United States Office of Enforcement and EPA 305-R-00-002 

Environmental Protection Compliance Assurance (2201A) April 2000 

Agency Washington, DC 20460 

Providing Safe Drinking 

Water In America 

1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report 

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Table of Contents 

1998 National Summary of Public Water Systems Compliance 

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1


PWS Compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1


Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2


Data Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4


Evaluation and Summary of State Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5


Enforcement and Compliance Assistance Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5


Information on and Evaluation of State Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6


State-by-State Summaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6


Conclusions and Activities to Address Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6


1998 National Summary of Compliance for Public Water Systems on Indian Reservations 

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9


Public Water Systems on Indian Reservations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9


Public Water Systems in Alaska and Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9


Data Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9


Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9


Compliance Assistance and Enforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11


Financial Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11


Conclusions and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13


Appendix A 

Glossary of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A–1 

Appendix B 

Summaries of State Annual Compliance Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .B–1 

Appendix C 

Map of Indian Lands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C–1 

1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Table of Contents March 2000 
List of Tables 

Table 1: Number of Public Water Systems on Tribal Lands with Violations by Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12


Table A-1: Significant Monitoring Violations for Annual State Public Water System Reports . . . . . . . .A-3


Table A-2: Summary of Drinking Water Regulations for Public Water Systems During 1998 . . . . . . . .A-4


Table B-1: Summary of Elements Reported by States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .B-4


March 2000 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Table of Contents 
Providing Safe Drinking Water 

in America: 1998 National 

Public Water Systems 

Compliance Report - Fact Sheet 

What is the purpose of the report? This report is the third in a series (beginning with calendar

year 1996) of annual reports from EPA that summarizes drinking water violations at the nation’s

public water systems (PWSs) in calendar year 1998.

What is the scope/content of the report? This report (9 pages) summarizes drinking water

violations in 1998, and summarizes similar annual reports each State must prepare discussing

drinking water violations at public water systems in their jurisdictions (62 pages). The report 

also discusses the following: violations at public water systems on Indian reservations; EPA’s

enforcement and compliance assistance activities with respect to Tribal PWSs; and the financial

assistance EPA has provided to facilitate the provision of safe drinking water to Tribes (6

pages).There is also a 5 page glossary of terms.

Who are potential users of the report? The target audiences for the report are State and EPA

drinking water regulators and environmental professionals. Others who may find value in this

guide include anyone else who may be interested in a summary of public water system

compliance.

Who developed the report? The report was developed by EPA’s Chemical, Commercial

Services and Municipal Division (CCSMD) within the Office of Compliance (OC) with

assistance from the EPA’s Office of Groundwater and Drinking Water, EPA’s Office of General

Counsel, EPA’s American Indian Environmental Office, EPA Regions, and the Association of

State Drinking Water Administrators.

Where is the report available?

Electronic: An electronic version of the guide is available in on EPA’s World Wide Web site

containing compliance data and other information about Local Government Services/Operations: 

http://es.epa.oeca/main/compasst/solid.html. 

Paper Copy: Also, a limited number of hard copies are available from the following EPA 

organization in Cincinnati, OH: National Service Center for Environmental Publications 

(NSCEP) at http://www.es.epa.gov/ncepihom/index.html,or call 1 (800) 490-9198 and request 

Document # EPA 305-R-00-002. 

CHEMICAL, COMMERCIAL SERVICES FACT SHEET 

AND MUNICIPAL DIVISION (CCSMD) APRIL 2000 
1998 National Summary of 

Public Water Systems Compliance 

INTRODUCTION 

1998’s National Public Water Systems 

Compliance Report describes how the 

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and its 

State partners are meeting the goal of ensuring 

that Americans receive safe drinking water from 

public water systems. Limitations in the data we 

use to measure our success and the steps we are 

taking to increase its reliability and completeness 

will also be discussed. 

EPA prepares a National Public Water Systems 

Compliance Report for every calendar year. The 

report presents an annual summary of violations 

at the nation’s public water systems. The report 

also summarizes and evaluates annual reports 

prepared by the States.1 

Public Water Systems 

A Public Water System (PWS) is a system for the 

provision to the public of water for human 

consumption through pipes or other constructed 

conveyances, if such system has at least fifteen 

service connections or regularly serves at least 

twenty-five individuals at least 60 days out of the 

year. A public water system can be one of three 

types: 

• Community Systems (CWS) serve at least 15 

service connections or 25 people year-round in 

their primary residences. 

• Non-transient Non-community Systems 

(NTNCWS) serve at least 25 of the same 

persons over six months per year (e.g., schools 

or factories that have their own water source). 

• Transient Non-community Systems (TNCWS) 

serve at least 25 persons (but not the same 25) 

over six months per year (e.g., campgrounds or 

highway rest stops that have their own water 

source). 

The first part of this report draws from 

SDWIS/FED, EPA’s national database, to provide 

a national picture of the maximum contaminant 

level, treatment technique, significant monitoring 

and reporting, and variance/exemption violations 

the States reported to EPA for1998. EPA 

calculated rates of compliance after aggregating 

all reported violations at public water systems in 

States, Commonwealths, Territories and on 

Indian reservations. 

The second part of this report presents 

information on public water systems on Indian 

reservations. 

A glossary of terms used in this report appears 

in Appendix A. 

Summaries and evaluations of the States’ annual 

public water systems reports for 1998 are 

presented in Appendix B. 

PWS COMPLIANCE 

This report uses information from the Safe 

Drinking Water Information System/Federal 

System, SDWIS/FED. SDWIS/FED is the national 

database where EPA records information the 

States are required to report about their public 

water systems. For the national public water 

system compliance reports, EPA examines 

SDWIS/FED records of violations of regulations 

that specify: 1) safe levels (Maximum 

Contaminant Levels or MCLs) for contaminants 

in drinking water, 2) techniques for treating 

water to make it safe, and 3) monitoring and 

reporting requirements (how and when water 

must be tested and the results reported). 

A recent EPA study showed that the data in 

SDWIS/FED (particularly those related to the 

number of public water systems, their size, and 

their type) are generally accurate. However, the 

study also revealed that many States did not 

report some apparent violations — either to their 

1 The term “State” includes 56 States, Commonwealths, and Territories. All but Wyoming and the District of Columbia have 

federal approval to implement the drinking water program within their jurisdictions. Federal approval to implement the 

drinking water program is called primary enforcement authority, or “primacy.” In Wyoming, the District of Columbia, and on 

Indian reservations, EPA implements the drinking water program and is responsible for reporting violations to SDWIS/FED. 

1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — National Summary Page 1 • April 2000 
Information Sent to Customers: 

Consumer Confidence Report — Every community 

water system is required to send its customers (each 

service connection) a yearly report identifying the 

contaminants detected in its water and the risks of 

exposure to those contaminants. 

Public Notification Rule — Public water systems must 

notify their customers if there has been a violation of 

drinking water standards. 

Information on the Internet: 

Safewater Web Site (http://www.epa.gov/safewater) — 

provides information on the Safe Drinking Water Act, 

individual water systems, contaminants that may be in 

drinking water, and things individuals can do to help 

protect sources of their drinking water. 

Additional Information: 

Call the community water system — Billing statements 

should provide a number to call with questions. 

State Public Water Systems Compliance Report — 

Each State’s annual report discusses the violations at 

its public water systems. Most include a list of violating 

facilities. 

National Public Water Systems Compliance Report 

(this report) — summarizes all reported violations at 

America’s public water systems. 

Safe Drinking Water Hotline (1-800-426-4791) — 

answers questions about drinking water, lets callers 

order documents from EPA, and can refer callers to EPA 

experts if they need more information. 

Envirofacts Web Site (http://www.epa.gov/enviro) — 

allows the public to access EPA databases containing 

information on environmental activities that may affect 

air, water, and land anywhere in the United States. 

How Does The Public Find Out If Its Drinking Water Is Safe? 

own data systems or to EPA’s SDWIS/FED. Until 

EPA has completed further analysis, the Agency 

cannot determine how many of these were actual 

violations that should have been reported and 

how many were appropriately left out of the 

database. Therefore, in recognition of ongoing 

data reliability efforts, this 1998 report offers 

broad national findings rather than detailed 

analysis. 

Discussions of data quality concerns and EPA’s 

recommendations appear later in this report. 

FINDINGS 

In 1998, 168,690 public water systems 

together served 275 million users. The actual 

number of individuals served was smaller, 

because millions of Americans drank water 

from, and were counted as users of, more than 

one public water system during the course of 

the year. 

•	 54,150 community water systems served 

more than 252 million people in their 

primary residences. 

•	 20,229 non-transient non-community 

systems (schools, factories) served more than 

6 million people in places they frequented. 

Percentage of Systems by Type 

•	 94,311 transient non-community systems 

(campgrounds, highway rest stops) served a 

constantly changing audience of almost 17 

million people. 

Most public water systems were small, but 

large systems served a majority of the people 

who drank water from a public water system. 

•	 160,400 (95%) of America’s public water 

systems (including nearly all of the transient 

non-community systems) each served 3,300 

or fewer people. 

Page 2 • April 2000 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — National Summary 
• 3,700 (2%) of America’s public water systems 

each served more than 10,000 people. 

SDWIS/FED recorded no violations for most of 

America’s public water systems. 

The vast majority of the 102,437 violations 

the States reported to SDWIS/FED in 1998 

were for a public water system’s significant 

failure to monitor and report, rather than 

health-based MCL or treatment technique 

violations detected and reported by a system. 

• If a system did not monitor the quality of its 

water, it is impossible to know if it violated a 

health-based requirement. 

94% of America’s public water systems 

reported no violations of a health-based 

drinking water standard in 1998. 

• SDWIS/FED recorded 16,270 health-based 

violations in 1998. The MCL for the Total 

Coliform Rule (TCR), which must be met by 

all types and sizes of public water systems, 

was the health-based standard most 

frequently violated.2 

PWS with Violations 

Size vs. Users Served 

Type of Violation 

Percentage of Health-based Violations by Rule 

2	 For the annual compliance reports, EPA tracks violations of the contaminant rules in four categories: 1) Chem — violations of 

rules for organic, inorganic (except for lead and copper), and radioactive contaminants — compliance with many organic and 

inorganic standards is determined on the basis of shared samples, with one missed sample resulting in a monitoring and 

reporting violation of many standards; 2) total coliform (TCR); 3) lead and copper (LCR); and 4) surface water treatment 

(SWTR). Coliform bacteria are usually not a threat to humans, but their presence in drinking water can indicate a lapse in 

treatment and the possible presence of other, more dangerous, microbes. 

1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — National Summary Page 3 • April 2000 
No violations of variances or exemptions were 

reported to SDWIS/FED during 1998. 

•	 Under Federal law, States can grant variances 

or exemptions to public water systems in 

limited circumstances allowing them to install 

alternative technology or giving them more 

time to meet a standard if public health is 

adequately protected in the interim. In 1998, 

few public water systems were operating 

under a variance or exemption, and only 8 

new variances or exemptions were granted. 

EPA and its State partners continue to take 

enforcement actions against violators.3 

•	 In 1998, the States issued a total of 1,468 

formal enforcement actions, including 1,007 

administrative orders without penalty, 399 

administrative orders with penalty, and 62 

civil referrals. 

