’ ‘to assert the negative of each rejected contention as well as the 

affirmative of those which they find to be correct.’” Paleteria La Michoacana, Inc. v. Productos

Lacteos Tocumbo S.A. de C.V., 188 F. Supp. 3d 22, 34 (D.D.C. 2016) (alterations in original) 

(quoting Schilling v. Schwitzer–Cummins Co., 142 F.2d 82, 84 (D.C. Cir. 1944)), aff’d, 743 F. 

App’x 457 (D.C. Cir. 2018). Instead, the Court need only “make brief, definite, pertinent findings 

and conclusions on the contested matters” that are “sufficient to allow the appellate court to 

conduct meaningful review.” Yah Kai World Wide Enters., 292 F. Supp. 3d at 344 (quoting Wise

v. United States, 145 F. Supp. 3d 53, 57 (D.D.C. 2015)); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 52(a), advisory

committee’s note to 1946 amendment (explaining that “a judge need only make brief, definite, 

pertinent findings and conclusions upon the contested matters; there is no necessity for overelaboration of detail or particularization of facts”). Such findings and conclusions “may be 

incorporated in any opinion or memorandum of decision the court may file.” Defs. of Wildlife,

Inc. v. Endangered Species Sci. Auth., 659 F.2d 168, 176 (D.C. Cir. 1981).

Further, in the ERISA context, the “trial on the papers” process is somewhat “[d]ifferent 

from a traditional bench trial” because the court’s “findings and conclusions are made only from 

the paper record before the plan administrator without additional oral evidence submitted in court.” 

Neumann, 367 F. Supp. 2d at 980.4 “For claims seeking benefits under an ERISA plan . . . ‘at trial 

4 As such, Dr. Jacobs’ affidavit (ECF No. 17-2) will not be considered here. The cases on which he relies to argue 

otherwise are not persuasive. Quesinberry v. Life Ins. Co. of N. Am. “conclude[s] that courts conducting de novo

review of ERISA benefits claims should review only the evidentiary record that was presented to the plan administrator 

or trustee except where the district court finds that additional evidence is necessary for resolution of the benefit claim.” 

987 F.2d 1017, 1026–27 (4th Cir. 1993). One such situation is where, as here, there is a need for “evidence regarding 

interpretation of the terms of the plan rather than specific historical facts.” Id. at 1027. Yet Dr. Jacobs’ affidavit does 

not shed light on the meaning of any of the Reliance Policy’s key terms. Rather, it discusses Dr. Jacobs’ disability, 

his now-withdrawn claim that Reliance shifted the basis for its denial of his claim, his communications with MedStar 

concerning his application for long-term disability benefits, and his belief that he was covered by the Reliance Policy. 

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the plaintiffs would bear the burden of proving [the ERISA beneficiary’s] entitlement to the 

benefits of the insurance coverage, and the defendant [insurer] would bear the burden of 

establishing [the beneficiary]’s lack of entitlement . . . .’” Diaz v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 499 

F.3d 640, 643 (7th Cir. 2007) (second through fourth alterations in original) (quoting Santaella v.

Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 123 F.3d 456, 461 (7th Cir. 1997)); see also McFarland v. Unum Life

Ins. Co. of Am., No. 20-cv-1823, 2022 WL 306069, at *5 (W.D. Wash. Feb. 2, 2022) (“When a 

district court reviews a denial of benefits under the de novo standard of review, the claimant bears 

the burden of proving that he is entitled to benefits under his plan.”), appeal docketed, No. 22-

35198 (9th Cir. Mar. 7, 2022). “The same standard applies in this ‘paper trial’ under Rule 52.” 

Contreras v. United of Omaha Life Ins. Co., 250 F. Supp. 3d 338, 342 (N.D. Ill. 2017). The 

standard of proof is preponderance of the evidence. See, e.g., Bunger v. Unum Life Ins. Co. of

Am., 299 F. Supp. 3d 1145, 1157 (W.D. Wash. 2018) (“The claimant must demonstrate disability 

under the terms of the plan by a preponderance of the evidence.”). Finally, Rule 52 “‘permits the 

court to make a determination in accordance with its own view of the evidence’ and does not 

require the court to draw inferences in favor of one party or the other.” 3E Mobile, LLC v. Glob.

Cellular, Inc., No. 14-cv-1975, 2019 WL 1253455, at *2 n.5 (D.D.C. Mar. 19, 2019) (quoting 

Fairchild v. All Am. Check Cashing, Inc., 815 F.3d 959, 963 n.1 (5th Cir. 2016)), aff’d, 798 F. 

App’x 651 (D.C. Cir. 2020).

ECF No. 17-2 at 2–3. The information therein is hardly “necessary for resolution of the benefit claim.” Quesinberry,

987 F.2d at 1027. Hurley v. Life Ins. Co. of N. Am., No. 04-cv-252, 2006 WL 1883406 (D.D.C. July 9, 2006) is 

focused on the propriety of discovery in ERISA cases—something Dr. Jacobs does not request here—and in any event 

merely reiterates the inapplicable points from Quesinberry. Dr. Jacobs also cites the Supreme Court’s decision in

Metropolitan Life Insurance Company v. Glenn, 554 U.S. 105 (2008), but he concedes that the case focused on the 

plan administrator’s conflict of interest and/or bias. ECF No. 21 at 3–4. No such conflict of interest or bias has been 

alleged here. Finally, while Dr. Jacobs accurately cites Helton v. AT&T, 709 F.3d 343 (4th Cir. 2013), he does not 

explain how or why it has any force in this case.

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II. FINDINGS OF FACT

A. Dr. Jacobs’ Disability

Dr. Jacobs’ disability stems from a November 2017 gastric sleeve surgery. ECF No. 1 at 

4. Unfortunately, Dr. Jacobs suffered cardiac arrest during the procedure, and his post-operative 

recovery has been marred by a number of serious complications. See, e.g., id.; ECF No. 11-1 at 

173, 301–02. Those complications, which include gastric leaking, infections, and abdominal 

abscesses, resulted in a nearly two-month-long hospitalization in March, April, and May 2018. 

See, e.g., ECF No. 11-1 at 173, 301–02. Dr. Jacobs was discharged from the hospital on May 16 

but was readmitted several days later on May 19 for “pain management, tube feeding, wound care, 

and IV antibiotics.” Id. at 301. He was hospitalized again on June 20 after a drainage tube inserted 

during the post-operative process became dislodged. Id. at 203, 302. He was discharged on June 

22 to continue tube feeding and wound care at home. Id. Dr. Jacobs was set to begin work as an 

Internal Medicine physician at Georgetown Physicians Group on July 1, 2018, but, due to the 

ongoing surgical complications, that did not happen. Instead, Dr. Jacobs was back in the hospital 

by July 11 to address a collection of fluid around his spleen, at which time a new stent was inserted. 

Id. By September 8, 2018 (at the latest5), Dr. Jacobs was well enough to start work at Georgetown 

Physicians Group. ECF No. 17-1 at 1, 9. His tenure was short-lived. Dr. Jacobs was admitted to 

the hospital twice in September to address continued complications from the November 2017 

surgery. ECF No. 11-1 at 203, 302. He last worked on September 16, 2018, and on September 17 

Plaintiff submitted an application for disability benefits under the Reliance Policy. Id. at 149–50. 

5 As will be explained, the parties do not agree on the date that Dr. Jacobs returned to work for Georgetown Physicians 

Group. Reliance says the date was August 13, 2018. See, e.g., ECF No. 18-1 at 5–6. Dr. Jacobs says it was September 

7 or 8, 2018. ECF No. 17-1 at 1, 7, 9. Because the analysis and ultimate outcome is the same whether the date was 

August 13 or September 7/8, the dispute over precisely when he returned to work is not material and need not be 

resolved. 

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It appears that Plaintiff’s initial application was for short-term disability benefits, but the record 

indicates that by mid-December 2018 he sought long-term benefits. Id. at 149. 

B. Dr. Jacobs’ Employment History and the Relevant Policy Language

It makes sense to pause here for a moment to review Dr. Jacobs’ employment history and 

the key provisions of the Reliance Policy. Dr. Jacobs’ employment at MedStar began in June 

2014, when he was hired as a resident. Id. at 135. At that time, Dr. Jacobs was not covered under 

the Reliance Policy. Instead, as a resident, he was covered under a policy provided by Guardian 

Life Insurance Company (the “Guardian Policy”). Id. at 97. In fact, following the November 2017 

gastric sleeve surgery and before he became covered under the Reliance Policy, Dr. Jacobs 

received some disability payments under the Guardian Policy. See, e.g., ECF No. 16-1 at 7, 8; 

ECF No. 18-1 at 7; ECF No. 20 at 7. After several years as a resident, Dr. Jacobs was offered and 

accepted a full-time position as an Internal Medicine physician with Georgetown Physicians 

Group—a MedStar affiliate—which was to start July 1, 2018. ECF No. 11-1 at 238–39. Once he 

transitioned from resident to physician, Dr. Jacobs also transitioned from the Guardian Policy to 

the Reliance Policy, which was offered to physicians. 

