OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL COORDINATOR FOR

METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES AND SUPPORTING RESEARCH

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE/ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

National Hurricane

Operations Plan

National Hurricane

Operations Plan

FCM-P12-2002

Washington, DC Washington, DC

May 2002 May 2002

Hurricane Erin - 11 September 2001 Hurricane Erin - 11 September 2001
THE FEDERAL COMMITTEE FOR

METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES AND SUPPORTING RESEARCH (FCMSSR)

VADM CONRAD C. LAUTENBACHER, JR., USN (RET.) 

Chairman, Department of Commerce

VACANT

Office of Science and Technology Policy

DR. RAYMOND MOTHA 

Department of Agriculture

BRIG GEN JOHN J. KELLY, JR., USAF (RET.)

Department of Commerce

CAPT FRANK GARCIA, USN

Department of Defense

DR. ARISTIDES PATRINOS

Department of Energy

DR. ROBERT M. HIRSCH

Department of the Interior

MR. RALPH BRAIBANTI

Department of State

MR. RANDOLPH LYON

Office of Management and Budget

MR. MONTE BELGER

Department of Transportation

MR. ROBERT F. SHEA (Acting)

Federal Emergency Management Agency

DR. GHASSEM R. ASRAR

National Aeronautics and Space

 Administration

DR. MARGARET S. LEINEN

National Science Foundation

MR. PAUL MISENCIK

National Transportation Safety Board

MR. ROY P. ZIMMERMAN

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission

MR. HENRY L. LONGEST (Acting)

Environmental Protection Agency

MR. SAMUEL P. WILLIAMSON

Federal Coordinator 

MR. JAMES B. HARRISON, Executive Secretary

Office of the Federal Coordinator for

Meteorological Services and Supporting Research

THE INTERDEPARTMENTAL COMMITTEE FOR

METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES AND SUPPORTING RESEARCH (ICMSSR)

MR. SAMUEL P. WILLIAMSON, Chairman

Federal Coordinator

MR. THOMAS PUTERBAUGH

Department of Agriculture

MR. JOHN E. JONES, JR.

Department of Commerce

CAPT FRANK GARCIA, USN

Department of Defense

MR. RICKEY PETTY

Department of Energy

MR. LEWIS T. MOORE

Department of the Interior

MR. JEFFREY MACLURE

Department of State

MR. DAVID WHATLEY

Federal Aviation Administration

Department of Transportation

DR. JONATHAN M. BERKSON

United States Coast Guard

Department of Transportation

DR. S. T. RAO

Environmental Protection Agency

MR. JOHN GAMBEL

Federal Emergency Management Agency

DR. RAMESH KAKAR

National Aeronautics and Space

 Administration

DR. JARVIS MOYERS

National Science Foundation

MR. DONALD E. EICK

National Transportation Safety Board

MS. LETA A. BROWN

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission

MS. ERIN WUCHTE

Office of Management and Budget

MR. JAMES B. HARRISON, Executive Secretary

Office of the Federal Coordinator for

Meteorological Services and Supporting Research
FEDERAL COORDINATOR

FOR

METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES AND SUPPORTING RESEARCH

8455 Colesville Road, Suite 1500

Silver Spring, Maryland 20910

NATIONAL HURRICANE OPERATIONS PLAN

FCM-P12-2002

Washington, D.C.

May 2002
ii

CHANGE AND REVIEW LOG

Use this page to record changes and notices of reviews.

Change

Number

Page

Numbers

Date

Posted Initial

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Changes are indicated by a vertical line in the margin next to the

change or by shading and strikeouts.

Review Date Comments Initial
iii

FOREWORD

The Interdepartmental Hurricane Conference (IHC) is sponsored annually by the Office of the

Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research (OFCM) to provide a

forum for the responsible Federal agencies, together with representatives from the user communities

like emergency management, to review the Nation’s hurricane forecast and warning program and to

make recommendations on how to improve the program in the future. The major objective is to plan

and prepare for the upcoming hurricane season. The 56th IHC was held in New Orleans, Louisiana,

March 11-15, 2002, and the new procedures, procedural changes, and agreements reached at the

conference were incorporated into this publication--the 40th edition of the National Hurricane

Operations Plan (NHOP).

This edition includes a number of revisions and changes. Thirteen action items were addressed

during an open meeting of the Working Group for Hurricane and Winter Storms Operations and

Research (WG/HWSOR). Eight of the 13 items were closed through incorporation into the NHOP

as approved recommendations and/or changes. Of the remaining five, three action items were for

information only, one was rejected, and one was non-NHOP related and is being staffed by the

WG/HWSOR. The action items will be published in the Minutes of the 56th Interdepartmental

Hurricane Conference.

Chapter 3, General Operations and Procedures of the National Weather Service Hurricane Centers,

contains new policy that directs the National Centers for Environmental Prediction’s Hydrological

Prediction Center to issue public advisories, vice storm summaries, after subtropical and tropical

cyclones have moved inland to cover the threat due to heavy rain and flash flooding. Chapter 3 also

includes revised policy on the designation (numbering and naming) of tropical and subtropical

cyclones, and a new section on the Hurricane Liaison Team. Chapter 5, Aircraft Reconnaissance,

and Chapter 6, Satellite Reconnaissance, were substantially updated, and Appendix A on local

National Weather Service (NWS) Products was updated with a new table, indicating how tropical

cyclone watch/warning-related products are issued to local users. Appendix G documents a

significant revision to the TEMP DROP code.

Similar to the 2000 season, the 2001 season was both active and unusual from the standpoint that

the United States experienced no landfalling hurricanes. Tropical Cyclone Allison, however, was

a major flooding catastrophe, causing 41 deaths and $5 billion in damage--the deadliest and costliest

U.S. tropical storm on record. Our multiagency tropical cyclone warning support system was put

to the test and again superblyresponded–a tribute to the professionalism, dedication, and cooperation

of the civilian and military agencies involved.

Samuel P. Williamson

Federal Coordinator for Meteorological

Services and Supporting Research
v

NATIONAL HURRICANE OPERATIONS PLAN

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

CHANGE AND REVIEW LOG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii

FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................... v

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

1.1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

1.2. Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

CHAPTER 2 RESPONSIBILITIES OF COOPERATING FEDERAL AGENCIES . 2-1

2.1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

2.2. DOC Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

2.3. DOD Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4

2.4. DOT Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5

2.5. Annual Liaison with Other Nations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6

2.6. Air Traffic Control/Flight Operations Coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6

CHAPTER 3 GENERAL OPERATIONS AND PROCEDURES OF THE NATIONAL

WEATHER SERVICE HURRICANE CENTERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

3.1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

3.2. Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

3.3. Designation of Tropical and Subtropical Cyclones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5

3.4. Transfer of Warning Responsibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6

3.5. Alternate Warning Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11

3.6. Abbreviated Communications Headings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11

3.7. Hurricane Liaison Team (HLT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13

CHAPTER 4 NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE PRODUCTS FOR THE

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

4.1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

4.2. Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

4.3. Tropical Cyclone Forecast/Advisories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

CHAPTER 5 AIRCRAFT RECONNAISSANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1

5.1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1

5.2. Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1

5.3. Control of Aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3

5.4. Reconnaissance Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3

5.5. Reconnaissance Planning and Flight Notification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6

5.6. Reconnaissance Effectiveness Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-19
vi

5.7. Aerial Reconnaissance Weather Encoding, Reporting,

and Coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-20

5.8. Operational Flight Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-23

5.9. Aircraft Reconnaissance Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-26

CHAPTER 6 SATELLITE SURVEILLANCE OF TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL

CYCLONES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1

6.1. Satellites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1

6.2. National Weather Service (NWS) Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5

6.3. NESDIS Satellite Analysis Branch (SAB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5

6.4. Air Force Support and the Defense Meteorological

Satellite Program (DMSP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6

6.5. Satellites and Satellite Data Availability for the

Current Hurricane Season . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-9

6.6. Current Intensity and Tropical Classification Number . . . . . . . . . . . 6-13

CHAPTER 7 SURFACE RADAR REPORTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1

7.1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1

7.2. The WSR-88D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1

7.3. Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1

CHAPTER 8 NATIONAL DATA BUOY CAPABILITIES AND REQUIREMENTS 8-1

8.1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1

8.2. Requests for Drifting Buoy Deployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2

8.3. Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2

CHAPTER 9 MARINE WEATHER BROADCASTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1

9.1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1

9.2. Global Maritime Distress and Safety System

(GMDSS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1

9.3. Coastal Marine Safety Broadcasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2

9.4. High Seas Broadcasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2

9.5. Additional Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3

CHAPTER 10 PUBLICITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1

10.1. News Media Releases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1

10.2. Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1
vii

APPENDIX A LOCAL NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE (NWS)

OFFICE PRODUCTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1

APPENDIX B DEFINING POINTS FOR TROPICAL CYCLONE WATCHS/

WARNINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1

APPENDIX C JOINT TYPHOON WARNING CENTER (JTWC) BULLETINS . . . . C-1

APPENDIX D FORMAT FOR NHOP/NWSOP FLIGHT INFORMATION FOR

INTERNATIONAL AND DOMESTIC NOTAM ISSUANCE . . . . . . . D-1

APPENDIX E SAFFIR-SIMPSON HURRICANE SCALE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-1

APPENDIX F OFFICIAL INTERAGENCY AGREEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-1

APPENDIX G RECCO, HDOB, MINOB, AND TEMP DROP CODES, TABLES, AND

REGULATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-1

APPENDIX H WSR-88D OPERATIONS PLAN FOR TROPICAL CYCLONE

EVENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-1

APPENDIX I TELEPHONE AND TELETYPE LISTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-1

APPENDIX J PHONETIC PRONUNCIATION LISTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J-1

APPENDIX K ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-1

APPENDIX L GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-1

APPENDIX M DISTRIBUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-1
viii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1-1. Tropical cyclone forecast centers' areas of responsibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2

2-1. Typhoon Nari, September 12, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3

4-1. Tropical cyclone forecast/advisory format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3

4-2. Tropical cyclone public advisory format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4

5-1. WC-130 Weather Reconnaissance Aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2

5-2. G-IV Weather Surveillance Aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2

5-3. NOAA P-3 Weather Surveillance Aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3

5-4. Vortex data message worksheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8

5-5. Supplementary vortex data message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9

5-6. Example Vortex Data Message (VDM) and Supplementary Vortex Data

Message (SVDM) for the WC-130H and WC-130J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-13

5-7. NHOP coordinated request for aircraft reconnaissance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-14

5-8. Tropical cyclone plan of the day format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15

5-9. Mission evaluation form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-21

5-10. Flight pattern ALPHA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-23

5-11. Suggested patterns for investigative missions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-24

5-12. Schematic of aircraft-to-satellite data link for NOAA P-3 aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-27

5-13. Schematic of aircraft-to-satellite data link for AFRC WC-130 aircraft . . . . . . . . . . 5-28

6-1. The GOES satellite system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2

6-2. Center fix data form and message format (satellite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8

8-1. NDBC moored buoy locations in the Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico,

and the Great Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-5

8-2. NDBC moored buoys in the Pacific Ocean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-6

8-3. C-MAN stations in the coastal U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7

8-4. NDBC planned and current Gulf of Mexico moored buoy network . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8

8-5. Drifting data buoy deployment patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9

G-1. Reconnaissance code recording form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-2

G-2. HDOB Description and Sample Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-6

G-3. MinOb Description and Sample Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-8

G-4. Example TEMP DROP Message for Tropical Cyclone Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . G-15
ix

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

3-1. Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7

3-2. Eastern Pacific Tropical Cyclone Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8

3-3. Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9

3-4. International Tropical Cyclone Names for the Western Pacific and

South China Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10

5-1. Requirement for aircraft reconnaissance data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6

5-2. Vortex data message entry explanation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10

6-1. Communications headings for satellite tropical weather discussion summaries . . . . 6-7

6-2. Satellite and satellite data availability for the current hurricane season . . . . . . . . . . . 6-9

6-3. The empirical relationship between the C.I. number and the maximum

wind speed and the relationship between the T-number and the minimum

sea-level pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-13

7-1. Participating radar stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2

8-1. Moored buoy locations and configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3

8-2. C-MAN sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-4

8-3. Code forms for moored data buoys, C-MAN stations, and drifting buoys . . . . . . . . 8-10

G-l. Reconnaissance code tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-3

G-2. Reconnaissance code regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-5

G-3. HDOB Message Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-7

G-4. NOAA MinOb Message Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-9

G-5. TEMP DROP code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-10
1-1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1. General. The tropical cyclone warning service is an interdepartmental effort to provide the

United States and designated international recipients with forecasts, warnings, and assessments

concerning tropical and subtropical weather systems. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration (NOAA) of the Department of Commerce (DOC) is responsible for providing

forecasts and warnings for the Atlantic and Eastern and Central Pacific Oceans while the Department

of Defense (DOD) provides the same services for the Western Pacific and Indian Ocean (see Figure

1-1). NOAA, along with other Federal agencies such as the U.S. Navy and the National Aeronautics

and Space Administration (NASA), also conducts supporting research efforts to improve tropical

cyclone warning services. The bottom line--this interdepartmental cooperation achieves economy

and efficiency in the provision of the tropical cyclone warning services to the Nation. The National

Hurricane Operations Plan provides the basis for implementing agreements reached at the

Interdepartmental Hurricane Conference (IHC), which is sponsored annually by the Office of the

Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research. The goal of the IHC is

to bring together the responsible Federal agencies to achieve agreement on items of mutual concern

related to tropical cyclone warning services for the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

1.2. Scope. The procedures and agreements contained herein apply to the Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of

Mexico, Caribbean Sea, and the Pacific Ocean. The plan defines the role of the individual agencies

participating in the tropical cyclone warning service when more than one agency is involved in the

delivery of service in any specific area. When a single agency is involved in any specific area, that

agency's procedures should be contained in internal documents and, to the extent possible, be

consistent with NHOP practices and procedures. Please note that under the National Weather

Service Modernization Plan, the former National Hurricane Center (NHC) was incorporated into the

Tropical Prediction Center (TPC), one of the seven service-oriented centers and two central support

activities that comprise the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)--formerly the

National Meteorological Center. The tropical cyclone warning mission still resides with the NHC

(Hurricane Specialist Unit), which is a major component of the TPC. For completeness, the NHC

will be referred to as TPC/NHC throughout the document.
1-2

Figure 1-1. Tropical cyclone forecast centers' areas of responsibility
2-1

CHAPTER 2

RESPONSIBILITIES OF COOPERATING FEDERAL AGENCIES

2.1. General. The Department of Commerce (DOC), through the National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), is charged with the overall responsibility to implement a

responsive, effective national tropical cyclone warning service. Many local, state, and Federal

agencies play a vital role in this system; their cooperative efforts help ensure that necessary

preparedness actions are taken to minimize loss of life and destruction of property. The joint

participation by the Department of Defense (DOD) and the Department of Transportation (DOT)

with the DOC brings to bear those limited and expensive Federal resources considered essential for

storm detection and accurate forecasting. This cooperative effort has proven to be a cost- effective,

highly responsive endeavor to meet national requirements for tropical cyclone warning information.

2.2. DOC Responsibilities.

2.2.1. Forecast and Warning Services. The DOC will provide timely dissemination of

forecasts, warnings, and all significant information regarding tropical and subtropical cyclones to

the appropriate agencies, marine and aviation interests, and the general public.

2.2.2. Support to DOD. Through NOAA's National Weather Service (NWS), the DOC will:

• Consult, as necessary, with the DOD regarding their day-to-day requirements for

forecast/advisory services and attempt to meet these requirements within the

capabilities of the tropical cyclone warning service.

• Provide, through the Tropical Prediction Center/National Hurricane Center

(TPC/NHC), the coordinated DOC requirements for weather reconnaissance and

other meteorological data to be acquired by the DOD on tropical or subtropical

cyclones and disturbances.

• Provide facilities, administrative support, and the means to disseminate

meteorological data for the Chief, Aerial Reconnaissance Coordination, All

Hurricanes (CARCAH) as agreed to by the DOC and DOD.

• Provide the DOD with basic meteorological information, warnings, forecasts, and

associated prognostic reasoning concerning location, intensity, and forecast

movement of tropical and subtropical cyclones in the following maritime areas,

including the adjacent states and possessions of the United States:
2-2

< Atlantic Ocean (north of the equator including the Caribbean Sea and Gulf

of Mexico). Advisories are the responsibility of the Director, TPC/NHC,

Miami, FL. The TPC/NHC will consult with the Naval Atlantic

Meteorology and Oceanography Center (NAVLANTMETOCCEN),

Norfolk, VA, prior to issuing initial and final advisories and prior to issuing

any advisory that indicates a significant change in forecast of intensity or

track from the previous advisory. Exchange of information is encouraged

on subsequent warnings when significant changes are made or otherwise

required.

< Eastern Pacific Ocean (north of the equator and east of 140EW). Advisories

are the responsibilityof the Director, TPC/NHC, Miami, FL. The TPC/NHC

will consult with the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC), Pearl Harbor,

HI, prior to issuing initial and final advisories and prior to issuing any

advisory that indicates a significant change in forecast of intensity or track

from the previous advisory. Exchange of information is encouraged on

subsequent warnings when significant changes are made or otherwise

required.

< Central Pacific Ocean (north of the equator between 140EW and 180E).

Advisories are the responsibility of the Director, Central Pacific Hurricane

Center (CPHC), Honolulu, HI. The CPHC will consult with JTWC prior to

issuing initial and final advisories and prior to issuing any advisory that

indicates a significant change in forecast of intensity or track from the

previous advisory. Exchange of information is encouraged on subsequent

warnings when significant changes are made or otherwise required.

< West Pacific Ocean (Guam and Micronesia). Public advisories are prepared

by the NWS Forecast Office, Tiyan, Guam, using the tropical cyclone

forecasts/advisories prepared by JTWC.

2.2.3. Post Analysis of Tropical Cyclones. The DOC, through NWS, will conduct an

annual post analysis for all tropical cyclones in the Atlantic and the Pacific regions east of 180E and

prepare an annual hurricane report for issue to interested agencies.

2.2.4. Environmental Satellite Systems. The National Environmental Satellite, Data, and

Information Service (NESDIS) will:

• Operate DOC environmental satellite systems capable of providing coverage of

meteorological conditions in the tropics during the tropical cyclone season, and

monitor and interpret DOC satellite imagery.
2-3

• Obtain, as necessary, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

research and development satellite data and Defense Meteorological Satellite

Program (DMSP) data for NWS operational use and to comply with TPC/NHC

and CPHC satellite data requirements.

• Provide, resources permitting, surveillance support with fixes and/or intensity

estimates to the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC), TPC/NHC, and CPHC

through analysis of all available satellite imagery.

Figure 2-1. Typhoon Nari, September 12, 2001
2-4

2.2.5. Data Buoy Systems. Through the National Data BuoyCenter (NDBC), the DOC will,

subject to available funding, develop, deploy, and operate environmental data buoy systems and

automated coastal stations to support the data requirements of TPC/NHC and CPHC.

2.2.6. Weather Reconnaissance. Through the NOAA Office of Marine and Aviation

Operations (OMAO), DOC will provide weather reconnaissance flights, including synoptic

surveillance, as specified in Chapter 5, unless relieved of these responsibilities by the Administrator

of NOAA.

2.3. DOD Responsibilities. The DOD will:

• Disseminate in a timelymanner significant meteorological information on tropical and

subtropical cyclones to the NWS.

• Provide TPC/NHC and CPHC current DOD requirements for tropical and subtropical

cyclone advisories.

• Meet DOC requirements for aircraft reconnaissance and other special observations as

agreed to by DOD and DOC (see Appendix C).

• Provide at TPC/NHC a 24-hour aircraft operations interface--Chief, Aerial

Reconnaissance Coordination, All Hurricanes (CARCAH).

• Designate CARCAH as the liaison to TPC/NHC. CARCAH will serve as TPC/NHC's

point of contact to request special DOD observations in support of this plan; i.e.,

DMSP fixes, additional upper-air observations, etc.

• Provide weather reconnaissance data monitor services to evaluate and disseminate

reconnaissance reports.

• Provide, resources permitting, through the Air Force Weather Agency(AFWA), Offutt

AFB, NE, and the 17th Operational Weather Squadron Meteorological Satellite

(MetSat) Operations Flight (17 OWS/WXJ), Joint Typhoon Warning Center, Pearl

Harbor, HI, surveillance support with fixes and or intensity and gale-wind estimates

to all United States tropical cyclone warning agencies through analysis of satellite

imagery obtained primarily from the DMSP system. AFWA support will typically be

world-wide, while the JTWC MetSat Operations Flight support focuses on the Indian

Ocean and the Central, South, and Northwest Pacific Ocean.

• Western Pacific Ocean (north of the equator): JTWC will provide NWS with basic

meteorological information, forecasts, and associated prognostic reasoning, concerning

location, intensity and forecast movement of tropical cyclones for the Northwest

Pacific west of 180o.
2-5

< JTWC will consult with the NWS Forecast Office (NWSFO), Tiyan, Guam,

regarding all tropical cyclones affecting Micronesia and Guam. Consultation will

occur prior to issuing initial and final advisories and prior to issuing any advisory

that indicates a significant change in forecast intensity or track from the previous

advisory.

• Eastern Pacific Ocean (north of the equator and east of 140o W). DOD advisories are

the responsibility of the Director, Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC). JTWC

will:

< Coordinate with the TPC/NHC prior to issuing a DOD warning or advisory that

differs significantly from a TPC/NHC advisory.

< Initiate, monitor, and update satellite invest areas on the tropical cyclone satellite

websites provided bythe Fleet Numerical Meteorology and OceanographyCenter

(FNMOC) and the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), Monterey, California. The

TPC/NHC will contact JTWC to request initiation of desired invest areas and will

provide JTWC numbers for invest areas as required, or when requested by JTWC.

• Central Pacific Ocean (north of the equator between 140o

W and 180o). DOD

advisories are the responsibility of the Director, JTWC. JTWC will:

< Coordinate with the Central Pacific Hurricane Center (CPHC) prior to issuing a

DOD warning or advisory that differs significantly from a CPHC advisory.

< Initiate, monitor, and update satellite invest areas on the tropical cyclone satellite

websites provided bythe Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center

(FNMOC) and the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), Monterey, California. The

CPHC will contact JTWC to request initiation of desired invest areas and will

provide JTWC numbers for invest areas, as required or when requested by JTWC.

• Deploy, through the Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO), drifting data

buoys in support of Commander-in-Chief, Atlantic Fleet (CINCLANTFLT)

requirements.

2.4. DOT Responsibilities.

2.4.1. Information Dissemination. The DOT will provide NWS with timely dissemination

of significant information received regarding tropical and subtropical cyclones.

2.4.2. Flight Assistance. Through the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the DOT will

provide air traffic control, communications, and flight assistance services.
2-6

2.4.3. U. S. Coast Guard. The DOT will provide the following through the U.S. Coast

Guard:

• Personnel, vessel, and communications support to the NDBC for development,

deployment, and operation of moored environmental data buoy systems.

• Surface observations to NWS from its coastal facilities and vessels.

• Communications circuits for relay of weather observations to NWS in selected

areas.

• Coastal broadcast facilities at selected locations for tropical storm or hurricane

forecasts and warnings.

2.5. Annual Liaison with Other Nations. The DOD, DOC, and DOT will cooperate in arranging

an annual trip to the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico area to carry out a continuing and effective

liaison with the directors of meteorological services, air traffic control agencies, and disaster

preparedness agencies of nations in those areas, regarding the provision of tropical cyclone warning

services. The Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC) and TPC/NHC jointly have the responsibility

to plan and execute this mission, resources permitting. TPC/NHC will coordinate with the

meteorological services in the countries to be visited. AFRC will fly the mission and will issue

invitational travel orders (ITO) to the TPC/NHC director and staff, other U.S. officials, and the

media on a non-interference, non-reimbursable basis.

2.6. Air Traffic Control/Flight Operations Coordination. The operations officers of the

principal flying units, the Assistant Manager, Operations, Air Traffic Control System Command

Center, Herndon, VA, and the assistant managers for traffic management or assistant manager for

military operations, as appropriate, at key Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCC) will maintain

a close working relationship on a continuing basis to ensure mission success under actual tropical

storm conditions. This will involve visits to each other's facilities, familiarization flights, and

telephone and teletype communications to improve the understanding of each other's requirements

and capabilities.

2.6.1. Gulf of Mexico Weather Reconnaissance. The 53rd Weather Reconnaissance

Squadron and the NOAA Aircraft Operations Center operations officers will maintain a close

working relationship with the Air Traffic Control System Command Center, the ARTCCs, and the

Fleet Aerial Control and Surveillance Facility (FACSFAC) for the coordination of weather

reconnaissance flights in the Gulf of Mexico and over the Caribbean Sea in particular, and in the

United States in general. The operations officers will:

• Request the assistance of the appropriate ARTCC/FACSFAC in support of the

National Hurricane Operations Plan.
2-7

• Provide the current operations officer's name and telephone number to the

appropriate ARTCC and FACSFAC.

• Publish the unit's telephone numbers [Defense Switched Network

(DSN)/Commercial] and teletype address code for Service B (Appendix I).

2.6.2. Air Traffic Control Assistance. The Air Traffic Control System Command Center,

appropriate ARTCCs, and FACSFAC will maintain a close working relationship with the weather

reconnaissance units and provide airspace and air traffic control assistance to the extent possible.

Those organizations will:

• Provide the current names and telephone numbers of points of contact to the

flying units.

• Publish telephone numbers (DSN/Commercial) and teletype code for Service B

(Appendix I).
3-1

CHAPTER 3

GENERAL OPERATIONS AND PROCEDURES OF THE

NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE HURRICANE CENTERS

3.1. General. This chapter describes the products, procedures, and communications headers used

by the Tropical Prediction Center/National Hurricane Center (TPC/NHC) and the Central Pacific

Hurricane Center (CPHC). See Appendix A for a description of local National Weather Service

(NWS) office products which support the tropical cyclone forecast and warning program.

3.2. Products.

3.2.1. Tropical Weather Outlook (TWO). Tropical weather outlooks are prepared and

issued by the TPC/NHC and CPHC during their respective hurricane seasons. The TPC/NHC writes

TWOs for both the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Basins. They are transmitted at 0530, 1130, 1730,

and 2230 Eastern Local Time in the Atlantic and at 0400, 1000, 1600, and 2200 Pacific Local Time.

In the Central Pacific, TWOs are transmitted by the CPHC at 0200, 0800, 1400, and 2000 UTC. The

outlook briefly describes significant areas of disturbed weather and their potential for tropical

cyclone development out to 48 hours. A tropical weather summary of Atlantic, Eastern Pacific, and

Central Pacific tropical cyclone activity will be prepared and issued at the end of each month during

the hurricane season.

3.2.2. Tropical Cyclone Discussion. The TPC/NHC and the CPHC will, as appropriate,

issue tropical cyclone discussions on Atlantic, Eastern Pacific, and Central Pacific tropical cyclones

at 0300, 0900, 1500, and 2100 UTC. Discussions will contain preliminary prognostic positions and

maximum wind-speed forecasts up to 72 hours; will describe objective techniques, synoptic features,

and climatology used; and will provide reasons for track changes.

3.2.3. Tropical Cyclone Public Advisories. Tropical cyclone public advisories are issued

by the TPC/NHC for all tropical cyclones in the Atlantic. In the Eastern Pacific, tropical cyclone

public advisories are issued byTPC/NHC for tropical cyclones that are expected to affect land within

48 hours. In the Central Pacific, tropical cyclone public advisories are issued by CPHC for all

tropical cyclones within the area of responsibility. Tropical cyclone public advisories are issued at

the same time scheduled tropical cyclone forecast/advisories are issued; i.e., 0300, 0900, 1500, and

2100 UTC. Watch and warning break points are listed in Appendix B. In the Western Pacific,

public advisories are issued by the NWS Forecast Office (WFO), Tiyan, Guam, for all tropical

cyclones within the Territory of Guam and Micronesia, using tropical cyclone forecasts/advisories

prepared by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) as guidance.

[NOTE: To further publicize local products, when a tropical cyclone threatens a land area, the

following statement shall be included in the advisory...“For storm information specific to your

area...please monitor products issued by your local weather office.” Tropical cyclone public

advisories use statute miles for distance and miles per hour for speed. Nautical miles and knots may

be added at the discretion of the centers. Atlantic advisories should include the metric units in

kilometers and kilometers per hour following the equivalent English units except when the United

States is the only country threatened.]
1

 Atlantic Basin includes the Atlantic, Caribbean, and Gulf of Mexico

3-2

3.2.4. Tropical Cyclone Forecast/Advisories. Tropical cyclone forecast/advisories are

issued by the TPC/NHC and the CPHC. See Section 4.3 for content and format of the advisories.

In both the Atlantic and Pacific, the advisories are scheduled for 0300, 0900, 1500, and 2100 UTC.

Pacific advisories should be transmitted 15 minutes before the effective time. In the Western Pacific,

tropical cyclone forecasts/advisories are issued by the JTWC; Appendix C provides a listing of the

abbreviated communications headings and titles for JTWC products. Information on the broadcast

of tropical cyclone information to coastal and high-seas shipping can be found in Chapter 9, Marine

Weather Broadcasts.

3.2.5. Probability of Hurricane/Tropical Storm Conditions.

3.2.5.1. When Issued. The probability of hurricane/tropical storm conditions shall

be issued in tabular form at regularly scheduled tropical cyclone public advisory and tropical cyclone

forecast/advisory times. These probabilities will generally be carried for all named storms in the

Atlantic Basin1 within 72 hours of forecasted landfall. In addition, TPC/NHC may issue

probabilities for tropical depressions forecast to become named storms and be a threat to land within

72 hours. When a tropical cyclone is forecast to track parallel to a coastline, maximum values over

water points should be included, and the tropical cyclone public advisoryshould state that the highest

probabilities are over water. The 72-hour cumulative probabilities of less than 5 percent are not

included in the transmitted probability tables.

3.2.5.2. When Computed. The probabilities, which are based on the official forecast

track, should be issued when the 72-hour forecast position approaches the coast and should be

carried in advisories until the storm makes landfall. Two conditions in which probability

information should not be issued are: (1) the hurricane/tropical storm has made landfall and is not

expected to reemerge over water and/or (2) the computed probability values are not significant. At

the discretion of the hurricane forecaster, probabilities need not be listed for sites where the tropical

storm or hurricane would likely be over land or less than tropical storm strength at the time it would

affect the site. TPC/NHC may include a brief explanation of probabilities in the advisory.

These probabilities should be computed shortlyafter synoptic times for the 0-24, 24-36, 36-48,

and 48-72 hours. A total probability for the next 72 hours should be shown in the last column and

should represent a total of all forecast periods. The probability of the storm striking a coastal

location within 48 hours may be determined by adding the 0-24, 24-36, and 36-48 hour probabilities.

If the probability for a location is less than 1 percent, an "X" will be indicated in the table. If

probabilities are not to be issued, a statement will be included in both the tropical cyclone public

advisory and the tropical cyclone forecast/advisory. Refer to Probability of Hurricane/Tropical

Storm Conditions: A User's Manual for further information.
3-3

3.2.5.3. Locations. When appropriate, specific probabilities will be computed for

the following locations:

Brownsville, TX Fort Pierce, FL

Corpus Christi, TX Cocoa Beach, FL

Port O'Connor, TX Daytona Beach, FL

Galveston, TX Jacksonville, FL

Port Arthur, TX Savannah, GA

New Iberia, LA Charleston, SC

New Orleans, LA Myrtle Beach, SC

Buras, LA Wilmington, NC

Gulfport, MS Morehead City, NC

Mobile, AL Cape Hatteras, NC

Pensacola, FL Norfolk, VA

Panama City, FL Ocean City, MD

Apalachicola, FL Atlantic City, NJ

St. Marks, FL New York City, NY

Cedar Key, FL Montauk Point, NY

Tampa, FL Providence, RI

Venice, FL Nantucket Island, MA

Fort Myers, FL Hyannis, MA

Marco Island, FL Boston, MA

Key West, FL Portland, ME

Marathon, FL Bar Harbor, ME

Miami, FL Eastport, ME

West Palm Beach, FL 28N 93W

29N 85W 28N 95W

29N 87W 27N 96W

28N 89W 25N 96W

28N 91W

Note: Probabilities are not issued for the west coast of the continental United States, Hawaii,

and the Territory of Guam and Micronesia.

3.2.6. Tropical Cyclone Updates. Tropical cyclone updates are brief statements in lieu of

or preceding special forecasts to inform of significant changes in a tropical cyclone, or to post or

cancel watches and warnings.
3-4

3.2.7. Tropical Cyclone Position Estimates. The hurricane centers and WFO Guam may

issue a position estimate between 2-hourly intermediate public advisories whenever sufficient,

reliable radar center fix information is available. Position estimates disseminated to the public,

DOD, and other Federal agencies will provide geographical positions in two ways: by latitude and

longitude and by distance and direction from a well-known point.

3.2.8. Special Tropical Disturbance Statement. Special tropical disturbance statements

may be issued to furnish information on strong formative, non-depression systems.

3.2.9. HPC Public Advisories (TCP). The National Centers for Environmental Prediction’s

Hydrological Prediction Center (HPC) will issue public advisories after subtropical and named

tropical cyclones have moved inland, NHC advisories have been discontinued and the storm system

remains a threat to inland areas primarily due to heavy rain and flash flooding. Advisories will not

be issued for storms entering the coast of Mexico not posing an immediate flash flood threat to the

conterminous United States. Advisories are issued at 0300, 0900, 1500, and 2100 UTC. They will

continue to be numbered in sequence with tropical cyclone advisories and will reference the former

storm’s name in the text. Content will refer to the decaying system’s position, intensity, general

forecast trends, highlight impacts which occurred and are expected to occur (usually in relation to

heavy rain/flooding and tornadoes), and indicate when the next summary will be issued. Advisories

will terminate when the threat of flash flooding has ended or when the remnants of these storms can

no longer be distinguished from other synoptic features capable of producing flash floods.

3.2.10. Tropical Disturbance Rainfall Estimates. As required, the TPC/NHC/CPHC will

issue satellite-based rainfall estimates for tropical disturbances and tropical cyclones within 36 hours

of forecasted landfall.

3.2.11. Tropical Weather Summary (Monthly). NHC and CPHC will prepare and issue

these products each month during the hurricane season. The product will summarize the previous

month’s tropical cyclone activity. The last product issued at the end of the hurricane season will

summarize November’s activity plus the activity for the whole season.

3.2.12. Tropical Cyclone Summary - Fixes. CPHC will issue these products when a tropical

cyclone is classifiable using the Dvorak technique. Fixes will be issued for the north central Pacific

from 140EW to 180E and for the south central Pacific from 120EW to 160EE. After the initial

tropical cyclone fix, succeeding fixes will be done at approximately 0000, 0600, 1200, and 1800

UTC as long as the system is classifiable using the Dvorak technique.
3-5

3.3. Designation of Tropical and Subtropical Cyclones.

3.3.1. Numbering of Tropical and Subtropical Depressions. The hurricane centers are

responsible for numbering tropical and subtropical depressions in their areas of responsibility.

Tropical depressions shall be numbered consecutively beginning each season with the spelled out

number "ONE." For ease in differentiation, tropical depression numbers shall include the suffix "E"

for Eastern Pacific, "C" for Central Pacific, or "W" for Western Pacific, after the number. In both

the Atlantic and Pacific, once the depression has reached tropical storm intensity, it shall be named

and the depression number dropped. The depression number will not be used again until the

following year. Give tropical cyclones a name in the first advisory after intensifying to 34 knots (39

mph) or greater.

The following rules apply for tropical cyclones passing from one basin to another: Retain the

name if a tropical cyclone passes from one basin into another basin as a tropical cyclone; i.e,.

advisories are continuous. An unnamed tropical depression will also retain its number (e.g.

Tropical Depression Six-E remains Tropical Depression Six-E) if it crosses into another area of

responsibility. For unnamed tropical depressions moving from west to east across 180E, CPHC will

use the same number as previously assigned by the Region Specialized Meteorological Center

(RSMC) Tokyo. Additionally, CPHC will provide the associated JTWC number, if different, in

parentheses.

