IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA

No. 06–0163

Filed May 1, 2009

KATHRYN S. BARNHILL,

Plaintiff,

vs.

IOWA DISTRICT COURT FOR POLK COUNTY,

Defendant.

On review from the Iowa Court of Appeals.

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Douglas F. 

Staskal, Judge.

Attorney seeks further review after court of appeals upheld 

sanctions ordered against her. WRIT ANNULLED.

Kathryn S. Barnhill of Barnhill & Associates P.C., West Des 

Moines, pro se.

Wade R. Hauser III of Ahlers & Cooney, P.C., Des Moines, for 

defendant.
2

STREIT, Justice.

An Iowa attorney brought a class-action lawsuit on behalf of 

homeowners against the manufacturer of roofing shingles and its 

president. The action asserted seven theories of recovery, most of which 

were based in contract. After the district court granted summary 

judgment in favor of the manufacturer and its president, the president 

requested sanctions against the attorney who filed the class action. The 

president argued sanctions were appropriate because the claims against 

him lacked merit both in law and in fact and cost him considerable 

expense to defend. The district court agreed and sanctioned the attorney 

$25,000. The attorney filed a petition for writ of certiorari challenging 

the court’s sanction. The court of appeals found no error and annulled 

the writ. Because we conclude the district court did not abuse its 

discretion in imposing sanctions, we agree the writ should be annulled.

I. Facts and Prior Proceedings.

The underlying controversy in this case arose from allegations that 

Tamko Roofing Products, Inc. manufactured and sold defective roofing 

shingles that were installed on the class-action plaintiffs’ homes or 

structures by Jerry’s Homes, Inc. In 1998, Jerry’s Homes, represented 

by attorney Kathryn Barnhill, filed suit against Tamko in the Iowa 

district court. The purpose of the lawsuit was to either compel Tamko to 

repair the roofs on over 400 houses built by Jerry’s Homes or, in the 

alternative, recover sufficient damages for Jerry’s Homes to make the 

repairs itself. Jerry’s Homes asserted Tamko promised it would repair 

the damages to the shingles when problems first arose with the quality of 

the shingles. The case was removed to federal court based on diversity. 

Most of the claims were dismissed on summary judgment, including the 

claims for breach of express and implied warranty and fraud. A jury 
3

returned a verdict in favor of Jerry’s Homes for $1.6 million on the 

promissory estoppel claim, but the court granted Tamko’s post-trial 

motion to vacate the verdict. The district court’s ruling was affirmed on 

appeal. See Jerry’s Homes, Inc. v. Tamko Roofing Prods., Inc., 40 Fed. 

App’x 326 (8th Cir. 2002).

In March 2001, Barnhill filed a class-action lawsuit in an Iowa 

district court against Tamko and David Humphreys, Tamko’s president 

and CEO. The class consisted of people who had either directly or 

indirectly purchased the allegedly defective shingles, including through 

Jerry’s Homes. Jerry’s Homes itself was a representative plaintiff. The 

petition (after four amendments) asserted the following claims against

Tamko and Humphreys: (1) breach of express warranty, (2) breach of 

implied warranty, (3) fraudulent misrepresentation, (4) negligent 

misrepresentation, (5) rescission due to impermissible liquidated 

damages, (6) rescission due to unconscionability of express warranty, 

and (7) violation of a Missouri statute prohibiting unfair business 

practices.1

Following discovery, the plaintiffs filed a motion for class 

certification, and defendants filed motions for summary judgment on 

every allegation of plaintiffs’ petition. Before ruling on the summary 

The petition asserted Humphreys “at all times relevant hereto 

directed and controlled the actions of [Tamko] with respect to the 

allegations herein.” For the most part, the allegations made no 

distinction between Tamko and Humphreys.

 1Tamko is a Missouri corporation located in Joplin, Missouri. Although the 

Missouri statute was not expressly pled against Humphreys, there is a reference in the 

petitions that Humphreys should be liable for punitive damages for violating the 

statute. Further, during the sanctions hearing, Barnhill admitted that she should have 

included Humphreys’ name in the petition under that count and that she argued 

Humphreys violated the statute in every hearing.
4

judgment motions, the court certified the case as a class action against 

both defendants. We allowed a limited remand to permit the district 

court to rule on the pending motions for summary judgment. On 

remand, the district court dismissed six of the seven counts against 

Humphreys and a substantial part of the case against Tamko. In 

particular, the court dismissed the claims of Jerry’s Homes and another 

plaintiff on grounds of res judicata. Fraudulent misrepresentation was 

the only claim remaining against Humphreys. The appeal then 

proceeded with the court of appeals affirming the dismissal of the six 

claims against Humphreys and reversing the district court’s failure to 

grant summary judgment on the final claim of fraudulent 

misrepresentation. Sharp v. Tamko Roofing Prods., Inc., No. 02–0728 

(Iowa Ct. App. Nov. 15, 2004). At this point, all claims against 

Humphreys were dismissed on summary judgment. The district court 

subsequently granted summary judgment in favor of Tamko on the two 

remaining issues. The court of appeals affirmed the dismissal of these 

claims. Sharp v. Tamko Roofing Prods., Inc., No. 05–1372 (Iowa Ct. App. 

Oct. 11, 2006).