•	 During the same period, EPA issued 242 

Federal administrative orders, 7 referrals for 

civil judicial action, and 8 consent orders 

with penalties. 

DATA QUALITY 

The data used in this report came from EPA’s 

national SDWIS/FED database. SDWIS/FED is 

composed of data that States are required to 

submit to SDWIS/FED each quarter. EPA uses 

information in SDWIS/FED to assess progress in 

the implementation of regulations, to develop 

national enforcement and compliance priorities, 

and to provide information to the public. 

EPA periodically conducts data verifications 

(independent, on-site audits) of State drinking 

water programs to ensure that the State is 

determining compliance in accordance with 

Federal regulations. Data verifications help detect 

differences between data in a State’s files 

(whether electronic or hard copy), and data in 

SDWIS/FED. 

As part of the ongoing data reliability efforts 

described in the 1997 National Public Water 

Systems Compliance Report, EPA recently 

examined the results of data verifications 

conducted from 1996 through1998. Those 

audits, which covered 27 States (including one 

where EPA itself administers the drinking water 

program) and one territory, analyzed data from 

almost 1,800 public water systems. The data 

audits reviewed inventory information (identifying 

systems, their number, their size, and their type), 

apparent violations that either were reported or 

should have been reported, and any enforcement 

actions initiated. 

EPA’s review showed that the information the 

States reported to SDWIS/FED is generally very 

accurate. The review also showed, however, that 

many States did not report all of the apparent 

violations at their systems. EPA’s analysis of the 

data verifications found: 

•	 96% of all inventory data in SDWIS/FED was 

accurate and complete. 

•	 Information in EPA’s database regarding the 

reported MCL violations was 97% accurate. 

•	 55% of the apparent MCL violations had been 

reported to SDWIS/FED. 

•	 Only 10% of apparent monitoring and 

reporting violations had been reported to 

SDWIS/FED. 

•	 SDWIS/FED contained accurate and complete 

information on 72% of the enforcement 

actions found in the States’ records. 

EPA is investigating the cause of these omissions. 

Some appear to have been caused by errors in 

data entry or data transmission, but most seem 

to have resulted from a State’s differing 

interpretation of what the regulation required. 

EPA found no information suggesting that these 

apparent discrepancies resulted in negative 

health effects. Further review is necessary to 

determine how many of the unreported violations 

were in fact violations — and if they were 

violations, whether the implementing authority 

and the public water system took appropriate 

action to address the violation, but then failed to 

document their activities. 

3	 There can be a difference between the number of violations and the number of follow-up formal enforcement actions to those 

violations. A violation discovered at the end of one year may not be formally addressed until the next year. States may choose 

to address some violations informally and return systems to compliance before EPA guidelines would require initiation of a 

formal enforcement response. Also, it is not uncommon for one system to have multiple violations — all of which would be 

addressed with a single enforcement action. 

Page 4 • April 2000 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — National Summary 
EPA and its State partners are committed to 

resolving any problems that may have produced 

data discrepancies and to ensuring that complete 

and accurate documentation is available to help 

assess the safety of our nation’s drinking water. 

EVALUATION AND SUMMARY 

OF STATE REPORTS 

Appendix B of this report shows that in 1998 

EPA received State Public Water System 

Compliance Reports from 51 of the 54 primacy 

States, Commonwealths, and Territories. As in 

past years, American Samoa, Guam, and 

Northern Mariana did not submit reports, and, 

with limited exceptions, did not supply 

information to SDWIS/FED. Appendix B supplies 

what information is available in SDWIS/FED to 

indicate violations at public water systems in 

those territories. 

Because the District of Columbia, Wyoming, and 

Indian Tribes do not have primary enforcement 

responsibility for drinking water, EPA prepared 

reports for those jurisdictions. 

An evaluation of these annual reports is found in 

three subsections: 

•	 enforcement and compliance assistance 

programs; 

•	 information on and evaluation of the State 

reports; and 

• State-by-State summaries. 

ENFORCEMENT AND COMPLIANCE 

ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS 

States (and EPA, where it is the primary 

enforcement authority) engage in a variety of 

activities to help PWSs remain in and return to 

compliance, including formal enforcement 

actions, informal actions, and compliance and 

technical assistance. State and EPA compliance 

assistance efforts may include: 

•	 conducting on-site visits and sanitary surveys 

at PWSs (i.e., an on-site review of the water 

sources, facilities, equipment, operations, 

and maintenance to evaluate their adequacy 

in producing and distributing safe drinking 

water); 

•	 helping systems invest in preventive 

measures; 

•	 providing financial assistance for system 

improvements through the Drinking Water 

State Revolving Fund and other State funding 

programs; 

•	 reviewing water system plans and 

specifications; 

• conducting training sessions; 

• holding public information meetings; 

•	 lending specialized monitoring equipment; 

and 

•	 publishing informational bulletins and 

newsletters on training events, and other 

educational opportunities. 

When a drinking water violation is detected, EPA 

guidelines require a response from the primacy 

agency. Acceptable responses include a variety of 

formal and informal actions as the State or EPA 

attempts to return a violating public water 

system to compliance as quickly as possible. 

Generally, the primacy agency’s first responses to 

violations are informal actions, such as: 

• reminder letters; 

• warning letters; 

• notices of violation; 

• field visits; and 

• telephone calls. 

If the violation continues or recurs, the primacy 

agency must initiate a formal enforcement 

response that requires the violating public water 

system to return to compliance. Formal 

enforcement responses include: 

• citations; 

•	 administrative orders with or without 

penalties; 

•	 civil referrals to State Attorneys General or to 

the Department of Justice; 

•	 other sanctions such as denying permission 

for system expansion; and 

• filing criminal charges. 

1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — National Summary Page 5 • April 2000 
If a situation poses an imminent risk to public 

health, EPA and the State will issue an emergency 

order that requires the public water system to 

take the steps necessary to protect public health 

and return the system to compliance. 

INFORMATION ON AND 

EVALUATION OF STATE REPORTS 

EPA reviewed each 1998 annual State report to 

determine if it met the requirements of the 1996 

Amendments to SDWA. The contents of the State 

reports are summarized in Table B–1 in 

Appendix B. Table B–1 shows whether a State: 

• submitted a report to EPA; 

• included all required elements; 

•	 satisfied its statutory requirement to publish 

and distribute summaries of the report that 

inform the public of the availability of the full 

report; 

•	 included additional information of interest to 

the public (such as the number of public 

water systems in the State, their sizes and 

types, the size and type of violating systems, 

and the compliance assistance and 

enforcement activities the State undertook in 

response to violations); and 

•	 included a list of PWSs with MCL or 

treatment technique violations, as EPA 

recommended in its guidance to States on 

preparing their reports. 

STATE-BY-STATE SUMMARIES 

EPA provides a State-by-State summary of 

information reported in each State report in 

Appendix B. The standardized format includes 

an overall summary of the violations data States 

are required to report in Section 1414 of the 

1996 SDWA Amendments (i.e., violations with 

respect to MCLs, treatment technique violations, 

significant monitoring and reporting violations, 

and variances and exemptions). The summary for 

each State also tells how to obtain a copy of the 

State’s full report. 

In some instances, the data reported by a State 

in July of 1999 may not agree with data currently 

in SDWIS/FED. EPA’s and the States’ ongoing 

SDWIS/FED data reliability efforts may have 

resulted in updates and corrections to the data in 

SDWIS/FED since the State published its report. 

CONCLUSIONS AND ACTIVITIES TO 

ADDRESS RECOMMENDATIONS 

Most Americans, by far, received water from 

systems which reported no violations of healthbased standards, and for which the States 

reported no significant violations of monitoring 

and reporting requirements. 

The data for 1998 indicate that the Total 

Coliform Rule is the rule most frequently 

violated. This rule, which applies to all sizes and 

types of public water systems, was also the most 

violated rule in 1996 and 1997. In determining 

how best to direct resources to improve the 

compliance of public water systems, it is 

apparent that EPA and the States should focus 

efforts on reducing violations of the Total 

Coliform Rule. Beyond that, data completeness 

issues prevent EPA drawing firm conclusions 

about the numbers and types of violations. 

It is also too soon to evaluate implementation of 

recommendations made two years ago in the first 

national public water systems compliance report. 

These recommendations were incorporated into 

EPA’s enforcement and compliance assurance 

program planning, for upcoming Fiscal Years 

2000 and 2001. 

Accordingly, our recommendations are as 

follows: 

States and EPA should continue working 

together to address significant violations of 

monitoring and reporting requirements. 

States and EPA should continue working 

together to address violations of MCL and 

treatment technique requirements. 

EPA designated compliance with the SDWA 

microbial rules (the Total Coliform Rule, and the 

Surface Water Treatment Rule) as a national 

priority for its enforcement and compliance 

assurance program in Fiscal Years 2000 and 

2001. 

In 2000 and 2001, EPA Regions will be working 

with States to evaluate how well public water 

systems, especially large systems, comply with 

the microbial rules and whether enforcement 

actions are being initiated when appropriate. 

Page 6 • April 2000 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — National Summary 
Regions and States will also identify and evaluate 

microbial risks to watersheds in an attempt to 

focus enforcement and compliance efforts on 

ensuring the safety of drinking water sources. 

Considerable effort will also be devoted to 

training and compliance assistance. EPA will 

work to build the capacity of small public water 

systems and Indian Tribes to maintain 

compliance both with established rules and with 

new microbial rules (the Interim Enhanced 

Surface Water Treatment Rule and the Ground 

Water Rule). 

With respect to the rest of the drinking water 

program, States and EPA are continuing their 

efforts to implement the recommendations of the 

1996 and 1997 national public water system 

reports: 

•	 EPA provides funding to support nine 

technology assistance centers that help small 

systems with training, technical assistance, 

and technology demonstrations. 

•	 States and EPA help promote compliance 

with existing drinking water requirements by 

conducting numerous assistance activities, 

such as on-site visits and the development 

and distribution of easy to read guides and 

checklists. 

•	 EPA funding established and maintains the 

new Local Government Environmental 

Assistance Network (LGEAN), a source of free 

information on current and developing SDWA 

requirements (as well as technical assistance, 

peer counseling, and financial guidance). 

LGEAN can be accessed on the Internet at 

www.lgean.org or by calling, toll-free 1-877-

TO-LGEAN (865-4326). 

•	 States worked with EPA to ensure community 

water systems sent consumers the first 

Annual Consumer Confidence Reports in 

1999, allowing the public to monitor the 

performance of local water systems. 

•	 Revisions to the Public Notification Rule 

mean that public water systems will soon 

send their customers more timely notification 

of drinking water violations. 

•	 EPA is developing a list of approved 

compliance technologies that will allow small 

systems more flexibility in treating drinking 

water while still providing adequate public 

health protection. 

•	 The States and EPA are pursuing 

enforcement actions against violating public 

water systems both to discourage violations 

and to level the playing field for systems that 

devote resources to maintaining compliance. 

EPA and drinking water stakeholders should 

work cooperatively to improve the quality of 

compliance data. 

Since September 1998, the findings and 

recommendations of the national public water 

systems reports have been incorporated into 

EPA’s ongoing efforts to ensure the reliability of 

data in SDWIS/FED. In its first national report, 

EPA noted that compliance data in many 

individual state reports differed from the data 

reported to SDWIS/FED. During Fall 1998, EPA 

and its stakeholders — through a series of 

meetings — agreed that our data quality goal 

should be “100% complete, accurate, and timely 

data submitted by public water systems and 

primacy agencies, consistent with SDWA 

reporting requirements.” Further analysis and 

discussions among the stakeholders led to 

establishment of interim milestones for how soon 

that goal will be achieved. We expect that these 

milestones will be formally announced in 2000. 