Within a basin, if the remnant of a tropical cyclone redevelops into a tropical cyclone, it is

assigned its original number or name. If the remnants of a former tropical cyclone regenerate in

a new basin, the regenerated tropical cyclone will be given a new designation.

3.3.1.1. Atlantic Basin. Depression numbers, ONE, TWO, THREE, will be

assigned by the TPC/NHC after advising the Naval Atlantic Meteorology and Oceanography Center

(NAVLANTMETOCCEN) Norfolk.

3.3.1.2. Pacific East of 140EW. Depression numbers, with the suffix E, e.g.,

ONE-E, TWO-E, THREE-E, will be assigned by the TPC/NHC after advising JTWC, Pearl Harbor,

HI. The assigned identifier shall be retained even if the depression passes into another warning area.

3.3.1.3. Pacific West of 140EW and East of 180E. Depression numbers, with suffix

C; e.g., ONE-C, TWO-C, THREE-C, will be assigned by the CPHC after advising JTWC.

3.3.1.4. Pacific West of 180E and North of 0E. Depression numbers, with suffix

W; e.g., ONE-W, TWO-W, THREE-W, are assigned by JTWC.

3.3.1.5. Subtropical Depressions. A single list of numbers and names will be used

for all tropical and subtropical cyclones. Therefore, numbering of subtropical depressions will

follow the same procedure as tropical depressions. For example, if the first subtropical depression

follows the first tropical depression, the subtropical depression will be given the designation

SUBTROPICAL DEPRESSION TWO. If a subtropical depression becomes a subtropical storm, it

receives the next available name in the tropical cyclone naming sequence.
3-6

3.3.2. Naming of Tropical and Subtropical Storms and Hurricanes.

3.3.2.1. Atlantic and Eastern Pacific. Once the depression has reached tropical

storm strength, it shall be named and the depression number will be dropped. If a subtropical

cyclone becomes a tropical storm or hurricane, it receives the next available name in the tropical

storm naming sequence. A different set of names will be used each year. After a set is used, it will

drop to the end of the list to be used again in 6 years. Names of significant hurricanes will be retired

and replaced. Lists of Atlantic and Eastern Pacific names are provided in Tables 3-2 and 3-3,

respectively.

3.3.2.2. Central Pacific. When a tropical depression intensifies into a tropical storm

or hurricane between 140EW and 180E, the depression number will be discontinued and replaced

by an appropriate name. The CPHC will select the name from the list of Central Pacific names in

Table 3-4. All of the names listed in each column, beginning with column 1, will be used before

going on to the next column.

3.3.2.3. Western Pacific. For the Pacific west of 180E, the names of tropical storms

and typhoons are assigned by RSMC Tokyo. The names listed in Table 3-5 (International Tropical

Cyclone Names for the Western Pacific and South China Sea) are for information only. The

meaning of each name, its phonetic pronunciation, and, in most instances, the name pronounced by

a native speaker is available on the Hong Kong Observatory web site:

www.weather.gov.hk/informtc/sound/tcname2000e.htm. A special program is required to hear the

names pronounced by a native speaker; those names appear in blue. The program is available for

downloading from the web site.

3.4. Transfer of Warning Responsibility.

3.4.1. TPC/NHC to CPHC. When a tropical or subtropical cyclone approaches 140EW, the

coordinated transfer of warning responsibility from TPC/NHC to CPHC will be made and the

appropriate advisory issued.

3.4.2. CPHC to JTWC/(RSMC, Tokyo). When a tropical or subtropical cyclone crosses

180Efrom east to west, the coordinated transfer of warning responsibility from CPHC to JTWC will

be made and the appropriate advisory issued. At the same time, the CPHC will coordinate with the

RSMC, Tokyo so that they are aware that CPHC will be suspending the issuance of advisories.

3.4.3. JTWC/(RSMC, Tokyo) to CPHC. When a tropical or subtropical cyclone crosses

180E from west to east, the coordinated transfer of warning responsibility from JTWC to CPHC will

be made. JTWC will append the statement, "Next advisory by CPHC-HNL" to their last advisory.

At the same time, the CPHC will coordinate with RSMC, Tokyo so that they are aware that CPHC

will be assuming the issuance of advisories.
 3-7

Table 3-1. Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Names

2002

ARTHUR

BERTHA

CRISTOBAL

DOLLY

EDOUARD

FAY

GUSTAV

HANNA

ISIDORE

JOSEPHINE

KYLE

LILI

MARCO

NANA

OMAR

PALOMA

RENE

SALLY

TEDDY

VICKY

WILFRED

BUR-tha

CRIS-to-ball

eh-DWARD

GOO-stahv

IS-i-door

JO-ze-feen

LIL-ee

NAN-uh

pa-LOW-ma

re-NAY

2003

ANA

BILL

CLAUDETTE

DANNY

ERIKA

FABIAN

GRACE

HENRI

ISABEL

JUAN

KATE

LARRY

MINDY

NICHOLAS

ODETTE

PETER

ROSE

SAM

TERESA

VICTOR

WANDA

claw-DET

ERR-ree-ka

FAY-bee-in

ahn-REE

IS-a-bell

WAN

NIK-o-las

o-DET

te-REE-sa

VIC-ter

2004

ALEX

BONNIE

CHARLEY

DANIELLE

EARL

FRANCES

GASTON

HERMINE

IVAN

JEANNE

KARL

LISA

MATTHEW

NICOLE

OTTO

PAULA

RICHARD

SHARY

TOMAS

VIRGINIE

WALTER

dan-YELL

GAS-tone

her-MEEN

eye-van

JEEN

LEE-sa

ni-COLE

RICH-erd

SHA-ree

to-MAS

vir-JIN-ee

2005

ARLENE

BRET

CINDY

DENNIS

EMILY

FRANKLIN

GERT

HARVEY

IRENE

JOSE

KATRINA

LEE

MARIA

NATE

OPHELIA

PHILIPPE

RITA

STAN

TAMMY

VINCE

WILMA

ho-ZAY

ka-TREE-na

ma-REEH-ah

o-FEEL-ya

fe-LEEP

2006

ALBERTO

BERYL

CHRIS

DEBBY

ERNESTO

FLORENCE

GORDON

HELENE

ISAAC

JOYCE

KIRK

LESLIE

MICHAEL

NADINE

OSCAR

PATTY

RAFAEL

SANDY

TONY

VALERIE

WILLIAM

al-BAIR-to

 BER-ril

er-NES-toe

he-LEEN

EYE-sak

MIKE-el

nay-DEEN

ra-fa-EL

2007

Andrea

BARRY

CHANTAL

DEAN

ERIN

FELIX

GABRIELLE

HUMBERTO

Ingrid

JERRY

KAREN

LORENZO

Melissa

NOEL

OLGA

PABLO

REBEKAH

SEBASTIEN

TANYA

VAN

WENDY

shan-TAHL

AIR-in

FEEL-ix

gay-bree-EL

oom-BAIR-to

PA-blow

say-BAS-tyan

TAHN-ya

If over 21 tropical cyclones occur in a year, the Greek alphabet will be used following the Wnamed cyclone. Andrea replaces the retired name of Allison; Ingrid replaces Iris; and Melissa

replaces Michelle in 2007.
 3-8

Table 3-2. Eastern Pacific Tropical Cyclone Names

2002

ALMA

BORIS

CRISTINA

DOUGLAS

ELIDA

FAUSTO

GENEVIEVE

HERNAN

ISELLE

JULIO

KENNA

LOWELL

MARIE

NORBERT

ODILE

POLO

RACHEL

SIMON

TRUDY

VANCE

WINNIE

XAVIER

YOLANDA

ZEKE

AL mah

ELL ee dah

FOW sto

her NAHN

ee SELL

HOO lee o

oh DEAL

ZAY vier

yo LAHN da

2003

ANDRES

BLANCA

CARLOS

DOLORES

ENRIQUE

FELICIA

GUILLERMO

HILDA

IGNACIO

JIMENA

KEVIN

LINDA

MARTY

NORA

OLAF

PATRICIA

RICK

SANDRA

TERRY

VIVIAN

WALDO

XINA 

YORK

ZELDA

ahn DRASE

BLAHN kah

anh REE kay

fa LEE sha

gee YER mo

eeg NAH cio

he MAY na

OH lahf

ZEE nah

ZEL dah

2004

AGATHA

BLAS

CELIA

DARBY

ESTELLE

FRANK

GEORGETTE

HOWARD

ISIS

JAVIER

KAY

LESTER

MADELINE

NEWTON

ORLENE

PAINE

ROSLYN

SEYMOUR

TINA

VIRGIL

WINIFRED

XAVIER

YOLANDA

ZEKE

EYE sis

ha VEE AIR

or LEAN

ZAY vier

yo LAHN da

2005

ADRIAN

BEATRIZ

CALVIN

DORA

EUGENE

FERNANDA

GREG

HILARY

IRWIN

JOVA

KENNETH

LIDIA

MAX

NORMA

OTIS

PILAR

RAMON

SELMA

TODD

VERONICA

WILEY

XINA

YORK

ZELDA

BEE a triz

fer NAN dah

HO vah

rah MONE

ZEE nah

ZEL dah

2006

ALETTA

BUD

CARLOTTA

DANIEL

EMILIA

FABIO

GILMA

HECTOR

ILEANA

JOHN

KRISTY

LANE

MIRIAM

NORMAN

OLIVIA

PAUL

ROSA

SERGIO

TARA

VICENTE

WILLA

XAVIER

YOLANDA

ZEKE

ah LET ah

ee MILL ya

FAH bee o

GIL mah

ill ay AH nah

SIR gee oh

vee CEN tay

ZAY vier

yo LAHN da

2007

ALVIN

BARBARA

COSME

DALILA

ERICK

FLOSSIE

GIL

HENRIETTE

ISRAEL

JULIETTE

KIKO

LORENA

MANUEL

NARDA

OCTAVE

PRISCILLA

RAYMOND

SONIA

TICO

VELMA

WALLIS

XINA

YORK

ZELDA

COS may

hen ree ETT

KEE ko

low RAY na

mahn WELL

AHK tave

SONE yah

TEE koh

ZEE nah

ZEL dah

If over 24 tropical cyclones occur in a year, the Greek alphabet will be used following ZEKE or ZELDA. Alviin replaces

the retired name of Aldoph.
 3-9

Table 3-3. Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Names

COLUMN 1 COLUMN 2

Name Pronunciation Name Pronunciation

AKONI ah-KOH-nee AKA AH-kah

EMA EH-mah EKEKA eh-KEH-kak

HANA HAH-nah HALI HAH-lee

IO EE-oo IOLANA ee-OH-lah-nah

KELI KEH-lee KEONI keh-ON-nee

LALA LAH-lah LI LEE

MOKE MOH-keh MELE MEH-leh

NELE NEH-leh NONA NOH-nah

OKA OH-kah OLIWA oh-LEE-vah

PEKE PEH-keh PAKA PAH-kah

ULEKI oo-LEH-kee UPANA oo-PAH-nah

WILA VEE-lah WENE WEH-neh

COLUMN 3 COLUMN 4

Name Pronunciation Name Pronunciation

ALIKA ah-LEE-kah ANA AH-nah

ELE EH-leh ELA EH-lah

HUKO HOO-koh HALOLA hah-LOH-lah

IOKE ee-OH-keh IUNE ee-OO-neh

KIKA KEE-kah KIMO KEE-moh

LANA LAH-nah LOKE LOH-keh

MAKA MAH-kah MALIA mah-LEE-ah

NEKI NEH-kee NIALA nee-AH-lah

OLEKA oh-LEH-kah OKO OH-koh

PENI PEH-nee PALI PAH-lee

ULIA oo-LEE-ah ULIKA oo-LEE-kah

WALI WAH-lee WALAKA wah-LAH-kah

NOTE: Use Column 1 list of names until exhausted before going to Column 2, etc. All letters in the

 Hawaiian language are pronounced, including double or triple vowels.
 3-10

Table 3-4. International Tropical Cyclone Names

for the Western Pacific and South China Sea 

I II III IV V

Contributor NAME NAME NAME NAME NAME

Cambodia Damrey Kong-rey Nakri Krovanh Sarika

China Longwang Yutu Fengshen Dujuan Haima

DPR Korea Kirogi Toraji Kalmaegi Maemi Meari

HK, China Kai-tak Man-yi Fung-wong Choi-wan Ma-on

Japan Tembin Usagi Kammuri Koppu Tokage

Lao PDR Bolaven Pabuk Phanfone Ketsana Nock-ten

Macau Chanchu Wutip Vongfong Parma Muifa

Malaysia Jelawat Sepat Rusa Melor Merbok

Micronesia Ewiniar Fitow Sinlaku Nepartak Nanmadol

Philippines Bilis Danas Hagupit Lupit Talas

RO Korea Kaemi Nari Changmi Sudal Noru

Thailand Prapiroon Wipha Mekkhala Nida Kulap

U.S.A. Maria Francisco Higos Omais Roke

Viet Nam Saomai Lekima Bavi Conson Sonca

Cambodia Bopha Krosa Maysak Chanthu Nesat

China Wukong Haiyan Haishen Dianmu Haitang

DPR Korea Sonamu Podul Pongsona Mindulle Nalgae

HK, China Shanshan Lingling Yanyan Tingting Banyan

Japan Yagi Kajiki Kujira Kompasu Washi

Lao PDR Xangsane Faxai Chan-hom Namtheun Matsa

Macau Bebinca Vamei Linfa Malou Sanvu

Malaysia Rumbia Tapah Nangka Meranti Mawar

Micronesia Soulik Mitag Soudelor Rananim Guchol

Philippines Cimaron Hagibis Imbudo Malakas Talim

RO Korea Chebi Noguri Koni Megi Nabi

Thailand Durian Ramasun Morakot Chaba Khanun

U.S.A. Utor Chataan Etau Aere Vicente

Viet Nam Trami Halong Vamco Songda Saola

NOTE: The official international name list was effective January 1, 2000. Names will be assigned in rotation starting

with Damrey for the first tropical cyclone of the year 2000 which is of tropical storm strength or greater. When the last

name in column 5 (Saola) is used, the sequence will begin again with the first name in column 1 (Damrey).
 3-11

3.5. Alternate Warning Responsibilities.

3.5.1. Transfer to Alternate. In the event of impending or actual operational failure of a

hurricane forecast center, tropical warning responsibilities will be transferred to an alternate facility

in accordance with existing directives and retained there until resumption of responsibility can be

made. Alternate facilities are as follows:

PRIMARY ALTERNATE

TPC/NHC National Centers for Environmental Prediction

Hydrometeorological Prediction Center (HPC)

Camp Springs, MD

CPHC TPC/NHC

CARCAH 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron (53 WRS)

JTWC Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center

(FLENUMETOCCEN), Monterey, CA

NWSO Tiyan, Guam CPHC

3.5.2. Notification. The NAVLANTMETOCCEN, Norfolk, and JTWC, Pearl Harbor, will

be advised by TPC/NHC, CARCAH, and CPHC, as appropriate, of impending or actual transfer of

responsibility by the most rapid means available. JTWC will advise CPHC and TPC/NHC of

impending or actual transfer of JTWC responsibilities. In the event of an operational failure of

CARCAH, direct communication is authorized between the 53 WRS and the forecast facility.

Contact 53 WRS at DSN 597-2409/COM 601-377-2409 or through the Keesler AFB Command Post

at DSN 597-4330/COM 601-377-4330 (ask for the 53 WRS).

3.6. Abbreviated Communications Headings. Abbreviated communications headings are

assigned to advisories on tropical and subtropical cyclones and other advisories based on depression

numbers or storm name and standard communications procedures.

[NOTE: An abbreviated heading consists of three groups with ONE space between each of the

groups. The first group contains a data type indicator (e.g., WT for hurricane), a geographical

indicator (e.g. NT for Atlantic Basin), and a number. The second group contains a location identifier

of the message originator (e.g., KNHC for TPC/NHC). The third group is a date-time group in UTC.

An example of a complete header is: WTNT31 KNHC 180400.]
 3-12

Abbreviated communications headers for the areas of responsibility follow:

3.6.1. Atlantic (see paragraph 3.6.3 also).

ABNT20 KNHC Tropical Weather Outlook

ABNT30 KNHC Tropical Weather Summary (monthly)

WTNT61 KNHC Tropical Cyclone Update

WTNT51 KNHC Tropical Cyclone Position Estimate

WONT41 KNHC Special Tropical Disturbance Statement

FXUS01 KWBC 1-2 Day Discussion

FXUS02 KWBC 3-7 Day Discussion

FXUS04 KWBC Precipitation Discussion

3.6.2. Pacific (see paragraph 3.6.3 also).

ABPZ20 KNHC Tropical Weather Outlook (Eastern Pacific)

ABPZ30 KNHC Tropical Weather Summary (monthly)

ACPN50 PHFO Tropical Weather Outlook (Central Pacific)

ACPN60 PHFO Tropical Weather Summary (monthly)

TXPN40 PHFO Northern Hemisphere Tropical Cyclone Summary (Fixes)

TXPS40 PHFO Southern Hemisphere Tropical Cyclone Summary (Fixes)

WTPZ51 KNHC Tropical Cyclone Position Estimate (Eastern Pacific)

WTPA50 PHFO Tropical Cyclone Position Estimate (Central Pacific)

WTPZ61 KNHC Tropical Cyclone Update (Eastern Pacific)

WTPA60 PHFO Tropical Cyclone Update (Central Pacific)

WOPZ41 KNHC Special Tropical Disturbance Statement (Eastern Pacific)

ACPA80 PHFO Special Tropical Disturbance Statement (Central Pacific)

3.6.3. Numbering. Depressions are numbered internally and storms are named internally,

but the number in the abbreviated headings does not relate to either the internal number of the

depression or the name of the storm. The first cyclone would have 21 and 31 in the abbreviated

headings, the second cyclone would have 22 and 32, the sixth cyclone would have 21 and 31, etc.

The abbreviated heading would not change when a depression was upgraded to storm status.

WTNT21-25 KNHC Tropical Cyclone Forecast/Advisory (Atlantic)

WTNT31-35 KWNH HPC Public Advisory (Atlantic)

WTNT41-45 KNHC Tropical Cyclone Discussion (Atlantic)

WTNT71-75 KNHC Tropical Cyclone Strike Probabilities (Atlantic)

WTPZ 21-25 KNHC Tropical Cyclone Forecast/Advisory (Eastern Pacific)

WTPZ 31-35 KNHC Tropical Cyclone Public Advisory (Eastern Pacific)

WTPZ41-45 KNHC Tropical Cylcone Discussion (Eastern Pacific)

WTPA21-25 PHFO Tropical Cyclone Forecast/Advisory (Central Pacific)

WTPA31-35 PHFO Tropical Cyclone Public Advisory (Central Pacific)

WTPA 41-45 PHFO Tropical Cyclone Discussion (Central Pacific)

WTPQ31-35 PGUM Tropical Cyclone Public Advisory (Western Pacific)
 3-13

3.7. Hurricane Liaison Team (HLT).

3.7.1. National Weather Service (NWS) Responsibilities. The NWS supports the HLT

through use of Tropical Prediction Center (TPC) meteorologists, Weather Forecast Office (WFO)

personnel (typically warning coordination meteorologists and service hydrologists), and River

Forecast Center (RFC) hydrologists. Eastern and Southern Region Headquarters will maintain a

list of their available HLT candidates.

After HLT deactivation, the Hydrometeorological Prediction Center (HPC) will assume the

briefing duties provided the remnants of the tropical cyclone remain a threat to inland areas. TPC

and HPC will coordinate prior to the transfer. During the inland event HPC will coordinate with

the appropriate WFOs and RFCs and when needed, hydrologists from the RFCs will provide

hydrological briefings.

3.7.2. Activation. The HLT may be activated when a tropical cyclone in the Atlantic, Gulf

of Mexico, Caribbean or eastern Pacific threatens the United States or its territories, and the

Director or Deputy Director of TPC deems HLT assistance is required. TPC makes the request for

activation by contacting the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Operations Center

(FOC). Upon FEMA’s approval, the FOC will activate the HLT. The TPC Director or Deputy

Director will contact the appropriate NWS Regional Director requesting meteorologic and/or

hydrologic support. NWS personnel should arrive at TPC within 24 hours. The HLT will remain

active until the hurricane threat has passed, at which time HLT operations will be terminated by

FEMA.

3.7.3. Training. Completing NWS/FEMA’s distance learning training module, Community

Hurricane Preparedness, is required by HLT members. The module can be taken via the Internet

at: http://meted.ucar.edu/hurrican/chp/index.htm. Other training opportunities are strongly

encouraged. They are: FEMA’s “Introduction to Hurricane Preparedness” conducted at TPC for

emergency mangers and NWS personnel, and FEMA’s annual HLT training session held at TPC.

3.7.4. Meteorologic Duties. The HLT meteorologist will:

• Establish and maintain contact with the impacted WFOs, RFCs, and the HPC.

• Facilitate participation of the impacted NWS offices in conference calls, briefings,

and in preparation and distribution of graphics.

• Provide meteorological interpretations on National Hurricane Center advisories

(NHC), WFO hurricane local statements, Hurrevac products, and storm surge

forecasts for federal, state and local agencies on request.
 3-14

• Provide storm briefings via video/audio teleconferences for federal, state and

local organizations.

• Respond to meteorology-related incoming calls from federal, state, and local

emergency managers, and as appropriate, refer meteorologic inquires to the local

WFO.

3.7.5. Hydrologic Duties. The HLT hydrologist will:

• Establish and maintain contact with the impacted local WFOs, RFCs, and the HPC.

• Facilitate participation of the impacted NWS offices in conference calls, briefings,

and in preparation and distribution of graphics.

• Provide hydrologic interpretation on NHC advisories, WFO hurricane local

statements, and WFO and RFC hydrologic products for federal, state and local

agencies on request.

• Provide technical support for RFC lead during hydrologic portion of video

teleconference. In absence of the RFC, lead the hydrologic portion of the video

teleconference.

• Respond to hydrology-related incoming calls from federal, state, and local

emergency managers and as appropriate, refer hydrologic inquires to the local

WFO.
4-1

CHAPTER 4

NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE

PRODUCTS FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

4.1. General. The Department of Defense (DOD) and the Department of Commerce (DOC)

weather forecasting, reconnaissance, and distribution agencies share technical information and some

responsibilities. Mutually supportive relationships have developed over the years and have resulted

in a mutual dependency. Due to the nature and distribution of DOD resources and operations, the

DOD requires certain meteorological information beyond that available to the general public.

Accordingly, the DOC provides DOD with special observations and advisories on tropical and

subtropical storms threatening DOD resources or operations.

4.2. Observations. The Tropical Prediction Center/National Hurricane Center (TPC/NHC) and

Central Pacific Hurricane Center (CPHC) will make available to DOD all significant tropical and

subtropical cyclone observations that they receive.

4.3. Tropical Cyclone Forecast/Advisories.

4.3.1. General. The TPC/NHC and CPHC will provide to DOD forecasts and related

information for tropical and subtropical weather disturbances of depression intensity or greater.

Forecasts will include location, movement, intensity, and dimension of the disturbances. Tropical

cyclone forecast/advisories will be disseminated through the National Weather Service (NWS)

communications facility at Suitland, MD, to the Automatic Digital Weather Switch (ADWS) hub

at Tinker AFB, OK, for further relay to DOD agencies. The DOD forecasters, who must give advice

concerning an imminent operational decision, maycontact the appropriate hurricane center forecaster

(see Chapter 2) when published tropical cyclone forecast/advisories require elaboration. Telephone

numbers for the hurricane centers are in Appendix I.

4.3.2. Tropical Cyclone Forecast/Advisory Issue Frequency. The first tropical cyclone

forecast/advisory will normally be issued when meteorological data indicate that a tropical or

subtropical cyclone has formed. Subsequent advisories will be issued at 0300, 0900, 1500, and 2100

UTC from TPC/NHC and CPHC. The public advisories issued by the NWS Forecast Office

(NWSO) Tiyan, Guam, are issued 1 hour after the JTWC guidance. Advisories will continue to be

issued until the system is classified below the depression intensity level. In addition, special

forecasts will be issued whenever the following criteria are met:

C A significant change has occurred, requiring the issuance of a revised forecast

package.

C Conditions require a hurricane or tropical storm watch or warning to be issued.
4-2

Remarks stating the reason for the special forecast or the relocation will be mandatory in all special

forecasts or advisories that include a relocated position.

[NOTE: Tropical cyclone updates are permitted without the requirement of a special forecast,

including when coastal warnings are cancelled. However, in some cases, a special forecast may

follow.]

4.3.3. Tropical Cyclone Forecast/Advisory Content. Tropical cyclone forecast/ advisories

issued by the TPC/NHC and CPHC will contain appropriate information as shown in Figure 4-1.

Tropical cyclone public advisories issued by the NWS Forecast Office, Tiyan, Guam, will contain

appropriate information as shown in Figure 4-2. The forecast will contain 12, 24, 36, 48, and

72-hour forecast positions. A code string is appended at the end of the line "NATIONAL

WEATHER SERVICE MIAMI FL." This is the Automated Tropical Cyclone Forecasting (ATCF)

System Storm Identification Character String recognized by the WMO for tracking and verification

of tropical cyclones. The ATCF storm identifier is three spaces after "FL" and uses the format

below.

NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MIAMI FL BSNOYR

where: BS is the basin (AL, EP, or CP)

NO is the storm number (01, 02, 03,...99)

YR is the last two digits of the year.

4.3.3.1. Definition of Wind Radii by Quadrant. The working definition of the

wind radius for a quadrant is: use the largest radius of that wind speed found in the quadrant.

Example: TPC/NHC's quadrants are defined as NE (0E-90E), SE (90E-180E), SW (180E-270E), and

NW (270E-360E). Given a maximum 34-knot radius of 150 nm at 0E, 90 nm at 120E, and 40 nm

at 260E, the following line would be carried in the forecast/advisory: 150NE 90SE 40SW 150NW.

4.3.4. Numbering of Tropical Cyclone Forecast/Advisories. All tropical cyclone

forecast/advisories will be numbered sequentially; for example,

Tropical Depression ONE Forecast/Advisory Number 1

Tropical Depression ONE Forecast/Advisory Number 2

Tropical Storm Anita Forecast/Advisory Number 3

Hurricane (Typhoon) Anita Forecast/Advisory Number 4

Tropical Depression Anita Forecast/Advisory Number 5
4-3

ZCZC MIATCMAT2 ALL

TTAA00 KNHC DDHHMM

TROPICAL STORM DEBBY FORECAST/ADVISORY NUMBER 8

NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MIAMI FL AL0700

1500Z MON AUG 21 2000

AT 11 AM AST...1500 UTC...THE GOVERNMENTS OF FRANCE...ANTIGUA...AND

THE NETHERLANDS ANTILLES HAVE ISSUED HURRICANE WARNINGS FOR THEIR

RESPECTIVE ISLANDS EXTENDING FROM GUADELOUPE NORTH AND NORTHWESTWARD

THROUGH THE BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS. ALSO AT 11 AM AST...1500 UTC...A

HURRICANE WARNING IS IN EFFECT FOR THE U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS...AND THE

GOVERNMENT OF BARBADOS HAS ISSUED A TROPICAL STORM WARNING AND A

HURRICANE WATCH FOR DOMINICA. A HURRICANE WATCH REMAINS IN EFFECT FOR

PUERTO RICO...AND MAY BE UPGRADED TO A HURRICANE WARNING LATER TODAY.

TROPICAL STORM CENTER LOCATED NEAR 15.7N 57.3W AT 21/1500Z

POSITION ACCURATE WITHIN 45 NM

PRESENT MOVEMENT TOWARD THE WEST OR 275 DEGREES AT 19 KT

ESTIMATED MINIMUM CENTRAL PRESSURE 1008 MB

MAX SUSTAINED WINDS 60 KT WITH GUSTS TO 80 KT.

50 KT....... 50NE 40SE 25SW 50NW.

34 KT.......125NE 75SE 40SW 125NW.

12 FT SEAS..250NE 100SE 75SW 150NW.

WINDS AND SEAS VARY GREATLY IN EACH QUADRANT. RADII IN NAUTICAL MILES

ARE THE LARGEST RADII EXPECTED ANYWHERE IN THAT QUADRANT.

REPEAT...CENTER LOCATED NEAR 15.7N 57.3W AT 21/1500Z

AT 21/1200Z CENTER WAS LOCATED NEAR 15.6N 56.4W

FORECAST VALID 22/0000Z 16.2N 60.2W

MAX WIND 65 KT...GUSTS 80 KT.

64 KT... 20NE 10SE 10SW 10NW.

50 KT... 50NE 40SE 25SW 50NW.

34 KT...125NE 75SE 40SW 125NW.

FORECAST VALID 22/1200Z 17.0N 63.8W

MAX WIND 75 KT...GUSTS 90 KT.

64 KT... 20NE 10SE 10SW 20NW.

50 KT... 60NE 50SE 35SW 60NW.

34 KT...125NE 80SE 50SW 125NW.

FORECAST VALID 23/0000Z 18.0N 67.2W

MAX WIND 75 KT...GUSTS 90 KT.

64 KT... 20NE 20SE 10SW 20NW.

50 KT... 50NE 50SE 40SW 60NW.

34 KT...130NE 90SE 60SW 130NW.

REQUEST FOR 3 HOURLY SHIP REPORTS WITHIN 300 MILES OF 15.7N 57.3W

EXTENDED OUTLOOK...USE FOR GUIDANCE ONLY...ERRORS MAY BE LARGE

OUTLOOK VALID 23/1200Z 19.0N 70.0W

MAX WIND 70 KT...GUSTS 85 KT.

50 KT... 60NE 45SE 45SW 60NW.

34 KT...100NE 100SE 100SW 100NW.

OUTLOOK VALID 24/1200Z 21.0N 75.0W

MAX WIND 85 KT...GUSTS 105 KT.

50 KT... 70NE 70SE 50SW 50NW.

34 KT...130NE 130SE 150SW 150NW.

NEXT ADVISORY AT 21/2100Z

FORECASTER STEWART

NNNN

Figure 4-1. Tropical cyclone forecast/advisory format
4-4

WTPQ31 PGUM 011600

BULLETIN

SUPER TYPHOON STORMY ADVISORY NUMBER 14

NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE OFFICE TIYAN GU

2AM LST MON NOV 02 1998

...STORMY HAS BEEN UPGRADED TO A SUPER TYPHOON...

TYPHOON WARNINGS REMAIN IN EFFECT FOR GUAM...ROTA...TINIAN AND SAIPAN IN THE

MARIANA ISLANDS.

AT 1AM...1500Z...THE CENTER OF SUPER TYPHOON STORMY WAS LOCATED NEAR LATITUDE

13.0 DEGREES NORTH AND LONGITUDE 149.2 DEGREES EAST...OR ABOUT 300 MILES EAST OF

GUAM.

STORMY IS MOVING TOWARD THE WEST-NORTHWEST AT 15 MPH... AND IS EXPECTED TO

CONTINUE MOVING IN THE SAME DIRECTION FOR THE NEXT 24 HOURS. ON ITS PRESENT

COURSE TYPHOON CONDITIONS WILL BEGIN TO AFFECT THE MARIANAS AROUND NOON

TODAY.

MAXIMUM SUSTAINED WINDS ARE 150 MPH...WITH HIGHER GUSTS. TYPHOON FORCE WINDS

EXTEND OUTWARD 60 MILES FROM THE CENTER AND TROPICAL STORM FORCE WINDS

EXTEND OUTWARD 150 MILES FROM THE CENTER.

EXTREMELY HAZARDOUS SURF IN EXCESS OF 20 FEET AND TORRENTIAL RAINS OF 7 TO 9

INCHES ARE EXPECTED AS STORMY MOVES THROUGH THE MARIANAS TONIGHT. BEACH

EROSION AND FLOODING OF LOW-LYING AREAS ARE LIKELY.

THIS IS A VERY POWERFUL TYPHOON AND IS A VERY SERIOUS THREAT TO THE MARIANAS.

FINAL PREPARATIONS FOR THE ONSET OF DAMAGING WINDS...ESPECIALLY BY PEOPLE

LIVING ALONG THE COASTLINE AND IN POORLY DESIGNED STRUCTURES...SHOULD BE

COMPLETED IMMEDIATELY. RESIDENTS SHOULD SEEK SAFE SHELTER AND REMAIN INSIDE

UNTIL THE ALL-CLEAR IS GIVEN BY CIVIL DEFENSE OFFICIALS.

REPEATING THE 1 AM POSITION...13.0 NORTH LATITUDE AND 149.2 EAST LONGITUDE MOVING

WEST-NORTHWEST AT 15 MPH WITH MAXIMUM SUSTAINED WINDS OF 150 MPH.

AN INTERMEDIATE ADVISORY IS SCHEDULED TO BE ISSUED BY THE NATIONAL WEATHER

SERVICE AT 5AM GUAM LST...FOLLOWED BY THE NEXT COMPLETE ADVISORY ISSUED AT 8AM

LST.

NNNN

Figure 4-2. Tropical cyclone public advisory format
5-1

CHAPTER 5

AIRCRAFT RECONNAISSANCE

5.1. General. All Department of Commerce (DOC) tropical and subtropical cyclone aircraft

reconnaissance needs will be requested and provided in accordance with the procedures of this

chapter. As outlined in the Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC)/National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Memorandum of Agreement (see Appendix F), DOC has

identified a requirement for, and the Department of Defense (DOD) maintains aircraft to support,

up to five sorties per day (see Figure 5-1). Requirements exceeding five sorties will be accomplished

on a "resources-permitting" basis. Congress has directed the DOD to fund an AFRC flying hour

program of 1600 hours in support of hurricane reconnaissance coverage. In times of national

emergency or war, some or all DOD reconnaissance resources may not be available to fulfill DOC

needs. The Global Decision Support System (GDSS) JCS Priority Code for tasked, operational

weather reconnaissance is 1A3 (IAW DOD Regulation 4500.9-R and Joint Publications 4-01 and

4-04). The Force Activity Designator (FAD)/Urgency of Need Designator (UND) Supply Priority

Designator Determination code is IIA2 (IAW Joint Publication 4-01 and Air Force Manual 23-110,

Volume 2, Part 13, Attachment 3A-2.)

5.2. Responsibilities. The DOD, through the AFRC's 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron

(53 WRS), and DOC, through NOAA's Aircraft Operations Center (AOC), operate a complementary

fleet of aircraft to conduct hurricane/tropical cyclone reconnaissance, synoptic surveillance, and

research missions.

5.2.1. DOD. The DOD is responsible for:

• Providing operational aircraft for vortex fixes and data, synoptic surveillance

missions, and investigative flights in response to DOC needs.

• Developing operational procedures and deploying data buoys to satisfy DOC

needs.

5.2.2. DOC. The DOC is responsible for aircraft operations that may be requested to:

• Provide synoptic surveillance soundings (see Figure 5-2).

• Augment AFRC aircraft reconnaissance when DOC needs exceed the capabilities

of DOD resources (see Figure 5-3).

• Assume responsibilityfor hurricane reconnaissance over foreign airspace that may

be restricted for military operations.

• Conduct research flights.
5-2

Figure 5-1. WC-130 Weather Reconnaissance Aircraft

Figure 5-2. G-IV Weather Surveillance Aircraft
5-3

Figure 5-3. NOAA P-3 Weather Surveillance Aircraft

5.2.3 DOT. The DOT is responsible for providing air traffic control services to aircraft when

within airspace controlled by the FAA. This includes offshore oceanic airspace. To expedite the

handling of reconnaissance aircraft, paragraph 5.5.4, Air Traffic Control Procedures, has been

significantly revised to update and incorporate the procedures in the FAA/AFRC/NOAA Letter of

Agreement (LOA) entitled, Meteorological Reconnaissance Flights, found in Appendix F.

5.3. Control of Aircraft. Operational control of aircraft flying tropical and subtropical cyclone

reconnaissance will remain with the operating agencies which own the aircraft.

5.4. Reconnaissance Requirements.

5.4.1. Meteorological Parameters. Data needs in priority order are as follows:

• Geographical position of the flight level vortex center (vortex fix) and relative

position of the surface center, if known.

• Center sea-level pressure determined by dropsonde or extrapolation from within

1,500 ft of the sea surface or from the computed 925 hPa or 850 hPa height.
5-4

• Minimum 700, 850 or 925 hPa height, if available.