During the pendency of these appeals, Humphreys filed a motion 

for sanctions against all of the named plaintiffs and their attorney, 

Barnhill, pursuant to Iowa Code section 619.19 (2001) and Iowa Rule of 

Civil Procedure 1.413(1). He asserted: “None of the claims pursued by 

plaintiffs in this case against Humphreys were well grounded in fact or 

warranted by existing law or a good faith argument for the extension, 

modification, or reversal of existing law.”
5

The district court2 found Barnhill violated rule 1.413 with respect 

to each and every claim against Humphreys, although it did not sanction 

her for the fraudulent misrepresentation claim. It sanctioned Barnhill 

and ordered her to pay Humphreys $25,000 of the nearly $150,000 he 

had incurred in attorneys’ fees defending the case. In its order, the 

district court stated:

In summary, the pleadings and other documents filed by 

Barnhill in this case have in general such a confusing, 

convoluted, self-contradictory and elusively vague, 

ambiguous, indirect and constantly shifting quality as to 

compel the conclusion that the case was made up as it went 

along. It is as though Barnhill said whatever needed to be 

said at each step to just get past the moment, whether there 

was a legitimate basis for saying it or not. In the process, 

Barnhill has violated Rule 1.413(1).

Barnhill filed a petition for writ of certiorari. We transferred the 

case to the court of appeals, which annulled the writ. On further review, 

we do so as well.

II. Scope of Review.

We review a district court’s decision on whether to impose 

sanctions for an abuse of discretion. Mathias v. Glandon, 448 N.W.2d 

443, 445 (Iowa 1989). The proper means to review a district court’s 

order imposing sanctions is by writ of certiorari. Id. Certiorari is a 

procedure to test whether a lower board, tribunal, or court exceeded its 

proper jurisdiction or otherwise acted illegally. Iowa R. Civ. P. 1.1401. 

“Relief through certiorari is strictly limited to questions of jurisdiction or 

illegality of the challenged acts.” French v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 546 N.W.2d 

911, 913 (Iowa 1996). Although our review is for an abuse of discretion, 

 2The motions for summary judgment and the motion for sanctions against 

Barnhill were not before the same judge. Judge Rosenberg ruled on the summary 

judgment motions. Judge Staskal ruled on Humphreys’ motion for sanctions and 

determined the appropriate sanction.
6

we will correct erroneous application of the law. Weigel v. Weigel, 467 

N.W.2d 277, 280 (Iowa 1991). The district court’s findings of fact, 

however, are binding on us if supported by substantial evidence. 

Zimmermann v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 480 N.W.2d 70, 74 (Iowa 1992).

III. Merits.

A. Rule 1.413. The district court found Barnhill committed 

numerous violations of Iowa Rule of Civil Procedure 1.413. That rule 

states in pertinent part:

Counsel’s signature to every motion, pleading, or other paper 

shall be deemed a certificate that: counsel has read the 

motion, pleading, or other paper; that to the best of counsel’s 

knowledge, information, and belief, formed after reasonable 

inquiry, it is well grounded in fact and is warranted by 

existing law or a good faith argument for the extension, 

modification, or reversal of existing law; and that it is not 

interposed for any improper purpose, such as to harass or 

cause an unnecessary delay or needless increase in the cost 

of litigation. . . . If a motion, pleading, or other paper is 

signed in violation of this rule, the court, upon motion or 

upon its own initiative, shall impose upon the person who 

signed it, a represented party, or both, an appropriate 

sanction, which may include an order to pay the other party 

or parties the amount of the reasonable expenses incurred 

because of the filing of the motion, pleading, or other paper, 

including a reasonable attorney fee.

Iowa Code section 619.19 is identical in substance.

The rule creates three duties known as the “reading, inquiry, and 

purpose elements.” Weigel, 467 N.W.2d at 280. Each duty is 

independent of the others, and a breach of one duty is a violation of the 

rule. Harris v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 570 N.W.2d 772, 776 (Iowa Ct. App. 1997). 

If a document is signed in violation of rule 1.413, the court is required to 

impose an appropriate sanction. See Mathias, 448 N.W.2d at 445 (“We 

are mindful the rule and statute directs the court to impose a sanction

when it finds a violation.”).
7

Compliance with the rule is determined as of the time the paper is 

filed. Weigel, 467 N.W.2d at 280. Counsel’s conduct is measured by an 

objective, not subjective, standard of reasonableness under the 

circumstances. Id. at 281. “The test is ‘reasonableness under the 

circumstances,’ and the standard to be used is that of a reasonably 

competent attorney admitted to practice before the district court.” Id. 

(citations omitted) (quoting Golden Eagle Distrib. Corp. v. Burroughs 

Corp., 801 F.2d 1531, 1536 (9th Cir. 1986)). The reasonableness of the 

signer’s inquiry into the facts and law depends on a number of factors, 

including, but not limited to: (a) the amount of time available to the 

signer to investigate the facts and research and analyze the relevant legal 

issues; (b) the complexity of the factual and legal issues in question; (c) 

the extent to which pre-signing investigation was feasible; (d) the extent 

to which pertinent facts were in the possession of the opponent or third 

parties or otherwise not readily available to the signer; (e) the clarity or 

ambiguity of existing law; (f) the plausibility of the legal positions 

asserted; (g) the knowledge of the signer; (h) whether the signer is an 

attorney or pro se litigant; (i) the extent to which counsel relied upon his 

or her client for the facts underlying the pleading, motion, or other paper; 

(j) the extent to which counsel had to rely upon his or her client for facts 

underlying the pleading, motion, or other paper; and (k) the resources 

available to devote to the inquiries. Mathias, 448 N.W.2d at 446–47 

(citing ABA Section on Litigation, Standard and Guidelines for Practice 

under Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (1988), reprinted in 

121 F.R.D. 101, 114 (1988)).

One of the primary goals of the rule is to maintain a high degree of 

professionalism in the practice of law. Weigel, 467 N.W.2d at 282. The 

rule is intended to discourage parties and counsel from filing frivolous 
8

suits and otherwise deter misuse of pleadings, motions, or other papers. 

