DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES 

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration 

Office of Applied Studies 

State Estimates of Substance Use from the 

2001 National Household Survey on Drug 

Abuse: Volume I. Findings 

Douglas Wright 
 ii

Acknowledgments 

This report was prepared by the Division of Population Surveys in the Office of Applied Studies 

(OAS), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), and by RTI, 

Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. At SAMHSA, Douglas Wright was responsible for the 

content, analysis, and writing of the report, and Joseph C. Gfroerer reviewed and provided 

numerous suggestions and improvements on its content and format. At RTI, Ralph Folsom was 

responsible for the overall methodology and estimation for the model-based Bayes estimates and 

prediction intervals. The following staff were responsible for generating the estimates and 

providing other support and analysis: Akhil Vaish, Neeraja Sathe, Feng Yu, and Jie Liu. Bing 

Liu, Mike Vorburger, and Brenda Porter generated the tables, and Ms. Sathe provided oversight 

for production of the report. David Chrest and Shari B. Lambert prepared the State maps. Mary 

Ellen Marsden reviewed the report, Richard S. Straw and K. Scott Chestnut edited it, Joyce ClayBrooks and Danny Occoquan word processed it, and Pamela Couch Prevatt, Teresa F. Gurley, 

David Belton, and Kim Cone prepared its Web versions. 

Public Domain Notice 

All material appearing in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced or copied 

without permission from SAMHSA. However, this publication may not be reproduced or 

distributed for a fee without the specific, written authorization of the Office of Communications, 

SAMHSA, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Citation of the source is 

appreciated. Suggested citation: 

Wright, D. (2003). State Estimates of Substance Use from the 2001 National 

Household Survey on Drug Abuse: Volume I. Findings (DHHS Publication No. 

SMA 03-3775, NHSDA Series H-19). Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and 

Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies. 

Obtaining Additional Copies of Publication 

Copies may be obtained, free of charge, from the National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug 

Information (NCADI), a service of SAMHSA. Write or call NCADI at: 

National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information 

P.O. Box 2345, Rockville, MD 20847-2345 

301-468-2600, 1-800-729-6686, TDD 1-800-487-4889 

Electronic Access to Publication 

This publication can be accessed electronically through the Internet connections listed below: 

http://www.samhsa.gov

http://www.DrugAbuseStatistics.SAMHSA.gov

Originating Office 

SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies 

5600 Fishers Lane, Room 16-105 

Rockville, MD 20857 

September 2003 
Volume I.

Table of Contents 

Chapter Page 

 iii

List of Figures..................................................................................................................... v 

List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... xi 

Highlights........................................................................................................................................ 1 

1. Introduction......................................................................................................................... 5 

1.1. Prior Releases of State Estimates............................................................................ 5 

1.2. Summary of NHSDA and State Methodology........................................................ 6 

1.3. Format of Report and Presentation of Data ............................................................ 7 

1.4. Measures of Substance Use Presented in This Report............................................ 9 

1.5. Calculation of Average Annual Incidence of Marijuana Use............................... 10 

1.6. Other NHSDA Reports and Products ................................................................... 11 

2. Illicit Drug Use ................................................................................................................. 13 

2.1. Any Illicit Drug..................................................................................................... 13 

2.2. Marijuana .............................................................................................................. 14 

2.3. Perceptions of Risk of Marijuana Use .................................................................. 15 

2.4. Incidence of Marijuana ......................................................................................... 15 

2.5. Any Illicit Drug Other Than Marijuana ................................................................ 16 

2.6. Cocaine ................................................................................................................. 17

3. Alcohol Use ...................................................................................................................... 31 

3.1. Alcohol.................................................................................................................. 31 

3.2. Binge Alcohol ....................................................................................................... 31 

3.3. Perceptions of Risk of Binge Alcohol Use ........................................................... 32 

4. Tobacco Use...................................................................................................................... 41 

4.1. Tobacco................................................................................................................. 41

4.2. Cigarettes.............................................................................................................. 41

4.3. Perceptions of Risk of Heavy Cigarette Use......................................................... 42 

5. Substance Dependence, Abuse, and Treatment ................................................................ 51 

5.1. Alcohol Dependence or Abuse ............................................................................. 51 

5.2. Illicit Drug Dependence or Abuse ........................................................................ 52 

5.3. Alcohol or Illicit Drug Dependence or Abuse ...................................................... 53 

5.4. Illicit Drug Treatment Gap.................................................................................... 53 

6. Serious Mental Illness....................................................................................................... 69 

7. Discussion......................................................................................................................... 73 

7.1. Change in State Estimates..................................................................................... 73 

7.2. Characteristics of Prevalence Levels among States.............................................. 75 

7.3. Serious Mental Illness........................................................................................... 78 

7.4. Validation.............................................................................................................. 79
Table of Contents 

Chapter Page 

 iv

References..................................................................................................................................... 83 

Appendix

A. Tables of Change Between the 1999-2000 and the 2000-2001 Model-Based 

Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia), by Substance....................................87 

B. Tables of Model-Based Estimates (50 States and the District of Columbia), 

by Substance ....................................................................................................................115 

Note: Appendices C to H appear under separate cover in Volume II: Individual State Tables 

and Technical Appendices 

C. State-by-State Model-Based Tables

D. Tables Showing Estimated Numbers Based on Model-Based Estimates

E. State Estimation Methodology

F. Description of Survey

G. Statistical Methods and Limitations 

H. Other Sources of Data
 v

List of Figures 

Figure Page 

2.1 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Any Illicit Drug among Persons Aged 

12 or Older, by State: 2000 and 2001............................................................................... 18 

2.2 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Any Illicit Drug among Youths Aged 12 

to 17, by State: 2000 and 2001.......................................................................................... 18 

2.3 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Any Illicit Drug among Persons Aged 

18 to 25, by State: 2000 and 2001..................................................................................... 19 

2.4 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Any Illicit Drug among Persons Aged

26 or Older, by State: 2000 and 2001............................................................................... 19 

2.5 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Marijuana among Persons Aged 12 or 

Older, by State: 2000 and 2001 ........................................................................................ 20 

2.6 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Marijuana among Youths Aged 12 to 

17, by State: 2000 and 2001.............................................................................................. 20 

2.7 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Marijuana among Persons Aged 18 to 

25, by State: 2000 and 2001.............................................................................................. 21 

2.8 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Marijuana among Persons Aged 26 or 

Older, by State: 2000 and 2001 ........................................................................................ 21 

2.9 Percentages Reporting Perceptions of Great Risk of Smoking Marijuana Once a 

Month among Persons Aged 12 or Older, by State: 2000 and 2001 ................................ 22 

2.10 Percentages Reporting Perceptions of Great Risk of Smoking Marijuana Once a 

Month among Youths Aged 12 to 17, by State: 2000 and 2001 ........................................ 22 

2.11 Percentages Reporting Perceptions of Great Risk of Smoking Marijuana Once a 

Month among Persons Aged 18 to 25, by State: 2000 and 2001 ...................................... 23 

2.12 Percentages Reporting Perceptions of Great Risk of Smoking Marijuana Once a

Month among Persons Aged 26 or Older, by State: 2000 and 2001 ................................ 23 

2.13 Average Annual Rates of First Use of Marijuana among Persons Aged 12 or 

Older, by State: 2000 and 2001 ........................................................................................ 24 

2.14 Average Annual Rates of First Use of Marijuana among Youths Aged 12 to 17, by 

State: 2000 and 2001......................................................................................................... 24

2.15 Average Annual Rates of First Use of Marijuana among Persons Aged 18 to 25, 

by State: 2000 and 2001.................................................................................................... 25
 vi

List of Figures (continued) 

Figure Page 

2.16 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Any Illicit Drug Other Than Marijuana 

among Persons Aged 12 or Older, by State: 2000 and 2001............................................ 26 

2.17 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Any Illicit Drug Other Than Marijuana 

among Youths Aged 12 to 17, by State: 2000 and 2001.................................................... 26 

2.18 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Any Illicit Drug Other Than Marijuana 

among Persons Aged 18 to 25, by State: 2000 and 2001.................................................. 27 

2.19 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Any Illicit Drug Other Than Marijuana 

among Persons Aged 26 or Older, by State: 2000 and 2001............................................ 27 

2.20 Percentages Reporting Past Year Use of Cocaine among Persons Aged 12 or 

Older, by State: 2000 and 2001 ........................................................................................ 28 

2.21 Percentages Reporting Past Year Use of Cocaine among Youths Aged 12 to 17, by 

State: 2000 and 2001......................................................................................................... 28

2.22 Percentages Reporting Past Year Use of Cocaine among Persons Aged 18 to 25, 

by State: 2000 and 2001.................................................................................................... 29 

2.23 Percentages Reporting Past Year Use of Cocaine among Persons Aged 26 or 

Older, by State: 2000 and 2001 ........................................................................................ 29 

3.1 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Alcohol among Persons Aged 12 or 

Older, by State: 2000 and 2001 ........................................................................................ 34 

3.2 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Alcohol among Youths Aged 12 to 17, 

by State: 2000 and 2001.................................................................................................... 34 

3.3 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Alcohol among Persons Aged 18 to 25, 

by State: 2000 and 2001.................................................................................................... 35 

3.4 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Alcohol among Persons Aged 26 or 

Older, by State: 2000 and 2001 ........................................................................................ 35 

3.5 Percentages Reporting Past Month Binge Alcohol Use among Persons Aged 12 or 

Older, by State: 2000 and 2001 ........................................................................................ 36 

3.6 Percentages Reporting Past Month Binge Alcohol Use among Youths Aged 12 to 

17, by State: 2000 and 2001.............................................................................................. 36 

3.7 Percentages Reporting Past Month Binge Alcohol Use among Persons Aged 18 to 

25, by State: 2000 and 2001.............................................................................................. 37 
 vii

List of Figures (continued) 

Figure Page 

3.8 Percentages Reporting Past Month Binge Alcohol Use among Persons Aged 26 or 

Older, by State: 2000 and 2001 ........................................................................................ 37 

3.9 Percentages Reporting Perceptions of Great Risk of Having Five or More Drinks

of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week among Persons Aged 12 or 

Older, by State: 2000 and 2001 ........................................................................................ 38 

3.10 Percentages Reporting Perceptions of Great Risk of Having Five or More Drinks 

of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week among Youths Aged 12 to 17, by 

State: 2000 and 2001......................................................................................................... 38

3.11 Percentages Reporting Perceptions of Great Risk of Having Five or More Drinks 

of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week among Persons Aged 18 to 25, 

by State: 2000 and 2001.................................................................................................... 39 

3.12 Percentages Reporting Perceptions of Great Risk of Having Five or More Drinks 

of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week among Persons Aged 26 or 

Older, by State: 2000 and 2001 ........................................................................................ 39 

4.1 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Any Tobacco Product among Persons 

Aged 12 or Older, by State: 2000 and 2001...................................................................... 44 

4.2 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Any Tobacco Product among Youths 

Aged 12 to 17, by State: 2000 and 2001 ........................................................................... 44 

4.3 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Any Tobacco Product among Persons 

Aged 18 to 25, by State: 2000 and 2001 ........................................................................... 45 

4.4 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Any Tobacco Product among Persons 

Aged 26 or Older, by State: 2000 and 2001...................................................................... 45 

4.5 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Cigarettes among Persons Aged 12 or 

Older, by State: 2000 and 2001 ........................................................................................ 46 

4.6 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Cigarettes among Youths Aged 12 to 

17, by State: 2000 and 2001.............................................................................................. 46 

4.7 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Cigarettes among Persons Aged 18 to 

25, by State: 2000 and 2001.............................................................................................. 47 

4.8 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Cigarettes among Persons Aged 26 or 

Older, by State: 2000 and 2001 ........................................................................................ 47 
 viii

List of Figures (continued) 

Figure Page 

4.9 Percentages Reporting Perceptions of Great Risk of Smoking One or More Packs 

of Cigarettes Per Day among Persons Aged 12 or Older, by State: 2000 and 2001........ 48 

4.10 Percentages Reporting Perceptions of Great Risk of Smoking One or More Packs 

of Cigarettes Per Day among Youths Aged 12 to 17, by State: 2000 and 2001 ............... 48 

4.11 Percentages Reporting Perceptions of Great Risk of Smoking One or More Packs 

of Cigarettes Per Day among Persons Aged 18 to 25, by State: 2000 and 2001 ............. 49 

4.12 Percentages Reporting Perceptions of Great Risk of Smoking One or More Packs 

of Cigarettes Per Day among Persons Aged 26 or Older, by State: 2000 and 2001........ 49 

5.1 Percentages Reporting Past Year Alcohol Dependence or Abuse among Persons 

Aged 12 or Older, by State: 2000 and 2001...................................................................... 56 

5.2 Percentages Reporting Past Year Alcohol Dependence or Abuse among Youths 

Aged 12 to 17, by State: 2000 and 2001 ........................................................................... 56 

5.3 Percentages Reporting Past Year Alcohol Dependence or Abuse among Persons 

Aged 18 to 25, by State: 2000 and 2001 ........................................................................... 57 

5.4 Percentages Reporting Past Year Alcohol Dependence or Abuse among Persons 

Aged 26 or Older, by State: 2000 and 2001...................................................................... 57 

5.5 Percentages Reporting Past Year Alcohol Dependence among Persons Aged 12 or

Older, by State: 2000 and 2001 ........................................................................................ 58 

5.6 Percentages Reporting Past Year Alcohol Dependence among Youths Aged 12 to 

17, by State: 2000 and 2001.............................................................................................. 58 

5.7 Percentages Reporting Past Year Alcohol Dependence among Persons Aged 18 to 

25, by State: 2000 and 2001.............................................................................................. 59 

5.8 Percentages Reporting Past Year Alcohol Dependence among Persons Aged 26 or 

Older, by State: 2000 and 2001 ........................................................................................ 59 

5.9 Percentages Reporting Past Year Any Illicit Drug Dependence or Abuse among 

Persons Aged 12 or Older, by State: 2000 and 2001........................................................ 60 

5.10 Percentages Reporting Past Year Any Illicit Drug Dependence or Abuse among 

Youths Aged 12 to 17, by State: 2000 and 2001 ............................................................... 60 

5.11 Percentages Reporting Past Year Any Illicit Drug Dependence or Abuse among 

Persons Aged 18 to 25, by State: 2000 and 2001 ............................................................. 61 
 ix

List of Figures (continued) 

Figure Page 

5.12 Percentages Reporting Past Year Any Illicit Drug Dependence or Abuse among 

Persons Aged 26 or Older, by State: 2000 and 2001........................................................ 61 

5.13 Percentages Reporting Past Year Any Illicit Drug Dependence among Persons 

Aged 12 or Older, by State: 2000 and 2001...................................................................... 62 

5.14 Percentages Reporting Past Year Any Illicit Drug Dependence among Youths 

Aged 12 to 17, by State: 2000 and 2001 ........................................................................... 62 

5.15 Percentages Reporting Past Year Any Illicit Drug Dependence among Persons 

Aged 18 to 25, by State: 2000 and 2001 ........................................................................... 63 

5.16 Percentages Reporting Past Year Any Illicit Drug Dependence among Persons 

Aged 26 or Older, by State: 2000 and 2001...................................................................... 63 

5.17 Percentages Reporting Past Year Dependence or Abuse for Any Illicit Drug or 

Alcohol among Persons Aged 12 or Older, by State: 2000 and 2001 .............................. 64 

5.18 Percentages Reporting Past Year Dependence or Abuse for Any Illicit Drug or

Alcohol among Youths Aged 12 to 17, by State: 2000 and 2001 ...................................... 64 

5.19 Percentages Reporting Past Year Dependence or Abuse for Any Illicit Drug or 

Alcohol among Persons Aged 18 to 25, by State: 2000 and 2001 .................................... 65 

5.20 Percentages Reporting Past Year Dependence or Abuse for Any Illicit Drug or 

Alcohol among Persons Aged 26 or Older, by State: 2000 and 2001 .............................. 65 

5.21 Percentages Reporting Past Year Illicit Drug Treatment Gap among Persons Aged 

12 or Older, by State: 2000 and 2001............................................................................... 66 

5.22 Percentages Reporting Past Year Illicit Drug Treatment Gap among Youths Aged 

12 to 17, by State: 2000 and 2001..................................................................................... 66 

5.23 Percentages Reporting Past Year Illicit Drug Treatment Gap among Persons Aged 

18 to 25, by State: 2000 and 2001..................................................................................... 67 

5.24 Percentages Reporting Past Year Illicit Drug Treatment Gap among Persons Aged 

26 or Older, by State: 2000 and 2001............................................................................... 67 

6.1 Percentages Reporting Past Year Serious Mental Illness among Persons Aged 18 

or Older, by State: 2001.................................................................................................... 70 

6.2 Percentages Reporting Past Year Serious Mental Illness among Persons Aged 18 

to 25, by State: 2001 ......................................................................................................... 70 
 x

List of Figures (continued) 

Figure Page 

6.3 Percentages Reporting Past Year Serious Mental Illness among Persons Aged 26 

or Older, by State: 2001.................................................................................................... 71 
 xi

List of Tables 

Table Page 

A.1 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Any Illicit Drug, by Age Group and 

State: 1999-2000 and 2000-2001...................................................................................... 90 

A.2 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Marijuana, by Age Group and State: 

1999-2000 and 2000-2001 ................................................................................................ 92 

A.3 Percentages Reporting Perceptions of Great Risk of Smoking Marijuana Once a 

Month, by Age Group and State: 1999-2000 and 2000-2001........................................... 94 

A.4 Average Annual Rates of First Use of Marijuana, by Age Group and State: 1999-

2000 and 2000-2001 ......................................................................................................... 96 

A.5 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Any Illicit Drug Other Than Marijuana, 

by Age Group and State: 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 ....................................................... 98 

A.6 Percentages Reporting Past Year Use of Cocaine, by Age Group and State: 1999-

2000 and 2000-2001 ....................................................................................................... 100 

A.7 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Alcohol, by Age Group and State: 

1999-2000 and 2000-2001 .............................................................................................. 102 

A.8 Percentages Reporting Past Month Binge Alcohol Use, by Age Group and State: 

1999-2000 and 2000-2001 .............................................................................................. 104 

A.9 Percentages Reporting Perceptions of Great Risk of Having Five or More Drinks 

of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week, by Age Group and State: 1999-

2000 and 2000-2001 ....................................................................................................... 106 

A.10 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Any Tobacco Product, by Age Group 

and State: 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 ............................................................................. 108 

A.11 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Cigarettes, by Age Group and State: 

1999-2000 and 2000-2001 .............................................................................................. 110 

A.12 Percentages Reporting Perceptions of Great Risk of Smoking One or More Packs 

of Cigarettes Per Day, by Age Group and State: 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 ................ 112 

B.1 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Any Illicit Drug, by Age Group and 

State: Annual Averages Based on 2000 and 2001 NHSDAs.......................................... 118 

B.2 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Marijuana, by Age Group and State: 

Annual Averages Based on 2000 and 2001 NHSDAs.................................................... 120 
 xii

List of Tables (continued) 

Table Page 

B.3 Percentages Reporting Perceptions of Great Risk of Smoking Marijuana Once a 

Month, by Age Group and State: Annual Averages Based on 2000 and 2001 

NHSDAs......................................................................................................................... 122 

B.4 Average Annual Rates of First Use of Marijuana, by Age Group and State: Based 

on 2000 and 2001 NHSDAs ........................................................................................... 124 

B.5 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Any Illicit Drug Other Than Marijuana, 

by Age Group and State: Annual Averages Based on 2000 and 2001 NHSDAs........... 126 

B.6 Percentages Reporting Past Year Use of Cocaine, by Age Group and State: 

Annual Averages Based on 2000 and 2001 NHSDAs.................................................... 128 

B.7 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Alcohol, by Age Group and State: 

Annual Averages Based on 2000 and 2001 NHSDAs.................................................... 130 

B.8 Percentages Reporting Past Month Binge Alcohol Use, by Age Group and State: 

Annual Averages Based on 2000 and 2001 NHSDAs.................................................... 132 

B.9 Percentages Reporting Perceptions of Great Risk of Having Five or More Drinks 

of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Twice a Week, by Age Group and State: 

Annual Averages Based on 2000 and 2001 NHSDAs.................................................... 134 

B.10 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Any Tobacco Product, by Age Group 

and State: Annual Averages Based on 2000 and 2001 NHSDAs................................... 136 

B.11 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Cigarettes, by Age Group and State: 

Annual Averages Based on 2000 and 2001 NHSDAs.................................................... 138 

B.12 Percentages Reporting Perceptions of Great Risk of Smoking One or More Packs 

of Cigarettes Per Day, by Age Group and State: Annual Averages Based on 2000 

and 2001 NHSDAs ......................................................................................................... 140 

B.13 Percentages Reporting Past Year Alcohol Dependence or Abuse, by Age Group 

and State: Annual Averages Based on 2000 and 2001 NHSDAs................................... 142 

B.14 Percentages Reporting Past Year Alcohol Dependence, by Age Group and State: 

Annual Averages Based on 2000 and 2001 NHSDAs.................................................... 144 

B.15 Percentages Reporting Past Year Any Illicit Drug Dependence or Abuse, by Age 

Group and State: Annual Averages Based on 2000 and 2001 NHSDAs........................ 146 

B.16 Percentages Reporting Past Year Any Illicit Drug Dependence, by Age Group and 

State: Annual Averages Based on 2000 and 2001 NHSDAs.......................................... 148 
 xiii

List of Tables (continued) 

Table Page 

B.17 Percentages Reporting Past Year Dependence or Abuse for Any Illicit Drug or

Alcohol, by Age Group and State: Annual Averages Based on 2000 and 2001 

NHSDAs......................................................................................................................... 150 

B.18 Percentages Reporting Past Year Illicit Drug Treatment Gap, by Age Group and 

State: Annual Averages Based on 2000 and 2001 NHSDAs.......................................... 152 

B.19 Estimated Numbers (in Thousands) of Persons Reporting Past Year Illicit Drug 

Treatment Gap, by Age Group and State: Annual Averages Based on 2000 and 

2001 NHSDAs................................................................................................................ 154 

B.20 Percentages Reporting Past Year Serious Mental Illness, by Age Group and State: 

2001 NHSDA.................................................................................................................. 156
 xiv
 1

Highlights 

This report on substance use is the first presenting State estimates from the 2001 National 

Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA). The report presents State estimates for 19 different 

measures related to substance use or mental health. Of those measures, 18 are based on an 

average for the combined years 2000 and 2001, while the remaining measure on mental health 

status only uses 2001 data. For each measure, States have been ranked and categorized into 

quintiles, or fifths, in order to simplify the discussion. In addition to State estimates of 

prevalence rates, the report also includes estimates of change between 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 

for 12 measures that have consistent definitions for the years from 1999 through 2001. 

Combining 2 years of data to make comparisons improves precision in situations where changes 

are relatively small. 

Illicit Drug Use (1999-2001) 

! Reflecting the significant increase at the national level between 2000 and 2001 in past 

month use of any illicit drug among all persons age 12 or older, 38 States had prevalence 

rates of any illicit drug use that were somewhat higher in 2000-2001 than in 1999-2000. 

Only six of those States displayed increases that were statistically significant. In order to 

measure change for the purpose of this report, statistical significance is assumed to be 0.10 

or less. Arkansas increased from 5.4 to 6.7 percent; Illinois, from 6.3 to 7.2 percent; Maine, 

from 6.9 to 8.4 percent; New Hampshire, from 6.6 to 8.0 percent; New York, from 5.8 to 

6.8 percent; and Vermont, from 8.5 to 10.5 percent. Most of these increases were driven by 

increases in the 18 to 25 age group. (Figure 2.1; Tables A.1 and B.1) 

! Massachusetts had the highest estimated rate (10.7 percent) of past month use of any illicit 

drug among persons age 12 or older. As was the case in 1999-2000, the highest rates 

occurred in the West and Northeast. The Northeastern States were all in New England: 

Massachusetts, Vermont, Maine, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire. The Western States 

included Colorado, Alaska, Oregon, and California. (Figure 2.1; Table B.1)

! Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit substance by the population age 12 years or 

older. Eight States (Vermont, Massachusetts, Colorado, Alaska, Oregon, Maine, New 

Hampshire, and Rhode Island) ranked in the top fifth, meaning the highest rates, for past 

month marijuana use. These States also were in the top fifth for use of any illicit drug. 

Eight States showed significant increases when the 1999-2000 estimate is compared with 

the 2000-2001 estimate for past month use of marijuana among persons age 12 or older. 

Five of these States are the same States that had significant increases in current use of any 

illicit drug. Across all age groups, Delaware was the only State that displayed a significant 

decrease in marijuana use; the prevalence rate among youths age 12 to 17 dropped from 

11.9 to 9.6 percent. (Figures 2.1, 2.5, and 2.6; Tables A.2, B.1, and B.2)
 2

! Vermont had the lowest rate of "perceived great risk" for monthly use of marijuana among 

the population 12 or older, both in 1999-2000 and in 2000-2001. Of the States with the 

lowest rates of perceived risk, 9 out of 10 ranked in the highest fifth for past month use of 

marijuana. Among all States, only Alaska showed any significant increase in perceived 

risk—from 32.4 to 35.8 percent among persons age 12 or older, and from 35.0 to 39.7 

percent in the 26 or older age group. (Figures 2.5 and 2.9; Tables A.3, B.2, and B.3) 

! The highest rates of past year cocaine use among persons age 12 or older were found in 

New Mexico and Colorado (2.8 percent). Four Western States (New Mexico, Colorado, 

Arizona, and Nevada) ranked in the top fifth for past year use of cocaine for all three age 

groups: 12 to 17, 18 to 25, and 26 or older. Only Hawaii showed a significant change in 

any of the age groups—a decline from 1.5 to 0.8 percent among persons age 26 or older. 

(Figure 2.20; Tables A.6 and B.6)

Alcohol Use (1999-2001) 

! Nine States had significant increases in the percentage that used alcohol in the past month 

among persons age 12 or older between 1999-2000 and 2000-2001. Connecticut increased 

from 56.0 to 59.6 percent; the District of Columbia, from 44.9 to 50.2 percent; Maine, from 

49.9 to 54.3 percent; Michigan, from 47.0 to 50.2 percent; Minnesota, from 53.8 to 58.4 

percent; Rhode Island, from 53.1 to 58.0 percent; South Carolina, from 35.9 to 40.5 

percent; Vermont, from 56.5 to 61.6 percent; and West Virginia, from 32.7 to 36.5 percent. 

