P.1 

OAR Box 1850 

Prepped by Ollie Stewart 

Document Number: 

72) IV-B-2 

Docket Number: 

A-90-07 

Printed 11/18/2008 11:09:28 AM Sheet 72 of 161 
$ A \ UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 

P.2 

/MO-07 

% ^ 

ANN ARBOR. MICHIGAN 48105 

OFFICE OF 

AIR ANO RADIATION 

FEB 0 7 1934 

MEMORANDUM 

SUBJECT: Engine-out versus Tailpipe Emissions in Lightduty Vehicles 

FROM: Stephen Mayotte, Chemical Engineer f iM; - M 

Special Regulatory Projects Branch tyC /''w*-

TO: Docket A-90-07 S\ ^ 

THRU: Judith Gray, Senior Project Manager ^'Isj&^u \/ / / 

Special Regulatory Projects Brancly^^/ (_y 

The tailpipe (post-catalyst) emissions of warmed-up, normally 

operating vehicles are mainly comprised of only a dozen or so 

prominent hydrocarbon species. The use of such emissions for 

inhaicition exposure testing in the Fuels and Fuel Additives (F/FA) 

program would therefore not be expected to ascertain the potential 

toxicological effects of hundreds of other hydrocarbon species 

which are commonly released into the atmosphere by normal vehicles 

during the cold start period and by malfunctioning (high-emitting) 

vehicles. 

The attached analysis was conducted to determine the 

suitability of using engine-out (non-catalyzed) emissions as a 

surrogate for cold start and high-emitter emissions within the 

biological testing program. The analysis uses data from the 

Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research Program as well as data 

from EPA's Reformulated Gasoline Test Program. In all, it includes 

Federal Test Procedure (FTP) data from twenty light-duty vehicles 

running on fuels representing industry average gasoline. The 

results show a high degree of overlap between engine-out 

hydrocarbon emissions and the tailpipe emissions of high-emitting 

vehicles and/or normal vehicles during the cold start. Thus, from 

this perspective, the engine-out approach does appear to offer a 

reasonable method for generating the animal test exposures which 

the F/FA program requires. 

Attachment 
P.3 

Engine-out versus Tailpipe Emissions 

in Light-duty Vehicles 

Given the benefits of modern emission control technology, the toxic air pollutants 

attributable to automobile exhaust are thought to come predominantly from two sources: 

malfunctioning vehicles ("high emitters") and normal vehicles during the cold start period, 

when the engine runs rich and the catalytic converter has not yet reached effective 

temperature. The emissions from these two important sources are not well represented by 

hot catalyzed exhaust generated from continuously-operating, well-maintained vehicles. 

For inhalation toxicity testing conducted in compliance with the Fuels and Fuel 

Additives Registration program, it is important that the animal exposure atmospheres 

contain the appropriate range of emission species. Recent speciated hydrocarbon (HC) 

exhaust emission data produced by the Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research 

Program (Auto/Oil)1'

2

 and by the EPA3 provide a basis for determining how well the 

cold start and high-emitter sources can be simulated using engine-out (noncatalyzed) 

emissions in lieu of catalyzed tailpipe emissions. 

To examine the degree of similarity between engine-out emissions, cold start 

tailpipe emissions,4 and high-emitter tailpipe emissions, three key analyses have been 

conducted. The first analysis compared engine-out and cold-start tailpipe HCs produced 

by three normal-emitting vehicles from the Auto/Oil study. The second analysis compared 

the same three vehicles' engine-out HCs to the cold-start tailpipe HCs produced by ten 

nonnal-emitting vehicles used in an EPA study. The third analysis compared the same 

engine-out emissions to the tailpipe emissions of seven high-emitting vehicles included 

in the Auto/Oil study. During emission testing all vehicles were operated on a common 

industry average gasoline formula (Auto/Oil's RFA fuel). 

An average weight percent of total HC for each exhaust constituent was calculated 

for the three-, seven-, and ten-vehicle fleets. Maximum and minimum weight percent 

values were calculated in order to determine emission variability and to establish a range 

1

 "Effects of Gasoline Composition on Vehicle Engine-Out and Tailpipe Hydrocarbon 

Emissions - The Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement research Program" - SAE #920329. 

2

 AQIRP's Technical Bulletin #11, "A Study Of Fuel Effects On Emissions From High 

Emitting Vehicles" - December 1992. 

3

 EPA's Refonnulated Gasoline Phase II Test Program 

4

 Represented by emissions collected during the first segment of the Federal Test Procedure, 

i.e., FTP Bag 1 emissions. 
P.4 

of expected emissions for each exhaust constituent. Summary data from these analyses, 

displayed in Tables 1-6 at the end of this report, show that engine-out emissions closely 

simulate both cold start tailpipe emissions and high-emitting vehicle tailpipe emissions. 

The composition weight percent ranges found in the engine-out, cold start, and high 

emitter cases overlapped for nearly all of the measured HC species.5 

Table 1 summarizes the average engine-out and tailpipe HC emissions for the three 

normal-emitting vehicles tested by Auto/Oil. This table has been sorted in descending 

order on the weight percent of engine-out emissions for the first vehicle listed. Several 

key observations are evident: 

• The tailpipe emissions for each vehicle decline greatly, both in total exhaust mass 

and in the number of constituents, as the vehicle warms up. This can be seen by 

comparing Bag 1 tailpipe emissions to those from Bag 2 and Bag 3. The EPA data 

in Table 2 supports this observation. 

• A dozen or fewer compounds account for approximately 99 wt% of the warmed 

up vehicle's HC emissions (see the highlighted Bag 2 species). 

• For any given vehicle, the engine-out emissions for the three bags are similar in 

composition, though the total engine-out HC mass declines as the engine warms up. 

Engine-out emission compositions are also similar between the three vehicles, even 

though they have different emission control equipment. 

• Comparison across all three vehicles of "warm" engine-out emissions (Bag 2) vs. 

the cold-start tailpipe emissions (Bag 1) shows that the large majority of the 

engine-out HC species also occurs in the cold-start tailpipe exhaust. As discussed 

below, the number of "extra" species present in the engine-out emissions drops to 

only five when the emissions of the ten additional vehicles in the EPA study are 

included in the analysis. 

Table 3 provides Federal Test Procedure (FTP) Composite speciated HC emissions 

for each of the vehicle fleets included in the analysis, i.e., the three normal-emitting 

vehicles from the Auto/Oil study that were presented in Table 1 (including both engine-out 

5

 The major exception in all cases was methane. Methane weight percent for both the cold 

start and high emitters was approximately three times higher than the corresponding engine-out 

weight percent. On the other hand, the mass of Bag 1 engine-out HC emissions was about 3-4 

times higher than the mass of Bag 1 cold start tailpipe emissions. As a result, the total mass of 

methane remained fairly constant before and after the catalytic converter. 
P.5 

and tailpipe HCs), the ten normal-emitting vehicles in the EPA study (tailpipe emissions 

only), and the seven-vehicle fleet of high emitters from the Auto/Oil study (tailpipe 

emissions only). For each of these fleets, the table shows the minimum and maximum 

weight percent for each of 149 chemical species that the Auto/Oil and EPA speciation 

profiles have in common. 

Review of the data in Table 3 indicates that the FTP composite engine-out 

emissions are compositionally very similar to the composite tailpipe emissions from both 

normal and high-emitting vehicles. Because engine-out emissions are similar in all phases 

of the FTP, the composite engine-out speciation data can validly represent the variety of 

emissions which would occur in a continuously running vehicle (generally represented by 

Bag 2 alone). Moreover, the composite data on tailpipe emissions can validly represent 

the range of constituents in cold-start (Bag 1) emissions, since all the species in Bags 2 

and 3 also occur in Bag 1. Thus, Table 3 demonstrates a high degree of overlap between 

the engine-out emissions from warmed-up vehicles on the one hand, and the tailpipe 

emissions during the normal cold start and from high emitters on the other hand. 

Table 4 supports this conclusion by examining the cases where the engine-out and 

tailpipe emissions differ. Part A of Table 4 displays five HC species that were the only 

components identified in the engine-out emissions that were absent from the tailpipe 

emissions of all of the normal-emitting vehicles studied. These five constituents account 

for only 0.16 weight percent of the average total engine-out emissions. Analysis of the 

high-emitting vehicle data showed that these five species were present in high emitter 

tailpipe exhaust. The implication of these findings to health effects testing is that the use 

of engine-out emissions is not expected to introduce a significant amount of new HC 

species that would not already be found in the tailpipe emissions of some vehicles. 