Hearity v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 440 N.W.2d 860, 864 (Iowa 1989). Sanctions 

are meant to avoid the general cost to the judicial system in terms of 

wasted time and money. Breitbach v. Christenson, 541 N.W.2d 840, 846 

(Iowa 1995). “The ‘improper purpose’ clause seeks to eliminate tactics 

that divert attention from the relevant issues, waste time, and serve to 

trivialize the adjudicatory process.” Hearity, 440 N.W.2d at 866 (quoting 

Mark S. Cady, Curbing Litigation Abuse and Misuse: A Judicial Approach, 

36 Drake L. Rev. 483, 499 (1987) [hereinafter Cady]). However, a party 

or his attorney need not act in subjective bad faith or with malice to 

trigger a violation. Perkins v. Gen. Motors Corp., 129 F.R.D. 655, 658 

(W.D. Mo. 1990). A party or his attorney cannot use ignorance of the law 

or legal procedure as an excuse. Id. The rule “ ‘was designed to prevent 

abuse caused not only by bad faith but by negligence and, to some 

extent, professional incompetence.’ ” Id. (quoting Gaiardo v. Ethyl Corp., 

835 F.2d 479, 482 (3d Cir. 1987)). Moreover, because rule 1.413 is 

based on Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11, we look to federal decisions 

applying rule 11 for guidance. Mathias, 448 N.W.2d at 445.

B. Application. With these principles in mind, we turn to the 

claims Barnhill asserted against Humphreys on behalf of the plaintiffs. 

We must determine whether the district court abused its discretion in 

concluding a reasonably competent Iowa attorney would not have 

brought these claims and that $25,000 is an appropriate sanction.

1. Warranty claims. Barnhill alleged Humphreys breached express 

and implied warranties made by Tamko. The district court found there 

was no reasonable basis to assert a breach-of-warranty claim against 

Humphreys because a corporate officer is not ordinarily liable for the 

contracts of the corporation. See Bossuyt v. Osage Farmers Nat’l
9

Bank, 360 N.W.2d 769, 778 (Iowa 1985). Barnhill never argued the 

court should ignore Tamko’s corporate existence. See In re Marriage of 

Ballstaedt, 606 N.W.2d 345, 349 (Iowa 2000) (discussing the factors that

must be proven in order to “pierc[e] the corporate veil”).

Instead, she asserted these warranty claims were legitimate 

against Humphreys because they were based in tort rather than contract 

law. While it is true a corporate officer is individually liable for the torts 

he commits in his official capacity, see Haupt v. Miller, 514 N.W.2d 905, 

908 (Iowa 1994), it is not true that a breach of warranty claim is founded 

in tort law.

Barnhill quoted from Tomka v. Hoechst Celanese Corp., 528 

N.W.2d 103 (Iowa 1995), to support her contention that a breach of 

warranty can be based on a tort theory:

[C]ontract law protects a purchaser’s expectation interest 

that the product received will be fit for its intended use. The 

essence of products liability law is that the plaintiff has been 

exposed, through a dangerous product, to a risk of injury to 

his person or property. As the Wisconsin Supreme Court 

summarized, “defects of suitability and quality are redressed 

through contract actions and safety hazards through tort 

actions.”

Tomka, 528 N.W.2d at 107 (citations omitted) (quoting Northridge Co. v. 

W.R. Grace & Co., 471 N.W.2d 179, 185 (Wis. 1991)).

No reasonably competent attorney would conclude, based on this 

passage, that a breach of warranty can be based on a tort theory. In 

Tomka, this court was simply distinguishing warranty claims, which are 

based on contract, from product-liability claims, which are based on tort 

law. Id. It was not creating or implicitly accepting “tort-warranty 

theories” as Barnhill alleges. In fact, the very next sentence of the 

opinion makes clear breach-of-warranty claims are contractual claims: 

“We think the damage sustained by Tomka here clearly falls within 
10

contract-warranty theories, not tort theories.” Id. (emphasis added). 

Thus, the district court correctly concluded Barnhill violated rule 1.413

when she asserted warranty claims against Humphreys.

2. Claims based on rescission. Likewise, it was inappropriate for 

Barnhill to allege rescission claims against Humphreys, which are 

obviously contract claims. Notably, Barnhill did not even address the 

rescission claims in her brief to this court.

3. Fraudulent misrepresentation claim. Barnhill also pursued a 

claim for fraudulent misrepresentation against Humphreys. The district 

court did not grant Humphreys’ motion for summary judgment on the 

issue of fraudulent misrepresentation; however, the court of appeals did.

Although the district court, in ruling on Humphreys’ motion for 

sanctions, found “the manner in which this claim was pled against 

Humphreys violated rule 1.413 because Barnhill pled facts that were 

literally untrue,” the court did not sanction Barnhill for bringing the 

fraudulent misrepresentation claim. As the court noted, “Humphreys 

would have had to defend against the fraudulent misrepresentation claim 

in any event,” because the district court did not dismiss this claim on 

summary judgment.

4. Negligent misrepresentation claim. On behalf of the plaintiffs, 

Barnhill also pursued a claim of negligent misrepresentation against 

Humphreys. However, a negligent misrepresentation claim may only be 

brought against “a person in the profession or business of supplying 

information.” Meier v. Alfa-Laval, Inc., 454 N.W.2d 576, 581 (Iowa 1990). 

The cause of action is not available against product manufacturers or 

product sellers who supply information about the product in connection 

with its sale. Id.; accord Haupt, 514 N.W.2d at 910. Humphreys’ 

attorney sent Barnhill a letter in August 2001 (early in the litigation 
11

process), advising her of the Meier case and urging her to dismiss the 

negligent misrepresentation claim as it was contrary to Iowa law.