Only Alaska had a significant decrease in alcohol use during the period for the 12 or older 

age group: from 52.9 to 49.4 percent. (Figure 3.1; Tables A.7 and B.7)

! Vermont had the highest rate of all States for past month alcohol use (61.6 percent) among 

persons age 12 or older. With the exception of Delaware, most of the States that ranked in 

the top fifth for alcohol use were Northern States: Vermont, New Hampshire, 

Massachusetts, Wisconsin, Connecticut, Minnesota, Rhode Island, Colorado, and North 

Dakota. Also, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Wisconsin, Connecticut, and 

North Dakota were ranked in the top fifth for alcohol use for all three age groups (12 to 17, 

18 to 25, and 26 or older). (Figures 3.1 to 3.4; Table B.7)

! Utah reported the lowest prevalence of past month alcohol use among persons age 12 or 

older—28.9 percent. (Figure 3.1; Table B.7)

! Prevalence rates of binge alcohol use ranged from a low of 14.2 percent in Utah to a high 

of 29.0 percent in North Dakota for persons age 12 or older. The District of Columbia was 

the only area that showed a significant increase in binge use of alcohol, from 18.9 to 22.0 

percent for persons age 12 or older between 1999-2000 and 2000-2001. The District of 

Columbia, Idaho, and Maryland also displayed increases in the 18 to 25 age group, but 

there were no other significant increases among any of the States or the District of 

Columbia for any of the component age groups. Virginia was the only State to show a 

decrease in binge drinking (from 38.2 to 33.3 percent), this occurring in the 18 to 25 age 

group. (Figures 3.1, 3.5, and 3.6; Tables A.8, B.7, and B.8)
 3

! The District of Columbia's increase in past month binge use of alcohol was consistent with 

its significant decreases in the perceived risk of binge use of alcohol in the 18 to 25 age 

group, 26 or older age group, and the 12 or older age group. However, the District of 

Columbia still ranked among the States having the highest rates of perceived risk of binge 

use of alcohol in the Nation. (Figures 3.5, 3.9, and 3.10; Tables A.9, B.8, and B.9)

Tobacco Use (1999-2001) 

! Seven Southern States were ranked among the top fifth in past month tobacco use by 

persons age 12 or older. In this age group, Kentucky, one of the largest tobacco-producing 

States, ranked the highest at 38.7 percent; West Virginia was second at 37.5 percent. Utah 

had the lowest rate in the Nation for this age group—18.8 percent. (Figures 4.1 and 4.3; 

Table B.10) 

! Kentucky, Louisiana, West Virginia, Ohio, Tennessee, and Arkansas ranked in the top fifth 

both for past month use of tobacco and for past month use of cigarettes among persons age 

12 or older. Three States had decreases in past month use of cigarettes between 1999-2000 

and 2000-2001 among youths age 12 to 17: Arkansas, from 18.6 to 14.6 percent; Oregon, 

from 15.0 to 11.8 percent; and Pennsylvania, from 16.4 to 14.8 percent. The only other 

significant change was an increase in cigarette use in Rhode Island among those age 18 to 

25 (from 37.3 to 42.7 percent). (Figures 4.1, 4.5, and 4.6; Tables A.11, B.10, and B.11)

Dependence on, or Abuse of, Alcohol or Illicit Drugs and Receipt of Treatment (2000-2001) 

! North Dakota had the highest rate (8.5 percent) of alcohol dependence or abuse in the 12 or 

older age group. Other high prevalence rates were found in Montana, District of Columbia, 

Massachusetts, Nebraska, New Mexico, South Dakota, Alaska, Rhode Island, and 

Colorado. North Carolina had the lowest rate at 4.2 percent. (Figure 5.1; Table B.13)

! The highest rate of dependence on or abuse of illicit drugs among persons age 12 or older 

was found in Nevada and California (2.9 percent) and the lowest in Iowa (1.4 percent). The 

States with the highest rates for dependence on or abuse of alcohol were different from 

those with the highest rates of dependence on or abuse of illicit drugs. Only three States 

were in the top fifth for both measures: Massachusetts, New Mexico, and Colorado. 

(Figures 5.1 and 5.9; Tables B.13 and B.15)

! California had the largest treatment gap (defined as the number of persons who needed 

treatment in the past year but did not receive treatment in a specialty substance abuse 

treatment facility) for the 12 or older population—2.7 percent. Iowa had the lowest 

treatment gap in this group—1.4 percent. Included in the top fifth were four Western 

States, three Northeastern States, and one Southern State. The lowest fifth included five 

Midwestern States, four Southern States, and two Northeastern States. (Figure 5.21; Table 

B.18) 
 4

! California also had the greatest number of persons in need of but not receiving treatment in 

the Nation, approximately 708,000 persons age 12 or older, which was almost 16 percent 

of the total treatment gap for the Nation. Other States with a large number of persons in 

need of but not receiving treatment included New York (337,000), Texas (297,000), 

Florida (216,000), Illinois (206,000), Pennsylvania (163,000), Ohio (157,000), 

Massachusetts (131,000), Washington (115,000), and Georgia (113,000). Although the 12 

to 25 age group represented only about 23 percent of the total population age 12 or older, 

nationally it included about 60 percent of all persons in the gap. (Table B.19)

Serious Mental Illness (SMI) (2001) 

! Questions relating to serious mental illness (SMI) were included for the first time in the 

2001 NHSDA for adults age 18 or older. These questions focus on functional impairment 

and diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorders that meet criteria from the 

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edition). This report is the first 

time that it has been possible to provide State estimates of this problem. Oklahoma had the 

highest rate of SMI in the Nation, 10.4 percent, and Hawaii had the lowest rate, 5.1 percent. 

The majority of States with the highest rates of SMI in the 18 or older population were in 

the South: Oklahoma, Kentucky, Georgia, West Virginia, Arkansas, and Louisiana.

(Figure 6.1; Table B.20) 

! Although SMI is correlated at the individual level with the use of illicit drugs and 

cigarettes, the correlation of SMI and past month illicit drug use at the State level was 

small and negative, -0.18. Correlation at the State level of SMI and past month use of 

cigarettes was positive and larger, 0.31. The largest correlation of SMI with demographic 

information, at the State level, was the correlation of SMI and the 1999 per capita income 

(in 1,000s) obtained from the Bureau of Health Professions' 2002 Area Resource File, 

-0.53. 
 5

1. Introduction 

This report presents State estimates for 19 measures of substance use or mental health 

problems based on the 2001 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA). Since 1971, 

the NHSDA has been an ongoing survey of the civilian, noninstitutionalized population of the 

United States age 12 years old or older. State estimates presented in this report are based on data 

collected in 1999 and later and have been developed using a small area estimation (SAE) 

procedure in which State-level NHSDA data are combined with local-area county and Census 

block group/tract-level data from the State. These model-based estimates provide more precise 

estimates of substance use at the State level. 

Beginning with the 1999 NHSDA data, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services 

Administration (SAMHSA) produced estimates at the State level for a selected set of variables 

(Office of Applied Studies [OAS], 2002b). These variables included prevalence rates for a 

number of licit and illicit substances, perceptions of risks of substance use, and other measures 

related to substance dependence and abuse. In 2000, 12 of the same measures were repeated in 

the NHSDA questionnaire, and a modified set of new questions related to substance dependence 

and abuse were added. These new questions more accurately and completely capture information 

on dependence and abuse criteria described in the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical 

Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 1994). For 

the 2000 report of State estimates, the 12 measures that were common to 1999 and 2000 had 

their estimates based on the combined data for those years in order to improve their accuracy 

(Wright, 2002a, 2002b). 

In 2001, 18 measures shared common definitions for 2000 and 2001. Estimates of 

prevalence were based on the combined data for those years. One new measure, serious mental 

illness (SMI), was introduced in 2001. 

Because 12 of the measures utilized the same definitions from 1999 through 2001, it was 

possible for the first time to estimate change between the prevalence rates based on combined 

1999-2000 data and data combined for 2000-2001. For details on the SAE methodology, 

including a discussion of the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, the 

methodology used to produce the 2-year averages and the estimates of change, and the validation 

results, see Appendix E in Volume II. 

1.1. Prior Releases of State Estimates 

The Summary of Findings from the 1999 NHSDA (OAS, 2000) presented national 

estimates of substance use and, for the first time, State estimates for seven priority variables for 

all persons age 12 or older and three age groups (12 to 17, 18 to 25, and 26 or older). 

Subsequently, 1999 State estimates were developed for additional substance use measures for the 

same age groups (OAS, 2002a). In total, there were 18 measures reported; accompanying each 

estimate was its 95 percent prediction interval (PI). These results and all subsequent State and 

national estimates have been posted to the SAMHSA website. 
 6

A special State report that focused on youths (also based on the 1999 NHSDA) was 

released in 2001 (Wright & Davis, 2001). In 2000 and 2001, the national results were released 

separately (OAS, 2001b, 2002c, 2002d) from the State results. State estimates for 2000 were 

released in two volumes, one with the findings and the other with the technical appendices 

(Wright, 2002a, 2002b). National and State estimates of the drug abuse treatment gap for 2000 

appeared in a separate report (OAS, 2002e). 

1.2. Summary of NHSDA and State Methodology 

The NHSDA is the primary source of statistical information on the use of illicit drugs by 

the U.S. civilian population age 12 or older. Conducted by the Federal Government since 1971, 

the survey collects data by administering questionnaires to a representative sample of the 

population through face-to-face interviews at their place of residence. The survey is sponsored 

by SAMHSA, and data collection is carried out by RTI of Research Triangle Park, North 

Carolina, under the direction of the Office of Applied Studies (OAS) in SAMHSA. This section 

briefly describes the NHSDA methodology. A more complete description is provided in 

Appendix F in Volume II. 

The survey covers residents of households, noninstitutional group quarters (e.g., shelters, 

rooming houses, dormitories), and civilians living on military bases. Persons excluded from the 

survey include homeless people who do not use shelters, active military personnel, and residents 

of institutional group quarters, such as jails and hospitals. Appendix H in Volume II describes 

surveys that include populations that are not part of the NHSDA sampling frame. 

The 1999 NHSDA marked the first survey year in which the national sample was 

interviewed using a computer-assisted interviewing (CAI) method. The survey used a 

combination of computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) conducted by an interviewer and 

audio computer-assisted self-interviewing (ACASI). Use of ACASI is designed to provide the 

respondent with a highly private and confidential means of responding to questions and should 

increase the level of honest reporting of illicit drug use and other sensitive behaviors. For further 

details on the development of the CAI procedures for the 1999 NHSDA, see OAS (2001a). 

The 1999 through 2001 NHSDAs employed a 50-State design with an independent, 

multistage area probability sample for each of the 50 States and the District of Columbia. The 

eight States with the largest population (which together accounted for 48 percent of the total U.S. 

population age 12 or older) were designated as large sample States (California, Florida, Illinois, 

Michigan, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas). Collectively, the sample allocated to 

these States ensured adequate precision at the national level while providing individual State 

samples large enough to support both model-based (SAE) and design-based estimates. For the 

remaining 42 States and the District of Columbia, smaller, but adequate, samples were selected 

to support State estimates using SAE techniques (described in Appendix E in Volume II). The 

design also oversampled youths and young adults, so that each State's sample was approximately 

equally distributed among three major age groups: 12 to 17 years, 18 to 25 years, and 26 years or 

older. 

Nationally, addresses were screened and persons were interviewed within the screened 

addresses. The 1999 survey was conducted from January through December 1999, and the 2000 
 7

and 2001 surveys in the analogous periods in those years. The screening response rates for 1999, 

2000, and 2001 were 89.6 percent, 92.8 percent, and 91.9 percent, respectively. The interview 

response rate was 68.6 percent in 1999, 73.9 percent in 2000, and 73.3 percent in 2001. The 

overall response rates for 1999, 2000, and 2001 were 61.4 percent, 68.6 percent, and 67.4 

percent, respectively. Overall response rates for 1999 for individual States ranged from 49.8 to 

78.2 percent. The range in 2000 was somewhat better—from 58.2 to 80.6 percent. In 2001, State 

response rates ranged from 55.3 to 78.5 percent. For more details, see Tables E.18 to E.20 in 

Appendix E in Volume II. 

Estimates in this report have been adjusted to reflect the probability of selection, unit 

nonresponse, poststratification to known benchmarks, item imputation, and other aspects of the 

estimation process. 

1.3. Format of Report and Presentation of Data 

The findings presented in this report are divided into seven main chapters, including this 

introductory chapter, in Volume I, along with U.S. maps at the ends of Chapters 2 through 6, and 

data tables in Appendices A and B at the end of this volume. Six supplementary appendices are 

provided in a separately bound Volume II. 

Chapter 2 presents State estimates of marijuana use, incidence of marijuana use, 

perceived risks of marijuana use, any illicit drug use, any illicit drug use other than marijuana, 

and cocaine use. Estimates are produced for the combined 2000-2001 period and for change 

between 1999-2000 and 2000-2001. Chapter 3 discusses analogous estimates of alcohol use, 

binge alcohol use, and the perceived risks of binge alcohol use. Chapter 4 presents estimates for 

tobacco use, cigarette use, and the perceptions of risk of heavy cigarette use. Chapter 5 discusses 

the substance treatment–related measures (i.e., dependence on and abuse of illicit drugs or 

alcohol) for the 2000-2001 period. Chapter 6 presents SMI estimates based solely on the 2001 

NHSDA. Chapter 7 is a discussion of the findings. 

At the ends of Chapters 2 to 6, State model-based estimates are portrayed in U.S. maps 

showing all 50 States and the District of Columbia. The quintile rankings can be determined 

from tables that include all 50 States and the District of Columbia, listed in alphabetical order 

(Appendix B), by four age categories. Individual State tables also are provided to display all of 

the estimates discussed in this report by the four age categories for a given State (Appendix C in 

Volume II). The color of each State on the U.S. maps indicates how the State ranks relative to 

other States for each indicator. States could fall into one of five groups according to their ranking 

by quintiles. Because there are 51 areas to be ranked, the middle quintile was assigned 11 areas 

and the remaining groups 10 each. In some cases, a "quintile" could have more or fewer States 

than desired because two (or more) States have the same estimate (to two decimal places). When 

this occurs at the "boundary" between two "quintiles," all States with the same estimate were 

assigned to the lower quintile. Those States with the highest rates for a given variable are in red, 

with the exception of the perceptions of risk variables, for which the lowest perceptions of great 

risk are in red. Those States with the lowest estimates are in white, with the exception of the 

perceptions of risk variables, for which the highest perceptions of great risk are in white. 
 8

At the top of each table in Appendix B is a "national" total that represents the (weighted) 

sum of the estimates from the 50 States and the District of Columbia. Those totals are generally 

slightly different from the corresponding national estimates calculated by summing the sampleweighted records across the entire sample. The latter estimates are the preferred unbiased 

estimates for the Nation and are used in the text for comparison with the State-level estimates. 

Associated with each State estimate is a 95 percent PI. These intervals indicate the 

precision of the estimate. For example, the State with the highest estimated past month alcohol 

rate for youths (a model-based estimate) was North Dakota, with a rate of 24.7 percent (Table 

B.7). The 95 percent PI on that estimate is from 21.6 to 28.1 percent. Therefore, the probability 

is 0.95 that the true prevalence for North Dakota will fall between 21.6 and 28.1 percent. The PI 

indicates the uncertainty due to both sampling variability and model bias. 

For the first time, estimates of change between 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 are presented 

(see Tables A.1 to A.12). These tables show the estimates for 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 and a p

value to test the hypothesis that there was "no change" over this period. Although the usual 

standards of significance in NHSDA publications utilize p values of 0.01 or 0.05 (corresponding 

to a probability of 99 or 95 percent, respectively, that the change was not 0), p values of 0.10 

have occasionally been used. The methodology for estimating change involves estimating one 

model for 1999-2000 based on the predictor variables and the sample for those years and a 

separate model for 2000-2001 based on the predictor variables and sample for those years. This 

can lead to slightly different national models (i.e., models with slightly different model 

coefficients for the two sets of years). If the models were identical for the combined years, the 

change between 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 would equal the average yearly change between 1999 

and 2001. "Average yearly change" indicates the change between 1999 and 2001 divided by 2. 

Because the national models for 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 are not generally equal, and the 

influence of the national model relative to the 2 years of data can vary depending on the relative 

precision of each, the estimates of State change generally will not be equal to the average change 

between 1999 and 2001. However, conceptualizing it as such is probably the best way to 

interpret the change. For more details on this topic, see the section on validation of change in 

Appendix E. 

The NHSDA standards for tests of significance have been extended in this analysis to 

include the p = 0.10 level in the analysis of change because the year-to-year changes are usually 

small and relatively hard to detect. As noted in Chapter 7, the significance levels quoted in 

Appendix A tables are somewhat conservative. A more precise significance-level calculation 

presented in Appendix E yielded p values that were reduced by a multiple ranging from 0.94 to 

0.79. The discussion also has been extended in this report to include States that have changed the 

category in which they were ranked by two or more quintiles, depending on the measure (e.g., a 

change of a State from ranking in the top fifth in 1999-2000 to ranking in the middle fifth in 

2000-2001). For some measures, such as those with low prevalence rates, the estimates reflect a 

good deal of variation between 1999-2000 and 2000-2001; thus, many more States have 

apparent changes of two or more quintiles. For such measures, the discussion has been limited to 

changes of three or more quintiles. 

The discussion of quintile ranking is primarily descriptive and is not based on actual tests 

of significance. For significance, one must rely on the tests of significance that are presented in 
 9

Tables A.1 to A.12. Therefore, a State may have changed its quintile rank by two or more 

quintiles, yet the estimate for 1999-2000 may not be statistically different from the estimate for 

2000-2001. 

1.4. Measures of Substance Use Presented in This Report 

Estimates based on combined 2000-2001 NHSDA data were developed using 18 

measures: 

! past month use of any illicit drug, 

! past month use of marijuana, 

! perceptions of great risk of smoking marijuana once a month, 

! average annual rates of first use of marijuana, 

! past month use of any illicit drug other than marijuana, 

! past year use of cocaine, 

! past month use of alcohol, 

! past month binge alcohol use, 

! perceptions of great risk of having five or more drinks of an alcoholic beverage once or 

twice a week, 

! past month use of any tobacco product, 

! past month use of cigarettes, 

! perceptions of great risk of smoking one or more packs of cigarettes per day, 

! past year alcohol dependence or abuse, 

! past year alcohol dependence, 

! past year any illicit drug dependence or abuse, 

! past year any illicit drug dependence, 

! past year dependence on or abuse of any illicit drug or alcohol, and 

! past year treatment gap. 

In addition, the first 12 of the above measures include estimates of change between the 

prevalence rates for 1999-2000 and 2000-2001. An additional 19th measure completes the list of 

measures for which State estimates are presented: 
 10

! past year serious mental illness. 

The NHSDA includes questions on a number of factors associated with a higher 

likelihood (risk factors) or lower likelihood (protective factors) of substance use. Among these, 

low perceptions of risk of substance use often are associated with higher levels of substance use 

(see Wright & Davis, 2001; Wright & Pemberton, in press). In this report, State-level estimates 

of the perceptions of risk of marijuana use, binge alcohol use, and cigarette use are presented. 

1.5. Calculation of Average Annual Incidence of Marijuana Use 

Incidence rates are typically calculated as the number of new initiates of a substance 

during a period of time (such as in the past year) divided by the estimate of the number of person 

years of exposure (in thousands). The incidence measure in this report is the result of a simpler 

definition but is based on the model-based methodology mentioned earlier in this chapter and 

discussed further in Appendix G in Volume II. The definition in this report is as follows: 

Average annual incidence rate = {(Number of marijuana initiates in past 24 months) / 

[(Number of marijuana initiates in past 24 months * 0.5) + 

Number of persons who never used marijuana]} / 2. 

In this report, this rate is expressed as a percentage or rate per 100 person years of 

exposure. Note that this estimate uses a 2-year time period to accumulate incidence cases from 

each annual survey. By assuming further that the distribution of first use for the incidence cases 

is uniform across the 2-year interval, the total number of person years of exposure is 1 year on 

average for the incidence cases plus 2 years for all the "never users" at the end of the time period. 

This approximation to the person years of exposure permits one to recast the incidence rate as a 

function of two population prevalence rates, namely, the fraction of persons who first used 

marijuana in the past 2 years and the fraction who had never used marijuana. Both of these 

prevalence estimates were estimated using the survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation 

approach. 

The count of persons who first used marijuana in the past 2 years is based on a "moving" 

2-year period that ranges over 3 calendar years. Subjects were asked when they first used 

marijuana. If a person indicated first use of marijuana between the day of the interview and 2 

years prior, the person was included in the count. Thus, it is possible for a person interviewed in 

the first part of 2001 to indicate first use as early as the first part of 1999 or as late as the first 

part of 2001. Similarly, a subject interviewed in the last part of 2001 could indicate first use as 

early as the last part of 1999 or as late as the last part of 2001. Therefore, in the 2001 survey, the 

reported period of first use ranged from early 1999 to late 2001 and was "centered" in 2000. 

About half of the 12 to 17 year olds who reported first use in the past 24 months reported first 

use in 2000, while a quarter each reported first use in 1999 and 2001. Persons who responded in 

2001 that they had never used marijuana were included in the count of "never used." Reports of 

first use in the past 24 months from the 2000 survey ranged from early 1998 to late 2000 and 

were centered in 1999. For the 12 to 17 year olds, about half of these reports of first use from the 

2000 survey occurred in 1999 and one quarter each occurred in 1998 and 2000. For further 

information on the general procedures for calculating incidence rates, see Appendix G in Volume 

II. Note that only incidence rates for marijuana use are provided in this report. 
 11

1.6. Other NHSDA Reports and Products 

The national results from the 2002 survey were recently released (September 2003) in 

two publications: (1) an overview of the findings (OAS, 2003a) and (2) a full report of results 

(OAS, 2003b). The name of the survey was changed in 2002 to the National Survey on Drug Use 

and Health in order to more accurately reflect the content of the questionnaire. In addition to the 

name change, other methodological changes were introduced, including a $30 incentive payment 

for completing the survey. Generally, analyses indicate that the changes have improved response 

rates and the levels of reported use of substances. However, given the changes, the new estimates 

are no longer comparable with NHSDA substance use estimates for 2001 and prior years–

including the State estimates in this report. For a more complete discussion of the changes made 

and their impact on the estimates, see Appendix C in OAS (2003b). State estimates for 2002 

based on the improved methodology will be published in 2004. 

Analytic reports focusing on specific issues or population groups will continue to be 

produced by OAS. A few of the reports in progress or recently published focus on the following 

topics: 

! substance dependence, abuse, and treatment (Epstein, 2002); 

! characteristics of recent marijuana initiates (Gfroerer, Wu, & Penne, 2002); and 

! risk and protective factors for substance use (using data from the 1999 NHSDA) (Wright & 

Pemberton, in press). 

A complete listing of previously published reports from the NHSDA and other data 

sources is available from OAS, and many of these reports also are available through the Internet 

(see page ii). In addition, OAS makes public use data files available to researchers through the 

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Data Archive (SAMHDA, 2003). Currently, files are 

available from the 1979 through the 2001 NHSDAs. 
 12
 13

2. Illicit Drug Use 

The National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA) obtains information on nine 

different categories of illicit drug use: marijuana, cocaine, heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, and 

the nonmedical use of prescription-type pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants, and sedatives. 

Estimates of "any illicit drug" use reflect any of the nine categories listed above. In 2001, an 

estimated 15.9 million Americans (7.1 percent of the population age 12 or older) had used an 

illicit drug in the past month (Office of Applied Studies [OAS], 2002c). Marijuana, the most 

commonly used illicit drug, was used by about 76 percent of current illicit drug users (5.4 

percent overall). Approximately 3.1 percent of persons age 12 or older used a substance other 

than marijuana in the past month. 

2.1. Any Illicit Drug 

Past month estimates of use of any illicit drug ranged from a low of 4.1 percent in North 

Dakota to a high of 10.7 percent in Massachusetts for all persons age 12 or older based on the 

combined 2000-2001 NHSDA data (Figure 2.1; Table B.1). Overall, the estimates were quite 

similar for the combined 1999-2000 data and combined 2000-2001 data with a correlation of 

0.92 for all persons age 12 or older. The correlations for the other age groups ranged from 0.90 

to 0.94. 

The estimates for 2000-2001 have precision that is similar to that for 1999-2000. For 

example, given the estimate above for North Dakota (4.1 percent), the probability is 95 percent 

that the true value for North Dakota lies somewhere between 3.3 and 5.0 percent. This interval is 

approximately one quarter smaller than the corresponding interval for North Dakota based on a 

single year's data.1

The States with the highest rates of any illicit drug use for all persons age 12 or older 

were mostly in the East (five States) for 2000-2001 as opposed to the West (six States) for 1999-

2000. The top States in the East were entirely in New England (Massachusetts, Vermont, Maine, 

Rhode Island, and New Hampshire). Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Vermont also were in the 

top fifth in 1999-2000. The four Western States in the top fifth in 2000-2001 also were in the top 

fifth in 1999-2000 (Colorado, Alaska, Oregon, and California). Most of the States that displayed 

the lowest rates in the Nation were either from the Midwest (five States) or the South (three 

States). Utah and Idaho completed the lowest fifth. 

Reflecting the significant increase in the national estimates over this period from 6.3 to 

6.7 percent for all persons age 12 or older,2 38 out of 51 States (including the District of 

Columbia) had higher estimates in 2000-2001 than in 1999-2000; however, only increases for 6 

 1

 This interval is usually referred to as the 95 percent prediction interval (PI) because the estimate of the 

prevalence rate itself is predicted from a model fitted to the sample data. 

2

 These estimates are the weighted averages of the hierarchical Bayes estimates across all States and the 

District of Columbia and are typically not exactly equal to the direct sample-weighted estimate for the Nation. 

However, they are representative of a national estimate. 
 14

States were statistically significant at the 0.10 level or better.3 Those States were Arkansas (from 

5.4 to 6.7 percent), Illinois (from 6.3 to 7.2 percent), Maine (from 6.9 to 8.4 percent), New 

Hampshire (from 6.6 to 8.0 percent), New York (from 5.8 to 6.8 percent), and Vermont (from 

8.5 to 10.5 percent). Most of these increases were driven by statistically significant increases in 

the 18 to 25 age group: Arkansas (from 13.8 to 18.3 percent), Illinois (from 16.4 to 18.9 percent), 

New Hampshire (from 19.8 to 25.5 percent), New York (from 17.1 to 19.3 percent), and 

Vermont (from 27.0 to 31.8 percent). Two other States showed significant increases among 

youths: Michigan (from 10.6 to 12.1 percent) and Pennsylvania (from 8.3 to 9.7 percent) (Table 

A.1). 