• Wind profile data for surface and flight level.

• Temperature at flight level.

• Sea-surface temperature.

• Dew-point temperature at flight level.

5.4.2. Accuracy.

5.4.2.1. Geographic Position.

• Aircraft position: within 3 nm.

• Storm surface center (wind/pressure): within 6 nm.

• Flight level storm center (wind/pressure): within 6 nm.

5.4.2.2. Wind Direction.

• Surface: within 10 deg.

• Flight level for winds greater than 20 kt: within 5 deg.

5.4.2.3. Wind Speed.

• Surface: within 10 kt.

• Flight level: within 4 kt.

5.4.2.4. Pressure Height.

• Surface: within 2 hPa.

• Flight level at or below 500 hPa: within 10 m.

• Flight level above 500 hPa: within 20 m.

5.4.2.5. Temperature.

• Sea surface: within lEC.

• Flight level: within lEC.
5-5

5.4.2.6. Dew-Point Temperature.

• From -20EC to +40EC: within lEC.

• Less than -20EC: within 3EC.

5.4.2.7. Absolute Altitude: Within 10 m.

5.4.2.8. Vertical Sounding.

• Pressure: within 2 hPa.

• Temperature: within 1EC.

• Dew-point temperature:

From -20EC to +40EC: within lEC.

Less than -20EC: within 3EC.

• Wind direction: within 10 deg.

Wind speed: within 5 kt.

[NOTE: Present weather reconnaissance capabilities do not completely satisfy these requirements;

data will be collected as close to stated requirements as possible.]

5.4.3. High Density/High Accuracy (HD/HA) Data Requirements. The HD/HA data

include time, latitude, longitude, pressure altitude, D-value, radar altitude, peak winds, flight-level

wind speed and direction, temperature, and dew-point temperature. All data provided in HDOB

messages are 30-second averages, regardless of the interval at which the HDOB messages are

reported. See Appendix G for HDOB message formats. The DOC requires rapid acquisition and

transmission of tropical cyclone data, especially within the 24-hour period prior to landfall. If

HD/HA capability is lost on an operational mission, the airborne meteorologist will immediately

contact Chief, Aerial Reconnaissance Coordination, All Hurricanes (CARCAH) to determine data

requirements for the remainder of the mession.

5.4.4. Synoptic Surveillance Data Requirements. When required, the TPC/NHC will

request mid- and/or upper-tropospheric sounding data on the periphery of systems approaching the

United States. The TPC/NHC and HRD will coordinate to provide specific tracks including control

points, control times and dropwindsonde frequency allocations to CARCAH for coordination with

the reconnaissance units.

5.4.5. Required Frequency and Content of Observations. Observation requirements are

summarized in Table 5-1. Deviations to these requirements will be coordinated through CARCAH.

Vortex and Supplemental Vortex message format and information is shown in Figure 5-4, Figure

5-5, Figure 5-6, and Table 5-2. Other data message formats and code breakdowns can be found

in Appendix G.
5-6

Table 5-1. Requirement for aircraft reconnaissance data

RECCO Section 1

plus 4ddff and 9VTTT

as applicable

Vortex Data

Message

(VDM)

Supplemental

Vortex

Message

(SVM)

Vertical Data

WMO Temp

Drop Code

(FM37-VII)

High Density

Observation

(HDOB)

En route Approx. every 30

minutes over water not

to exceed 200 nm

NA NA Every 400 nm

over water

None for

WC-130H

unless requested

30-sec interval

for WC-130J

Invest

area

Every 15 minutes and

at major turn points

After closing a

circulation

NA NA 1-min interval

for WC-130H

30-sec interval

for WC-130J

Fix

pattern

End points of Alpha

pattern legs. When

necessary with radar

fix information.

Each fix.

AOC may

report limited

data on

intermediate

fixes.

2 per mission Each tasked fix at

or above 700 mb.

Intermediate fixes

and eyewall

modules as

requested.

1-min interval

for WC-130H

30-sec interval

for WC-130J

5.5. Reconnaissance Planning and Flight Notification.

5.5.1. DOC Requests for Aircraft Reconnaissance Data.

5.5.1.1. Coordination. The Tropical Prediction/National Hurricane Center

(TPC/NHC) will coordinate with the Central Pacific Hurricane Center (CPHC) to determine a list

of the total DOC requirements for data on tropical and subtropical cyclones or disturbances for the

next 24-hour period (1100 to 1100 UTC) and an outlook for the succeeding 24-hour period. This

coordinated request will be provided to CARCAH as soon as possible, but not later than 1630 UTC

each day in the format of Figure 5-7. Amendments will be provided as required.

5.5.1.2. Tropical Cyclone Plan of the Day. From the coordinated DOC request,

Figure 5-6, CARCAH will publish the Tropical Cyclone Plan of the Day (TCPOD). The format for

the TCPOD is shown in Figure 5-8. When DOC reconnaissance needs exceed DOD and DOC

resources, CARCAH will coordinate with the TPC/NHC to establish priorities of requirements.
5-7

5.5.1.3. Anticipated Reconnaissance Requests. Reconnaissance requests can be

anticipated for a forecast or actual storm location.

• For the Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, and Central Pacific areas,

the requests can be:

< Up to four 6-hourly fixes per day when a storm is within 500 nm of

landfall and west of 55EW in the Atlantic.

< Up to eight 3-hourly fixes per day when a storm is forecast to be

within 300 nm of the U.S. coast, Hawaiian Islands, Puerto Rico,

Virgin Islands, DOD installations, and other DOD assets when

specified.

< One synoptic surveillance mission per 24-hour period for potentially

landfalling storms.

• In the Eastern Pacific, reconnaissance missions may be tasked when

necessary to carry out warning responsibilities.

• Investigative flights may be requested for disturbances in areas defined

above, i.e., one or two flights per day dependent upon proximity of

landfall and upon known or suspected stage of development.

• Exceptions may be made when additional reconnaissance is essential to

carry out warning responsibilities.
5-8

DATE SCHEDULED FIX TIME AIRCRAFT NUMBER ARWO

WX MISSION IDENTIFICATION OB

VORTEX DATA MESSAGE

A Z DATE AND TIME OF FIX

B

DEG MIN N S LATITUDE OF VORTEX FIX

DEG MIN E W LONGITUDE OF VORTEX FIX

C MB M MINIMUM HEIGHT AT STANDARD LEVEL

D KT ESTIMATE OF MAXIMUM SURFACE WIND OBSERVED

E DEG NM BEARING AND RANGE FROM CENTER OF MAXIMUM SURFACE WIND

F DEG KT MAXIMUM FLIGHT LEVEL WIND NEAR CENTER

G DEG NM BEARING AND RANGE FROM CENTER OF MAXIMUM FLIGHT LEVEL WIND

H MB MINIMUM SEA LEVEL PRESSURE COMPUTED FROM DROPSONDE OR EXTRAPOLATED

FROM FLIGHT LEVEL. IF EXTRAPOLATED, CLARIFY IN REMARKS.

I C/ M MAXIMUM FLIGHT LEVEL TEMP/PRESSURE ALTITUDE OUTSIDE EYE

J C/ M MAXIMUM FLIGHT LEVEL TEMP/PRESSURE ALTITUDE INSIDE EYE

K C/ C DEWPOINT TEMP/SEA SURFACE TEMP INSIDE EYE

L EYE CHARACTER: Closed wall, poorly defined, open SW, etc.

M

EYE SHAPE/ORIENTATION/DIAMETER. Code eye shape as: C -Circular; CO - Concentric; EElliptical. Transmit orientation of major axis in tens of degree, i.e., 01-010 to 190; 17-170 to

350. Transmit diameter in nautical miles. Examples: C8 - Circular eye 8 miles in diameter. 

EO9/15/5 - Elliptical eye, major axis 090-270, length of major axis 15 NM, length of minor

axis 5NM. CO8-14 - Concentric eye, diameter inner eye 8 NM, outer eye 14 NM.

N

 

 −

FIX DETERMINED BY/FIX LEVEL. FIX DETERMINED BY: 1 - Penetration; 2 - Radar; 3 - Wind;

4 - Pressure; 5 - Temperature. FIX LEVEL (Indicate surface center if visible; indicate both

surface and flight level centers only when same): 0 - Surface; 1 - 1500ft; 9-925mb; 8 - 850

mb; 7 - 700 mb; 5 - 500 mb; 4 - 400 mb; 3 - 300 mb; 2 - 200 mb; NA - Other.

O « NM NAVIGATION FIX ACCURACY/METEOROLOGICAL ACCURACY

p REMARKS

 MAX FL WIND_________________KT_________QUAD_____________________________Z

 SLP EXTRAP FROM (1500 FT/ 925 MB/ 850 MB/ DROPSONDE)

 SFC CNTR__________________________/______________NM FROM FL CNTR

 MAX FL TEMP _________C___________/___________NM FROM FL CNTR

INSTRUCTIONS: Items A through G (and H when extrapolated) are transmitted from the aircraft immediately following the fix. The

remainder of the message is transmitted as soon as available for scheduled fixes and at the ARWO's discretion for unscheduled

(intermediate) fixes.

Figure 5-4. Vortex data message worksheet
5-9

SUPPLEMENTARY VORTEX DATA MESSAGE

WX MISSION ID

 

OB

SUPPLEMENTARY VORTEX DATA MESSAGE LEGEND

(LaLaLa)

01

(LoLoLoLo)

1

(jHHH)

1

(TTTdTd)

1

(ddfff)

01 INDICATOR FOR DATA COLLECTED

APPROXIMATELY 105 NM FROM STORM

CENTER (INBOUND) OR APPROXIMATELY 15 NM FROM CENTER (OUTBOUND)

OTHER INDICATORS (02/2, 03/3...) FOR

DATA AT APPROXIMATELY 15 NM INTERVALS INBOUND OR OUTBOUND FROM 

STORM CENTER. INDICATORS MAY BE

EXPANDED BEYOND 07(08,09...) AS

NECESSARY AT APPROXIMATELY 15NM

INTERVALS.

MF = INDICATOR FOR MAXIMUM FLIGHT

 LEVEL WIND OBSERVED

fff = SPEED OF WIND IN KNOTS

dd = TRUE DIRECTION OF FLIGHT LEVEL

 WIND SPEED IN TENS OF DEGREES

02 2 2 2

03 3 3 3

04 4 4 4

05 5 5 5

06 6 6 6

07 7 7 7

(LaLaLa) MF (LoLoLoLo) M (fff) MF

OBS 01 AT: Z OBS AT Z OBS 01 SFC WND:

(LaLaLa) 01 (LoLoLoLo) 1 (jHHH) 1 (TTTdTd) 1 (ddfff) TTTdTd = TEMP/DEWPOINT IN DEGREES

 CELSIUS: ADD 50 FOR NEGA-

 TIVE VALUES

jHHH = PRESSURE HEIGHT DATA IN RECCO

 FORMAT

LaLaLa = LATITUDE IN DEGREES/TENTHS

LoLoLoLo = LONGITUDE IN DEGREES/

 TENTHS

/ = DATA UNKNOWN/UNOBTAINABLE

02 2 2 2

03 3 3 3

04 4 4 4

05 5 5 5

06 6 6 6

07 7 7 7

(LaLaLa)

MF

(LoLoLoLo)

M

(fff)

MF

OBS 01 AT:

 Z OBS AT Z

OBS 07 SFC WND:

REMARKS (end of message)

Figure 5-5. Supplementary vortex data message
5-10

Table 5-2. Vortex data message entry explanation

DATA ITEM ENTRY

MISSION IDENTIFIER As determined in Chapter 5, paragraph 5.7.6.

OBSERVATION NUMBER A two digit number determined by the sequential order in which

the observation is transmitted from the aircraft.

A (ALPHA) Date and time (UTC) of the flight level center fix. If the flight

level center cannot be fixed and the surface center is visible,

enter the time of the surface center fix.

B (BRAVO) The latitude and longitude of the center fix associated with item

ALPHA. NOTE: If the surface center is fixable, enter bearing

and range from the center in item QUEBEC, e.g., SFC CNTR

270/15 nm, if the centers are separated by over 5 nm.

C (CHARLIE) Indicate the standard atmospheric surface e.g. 925, 850 or 700

hPa.

The minimum height of the standard surface observed inside the

center. If at 1,500 ft or below or not within 1,500 ft of a

standard surface, enter NA.

D (DELTA) The maximum surface wind observed during the inbound leg

associated with this fix.

E (ECHO) Bearing and range of the maximum surface wind observed (item

DELTA) from the coordinates reported in item BRAVO.

F (FOXTROT) The maximum flight level wind observed during the inbound

leg associated with this fix. If a significant secondary maximum

wind is observed, report it in remarks.
5-11

Table 5-2. Vortex data message entry explanation (continued)

G (GOLF) Bearing and range of the maximum flight level wind observed

(item FOXTROT) from the coordinates reported in item

BRAVO.

H (HOTEL) The minimum sea level pressure (SLP) to the nearest

hectopascal observed at the coordinates reported in item

BRAVO. Preface the SLP with "EXTRAP" (extrapolated) when

the data are not derived from dropsonde or when the SLP is

extrapolated from a dropsonde that terminated early. Clarify the

difference in remarks (e.g., SLP EXTRAPOLATED FROM

BELOW 1500 FEET/850 HPA/DROPSONDE)

I (INDIA) MAX FLT LVL TEMP--This temperature is taken just outside

the central region of a cyclone (i.e., just outside the eyewall or

just beyond the maximum wind band). This temperature may

not be the highest recorded on the inbound leg but is

representative of the environmental temperature just outside the

central region of the storm.

PRESSURE ALT--Pressure altitude data (meters) are taken at

the same location as the maximum temperature data reported in

item INDIA

J (JULIET) MAX FLT LVL TEMP--The maximum temperature observed

within 5 nm of the center fix coordinates. If a higher

temperature is observed at a location more than 5 nm away from

the flight level center (item BRAVO), it is reported in item

QUEBEC including bearing and distance from the flight level

center.

PRESSURE ALT--Pressure altitude data (meters) are taken at

the same location as the maximum temperature data reported in

item JULIET.

K (KILO) Dewpoint temperature/sea surface temperature are collected at

the same location as the maximum temperature reported in item

JULIET. Enter NA if not observed.
5-12

Table 5-2. Vortex data message entry explanation (continued)

L (LIMA) Only report if at least 50 percent of the center has an eyewall,

otherwise enter NA.

Closed wall--if the center has 100 percent coverage with no

eyewall weakness.

Open XX--if the center has 50 percent or more but less than

100 percent coverage. State the direction of the eyewall

weakness.

M (MIKE) Self explanatory. Report only if item LIMA is reported,

otherwise enter NA.

N (NOVEMBER) Fix determined by: Always report 1. Report 2 if radar indicates

curvature or banding consistent with fix location. Report 3 if

recorded or observed winds indicate a closed center. Report 4

if the fix pressure is lower than all reported on the inbound leg.

Report 5 if the fix temperature is at least higher than any

reported on the inbound leg.

Fix level: Report 0 alone if fix is made solely on surface winds.

Report 0 and the flight-level code if the centers are within 5 nm

of each other.

O (OSCAR) Navigational and meteorological accuracy are reported as the

upper limit of probable error. Meteorological accuracy is

normally reported as one-half of the diameter of the light and

variable wind center.

P (PAPA) Remarks to enhance the data reported above. Required remarks

include: (1) mission identifier and observation number; (2) the

maximum flight level wind observed, time of observation, and

the relative quadrant of the storm of the observed wind on the

latest pass through any portion of the storm; (3) the method of

deriving the central SLP when extrapolated; and (4) the bearing

and range of the surface center and/or maximum flight level

temperature if not within 5 nm of the flight level center.
5-13

WC-130H

URNT12 KNHC 161821

VORTEX DATA MESSAGE

A. 16/1821Z

B. 15 DEG 30 MIN N

68 DEG 53 MIN W

C. 700 MB 2818 M

D. 70 KT

E. 263 DEG 13 NM

F. 329 DEG 81 KT

G. 263 DEG 53 NM

H. 967 MB

I. 10 C/ 3073 M

J. 18 C/ 3098 M

K. 8 C/ NA

L. OPEN SOUTH

M. E34/30/20

N. 12345/7

O. 0.1/2 NM

P. AF866 1016A LENNY OB 07

MAX FL WIND 81 KT W QUAD 1806Z

WC-130J

URNT12 KNHC 162129

VORTEX DATA MESSAGE

A. 16/21:16:20Z

B. 15 DEG 41 MIN N

 068 DEG 07 MIN W

C. NA MB 2743 M

D. NA KT

E. NA DEG NM

F. 121 DEG 087 KT

G. 034 DEG 010 NM

H. EXTRAP 957 MB

I. 7 C/ 3056 M

J. 16 C/ 3040 M

K. 10 C/ NA

L. OPEN W

M. E270/30/20

N. 12345/07

O. 0.02 / 3 NM

P. AF301 WXWXA LENNYTEST1 OB 05

MAX FL WIND 87 KT NE QUAD 21:13:30Z

SLP EXTRAP FROM 700 MB

URNT14 KNHC 161853

SUPPLEMENTARY VORTEX DATA MESSAGE

01154 10713 13080 11106 32035

02154 20710 23074 21008 32039

03154 30708 33074 31107 32031

04154 40705 43064 41008 32036

05154 50703 53052 51007 33042

06154 60700 63029 61007 34056

07154 70697 73006 70909 35045

MF154 M0698 MF081 

OBS 01 AT 1746Z 

OBS 09 AT

OBS 01 SFC WND 01030 

01156 10687 13852 11509 13040

02158 20686 23937 21010 14082

03160 30684 33001 31010 16060

04162 40682 43028 41109 16046

05163 50680 53041 51008 17045

06165 60678 63046 61006 17055

07167 70676 73058 70908 17052

MF158 M0686 MF091

OBS 01 AT 1825Z

OBS 07 AT 1849Z

OBS 07 SFC WND /////

RMK AF866 1016A LENNY OB 11

URNT14 KNHC 162152

SUPPLEMENTARY VORTEX DATA MESSAGE

 INBOUND

 LAT LON jHHH TTDD ddfff

01166 10672 13038 10606 16031

02164 20674 23019 20906 17050

03162 30676 33985 30707 15052

04161 40678 43954 40909 16059

05159 50680 53868 51009 14073

MF158 M0680 MF087

OBS 01 AT 20:53:20Z

OBS 05 AT 21:12:00Z

OBS 01 SFC WND /////

 OUTBOUND

 LAT LON jHHH TTDD ddfff

01155 10683 13815 11605 32096

02153 20685 23929 20909 30089

03152 30687 33990 31008 31071

04150 40689 43018 41006 31060

05148 50691 53041 50909 30048

06146 60692 63050 61007 29046

07145 70694 73056 70908 28048

MF155 M0684 MF101

OBS 01 AT 21:20:50Z

OBS 07 AT 21:49:40Z

OBS 07 SFC WND 27045

RMK AF301 WXWXA LENNYTEST1 OB 07 

Figure 5-6. Example Vortex Data Messages (VDM) and Supplementary Vortex Data

Messages (SVDM) for the WC-130H and WC-130J
5-14

NHOP COORDINATED REQUEST FOR AIRCRAFT RECONNAISSANCE

__ Original

__ Amendment

 (Check One)

 I. ATLANTIC REQUIREMENTS

 STORM NAME

 DEPRESSION #

 SUSPECT AREA

FIX OR ON

STATION

TIME COORDINATES

FLIGHT

PATTERN

FCST

MVMT

NHC

PRIORITY

 _________________________________________________________________________________________________

 

 _________________________________________________________________________________________________

 _________________________________________________________________________________________________

 GULFSTREAM ___________________________________________________________________________________

 SUCCEEDING DAY OUTLOOK ___________________________________________________________________

 _________________________________________________________________________________________________

 REMARKS ______________________________________________________________________________________

 _________________________________________________________________________________________________

 II. CENTRAL PACIFIC REQUIREMENTS

 STORM NAME

 DEPRESSION #

 SUSPECT AREA

FIX OR ON

STATION

TIME COORDINATES

FLIGHT

PATTERN

FCST

MVMT

NHC

PRIORITY

 _________________________________________________________________________________________________

 

 _________________________________________________________________________________________________

 _________________________________________________________________________________________________

 SUCCEEDING DAY OUTLOOK ___________________________________________________________________ 

 _________________________________________________________________________________________________

 REMARKS ______________________________________________________________________________________

 _________________________________________________________________________________________________

 III. DISTRIBUTION

 A. TO CARCAH BY 1630Z OR AMEND AT ANY TIME

 B. Date__________ Time__________ FCSTR INITIAL__________

 C. Contact Point: John Pavone 230-0525

Bob Korose 230-9922

Warren Von Werne 238-7767

 D. 53 WRS________ AOC________ Other________

Figure 5-7. NHOP coordinated request for aircraft reconnaissance
5-15

TROPICAL CYCLONE PLAN OF THE DAY FORMAT

--ATLANTIC AND CENTRAL PACIFIC OCEANS--

FM: CARCAH, NATIONAL HURRICANE CENTER, MIAMI, FL

TO: (AFRC-APPROVED ADDRESSEES)/(NOAA-APPROVED ADDRESSEES)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SUBJECT: THE TROPICAL CYCLONE PLAN OF THE DAY

VALID ______Z (MONTH) TO ______Z (MONTH) (YEAR) 

TCPOD NUMBER.........(YR)-__________

I. ATLANTIC REQUIREMENTS

1. (STORM NAME, DEPRESSION, SUSPECT AREA) or (NEGATIVE RECON REQUIREMENTS)

FLIGHT ONE (NHC PRIORITY, if applicable)

A. __________________________ZFIX/INVEST TIME

 __________________________Z

B. __________________________ MISSION IDENTIFIER

C. __________________________ZDEPARTURE TIME

D. __________________________ FORECAST POSITION

E. __________________________ZTIME ON STATION

F. __________________________ ALTITUDE(S) ON STATION

G. __________________________ REMARKS (if needed)

FLIGHT TWO (if applicable, same as FLIGHT ONE)

2. (SECOND SYSTEM, if applicable, same as in 1. above)

3. OUTLOOK FOR SUCCEEDING DAY (NHC PRIORITY, if applicable)

A. POSSIBLE (Unit) ON STATION REQUIREMENT NEAR (Location) 

 AT (Time) Z.

II. PACIFIC REQUIREMENTS (Same as in ATLANTIC)

Figure 5-8. Tropical cyclone plan of the day format
5-16

5.5.2. DOD and DOC Reconnaissance Aircraft Responsiveness.

5.5.2.1. Requirement Notification. Notification of requirements must precede

tasked-on-station time by at least 16 hours plus en route time to the area of concern.

5.5.2.2. Prepositioning. The "Succeeding Day Outlook" portion of the TCPOD

provides advance notification of requirements and authorizes units to preposition aircraft to forward

operating locations. For missions requiring prepositioning, the "Succeeding Day Outlook" may not

provide adequate advance notification. In this situation, an "Additional Day Outlook" may be

included in the TCPOD to authorize units to preposition aircraft.

5.5.2.3. Resources Permitting. When circumstances preclude the appropriate

notification lead time, the requirement will be levied as "resources permitting." When a "resources

permitting" requirement is levied in an amendment, the TPC/NHC will indicate the priority of all

existing or remaining requirements.

5.5.2.4. Emergency Requirement. If a storm develops unexpectedly and could

cause a serious threat to lives and property within a shorter time than provided for in the paragraphs

above, CARCAH will contact the reconnaissance units, or higher headquarters, as appropriate, and

request assistance in implementing emergency procedures not covered in this plan. The TPC/NHC

and CPHC directors have authority to declare an emergency.

5.5.3. Reconnaissance Tropical Cyclone Plan of the Day.

5.5.3.1. Preparation. CARCAH will coordinate the TCPOD (Figure 5-8) daily

during the period from June 1 to November 30 and at other times during the year as required.

Transmitted TCPODs will be serially numbered each season.

• CARCAH will coordinate the TCPOD with TPC/NHC, the 53 WRS,

and NOAA AOC before publication.

• The TCPOD will list all DOC and DOD required tropical and

subtropical cyclone operational reconnaissance and research missions.

The remarks section of the TCPOD will include appropriate comments

whenever research and operational flights overlap.

• The DOD-required tropical or subtropical cyclone reconnaissance

missions in the Atlantic or the Pacific west to 180E will be identified in

the TCPOD as USN or USAF requirements.
5-17

• Amendments to the TCPOD will be published only when requirements

change. When amended, the impact on each listed flight will be

identified; i.e., No Change, Change Added, or Cancel.

5.5.3.2. Dissemination. The TCPOD will be made available to appropriate agencies,

such as FAA, DOD, and NOAA, that provide support to or control of reconnaissance aircraft or are

a part of the tropical cyclone warning service. Under normal circumstances, the TCPOD will be

disseminated by 1900 UTC each day including weekends and holidays. If there are no current day

or succeeding-dayreconnaissance requirements, a negative report, which covers the appropriate time

frame, will be disseminated. Amendments will be disseminated as required.

[NOTE: The TCPOD is disseminated under the header “MIAREPRPD” for AWIPS users and

“NOUS42 KNHC” for AWDS users. The TCPOD can be accessed via the Internet at

www.hurricanehunters.com/wxdata.htm, then click on Plan of the Day or via the Tropical Prediction

Center/National Hurricane Center homepage at www.nhc.noaa.gov then click on aircraft

reconnaissance and then on Plan of the Day.]

5.5.4. Air Traffic Control (ATC) Clearances.

5.5.4.1. Air Traffic Control Clearances. Flight plans for reconnaissance and

research flights shall be filed with the FAA as soon as practicable before departure time.

5.5.4.2. Prior Coordination. The 53 WRS/DOO, AOC Flight Operations Division,

and the appropriate NASA facility shall contact the Air Traffic Control System Command Center

(ATCSCC) at (703) 708-5140/5144 as soon as possible prior to an NHOP/NWSOP reconnaissance,

surveillance, or research mission, and provide the following information:

• Mission call sign.

• Departure point and estimated time of departure.

• Approximate route to be flown.

• Requested altitude(s).

• Any special requests.

They shall also contact the affected Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC), or the ATCSCC

shall contact the affected ARTCCs, if requested to do so. In addition, the 53 WRS, AOC, and

NASA shall transmit via facsimile the information in Appendix D to the U.S. NOTAM office no

later than 2 hours prior to departure, or as soon as possible. Transmittal of NOTAM information to

the NOTAM office via other electronic means must be agreed upon in advance by the NOTAM

office.

5.5.4.2.1. The 53 WRS shall onlyuse the call sign “Teal ##,” AOC shall only

use “NOAA ##,” and NASA shall only use “NASA ##.” ATC will provide TEAL and NOAA

aircraft priority handling when specifically requested.
5-18

5.5.4.3. Air Traffic Control (ATC) Separation. The FAA will provide ATC

services and separation from nonparticipating aircraft on instrument flight rules to the 53 WRS,

AOC, and NASA aircraft operating in other than Class G airspace. Aircraft not flying on instrument

flight rules may be operating near the storm environment; therefore, adherence to ATC clearances

is mandatory for safety. When appropriate, military pilots shall clearly state to ATC that a segment

of flight will be conducted under the provisions of "due regard."

5.5.4.3.1. It is the responsibility of the aircraft commander to remain clear

of obstacles and nonparticipating aircraft when operating in Class G airspace.

5.5.4.3.2. The 53 WRS, AOC, and NASA are responsible for ensuring that

air traffic clearances and messages are relayed to/from the FAA in an accurate manner when those

relays are initiated by the 53 WRS, AOC, and NASA and are routed through other than Aeronautical

Radio, Inc. (ARINC).

5.5.4.3.3. CARCAH will advise the 53 WRS, AOC, and NASA operations

centers whenever more than one PARTICIPATING AIRCRAFT will be in the area of interest at the

same time. The respective operations centers will advise the affected flight crews.

5.5.4.3.4. PARTICIPATING AIRCRAFT crews will set 29.92 (inches hg)

in at least one pressure altimeter. When contact is made with other PARTICIPATING AIRCRAFT,

crews will confirm (as a minimum) other aircraft’s pressure altitude, geographic position, and true

heading. Crews will not fly within 2,000 feet (vertical) of other participants operating in the same

area of interest without concurrence of other PARTICIPATING AIRCRAFT.

5.5.4.4. Assigned Altitudes. When storm aircraft are unable to maintain assigned

altitudes due to turbulence, ATC shall be advised. When deviation from assigned altitude is

required, the pilot shall coordinate with ATC and obtain a clearance prior to changing altitudes.

When numerous changes in altitude will be required, the pilot should request a "block altitude"

clearance from ATC. Any deviations from ATC clearance shall first be coordinated with the

appropriate ATC facility.

5.5.4.5. Release of Dropsondes. During NHOP missions and when operationally

feasible, dropsonde instrument releases from FL 190 or higher and sensor activation shall be

coordinated with the appropriate ARTCC/CERAP by advising of a pending drop or sensor activation

at least 10 minutes prior to the event when in direct radio contact with ATC. When contact with

ATC is via ARINC, event coordination shall be included with the position report prior to the point

where the action will take place, unless all instrument release points have been previously relayed

to the affected ATC center(s). Example: “Teal 63, SLATN at 1215, FL290 block 310, estimating

FLANN at 1250, CHAMP next; Weather instrument release at FLANN.” Contact between

participating aircraft will be made using the frequencies listed in paragraph 5.9.3.
5-19

5.5.4.5.1. During NHOP missions, commencing 5 minutes prior to release of

dropsondes from FL190 or higher, the aircraft commander will broadcast in the blind on radio

frequencies 121.5 MHZ and 243.0 MHZ to advise any traffic in the area of the impending drop.

Pilots shall not make these broadcasts if they will interfere with routine ATC communications, such

as in the vicinity of an airport approach control facility. The aircraft commander is responsible for

determining the content and duration of a broadcast, concerning a dropsonde release or sensor

activation.

5.5.4.5.2. The aircraft commander is the sole responsible party for all

dropsonde releases or activation of sensors. Aircraft commanders will insure coordination with other

PARTICIPATING AIRCRAFT prior to sensor activation or dropwindsonde release.

5.5.4.6. ATC Communications Backup. When 53 WRS or AOC flights are unable

to contact ATC to request an en route clearance, a clearance request may be relayed through the

Chief, Aerial Reconnaissance Coordination, All Hurricanes (CARCAH) or the 53 WRS Mission

Commander/Supervisor of Flying. This backup procedure will only be used to preclude a potential

emergency or safety-related situation.

5.5.4.7. Hurricane/Tropical Cyclone (NHOP) Mission Procedures.

PARTICIPATING AIRCRAFT will comply with procedures in the NHOP in order to provide

separation from other PARTICIPATING AIRCRAFT.

5.6. Reconnaissance Effectiveness Criteria.

5.6.1. General. Specified reconnaissance times are established to allow sufficient time for

the forecaster to analyze the data before issuing an advisory. Every effort should be made to obtain

data at scheduled times. The following criteria will be used to assess reconnaissance mission

effectiveness:

5.6.1.1. Tropical Cyclone Fix Mission.

• ON-TIME. The fix is made not earlier than 1 hour before nor later than

1⁄2 hour after scheduled fix time.

• EARLY. The fix is made from 1 hour before scheduled fix time to

one-half of the time interval to the preceding scheduled fix, not to

exceed 3 hours.

• LATE. The fix is made within the interval from 1⁄2 hour after scheduled

fix time to one-half of the time interval to the succeeding scheduled fix,

not to exceed 3 hours.

• MISSED. When the aircraft fails to be within the 250 nm of the specific

coordinates by the scheduled time plus 2 hours or is unable to provide

meaningful data.
5-20

[NOTE: Appropriate credit will be given when the aircraft arrives in the requested area but is unable

to locate a center due to storm dissipation or rapid movement. Credit will also be given for radar

fixes if penetration is not possible due to geographic or other flight restrictions.]

5.6.1.2. Tropical Cyclone Investigative Missions.

• ON-TIME. An observation must be taken within 250 nm of the

specified coordinates by the scheduled time.

• LATE. An observation is taken within 250 nm of the specified

coordinates after the scheduled time but not later than the scheduled

time plus 2 hours.

• MISSED. When the aircraft fails to be within 250 nm of the specified

coordinates by the scheduled time plus 2 hours.

5.6.1.3. Synoptic Surveillance Missions.

• SATISFIED. Requirements are considered satisfied upon completion

of the assigned track and the acquired dropwindsonde data are

transmitted from the aircraft prior to the HPC/MPC deadline for

synoptic analysis.

• MISSED. When the requirements listed above are not satisfied.

5.6.2. Mission Assessment. The TPC/NHC or CPHC will provide CARCAH a written

assessment of the reconnaissance mission anytime its timeliness or quality is outstanding or

substandard (see Figure 5-9). Mission requirements levied as "resources permitting" will not be

assessed for timeliness but may be assessed for quality of data gathered.

5.6.3. Summaries. CARCAH will maintain monthly and seasonal reconnaissance

summaries, detailing requirements tasked by TPC/NHC and CPHC and missions accomplished.

5.7. Aerial Reconnaissance Weather Encoding, Reporting, and Coordination.

5.7.1. Vortex Data. A vortex data message (Figure 5-4) will be prepared for all scheduled

fixes, using all observed vortex fix information. For intermediate fixes, limited vortex data may be

transmitted, depending upon availability of information and forecaster requirements.

5.7.2. Center Fix Data. When proximity to land, air traffic control restriction, or other

factors prevent actual penetration of the vortex by the reconnaissance aircraft, it is permissible to fix

the cyclone by radar. All aircraft radar fix reports will be made in plain text and appended to a

RECCO observation taken at fix time or to a supplementary vortex data message completed up to

the time of the radar fix, e.g., RADAR CENTER FIX 21.5N 83.0W, POOR RADAR
5-21

PRESENTATION, NAV ACCURACY 5NM. The remark stating the type of radar fix and quality

of the radar presentation is in accordance with Chapter 7, paragraph 7.3.2.

5.7.3. Peripheral Data. Storm penetration and collection of peripheral data will normally

begin at the operational altitude approximately 105 nm from the center as determined by the flight

meteorologist. The Supplementary Vortex Data Message (Figure 5-5) will be encoded and reported

as specified in Table 5-1.

MISSION EVALUATION FORM

MEMORANDUM FOR: OL-A, 53WRS/CARCAH

FROM: (Director, NHC, CPHC)

SUBJECT: Mission Evaluation

(Mission Identifier)

PUBLISHED REQUIREMENTS:

Premission Coordinates (As Updated Prior to TKO)_____________________N___________________W

Flight Pattern __________________________________________________________________________

Mission Requirements Times ______________________________________________________________

RECONNAISSANCE MISSION PERFORMANCE:

Flight Flown: _____Completely _____Partially _____Other

Horizontal Data Coverage: _____Complete _____Timely _____Accurate

_____Incomplete _____Untimely _____Inaccurate

Vertical Data Coverage: _____Complete _____Timely _____Accurate

_____Incomplete _____Untimely _____Inaccurate

Requirements Accomplished: _____On Time _____Early _____Late

_____Missed

OVERALL MISSION EVALUATION:

OUTSTANDING____________

UNSATISFACTORY____________ FOR:

COMPLETENESS____________ TIMELINESS____________ ACCURACY____________

EQUIPMENT_______________ PROCEDURES____________ OTHER_______________

REMARKS: (Brief but specific)

________________________

FORECASTER's SIGNATURE

Figure 5-9. Mission evaluation form
 1

 AF plus last 3 digits of tail number

 2

 NOAA, plus last digit of aircraft registration number 

 3

 A=Atlantic, Caribbean, or Gulf of Mexico, E=Eastern Pacific, C=Central Pacific, W=Western Pacific

5-22

5.7.4. Mission Coordination. Mission coordination for all missions will be accomplished

through CARCAH. Meteorological discussions for Central Pacific missions may be accomplished

directly with the CPHC; however, any changes to tasking will be accomplished through CARCAH.

5.7.5. Post-flight Debriefing. Unless otherwise directed, the flight meteorologist will

provide either an airborne or post-flight debriefing to the appropriate hurricane center through

CARCAH to ensure all observations were received and understood.