Parts B and C of Table 4 address the possibility that engine-out emissions might 

under-represent tailpipe emissions. Part B highlights six speices present only in the 

emissions of the high-emitting vehicles. Together, these species account for a maximum 

of only 0.254 weight percent. In Part C, 13 chemical species are listed that were present 

in the tailpipe emissions of some of the vehicles studied but absent in the engine-out 

emissions. The total average weight percent of these 13 species accounted for only 0.43 

percent of the total tailpipe emissions of the ten-vehicle EPA fleet. Therefore, the 

majority of tailpipe emissions appears to be well represented by engine-out emissions. 

For health effects testing purposes, emissions will be generated from a vehicle that 

runs continuously for several hours per day. The emission stream used in health effects 

testing would thus appear to be most closely approximated by Bag 2 emissions, when the 

vehicle is warmed up. To see how well engine-out Bag 2 emissions represent cold start 

tailpipe emissions, Table 5 compares these two emission sources using the Auto/Oil data 
P.6 

from the fleet of three normal-emitting vehicles. The results show an overlap between the 

engine-out and tailpipe emission ranges for most of the measured HC species. In 23 of 

29 cases where the ranges did not overlap (highlighted in the table), the emission ranges 

are within 0.36 weight percent of each other. Therefore, the Bag 2 engine-out emissions 

are quite similar to cold start tailpipe emissions. 

Table 6 displays a similar analysis between engine-out Bag 2 emissions from 

normal-emitting vehicles and composite high emitter tailpipe emissions. As in the 

previous case, the ranges for most of the HC species overlap, and 17 of the nonoverlapping ranges were within 0.36 weight percent of each other. 

In conclusion, engine-out emissions appear to be a reasonable surrogate for highemitting vehicle emissions and cold start emissions, and thus can be considered 

appropriate for animal exposure testing in the Fuels and Fuel Additives Program. The 

similarity of the engine-out emissions to the cold start tailpipe emissions of different 

vehicle types along with their similarity to high emitter tailpipe exhaust may also reduce 

the need to test a vehicle fleet comprised of different technology types and emitter classes. 
TABLE 1: Auto/Oil Taitpipe vs. Engine-out Emissions tor the Industry Average Gasoline. wt% 

Speciated Compound 

Ethene-v-i'ij 

To&iene::

:

' ;.j£ .-j; 

Ethyne 

mAp-Xyiene 

Propone'':: !sW::&;; £; 

Baravrio &%; \s.'il-•• ^l^S.';":' 

HETHAW^^^SKXCV -

FORUALOEHYDE 

E-Benzene 

2t*Pentane C7 

o-Xytene 

1,2,4-TM-Benzene 

2M-Prapene 

2M-fiutano C6 

2A4-TM4>*nwne CS 

1M-3E-Benzene 

Sutaiw C4 

Pentane- C5 

Ethane "" C2 

1,3-Butadiene 

3M-Pentane 

Hexane 

ACETALDEHYDE 

Styrene 

2.3,4-TM-Pentane 

BENZALDEHYDE 

1-Butane 

t-2-Butene 

2,3-DM-Butane 

ACROLEIN 

£3-DM-Pentane 

1,3,5-TM-Benzene 

1 U-4E-Benzene 

3M'Hexane 

2U-2-Butene 

2M-Hexane 

2^-OM-Butane 

1 E-2M-Benzene 

Heptane 

3M-Heptane 

2,4-DM-Octane 

2.4-DM-Pentane 

U-Cycfopentane 

2M-1,3-Butadiene 

2*4-1 butane 

2M-Heptane 

Cydopentadbne 

1,2,3-TM-Benzene 

t-2-Pentene 

2,4-DM-Hexane 

n-PropBenzene 

n-ButBenzene 

2.3-DM-Hexane 

Octane 

ACETONE 

Naphthalene 

CROTONALDEHYDE 

Total of top 12; TP species: 

Note: EO = Enaine Out Err 

1991 Camaro, S.7L PFI, EGR, Air, 3WOX. 31 

Bag 

EO 

10.49 

6.58 

6.11 

5.93 

5.49 

4.53 

2.93 

2.78 

2.56 

2.21 

2.04 

2.03 

1.98 

1.84 

1.78 

1.59 

1.51 

1.39 

1.22 

1.13 

1.12 

1.0S 

1.08 

0.97 

0.93 

0.91 

0.84 

0.77 

0.76 

0.73 

0.72 

0.68 

0.67 

0.66 

0.63 

0.63 

0.61 

0.59 

0.55 

0.53 

0.5 i 

0.49 

0.47 

0.43 

0.43 

0.42 

0.41 

0.39 

0.38 

0.38 

0.38 

0.37 

0.33 

0.31 

0.30 

0.27 

0.27 

issions, TP 

TP 

9.40 

5.39 

2.48 

5.19 

4.14 

3.87 

11.57 

1.90 

£27 

3.09 

1.76 

1.70 

1.34 

3.35 

2.51 

1.40 

4.79 

2.65 

3.72 

0.78 

1.62 

1.55 

0.99 

0.55 

1.20 

0.42 

0.76 

0.47 

1.09 

0.42 

1.01 

0.60 

0.59 

0.85 

0.64 

0.84 

1.14 

0.59 

0.56 

0.66 

0.41 

0.64 

0.63 

0.39 

0.31 

0.44 

0.37 

0.32 

0.37 

0.42 

0.36 

0.51 

0.26 

0.48 

0.42 

0.20 

0.00 

-Tailpi 

Bag 2 

EO 

11.13 

6.35 

7.33 

5.59 

5.51 

4.70 

3.37 

3.88 

2.44 

2.10 

1.90 

1.99 

2.04 

1.92 

1.73 

1.55 

2.01 

1.42 

1.44 

1.14 

1.10 

1.02 

1.06 

0.86 

0.87 

0.91 

0.84 

0.73 

0.71 

0.67 

0.69 

0.67 

0.66 

0.61 

0.65 

0.60 

0.64 

0.58 

0.41 

0.48 

0.43 

0.48 

0.46 

0.40 

0.47 

0.36 

0.41 

0.34 

0.38 

0.35 

0.38 

0.46 

0.21 

0.29 

0.32 

0.19 

0.26 

ipe emrasic 

TP 

•.:••:::;.• 0.0 0 

0 70 

0.00 

0.00 

000 

000 

mjzs9 

miiAZTZ 

0.00 

000 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.W 

o-on 

0.00 

3:78 

o.oo; 

1738 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.24 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

028 

0.00 

0.00 

96 76 

ns. 

00 mi 

Bag 3 

EO 

10.98 

6.19 

7.20 

5.47 

5.45 

4.60 

3.35 

3.33 

£40 

2.27 

1.84 

1.75 

£05 

£42 

1.70 

1.46 

3.87 

1.65 

1.36 

0.99 

1.13 

1.05 

0.98 

0.74 

0.86 

0.83 

0.77 

0.76 

0.77 

0.63 

0.68 

0.63 

0.63 

0.63 

0.67 

0.58 

0.63 

0.49 

0.38 

0.49 

0.42 

0.45 

0.47 

0.25 

0.45 

0.37 

0.17 

0.36 

0.42 

0.35 

0.39 

0.45 

0.21 

0.29 

0.37 

0.15 

0.23 

TP 

3.86 

2.81 

0.00 

2.08 

1.27 

2.52 

45.17 

1.16 

1.08 

2.46 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

3.39 

2.23 

0.00 

8.13 

3.32 

13.36 

0.00 

1.33 

1.27 

0.12 

0.00 

o.oo: 

0.00 

o.oo; 