Barnhill claimed she was justified in pursuing a negligence claim 

against Humphreys because Tamko maintained an in-house testing 

laboratory, which reported directly to Humphreys. To submit a warranty 

claim, Tamko customers were required to send one of their shingles to 

Tamko’s labs for testing. Barnhill argued the lab committed negligent 

misrepresentation when it provided plaintiffs with lab results indicating 

no evidence of manufacturing defect.

There are several problems with Barnhill’s argument. First, she 

wrongly cites Burbach v. Radon Analytical Laboratories, Inc., 652 N.W.2d 

135 (Iowa 2002), for the proposition that “[t]he Iowa Supreme Court has 

held testing laboratories are in the business of supplying information.” 

Burbach had nothing to do with testing laboratories. Rather, in that 

case, we held a home inspection company (with a name that happened to 

include the word “laboratories”) could be liable for negligent 

misrepresentation despite it not knowing who “the ultimate buyer of the 

property might be or when a purchase might occur.” Burbach, 652 

N.W.2d at 138. Secondly, Barnhill claimed Tamko’s lab reports “were 

intended solely to induce reliance by customers to prevent them from 

filing lawsuits against Tamko.” Assuming arguendo that statement is 

true, there is still no cause of action because the plaintiffs obviously did 

not rely on these reports to their detriment—they filed suit. See Beeck v. 

Kapalis, 302 N.W.2d 90, 97 (Iowa 1981) (stating reliance is one of the 

elements of negligent misrepresentation). Finally, Barnhill’s argument 

fails because there was no evidence to suggest Humphreys personally 

took part in the lab reports. See Haupt, 514 N.W.2d at 909 (holding 
12

“corporate officers can be held liable for negligence if they take part 

personally in the commission of the tort against a third party”).

In sum, a reasonably competent attorney would have ascertained 

whether negligent misrepresentation is an available cause of action 

against manufacturers or product sellers (and their corporate officers) 

before filing suit. Thus, the district court did not abuse its discretion in 

ruling Barnhill violated rule 1.413 when she brought this claim against 

Humphreys.

5. Claim based on a Missouri statute. Finally, Barnhill alleged 

Humphreys violated Missouri’s Unfair Business Practices Act. See Mo. 

Rev. Stat. § 407.020(1) (2008). Although the Act allows a private cause 

of action, it requires the action be brought in a Missouri circuit court. 

Id. § 407.025(1); see Foreman v. Discount Motors, Inc., 629 S.W.2d 635, 

637 (Mo. Ct. App. 1982) (stating when a statute “ ‘gives a right of action, 

and at the same time prescribes the means by which, or the court in 

which, the right is to be enforced, resort cannot be had to any other 

means or court than that prescribed’ ” (quoting Carlisle v. Mo. Pac. Ry., 

68 S.W. 898, 900 (Mo. 1902))).3

Although Barnhill argued in her appellate brief and application for 

further review that the Missouri statute was never pled against 

Humphreys, there is a reference in the petitions that Humphreys should 

be liable for punitive damages for violating the statute. Further, during

the hearing to determine what sanctions should be imposed, Barnhill 

admitted she should have included Humphreys’ name in the petition 

under that count, and she argued he violated the statute in every 

hearing.

 3Barnhill does not contend the state of Missouri cannot define the jurisdiction of 

an Iowa court.
13

The district court found a reasonably competent attorney would

have discovered through research the jurisdictional requirement and not 

brought such a cause of action in an Iowa district court. We agree. 

Therefore, Barnhill’s assertion of this claim violated rule 1.413.

C. Sanctions. Under rule 1.413, “the court . . . shall impose 

upon the person who [violated this rule] an appropriate sanction, which 

may include an order to pay the other party . . . the amount of 

reasonable expenses incurred . . . including a reasonable attorney fee.” 

We have determined the purpose of imposing monetary sanctions is to 

(1) deter attorneys from filing frivolous lawsuits, Hearity, 440 N.W.2d at 

864, and (2) avoid the general cost to the judicial system in terms of 

wasted time and money, Breitbach, 541 N.W.2d at 846.

Although this case does not involve Rule 11, the federal rule is 

instructive in explaining the nature of sanctions: “A sanction imposed 

under this rule must be limited to what suffices to deter repetition of 

such conduct or comparable conduct by others similarly situated.” Fed. 

R. Civ. P. 11(c)(4). Deterrence, not compensation, is the primary purpose 

of Rule 11 sanctions. In re Kunstler, 914 F.2d 505, 522 (4th Cir. 1990). 

A sanction is imposed with the hope a litigant or lawyer will “ ‘stop, think 

and investigate more carefully before serving and filing papers.’ ” Cooter 

& Gell v. Hartmarx Corp., 496 U.S. 384, 398, 110 S. Ct. 2447, 2457, 110 

L. Ed. 2d 359, 377 (1990) (quoting Amendments to Federal Rules of Civil 

Procedure, 97 F.R.D. 165, 192 (1983) (Letter from Judge Walter 

Mansfield, Chairman, Advisory Committee on Civil Rules) (Mar. 9, 1982)). 

However, as the Sixth Circuit pointed out, “although it is clear that Rule 

11 is not intended to be a compensatory mechanism in the first instance, 

it is equally clear that effective deterrence sometimes requires 

compensating the victim for attorney fees arising from abusive litigation.” 
14

Rentz v. Dynasty Apparel Indus., Inc., 556 F.3d 389, 400 (6th Cir. 2009). 

The Sixth Circuit has also concluded that de minimis sanctions are 

“simply inadequate to deter Rule 11 violations.” Id. at 402.

With these purposes in mind, we turn to determining the 

appropriate amount of sanction. We have yet to establish criteria to 

assist the district court in determining an appropriate sanction.