Because only a small number of States had statistically significant changes at the 0.05 

level or lower, here and throughout the text the discussion has been extended to include States 

that were statistically significantly different at the p = 0.10 level or lower. Another criterion that 

sometimes has been used in the analysis is a change in the rank by two or more quintiles (e.g., a 

change in a State's rank from the top fifth [quintile 5] in 1999-2000 to the middle fifth [quintile 

3] in 2000-2001). For example, Indiana, Kansas, Michigan, New Jersey, and New York showed 

changes of two quintiles between the previous State report and this one in one or more age 

groups (12 to 17, 18 to 25, 26 or older, or 12 or older). Only Indiana and New Jersey displayed 

decreases of two or more rank categories. Indiana's ranking decreased by two quintiles for the 12 

or older age group, the 26 or older age group, and the 18 to 25 age group. New Jersey showed a 

two-quintile decrease in its ranking for the 12 to 17 age group. 

2.2. Marijuana 

Because marijuana is the predominant substance used by those using an illicit drug, many 

of the States that showed high prevalence rates for any illicit drug also had high prevalence rates 

for past month use of marijuana. For example, eight of the States in the top fifth for use of an 

illicit drug for persons age 12 or older also were ranked in the top fifth for past month use of 

marijuana: Massachusetts, Vermont, Colorado, Alaska, Oregon, Maine, Rhode Island, and New 

Hampshire (Figures 2.1 and 2.5; Tables B.1 and B.2). In the 12 to 17 age group, eight States 

were in the top fifth for both use of any illicit drug and use of marijuana: Vermont, 

Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine, New Mexico, Colorado, Connecticut, and Rhode Island 

(Figures 2.2 and 2.6; Tables B.1 and B.2). Eight States were common to the top fifth for current 

marijuana use among persons age 12 or older and youths age 12 to 17: Vermont, Massachusetts, 

Colorado, Maine, Alaska, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. In the rankings of 

State estimates, marijuana exhibited high correlations (0.91 or higher) of 1999-2000 rates with 

2000-2001 rates for all age groups. 

Eight States had statistically significant increases (p < 0.1) in past month marijuana use 

between 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 for the 12 or older age group. Five of them were the same 

States that had significant increases for past month use of any illicit drug: Arkansas, Illinois, 

Maine, New York, and Vermont. The other States were Iowa, Kansas, and Mississippi. New 

York showed the only significant increase for the 26 or older age group (from 2.4 to 3.1 

 3

 NHSDA publications typically have used 0.01 or 0.05 alpha levels in tests of significance. Those levels 

have been extended to include 0.10 in the current analysis of change because year-to-year changes are usually small 

and relatively hard to detect. See Section 1.3 for more details. 
 15

percent). Arkansas (from 10.0 to 14.5 percent) and Illinois (from 14.3 to 16.8 percent) displayed 

the only significant changes for the 18 to 25 age group. Kentucky, Michigan, and Delaware were 

the only States having significant changes among youths age 12 to 17. Kentucky's past month 

rate of use of marijuana increased from 6.8 to 9.0 percent, and Michigan's rate increased from 7.9 

to 9.4 percent; however, Delaware showed a decrease from 11.9 to 9.6 percent (Tables A.1 and 

A.2). 

2.3. Perceptions of Risk of Marijuana Use 

An individual's perceptions of the risks of substance use have been shown to be related to 

whether he or she actually uses the substance (e.g., Bachman, Johnston, & O'Malley, 1998; Lane, 

Gerstein, Huang, & Wright, 2001). In 1999-2000 and again in 2000-2001, the State with the 

lowest rate of perceived great risk of using marijuana occasionally (once a month) among 

persons age 12 or older was Vermont (Figure 2.9; Table A.3). Only about 28 percent of all 

persons age 12 or older in Vermont thought that occasional use was a great risk. Vermont had the 

highest rate of past month use of marijuana in the 12 to 17 age group (13.2 percent), the 18 to 25 

age group (28.6 percent), and for all persons age 12 or older (9.1 percent). By contrast, 

Mississippi reported the highest perceived risk of marijuana, about 54 percent of the 12 or older 

age group, but ranked in the lowest fifth in that age group for past month marijuana use (3.8 

percent). Of the 10 States reporting the lowest perceived risk of marijuana use, 9 were in the top 

fifth for past month use of marijuana (Figures 2.5 and 2.9; Tables B.2 and B.3). 

For the 12 or older age group, five States showed a significant decrease in perceived risk 

of using marijuana occasionally: Connecticut, District of Columbia, Louisiana, New York, and 

Ohio. The same States also showed decreases in perceived risk in at least one of the three 

component age groups. In addition, Hawaii had a decrease in the 12 to 17 age group (from 37.1 

to 31.2 percent), and in the 18 to 25 age group, four States showed decreases during the period: 

District of Columbia (from 27.3 to 23.1 percent), Maine (from 21.1 to 16.6 percent), North 

Dakota (from 29.6 to 25.1 percent), and Vermont (from 18.6 to 14.5 percent). Alaska was the 

only State that showed a statistically significant increase in perceived risk in any of the age 

groups: from 35.0 to 39.7 percent in the 26 or older age group and from 32.4 to 35.8 percent in 

the 12 or older age group (Table A.3). 

2.4. Incidence of Marijuana 

Related to the prevalence of marijuana use is the number of persons in a period of time 

who used it for the first time ever. When the number of first-time users of a substance increases 

for a number of consecutive years, the prevalence rates for the substance tend to increase also. 

Only two States showed significant changes between the 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 

estimates. The average annual incidence of marijuana (averaged over the most recent 2 years and 

expressed as a percentage or rate per 100 person years of exposure) for all persons age 12 or 

older increased for Illinois, from approximately 1.6 to 1.8 percent (p = 0.07), and for Vermont, 

from 2.3 to 2.7 percent (p = 0.07). The average annual incidence of marijuana was highest in the 

12 to 17 age group (Figure 2.14; Tables A.4 and B.4). In the 12 to 17 age group, Vermont had 

the highest rate in the Nation, 9.4 percent. Of the top 10 States, 4 were in the West: New Mexico, 

Nevada, Hawaii, and Colorado. By comparison, the highest rate for all persons age 12 or older 
 16

was significantly lower, only 2.7 percent in Vermont (Figure 2.13; Table B.4). For youths age 12 

to 17, Utah (4.7 percent) had the lowest incidence rate for the Nation. Six of the ten States in the 

lowest fifth for marijuana incidence for youths were in the South. 

Rates of incidence of marijuana use were highly correlated at the State level with 

prevalence rates for current (i.e., past month) use of marijuana and any illicit drug use for youths 

age 12 to 17. Rates were somewhat less correlated for the other age groups. Five of the States in 

the top fifth for youth incidence of marijuana also were in the top fifth for past month use 

(Figures 2.6 and 2.14; Tables B.2 and B.4). 

In the 12 to 17 age group, first-time users of marijuana comprised a large percentage of 

those reporting current use of marijuana. Even though the incidence rate (based on an annual 

average over the past 2 years) and the prevalence rate of current marijuana use (based on the past 

month) are not strictly comparable, one can be expressed as a ratio relative to the other. The ratio 

of the incidence rate relative to the past month prevalence rate for marijuana in the 12 to 17 age 

group was the highest of all age groups. At the national level, this ratio was approximately 30 

percent (1.5 percent/4.8 percent). 

2.5. Any Illicit Drug Other Than Marijuana 

In the 12 or older age group and in the 18 to 25 age group, rates of past month use of 

these drugs were highest in Vermont (3.6 and 10.5 percent, respectively) (Figures 2.16 and 2.18; 

Table B.5). The top fifth for persons age 12 or older was comprised of four States in the West 

(California, Arizona, Colorado, and Nevada), three New England States (Vermont, 

Massachusetts, and New Hampshire), and three States in the South (Louisiana, District of 

Columbia, and Arkansas). Seven of these States fell into the top fifth for this age group in 1999-

2000 (Table A.5). States from the Midwest dominated the lower fifth for the 12 or older age 

group (Nebraska, Iowa, South Dakota, North Dakota, Missouri, Ohio, and Indiana). The three 

other States in the lowest fifth were Idaho, Florida, and New Jersey. 

The correlation (0.82) in the 12 or older age group between the State estimates for 1999-

2000 and for 2000-2001 for any illicit drug other than marijuana was lower than the correlations 

for the other substances. Part of the reason may be the relatively lower prevalence rates for this 

category. The only statistically significant changes in State prevalence rates between 1999-2000 

and 2000-2001 occurred in the 18 to 25 age group. Eight States showed positive increases in that 

period: Arizona (from 5.8 to 7.9 percent), Arkansas (from 6.0 to 8.1 percent), California (from 

5.9 to 7.1 percent), Illinois (from 4.8 to 6.2 percent), New York (from 5.2 to 6.5 percent), 

Pennsylvania (from 5.9 to 7.2 percent), Texas (from 5.6 to 7.0 percent), and Virginia (from 4.9 to 

7.1 percent) (Table A.5). A large number of States moved two or more quintiles in ranking, 

although most of those changes were not statistically significant. Arizona increased its rank in 

the 18 to 25 age group from the second to the fifth quintile (change between 1999-2000 and 

2000-2001 was significant and indicated an increase in drug use). Arkansas increased its rank in 

the 12 or older age group from the second to the fifth quintile (not significant). West Virginia 

decreased its rank in the 18 to 25 age group from the fifth to the second (not significant). 

Arizona, Louisiana, and Vermont were the only States that were in the top fifth for all three age 

groups (12 to 17, 18 to 25, and 26 or older). Inhalants were the primary substance used by the 12 

to 17 age group. 
 17

2.6. Cocaine 

The national prevalence rate for the use of cocaine in the past year among all persons age 

12 or older increased from 1.5 percent in 2000 to 1.9 percent in 2001 (OAS, 2002d). Because 

cocaine is one of the substances included in the "any illicit drug other than marijuana" category, 

it is useful to compare the rankings of States with respect to these two substance measures. As 

was true for 1999-2000, in 2000-2001 seven of the States with the 10 highest rates of past month 

use of an illicit drug other than marijuana (age 12 or older) also had past year rates of cocaine 

use (age 12 or older) that were in the top fifth. New Mexico and Colorado had the highest rate of 

past year use of cocaine (2.8 percent) among persons age 12 or older (Figure 2.20; Table B.6). 

Six out of ten of the States with the highest rates of cocaine use among youths age 12 to 17 were 

in the West. Four States (New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and Colorado) were in the top fifth for 

all three age groups (12 to 17, 18 to 25, and 26 or older) (Figures 2.21 to 2.23; Table B.6). The 

District of Columbia had the highest rate of past year cocaine use among persons age 26 or older. 

In the 12 or older age group, the correlation of State estimates of 1999-2000 with 2000-

2001 for past year use of cocaine was 0.84, and the correlation in the 26 or older age group was 

somewhat lower, 0.75. A major contributor to the slightly low correlations from year to year is 

the higher relative variation resulting from estimating a low prevalence rate. For the 12 or older 

age group, eight States with the highest prevalence rates in 2000-2001 also ranked in the highest 

fifth in 1999-2000. Across all age groups and for the composite 12 or older age group, only 

Hawaii showed a significant change during that period. Hawaii's past year use of cocaine among 

persons age 26 or older dropped from 1.5 percent in 1999-2000 to 0.8 percent in 2000-2001, 

accompanying a decrease of rank from the highest fifth to the lowest fifth. Cocaine use in New 

Hampshire increased from 1.4 to 1.8 percent among persons age 12 or older, but the increase was 

not statistically significant. However, New Hampshire may bear watching in the future because 

its overall rank increased by three quintiles (Table A.6). 
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3. Alcohol Use 

A number of measures of alcohol use are available from the National Household Survey 

on Drug Abuse (NHSDA). This chapter discusses past month alcohol use, past month binge 

alcohol use, and the perceived risk of binge alcohol use. Binge alcohol use is defined as drinking 

five or more drinks on the same occasion on a least 1 day in the 30 days prior to the survey. 

Alcohol is the most commonly used substance. Nationally in the year 2001, almost half of 

Americans age 12 or older reported having had a drink in the past month (48.3 percent), and 

about a fifth (20.5 percent) participated in binge drinking in the past 30 days (Office of Applied 

Studies [OAS], 2002c). Moreover, among youths age 12 to 17, 17.3 percent reported using 

alcohol in the past month, and 10.6 percent reported past month binge alcohol use. 

3.1. Alcohol 

The State that indicated the highest rate of current use of alcohol among persons age 12 

or older for 2000-2001 was Vermont (61.6 percent) (Figure 3.1; Table B.7). The States in the top 

fifth (i.e., highest rates) were primarily in the North, including five States in the Northeast, three 

in the Midwest, and one in the West. The only State from the South in this group was Delaware. 

All of the States in the lowest fifth were from the South, except for Utah (West region). Utah had 

the lowest rate (28.9 percent) of past month alcohol use in the Nation. Six out of the ten States in 

the highest quintile were common to all three age groups (12 to 17, 18 to 25, and 26 or older): 

North Dakota, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Vermont, and Wisconsin (Figures 

3.1 to 3.4; Table A.7). 

In general, the correlations of 1999-2000 rankings with the 2000-2001 rankings were 

0.93 or higher for all three age groups and for all persons age 12 or older collectively, indicating 

a high degree of continuity over this period. Ten States posted changes between 1999-2000 and 

2000-2001. With the exception of Alaska, all of the changes were increased rates of use. For 

Alaska, among the 12 or older age group, 52.9 percent reported current use of alcohol in 1999-

2000, but only 49.4 percent indicated use in 2000-2001. Of the States with increases, only the 

District of Columbia and South Carolina revealed significant increases in as many as three of the 

age groups: 18 to 25, 26 or older, and 12 or older. Only Pennsylvania showed an increase among 

youths age 12 to 17 (from 15.8 to 17.6 percent) (Table A.7). 

3.2. Binge Alcohol 

Most of the States in the top fifth for past month binge use of alcohol were in the North; 

only five of them were the same as those for past month use of alcohol: North Dakota, 

Wisconsin, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Minnesota. Four States were in the top fifth for all 

three age groups: North Dakota, Massachusetts, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. The District of 

Columbia was the only area in which binge use of alcohol increased both among persons age 18 

to 25 (from 32.4 to 39.0 percent) and among all persons age 12 or older (from 18.9 to 22.0 

percent). Utah had the lowest rate of binge alcohol use in the Nation (Figures 3.5 to 3.8; Table 

A.8). 
 32

3.3. Perceptions of Risk of Binge Alcohol Use 

People's perceptions of the risk of binge drinking did not appear to be as closely related 

to their actual rates of binge drinking at the State level in 2000-2001 as they were in 1999-2000. 

Only five of the States with the highest rates of binge use of alcohol in 2000-2001 also were 

States with the lowest perceived risk of binge drinking during the same period for the population 

age 12 or older (Figures 3.5 and 3.9; Tables B.8 and B.9), although eight States were in both 

groups in 1999-2000. Eight out of ten States with the lowest perceived risk were common to all 

three age groups (12 to 17, 18 to 25, and 26 or older): South Dakota, North Dakota, 

Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Nebraska, Wisconsin, Vermont, and Montana. The States in the 

highest fifth of rates of perceived risk (age 12 or older) were either from the South (seven States) 

or the West (three States). 

The District of Columbia displayed significant decreases in the perceived risk of binge 

use of alcohol from 1999-2000 to 2000-2001 in the 18 to 25 age group (from 49.5 to 41.5 

percent), in the 26 or older age group (from 57.7 to 53.3 percent), and among all persons age 12 

or older (from 55.9 to 51.5 percent) (Table A.9). 
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4. Tobacco Use 

Tobacco is the second most commonly used substance in the United States next to 

alcohol. The National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA) includes a series of questions 

on the use of several tobacco products, including cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, cigars, and pipe 

tobacco. This chapter includes State estimates on past month use of cigarettes, past month use of 

tobacco, and the perceptions of risk of heavy use of cigarettes. Differences in estimates for 

cigarettes and tobacco represent persons who do not smoke cigarettes, but who use one of the 

other forms of tobacco. 

4.1. Tobacco 

Approximately 66.5 million Americans used a tobacco product in 2001, a prevalence rate 

of almost 30 percent nationwide (Office of Applied Studies [OAS], 2002c). The State with the 

highest prevalence rate for persons age 12 or older in 1999-2000 was West Virginia (39.1 

percent) (Table A.10). In 2000-2001, the State with the highest rate was Kentucky (38.7 

percent), also one of the largest tobacco-producing States (Figure 4.1; Table B.10). Of the top 10 

tobacco-using States, 7 were in the South: Kentucky, West Virginia, Louisiana, Oklahoma, 

Mississippi, Arkansas, and Tennessee. Utah had the lowest rate in the Nation (18.8 percent). 

The highest rates of tobacco use in 2000-2001 were in the 18 to 25 age group, and the 

lowest rates were in the 12 to 17 age group. Three States, Kentucky, West Virginia, and 

Wyoming, were in the groups with the highest use of tobacco for the three age groups: 12 to 17, 

18 to 25, and 26 or older. In the lowest fifth for those age groups, only four States were common 

to all three: Utah, Hawaii, California, and New York. 

Because the youngest age group represents youths just beginning to experiment with 

tobacco, State rankings for youths are more subject to change than is the case with older age 

groups. Between 1999-2000 and 2000-2001, the only significant changes in State prevalence 

rates occurred among youths age 12 to 17. In Arkansas, the prevalence rate dropped from 23.4 

percent in 1999-2000 to 18.2 percent in 2000-2001; in Mississippi, the rate decreased from 19.6 

to 16.5 percent; and in Oregon the rate decreased from 17.5 to 13.5 percent (Table A.10). 

4.2. Cigarettes 

For cigarettes, many States with high past month prevalence rates were the same as those 

that displayed high rates for past month tobacco use. For example, in 2000-2001 for persons age 

12 or older, six of the States that ranked in the highest fifth for past month cigarette use also 

ranked in the highest fifth for tobacco use (Figures 4.1 and 4.5; Tables B.10 and B.11). 

For youths age 12 to 17, only three States that fell into the highest fifth for past month 

cigarette use (Kentucky, West Virginia, and Tennessee) also were in the highest group for all 

those age 12 or older (Figures 4.5 and 4.6; Table B.11). Similarly, six other States with the 

lowest rates of use by youths age 12 to 17 also were in the lowest group for all persons age 12 or 

older. 
 42

In Kentucky among persons age 12 or older, 38.7 percent reported using tobacco in the 

past month, but only 32.5 percent reported using cigarettes, indicating that about 6.2 percent used 

a tobacco product other than cigarettes (such as smokeless tobacco, cigars, and pipe tobacco). In 

Kentucky, 25.5 percent of those age 12 to 17 reported using tobacco in the past month, but only 

22.2 percent reported using cigarettes in the same period. 

The States comprising the top fifth for past month cigarette use among persons age 12 or 

older remained fairly constant from 1999-2000 to 2000-2001. Nine States were common to the 

top fifth for both years: Kentucky, Louisiana, West Virginia, Ohio, Nevada, Tennessee, 

Arkansas, Missouri, and North Carolina. Three States had significant decreases among youths 

age 12 to 17 in that period: Arkansas (from 18.6 to 14.6 percent), Oregon (from 15.0 to 11.8 

percent), and Pennsylvania (from 16.4 to 14.8 percent). Only one State had a significant 

increase: in Rhode Island the prevalence rate increased for the 18 to 25 age group from 37.3 to 

42.7 percent (Table A.11). 

4.3. Perceptions of Risk of Heavy Cigarette Use 

States with high prevalence rates for cigarettes often reported low rates of perceived risk 

for heavy cigarette use. For those age 12 or older, six of the States ranked in the lowest fifth for 

perceptions of great risk of smoking one or more packs of cigarettes a day also were ranked in 

the highest fifth for past month cigarette use: Kentucky, Louisiana, West Virginia, Ohio, 

Arkansas, and North Carolina (Figures 4.5 and 4.9; Tables B.11 and B.12). Similarly, of the 10 

States with the highest rates of perceived risk of heavy smoking, 7 States fell into the lowest fifth 

for reported past month cigarette use. 

The lowest rates of reported perceptions of risk were in the 12 to 17 and 18 to 25 age 

groups (Figures 4.10 and 4.11; Table B.12). The link between perceptions of risk and actual use 

of cigarettes was not as strong among youths age 12 to 17 as among persons age 12 or older. In 

the 12 to 17 age group, only 4 States (out of 10) with low perceived (great) risk of smoking one 

or more packs of cigarettes a day also were ranked in the highest fifth for past month cigarette 

use (Figures 4.6 and 4.10; Tables B.11 and B.12). On the other hand, 7 States out of 10 having 

the highest rates of perceived risk among youths also belonged to the lowest fifth among youths 

for past month use of cigarettes. 

A number of States had larger percentages of the population age 12 or older reporting a 

great risk in smoking one or more packs of cigarettes a day in 2000-2001 than in 1999-2000 (at 

the 0.10 level or better). In all, there were 15 States with increased perceptions of risk of heavy 

smoking, including 4 States from the West, 4 from the Midwest, 3 from the Northeast, and 4 

from the South (Table A.12). Four of the States with significant increases in perceived risk of 

heavy smoking were States that ranked in the top fifth for past month use of cigarettes: 

Kentucky, West Virginia, Ohio, and North Carolina. 
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5. Substance Dependence, Abuse, and 

Treatment 

In 2000 and 2001, a National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA) respondent 

was defined as needing treatment if he or she met the criteria for dependence or abuse or 

received treatment at a specialty facility in the past year. The questions to measure dependence 

or abuse status are based on the criteria specified in the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and 

Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 

1994). Because of the changes between 1999 and 2000-2001 in the questions and definitions 

employed for determining dependence, abuse, and treatment need, it is not appropriate to 

compare the estimates in this report with estimates from 1999 or earlier. As with most other 

measures in this report, the NHSDA data from 2000 and 2001 have been combined to produce 

better estimates than are possible with just a single year's data. Because the 1999 data were based 

on different definitions, it is not possible to estimate a trend between 1999-2000 and 2000-2001. 

An estimated 16.6 million Americans age 12 or older in 2001 were classified with 

dependence on or abuse of either alcohol or illicit drugs, a figure significantly higher than in 

2000—about 14.5 million (Epstein, 2002; Office of Applied Studies [OAS], 2002c). Most of 

these persons (11.0 million) were dependent on or abused alcohol only. Another 2.4 million were 

dependent on or abused both alcohol and illicit drugs, while 3.2 million were dependent on or 

abused illicit drugs but not alcohol. Because these counts often translate into very low rates of 

dependence or abuse in the population, the rates and counts are associated with relatively large 

prediction intervals (PIs). For example, the State with one of the highest percentages of 

dependence on or abuse of illicit drugs (age 12 or older) was Nevada with 2.9 percent. However, 

the 95 percent PI is from 2.2 to 3.8 percent, and the lower limit falls more than halfway into the 

third quintile. Therefore, one should exercise caution in making decisions based solely on one of 

the dependence or abuse measures. 

5.1. Alcohol Dependence or Abuse 

Nationally, 5.9 percent of the population age 12 or older was classified with dependence 

on or abuse of alcohol in the past year (Epstein, 2002; OAS, 2002c). Persons age 18 to 25 had 

the highest rates of alcohol dependence or abuse (14.8 percent). 

State estimates for 2000-2001 for persons age 12 or older ranged from 4.2 percent in 

North Carolina to 8.5 percent in North Dakota (Figure 5.1; Table B.13). States in the highest fifth 

tended to be mostly Western (Montana, New Mexico, Alaska, and Colorado) or Midwestern 

(North Dakota, Nebraska, and South Dakota). States in the lowest fifth were mostly in the South 

(North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Georgia, Alabama, and Kentucky). 

In the 12 to 17 age group, the estimated percentage of those identified as having an 

alcohol abuse or dependence problem ranged from 3.6 percent in Georgia to 9.7 percent in 

Montana (Figure 5.2; Table B.13). Among persons age 18 to 25, the lowest percentage was 

found in North Carolina (10.5 percent), and the highest State percentage was in North Dakota 
 52

(24.2 percent) (Figure 5.3; Table B.13). Four States were in the highest fifth for the 12 to 17, 18 

to 25, and 26 or older age groups: North Dakota, Montana, Massachusetts, and Nebraska. 

In 2001, the percentage of persons estimated to be dependent on alcohol in the past year 

was only about 40 percent of those who were determined to be dependent on or abusing alcohol 

in the past year. State estimates for alcohol dependence in 2000-2001 for persons age 12 or older 

fell into a narrow range from 2.1 percent in New Jersey to 3.4 percent in the District of Columbia 

(Figure 5.5; Table B.14). Only four of the States in the top fifth for dependence or abuse also 

could be found in the top fifth for just dependence: District of Columbia, New Mexico, South 

Dakota, and Alaska. A number of States that were not in the top fifth for alcohol dependence or 

abuse were in the top fifth for alcohol dependence: Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, 

California, Illinois, and Oregon. The highest rates for alcohol dependence occurred in the 18 to 

25 age group, with Montana having the highest rate—7.9 percent (Figure 5.7; Table B.14). 

5.2. Illicit Drug Dependence or Abuse 

Nationally, in 2001 about 2.5 percent of persons age 12 or older were dependent on or 

had abused illicit drugs in the past year, close to half of the percentage of those who were 

dependent on or had abused alcohol (5.9 percent) (OAS, 2002c). 

States with estimated rates in the highest fifth were mostly either in the West (Nevada, 

California, Washington, New Mexico, Colorado, and Oregon) or in the Northeast 

(Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Vermont) (Figure 5.9; Table B.15). Only three of the States in 

the highest fifth for past year illicit drug dependence or abuse also were in the top fifth for past 

year alcohol dependence or abuse: Massachusetts, New Mexico, and Colorado (Figures 5.1 and 

5.9; Tables B.13 and B.15). 

Rates were slightly higher in the 12 to 17 and 18 to 25 age groups than other age groups. 

For States in the top fifth for dependence on or abuse of illicit drugs in the past year among 

youths age 12 to 17, the rates ranged from 5.7 to 7.3 percent (Figure 5.10; Table B.15). For 

States in the top fifth for dependence on or abuse of illicit drugs among those age 18 to 25, the 

rates ranged from 7.2 to 8.4 percent (Figure 5.11; Table B.15). Three States were in the top fifth 

for three age groups (18 to 25, 26 or older, and 12 or older): Nevada, Connecticut, and Vermont. 

The percentage of persons estimated to be dependent on illicit drugs in the past year was 

about 64 percent of those who were estimated to be dependent on or abused illicit drugs in the 

past year. State estimates for illicit drug dependence for persons age 12 or older ranged from 0.9 

percent in North Dakota to 2.1 percent in California (Figure 5.13; Table B.16). The highest rates 

of illicit drug dependence were among persons age 18 to 25, with the highest rate in Vermont—

6.3 percent (Figure 5.15; Table B.16). 