0.00 

0.46j 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

1.75 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

o.oo 

o.oo 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

1988 Taurus. 3.0L PFI. 

Bag 

EO 

8.92 

6.64 

6.06 

6.60 

5.00 

4.21 

3.23 

1.71 

2.75 

2.58 

2.25 

2.22 

1.72 

2.43 

1.91 

1.75 

2.87 

1.81 

1.17 

1.05 

1.28 

1.28 

0.65 

0.73 

1.05 

0.56 

0.78 

0.33 

0.87 

0.42 

0.83 

0.78 

0.77 

0.75 

0.66 

0.77 

0.65 

0.61 

0.65 

0.60 

0.47 

0.53 

0.55 

0.24 

0.41 

0.47 

0.13 

0.42 

0.40 

0.41 

0.43 

0.50 

0.24 

0.40 

0.21 

0.16 

0.13 

1 

TP 

7.26 

7.12 

3.90 

7.10 

3.62 

5.06 

8.72 

0.96 

2.82 

3.22 

2.45 

2.34 

1.90 

3.00 

2.70 

1.92 

3.17 

2.29 

1.80 

0.63 

1.65 

1.65 

0.48 

0.43 

1.37 

0.20 

0.00 

0.38 

1.09 

0.06 

1.10 

0.91 

0.83 

1.04 

0.66 

0.97 

0.84 

0.62 

0.74 

0.86 

0.19 

0.75 

0.70 

0.29 

0.29 

0.63 

0.23 

0.47 

0.36 

0.54 

0.47 

0.67 

0.31 

0.53 

0.08 

0.31 

0.03 

Bag 

EO 

9.94 ^ 

6.51 iV 

6.25 

6.25 

5.43 r 

4.41 [_ 

3.11E 

2.98 [_ 

2.66 

2.38 £ 

2.10 

2.06 

1.37 

2.34pT 

1.86 ft 

1.66 

2.68 r 

1.73 0 

1.33£ 

1.21 

1.23 

1.19 

0.78 

0.77 

1.02 

0.68 

0.41 

0.77 

0.80 

0.47 

0.79 

0.71 

0.71 

0.71 

0.66 

0.69 

0.66 

0.55 

0.46 

0.56 

0.46 

0.52 

0.51 

0.39 

0.44 

0.43 

0.34 

0.38 

0.41 

0.39 

0.41 

0.44 

0.26 

0.36 

0.27 

0.19 

0.16 

h 

No Air, K 

2 

TP 

:;;-o:oo 

:::

 :':

4;9t 

0.00 

0.00 

000 

550 

: 70.25 

v.:-::. 2J42 

0.00 

•s ;v:;o.oo 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

s^sais 

0.00 

567 

440 

000 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.47 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.11 

0.00 

0.00 

99 12 

lb~EGR, 3W. 25000 mi 1990 Shadow, 2.SL TBI, 

Bag 

EO 

9.76 

6.39 

7.08 

6.09 

5.37 

4.29 

3.49 

2.68 

£55 

2.36 

2.03 

1.98 

1.89 

2.25 

1.81 

1.56 

2.56 

1.66 

1.27 

1.34 

1.23 

1.15 

0.71 

0.85 

0.95 

0.62 

0.78 

0.80 

0.78 

0.42 

0.76 

0.68 

0.66 

0.69 

0.64 

0.70 

0.64 

0.52 

0.52 

0.53 

0.47 

0.51 

0.49 

0.52 

0.41 

0.42 

0.50 

0.34 

0.38 

0.35 

0.39 

0.40 

0.23 

0.35 

0.24 

0.25 

0.16 

3 

TP 

9.95 

7.38 

0.43 

5.87 

3.64 

6.75 

18.50 

0.32 

2.30 

3.60 

1.99 

1.46 

2.11 

3.37 

3.15 

1.43 

3.94 

2.62 

2.86 

0.00 

1.83 

1.74 

0.35 

0.00 

1.33 

0.00 

0.00 

0.27 

1.24 

0.00 

1.16 

0.66 

0.33 

1.08 

0.63 

0.94 

0.97 

0.26 

0.72 

0.86 

0.00 

0.81 

0.41 

0.00 

0.00 

0.46 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.26 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.32 

0.20 

0.00 

0.00 

Bag 

EO 

8.67 

7.13 

6.87 

7.02 

4.66 

4.44 

3.47 

0.94 

2.84 

2.42 

2.38 

2.44 

1.60 

2.40 

2.02 

1.87 

2.64 

1.71 

1.11 

0.96 

1.27 

1.26 

0.60 

0.74 

1.05 

0.56 

0.80 

0.71 

0.84 

0.38 

0.84 

0.85 

0.82 

0.78 

0.62 

0.75 

0.62 

0.68 

0.58 

0.62 

0.43 

0.58 

0.53 

0.17 

0.38 

0.46 

0.14 

0.47 

0.38 

0.42 

0.45 

0.50 

0.21 

0.39 

0.17 

0.26 

0.11 

1 

TP 

6.78 

7.00 

2.53 

6.35 

3.15 

5.90 

8.18 

0.54 

2.62 

3.75 

2.19 

2.03 

1.46 

3.59 

2.79 

1.69 

4.17 

2.77 

1.60 

0.54 

1.93 

1.87 

0.34 

0.48 

1.52 

0.19 

0.22 

0.41 

1.30 

0.11 

1.21 

0.77 

0.71 

1.11 

0.76 

1.08 

1.02 

0.59 

0.92 

0.88 

0.43 

0.83 

0.83 

0.30 

0.36 

0.53 

0.00 

0.43 

0.46 

0.54 

0.40 

0.75 

0.33 

0.55 

0.20 

0.46 

0.00 

Bag 

EO 

9.42 V 

6.94!' -

6.53 

6.88 

5.21; 

4.331 

3.40i •:• 

1.82\ 

2.82 

2.18 ^ 

2.32 

2.61 

1.87 

•

 2

-

2 6LL 

1.82: 

1.93 

2.46;: •• 

1.61 [••:;• 

1.33l:-v 

1.22 

1.11 

1.08 

0.76 

0.89 

0.96 

0.72 

0.81 

0.75 

0.73 

0.45 

0.73 

0.86 

0.85 

0.64 

0.63 

0.64 

0.63 

0.66 

0.50 

0.58 

0.42 

0.47 

0.52 

0.52 

0.41 

0.43 

0.50 

0.47 

0.37 

0.40 

0.46 

0.74 

0.20 

0.36 

0.23 

0.31 

0.17 

f" 

EGR, No Air. 3W, 87 

2 

TP 

\&A4 

8.52 

0.00 

0.00 

,.:1.98: 

116.07 

•35.96 

10.15 

0.00 

•:: 4:.94| 

0.00 

O.OO 

0.00 

:.-::5.84: 

:. : 3.65 

0.00 

:>.6.67 

A04TI.. 

::•:;. 4^3: 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.49 

0.00 

0.00 

.:. 99.51: 

Bag 

EO 

10.29 

7.03 

7.87 

6.61 

5.17 

4.71 

3.86 

2.12 

£67 

2.15 

2.21 

£24 

1.77 

2.31 

1.76 

1,77 

£55 

1.60 

1.33 

0.94 

1.14 

1.12 

0.75 

0.76 

0.84 

0.70 

0.84 

0.83 

0.71 

0.45 

0.72 

0.78 

0.76 

0.67 

0.58 

0.63 

0.57 

0.63 

0.43 

0.54 

0.42 

0.48 

0.48 

0.12 

0.39 

0.40 

0.07 

0.41 

0.35 

0.35 

0.42 

0.61 

0.16 

0.34 

0.22 

0.21 

0.12 

00 m 

3 ; 

TP 

9.26 

8.13 

0.44 

4.29 

3.09 

9.88 

17.58 

0.11 

1.99 

4.36 

1.56 

0.00 

1.58 

4.58 

3.17 

0.91 

6.38 

3.74 

3.08 

0.00 

2.28 

2.13 

0.00 

0.00 

0.84 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

1.49 

0.00 

1.371 

0.00 

0.00 

1.22 

0.00 

1.21 

1.15 

0.00 

0.90 

1.19 

0.00 

0.96 

0.91 

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P.9 

TABLE 2: EPA's Reformulated Gasoline Phase II Summary 

Veh # 

2582 

2593 

2694 

2707 

2709 

2586 

2568A 

2568B 

2578 

2590 

2570A 

2570B 

2570C 

Tech Type 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

3 

3 

3 

4 

7 

7 

7 

Range: 

Number of HC Species Detected 

in Tailpipe Exhaust Emissions from 

10 Normal-Emitting Vehicles using 

an Industry Average Gasoline 

Bag 1 

118 

115 

103 

115 

97 

118 

104 

91 

118 

116 

124 

122 

121 

91-124 

Bag 2 

36 

40 

27 

32 

14 

28 

33 

34 

25 

32 

47 

42 

43 

14-47 

Bag 3 

52 

41 

74 

53 

40 

61 

46 

45 

70 

54 

58 

83 

71 

40-83 
P.10 

TABLE 3: FTP Composite Englne-out vs. Talpipe Emissions Using An Industry Average Qasoline 