The ABA has set forth the following factors a court may consider in 

assessing the amount of a monetary sanction:

a. the good faith or bad faith of the offender;

b. the degree of willfulness, vindictiveness, negligence 

or frivolousness involved in the offense;

c. the knowledge, experience and expertise of the 

offender;

d. any prior history of sanctionable conduct on the 

part of the offender;

e. the reasonableness and necessity of the out-ofpocket expenses incurred by the offended person as a result 

of the misconduct;

f. the nature and extent of prejudice, apart from outof-pocket expenses, suffered by the offended person as a 

result of the misconduct;

g. the relative culpability of client and counsel, and 

the impact on their privileged relationship of an inquiry into 

that area;

h. the risk of chilling the specific type of litigation 

involved;

i. the impact of the sanction on the offender, including 

the offender’s ability to pay a monetary sanction;

j. the impact of the sanction on the offended party, 

including the offended person’s need for compensation;

k. the relative magnitude of sanction necessary to 

achieve the goal or goals of the sanction;
15

l. burdens on the court system attributable to the 

misconduct, including consumption of judicial time and 

incurrence of juror fees and other court costs;

m. the degree to which the offended person attempted 

to mitigate any prejudice suffered by him or her;

n. the degree to which the offended person’s own 

behavior caused the expenses for which recovery is sought;

o. the extent to which the offender persisted in 

advancing a position while on notice that the position was 

not well grounded in fact or warranted by existing law or a 

good faith argument for the extension, modification or 

reversal of existing law; and

p. the time of, and circumstances surrounding, any 

voluntary withdrawal of a pleading, motion or other paper.

ABA Section of Litigation, Standards and Guidelines for Practice under 

Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (1988), reprinted in 121 

F.R.D. 101, 125–26 (1988). The Fourth Circuit articulated the following 

four factors when determining a monetary sanction: “(1) the 

reasonableness of the opposing party’s attorney’s fees; (2) the minimum 

to deter; (3) the ability to pay; and (4) factors related to the severity of the 

. . . violation.” Kunstler, 914 F.2d at 523; see also White v. Gen. Motors 

Corp., 908 F.2d 675, 684–85 (10th Cir. 1990). We find the Fourth 

Circuit’s considerations instructive in determining an appropriate 

monetary sanction for a rule 1.413 violation. However, we also 

encourage district courts to consider the ABA factors as they relate to the 

issues identified in the four-factor test when determining an appropriate 

monetary sanction.

In this case, there was substantial evidence supporting a $25,000 

sanction. Not only did the district court consider all four factors listed 

above as well as several of the ABA considerations, but it balanced the

twin purposes of compensation and deterrence set forth in our case law. 

See Breitbach, 541 N.W.2d at 846; Hearity, 440 N.W.2d at 864. The 
16

court analyzed the expenses Humphreys incurred in defending himself, 

the deterrence factor, and the nature and number of rule 1.413 

violations. Although the district court’s order imposing sanctions does 

not discuss Barnhill’s ability to pay, at the hearing to determine the 

amount of sanctions, Barnhill did say, “a large sanction will put [my firm] 

out of business.” The court heard Barnhill’s statement and sanctioned 

her for $25,000.

In determining the amount of the sanction, the district court noted 

that Humphreys’ itemization of his fee claim ($148,596.374

Although the court did not explain why $25,000 specifically was 

necessary to deter Barnhill, it did state

) was over 

sixteen, single-spaced pages with about 400 entries and the court file for 

this case (of over four years) was at least twenty-two volumes. The 

$25,000 sanction is reasonable given the legal and factual issues 

involved and the sheer number of pleadings, motions, discovery, and 

hearings. In total, there were six sanctionable counts asserted against 

Humphreys, five petitions, more than a dozen individually-named 

plaintiffs, eight motions for summary judgment against nine individuallynamed plaintiffs, a class certification appeal, limited remand procedures, 

and a summary judgment appeal. Even though Humphreys would have 

had to defend against the fraudulent misrepresentation claim (according 

to the district court), he still had to defend against six other claims.

Humphreys’ attorney had to read, research, and respond to each claim. 

He had to conduct and participate in discovery and file motions for 

summary judgment and respond when Barnhill repeatedly attacked 

them.

 4Barnhill never contended that $148,596.37 was an unreasonable amount of 

attorney’s fees.
17

[n]ot imposing a sanction in a case where an attorney 

pursues six unfounded claims along with one legitimate 

claim on the ground that the other party had to defend the 

legitimate claim anyway would reward, not deter, the filing of 

frivolous claims.

We believe a lesser sanction would not be sufficient “to deter repetition of 

such conduct or comparable conduct by others similarly situated,” Fed. 

R. Civ. P. 11(c)(4), especially in cases like this where there is a potential 

for a hefty settlement. See Rentz, 556 F.3d at 402 (determining a $2,500 

sanction was not sufficient to deter where defendants incurred nearly 

$30,000 in attorneys’ fees due to sanctionable conduct).