There was some degree of relationship between high rates of past year illicit drug 

dependence or abuse and high rates of past year cocaine use for persons age 12 or older at the 

State level. Six States were ranked among the highest for both measures: Nevada, California, 

Massachusetts, Vermont, New Mexico, and Colorado (Figures 2.20 and 5.9; Tables B.6 and 

B.15). 
 53

5.3. Alcohol or Illicit Drug Dependence or Abuse 

The national rate for past year dependence on or abuse of alcohol or illicit drugs among 

persons age 12 or older was about 7.3 percent, slightly higher than the rate for just alcohol 

dependence or abuse (5.9 percent) and less than 3 times larger than the rate for illicit drug 

dependence or abuse (2.5 percent) (OAS, 2002c). 

When examining dependence on or abuse of alcohol or illicit drugs at the State level, the 

States with high rates for alcohol tended to dominate the top fifth for alcohol and illicit drugs 

combined because of the higher rates of dependence on and abuse of alcohol relative to illicit 

drugs (Figures 5.1, 5.9, and 5.17; Tables B.13, B.15, and B.17). 

For those age 12 or older, the State percentages ranged from a low of 5.2 percent in North 

Carolina to a high of 9.3 percent in North Dakota for past year dependence on or abuse of illicit 

drugs or alcohol (Figure 5.17; Table B.17). Six out of ten States in the top fifth for dependence 

on or abuse of illicit drugs or alcohol also were in the top fifth for dependence on or abuse of 

alcohol alone. 

The prevalence rate among persons age 18 to 25 was almost 3 times as high as that for all 

persons age 12 or older (Figures 5.17 and 5.19; Table B.17). North Dakota's rate of 27.1 percent 

was the highest among States for this age group. Many of the States in the top fifth both for ages 

18 to 25 and for ages 12 to 17 were the same as those in the top fifth for all persons age 12 or 

older (Figures 5.17 to 5.19; Table B.17). 

5.4. Illicit Drug Treatment Gap 

The definition of a person needing treatment is that he or she meets the criteria for abuse 

of or dependence on illicit drugs according to the DSM-IV criteria or has received treatment in 

the past year. The illicit drug treatment gap is defined as the number of persons who needed 

treatment for use of illicit drugs but did not receive treatment in a specialty substance abuse 

treatment facility in the past year. It is important to note that the treatment gap was not calculated 

here by estimating one model for treatment need and another model for receipt of treatment, and 

then subtracting one from the other at the State level. The reason for this is that the percentage of 

persons receiving treatment is too small to estimate well. Instead, at the individual level, persons 

are designated as being in the treatment gap based on meeting the criteria for treatment need and 

whether they received treatment for abuse of, or dependence on, illicit drugs in the past year. In 

general, the definitions of dependence, abuse, or treatment for alcohol or illicit drugs contain 

components that often overlap one another, and a researcher may be tempted to subtract them at 

the State level to obtain some missing component. Each measure is based on a different model, 

and subtraction can lead to erroneous results, such as a "negative" component. 

Given 2 years' data (2000-2001), the State estimates of the percentage treatment gap 

permit the sample State data to have a greater influence on the result than by using data only for 

the year 2000, especially for the States with small yearly samples of approximately 900 persons. 

This approach results in a wider range between the lowest and the highest rates for 2000-2001 

(from 1.35 to 2.68 percent) compared with the range based on 2000 data alone (from 1.37 to 2.29 

percent). 
 54

California had the highest percentage treatment gap in 2000-2001 at 2.7 percent of all 

persons age 12 or older (Figure 5.21; Table B.18). The other States in the top fifth were mainly 

in the West (Nevada, Colorado, and Washington) or in the Northeast (Massachusetts, Vermont, 

and Maine). California also had the largest number of persons age 12 or older in the treatment 

gap, approximately 708,000, or 15.6 percent of the total for the Nation. 

Almost 60 percent of the total number of persons needing but not receiving treatment was 

in the age group from 12 to 25. However, that group accounts for only 23 percent of the total 

population age 12 or older. The percentage of the total treatment gap accounted for by persons 

age 12 to 25 at the State level ranged from 50 percent in the District of Columbia to 72 percent in 

Idaho. 

The overall treatment gap increased from 1.7 percent in 2000 to 2.2 percent in 2001, a 

relative increase of 29 percent (OAS, 2002c). Although one cannot say very much about 

individual State changes in the treatment gap between 2000 and 2001 given the relatively small 

yearly sample sizes, it is useful to look at more general conclusions given the significant policy 

interest in this area. Because the State estimates for 2000-2001 combine the estimates across the 

2 years, on average the increase in State estimates is from 1.7 to 1.95 percent [(1.7 percent + 2.2 

percent) / 2], dampening the size of the true national change. The manner in which the estimates 

are calculated based on 2 years' data (2000-2001) leads to only half of the (true) 0.5 percent 

increase in the percentage treatment gap between 2000 and 2001. 

Even with only half of the national increase, the State estimates for 2000-2001 are such 

that 42 of the 51 States and the District of Columbia had increases from their corresponding 

estimates for 2000 (based on the single year of data). Most of these individual State increases are 

not statistically significant because the percentage increases are so small. On average, however, 

the States comprising the lowest two quintiles in 2000 (the first and second quintiles) showed 

average increases that were less than the national average (0.10 and 0.16 percent, respectively, 

vs. 0.25 percent for the national average). In the lowest fifth, about half of the States had 

"increases" while the others had "decreases." In the middle fifth (the third quintile), the estimated 

average increase was 0.24 percent (almost identical to the "national" increase of 0.25 percent), 

and all States in that group had higher estimates for 2000-2001 than for 2000. 

The largest percentage increase in the treatment gap was among States in the next-tohighest fifth (fourth quintile) where the average increase was 0.39 percent; all States in that 

group had higher estimates in 2000-2001 than in 2000. In the top fifth, 8 out of 10 States had 

higher estimates in 2000-2001. The average increase was only 0.23 percent, due partly to the 

effect of the national model that generally acts to shrink the direct sample-based State estimates 

that are higher than the national average back toward the estimate based on the national model. 

This effect of the model on the 2000-2001 State estimates is really quite small. The average 

difference in the top fifth between the average of the hierarchical Bayes estimates (2.31 percent) 

and the design-based estimate, the simple-weighted average across the 2 years (2.44 percent), 

was –0.13 percent, which was only about 5 percent lower in a relative sense than the average 

percentage estimate for that group. 

Therefore, along with the national increase in the percentage treatment gap between 2000 

and 2001, it can be inferred that most States shared in that increase. That is, States in the two 
 55

lowest fifths in 2000 had increases that were on average lower than the national average, States 

in the middle fifth had increases that were similar to the national average increase, and most 

States in the highest two fifths displayed increases that were greater than the national average. 
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6. Serious Mental Illness 

Serious mental illness (SMI) was first measured by the National Household Survey on 

Drug Abuse (NHSDA) in 2001 for all persons age 18 or older. SMI was present in 7.3 percent of 

the population age 18 or older (Office of Applied Studies [OAS], 2002c). At the individual level, 

SMI has been associated with use of illicit drugs and smoking cigarettes. Rates of SMI also have 

been associated with other characteristics, such as educational status, unemployment, and 

urbanicity (OAS, 2002c). Because the State estimates for SMI are only based on a single year of 

NHSDA data, the national model has a larger impact on State sample-based estimates that are 

either very high or very low relative to other States, especially for States based on samples of 

600 persons or fewer. 

Estimates of SMI were compared with estimates of various substance measures to 

determine the degree of correlation with those measures. Although SMI is somewhat correlated 

at the individual level with past month use of an illicit drug, the correlation at the State level was 

fairly small and negative (-0.18). The highest correlation at the State level was between SMI and 

past month use of cigarettes, 0.31. This finding is consistent with literature that shows a high 

correlation at the individual level between smoking cigarettes and SMI (Arday et al., 1995; 

Kessler et al., 2003; Romans, McNoe, Herbison, Walton, & Mullen, 1993; Woolf, Rothemich, 

Johnson, & Marsland, 1999). The State-level correlations between SMI and dependence on or 

abuse of drugs or need for treatment were generally quite low. The highest correlation between 

SMI and demographic information at the State level was with the 1999 per capita income 

obtained from the Bureau of Health Professions' 2002 Area Resource File, where the correlation 

was -0.53: the lower the income, the higher the percentage with SMI. 

The States with the highest SMI for persons age 18 or older in 2001 were mostly in the 

South: Oklahoma, Kentucky, Georgia, West Virginia, Arkansas, and Louisiana (Figure 6.1; 

Table B.20). There also were three Western States (Utah, Washington, and Arizona) and one 

Midwestern State (Minnesota). States with the lowest SMI percentages included one Western 

State (Hawaii), three Northeastern States (Connecticut, New Jersey, and New Hampshire), three 

Southern States (Delaware, Maryland, and Florida), and three Midwestern States (Indiana, Iowa, 

and Illinois). Oklahoma had the highest rate (10.4 percent), and Hawaii had the lowest rate (5.1 

percent). 
72

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on pages 70-71). 

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 73

7. Discussion 

The 2001 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA) represents the first year 

for which the sample sizes have been sufficiently large to estimate change in substance use 

among States based on the difference of two moving averages. Estimates from the 2000 NHSDA 

State small area estimation (SAE) report (Wright, 2002a, 2002b) established the utility of 

combining 2 years' data in order to better reflect the true variation among States. Estimates of 

change for this 2001 SAE report are based on modeling the difference between the averages for 

2000-2001 and 1999-2000. 

In addition to the new capability of measuring change, the survey provided estimates of 

serious mental illness (SMI) for the first time in 2001. That information provides the first picture 

of the distribution of SMI among the States. 

7.1. Change in State Estimates 

Change in substance use among States between 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 was estimated 

for 12 measures ranging from ones with low prevalence rates, such as cocaine use in the past 

year, to those with relatively high rates, such as past month use of alcohol. Because the size of 

the change is typically small, the focus has been on tests that indicate whether the change is 

significantly different from zero. The estimates of change considered in this report are 

differences in the prevalence estimates for 1999-2000 and 2000-2001. Results are presented 

when these differences are significant at the 0.05 or 0.10 significance level. However, the 

prediction intervals (PIs) are generally wide, and one should only characterize the change as 

being positive or negative. Regarding these significance levels, it is noted in Section 7.4 that the 

p values presented in the Appendix A tables are somewhat conservative (i.e., too large) because 

the associated correlation between the two overlapping prevalences was underestimated. A more 

precise significance level calculation presented in Appendix E yielded p values that were 

reduced by a multiple that ranged from 0.94 to 0.79 depending on the substance measure. 

The estimated change between 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 is probably best interpreted as 

the average yearly change between 1999 and 2001 (see Appendix E for more details). The size of 

the change that was statistically detectable depended on a number of factors, including the level 

of the State prevalence rate, the size of the State sample, the fit of the national model, and the 

magnitude of the change itself. For past year cocaine use among persons age 12 or older, where 

the national prevalence rate was only about 1.5 percent in 2001 (Office of Applied Studies 

[OAS], 2002d), none of the State differences was statistically detectable, in part because the 

largest change was only 0.6 percent. In the same age group, for past month use of an illicit drug 

(6.3 percent in 2000), changes were detectable that were approximately 1.5 percent or larger for 

the States with annual samples of 900, and about 1.0 percent or larger for the States with large 

annual samples of about 3,600. For past month use of alcohol, a measure for which the national 

average among persons age 12 or older was close to 50.0 percent, changes of about 4.0 to 5.0 

percent or larger were detectable. This is due in part to the fact that the variance of a percentage 

reaches its maximum at 50 percent. 
 74

The estimates for substance use among States for 2000-2001 were similar to those for 

1999-2000. In general, the correlation between the two sets of estimates was quite high, about 

0.80 or higher for each of the component age groups, and for all persons age 12 or older, except 

for past year use of cocaine and past year use of any illicit drug other than marijuana (26 or 

older). State rankings remained fairly constant over the period even though a number of States 

experienced statistically significant changes. 

Most of the State-level changes for a specific measure mirrored the corresponding 

direction of the national trend for that measure. Occasionally, there were individual States that 

"bucked" the national trend. 

Six States had significant increases of current use of illicit drugs among those age 12 or 

older. Three of those States ranked in the top fifth (i.e., had the highest rates) of illicit drug use 

(Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont), two States were in the second highest fifth, and the 

other State fell into the middle fifth. Similarly, eight States recorded significant increases in 

current marijuana use among persons age 12 or older. Five of those States were among the top 

two fifths in current marijuana use. Delaware, a top fifth State for past month marijuana use 

among youths age 12 to 17 in 1999-2000, had the only significant decrease in that age group 

(also the only significant decrease in any of the age groups). Both Illinois and Vermont had 

significant increases between 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 in the incidence of marijuana use 

among persons age 12 or older, from 1.6 to 1.8 percent for Illinois and from 2.3 to 2.7 percent for 

Vermont, foreshadowing possible future increases in the prevalence rates for marijuana (Table 

A.4). 

Although a number of States showed significant decreases in perceived risks of monthly 

use of marijuana (consistent with the increase at the national level), among those age 12 or older, 

only Alaska had a significant increase in perceived risk. The relationship between perceived 

risks of a substance and its actual use are negatively correlated at the person level; however, at 

the State level, changes in actual use were not as sensitive to changes in perceptions of risk. For 

example, Alaska's perceived risk of monthly marijuana use among persons age 12 or older 

increased during the period, and its actual use in that age group was slightly higher as well, 

though not statistically significant. Similarly, five States had significant decreases in perceived 

risk of monthly marijuana use, but only New York reported a significant increase in past month 

marijuana use in the same age group. 

Given the small prevalence rate for past year use of cocaine and the size of the sample, it 

is no surprise that there were no significant changes among persons age 12 or older. Across all of 

the age groups, only Hawaii showed a significant change—a decline from 1.5 to 0.8 percent in 

the 26 or older age group. Hawaii had ranked in the highest fifth in 1999-2000 among persons 

age 26 or older, but fell to the lowest fifth in this age group for 2000-2001 (Table A.6). 

Consistent with the national increase in current use of alcohol, nine States had significant 

increases between 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 among persons age 12 or older. Four of those 

States (Vermont, Connecticut, Minnesota, and Rhode Island) were ranked in the top fifth both in 

1999-2000 and 2000-2001. Only Alaska, which ranked in the next to highest fifth in 1999-2000, 

showed a decrease among persons age 12 or older (from 52.9 to 49.4 percent) (Table A.7). 
 75

Recent use of tobacco and cigarettes at the national level among persons age 12 or older 

was reasonably flat between 1999 and 2001. Only four States reported any significant changes 

between 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 in past month use of cigarettes. Three States reported 

decreases in the 12 to 17 age group: Arkansas (from 18.6 to 14.6 percent), Oregon (from 15.0 to 

11.8 percent), and Pennsylvania (from 16.4 to 14.8 percent). Rhode Island reported the only 

increase in current use of cigarettes—from 37.3 to 42.7 percent among persons age 18 to 25. 

Arkansas had ranked in the top fifth of States for youths age 12 to 17 in 1999-2000, but ranked in 

the middle fifth in 2000-2001 (Table A.11). 

Perceptions of the risk of heavy smoking at the national level increased between 1999 

and 2001 among persons age 12 or older and in each of the component age groups. Reflecting 

this trend, 15 States also had significant increases in perceived risk among persons age 12 or 

older during that period. Interestingly, none of these States indicated any significant decreases in 

current use of cigarettes, nor did any of the States that had significant changes in current use of 

cigarettes show correspondingly significant changes in perceptions of the risk of heavy smoking. 

Year-to-year changes in perceptions of risk of using a substance at the State level are not 

necessarily associated with corresponding changes in the actual use of a substance. 

7.2. Characteristics of Prevalence Levels among States 

State estimates of the prevalence of substance use can provide, among other things, 

information on the geographic clustering of these problems. Many factors can influence the 

nature of State and local prevalence rates, including local culture and social norms, State and 

local policies, and the sources, supply, and marketing of drugs. The findings in this report reveal 

varying degrees of clustering of substance use depending on the substance. 

States with the highest prevalence of illicit drug use include five Northeastern States, four 

Western States, and one Southern State (Figure 2.1; Table B.1). By contrast, there was greater 

State clustering associated with alcohol and tobacco use. The highest rates of both binge alcohol 

use and general alcohol use were found in Northern States. The highest rates of past month 

cigarette and tobacco use were in the South. 

Substance use literature has documented the inverse relationship between the perceptions 

of risk in using a substance and the actual use of the substance at the individual level (e.g., 

Bachman et al., 1998). The lower the perception that use involves risk, the higher the probability 

of use. This relationship at the individual level is reflected to varying degrees in correlations at 

the State level. Binge alcohol use provides an example of a "weak" relationship at the State level. 

Five out of ten States with the lowest percentages of perceived risk of binge drinking reported 

the highest levels of binge alcohol use (Figures 3.5 and 3.9; Tables B.8 and B.9). A similar 

relationship occurred between past month binge use of alcohol and past month use of alcohol in 

general, with five of the States that ranked highest in past month binge alcohol use also ranking 

highest in past month alcohol use (Figures 3.1 and 3.5; Tables B.7 and B.8). 

A slightly stronger relationship with respect to the perception of risk and prevalence of 

use was found with cigarettes. Six States that had high rates of cigarette use also had the lowest 

rates of perceived risk of heavy use of cigarettes (Figures 4.5 and 4.9; Tables B.11 and B.12). 

The strongest relationship was found between perceived risk of occasional use of marijuana and 
 76

past month use of marijuana. Nine of the States with the lowest perceived risk of occasional 

marijuana use also had the highest rates of past month use of marijuana (Figures 2.5 and 2.9; 

Tables B.2 and B.3). 

Because marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug, most of the States with the 

highest rates of illicit drug use also were the States with the highest rates of past month 

marijuana use (Figures 2.1 and 2.5; Tables B.1 and B.2). States where the rate of first-time use of 

marijuana was high also tended to be States with the highest rates of past month marijuana use 

although the correlation was somewhat less than one might expect (Figures 2.5 and 2.13; Tables 

B.2 and B.4). Of the 10 States in the top fifth with respect to past month use of an illicit drug, 6 

were in the top fifth for past month use of an illicit drug other than marijuana (Figures 2.1 and 

2.16; Tables B.1 and B.5). Seven of the States with the highest levels of past month use of illicit 

drugs other than marijuana also had the highest rates of past year use of cocaine (Figures 2.16 

and 2.20; Tables B.5 and B.6). In general, a State that had a high level of use of one substance 

also tended to have high levels of use of related substances. 

States that ranked high for substance use by all persons age 12 years or older also ranked 

high in use of substances by the population age 26 or older. This relationship derives from the 

fact that the latter group represents 77 percent of the total population 12 years old or older. 

Although the 26 or older population often drove the prevalence rates in the 12 or older 

population in a State, rates among the 12 to 17 and 18 to 25 age groups may not have followed 

suit. For example, California displayed a high rate for past month illicit drug use among all 

persons age 12 or older, but the rates in the 12 to 17 and 18 to 25 age groups were similar to the 

national average (Figures 2.1 to 2.3; Table B.1). On the other hand, Massachusetts, Vermont, 

Colorado, and Rhode Island had high rates of use of any illicit drug among all three age groups. 

Another possible inference that can be made by comparing the States that displayed the 

highest rates of substance use among youths age 12 to 17 from 1 year to the next with the States 

having high rates in the 26 or older age group is that the behavior of the former group is more 

susceptible to change. The younger age groups represent ages of initiation and experimentation 

and groups that are probably more susceptible to influence and change; older persons' drug 

behavior is more established, with most former substance users having stopped. 

With 2 years' data using the same definitions of dependence and abuse for six prevalence 

measures, the range of prevalence rates between the State with the lowest rate and the State with 

the highest rate is generally larger than it was with only a single year's data. This is in part a 

result of having sample sizes approximately twice as large so that the States' sample data carry 

more weight relative to the national model than they did with a single year's data. In 2000, the 

weight of the national model tended to pull down the States with high sample-based estimates. In 

2000-2001, the sample-based estimates are relatively more precise and have been given more 

weight in the composite estimator. Except for dependence or abuse of any illicit drug, for which 

the range remained the same, the range of the other measures increased anywhere from 

approximately 20 to 50 percent, usually at the top of the range. The higher ranges also are the 

result of increased prevalence rates between 2000 and 2001 for some of the measures. 

From 2000 to 2001, the national percentage of those with dependence or abuse increased 

for both illicit drugs and alcohol (OAS, 2001b, 2002c). The relationship between past month use 
 77

of alcohol or past month binge use of alcohol to past year alcohol dependence or abuse was not 

particularly strong due in part to the widely different prevalence levels of the measures. For 

example, among the States with the highest rates of current alcohol use for those age 12 or older 

(States ranged from about 55.1 to 61.6 percent), only four States fell into the highest fifth for past 

year dependence on or abuse of alcohol (rates ranged from 6.8 to 8.5 percent). Even with respect 

to the smaller percentage of past month binge use of alcohol, only 5 States in the top 10 for binge 

alcohol use also were present in the top fifth for alcohol dependence or abuse in the past year 

(Figures 3.1, 3.5, and 5.1; Tables B.7, B.8, and B.13). 

Only four States ranked in the top fifth for past year alcohol dependence or abuse also 

were ranked in the top fifth for past year alcohol dependence: the District of Columbia, New 

Mexico, South Dakota, and Alaska. For the States in the top fifth for past year alcohol 

dependence, the percentage of persons age 12 or older who met the criteria for dependence 

comprised anywhere from 38 to 49 percent of those meeting the criteria for both past year 

dependence or abuse. Although the top States for current use or binge alcohol use were primarily 

States from the northern parts of the United States, the top States for past year alcohol 

dependence included more Southern, Western, and Midwestern States: the District of Columbia, 

Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Illinois, South Dakota, New Mexico, California, Oregon, and 

Alaska (Figures 3.1, 3.5, 5.1, and 5.5; Tables B.7, B.8, B.13, and B.14). 

Generally, States with high prevalence rates for alcohol dependence or abuse were not the 

same States that had high prevalence rates for illicit drug dependence or abuse. Only three of the 

States in the top fifth with the highest rates of alcohol dependence or abuse (Massachusetts, New 

Mexico, and Colorado) also were in the group of States with the highest levels of illicit drug 

dependence or abuse (Figures 5.1 and 5.9; Tables B.13 and B.15). Most of the States with the 

highest levels of illicit drug dependence or abuse were in the West: Nevada, California, 

Washington, New Mexico, Colorado, and Oregon. The top fifth also included one State from the 

South, Louisiana, and three from the Northeast: Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Vermont. Only 

two States were in the top fifth for all three age groups: Nevada and Connecticut. 

There was some degree of relationship between high rates of past year illicit drug 

dependence or abuse and high rates of past year cocaine use at the State level. Six States were 

ranked among the highest for both measures: Colorado, New Mexico, Massachusetts, Nevada, 

Vermont, and California (Figures 2.20 and 5.9; Tables B.6 and B.15). 

Not only did geographic clustering of States occur among those with high prevalence 

rates, but similar clustering also was evident among the States with the lowest rates. For 

example, nine Southern States were in the lowest fifth for past month use of alcohol (Figure 3.1; 

Table B.7), eight Southern States were in the lowest fifth for past month binge use of alcohol 

(Figure 3.5; Table B.8), and seven Southern States were among those indicating a high risk of 

binge drinking (population age 12 years or older) (Figure 3.9; Table B.9). By contrast, only one 

Southern State was in the top fifth for current use of alcohol, and no Southern State appeared in 

the set of States with either the highest rates of binge alcohol use or the lowest rates for 

perceived risk of binge drinking. Similarly, 10 Southern States comprised the category of States 

with the highest perceived risk of using marijuana occasionally, but only Delaware was in the 

group of States with the lowest perceived risk of marijuana (Figure 2.9; Table B.3). Also, six 

Midwestern States were among those indicating the lowest rates of past year dependence on any 
 78

illicit drug; however, no Midwestern State was among those with the highest rates of illicit drug 

dependence (Figure 5.13; Table B.16). 

The estimates of the percentage treatment gap for 2000-2001 displayed a larger range of 

percentages, especially among States with the highest percentages. Part of the reason for this was 

the increase in the percentage treatment gap at the national level from 1.7 percent in 2000 to 2.2 

percent in 2001 (OAS, 2002c). The other part is due to the nature of the estimation process that 

gives relatively more weight to the sample data for 2000-2001 relative to 2000 because there are 

2 years of data instead of 1. The precision of the estimates as indicated by the smaller PIs also 

has improved. California had the largest percentage treatment gap in 2000-2001, and the other 

States in the top fifth were mostly from the West or Northeast (Figure 5.21; Table B.18). Along 

with the national increase in the percentage treatment gap between 2000 and 2001, it can be 

inferred that most States shared in that increase. States in the two lowest fifths in 2000 had 

increases that were on average lower than the national average, States in the middle fifth had 

increases that were similar to the national average increase, and most States in the highest two 

fifths displayed increases that were greater than the national average. 

7.3. Serious Mental Illness 

The 2001 NHSDA was the first in which the survey was capable of providing estimates 

of SMI for all persons age 18 or older. States with the lowest rates of SMI were a mixture of one 

Western State, three from the Northeast, three from the South, and three from the Midwest 

(Figure 6.1; Table B.20). The State with the lowest rate was Hawaii (5.1 percent). States in the 

highest fifth seemed more clustered geographically with six Southern States, three Western 

States, and one State from the Midwest. Oklahoma, the State with the highest rate of SMI, had a 

rate that was double that of Hawaii. Estimates of SMI among the States with larger samples fell 

into a narrower range: from Florida at 6.8 percent to Michigan with 8.2 percent. Persons age 18 

to 25 had higher rates of SMI than did the 26 or older age group. In the 18 to 25 age group, 

California had the lowest rate (9.7 percent) and Maine had the highest rate (14.4 percent). 

Although SMI is somewhat correlated at the individual level with past month use of an 

illicit drug, the correlation at the State level was fairly low and negative (-0.18). The highest 

correlation at the State level was between SMI and past month use of cigarettes, 0.31. This result 

is supported somewhat by substance use literature that shows a relationship between SMI and 

past month use of cigarettes at the individual level (Arday et al., 1995; Kessler et al., 2003; 

Romans et al., 1993; Woolf et al., 1999). The correlations with dependence on or abuse of drugs 

or the need for treatment were generally quite low. The highest correlation with demographic 

information was with the 1999 per capita income obtained from the Bureau of Health 

Professions' 2002 Area Resource File, where the correlation was -0.53: the lower the income, the 

higher the percentage with SMI. 