Several provisions of the Reliance Policy are critical to the outcome of this case. First is 

the effective date of the Reliance Policy. The Policy’s “Effective Date” reads, “January 1, 2011, 

as amended through February 1, 2018.” Id. at 1. On the same page, the Policy also indicates that 

its “Anniversary Dates” are “January 1, 2012 and each January 1st thereafter.” Id. That page also 

includes the following language: “This Long Term Disability Policy amends the Long Term 

Disability Policy previously issued to you by us. It is issued on June 4, 2018.” Id. 

Next is the language concerning the effective date of Dr. Jacobs’ individual coverage under 

the Reliance Policy. The Policy provides that “[t]he insurance for an Eligible Person will not go 

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15

into effect on a date he/she is not Actively at Work because of a Sickness or Injury. The insurance 

will go into effect after the person is Actively at Work for one (1) full day in an Eligible Class[.]” 

Id. at 18. The Reliance Policy has numerous classes of “Eligible Persons,” including one that is 

applicable to Dr. Jacobs, Class 8, which covers “active, Full-time employee[s] of Georgetown 

Physicians Group.” Id. at 7, 135. 

At the core of the parties’ dispute is the Pre-existing Conditions Limitation. That provision 

states: 

Benefits will not be paid for a Total Disability: (1) caused by; (2) contributed to 

by; or (3) resulting from[ ] a Pre-existing Condition unless the Insured has been 

Actively at Work for one (1) full day following the end of twelve (12) consecutive 

months from the date he/she became an Insured. “Pre-Existing Condition” means 

any Sickness or Injury for which the Insured received medical Treatment, 

consultation, care or services, including diagnostic procedures, or took prescribed 

drugs or medicines, during the three (3) months immediately prior to the Insured’s 

effective date of insurance. The Pre-existing Condition limitation does not apply 

to any condition named in the application.

Id. at 26. Thus, the Pre-existing Conditions Limitation contains a a three-month look-back period

and twelve-month limitation period. That is, a policyholder who claims total disability cannot 

collect benefits for sickness or injury “caused by[,] contributed to by[,] or resulting from” 

conditions for which they sought treatment in the three months prior to the effective date of their 

insurance (the “three-month look-back period”) unless they have been covered under the Policy 

for twelve months plus one day on which they are “Actively at Work” (the “twelve-month 

limitation period”).

The Policy defines “Sickness” as an “illness or disease causing Total Disability which first 

manifested while insurance coverage is in effect for the Insured.” Id. at 12. An “Injury” is “bodily 

Injury resulting directly from an accident, independent of all other causes. The Injury must cause 

Total Disability which begins while insurance coverage is in effect for the Insured.” Id. at 11. 

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And “Treatment” is “care consistent with the diagnosis of the Insured’s Injury or Sickness that has 

its purpose of maximizing the Insured’s medical improvement. It must be provided by a Physician 

whose specialty or experience is most appropriate for the Injury or Sickness and conforms with 

generally accepted medical standards to effectively manage and treat the Insured’s Injury or 

Sickness.” Id. at 12. 

Relatedly, there is a Pre-existing Conditions Limitation Credit which provides that “[i]f an 

employee is an Eligible Person on the Effective Date of this Policy, any time used to satisfy the 

Pre-existing Conditions Limitation of the prior group long term disability insurance plan will be 

credited towards the satisfaction of the Pre-existing Conditions Limitation of this Policy.” Id. at 

14. The term “prior group long term disability insurance plan” is not defined or further explained

in the Policy.

Finally, there is the Policy’s Transfer of Insurance Coverage provision, which, in relevant 

part, provides the following:

If an employee was covered under any group long term disability insurance plan 

maintained by you prior to this Policy’s Effective Date, that employee will be 

insured under this Policy, provided that he/she is Actively At Work and meets all 

of the requirements for being an Eligible Person under this Policy on its Effective 

Date.

If an employee was covered under the prior group long term disability insurance 

plan maintained by you prior to this Policy’s Effective Date, but was not Actively 

at Work due to Injury or Sickness on the Effective Date of this Policy and would 

otherwise qualify as an Eligible Person, coverage will be allowed under the 

following conditions:

(1) The employee must have been insured with the prior carrier on the date

of the transfer; and

(2) Premiums must be paid; and

(3) Total Disability must begin on or after this Policy’s Effective Date.

Id. at 14. 

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C. The Administrative Process

Dr. Jacobs submitted a claim for long-term disability benefits in December 2018 and 

claimed that he had been disabled since September 17, 2018, due to “post gastric sleeve leak with 

infection.” ECF No. 11-1 at 149–50. By letter dated May 2, 2019 (the “Initial Denial Letter”), 

Reliance denied Dr. Jacobs’ claim under the Policy’s Pre-existing Conditions Limitation. Id. at 

135–137. Reliance found that Dr. Jacobs was “Actively at Work” for MedStar starting on August 

13, 2018, and therefore sought to determine whether he had sought treatment for his disabling 

condition during the Policy’s three-month look-back period prior August 13—that is, from May 

13 to August 13. Id. at 136. It found that he had. Specifically, Reliance determined that Dr. 

Jacobs was “hospitalized due to [his] disabling condition of complications of gastric resection 

including a gastric leak and cutaneous fistula and peritoneal abscess from March 21, 2018 through 

May 16, 2018 and then readmitted on May 19, 2018.” Id. On that basis, Reliance concluded that

Dr. Jacobs’ disabling condition to be pre-existing and denied his claim on that basis. Id. 

Dr. Jacobs appealed the denial by letter dated October 28, 2019. Id. at 294–96. Dr. Jacobs’ 

appeal letter did not address the pre-existing condition issue on which Reliance’s denial rested.

6

 

Instead, Dr. Jacobs’ letter explained that he had, in fact, actively worked as a physician for MedStar

and had satisfied the waiting period for coverage eligibility. Id. at 295. Yet, as explained, the 

Initial Denial Letter did not deny Dr. Jacobs’ claim on those grounds. Indeed, Reliance 

acknowledged that, as of August 13, 2018, Dr. Jacobs was “actively at work” for MedStar. Id. at 

136. 

In any event, as part of its second-level review, Reliance sent Dr. Jacobs’ file to Dr. Morris 

P. Elevado for an independent evaluation of two questions: (1) “Was there any sickness or injury 

6 Dr. Jacobs explains that he did not address the pre-existing condition issue because he did not have a full copy of the 

Initial Denial Letter, but says “this was of no fault by Reliance.” ECF No. 21 at 1–2.

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for which [Dr. Jacobs] received medical Treatment . . . , consultation, care or services, including 

diagnostic procedures, or [took] prescribed drugs or medicines, during the time period of 05/13/18 

to 08/13/18?” and (2) “If yes, did this sickness or injury cause, . . . contribute to, or result in [Dr. 

Jacobs’] condition on 09/17/18?” Id. at 301–04. In a report dated November 8, 2019, Dr. Elevado 

answered both questions in the affirmative. Id. As to the first query, Dr. Elevado found that Dr. 

Jacobs was hospitalized from March 21 to May 16, 2018, and then re-hospitalized on May 19. Id.

at 303. Dr. Elevado explained that the May 19 hospitalization was partially related to various

infections for which Dr. Jacobs received intravenous (“IV”) antibiotics. Id. Dr. Elevado also 

found that hospitalization was required on June 20, 2018, when a drain in Dr. Jacobs’ abdomen 

became dislodged. Id. The drain was originally placed in Dr. Jacobs’ abdomen during the March 

to May hospitalization and was intended to address continued gastric leaking. Id. at 302. Dr. 

Elevado then discussed Dr. Jacobs’ subsequent readmission to the hospital on July 11 as a result 

of a collection of fluid in and around his spleen, and that a stent was inserted at that time. Id. at 

303. Finally, Dr. Elevado noted imaging from July and August 2018 showing, among other things, 

an abscess cavity in and around Dr. Jacobs’ spleen and irregularities in the soft tissue of his

abdomen. Id. 

Moving to the second inquiry, Dr. Elevado concluded that the conditions for which Dr. 

Jacobs received treatment from May 13 to August 13, 2018 caused, contributed to, and/or resulted 

in his disabling condition. Dr. Elevado found that Dr. Jacobs had been treated for the abscesses 

around his spleen during the relevant three-month window, including with “antibiotics and drain 

placement.” Id. In August 2018, imaging showed that an abscess had recurred. Id. And while 

Dr. Jacobs was improving, the abscesses “persisted up until his September admissions to the 

hospital.” Id. Thus, Dr. Elevado concluded that the condition for which Dr. Jacobs claimed 

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disability was “addressed” between May 13 and August 13, 2018, which resulted in a partial, but 

not complete, improvement in the condition by September 17—the onset date of his disability. Id.