EPA and the drinking water stakeholders made 

significant progress on most of the data 

recommendations of the earlier national reports 

— in some instances achieving full 

implementation. Among the major 

accomplishments, EPA has: 

•	 improved the display of drinking water data 

in Envirofacts; 

•	 characterized and quantified the data quality 

problem; 

•	 taken interim steps to improve data quality; 

and 

•	 made a long-term commitment to achieve and 

maintain data quality goals. 

More remains to be done to achieve the goal of 

100% accurate, complete, and timely 

1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — National Summary Page 7 • April 2000 
information. Some of the next steps EPA and the 

drinking water stakeholders have agreed to 

undertake include: 

•	 streamlining data reporting and reducing rule 

complexity; 

•	 conducting more training to ensure regulatory 

staff can accurately determine compliance 

with drinking water rules and data entry staff 

can upload complete and accurate data to 

SDWIS/FED; 

•	 making SDWIS/FED error reports more user 

friendly and understandable to State drinking 

water managers; 

•	 performing more frequent data verification 

audits; 

•	 encouraging States to issue annual reminders 

to water systems of their compliance 

monitoring schedules; and 

•	 Providing States with individual, prioritized 

recommendations for improving their data 

quality. 

Page 8 • April 2000 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — National Summary 
1998 National Summary of Compliance for 

Public Water Systems on Indian Reservations 

INTRODUCTION 

This section of the 1998 National Public Water 

Systems Compliance Report describes how the 

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and 

federally-recognized Indian tribes (tribes) are 

meeting the goal of ensuring that public water 

systems on Indian reservations provide safe 

drinking water. 

PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS ON 

INDIAN RESERVATIONS 

Tribes may apply for eligibility to receive primary 

enforcement responsibility (known as primacy) to 

administer the drinking water program provided 

they meet the requirements of Sections 1413 and 

1451 of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). As 

of 1998, no tribe has received primacy. EPA, 

therefore, continues to administer the drinking 

water program in Indian country, including on 

Indian reservations. 

A glossary of terms used in this report appears 

in Appendix A. A map of the areas covered by 

this report appears in Appendix C. 

PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS IN 

ALASKA AND OKLAHOMA 

Compliance figures for Alaska Native Villages and 

tribes in Oklahoma are not included in this 

section of the report; they can be found in the 

Alaska and Oklahoma state reports. In addition, 

it is possible that some other tribal systems are 

not included in this section; they can also be 

found in other state reports. The state reports do 

not, however, contain separate information on 

tribal public water systems. As a result, 

comprehensive information on these systems is 

not covered in either the tribal or state section of 

the report. 

EPA plans to review whether information on 

public water systems serving Alaska Native 

Villages and tribes in Oklahoma, as well as any 

other tribal systems not currently addressed in 

this section of the report, should continue to be 

included in state reports. EPA will address this 

issue in the next report. 

DATA QUALITY 

This report uses information from the Safe 

Drinking Water Information System/Federal 

System (SDWIS/FED). SDWIS/FED is the national 

database where EPA records information on 

public water systems on Indian reservations. 

Public water systems on Indian reservations are 

required to report laboratory data to EPA. EPA 

uses the information to determine compliance 

with the national primary drinking water 

regulations of SDWA. 

This report also discusses the limitations in the 

data we use to measure our success and the 

steps we are taking to increase data reliability 

and completeness, as well as the Agency’s 

compliance assistance, enforcement, and 

financial assistance programs. EPA plans to 

continue its data quality efforts during 2000 to 

ensure that SDWIS/FED contains complete and 

accurate information. 

FINDINGS 

In 1998, 983 public water systems on Indian 

reservations served approximately 500,000 

people during the course of their day or year. 

Percentage of Systems by Type 

1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Section on Indian Reservations Page 9 • April 2000 
• 750 community water systems served more 

than 409,000 people in their primary 

residences. 

• 141 transient non-community systems 

(schools and factories) served more than 

72,000 people who passed through. 

• 92 non-transient non-community systems 

(campgrounds and highway rest stops) served 

a constantly changing audience of more than 

22,500 people. 

Almost all public water systems on Indian 

reservations were small. These small systems 

provide drinking water to the majority of the 

public who drank water on Indian 

reservations. 

• 98% of public water systems on Indian 

reservations serve 3,300 or fewer people. 

These 961 small systems served 68% of the 

people who received water from public water 

systems on Indian reservations. 

SDWIS/FED records no violations for most 

public water systems on Indian reservations. 

• 703 of 983 public water systems had no 

reported health-based or significant reporting 

violations. 

94% of public water systems on Indian 

reservations reported no violations of a healthbased drinking water standard in 1998. 

• 115 health-based violations on Indian 

reservations were reported to SDWIS/FED in 

1998. The Maximum Contaminant Level 

(MCL) for the Total Coliform Rule and the 

treatment technique requirement for the 

Surface Water Treatment Rule were the 

health-based standards most frequently 

violated. 

The vast majority of violations reported to 

SDWIS/FED in 1998 were for a public water 

system’s significant failure to monitor and 

report, rather than for a health-based MCL or 

a treatment technique violation detected and 

reported. 

• Of the 4,012 violations reported to 

SDWIS/FED in 1998, 3,897 (97%) were 

significant violations of monitoring and 

reporting requirements. If a system did not 

monitor the quality of its water, it is 

impossible to know if it has violated healthbased requirements. 

• Public water systems on Indian reservations 

represent 0.6% of all public water systems in 

the United States but were responsible for 4% 

of all monitoring and reporting violations at 

public water systems in the United States 

reported to SDWIS/FED in 1998. 

Percentage of Health-based 

Violations by Rule 

Systems with Violations 

Type of Violation 

Page 10 • April 2000 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Section on Indian Reservations 
COMPLIANCE ASSISTANCE AND 

ENFORCEMENT 

EPA uses multiple approaches to ensure public 

water systems on Indian reservations comply 

with SDWA regulations. 

EPA’s tribal compliance assistance program is 

designed to help maintain compliance with SDWA 

by building cooperative working relationships with 

utility managers, operators, other tribal 

environmental staff, and tribal elected officials. 

The program emphasizes information exchanges, 

operation assistance, and water quality 

monitoring. 

EPA gives information and assistance directly to 

tribal public water system operators, utility 

managers, and owners through training sessions, 

newsletters, telephone support, and system visits. 

On-site technical assistance is provided by 

engineers and qualified staff who work with 

tribes to assess current compliance status, 

develop monitoring schedules and compliance 

plans, and conduct sanitary surveys. EPA 

coordinates many of these activities with other 

federal agencies, including the Indian Health 

Service and the Bureau of Reclamation. 

Coordination also occurs with non-governmental 

organizations and inter-tribal consortia, including 

the Native American Water Association, the Rural 

Water Association, and the Rural Community 

Assistance Corporation. 

EPA is also responsible for initiating enforcement 

actions against owners or operators of public 

water systems on Indian reservations if a system 

is not in compliance with SDWA. In most cases, 

EPA relies on compliance assistance and 

informal enforcement actions to facilitate a 

tribally owned or managed public water system’s 

return to compliance. When an enforcement 

action is appropriate, EPA can initiate 

administrative orders and refer civil and criminal 

cases to the Department of Justice which results 

in either settlement agreements or litigation. The 

“EPA Policy for the Administration of 

Environmental Programs on Indian Reservations” 

(EPA Indian Policy) guides the Agency’s approach 

to bringing civil administrative or judicial 

enforcement actions against systems owned or 

managed by tribal governments. 

Table 1 shows the number of compliance 

assistance and enforcement activities directed 

toward public water systems on Indian 

reservations. The information is drawn both from 

SDWIS/FED and separate records maintained by 

some EPA Regions. EPA Regions are only 

required to report to SDWIS/FED on violations 

and formal enforcement actions related to the 

resolution of violations of SDWA; these data are, 

however, currently incomplete. Some EPA 

Regions maintain separate records that contain 

information on both formal and informal 

enforcement actions and compliance assistance 

activities. These records indicate that the largest 

numbers of enforcement actions are federal 

voluntary reminder notices. Public water systems 

are required to monitor for 89 different 

contaminants and conduct analyses using a 

variety of EPA-approved analytical methods. 

Where a system fails to perform some or all of 

the required monitoring, a separate monitoring 

and reporting violation is recorded for each 

missed contaminant. 

FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE 

EPA provides financial assistance to public water 

systems on Indian reservations to help build 

tribal capacity to operate and maintain systems 

in compliance with SDWA. Capacity building is a 

long-term solution which focuses on giving tribes 

grants, training, and technical assistance as they 

develop their environmental programs. EPA’s own 

General Assistance Program builds tribal 

capacity by providing grants to develop core 

environmental activities, including drinking water 

programs. 

EPA also distributes funds for specific drinking 

water program priorities. About $2.7 million (3% 

of the set-aside of public water systems 

appropriations) was allotted for implementing the 

Tribal Public Water System Supervision Program 

in fiscal year 1998. Through this program, EPA 

awarded a number of grants to tribes and tribal 

organizations to address various aspects of the 

drinking water program. 

In addition to the 3% set-aside, EPA received 

$3.8 million in fiscal years 1998 and 1999 for 

drinking water needs on Indian lands. EPA is 

focusing on activities such as: 

•	 Tribal Public Water System Supervision 

Program primacy workshops to provide 

general outreach material to all tribes eligible 

1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Section on Indian Reservations Page 11 • April 2000 
TABLE 1: NUMBER OF PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS

ON TRIBAL LANDS WITH VIOLATIONS BY RULE

PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS AND VIOLATIONS TOTAL NUMBER 

Total Number of Public Water Systems 983 

Total Number of Public Water Systems with Violations 280 

Total Number of Violations 4,012 

COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY SDWIS/FED SUPPLEMENTAL 

REGIONAL DATA 

Federal Administrative Order issued 9 25 

Federal Compliance Achieved 89 3 

Federal 1431 (Emergency) Order 0 1 

Federal Voluntary Reminder Notice 71 2,060 

Federal Compliance Meeting Conducted 7 426 

Federal Technical Assistance Visit 4 465 

Federal Site Visit (including sanitary surveys) 4 167 

Federal Public Notification Requested 21 2 

Federal Public Notification Issued 0 26 

Federal Public Notification Received 26 7 

Federal Boil Water Order 0 13 

to pursue primary enforcement 

responsibility; 

• capacity development projects; 

•	 source water and wellhead protection 

projects; 

•	 development of a voluntary operator 

certification program for tribes; and 

•	 provision of operator training and 

certification to tribal operators. 

In the 1996 Amendments to SDWA, an 

infrastructure funding program was established 

to improve water supplies. Each year, 1.5% of the 

appropriation for the national Drinking Water 

State Revolving Fund program is set aside for 

American Indian communities and Alaska Native 

Villages. The initial set-aside from the 1997 

appropriation amounted to $19.25 million, an 

additional $10.87 million was set-aside from the 

1998 appropriation, and $11.625 million was 

set-aside from the 1999 appropriation. In 1998, 

EPA provided approximately $7 million to the 

State of Alaska that targeted drinking water 

infrastructure improvement for rural and Native 

villages. A small portion of these funds were used 

to support technical assistance and training. 