In general, the State estimates derived from the NHSDA data correlated only moderately, 

0.259, with the synthetic State estimates generated from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area 

(ECA) study and the National Comorbidity Study (NCS) and published in the Federal Register

by the Center for Mental Health Services (CMHS, 1999). The data used from the ECA were 

limited to Baltimore and were collected during the 1980s. The NCS data were from a national 

probability sample of approximately 8,000 households and included data for only 34 States. The 
 79

method used was essentially based on synthetic estimation in which the NCS data were used to 

make estimates for persons 15 to 54 years old, and the ECA data were used to make estimates for 

persons age 55 or older. The estimation used a fixed-effect logistic regression model based on 

data at either the county or Census tract level consisting of demographic information, such as 

age, race/ethnicity, and gender. By contrast, the State-level SMI estimates in this report are based 

on representative State samples of about 2,400 persons for the eight largest States and 600 

persons for the 42 smaller States and the District of Columbia surveyed throughout the 2001 

calendar year. The NHSDA model includes random effects at the State and field interview region 

group levels in order to reflect differences among States and region groups that are not captured 

by the fixed-effect national model. 

7.4. Validation 

It is difficult to find other data to validate the State-level estimates discussed in this report 

and presented in the tables. In the past, national estimates from the NHSDA have been compared 

with estimates from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) and the Youth 

Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) sponsored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 

(CDC, 2003a, 2003b). However, these CDC surveys (a) did not focus extensively on substance 

use, (b) employed different data collection methods, (c) did not cover all of the States on an 

annual basis, and (d) had varying degrees in potential response and nonresponse bias. It is, 

therefore, difficult to know how much confidence should be placed in comparisons of results. 

Although external validation of NHSDA findings is problematic, internal validation of 

the States can be useful. Because the State prevalence levels for 2000-2001 are estimated in the 

same manner as they were for 1999-2000, the procedure for, and results of, that validation are 

first summarized here from last year's report (for details, see Volume II, Section B.4.2 in 

Appendix B, in the 2000 State report [Wright, 2002b]). Subsequently, the process for validating 

the estimates of change between 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 are presented, as well as the results 

of that analysis. 

To validate the modeling process for estimating the State prevalence levels for 1999-

2000, data from 1999 and 2000 were combined for each of the eight largest States, resulting in 

sample sizes of about 7,200 per State. Given the large sample sizes and the precision of estimates 

based on samples of this size, the sample estimates for each of the eight States were considered 

to be the true values. Replicating the sample design and model estimation procedures used in 

producing small area estimates for the 42 States and the District of Columbia (based on pooled 

samples of about 1,800 persons age 12 or older), each of the eight large States was divided into 

four "pseudo" substates. Estimates then were produced for four substance measures and three age 

groups for each of the four "pseudo" States (see Tables E.13 to E.16 in Appendix E in Volume 

II). Comparing the results with the true values in each of the eight States, the State model 

estimates (for all persons age 12 or older) were very close to the true values (i.e., the bias as a 

percentage of the estimated prevalence rate was very small): 

! past month use of marijuana, 4.07 percent; 

! past year use of cocaine, 7.88 percent; 
 80

! past month binge alcohol use, 0.98 percent; and 

! past month use of cigarettes, 1.22 percent. 

For example, if the true value of past month use of marijuana for persons age 12 or older 

in a State with a pooled sample of about 1,800 persons was 5 percent, the small area estimate 

would, on average, fall within 0.2 percent (4.07 percent × 5 percent) of the true value. In 

addition, the range within which the true value will lie 95 percent of the time (referred to as the 

95 percent prediction interval [PI]) was much smaller than the corresponding estimate based 

solely on the sample: 25 to 35 percent shorter, depending on the substance (Table E.17). Taking 

both the model bias and the range of estimates into account, the total relative standard error was 

quite small—much smaller than could be obtained using just the sample. 

The validation process for measuring change was similar to that for measuring prevalence 

levels and is described in more detail in Volume II, Appendix E, of this report. The change 

measure is defined as the odds ratio {P2/ (1-P2)}/{P1/ (1-P1)}, where P1 is the pooled 1999-

2000 small area estimate and P2 is the pooled 2000-2001 small area estimate. 

The results of the validation study indicate that the relative absolute bias of change 

between 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 was fairly small (see Tables E.9 to E.12 in Appendix E, 

Volume II), but somewhat larger than it was for the estimates of the 2000-2001 prevalence 

levels. For the population age 12 or older, the average relative absolute bias of change is as 

follows: 

! past month use of marijuana, 4.26 percent; 

! past year use of cocaine, 12.71 percent; 

! past month use of alcohol, 3.28 percent; and 

! past month use of cigarettes, 1.42 percent. 

Generally speaking, the model-based estimates tend toward a conservative underestimate of 

change. That is, the true change for the above four substance measures, whether an increase or a 

decrease, tends to be larger than the model-based estimate. Because the validation is focused on 

the States that have sample sizes of approximately 1,800 persons, the expectation is that 

estimates for the eight large States, where the sample sizes are approximately 7,200 (for pooled 

data across 2 years), would be closer to their true values than is indicated for the four substance 

measures presented above. 

The p values presented in Appendix A's tables are somewhat conservative because the 

model-based approximation of the correlation between 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 that was used 

in those tables underestimates this quantity. In a separate analysis, the size of the underestimate 

has been estimated for the above four substance measures (see Tables E.5 to E.8) using an 

alternative estimator that is more precise. (For more details on the reestimation of the correlation, 

see Volume II, Appendix E.) The underestimate appears to be more prominent for the measures 

with higher prevalence rates, including past month use of marijuana, past month use of alcohol, 

and past month use of cigarettes. The ratios of the average reestimated p values to the average 
 81

original p values for the 12 or older population are 0.79 for past month use of alcohol, 0.81 for 

past month use of cigarettes, 0.84 for past month use of marijuana, and 0.94 for past year use of 

cocaine. Table E.3 presents the ratios of the average width of the model-based PIs based on the 

reestimated year-to-year correlations relative to the average width of the design-based 

confidence intervals of change for the substate areas for the four validation substance measures. 

Based on the reestimated correlations, the true ratios of the model-based interval widths to the 

design-based interval widths range from 0.60 to 0.77 for the 12 or older population, somewhat 

lower for the low prevalence measures, cocaine and marijuana, than for alcohol and cigarettes. 

These ratios imply that, for small States, the model-based estimates result in gains in precision 

over the usual direct sample-based estimates that are equivalent to sample sizes that are 

approximately 1.7 (1/.772

) to 2.8 (1/.602) times as large as the actual sample sizes, depending on 

the substance. 

However, the model may not be able to adequately adjust for differential nonresponse 

and bias effects at the State level. There were considerable differences in the response rates 

between States with the lowest and highest rates. In 1999, for example, Massachusetts had the 

lowest response rate at 49.8 percent and Mississippi had the highest rate at 78.2 percent. In 2000, 

the range of response rates was somewhat smaller with the Illinois rate at 58.2 percent and the 

Kentucky rate at 80.6 percent. In 2001, the overall response rates at the State level ranged 

between 55.3 percent for Illinois and 78.5 percent for New Mexico. If there were bias resulting 

from nonresponse that varied in relation to the rates, it would raise questions about comparisons 

among States. (See Volume II, Tables E.18 to E.20 in Appendix E, for interview response rates 

by State in 1999, 2000, and 2001.) 

There was, in fact, some suggestion that the State nonresponse rates and the prevalence 

levels of substance use were somehow related. Averaging State response rates for the 1999 

NHSDA and the 2000 NHSDA and comparing the result with the rate of past month marijuana 

use by persons 12 years or older (using the pooled 1999-2000 data) revealed a -0.42 correlation, 

suggesting that lower State response rates may be associated with higher State marijuana 

prevalence rates. This result is not sufficient to conclude there was in fact nonresponse bias. For 

such bias to exist after nonresponse adjustments have been made requires that the true 

probabilities for persons to respond to the survey still depend to some degree on whether they 

have used a substance or not. 

Research has shown that the more socially unacceptable the substance, the greater the 

tendency to not report its use (Harrison, 1997). Therefore, one might anticipate very little 

underreporting if the question asked whether the respondent had ever used marijuana during his 

or her lifetime, but more extensive underreporting if asked about past month use of heroin. Some 

of the uncertainty about the extent and nature of the underreporting is being addressed by a 

validity study using hair and urine samples provided by respondents in the NHSDA. 
 82
 83

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http://www.samhsa.gov/oas/analytic.htm] 
 86
 87

Appendix A: Tables of Change Between the 

1999-2000 and the 2000-2001 Model-Based 

Estimates (50 States and the District of 

Columbia), by Substance 
 88
 89

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90

Table A.1 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Any Illicit Drug, by Age Group and State: 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 

12-17 18-25 26 or Older 

State 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2Total1 9.79a 10.32 0.023 16.01a 17.29 0.000 4.17 4.39 0.216 6.2Alabama 9.62 9.48 0.919 14.43 15.21 0.671 3.29 3.69 0.546 5.3Alaska 10.67 11.81 0.417 19.90 21.94 0.348 6.26 6.04 0.837 8.8Arizona 11.03 11.13 0.948 13.60 16.07 0.190 4.04 4.35 0.695 6.1Arkansas 10.79 11.40 0.677 13.79a 18.27 0.009 3.31 4.08 0.245 5.44California 10.44 11.06 0.383 15.82 17.45 0.127 5.74 6.04 0.658 7.6Colorado 12.96 13.50 0.751 23.91 25.42 0.557 5.71 5.79 0.944 8.8Connecticut 12.56 13.23 0.684 19.34 23.09 0.132 4.91 4.61 0.739 7.2Delaware 14.25 12.09 0.198 22.98 21.90 0.627 5.38 4.76 0.503 8.4District of Columbia 9.39 10.36 0.515 16.87 19.21 0.255 5.02 6.07 0.316 7.0Florida 8.99 9.87 0.293 15.30 15.98 0.528 4.31 4.21 0.852 5.9Georgia 8.82 8.28 0.634 15.09 15.72 0.731 4.35 4.12 0.775 6.2Hawaii 11.34 11.79 0.792 18.77 19.08 0.900 5.53 5.11 0.699 7.6Idaho 7.96 8.04 0.949 13.08 13.37 0.856 3.35 3.23 0.853 5.3Illinois 10.52 10.79 0.742 16.41a 18.88 0.033 3.94 4.65 0.195 6.2Indiana 9.40 9.03 0.769 15.76 14.02 0.339 3.75 3.17 0.398 5.9Iowa 6.92 7.67 0.503 12.45 13.17 0.662 2.50 2.49 0.982 4.2Kansas 9.20 11.17 0.175 14.22 17.10 0.149 2.90 3.30 0.514 5.1Kentucky 10.05 11.86 0.207 16.19 18.16 0.287 3.54 4.01 0.522 5.8Louisiana 10.18 10.22 0.976 15.04 16.61 0.404 3.67 4.10 0.529 6.0Maine 11.69 13.98 0.154 22.77 26.44 0.130 3.95 4.99 0.221 6.8Maryland 10.44 10.69 0.867 15.37 17.42 0.307 3.63 3.93 0.669 5.6Massachusetts 14.58 14.38 0.912 25.76 25.69 0.976 8.82 8.06 0.573 11.3Michigan 10.60b 12.12 0.068 18.53 19.90 0.241 4.41 4.72 0.541 6.8Minnesota 11.03 11.70 0.659 16.74 18.41 0.396 3.34 3.69 0.617 5.9Mississippi 8.48 8.89 0.747 14.22 15.39 0.509 2.98 3.28 0.620 5.2Missouri 8.23 9.94 0.190 15.53 15.07 0.808 3.13 3.47 0.573 5.2See notes at end of table. 
91

Table A.1 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Any Illicit Drug, by Age Group and State: 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 

12-17 18-25 26 or Older 

State 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-20Montana 13.42 12.95 0.789 17.08 18.40 0.489 3.48 3.17 0.632 6.32 Nebraska 7.66 8.98 0.275 12.83 12.43 0.804 2.48 2.53 0.914 4.47 Nevada 11.80 12.00 0.904 16.95 17.60 0.764 5.55 5.04 0.590 7.49 New Hampshire 12.68 14.00 0.412 19.76a 25.47 0.016 3.73 4.58 0.278 6.55New Jersey 9.40 8.84 0.645 17.92 18.76 0.692 4.00 3.54 0.502 6.13 New Mexico 11.83 13.53 0.289 16.12 15.97 0.938 4.67 4.88 0.817 7.13 New York 8.77 9.57 0.330 17.07b 19.32 0.071 3.63 4.48 0.113 5.79North Carolina 9.64 9.97 0.791 16.83 18.47 0.405 4.70 5.94 0.188 6.68 North Dakota 8.75 8.60 0.907 11.35 12.12 0.634 2.11 1.88 0.573 4.19 Ohio 8.57 9.47 0.238 15.91 16.72 0.437 3.46 3.60 0.744 5.60 Oklahoma 8.69 9.88 0.420 11.34 13.41 0.215 3.32 3.29 0.963 4.99 Oregon 12.37 12.11 0.870 19.98 23.50 0.118 4.94 5.89 0.341 7.52 Pennsylvania 8.26b 9.68 0.053 15.39 16.63 0.249 4.13 3.86 0.593 5.85 Rhode Island 12.64 12.98 0.843 24.46 23.96 0.842 5.19 5.24 0.954 8.12 South Carolina 8.72 9.12 0.760 13.72 15.00 0.476 3.30 3.71 0.532 5.15 South Dakota 8.51 8.85 0.791 12.57 11.81 0.630 2.68 2.33 0.479 4.75 Tennessee 9.49 10.42 0.507 14.83 15.44 0.748 4.02 4.10 0.920 5.94 Texas 9.04 8.80 0.736 12.78 13.67 0.352 2.61 3.10 0.200 4.86 Utah 6.46 6.85 0.726 9.84 10.58 0.606 3.35 2.94 0.589 5.01 Vermont 13.61 15.99 0.165 26.98b 31.75 0.073 4.87 6.37 0.184 8.50Virginia 7.26 8.48 0.277 13.76 16.14 0.234 3.11 3.46 0.583 4.82 Washington 11.19 11.44 0.865 17.05 18.79 0.378 5.46 5.36 0.914 7.51 West Virginia 10.60 10.13 0.741 14.89 14.91 0.989 2.38 2.85 0.374 4.69 Wisconsin 10.63 10.08 0.667 18.19 16.84 0.479 4.12 3.91 0.762 6.68 Wyoming 9.07 10.01 0.488 15.41 15.79 0.834 3.24 3.04 0.736 5.67 NOTE: p value: Bayes posterior probability of no change. NOTE: Any Illicit Drug includes marijuana/hashish, cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or any prescription-type psychotherNOTE: Estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach. a Difference between the 2000-2001 estimate and the 1999-2000 estimate is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. b Difference between the 2000-2001 estimate and the 1999-2000 estimate is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. 1 This estimate is the weighted average of the hierarchical Bayes estimates across all States and the District of Columbia and typically is not equal to 

estimate for the Nation.

Source: SAMHSA Office of Applied Studies, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1999, 2000, and 2001 
92

Table A.2 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Marijuana, by Age Group and State: 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 

12-17 18-25 26 or Older 

State 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-20Total1 7.24b 7.64 0.063 13.69a 14.59 0.003 2.97 3.13 0.307 4.80Alabama 6.40 5.98 0.689 11.18 12.09 0.562 2.27 2.58 0.524 3.84 Alaska 8.65 9.88 0.343 17.35 19.06 0.405 3.76 4.04 0.713 6.35 Arizona 7.48 7.39 0.934 11.40 12.25 0.592 2.89 2.78 0.860 4.53 Arkansas 7.09 7.22 0.907 10.00a 14.50 0.004 2.43 3.03 0.270 3.89California 7.50 8.16 0.286 13.49 14.45 0.323 4.02 4.09 0.901 5.69 Colorado 10.80 10.96 0.919 20.49 21.32 0.701 5.21 4.49 0.433 7.80 Connecticut 9.99 10.76 0.598 17.05 20.73 0.127 3.57 3.68 0.884 5.70 Delaware 11.89b 9.56 0.099 20.81 19.22 0.466 4.48 3.92 0.481 7.24 District of Columbia 7.25 7.37 0.931 12.48 14.86 0.190 3.69 4.30 0.474 5.23 Florida 6.63 7.46 0.230 13.11 13.11 0.995 3.40 3.21 0.698 4.74 Georgia 5.89 5.41 0.579 12.01 13.02 0.530 2.91 3.00 0.888 4.45 Hawaii 8.72 9.32 0.701 14.35 15.11 0.731 4.48 3.95 0.610 6.07 Idaho 5.99 6.07 0.935 11.12 11.94 0.593 2.36 2.49 0.778 4.12 Illinois 8.13 8.27 0.847 14.25a 16.81 0.013 2.67 3.31 0.106 4.77Indiana 7.48 7.23 0.821 12.26 11.41 0.564 2.65 2.16 0.310 4.43 Iowa 4.94 5.44 0.593 9.43 11.57 0.150 1.34 1.79 0.218 2.79Kansas 6.82 8.01 0.297 12.00 14.39 0.156 1.74 2.38 0.141 3.68Kentucky 6.79a 8.99 0.050 12.71 14.10 0.390 2.41 2.85 0.389 4.21 Louisiana 6.07 5.81 0.784 11.19 11.41 0.885 1.89 1.98 0.835 3.74 Maine 9.25 11.12 0.179 20.31 23.53 0.160 3.42 4.20 0.284 5.95Maryland 8.25 7.79 0.709 13.23 14.39 0.493 2.66 2.83 0.773 4.46 Massachusetts 12.35 12.59 0.887 24.81 24.85 0.988 6.28 6.03 0.825 9.03 Michigan 7.94b 9.40 0.053 16.61 17.45 0.460 3.49 3.60 0.801 5.66 Minnesota 9.13 8.77 0.778 15.08 16.44 0.454 2.27 2.84 0.277 4.73 Mississippi 5.28 5.55 0.773 10.67 12.18 0.335 1.40 1.96 0.126 3.16Missouri 6.55 7.31 0.474 13.62 12.96 0.704 2.45 2.55 0.837 4.33 See notes at end of table. 
93

Table A.2 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Marijuana, by Age Group and State: 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 

12-17 18-25 26 or Older 

State 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-20Montana 9.26 9.32 0.965 15.05 16.39 0.448 2.55 2.53 0.966 4.89 Nebraska 6.17 6.68 0.636 11.54 10.59 0.549 1.57 1.96 0.294 3.45 Nevada 9.54 9.32 0.878 13.73 14.16 0.823 3.54 3.23 0.633 5.31 New Hampshire 10.73 11.79 0.492 18.74 22.01 0.177 3.39 4.04 0.331 5.96 New Jersey 6.81 6.04 0.407 14.88 15.43 0.771 2.86 2.65 0.701 4.63 New Mexico 9.52 11.59 0.173 15.15 14.11 0.583 3.60 3.53 0.925 5.93 New York 6.83 7.42 0.410 15.79 17.46 0.137 2.42b 3.09 0.091 4.50North Carolina 6.51 6.67 0.875 14.35 15.80 0.387 3.98 4.11 0.872 5.50 North Dakota 6.80 6.36 0.693 10.16 10.34 0.898 1.27 1.48 0.511 3.17 Ohio 6.44 6.99 0.377 13.77 14.43 0.489 2.41 2.62 0.546 4.30 Oklahoma 5.66 6.46 0.475 8.39 9.67 0.338 1.68 2.02 0.420 3.02 Oregon 9.39 9.07 0.811 17.68 20.43 0.203 4.40 4.80 0.646 6.53 Pennsylvania 6.46 7.37 0.161 13.96 14.95 0.341 2.81 2.92 0.776 4.47 Rhode Island 10.35 10.29 0.972 21.79 21.53 0.914 4.70 4.16 0.490 7.20 South Carolina 6.54 6.59 0.962 12.49 12.48 0.996 2.33 2.39 0.901 4.02 South Dakota 6.50 6.83 0.770 11.37 10.46 0.574 1.85 1.88 0.946 3.73 Tennessee 6.57 7.67 0.317 11.23 13.18 0.223 2.88 3.02 0.793 4.31 Texas 5.92 6.09 0.785 10.34 10.30 0.964 1.56 1.91 0.220 3.36 Utah 4.85 5.00 0.880 7.44 8.07 0.619 1.58 1.87 0.535 3.15 Vermont 10.62 13.20 0.103 24.60 28.56 0.101 4.05 5.39 0.130 7.26Virginia 5.82 5.76 0.951 12.50 13.46 0.596 2.60 2.63 0.966 4.13 Washington 8.70 9.56 0.498 14.28 15.69 0.444 3.80 3.81 0.989 5.62 West Virginia 7.32 7.03 0.794 10.67 11.91 0.421 1.90 2.33 0.348 3.49 Wisconsin 8.08 7.80 0.804 16.60 15.21 0.455 2.86 2.75 0.836 5.24 Wyoming 7.42 7.63 0.852 12.99 12.54 0.783 2.26 2.23 0.952 4.40 NOTE: p value: Bayes posterior probability of no change. NOTE: Estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach. a Difference between the 2000-2001 estimate and the 1999-2000 estimate is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. b Difference between the 2000-2001 estimate and the 1999-2000 estimate is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. 1 This estimate is the weighted average of the hierarchical Bayes estimates across all States and the District of Columbia and typically is not equal to 

estimate for the Nation.

Source: SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1999, 2000, and 2001. 
94

Table A.3 Percentages Reporting Perceptions of Great Risk of Smoking Marijuana Once a Month, by Age Group and State: 199

12-17 18-25 26 or Older 

State 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-20Total1 37.83a 36.78 0.006 29.53a 28.46 0.007 47.49a 46.19 0.006 44.16Alabama 43.37 43.43 0.981 33.20 35.95 0.294 56.32 54.52 0.544 52.00 Alaska 31.80 31.16 0.793 19.96 21.74 0.414 34.99b 39.66 0.073 32.40Arizona 36.47 33.76 0.278 31.34 29.45 0.436 48.91 47.12 0.537 45.18 Arkansas 41.89 39.97 0.441 32.34 31.77 0.814 52.69 52.77 0.976 48.94 California 35.52 34.61 0.436 32.84 31.45 0.288 43.67 43.64 0.986 41.30 Colorado 27.20 28.42 0.592 20.28 20.56 0.898 34.44 37.47 0.283 31.82 Connecticut 29.99 29.09 0.709 24.41 20.94 0.153 42.16b 37.34 0.076 39.00Delaware 34.47 32.52 0.407 26.83 25.25 0.491 41.83 39.29 0.333 39.24 District of Columbia 37.70 33.78 0.149 27.34b 23.08 0.066 48.39a 41.61 0.015 44.48Florida 42.89 41.42 0.339 35.36 34.42 0.518 49.81 49.76 0.978 47.62 Georgia 38.18 36.01 0.321 31.24 28.84 0.338 51.35 49.10 0.434 47.24 Hawaii 37.08a 31.15 0.033 29.41 24.93 0.115 43.15 43.03 0.968 40.92 Idaho 41.45 40.11 0.600 31.22 28.95 0.324 46.43 46.85 0.873 43.53 Illinois 38.32 37.53 0.573 29.48 27.94 0.256 46.03 45.62 0.808 43.04 Indiana 41.69 40.53 0.621 28.50 28.42 0.973 49.34 48.02 0.628 45.77 Iowa 44.18 43.55 0.804 31.93 31.54 0.874 47.44 49.45 0.475 45.04 Kansas 37.46 37.66 0.936 27.24 24.45 0.234 47.09 47.51 0.882 43.36 Kentucky 41.30 40.42 0.729 30.32 30.65 0.881 55.07 52.40 0.328 50.42 Louisiana 41.89 38.84 0.203 32.14 31.25 0.716 57.27b 52.82 0.092 51.80Maine 33.87 30.16 0.121 21.13a 16.57 0.039 41.24 38.63 0.278 38.20 Maryland 36.67 33.73 0.245 28.57 25.97 0.270 42.40 41.81 0.833 40.20 Massachusetts 29.17 26.91 0.336 18.22 16.86 0.511 38.55 36.03 0.376 35.27 Michigan 36.79 35.57 0.384 26.21 24.66 0.241 44.59 44.84 0.879 41.38 Minnesota 36.54 37.50 0.691 25.89 23.99 0.400 42.60 42.86 0.921 39.71 Mississippi 45.66 48.03 0.368 37.99 41.28 0.226 59.29 57.45 0.533 54.70 Missouri 41.06 39.59 0.562 26.96 28.27 0.575 49.73 47.59 0.439 45.87 See notes at end of table. 
95

Table A.3 Percentages Reporting Perceptions of Great Risk of Smoking Marijuana Once a Month, by Age Group and State: 199

12-17 18-25 26 or Older 

State 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-20Montana 33.37 35.33 0.419 24.65 24.65 1.000 42.68 45.06 0.359 39.34 Nebraska 40.26 39.11 0.659 27.33 27.47 0.951 46.79 44.72 0.420 43.40 Nevada 33.06 32.82 0.926 28.14 26.79 0.598 41.05 43.49 0.375 38.77 New Hampshire 29.48 27.51 0.398 18.57 19.60 0.648 36.12 35.59 0.836 33.36 New Jersey 36.16 36.77 0.785 28.19 26.74 0.566 47.17 45.64 0.582 43.93 New Mexico 30.92 29.33 0.508 29.56 27.52 0.443 43.42 43.90 0.857 39.99 New York 35.78 33.52 0.120 27.06 26.54 0.697 51.19a 46.86 0.013 46.69North Carolina 38.78 37.48 0.562 26.47 23.72 0.210 47.48 45.86 0.549 44.04 North Dakota 40.07 37.99 0.387 29.61b 25.05 0.052 48.17 50.48 0.372 44.60 Ohio 38.58 36.97 0.247 27.27 26.22 0.424 47.54a 43.56 0.008 43.98Oklahoma 42.76 40.34 0.386 36.34 35.56 0.774 51.05 51.24 0.948 48.16 Oregon 32.07 31.60 0.849 20.00 19.89 0.961 36.87 35.87 0.729 34.32 Pennsylvania 38.69 38.42 0.842 27.29 26.68 0.643 50.13 48.81 0.425 46.34 Rhode Island 32.43 30.23 0.383 19.33 18.30 0.632 41.61 42.33 0.787 38.17 South Carolina 41.27 40.79 0.855 36.24 34.94 0.614 52.43 49.29 0.252 49.28 South Dakota 38.34 36.97 0.583 27.99 28.91 0.704 48.07 44.84 0.225 44.11 Tennessee 38.86 38.75 0.966 30.68 27.64 0.236 52.19 48.90 0.232 48.12 Texas 41.29 40.86 0.746 35.25 34.36 0.513 54.14 53.18 0.568 49.86 Utah 44.61 41.43 0.214 36.51 35.82 0.780 50.67 48.23 0.373 47.15 Vermont 24.76 23.78 0.652 18.64a 14.48 0.032 32.03 30.93 0.646 29.62 Virginia 39.28 37.59 0.453 27.71 26.45 0.621 47.10 44.85 0.399 43.95 Washington 32.16 32.68 0.815 25.59 23.82 0.430 39.10 38.14 0.743 36.69 West Virginia 40.52 39.89 0.796 29.80 29.21 0.808 52.18 52.25 0.979 48.33 Wisconsin 33.32 34.60 0.566 23.75 22.84 0.680 41.10 41.45 0.896 37.97 Wyoming 36.80 36.24 0.820 28.13 26.32 0.438 44.48 43.52 0.725 41.23 NOTE: p value: Bayes posterior probability of no change. NOTE: Estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach. a Difference between the 2000-2001 estimate and the 1999-2000 estimate is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. b Difference between the 2000-2001 estimate and the 1999-2000 estimate is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. 1 This estimate is the weighted average of the hierarchical Bayes estimates across all States and the District of Columbia and typically is not equal to 

estimate for the Nation.