Reliance sent Dr. Elevado’s report to Dr. Jacobs on November 14, 2019. Id. at 140. In the 

transmittal letter, Reliance instructed Dr. Jacobs to “provide any additional information you would 

like considered no later than November 29, 2019.” Id. The letter further informed Dr. Jacobs that 

Reliance would “proceed with [its] determination based upon the information on file at that time 

or if you respond prior to this date.” Id. Dr. Jacobs sent a letter to Reliance on November 27 

stating that he had “no specific information to add to” Dr. Elevado’s report. Id. at 308–09. 

However, the letter did outline additional steps Dr. Jacobs was taking to address his health issues, 

including potential surgery. Id. at 308. That response was sent to Dr. Elevado, who determined 

in a supplemental report dated December 6, 2019, that the additional information contained in Dr. 

Jacobs’ November 27 letter did not change his original opinion. Id. at 325–26.

Reliance then rendered a final denial of Dr. Jacobs’ request for long-term disability benefits 

on December 16, 2019 (the “Appeal Denial Letter”). Id. at 141–46. In the Appeal Denial Letter, 

Reliance made the same key findings it did in the Initial Denial Letter. Reliance first found that 

Dr. Jacobs’ coverage under the Reliance Policy became effective on August 13, 2018, which is the 

date on which “he was Actively at Work for one (1) full day.” Id. at 143. So, for purposes of 

determining the application of the Pre-existing Conditions Limitation, the three-month look-back 

period, as calculated in the Appeal Denial Letter, was May 13 to August 13, 2018. Id. Reliance

then determined that Dr. Jacobs “ceased working for [MedStar] on September 17, 2018 due to a 

gastric sleeve leak.” Id. Reliance pointed to medical records showing that Dr. Jacobs had received 

treatment for the gastric sleeve leak during the look-back period. Id. Specifically, Reliance cited 

records reflecting that Dr. Jacobs was hospitalized “from March 21, 2018 through May 16, 2018 

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and . . . was readmitted to the hospital on May 19, 2018 for complications of gastric resection 

including a gastric leak, cutaneous fistula and peritoneal abscess.” Id. Thus, because Reliance 

concluded that Dr. Jacobs’ disabling condition “was ‘caused by, contributed to by, or related to’ a 

Pre-Existing Condition,” he was denied disability benefits. Id.7 

Dr. Jacobs moved for reconsideration on March 23, 2020, arguing that Reliance had “used 

a different reason” to deny his claim “than was advanced in the initial denial and also relied on a 

faulty recitation of the facts.” Id. at 329–33. He charged Reliance with “concoct[ing] an ex post 

facto reason for denial” of his claim and appeared to argue that the Pre-existing Conditions 

Limitation no longer applied because he had been employed by MedStar since 2014—meaning 

that the Pre-Existing Conditions Limitation’s twelve-month limitation period had long since 

passed. Id. at 330–31. Reliance denied reconsideration by letter dated May 7, 2020. Id. at 148.

D. The Pending Motions 

Dr. Jacobs filed this action in February 2021. ECF No. 1. Reliance answered the complaint 

in March 2021, ECF No. 5, and, following an unfruitful mediation, both parties moved for 

judgment in their favor, ECF Nos. 16–21. That briefing was completed on February 25, 2022, and 

those motions are now ripe for adjudication.

Dr. Jacobs initially advanced two grounds for judgment in his favor. First, he argued that

Reliance violated ERISA’s guarantee of “a full and fair review” of his claim by allegedly shifting

the rationale for the denial of his claim between the Initial Denial Letter and the Appeal Denial 

7 The Appeal Denial Letter misstated the relevant portion of the Reliance Policy’s Pre-existing Conditions Limitation. 

The standard is not whether the Total Disability was merely “caused by, contributed to by, or related to” a Pre-Existing 

Condition. ECF No. 11-1 at 145 (emphasis added). That would be a low bar, indeed. Rather, the Policy requires that 

the Total Disability be “caused by, contributed to by, or resulting from” a Pre-Existing Condition. Id. at 26 (emphasis 

added). However, later in the Appeal Denial Letter, Reliance uses the correct language. See ECF No. 11-1 at 145. In 

any case, because the undersigned reviews Reliance’s decision to deny benefits de novo, the misstatement of the Preexisting Conditions Limitation standard and any impact it had on Reliance’s decision to deny benefits need not be 

addressed further.

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Letter. ECF No. 17-1 at 10–11. And second, that Reliance improperly invoked the Pre-Existing 

Conditions Limitation to deny his claim. Id. at 11–14. On this latter point, Dr. Jacobs makes

several arguments. To start, he says that the “Transfer of Insurance Coverage” language in the 

Reliance Policy “ensur[ed] that there would not be preexisting condition invocations for long term 

employees.” Id. at 11. He then claims that Reliance found that “he was not actively at work” on 

July 1, 2018, and that the Reliance Policy’s use of the word “active” is fatally ambiguous. Id. at 

12–13. He then pivots back to the Transfer of Insurance Coverage provision and, this time, merely 

says that it “ensure[d] coverage.” Id. at 13. Finally, Dr. Jacobs contends that the Pre-existing 

Conditions Limitation Credit provision is inapplicable because he was insured under the Guardian 

Policy since 2014. Id. at 13–14.

Reliance, of course, disagrees and urges the Court to enter judgment in its favor. Dr. 

Jacobs’ procedural argument is all wrong, Reliance argues, because it did not, in fact, change its 

reasoning for denying his claim between the Initial Denial Letter and the Appeal Denial Letter. 

ECF No. 18-1 at 10–13. In both instances, Reliance explains, it denied Dr. Jacobs’ claim under 

the Reliance Policy’s Pre-existing Conditions Limitation—not because Dr. Jacobs was ineligible 

for coverage. Id. As to the denial itself, Reliance says the Pre-existing Conditions Limitation was 

properly applied because (i) the condition that Dr. Jacobs claimed was disabling was a condition 

for which he sought treatment in the three months prior to the effective date of his coverage under 

the Reliance Policy, and (ii) Dr. Jacobs claimed he became disabled within the first twelve months 

of his coverage under the Reliance Policy. ECF No. 16-1 at 14–18. 

In reply, Dr. Jacobs acknowledges that the Initial Denial Letter and the Appeal Denial 

Letter rested on the same analytical ground and withdraws his claim that the denials were 

inconsistent. ECF No. 21 at 1–2. He does not, however, concede that Reliance’s invocation of 

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the Pre-existing Conditions Limitation was proper. Importantly, Dr. Jacobs does not meaningfully 

contest that he sought treatment for his disabling condition during the three-month look-back 

period. Instead, he asserts that the Pre-existing Conditions Limitation does not apply at all because 

he should have received credit toward the twelve-month limitation period under the Policy’s Preexisting Condition Limitation Credit by virtue of his prior coverage under the Guardian Policy, 

which began in June 2014. ECF No. 17-1 at 13–14. As explained, the Reliance Policy’s Preexisting Conditions Limitation Credit provision states that “[i]f an employee is an Eligible Person 

on the Effective Date of this Policy, any time used to satisfy the Pre-existing Conditions Limitation 

of the prior group long term disability insurance plan will be credited towards the satisfaction of 

the Pre-existing Conditions Limitation of this Policy.” ECF No. 11-1 at 14. The key language 

here is the “[i]f an employee is an Eligible Person on the Effective Date of this Policy” clause. 

Again, the “Effective Date” of the Reliance Policy, as stated in the Policy, is “January 1, 2011, as 

amended through February 1, 2018.” Id. at 1.

In response, Reliance argues that the Pre-existing Conditions Limitation Credit provision 

has no force because Dr. Jacobs was not “an Eligible Person on the Effective Date” of the Reliance 

Policy. Reliance interprets the Policy’s Effective Date as January 1, 2011—three-and-a-half years 

before Dr. Jacobs was even employed by MedStar. See, e.g., ECF No. 16-1 at 17. Reliance also

contends that because Dr. Jacobs was a resident through June 2018, he was not an “Eligible 

Person” under the Reliance Policy which excludes coverage for residents. See, e.g., ECF No. 20 

at 7. As to the “Eligible Person” requirement, Dr. Jacobs does not dispute that he was a resident 

up until July 1, 2018. See, e.g., ECF No. 17-1 at 1. With respect to the Policy’s “Effective Date,” 

Dr. Jacobs is more equivocal, stating “there is no way to adequately understand what the policy 

effective date is.” ECF No. 19 at 4. He does not explain what, exactly, he believes is the true 

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“Effective Date” of the Reliance Policy, but suggests that it could be February 1, 2018, or June 4, 

2018, and ultimately argues that because Reliance wrote the Policy, its language should be 

construed against it and in his favor. Id. at 4–6.