Furthermore, EPA funds tribal multi-media 

compliance and enforcement programs, including 

drinking water system activities. 

Finally, technical assistance and training for 

small tribally owned or operated public water 

systems is also provided. For example, EPA 

currently has two cooperative agreements with 

the National Rural Water Association to provide 

Page 12 • April 2000 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Section on Indian Reservations 
support to small public water systems, including 

those owned or operated by tribes. 

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 

In 1998, EPA Regions reported that 72% of the 

public water systems on Indian reservations did 

not report a violation of a health-based standard 

or a significant reporting violation. This 

represents an overall increase from 1997 when 

only 46% of facilities did not report a violation of 

a health-based standard or a significant reporting 

violation. 

However, EPA is concerned with the number of 

reported violations of monitoring and reporting 

requirements. During 1998, there was a dramatic 

increase in the total number of significant 

violations of monitoring and reporting 

requirements on Indian reservations. EPA 

believes there are two major reasons for this 

dramatic increase. First, EPA expanded its efforts 

to revise existing information in SDWIS/FED and 

collect compliance data. Second, 1998 was the 

end of a three-year monitoring period for 

chemical contaminant monitoring by systems, 

including a number of new chemical contaminant 

monitoring requirements for small systems.1 

This report is, therefore, composed of data on 

chemical monitoring violations that occurred in 

1998 and other chemical monitoring violations 

for the three-year monitoring period of 1996 

through 1998. 

EPA continues to implement two primary 

recommendations from the 1996 and 1997 

reports: (1) improve collection and maintenance of 

compliance data for public water systems on 

Indian reservations; and (2) place a priority on 

decreasing the number of monitoring and reporting 

violations to gain a full understanding of whether 

health-based violations exist. EPA will accomplish 

these recommendations — and also respond to 

concerns about the increases in the number of 

monitoring and reporting violations — by: 

•	 continuing to work cooperatively with tribal 

governments and their utility managers and 

water system operators to improve 

compliance with monitoring and reporting 

requirements and for health-based standards, 

particularly the Total Coliform Rule and 

Surface Treatment Water Rule; 

•	 increasing EPA’s field presence, conducting 

more frequent sanitary surveys, and engaging 

in targeted technical and compliance 

assistance and enforcement; 

•	 improving the inventory of public water 

systems on Indian reservations; 

•	 improving the collection and entry into 

SDWIS/FED of compliance and enforcement 

information in a timely manner to avoid 

keeping multiple records; 

•	 continuing to support and encourage capital 

improvements for public water systems to 

improve the infrastructure (and therefore 

compliance with SDWA requirements) of 

public water systems on Indian reservations, 

including grants provided under the Drinking 

Water Tribal Infrastructure Improvement 

Program; and 

•	 focusing on small system compliance issues 

and the development of small system 

capacity. 

Ultimately, EPA will continue to respond to 

compliance and enforcement issues at public 

water systems owned or managed by tribal 

governments in a manner consistent with SDWA 

and the EPA Indian Policy. As such, EPA will 

emphasize compliance assistance and the use of 

informal enforcement responses as the first step 

in returning these systems to compliance. Where 

compliance assistance is ineffective or a 

significant threat to human health or the 

environment exists, EPA will take appropriate 

steps to return systems to compliance, including 

formal enforcement actions. 

1 Systems must monitor for most contaminants one time within a standard three-year compliance period. 

1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Section on Indian Reservations Page 13 • April 2000 

Appendix A

Glossary of Terms

Administrative Order 

Formal enforcement actions issued by EPA or a 

State to address noncompliance at a public water 

system, usually by means of a compliance 

schedule with enforceable milestone dates. 

Chemical Rules 

Refers collectively to regulations that protect the 

public from unsafe levels of organic chemicals, 

inorganic chemicals (other than lead and 

copper), and radioactivity in drinking water. 

Community Water System 

A public water system that serves at least 15 

service connections used by year-round residents 

or regularly serves at least 25 year-round 

residents (e.g., homes, apartments and 

condominiums that are occupied year-round as 

primary residences). 

Federally-recognized Indian Tribe 

An Indian tribe, band, nation, pueblo, 

community, or Alaska Native Village that the 

Secretary of the Interior acknowledges to exist as 

an Indian tribe pursuant to the Federally 

Recognized Indian Tribe List Act of 1994, 25 

U.S.C. Section 479a. Maintained by the 

Department of the Interior, the list of federallyrecognized tribes is updated periodically and 

published in the Federal Register. The latest list 

of federally-recognized Indian tribes is available 

at 65 Federal Register 12398 (March 13, 2000). 

Health-based Violation 

A violation of either a Maximum Contaminant 

Level or a Treatment Technique requirement. 

Inorganic Chemicals 

These non-carbon based compounds (such as 

metals, nitrates, and asbestos) can either occur 

naturally in some sources of drinking water or be 

introduced by human activity. EPA has 

established MCLs for 15 inorganic contaminants. 

Violations of standards for lead and copper are 

addressed separately. 

Large System 

A public water system that serves more than 

10,000 people. 

Lead and Copper Rule 

Requires a public water system to take steps to 

minimize the risk of exposure to lead and copper 

in drinking water by monitoring for these 

contaminants, installing corrosion control where 

required, and, where necessary, educating the 

public about ways to reduce exposure. A system 

may also be required to treat its source water or 

replace lead service lines. 

Maximum Contaminant Level 

The maximum permissible level of a contaminant 

in water delivered to any user of a public water 

system. 

Monitoring and Reporting Violation 

Refers to either a violation of a monitoring and 

reporting schedule or violation of contaminantspecific minimum testing schedules and 

operational reporting requirements. Those 

monitoring and reporting violations considered 

“significant” for the purposes of the State and 

national public water system compliance reports 

are described below in Table A–1. 

Nitrate and Nitrite 

Inorganic compounds that can enter water 

supplies, primarily from fertilizer runoff and 

sanitary wastewater discharges. 

Non-transient Non-community Water System 

A non-community public water system that 

regularly serves at least 25 of the same persons 

over six months per year. A typical example of a 

non-transient non-community water system is a 

school or an office building that has its own 

water source, such as a drinking water well. 

Organic Chemicals 

These carbon-based compounds, such as 

solvents and pesticides, can enter drinking water 

through a variety of means, including factory 

discharges or runoff from crop lands. EPA has 

established MCLs for 56 organic contaminants. 

Primacy 

The Safe Drinking Water Act requires EPA, 

States, and Tribes to work as partners to ensure 

delivery of safe drinking water to the public. Any 

State or Indian Tribe can request responsibility 

for operation and oversight of the drinking water 

program within its borders. In order to receive 

this responsibility (called “primary enforcement 

authority” or “primacy”), a State or Tribe must 

show, among other things, that it has adopted 

drinking water regulations that are at least as 

stringent as Federal regulations, and demonstrate 

its capacity both to enforce those regulations and 

to implement other activities necessary to ensure 

compliance. 

1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix A Page A–1 • April 2000 
In the absence of State or Tribal primacy, EPA 

assumes responsibility for administering the 

drinking water program for that area. Of the 56 

eligible States (defined to include 

Commonwealths, Territories, and the District of 

Columbia), all but Wyoming and the District of 

Columbia have primacy. EPA Regional Offices 

administer the drinking water program within 

these two jurisdictions and on all Tribal lands. 

Public Water System 

A system for the provision to the public of water 

for human consumption through pipes or other 

constructed conveyances, if such system has at 

least fifteen service connections or regularly 

serves at least twenty-five individuals at least 60 

days out of the year. A public water system can 

be either a community water system, a nontransient non-community water system, or a 

transient non-community water system. 

Radionuclides 

Radioactive particles, such as radium-226, 

radium-228, gross alpha, and beta 

particle/photon radioactivity, can occur naturally 

in water or may result from human activity. EPA 

has established MCLs for beta/photon emitters, 

alpha emitters, and combined radium 226/228. 

Regional Offices 

Responsible for implementing Environmental 

Protection Agency programs within their 

respective jurisdictions. Regional Offices 

cooperate with Federal, State, interstate, and 

local agencies, as well as with industry, academic 

institutions, and other private groups to ensure 

that Regional needs are addressed and that 

Federal environmental laws are upheld. 

Small Systems 

Public water systems that serve no more than 

3,300 people. 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 

The Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) 

requires a public water system served by surface 

water or by ground water under the influence of 

surface water to take steps (such as disinfection, 

filtration followed by disinfection, or watershed 

control) to reduce potential exposure to 

microbiological contamination. 

Total Coliform Rule 

Establishes limits on coliform bacteria in water 

distribution systems. Although coliform bacteria, 

which are found in decaying organic material and 

in the intestinal tract of humans and animals, are 

usually not harmful to human health, their 

presence may indicate the presence of other, 

more dangerous microbial contamination. 

SDWIS/FED 

EPA’s database for collecting safe drinking water 

monitoring results from oversight agencies. 

SDWIS stands for Safe Drinking Water 

Information System. Public Water Systems are 

required to report all monitoring results to the 

primary enforcement authority. States with 

primacy, or EPA where it administers the 

program, analyze the monitoring results, 

determine compliance, and report violations to 

EPA on a quarterly basis. EPA maintains records 

of these violations in SDWIS/FED. SDWIS/FED 

records only violations, not results that 

demonstrate compliance with drinking water 

standards. 

Total Trihalomethanes 

These chemicals can be by-products of chemical 

processes used to disinfect drinking water. 

Transient Non-community Water System 

A non-community water system that regularly 

serves at least 25 people (but not the same 25) 

over six months per year. A typical example is a 

campground or a highway rest stop that has its 

own water source, such as a drinking water well. 

Treatment Technique 

In cases where EPA has determined it is not 

technically or economically feasible to establish 

an MCL, the Agency can instead specify a 

treatment technique. These are treatment 

methods required by EPA to minimize the level of 

a contaminant in drinking water. 

Variances and Exemptions 

A public water system that cannot comply with a 

drinking water standard because of poor source 

water quality, or, in the case of small systems, 

inadequate financial resources, can be granted a 

variance to comply with less stringent, but still 

protective standards based on a specific EPAapproved technology available to the system. An 

exemption allows a PWS with compelling 

circumstances (including economic 

considerations) additional time to achieve 

compliance with applicable SDWA requirements, 

so long as public health is adequately protected. 