5.7.6. Mission Identifier. Regular weather and hurricane reconnaissance messages will

include the five-digit agency/aircraft indicator followed by the CARCAH-assigned mission/stormsystem indicator. Elements of the mission identifier follow:

Agency/Aircraft Mission Storm System Indicator

Agency + Aircraft Sequential Two-digit depression Location Storm name

Number1,2 number of number or two-letter A,E,C,or W3 or mission type

mission in identifier if not a (i.e., CYCLONE,

this storm depression or greater or INVEST)

For non-tasked missions, WXWX, or for a

numbered depression or stronger, WX+

depression number.

-EXAMPLESAF966 0201C CYCLONE (USAF aircraft 966 on the second mission on tropical

depression number 1 in the Central Pacific. Invest or fix

as specified in the TCPOD.)

AF984 0403E CARLOS (USAF aircraft 984 on the fourth mission on tropical

depression 3 which formed in the Eastern Pacific and

acquired the name Carlos.)

NOAA2 01CCA INVEST (NOAA aircraft 42RF on the first mission to investigate

the third suspect area in the Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico or

Caribbean.)

NOAA3 WX01A AGNES (NOAA aircraft 43RF on a non-tasked mission into

AGNES.)
5-23

5.7.7. Observation Numbering and Content. The mission identifier will be the first

mandatory remark followed by the observation number. All observations (RECCO, vortex,

supplemental, and dropsonde) from the first to the last will be numbered sequentially. HDOBs will

be automatically numbered sequentially but separately from other observations. When an aircraft

is diverted from its original mission to fulfill TPC/NHC requirements, conclude the original mission

by using the last report remark. The next observation from the diverted aircraft will use the

CARCAH-assigned mission identifier, will be numbered OB 01, and will include the time of

diversion.

-EXAMPLERMK AF987 0lXXA INVEST OB 01 DPTD AF987 WX WXA AT 05/1235Z

NNNN

5.8. Operational Flight Patterns. This section details the operational flight patterns that provide

vortex and peripheral data on tropical and subtropical cyclones.

5.8.1. Flight Pattern ALPHA Operational Details.

5.8.1.1. Flight Levels and Sequence. Flight levels will normally be 1,500 ft, 925

hPa, 850 hPa, or 700 hPa, depending on data requirements and flight safety. Legs will normally be

105 nm long and flown on intercardinal tracks (45 degrees off cardinal tracks). The flight sequence

is shown in Figure 5-10. The pattern can be started at any intercardinal point and then repeated

throughout the mission. Prior to starting an inbound or outbound track the aircrew should evaluate

all available data, e.g., radar presentation, satellite photo, for flight safety. Once started on course,

every effort should be made to maintain a straight track and the tasked altitude. A horizontal

observation is required at each leg end point. This data is transmitted immediately. The ALPHA

pattern may be modified to satisfy unique customer requirements (such as extending legs to examine

the wind profile of a strong storm) or because of proximity of land or warning areas.

Figure 5-10. Flight pattern ALPHA
5-24

5.8.1.2. Vortex fix data. On each transit of the center a fix will be made and a vortex data

message completed, using data gathered on the inbound track since the previous fix and will be

transmitted immediately. Center dropsonde data will also be provided for scheduled fixes made at

700 hPa or above. The dropsonde will be released at the flight-level center coordinates (item

BRAVO of the vortex data message). For fixes when dropsonde-measured SLP is not available,

extrapolated SLP will be computed and reported.

5.8.1.3. Supplementary Vortex Messages (SVDM). Two SVDM (one ALPHA

pattern) will normally be provided per fix mission. Requests for additional SVDM will be directed

to CARCAH. When high density data is not available, supplementary vortex data messages will be

provided with each fix.

5.8.2. Investigative Missions. An investigative mission is tasked on tropical disturbances

to determine the existence or non-existence of a closed circulation, supply reconnaissance

observations in required areas, and locate the vortex center, if any.

5.8.2.1. Flight Levels. Flight level will normally be at or below 1,500 ft absolute

altitude but may be adjusted as dictated by data requirements, meteorological conditions, or flying

safety factors.

5.8.2.2. Vortex Fix. A vortex data message is required if a vortex fix is made.

5.8.2.3. Closed Circulation. A closed circulation is supported by at least one

sustained wind reported in each quadrant of the cyclone. Surface winds are preferred.

5.8.2.4. Flight Pattern. The preferred approach is to fly to the tasked coordinates

of the forecasted center and then execute a pattern as observed conditions dictate. Suggested patterns

are the X, Box, or Delta patterns, but the flight meteorologist may choose any approach. See Figure

5-11. Turns are usually made to take advantage of tailwinds whenever possible.

Figure 5-11. Suggested patterns for investigative missions
5-25

• On the X pattern, the aircraft is turned to head directly towards the center, as

indicated by the surface or flight level winds. The aircraft is flown through the

calm center until winds from the opposite direction occur (second quadrant). The

aircraft is then turned to a cardinal heading until a wind shift occurs (third

quadrant). Finally, the aircraft is turned towards the center and flown straight

through the center to the last quadrant.

• On the Box pattern, the aircraft is flown on cardinal headings around the

suspected center. The track resembles three sides of a square.

• On the Delta pattern, the aircraft is flown on a cardinal heading to pass 60 nm

from the forecasted center. After observing a wind shift (second quadrant) the

aircraft is turned to pass through the center until winds from the opposite direction

occur (third quadrant). Finally, the aircraft is turned on a cardinal heading

(parallel to the initial heading) to pick up the fourth quadrant winds. If data

indicate that the aircraft is far north of any existing circulation, the pattern is

extended as shown by the dashed lines.

[NOTE: The depicted pattern may be converted to a mirror image if entry is made from a different

direction.]

5.8.3. Synoptic Surveillance Missions. A synoptic surveillance mission is tasked to

measure the large-scale wind and thermodynamic fields within approximately 800 nautical miles

of tropical cyclones. Specific flight tracks will vary depending on storm location and synoptic

situation, and multiple aircraft may be required to satisfy surveillance mission requirements.

5.8.4. Eyewall and Outer-Wind Field Sampling Modules. These are patterns of

dropwindsonde releases designed to measure the maximum surface wind, as well as the extent of

hurricane and tropical storm force surface winds. They are meant to be flown using the operational

alpha pattern. Dropwindsonde releases in these modules are in addition to any other releases

required by paragraph 5.4.5.4.

5.8.4.1. Eyewall Module. While executing a standard alpha pattern to satisfy a fix

requirement, one sounding will be taken during each inbound and outbound passage through the

eyewall (except as noted below), for a total of four soundings. The releases should be made at or

just inward (within 1-2 km) of the flight-level radius of maximum wind (RMW). If the radar

presentation is suitable, the inner edge of the radar eyewall may be used to identify the release point.

If possible, and when resources and safety permit, two dropwindsondes, spaced less than 30 seconds

apart, should be deployed on the inbound leg on the side of the storm believed to have the highest

surface winds (normally the right-hand side). In this case, the outer of the two releases should be

made at the RMW, with the second release following as soon as possible. Typically, the eyewall

module will be tasked within 48 hours of a forecasted hurricane landfall.
5-26

5.8.4.2 Outer-Wind Field Module. On an alpha pattern, deploy dropwindsondes

at 50 nm intervals from the center on each of two successive inbound and outbound legs, outward

to 200 nm. A release should also be made at the midpoint of the cross (downwind) leg, for a total

of 17 soundings. The length of the legs and the sounding interval may be adjusted, depending on

the size of the storm.

5.9. Aircraft Reconnaissance Communications.

5.9.1. General. The 53 WRS WC-130 and NOAA WP-3D aircraft will normally transmit

reconnaissance observations via the Air Force Satellite Communications System (AFSATCOM),

commercial SATCOM or high frequency (HF) radio phone patch. Figures 5-12 and 5-13 depict the

ASDL and AFSATCOM communications links. The NOAA G-IV will normally transmit WMO Temp

Drop messages via commercial SATCOM. Flight meteorologists should contact CARCAH

following the first fix, and periodically throughout the mission.

5.9.2. Air-to-Ground Communications (HF Radio). The weather reconnaissance crew

may relay weather data via direct telephone patch to the weather data monitor. Monitors will

evaluate these reports and disseminate them through the Air Force's Automated Weather Network

(AWN) or to the weather communications facility at Suitland, Maryland. When requested,

aeronautical stations will provide a discrete frequency for mission use, if possible. Specific radio

procedures and terminology will comply with Allied Communications Publication 125, Standard

Telephone and Radio Procedures. The use of IMMEDIATE precedence for transmission of

hurricane reconnaissance data is authorized because of the perishable nature and potential

operational impact of weather data. Data will be routed by direct phone patch between the aircraft

and CARCAH.

5.9.3. Air-to-Air Communications. When more than one aircraft is known to be operating

in a particular area of interest, the following frequencies will be used for airplane-to-airplane

communications and coordination unless otherwise directed by air traffic control:

• Primary: VHF 123.05 MHZ

• Secondary: UHF 304.8 MHZ

• Back-up: HF 4701 KHz USB

5.9.4. Aircraft-to-Satellite Data Link (ASDL) Equipped Aircraft. Aircraft equipped with

ASDL have the option to utilize the ASDL system.Prior to the beginning of the hurricane season,

each ASDL-equipped aircraft will perform a ground or airborne test of the equipment and data

ground handling procedures to determine the equipment reliability, transmission errors, and time

lapse between transmission of the data from the aircraft and receipt of the data by the hurricane

forecaster. Test data will be forwarded to the Chairman, Working Group for Hurricane and Winter

Storms Operations and Research.
5-27

Figure 5-12. Schematic of aircraft-to-satellite data link for NOAA P-3 aircraft
5-28

Figure 5-13. Schematic of aircraft-to-satellite data link for AFRC WC-130 aircraft
6-1

CHAPTER 6

SATELLITE SURVEILLANCE OF TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL CYCLONES

6.1. Satellites.

6.1.1. Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES). Using modern 3-axis

stabilization for orbit control, GOES-8 at 75EW and GOES-10 at 135EW support the operational

two-GOES constellation. Independent imager and sounder instruments eliminate the need to time

share, yielding an increase in spatial coverage of image and sounder data at more frequent scanning

intervals. The GOES also provides higher resolution and additional spectral channels than its

predecessor, affording the hydrometeorological communityimprovements in detection, monitoring,

and analysis of developing tropical cyclones. From 135EW and 75EW, routine GOES satellite data

coverage is extensive, stretching from the central Pacific through the Americas to the eastern

Atlantic, including the vital breeding grounds for tropical cyclones.

Routinely, each GOES schedule provides two views of the CONUS (GOES-10 view is termed

PACUS) every 30 minutes. More frequent interval scans can be employed to support NOAA's

warning programs, including the tracking of tropical and subtropical cyclones. Government agencies

and the private sector have access to digital data transmissions directly from NOAAPORT.

The current series of GOES satellites provide satellite data generated from full resolution, and

imager and sounder data. Imagery at 1, 4, and 8 km resolution is available for daytime and nighttime

applications. The increased resolution of the satellite imagery is a vast improvement from previous

satellites. Visible data are available at 1 km, "near infrared" (channel 2 data) as well as the infrared

channels 4 and 5 are available at 4 km resolution, and water vapor (channel 3) is available at 8 km

resolution. Channel 2 data are valuable for the detection of low clouds, fog, stratus, and surface hot

spots; channel 5 data in combination with data from channels 2 and/or 4 are useful for detecting

volcanic ash in the atmosphere. The digital data may be enhanced to emphasize different features

as desired. A suite of digital data and products is available to users in the National Weather Service

(NWS), the National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS), other

Federal agencies, the academic community, and many private agencies, both national and

international. These data are made available through NOAAPORT, RAMSDIS, the Internet, and

other means such as local networks.

6.1.1.1. GOES-8. GOES-8, launched April 14, 1994, supporting a GOES-East

station at 75EW, continues to serve NOAA operations including the TPC/NHC, other Federal

agencies, and the private sector. Various imager channels at higher resolutions are being utilized to

monitor the intensification and movement of tropical cyclones over the Atlantic Ocean and a portion

of the East Pacific. In particular, greater detail in the imagery facilitates tropical cyclone monitoring

and analysis, and the use of the 3.9 micron channel to the GOES imager has vastly improved the
6-2

Figure 6-1. The GOES satellite system
6-3

detection of low-level circulation centers at night to assist in storm positioning. Moisture retrievals

from the GOES sounder, specifically four layers of derived precipitable water, are now being

incorporated into NCEP's numerical models to improve model output. In addition, sounder data are

being exploited to generate derived product imagery such as total precipitable water, atmospheric

stability indices, and surface and cloud temperatures.

During the 1996 hurricane season, NESDIS instituted a specialized GOES-8 sounder schedule

consisting of four sectors covering distinct areas of the Atlantic Ocean. Of the four sounder sectors,

the CONUS sector is scanned every hour and covers the northern Gulf of Mexico and the east coast

of the United States. During routine scanning operations, of the other 3 sounder sectors (the Gulf

of Mexico, North Atlantic, and the East Carribean) the Gulf of Mexico sector is designated as the

“primary OCONUS” (off CONUS) sector and is scanned 4 times in a 6 hour period, while the other

two sectors are only scanned once in every 6 hour period. Event driven, this “primary OCONUS”

sounder sector can be changed by the TPC/NHC. The "primary" OCONUS sector provides frequent

scans over the area of interest to generate experimental sounder winds (identifies steering currents)

and provide moisture and temperature retrievals. Sounder winds are made available to TPC/NHC

as a forecasting tool by the Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies (CIMSS),

University of Wisconsin.

6.1.1.2. GOES-9. GOES-9, launched May 23, 1995, has been replaced byGOES-10

as the operational satellite located at 135EW. GOES-9 is now in on-orbit storage standby at 150EW

if needed, but the satellite is severely degraded.

6.1.1.3. GOES-10. GOES-10, a clone of GOES-8, was launched on April 24, 1997,

and supports the GOES-West station at 135EW. The spacecraft carries the same specified imager

and sounder instruments as GOES-8 and GOES-9. Due to the imminent failure of GOES-9, GOES10 was declared operational in July 1998 and was moved to 135EW. The routine scanning mode of

GOES-10 provides coverage of the Northern and Southern Hemisphere eastern Pacific Ocean as well

as the western United States. The GOES-West satellite also supports the missions of both the

TPC/NHC and the CPHC, and provides coverage of developing tropical cyclones over the East and

Central Pacific. The DOD and other Federal agencies are also supported.

6.1.1.4. GOES-11. GOES-11 was launched on May 3, 2000. GOES-11 is also a

clone of GOES-8 and carries the same imager and instrumentation capabilities as GOES-8 and

GOES-10. GOES-11 is stored on orbit at 103EW until required to replace either of the older

operational satellites.

6.1.1.5. GOES-12. GOES-12 was launched on July 23, 2001. GOES-12 is similar

to GOES-8 through GOES-11, with a few exceptions. The current 12μm channel (channel 5), which

has 4 km resolution, was replaced by a 13.3μm channel (channel 6), has an 8 km resolution. This

new channel should aid in the tracking of satellite-derived winds. In addition, the current 6.7μm

channel (channel 3-the water vapor channel) was improved from 8 km to 4 km resolution. GOES-12

is in on-orbit storage at 90EW until required to replace either of the older operational satellites.
6-4

(NOTE: Sounding schedules can be obtained at http://www.ssd.noaa.gov--click on “GOES Scanning

Schedules” on the left side of the web page.)

6.1.2. EUMETSAT Meteosat Geostationary Satellites. Meteosat-7 provides vital coverage

of developing tropical waves off the African Coast and western Atlantic Ocean. Conventionally, the

full disk IR, visible (VIS), and water vapor imagery have a 5 km resolution whereas specialized VIS

sectors provide a maximum 2.5 km resolution. The digital data are transmitted to NESDIS and

NCEP at the NOAA Science Center (NSC) in Camp Springs, MD, every half hour. They are also

transmitted to the TPC and the Storm Prediction Center (SPC). Meteosat WEFAX data are also

available and distributed via the GOES WEFAX system and through NOAAPORT as part of a

northern hemisphere composite image.

In December 1995, EUMETSAT, the program administrator, began encrypting digital Meteosat data

24 hours per day to regulate use within Europe. Based on international data policy agreements, U.S.

non-government users are allowed access via a domestic satellite to non-encrypted Meteosat data

8 times per day at synoptic times; at other times, the data are encrypted. Hence, if half-hourly

transmissions are required to support operational requirements, it is necessary for users to register

with EUMETSAT to acquire decryption devices for installation at their local site (NOAA/DOD and

other U.S. government agencies are registered). The Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellite

is planned for launch in late 2000. This is a new generation of Meteosat with enhanced capabilities

similar to the current GOES satellites.

6.1.3. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Polar-Orbiting

Satellites. Two primary operational NOAA polar orbiting satellites, NOAA-15 and NOAA-16,

provide image coverage four times a day over a respective area in 5 spectral channels. These

satellites cross the U.S. twice per day at 12-hour intervals for each geographical area near the

Equatorial crossing times listed in Table 6-1. NOAA-15 and NOAA-16 provide the same capabilities

as previous NOAA satellites, except for the addition of an Advanced Microwave Sounder Unit

(AMSU). Data are available via direct readout--high resolution picture transmission (HRPT) or

automatic picture transmission (APT)--or central processing. Data from the Advanced Very High

Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) are available on a limited basis through the GOES distribution

system (Figure 6-1). The Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA), Offutt AFB, NE, receives global

NOAA imagery data direct from central readout sites on a pass-by-pass basis. The Command and

Data Acquisition (CDA) stations at Fairbanks, AL, and Wallops, VA, acquire recorded global area

coverage data, and then route the data to NESDIS computer facilities in Suitland, MD, where the

data are processed and distributed to the NOAA, the DOD, and private communities. Ground

equipment installed at various NWS regions including Kansas City and Miami (TPC), enable direct

readout and data processing of AVHRR data from NOAA-15 and NOAA-16. The high resolution

polar data and products generated at TPC complement other satellite data sources to support tropical

mission objectives.
6-5

6.1.3.1. NOAA-15. NOAA-15 is in full operational use. The type of data and

products provided are the same as the current operational polar orbiting satellite, NOAA-14, except

for the addition of the AMSU and an AVHRR shortwave channel at 1.6 microns. New sounderbased derived products include rain rate, total precipitable water, and surface winds over water.

6.1.3.2. NOAA-16. NOAA-16 is in full operational use with the same capabilities

as NOAA-15.

6.1.3.3. NOAA-M. NOAA-M (NOAA-17 on orbit) is scheduled for launch no earlier

than June 24, 2002, and will have similar characteristics to NOAA-15 and NOAA-16.

6.2. National Weather Service (NWS) Support.

6.2.1. Station Contacts. The GOES imagery is available in support of the surveillance of

tropical and subtropical cyclones at specific NWS offices. Satellite meteorologists can be contacted

at these offices; telephone numbers are in Appendix I.

6.2.2. Products. In addition to the satellite-related products listed in paragraphs 3.6.1, 3.6.2,

and 3.6.3, there are two additional satellite products issued by the centers and their alternates.

6.2.2.1. Satellite Tropical Weather Discussions. TPC/NHC issues these discussions

four times a day. They describe significant features from the latest surface analysis and significant

weather areas for the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean, and between the equator and 32EN in both the

Atlantic and eastern Pacific east of 140EW. CPHC issues these discussions twice a day. They

describe significant features from the latest surface analysis and significant weather areas for the

central north and south Pacific from 140EW to 180E, and for the western north and south Pacific

from 100EE to 180E. Plain Language is used.

6.2.2.2. Satellite Interpretation Message. CPHC issues these messages four times

a day to describe synoptic features and significant weather areas in the vicinity of the Hawaiian

Islands. FAA contractions are used.

6.2.3. Satellite Tropical Weather Discussion. The Miami and Honolulu WSFOs distribute

satellite discussions for prescribed oceanic regions at the times indicated in Table 6-1. The Miami

WSFO is responsible for the tropical regions of the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific; Honolulu WSFO

monitors the tropical regions of the Central and Western Pacific. These satellite discussions describe

significant weather in tropical regions including tropical storm activity over the Atlantic, Eastern

Pacific, Central Pacific, and Western Pacific Oceans.

6.3. NESDIS Satellite Analysis Branch (SAB). The SAB operates 24 hours a day to provide

satellite support to the HPC/MPC, TPC, CPHC, JTWC, and other worldwide users. SAB

coordinates, as conditions warrant, four times per day with TPC and CPHC, relaying pertinent
6-6

information on tropical cyclone development, including location, tracking, and intensity analysis.

A Satellite Weather Bulletin for the Indian Ocean and West Pacific Ocean, providing current

position and current intensity of tropical cyclones, is also disseminated four times per day at the

times indicated in Table 6-1. A satellite tropical disturbance summary for the Indian Ocean,

including location and current intensity of tropical storms, is also disseminated twice per day at the

times indicated in Table 6-1. For numerical model input and forecasting applications, data from high

density cloud motion wind vectors, high density water vapor wind vectors, four layers of derived

precipitable water from sounder moisture retrievals, and tropical rainfall estimates are provided to

HPC and TPC. Telephone numbers for the SAB are located in Appendix H.

6.4. Air Force Support and the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). Data

covering the National Hurricane Operations Plan areas of interest are received centrally at the Air

Force Weather Agency (AFWA) and locally at several direct readout sites. The USAF uses all

available meteorological satellite data when providing fix and intensity information to NWS

hurricane forecasters. The DOD will provide DMSP coverage of tropical and subtropical cyclones

whenever possible.

6.4.1. North Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Surveillance. AFWA readouts will augment

NESDIS surveillance for the North Atlantic and Eastern Pacific. AFWA will, resources permitting,

transmit twice daily teletype bulletins, describing the location and intensity classification of the

system, using format shown in Figure 6-2 to the TPC/NHC on organized disturbances evident at the

tropical classification of one point five (T-1.5) or higher. AFWA will, resources permitting, provide

gale wind radius analysis utilizing SSM/I data for all systems with maximum intensities greater than

50 kt.

6.4.2. Central Pacific Surveillance. AFWA will maintain the capability to provide

surveillance support cited in para 6.4.1 to the CPHC. The 17 OWS/WXJ (JTWC Satellite Operations)

will provide fix and intensity information to the CPHC on systems upon request.
6-7

Table 6-1. Communications headings for satellite tropical weather discussion summaries

WMO HEADING TIME ISSUED OCEANIC AREA TYPE OF DATA

ACPA40 PHFO 2200 UTC Central Pacific VIS/IR

(north and south)

from 180o to 140o

W

ACPW40 PHFO 2200 UTC Western Pacific VIS/IR

(north and south)

from 100o

E to 180o

ATHW40 PHFO 0030, 0530, Vicinity of the VIS/IR

1230, 1830 UTC Hawaiian Islands

AXNT20 KNHC 0000,0600, Atlantic Ocean VIS/IR

1200,1800 UTC South of 32EN to

Equator....

Caribbean, Gulf

of Mexico

AXPZ20 KNHC 0135, 0735 Eastern Pacific VIS/IR

1335, 1935 UTC South of 32EN

to the Equator....

east of 140E W

TCIO11 KWBC 2200 UTC Indian Ocean IR Night

TCIO10 KWBC 1000 UTC Indian Ocean VIS/IR Day

WWPN20 KWBC 0400, 1000, West Pacific Ocean VIS/IR

1600, 2200 UTC

WWPS20 KWBC 0400, 1000, South Pacific Ocean VIS/IR

1600, 2200 UTC

WWIO20 KWBC 0400, 1000, North Indian Ocean VIS/IR

1600, 2200 UTC

WWIO21 KWBC 0400, 1000, South Indian Ocean VIS/IR

1600, 2200 UTC
6-8

MESSAGE HEADING:

TPNT KGWC (Atlantic) or TPPZ1 KGWC (Eastern and Central Pacific)

A

CYCLONE DESIGNATOR

A. Designator of tropical cyclone category including name/number. When a cloud system

has not yet been designated by name/number enter TROPICAL DISTURBANCE.

Sample entry: TROPICAL STORM AMY (15)

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

B

DATE/TIME (Z) OF FIX

B. Date and nodal crossing time in Zulu; round time to nearest minute. Sample entry:

252303Z.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

C

LATITUDE OF POSITION

C. Latitude to nearest tenth of degree (N or S), followed by checksum. Sample entry:

29.9N/0

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

D

LONGITUDE OF POSITION

D. Longitude to nearest tenth of degree followed by checksum. Sample entry: 56.7 W/8

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

E

VIS/IR POSITION CODE NUMBER

SSM/I CONFIDENCE NUMBER

E. Enter SSM/I Confidence Number and source of data (DMSP, NOAA, etc.). Spell out

VIS/IR Position Code Number (PCN). Select MI Confidence Number and PCN number

from code below:

GEOGRAPHICAL GRIDDING EPHEMERIS GRIDDING

ONE: eye fix TWO: eye fix

THREE: well defined FOUR: well defined

circulation circulation

center center

FIVE: poorly defined SIX: poorly defined

circulation circulation

center center

Sample entry: MI4/DMSP/SIX

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

F

DVORAK CLASSIFICATION

F. Dvorak classification for storm intensity as described in NOAA Technical Report NESDIS

11. Dvorak classification will be made a minimum of twice each day based on infrared

and/or visual data. If a new Dvorak classification number cannot be derived, use the last

reported number. Include in parentheses the date and nodal time of the data on which

the Dvorak analysis is based.

Sample entry: T 4.5/4.5/D1.0/25HRS (252305Z)

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

G

REMARKS

G. Include information, as appropriate, on data type, eye characteristics, spiral rainbands,

unexpected changes in storm movement, departures from Dvorak (modeled) intensities,

etc.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

H

NADIR REFERENCE DISTANCE

H. Include crosstrack distance in degrees latitude between fix center and satellite nadir

subtrack.

Sample Entry: Center WAS 5.4 DEG EAST OF NADIR

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

I

GALE WIND RADIUS ANALYSIS

I. Experimental gale wind (34kt) radius boundary utilizing image mapped SSM/I ocean

surface wind speed algorithm estimates.

Sample Entry: Gale Wind Radius Anal-Boundary Compass Points

DIR DIST-NM LAT LONG

1. N 140 29.4N 88.2W

2. NE 130 28.9N 86.6W

3. E 80 27.0N 86.7W

4. SE 65 26.2N 87.4W

5. S 65 25.9N 88.2W

6. SW 65 26.3N 89.3W

7. W 80 27.0N 89.7W

8. NW 95 28.5N 89.2W

Figure 6-2. Center fix data form and message format (satellite)
6-9

6.5. Satellites and Satellite Data Availability for the Current Hurricane Season. Table

6-2 lists satellite capabilities for the current hurricane season.

Table 6-2. Satellite and satellite data availability for the current hurricane season

SATELLITE TYPE OF DATA LOCAL TIME PRODUCTS

GOES-8

at 75EW

GOES-9 at

105EW (on-orbit

storage)

GOES-10

at 135EW

GOES-11

at 103EW (onorbit storage)

GOES-12

at 90EW (on-orbit

storage)

Multispectral Imager

and Sounder

5 Channels for

Imager

19 Channels for

Sounder

Every 30 min, in

Routine Scan Mode,

provides 3 sectors

with prescribed

coverages: Northern

Hemisphere (NH) or

Extended NH;

CONUS or PACUS;

and Southern

Hemisphere.

Exception is

transmission of full

disk every 3 hours.

(Available Rapid

Scan Operations

yield increased

transmissions to 7.5

minute intervals to

capture rapidly

changing, dynamic

weather events).

1. 1, 2, 4, and 8 km

resolution visible standard

sectors.

2. 4 km equivalent resolution

IR sectors.

3. Equivalent and full

resolution IR enhanced

imagery.

4. Full disk IR every 3 hours.

5. 8 km water vapor sectors.

6. Quantitative precipitation

estimates; high density cloud

and water vapor motion wind

vectors; and experimental

visible and sounder winds.

7. Operational moisture

sounder data (precipitable

water) in four levels for

inclusion in NCEP numerical

models. Other sounder

products including gradient

winds, vertical temperature

and moisture profiles, midlevel winds, and derived

product imagery (precipitable

water, lifted index, and

surface skin temperature).

8. Tropical storm monitoring

and derivation of intensity

analysis.

9. Volcanic ash monitoring

and dissemination of

Volcanic Ash Advisory

Statements.

10. Daily northern

hemisphere snow cover

analysis.

11. Twice daily fire and

smoke analysis over specific

areas within CONUS.
6-10

Table 6-2. Satellite and satellite data availability for the current hurricane season

(continued)

SATELLITE TYPE OF DATA LOCAL TIME PRODUCTS

METEOSAT-7 Multi-spectral

Spin-Scan

Radiometer

Full disk image every

half hour

1. 2.5 km resolution digital

VIS imagery; 5 km resolution

digital

IR imagery.

2. 5 km resolution VIS and

IR WEFAX imagery.

3. 5 km water vapor imagery.

4. Tropical storm monitoring

and derivation of intensity

analysis.
Table 6-2. Satellite and satellite data availability for the current hurricane season

(continued)

SATELLITE TYPE OF DATA LOCAL TIME PRODUCTS

1 D - descending

2 A - ascending

6-11

NOAA-16

NOAA-15

NOAA-14

(replaced by

NOAA-16 for

processing;

limited data

NOAA-12

(replaced by

NOAA-15 for

processing;

limited data)

AVHRR GAC and

LAC (recorded)

HRPT (direct),

AMSU, HIRS

AVHRR (was

experiencing some

difficulties, but

currently providing

images)

GAC (recorded)

HRPT and APT

(direct), AMSU,

HIRS

AVHRR GAC

(recorded) HRPT

(direct), HIRS

AVHRR

HRPT and APT

(direct) TOVS

0154D1

/1354A2

0708D/1908A

0552D/1752A

0449D/1649A

1. 1 km resolution HRPT and

Local Area Coverage (LAC)

data.

2. 4 km resolution APT and

Global Area Coverage (GAC)

data.

3. Mapped imagery.

4. Unmapped imagery (all

data types) at DMSP sites.

5. Sea-surface temperature

analysis.

6. Soundings.

7. Moisture profiles.

8. Remapped GAC sectors.

9. Sounding-derived

products--total precipitable

water, rain rate, and surface

winds under sounding

(NOAA-15, NOAA-16 (May

01)).

10. Daily northern

hemisphere snow cover

analysis.

11. Twice daily fire and

smoke analysis over specific

areas within CONUS.
Table 6-2. Satellite and satellite data availability for the current hurricane season

(continued)

SATELLITE TYPE OF DATA LOCAL TIME PRODUCTS

6-12

DMSP F-12

DMSP F-13

DMSP F-14

DMSP F-15

OLS Imagery

(recorded and

direct), SSM/I (nonfunctional), SSM/T1 (non-functional),

SSM/T-2 (recorded

and direct)

OLS Imagery

(recorded and

direct), SSM/I,

SSM/T-1

OLS Imagery

(recorded and

direct), SSM/I,

SSM/T-1 (inop),

SSM/T-2

OLS Imagery

(recorded and

direct), SSM/I,

SSM/T-1, SSM/T-2

0735D/1935A

0610D/1810A

0830D/2030A

0930D/2130A

1. 0.3 nm (regional) and 1.5

nm (global) resolution (visual

and infrared) imagery

available via stored data

recovery through AFWA.

2. Regional coverage at 0.3

nm and 1.5 nm resolution

(visual and infrared) imagery

available from numerous

DOD tactical terminals.

3. SSM/T-1, SSM/T-2,

SSM/I data transmitted to

NESDIS and FNMOC from

AFWA.
6-13

6.6. Current Intensity and Tropical Classification Number. The current intensity(C.I.) number

relates directly to the intensity of the storm. The empirical relationship between the C.I. number and

a storm's wind speed is shown in Table 6-3. The C.I. number is same as the tropical classification

number (T-number) during the development stages of a tropical cyclone but is held higher than the

T-number while a cyclone is weakening. This is done because a lag is often observed between the

time a storm pattern indicates weakening has begun and the time when the storm's intensity

decreases. An added benefit of this rule is the stability it adds to the analysis when short-period

fluctuations in the cloud pattern occur. In practice, the C.I. number is not lowered until the

T-number has shown weakening for 12 hours or more.

Table 6-3. The empirical relationship* between the C.I. number and the maximum wind speed

and the relationship between the T-number and the minimum sea-level pressure

C.I. NUMBER MAXIMUM T-NUMBER MINIMUM SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE

WIND SPEED (Atlantic) (NW Pacific)

1 25 kt 1

1.5 25 1.5

2 30 2 1009 hPa 1000 hPa

2.5 35 2.5 1005 997

3 45 3 1000 991

3.5 55 3.5 994 984

4 65 4 987 976

4.5 77 4.5 979 966

5 90 5 970 954

5.5 102 5.5 960 941

6 115 6 948 927

6.5 127 6.5 935 914

7 140 7 921 898

7.5 155 7.5 906 879

8 170 8 890 858

*Dvorak, V, 1984: Tropical Cyclone Intensity Analysis Using Satellite Data.

NOAA Tech Report NESDIS 11, Washington, D.C.
7-1

CHAPTER 7

SURFACE RADAR REPORTING

7.1. General. Radar observations of tropical cyclones will be made at Department of Defense

(DOD), National Weather Service (NWS), and Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Weather

Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) facilities. Participating radar sites are listed in Table

7-1.

7.2. The WSR-88D. The WSR-88D is a computerized radar data collection and processing system.

The design and implementation of the WSR-88D was a joint effort of the DOD, NWS, and FAA,

and the utilization of the radar continues to be governed by a triagency agreement. The WSR-88D

is a 750 kilowatt, S-band (10 cm), coherent radar, with a nominal beam width of 1 degree. The

maximum data ranges are 248 nm (reflectivity) and 124 nm (velocity). Radar scanning strategies

are selectable, using predetermined volume coverage patterns (VCP). The VCP selected depends

upon which weather phenomena are under surveillance. Once collected, the radar data are processed

automatically at the radar site by a suite of algorithms which provide graphical products for

forecaster use. TPC/NHC, as an external user, obtains these products through a dial-up connection.

CPHC controls and operates four WSR-88Ds in Hawaii and obtains the products directly.

7.3. Procedures. In order to perform radar center-fixing and obtain other diagnostic information,

TPC/NHC must obtain radar products from WSR-88D sites in the area of landfall. As a tropical

cyclone approaches, software commands must be issued at the site, using the Unit Control Position

(UCP), in order for TPC/NHC to obtain the necessary products. To facilitate this process,

TPC/NHC, in cooperation with the Operational Support Facility(OSF), has developed an operations

plan for use during tropical cyclone events (see Appendix H for details). The plan is also available

via facsimile from the OSF hotline at 1-800-643-3363. A formal agreement between the NWS and

DOD on the use of the plan at DOD facilities is pending.

7.3.1. Radar Observation Requirements, WSR-88D. Chief among the requirements is the

appropriate display of hurricane-force winds. The WSR-88D, with default settings, will not display

winds greater than 64 kt. Changes must be made at the radar site in order to deal effectively with

hurricane conditions; the procedures are detailed in Appendix H, "WSR-88D Operations Plan for

Tropical Cyclone Events." The physical characteristics of the tropical cyclone are best represented

by use of the precipitation mode, usually VCP 11 or 21, depending upon range. Radar characteristics

of hurricanes are given in Federal Meteorological Handbook No. 11 (FMH-11), Part B, "Doppler

Radar Theory and Meteorology," Chapter 9. Further discussion of product usage appears in FMH11, Part D, "Unit Description and Operational Applications." A recommended product list appears

in FMH-11, Part D, Chapter 4, Table 4-1 (Application versus Product).
1

The criterion for selection is that the radar site lie within approximately 124 nm

(maximum velocity range) of the coastline.