8

IV. CONCLUSIONS OF LAW

With Dr. Jacobs withdrawing his process argument that Reliance altered the basis on which 

it denied his claim between the first and second denials, there is but a single, overarching question 

to be decided: Whether Reliance properly denied Dr. Jacobs’ claim under the Pre-existing 

Conditions Limitation. That inquiry is two-pronged: Whether the Reliance Policy’s Pre-Existing 

Conditions Limitation applied to Dr. Jacobs, and, if so, whether it was applied properly to his 

claim. Because both questions should be answered in the affirmative, the undersigned 

recommends entering judgment in Reliance’s favor.

A. Choice of Law

First, however, there is the question of which law is applicable in this dispute. Although 

the Reliance Policy states that it is “delivered in Maryland and is governed by its laws,” ECF No. 

11-1 at 1, “parties may not contract to choose state law as the governing law of an ERISA-governed

benefit plan.” Prudential Ins. Co. of Am. v. Doe, 140 F.3d 785, 791 (8th Cir. 1998); see also 

Morton v. Smith, 91 F.3d 867, 871 (7th Cir. 1996) (finding that the parties’ choice-of-law provision 

did not control because the “federal common law of ERISA preempts most state law in regulating 

the interpretation of benefit plans”); Bliss v. Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, Pa., 132 F. 

Supp. 3d 676, 680 n.2 (D. Md. 2015); Yasko v. Reliance Standard Life Ins. Co., 53 F. Supp. 3d 

1059, 1064 n.5 (N.D. Ill. 2014) (“By its terms, the Reliance Policy is governed by Illinois law. 

8 Additionally, Dr. Jacobs’ reply brief confusingly asserts arguments concerning exhaustion of remedies. ECF No. 21 

at 4–7. The undersigned does not understand Reliance to be arguing that Dr. Jacobs failed to exhaust his administrative 

remedies, and, indeed, Reliance conceded in its Answer that Dr. Jacobs exhausted his remedies. ECF No. 5 at 3. The 

undersigned will therefore not address Dr. Jacobs’ exhaustion of remedies arguments.

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Because this claim arises under ERISA, however, state laws governing insurance policy 

interpretation are preempted.”). Rather, federal common law should control here. See, e.g., 

Franchise Tax Bd. of State of Cal. v. Constr. Laborers Vacation Tr. for S. California, 463 U.S. 1, 

20 n.20 (1983) (“[F]ederal jurisdiction over suits under § [1132] is exclusive, and they are

governed entirely by federal common law.”); Serv. Emps. Int’l Union Nat’l Indus. Pension Fund

v. Bristol Manor Healthcare Ctr., Inc., 153 F. Supp. 3d 363, 372 n.10 (D.D.C. 2016) (noting that 

“federal common law . . . governs the interpretation of ERISA plans”); Bliss, 132 F. Supp. 3d at 

680 n.2. However, in this case the undersigned finds that “[w]hether [the Court] applies Maryland 

law or federal common law is irrelevant because the principles of contract interpretation are the 

same” under both. Bliss, 132 F. Supp. 3d at 680 n.2; cf. Stanley v. George Washington Univ., 394 

F. Supp. 3d 97, 106 n.7 (D.D.C. 2019) (“Because this case turns on general contract principles that 

equally apply under District of Columbia and federal common law, the Court finds that it would 

reach the same conclusion irrespective of which law governs.”), aff’d, 801 F. App’x 792 (D.C. Cir. 

2020).

ERISA mandates that terms in benefits plans “be written in a manner calculated to be 

understood by the average plan participant.” 29 U.S.C. § 1022(a)(1). “Under general principles 

of contract law, specific words and terms are given their ordinary and accepted meaning.” Id. at 

680. Dictionaries are useful in “determin[ing] what meaning a reasonably prudent layperson 

would attach to a term.” Id. The intent of the parties is the ultimate inquiry, “with the language 

of the contract being the primary source for identifying this intent.” Id. “[T]he intention of the 

parties is to be ascertained if reasonably possible from the policy as a whole.” Cheney v. Bell Nat.

Life. Ins. Co., 556 A.2d 1135, 1138 (Md. 1989). Each clause “shall be given force and effect . . . 

to create a harmonious and coherent whole.” Prince George’s Cnty. v. Local Gov’t Ins. Trust, 859 

Case 1:21-cv-00323-TSC-GMH Document 22 Filed 06/06/22 Page 24 of 43
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A.2d 353, 358 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 2004), aff’d, 879 A.2d 81 (Md. 2005). “Where a term is 

ambiguous, [the court] must construe it against the drafter, and in accordance with the reasonable 

expectations of the insured[.]” Wheeler, 62 F.3d at 638 (citation omitted).

B. Applicability of the Pre-Existing Conditions Limitation to Dr. Jacobs’ Claim

There is no dispute that Dr. Jacobs is totally disabled. The real question to be resolved is 

whether, as a result of that disability, he has a right to benefits under the Reliance Policy. The

threshold inquiry in resolving that issue is whether the Pre-existing Conditions Limitation in the 

Policy was applicable to Dr. Jacobs’ claim for long-term disability benefits, which, by that 

provision’s terms, requires a determination of whether the onset of Dr. Jacobs’ total disability arose 

within the twelve-month limitation period to which the Policy limitation applies. If it did, then the 

Pre-existing Conditions Limitation would potentially be applicable to his claim, provided its other 

requirements are satisfied. As explained below, because Dr. Jacobs claimed total disability within 

weeks of becoming an insured under the Reliance Policy—well-within the twelve-month

limitation period—and because that period was not otherwise satisfied pursuant to the Pre-existing 

Conditions Limitation Credit, the Pre-existing Conditions Limitation may be applied to his claim. 

1. Application of the Twelve-Month Limitation Period

By its terms, the Pre-Existing Conditions Limitation is not applicable if the onset of Dr. 

Jacobs’ total disability arose after “the Insured has been Actively at Work for one (1) full day 

following the end of twelve (12) consecutive months from the date he/she became an Insured.” 

ECF No. 11-1 at 26. Thus, the twelve-month limitation period began to run on the date Dr. Jacobs 

became an “Insured.” Id. The parties disagree when, exactly, Dr. Jacobs became an “Insured,” 

but because Dr. Jacobs claimed total disability within weeks of either possible “Insured” date 

proposed by the parties, it is a dispute that makes no difference. 

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The Reliance Policy defines “Insured” as “a person who meets the Eligibility Requirements 

of this Policy and is enrolled for this insurance.” Id. at 11. Reliance says that, under that definition,

Dr. Jacobs became an “Insured” on August 13, 2018—the first day he was “Actively at Work” as 

a member of an eligible class under the Policy, i.e., as a physician for Georgetown Physicians 

Group.9 See, e.g., ECF No. 18-1 at 14. Thus, using August 13, 2018 as the “Insured” date, to

avoid application of the Pre-existing Conditions Limitation, Dr. Jacobs would have had to seek 

total disability after he had been “Actively at Work” for one full day following a period of twelve 

months after August 13, 2018–i.e., on or about August 14, 2019. Dr. Jacobs, on the other hand, 

contends that his “[p]lan became effective on his employment as a Physician on July 1, 2018.” 

ECF No. 19 at 2. In that scenario, the Pre-existing Conditions Limitation would not apply if Dr. 

Jacobs’ total disability arose after he had been “Actively at Work” for one full day after July 2, 

2019. Under either interpretation, the timing does not line up for Dr. Jacobs. It is undisputed that 

he stopped working and claimed total disability in September 2018—within weeks of becoming 

an insured under either date proposed by the parties and well short of the twelve-month mark

needed to avoid application of the Pre-existing Conditions Limitation—and has not worked since. 

ECF No. 16-1 at 5; ECF No. 17-1 at 1. Thus, under either interpretation, Dr. Jacobs’ claim of total 

disability falls within the twelve-month limitation period which would permit application of the 

Limitation to his claim.

9 Recall that Dr. Jacobs became eligible for coverage under one of the Reliance Policy’s eligible classes on July 1, 

2018, the date of his hire as an Internal Medicine physician with Georgetown Physician’s Group. That placed Dr. 

Jacobs into Class 8 of the Reliance Policy’s eligible classes. ECF No. 11-1 at 7 (stating that Class 8 covers “active, 

Full-time employee of Georgetown Physicians Group”).

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2. The Pre-existing Conditions Limitation Credit

But, under the Policy, there is more than one way for the policyholder to satisfy the twelvemonth limitation period. Another Policy provision—the Pre-existing Conditions Limitation 

Credit—provides that:

If an employee is an Eligible Person on the Effective Date of this Policy, any time 

used to satisfy the Pre-existing Conditions Limitation of the prior group long term 

disability insurance plan will be credited towards the satisfaction of the Pre-existing 

Conditions Limitation of this Policy.

ECF No. 11-1 at 14. Dr. Jacobs argues that because he was covered by the Guardian Policy for 

several years before becoming covered under the Reliance Policy, he should be credited that time

to satisfy the twelve-month limitation period and avoid application of the Reliance Policy’s Preexisting Conditions Limitation. But for that to happen, by the Credit provision’s own terms, Dr. 

Jacobs would had to have been “an Eligible Person on the Effective Date” of the Reliance Policy. 