In addition to the sanctionable conduct, the district court was also 

frustrated with Barnhill’s trial tactics and lack of candor and 

forthrightness, both of which led to the extension of the proceedings and

increased legal expenses incurred by Humphreys. As the district court 

pointed out, “It was as though Barnhill said whatever needed to be said 

at each step to just get past the moment, whether there was a legitimate 

basis for saying it or not.”5

 5The district court also stated:

 Further, Barnhill displayed a lack of candor 

on several occasions throughout this litigation. She repeatedly and 

vehemently represented to the court that every single plaintiff in the 

class action suit individually selected the specific shingles, when in fact 

many of her clients did not personally select the shingles. In addition, in

her response to Humphreys’ motion for sanctions, Barnhill asserted she 

never pled Humphreys violated the Missouri statute; yet Barnhill “fought 

Barnhill vigorously resisted Humphreys’ counsel’s attempt to have his 

then pending motions for summary judgment heard and decided before 

class certification proceedings were undertaken. Had this procedure 

been followed, it is likely that Humphreys would have been out of this 

case before he incurred the cost of the class certification proceedings. All 

but one of the claims against him would have been dismissed by [the 

judge]. . . .
18

tooth and nail . . . to preserve a claim that Mr. Humphreys violated that 

act.” The district court called her out on her actions and asked her 

whether she was being “honest with the court.” As we have stated,

“A lawyer has a very special responsibility for candor and 

fairness in all of his dealings with a court. Absent mutual 

trust and confidence between a judge and a lawyer—an 

officer of the court—the judicial process will be impeded and 

the administration of justice frustrated.”

Iowa Supreme Ct. Bd. of Prof’l Ethics & Conduct v. Plumb, 546 N.W.2d 

215, 217–18 (Iowa 1996) (quoting People v. Selby, 606 P.2d 45, 47 (Colo. 

1979)); see also Iowa Code Prof’l Responsibility DR 7–102(A)(5) (2004) (“a 

lawyer shall not . . . knowingly make a false statement of law or fact”).

The test of an attorney’s actions in zealously pursuing his or her 

client’s interests is one of reasonableness. Weigel, 467 N.W.2d at 281. In 

looking at all of Barnhill’s efforts in pursuit of her quest, it is clear her 

only reason for keeping Humphreys in the litigation was to force or 

coerce a settlement of the litigation so Humphreys would avoid personal 

liability. Although it would be fair to conclude corporate officers will pay 

closer attention to litigation if personal liability is at issue, it is an abuse 

to drag corporate officers into corporate litigation with hopes to affect 

their attitude and professional judgment involving corporate 

responsibilities and obligations. Barnhill’s lack of candor was pervasive 

throughout her pleadings, the motion for summary judgment 

proceedings, and the sanctions proceedings.

We conclude the district court’s factual findings are supported by 

substantial evidence, and we agree with the district court’s legal 

conclusions and application of law to the facts. Consequently, we hold 

the court did not abuse its discretion in ordering Barnhill to pay $25,000 

toward Humphreys’ attorney fees. Under the circumstances, a $25,000 
19

sanction is appropriate both to deter Barnhill (and other attorneys) from 

similar conduct in the future and to partly compensate Humphreys for 

expenses incurred.

In sanctioning Barnhill, we note rule 1.413 is not meant to stifle 

the creativity of attorneys or deter attorneys from challenging or 

attempting to expand existing precedent. Our law is constantly evolving 

and hopefully improving because talented attorneys are willing to fight 

uphill battles. See, e.g., Speight v. Walters Dev. Co., 744 N.W.2d 108

(Iowa 2008) (recognizing a claim of breach of implied warranty of 

workmanlike construction brought by subsequent purchasers against 

home builder); Comes v. Microsoft Corp., 646 N.W.2d 440 (Iowa 2002) 

(recognizing a cause of action exists for all consumers, regardless of one's 

technical status as direct or indirect purchaser, who are injured by 

conduct prohibited by Iowa Competition Law).

Admittedly, there is a fine line at times between zealous advocacy 

and frivolous claims. Cady at 497. However, we agree with the district 

court and the court of appeals this line has been crossed in the present 

case. Our standard of review is appropriately deferential to the district 

court because it is in the best position to evaluate counsel’s actions and 

motivations. In this case, the district court found that “[n]o reasonably 

competent attorney practicing in this court” would have pursued these 

claims against Humphreys. See Andrews v. Bible, 812 S.W.2d 284, 293 

n.4 (Tenn. 1991) (noting a violation of rule 11 could stem from 

“inexperience, incompetence, neglect, willfulness, or deliberate choice”). 

It specifically found Barnhill “made up [the case] as it went along.” Such 

conduct will not be tolerated by our judicial system.

An attorney making a good-faith challenge to existing law may still 

rely on notice pleading. But there comes a point in every case—usually 
20

in response to a motion for summary judgment—when the attorney must 

acknowledge controlling precedent with “candor and honesty” while 

asserting reasons to modify or change existing law. Cady at 498. Such 

arguments need not be successful to avoid sanctions. Id. at 497. 

However, we will not allow an attorney to act incompetently or 

stubbornly persistent, contrary to the law or facts, and then later 

attempt to avoid sanctions by arguing he or she was merely trying to 

expand or reverse existing case law. Barnhill did not demonstrate to the 

district court she knowingly made a “good faith argument for the 

extension, modification, or reversal of existing law.” Iowa R. Civ. P. 1.413.

Consequently, the $25,000 sanction was warranted in light of the 

number of meritless claims asserted, the expense and time necessary to 

dispose of them, and most importantly, the amount necessary to deter 

such conduct in the future.

IV. Conclusion.

The district court did not abuse its discretion when it sanctioned 

Barnhill for pursuing frivolous claims against Humphreys.

WRIT ANNULLED.

All justices concur except Wiggins and Hecht, JJ., who dissent and 

Appel and Baker, JJ., who take no part.
21

#63/06–0163, Barnhill v. Iowa Dist. Ct.

WIGGINS, Justice (dissenting).

I dissent. Although I agree with the majority that Barnhill’s 

conduct is sanctionable, I disagree with the way the district court and 

the majority determined the amount of the sanction. 

Iowa Rule of Civil Procedure 1.413(1) is patterned after Federal 

Rule of Civil Procedure 11, as amended in 1983. See Cooter & Gell v. 