Source: SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1999, 2000, and 2001. 
96

Table A.4 Average Annual Rates of First Use of Marijuana, by Age Group and State: 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 

12-17 18-25 26 or Older 

State 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-20Total1 6.08 6.25 0.226 5.47 5.70 0.249 0.12 0.14 0.538 1.52Alabama 5.19 5.35 0.830 5.35 5.44 0.920 0.10 0.12 0.743 1.28 Alaska 7.29 7.05 0.789 6.48 6.92 0.719 0.17 0.14 0.678 2.32 Arizona 8.16 6.83 0.149 4.69 4.71 0.976 0.13 0.14 0.944 1.82 Arkansas 5.75 6.32 0.463 4.58 5.59 0.236 0.10 0.13 0.549 1.32 California 5.57 6.17 0.130 4.50 4.58 0.880 0.14 0.15 0.859 1.46 Colorado 7.68 7.57 0.915 7.03 6.12 0.455 0.15 0.18 0.694 2.01 Connecticut 6.83 7.11 0.763 6.47 7.03 0.649 0.13 0.14 0.880 1.59 Delaware 8.32 8.66 0.733 7.01 7.98 0.451 0.13 0.16 0.708 1.90 District of Columbia 5.54 5.76 0.794 5.28 6.97 0.102 0.13 0.22 0.297 1.48 Florida 5.76 6.46 0.160 4.67 4.73 0.911 0.11 0.12 0.865 1.21 Georgia 5.61 5.10 0.442 5.47 4.99 0.594 0.13 0.15 0.661 1.50 Hawaii 7.63 7.62 0.992 5.50 5.99 0.674 0.11 0.08 0.650 1.65 Idaho 4.91 5.56 0.351 5.39 5.26 0.889 0.13 0.14 0.864 1.58 Illinois 6.17 6.75 0.226 5.61 6.57 0.127 0.12 0.15 0.625 1.56Indiana 5.88 6.17 0.695 5.27 5.18 0.919 0.12 0.14 0.820 1.44 Iowa 6.17 5.02 0.149 5.24 5.08 0.851 0.11 0.11 0.974 1.47 Kansas 6.17 6.49 0.695 6.54 6.29 0.822 0.12 0.14 0.709 1.68 Kentucky 6.74 7.33 0.478 6.46 6.34 0.909 0.12 0.16 0.449 1.62 Louisiana 5.51 5.31 0.777 4.26 5.02 0.362 0.12 0.14 0.739 1.39 Maine 7.12 6.47 0.462 8.07 8.52 0.751 0.11 0.14 0.683 1.74 Maryland 5.92 6.23 0.693 6.14 6.27 0.895 0.12 0.14 0.773 1.52 Massachusetts 8.75 8.30 0.661 7.55 8.65 0.418 0.15 0.16 0.953 2.03 Michigan 7.10 6.98 0.815 6.90 7.18 0.690 0.13 0.16 0.458 1.83 Minnesota 6.42 7.21 0.350 7.63 7.82 0.873 0.13 0.15 0.747 1.91 Mississippi 5.26 5.40 0.852 5.32 5.13 0.825 0.12 0.17 0.379 1.49 Missouri 5.85 6.67 0.313 5.91 6.28 0.709 0.11 0.13 0.695 1.51 See notes at end of table. 
97

Table A.4 Average Annual Rates of First Use of Marijuana, by Age Group and State: 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 

12-17 18-25 26 or Older 

State 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-20Montana 7.33 7.20 0.888 6.58 7.76 0.280 0.12 0.12 0.917 1.7Nebraska 5.71 6.29 0.461 5.48 6.56 0.266 0.11 0.13 0.634 1.5Nevada 7.63 7.90 0.786 5.47 6.54 0.330 0.13 0.14 0.837 1.6New Hampshire 7.52 7.29 0.799 7.49 8.33 0.559 0.13 0.16 0.685 1.9New Jersey 5.50 5.52 0.981 6.45 6.22 0.836 0.13 0.13 0.931 1.3New Mexico 7.66 8.80 0.262 5.99 5.99 0.999 0.14 0.15 0.922 1.9New York 5.64 6.01 0.420 5.93 5.90 0.966 0.12 0.15 0.491 1.4North Carolina 6.67 6.05 0.434 5.35 6.83 0.149 0.12 0.14 0.659 1.5North Dakota 7.31 7.37 0.941 6.53 7.49 0.373 0.10 0.12 0.726 1.8Ohio 5.94 6.24 0.541 5.91 6.01 0.872 0.10 0.12 0.570 1.4Oklahoma 6.58 7.04 0.619 4.14 5.39 0.123 0.12 0.13 0.944 1.4Oregon 6.50 6.61 0.894 7.10 6.28 0.479 0.15 0.15 0.995 1.7Pennsylvania 5.32 5.87 0.204 5.85 6.18 0.559 0.10 0.12 0.750 1.3Rhode Island 7.34 7.52 0.849 6.57 7.26 0.571 0.13 0.17 0.557 1.6South Carolina 6.43 6.68 0.764 4.95 5.85 0.332 0.12 0.14 0.669 1.4South Dakota 6.16 6.07 0.914 5.43 4.90 0.544 0.10 0.11 0.880 1.6Tennessee 6.34 6.36 0.978 5.46 5.85 0.681 0.12 0.14 0.840 1.4Texas 5.49 5.22 0.504 4.55 4.77 0.656 0.13 0.14 0.790 1.4Utah 4.67 4.71 0.965 3.88 3.93 0.947 0.14 0.14 0.947 1.6Vermont 8.30 9.37 0.282 8.22 10.30 0.161 0.15 0.21 0.413 2.2Virginia 5.09 4.86 0.740 5.68 5.73 0.961 0.13 0.15 0.744 1.4Washington 6.78 6.93 0.860 5.17 6.35 0.238 0.13 0.14 0.877 1.6West Virginia 6.27 6.43 0.845 4.98 4.88 0.906 0.10 0.11 0.738 1.2Wisconsin 7.34 6.68 0.416 6.46 6.11 0.742 0.15 0.16 0.910 1.8Wyoming 6.51 6.97 0.596 6.18 6.71 0.615 0.12 0.13 0.836 1.8NOTE: p value: Bayes posterior probability of no change. NOTE: Average Annual Rate={(Number of Marijuana Initiates in past 24 months)/[(Number of Marijuana Initiates in past 24 months * 0.5) + Num

used Marijuana]}/2. Both the computation components, Number of Marijuana Initiates in past 24 months and Number of persons who never 

on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach. Note that the age group is based on a respondent's age at the time of the interv

first use. 

NOTE: Estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach. 

a Difference between the 2000-2001 estimate and the 1999-2000 estimate is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. b Difference between the 2000-2001 estimate and the 1999-2000 estimate is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. 1 This estimate is the weighted average of the hierarchical Bayes estimates across all States and the District of Columbia and typically is not equal to 

estimate for the Nation.

Source: SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1999, 2000, and 2001. 
98

Table A.5 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Any Illicit Drug Other Than Marijuana, by Age Group and State: 1999-20

12-17 18-25 26 or Older 

State 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-20Total1 4.54 4.76 0.202 5.96a 6.86 0.000 1.86 1.91 0.687 2.67Alabama 5.10 5.04 0.942 6.70 6.91 0.858 1.62 1.68 0.892 2.6Alaska 3.88 4.13 0.767 6.49 7.32 0.535 2.37 1.82 0.359 3.1Arizona 5.17 5.93 0.442 5.76b 7.91 0.079 2.32 2.27 0.928 3.1Arkansas 5.56 6.14 0.569 5.95b 8.09 0.068 1.59 1.91 0.468 2.5California 4.46 4.90 0.345 5.88b 7.07 0.089 2.32 2.60 0.498 3.0Colorado 5.11 5.49 0.702 9.20 9.63 0.774 1.84 2.03 0.683 3.1Connecticut 5.39 5.98 0.590 6.45 7.52 0.412 2.01 1.82 0.716 2.8Delaware 4.99 5.08 0.920 7.97 7.74 0.863 2.05 1.88 0.743 3.0District of Columbia 4.33 4.23 0.910 6.21 7.08 0.499 2.52 2.77 0.728 3.2Florida 4.39 4.33 0.922 6.84 7.16 0.683 1.66 1.57 0.768 2.4Georgia 4.61 4.56 0.946 6.63 6.30 0.786 1.80 1.80 0.998 2.7Hawaii 4.90 5.15 0.820 5.74 6.96 0.365 1.64 1.73 0.862 2.4Idaho 4.09 3.97 0.879 5.02 5.08 0.953 1.46 1.32 0.705 2.3Illinois 4.00 4.25 0.620 4.81a 6.16 0.039 1.98 2.14 0.662 2.5Indiana 4.83 4.53 0.707 6.65 6.44 0.851 1.62 1.60 0.964 2.6Iowa 4.08 4.08 0.994 4.92 4.98 0.954 1.43 1.25 0.635 2.1Kansas 3.84 4.92 0.221 5.34 6.39 0.355 1.82 1.97 0.767 2.5Kentucky 5.05 4.82 0.797 6.71 7.28 0.631 1.97 1.80 0.707 2.9Louisiana 5.95 6.15 0.853 6.78 8.14 0.300 1.80 2.25 0.405 3.0Maine 5.29 5.73 0.664 8.20 8.86 0.650 1.54 1.65 0.790 2.6Maryland 4.02 4.91 0.296 5.15 6.46 0.209 1.75 1.75 0.995 2.3Massachusetts 4.67 5.12 0.630 6.87 7.90 0.451 2.76 2.72 0.951 3.4Michigan 4.68 5.05 0.502 6.11 6.78 0.348 1.83 1.72 0.728 2.6Minnesota 4.03 4.79 0.329 5.65 6.84 0.271 1.73 1.62 0.803 2.5Mississippi 3.98 4.76 0.368 6.06 6.57 0.643 1.56 1.63 0.876 2.4Missouri 3.54 4.61 0.198 4.35 5.29 0.340 1.60 1.43 0.693 2.1See notes at end of table. 
99

Table A.5 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Any Illicit Drug Other Than Marijuana, by Age Group and State: 1999-20

12-17 18-25 26 or Older 

State 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-20Montana 6.19 5.58 0.567 5.57 6.91 0.218 1.47 1.51 0.935 2.52 Nebraska 3.85 3.91 0.943 4.68 4.86 0.858 1.50 1.25 0.535 2.20 Nevada 5.38 5.64 0.805 6.53 7.62 0.431 2.45 2.25 0.741 3.21 New Hampshire 5.58 6.31 0.465 7.30 9.50 0.159 1.58 1.98 0.400 2.67 New Jersey 4.50 4.37 0.863 5.50 6.75 0.268 1.83 1.60 0.605 2.50 New Mexico 4.83 4.48 0.693 5.81 5.86 0.961 1.94 1.89 0.906 2.83 New York 3.58 3.74 0.744 5.17b 6.48 0.073 1.87 2.10 0.525 2.44 North Carolina 5.05 5.25 0.815 6.12 6.43 0.787 1.73 2.01 0.535 2.60 North Dakota 3.99 4.28 0.728 4.41 5.02 0.516 1.42 1.28 0.742 2.14 Ohio 4.51 4.59 0.867 6.08 6.31 0.728 1.71 1.58 0.665 2.57 Oklahoma 4.19 5.28 0.255 6.09 7.03 0.414 2.11 1.90 0.698 2.87 Oregon 5.33 5.18 0.874 7.14 8.10 0.443 2.01 2.09 0.887 2.97 Pennsylvania 4.29 4.70 0.431 5.86b 7.20 0.064 1.89 1.81 0.821 2.59 Rhode Island 5.14 5.44 0.771 7.30 8.53 0.394 1.81 1.87 0.900 2.77 South Carolina 4.20 4.40 0.805 5.35 6.61 0.235 1.60 1.82 0.616 2.33 South Dakota 4.21 4.10 0.892 5.16 5.48 0.765 1.34 1.15 0.590 2.21 Tennessee 5.45 5.87 0.681 6.06 6.56 0.672 1.73 1.96 0.629 2.65 Texas 5.11 4.64 0.359 5.63a 7.00 0.037 1.55 1.57 0.941 2.56 Utah 3.64 3.80 0.841 5.27 5.45 0.861 2.25 1.75 0.384 3.01 Vermont 5.22 5.61 0.691 9.71 10.51 0.611 1.67 2.22 0.248 3.03 Virginia 3.35 4.33 0.175 4.85b 7.07 0.058 1.40 1.62 0.567 2.01 Washington 5.10 4.79 0.721 7.34 7.73 0.754 1.84 1.87 0.949 2.87 West Virginia 5.66 5.32 0.723 7.00 6.58 0.713 1.48 1.76 0.498 2.55 Wisconsin 4.66 4.26 0.611 5.94 5.71 0.837 2.08 2.00 0.869 2.87 Wyoming 4.52 4.77 0.765 6.25 6.78 0.650 1.65 1.40 0.537 2.64 NOTE: p value: Bayes posterior probability of no change. NOTE: Any Illicit Drug Other Than Marijuana includes cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or any prescription-type psycho

nonmedically. 

NOTE: Estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach. a Difference between the 2000-2001 estimate and the 1999-2000 estimate is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. b Difference between the 2000-2001 estimate and the 1999-2000 estimate is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. 1 This estimate is the weighted average of the hierarchical Bayes estimates across all States and the District of Columbia and typically is not equal to 

estimate for the Nation.

Source: SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1999, 2000, and 2001. 
100

Table A.6 Percentages Reporting Past Year Use of Cocaine, by Age Group and State: 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 

12-17 18-25 26 or Older 

State 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-20Total1 1.67 1.60 0.522 4.73 5.01 0.139 1.12 1.15 0.805 1.64 Alabama 1.54 1.47 0.860 4.17 4.16 0.989 1.38 1.05 0.383 1.76 Alaska 1.62 1.72 0.835 5.17 5.70 0.597 1.71 1.51 0.689 2.20 Arizona 3.15 2.97 0.805 5.98 6.61 0.595 1.27 1.47 0.622 2.11 Arkansas 1.44 1.49 0.903 3.72 4.40 0.372 1.15 1.11 0.905 1.51 California 2.00 1.97 0.916 4.67 5.27 0.298 1.16 1.44 0.286 1.73 Colorado 2.42 2.22 0.743 8.73 9.01 0.858 1.38 1.78 0.371 2.45 Connecticut 1.55 1.72 0.709 4.43 5.35 0.374 1.08 1.27 0.582 1.51 Delaware 1.62 1.28 0.396 6.10 6.19 0.936 2.02 1.67 0.522 2.48 District of Columbia 0.89 0.73 0.511 4.12 4.66 0.550 1.88 2.49 0.340 2.08 Florida 1.58 1.39 0.505 5.31 4.63 0.284 1.22 1.04 0.461 1.69 Georgia 1.20 1.32 0.718 4.80 4.91 0.911 1.33 1.21 0.735 1.79 Hawaii 1.61 1.69 0.875 3.72 3.79 0.946 1.54b 0.78 0.077 1.81 Idaho 1.86 1.74 0.797 3.51 3.58 0.921 0.79 0.75 0.841 1.33 Illinois 1.28 1.13 0.543 4.13 5.05 0.130 1.08 1.36 0.282 1.51 Indiana 1.64 1.69 0.906 4.61 4.87 0.771 0.85 0.84 0.942 1.43 Iowa 1.44 1.54 0.790 4.07 4.23 0.853 0.83 0.85 0.945 1.33 Kansas 1.22 1.37 0.687 4.41 4.86 0.619 0.99 1.02 0.921 1.48 Kentucky 1.45 1.49 0.902 4.99 5.88 0.383 1.12 1.15 0.917 1.66 Louisiana 1.17 1.37 0.555 4.05 3.91 0.862 1.34 1.23 0.782 1.71 Maine 1.92 2.01 0.868 4.06 4.78 0.448 0.83 0.84 0.971 1.31 Maryland 1.35 1.29 0.851 3.80 3.86 0.939 0.90 1.06 0.569 1.29 Massachusetts 1.63 1.72 0.835 6.44 6.45 0.991 1.46 1.79 0.436 2.06 Michigan 1.27 1.34 0.764 4.68 4.60 0.899 1.04 0.81 0.244 1.54 Minnesota 2.02 1.93 0.849 4.88 6.16 0.205 1.01 1.23 0.477 1.64 Mississippi 1.06 0.91 0.594 3.84 3.92 0.931 1.11 0.87 0.433 1.49 Missouri 1.27 1.40 0.715 3.84 3.82 0.979 0.87 0.77 0.648 1.30 See notes at end of table. 
101

Table A.6 Percentages Reporting Past Year Use of Cocaine, by Age Group and State: 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 

12-17 18-25 26 or Older 

State 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-20Montana 2.28 1.97 0.560 4.95 5.90 0.327 0.86 1.01 0.602 1.54 Nebraska 1.46 1.40 0.878 4.42 3.81 0.496 0.88 0.78 0.693 1.43 Nevada 2.10 2.33 0.669 5.53 5.93 0.733 1.64 1.55 0.867 2.14 New Hampshire 1.82 1.92 0.837 4.99 6.20 0.283 0.80 1.12 0.222 1.40 New Jersey 1.27 1.07 0.519 4.71 4.64 0.940 1.01 0.86 0.601 1.47 New Mexico 3.19 3.27 0.919 7.33 7.25 0.953 1.84 1.87 0.960 2.77 New York 1.38 1.26 0.655 4.10 5.01 0.138 1.10 1.18 0.732 1.49 North Carolina 1.41 1.29 0.714 4.19 4.49 0.723 1.20 1.12 0.808 1.59 North Dakota 1.62 1.75 0.761 3.91 5.02 0.203 0.77 0.91 0.544 1.31 Ohio 1.16 1.11 0.851 4.53 4.28 0.650 1.05 0.89 0.465 1.51 Oklahoma 1.39 1.44 0.913 3.77 3.59 0.807 1.08 0.83 0.402 1.47 Oregon 1.83 1.58 0.569 4.65 5.17 0.572 0.97 0.98 0.961 1.51 Pennsylvania 1.37 1.45 0.743 4.37 5.23 0.130 1.00 1.14 0.543 1.43 Rhode Island 1.47 1.44 0.947 5.96 6.12 0.893 1.11 1.10 0.984 1.69 South Carolina 1.31 1.26 0.878 4.20 4.80 0.505 1.26 1.12 0.683 1.63 South Dakota 2.20 1.79 0.427 4.63 4.56 0.935 0.87 0.72 0.503 1.56 Tennessee 1.67 1.66 0.973 3.89 3.99 0.903 1.49 1.03 0.216 1.81 Texas 2.56 2.27 0.458 5.72 5.59 0.844 1.10 1.15 0.845 1.95 Utah 1.68 1.46 0.622 3.42 3.45 0.964 0.90 0.83 0.806 1.48 Vermont 1.77 1.58 0.670 6.36 7.52 0.341 1.05 1.35 0.364 1.77 Virginia 1.30 1.11 0.566 4.77 5.00 0.809 1.00 1.01 0.980 1.49 Washington 2.02 1.91 0.827 4.35 4.60 0.782 0.95 1.03 0.774 1.49 West Virginia 1.62 1.47 0.706 3.81 4.23 0.596 0.86 0.88 0.950 1.30 Wisconsin 1.82 1.62 0.656 5.50 5.06 0.660 1.06 1.09 0.918 1.73 Wyoming 1.68 1.57 0.797 4.68 4.70 0.985 0.89 0.88 0.988 1.53 NOTE: p value: Bayes posterior probability of no change. NOTE: Estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach. a Difference between the 2000-2001 estimate and the 1999-2000 estimate is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. b Difference between the 2000-2001 estimate and the 1999-2000 estimate is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. 1 This estimate is the weighted average of the hierarchical Bayes estimates across all States and the District of Columbia and typically is not equal to 

estimate for the Nation.

Source: SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1999, 2000, and 2001. 
102

Table A.7 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Alcohol, by Age Group and State: 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 

12-17 18-25 26 or Older 

State 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-20Total1 16.40 16.83 0.143 56.81 57.48 0.121 48.55a 50.10 0.002 46.25Alabama 14.46 15.14 0.680 50.18 49.89 0.914 37.59 37.65 0.981 36.87 Alaska 16.57 16.00 0.753 58.13 55.98 0.431 58.22 54.17 0.119 52.87Arizona 17.06 17.27 0.907 54.95 54.54 0.872 49.22 53.81 0.184 46.36 Arkansas 17.34 16.89 0.796 46.23 48.97 0.274 35.92 38.48 0.307 35.32 California 15.56 14.83 0.360 51.28 53.14 0.202 50.15 51.12 0.540 46.49 Colorado 20.08 20.16 0.967 68.16 65.67 0.331 62.15 61.93 0.935 58.51 Connecticut 20.58 21.79 0.563 67.17 68.09 0.731 58.61b 63.16 0.088 56.01Delaware 17.82 18.43 0.745 60.83 62.63 0.472 55.69 58.50 0.300 52.46 District of Columbia 12.19 13.51 0.412 54.78a 61.55 0.009 47.55b 52.33 0.095 44.90Florida 14.37 15.85 0.147 54.52 53.50 0.490 48.63 51.23 0.116 46.08 Georgia 15.08 15.13 0.975 52.12 51.81 0.908 45.60 44.80 0.764 43.23 Hawaii 16.83 16.70 0.950 54.25 56.46 0.472 44.93 44.76 0.949 43.28 Idaho 14.26 14.77 0.744 47.38 51.43 0.119 44.83 44.08 0.767 41.54 Illinois 18.05 18.61 0.590 60.88 60.70 0.893 53.25 54.14 0.593 50.66 Indiana 13.54 13.35 0.898 54.63 52.19 0.344 40.62 43.63 0.264 39.69 Iowa 19.31 17.22 0.246 70.01 67.03 0.219 52.82 51.76 0.711 51.60 Kansas 16.15 17.91 0.346 59.84 62.09 0.409 49.92 50.18 0.927 47.48 Kentucky 14.65 17.05 0.164 52.98 51.58 0.590 33.81 35.61 0.497 34.41 Louisiana 19.44 19.55 0.954 57.94 57.11 0.744 44.99 47.42 0.381 43.88 Maine 19.42 19.99 0.762 64.98 67.31 0.379 51.49a 56.79 0.031 49.90Maryland 15.70 18.30 0.148 58.01 59.60 0.557 52.11 50.12 0.489 49.23 Massachusetts 21.94 22.71 0.726 71.74 74.24 0.303 63.35 62.61 0.786 60.33 Michigan 16.70 17.74 0.311 61.71 64.08 0.108 48.65a 52.36 0.015 46.99Minnesota 18.88 19.81 0.606 70.30 70.12 0.938 55.86a 61.94 0.021 53.76Mississippi 13.50 12.75 0.639 43.48 46.26 0.291 29.75 32.98 0.221 29.83 Missouri 16.06 18.01 0.271 58.94 59.72 0.773 46.37 48.42 0.462 44.81 See notes at end of table. 
103

Table A.7 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Alcohol, by Age Group and State: 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 

12-17 18-25 26 or Older 

State 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-20Montana 22.00 19.68 0.252 64.31 64.40 0.971 58.61 57.32 0.606 55.32 Nebraska 19.03 21.54 0.207 71.32 68.59 0.269 53.95 56.22 0.388 52.44 Nevada 17.89 19.63 0.399 57.53 60.40 0.310 56.10 56.19 0.973 52.62 New Hampshire 21.15 22.60 0.487 67.38 68.36 0.715 60.50 64.13 0.175 57.23 New Jersey 17.69 17.65 0.979 58.95 61.14 0.402 54.36 56.72 0.382 51.47 New Mexico 18.60 17.96 0.731 58.00 55.12 0.328 54.71 51.57 0.222 50.92 New York 17.18 17.64 0.668 60.39 60.52 0.930 51.92 51.01 0.571 49.51 North Carolina 12.93 13.57 0.669 52.77 50.91 0.470 37.69 39.77 0.411 37.01 North Dakota 26.21 24.72 0.494 76.27 75.47 0.722 57.75 58.81 0.702 56.69 Ohio 15.81 16.36 0.582 58.97 60.69 0.207 47.20 49.14 0.221 45.50 Oklahoma 14.46 15.68 0.483 51.18 53.07 0.489 37.35 38.32 0.724 36.62 Oregon 15.88 15.18 0.680 58.92 58.42 0.847 52.17 52.00 0.950 49.48 Pennsylvania 15.79b 17.57 0.072 60.47 62.03 0.262 51.09 52.44 0.380 48.74 Rhode Island 17.65 18.69 0.590 65.13 67.14 0.445 55.89a 61.77 0.036 53.10South Carolina 13.31 14.96 0.302 47.07b 51.69 0.077 37.15b 42.00 0.063 35.89South Dakota 20.02 19.02 0.601 69.60 68.21 0.575 52.00 54.26 0.429 50.66 Tennessee 13.10 13.26 0.916 44.79 47.75 0.272 34.67 36.86 0.412 33.81 Texas 17.70 17.62 0.942 54.66 54.98 0.824 44.76 46.19 0.375 43.04 Utah 10.62 10.36 0.869 32.66 32.39 0.907 30.55 31.74 0.659 28.07 Vermont 19.63 21.56 0.321 67.87 69.96 0.389 59.79a 65.67 0.019 56.50Virginia 12.24 12.39 0.918 57.91 56.83 0.700 48.40 49.87 0.598 45.96 Washington 15.10 16.16 0.525 50.60b 55.61 0.059 50.69 53.72 0.307 47.03 West Virginia 16.03 17.00 0.571 48.09 51.57 0.198 32.18b 36.29 0.089 32.70Wisconsin 21.46 20.67 0.674 68.92 69.37 0.849 60.29 63.80 0.189 57.24 Wyoming 21.00 20.48 0.798 63.32 63.80 0.855 52.28 56.36 0.137 50.22 NOTE: p value: Bayes posterior probability of no change. NOTE: Estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach. a Difference between the 2000-2001 estimate and the 1999-2000 estimate is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. b Difference between the 2000-2001 estimate and the 1999-2000 estimate is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. 1 This estimate is the weighted average of the hierarchical Bayes estimates across all States and the District of Columbia and typically is not equal to 

estimate for the Nation.