Id. As explained below, he was not. 

The analysis begins, as it must, with the Reliance Policy’s text. Unfortunately, the 

operative Policy language is less than plain. The Policy defines its “Effective Date” as “January 

1, 2011, as amended through February 1, 2018.” ECF No. 11-1 at 1. That enigmatic phrase would 

appear subject to multiple reasonable interpretations, including a Policy Effective Date of either

January 1, 2011, or February 1, 2018. The parties shed little light on its proper interpretation, and 

neither offers any extrinsic evidence to divine its meaning. Defendant flatly asserts the phrase 

means the Policy’s Effective Date is January 1, 2011. See, e.g., ECF No. 20 at 6. It does not, 

however, cite any cases or other authority to support that conclusion, reasoning only that if 

Reliance had intended February 1, 2018, to be the Policy’s Effective Date, it would not have 

bothered to include the January 1, 2011 date. Id. Dr. Jacobs disagrees and appears to suggest two 

alternative Effective Dates. Although it is not entirely clear from his briefs, he seems to posit that 

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the Effective Date could be “February 1, 2018,” which he suggests is the date of the most recent 

amendment of the Reliance Policy. ECF No. 19 at 3–4. He also refers to Policy language stating 

that the Policy was “issued on June 4, 2018.” Id. Ultimately, Dr. Jacobs argues that the Policy’s

“Effective Date” is “unknowable” and that the ambiguity should be construed against Reliance

consistent with the principle of contra proferentem.

10

 ECF No. 19 at 3–6.

Yet even if Dr. Jacobs is correct that the “Effective Date” language is ambiguous—and 

that is a reasonable conclusion given that it contains two possible dates—and should be construed 

against Reliance, he still does not prevail. The contra proferentem principle holds that “ambiguous 

language in a contract that is not clarified by extrinsic evidence or interpretive aids is construed 

against a party to the contract when that party drafted the language in question.” Impac Mortg.

Holdings, Inc. v. Timm, 255 A.3d 89, 97 (Md. 2021); see also Fitts v. Unum Life Ins. Co. of Am., 

No. 98-cv-617, 2006 WL 449299, at *3 (D.D.C. Feb. 23, 2006) (“While contra proferentem is a 

state law doctrine of contract interpretation, it has been applied in the ERISA context as a matter 

of federal common law.”), vacated and remanded on other grounds, 520 F.3d 499 (D.C. Cir. 

2008). Here, Reliance does not contest that it was the drafter of the “Effective Date” language in 

its policy. Applying contra proferentem, however, does not license a court to bend an insurance

contract as much as is necessary to cement the insured’s victory. Indeed, “[w]hile ambiguous 

contracts are generally construed against their drafter, ‘[t]he general rule of construing an 

ambiguous contract against the drafter does not mean automatically holding in favor of the other 

10 Dr. Jacobs also refers to Maryland cases standing for the proposition that “every renewal of a policy of insurance is 

a new contract.” Id. But as Reliance points out, those cases are not particularly helpful here because there is no 

evidence the Reliance Policy was ever “renewed.” ECF No. 20 at 6–7. On the contrary, the Policy provides that it 

“stays in effect as long as [the] Premium is paid when due.” ECF No. 11-1 at 1. So, if the premiums are paid (and 

there is no indication they were not), the Policy would continue in perpetuity without renewal. See Arrington v. Sun

Life Assurance Co. of Canada, No. 18-cv-563, 2019 WL 2571160, at *5 (D. Md. June 21, 2019) (“[T]he plain language 

of the Policy contemplates that it continues in effect, not that it is renewed, so long as the premium is paid before or 

during the grace period.”).

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party.’” Equinor USA Onshore Properties Inc. v. Pine Res., LLC, 917 F.3d 807, 817 n.4 (4th Cir. 

2019) (second alteration in original) (quoting W. Va. Inv. Mgmt. Bd. v. Variable Annuity Life Ins. 

Co., 820 S.E.2d 416, 430 n.46 (W. Va. 2018)); see also Hall v. Life Ins. Co. of N. Am., 317 F.3d 

773, 776 (7th Cir. 2003) (noting that the contra proferentem rule does not require a “pro-insured 

decision in every case”); Colford v. Chubb Ins. Co., 687 A.2d 609, 614 (Me. 1996) (holding that 

the contra proferentem principle does not mean that the insured must prevail every time that the 

insured and the insurer “disagree on the meaning of the contract”); Paul Sullivan & Jeffrey Gordon,

Contra Proferentem Doesn’t Always Mean “Against the Insurer”, JDSUPRA (July 21, 2016) 

(“Contrary to what sometimes appears to be common understanding, the English translation of the 

Latin phrase contra proferentem is not ‘the insurance company loses.’”), 

https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/contra-proferentem-doesn-t-always-mean-89102/. Thus, the 

principle does not compel the interpretation of the Reliance Policy’s Effective Date in such a way 

that permits Dr. Jacobs to avoid the Pre-existing Conditions Limitation. Rather, all contra 

proferentem means is that, between the interpretations of the Effective Date provision offered—

Reliance proffers January 1, 2011, while Dr. Jacobs suggests either February 1, 2018, or June 4, 

2018—the Court should side with Dr. Jacobs’ dates. And that is what the undersigned 

recommends here. 

But even if the Effective Date of the Reliance Policy were either of the dates suggested by

Dr. Jacobs, he still could not invoke the Pre-existing Conditions Limitation Credit. Again, that 

provision is only applicable “[i]f an employee is an Eligible Person on the Effective Date of this 

Policy.” ECF No. 11-1 at 14. It is undisputed that Dr. Jacobs was not an “Eligible Person” covered 

by the Reliance policy until, at earliest, July 1, 2018, when he was first employed as an Internal 

Medicine physician in MedStar’s Georgetown Physicians Group. ECF No. 16-1 at 7; ECF No. 

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17-1 at 1. By virtue of his status as a physician on that date, Dr. Jacobs fell into Class 8 of the 

“Eligible Classes” covered by Reliance’s Policy—defined as an “active, Full-time employee of 

Georgetown Physicians Group.” ECF No. 16-1 at 10; ECF No. 17-1 at 2. Prior to that date, it is 

undisputed that he was a medical resident, which were not eligible for coverage under the Reliance 

Policy. ECF No. 11-1 at 7, 135; ECF No. 16-1 at 7; ECF No. 19 at 2–3 (reflecting no dispute to 

Reliance’s statement that “[a]mong those excluded from coverage under the Reliance Standard 

Policy are Residents”). Thus, even using the latest Policy Effective Date proposed by Dr. Jacobs—

June 4, 2018—he still could not benefit from the Pre-existing Conditions Limitation Credit as he 

was not a “Eligible Person” covered by the Reliance Policy on that date. ECF No. 19 at 4. Indeed, 

he would not become an “Eligible Person” until nearly a month later when he began work as a 

physician with the Georgetown Physicians Group. Thus, even assuming that the time he accrued 

as an insured under the Guardian Policy would be creditable towards the twelve-month limitations

period pursuant to the Pre-existing Conditions Limitation Credit—an issue the Court need not 

decide11—the Credit provision is otherwise inapplicable to his claim as he was not an Eligible 

Person on June 4, 2018, or any other possible Effective Date advanced by Dr. Jacobs in this 

litigation. And because he cannot credit his time as an insured under the Guardian Policy, the 

Court should conclude that the Reliance Policy’s Pre-existing Conditions Limitation is applicable 

to his total disability claim as it arose during that provision’s twelve-month limitation period, as 

explained in Section IV.B.1 supra. 

11 The parties dispute whether the Guardian Policy is a “prior group long term disability insurance plan,” as that phrase 

is used in the Pre-existing Conditions Limitation Credit. ECF No. 11-1 at 14. Because the Credit is otherwise 

inapplicable to Dr. Jacobs’ disability claim as he was not an Eligible Person covered by the Reliance Policy on its 

Effective Date, it is unnecessary for the Court to resolve that issue.

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C. Reliance Properly Construed the Pre-Existing Conditions Limitation to Deny 

Dr. Jacobs’ Claim

Having determined that the Pre-existing Conditions Limitation is applicable to Dr. Jacobs’

claim as his total disability arose during the twelve-month limitation period, the only remaining 

question is whether Reliance properly applied the other terms of the Limitation to deny his claim. 

Again, the Limitation provides that, in pertinent part:

Benefits will not be paid for a Total Disability: (1) caused by; (2) contributed to 

by; or (3) resulting from a Pre-existing Condition unless the Insured has been 

Actively at Work for one (1) full day following the end of twelve (12) consecutive 

months from the date he/she became an Insured. “Pre-Existing Condition” means 

any Sickness or Injury for which the Insured received medical Treatment, 

consultation, care or services, including diagnostic procedures, or took prescribed 

drugs or medicines, during the three (3) months immediately prior to the Insured’s 

effective date of insurance. . . .