7-2

Table 7-1. Participating radar stations1

LOCATION RADAR TYPE LATITUDE LONGITUDE

NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE RADARS

U.S. Gulf and Atlantic Coasts

Albany, NY WSR-88D 42E35' N 74E04' W

Atlanta, GA WSR-88D 33E22' N 84E34' W

Baton Rouge, LA WSR-88D 30E20' N 89E49' W

Binghamton, NY WSR-88D 42E12' N 75E59' W

Birmingham, AL WSR-88D 33E10' N 86E46' W

Boston, MA WSR-88D 41E57' N 71E08' W

Brownsville, TX WSR-88D 25E55' N 97E25' W

Caribou, ME WSR-88D 46E02' N 67E48' W

Charleston, SC WSR-88D 32E33' N 80E47' W

Columbia, SC WSR-88D 32E39' N 81E03' W

Corpus Christi, TX WSR-88D 27E47' N 97E31' W

Ft. Worth, TX WSR-88D 32E34' N 97E18' W

Greer, SC WSR-88D 34E53' N 82E13' W

Houston, TX WSR-88D 29E28' N 95E05' W

Jackson, MS WSR-88D 32E19' N 90E05' W

Jacksonville, FL WSR-88D 30E29' N 81E42' W

Key West, FL WSR-88D 24E36' N 81E42' W

Lake Charles, LA WSR-88D 30E07' N 93E13' W

Melbourne, FL WSR-88D 28E07' N 80E39' W

Miami, FL WSR-88D 25E37' N 80E25' W

Mobile, AL WSR-88D 30E41' N 88E15' W

Morehead City, NC WSR-88D 34E46' N 76E53' W

New Orleans, LA WSR-88D 30E20' N 89E50' W

New York City, NY WSR-88D 40E52' N 72E52' W

Philadelphia, PA WSR-88D 39E57' N 74E25' W

Portland, ME WSR-88D 43E53' N 70E15' W

Raleigh/Durham, NC WSR-88D 35E40' N 78E29' W

Roanoke, VA WSR-88D 37E01' N 80E16' W

San Antonio, TX WSR-88D 30E43' N 97E23' W

Shreveport, LA WSR-88D 32E27' N 93E50' W

State College, PA WSR-88D 40E55' N 78E00' W

Sterling, VA WSR-88D 38E58' N 77E29' W

Tallahassee, FL WSR-88D 30E24' N 84E20' W

Tampa, FL WSR-88D 27E42' N 82E24' W

Wakefield, VA WSR-88D 36E59' N 77E00' W

Wilmington, NC WSR-88D 33E59' N 78E26' W
7-3

Table 7-1. Participating radar stations (continued)

NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE RADARS

U.S. Southwest

Phoenix, AZ WSR-88D 33E17' N 111E40' W

San Diego, CA WSR-88D 33E49' N 117E38' W

Tucson, AZ WSR-88D 31E57' N 110E54' W

Yuma, AZ WSR-88D 32E40' N 114E37' W

FAA RADARS

Molokai, HI WSR-88D 21E08'N 157E11'W

Kohala, HI WSR-88D 20E06'N 155E45'W

San Juan, PR WSR-88D 18E07'N 66E05'W

South Hawaii, HI WSR-88D 19E06'N 155E34'W

South Kauai, HI WSR-88D 21E54'N 159E33'W

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

U.S. Gulf and Atlantic Coasts

Dover AFB, DE WSR-88D 38E50'N 75E26'W

Eglin AFB, FL WSR-88D 30E34'N 85E55'W

Fort Hood, TX WSR-88D 30E43'N 97E23'W

Fort Polk, LA WSR-88D 31E09'N 92E58'W

Fort Rucker, AL WSR-88D 31E28'N 85E28'W

Maxwell AFB, AL WSR-88D 32E32'N 85E47'W

Moody AFB, GA WSR-88D 30E33'N 83E00'W

Robins AFB, GA WSR-88D 32E40'N 83E21'W

(NHC has dial-in access to the above DOD sites.)
7-4

7.3.2. Central Region Report. The following fix definitions and criteria are used in reporting

WSR-88D tropical cyclone radar observations:

• If the central region of a storm is defined by an identifiable circular, or nearly

circular, wall cloud with an echo-free center, the fix (the geometric center) is

reported as an "EYE."

• If the central region is recognizable, but not well defined by a wall cloud (as in the

case of a tropical storm), it is reported as a "CENTER."

• When the eye or center is only occasionally recognizable or some other central

region uncertainty exists, the eye or center is reported as "PSBL EYE" or "PSBL

CENTER."

Remarks stating the degree of confidence will be included, and will be classified as either "good,"

"fair," or "poor." If an eye is present, a "good" fix is reported when the eye is symmetrical--virtually

surrounded by wall cloud; a "poor" fix is reported when the eye is asymmetrical--less than 50 percent

surrounded by wall cloud; a "fair" fix is reported to express a degree of confidence between "good"

and "poor." Note that a partial eyewall may be the result of excessive range from the radar or

represent the true structure of the system. Doppler velocities will, in general, increase confidence

in the center position, and if available, should always be examined prior to establishing a fix.

7.3.3. Transmission of Radar Reports. When the tropical cyclone is within 200 nm of a

WSR-88D and the center fix is considered reliable, the appropriate tropical cyclone warning center

(TPC/NHC or CPHC) may issue a tropical cyclone position estimate (AFOS categoryTCE) between

2-hourly intermediate advisories. Note that although the issuance of this product depends upon the

quality of the radar fix, other data sources such as aircraft reconnaissance may be blended with the

radar estimate to obtain a position. Thus, a radar position established on one particular radar may

appear to disagree with the TCE position but has, in fact, been taken into consideration.

In the case of communications failure and/or an event that prevents the TPC/NHC from obtaining

the necessary radar data, the local National Weather Service Office may be called upon to estimate

the radar position and render a qualitative assessment of the circulation. Other radar facilities not

having weather transmission capability, but wishing to provide information deemed important,

should call the nearest National Weather Service Office or the TPC/NHC.
8-1

CHAPTER 8

NATIONAL DATA BUOY CAPABILITIES AND REQUIREMENTS

8.1. General.

8.1.1. Automated Reporting Stations. The National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) maintains

automated reporting stations in the Gulf of Mexico, in the coastal areas and deep ocean of the

Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and in the Great Lakes. These data acquisition systems obtain

measurements of meteorological and oceanographic parameters for operations and research purposes.

Moored buoy station locations and configurations are given in Table 8-1. The locations of CoastalMarine Automated Network (C-MAN) stations are listed in Table 8-2. Figures 8-1 through 8-3 show

the locations of all moored buoys and C-MAN stations. Figure 8-4 is a detailed chart of the network

in the Gulf of Mexico and along the southeast U.S. coast. The operational status and measurement

capability of stations can be obtained from NDBC Operations Branch, Stennis Space Center, MS

39529-6000, phone 228-688-3134, or on-line via NDBC's home page on the World Wide Web

(www) at http://www.ndbc.noaa.gov. Several new stations will be installed in the Gulf of Mexico

and the Atlantic during the summer of 2002. Please check the NDBC web page for network updates.

8.1.2. Data Acquisition. Moored buoy and C-MAN stations routinely acquire, store, and

transmit data every hour; a few selected stations report more frequently. Data obtained operationally

include sea-level pressure, wind speed and direction, peak wind, and air temperature. Sea-surface

temperature and wave spectra data are measured by all moored buoys and a limited number of CMAN stations. Relative humidity is also measured at several stations.

8.1.3. Drifting Buoys.

8.1.3.1. NDBC. NDBC is capable of acquiring, preparing, and deploying drifting

buoys; however, a NOAA operational drifting buoy requirement has not been identified or funded.

Research interests should contact NDBC directly with drifting buoy requirements.

8.1.3.2. Navy. Since 1998, the Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO) has

deployed meteorological drifting buoys to report surface meteorological and oceanographic

measurements, for operational purposes, as tropical systems move through data sparse regions

tracking toward the U.S. East Coast. Additionally, Navy drifting buoys have been deployed in the

Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). The drifting buoy measurements, which are available to

tropical forecasters, provide invaluable input for defining tropical storm movement and intensity,

improve forecast model initialization, and give tropical forecasters a much better sense of storm

characteristics and track as they approach the fleet concentration areas of Jacksonville, FL, and

Norfolk, VA. Drifting buoys typically have a life span of 1 to 2 years, and the data are available

through the NAVOCEANO homepage and through standard World Meteorological Organization

(WMO) data sources.
8-2

NAVOCEANO acquires, prepares, and deploys drifting meteorological buoys based on

operational requirements identified by Commander-in-Chief, Atlantic Fleet (CINCLANTFLT).

Currently, CINCLANTFLT has identified the Navy’s drifting buoysupport as a standing requirement

to support fleet safety, assist in fleet sortie decisions, and enhance tropical weather preparedness.

8.2. Requests for Drifting Buoy Deployment. Drifting buoydeployments should be coordinated

with the Department of Commerce (DOC), through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration (NOAA). NOAA will initiate a request through the Office of the Federal

Coordinator for Meteorology (OFCM). The request for deployment support will then be sent to the

53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron (53 WRS) through HQ Air Force Reserve Command

(AFRC). Deployments in advance of a U.S. land-threatening hurricane require a 36- to 48-hour

notification. All requests will include specific information, regarding onloading base,

accompanying technicians, desired pickup times, reimbursement funding, and other pertinent data.

8.2.1. Tropical Prediction Center/National Hurricane Center (TPC/NHC). TPC/NHC

forecasters will issue through the Tropical Cyclone Plan of the Day (TCPOD) an alert or outlook for

drifting buoy deployment 48 hours prior to the planned deployment. Hard tasking for the

deployment will be issued 14 hours prior to the event via the TCPOD.

8.2.2. Deployment Buoys. DOC may request the deployment of up to four drifting buoys

between 185 and 333 km (100 and 180 nm) from the storm center, depending on the dynamics of

the storm system. DOC will ensure the buoys and mission-related DOC personnel are available for

pickup by AFRC aircraft. The specific DOC request for placement of the buoys will depend on

several factors, including:

• Characteristics of the storm, including size, intensity, and velocity.

• Storm position relative to the coast and population centers.

8.2.3. Deployment Position. The final deployment position will be provided before the

flight crew briefing. Two examples of possible buoy deployment patterns are shown in Figure 8-5.

8.3. Communications. Moored buoy and C-MAN data are transmitted via the Geostationary

Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) to the National Environmental Satellite, Data, and

Information Service (NESDIS) and then are relayed to the NWS Telecommunications Gateway

(NWSTG) for processing and dissemination. Moored buoy observations are formatted into the

World Meteorological Organization (WMO) FM 13-IX SHIP code. The SHIP code is defined in

Federal Meteorological Handbook No. 2, Surface Synoptic Codes. C-MAN measurements are

formatted into C-MAN code, which is very similar to the WMO FM 12-IX SYNOP code. Code

forms are shown in Table 8-3. The C-MAN code is contained in the C-MAN Users' Guide, which

is available from NDBC. Drifting buoy data are sent through NOAA’s polar-orbiting environmental

satellites (POES) to the U.S. Argos Global Processing Center, Largo, MD. Service Argos processes

and formats the data into the WMO FM 18 BUOY code defined in the WMO Manual on Codes,

Volume I. The messages are then routed to the NWSTG for distribution.
8-3

Table 8-1. Moored buoy locations and configurations

SITE STATION ID LOCATION HULL SIZE (m) ANEMOMETER

HEIGHT (m)

GULF OF MEXICO 42001 25.9EN 89.7EW 10 10

42002 25.9EN 93.6EW 10 10

42003 25.9EN 85.9EW 10 10

42007 30.1EN 88.8EW3 5

42019 27.9EN 95.4EW3 5

42020 26.9EN 96.7EW3 5

42035 29.2EN 94.4EW3 5

42036 28.5EN 84.5EW3 5

420391 28.8EN 86.0EW3 5

420401 29.2EN 88.2EW3 5

42054 26.0EN 87.7EW 12 10

ATLANTIC OCEAN 41001 34.7EN 72.6EW6 5

41002 32.3EN 75.2EW6 5

41004 32.5EN 79.1EW3 5

41008 31.4EN 80.9EW3 5

410091 28.5EN 80.2EW3 5

410101 28.9EN 78.5EW6 5

44004 38.5EN 70.7EW6 5

44005 42.9EN 68.9EW6 5

44007 43.5EN 70.1EW3 5

44008 40.5EN 69.4EW3 5

44009 38.5EN 74.7EW3 5

44011 41.1EN 66.6EW6 5

44013 42.4EN 70.7EW3 5

440141 36.6EN 74.8EW3 5

44025 40.3EN 73.2EW3 5

PACIFIC OCEAN 46002 42.5EN 130.3EW6 5

(SOUTH OF 45EN) 46006 40.8EN 137.5EW6 5

46011 34.9EN 120.9EW3 5

46012 37.4EN 122.7EW3 5

46013 38.2EN 123.3EW3 5

46014 39.2EN 124.0EW3 5

46022 40.8EN 124.5EW3 5

460231 34.7EN 121.0EW3 5

46025 33.8EN 119.1EW3 5

46026 37.8EN 122.8EW3 5

46027 41.9EN 124.4EW3 5

46028 35.7EN 121.9EW3 5

46029 46.1EN 124.5EW3 5

46030 40.4EN 124.5EW3 5

46042 36.8EN 122.4EW3 5

46047 32.4EN 119.5EW3 5

46050 44.6EN 124.5EW3 5

46053 34.2EN 119.8EW3 5

460541 34.3EN 120.4EW 10 10

46059 38.0EN 130.0EW6 5

460621 35.1EN 121.0EW 10 10

46063 34.3EN 120.7EW6 5

51001 23.4EN 162.3EW6 6

51002 17.2EN 157.8EW6 6

51003 19.2EN 160.7EW6 6

51004 17.4EN 152.5EW6 5

510281 0.0EN 153.9EW3 5 1

Temporary site established with other special funding.
8-4

Table 8-2. C-MAN sites

SITE STATION ID LOCATION STATION NAME

GULF OF MEXICO BURL1 28.9EN 89.4EW Southwest Pass, LA

CDRF11 29.1EN 83.0EW Cedar Key, FL

CSBF1 29.7EN 85.4EW Cape San Blas, FL

DPIA1 30.3EN 88.1EW Dauphin Island, AL

DRYF11 24.6EN 82.9EW Dry Tortugas, FL

GDIL1 29.3EN 90.0EW Grand Isle, LA

KTNF11 29.8EN 83.6EW Keaton Beach, FL

LONF11 24.8EN 80.9EW Long Key, FL

PTAT2 27.8EN 97.1EW Port Aransas, TX

SRST2 29.7EN 94.1EW Sabine, TX

VENF1 27.1EN 82.4EW Venice, FL

ATLANTIC OCEAN ALSN6 40.5EN 73.8EW Ambrose Light, NY

BUZM3 41.4EN 71.0EW Buzzards Bay, MA

CHLV2 36.9EN 75.7EW Chesapeake Light, VA

CLKN7 34.6EN 76.5EW Cape Lookout, NC

DSLN7 35.2EN 75.3EW Diamond Shoals, NC

DUCN7 36.2EN 75.8EW Duck Pier, NC

FBIS1 32.7EN 79.9EW Folly Island, SC

FPSN7 33.5EN 77.6EW Frying Pan Shoals, NC

FWYF11 25.6EN 80.1EW Fowey Rocks, FL

IOSN3 43.0EN 70.6EW Isle of Shoals, NH

LKWF1 26.6EN 80.0EW Lake Worth, FL

MDRM1 44.0EN 68.1EW Mt. Desert Rock, ME

MISM1 43.8EN 68.9EW Matinicus Rock, ME

MLRF1 25.0EN 80.4EW Molasses Reef, FL

SANF11 24.5EN 81.9EW Sand Key, FL

SAUF1 29.9EN 81.3EW St. Augustine, FL

SMKF1 24.6EN 81.1EW Sombrero Key, FL

SPGF1 26.7EN 79.0EW Settlement Point, GBI

TPLM2 38.9EN 76.4EW Thomas Point, MD

EASTERN PACIFIC CARO3 43.3EN 124.4EW Cape Arago, OR

OCEAN (SOUTH OF NWPO3 44.6EN 124.1EW Newport, OR

45EN) PTAC1 39.0EN 123.7EW Point Arena, CA

PTGC1 34.6EN 120.6EW Point Arguello, CA

1

Temporary site established with other special funding.

2

Station is expected to be moved offshore approximately 2 nm south of its present location by 6/1/01.
Figure 8-1. NDBC moored buoy locations in the Atlantic Ocean,

the Gulf of Mexico, and the Great Lakes

8-5
8-6

Figure 8-2. NDBC moored buoys in the Pacific Ocean
Figure 8-3. C-MAN stations in the coastal U.S.

8-7
Figure 8-4. NDBC planned and current Gulf of Mexico moored buoy network

8-8
8-9

Figure 8-5. Drifting data buoy deployment patterns
8-10

Table 8-3. Code forms for moored data buoys, C-MAN stations, and drifting buoys

FORM CODE

FM 13-IX (SHIP) Mi

MiMjMj A1bwnbnbnb YYGGiw 99LaLaLa QcLoLoLoLo

REPORT OF SYNOPTIC

SURFACE OBSERVATION ir

ix/// /ddff 1snTTT (2snTdTdTd) 3P0P0P0 4PPPP 5appp 9GGgg

FROM A SEA STATION

(AUTOMATIC WEATHER 22200 QssTwTwTw 1PwaPwaHwaHwa 70 HwaHwaHwa

STATION)

333 912ff (00fff)

555 11fff 22fff (3GGgg 4ddfmfm)

(6GcGcgcgc d1d1d1f1f1f1 d6d6d6f6f6f6) d2d2d2f2f2f2 d3d3d3f3f3f3

d4d4d4f4f4f4 d5d5d5f5f5f5

U.S. NATIONAL CMAN YYGGiw

(C-MAN LAND STATION)

MODIFIED FM 12-IX XXXXnt iRixhVV Nddff (00fff) 1snTTT 2snTdTdTd 3P0P0P0 4PPPP

5appp 6RRRtR 9GGgg

222// 0snTwTwTw 1waPwaPwaHwaHwa 70HwaHwaHwa

333 912ff (00fff)

444 1PavPavPav/

555 11fff 22fff (3GGgg) (4ddfmfmfm)

(6GcGcgcgc d1d1d1f1f1f1 d6d6d6f6f6f6) d2d2d2f2f2f2 d3d3d3f3f3f3 d4d4d4f4f4f4

d5d5d5f5f5f5 (TIDE1111)

FM 18 BUOY Section 0: ZZYY A1bwnbnbnb YYMMJ GGggiw QcLaLaLaLaLa L0L0L0L0L0L0 YYMMJ

6Q1Qt

Od /

REPORT OF A

DRIFTING BUOY Section 1: 111QdQx 0ddff (1snTTT) [(2snTdTdTd) or (29UUU)] (3PoPoPoPo)

OBSERVATION (4PPPP) (5appp)

Section 2: 222QdQx (0SnTwTwTw) (1PwaPwaHwaHwa) (20PwaPwaPwa) (21HwaHwaHwa)

Section 3: 333Qd1Qd2 (8887k2 2z0z0z0z0 3T0T0T0T0 4S0S0S0S

.... .... ....

2znznznzn 3TnTnTnTn 4SnSnSnSn)

(66k69k3 2z0z0z0z0 d0d0c0c0c0

.... ....

2znznznzn dndncncncn)

Section 4: 444 (1QpQ2QtwQ4) (2QnQL//) [(QcLaLaLaLaLa L0L0L0L0L0L0 or

(YYMMJ GGgg/)] (8Vi

ViViVi) (9idZdZdZdZd)
9-1

CHAPTER 9

MARINE WEATHER BROADCASTS

9.1. General. The Department of Transportation's United States Coast Guard (USCG) broadcasts

forecast products that include information on tropical cyclones issued by the National Hurricane

Center and the Central Pacific Hurricane Center. The broadcast of these products supports the U.S.

participation in the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System, which provides the

communications support to the International Maritime Organization's (IMO) global search and rescue

plan.

9.2. Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS). The goals of GMDSS are to

provide more effective and efficient emergency and safety communications, and to disseminate

maritime safety information to all ships on the world's oceans regardless of location or atmospheric

conditions. These goals are defined in the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea

(SOLAS) 1974. GMDSS is based upon a combination of satellite and terrestrial radio services and

has changed international distress communications from being primarily ship-to-ship based to shipto-shore (rescue coordination center) based. GMDSS provides for automatic distress alerting and

locating, and requires ships to receive broadcasts of maritime safetyinformation which could prevent

a distress from happening in the first place. The NWS participates directly in the GMDSS by

preparing weather forecasts and warnings for broadcast via two primaryGMDSS systems--NAVTEX

and Inmarsat-C SafetyNET.

9.2.1. NAVTEX. NAVTEX is an international, automated system for instantly distributing

maritime navigational warnings, weather forecasts and warnings, search and rescue notices, and

similar information to ships. It has been designated by the IMO as the primary means for

transmitting coastal urgent marine safety information to ships worldwide. NAVTEX is broadcast

from the 12 USCG stations. Coverage is reasonably continuous along the east, west, and Gulf coasts

of the United States, as well as the area around Kodiak, Alaska, Guam, and Puerto Rico. Typical

NAVTEX transmissions range from 200-400 nm.

9.2.2. SafetyNET. Satellite systems operated by the International Mobile Satellite

Organization (Inmarsat) are an important element of the GMDSS. Inmarsat-C provides ship/shore,

shore/ship, and ship/ship store-and-forward data and telex messaging; the capability for sending

preformatted messages to a rescue coordination center; and the SafetyNET service. The Inmarsat-C

SafetyNET service is a satellite-based worldwide maritime safety information broadcast service of

high seas weather warnings, navigational warnings, radionavigation warnings, ice reports and

warnings generated byUSCG-conducted International Ice Patrol, and other information not provided

by NAVTEX.
9-2

9.3. Coastal Maritime Safety Broadcasts. In addition to NAVTEX, the USCG and other

government agencies broadcast maritime safety information, using a variety of different radio

systems to ensure coverage of different ocean areas for which the United States has responsibility

and to ensure all ships of every size and nationality can receive this vital safety information.

9.3.1. VHF Marine Radio. The USCG broadcasts nearshore and storm warnings of interest

to the mariner on VHF channel 22A (157.1 MHZ) following an initial call on the distress, safety, and

calling channel 16 (156.8 MHZ). Broadcasts are made from over 200 sites, covering the coastal

areas of the U.S., including the Great Lakes, major inland waterways, Puerto Rico, Alaska, Hawaii,

and Guam. All ships in U.S. waters over 20 meters in length are required to monitor VHF channel

16 and must have radios capable of tuning to the VHF simplex channel 22A. Typical coverage is

25 nm offshore.

9.3.2. Medium Frequency Radiotelephone (Voice). The USCG broadcasts offshore

forecasts and storm warnings of interest to mariners on 2670 kHz, after first being announced on the

distress, safety, and calling frequency 2182 kHz.

9.3.3. NOAA Weather Radio. The NOAA Weather Radio network continually broadcasts

coastal and marine forecasts on frequencies near 162 MHZ. Recorded voice broadcasts are in the

process of transitioning to voice synthesis. The network provides near-continuous coverage of the

coastal U.S., Great Lakes, Hawaii, Guam, and the populated Alaska coastline. Typical coverage is

25 nm offshore.

9.4. High Seas Broadcasts. NWS high seas weather forecasts and warnings are also available on

the following high frequency (HF) broadcasts.

9.4.1. HF Radiotelephone (Voice). Weather forecasts and warnings for the high seas are

broadcast over scheduled HF radiotelephone channels from USCG communications stations using

a very distinctive and recognizable computer-synthesized voice. Limited offshore forecasts are also

available.

9.4.2. HF Radiofacsimile. The USCG broadcasts NWS high seas weather maps from five

communications stations--Boston, MA (NMF); Point Reyes, CA (NMC); New Orleans, LA (NMG),

Honolulu, HI (KVM-70) (a DOD station); and Kodiak, AK (NOJ). Limited satellite imagery, sea

surface temperature maps, and text forecasts are also available.

9.4.3. HF Radiotelex (HF SITOR). High seas forecasts in text format, recognized by the

GMDSS, are broadcast over scheduled GMDSS HF narrow-band direct printing channels from

USCG communications stations. Limited offshore forecasts are also available.

9.4.4. WWV, WWVH HF Voice (Time Tick). Atlantic high seas warnings are broadcast

at 7 and 8 minutes past the hour over WWV (Boulder, CO) on the following HF frequencies: 2.5,
9-3

5, 10, 15, and 20 MHZ; Pacific high seas warnings are broadcast at 9 minutes past the hour. Pacific

high seas warnings are broadcast from 48-51 minutes past the hour over WWVH (Honolulu, HI) at

2.5, 5, 10, and 15 MHZ. These are the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

standard time/frequency broadcasts.

9.5. Additional Information. Further information concerning these broadcasts, including

schedules, frequencies, and links to products can be found at the following Internet web pages:

www.nws.noaa.gov/om/marine/home.htm and www.navcen.uscg.mil/marcomms/marcomms.htm.

In addition, NIMA Publication 117, Radionavigation Aids, contains detailed information on

maritime safety information broadcasts within the U.S. and worldwide. This publication is available

from the Superintendent of Documents; it can be ordered by calling 1-202-512-1800 or by visiting

the Internet site at http://bookstore.gpo.gov.
10-1

CHAPTER 10

PUBLICITY

10.1. News Media Releases. News media releases, other than warnings and advisories, for the

purpose of informing the public of the operational and research activities of the Departments of

Commerce, Defense, and Transportation should reflect the joint effort of these agencies by giving

due credit to the participation of other agencies.

10.2. Distribution. Copies of these releases should be forwarded to the following agencies:

C NOAA Office of Public Affairs

Herbert C. Hoover Building

14th and Constitution Avenue, N.W.

Washington, DC 20230

C Commander, Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command

1100 Balch Boulevard

Stennis Space Center, MS 39529-5005

C Hq Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC/PA)

Robins AFB, GA 31093

C The Joint Chiefs of Staff (J3/JRC)

Washington, DC 20318-3000

C Federal Aviation Administration (APA-310)

800 Independence Avenue, S.W.

Washington, DC 20591

C Director, NOAA Aircraft Operations Center

P.O. Box 6829

MacDill AFB, FL 33608-0829

C Federal Coordinator for Meteorology

Suite 1500, 8455 Colesville Road

Silver Spring, MD 20910
A-1

APPENDIX A

LOCAL NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE (NWS) OFFICE PRODUCTS

A.1 Hurricane/Typhoon Local Statements (HLS). WFOs with coastal county responsibilities

will issue these unnumbered products which are very specific and designed to inform media,

local decision makers, and the public on present and anticipated storm effects in their county

warning area (CWA) and adjacent coastal waters. Keep HLSs as succinct as possible.

A.1.1 Issuance Criteria. WFOs with coastal responsibility will issue a HLS when its

area of responsibility is affected by a tropical cyclone watch/warning or evacuation orders.

Coastal WFOs have the option as to which of their inland counties will be included in a HLS. It

is a regional option if inland WFOs issue HLSs. If an Inland Tropical Storm/Hurricane Wind

Watch or Warning is issued, it will be issued under the non-precipitation warning product

(NPW). Refer to section A.3.

A.1.2 Issuance Times. When a tropical storm or hurricane is close to the coast, issue

HLSs every 2 to 3 hours or more frequently as circumstances warrant. Do not release HLSs

immediately before an advisory unless information is coordinated with the appropriate Tropical

Cyclone Center and, for watches or warnings, the valid initiation time is specified. HLSs do not

need to immediately follow the issuance of a new hurricane advisory. Issuing HLSs midway

between advisories maintains a steady flow of information to the media and the public.

Whenever a new advisory changes the potential impact on a local area, information needs to be

distributed in a fresh HLS as soon as possible. Routine HLSs may cease when the tropical

cyclone is no longer a threat to an office's CWA.

A.1.3 Content. HLSs will add localized details to Tropical Cyclone Center’s advisory

releases and should not conflict with or repeat advisory information not directly applicable to the

local office’s CWA. Before the first HLS, use public information statements (PNS) to inform the

public on routine hurricane preparedness information. The first HLS can also contain standard

preparedness messages. Information may be added to the end of the HLS describing where

additional storm information can be found in supporting Center’s TCP and TCM as well as PNSs

and NOWs (Short Term Forecast) issued by the local office.

HLSs should use tropical cyclone position estimates between advisories when appropriate.

When tropical cyclones threaten the Samoas (American Samoa and Samoa), the two local offices

will coordinate with RSMC Nadi, CPHC, and with each other to determine the best integrated

and internally consistent forecast of conditions expected in the area.

The following table defines which products are issued via the normal suite of product

headers during tropical cyclone watches/warnings and those products superceded by tropical

cyclone watches/warnings and carried in a HLS. Severe thunderstorm warnings can be issued as

stand-alone products at the discretion of the WFO. However, their use should be confined to

peripheral events, such as outer rainbands, prior to sustained tropical storm or hurricane strength
A-2

winds. Stand-alone special marine warnings will only be issued for tornadoes over water during

tropical cyclone watch/warning situations. Issue initial inland tropical storm wind or inland

hurricane wind watches/warnings as a standalone product; however, subsequent updates may be

carried within the body of the HLS.

HLS Product Table

Product Tropical Cyclone Watch/Warning

HLS Stand-alone

Flash Flood Watch/Warning/Statement X

Flood Warning X

Tornado Warning X

Inland Tropical Storm Wind or

Inland Hurricane Wind Watch/Warning X1

Severe Thunderstorm Warning X2

Coastal Flood Watch/Warning/Statement X

Special Marine Warning X3

Severe Weather Statement X

Marine Weather Statement X

Special Weather Statement X

Heavy/High Surf Advisory issued under

the product Marine Weather Statement

X

1

Issue all initial watches and warnings and cancel the watch/warning as a standalone

product; however, updates will be carried within the body of the HLS.

2

Can be issued as a stand-alone product at discretion of forecast offices prior to the

onset of sustained tropical storm or hurricane force winds.

3

For tornadoes over water only, otherwise combine with HLS.

A.1.4 Format. Use the standardized format with “headlines by hazard.” As appropriate,

product header options are “Hurricane Local Statement”, “Tropical Storm Local Statement,” or

“Tropical Depression Local Statement.” Prepare each section of the HLS by a content/topic

header set off by three dots before and after each header. Prioritize and adjust the order to focus

on the greatest threat and the most important information impacting the area.
A-3

A.1.5 Essential contents of Hurricane Local Statements:

...Headline...

Concise lead sentence or headline.

...Areas Affected...

Details of which counties, parishes, or cities are included in the HLS.

...Watches/Warnings...

Watches and warnings in effect and counties or parishes to which they apply.

...Storm Information...

Present location, movement, and winds and expected time of onset of tropical storm/

hurricane/typhoon force winds. Give timing of impacts in ranges or general terms such as

“afternoon,” “evening,” and so on. Use the tropical cyclone forecast/advisory as guidance.

...Precautionary/Preparedness Actions...

Short-term precautionary actions and times they should be completed.

This includes any evacuation recommendations contained in the advisory or stated by local

authorities. Listing these actions is particularly important once a tropical cyclone watch or

warning is announced.

...Storm Surge Flood and Storm Tide Impacts...

Storm surge and storm tide (storm surge plus astronomical tide)

information, including times various heights are expected, present heights, and their

locations. Storm surge information must agree with Tropical Cyclone Center forecasts as

included in the advisories. Include storm tide information because local officials might not

have access to tide tables. Reference storm tide forecasts to appropriate datums understood

by local authorities. For many portions of the coast, this would be mean sea level although

some areas use mean lower low water.

...Wind Impacts...

Present winds and expected time of onset of tropical storm or hurricane force winds. (Use

the tropical cyclone forecast/advisory as guidance.)

...Other Impacts...(Substitute appropriate header to reflect most important threat)

Any required statements on potential tornado and flood/flash flood threats, rip currents,

beach erosion, high wind warnings inland, etc.

...Probability of Hurricane/Tropical Storm Conditions...

Information on probability of hurricane/typhoon/tropical storm conditions is optional.
A-4

...Next Update...

Time of next or final statement.

A.1.6 Relationship of HLSs to the NOW. The NOW is a stand-alone product focused

on conditions impacting the office’s CWA for the next 0 to 6 hours. It will complement the HLS

by providing critical storm information in the first eight lines.

A.1.7 Optional Use of Special Weather Statements for Probability of Tropical

Cyclone Conditions (SPS). Special weather statements (SPS) may be used to briefly describe

tropical cyclone probabilities prior to HLS release. These statements may be issued up to four

times a day following the issuance of probabilities in the 0300, 0900, 1500, and 2100 UTC

hurricane or tropical storm advisories, or following the issuance of special advisories. Refer to

the probabilities in the “totals” column instead of various time periods. Include the probability

for your area with an explanation on how such a probability compares to the surrounding coastal

sections.

A.2 Tornado and Flash Flood Warnings (TOR/FFW). Issue warnings when conditions

warrant.

A.3 Inland Tropical Storm/Hurricane Wind Watch or Warning (NPW). When a tropical

cyclone is expected to remain at tropical storm or hurricane intensity inland, local NWS forecast

offices will issue inland tropical storm or hurricane wind watches and warnings under the nonprecipitation warning product (NPW). The NPW will be exclusively used for this product’s

issuance and cancellation. However, subsequent statements, such as updates, will be placed in

the HLS. A headline will be “Inland Tropical Storm Wind Watch (or Warning)” or “Inland

Hurricane Wind Watch (or Warning).” Watches should not normally be issued beyond the

second period of the forecast or warnings beyond the first period. Use the wind fields from the

Tropical Cyclone Forecast/Advisory as guidance. When the effects of the tropical cyclone can be

clearly described to the public and not lead to confusion, inland sections of coastal counties may

be placed under inland tropical storm/hurricane wind watch or warning versus using tropical

cyclone watches or warnings. Coordination will occur with all impacted offices and NHC before

issuance. The appropriate forecasts and statements will highlight watches and warnings.

A.4 Inland Tropical Storm/Hurricane Wind Watch or Warning for Subtropical Storms.

WFOs will issue an inland tropical storm wind watch or warning, or inland hurricane wind watch

or warning when a subtropical storm is expected to spread tropical storm or hurricane force

winds inland. Use same procedures as noted in section

A.5 Post-Tropical Cyclone Reports (PSH). All WFOs issuing HLSs will prepare post-storm

reports. Non-coastal offices issuing inland tropical storm/hurricane wind watches or warnings

will also submit reports. At the request from Tropical Cyclone Center(s) through the appropriate

regions, other WFOs will prepare post-storm reports. Transmit the reports within 5 days

following the transmission of the last HLS or inland tropical storm/hurricane wind watches or

warnings addressed to the appropriate Tropical Cyclone Center or National Center and a copy to
A-5

WSH, W/OS21. Inland offices impacted by a tropical cyclone or its remnants will provide the

same information via a Storm Data Report (LSR). Amend reports as needed.

A.5.1 Content. Include the following items in the initial report and in any subsequent

updated reports:

• Wind data: Report highest 1-minute sustained surface wind speed (knots),

peak gust (knots), and date/times of occurrence in UTC. Specify anemometer

height (feet) if other than 33 feet and duration (minutes) if other than a

1-minute sustained average. Report all NWS, DOD, and Federal Aviation

Administration official observing sites in a NWS office’s CWA including

ASOS sites, all NOAA buoy and Coastal Marine Automated Network (CMAN) stations in the office’s CWA, and all other reliable data collected by

government sources or other institutions in the office’s CWA. These include

reports from stations maintained by the U. S. Coast Guard; state, county, and

local governments; universities; private companies; and experimental

networks. List adjusted speeds corrected for instrument type and speed range if

known. Data reports from the public are optional. However, NWS offices

should encourage these data and include them in the PSH when considered

reliable.

• Pressure data: Report lowest sea level pressure (millibars), and date/time of

occurrence (UTC). Report data from all sources given in Section a.

• Storm total rainfall: Report amount (inches) and duration (dates). In addition, list

maximum 1-, 6-, 12-, and 24-hour amounts (inches) identifying date/time (UTC)

of occurrence. Report data from all sources given in Section a.

• Maximum storm tide heights: Reference storm tide to appropriate datums

understood by local authorities. For many portions of the coast, this would be

National Geodetic Vertical Datum although some areas use mean lower low

water. Report storm tide in feet above the datum, and storm surge in feet above

the normal, predicted (astronomical) tide level). Identify location and date/time

(UTC) of occurrence where possible.

• Extent of beach erosion: As appropriate.

• Flooding and/or flash flooding in CWA: Report to include date/times (UTC) and

locations of occurrence.