Speciated Compounds 

Methane 

Ethene 

Ethyne 

Ethane 

Propene 

Propane 

Propadlene 

Propyne 

2M-Propane 

2M-Propene 

1 -Butene 

1,3-Butadene 

Butane 

t-2-Butene 

2.2-DM-Propane 

1-Butyne 

c-2-Butene 

3M-1 -Butene 

2M-Butane 

2-Butyne 

1 -Pent ene 

2M-1 -Butene 

Pentane 

2M-1,3-Butadiene 

t-2-Pentene 

3.3-DM-1-Butene 

c-2-Pentene 

2M-2-Butene 

Cyclopentadlene 

2,2-DM-Butane 

Cyclopentene 

4M-1 -Pentene 

3M-1 -Pentene 

Cyclopentane 

2,3-DM-Butane 

MTBE 

4M-c-2-Pentene 

2M-Pentane 

4M-t-2-Pentene 

3M-Pentane 

2M-1-Pentene 

1-Hexene 

Hexane 

t-3-Hexene 

.c-3-Hexene 

t-2-Hexene 

3M-t-2-Pentene 

2M-2-Pentene 

3M-Cyclopentene 

c-2-Hexene 

ETBE 

2,2-DM-Pentane 

M-Cyclopentane 

2,4-DM-Pentane 

2,2,3-TM-Butane 

Benzene 

3M-1-Hexene 

3,3-DM-Pentane 

Cyclohexane 

2M-Hexane 

2,3-DM-Pentane 

Cyclohexene 

3M-Hexane 

c-1,3-DM-CycloPentane 

t-1.2-DM-CycloPentane 

1-Heptene 

2,2,4-TM-Pentane 

t-3-Heptene 

Heptane 

2M-2-Hexene 

3M-t-3-Hexene 

t-2-Heptene 

3E-c-2-Pentene 

2.4.4-TM-1-Pentene 

2,3-DM-2-Pentene 

c-2-Heptene 

Auto/ai 3 Nonnal 

Engine-out 

Min Wt% 

3.205 

9.426 

6.236 

1.257 

4.977 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

1.329 

0.396 

0.982 

2.286 

0.562 

0.000 

0.000 

0.267 

0.065 

1.970 

0.000 

0.215 

0.399 

1.415 

0.212 

0.359 

0.000 

0.213 

0.604 

0.174 

0.612 

0.065 

0.000 

0.000 

0.027 

0.721 

0.000 

0.000 

2.108 

0.000 

1.084 

0.053 

0.064 

1.020 

0.024 

0.000 

0.143 

0.208 

0.044 

0.000 

0.018 

0.194 

0.000 

0.466 

0.475 

0.000 

4.281 

0.000 

0.000 

0.028 

0.595 

0.694 

0.000 

0.620 

0.062 

0.192 

0.000 

1.724 

0.000 

0.432 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

MaxWt% 

3.545 

11.052 

7.088 

1.378 

5.557 

0.184 

0.414 

0.426 

0.192 

2.062 

0.829 

1.266 

2.746 

0.782 

0.000 

0.018 

0.341 

0.184 

2.383 

0.000 

0.255 

0.471 

1.790 

0.467 

0.406 

0.000 

0.266 

0.669 

0.446 

0.657 

0.147 

0.103 

0.046 

0.141 

0.838 

0.035 

0.000 

2.480 

0.147 

1.268 

0.137 

0.148 

1.235 

0.058 

0.000 

0.172 

0.238 

0.176 

0.000 

0.093 

0.220 

0.000 

0.524 

0.520 

0.000 

4.658 

0.000 

0.100 

0.116 

0.742 

0.812 

0.048 

0.724 

0.149 

0.231 

0.000 

1.890 

0.029 

0.546 

0.061 

0.000 

0.013 

0.000 

0.006 

0.000 

0.000 

-Emitting Veh 

Tallf 

Min Wt% 

15.654 

6.116 

1.282 

1.858 

2.553 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.726 

0.000 

0.282 

3.318 

0.185 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

2.787 

0.000 

0.000 

0.167 

2.098 

0.138 

0.211 

0.000 

0.000 

0.346 

0.000 

0.804 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.609 

0.000 

0.000 

2.169 

0.000 

1.152 

0.000 

0.000 

1.097 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.138 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.344 

0.353 

0.000 

2.692 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.481 

0.560 

0.000 

0.459 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

1.829 

0.000 

0.314 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

ides 

ilpe 

Max Wt% 

33.068 

7.577 

3.495 

9.081 

3.365 

0.221 

0.131 

0.000 

0.371 

1.869 

0.475 

0.479 

5.629 

0.382 

0.000 

0.000 

0.353 

0.000 

4.866 

0.000 

0.117 

0.197 

3.690 

0.236 

0.257 

0.000 

0.187 

0.634 

0.216 

1.014 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

1.123 

0.000 

0.000 

4.166 

0.000 

1.665 

0.000 

0.000 

1.615 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.168 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.130 

0.000 

0.704 

0.747 

0.000 

9.238 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.943 

1.042 

0.000 

1.002 

0.109 

0.192 

0.000 

3.416 

0.000 

0.776 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

EPA 10 Normal 

Emitting Vehicles 

Tailpipe 

Min Wt% 

9.263 

2.973 

0.401 

0.981 

1.189 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.026 

0.623 

0.174 

2.277 

0.136 

0.000 

0.000 

0.094 

0.028 

2.393 

0.051 

0.090 

2.005 

0.064 

0.130 

0.000 

0.067 

0.268 

0.040 

0.651 

0.030 

0.000 

0.037 

0.926 

0.000 

2.956 

0.000 

1.435 

0.038 

1.214 

0.000 

0.044 

0.044 

0.044 

0.000 

0.000 

0.027 

0.513 

0.565 

0.000 

2.427 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.613 

0.814 

0.667 

0.067 

0.102 

0.000 

1.915 

0.000 

0.428 

0.000 

0.000/ 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

Max Wt% 

22.643 

9.772 

2.290 

4.376 

4.199 

0.542 

0.204 

0.115 

0.113 

1.7S1 

2.967 

7.849 

0.463 

0.131 

0.069 

0.411 

0.083 

6.334 

0,136 

0.253 

4.607 

0.279 

0.331 

0.031 

0.183 

0.624 

0.276 

1.551 

0.143 

0.054 

0.164 

1.952 

0.000 

S.716 

0.000 

2.795 

0.088 

2.671 

0.075 

0.123 

0.139 

0.098 

0.063 

0.000 

0.058 

0.908 

1.141 

0.046 

6.512 

0.138 

0.043 

0.126 

1.264 

1.831 

1.414 

0.197 

0.414 

0.034 

5.744 

0.055 

1.173 

0.132 

0.041 

0.000 

0.080 

0.040 

Auto/Oil 7 High 

Emitting Vehicles 

Tailpipe 

Min Wt% 

6.623 

7.094 

0.415 

0.163 

2.230 

0.089 

0.000 

0.000 

0.062 

0.924 

0.000 

0.410 

1.566 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.094 

0.020 

1.343 

0.000 

0.058 

0.160 

1.022 

0.152 

0.163 

0.000 

0.101 

0.351 

0.123 

0.366 

0.040 

0.000 

0.000 

0.068 

0.457 

0.000 

0.000 

1.424 

0.000 

0.706 

0.000 

0.000 

0.714 

0.000 

0.000 

0.052 

0.079 

0.055 

0.000 

0.000 

0.075 

0.000 

0.301 

0.317 

0.000 

4.020 

0.000 

0.036 

0.039 

0.418 

0.448 

0.000 

0.436 

0.085 

0.133 

0.000 

1.081 

0.000 

0.398 

0.032 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

MaxWt% 

15.000 

10.500 

23.806 

2.746 

5.550 

0.178 

0.104 

0.177 

0.244 

3.118 

0.429 

1.063 

6.268 

0.464 

0.318 

0.034 

0.292 

0.127 

4.906 

0.033 

0.205 

0.454 

3.465 

0.699 

0.397 

0.014 

0.259 

0.738 

0.462 

1.158 

0.112 

0.000 

0.087 

0.192 

1.418 

0.086 

0.000 

4.395 

0.081 

2.166 

0.122 

0.119 

2.064 

0.108 

0.118 

0.176 

0.254 

0.164 

0.000 

0.098 

0.233 

0.063 

0.754 

0.815 

0.090 

7.799 

0.003 

0.092 

0.184 

1.041 

1.157 

0.038 

1.087 

0.210 

0.301 

0.066 

2.779 

0.071 

0.864 

0.161 

0.000 

0.066 

0.042 

0.050 

0.000 

0.060 

Note: Shaded regions Indicate a shared QC peak assignment 
TABLE 3: FTP Composite Englne-out vs. Composite Talpipe Emissions (Continued) 