ECF No. 11-1 at 26. Thus, the Limitation provides that Reliance will not pay benefits for a (1) 

“Total Disability” (2) caused by, contributed to by, or resulting from “a Pre-existing Condition,” 

which is defined as (3) “any Sickness or Injury” (4) “for which the Insured received medical 

Treatment, consultation, care or services, including diagnostic procedures, or took prescribed 

drugs or medicines” (5) during the “three . . . months immediately prior to the Insured’s effective 

date of Insurance.” Id. Each of these requirements will be addressed below. The undersigned 

concludes that each condition is satisfied here, and therefore finds that Reliance properly denied

Dr. Jacobs’ claim pursuant to the Pre-existing Conditions Limitation. 

1. Total Disability 

To start, there is no dispute that Dr. Jacobs is totally disabled due to what he termed “post 

gastric sleeve leak with infection.” Id. at 150. Indeed, in its Appeal Denial Letter, Reliance 

repeatedly stated that it was “not disputing [Dr. Jacobs’] impairment status.” Id. at 143, 145. 

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2. Pre-Existing Condition

a. Sickness or Injury

The next question is whether Dr. Jacobs had a “Pre-existing Condition,” which requires 

the insured to have a “Sickness or Injury.” Id. at 26. The Initial Denial Letter and Appeal Denial 

Letter indicate that Reliance considered Plaintiff’s complications from gastric sleeve surgery to be 

a “Sickness” and not an “Injury.” Id. at 136 (“[Y]our Sickness is considered to be Pre-existing 

and your claim for [long-term disability] benefits must be denied.”); 144–145 (characterizing Dr. 

Jacobs’ condition as a “sickness”). The parties do not address this issue, but the undersigned 

agrees that Dr. Jacobs’ ailments constituted a “Sickness.” 

The Policy defines “Sickness” as an “illness or disease causing Total Disability which first 

manifested while insurance coverage is in effect for the Insured.”

12

 Id. at 12. Neither “illness” 

nor “disease” are further defined in the Policy, but a “disease” is commonly understood to mean a 

“deviation from the healthy and normal functioning of the body.” Disease, Black’s Law 

Dictionary (11th ed. 2019). The undisputed complications stemming from Dr. Jacobs’ gastric 

sleeve surgery, including infections, abscesses, and fluid leakage in his abdomen, were no doubt 

“deviation[s] from the healthy and normal functioning of” his body. See, e.g., ECF No. 11-1 at 

301–02. Additionally, to be a “Sickness,” these health issues had to “caus[e] Total Disability 

which first manifested while insurance coverage is in effect for the Insured.” Id. at 12. Here, 

while it appears that Dr. Jacobs’ surgical complications caused some sickness and even some form 

of disability prior to his coverage under the Reliance Policy,13 there is no indication that those 

12 Read in context, the phrase “first manifested” modifies “Total Disability,” not “illness” or “disease.” Read the 

opposite way, the “illness or disease” would have to have “first manifested while insurance coverage is in effect for 

the Insured,” which would defeat the purpose of the Pre-existing Conditions Limitation. 

13 Indeed, Reliance concedes that, prior to his coverage under its Policy, Dr. Jacobs was “receiving disability benefits 

from Guardian.” See, e.g., ECF No. 16-1 at 8.

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complications rendered him “Totally Disabled” before he became covered by Reliance on, at the 

latest, September 8, 2018. So, while some level of disability arose prior to Dr. Jacobs’ coverage 

by Reliance, he concedes that he returned to work for Georgetown Physicians Group and began 

treating patients on, at the latest, September 8, 2018, see, e.g., ECF No. 17-1 at 1 (stating that Dr. 

Jacobs “returned to his duties, this time as a physician, on September 8[, 2018]”), 9 (same),

indicating that whatever disability had manifested prior to his coverage under the Reliance Policy 

was not “[t]otal.” Indeed, it was not until September 17, 2018—the date Dr. Jacobs submitted his 

disability benefits application—that he claimed he was totally disabled. ECF No. 11-1 at 149–50. 

Thus, Dr. Jacobs’ post-surgical complications qualified as a “Sickness.”

b. Treatment During the Three-Month Look-Back Period

To trigger the Policy’s Pre-existing Conditions Limitation, Dr. Jacobs must also have 

“received medical Treatment, consultation, care or services, including diagnostic procedures, or 

took prescribed drugs or medicines” for the Sickness “during the three (3) months immediately 

prior to [his] effective date of Insurance.” ECF No. 11-1 at 26. To make the determination, the

undersigned will first ascertain Dr. Jacobs’ “effective date of Insurance,” then calculate the threemonth “look-back” period, and, finally, assess whether Dr. Jacobs received “Treatment” or other 

medical care or diagnostic procedures for his surgical complications during that time. 

i. Effective Date of Insurance

The Reliance Policy provides two ways to determine an insured’s effective date of 

Insurance. See Wallace v. Beaumont Healthcare Emp. Welfare Benefit Plan, No. 16-cv-10625, 

2017 WL 4987675, at *3 (E.D. Mich. Nov. 2, 2017) (assessing the “effective date of Insurance” 

in a Reliance insurance policy with identical language), vacated and remanded on other grounds

sub nom. Wallace v. Oakwood Healthcare, Inc., 954 F.3d 879 (6th Cir. 2020). The first is under 

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the provisions set forth in the Policy’s “Effective Date of Individual Insurance” provision. ECF 

No. 11-1 at 18. The second is under the Policy’s Transfer of Insurance Coverage provision. If the 

Transfer provision applies, the insured’s “effective date of Insurance” will “coincide with the 

effective date of the” Policy itself. Wallace, 954 F.3d at 891–92 (assessing the identical coverage 

transfer provision in an insurance policy issued by Reliance). This option would have the benefit

to Dr. Jacobs of triggering the start of the three-month look-back period years before he received 

any medical treatment, thereby avoiding application of the Pre-existing Conditions Limitation to 

his claim.

Unfortunately for Dr. Jacobs, the latter option can quickly be ruled out. For the Policy’s

Transfer of Insurance Coverage provision to apply, its first paragraph requires, among other things, 

that the insured “meet[] all of the requirements for being an Eligible Person under this Policy on 

its Effective Date.” ECF No. 11-1 at 14. For the reasons already explained, it is impossible for 

Dr. Jacobs to have been an “Eligible Person” on the Reliance Policy’s “Effective Date” even when 

using the possible Effective Date most favorable to him—June 4, 2018. See Section IV.B.2 supra. 

The second paragraph in the Transfer of Insurance Coverage section similarly requires the insured

to “otherwise qualify as an Eligible Person” “as of the policy’s effective date.” ECF No. 11-1 at 

14; Miller, 999 F.3d at 284 (interpreting an identical provision to require that the employee “show 

that he was an [Eligible Person . . . as of the policy’s effective date”). Again, Dr. Jacobs does not 

satisfy that condition because he was not an “Eligible Person” as of the Reliance Policy’s Effective 

Date.

14,15 So, the Policy’s Transfer of Insurance Coverage provision has no application here in 

14 Dr. Jacobs also mentions in passing the Reliance Policy’s Waiting Period and Waiting Period Credit. But neither 

of those provisions are at issue here because Reliance found that Dr. Jacobs had satisfied the Policy’s Waiting Period 

and did not deny his claim on that basis. ECF No. 11-1 at 135.

15 More, and as Reliance sets forth, it does not appear that the Transfer provision was ever meant to apply in a case 

like this. See ECF No. 18-1 at 15. The Transfer provision seems to have been crafted to ensure that employees are 

not left in the lurch when the employer ends its coverage with one insurer and switches coverage to Reliance—not 

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determining Dr. Jacobs’ “effective date of Insurance” for triggering the Pre-existing Conditions 

Limitation’s three-month look-back period. ECF No. 11-1 at 26 (defining “Pre-existing 

Condition” to mean “any Sickness . . . for which the Insured received medical Treatment . . . during 

the three (3) months immediately prior to [his] effective date of Insurance”). 

Rather, to ascertain the start of the Limitation’s three-month look-back period, Dr. Jacobs’ 

“effective date of Insurance” must be determined by the Policy’s “Effective Date of Individual 

Insurance” provision. As relevant here, that provision states that “[t]he insurance for an Eligible 

Person will not go into effect on a date he/she is not Actively at Work because of a Sickness or 

Injury. The insurance will go into effect after the person is Actively at Work for one (1) full day 

in an Eligible Class[.]” Id. at 18. As applied to Dr. Jacobs, this language means that, although he 

was employed as a physician with Georgetown Physicians Group starting on July 1, 2018, his 

insurance under the Reliance Policy did not go into effect until the first days he was “Actively at 

Work” as a physician, and not on leave for a “Sickness.” It is undisputed that Dr. Jacobs did not 

actually begin work as a physician on July 1, 2018, because of his continued complications from 

the gastric sleeve surgery—which, as explained, is a “Sickness.” ECF No. 17-1 at 3; ECF No. 18-

1 at 14. That much the parties agree on. What they dispute is the date Dr. Jacobs ultimately 

returned from sick leave and was “Actively at Work” as a physician. The Policy defines “Actively 

at Work” as “actually performing on a Full-time or Part-time basis the material duties pertaining 

to his/her job in the place where and the manner in which the job is normally performed.” ECF 

No. 11-1 at 11. Reliance says Dr. Jacobs was “Actively at Work” by August 13, 2018, but the 

when, as here, the employer (MedStar) maintains two different insurance policies (one through Guardian and one 

through Reliance) for two different categories of employees (residents and full-time physicians) and an employee 

switches from one category to the other. Id. at 15–16; see also ECF No. 20 at 5 (suggesting that the real blame for the 

application of the Pre-existing Conditions Limitation falls on MedStar, which “decided to insure Residents under a 

policy from Guardian Life Insurance Company and Georgetown Physicians Group under the separate Reliance 

Standard Policy”).