Source: SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1999, 2000, and 2001. 
104

Table A.8 Percentages Reporting Past Month Binge Alcohol Use, by Age Group and State: 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 

12-17 18-25 26 or Older 

State 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-20Total1 10.25 10.53 0.234 37.78 38.12 0.412 18.87 18.97 0.769 20.41 Alabama 9.89 10.43 0.698 31.10 31.51 0.864 16.92 17.05 0.939 18.05 Alaska 10.86 9.83 0.462 38.35 35.42 0.266 20.00 18.88 0.549 21.49 Arizona 11.41 11.20 0.881 35.28 36.38 0.673 19.37 20.41 0.604 20.59 Arkansas 11.93 11.15 0.568 33.37 34.76 0.560 17.43 17.59 0.924 18.91 California 9.15 9.24 0.883 31.87 32.38 0.700 18.35 18.11 0.824 19.16 Colorado 12.61 12.67 0.970 46.17 45.81 0.894 20.44 19.13 0.500 22.99 Connecticut 13.57 14.62 0.537 46.02 46.41 0.900 18.73 19.87 0.550 21.34 Delaware 11.10 10.74 0.791 42.95 40.35 0.331 20.63 19.86 0.679 22.40 District of Columbia 6.90 7.29 0.735 32.36a 39.02 0.008 18.09 20.77 0.172 18.86Florida 8.44 9.12 0.377 34.55 33.29 0.386 17.57 17.94 0.740 18.54 Georgia 9.31 8.80 0.669 33.06 33.60 0.830 19.69 18.94 0.695 20.39 Hawaii 11.27 10.71 0.725 33.76 34.64 0.756 19.29 17.21 0.291 20.22 Idaho 10.07 10.75 0.603 31.66b 36.24 0.060 17.36 17.57 0.904 18.65 Illinois 11.31 11.42 0.891 42.15 42.66 0.716 21.18 22.57 0.266 22.96 Indiana 9.26 8.25 0.394 35.89 33.71 0.380 16.79 17.87 0.540 18.55 Iowa 12.38 11.64 0.592 49.27 46.62 0.301 20.96 19.01 0.308 23.82 Kansas 9.99 10.54 0.690 40.90 41.59 0.793 18.17 17.36 0.638 20.30 Kentucky 10.37 11.27 0.530 38.85 36.84 0.398 17.08 15.95 0.497 19.28 Louisiana 11.33 11.28 0.971 39.57 37.94 0.512 22.03 20.82 0.550 23.32 Maine 12.02 12.84 0.575 43.11 46.25 0.256 19.25 20.40 0.508 21.29 Maryland 8.76 10.57 0.165 32.69b 37.09 0.074 16.09 18.04 0.274 17.33 Massachusetts 14.01 13.74 0.869 52.18 52.55 0.894 23.00 23.44 0.840 25.54 Michigan 10.85 12.23 0.112 41.43 43.78 0.116 19.41 19.60 0.860 21.37 Minnesota 12.42 12.59 0.909 50.16 48.48 0.540 19.92 21.36 0.461 23.15 Mississippi 8.44 8.73 0.821 27.72 30.46 0.232 15.96 17.36 0.449 16.76 Missouri 10.45 12.02 0.291 39.10 38.80 0.904 18.27 17.86 0.821 20.15 See notes at end of table. 
105

Table A.8 Percentages Reporting Past Month Binge Alcohol Use, by Age Group and State: 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 

12-17 18-25 26 or Older 

State 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-20Montana 14.48 12.86 0.307 46.20 46.99 0.760 21.16 20.58 0.747 23.64 Nebraska 12.83 13.68 0.607 48.79 47.26 0.575 20.87 19.63 0.491 23.80 Nevada 12.25 12.92 0.679 38.55 41.77 0.294 22.66 22.36 0.887 23.55 New Hampshire 12.25 12.90 0.660 44.41 46.01 0.575 18.20 19.43 0.484 20.68 New Jersey 10.60 10.92 0.797 37.62 39.07 0.590 19.61 20.02 0.834 20.87 New Mexico 12.00 13.31 0.400 40.69 40.01 0.807 22.11 20.87 0.514 23.54 New York 10.01 10.37 0.662 39.28 39.89 0.691 18.54 17.67 0.451 20.24 North Carolina 8.39 8.51 0.912 33.12 32.29 0.730 15.40 15.75 0.832 16.85 North Dakota 18.12 17.88 0.903 58.11 59.31 0.645 25.25 24.88 0.868 29.06 Ohio 10.26 10.64 0.655 41.59 43.10 0.282 20.14 19.59 0.616 21.91 Oklahoma 9.82 10.41 0.670 35.25 36.78 0.547 16.08 16.15 0.965 17.93 Oregon 9.57 9.57 0.999 36.95 37.24 0.907 17.04 16.13 0.608 18.78 Pennsylvania 9.87 11.08 0.147 42.28 43.61 0.367 20.11 20.55 0.685 21.70 Rhode Island 10.98 12.10 0.460 47.26 46.27 0.723 20.07 22.50 0.216 22.24 South Carolina 9.24 9.48 0.843 32.03 34.20 0.358 17.59 18.60 0.585 18.50 South Dakota 14.41 13.37 0.533 49.80 46.82 0.262 22.94 21.91 0.593 25.67 Tennessee 8.10 8.11 0.994 31.37 29.29 0.422 15.46 14.84 0.697 16.75 Texas 11.01 10.63 0.628 35.73 36.77 0.444 19.95 20.20 0.833 21.22 Utah 6.71 7.02 0.804 22.87 23.09 0.919 12.69 13.08 0.810 13.73 Vermont 11.58 13.15 0.296 48.29 48.21 0.975 19.44 20.57 0.522 22.13 Virginia 6.97 7.55 0.582 38.23b 33.26 0.081 16.82 16.60 0.900 18.46 Washington 9.38 10.20 0.510 32.02 35.45 0.165 16.54 17.27 0.681 17.76 West Virginia 11.65 11.75 0.948 35.31 37.71 0.343 15.70 15.82 0.936 17.78 Wisconsin 13.39 13.11 0.851 49.57 49.95 0.882 24.95 26.75 0.390 26.95 Wyoming 14.90 13.67 0.484 47.65 45.30 0.380 21.73 21.50 0.908 24.66 NOTE: p value: Bayes posterior probability of no change. NOTE: Binge Alcohol Use is defined as drinking five or more drinks on the same occasion on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. By "occasion" is me

within a couple hours of each other. 

NOTE: Estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach. 

a Difference between the 2000-2001 estimate and the 1999-2000 estimate is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. b Difference between the 2000-2001 estimate and the 1999-2000 estimate is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. 1 This estimate is the weighted average of the hierarchical Bayes estimates across all States and the District of Columbia and typically is not equal to 

estimate for the Nation.

Source: SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1999, 2000, and 2001. 
106

Table A.9 Percentages Reporting Perceptions of Great Risk of Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Tw

Group and State: 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 

12-17 18-25 26 or Older 

State 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-20Total1 42.74 43.05 0.457 37.28 36.82 0.268 48.15 48.69 0.253 46.18 Alabama 45.33 46.64 0.601 37.94 41.13 0.219 48.74 52.09 0.269 46.99 Alaska 39.61 39.87 0.919 35.31 36.88 0.538 47.16 47.43 0.918 44.48 Arizona 43.66 41.76 0.449 39.02 36.93 0.416 47.73 47.08 0.824 46.11 Arkansas 43.32 44.32 0.697 36.27 36.01 0.919 51.99 51.85 0.954 49.07 California 43.74 45.68 0.108 43.66 42.80 0.542 50.81a 54.03 0.050 49.06Colorado 39.20 39.69 0.852 30.43 29.48 0.704 45.68 45.06 0.826 43.00 Connecticut 40.92 40.40 0.840 34.94 34.52 0.881 45.98 44.29 0.549 44.25 Delaware 41.09 41.19 0.969 36.73 34.76 0.433 47.02 46.08 0.726 45.15 District of Columbia 50.77 50.48 0.923 49.49a 41.46 0.003 57.65b 53.28 0.100 55.86Florida 46.90 45.82 0.485 42.72 42.33 0.800 51.62 50.97 0.682 50.23 Georgia 46.42 47.99 0.479 38.91 40.00 0.672 49.18 51.30 0.455 47.51 Hawaii 41.57 44.44 0.294 35.30 32.26 0.294 45.70 45.34 0.902 44.06 Idaho 40.98 42.27 0.611 36.30 34.19 0.385 47.10 47.48 0.885 44.73 Illinois 42.57 42.29 0.839 35.76 34.19 0.270 45.89 46.17 0.857 44.20 Indiana 41.87 41.86 0.995 35.11 34.79 0.895 44.99 46.20 0.657 43.35 Iowa 38.06 40.06 0.435 26.50 27.90 0.544 39.64 43.64 0.129 37.73 Kansas 39.82 40.01 0.944 34.91 30.61 0.102 43.84 43.94 0.970 42.19 Kentucky 45.18 42.90 0.368 34.70 32.61 0.374 53.44 49.98 0.206 50.14 Louisiana 44.84 44.28 0.819 38.68 40.94 0.375 50.26 49.51 0.785 47.94 Maine 37.91 36.23 0.481 29.64 31.06 0.569 46.04 45.58 0.853 43.35 Maryland 45.08 43.20 0.446 41.01 39.57 0.562 50.15 48.13 0.459 48.57 Massachusetts 35.25 35.52 0.908 27.84 28.25 0.869 42.27 40.53 0.537 39.91 Michigan 39.74 41.03 0.347 34.79 34.30 0.731 46.01 47.19 0.441 43.89 Minnesota 38.20 41.90 0.130 32.10 30.34 0.468 43.12 44.41 0.631 41.11 Mississippi 48.54 48.74 0.940 44.80 46.63 0.480 53.45 52.24 0.665 51.66 Missouri 40.58 37.86 0.274 30.89 32.14 0.606 45.88 44.48 0.618 43.38 See notes at end of table. 
107

Table A.9 Percentages Reporting Perceptions of Great Risk of Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Tw

Group and State: 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 

12-17 18-25 26 or Older 

State 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-20Montana 36.21 37.04 0.737 29.30 27.88 0.526 41.12 42.74 0.531 39.06 Nebraska 39.56 35.55 0.105 26.93 28.48 0.508 42.98 41.42 0.544 40.40 Nevada 42.14 41.51 0.813 39.02 39.39 0.901 45.00 46.57 0.561 44.02 New Hampshire 37.91 35.65 0.346 27.33 25.43 0.453 43.79 41.20 0.314 41.24 New Jersey 41.69 43.01 0.555 37.19 35.50 0.520 47.00 50.43 0.210 45.36 New Mexico 40.47 40.39 0.976 39.12 37.63 0.596 51.51 53.37 0.470 48.46 New York 43.11 45.05 0.200 38.33 37.15 0.449 48.96 50.60 0.321 47.07 North Carolina 47.23 44.20 0.183 38.07 39.20 0.661 48.32 48.99 0.802 46.96 North Dakota 35.60 36.38 0.749 26.00 26.36 0.873 38.77 39.44 0.798 36.59 Ohio 42.55 41.72 0.554 33.06 32.58 0.728 44.36 44.60 0.875 42.71 Oklahoma 42.11 41.10 0.708 38.96 38.65 0.908 52.19 51.12 0.709 49.30 Oregon 39.53 40.98 0.572 31.18 30.82 0.878 45.38 45.56 0.950 43.06 Pennsylvania 41.46 41.84 0.784 30.79 31.03 0.857 41.80 43.52 0.279 40.48 Rhode Island 43.28 42.07 0.640 35.31 31.88 0.203 47.35 44.58 0.287 45.58 South Carolina 48.42 45.74 0.303 42.42 40.97 0.590 52.94 49.37 0.203 51.17 South Dakota 34.87 35.35 0.842 25.16 25.42 0.909 40.71 39.14 0.544 37.85 Tennessee 45.84 46.73 0.737 39.34 39.10 0.930 55.54 54.75 0.785 52.52 Texas 43.67 43.85 0.893 42.34 40.60 0.224 52.95 51.65 0.439 50.30 Utah 50.34 47.72 0.341 46.98 45.29 0.497 55.50 52.38 0.264 53.17 Vermont 35.48 35.03 0.850 26.86 28.83 0.392 42.45 42.23 0.930 39.80 Virginia 45.38 45.22 0.947 35.95 35.84 0.966 48.26 49.76 0.573 46.47 Washington 36.45 39.53 0.186 34.05 35.22 0.654 50.85 49.60 0.669 47.26 West Virginia 38.45 41.08 0.280 34.53 33.36 0.640 48.64 47.73 0.720 45.95 Wisconsin 36.99 37.63 0.781 28.28 29.65 0.547 40.37 41.45 0.674 38.41 Wyoming 36.61 36.74 0.961 29.53 30.09 0.824 42.21 45.56 0.208 39.73 NOTE: p value: Bayes posterior probability of no change. 

NOTE: Estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach. 

a Difference between the 2000-2001 estimate and the 1999-2000 estimate is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. b Difference between the 2000-2001 estimate and the 1999-2000 estimate is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. 1 This estimate is the weighted average of the hierarchical Bayes estimates across all States and the District of Columbia and typically is not equal to 

estimate for the Nation.

Source: SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1999, 2000, and 2001. 
108

Table A.10 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Any Tobacco Product, by Age Group and State: 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 

12-17 18-25 26 or Older 

State 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-20Total1 16.49a 15.37 0.000 43.75 43.36 0.369 29.22 28.91 0.460 29.76 Alabama 18.41 16.71 0.381 43.06 42.08 0.722 33.92 30.72 0.254 33.53 Alaska 19.77 19.64 0.948 47.35 47.88 0.847 30.80 29.13 0.483 31.79 Arizona 14.78 13.24 0.361 43.47 40.20 0.209 28.09 27.77 0.895 28.63 Arkansas 23.41a 18.21 0.011 44.00 47.11 0.228 35.22 33.18 0.420 35.12 California 10.36 9.87 0.488 32.64 33.05 0.768 23.97 23.95 0.988 23.64 Colorado 21.10 18.50 0.237 48.93 50.38 0.606 29.17 27.76 0.553 30.91 Connecticut 19.84 18.45 0.506 45.55 47.02 0.636 25.13 26.69 0.511 26.95 Delaware 19.96 17.42 0.196 48.24 46.55 0.526 29.61 28.27 0.567 30.91 District of Columbia 11.76 11.27 0.780 36.14 38.96 0.285 27.34 29.04 0.489 26.92 Florida 13.89 13.08 0.426 40.15 41.14 0.525 29.30 28.79 0.722 29.04 Georgia 16.88 14.86 0.202 42.69 42.80 0.966 32.45 32.71 0.917 32.17 Hawaii 13.93 12.99 0.606 40.06 38.81 0.686 24.49 21.58 0.197 25.30 Idaho 14.50 13.00 0.378 40.21 41.17 0.709 30.75 28.14 0.273 30.22 Illinois 17.84 16.42 0.162 47.38 47.86 0.742 30.19 30.58 0.788 31.21 Indiana 19.14 17.60 0.390 48.27 46.61 0.519 31.93 32.64 0.773 32.78 Iowa 18.77 16.56 0.243 51.04 48.68 0.372 30.22 29.15 0.647 31.78 Kansas 16.92 16.57 0.860 48.03 46.07 0.482 28.90 30.66 0.470 30.12 Kentucky 26.03 25.53 0.826 55.11 54.65 0.858 36.39 37.67 0.625 37.82 Louisiana 17.08 16.63 0.799 43.92 44.69 0.758 32.08 35.90 0.125 32.04 Maine 18.17 16.54 0.407 48.14 48.49 0.905 28.71 28.29 0.843 29.92 Maryland 16.32 15.56 0.680 39.11 41.52 0.349 26.83 27.07 0.920 27.25 Massachusetts 17.25 15.65 0.329 47.01 45.53 0.608 26.12 24.81 0.566 27.70 Michigan 17.40 17.04 0.740 48.98 48.84 0.921 30.81 30.32 0.719 31.76 Minnesota 21.11 19.77 0.500 52.73 49.24 0.185 30.75 28.73 0.377 32.64 Mississippi 19.64b 16.46 0.093 41.99 42.97 0.697 34.13 34.66 0.840 33.57 Missouri 19.38 17.16 0.253 51.99 49.05 0.286 34.92 32.69 0.377 35.50 See notes at end of table. 
109

Table A.10 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Any Tobacco Product, by Age Group and State: 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 

12-17 18-25 26 or Older 

State 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-20Montana 21.63 18.70 0.159 49.56 49.56 0.998 31.87 29.19 0.252 33.02 Nebraska 15.05 18.10 0.113 49.61 50.73 0.681 29.04 29.66 0.797 30.30 Nevada 18.55 15.86 0.190 45.07 45.81 0.809 33.94 32.95 0.701 33.78 New Hampshire 17.88 18.25 0.852 45.42 45.83 0.890 28.25 28.36 0.960 29.20 New Jersey 14.70 14.25 0.763 43.38 43.38 0.999 25.00 25.22 0.923 26.18 New Mexico 18.50 19.82 0.536 46.59 43.21 0.256 28.51 29.73 0.596 29.88 New York 13.60 13.55 0.957 39.49 41.02 0.311 26.46 24.46 0.141 26.78 North Carolina 19.73 17.64 0.248 49.60 47.24 0.374 32.12 32.28 0.948 32.99 North Dakota 24.90 23.56 0.552 52.90 50.59 0.393 30.54 28.48 0.371 33.04 Ohio 18.78 17.99 0.479 51.84 50.07 0.237 33.34 33.47 0.924 34.25 Oklahoma 18.71 18.30 0.846 49.17 46.62 0.336 35.86 34.76 0.671 35.71 Oregon 17.48a 13.47 0.026 48.29 45.31 0.260 30.65 28.03 0.296 31.55 Pennsylvania 18.65 17.28 0.182 48.38 49.06 0.653 30.50 30.73 0.869 31.43 Rhode Island 15.88 15.47 0.831 41.96 45.91 0.162 30.00 29.19 0.726 29.94 South Carolina 17.77 16.09 0.354 40.10 41.15 0.693 30.41 32.19 0.475 30.29 South Dakota 23.54 21.56 0.362 51.05 51.03 0.994 28.68 31.76 0.188 31.19 Tennessee 19.99 19.17 0.692 49.04 47.07 0.490 33.13 32.96 0.943 33.84 Texas 15.54 14.31 0.203 40.03 38.95 0.427 27.74 27.85 0.939 28.12 Utah 10.57 8.69 0.278 27.48 27.80 0.898 19.73 18.33 0.541 19.86 Vermont 17.72 18.89 0.545 47.85 48.90 0.702 28.19 29.14 0.661 29.48 Virginia 14.87 13.48 0.376 44.57 43.22 0.631 26.50 27.98 0.522 27.55 Washington 15.01 14.37 0.686 37.88 40.21 0.371 29.32 28.66 0.793 28.94 West Virginia 23.14 21.36 0.412 54.45 54.04 0.874 38.48 36.71 0.461 39.08 Wisconsin 19.92 18.35 0.388 52.14 49.04 0.241 28.94 27.57 0.553 31.03 Wyoming 20.56 21.10 0.792 51.72 53.75 0.476 31.07 33.59 0.302 32.82 NOTE: p value: Bayes posterior probability of no change. NOTE: Use of any Tobacco product indicates using at least once cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., chewing tobacco or snuff), cigars, or pipe tobacNOTE: Estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach. a Difference between the 2000-2001 estimate and the 1999-2000 estimate is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. b Difference between the 2000-2001 estimate and the 1999-2000 estimate is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. 1 This estimate is the weighted average of the hierarchical Bayes estimates across all States and the District of Columbia and typically is not equal to 

estimate for the Nation.

Source: SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1999, 2000, and 2001. 
110

Table A.11 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Cigarettes, by Age Group and State: 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 

12-17 18-25 26 or Older 

State 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-20Total1 14.15a 13.27 0.001 38.69 38.60 0.833 24.59 24.22 0.358 25.32 Alabama 15.81 13.62 0.207 35.90 35.88 0.994 26.45 24.56 0.410 26.60 Alaska 16.37 15.32 0.574 43.83 42.43 0.618 23.13 21.85 0.535 25.26 Arizona 13.95 12.02 0.239 39.60 36.82 0.315 23.04 22.26 0.729 24.21 Arkansas 18.56a 14.64 0.032 37.29 39.16 0.460 28.35 27.89 0.846 28.48 California 8.85 8.71 0.835 29.78 29.90 0.929 21.58 21.49 0.944 21.29 Colorado 17.17 15.50 0.366 44.01 45.46 0.591 23.17 21.66 0.470 25.27 Connecticut 16.63 17.24 0.765 42.18 43.99 0.546 22.40 23.44 0.635 24.11 Delaware 15.39 15.36 0.989 43.72 42.48 0.639 25.78 24.06 0.435 26.93 District of Columbia 9.90 9.21 0.653 32.42 34.40 0.436 25.28 25.48 0.928 24.66 Florida 11.30 11.21 0.920 34.96 36.18 0.411 25.23 24.41 0.567 24.98 Georgia 14.19 12.06 0.132 37.29 36.53 0.770 26.45 24.43 0.389 26.60 Hawaii 12.05 11.51 0.742 39.63 39.16 0.880 21.14 19.01 0.324 22.45 Idaho 12.64 10.97 0.291 36.28 36.21 0.979 23.14 22.20 0.661 23.87 Illinois 15.54 14.09 0.121 42.94 43.47 0.720 25.46 25.51 0.969 26.77 Indiana 16.28 14.96 0.432 41.31 40.02 0.608 26.24 26.83 0.794 27.22 Iowa 16.89 14.56 0.205 42.87 43.15 0.918 24.02 23.03 0.635 25.77 Kansas 13.66 12.98 0.692 39.62 38.91 0.801 22.97 24.06 0.628 24.16 Kentucky 22.42 22.23 0.929 47.01 46.88 0.959 31.32 31.33 0.997 32.49 Louisiana 14.92 14.17 0.663 40.05 40.12 0.978 27.21 29.98 0.250 27.63 Maine 16.72 14.11 0.148 44.67 45.24 0.846 25.23 24.93 0.876 26.64 Maryland 14.04 13.59 0.789 35.06 38.23 0.213 22.84 23.70 0.698 23.42 Massachusetts 15.49 13.96 0.375 41.33 41.31 0.996 22.84 21.40 0.486 24.29 Michigan 15.88 15.12 0.450 43.29 43.60 0.837 25.88 25.93 0.967 27.09 Minnesota 19.34 17.36 0.312 48.36 44.50 0.146 24.35 22.19 0.315 27.02 Mississippi 14.79 12.53 0.202 33.65 35.53 0.443 27.39 26.91 0.848 26.83 Missouri 15.09 14.20 0.607 45.62 43.14 0.374 28.29 26.87 0.553 29.15 See notes at end of table. 
111

Table A.11 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Cigarettes, by Age Group and State: 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 

12-17 18-25 26 or Older 

State 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-20Montana 17.47 15.30 0.248 41.39 42.26 0.728 22.10 20.70 0.487 24.07 Nebraska 13.91 15.70 0.328 43.01 44.16 0.674 20.90 22.09 0.556 23.14 Nevada 16.42 14.50 0.320 41.27 41.55 0.925 28.77 28.48 0.905 29.07 New Hampshire 15.76 16.41 0.725 42.35 43.67 0.666 24.15 24.40 0.905 25.43 New Jersey 12.58 12.67 0.949 39.67 39.08 0.829 22.24 22.10 0.947 23.37 New Mexico 15.80 18.59 0.169 41.19 39.04 0.439 23.73 24.28 0.795 25.26 New York 12.25 12.36 0.905 36.08 38.25 0.154 24.09 22.18 0.159 24.39 North Carolina 17.29 14.75 0.134 44.04 41.50 0.337 27.03 27.14 0.962 28.11 North Dakota 20.61 19.90 0.737 46.03 46.34 0.910 23.65 22.37 0.536 26.46 Ohio 15.89 15.24 0.527 44.87 43.79 0.450 28.18 28.55 0.781 29.09 Oklahoma 14.95 15.17 0.908 42.67 40.18 0.329 28.07 26.17 0.426 28.54 Oregon 15.03b 11.83 0.059 41.99 39.28 0.319 23.61 22.05 0.485 25.05 Pennsylvania 16.44b 14.80 0.093 41.88 42.79 0.547 25.08 25.24 0.895 26.20 Rhode Island 14.03 14.40 0.840 37.25b 42.66 0.053 26.40 26.31 0.965 26.39 South Carolina 15.49 13.72 0.317 35.46 37.03 0.548 25.54 26.06 0.827 25.72 South Dakota 18.95 17.77 0.554 44.60 44.63 0.992 22.22 24.26 0.334 24.96 Tennessee 17.15 16.94 0.911 44.38 41.90 0.373 27.02 27.62 0.802 28.24 Texas 12.59 12.08 0.564 34.67 34.52 0.914 23.26 23.29 0.980 23.68 Utah 10.05 7.93 0.203 24.75 25.33 0.812 16.91 16.06 0.699 17.39 Vermont 14.49 16.00 0.388 43.66 44.22 0.826 22.59 22.66 0.969 24.30 Virginia 13.13 11.71 0.325 38.41 39.12 0.795 22.92 24.37 0.502 23.84 Washington 13.44 13.01 0.784 34.42 35.65 0.633 23.54 22.79 0.747 23.87 West Virginia 19.90 18.27 0.430 45.55 45.13 0.872 29.34 28.21 0.617 30.51 Wisconsin 17.70 15.85 0.283 45.96 43.82 0.422 23.46 22.00 0.479 25.81 Wyoming 16.20 16.79 0.758 42.83 44.97 0.439 23.67 25.35 0.440 25.55 NOTE: p value: Bayes posterior probability of no change. NOTE: Estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach. a Difference between the 2000-2001 estimate and the 1999-2000 estimate is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. b Difference between the 2000-2001 estimate and the 1999-2000 estimate is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. 1 This estimate is the weighted average of the hierarchical Bayes estimates across all States and the District of Columbia and typically is not equal to 

estimate for the Nation.