Page A–2 • April 2000 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix A 
TABLE A–1: SIGNIFICANT MONITORING VIOLATIONS FOR

ANNUAL STATE PUBLIC WATER SYSTEM REPORTS

Rule Violation Type Description 

SDWIS 

Violation Code1 

SDWIS 

Contaminant Code 

Total Coliform Rule 

Major routine No samples collected during a 

compliance period 23 3100 

Major repeat 

No follow-up samples collected 

after a positive total coliform 

sample or no speciation 

25 3100 

Surface Water 

Treatment Rule 

Major (filtered) 

Collected less than 90% of 

samples required during a 

compliance period 

31 None 

Major (unfiltered) 

Collected less than 90% of 

samples required during a 

compliance period 

36 None 

Lead and 

Copper Rule 

Initial lead and 

copper tap 

Either failed to collect the initial 

tap samples, and then failed to 

correct that omission within a) 3 

months for large systems, b) 6 

months for medium systems, or 

c) 12 months for small systems; 

or failed to submit the associated 

report 

51 

Follow-up or 

routine lead and 

copper tap 

Failed to collect 1 or more 

required samples 52 

C 

h 

e 

m 

Phase I, II, IIB, 

and V Rules 

Regular 

monitoring 

Failed to collect any required 

samples2 By contaminant 

Total 

Trihalomethanes 

Regular 

monitoring 

Failed to collect any required 

samples 03 2950 

Radionuclides Regular 

monitoring 

Failed to collect any required 

samples 03 4000, 4101, 4010 

1 EPA’s Safe Drinking Water Information System (SDWIS/FED) makes no distinction between the sampling violations and the reporting 

violations associated with a sample collection requirement. Both violations are reported under the same violation code. 

2 Failure to collect “any required samples” means none of the required samples were collected. 

1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix A Page A–3 • April 2000 
TABLE A–2: SUMMARY OF DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS FOR

PUBLIC WATER SYSTEMS DURING 1998

None 

Applicability of Regulations 

Contaminant/Rule 

Community 

Water Systems 

Non-transient NonCommunity Water Systems Transient Non-Community 

Water Systems 

Organic Contaminants All All 

Some 

(Only epichlorohydrin 

and acrylamide) 

None Total Trihalomethanes 

(TTHM) 

Some 

(Only systems serving more 

than 10,000) 

None 

None 

None None

All 

All 

All 

All 

All 

All 

All 

All 

All 

All 

Inorganic Contaminants 

Some 

(All except arsenic 

and fluoride) 

Nitrate and Nitrite 

Radionuclides 

Total Coliform 

Lead and Copper 

Surface Water Treatment 

Some 

(Only PWSs using surface 

water sources or ground 

water sources under 

the direct influence of 

surface water) 

Some 

(Only PWSs using surface 

water sources or ground 

water sources under 

the direct influence of 

surface water) 

Some 

(Only PWSs using surface 

water sources or ground 

water sources under 

the direct influence of 

surface water) 

Page A–4 • April 2000 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix A 
Appendix B

Summaries of State Annual

Compliance Reports

CONTENTS

Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–7 

Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–8 

American Samoa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–9 

Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–10 

Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–11 

California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–12 

Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–13 

Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–14 

Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–15 

District of Columbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–16 

Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–17 

Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–18 

Guam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–19 

Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–20 

Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–21 

Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–22 

Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–23 

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–24 

Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–25 

Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–26 

Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–27 

Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–28 

Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–29 

Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–30 

Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–31 

Minnesota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–32 

Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–33 

Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–34 

Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–35 

Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–36 

Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–37 

New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–38 

New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–39 

New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–40 

New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–41 

North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–42 

North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–43 

Northern Mariana Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–44 

Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–45 

Oklahoma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–46 

Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–47 

Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–48 

Puerto Rico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–49 

Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–50 

South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–51 

South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–52 

Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–53 

Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–54 

Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–55 

Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–56 

Virgin Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–57 

Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–58 

Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–59 

West Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–60 

Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B–61 

Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-62 

1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B Page B–1 • April 2000 

In this Appendix, the U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency (EPA) presents a summary of 

each State report in a standardized format. The 

format includes an overall summary of the 

violations data specified in Section 1414 of the 

1998 Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) 

Amendments (i.e., violations with respect to 

maximum contaminant levels (MCLs), treatment 

technique violations, significant monitoring and 

reporting requirements, and variance and 

exemptions). 

This Appendix summarizes the data reported by the 

States, but does not interpret it. Therefore, other 

factors must be taken into account before drawing 

conclusions about a State program. For example, 

public water systems are required to report all 

violations to the State, but State drinking water 

programs vary in the regulations they choose to 

emphasize. A State that decided to focus attention 

and resources on one particular rule may have 

discovered and reported many more violations of 

that rule than a State that chose to focus on a 

different rule. A disproportionate number of 

violations in a State could also indicate that the 

State needs to work with its public water systems to 

improve their compliance. 

Readers are cautioned to view the violations data 

provided in the State summaries within the context 

of each State and its individual drinking water 

program. 

Violations for 1998 

EPA summarizes the number of MCL, treatment 

technique, and significant monitoring violations1 

reported by each State in four categories: 

•	 Violations of chemical contaminant 

requirements2 

• Violations of the Total Coliform Rule 

•	 Violations of the Surface Water Treatment 

Rule 

• Violations of the Lead and Copper Rule. 

EPA summarizes the numbers of individual 

public water systems in violation in each of these 

four categories, as reported by the State. 

If a State’s report did not include information in 

a category, EPA’s summary notes the omission. 

1998 Totals 

EPA also summarizes the total number of 

systems in each State, the total number of 

violations reported, and the total number of 

PWSs in violation, if the State reported this 

information. 

Systems in Violation 

Systems in Violation is defined as the number of 

different systems with a reported violation of this 

type. Some States counted a system with multiple 

violations or violations in more than one category 

as one violating system. Other States counted a 

violating system each time it had a violation, or 

once for each of the regulatory categories in 

which it had a violation. If EPA’s review of a 

State’s report indicated some violating systems 

were counted more than once, an asterisk notes 

that the State’s number possibly overcounts 

violating systems. 

Variances and Exemptions 

There were no reported violations of variances 

and exemptions in 1998. 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual 

Public Water Systems Report 

Each State’s summary page provides information 

on how to obtain a copy of the State, if that 

information was included in the State’s report. 

1	 A comprehensive definition of significant monitoring and reporting violations including exceptions to the definition for the Total 

Coliform Rule and Lead and Copper Rule appears in Appendix A. 

2	 MCL and significant monitoring violations for organic, inorganic, total trihalomethane (TTHM), nitrate and nitrite, and 

radionuclide contaminants. 

1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B Page B–3 • April 2000 
Page B–4 • April 2000 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B

x

TABLE B–1: SUMMARY OF ELEMENTS REPORTED BY STATES

State

Submitted

Report

Reported On

Violations

Categories

MCL M/R TT

Reported

on V/E

Provided

Inventory

Information

Identified

Size and Type of

Violating

Systems

Discussed

Compliance and

Enforcement

Responses

Identified Each

System with MCL

and TT Violations

Provided

Information to

Public on

Availability

Provided

Additional

Information1

Alabama x x x x x x x x x x x

Alaska x x x x x x x x

American Samoa Did not submit report.

Arizona x x x x x

Arkansas x x x x x x x x x x x

California x x x x x x x x x

Colorado x x x x x x x

Connecticut x x x x x x x x x

Delaware x x x x x x x x x

District of Columbia x x x x x x x x x x x

Florida x x x x x x

Georgia x x x x x x x x

Guam Did not submit report.

Hawaii x x x x x x x x

Idaho x x x x x x x x x

Illinois x x x x x x x x

Indiana x x x x x x x x x x

Iowa x x x x x x x x x x

Kansas x x x x x x x x x

Kentucky x x x x x x x x x

Louisiana x x x x x x x

Maine x x x x x x x x x x

Maryland x x x x x x x x x x

Massachusetts x x x x x x x x x x x

Michigan x x x x x x x

Minnesota x x x x x x x

x

Mississippi x x x x x x x x x

Missouri

Nebraska x

Nevada

x x x x x x x x x

Montana x x x x x x x x x

x x x x x x x x

x x x x x x
1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B Page B–5 • April 2000

TABLE B–1: SUMMARY OF ELEMENTS REPORTED BY STATES (continued)

State

Submitted

Report

Reported On

Violations

Categories

MCL M/R TT

Reported

on V/E

Provided

Inventory

Information

Identified

Size and Type of

Violating

Systems

Discussed

Compliance and

Enforcement

Responses

Identified Each

System with MCL

and TT Violations

Provided

Information to

Public on

Availability

Provided

Additional

Information1

North Dakota

New Hampshire x x x x x x x x x x

New Jersey Violations information submitted. Remainder of report still pending.

New Mexico x x x x x x x

New York x x x x x x x x

North Carolina x x x x x x x

x x x x x x x x x

Northern Mariana

Islands Did not submit report.

Pennsylvania

Ohio x x x x x x x x x x x

Oklahoma x x x x x x x x x x

Oregon x x x x x x x x

x x x x x x x x x x

Puerto Rico x x x x x x x x

Rhode Island x x x x x x x

South Carolina

Vermont

South Dakota

x x x x x x x x x x

x x x x x x x

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Virgin Islands

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

x x x x x x x x

x x x x x x x x

x x x x x

x x x x x x x x x

x x x x x x x x x

x x x x x x

x x x x x x x x

x x x x x x x x

x x x x x x x x x x x

x x x x x x x x

1. An “x” in this column indicates the state submitted more information in its report than the minimum EPA recommends in guidance.

State of Alabama 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 3 3 496 46 

Total Coliform Rule 50 47 57* 38 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 0 0 0 0 

Lead and Copper Rule 2 2 4 4 

* This total appears in the text of the report and can be corroborated by counting major M/R violations listed in the State’s Appendix A. The 

State’s Appendix B indicates the number is 40. 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 753 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 120 

Total Number of 

Violations 612 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

Alabama’s State Report is available by accessing the State’s Web site at www.adem.state.al.us/viorep98.html and by 

written request to ADEM, Water Supply Branch, P.O. Box 301463, Montgomery, Alabama 36130-1463 or at e-mail 

address tsd@adem.state.al.us. 

1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B Page B–7 • April 2000 
State of Alaska 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 3 3 6,131 360 

Total Coliform Rule 38 34 1,234 647 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 272 83 714 154 

Lead and Copper Rule 0 0 51 51 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 1,760 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 886 

Total Number of 

Violations 8,443 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

Alaska’s State Report is available by accessing the State’s Web site at www.state.ak.us/dec/deh/water/dwvio98.htm 

or by contacting James Weise, Drinking Water/Waste Water Program Manager, Department of Environmental 

Conservation, 555 Cordova Street, Anchorage, AK 99501, phone (907) 269-7647. 

Page B–8 • April 2000 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B 
American Samoa 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 0 0 0 0 

Total Coliform Rule 79 10 16 3 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 108 9 0 0 

Lead and Copper Rule 0 0 0 0 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 21 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 11 

Total Number of 

Violations 203 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

American Samoa did not publish an annual report, and did not regularly submit data to SDWIS/FED. EPA generated 

these tables from data maintained by EPA’s Regional office. 

1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B Page B–9 • April 2000 
State of Arizona 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 170 80 966 966 

Total Coliform Rule 48 42 62 62 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 1 1 52 32 

Lead and Copper Rule Not 

Available 

Not 

Available 

Not 

Available 

Not 

Available 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 1,707 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 1,064 

Total Number of 

Violations 1,299 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

Arizona’s State Report is available by contacting the Drinking Water Section, Arizona Department of Environmental 

Quality, 3033 N. Central, Room 200, Phoenix, AZ 85012-2809, phone (602) 270-4644. 

Page B–10 • April 2000 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B 
State of Arkansas 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 27 11* 0 0 

Total Coliform Rule 102 75 204 135 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 104 21 65 21 

Lead and Copper Rule 1 1 0 0 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 1,208 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 264* 

Total Number of 

Violations 503 

* Possibly overcounts violating systems. 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

Arkansas’ State Report is available by accessing the State’s Web site at www.health.state.ar.us/eng/doe.htm or by 

contacting the Arkansas Department of Health, Division of Engineering, 4815 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 

72205-2032, phone (501) 661-2623, fax (501) 661-2032, or scorder@mail.doh.state.ar.us. 