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administrative record does not make clear why that date is the correct one. See, e.g., ECF No. 18-

1 at 14. In any event, Dr. Jacobs concedes that he returned to work by September 8, 2018. ECF 

No. 17-1 at 1 (stating that Dr. Jacobs “returned to his duties, this time as a physician, on September 

8[, 2018]”), 9 (same). Yet again, however, this is a dispute without a difference. As discussed 

below, using either August 13, 2018, or September 8, 2018 as Dr. Jacobs’ “effective date of 

Insurance” does not change the outcome because he received treatment and other medical care for 

his surgical complications within three months of either date.

ii. Treatment or Other Medical Care

Using the “effective date of Insurance” proffered by Reliance, Dr. Jacobs was “Actively at 

Work” by August 13, 2018. Three months prior to that date is May 13, 2018. So, under Reliance’s 

view, if Dr. Jacobs received “Treatment” or other medical care for his surgical complications 

between May 13 and August 13, 2018, the Pre-existing Conditions Limitation applied. According 

to the Reliance Policy, “Treatment” is “care consistent with the diagnosis of the Insured’s Injury 

or Sickness that has its purpose of maximizing the Insured’s medical improvement. It must be 

provided by a Physician whose specialty or experience is most appropriate for the Injury or 

Sickness and conforms with generally accepted medical standards to effectively manage and treat

the Insured’s Injury or Sickness.” ECF No. 11-1 at 12. The administrative record reflects—and 

Dr. Jacobs does not dispute—that as of May 13, 2018, he was hospitalized for medical issues

related to his post-surgical complications. Id. at 301–02. He was discharged from the hospital on 

May 16, but was readmitted on May 19 “for pain management, tube feeding, wound care, and IV 

antibiotics.” Id. at 301. Importantly, it appears that the IV antibiotics were meant to treat the 

several different infections Dr. Jacobs was noted to have at that time. Id. Dr. Jacobs concedes that 

“widespread infections” were among his various post-surgical complications. ECF No. 17-1 at 3

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(explaining that “widespread infections” were among Dr. Jacobs’ “major complications”). Thus, 

at the very least, the undersigned finds that the IV antibiotics Dr. Jacobs received during his 

hospital stint beginning on May 19, 2018, were “care consistent with” his “Sickness” of 

complications from gastric sleeve surgery. Further, during Dr. Jacobs’ hospital stay that ended on 

May 16, the medical records indicate that a drain was placed in his chest to address leaking in his 

abdomen that, as Dr. Jacobs admits, was one of his many post-surgical complications. ECF No. 

11-1 at 302; ECF No. 17-1 at 3 (explaining that “persistent gastric leaks” were among Dr. Jacobs’ 

“major complications”). By June 20, however, that drain had become dislodged, resulting in 

another hospitalization. ECF No. 11-1 at 302. The undersigned finds that the hospitalization 

related to the drain was also “care consistent with” Dr. Jacobs’ complications from gastric sleeve 

surgery. On July 11, Dr. Jacobs was again hospitalized to address additional leakage of fluid in 

his abdomen. Id. At that time, a stent was inserted in Dr. Jacobs’ chest to address the continued 

leaking. Id. This, too, the undersigned finds, was “care consistent with” Dr. Jacobs’ post-surgical 

complications, which, again, he concedes included “persistent gastric leaks.”16 ECF No. 17-1 at 

3. Additionally, CT scans of Dr. Jacobs’ chest were taken on July 28, 2018, and August 15, 2018. 

ECF No. 11-1 at 302–03. Although it is unclear if such imaging constitutes “Treatment” under 

the Policy, CT scans would appear to be a “diagnostic procedure,” which would also trigger the 

Pre-existing Conditions Limitation. See ECF No. 11-1 at 26 (“‘Pre-Existing Condition’ means 

16 To the extent these medical interventions cannot be characterized as “Treatment” as defined by the Reliance Policy, 

the undersigned nevertheless finds that they constituted “care” and/or “services,” which also trigger the Pre-existing 

Conditions Limitation. See ECF No. 11-1 at 26 (“‘Pre-Existing Condition’ means any Sickness or Injury for which 

the Insured received medical Treatment, consultation, care or services, including diagnostic procedures . . . .”). “Care” 

is defined as “the provision of physical or psychological comfort to another,” Black’s Law Dictionary 255 (10th ed. 

2014), while “services” are defined as “labor performed in the interest or under the direction of others; specifically, 

the performance of some useful act or series of acts for the benefit of another, usually for a fee,” Black’s Law 

Dictionary 1576 (10th ed. 2014). The medical interventions performed on Dr. Jacobs in May, June, and July 2018, 

which included IV antibiotics to address infections and the insertion of a stent in order to prevent additional abdominal 

leaking, were, at minimum, “some useful act or series of acts for the benefit” of Dr. Jacobs’ post-operative 

complications.

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any Sickness or Injury for which the Insured received medical Treatment, consultation, care or 

services, including diagnostic procedures . . . .”); see also Price v. Shelton, No. 20-35639, 2021 

WL 5298607, at *1 (9th Cir. Nov. 15, 2021) (including “CT scans” in a list of other “diagnostic

procedures,” including “biopsies” and “x-rays”); Copes v. Clem, No. 12-cv-441, 2013 WL 

1010362, at *3 (D. Md. Mar. 13, 2013) (similar), aff’d, 539 F. App’x 168 (4th Cir. 2013). The

August 2018 scan showed an “abscess cavity” in and around Dr. Jacobs’ spleen, and he 

acknowledges that “abdominal abscesses” were among the “major complications” of the gastric 

sleeve surgery. ECF No. 11-1 at 302; ECF No. 17-1 at 3. So, at minimum, the August 2018 CT 

scan was a diagnostic procedure related to Dr. Jacobs’ “Sickness” (i.e., the post-surgical 

complications). 

In sum, the foregoing medical record makes clear that Dr. Jacobs received “Treatment,” 

consultation, care, services, and/or diagnostic procedures for his post-surgical complications

during the three-month look-back period Reliance contends applies, i.e., from May 13, 2018, to 

August 13, 2018. Specifically, the IV antibiotics delivered during the May 19, 2018 

hospitalization, the June 20, 2018 hospitalization related to the drain dislodgement, the stent 

inserted during the July 11, 2018 hospitalization, and the August 2018 CT scan revealing an 

abscess in and around the spleen were all “care consistent with” Dr. Jacobs’ Sickness. 

And the conclusion is the same even when using the later “effective date of Insurance” Dr. 

Jacobs suggests. Dr. Jacobs says he returned to work on September 8, 2018. ECF No. 17-1 at 1, 

9. Utilizing that date as the “effective date of Insurance,” the three-month look-back period would 

span June 8, 2018, to September 8, 2018. Although this look-back period would exclude the 

“Treatment” received during the May 19, 2018 hospitalization, the undersigned finds that it would 

still include the “Treatment” rendered during Dr. Jacobs’ hospitalizations in June 2018 and July 

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2018 and the diagnostic imaging conducted in August 2018. Thus, the undersigned finds that 

using either the three-month look-back period based on the “effective date of Insurance” proffered

by Reliance or Dr. Jacobs, it is clear from the medical record that Dr. Jacobs “received medical 

Treatment, consultation, care or services, including diagnostic procedures, or took prescribed 

drugs or medicines” for his Sickness—complications from gastric sleeve surgery—in the three 

months immediately preceding the “effective date of Insurance.” ECF No. 11-1 at 26.

Here is where that leaves the analysis: First, it is undisputed that Dr. Jacobs has a “Total 

Disability” from “post gastric sleeve leak with infection.” ECF No. 11-1 at 150; see also id. at 

143 (Reliance stating in its Appeal Denial Letter that it was “not disputing [Dr. Jacobs’] 

impairment status.”), 145 (same). Second, the undersigned finds that Dr. Jacobs’ complications 

from gastric sleeve surgery are a “Sickness,” and he received “Treatment” and/or diagnostic 

procedures for that condition in the three months prior to his “effective date of Insurance.” Id. at 

26. Thus, the complications from gastric sleeve surgery constituted a Pre-existing Condition. Id. 

All that is left to determine is whether a causal link exists between Dr. Jacobs’ Total Disability 

and the Pre-existing Condition.