P.11 

Speciated Compounds 

M-Cyclohexane 

2,2-DM-Hexane 

2,4,4-TM-2-Pentene 

2,5-DM-Hexane 

E-Cyclopentane 

2,4-DM-Hexane 

3,3-DM-Hexane 

2,3,4-TM-Pentane 

Toluene 

2,3-DM-Hexane 

2M-Heplane 

4M-Heplane 

3M-Heptane 

1c,2t,3-TM-CycPentane 

c-1,3-DM-CycHexane 

t-1,4-DM-CycHexane 

2,2,5-TM-Hexane 

1-Octene 

t-4-Octene 

Octane 

t-2-Octene 

t-1,3-DM-CycHexane 

c-2-Octene 

2,3,5-TM-Hexane 

2,4-DM-Heptane 

1c-2-DM-CydoHexane 

E-CycHexane 

3,5-DM-Heptane 

E-Benzene 

2,3-DM-Heptane 

m&p-Xylene 

4M-Octane 

3M -Octane 

Styrene 

o-Xylene 

1-Nonene 

Nonane 

i-PropBenzene 

2,2-DM-Octane 

2,4-DM-Octane 

n-PropBenzene 

1M-3E-Benzene 

1M-4E-Benzene 

1,3,5-TM-Benzene 

1E-2M-Benzene 

1,2,4-TM-Benzene 

Decane 

s-ButBenzene 

1 M-4-i-But Benzene 

1,2,3-TM-Benzene 

Ind an 

1,3-DE-Benzene 

1,4-DE-Benzene 

n-ButBenzene 

1,2-DE-Benzene 

Undecane 

1,2,4,5-TetMBenzene 

1,2,3,5-TetMBenzene 

1,2,3,4-TetMBenzene 

Naphthalene 

Dodecane 

Formaldehyde 

Acetaldehyde 

Acrolein 

Acetone 

Proplonaldehyde 

Crotonaldehyde 

n-Butyraldehyde 

Butanone 

Benzaldehyde 

Pentan aldehyde 

p-Tolualdehyde 

Hexan aldehyde 

Auto/O 

Engine 

Min Wt% 

0.151 

0.000 

0.000 

0.225 

0.000 

0.353 

0.000 

0.869 

6.336 

0.190 

0.372 

0.148 

0.497 

0.000 

0.016 

0.000 

0.232 

0.000 

0.000 

0.295 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.028 

2.430 

0.000 

5.630 

0.237 

0.163 

0.687 

1.893 

0.000 

0.023 

0.027 

0.000 

0.409 

0.374 

1.479 

0.618 

0.621 

0.546 

1.918 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.340 

0.184 

0.171 

0.135 

0.379 

0.068 

0.000 

0.040 

0.042 

0.027 

0.053 

0.000 

1.511 

0.713 

0.410 

0.187 

0.085 

0.135 

0.076 

0.061 

0.634 

0.000 

0.170 

0.000 

13 Normal 

-out 

Max Wt% 

0.297 

0.147 

0.000 

0.285 

0.000 

0.404 

0.049 

1.034 

7.014 

0.275 

0.446 

0.172 

0.583 

0.000 

0.032 

0.000 

0.279 

0.021 

0.012 

0.383 

0.000 

0.041 

0.028 

0.000 

0.022 

0.016 

0.000 

0.047 

2.823 

0.000 

6.892 

0.296 

0.232 

0.905 

2319 

0.043 

0.097 

0.101 

0.000 

0.499 

0.459 

1.892 

0.832 

0.854 

0.678 

£514 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.467 

0.246 

0.290 

0.176 

0.785 

0.203 

0.015 

0.249 

0.240 

0.129 

0.348 

0.000 

3.562 

1.049 

0.689 

0.346 

0.124 

0.255 

0.160 

0.127 

0.907 

0.072 

0.275 

0.000 

Emitting Veh 

TaJip 

Min Wt% 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.137 

0.000 

0.228 

0.000 

0.653 

3.763 

0.147 

0.181 

0.000 

0.358 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.154 

0.000 

0.000 

0.262 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

1.447 

0.000 

3.325 

0.169 

0.000 

0.246 

0.996 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.200 

0.765 

0.330 

0.335 

0.283 

0.974 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.154 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.285 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.313 

0.157 

0.006 

0.099 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.064 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

des 

Ipe 

Max Wt% 

0.244 

0.000 

0.000 

0.237 

0.000 

0.493 

0.000 

1.277 

8.282 

0.198 

0.528 

0.157 

0.804 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.357 

0.000 

0.000 

0.514 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

2.504 

0.000 

6.344 

0.278 

0.188 

0.341 

2.165 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.294 

0.303 

1.632 

0.690 

0.785 

0.546 

1.913 

0.068 

0.000 

0.000 

0.319 

0.159 

0.103 

0.184 

0.437 

0.000 

1.231 

0.000 

0.201 

0.000 

0.261 

0.000 

2.145 

0.658 

0.280 

0.357 

0.064 

0.040 

0.122 

0.139 

0.241 

0.000 

0.063 

0.000 

EPA 10 Normal 

Emitting Vehldes 

Tailpipe 

Min Wt% 

0.087 

0.000 

0.000 

0.190 

0.312 

0.036 

0.420 

3.444 

0.181 

0.366 

0.151 

0.393 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.136 

0.000 

0.000 

0.179 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

1.033 

0.000 

2.305 

0.111 

0.081 

0.091 

1.028 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.138 

0.938 

0.329 

0.380 

0.291 

1.002 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.156 

0.075 

0.062 

0.141 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.048 

0.000 

0.226 

0.000 

0.429 

0.227 

0.042 

0.092 

0.000 

0.000 

0.072 

0.038 

Max Wt% 

0.375 

0.163 

0.029 

0.514 

0.891 

0.134 

1.339 

8.326 

0.579 

0.967 

0.420 

1.099 

0.192 

0.127 

0.000 

0.620 

0.000 

0.047 

0.834 

0.000 

0.133 

0.000 

0.128 

0.132 

0.136 

0.000 

0.160 

2.866 

0.053 

7.117 

0.363 

0.335 

0.525 

2.976 

0.179 

0.255 

0.138 

0.054 

0.263 

0.602 

2.838 

1.032 

1.112 

0.773 

2.609 

0.527 

0.000 

0.000 

0.595 

0.299 

0.151 

0.454 

0.000 

0.000 

0.163 

0.250 

0.269 

0.070 

0.736 

0.000 

3.566 

1.028 

0.190 

0.344 

0.102 

0.055 

0.386 

0.417 

Auto/OII 

Emitting 

Tailf 

Min Wt% 

0.127 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.262 

0.047 

0.570 

4.934 

0.126 

0.284 

0.110 

0.371 

0.000 

0.023 

0.000 

0.168 

0.016 

0.009 

0.240 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.087 

1.412 

0.000 

3.258 

0.190 

0.132 

0.240 

1.222 

0.046 

0.069 

0.037 

0.000 

0.046 

0.198 

0.717 

0.316 

0.343 

0.315 

0.906 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.075 

0.072 

0.000 

0.059 

0.183 

0.016 

0.000 

0.025 

0.059 

0.029 

0.043 

0.000 

0.024 

0.041 

0.015 

0.021 

0.004 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.023 

0.000 

0.007 

0.000 

7 High 

Vehldes 

ilpe 

Max Wt% 

0.434 

0.137 

0.005 

0.455 

0.283 

0.553 

0.138 

1.611 

8.111 

0.399 

0.621 

0.312 

0.905 

0.000 

0.103 

0.033 

0.422 

0.078 

0.061 

0.659 

0.027 

0.088 

0.028 

0.000 

0.101 

0.088 

0.038 

0.181 

2.728 

0.044 

7.067 

0.515 

0.351 

0.540 

2.557 

0.136 

0.143 

0.129 

6.037 

0.162 

0.590 

1.916 

0.896 

1.068 

0.623 

2.498 

0.043 

0.040 

0.000 

0.474 

0.208 

0.143 

0.161 

0.658 

0.056 

0.054 

0.148 

0.220 

0.120 

0.308 

0.074 

0.830 

0.689 

0.116 

0.532 

0.048 

0.027 

0.054 

0.015 

0.183 

0.015 

0.064 

0.000 
P.12 

TABLE 4: Summary of Engine-out vs. Tailpipe Emission Correlation Exceptions 

PART A 

5 species present in E.O. and 

High-emitter emissions only: 

=========»================= 

MTBE 

4M-t-2-Pentene 

1 -Octene 

c-2-Octene 

1,2-DE-Benzene 

Total o< Wt%: 

PARTB 

6 species present only in 

High-emitter emissions: 

S B BBS B B O S S S B SSSS B eas SSS S SSS S 

3E-c-2-Pentene 

t-1,4-DM-CycHexane 

t-2-Octene 

E-CycHexane 

s-ButBenzene 

Dodecane 

Total of Wt%: 

PARTC 

13 species present only in 

Tailpipe emissions: 

2,2-DM-Propane 

3,3-DM-l -Butene 

2,2-DM-Pentane 

2,2,3-TM-Butane 

3M-1-Hexene 

1 -Heptene 

c-2-Heptene 

2,4,4-TM-2-Pentene 

1 c,2t,3-TM-CycPentane 

2,3,5-TM-Hexane 

2,3-DM-Heptane 

2,2-DM-Octane 

Decane 

Total of Wt%: 

Auto/Oil 3 Normal 

Engine-out 

Min Wt% MaxWt% 

seneBsaaaaeoB a st s B S 

0.000 0.035 

0.000 0.147 

0.000 0.021 

0.000 0.028 

0.068 

0.068 

0.203 

0.433 

-Emitting Vehicles 

Tailpipe 

Min Wt% MaxWt% 

SSSSS SSS SSS S SI SSSSSSSS S 

0.000 0.000 

0.000 0.000 

0.000 0.000 

0.000 0.000 

0.000 0.000 

Auto/Oil 3 Normal-Emitting Vehicles 

Engine-out 

Min Wt% MaxWt% 

ssssss s sssss s sssss s 

0.000 0.000 

0.000 0.000 

0.000 0.000 

0.000 0.000 

0.000 0.000 

0.000 0.000 

Auto/Oil 3 Normal 

Emitting Vehicles 

E.O. 