1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B Page B–11 • April 2000 
State of California 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 45 42 0 0 

Total Coliform Rule 688 512 711 519 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 67 65 0 0 

Lead and Copper Rule Not 

Available 

Not 

Available 

Not 

Available 

Not 

Available 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 8,744 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 1,130* 

Total Number of 

Violations 1,511 

* Although California’s report did not provide a total number of systems in violation, the sum of the numbers the 

State reported for the separate rules is 1,139. EPA reduced that number by nine to account for systems that 

appeared more than once on California’s list of violating systems. 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

California’s State Report is available by contacting the State at California Department of Health Services, Division of 

Drinking Water and Environmental Management, phone (916) 323-6111. 

http://www.dhs.ca.gov/org/ps/ddwem/pubindex.htm 

Page B–12 • April 2000 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B 
State of Colorado 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 1 1 360 81 

Total Coliform Rule 64 48 509 356 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 43 21 6 2 

Lead and Copper Rule 9 9 5 5 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 2,226 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 523* 

Total Number of 

Violations 997 

* Possibly overcounts violating systems.

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report

Colorado’s State Report is available by contacting the State at Compliance Monitoring-Data Management, WQCOCMDM-B2, 4300 Cherry Creek Drive South, Denver, CO 80246-1530. 

1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B Page B–13 • April 2000 
State of Connecticut 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 18 10* 712 63* 

Total Coliform Rule 143 81 179 135 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 5 5 0 0 

Lead and Copper Rule 3 3 14 54 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 4,550 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 287* 

Total Number of 

Violations 1,074 

* Possibly overcounts violating systems. 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

Connecticut’s State Report is available for review at the public library or at the Water Supplies Section, Department 

of Public Health, 450 Capitol Avenue, Hartford, CT 06134. To schedule an appointment to review this document at 

the Water Supplies Section call (860) 509-7333. 

Page B–14 • April 2000 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B 
State of Delaware 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 32 16 0 0 

Total Coliform Rule 52 44 1 1 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 0 0 0 0 

Lead and Copper Rule 69 34 33 33 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 566 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 160* 

Total Number of 

Violations 187 

*Possibly overcounts violating systems. 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

Information on Delaware’s public water systems may be found on the Internet in EPA’s Envirofacts web page at the 

following address: www.epa.gov/enviro/html/sdwis/sdwis_query.html. Delaware’s State Report is available by 

contacting the Division of Public Health, Office of Drinking Water, P.O. Box 639, Dover, DE 19903, or telephone 

(302) 739-5410. 

1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B Page B–15 • April 2000 
District of Columbia 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 0 0 0 0 

Total Coliform Rule 0 0 0 0 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 0 0 0 0 

Lead and Copper Rule 0 0 0 0 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 2 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 0 

Total Number of 

Violations 0 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

The District of Columbia’s State Report is available by contacting: George Rizzo, DC PWSS Program Manager, 

Drinking Water Branch (3WP22), U.S. EPA Region III, 1650 Arch Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103-2029, Telephone 

(215) 814-5781, Fax: (215) 814-2318, E-mail: rizzo.george@epa.gov. 

Page B–16 • April 2000 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B 
State of Florida 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 16 15 1,414 1,391 

Total Coliform Rule 259 243 1,141 841 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 0 0 0 0 

Lead and Copper Rule 0 0 2 1 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 6,911 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 2,491* 

Total Number of 

Violations 2,832 

* Possibly overcounts violating systems.

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report

Florida’s State Report Summary, State rules, forms, and drinking water inventory are available by accessing the 

State’s Web site (www.dep.state.fl.us/water/Wf/dw/default.htm). 

1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B Page B–17 • April 2000 
State of Georgia 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 6 4 419* 246 

Total Coliform Rule 224 157 782 510 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 0 0 0 0 

Lead and Copper Rule 0 0 15 15 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems NR 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation NR 

Total Number of 

Violations 1,446 

* Georgia reports 419 violations in its report, 412 violations in an attached table. 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

Georgia’s State Report is available by contacting Doug Davenport, Department of Natural Resources, Environmental 

Protection Division, Drinking Water Program, Information Management Unit, 205 Butler St., SE Suite 1362, Atlanta, 

GA 30334, phone (404) 651-5162. Website: www.dnr.state.ga.us/dnr/environ/ 

Page B–18 • April 2000 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B 
Guam 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 0 0 0 0 

Total Coliform Rule 0 0 0 0 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 0 0 0 0 

Lead and Copper Rule 0 0 0 0 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 12 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 0 

Total Number of 

Violations 0 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

Guam did not publish an annual report, and did not submit violations data to SDWIS/FED during this period. EPA 

generated inventory data from SDWIS/FED. 

1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B Page B–19 • April 2000 
State of Hawaii 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 0 0 0 0 

Total Coliform Rule 9 5 4 4 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 78 9 0 0 

Lead and Copper Rule 0 0 0 0 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 138 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 17 

Total Number of 

Violations 91 

* The State of Hawaii issued a revised 1998 report on February 4, 2000 that added 15 chemical monitoring and 

reporting violations at one public water system. The State had not yet initiated its enforcement action in July of 

1999, when it first published its annual report for 1998. 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

Hawaii’s State Report is available by the Safe Drinking Water Branch, Department of Health, 919 Ala Moana Blvd., 

Room 308, Honolulu, HI 96814-4920, phone (808) 586-4258, fax (808) 586-4370, email (waterbill@aol.com). 

Page B–20 • April 2000 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B 
State of Idaho 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 0 0 439 357 

Total Coliform Rule 379 279 948 655 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 205 32 0 0 

Lead and Copper Rule 0 0 0* 3 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 2,075 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 1,024** 

Total Number of 

Violations 1,971* 

* Idaho does not count violations at the three systems in violation because those violations began prior to 1998. 

** Includes 3 systems whose violations began prior to 1998. 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

Idaho’s State Report is available by accessing the State’s web site (www2.state.id.us/deq/) and by contacting the 

Idaho Division of Environmental Quality’s six Regional Offices or the State’s seven district health departments. 

1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B Page B–21 • April 2000 
State of Illinois 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 174 129 2,122 73 

Total Coliform Rule 208 159 442 253 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 4 2 4 3 

Lead and Copper Rule 12 12 79 74 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 6,072 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 581 

Total Number of 

Violations 3,045 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

Illinois’ State Report is available by contacting the Illinois EPA’s Division of Public Water Supplies, #13, P.O. Box 

9276, Springfield, IL 62794-9276. 

Page B–22 • April 2000 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B 
State of Indiana 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 52 22* 1,118 900* 

Total Coliform Rule 274 249 2,613 1,417 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 5 5 1 1 

Lead and Copper Rule 0 0 48 40 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 4,295 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 1,713 

Total Number of 

Violations 4,111 

* Possibly overcounts violating systems. 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

Indiana’s State Report is available via the Indiana Department of Environmental Management,Office of Water 

Management, Drinking Water Branch, at www.state.in.us/idem/owm/dwb/index.html, or by contacting the Drinking 

Water Branch at (317) 308-3280. 

1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B Page B–23 • April 2000 
State of Iowa 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 146 47 389 303 

Total Coliform Rule 262 190 472 303 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 7 4 6 2 

Lead and Copper Rule 54 42 17 16 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 1,977 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 697 

Total Number of 

Violations 1,353 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

Iowa’s State Report is available by accessing the State’s web site at 

www.state.ia.us/government/dnr/organiza/epd/wtrsuply/pwscmp97.htm or by contacting the Iowa Department of 

Natural Resources, Water Supply Section, Wallace State Office Building, 900 East Grand Avenue, Des Moines, IA 

50319-0034. 

Page B–24 • April 2000 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B 
State of Kansas 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 85 41 0 0 

Total Coliform Rule 76 67 77 46 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 8 5 15 8 

Lead and Copper Rule 3 3 6 6 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 1,122 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 165 

Total Number of 

Violations 270 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

Kansas’ State Report is available by accessing the State’s web site at www.kdhe.state.ks.us or by contacting the 

State at Public Water Supply Section, Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Bldg. 283, Forbes Field, 

Topeka, KS 66620, Attn: Peter Armesto, phone (785) 296-6297. 

1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B Page B–25 • April 2000 
State of Kentucky 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 49 29 611 198 

Total Coliform Rule 19 19 139 56 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 28 17 96 37 

Lead and Copper Rule 0 0 9 7 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 733 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 323 

Total Number of 

Violations 951 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

Kentucky’s State Report is available by accessing the State’s Web site at water.nr.state.ky.us/dow/dwhome.htm and 

by contacting the Kentucky Division of Water, Drinking Water Branch, 14 Reilly Road, Ash Building, Frankfort, 

Kentucky, 40601, phone (502) 564-3410. 

Page B–26 • April 2000 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B 
State of Louisiana 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998* 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 0 0 0 0 

Total Coliform Rule 261 191 17 13 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 11 7 4 2 

Lead and Copper Rule 0 0 0 0 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 2,000** 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 208 

Total Number of 

Violations 293 

* Violations numbers drawn from Louisiana’s list of violating systems. Numbers in the narrative portion of the report 

sometimes differ. 

** This number is an estimate provided by the state. 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

A specific source for obtaining a copy of this report has not been provided. General information on its availability 

may be obtained from: Division of Environmental and Health Services, Louisiana Department of Health and Hospital, 

Office of Public Health, P.O. Box 60630, New Orleans, LA 70160, phone (504) 568-5100. Also, information on the 

report can be obtained by contacting the Office of Public Health, Engineering Services, 6867 Bluebonnet Boulevard, 

Suite 222, Baton Rouge, LA, 70810. 

1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B Page B–27 • April 2000 
State of Maine 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 21 NR 257 NR 

Total Coliform Rule 371 NR 1,642 NR 

Surface Water Treatment Rule Not 

Available 

Not 

Available 

Not 

Available 

Not 

Available 

Lead and Copper Rule 26 NR 91 NR 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 2,177 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation NR 

Total Number of 

Violations 2,408 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

Maine’s State Report is available by accessing the State’s web site at www.state.me.us/dhs/eng/water/water.htm or 

by contacting the State at Drinking Water Program, 10 State House Station, Augusta, ME 04333, phone (207) 287-

2070. 

Page B–28 • April 2000 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B 
State of Maryland 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 17 13 33 33* 

Total Coliform Rule 246 210 118 88 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 16 13 0 0 

Lead and Copper Rule 0 0 0 0 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 3,706 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 461* 

Total Number of 

Violations 430 

* Possibly overcounts violating systems.

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report

Maryland’s State Report and additional information on the Maryland program are available by contacting Nancy 

Reilman, MDE — Water Supply Program at (410) 631-3729. 