3. Causal Connection between the Total Disability and Pre-existing Condition

For the Pre-existing Conditions Limitation to apply, the claimant’s Total Disability must

be “caused by, contributed to by, or resulting from” a Pre-existing Condition. Id. “[S]trictly 

construed,” such language precludes “coverage if any pre-existing health conditions in some 

way—no matter how remote—might have contributed to the loss.” Bradshaw v. Reliance

Standard Life Ins. Co., 707 F. App’x 599, 608 (11th Cir. 2017) (construing identical language in 

another Reliance policy). Under that standard, there is no question that Dr. Jacobs’ disabling 

condition—“post gastric sleeve leak with infection,” ECF No.11-1 at 150—was, at the very least, 

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contributed to by the complications stemming from his gastric sleeve surgery. Indeed, the total 

disability and the pre-existing condition are one and the same. That is, the disabling leaking in Dr. 

Jacobs’ abdomen and the associated infections (i.e., the basis for his claim of Total Disability) are 

the same post-gastric sleeve surgical complications for which he was treated in the three months 

prior to his “effective date of Insurance” (i.e., his Pre-existing Condition). Thus, the undersigned 

finds that but-for Dr. Jacobs’ surgical complications, he would not have experienced leaking and 

infections in his abdomen, and but-for the leaking and infections, he would not be disabled.

This finding is consistent with decisions that other courts in this District have rendered in 

similar circumstances. Reliance’s citation to King v. Liberty Life Assurance Co. of Boston, 806 F. 

Supp. 2d 25 (D.D.C. 2011) is particularly apt. In that case, the plaintiff, a special education 

teacher, underwent bariatric bypass surgery—a procedure similar to the one Dr. Jacobs underwent. 

Id. at 26. The surgery resulted in a number of physical and psychological complications, including 

“anxiety, chronic pain, tiredness, abdominal pain, and nausea.” Id. at 27. Following the surgery, 

the plaintiff stopped working at the school that had employed her and received 24 months of longterm disability benefits. Id. at 26. After she exhausted her benefits, the plaintiff found work at 

another school. Id. at 26–27. Several months into her new job, however, the plaintiff again stopped 

working due to her post-surgical complications and sought long-term disability benefits. Id. at 27. 

Her new employer’s insurer denied the claim, invoking its pre-existing conditions limitation

which, as here, “exclude[d] from coverage any disability ‘caused or contributed by, or resulting 

from a Pre–Existing Condition.’” Id. at 28, 30 (citing the record). The plaintiff brought suit, 

alleging that the defendant insurer breached its obligation to provide her with disability benefits. 

Id. at 25–26. The court disagreed and affirmed the insurer’s denial of benefits. Id. at 30–31. 

Importantly, the court found that the plaintiff’s “post-bariatric conditions” constituted a preCase 1:21-cv-00323-TSC-GMH Document 22 Filed 06/06/22 Page 40 of 43
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existing condition under a similar standard as that found in the Reliance Policy. Id. at 30. And, 

as in this case, the court found that the “symptoms for which [the plaintiff] claimed a disability 

were caused by the post-bariatric condition.” Id. The result should be no different here. 

Notably, other courts outside this Circuit interpreting identical language as in the Reliance 

Policy have found that the “caused by; contributed to by; or resulting from” clause must be 

interpreted “to exclude coverage for only those losses substantially caused by, substantially

contributed to by, or substantially resulting from a pre-existing condition.”17 See, e.g., Bradshaw, 

707 F. App’x at 608; see also Fought v. UNUM Life Ins. Co. of Am., 379 F.3d 997 (10th Cir. 2004)

(reaching a similar conclusion in a case featuring comparable exclusionary language). Even 

imposing that more demanding construction of the contract, Reliance still properly denied Dr. 

Jacobs’ claim. Under the “substantially contributed” standard, it is not enough that Dr. Jacobs’ 

post-surgical complications were a but-for cause of his Total Disability. If too many “links” are 

required to connect the Total Disability with his Pre-existing Condition, the latter will not have 

“substantially contributed” to the former. See, e.g., Bradshaw, 707 F. App’x at 608 (“Connecting 

[plaintiff’s pre-existing condition] during the look-back period to her ultimate disabling condition 

requires four links. On this record, that’s too many.”); Fought, 379 F.3d at 1010 (finding five 

intervening stages between disease and disability to be too attenuated in case involving a similarlyworded pre-existing condition limitation). At bottom, under that standard, Reliance “must

demonstrate that the proximate cause of the disability, here, the [gastric leaking and infections],

was a pre-existing condition.” Fought, 379 F.3d at 1013.

17 Some courts have declined to so interpret the “caused by, contributed to by, or resulting from language,” reasoning 

that superimposing such gloss “would require the court to deviate from the plain language of the” disability plan. See, 

e.g., Rutledge v.Life & Accidental Death & Dismemberment Plan, No. 2:05-cv-936, 2006 WL 3522932, at *9 (S.D.W. 

Va. Dec. 6, 2006).

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On these facts, no logical leap need be made between Dr. Jacobs’ “Pre-existing 

Condition”—the complications from his gastric sleeve surgery—and his “Total Disability”—

which he says was caused by “post gastric sleeve leak with infection”—because, again, they are

one and the same. Dr. Jacobs acknowledges that his post-surgical complications included gastric 

leaking, infections, and abdominal abscesses. ECF No. 17-1 at 3. He cited the “leak[ing]” and 

“infection[s]” as reasons for his disability. ECF No. 11-1 at 150. Thus, because the ailments 

causing Dr. Jacobs’ total disability are among the cascade of complications he suffered following 

the gastric sleeve surgery, it is not difficult to conclude that those complications “substantially

contributed” to his total disability. In other words, the “proximate cause” of his disability—the 

abdominal leaking and infections—were pre-existing conditions because they are “deviation[s] 

from the healthy and normal functioning of the body” (i.e., a “Sickness”) for which Dr. Jacobs 

underwent “medical Treatment, consultation, care or services, including diagnostic procedures” in 

the three months prior to the effective date of his insurance under the Reliance Policy. Id. at 26; 

Disease, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019). So, and unlike in Bradshaw and Fought, Dr. 

Jacobs’ post-surgical complications were not “one in a series of factors that contribute[d] to the 

disabling condition”—they were the factors causing the disability.18 Fought, 379 F.3d at 1010.

* * * * *

18 In Bradshaw, for example, Reliance attempted to string together a chain of “but-for” causes to tie the plaintiff’s preexisting condition (pregnancy) to her total disability:

Here, Reliance attempts to make a similar “but-for” argument: it asserts that but for [plaintiff’s] 

pregnancy, she would not have developed high blood pressure; and but for her high blood pressure, 

she would not have developed preeclampsia; and but for her preeclampsia, she would not have 

suffered a stroke; and finally, but for her stroke, [plaintiff] would not have become totally disabled.

707 F. App’x at 609. That sort of attenuated causal reasoning is not necessary in this case, where the disabling 

conditions (gastric leaking and infections) are precisely the same conditions that were diagnosed and treated in the 

three months prior to Dr. Jacobs’ effective date of insurance. Stated another way, there is a direct link between the 

conditions that comprised Dr. Jacobs’ post-surgical complications and the conditions cited for causing his total 

disability—indeed, the conditions are the same. 

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In sum, the undersigned finds that Reliance properly applied the Policy’s Pre-existing 

Conditions Limitation to deny Dr. Jacobs’ disability claim.

CONCLUSION

The parties’ motions present two key substantive issues. First, whether the Reliance 

Policy’s Pre-existing Conditions Limitation was applicable to Dr. Jacobs’ claim. The undersigned 

finds that it was. And second, whether Reliance construed the Pre-existing Conditions Limitation 

properly to deny Dr. Jacobs’ disability claim. Again, the undersigned finds that it did. Thus, the 

undersigned finds that Reliance carried its burden to show that Dr. Jacobs was not entitled to 

disability benefits under its Policy. The undersigned therefore RECOMMENDS that Reliance’s 

motion (ECF No. 16) be GRANTED, that Dr. Jacobs’ motion (ECF No. 17) be DENIED, and 

that judgment be entered for Reliance.

* * * * *

The parties are hereby advised that under the provisions of Local Rule 72.3(b) of the United 

States District Court for the District of Columbia, any party who objects to the Report and 

Recommendation must file a written objection thereto with the Clerk of this Court within 14 days 

of the party’s receipt of this Report and Recommendation. The written objections must specifically 

identify the portion of the report and/or recommendation to which objection is made, and the basis 

for such objections. The parties are further advised that failure to file timely objections to the 

findings and recommendations set forth in this report may waive their right of appeal from an order 

of the District Court that adopts such findings and recommendation. See Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. 

140 (1985).

Date: June 6, 2022 ___________________________________

G. MICHAEL HARVEY

UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

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