Max Wt% 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

T.P. 

Max Wt% 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.000 

0.068 

0.000 0.068 

Tailpipe 

Min Wt% MaxWt% 

ansBraasanonsn a 

0.000 0.000 

0.000 0.000 

0.000 0.000 

0.000 0.000 

0.000 0.000 

0.000 0.000 

EPA 10 Norm 

Emitting Vehic 

Tailpipe 

Min Wt% Avg Wt% 

0.000 0.049 

0.000 0.002 

0.027 0.043 

0.000 0.012 

0.000 0.022 

0.000 0.002 

0.000 0.007 

0.000 0.004 

0.000 0.106 

0.000 0.048 

0.000 0.025 

0.000 0.008 

0.000 0.102 

0.027 0.430 

EPA 10 Normal 

Emitting Vehicles 

Tailpipe 

Min Wt% MaxWt% 

a s s SSS S BBJ B sss s sssss s 

0.000 0.000 

0.000 0.000 

0.000 0.000 

0.000 0.000 

0.000 0.000 

EPA 10 Normal 

Emitting Vehicles 

Tailpipe 

Min Wt% Max Wt% 

BsannaaBBBeanii n 

0.000 0.000 

0.000 0.000 

0.000 0.000 

0.000 0.000 

0.000 0.000 

0.000 0.000 

al 

Ies 

Max Wt% 

0.131 

0.031 

0.058 

0.046 

0.138 

0.034 

0.040 

0.029 

0.192 

0.128 

0.053 

0.054 

0.527 

1.461 

Auto/Oil 7 High 

Emitting Vehicles 

Tailpipe 

Min Wt% MaxWt% 

S S S SSS S SBSBSBSBSS S 

0.000 0.086 

0.000 0.081 

0.016 0.078 

0.000 0.028 

0.016 0.056 

0.031 0.328 

Auto/Oil 7 High 

Emitting Vehicles 

Tailpipe 

Min Wt% MaxWt% 

n.n[>3BD>«aiii»» . 

0.000 0.042 

0.000 0.033 

0.000 0.027 

0.000 0.038 

0.000 0.040 

0.000 0.074 

0.254 

Auto/Oil 7 High 

Emitting Vehicles 

Tailpipe 

Min Wt% Avg Wt% Max Wt% 

0.000 0.046 0.318 

0.000 0.002 0.014 

0.000 0.025 0.063 

0.000 0.048 0.090 

0.000 0.000 0.003 

0.000 0.009 0.066 

0.000 0.031 0.060 

0.000 0.001 0.005 

0.000 0.000 0.000 

0.000 0.000 0.000 

0.000 0.023 0.044 

0.000 0.010 0.037 

0.000 

0.000 

0.022 0.043 

0.217 0.743 
P.13 

TABLE 5: Auto/CHI Bag 2 Engine-out vs. Cold Start Tailpipe Emissions 

3 Modern Vehicles using Industry Average Gasoline 

Speciated Compound 

Methane 

Ethene 

Ethyne 

Ethane 

Propene 

Propane 

Propadlene 

Propyne 

2M-Propane 

2M-Propene 1 -Butene 

1,3-Butadlene 

Butane 

t-2-Butene 

2,2-DM-Propane 1 -Butyne 

c-2-Butene 

3M-1-Butene 

2M-Butane 

2-Butyne 

1-Pentene 

2M-1-Butene 

Pentane 

2M-1,3-Butadlene 

t-2-Pentene 

3.3-DM1 -Butene 

c-2-Pentene 

2M-2-Butene 

Cyclopentadtene 

2,2-DM-Butane 

Cyclops ntene 

4M1 -Pentene 

3M1 -Pentene 

Cyclopentane 

^,3-DM-Butane 

MTBE 

4M-c-2-Pentene 

2M-Pentane 

4M-t-2-Pentene 

3M-Pertane 

2M-1-Pentene 

1-Hexene 

Hexane 

t-3-Hexene 

c-3-Hexene 

t-2-Hexen* , . 

3M-t-2-Pentene 

2M-2-Pentene 

3M-Cyclopentsne 

c-2-Hexene 

ETBE 

2,2-DM-Pentane 

M-Cyctopentane 

2,4-OM-Pehtthe 

2,2,3-TM-Butane 

Benzene 3 M-1-Hexene 

3,3-DM-Pentane 

Cycto hexane 

tW***n* 

23-tM^emane 

Cydohexene 

MWwk ' 

c-1,3-DM-CycloPentane 

t-1,2-OM-CydoPentane 1 -Heptene 

Ii2;4-TM^>»ntane'-

:

'

:

'

:

'::' 

t-3-Heptene 

Heptane 

2M-2-Hexene 

3M-t-3-Hexene 

t-2-Heptene 

3E-c-2-Pentene 

2A4-TM-1-Pentene 

2,3-DM-2-Pentene 

c-2-Heptene 

M-Cyclohexane 

2,2-DM-Hexane 

2,4,4-TM-2-Pentone 

2,5-DM-Hexane 

E-Cvciopentane 

B2EO 

Wt% 

Min 

3.01 

9.40 

S.94 

1.29 

5.10 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.84 

0.00 

i.ol 

1.99 

0.71 

0.00 

0.00 

0.27 

0.00 

1.88 ' 

0.00 

0.22 

0.41 

1.36 

0.26 

0.36 

0.00 

0.22 

0.61 

0.13 

0.62 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 0 00 

0.69 

0.00 

0.00 

2.03 

0.00 

1.06 

0.00 

0.00 

0.90 

0.00 

0.00 

0.14 

0.20 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.19 

0.00 

0.48 

0,48 

0.00 

4.32 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

037 

0.68 

0.00 

0.59 

0.00 

0.19 

0.00 

' 1.71 

0.00 

0.40 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.22 

0.00 

B2EO 

Wt% 

Max 

3.44 

11.13 

7.46 

1.45 

5.56 

0.20 

0.43 

0.56 

0.24 

2.07 

0.85 

1.29 

0.84 

0.00 

0.00 

0.39 

0.19 

2.40' ~ 

0.00 

0.29 

"0.30" 

1.79 

0.63 

0.42 

0.00 

0.30 

0.68 

0.67 

0.67 

0.16 

0.00 

0.00 

0.15 

0.83 

b.rio 

0.00 

2.4S 

0.00 

1.24 

0.15 

0.14 

1.23 

0.00 

0.00 

0.18 

0.24 

0.18 

0.00 

0.09 

0.22 

0.00 

0.53 ' '«$"" 

0.00 

4.74 

0.00 

0.11 

0.14 

0.72 

0.80 

0.00 

0.72 

0.15 

0.23 

0.00 

1.90 

0.00 

0.57 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.30 

0.28 

0.00 

0.28 

0.00 

B1TP 

Wt% 

Min 

7.96 

6.21 

2.27 

1.56 

3.06 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

1.23 

0.00 

0.54 

253 

0.35 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

,,, £gg.- — 

0.00 

0.00 

0.28 

2.12 

0.27 

0.35 

0.00 

0.00 

0.60 

0.00 

0.84 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

1.05 ' "o.oo 

0.00 

&00 

0.00 

1.58 

0.00 

0.00 

1.48 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.22 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.60 

0.61 •-

0.00 

3.79 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.83 

0.97 

0.00 

OJO 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

2.42 

0.00 

0.54 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.24 

0.00 

B1TP 

Wt% 

Max 

12.38 

9.46 

5.10 

3.74 

4.22 

0.00 

0.23 

0.00 

0.69 

1.92 

0.83 

0.84" 