• Tornadoes in CWA: Report (times and locations).

• Storm effects: Such as deaths, injuries, dollar damages, number of people

evacuated, etc., within an office's CWA.
A-6

A.6 Information for Service Assessments. WFOs will forward a copy of media reports,

especially newspaper clippings (online and printed) representative of the event and its impacts.

Send reports to the appropriate RH and TPC within 7 days following the issuance of the last

product concerning the storm. Reports do not have to include all interviews or radio or television

spots concerning the landfall event in each local office’s CWA.

A.7 Local Storm Reports (LSR). WFOs will prepare these reports in accordance with LSR

instructions.

A.8 Correction Procedures. If a correction needs to be issued for any tropical cyclone product,

list the reason for the correction immediately after the header of the corrected product.

All HLSs shall use a mass media standard text heading as illustrated in the following examples.

Use the (Z) form of the Universal Generic Code.

A.9 Product Examples.

EXAMPLE: HURRICANE LOCAL STATEMENT

WTUS84 KBRO 141603

HLSBRO

TXZ251-254>257-141900-

HURRICANE LOCAL STATEMENT

NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE BROWNSVILLE TX

1100 AM CDT MON AUG 14 2000

...DEPRESSION STRENGTHENS TO TROPICAL STORM BERYL...

...HURRICANE WARNINGS ARE POSTED FOR THE LOWER TEXAS COAST...

THIS STATEMENT DETAILS SPECIFIC PREPAREDNESS AND SAFETY ACTIONS

TO BE TAKEN IN THE DEEP SOUTH TEXAS COUNTIES OF

CAMERON...WILLACY...AND KENEDY.

...FLOOD INFORMATION...

BERYL HAS THE POTENTIAL OF PRODUCING TORRENTIAL RAINFALL THAT

COULD CAUSE FLOODING ACROSS DEEP SOUTH TEXAS AS IT MOVES INLAND

BECAUSE OF IT'S VERY SLOW SPEED. IT IS FORECAST TO MOVE AT ONLY 5

MPH. AT THIS TIME...ABOUT 5 TO 10 INCHES OF RAINFALL IS EXPECTED.

HOWEVER... RAINFALL AMOUNTS COULD BE EVEN HIGHER. A FLASH FLOOD

WATCH WILL LIKELY BE ISSUED THIS AFTERNOON TO BE IN EFFECT

TONIGHT AND TUESDAY FOR ALL OF DEEP SOUTH TEXAS.
A-7

REMEMBER THAT IN THE PAST 30 YEARS INLAND FLOODING FROM TROPICAL

CYCLONES HAVE KILLED MORE PEOPLE EACH YEAR THAN ANY OTHER

TROPICAL WEATHER PHENOMENA. PLEASE...IF YOU ENCOUNTER A FLOODED

ROADWAY...TURN AROUND AND FIND AN ALTERNATE ROUTE.

...STORM SURGE...

HURRICANE TIDES OF 1 TO 3 FEET ABOVE NORMAL WILL FLOOD BEACHES

AND LOW LYING AREAS OF SOUTH PADRE ISLAND BEGINNING EARLY

TUESDAY MORNING.

A STORM SURGE OF 2 TO 5 FEET CAN BE EXPECTED NEAR AND TO THE

NORTH OF WHERE THE HURRICANE MAKES LANDFALL. PERSONS LIVING IN

TRAILERS OR MOBILE HOMES IN WILLACY...CAMERON...AND KENEDY

COUNTIES SHOULD CONSIDER LOCKING UP THEIR HOMES...TURNING OFF

UTILITIES AND LEAVING FOR INLAND AREAS UNTIL THE STORM HAS PASSED

IF LOCAL OFFICIALS CALL FOR EVACUATION.

ABOVE NORMAL TIDES AND HIGH SURF WILL CAUSE CONSIDERABLE BEACH

EROSION. STRONG RIP CURRENTS ARE EXPECTED...AND GOING INTO THE

GULF WATERS NOW COULD RESULT IN DROWNING OR BEING SWEPT INTO

THE OPEN WATERS. SMALL CRAFT SHOULD BE IN DRY STORAGE...AND

SHRIMPING AND OTHER COMMERCIAL VESSELS SHOULD BE IN TRADITIONAL

SAFE HARBORS. CRAFT LEFT IN THE WATER...ESPECIALLY THE SHRIMP

BASIN WHICH IS EXPOSED TO STRONG WINDS...SHOULD BE WELL SECURED

TO MINIMIZE DAMAGE FROM ROLLING FORCES CAUSED BY HIGH WINDS AND

WAVES. WITH THE EXPECTATION OF HIGH WINDS BY TUESDAY...ATTEMPTS

TO SECURE BOATS AND GENERAL PREPAREDNESS SHOULD BEGIN NOW.

...WIND INFORMATION...

AT 1000 AM THE WINDS WERE 50 MPH WITH HIGHER GUSTS. WINDS ARE

EXPECTED TO INCREASE STEADILY TONIGHT ALONG THE LOWER TEXAS

COAST...AND COULD REACH HURRICANE FORCE ON TUESDAY IF BERYL

CONTINUES TO STRENGTHEN. IF THE EYE OF A HURRICANE PASSES OVER

THE AREA...WINDS WILL DROP SUDDENLY...POSSIBLY TO NEAR CALM...AND

SKIES WILL CLEAR. DO NOT MISTAKE THIS FOR THE END OF THE STORM. THE

WINDS WILL RETURN SUDDENLY...AND JUST AS STRONG...WITHIN MINUTES

TO UP TO AN HOUR FROM THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION.

...TORNADOES...

TORNADOES ARE ALWAYS POSSIBLE WITH THE ADVANCE OF HURRICANE

GENERATED WINDS AND THUNDERSTORMS AND RESIDENTS SHOULD BE

ALERT TO THIS POSSIBILITY.
A-8

THE NEXT STATEMENT IS SCHEDULED FOR 1 PM CDT...BUT MAY BE

RELEASED SOONER IF NEEDED.

STAY TUNED TO NOAA WEATHER RADIO OR LOCAL NEWS SOURCES FOR THE

LATEST UPDATES ON BERYL.

(ATTENTION BROADCASTERS...THIS STATEMENT IS LONG AND YOUR

LISTENERS MAY MISS IMPORTANT DETAILS IF IT IS ALWAYS READ IN IT'S

ENTIRETY. PLEASE READ EXCERPTS AT FREQUENT INTERVALS THROUGH

THE HOUR.)

EXAMPLE: SHORT TERM FORECAST (NOWCAST)

FPUS71 KMOB 192130

NOWMOB

SHORT TERM FORECAST

NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MOBILE AL

430 PM CDT SAT AUG 19 1995

ALZ051>064-MSZ067-075-076-078-079-192330-

.NOW...

...HURRICANE GARY WILL MOVE ACROSS BALDWIN AND MOBILE COUNTIES

BY 530 PM... SUSTAINED WINDS ABOVE 80 MPH WITH HIGHER GUSTS AND

TORRENTIAL RAINFALL CAN BE EXPECTED AS THE RAIN BAND MOVES

ACROSS. THE RAIN BAND SHOULD WEAKEN SLIGHTLY AS IT MOVES ACROSS

CLARKE...WASHINGTON...AND GEORGE COUNTIES BY 6 PM. BUT PEOPLE IN

THESE COUNTIES SHOULD EXPECT WIND GUSTS TO NEAR HURRICANE FORCE

AND EXTREMELY HEAVY RAINFALL.

&&

SCATTERED AREAS OF MODERATE TO HEAVY RAINFALL WILL CONTINUE

ACROSS SOUTHERN ALABAMA AND MISSISSIPPI THROUGH 6 PM. BANDS OF

STRONG STORMS WILL MOVE NORTHWESTWARD ACROSS THE AREA. EAST

WINDS OF 30-40 MPH AND HEAVY RAIN WILL PERSIST WITH STRONGER

WINDS AND HEAVIER RAINFALL NEAR THE RAIN BANDS. TEMPERATURES

ACROSS THE REGION WILL REMAIN IN THE 70S.
A-9

EXAMPLE: SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT

WWUS35 KBHM 261400

SPSPNS

FLZ001>004-261600-

SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT

NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE XXXXX

1000 AM EDT THU AUG 26 1999

...HURRICANE PROBABILITIES ARE INCREASING ALONG THE NORTHWEST

FLORIDA COAST...

HURRICANE XENA...NOW 350 MILES SOUTHEAST OF NEW ORLEANS...IS

MOVING SLOWLY NORTH AT 5 MILES AN HOUR. THE PROBABILITY OF XENA

STRIKING PENSACOLA HAS INCREASED TO 12 PERCENT. THE NORTHWEST

FLORIDA COAST AND THE ALABAMA COAST HAVE PROBABILITIES IN THE 10

TO 12 PERCENT RANGE WITH LOWER PROBABILITIES FOR THE REST OF THE

GULF COAST. ACCORDINGLY...THE PROBABILITIES SUGGEST THE GREATEST

ATTENTION SHOULD BE FOCUSED ON THE NORTHWEST FLORIDA AND

ALABAMA COASTS.

A HURRICANE WATCH MAY BE ISSUED LATER TODAY FOR THE NORTHWEST

COAST OF FLORIDA AND ADJACENT COUNTIES IN SOUTH ALABAMA. KEEP

TUNED TO NOAA WEATHER RADIO OR YOUR LOCAL MEDIA FOR FURTHER

INFORMATION ON XENA.

EXAMPLE: INLAND HURRICANE WIND WARNING

WWUS45 KHGX 101030

NPWHOU

URGENT - WEATHER MESSAGE

NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE HOUSTON-GALVESTON TX

600 AM CDT FRI SEP 10 1995

...AN INLAND HURRICANE WIND WARNING IN EFFECT FOR SOUTHEAST

TEXAS...

HURRICANE FRED...LOCATED 60 MILES SOUTHEAST OF GALVESTON TX AT 6

AM CDT...IS MOVING TO THE NORTH NORTHWEST AT 10 MPH AND IS

EXPECTED TO MAKE LANDFALL AROUND NOON CDT ON THE UPPER TEXAS

COAST. FRED IS THEN FORECAST TO CONTINUE ON A NORTH NORTHWEST

COURSE MOVING ACROSS HOUSTON AND REACHING THE SAN JACINTO

NATIONAL FOREST BY LATE AFTERNOON. SUSTAINED WINDS OF 100 MPH
A-10

WITH GUSTS TO 120 MPH SHOULD BEGIN SWEEPING ACROSS THE UPPER

TEXAS COAST BY LATE MORNING.

TXZ177>179-197>199-210>212-102200-

WALKER-SAN JACINTO-POLK-WASHINGTON-GRIMES-MONTGOMERYCOLORADO-AUSTIN-WALLER-

...INLAND HURRICANE WIND WARNING...

WINDS ARE EXPECTED TO RAPIDLY INCREASE TO 50 TO 60 MPH BY 12 NOON

AND 80 MPH WITH GUSTS TO 100 MPH BY MID AFTERNOON. 75 MPH WINDS

WITH HIGHER GUSTS ARE LIKELY AS FAR INLAND AS

HUNTSVILLE...NAVASOTA...AND LAKE LIVINGSTON BY LATE AFTERNOON.

BE PREPARED FOR NUMEROUS DOWNED TREES AND WIRES. DO NOT CROSS

DOWNED WIRES...WHICH MAY STILL BE LIVE.

$$

TXZ226-227-235-213-200-102200-

WHARTON-FORT BEND-JACKSON-HARRIS-LIBERTY-

...INLAND HURRICANE WIND WARNING...

WINDS FROM WHARTON TO HOUSTON AND LIBERTY ARE EXPECTED TO

INCREASE TO 50 TO 60 MPH THIS MORNING AND 90 MPH WITH GUSTS TO

NEAR 110 MPH BY MIDDAY...DECREASING TO 50 TO 60 MPH LATE THIS

AFTERNOON.

FLYING DEBRIS WILL POSE A MAJOR THREAT TO ALL STRUCTURES IN THE

WARNED AREA...ESPECIALLY GLASS FROM HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS IN

DOWNTOWN HOUSTON. PEOPLE LIVING IN MOBILE HOMES AND THOSE

CONCERNED ABOUT THE ABILITY OF THEIR HOMES TO WITHSTAND

HURRICANE WINDS SHOULD MOVE TO A STRONG BUILDING OR SHELTER

IMMEDIATELY. BE PREPARED FOR NUMEROUS DOWNED TREES AND WIRES.

TAKE SHELTER IN SMALL INTERIOR ROOMS OR REINFORCED STRUCTURES.

$$
B-1

APPENDIX B

DEFINING POINTS FOR TROPICAL CYCLONE WATCHES/WARNINGS

La Pesca, MX 23.76EN 97.78EW

Rio San Fernando, MX 25.00EN 97.60EW

Brownsville, TX

Brownsville, TX 25.95EN 97.16EW

Port Mansfield, TX 26.59EN 97.29EW

Baffin Bay, TX 27.29EN 97.37EW

Corpus Christi, TX

Baffin Bay, TX 27.29EN 97.37EW

Corpus Christi, TX 27.67EN 97.19EW

Port Aransas, TX 27.83EN 97.08EW

Port O’Connor, TX 28.40EN 96.39EW

Houston, TX

Port O’Connor, TX 28.40EN 96.39EW

Matagorda, TX 28.63EN 95.93EW

Sargent, TX 28.75EN 95.60EW

Freeport, TX 28.93EN 95.33EW

San Luis Pass, TX 29.08EN 95.13EW

High Island, TX 29.57EN 94.39EW

Lake Charles, LA

High Island, TX 29.57EN 94.39EW

Sabine Pass, TX 29.71EN 93.85EW

Cameron, LA 29.80EN 93.30EW

Intracoastal City, LA 29.62EN 92.04EW

Morgan City, LA 29.49EN 91.29EW

New Orleans, LA

Morgan City, LA 29.49EN 91.29EW

Grand Isle, LA 29.25EN 89.96EW

Mouth of Mississippi

River, LA 29.12EN 89.11EW

Mouth of Pearl

River, LA 30.15EN 89.60EW

Pascagoula, MS 30.37EN 88.55EW

Mobile, AL

Pascagoula, MS 30.37EN 88.55EW

Alabama-Florida Border 30.28EN 87.50EW

Fort Walton Beach, FL 30.41EN 86.62EW

Destin, FL 30.39EN 86.50EW

Tallahassee, FL

Destin, FL 30.39EN 86.50EW

Panama City, FL 30.12EN 85.70EW

Indian Pass, FL 29.68EN 85.27EW

Apalachicola, FL 29.73EN 84.99EW

Ochlockonee River, FL 29.95EN 84.40EW

St. Marks, FL 30.11EN 84.21EW

Aucilla River, FL 30.05EN 83.92EW

Steinhatchee River, FL 29.70EN 83.40EW

Suwanee River, FL 29.30EN 83.17EW

Tampa Bay, FL

Suwanee River, FL 29.30EN 83.17EW

Yankeetown, FL 29.03EN 82.74EW

Bayport, FL 28.54EN 82.65EW

Anclote Key, FL 28.18EN 82.85EW

Tarpon Springs, FL 28.15EN 82.77EW

Anna Maria Island, FL 27.53EN 82.75EW

Longboat Key, FL 27.39EN 82.64EW

Englewood, FL 26.94EN 82.38EW

Boca Grande, FL 26.72EN 82.27EW

Bonita Beach, FL 26.33EN 81.85EW

Miami, FL (Gulf)

Bonita Beach, FL 26.33EN 81.85EW

Chokoloskee, FL 25.80EN 81.36EW

East Cape Sable, FL 25.15EN 81.08EW

Flamingo, FL 25.14EN 80.93EW

Key West, FL (Gulf)

Flamingo, FL 25.14EN 80.93EW

Dry Tortugas, FL 24.66EN 82.86EW

Key West, FL 24.55EN 81.81EW

Seven Mile Bridge, FL 24.70EN 81.15EW

Craig Key, FL 24.83EN 80.77EW

Pigeon Key, FL 25.06EN 80.51EW

Key Largo, FL 25.09EN 80.44EW

Ocean Reef, FL 25.32EN 80.26EW

Miami, FL (Atlantic)

Ocean Reef, FL 25.32EN 80.26EW

Florida City, FL 25.45EN 80.33EW

Golden Beach, FL 25.97EN 80.12EW

Hallandale Beach, FL 25.99EN 80.13EW

Deerfield Beach, FL 26.32EN 80.10EW

Boca Raton, FL 26.36EN 80.07EW

Jupiter Inlet, FL 26.95EN 80.07EW

Melbourne, FL

Jupiter Inlet, FL 26.95EN 80.07EW

Stuart, FL 27.21EN 80.18EW

Fort Pierce, FL 27.46EN 80.30EW

Vero Beach, FL 27.66EN 80.37EW

Sebastian Inlet, FL 27.84EN 80.43EW

Cocoa Beach, FL 28.32EN 80.61EW

Titusville, FL 28.64EN 80.63EW
B-2

New Smyrna Beach, FL 29.03EN 80.89EW

Flagler Beach, FL 29.47EN 81.13EW

Jacksonville, FL

Flagler Beach, FL 29.47EN 81.13EW

St. Augustine, FL 29.89EN 81.31EW

Fernandina Beach, FL 30.66EN 81.45EW

Brunswick, GA 31.15EN 81.38EW

Brunswick (Altamaha

Sound), GA 31.30EN 81.29EW

Charleston, SC

Brunswick (Altamaha

Sound), GA 31.30EN 81.29EW

Savannah River, GA 32.04EN 80.86EW

Edisto Beach, SC 32.40EN 80.33EW

South Santee River, SC 33.12EN 79.27EW

Wilmington, NC

South Santee River, SC 33.12EN 79.27EW

Murrells Inlet, SC 33.56EN 79.00EW

Little River Inlet, SC 33.85EN 78.55EW

Cape Fear, NC 33.87EN 77.94EW

Surf City, NC 34.44EN 77.50EW

Morehead City, NC

Surf City, NC 34.44EN 77.50EW

New River Inlet, NC 34.32EN 77.20EW

Bogue Inlet, NC 34.39EN 77.06EW

Cape Lookout, NC 34.58EN 76.55EW

Ocracoke Inlet, NC 35.06EN 76.00EW

Cape Hatteras, NC 35.22EN 75.52EW

Oregon Inlet, NC 35.76EN 75.50EW

(The inclusion of Pamlico and Albemarle

Sounds should be on a case-by-case basis).

Currituck Beach

Light, NC 36.38EN 75.83EW

Wakefield, VA

Currituck Beach

Light, NC 36.38EN 75.83EW

NC/VA State Line 36.55EN 75.87EW

Cape Charles Light, VA 37.11EN 75.90EW

Parramore Island, VA 37.53EN 75.63EW

Chincoteague, VA 37.93EN 75.32EW

Chesapeake Bay, New Point

Comfort, VA 37.30EN 76.28EW

Chesapeake Bay,

Windmill Point,VA 37.61EN 76.28EW

Chesapeake Bay,

Smith Point, VA 37.89EN 77.07EW

Sterling, VA

Chesapeake Bay,

Smith Point, VA 37.89EN 77.07EW

Tidal Potomac,

Cobb Island, MD 38.26EN 76.84EW

Tidal Potomac,

Indian Head, MD 38.61EN 77.15EW

Tidal Potomac,

Key Bridge, MD 38.89EN 77.07EW

Chesapeake Bay,

Drum Point, MD 39.33EN 76.42EW

Chesapeake Bay,

North Beach, MD 38.70EN 76.53EW

Chesapeake Bay,

Sandy Point, MD 39.02EN 76.40EW

Chesapeake Bay,

Pooles Island, MD 39.29EN 76.27EW

Mt. Holly, NJ

Cape Henlopen, DE 38.80EN 75.09EW

Cape May, NJ 38.93EN 74.90EW

Great Egg Inlet, NJ 39.29EN 74.54EW

Little Egg Inlet, NJ 39.49EN 74.31EW

Manasquan Inlet, NJ 40.10EN 74.03EW

Delaware Bay north/south of

Slaughter Beach, DE to 38.91EN 75.30EW

East Point, NJ 39.19EN 75.02EW

Sandy Hook, NJ 40.46EN 74.00EW

New York City, NY

Sandy Hook, NJ 40.46EN 74.00EW

Fire Island Inlet, LI, NY 40.63EN 73.30EW

Moriches Inlet, LI, NY 40.77EN 72.75EW

Montauk Point, LI, NY 41.07EN 71.86EW

Port Jefferson Harbor,

LI, NY 40.95EN 73.08EW

New Haven, CT 41.30EN 72.91EW

Watch Hill, RI 41.31EN 71.86EW

Boston, MA

Watch Hill, RI 41.31EN 71.86EW

Point Judith, RI 41.35EN 71.49EW

Westport, MA 41.45EN 71.20EW

Woods Hole, MA 41.52EN 70.69EW

Chatham, MA 41.66EN 69.95EW

Plymouth, MA 41.98EN 70.65EW

Gloucester, MA 42.57EN 70.66EW

Merrimack River, MA 42.84EN 70.82EW

Portland, ME

Merrimack River, MA 42.84EN 70.82EW

Portsmouth, NH 43.06EN 70.70EW

Portland, ME 43.64EN 70.20EW

Rockland, ME 44.10EN 69.10EW

Stonington, ME 44.16EN 68.67EW

Caribou, ME

Stonington, ME 44.16EN 68.67EW

Bar Harbor, ME 44.39EN 68.20EW

Eastport, ME 44.92EN 67.00EW
C-1

APPENDIX C

JOINT TYPHOON WARNING CENTER (JTWC) BULLETINS

Below are the abbreviated communications headers and titles for the products for which JTWC is

responsible. A brief description of each product, to include scheduled transmission times, is

available in USCINCPACINST 3140.1 (series)–JTWC’s governing instruction.

ABIO 10 PGTW Significant Weather Advisory, Indian Ocean

ABPW 10 PGTW Significant Weather Advisory, Western Pacific Ocean

WTPN 21-26 PGTW Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert, Northwest Pacific Ocean

WTPN 31-36 PGTW Tropical Cyclone Warning, Northwest Pacific Ocean

WDPN 31-36 PGTW Prognostic Reasoning Bulletin, Northwest Pacific Ocean

WTIO 21-25 PGTW Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert, North Indian Ocean

WTIO 31-35 PGTW Tropical Cyclone Warning, North Indian Ocean

WTPS 21-25 PGTW Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert, Southwest Pacific Ocean

WTPS 31-35 PGTW Tropical Cyclone Warning, Southwest Pacific Ocean

WTXS 21-26 PGTW Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert, South Indian Ocean

WTXS 31-36 PGTW Tropical Cyclone Warning, South Indian Ocean

WTPN 21-25 PHNC Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert, Northeast Pacific Ocean

WTPN 31-35 PHNC Tropical Cyclone Warning, Northeast Pacific Ocean

FKPN 31-35 PHNC Prognostic Reasoning Bulletin, Northeast Pacific Ocean

WTPS 21-25 PHNC Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert, Southeast Pacific Ocean

WTPS 31-35 PHNC Tropical Cyclone Warning, Southeast Pacific Ocean
D-1

APPENDIX D

FORMAT FOR NHOP/NWSOP FLIGHT INFORMATION FOR INTERNATIONAL

AND DOMESTIC NOTAM ISSUANCE

Flight information shall be sent to the NOTAM office via facsimile for dissemination as an

International and Domestic NOTAM in the following format (Note: The request is made for a

domestic NOTAM which will then automatically makes its way into the international NOTAM

system):

Header

Request a Domestic NOTAM be Issued

A. Affected Center(s). This field will include all affected ARTCCs in 3-letter identifier

format; e.g., ZNY, ZOA, ZAN. Synoptic track flights will probably utilize more than one

ARTCC, and any adjacent ARTCC should be included when the flight track is within 100

miles of the adjacent center’s airspace. Flights that are flying in the storm environment

will utilize the ARTCC whose airspace is mostly affected.

B. Start Time (YYMMDDZZZZ). For example, 0006011600. This time would correspond

to the entry time on a reconnaissance track or time at the storm fix latitude/longitude.

C. Ending Time (YYMMDDZZZZ). This would be the completion time of reconnaissance

track or the time exiting the storm environment.

E.* Text. This field is free form and should include the following information: route of

flight for the mission portion (latitude/longitude, fixes, airways), type of activity (laser,

dropsonde, etc.), frequency/location of deployment, broadcast frequencies, any other

pertinent information that may concern other flights. Include a unit/agency phone

number and point of contact for possible questions.

F. Lower Altitude (during mission). Use "Surface" since the dropsonde is the "reason" for

the NOTAM as much or more so than the aircraft altitude.

G. Upper Altitude (during mission). For example, FL450.

If only one altitude is to be used, then F and G may be combined. If altitude is going to

vary throughout the mission, utilize "see text" and the information can be inserted there

and the altitudes may be explained in field E.

* Note that there is no paragraph "D". It is reserved for FAA use.

NOTES:

1. Only ICAO approved contractions may be used.

2. Using this format will help ensure timely and accurate information dissemination.
E-1

APPENDIX E

SAFFIR-SIMPSON HURRICANE SCALE

Saffir/Simpson Hurricane Scale (SSHS). A scale ranging from one to five based on the

hurricane's present intensity. This can be used to give an estimate of the potential property damage

and flooding expected along the coast from a hurricane. This scale may be used in public hurricane

releases although the SSHS may not be applicable for all geographical areas; e.g., Hawaii and Guam.

In practice, sustained surface wind speed (1-minute average) is the parameter that determines the

category since storm surge is strongly dependent on the slope of the continental shelf.

ONE. Winds 74-95 mph (64-82 kts). No real damage to building structures. Damage

primarily to unanchored mobile homes, shrubbery, and trees. Also, some coastal

flooding and minor pier damage.

TWO. Winds 96-110 mph (83-95 kts). Some roofing material, door, and window damage

of buildings. Considerable damage to vegetation and mobile homes. Flooding

damages piers, and small craft in unprotected anchorages break moorings.

THREE. Winds 111-130 mph (96-113 kts). Some structural damage to small residences

and utility buildings with a minor amount of curtainwall failures. Mobile homes

are destroyed. Flooding near the coast destroys smaller structures with larger

structures damaged by floating debris. Terrain may be flooded well inland.

FOUR. Winds 131-155 mph (114-135 kts). More extensive curtainwall failures with some

complete roof structure failure on small residences. Major erosion of beach areas.

Terrain may be flooded well inland.

FIVE. Winds greater than 155 mph (>135 kts). Complete roof failure on manyresidences

and industrial buildings. Some complete building failures with small utility

buildings blown over or away. Flooding causes major damage to lower floors of

all structures near the shoreline. Massive evacuation of residential areas may be

required.

Note 1: A "major" hurricane is one that is classified as a Category 3 or higher.
F-1

APPENDIX F

OFFICIAL INTERAGENCY AGREEMENTS

The following enclosure is the Memorandum of Agreement (MOA)

between the Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC) and the National

Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), October 12,

2000. The purpose of this agreement is to establish policies,

principles, and procedures under which the AFRC and NOAA

provide aircraft weather reconnaissance and surveillance in support

of NOAA’s tropical cylone forecast, warning, and research missions.




G-1

APPENDIX G

RECCO, HDOB, MINOB, AND TEMP DROP

CODES, TABLES, AND REGULATIONS
G-2

Figure G-1. Reconnaissance code recording form
G-3

Table G-1. Reconnaissance code tables

TABLE 1 XXX

222 Sec One Observation without

radar capability

555 Sec Three (intermediate)

observation with or without radar

capability

777 Sec One Observation with radar

capability

TABLE 2 id

0 No dew point capability/acft below

10,000 meters

1 No dew point capability/acft at or

above 10,000 meters

2 No dew point capability/acft below

10,000 meters and flight lvl temp -

50EC or colder

3 No dew point capability/acft at or

above 10,000 meters and flight lvl

temp -50EC or colder

4 Dew point capability/acft below

10,000 meters

5 Dew point capability/acft at or

above 10,000 meters

6 Dew point capability/acft below

10,000 meters and flight lvl temp -

50EC or colder

7 Dew point capability/acft at or

above 10,000 meters and flight lvl

temp -50EC or colder

TABLE 3 Q

0 0E -90E W Northern 

1 90E W - 180E Northern 

2 180E - 90E E Northern 

3 90E - 0E E Northern 

4 Not Used

5 0E - 90E W Southern 

6 90E W - 180E Southern 

7 180E - 90E E Southern 

8 90E - 0E E Southern 

TABLE 4 B

0 None

1 Light turbulence

2 Moderate turbulence in clear air,

infrequent

3 Moderate turbulence in clear air,

frequent

4 Moderate turbulence in cloud,

infrequent

5 Moderate turbulence in cloud,

frequent

6 Severe Turbulence in clear air,

infrequent

7 Severe Turbulence in clear air,

frequent

8 Severe Turbulence in cloud,

infrequent

9 Severe Turbulence in cloud,

frequent

TABLE 5 fc

0 In the clear

8 In and out of clouds

9 In clouds all the time (continuous

IMC)

/ Impossible to determine due to

darkness or other cause

TABLE 6 dt

0 Spot of Wind

1 Average wind

/ No wind reported

TABLE 7 da

0 Winds obtained using doppler radar

or inertial systems

1 Winds obtained using other

navigation equipment and/or

techniques

/ Navigator unable to determine or

wind not compatible

TABLE 8 w

0 Clear

1 Scattered (trace to 4/8 cloud

coverage)

2 Broken (5/8 to 7/8 cloud coverage)

3 Overcast/undercast

4 Fog, thick dust or haze

5 Drizzle

6 Rain (continuous or intermittent

precip - from stratiform clouds)

7 Snow or rain and snow mixed

8 Shower(s) (continuous or intermittent

precip - from cumuliform clouds)

9 Thunderstorm(s)

/ Unknown for any cause, including

darkness

TABLE 9 j

0 Sea level pressure in whole millibars

(thousands fig if any omitted)

1 Altitude 200 mb surface in

geopotential decameters (thousands

fig if any omitted)

2 Altitude 850 mb surface in

geopotential meters (thousands fig

omitted)

3 Altitude 700 mb surface in

geopotential meters (thousands fig

omitted)

4 Altitude 500 mb surface in

geopotential decameters

5 Altitude 400 mb surface in

geopotential decameters

6 Altitude 300 mb surface in

geopotential decameters

7 Altitude 250 mb surface in

geopotential decameters (thousands

fig if any omitted)

8 D - Value in geopotential decameters;

if negative 500 is added to HHH

9 Altitude 925 mb surface in

geopotential meters

/ No absolute altitude available or

geopotential data not within ± 30

meters/4 mb accuracy requirements

TABLE 10 Ns

0 No additional cloud layers (place

holder)

1 1 okta or less, but not zero

(1/8 or less sky covered)

2 2 oktas (or 2/8 of sky covered)

3 3 oktas (or 3/8 of sky covered)

4 4 oktas (or 4/8 of sky covered)

5 5 oktas (or 5/8 of sky covered)

6 6 oktas (or 6/8 of sky covered)

7 7 oktas or more but not 8 oktas

8 8 oktas or sky completely covered

9 Sky obscured (place holder)

TABLE 11 C

0 Cirrus (Ci)

1 Cirrocumulus (Cc)

2 Cirrostratus (Cs)

3 Altocumulus (Ac)

4 Altostratus (As)

5 Nimbostratus (Ns)

6 Stratocumulus (Sc)

7 Stratus (St)

8 Cumulus (Cu)

9 Cumulonimbus (Cb)

/ Cloud type unknown due to darkness

or other analogous phenomena

TABLE 12 hshsHt

HthihiHiHi

00 Less than 100

01 100 ft

02 200 ft

03 300 ft

etc, etc

49 4,900 ft

50 5,000 ft

51-55 Not used

56 6,000 ft

57 7,000 ft

etc, etc

79 29,000 ft

80 30,000 ft

81 35,000 ft

82 40,000 ft

etc, etc

89 Greater than 70,000 ft

// Unknown

TABLE 13 dw

0 No report 5 SW

1 NE 6 W

2 E 7 NW

3 SE 8 N

4 S 9 all directions

TABLE 14 Ws

0 No change

1 Marked wind shift

2 Beginning or ending or marked

turbulence

3 Marked temperature change (not

with altitude)

4 Precipitation begins or ends

5 Change in cloud forms

6 Fog or ice fog bank begins or ends

7 Warm front

8 Cold Front

9 Front, type not specified

TABLE 15 SbSeSs

0 No report

1 Previous position

2 Present position

3 30 nautical miles

4 60 nautical miles

5 90 nautical miles

6 120 nautical miles

7 150 nautical miles

8 180 nautical miles

9 More than 180 nautical miles

/ Unknown (not used for Ss)
G-4

Table G-1. Reconnaissance code tables (continued)

TABLE 16 wd

0 No report

1 Signs of a tropical cyclone

2 Ugly threatening sky

3 Duststorm or sandstorm

4 Fog or ice fog

5 Waterspout

6 Cirrostratus shield or bank

7 Altostratus or altocumulus shield

or bank

8 Line of heavy cumulus 

9 Cumulonimbus heads or

thunderstorms

TABLE 17 Ir

7 Light

8 Moderate

9 Severe

/ Unknown or contrails

TABLE 18 It

0 None

1 Rime ice in clouds

2 Clear ice in clouds

3 Combination rime and clear ice in

clouds

4 Rime ice in precipitation

5 Clear ice in precipitation

6 Combination rime and clear ice in

precip

7 Frost (icing in clear air)

8 Nonpersistent contrails (less than

1/4 nautical miles long)

9 Persistent contrails

TABLE 19 Sr,Ew,El

0 0NM 5 50NM

1 10NM 6 60-80NM

2 20NM 7 80-100NM

3 30NM 8 100-150NM

4 40NM 9 Greater than 150NM

/ Unknown

TABLE 20 Oe

0 Circular

1 NNE - SSW

2 NE - SW

3 ENE - WSW

4 E - W

5 ESE - WNW

6 SE - NW

7 SSE - NNW

8 S - N

/ Unknown

TABLE 21 ce

1 Scattered Area

2 Solid Area

3 Scattered Line

4 Solid Line

5 Scattered, all quadrants

6 Solid, all quadrants

/ Unknown

TABLE 22 ie

2 Weak

5 Moderate

8 Strong

/ Unknown

TABLE 23 Vi

1 Inflight visibility 0 to and including 1 nautical mile

2 Inflight visibility greater than 1 and not exceeding 3 nautical miles

3 Inflight visibility greater than 3 nautical miles

RECCO SYMBOLIC FORM 

SECTION ONE (MANDATORY)

9XXX9 GGggid YQLaLaLa LoLoLoBfc hahahadtda

ddfff TTTdTdw /jHHH

SECTION TWO (ADDITIONAL)

1knNsNsNs ChshsHtHt ..... ..... 4ddff

6WsSsWddw 7IrI

t

SbSe 7hihiHiHi 8drdrSrOe

8EwElcei

e 9Vi

TwTwTw

SECTION THREE (INTERMEDIATE)

9XXX9 GGggid YQLaLaLa LoLoLoBfc hahahadtda

ddfff TTTdTdw /jHHH
G-5

Table G-2. Reconnaissance code regulations

1. At the time of the observation the aircraft observing

platform is considered to be located on the axis of a right

vertical cylinder with a radius of 30 nautical miles

bounded by the earth's surface and the top atmosphere.

Present weather, cloud amount and type, turbulence,

and other subjective elements are reported as occurring

within the cylinder. Flight level winds, temperature,

dew point, and geopotential values are sensed or

computed and reported as occurring at the center of the

observation circle. Radar echoes, significant weather

changes, distant weather, and icing are phenomena that

may also be observed/reported. Code groups identifying

these phenomena may be reported as necessary to

adequately describe met conditions observed.

2. The intermediate observation (Section Three) is

reported following Section One (or Section Two if

appended to Section One) in the order that it was taken.

3. Plain language remarks may be added as appropriate.

These remarks follow the last encoded portion of the

horizontal or vertical observation and will clearly convey

the intended message. Vertical observations will not

include meteorological remarks. These remarks must

begin with a letter or word-e.g. "FL TEMP" vice "700

MB FL TEMP." The last report plain language remarks

are mandatory, i.e., "LAST REPORT. OBS 01 thru 08

to KNHC, OBS 09 and 10 to KBIX."