Hartmarx Corp., 496 U.S. 384, 391–92, 110 S. Ct. 2447, 2453–54, 110 

L. Ed. 2d 359, 373 (1990) (quoting Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11 as 

it existed after the 1983 amendment). We look to cases interpreting the 

1983 amendment to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11 to aid us in our 

interpretation of rule 1.413(1). Weigel v. Weigel, 467 N.W.2d 277, 279 

(Iowa 1991). In Weigel, we relied on Cooter & Gell to determine the 

proper standard of review. Id. at 280.

The first error made by the majority is to say a sanction under rule 

1.413 has the “twin purposes of compensation and deterrence.” The 

cases cited by the majority do not support that proposition. Hearity v. 

Iowa District Court, 440 N.W.2d 860 (Iowa 1989), recognizes the intent of 

the rule is “to discourage parties and their counsel from filing frivolous 

lawsuits and to otherwise deter misuse of pleadings, motions, or other 

court papers.” Hearity, 440 N.W.2d at 864. Breitbach v. Christenson, 

541 N.W.2d 840 (Iowa 1995), does not say compensation is a purpose of 

the sanction. Breitbach, 541 N.W.2d at 846. Breitbach says a sanction 

is warranted because “this matter has been very costly to the opposing 

litigants and the judicial system in terms of wasted time and money.” Id. 

Although, the court awarded the fees expended as a sanction, it did not 

say it made the award to compensate the party because this was not an 

issue in the case.
22

When Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11 first was enacted, the 

circuits and the commentators were split on whether the purpose of a 

sanction was compensation or deterrence. See 5A Charles Alan Wright & 

Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1334, 541–42 (3d ed. 

2004) (discussing the different schools of thought as to the purpose of 

the rule). In 1990 the Supreme Court made it clear that the central 

purpose of a sanction under rule 11 is to deter baseless filings in district 

court. Cooter & Gell, 496 U.S. at 393, 110 S. Ct. at 2454, 110 L. Ed. 2d 

at 374. The purpose of a sanction under rule 11 or rule 1.413 is not to 

compensate a party for attorney fees expended.

Although rule 11 allows an award of attorney fees to the opposing 

party, the rule’s mention of attorney fees does not create an entitlement 

to full compensation when an opposing party files a frivolous pleading. 

White v. Gen. Motors Corp., 908 F.2d 675, 683–84 (10th Cir. 1990). The 

sanction chosen by the court should be the least severe sanction 

adequate to deter a party from filing frivolous pleadings. Navarro-Ayala 

v. Nunez, 968 F.2d 1421, 1426–27 (1st Cir. 1992); In re Kunstler, 914 

F.2d 505, 522 (4th Cir. 1990); White, 908 F.2d at 684–85.6

 6In 1993, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11 was amended. Rule 11(c) now 

provides:

 

(c) Sanctions.

(1) In General. If, after notice and a reasonable opportunity to 

respond, the court determines that Rule 11(b) has been violated, the 

court may impose an appropriate sanction on any attorney, law firm, or 

party that violated the rule or is responsible for the violation. Absent 

exceptional circumstances, a law firm must be held jointly responsible 

for a violation committed by its partner, associate, or employee. 

(2) Motion for Sanctions. A motion for sanctions must be made 

separately from any other motion and must describe the specific conduct 

that allegedly violates Rule 11(b). The motion must be served under Rule 

5, but it must not be filed or be presented to the court if the challenged 

paper, claim, defense, contention, or denial is withdrawn or appropriately 

corrected within 21 days after service or within another time the court 
23

The second error the majority makes is stating the district court 

followed the four-step test of the fourth and tenth circuits when it 

awarded the sanction to the defendant. The four-step test referred to by 

the majority is the roadmap developed by these circuits that a court 

should follow when awarding sanctions under rule 11 as it existed in 

1983. The first step is to determine the reasonableness of the opposing 

party’s attorney fees incurred by defending the action. Kunstler, 914 

F.2d at 523; White, 908 F.2d at 684. In determining the reasonableness, 

only the time an attorney expends in response to actions that are 

sanctioned should be considered. Bodenhamer Bldg. Corp. v. 

 

sets. If warranted, the court may award to the prevailing party the 

reasonable expenses, including attorney’s fees, incurred for the motion. 

(3) On the Court’s Initiative. On its own, the court may order an 

attorney, law firm, or party to show cause why conduct specifically 

described in the order has not violated Rule 11(b). 

(4) Nature of a Sanction. A sanction imposed under this rule must 

be limited to what suffices to deter repetition of the conduct or 

comparable conduct by others similarly situated. The sanction may 

include nonmonetary directives; an order to pay a penalty into court; or, 

if imposed on motion and warranted for effective deterrence, an order 

directing payment to the movant of part or all of the reasonable 

attorney’s fees and other expenses directly resulting from the violation. 

(5) Limitations on Monetary Sanctions. The court must not impose 

a monetary sanction: 

(A) against a represented party for violating Rule 11(b)(2); or 

(B) on its own, unless it issued the show-cause order under 

Rule 11(c)(3) before voluntary dismissal or settlement of the 

claims made by or against the party that is, or whose attorneys 

are, to be sanctioned. 

(6) Requirements for an Order. An order imposing a sanction 

must describe the sanctioned conduct and explain the basis for the 

sanction. 

Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(c). This amendment incorporates the principle that a sanction should 

be the least severe sanction adequate to deter a party from filing frivolous pleadings. Id. 

r. 11(c)(4). The amendment also requires the court to explain the basis for a sanction. 