1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B Page B–29 • April 2000 
State of Massachusetts 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 4 4 3,581 324 

Total Coliform Rule 108 88 361 176 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 54 54 1 1 

Lead and Copper Rule 25 25 50 35 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 1,579 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 597 

Total Number of 

Violations 4,184 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

The Massachusetts report is available on the state’s web site at www.state.ma.us/dep/brp/dws/dwspubs.htm. Hard 

copies are available at each of the four Massachusetts DEP regional offices: 

Western — 436 Dwight Street, Springfield, MA 01103 

Central — 627 Main Street, Worcester, MA 01608 

Northeast — 205A Lowell Street, Wilmington, MA 01887 

Southeast — 20 Riverside Drive, Lakeville, MA 02347 

Page B–30 • April 2000 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B 
State of Michigan 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 13 12 2,798 826 

Total Coliform Rule 525 459 2,517 1,929 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 6 3 0 0 

Lead and Copper Rule 0 0 140 134 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 12,446 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 3,363* 

Total Number of 

Violations 5,999 

* Possibly overcounts violating systems. 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

Michigan’s State Report is available by accessing the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, Drinking Water 

and Radiological Protection Division web page at www.deq.state.mi.us/us/dwr/. It can also be obtained by contacting 

the State at Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, Drinking Water & Radiological Protection Division, 3423 

North Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevard, P.O. Box 30630, Lansing, MI 48909-8130. 

1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B Page B–31 • April 2000 
State of Minnesota 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 27* 27 11* 11 

Total Coliform Rule 322* 322 89* 89 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 9 9 0 0 

Lead and Copper Rule 0 0 16* 16 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 8,900 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 494** 

Total Number of 

Violations 494* 

* Minnesota’s report provided the number of systems in violation of each regulation, but did not provide the number 

of violations at those systems. 

** Possibly overcounts violating systems. 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

Minnesota’s State Report is available by contacting the Drinking Water Protection Section, Minnesota Department of 

Health, Box 64975, St. Paul, MN 55164-0975. 

Page B–32 • April 2000 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B 
State of Mississippi 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 0 0 4 4 

Total Coliform Rule 84 66 20 20 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 0 0 0 0 

Lead and Copper Rule 0 0 0 0 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 1,507 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 83 

Total Number of 

Violations 108 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

Mississippi’s State Report is available by accessing the State’s web site at 

www.msdh.state.ms.us/OHR/watersup/wshome.htm or by contacting the Mississippi State Department of Health, 

Water Supply Division, P.O. Box 1700, Jackson, MS 39215-1700. 

1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B Page B–33 • April 2000 
State of Missouri 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 11 8 525 146 

Total Coliform Rule 633 377 1,140 665 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 7 6 0 0 

Lead and Copper Rule 0 0 38 38 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 2,714 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 1,240* 

Total Number of 

Violations 2,354 

* Possibly overcounts violating systems. 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

Missouri’s State Report and additional information regarding Missouri’s PWSs are available by contacting the 

Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Public Drinking Water Program, P.O. Box 176, Jefferson City, MO 65102, 

phone (573) 751-5331. Website: www.dnr.state.mo.us/deq/pdwp/homepdwp.htm. 

Page B–34 • April 2000 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B 
State of Montana 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 17 14 1,173 1,056* 

Total Coliform Rule 113 110 396 260 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 67 20 90 18 

Lead and Copper Rule 117 113 250 113 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 1,950 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 1,704* 

Total Number of 

Violations 2,223 

* Possibly overcounts violating of systems. 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

Montana’s State Report is available on the Montana Department of Environmental Quality’s web site at 

www.deq.mt.gov or by contacting the Public Water Supply Section, Community Services Bureau, Permitting and 

Compliance Division, Montana Department of Environmental Quality, Box 200901, Helena, MT 59624-0901, or 

telephone (406) 444-4400. 

1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B Page B–35 • April 2000 
State of Nebraska 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 81 75* 10 10 

Total Coliform Rule 608 377* 52 49 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 0 0 0 0 

Lead and Copper Rule 0 0 0 0 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 1,353 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 511* 

Total Number of 

Violations 751 

* Possibly overcounts violating systems. 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

Nebraska’s State Report is available by accessing the State’s website www.hhs.state.ne.us/enh/enhindex.htm or by 

contacting the Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services, Regulation and Licensure, 301 Centennial Mall 

South, P.O. Box 95007, Lincoln, NE 68509, (402) 471-2541. 

Page B–36 • April 2000 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B 
State of Nevada 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 6 6* 432 713* 

Total Coliform Rule 13 10 27 24 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 5 5 12 1 

Lead and Copper Rule 9 9 160 152 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 652 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 609* 

Total Number of 

Violations 664 

* Possibly overcounts violating systems. 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

Nevada’s State Report is available by contacting the Nevada State Health Division at 1179 Fairview Drive, Suite 

101, Carson City, Nevada 89701. Copies of the report may be viewed at county libraries throughout the State and 

at State Health Division offices in counties that do not have a library. 

1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B Page B–37 • April 2000 
State of New Hampshire 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 7 4 1,140 84 

Total Coliform Rule 135 111 199 149 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 16 6 1 1 

Lead and Copper Rule 0 0 12 12 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 2,190 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 367* 

Total Number of 

Violations 1,510 

* Possibly overcounts violating systems. 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

New Hampshire’s State Report is available by contacting the NH Department of Environmental Services, Water 

Division, Water Supply Engineering Bureau, 6 Hazen Drive, P.O. Box 95, Concord, NH 03301, or by contacting 

Laurie K. Cullerot at Department of Environmental Services at (603) 271-2954, or via e-mail at 

1_cullerot@des.state.nh.us. The report is also available on the website www.des.nh.state.us/wseb. 

Page B–38 • April 2000 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B 
State of New Jersey 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL* Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 48 41 13,480 759 

Total Coliform Rule 138 106 1,736 972 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 9 2 3 3 

Lead and Copper Rule 1 1 50 20 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 4,464 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 1,502 

Total Number of 

Violations 15,465 

* New Jersey’s totals include violations of State requirements that are more stringent than Federal requirements, 

such as standards for an additional five volatile organic compounds, and twelve MCLs more protective than Federal 

MCLs. 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

New Jersey’s State Report and Drinking Water Standards chart are available by contacting the State at New Jersey 

Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Safe Drinking Water, P.O. Box 426, Trenton, NJ 08625-0426. 

The report will also be sent to the State library for distribution through its system, and to the county and local health 

officers. 

1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B Page B–39 • April 2000 
State of New Mexico 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 6 6* 1 1 

Total Coliform Rule 144 98 282 172 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 10 5 1 1 

Lead and Copper Rule 0 0 10 10 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 1,335 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 246 

Total Number of 

Violations 454 

* Possibly overcounts violating systems. 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

A specific source for obtaining a copy of this report has not been provided. General information on its availability 

may be obtained from: Keith Melton, Program Manager, Drinking Water Program, New Mexico Environment 

Department, 525 Camino De Los Marquez, Suite 4, P.O. Box 26110, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87502, Phone (505) 

827-7536, e-mail: keith_melton@nmev.state.nm.us. 

Page B–40 • April 2000 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B 
State of New York 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 12 12 730 719 

Total Coliform Rule 93 93 1,105 1,105 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 68 61 0 0 

Lead and Copper Rule 1 1 5 5 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 10,620 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 1,996* 

Total Number of 

Violations 2,014 

* Possibly overcounts violating systems.

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report

New York’s State Report is available by contacting the State at BPWSP — NYSDOH, Flanigan Square, 547 River 

Street, Room 400, Troy, NY 12180-2216. 

1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B Page B–41 • April 2000 
State of North Carolina 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 22 20 10,582 8,743* 

Total Coliform Rule 210 178 1,190 832 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 6 6 0 0 

Lead and Copper Rule 1 1 NR NR 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 8,235 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation NR 

Total Number of 

Violations 12,011 

* This may overcount violating systems. North Carolina believes the actual number is 1,153. 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

North Carolina’s State Report is available by contacting the North Carolina Public Water Supply Section homepage 

at: www.deh.enr.state.nc.us/pws. 

Page B–42 • April 2000 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B 
State of North Dakota 1998 PWS Compliance Report

Violations for 1998

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 7 7 1 1 14 3 

Total Coliform Rule 59 28 143 109 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 2 1 1 1 

Lead and Copper Rule 0 0 1 1 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 564 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 140 

Total Number of 

Violations 228 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

North Dakota’s State Report is available by contacting the North Dakota Department of Health, Division of Municipal

Facilities, P.O. Box 5520, 1200 Missouri Avenue, Bismarck, ND 58506-5520, Attention: Jeni Walsh (701) 328-

5231 (phone) or (701) 328-5200 (fax), or e-mail jwalsh@state.nd.us.

1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B Page B–43 • April 2000 
Northern Mariana Islands 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 0 0 0 0 

Total Coliform Rule 0 0 0 0 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 0 0 0 0 

Lead and Copper Rule 0 0 0 0 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 43 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 0 

Total Number of 

Violations 0 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

The Northern Mariana Islands did not publish an annual report, and did not report violations to SDWIS/FED during 

this period. EPA generated inventory data from SDWIS/FED. 

Page B–44 • April 2000 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B 
State of Ohio 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 18 15 5,628 1,030 

Total Coliform Rule 1,711 802 1,721 1,158 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 209 45 13 2 

Lead and Copper Rule 19 18 190 187 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 6,189 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 2,391 

Total Number of 

Violations 9,509 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

A summary of Ohio’s State Report is available by writing to the State of Ohio at PWS Annual Compliance Report, 

Ohio EPA — DDAGW, Lazarus Government Center, P.O. Box 1049, Columbus, OH 43216-1049. In addition, this 

summary report has been posted on the Ohio EPA’s website at www.epa.state.oh.us/ddagw/annualreports.html. 

Additional contact sites include: David Greenwood, Central District Office, 3232 Alum Creek Drive, Columbus, OH 

43207, (614) 728-3778. 

1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B Page B–45 • April 2000 
State of Oklahoma 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 118 50* 0 0 

Total Coliform Rule 186 146 591 312 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 114 45 20 14 

Lead and Copper Rule 90 90 32 32 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 1,683** 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 689* 

Total Number of 

Violations 1,151 

* Possibly overcounts violating systems. 

** This is the total number of systems meeting the Federal definition of a PWS. The State also regulates 645 

systems that do not meet the Federal definition of a PWS. The numbers above do not include violations at those 

645 systems. 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

Oklahoma’s State Report is available by contacting the State at Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality, 

Water Quality Division, 8th Floor, 707 North Robinson, Oklahoma City, OK, or by mail request at the Department of 

Environmental Quality, Water Quality Division, P.O. Box 1677, Oklahoma City, OK 73101-1677, or at the website 

www.deq.state.ok.us/water1/home/index.html. 

Page B–46 • April 2000 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B 
State of Oregon 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 3 3 5,271 765* 

Total Coliform Rule 220 158 2,089 1,063 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 161 67 204 71 

Lead and Copper Rule 84 84 0 0 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 2,703 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 1,489 

Total Number of 

Violations 8,032 

*Possibly overcounts systems in violation. 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

Oregon’s State Report is available by contacting Diane Weis at the Oregon Health Division, 800 NE Oregon Street, 

Portland, OR 97232. The Oregon drinking water homepage is www.ohd.hr.state.or.us/cehs/dwp. 