4. The hundreds digit of longitude is omitted for

longitudes from 100E to 180E.

5. Describe conditions along the route of flight actually

experienced at flight level by aircraft.

6. TT, TdTd. When encoding negative temperatures, 50

is added to the absolute value of the temperature with the

hundreds figure, if any, being omitted. A temperature

of -52EC is encoded as 02, the distinction between -

52EC and 2EC being made from id. Missing or unknown

temperatures are reported as //. When the dew point is

colder than -49.4EC, Code TdTd as // and report the

actual value as a plain language remark - e.g. "DEW

POINT NEG 52EC".

7. When two or more types of w co-exist, the type with

the higher code figure will be reported. Code Figure 1, 2

and 3 are reported based on the total cloud amount

through a given altitude, above or below the aircraft,

and when other figures are inappropriate. The

summation principle applies only when two or more

cloud types share a given altitude.

8. When j is reported as a /, HHH is encoded as ///.

9. If the number of cloud layers reported exceeds 3, kn in the first 1-group reports the total number of cloud

layers. The second 1-group reports the additional

number of layers being reported exclusive of those

previously reported. In those cases where a cloud

layer(s) is discernible, but a descriptive cloud picture of

the observation circle is not possible, use appropriate

remarks such as "Clouds Blo" or "As Blo" to indicate the

presence of clouds. In such cases, coded entries are not

made for group 9. The sequence in which cloud

amounts are encoded depends upon type of cloud, cloud

base, and vertical extent of the cloud. The cloud with

the largest numerical value of cloud type code (C) is

reported first, regardless of coverage, base, or vertical

extent. Among clouds of the same cloud type code,

sharing a common base, the cloud of greatest vertical

extent is reported first. The summation principle is not

used; each layer is treated as though no other clouds

were present. The total amount of clouds through one

altitude shared by several clouds will not exceed 8 oktas.

Only use code figure 0 as a place holder when you can

determine that no additional cloud layers exist. In case

of undercast, overcast, etc., use code figure 9 as a

placeholder.

10. Due to limitations in the ability to distinguish sea

state features representative of wind speeds above 130

knots, surface wind speeds in excess of 130 knots will

not be encoded. Wind speeds of 100 to 130 knots

inclusive will be encoded by deleting the hundreds

figure and adding 50 to dd. For wind speeds above 130

knots, dd is reported without adding 50 and ff is

encoded as // with a plain language remark added, i.e.,

"SFC WIND ABOVE 130 KNOTS."

11. Significant weather changes which have occurred

since the last observation along the track are reported for

Ws.

12. When aircraft encounters icing in level flight, the

height at which the icing occurred will be reported for

hihi. The HiHi will be reported as //.
G-6

HDOB messages are created automatically by IWRS. Each HDOB consists of 20 lines of HD/HA data. Each

HD/HA data line is composed of 30 second averages for each parameter reported, except max wind which is a 10

second average. The highest max wind recorded during the encoding interval is used in the HDOB.

The encoding interval of the HD/HA data lines in the HDOB message is operator adjustable to 30 seconds,

1 minute or 2 minutes. A 30 second encoding interval encodes every HD/HA data line and creates an HDOB every

10 minutes. A 1 minute interval encodes every other HD/HA data line and generates an HDOB every 20 minutes.

Likewise, a 2 minute interval encodes every fourth HD/HA data line and generates an HDOB every 40 minutes.

Regardless of the encoding interval selected, the highest max wind value since the previous encoded HD/HA data

line will be reported in the observation. Samples of each type message is shown below. Each complete message

would have 20 data lines.

SXXX50 KNHC 040952

AF967 1017A OPAL HDOB 39

0942. 2643N 08846W 03036 5374 127 106 140 136 112 02680 0000000000

0943 2641N 08847W 03036 5442 116 116 136 136 120 02612 0000000000

0943. 2640N 08849W 03065 5521 100 087 140 140 099 02561 0000000000

0944 2638N 08850W 03028 5591 087 059 186 160 074 02454 0000000000

0944. 2637N 08850W 03053 5630 097 028 202 158 036 02440 0000000000

0945 2635N 08850W 03059 5647 197 009 218 148 018 02429 0000000000

.

.

30-second data interval

SXXX50 KNHC 040952

AF967 1017A OPAL HDOB 39

0942 2644N 08844W 03039 5333 135 094 138 136 096 02724 0000000000

0943 2641N 08847W 03036 5442 116 116 136 136 120 02612 0000000000

0944 2638N 08850W 03028 5591 087 059 186 160 099 02454 0000000000

0945 2635N 08850W 03059 5647 197 009 218 148 036 02429 0000000000

0946 2632N 08849W 03028 5632 274 052 226 148 067 02413 0000000000

0947 2628N 08849W 03057 5488 271 118 194 130 124 02587 0000000000

.

.

1-minute data interval

SXXX50 KNHC 040952

AF967 1017A OPAL HDOB 39

0942 2644N 08844W 03039 5333 135 094 138 136 096 02724 0000000000

0944 2638N 08850W 03028 5591 087 059 186 160 120 02454 0000000000

0946 2632N 08849W 03028 5632 274 052 226 148 067 02413 0000000000

0948 2625N 08849W 03050 5378 263 113 172 140 124 02690 0000000000

0950 2620N 08849W 03047 5268 259 094 142 134 109 02797 0000000000

0952 2614N 08849W 03044 5217 262 075 162 108 090 02845 0000000000

.

.

2-minute data interval

Figure G-2. HDOB Description and Sample Messages
G-7

Table G-3. HDOB Message Format

HHMM LaLammH LoLoLommH PPPPP DDDD WWW SSS TTT ddd MMM RRRRR FFFFFFFFFF

HHMM: The time of observation in hours and minutes (UTC). A period following

HHMM indicates a data time of 30 seconds past the minute.

LaLammH: The latitude of the observation in degrees, minutes and hemisphere

(N or S).

LoLoLommH: The longitude of the observation in degrees, minutes and hemisphere

(E or W).

PPPPP: The pressure altitude in meters.

DDDD: The absolute value of the D-value in meters (a 5 occupies the thousands

place if the D-value is negative. For example, -34m is encoded as 5034.

WWW: The wind direction in degrees, with 0 being true north, increasing

clockwise.

SSS: The wind speed in knots.

TTT: The air temperature in degrees and tenths Celsius. The tenths digit is even

for temperatures at or above 0EC, odd for temperatures below 0EC.

ddd: The dew point temperature, encoded the same way as air temperature.

MMM: The maximum wind speed in knots measured during the minute. This is the

peak wind speed averaged over a 10-sec period.

RRRRR: Radar altitude in meters

FFFFFFFFFF: Default status for the MINOB/HDOB data. A "1" indicates the parameter is

defaulted (suspect value) or based on a parameter that is defaulted. A "0"

indicates the value is not defaulted. The field indicate default for (in order):

latitude, longitude, pressure altitude, D-value, wind direction, wind speed,

air temperature, dew point, maximum wind speed, radar altimeter.
G-8

MinOb messages are created automatically by the NOAA P-3 Research Aircraft Measurement

System (RAMS). Each MinOb message contains one or more lines of flight level data. Each

line consists of data parameters, averaged over an operator-selected sample interval (common

settings are 30 seconds and 1 minute). The time interval for collecting lines in a block before

forming a message for transmission is also selectable, typically 10 or 15 minutes. The message

length is based on the operator's selection of sample interval and block length, but will never

exceed 3300 characters (approximately 50 lines) due to satellite transmission protocol limits.

Each line is terminated with an ASCII <cr><cr><lf> sequence (Hex 0D 0D 0A). The line length

is variable, depending on whether the optional Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer

(SFMR) fields are included (see Table G-4 description). All fields are separated by at least one

ASCII blank (Hex 20) as shown in the Table by a . symbol.

URNT40 KWBC 261950

NOAA3 WX02A BONNIE

194030 3136 07758 6849 +0152 251053 +171 +106 251054 040 005

194100 3138 07758 6847 +0148 247053 +171 +102 249053 040 005

194130 3141 07758 6849 +0146 246053 +166 +106 247053 039 005

194200 3143 07758 6851 +0144 246054 +162 +111 246054 039 004

194230 3145 07758 6849 +0141 246053 +162 +112 246054 999 999

194300 3147 07558 6852 +0134 245053 +160 +114 245053 039 004

194330 3149 07759 6845 +0126 247052 +162 +110 247052 038 000

.

.

30-Second Data Interval (with optional SFMR data)

Note: Differences from the Air Force HDOB message include the following:

C Time code includes seconds, rather than a period to show 30-second mark

C Latitude and longitude hemispheres are denoted by a minus sign rather than an

alphabetic character (N,S,E,W)

C Pressure altitudes and D-values are in feet

C D-value sign is explicit, rather than coded as a leading `5'

C Temperature and dewpoint signs are explicit, rather than making tenths odd/even

C There is no radar altitude or default status

C There may be SFMR data fields

Figure G-3. MinOb Description and Sample Message
G-9

Table G-4. NOAA MinOb Message Format

HHMMSS.LaLaLamm.LoLoLomm.PPPPP.±DDDD.WWWSSS.±TTT.±ddd.wwwsss.sss.rrr

HHMMSS The time of the observation in hours, minutes and seconds (UTC). All averages (except

peak wind) are centered around this time.

LaLaLamm The latitude of the observation in degrees and minutes. A negative number signifies the

Southern hemisphere. There may be leading blanks in the degree subfield; the minutes

will always be a two digit numeric (zero filled as required).

LoLoLomm The longitude of the observation in degrees and minutes. A negative number signifies the

Eastern hemisphere. NOTE: This is opposite the normal convention. There may be

leading blanks in the degree subfield; minutes will always be a two digit numeric.

PPPPP The pressure altitude in feet. There may be leading blanks.

±DDDD The D-value (Geopotential Altitude - Pressure Altitude) in feet. There will always be a

leading sign (+ or -) followed by four numeric characters (leading zeros if required)

WWW The wind direction in degrees, with 0 being true North, increasing clockwise. There will

always be three numeric characters, with leading zeros if required.

SSS The wind speed in knots. There will always be three numeric characters, with leading

zeros if required.

±TTT The air temperature in degrees and tenths Celsius. There will always be a leading sign

(+ or -) followed by three numeric characters (leading zeros if required). For example, 5.3

C would be coded +053.

±ddd The dewpoint temperature, encoded the same way as air temperature.

www The direction of the peak wind during this interval (30 sec, 1 min, etc.). The peak wind is

defined as the maximum 10 second average wind. Format is the same as wind direction

above.

sss The speed of the peak wind in knots. Format is the same as wind speed above.

sss The wind speed at the surface in knots, as measured by the Stepped Frequency

Microwave Radiometer (SFMR). This is an optional field new for 1999, and may be

omitted depending on the version of software being run. If omitted, the rain rate field will

also be omitted, and the <cr><cr><lf> sequence will occur immediately after the peak

wind speed field (no trailing blank). When present, there will be three numeric characters,

with leading zeros if required. If the SFMR wind can not be calculated during the sample

interval, it (and the rain rate) will be coded as 999.

rrr The rain rate in mm/hr, as measured by the SFMR. When present (see SFMR wind speed

discussion above), there will be three numeric characters, with leading zeros if required. If

rain rate can not be calculated it will be coded as 999.
G-10

Table G-5. TEMP DROP CODE

EXTRACT FROM: WMO-No. 306 MANUAL ON CODES

FM 37-X Ext. TEMP DROP - Upper-level pressure, temperature, humidity and wind report from a sonde released by

carrier balloons or aircraft. See Figure G-4 for an example TEMP DROP message for tropical cyclone operations.

CODE FORM:

PART A

SECTION 1 Mi

MiMjMj YYGGId 99LaLaLa QcLoLoLoLo MMMULaULo

SECTION 2 99PoPoPo ToToTaoDoDo dodof

ofofo

P1P1h1h1h1 T1T1Ta1D1D1 d1d1f

1f1f1

PnPnhnhnhn TnTnTanDnDn dndnf

nfnfn

SECTION 3 88PtPtPt TtTtTatDtDt dtdtf

t

f

t

f

t

or

88999

SECTION 4 77PmPmPm dmdmf

mfmfm (4vbvbvava)

or

66PmPmPm dmdmf

mfmfm (4vbvbvava)

or

77999

SECTION 10 31313

51515 101Adf Adf 0PnPnP'nP'n.

or

101Adf Adf PnPnhnhnhn

61616

62626

PART B

SECTION 1 Mi

MiMjMj YYGG8 99LaLaLa QcLoLoLo MMMULaULo

SECTION 5 nonoPoPoPo ToToTaoDoDo

n1n1P1P1P1 T1T1Ta1D1D1

nnnnPnPnPn TnTnTanDnDn

SECTION 6 21212 nonoPoPoPo dodof

ofofo

n1n1P1P1P1 d1d1f

1f1f1

nnnnPnPnPn dndnf

nfnfn

SECTION 7 31313 srrarasasa 8GGgg
G-11

SECTION 9 51515 101Adf Adf or

101Adf Adf 0PnPnP'nP'n. or

101Adf Adf PnPnhnhnhn

SECTION 10 61616

62626

PART ALPHA (A)

IDENTIFICATION LETTERS: MJMJ

Identifier: MJMJ - Identifier for Part A of the report.

DATE/TIME GROUP: YYGGId

Identifier: YY - Date group

Identifier: GG - Time group

Identifier: Id - The highest mandatory level for which wind is available.

LATTITUDE: 99LaLaLa

Identifier: 99 B Indicator for data on position follows.

Identifier: LaLaLa B Latitude in tenths of degrees

LONGITUDE: QcLoLoLoLo

Identifier: Qc B The octant of the globe.

Identifier: LoLoLoLo B Longitude in tenths of degrees

MARSDEN SQUARE: MMMUlaUlo

Identifier: MMM - Marsden square.

Identifier: UlaUlo B Units digits in the reported latitude and longitude.

SEA LEVEL PRESSURE: 99P0P0P0 T0T0T0D0D0 d0d0f0f0f0

Identifier: 99 B Indicator for data at the surface level follows

Identifier: P0P0P0 B Indicator for pressure of specified levels in whole millibars (thousands digit omitted)

Identifier: T0T0T0B Tens and digits of air temperature (not rounded off) in degrees Celsius, at specified levels

beginning with surface.

Identifier: D0D0 B Dewpoint depression at standard isobaric surfaces beginning with surface level.

NOTE

When the depression is 4.9C or less encode the units and tenths digits of the depression. Encode

depressions of 5.0 through 5.4C as 50. Encode depressions of 5.5C through 5.9C as 56. Dew

point depressions of 6.0 and above are encoded in tens and units with 50 added. Dew point

depressions for relative humidities less then 20% are encoded as 80. When air temperature is

below B40C report DnDn as //.
G-12

Identifier: dodo B True direction from which wind is blowing rounded to nearest 5 degrees. Report hundreds and tens

digits. The unit digit (0 or 5) is added to the hundreds digit of wind speed.

Identifier: fofofo B Wind speed in knots. Hundreds digit is sum of speed and unit digit of direction, i.e. 295o at 125

knots encoded as 29625.

NOTE: 1. When flight level is just above a standard surface and in the operator’s best meteorological judgment, the

winds are representative of the winds at the standard surface, then the operator may encode the standard surface

winds using the data from flight level. If the winds are not representative, then encode /////.

NOTE: 2. The wind group relating to the surface level (dodofofofo) will be included in the report; when the

corresponding wind data are not available, the group will be encoded as /////.

STANDARD ISOBARIC SURFACES : P1P1h1h1h1 T1T1T1D1D1 d1d1f1f1f1

Identifier: P1P1 B Pressure of standard isobaric surfaces in units of tens of millibars.

(1000 mbs = 00, 925mbs = 92, 850mbs = 85, 700mbs = 70, 500mbs = 50, 400mbs = 40, 300mbs = 30,

250mbs = 25).

Identifier: h1h1h1 B Heights of the standard pressure level in geopotential meters or decameters above the

surface. Encoded in decameters at and above 500mbs omitting, if necessary, the thousands or tens of

thousands digits. Add 500 to hhh for negative 1000mb or 925mb heights. Report 1000mb group as 00///

///// ///// when pressure is less than 950mbs.

Identifier: T1T1T1D1D1 B Same temperature/dew point encoding procedures apply to all levels.

Identifier : d1d1f1f1f1 B Same wind encoding procedures apply to all levels.

DATA FOR TROPOPAUSE LEVELS: 88 PtPtPtTtTtTtDtDt dtdtftftft

Identifier: 88 B Indicator for Tropopause level follows

Identifier: PtPtPtB Pressure at the tropopause level reported in whole millibars. Report 88PnPnPn as 88999 when

tropopause is not observed.

Identifier: TtTtTtDtDt B Same temperature/ dew point encoding procedures apply.

Identifier: dt

dtftftft - Same wind encoding procedures apply.

MAXIMUM WIND DATA: 77PnPnPn dndnfnfnfn 4vbvbvava

Identifier: 77 B Indicator that data for maximum wind level and for vertical wind shear follow when max wind does

not coincide at flight. If the maximum wind level coincides with flight level encode as 66

Identifier: PnPnPn.B Pressure at maximum wind level in whole millibars.

Identifier: dndnfnfnfn - Same wind encoding procedures apply.

VERTICAL WIND SHEAR DATA: 4vbvbvava

Identifier: 4 B Data for vertical wind shear follow.

Identifier: vbvb B Absolute value of vector difference between max wind and wind 3000 feet BELOW the level of

max wind, reported to the nearest knot. Use "//" if missing and a 4 is reported. A vector difference of 99 knots

or more is reported with the code figure "99".

Identifier: vava B Absolute value of vector difference between max wind and wind 3000 feet above the level of max

wind, reported to the nearest knot. Use "//" if missing and a 4 is reported. A vector difference of 99 knots or

more is reported with the code figure "99".

SOUNDING SYSTEM INDICATION, RADIOSONDE/ SYSTEM STATUS, LAUNCH TIME:

31313 srrarasasa 8GGgg

Identifier: srrarasasa - Sounding system indicator, radiosonde/ system status: sararasasa
G-13

Identifier: sa - Solar and infrared radiation correction ( 0 B no correction)

Identifier: rara B Radiosonde/sounding system used ( 96 B Descending radiosonde)

Identifier: sasa B Tracking technique/status of system used ( 08 B Automatic satellite navigation)

Identifier: 8GGgg B Launch time

Identifier: 8 B Indicator group

Identifier: GG B Time in hours

Identifier: gg B Time in minutes

ADDITIONAL DATA GROUPS: 51515 101XX 0PnPnPnPn

Identifier: 51515 B Additional data in regional code follow

Identifier: 10166 B Geopotential data are doubtful between the following levels 0PnPnPnPn. This code figure is used

only when geopotential data are doubtful from one level to another.

Identifier: 10167 B Temperature data are doubtful between the following levels 0PnPnPnPn. This code figure shall be

reported when only the temperature data are doubtful for a portion of the descent. If a 10167 group is reported a

10166 will also be reported. EXAMPLE: Temperature is doubtful from 540mbs to 510mbs. SLP is 1020mbs.

The additional data groups would be : 51515 10166 00251 10167 05451.

Identifier: 10190 B Extrapolated altitude data follows:

When the sounding begins within 25mbs below a standard surface, the height of the surface is

reported in the format 10190 PnPnhnhnhn. The temperature group is not reported. EXAMPLE:

Assume the release was made from 310mbs and the 300mb height was 966 decameters. The

last reported standard level in Part A is the 400mb level. The data for the 300mb level is

reported in Part A and B as 1019030966.

When the sounding does not reach surface, but terminates within 25mbs of a standard surface, the

height of the standard surface is reported in Part A of the code in standard format and also at

the end of Part A and Part B of the code in the format as 10190 PnPnhnhnhn.

EXAMPLE: Assume termination occurred at 980mbs and the extrapolated height of the

1000mb level was 115 meters. The 1000mb level would be reported in Part A of the code as

00115 ///// ///// and in Part B as 10190 00115.

Identifier: 10191 B Extrapolated surface pressure precedes. Extrapolated surface pressure is only reported when the

termination occurs between 850mbs and the surface. Surface pressure is reported in Part A as 99P0P0P0 ///// and in

Part B as 00P0P0P0 /////. When surface pressure is extrapolated the 10191 group is the last additional data group

reported in Part B.

AIRCRAFT AND MISSION IDENTIFICATION: 61616 AFXXX XXXXX XXXXX OB X

Identifier: 61616 B Aircraft and mission identification data follows.

Identifier: AFXXX B The identifier AF for U.S. Air Force and the last three digits of the aircraft’s tail number.

Identifier: XXXXX XXXXX B The identifier for the type of mission being flown.

If a training mission the mission identifier is WXWXA TRAIN. The fifth letter "A" is the only

character that could possibly change. The "A" defining that the flight originated in the

Atlantic basin. The letter "C" identifies the Central Pacific area and the letter "E" identifies

the Eastern Pacific.

If an operational storm mission: the first two numbers Identifier the number of times an aircraft

has flown this system and the second two numbers Identifier the system number. The last

character again identifies the basin flown. The name of the storm would replace TRAIN.

EXAMPLE: AF968 0204A MARIE B Aircraft number 50968, this was the second flight into

this system and the system was the fourth of the season. The system reached tropical storm

strength and was named MARIE.
G-14

Identifier: OB 14 B The observation (both vertical and horizontal) number as transmitted from the aircraft.

NATIONALLY DEVELOPED CODES: 62626

Identifier: 62626 B This is the remarks section. Only the remarks EYE, EYEWALL XXX, MXWNDBND XXX, or

RAINBAND will be used. If the remarks EYEWALL is used it will be followed by the radian to the eye

center.

Identifier: SPL XXXXNXXXXXW - Impact location of the sonde based on its last GPS position. The splash

location will be recorded automatically by computer.

Identifier: LAST WND XXX - Height of the last reported wind. If a surface wind is reported the Last Wind remark

is omitted. XXX will never be less than 13 meters

Identifier: MBL WND dddff - The mean boundary level wind. The mean wind in the lowest 500 meters of the

sounding

Identifier: AEV XXXXX - This is the software version being used for the sounding.

Identifier: DLM WND ddfff bbbttt - The Deep Layer Mean wind. It is the average wind over the depth of the

sounding. Where ddfff is the wind averaged from the first to the last available wind (these would correspond to

the first and last significant levels for wind); ttt is the pressure at the top of the layer, and bbb is the pressure at

the bottom of the layer (in whole mbs, with thousands digit omitted).

Identifier: WL150 ddfff zzz - Average wind over the lowest available 150 m of the wind sounding. Where ddfff is

the mean wind over the 150 m layer centered at zzz m.

PART ALPHA (B)

DATA FOR SIGNIFICANT TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY LEVELSSIGNIFICANT

ISOBARIC LEVELS:

n0n0P0P0P0 T0T0T0D0D0

IDENTIFICATION LETTERS: MJMJ

Identifier: MJMJ - Identifier for Part B of the report.

DATE/TIME GROUP: YYGG8

Identifier: YY - Date group

Identifier: GG - Time group

Identifier: 8 - Indicator for the use of satellite navigation for windfinding.

LATTITUDE: 99LaLaLa (Same as Part A)

LONGITUDE: QcLoLoLoLo (Same as Part A)

MARSDEN SQUARE: MMMUlaUlo (Same as Part A)

SEA LEVEL PRESSURE: nonoP0P0P0 T0T0T0D0D0

Identifier: nono B Indicator for number of level starting with surface level. Only surface will be numbered as "00".

Identifier: P0P0P0 B Indicator for pressure of specified levels in whole millibars (thousands digit omitted)

Identifier: T0T0T0B Tens and digits of air temperature (not rounded off) in degrees Celsius, at specified levels

beginning with surface.

Identifier: D0D0 B Dewpoint depression at standard isobaric surfaces beginning with surface level. Encoded the

same as Part A.

FOR STORM DROPS ONLY. If SLP is less than 950mb encode the 1000mb group as 00/// ///// /////. When the

SLP is between 950mb and 999mb encode 1000mb as 00PoPoPo ///// ///// (500 meters are added to height below

surface).
G-15

DATA FOR SIGNIFICANT WIND LEVELS: n0n0P0P0P0 dodofofofo

Identifier: n0n0 B Number of level starting with surface level. Only surface will be numbered as "00".

Identifier: P0P0P0 B Pressure at specified levels in whole millibars.

Identifier: dodo B True direction from which wind is blowing rounded to nearest 5 degrees. Report hundreds and tens

digits. The unit digit (0 or 5) is added to the hundreds digit of wind speed.

Identifier: fofofo B Wind speed in knots. Hundreds digit is sum of speed and unit digit of direction, i.e. 295o at 125

knots encoded as 29625.

Same notes in Part A apply.

31313, 51515, 61616, 62626 B Repeated from Part A.

FIGURE G-4. EXAMPLE TEMP DROP MESSAGE FOR TROPICAL CYCLONES

UZNT13 KNHC 061851

XXAA 56187 99251 70786 08158 99990 26444 ///// 00540 26247 13070 92827

22856 12565 85560 17834 13075 70200 13045 13585 88999 77999

31313 09608 81828

51515 10166 00270

61616 AF968 0204A MARIE OB 14

62626 MXWNDBND SPL 2525N07835W LST WND 012 MBL WND 13065

AEV 20200 DLM WND 13075 990699 WL150 13070 843

XXBB 56188 99251 70786 08158 00006 26444 11000 25841 22991 24657 33860

18233 44719 15657 55699 13045

21212 00990 ///// 11983 13570 22959 13065 33865 12560 44787 13075 55719

13575 66699 13585

31313 09608 81828

51515 10166 00270

61616 AF968 0204A MARIE OB 14

62626 MXWNDBND SPL 2525N07835W LST WND 012 MBL WND 13065

AEV 20200 DLM WND 13075 990699 WL150 13070 843
H-1

APPENDIX H

WSR-88D OPERATIONS PLAN FOR TROPICAL CYCLONE EVENTS

The following procedures are used to modify WSR-88D operations in support of the tropical

cyclone warning system:

At the Unit Control Position (UCP):

1. Operational mode--precipitation mode. Either VCP 11 (14 elevations in 5 minutes) or VCP

21 (9 elevations in 6 minutes). VCP 21 will cause less wear on antenna gearing, and offers

reduced potential for loadshedding. For convection within 80 nm of the radar, VCP 11 offers

denser vertical resolution above tilt 5 and is thus preferred for close-in cases and overpasses.

2. Velocity data levels (display levels) for the 8-data level products should be set to display

hurricane-force winds. Note that default settings, which display a maximum of 64 kt, will be

exceeded by even a minimal category one hurricane.

UCP commands: SE, WXMAN1, VE (enter appropriate menu)

then D, 5 <--display Table 5 first

then M (modify Table 5)

suggested values are -100, -80

then E (save edits)

then D, 7 <-- now display Table 7

M (modify Table 7)

suggested values are -135, -115

then E (save edits)

This modifies the 8-level products ONLY. The routine 16-level products are not affected. By

entering the negative values above, corresponding positive values are automatically supplied.

Table 5 will be used if the velocity increment is 1 kt (0.97 kt or 0.5 m/s) while Table 7 will be

used if the velocity increment is increased to 2 kt (1.94 kt or 1 m/s). See paragraph 3 below.

Note: These are good initial settings for pre-event preparedness. As the hurricane comes into

radar range, examine the velocities in the eyewall. Settings (as time allows) may be adjusted by

5 or 10 kt increments to produce a clean maximum (a 'bulls-eye') in the area of the velocity

maximum. This velocity maximum is usually found on the right side of the eyewall (right side

defined as standing behind the hurricane and looking forward along the direction of motion).
H-2

3. If velocities are expected to exceed 124 kt, increase the velocity increment from 1 to 2 kt.

UCP commands: RD, PR (turn off auto pulse repetition frequency (PRF))

V (display current VCP)

V, 1.94 (switch velocity measurement increment (VMI) of

current VCP)

E (save edits)

RD, DO, 0 (download modified VCP)

RD, PR (turn on auto PRF)

Note: If the velocity increment is 1 kt, Table 5 above applies; if the velocity increment is 2

kt, Table 7 above applies.

4. Allow non-associated Principal User Processors (NAPUP) (e.g. TPC/NHC) access to:

a. 8-data level Velocity product (product #24).

b. 0.54 nm Composite Reflectivity product (product #37).

These may be added to the Generation and Distribution Control list, Adaptation list 'A,' with a 'Y'

in the NAPUP column. (Note: SRM, product #56, should already appear with a 'Y' for NAPUP.

UCP commands: AD, WXMAN1, G, A

then M, 9 (modify line 9)

AUT AUT STO NA

SLICE GEN ARC STO TIM PUP

-2.0 1 0 1 60 Y (con't)

then M, 22 (modify line 22)

AUT AUT STO NA

SLICE GEN ARC STO TIM PUP

1 0 1 60 Y

then E (save edits)

G, R, A (replace current list with copy of changes)

G, E (save edits)

5. Make certain that Archive II is active.

6. If range-folding is obscuring velocities beyond about 70-80 nm, shown in extreme cases as a

solid purple band surrounding the 'good' velocities, auto-PRF is not working effectively. Consider

turning auto PRF off. Auto PRF uses only the 4 highest PRFs (5 through 8). To alleviate the purple

band problem and extend the range of usable velocities, set PRF to PRF #4.
H-3

UCP commands: RD, PR (turn off auto PRF)

F1 (return to main menu)

V (enter VCP menu)

S, 94 (set Rmax to 94 nm)

E (save edits)

then F1 (return to main menu)

RD, DO, 0 (down load the modified VCP)

To return to normal: RD, PR (turn auto PRF back on)

7. Applications terminal, associated PUPs (APUP):

a. Suggested minimum routine product set (RPS) lists follow these instructions. Sites may

wish to add Mesocyclone (M), Tornadic Vortex Signature (TVS), Storm Tracking (STI), and Echo

Tops (ET) to the list. Storm Relative Velocity products (SRM, SRR) should be generated as OneTime Requests, with storm motion determined by the forecaster. The system software may not be

able to produce a useful motion due to the rotation of the tropical cyclone. One-Hour Precip (looped)

can also be useful in finding the tropical cyclone center in poorly defined cases.

b. Initiate a local product archive (Archive IV). This will copy the PUP database onto the

optical disk for later assessment. This record has proven to be extremely useful even if Archive II

is also running and can become crucial if Archive II fails.

Most important here, for both APUPs and NAPUPs, is the 8-data level velocity product, and, in the

event of velocities exceeding 124 knots, changing the velocity increment from 1 to 2 knots.

The advantage of using the 8-level velocity product is that the location of strong hurricane force

winds can be displayed, while leaving the standard 16-level velocity product (-64 kt to +64 kt) for

display of surrounding areas. The data resolution (i.e., "width" of the display levels) is maintained

to aid identification of mesocyclones which may occur in rainbands.

Note that the key 8-level velocity product and the 0.54 nm composite reflectivity product are not

available to non-associated users (e.g. TPC) by default, although some stations may already have

granted access. These products can be made available to NAPUPs by inserting them into the

Generation and Distribution Control list. Ideally, this amendment to the distribution list would be

done in anticipation of an event, so that everything is ready to go should a hurricane approach.

Again, local Unit Radar Coordinator approval should be sought as necessary--in advance--so that

the change can be made operationally as the need arises.

Additional note: For improved WSR-88D algorithm performance during tropical cyclone events,

the Threshold Pattern Vector (TPV) adaptable parameter for the Mesocyclone algorithm should be

reduced to improve detection of small diameter features. From the main menu:
H-4

UCP commands: AD, ******, M, ******, M (display the mesoscale adaptable

parameter menu)

change TPV (page forward to page 2) to 6

then E (save edits)

The default Z-R relationship does not perform well in tropical cyclones. Change the default Z-R

(300R1.4) to the tropical Z-R, (250R1.2) to provide better precipitation estimates.

From the main menu:

UCP commands: AD,******, M, ******, Z (display Z-R parameters)

then change CZM to 250

and change CZP to 1.2

then E (save edits)

Table H-1. Suggested minimum WSR-88D RPS lists for tropical cyclones.

Tropical cyclone range > 124 nm

Product Elevation angle Data resolution Data levels

Base Reflectivity 0.5E 1.1 nm 16

1.5 1.1 nm 16

0.5 0.54 nm 16

1.5 0.54 nm 16

2.4 0.54 nm 16

3.4 0.54 nm 16

Base velocity 0.5 0.54 nm 16

1.5 0.54 nm 16

2.4 0.54 nm 16

0.5 0.54 nm 8

Composite

Reflectivity 0.54 nm 16

VIL, Storm Total Precip
H-5

Tropical cyclone range 62 - 124 nm

Product Elevation angle Data resolution Data levels

Base Reflectivity 0.5E 1.1 nm 16

0.5 0.54 nm 16

1.5 0.54 nm 16

2.4 0.54 nm 16

3.4 0.54 nm 16

6.0 0.54 nm 16

Base velocity 0.5 0.54 nm 16

1.5 0.54 nm 16

Product Elevation angle Data resolution Data levels

Base Velocity 2.4 0.54 nm 16

(con't) 3.4 0.54 nm 16

0.5 0.54 nm 8

Composite

Reflectivity 0.54 nm 16

VIL, Storm Total Precip

Tropical cyclone range > 32 - 62 nm

Product Elevation angle Data resolution Data levels

Base Reflectivity 0.5E 1.1 nm 16

0.5 0.54 nm 16

1.5 0.54 nm 16

2.4 0.54 nm 16

4.3 0.54 nm 16

6.0 0.54 nm 16

Base velocity 0.5 0.54/0.27 nm 16

1.5 0.54/0.27 nm 16

2.4 0.54 nm 16

4.3 0.54 nm 16

0.5 0.54 nm 8

Composite

Reflectivity 0.54 nm 16

VIL, Storm Total Precip
H-6

Tropical cyclone range 0 - 32 nm

Product Elevation angle Data resolution Data levels

Base Reflectivity 0.5E 1.1 nm 16

0.5 0.54 nm 16

1.5 0.54 nm 16

2.4 0.54 nm 16

3.4 0.54 nm 16

6.0 0.54 nm 16

9.9 0.54 nm 16

Product Elevation angle Data resolution Data levels

Base velocity 0.5 0.54/0.27/0.13 nm 16

1.5 0.54/0.27 nm 16

2.4 0.54 nm 16

0.5 0.54 nm 8

1.5 0.54 nm 8

Composite

Reflectivity 0.54 nm 16

VIL, Storm Total Precip
I-1

APPENDIX I

TELEPHONE AND TELETYPE LISTING

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

AGENCY LOCATION TTY1 TELEPHONE

Alternate NHC Camp Springs, MD B COM 301-763-8201

(NCEP, HPC)

AOC Tampa Bay, FL COM 813-828-3310

CPHC - Forecaster and Warning Desk Honolulu, HI B COM 808-973-5284

- Admin COM 808-973-5270

- Dir/Coord COM 808-973-5272

- Operations FAX 808-973-5281

CPHC Satellite Coordinator Honolulu, HI B COM 808-973-5285

NWSO Tiyan, Guam Forecast Tiyan, Guam COM 671-471-7398

Warning Desk

NDBC - Data Systems Division SSC, MS COM 228-688-1720

NESDIS SAB Camp Springs, MD B COM 301-763-8444

NHC Miami, FL AB COM 305-229-4470

TAFB Lead Forecaster (TPC/NHC) Miami, FL AB COM 305-229-4425

Hydrometeorological Camp Springs, MD B COM 301-763-8096

Prediction Center (HPC)

NCEP Senior Duty Met (Data QC) Camp Springs, MD B COM 301-763-8298

NWS Hydrometeorological Silver Spring, MD COM 301-713-1726

Services Core (Headquarters) FAX 301-713-1598

INTERDEPARTMENTAL

OFCM Silver Spring, MD COM 301-427-2002

DSN 851-1460

1 A AWDS

B AWIPS
I-2

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

AGENCY LOCATION TTY TELEPHONE

AFWA Offutt AFB, NE AB COM 402-294-2586

DSN 271-2586

CARCAH OLA, 53 WRS Miami, FL A COM 305-229-4474

DSN 434-3420

FACSFAC VACAPES OAC Oceana, VA COM 804-433-1233

DSN 433-1233

FACSFAC Roosevelt Roads Roosevelt Roads, PR COM 787-865-7007

DSN 831-7007/5202/5203

17 OWS/WXJ Pearl Harbor, HI A COM 808-471-3533

(Satellite Analyst) DSN 471-3533

325 OSS/OSW Tyndall AFB, FL A COM 904-283-2845

(Southeast Air Defense Sector/WE) DSN 523-2845

Keesler AFB Command Post Keesler AFB, MS COM 228-377-4330

DSN 597-4330

NAVLANTMETOCCEN Norfolk, VA COM 757-444-7583/7750

DSN 564-7583/7750

JTWC (Typhoon Duty Officer) Pearl Harbor, HI A COM 808-474-2320

53 WRS/DO Keesler AFB, MS A COM 228-377-2409

DSN 597-2409

53 WRS (Office) Keesler AFB, MS COM 228-377-3207

DSN 597-3207

53 WRS (Alternate CARCAH) Keesler AFB, MS A COM 228-377-1939

DSN 597-1939
I-3

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION/FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION

ARTCC ARTCC PHONE DIRECTORY

ID TMO ADMINISTRATION AREA MANAGER

ANCHORAGE ZAN 907-269-1108 907-269-1137 907-269-1103

ALBUQUERQUE ZAB 505-856-4590 505-856-4500 505-856-4500

CHICAGO ZAU 708-906-8268 708-906-8220 708-906-8341

BOSTON ZBW 603-886-7666 603-886-7675 603-886-7635

WASHINGTON ZDC 703-771-3471 703-771-3440 703-771-3470

DENVER ZDV 303-651-4246 303-651-4261 303-651-4248

FT. WORTH ZFW 817-858-7537 817-858-7520 817-858-7503

HOUSTON ZHU 713-230-5577 713-230-5540 713-230-5560

INDIANAPOLIS ZID 317-247-2243 317-247-2222 317-247-2242

JACKSONVILLE ZJX 904-549-1543 904-549-1578 904-549-1537

KANSAS CITY ZKC 913-791-8505 913-791-8450 913-791-8500

LOS ANGELES ZLA 805-265-8250 805-265-8200 805-265-8205

SALT LAKE CITY ZLC 801-320-2581 801-320-2500 801-320-2560

MIAMI ZMA 305-716-1540 305-716-1500 305-716-1588

MEMPHIS ZME 901-368-8250 901-368-8103 901-368-8234

MINNEAPOLIS ZMP 612-463-5116 612-463-5130 612-463-5180

NEW YORK ZNY 516-468-1010 516-468-1001 516-468-1080

OAKLAND ZOA 510-745-6332 510-745-6475 510-745-6331

CLEVELAND ZOB 216-774-0228 216-774-0119 216-774-0226

SEATTLE ZSE 206-351-3525 206-351-3500 206-351-3520

ATLANTA ZTL 404-946-7697 404-946-7883 404-946-7622

HONOLULU HNL N/A 808-734-6667

SAN JUAN SJU 787-253-4567 Note:

TMO - Traffic Management

Officer

Area Manager - Watch

Supervisor

ARTCC - Air Route Traffic

Control Center

TORONTO YYZ 800-837-3801

MONTREAL YUL 514-636-3289

MONCTON YOM 506-851-7381

OTTAWA YOW 613-954-7425

WINNIPEG YWG 203-983-8338

EDMONTON YEG 403-890-8397

GANDER YQX 709-256-6770

VANCOUVER YVR 604-666-6673
I-4

AIR TRAFFIC OPERATIONS ATO-100 COM 202-267-9320

AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SERVICE COM 703-904-4401

AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL 800-333-4286

SYSTEM COMMAND CENTER - ATO 200

HERNDON, VA.