Id. r. 11(c)(6). As I point out later in this dissent, neither the district court nor the 

majority explained the basis for its sanction.
24

Architectural Research Corp., 989 F.2d 213, 218 (6th Cir. 1993); Kunstler, 

914 F.2d at 523. As my colleague, Justice Cady, noted when he was on 

the district court bench, “[w]hen a petition contains a mixture of frivolous 

and founded claims, only those expenses incurred in defending the 

frivolous claims may be awarded.” Mark S. Cady, Curbing Litigation 

Abuse and Misuse: A Judicial Approach, 36 Drake L. Rev. 483, 506 

(1986–87).

The second step is to determine a sanction that equals the 

minimum amount necessary to deter misconduct. Kunstler, 914 F.2d at 

524; White, 908 F.2d at 684–85. A court should not use a sanction to 

drive an attorney out of the practice of law. Kunstler, 914 F.2d at 524. 

Decisions as to whether an attorney should be practicing are better left 

to our attorney discipline process. The amount of sanction is 

appropriate only “ ‘when it is the minimum that will serve to adequately

deter the undesirable behavior.’ ” Doering v. Union County Bd. of Chosen 

Freeholders, 857 F.2d 191, 194 (3d Cir. 1988) (quoting Eastway Constr. 

Corp. v. City of New York, 637 F. Supp. 558, 565 (E.D.N.Y. 1986) 

(emphasis added)).

The third step is to determine the ability of the sanctioned party to 

pay. Rule 11 sanctions are analogous to punitive damages because of 

their deterrent purpose. Kunstler, 914 F.2d at 524. It should be the 

sanctioned party’s burden to show ability or inability to pay. Id. 

The last step is to consider other factors, such as the ABA 

standards set forth by the majority in its opinion. Id. at 524–25; White, 

908 F.2d at 685. I believe these four steps should be followed by a court 

when it awards sanctions under rule 1.413(1).

An examination of the district court’s thought process in awarding 

the sanction reveals it failed to follow any of these steps when it awarded 
25

the sanction. The district court acknowledged “Humphreys would have 

had to defend against the fraudulent misrepresentation claim in any 

event,” but failed to determine the amount of fees actually expended by 

the defendant in defending the sanctionable claims. This is contrary to 

the first step in assessing a sanction.

The majority makes the same error by not determining what fees 

are attributable to the sanctioned conduct. How much time could the 

defendant have expended getting claims such as negligent 

misrepresentation dismissed? I say not much. The court should have 

requested the defendant to produce records of time and expenses spent 

only attributable to the sanctioned conduct. Upon the filing of an 

affidavit setting forth the party’s time and expenses the court could 

review such an affidavit, as is done in any other case, to determine a fair 

and reasonable fee for the sanctioned conduct.

The district court and the majority do not apply steps two and 

three. The district court acknowledged in its ruling that the sanctioned 

party stated she did not have the ability to pay a large sanction. 

However, the district court and the majority fail to make any finding 

regarding her ability to pay. Furthermore, both the district court and the 

majority use sanctions as a fee-shifting device rather than as a deterrent.

Finally, the district court did not consider other factors in meting 

out its sanction. The majority and the district court narrowly focus on 

what sanction is needed to compensate rather than apply the four-step 

test. The majority’s failure to apply the four-step test and scrutinize the 

district court’s award of the sanction gives the district court unlimited 

power to craft a sanction without giving any explanation as to how it 

arrived at the amount. As one court aptly noted, 
26

because “Rule 11 sanctions have significant impact beyond 

the merits of the individual case” and can affect the 

reputation and creativity of counsel, the abuse of discretion 

standard does not mean we give complete deference to the 

district court’s decision.

Bilharz v. First Interstate Bank of Wis., 98 F.3d 985, 989 (7th Cir. 1996) 

(quoting Pac. Dunlop Holdings, Inc. v. Barosh, 22 F.3d 113, 118 (7th Cir. 

1994)).

Under the majority’s analysis, this court will never have a basis to 

overturn a district court’s award of sanctions. The factors used by the 

majority coupled with its nonexistent abuse of discretion standard can 

be used to support any award of sanctions.

It is standard practice for defendants to raise a myriad of defenses 

in their answers to petitions. These defenses include failure to state a 

cause of action, statute of limitation defenses, laches, estoppels, 

comparative fault, assumption of the risk, failure to mitigate damages, 

unreasonable failure to avoid injury, or misuse. Many times defendants 

raise these defenses without factual support. If we abide by the 

majority’s analysis in its review of the district court, the attorneys that 

raise these defenses without support should be sanctioned, and that 

sanction would be unreviewable.

I suspect when a party requests sanctions this court will not 

overturn a substantial award of sanctions if the nonsanctioned party can 

submit records justifying the work it did in pursuing its claim. I say this 

because the award of the sanction approved by the majority has no 

relationship to the time actually spent by the defendant in dealing with 

the sanctioned conduct. If it takes $25,000 to deter a solo practitioner 

from filing frivolous claims, then is $150,000 enough to deter a fiftyperson law firm from filing frivolous claims?
27

Therefore, I would find the district court abused its discretion by: 

(1) not determining the time spent by the defendant to defend against the 

sanctioned activity; (2) not determining the minimum amount needed to 

deter the conduct; (3) not determining the ability of the sanctioned party 

to pay; and (4) not considering other factors as set forth in the ABA 

standards. I would sustain the writ and remand the case to the district 

court to determine the proper sanction in light of the test I have set forth 

in this dissent. Maybe the sanction is too low, too high, or just right. 

However, without a principled analysis by the district court supported by 

substantial evidence, I can only conclude it abused its discretion in 

making this award. See State v. Millsap, 704 N.W.2d 426, 432 (Iowa 

2005) (holding a court abuses its discretion when it bases its decision on 

untenable grounds or it acts unreasonably. A ground or reason is 

untenable when it is based on an erroneous application of law or when it 

is not supported by substantial evidence.).

Hecht, J., joins this dissent.