1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B Page B–47 • April 2000 
State of Pennsylvania 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 122 81 2,975 512 

Total Coliform Rule 289 217 1,293 958 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 59 44 168 41 

Lead and Copper Rule 11 11 82 79 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems >10,500 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 1,662 

Total Number of 

Violations 4,999 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

Pennsylvania’s State Report, the list of public water systems having MCL violations during 1998, and additional 

information about the Pennsylvania Safe Drinking Water Program are available by contacting: Department of 

Environmental Protection, Bureau of Water Supply Management, P.O Box 8467, 11th Floor RCSOB, Harrisburg, PA 

17105-8467, phone (717) 787-5017. Website: www.dep.state.pa.us. 

Page B–48 • April 2000 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B 
Puerto Rico 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 12 7 1,810 1,467* 

Total Coliform Rule 1,242 445 1,265 360 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 444 197 1,046 153 

Lead and Copper Rule 0 0 57 43 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems NR 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation NR 

Total Number of 

Violations 5,876 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

Puerto Rico’s Report is available at the following addresses:

Department of Health

Public Water Supply Supervision Program

Ramon Fernandez Marina Hospital — Third Floor

Bo. Monacillos, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico

Department of Health

Public Water Supply Supervision Program

P.O. Box 70184

Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico 00936

Telephone: (787) 754-6010 or (787) 754-6370

1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B Page B–49 • April 2000 
State of Rhode Island 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 3 2 5 4 

Total Coliform Rule 29 24 7 7 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 0 0 0 0 

Lead and Copper Rule 0 0 0 0 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems NR 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 37* 

Total Number of 

Violations 44 

* Possibly overcounts violating systems. 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

Additional information about Rhode Island’s drinking water program is available on the State’s website at 

www.health.state.ri.us or by contacting the Rhode Island Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water Quality, 3 

Capitol Hill, Room 209, Providence, RI 02908, phone (401) 222-6867. 

Page B–50 • April 2000 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B 
State of South Carolina 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 6 5 0 0 

Total Coliform Rule 126 102 140 85 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 15 13 7 3 

Lead and Copper Rule 11 11 55 49 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 1,562 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 231 

Total Number of 

Violations 360 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

South Carolina’s State Reports are available by contacting the Water Enforcement Division with SCDHEC’s Bureau of 

Water at (803)898-4153 or by fax at (803) 898-3795 or by e-mail at betterva@columb32.dhec.state.sc.us or by 

writing to 2600 Bull Street, Columbia, SC, 29201. The report will also be made available on the Bureau of Water 

webpage at www.state.sc.us/dhec/eqc/water. For additional information not contained here, call the Freedom of 

Information Office at (803) 898-3880. 

1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B Page B–51 • April 2000 
State of South Dakota 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 9 8 979 67 

Total Coliform Rule 96 69 197 132 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 9 3 0 0 

Lead and Copper Rule 0 0 36 36 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 744 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 315 

Total Number of 

Violations 1,326 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

South Dakota’s State Report is available by contacting the State at DENR, Drinking Water Program, 523 E. Capitol 

St., Pierre, SD 57501-3181. 

Page B–52 • April 2000 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B 
State of Tennessee 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998* 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 0 0 356 67** 

Total Coliform Rule 99 92 182 135 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 95 21 9 1 

Lead and Copper Rule 0 0 7 6 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 1,187 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 317** 

Total Number of 

Violations 748 

* Numbers drawn from Tennessee’s Detailed Violations Report. Numbers in Summary Violations Report occasionally 

differ. 

** Possibly overcounts violating systems. 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

Tennessee’s State Report is available by contacting the Division Water Supply Central Office at: Division of Water 

Supply — Central Office, 401 Church Street, 6th Floor, L&C Tower, Nashville, TN 37423-1549, phone (615) 532-

0152; or any of the six field offices: Division of Water Supply, Suite 550 — State Office Building, 540 McCallie 

Avenue, Chattanooga, TN 37402-2013, phone (888) 891-8332; Division of Water Supply, 121 South Willow, 

Cookeville, TN 38502; Division of Water Supply, 362 Carriage House Drive, Jackson, TN 38305-2222; Division of 

Water Supply, 2305 Silverdale Road, Johnson City, TN 37601-2162; Division of Water Supply, Suite 220-State 

Plaza, 2700 Middlebrook Pike, Knoxville, TN 37219; Division of Water Supply, 537 Brick Church Park Drive, 

Nashville, TN 37243-1550. Copies of Tennessee’s State Report are also located in most public libraries in 

Tennessee, or at the website: www.state.tn.us/environment/dws/index.html. 

1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B Page B–53 • April 2000 
State of Texas 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 192 166 N/A* N/A* 

Total Coliform Rule 208 188 1,322 970 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 70 30 189 45 

Lead and Copper Rule 3 3 4 3 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 6,677 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 1,405** 

Total Number of 

Violations 1,988 

* The state, not the system, collects samples for the chemical standards, minimizing monitoring violations. 

** Possibly overcounts violating systems. 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

A specific source for obtaining a copy of this report has not been provided. General information on its availability 

may be obtained from: Water Utilities Division, Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, P.O. Box 13087, 

Austin, TX 78711-3087, phone (512) 239-6020. 

Page B–54 • April 2000 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B 
State of Utah 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 0 0 3,773 2,326* 

Total Coliform Rule 171 123* 377 246 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 27 12 8 2 

Lead and Copper Rule 0 0 18 13 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems NR 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 2,714* 

Total Number of 

Violations 4,374 

* Possibly overcounts violating systems.

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report

Utah’s State Report is available by contacting the State at Utah Division of Drinking Water, P.O. Box 144830, Salt 

Lake City, UT 84114-4830, Attention: Ken Bousfield, phone (801) 536-4207. 

1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B Page B–55 • April 2000 
State of Vermont 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998* 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 3 2 420 417* 

Total Coliform Rule 92 81* 164 128* 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 15 15 4 3 

Lead and Copper Rule 1 1 47 47 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 1,398 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 694** 

Total Number of 

Violations 746 

* Numbers are drawn from Vermont’s list of violations and violating facilities. Numbers in other parts of the report 

sometimes differ. 

** Possibly overcounts violating systems. 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

Vermont’s State Report is available by contacting the State Water Supply Division, 103 S. Main St., Waterbury, VT 

05671-0403, phone (802) 241-3400, in Vermont, dial (800) 823-6500. It is also available on the Internet at the 

following address: www.anr.state.vt.us/dec/watersup/vtrpt1998.pdf. 

Page B–56 • April 2000 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B 
Virgin Islands 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 0 0 0 0 

Total Coliform Rule 108 84 127* 59 

Surface Water Treatment Rule** N/A N/A N/A N/A 

Lead and Copper Rule 0 0 0 0 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 460 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 143*** 

Total Number of 

Violations 235 

* State report contains two sets of numbers that do not always match. 

** The Virgin Islands does not have any surface water sources of drinking water. 

*** Possibly overcounts violating systems. 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

The Virgin Islands Report can be obtained by contacting the DPNR, Division of Environmental Protection, 1118 

Water Gut Homes, Christiansted, St. Croix, US Virgin Islands, 00820. The report is also available at public libraries, 

University of Virgin Island’s Public Library, UVI’s Water Resource Research Institute, and local libraries. 

1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B Page B–57 • April 2000 
State of Virginia 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 8 5* 109 24* 

Total Coliform Rule 169 146 425 266 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 140 18* 0 0 

Lead and Copper Rule 92 92 21 28** 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems NR 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 467 

Total Number of 

Violations 964 

* Possibly overcounts violating systems. 

** Includes seven systems whose violations were not incurred in 1998. 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

A summary of Virginia’s state report is available by accessing the following site: 

http://www.vdh.state.va.us/owp/97report.htm. A complete copy of the report may be obtained by contacting one of 

the 6 field offices: Office of Water Programs, Abingdon Field Office — Field 1, 454 East Main Street, Abingdon, VA 

24210, phone (540) 676-5650 and fax (540) 676-5659; Office of Water Programs, Lexington Field Office — Field 

2, 131 Walker Street, Lexington, VA 24450, phone (540) 463-7136 and fax (540) 463-3892; Office of Water 

Programs, Southeast Virginia Field Office — Field 3, 5700 Thurston Avenue — Suite 203, Virginia Beach, VA 

23455, phone (757) 363-3876 and fax (757) 363-3955; Office of Water Programs, East Central Field Office — 

Field 4, 300 Turner Road, Richmond, VA 23225, phone 1(804) 674-2880 and fax (804) 674-2815; Office of 

Water Programs, Danville Field Office — Field 5, 1347 Piney Forest Road, Danville, VA 24540, phone (804) 836-

8416 and fax (804) 836-8424; Office of Water Programs, Culpeper Field Office — Field 6, 400 South Main Street 

— 2nd Floor, Culpeper, VA 22701-3318, phone (540) 829-7340 and fax (540) 829-7337. 

Page B–58 • April 2000 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B 
State of Washington 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 0 0 0 0 

Total Coliform Rule 588 453 1,289 780 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 139 59 82 19 

Lead and Copper Rule 2 2 72 215* 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 4,250 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 1,302 

Total Number of 

Violations 2,172 

* Includes 144 systems that were categorized in violation of significant monitoring requirements but did not incur 

the violation in 1998. 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

Washington’s State Report is available by accessing the State’s Website at www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/dw/enflink.htm or 

by contacting the Department of Health, Division of Drinking Water, P.O. Box 47822, Olympia, Washington 98504-

7822. 

1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B Page B–59 • April 2000 
State of West Virginia 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 11 9 465 322 

Total Coliform Rule 97 78 1,062 487 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 4 3 0 0 

Lead and Copper Rule 0 0 157 112 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 1,215 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 694 

Total Number of 

Violations 1,796 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

West Virginia did not provide a specific source for obtaining a copy of its report. For more information, contact the 

West Virginia Bureau for Public Health, Office of Environmental Health Services, 815 Quarrier Street, Suite 418, 

Charleston, West Virginia, 25301-2616; telephone (304) 558-2981. 

Page B–60 • April 2000 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B 
State of Wisconsin 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 43 40 1,767 914 

Total Coliform Rule 549 549 896 860 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 0 0 0 0 

Lead and Copper Rule 2 2 46 40 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 11,807 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 2,363 

Total Number of 

Violations 3,303 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

Wisconsin’s State Report is available by contacting the Bureau of Drinking Water and Groundwater, State of 

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 7921, Madison, WI 53707, telephone (608) 266-6669. 

1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B Page B–61 • April 2000 
State of Wyoming 1998 PWS Compliance Report 

Violations for 1998 

Violations Category 

MCL Treatment Technique Significant Monitoring 

Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation Violations 

Systems in 

Violation 

Chemical Contaminant Group 0 0 52 52* 

Total Coliform Rule 70 56 194 144 

Surface Water Treatment Rule 33 12 5 4 

Lead and Copper Rule 0 0 2 2 

Total Number of 

Regulated Systems 800** 

Total Number of 

Systems in Violation 270* 

Total Number of 

Violations 356 

* Possibly overcounts violating systems. 

** This number is an approximation provided by EPA. 

Where to Obtain 1998 Annual State Public Water Systems Report 

The report for the state of Wyoming is available from: John Gillis, EPA Region 8, 999 18th Street, Suite 500, 

Denver, CO 80202-2466, phone (303) 312-6229. 

Page B–62 • April 2000 1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix B 
Appendix C

Map of Indian Lands

Indian Lands 

1998 National Public Water Systems Compliance Report — Appendix C Page C–1 • March 2000