CENTRAL ALTITUDE 703-904-4427

RESERVATION FUNCTION (CARF) DSN 725-3331/725-3333

NATIONAL NOTAM CENTER

WASHINGTON, D.C. 202-267-3390

ATCSCC NATIONAL OPERATIONS 703-904-4525/703-904-4953

MANAGER (NOM) 800-333-4286 MILITARY USE ONLY

CANADIAN OFCF (ARU)

ADMIN HOURS 613-998-6583

TELECONFERENCE 613-954-7425

613-957-6390

ARU OPS (24 HRS) 613-957-6343

(ATCSCC OF CANADA) 613-992-9740

613-992-7940

613-992-9751

ARU FAX 613-957-6412

CENTER WEATHER SERVICE UNITS (CWSU) in FAA Coastal Facilities

Boston ARTCC 603-886-7698

New York ARTCC 516-468-1083

Washington ARTCC 703-771-3480

Jacksonville ARTCC 904-549-1839

Miami ARTCC 305-716-1635

Houston ARTCC 713-230-5676

Los Angeles ARTCC 805-265-8258

Oakland ARTCC 510-745-3457

Seattle ARTCC 206-351-3741

Anchorage ARTCC 907-269-1145
J-1

APPENDIX J

PHONETIC PRONUNCIATION LISTING

CARIBBEAN BASIN

Abaco AB-a-KO

Anguilla ang-GWIL-a

Antigua an-TEE-gua

Antilles an-TILL-leez

Aruba ah-ROO-ba

Azores uh-ZOHRZ

Bahamas ba-HAHM-ahs

Barahona ba-ra-HO-na

Barbuda bar-BOO-dah

Barranquilla bahr-rahn-KEE-yah

Basse-Terre baha-TER

Bermuda ber-MYOO-da

Biloxi bi-LUX-ee

Bimini BIM-i-ni

Bonaire ba-NAIR

Cap Haitien kahp ah-ee-SYAN

Caracas kah-RAH-kahs

Caribbean kar-a-BE-an

Castries KAS-tree

Cayman kay-MAHN

Charlotte Amalie SHAR-lot a-MAHL-ye

Cozumel koh-soo-MEL

Curacao koor-a-SOH

Dominica dom-i-NEE-ka

Eleuthera el-OO-thera

Exuma ek-SOO-ma

Flores FLO-rish

Fort de France for-de-FRAHCS

Grenada gre-NAY-dah

Guadaloupe GWAH-deh-loop

Guatemala gwaht-eh-MAH-la

Leeward LEE-ward

Maracaibo mar-a-KYE-boh

Maracay mah-rah-KYE

Marigot ma-ree-GOH

Mayaguez may-yah-GWAYS

Merida MAY-re-thah

Miami mye-AM-ee

Montego mon-TEE-go

Montserrat mont-se-RAT

Nicaragua nik-a-RAH-gwah

Ocho Rios OH-cho REE-os

Oranjestad o-RAHN-yuh-stat

Paramaribo par-a-MAR-i-boh

Parguera par-GWER-a

Pointe-a-Pitre pwan-ta-PEE-tr

Ponce PON-sa

Port-au-Prince port-oh-PRINS

Saba SAH-ba

Sao Miguel (Azores) soun ME-gel

St. Croix SAINT croy

St. Lucia SAINT LOO-she-a

Soufriere soo-free-AR

Surinam SOOR-i-nam

Tampico tam-PEE-ko

Tela TAY-lah

Tobago to-BAY-go

Yucatan yoo-ka-TAN
K-1

APPENDIX K

ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS

-AAB Data type header for Tropical Weather Outlook

ADWS Automatic Digital Weather Switch

AFB Air Force Base

AFOS Automation of Field Operations and Services

AFRC Air Force Reserve Command

AFSATCOM Air Force Satellite Communications System

AFWA Air Force Weather Agency

AIM Airman's Information Manual

AMOS Automated Meteorological Observing Station

AMSU Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit

AOC Aircraft Operations Center (NOAA)

APT Automatic Picture Transmission

ARGOS Argos, Inc., a French data collection system

ARSA Airport Radar Service Area

ARTCC Air Route Traffic Control Center

ARWO Aerial Reconnaissance Weather Officer

APUP Associated Principal User Processor (WSR-88D)

ASDL Aircraft-to-Satellite Data Link

ATC Air Traffic Control

ATCSCC Air Traffic Control System Command Center

AVHRR Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer

AWDS Automated Weather Distribution System

AWIPS Advanced Weather Interactive Processing System

AWN Automated Weather Network

-CCARCAH Chief, Aerial Reconnaissance Coordination, All Hurricanes

CARF Central Altitude Reservation Function

C.I. Current Intensity

C-MAN Coastal-Marine Automated Network

COM Commercial (telephone)

CONUS Continental United States

CPHC Central Pacific Hurricane Center

EC degree/degrees Celsius

-DDA Daylight Ascending
K-2

DCS Data Collection System

deg degree (latitude or longitude)

Det detachment

DMSP Defense Meteorological Satellite Program

DOC Department of Commerce

DOD Department of Defense

DOT Department of Transportation

DPTD departed

DROP dropsonde/dropwindsonde

DSN Defense Switched Network (formerly AUTOVON)

DTG date/time group

-EEDT Eastern Daylight Time

ESA European Space Agency

ETA Estimated Time of Arrival

ETD Estimated Time of Departure

-FFAA Federal Aviation Administration

FACSFAC Fleet Aerial Control and Surveillance Facility

FCM Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting

Research

FCMSSR Federal Committee for Meteorological Services and Supporting

Research

FCST forecast

FCSTR forecaster

FL flight level

FLT LVL flight level

FMH Federal Meteorological Handbook

FNMOC Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center (USN)

ft foot/feet

FTS Federal Telephone System

-GGAC Global Area Coverage

GOES Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite

GMDSS Global Maritime Distress and Safety System

GMS Geostationary Meteorological Satellite

GTS Global Telecommunications System
K-3

-HHA High Accuracy

HD High Density

HDOB High Density Observation

HF High Frequency

hPa hectopascal/hectopascals

h hour/hours

HLS Hurricane Local Statement

HNL Honolulu (CPHC)

HPC Hydrometeorological Prediction Center (NCEP)

HRD Hurricane Research Division (NOAA/OAR/ERL/AOML)

HRPT High Resolution Picture Transmission

-IICAO International Civil Aviation Organization

ICMSSR Interdepartmental Committee for Meteorological Services and

Supporting Research

ID identification

IFR Instrument Flight Rules

INIT initials

IR Infrared

IWRS Improved Weather Reconnaissance System

-JJTWC Joint Typhoon Warning Center

-Kkm kilometer/kilometers

KBIX ICAO identifier for Keesler AFB, MS

KMIA ICAO identifier for Miami, FL

KMKC ICAO identifier for Kansas City, MO WSFO

KNEW ICAO identifier for New Orleans, LA WSFO

KNHC ICAO identifier for the Tropical Prediction Center/National

Hurricane Center, Miami, FL

KSFO ICAO identifier for San Francisco, CA

kt knot/knots

KWAL ICAO identifier for Wallops Island, VA
K-4

-LLAC Local Area Coverage

LF Light Fine (satellite data terminology)

LI Long Island

LS Light Smooth (satellite data terminology)

-Mm meter/meters

MANOP communications header

MAX maximum

METEOSAT European Space Agency geostationary meteorological satellite

min/MIN minute

MINOB Minute Observation

MOU Memorandum of Understanding

MPC Marine Prediction Center (NCEP)

mph mile/miles per hour

MVMT movement

-NNAPUP Non-associated Principal User Processor (WSR-88D)

NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NAVLANTMETOCCEN Naval Atlantic Meteorology and Oceanography Center

NAVLANTMETOCDET Naval Atlantic Meteorology and Oceanography Detachment

NAVLANTMETOCFAC Naval Atlantic Meteorology and Oceanography Facility

NAVMETOCCOM Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command

NAVOCEANO Naval Oceanographic Office

NAVPACMETOCCEN Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center

NAVTRAMETOCFAC Naval Training Meteorology and Oceanography Facility

NCEP National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NOAA/NWS)

NCO NCEP Central Operations

NDBC National Data Buoy Center

NESDIS National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service

NFDC National Flight Data notice to airman Center

NHC National Hurricane Center

NHOP National Hurricane Operations Plan

NLT Not Later Than

nm nautical miles

NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

NOM National Operations Manager (FAA)

NSC NOAA Science Center

NSTL National Space Technology Laboratories (NASA)

NWS National Weather Service
K-5

-OOAC Oceanic Aircraft Coordinator (USN)

OB observation

OFCM Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and

Supporting Research

OSDPD Office of Satellite Data Processing and Distribution (NESDIS)

OSF Operational Support Facility (WSR-88D)

OSS Operations Support Squadron (USAF)

-PPA Public Affairs

PANC ICAO identifier for Anchorage, AK

PCN Position Confidence Number

PHFO ICAO identifier for Honolulu, HI

POD Plan of the Day

POES Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellite

PRF pulse repetition frequency (WSR-88D)

-RRECCO Reconnaissance Code

RECON reconnaissance

REQT requested

RPS routine product set (WSR-88D)

RSMC Regional/Specialized Meteorological Center (WMO)

-SSAB Satellite Analysis Branch

SFC surface

SFDF Satellite Field Distribution Facility

SLP Sea Level Pressure

SSM/I Special Sensor Microwave Imager (DMSP)

SSM/T Special Sensor Microwave Temperature Sounder

SST Sea Surface Temperature

SPC Storm Prediction Center (NCEP)

SVD Supplementary Vortex Data

-TTAFB Tropical Analysis Forecast Branch (TPC)

TCD Tropical Cyclone Discussion

TCPOD Tropical Cyclone Plan of the Day

TD Tropical Depression

TEMP temperature

TEMP temporary

TEMP DROP Dropwindsonde Code

TF Thermal Fine

TKO takeoff
K-6

TMO Traffic Management Officer in air route centers and towers

T-number Tropical classification number

TOVS TIROS-N Operational Vertical Sounder

TPC Tropical Prediction Center

TS Thermal Smooth

TWO Tropical Weather Outlook

-UUCP unit control position (WSR-88D)

UHF Ultra High Frequency

US/U.S. United States

USAF United States Air Force

USCG United States Coast Guard

USN United States Navy

UTC Universal Coordinated Time

-VVAS VISSR Atmospheric Sounder

VCP volume coverage pattern (WSR-88D)

VDM Vortex Data Message

VDUC VAS Data Utilization Center

VIS Visible

VISSR Visible and Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer

VMI velocity measurement increment (WSR-88D)

VTPR Vertical Temperature Profile Radiometer

-WWEFAX Weather Facsimile

WESTPAC Western Pacific

WMO World Meteorological Organization

WND wind

WO Data type header for special tropical disturbance statements

WRS Weather Reconnaissance Squadron

WS Weather Squadron

WSD Wind Speed and Direction (data buoy)

WSFO Weather Service Forecast Office

WSR-88D Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler

WT Data type header for hurricane bulletins

WW Data type header for subtropical storm bulletins

-XXMTD transmitted

-ZZ Zulu (UTC)
L-1

APPENDIX L

GLOSSARY

-AAgency. Any Federal agency or organization participating in the tropical cyclone warning service.

Airport Radar Service Area (ARSA). Regulatory airspace surrounding designated airports

wherein ATC provides radar vectoring and sequencing on a full-time basis for all IFR and VFR

aircraft. The service provided in an ARSA is called ARSA Service which includes: IFR/IFRstandard IFR separation; IFR/VFR-traffic advisories and conflict resolution; and VFR/VFR-traffic

advisories and, as appropriate, safety alert. The Airman's Information Manual (AIM) contains

an explanation of ARSA. The ARSA's are depicted on VFR aeronautical charts.

Air Traffic Control System Command Center (ATCSCC). The facility responsible for the realtime command, control, and oversight of air traffic activity within the National Airspace System.

The ATCSCC is a 24 hour a day, 7 day a week operation.

Area Manager. Supervisor in charge of air route traffic control center or airport tower, shift to shift.

-CCenter Fix. The location of the center of a tropical or subtropical cyclone obtained by means other

than reconnaissance aircraft penetration. See also Vortex Fix.

Controlled Airspace. An airspace of defined dimensions within which air traffic control service

is provided to IFR flights and to VFR flights in accordance with the airspace classification.

a. Controlled airspace is a generic term that covers Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D, and

Class E airspace.

b. Controlled airspace is also that airspace within which all aircraft operators are subject to

certain pilot qualifications, operating rules, and equipment requirements in FAR Part 91 (for

specific operating requirements, please refer to FAR Part 91). For IFR operations in any

class of controlled airspace, a pilot must file an IFR flight plan and receive an appropriate

ATC clearance. Each Class B, Class C, and Class D airspace area designated for an airport

contains at least one primary airport around which the airspace is designated (for specific

designations and descriptions of the airspace classes, please refer to FAR Part 71).
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c. Controlled airspace in the United States is designated as follows:

CLASS A: Generally, that airspace from 18,000 feet MSL up to and including FL 600,

including the airspace overlying the waters within 12 nautical miles of the coast of the 48

contiguous States and Alaska. Unless otherwise authorized, all persons must operate their

aircraft under IFR.

CLASS B: Generally, that airspace from the surface to 10,000 feet MSL surrounding the

nations's busiest airports in terms of airport operations or passenger enplanements. The

configuration of each Class B airspace area is individually tailored and consists of a surface

area and two or more layers (some Class B airspaces areas resemble upside-down wedding

cakes), and is designed to contain all published instrument procedures once an aircraft enters

the airspace. An ATC clearance is required for all aircraft to operate in the area, and all

aircraft that are so cleared receive separation services within the airspace. The cloud

clearance requirement for VFR operations is "clear of clouds."

CLASS C: Generally, that airspace from the surface to 4,000 feet above the airport

elevation (charted in MSL) surrounding those airports that have an operational control tower,

are serviced by a radar approach control, and that have a certain number of IFR operations

or passenger enplanements. Although the configuration of each Class C area is individually

tailored, the airspace usually consists of a surface area with a 5 nautical mile (NM) radius,

an outer circle with a 10 NM radius that extends from 1,200 feet to 4,000 feet above the

airport elevation and an outer area. Each person must establish two-way radio

communications with the ATC facility providing air traffic services prior to entering the

airspace and thereafter maintain those communications while within the airspace. VFR

aircraft are only separated from IFR aircraft within the airspace. (See OUTER AREA).

CLASS D: Generally, that airspace from the surface to 2,500 feet above the airport

elevation (charted in MSL) surrounding those airports that have an operational control tower.

The configuration of each Class D airspace area is individually tailored and when instrument

procedures are published, the airspace will normally be designed to contain the procedures.

Arrival extensions for instrument approach procedures may be Class D or Class E airspace.

Unless otherwise authorized, each person must establish two-way radio communications

with the ATC facility providing air traffic services prior to entering the airspace and

thereafter maintain those communications while in the airspace. No separation services are

provided to VFR aircraft.

CLASS E: Generally, if the airspace is not Class A, Class B, Class C, or Class D, and it is

controlled airspace, it is Class E airspace. Class E airspace extends upward from either the

surface or a designated altitude to the overlying or adjacent controlled airspace. When

designated as a surface area, the airspace will be configured to contain all instrument

procedures. Also in this class are Federal airways, airspace beginning at either 700 or 1,200

AGL used to transition to/from the terminal or en route environment, en route domestic, and

offshore airspace areas designated below 18,000 feet MSL. Unless designated at a lower

altitude, Class E airspace begins at 14,500 MSL over the United States, including that
L-3

airspace overlying the waters within 12 nautical miles of the 48 contiguous States and

Alaska, up to, but not including 18,000 MSL, and the airspace above FL 600.

Cyclone. An atmospheric closed circulation rotating counter-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere.

-EEye. The relatively calm center of the tropical cyclone that is more than one half surrounded by wall

cloud.

Eye Wall. An organized band of cumuliform clouds immediately surrounding the center of a

tropical cyclone. Eye wall and wall cloud are used synonymously.

-HHigh Density/High Accuracy (HD/HA) Data. Those data provided by automated airborne

systems--WP-3s or WC-130s equipped with the Improved Weather Reconnaissance System.

Hurricane/Typhoon. A warm-core tropical cyclone in which the maximum sustained surface wind

speed (l-min mean) is 64 kt (74 mph) or more.

Hurricane Season. The portion of the year having a relatively high incidence of hurricanes. The

seasons for the specific areas are as follows:

C Atlantic, Caribbean,

and the Gulf of Mexico June 1 to November 30

C Eastern Pacific May 15 to November 30

C Central Pacific June 1 to November 30

Hurricane Warning Offices. The designated hurricane warning offices follow:

C Tropical Prediction Center/National Hurricane Center, Miami, Florida

C Central Pacific Hurricane Center, Honolulu, Hawaii

Hurricane Warning. A warning that sustained winds of 64 kt (74 mph) or higher associated with

a hurricane are expected in a specified coastal area in 24 hours or less. A hurricane warning can

remain in effect when dangerously high water or a combination of dangerously high water and

exceptionally high waves continue, even though winds may be less than hurricane force.

Hurricane Watch. An announcement for specific coastal areas that a hurricane or an incipient

hurricane condition poses a possible threat, generally within 36 hours.
L-4

-IICAO-Controlled Airspace. An airspace of defined dimensions within which air traffic control

service is provided to IFR flights and to VFR flights in accordance with the airspace

classification. (Note: Controlled airspace is a generic term which covers Air Traffic Service

airspace Classes A, B, C, D, and E).

-MMajor Hurricane. A "major" hurricane is one that is classified as a Category 3 or higher.

Maximum 1-Min Sustained Surface Wind. When applied to a particular weather system, refers

to the highest 1-minute average wind (at an elevation on 10 meters with an unobstructed

exposure) associated with that weather system at a particular point in time.

Micronesia. An area defined by the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands, the

Republic of Palau, the Federated States of Micronesia, and the Republic of the Marshall Islands.

Miles. The term "miles" used in this plan refers to nautical miles (nm) unless otherwise

indicated.

Mission Identifier. The nomenclature assigned to tropical and subtropical cyclone aircraft

reconnaissance missions for weather data identification. It's an agency-aircraft indicator followed

by a Chief, Aerial Reconnaissance Coordination, All Hurricanes (CARCAH) assigned

mission-system indicator.

-NNational Operations Manager. Supervisor in charge of the overall operation of the Air Traffic

Control System Command Center.

-PPresent Movement. The best estimate of the movement of the center of a tropical cyclone at a

given time and at a given position. This estimate does not reflect the short-period, small-scale

oscillations of the cyclone center.

-RReconnaissance Aircraft Sortie. A flight that meets the requirements of the tropical cyclone plan

of the day.

Relocated. A term used in an advisory to indicate that a vector drawn from the preceding advisory

position to the latest known position is not necessarilya reasonable representation of the cyclone's

movement.
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-SStorm Surge. An abnormal rise in sea level accompanying a hurricane or other intense storm, and

whose height is the difference between the observed level of the sea surface and the level that

would have occurred in the absence of the cyclone. Storm surge is usually estimated by

subtracting the normal or astronomic tide from the observed storm tide.

Storm Tide. The actual level of sea water resulting from the astronomic tide combined with the

storm surge.

Subtropical Cyclone. A low pressure system that develops over subtropical waters that initially has

a non-tropical circulation but in which some elements of tropical cyclone cloud structure are

present.

Subtropical Depression. A subtropical cyclone in which the maximum sustained surface wind

speed (l-min mean) is 33 kt (38 mph) or less.

Subtropical Storm. A non-frontal low pressure system that has characteristics of both tropical and

extratropical cyclones.

• The most common type is an upper-level cold low with circulation extending to the surface

layer and maximum sustained winds generally occurring at a radius of about 100 miles or

more from the center. In comparison to tropical cyclones, such systems have a relatively

broad zone of maximum winds that is located farther from the center, and typically have a

less symmetric wind field and distribution of convection.

• A second type of subtropical cyclone is a mesoscale low originating in or near a frontolyzing

zone of horizontal wind shear, with radius of maximum sustained winds generally less than

30 miles . The entire circulation may initially have a diameter of less than 100 miles. These

generally short-lived systems may be either cold core or warm core.

Super Typhoon. A "super" typhoon is one that is classified as having winds of 130 kts (150 mph)

or greater.

Sustained Surface Wind. The 1-minute averaged wind at the 10-meter elevation with an

unobstructed exposure.

Synoptic Surveillance (formerly Synoptic Track). Weather reconnaissance mission flown to

provide vital meteorological information in data sparse ocean areas as a supplement to existing

surface, radar, and satellite data. Synoptic flights better define the upper atmosphere and aid in

the prediction of tropical cyclone motion and intensity.
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-TTraffic Management Specialist. ATCSCC personnel responsible for the active management of

traffic throughout the National Airspace System.

Tropical Cyclone. A warm-core, non-frontal synoptic-scale cyclone, originating over tropical or

subtropical waters, with organized deep convection and a closed surface wind circulation about

a well-defined center.

Tropical Cyclone Plan of the Day. A coordinated mission plan that tasks operational weather

reconnaissance requirements during the next 1100 to 1100Z UTC day or as required, describes

reconnaissance flights committed to satisfy both operational and research requirements, and

identifies possible reconnaissance requirements for the succeeding 24-hour period.

Tropical Depression. A tropical cyclone in which the maximum sustained surface wind speed

(l-min mean) is 33 kt (38 mph) or less.

Tropical Disturbance. A discrete tropical weather system of apparently organized

convection--generally 100 to 300 mi in diameter--originating in the tropics or subtropics, having

a nonfrontal migratory character, and maintaining its identity for 24 hours or more. It may or may

not be associated with a detectable perturbation of the wind field.

Tropical Storm. A tropical cyclone in which the maximum sustained surface wind speed (l-min

mean) ranges from 34 kt (39 mph) to 63 kt (73 mph).

Tropical Storm Warning. A warning for tropical storm conditions including sustained winds

within the range of 39 to 73 mph (34 to 63 kt) that are expected in a specified coastal area within

24 hours or less.

Tropical Storm Watch. An announcement that a tropical storm poses or tropical storm conditions

pose a threat to coastal areas generally within 36 hours. A tropical storm watch should normally

not be issued if the system is forecast to attain hurricane strength.

Tropical Wave. A trough or cyclonic curvature maximum in the trade-wind easterlies. The wave

may reach maximum amplitude in the lower middle troposphere or may be the reflection of an

upper tropospheric cold low or equatorial extension of a middle latitude trough.

Tropical Weather System. A designation for one of a series of tropical weather anomalies. As

such, it is the basic generic designation, which in successive stages of intensification, may be

classified as a tropical disturbance, wave, depression, storm, or hurricane.

Typhoon/Hurricane. A warm-core tropical cyclone in which the maximum sustained surface wind

speed (l-min mean) is 64 kt (74 mph) or more.
L-7

-UUncontrolled Airspace (Class G Airspace). That portion of the airspace that has not been

designated as Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D, or Class E and within which Air Traffic Control

has neither the authority nor the responsibility for exercising control over air traffic.

-VVortex Fix. The location of the surface and/or flight level center of a tropical or subtropical cyclone

obtained by reconnaissance aircraft penetration. See Center Fix, also.

-WWall Cloud. An organized band of cumuliform clouds immediately surrounding the

center of a tropical cyclone. Wall cloud and eye wall are used synonymously.
M-1

APPENDIX M

DISTRIBUTION

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION

Administration Office, Aircraft Operations Center (AOC) 20

Assistant Administrator for Satellite and Information Services (E) 2

Director, National Climatic Data Center (E/CC) 2

Chief, Library and Information Services Division (E/OC4) 4

Chief, Satellite Services Division (E/SP2) 1

Chief, Library Division MASC (MC5) 2

Assistant Administrator for Ocean Svcs and Coastal Zone Management (N) 1

Director, Office of Public Affairs, NOAA (PA) 2

Assistant Administrator for Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (R) 1

Director, Environmental Research Laboratories (R/E/FS) 4

Chief, International Programs (R/E/FS7) 2

Director, AOML Hurricane Research Division (R/E/AO) 5

Director, Program Development and Coordination Staff (R/PDC) 2

Assistant Administrator for Weather (W) 1

Director, National Data Buoy Center (W/DB) 6

Director, National Centers for Environmental Prediction (W/NP) 1

Director, Central Operations (W/NP1) 2

Director, Environmental Modeling Center (W/NP2) 1

Deputy Director, Environmental Modeling Center (W/NP2x1) 1

Director, Hydrometeorological Prediction Center (W/NP3) 2

Director, Marine Prediction Center (W/NP4) 2

Director, Tropical Prediction Center (W/NP8) 20

Director, Office of Hydrology (W/OH) 1

Director, Office of Meteorology (W/OM) 1

Chief, International Activities Division (W/IA) 1

Chief, Hydrometeorological Services Core (W/OM12) 20

Director, NWS Eastern Region (W/ER) 50

Director, NWS Central Region (W/CR) 16

Director, NWS Southern Region (W/SR) 56

Director, NWS Western Region (W/WR) 15

Director, NWS Pacific Region (W/PR) 15

NOAA Budget Officer, Office of Management and Budget 1
M-2

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

OFFICE OF THE JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF

Joint Staff/J3/ROD and JRC 2

UNIFIED/SPECIFIED COMMANDS

USACOM/J335 1

USCENTCOM/J3-W 1

USCINCEUR/J3-OD-WE 1

USFORSCOM/FCJ2-WE 1

USCINCPAC/J316 (ENV.GP) 1

USCINCSO/SCJ3-SWO 1

USTRANSCOM/TCJ3/J4-OW 1

USSOCOM/SOJ3-W 1

USSOUTHCOM 1

DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE

HQ USAF/XOW 3

HQ ACC/DOW 34

HQ AFMC/DOW 2

HQ AFSPC/DOW 5

HQ AFSOC/DOW 1

HQ AMC/DOW 10

HQ ANGRC/DOSW 48

HQ AOC/XPPD 1

HQ AETC/TTO 2

HQ AETC/DOTW 10

HQ AU/WE 1

HQ AFWA/XO 6

HQ AFCCC/TECH LIBRARY (DOL) 1

HQ PACAF/DOW 6

HQ USSTRATCOM/J-3615 2

HQ USAFE/DOOW 2

15 OSS/OSW 1

45 SPW/XP and SE 4

24 WS/CC 1

45 WS/CC 3

46 WS/CC 2

88 Weather Squadron 1

78 OSS/OSW 1

325 OSS/OSW 1
M-3

3395 TCHTG/TTKO 2

Phillips Laboratory/GPAS 1

SM-ALC/LHFBB 2

Det 13, 1st Weather Group 2

AFRC

HQ USAF/REO 3

HQ AFRC/DOO 2

HQ AFRC/DOT 2

HQ 22AF/DOT/DOTA 2

403 WG/DO 3

53 WRS 75

CARCAH (OL-A 53 WRS) 10

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

HQ Department of the Army/DAMI- POI 2

Topographic Engineering Center 1

COE/CEWES-CD-P 1

607th Weather Squadron 1

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY

Commandant of the Marine Corps (DCS/Aviation) 12

Oceanographer of the Navy 2

NAVMETOCCOM 5

Commanding Officer, NAVOCEANO (N2513) 75

Commanding Officer, NAVLANTMETOCCEN 2

NAVPACMETOCCEN/JTWC, Pearl Harbor, HI 2

NAVLANTMETOCFAC Jacksonville 1

NAVTRAMETOCFAC Pensacola 1

CINCLANTFLT (N37) 2

CINCPACFLT (N3WX) 1

COMTHIRDFLT 1

COMFITMATAEWWINGLANT, NAS Oceana, VA 1

Commander, Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division 2

Office of Naval Research (Code 1122MM) 2

NRL, Stennis Space Center, MS 1

NRL, Atmospheric Division, Monterey, CA 2

OPTEVFOR (Code 314) 1

Coastal System Station (Code 05W) 1

AFWTF, Roosevelt Roads, PR 1
M-4

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION

Air Traffic System Requirements Service ARS-1 1

Air Traffic System Requirements Service/Weather ARW-1 1

Air Traffic Operations ATO-1 3

Air Traffic Operations ATO-110 1

Air Traffic Operations ATO-120 3

Air Traffic Resource Management Program ATX-100/ATX-400 2

Air Traffic Control System Command Center (ATCSCC) ATO-200 9

FAA Regional Air Traffic Division Managers

AAL-500 Anchorage 1

ACE-500 Kansas City 1

AEA-500 New York 1

AGL-500 Chicago 1

ANE-500 Boston 1

ANM-500 Seattle 1

ASO-500 Atlanta 1

ASW-500 Dallas/Fort Worth 1

AWP-500 Los Angeles 1

Albuquerque ARTCC 2

Atlanta ARTCC 3

Boston ARTCC 3

Honolulu ARTCC 3

Houston ARTCC 3

Jacksonville ARTCC 3

Los Angeles ARTCC 2

Memphis ARTCC 1

Miami ARTCC 3

New York ARTCC 3

Oakland ARTCC 2

San Juan ARTCC 3

Seattle ARTCC 2

Washington ARTCC 2

AMA-500, Oklahoma City, OK 1

AIA-100/AIA-200 3

AOP-4 1

APA-300 3

ARW-100/ARW-200 2

Houston AIFSS 3

Miami (QAS) AIFSS 2

New York AIFSS 1

San Juan AIFSS 2
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U.S. COAST GUARD

Commandant, USCG Headquarters (G-NIO) 2

Commandant, USCG (FLAGPLOT) 1

Commander, Atlantic Area, USCG 2

Commander, Pacific Area, USCG 2

Commander, Maintenance and Logistics Command Atlantic 2

Commander, Maintenance and Logistics Command Pacific 1

Commander, First Coast Guard District 1

Commander, Fifth Coast Guard District 2

Commander, (RE) Seventh Coast Guard District 3

Commander, Eighth Coast Guard District 3

Commander, Eleventh Coast Guard District 1

Commander, Fourteenth Coast Guard District 2

Commanding Officer, USCG Air Station, Aquadilla, PR 1

Commanding Officer, USCG Air Station, Atlantic City, NJ 1

Commanding Officer, USCG Air Station, Kapolei, HI 1

Commanding Officer, USCG Air Station, Cape Cod, MA 1

Commanding Officer, USCG Air Station, Clearwater, FL 1

Commanding Officer, USCG Air Station, Corpus Christi, TX 1

Commanding Officer, USCG Air Station, Elizabeth City, NC 1

Commanding Officer, USCG Air Station, Kodiak, AK 1

Commanding Officer, USCG Air Station, McClellan AFB, CA 1

Commanding Officer, USCG Air Station, New Orleans, LA 1

Commanding Officer, USCG Air Station, North Bend, OR 1

Commanding Officer, USCG Air Station, Opa Locka, FL 1

Commanding Officer, USCG Air Station, San Diego, CA 1

Commanding Officer, USCG Air Station, Savannah, GA 1

Commanding Officer, USCG Air Station, Warrenton, OR 1

Commanding Officer, USCG Reserve Training Center 1

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

World Agriculture Outlook Board 1

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

Office of Emergency Management 1

Office of Biological and Environmental Research 1

DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR

Bureau of Reclamation, Office of Liaison Engineering and Research 1
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DEPARTMENT OF STATE

Office of Advanced Technology 1

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

Director, Meteorology Program 1

Director, Atmospheric Sciences Division 1

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 912 1

Director, Atmospheric Sciences Division 1

FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY

FEMA, Mitigation Directorate 2

FEMA Region I 1

FEMA Region IV 2

OTHER U.S.

General Services Administration, Federal Information Center 1

Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress 1

University of Chicago Library, The Joseph Regenstein Library 1

South Florida Water Management District 1

Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center 1

Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Colorado State University 1

Cumberland County Maine Emergency Management Agency 1

Meteorological Services, Inc., Tampa, FL 3

GTE Government Systems 1

Larkin Associates 1

Nash C. Roberts, Jr. Consultants, New Orleans, LA 1

Hurricane and Weather Specialists, Inc., Valrico, FL 1

GOVERNMENT OF CANADA

Meteorological Operations Division, Canadian Meteorological Centre (AES), Dorval, QU 1

Officer in Charge, METOC Centre, Maritime Command Headquarters, Halifax, NS 1

Base Meteorological Officer, CFB Greenwood, NS 1

Maritime Weather Centre (AES), Bedford NS 1

Atmospheric Environment Service, Downsview, ON 1

Transport Canada, Altitude Reservation Unit 2

Transport Canada, Monkton ACC 2

UNITED KINGDOM

Assistant Director, Head of Defense Services, Meteorological Office 1