5.30 

0.48 

0.00 

0.00 

0.27 

0.00 

"3.71 " 

o.oo 

0.21 

0.S7 

2.92 

0.41 

0.50 

0.00 

0.35 

0.77 

0.38 

1.18 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

1.35 

0.00 

0.00 

'"176" 

0.00 

1.97 

0.00 

0.00 

1.88 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.32 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.22 

0.00 

0.84 

0,84 

0.00 

5.96 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

1.11 

1.21 

0.00 

1.14 

0.19 

0.29 

0.00 

2.98 

0.00 

0.94 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.42 

0.00 

0.00 

0.42 

0.00 

Gap Between 

Ranges, Wt% 

4.52 

0.84 

0.11 

0.87 

0.17 

0.18 

0.23 

0.46 

0.01 

0.04 

0.32 

0.22 

<xS» 

0.34 

0.25 

0.14 

0.07 

*>.<& 

0.11 

btf 

0,08 

o:52 
P.14 

• •_ 

"' 

TABLE 5 Continued 

B2 EO B2 EO B1 TP 

Wt% wt% wt% 

Speciated Compounds Min Max Min 

2,4-DM-Hexane 0.35 0.42 0.39 

3,3-DM-Hexane 0.00 0.00 0.00 

z;3;4iTM^POTta«e":r:

:

:

:

:?:

:

-? 

Toluene 6.27 6.95 5.38 

2,3-DM-Hexane 0.18 0.30 0.26 

2M-Heptane 0.36 0.44 0.31 

4M-Heptane 014 017 0 00 

3M-Heptane 0 47 0.60 0.62 

1c,2t,3TM-CycPentane 0 00 0 00 0 00 

c-1,3-DM-CycHexane 0.00 0.00 0.00 

t-1,4-DM-CycHexane 0.00 0.00 0.00 

2,2,5-TM-Hexane 0.24 0.27 0.27 

1-Octene 0.00 0.00 0.00 

t-4-Octene 0 00 0 00 0 00 

Octane 0.29 0 38 04 7 

t-2-Octene 0.00 0.00 0.00 

t-1,3-DM-CycHexane 0.00 0.00 0.00 

c-2-Octene 0.00 0.00 0.00 

2,3,5-TM-Hexane 0.00 0.00 0.00 

2,4-DM-Heptane 0.00 0.00 0.00 

1c-2-DM-CycloHexane 0.00 0.00 0.00 

E-CycHexane 0.00 0.00 0.00 

3,5-DM-Heptane 0.00 0.00 0.00 

E-Benzene 2.40 2.85 2.19 

2,3-DM-Heptane 0.00 0.00 0.00 

m&p-Xylene 5.56 6.93 5.05 

4M-Octane 0.24 0.30 0.29 

3M-Octane 015 0 25 0 00 

Serene 0 61 0.05 0.38 

o-Xylene 1.87 2.35 1.73 

1-Nonene 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Nonane 0.00 0.10 0.00 

1-PropBenzene 0.00 0.10 0.00 

2,2-DM-Octane 0.00 0.00 0.00 

2,4-DM-Octane 0.40 0.51 0.00 

n-PropBenzene 0.37 0.49 0.35 

1M-3E-Benzene 1.48 1.96 1.33 

1M-4E-Benzene 0.62 0.87 0.57 

1,3,5-TM-Benzene 0.62 0.88 0.59 

1E-2M-Benzene 0.52 0.70 0.50 

1,2,4-TM-Benzene 1.93 2.64 1.69 

Decane 0.00 0.00 0.00 

s-ButBenzene 0.00 0.00 0.00 

1M-4-l-ButBenzene 0.00 0.00 0.00 

1,2,3-TM-Benzene 0.34 0.48 0.27 

Indan 0.20 0.28 0.00 

1,3-DE-Benzene 0.13 0.33 0.00 

1,4-DE-Benzene 0.15 0.20 0.00 

n-BulBenzene 0.42 0.92 0.49 

1,2-DE-Benzene 0.00 0.20 0.00 

Undecane 0.00 0.00 0.00 

1,2.4,5-TetMBenzene 0.00 0.21 0.00 

1,2,3,5-TetMBenzene 0.00 0.28 0.00 

1.2,3,4-TetMBenzene 0.00 0.16 0.00 

Naphthalene 0.00 0.38 0.00 

Dodocane 0.00 0.00 0.00 

FORMALDEHYDE 1.64 4.00 0.53 

ACETALDEHYDE 0.74 1.06 0.29 

ACROLEIN 0.43 0.68 0.01 

ACETONE 0.19 0.34 0.06 

PROPION ALDEHYDE 0 08 014 0 00 

M6t<3NALDEHYt« 6.14 628 606 

n-BUTYRALDEHYDE 0.06 0.12 0.00 

BUTANONE 0.06 0.12 0.00 

BENZALDEHYDE 0.67 0.94 0.12 

PENTANALDEHYDE 0.00 0.08 0.00 

p-TOLUALDEHYDE •: : 0:19 0.30 0.00 

HEXANALDEHYDE 0.00 0.00 0.00 

Unc peaks to CBM Olefins 0.00 0.04 0.00 

Unc peaks to CBM Paraffins 1.00 1.31 0.22 

Unc peaks to CBM Toluene 0.14 0.24 0.04 

Unc peaks to CBM Xylene 0.64 1.07 0.20 

Unc peaks to CBM Aldehydes 0.42 0.64 0.00 

Unc peaks to CBM Non Reactive 0.00 1.97 0.00 

Total species g/ml 1.33 2.01 0.42 

Note: Shaded regions Indicate non-ovedapping emission ranges 

B1 TP Gap Between 

Wt% Ranges, Wt% 

Max 

0.57 

0.00 

wfMwmmmim 

7.30 

0.34 

0.65 0 27 0 92 0 02 0 00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.38 

0.00 0 00 0 60 0;09 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

2.85 

0.00 

7.16 

0.43 

0.29 

060 002 

2.45 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.51 

0.48 

1.97 

0.85 

0.92 

0.69 

2.36 

0.10 

0.00 

0.00 

0.55 

0.25 

0.16 

0.30 

0.82 

0.00 

2.37 

0.00 

0.31 

0.00 

0.49 

0.00 

2.03 

1.03 

0.49 

0.46 

011 

" 6.6? 6.67 

0.21 

0.13 

0.42 0.25 

0.00 

0:11 s 0:08 

0.00 

0.13 

0.97 

0.27 

1.24 

0.36 

0.00 

0.67 
P.15 

* 

• 

-

-

TABLE 6: Auto/Oil Bag 2 Engine-out vs. Composite High Emitter Tailpipe 

Emissions using Industry Average Gasoline 

B2 EO B2 EO Cmp TP Cmp TP Gap Between 

Wt% Wt% Wt% Wt% Ranges, Wt% 

Speciated Compounds Min Max Min Max 

METHANE 3.01 3.44 6.62 15:00 3.18 

Ethene 9.40 11.13 7.09 10.50 

Ethyne 5.94 7.45 0.42 23.81 

Ethane 1.29 1.45 0.16 2.75 

Propene 5.10 5.56 2.23 5.55 

Propane 0.00 0.20 0.09 0.18 

Propadlene 0.00 0.43 0.00 0.10 

Propyne 0.00 0.56 0.00 0.18 

2M-Propane 0.00 0.24 0.06 0.24 

2M-Propene 0.84 2.07 0.92 3.12 

1-Butene 0.00 0.85 0.00 0.43 

1,3-Butadlene 1.01 1.29 0.41 1.06 

Butane 1.99 2.75 1.57 6.27 

t-2-Butene 0.71 0.84 000 0.48 0.24 

2,2-DM-Propane 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.32 

1-Butyne 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 

c-2-Butene 0.27 0.39 0.09 0.29 

3M-1-Butene 0.00 0.19 0.02 0.13 

2M-Butane 1.88 2.40 1.34 4.91 

2-Butyne 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 03 

1-Pentene 0.22 0.29 0 06 0.20 002 

2M1 -Butene 0 41 0 50 0 16 0.45 

Pentane 1.36 1.79 1.02 3.46 

2M-1,3-Butadlene 0.26 0.63 0.15 0.70 

t-2-Pentene 0.36 0.42 0.16 0.40 

3,3-DM-l-Butene 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 

c-2-Pentene 0.22 0.30 0.10 0.26 

2M-2-Butene 0.61 0.68 0.35 0.74 

Cyelopentadtene 0.13 0.67 0.12 0.46 

2,2-DM-Butane 0.62 0.67 0.37 1.16 

Cyclopentene 0.00 0.16 0.04 0.11 

4M-1-Pentene 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

3M-1-Pentene 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.09 

Cyciopentane 0.00 0.15 0.07 0.19 

2,3-DM-Butane 0.69 0.83 0.46 1.42 

MTBE 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 

4M-c-2-Pentene 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

2M-Pentane 2.03 2.42 1.42 4.40 

4M-t-2-Pentene 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 

3M-Pentane 1.06 1.24 0.71 2.17 

2M-1-Pentene 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.12 

1-Hexene 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.12 

Hexane 0.99 1.23 0.71 2.06 

t-3-Hexene 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11 

c-3-Hexene 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 

t-2-Hexene 0.14 0.18 0.05 0.18 

3M-t-2-Pentene 0.20 0.24 0.08 0.25 

2M-2-Pentene 0.00 0.18 0.05 0.16 

3M-Cydopentene 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

c-2-Hexene 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.10 

ETBE 0.19 0.22 0.07 0.23 

2,2-DM-Pentane 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 

M-Cyctopentane 0.46 0.53 0.30 0.75 

2,4-DM-Pentane 0.46 0.53 0.32 0.82 

2,2.3-TM-Butane 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.09 

Benzene 4.32 4.74 4.02 7.80 

3M-1-Hexene 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

3,3-DM-Pentane 0.00 0.11 0.04 0.09 

Cydohexane 0.00 0.14 0.04 0.18 

2M-Hexane 0.57 0.72 0.42 1.04 

2,3-DM-Pentane 0.68 0.80 0.45 1.16 

Cydohexene 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 

3M-Hexane 0.59 0.72 0.44 1.09 

o-1,3-DM-CydoPentane 0.00 0.15 0.08 0.21 

t-1,2-DM-CycloPentane 0.19 0.23 0.13 0.30 

1-Heptene 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 

2,2,4-TM-Pentane 1.71 1.90 1.08 2.78 

t-3-Heptane 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 

Heptane 0.40 0.57 0.40 0.86 

2r*2.Hexerte:':-i

:K

 ' 0.00 -0.00 • • '0:03- • • :•• :,

:

0.16:../• - •;.•:. v• *• 0,03 

3M-t-3-Hexene 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

t-2-Heptene 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 

3E-c-2-Pontene 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 

2,4,4-TM-1-Pentene 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 

2,3-DM-2-Pentene 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

c-2-Heptene 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 

M-Cydohexane 0.00 0.30 0.13 0.43 

2,2-DM-Hexane 0.00 0.28 0.00 0.14 

2,4,4-TM-2-Penterw 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 

2,5-DM-Hexane 0.22 0.28 0.00 0.46 

E-Cvdooentane 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.28 
P.16 

1 

* ' .• 1 

J 

TABLES Continued" 

B2 EO B2 EO Cmp TP 

Wt% Wt% Wt% 

Spedated Compounds Min Max Min 

2,4-DM-Hexane 0.35 0.42 0.26 

34-DM-Hexane 0.00 0.00 0.05 

2,3,4-TM-Pentane 0.84 1.07 0.57 

Toluene 6.27 6.95 4.93 

2,3-DM-Hexane 0.18 0.30 0.13 

2M-Heptane 0.36 0.44 0.28 

4M-Heptane 0.14 0.17 0.11 

3M-Heptane 0.47 0.60 0.37 

1c,2t,3-TM-CycPentane 0.00 0.00 0.00 

c-'1;3tbMfO^'cHexane 6.60 0.00 6.62 

1-1.4-DM-CycHexane 6.66 6.66 6.66 

2,2,5-TM-Hexane 0 24 0 27 0 17 

1-Octene 0 00 0.00 0.02 

t-4-Oclene 0.00 0.00 0 01 

Octane 0.29 0.38 0.24 

t-2-Octene 0.00 0.00 0.00 

t-1,3-DM-CycHexane 0.00 0.00 0.00 

c-2-Octene 0.00 0.00 0.00 

2,3,5-TM-Hexane 0.00 0.00 0.06 

2,4-DM-Heptane 0.00 0.00 0.00 

1c-2-DM-CycloHexane 0.00 0.00 0.06 

E-CycHexane 6.66 0.00 0.00 

3,5-DM-Heptane 0.00 0.00 0.09 

E-Benzene 2.40 2.85 1.41 

2,3-DM-Heptane 0.00 0.00 0.00 

m&p-Xylene 5.56 6.93 3.26 

4M-Octane 0.24 0.30 0.19 

3M-Octane 0 15 0 25 013 

Styrene 0 61 0.95 0.24 

o-Xylene 187 2 35 1 22 

1-Nonene 0 06 0 66 6 65 

Nonane 6 66 616 0 07 

1 PropBenzene 0 00 0 10 0 04 

2,2-DM Octane 0 00 0 00 0 00 

2,4-DM-Octano 0 40 0 51 0.05 

n-PropBenzene 0 37 0 49 0 20 

1M-3E-Benzene 1.48 1.96 0.72 

1M-4E-Benzene 0.62 0.87 0.32 

1,3,5-TM-Benzene 0.62 0.88 0.34 

1E-2M-Benzene 0.52 0.70 0.31 

1,2,4-TM-Benzene 1.93 2.64 0.91 

Decane 0.00 0.00 0.00 

s-ButBenzene 0.00 0.00 0.00 

1M-4-i-ButBenzene 0.00 0.00 0.00 

1,2,3-TM-Benzene 0.34 0.48 0.08 

Indan 0.20 0.28 0.07 

1,3-DE-Benzene 0.13 0.33 0.00 

1,4-DE-Benzene 0.15 0.20 0.06 

n-ButBenzene 0.42 0.92 0.18 

1,2-DE-Benzene 0.00 0.20 0.02 

Undecane 0.00 0.00 0.00 

1,2,4,5-TetMBenzene 0.00 0.21 0.03 

1,2,3,5-TetMBenzene 0.00 0.28 0.06 

1,2,3.4-TetMBenzene 0.00 0.16 0.03 

Naphthalene 0.00 0.38 0.04 

Dodecane 0.00 0.00 0.00 

FORMALDEHYDE 1.64 4.00 0.02 

ASiWLBbfYtifi 6.74 " " 1.06 " '0.64'" 

MiWiMi^^ ~" 0.43 ~" 0.68 6.02' 

ACETONE 6.19 0.34 0.02 

PnaP)ONAtDEHYD£ 0.08 0.14 0.00 

Gffi^ttNAIbEHYDS 6.'14 " '0.26 ' ' ' 0.W 

n-BUTYrtALDEHYDE 0.06 012 0 00 

BUTANONE 0.06 0.12 0.00 

BENZALDEHYDE 0.67 0.94 0.02 

PENTANALDEHYDE 0.00 0.08 0.00 

p-TOLUALOlUYDE 019 0,30 6,61 

HEXANALDEHYDE 6.60 0.00 0.00 

Unc peaks to CBM Olefins 0.00 0.04 0.00 

Unc peaks to CBM Paraffins 1.00 1.31 0.47 

Unc peaks to CBM Totuene 0.14 0.24 0.12 

Unc peaks to CBM Xylene 0.64 1.07 0.50 

Unc peaks to CBM Aldehydes 0.42 0.64 0.00 

Unc peaks to CBM Non Reactive 0.00 1.97 0.03 

Total species g/mi 1.33 2.01 1.00 

Note: Shaded regions indicate non-overlapping emission ranges 

Cmp TP Gap Between 

Wt% Ranges, Wt% 

Max 

0.55 

0.14 0.05 

1.61 

8.11 

0.40 

0.62 

0.31 

0.91 

0.00 

0.10 6:62 

6.63 6 42 6 68 0 62 6 66 0.61 

0.66 

0.03 

0.09 

0.03 

0.00 

0.10 

0.09 

0.04 

0.18 

2.73 

0.04 

7.07 

0.51 0 35 

054 007 

2 56 

0.14 6,05 

614 0 13 

004 

016 0 24 

0 59 

1.92 

0.90 

1.07 

0.62 

2.50 

0.04 

0.04 

0.00 

0.47 

0.21 

0.14 

0.16 

0.66 

0.06 

0.05 

0.15 

0.22 

0.12 

0.31 

0.07 

0.83 0.81: 

6.69 6.0B 

0.12 * 6.31; 

6.53 

0.05 0.04 

6.03 0.1 * 

0.05 0.00 

0.02 0.04 

0.18 0.49 

0.01 

.'v.:,-..0.06,,-Vi :::',::•:••.. :.:.0:-12 

0.00 

0.30 

1.52 

0.30 

1.22 

0.22 

0.52 

30.64 

•