Source: SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1999, 2000, and 2001. 
112

Table A.12 Percentages Reporting Perceptions of Great Risk of Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes Per Day, by Age Group 

and 2000-2001 

12-17 18-25 26 or Older 

State 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-20Total1 62.37a 63.77 0.000 63.25a 64.69 0.000 69.55a 71.88 0.000 67.99Alabama 61.65 61.41 0.927 61.63 63.45 0.464 69.33 70.90 0.546 67.55 Alaska 61.07 62.23 0.647 61.10 64.89 0.144 67.18b 71.52 0.068 65.52Arizona 63.99 64.87 0.711 63.73 66.62 0.265 71.52 73.29 0.468 69.64 Arkansas 60.40 61.95 0.529 59.77 61.32 0.531 65.84 67.75 0.423 64.49 California 66.41 66.88 0.683 72.88 72.32 0.673 73.80a 76.70 0.040 72.86Colorado 59.47 63.48 0.133 61.68 59.58 0.450 69.56 70.85 0.609 67.46 Connecticut 62.50 62.63 0.961 62.64 62.50 0.961 72.64 71.83 0.725 70.55 Delaware 61.15 62.09 0.710 62.59 65.27 0.276 70.17 72.05 0.438 68.32 District of Columbia 64.49 64.96 0.862 72.31 73.95 0.494 70.26 72.53 0.351 69.94 Florida 67.77 68.21 0.751 67.02 67.64 0.674 70.56 72.40 0.205 69.92 Georgia 63.85 64.53 0.755 64.22 65.63 0.560 67.68b 72.23 0.082 66.81Hawaii 61.94 64.03 0.429 64.76 65.90 0.691 67.15 69.70 0.367 66.35 Idaho 66.04 68.33 0.327 61.98 64.87 0.252 69.32 69.96 0.784 67.81 Illinois 61.83 63.17 0.336 61.08 62.33 0.415 68.80 69.91 0.441 67.06 Indiana 61.32 62.65 0.569 58.76 61.97 0.202 66.22 69.66 0.162 64.72 Iowa 60.68 63.31 0.275 57.06 59.62 0.324 64.24a 69.52 0.035 62.91Kansas 56.26 60.24 0.137 55.39a 60.78 0.049 65.77b 70.12 0.090 63.31Kentucky 56.60 59.97 0.178 54.02 57.39 0.163 62.52 66.72 0.107 60.80Louisiana 61.65 60.92 0.770 63.38 61.91 0.557 65.05 66.08 0.693 64.41 Maine 64.21 63.96 0.918 61.83 63.66 0.504 71.46 70.68 0.727 69.64 Maryland 63.04 62.49 0.824 63.98 63.38 0.812 69.86 70.15 0.911 68.49 Massachusetts 64.82 65.21 0.875 65.93 66.80 0.743 74.40 73.96 0.842 72.49 Michigan 62.33 63.11 0.572 59.02 61.05 0.190 68.52 69.76 0.382 66.64 Minnesota 59.58 62.19 0.304 57.53b 61.92 0.074 66.73 69.41 0.262 64.72 Mississippi 63.58 63.77 0.941 64.04 66.68 0.277 69.11 69.77 0.804 67.76 Missouri 61.05 63.19 0.378 58.54 61.12 0.315 67.78 70.27 0.328 65.87 See notes at end of table. 
113

Table A.12 Percentages Reporting Perceptions of Great Risk of Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes Per Day, by Age Group 

and 2000-2001 

12-17 18-25 26 or Older 

State 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-2000 2000-2001 p value 1999-20Montana 61.92a 67.30 0.039 61.31 63.21 0.434 70.42 72.55 0.361 68.32 Nebraska 58.19 59.47 0.621 56.18 57.87 0.530 65.69 68.89 0.180 63.56 Nevada 58.86b 63.49 0.084 64.38 66.03 0.573 68.56 69.96 0.570 67.14 New Hampshire 61.17 62.32 0.645 61.54 62.92 0.621 68.99 70.84 0.416 67.30 New Jersey 63.95 63.41 0.803 64.35 66.47 0.409 73.69 77.32 0.107 71.69New Mexico 59.31b 63.59 0.093 63.21 62.95 0.923 70.53 72.48 0.394 68.17 New York 61.98 62.81 0.564 66.53 66.87 0.815 72.64b 75.23 0.074 70.83North Carolina 56.01 59.57 0.132 56.92 60.23 0.206 62.30a 68.02 0.038 61.01North Dakota 60.72 62.66 0.428 60.55 61.00 0.862 68.21 70.48 0.342 66.26 Ohio 59.37 61.31 0.164 56.82 59.06 0.122 66.06 67.86 0.209 64.18Oklahoma 60.75 60.81 0.984 61.36 59.95 0.592 64.67 68.21 0.195 63.79 Oregon 64.31 68.35 0.104 60.36b 64.74 0.097 68.74 72.70 0.144 67.27Pennsylvania 60.20 61.91 0.225 59.19 60.53 0.355 67.68 69.93 0.118 65.96Rhode Island 63.21 63.05 0.952 64.92 66.12 0.646 73.11 72.12 0.669 71.19 South Carolina 61.74 64.37 0.282 64.44 64.52 0.975 69.80 70.22 0.868 68.30 South Dakota 58.22 59.72 0.565 53.42a 59.65 0.022 65.37 66.56 0.617 62.85 Tennessee 57.53 61.32 0.163 60.30 61.14 0.752 68.00 69.50 0.548 65.98 Texas 62.21 63.15 0.479 63.91 65.52 0.246 71.87 73.66 0.210 69.57 Utah 71.93 73.28 0.568 75.07 75.78 0.746 76.01 77.03 0.659 75.24 Vermont 60.60 62.02 0.557 63.00 63.96 0.698 72.44 72.55 0.960 70.03 Virginia 60.87 64.26 0.143 62.74 64.24 0.586 69.08 71.11 0.403 67.49 Washington 63.34a 68.59 0.020 64.13b 68.75 0.068 69.14 72.67 0.162 67.91West Virginia 59.89 61.10 0.628 58.21 58.16 0.985 64.63b 69.04 0.061 63.40Wisconsin 60.88 61.64 0.732 57.44 61.56 0.106 66.71 70.03 0.164 64.86Wyoming 58.27 60.15 0.479 57.95 58.44 0.856 67.42 67.91 0.840 64.99 NOTE: p value: Bayes posterior probability of no change. NOTE: Estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach. a Difference between the 2000-2001 estimate and the 1999-2000 estimate is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. b Difference between the 2000-2001 estimate and the 1999-2000 estimate is statistically significant at the 0.10 level. 1 This estimate is the weighted average of the hierarchical Bayes estimates across all States and the District of Columbia and typically is not equal to 

estimate for the Nation.

Source: SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1999, 2000, and 2001. 
 114
 115

Appendix B: Tables of Model-Based 

Estimates (50 States and the District of 

Columbia), by Substance 
 116
 117

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118

30130 Table B.1 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Any Illicit Drug, by Age Group and State: Annual Averages Based on 200

AGE GROUP (Years)

Total 12-17 18-25 

State Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estima

Total1 6.69 10.32 17.29 4.3Alabama 5.77 (4.76 - 6.93) 9.48 (7.65 - 11.57) 15.21 (12.47 - 18.29) 3.6Alaska 9.22 (7.78 - 10.82) 11.81 (9.74 - 14.15) 21.94 (18.67 - 25.49) 6.0Arizona 6.69 (5.57 - 7.94) 11.13 (9.12 - 13.40) 16.07 (13.45 - 18.98) 4.3Arkansas 6.69 (5.66 - 7.86) 11.40 (9.50 - 13.53) 18.27 (15.55 - 21.25) 4.0California 8.16 (7.39 - 8.98) 11.06 (10.02 - 12.17) 17.45 (15.96 - 19.02) 6.0Colorado 9.24 (7.88 - 10.76) 13.50 (11.21 - 16.07) 25.42 (21.93 - 29.16) 5.7Connecticut 7.50 (6.28 - 8.87) 13.23 (10.99 - 15.74) 23.09 (19.62 - 26.86) 4.6Delaware 7.62 (6.40 - 8.98) 12.09 (9.99 - 14.46) 21.90 (18.85 - 25.19) 4.7District of Columbia 8.12 (6.67 - 9.78) 10.36 (8.32 - 12.70) 19.21 (16.14 - 22.59) 6.0Florida 6.03 (5.37 - 6.74) 9.87 (8.69 - 11.16) 15.98 (14.43 - 17.63) 4.2Georgia 6.13 (5.05 - 7.37) 8.28 (6.69 - 10.10) 15.72 (13.02 - 18.75) 4.1Hawaii 7.45 (5.98 - 9.14) 11.79 (9.42 - 14.52) 19.08 (15.68 - 22.86) 5.1Idaho 5.36 (4.42 - 6.42) 8.04 (6.37 - 9.98) 13.37 (10.89 - 16.18) 3.2Illinois 7.17 (6.47 - 7.92) 10.79 (9.58 - 12.10) 18.88 (17.25 - 20.59) 4.6Indiana 5.23 (4.27 - 6.33) 9.03 (7.35 - 10.94) 14.02 (11.46 - 16.91) 3.1Iowa 4.47 (3.67 - 5.39) 7.67 (6.09 - 9.51) 13.17 (10.77 - 15.88) 2.4Kansas 6.08 (5.08 - 7.19) 11.17 (9.04 - 13.60) 17.10 (14.20 - 20.33) 3.3Kentucky 6.67 (5.59 - 7.89) 11.86 (9.83 - 14.15) 18.16 (15.38 - 21.21) 4.0Louisiana 6.66 (5.55 - 7.92) 10.22 (8.33 - 12.37) 16.61 (13.97 - 19.54) 4.1Maine 8.38 (7.13 - 9.77) 13.98 (11.64 - 16.59) 26.44 (22.90 - 30.23) 4.9Maryland 6.20 (5.17 - 7.37) 10.69 (8.77 - 12.85) 17.42 (14.70 - 20.42) 3.9Massachusetts 10.73 (9.14 - 12.48) 14.38 (12.08 - 16.94) 25.69 (22.24 - 29.37) 8.0Michigan 7.48 (6.83 - 8.16) 12.12 (10.96 - 13.36) 19.90 (18.33 - 21.54) 4.7Minnesota 6.57 (5.51 - 7.77) 11.70 (9.57 - 14.12) 18.41 (15.51 - 21.60) 3.6Mississippi 5.65 (4.68 - 6.76) 8.89 (7.14 - 10.90) 15.39 (12.77 - 18.32) 3.2Missouri 5.67 (4.72 - 6.76) 9.94 (8.09 - 12.06) 15.07 (12.52 - 17.91) 3.4Montana 6.26 (5.26 - 7.38) 12.95 (10.60 - 15.61) 18.40 (15.65 - 21.40) 3.1See notes at end of table. 
119

30130 Table B.1 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Any Illicit Drug, by Age Group and State: Annual Averages Based on 200

AGE GROUP (Years)

Total 12-17 18-25 

State Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estima

Nebraska 4.63 (3.78 - 5.60) 8.98 (7.22 - 11.00) 12.43 (10.01 - 15.18) 2.5Nevada 7.27 (6.04 - 8.65) 12.00 (9.83 - 14.45) 17.60 (14.33 - 21.26) 5.0New Hampshire 8.02 (6.81 - 9.38) 14.00 (11.79 - 16.45) 25.47 (21.92 - 29.28) 4.5New Jersey 5.79 (4.81 - 6.89) 8.84 (7.21 - 10.71) 18.76 (15.80 - 22.01) 3.5New Mexico 7.46 (6.24 - 8.84) 13.53 (11.13 - 16.23) 15.97 (13.37 - 18.86) 4.8New York 6.79 (6.12 - 7.51) 9.57 (8.48 - 10.75) 19.32 (17.70 - 21.01) 4.4North Carolina 7.89 (6.60 - 9.34) 9.97 (8.20 - 11.99) 18.47 (15.55 - 21.68) 5.9North Dakota 4.11 (3.33 - 5.01) 8.60 (6.81 - 10.68) 12.12 (9.78 - 14.79) 1.8Ohio 5.92 (5.35 - 6.53) 9.47 (8.41 - 10.61) 16.72 (15.29 - 18.24) 3.6Oklahoma 5.40 (4.44 - 6.49) 9.88 (7.92 - 12.13) 13.41 (10.89 - 16.27) 3.2Oregon 8.73 (7.40 - 10.21) 12.11 (9.95 - 14.55) 23.50 (20.23 - 27.02) 5.8Pennsylvania 5.93 (5.34 - 6.56) 9.68 (8.66 - 10.78) 16.63 (15.16 - 18.17) 3.8Rhode Island 8.19 (6.90 - 9.62) 12.98 (10.66 - 15.59) 23.96 (20.56 - 27.62) 5.2South Carolina 5.70 (4.68 - 6.86) 9.12 (7.32 - 11.19) 15.00 (12.48 - 17.82) 3.7South Dakota 4.45 (3.65 - 5.36) 8.85 (7.06 - 10.93) 11.81 (9.55 - 14.40) 2.3Tennessee 6.17 (5.07 - 7.42) 10.42 (8.47 - 12.65) 15.44 (12.66 - 18.56) 4.1Texas 5.31 (4.77 - 5.90) 8.80 (7.83 - 9.86) 13.67 (12.34 - 15.08) 3.1Utah 4.97 (3.99 - 6.10) 6.85 (5.27 - 8.73) 10.58 (8.43 - 13.07) 2.9Vermont 10.50 (9.00 - 12.16) 15.99 (13.52 - 18.71) 31.75 (28.09 - 35.59) 6.3Virginia 5.54 (4.60 - 6.60) 8.48 (6.92 - 10.27) 16.14 (13.31 - 19.29) 3.4Washington 7.73 (6.44 - 9.20) 11.44 (9.48 - 13.63) 18.79 (15.90 - 21.96) 5.3West Virginia 5.03 (4.12 - 6.07) 10.13 (8.26 - 12.26) 14.91 (12.26 - 17.90) 2.8Wisconsin 6.30 (5.29 - 7.43) 10.08 (8.34 - 12.05) 16.84 (14.07 - 19.90) 3.9Wyoming 5.70 (4.74 - 6.78) 10.01 (8.07 - 12.24) 15.79 (13.14 - 18.75) 3.0NOTE: Any Illicit Drug includes marijuana/hashish, cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or any prescription-type psychothera

NOTE: Estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, and the prediction (credible) intervals are generated by Ma

techniques. 

1 This estimate is the weighted average of the hierarchical Bayes estimates across all States and the District of Columbia and typically is not equal to t

estimate for the Nation. 

Source: SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 2000 and 2001.
120

30130 Table B.2 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Marijuana, by Age Group and State: Annual Averages Based on 2000 and 

AGE GROUP (Years)

Total 12-17 18-25 

State Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estima

Total1 5.09 7.64 14.59 3.1Alabama 4.17 (3.33 - 5.15) 5.98 (4.54 - 7.71) 12.09 (9.67 - 14.86) 2.5Alaska 7.09 (5.96 - 8.37) 9.88 (7.99 - 12.04) 19.06 (16.12 - 22.29) 4.0Arizona 4.57 (3.68 - 5.61) 7.39 (5.78 - 9.28) 12.25 (10.02 - 14.79) 2.7Arkansas 4.97 (4.07 - 5.99) 7.22 (5.70 - 8.99) 14.50 (12.03 - 17.26) 3.0California 5.96 (5.32 - 6.66) 8.16 (7.25 - 9.14) 14.45 (13.05 - 15.95) 4.0Colorado 7.43 (6.24 - 8.77) 10.96 (8.88 - 13.32) 21.32 (18.15 - 24.76) 4.4Connecticut 6.26 (5.17 - 7.49) 10.76 (8.74 - 13.06) 20.73 (17.26 - 24.55) 3.6Delaware 6.38 (5.29 - 7.62) 9.56 (7.67 - 11.73) 19.22 (16.27 - 22.45) 3.9District of Columbia 5.92 (4.75 - 7.28) 7.37 (5.63 - 9.44) 14.86 (12.13 - 17.92) 4.3Florida 4.70 (4.13 - 5.31) 7.46 (6.47 - 8.54) 13.11 (11.72 - 14.60) 3.2Georgia 4.61 (3.72 - 5.64) 5.41 (4.17 - 6.90) 13.02 (10.63 - 15.73) 3.0Hawaii 5.82 (4.53 - 7.35) 9.32 (7.10 - 11.96) 15.11 (12.05 - 18.59) 3.9Idaho 4.37 (3.53 - 5.34) 6.07 (4.65 - 7.77) 11.94 (9.62 - 14.59) 2.4Illinois 5.60 (5.04 - 6.21) 8.27 (7.25 - 9.39) 16.81 (15.32 - 18.37) 3.3Indiana 3.92 (3.15 - 4.81) 7.23 (5.66 - 9.07) 11.41 (9.19 - 13.96) 2.1Iowa 3.49 (2.78 - 4.31) 5.44 (4.10 - 7.06) 11.57 (9.33 - 14.12) 1.7Kansas 4.66 (3.82 - 5.63) 8.01 (6.24 - 10.08) 14.39 (11.74 - 17.37) 2.3Kentucky 4.96 (4.10 - 5.94) 8.99 (7.19 - 11.05) 14.10 (11.67 - 16.81) 2.8Louisiana 3.82 (3.08 - 4.68) 5.81 (4.44 - 7.45) 11.41 (9.17 - 13.99) 1.9Maine 7.13 (6.04 - 8.35) 11.12 (9.09 - 13.43) 23.53 (20.24 - 27.07) 4.2Maryland 4.69 (3.78 - 5.75) 7.79 (6.16 - 9.70) 14.39 (11.91 - 17.17) 2.8Massachusetts 8.86 (7.44 - 10.45) 12.59 (10.29 - 15.18) 24.85 (21.50 - 28.44) 6.0Michigan 6.01 (5.44 - 6.62) 9.40 (8.34 - 10.55) 17.45 (15.88 - 19.11) 3.6Minnesota 5.33 (4.42 - 6.36) 8.77 (6.96 - 10.85) 16.44 (13.73 - 19.45) 2.8Mississippi 3.83 (3.08 - 4.70) 5.55 (4.21 - 7.15) 12.18 (9.73 - 14.99) 1.9Missouri 4.42 (3.61 - 5.35) 7.31 (5.70 - 9.21) 12.96 (10.58 - 15.65) 2.5Montana 5.11 (4.23 - 6.10) 9.32 (7.38 - 11.58) 16.39 (13.78 - 19.27) 2.5See notes at end of table. 
121

30130 Table B.2 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Marijuana, by Age Group and State: Annual Averages Based on 2000 and 

AGE GROUP (Years)

Total 12-17 18-25 

State Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estima

Nebraska 3.69 (2.96 - 4.53) 6.68 (5.13 - 8.53) 10.59 (8.29 - 13.27) 1.9Nevada 5.17 (4.21 - 6.28) 9.32 (7.31 - 11.68) 14.16 (11.40 - 17.30) 3.2New Hampshire 6.97 (5.86 - 8.21) 11.79 (9.67 - 14.19) 22.01 (18.52 - 25.81) 4.0New Jersey 4.43 (3.60 - 5.39) 6.04 (4.75 - 7.56) 15.43 (12.72 - 18.46) 2.6New Mexico 5.97 (4.89 - 7.20) 11.59 (9.30 - 14.21) 14.11 (11.55 - 17.00) 3.5New York 5.27 (4.74 - 5.83) 7.42 (6.46 - 8.46) 17.46 (15.91 - 19.08) 3.0North Carolina 5.80 (4.73 - 7.04) 6.67 (5.20 - 8.39) 15.80 (13.15 - 18.74) 4.1North Dakota 3.31 (2.64 - 4.09) 6.36 (4.85 - 8.16) 10.34 (8.19 - 12.83) 1.4Ohio 4.61 (4.14 - 5.11) 6.99 (6.11 - 7.95) 14.43 (13.12 - 15.82) 2.6Oklahoma 3.55 (2.80 - 4.43) 6.46 (4.83 - 8.43) 9.67 (7.59 - 12.09) 2.0Oregon 7.19 (5.98 - 8.56) 9.07 (7.22 - 11.21) 20.43 (17.31 - 23.83) 4.8Pennsylvania 4.76 (4.26 - 5.30) 7.37 (6.47 - 8.34) 14.95 (13.57 - 16.41) 2.9Rhode Island 6.78 (5.65 - 8.07) 10.29 (8.22 - 12.68) 21.53 (18.29 - 25.05) 4.1South Carolina 4.10 (3.31 - 5.03) 6.59 (5.12 - 8.32) 12.48 (10.20 - 15.06) 2.3South Dakota 3.69 (2.95 - 4.56) 6.83 (5.22 - 8.74) 10.46 (8.19 - 13.12) 1.8Tennessee 4.78 (3.87 - 5.83) 7.67 (6.05 - 9.55) 13.18 (10.68 - 16.01) 3.0Texas 3.63 (3.21 - 4.09) 6.09 (5.25 - 7.02) 10.30 (9.12 - 11.58) 1.9Utah 3.51 (2.76 - 4.39) 5.00 (3.65 - 6.66) 8.07 (6.22 - 10.26) 1.8Vermont 9.06 (7.77 - 10.49) 13.20 (10.94 - 15.73) 28.56 (25.29 - 32.01) 5.3Virginia 4.28 (3.49 - 5.20) 5.76 (4.44 - 7.34) 13.46 (10.88 - 16.39) 2.6Washington 5.95 (4.86 - 7.19) 9.56 (7.75 - 11.63) 15.69 (12.89 - 18.83) 3.8West Virginia 3.96 (3.16 - 4.90) 7.03 (5.50 - 8.82) 11.91 (9.58 - 14.58) 2.3Wisconsin 4.95 (4.11 - 5.91) 7.80 (6.22 - 9.64) 15.21 (12.64 - 18.06) 2.7Wyoming 4.35 (3.56 - 5.26) 7.63 (5.93 - 9.64) 12.54 (10.20 - 15.20) 2.2NOTE: Estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, and the prediction (credible) intervals are generated by Ma

techniques. 

1 This estimate is the weighted average of the hierarchical Bayes estimates across all States and the District of Columbia and typically is not equal to t

estimate for the Nation. 

Source: SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 2000 and 2001.
122

30130 Table B.3 Percentages Reporting Perceptions of Great Risk of Smoking Marijuana Once a Month, by Age Group and State: An

2000 and 2001 NHSDAs 

AGE GROUP (Years)

Total 12-17 18-25 

State Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estima

Total1 42.90 36.78 28.46 46.1Alabama 50.98 (47.49 - 54.46) 43.43 (39.70 - 47.22) 35.95 (32.00 - 40.04) 54.5Alaska 35.81 (33.00 - 38.69) 31.16 (27.67 - 34.82) 21.74 (18.68 - 25.04) 39.6Arizona 43.24 (40.13 - 46.40) 33.76 (30.27 - 37.37) 29.45 (26.10 - 32.98) 47.1Arkansas 48.69 (45.50 - 51.88) 39.97 (36.43 - 43.59) 31.77 (28.14 - 35.58) 52.7California 40.98 (39.29 - 42.69) 34.61 (32.89 - 36.35) 31.45 (29.64 - 33.30) 43.6Colorado 34.23 (31.13 - 37.44) 28.42 (25.15 - 31.86) 20.56 (17.50 - 23.89) 37.4Connecticut 34.71 (31.77 - 37.74) 29.09 (25.94 - 32.39) 20.94 (17.84 - 24.32) 37.3Delaware 36.87 (33.86 - 39.96) 32.52 (29.18 - 36.00) 25.25 (22.07 - 28.64) 39.2District of Columbia 38.56 (35.27 - 41.92) 33.78 (29.94 - 37.79) 23.08 (19.99 - 26.40) 41.6Florida 47.30 (45.46 - 49.14) 41.42 (39.36 - 43.51) 34.42 (32.38 - 36.50) 49.7Georgia 44.96 (41.73 - 48.22) 36.01 (32.83 - 39.27) 28.84 (25.38 - 32.49) 49.1Hawaii 39.69 (36.19 - 43.27) 31.15 (27.36 - 35.14) 24.93 (21.13 - 29.04) 43.0Idaho 43.30 (40.48 - 46.15) 40.11 (36.58 - 43.73) 28.95 (25.58 - 32.51) 46.8Illinois 42.45 (40.79 - 44.11) 37.53 (35.60 - 39.49) 27.94 (26.14 - 29.79) 45.6Indiana 44.62 (41.43 - 47.85) 40.53 (37.01 - 44.12) 28.42 (24.84 - 32.20) 48.0Iowa 46.42 (43.25 - 49.62) 43.55 (39.91 - 47.24) 31.54 (28.10 - 35.14) 49.4Kansas 43.24 (40.10 - 46.41) 37.66 (33.98 - 41.45) 24.45 (21.09 - 28.06) 47.5Kentucky 48.31 (45.07 - 51.56) 40.42 (36.86 - 44.06) 30.65 (27.40 - 34.04) 52.4Louisiana 48.01 (45.00 - 51.03) 38.84 (35.34 - 42.43) 31.25 (27.73 - 34.94) 52.8Maine 35.22 (32.39 - 38.12) 30.16 (26.76 - 33.72) 16.57 (13.62 - 19.86) 38.6Maryland 39.12 (35.92 - 42.40) 33.73 (30.33 - 37.26) 25.97 (22.93 - 29.20) 41.8Massachusetts 32.91 (29.83 - 36.10) 26.91 (23.73 - 30.27) 16.86 (14.09 - 19.92) 36.0Michigan 41.24 (39.54 - 42.95) 35.57 (33.66 - 37.51) 24.66 (22.95 - 26.44) 44.8Minnesota 39.72 (36.66 - 42.83) 37.50 (34.05 - 41.05) 23.99 (20.85 - 27.35) 42.8Mississippi 54.07 (50.67 - 57.44) 48.03 (44.08 - 52.01) 41.28 (37.23 - 45.43) 57.4Missouri 44.22 (41.07 - 47.40) 39.59 (36.02 - 43.25) 28.27 (24.89 - 31.85) 47.5Montana 41.29 (38.22 - 44.41) 35.33 (31.75 - 39.04) 24.65 (21.73 - 27.76) 45.0See notes at end of table. 
123

30130 Table B.3 Percentages Reporting Perceptions of Great Risk of Smoking Marijuana Once a Month, by Age Group and State: An

2000 and 2001 NHSDAs 

AGE GROUP (Years)

Total 12-17 18-25 

State Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estima

Nebraska 41.70 (38.76 - 44.69) 39.11 (35.36 - 42.97) 27.47 (24.14 - 31.00) 44.7Nevada 40.39 (37.32 - 43.51) 32.82 (29.05 - 36.77) 26.79 (23.29 - 30.51) 43.4New Hampshire 32.86 (29.83 - 35.99) 27.51 (24.40 - 30.80) 19.60 (16.49 - 23.01) 35.5New Jersey 42.63 (39.55 - 45.75) 36.77 (33.74 - 39.89) 26.74 (23.29 - 30.43) 45.6New Mexico 39.88 (36.81 - 43.00) 29.33 (25.89 - 32.96) 27.52 (24.00 - 31.26) 43.9New York 43.07 (41.31 - 44.84) 33.52 (31.67 - 35.41) 26.54 (24.73 - 28.41) 46.8North Carolina 42.29 (39.25 - 45.38) 37.48 (34.19 - 40.85) 23.72 (20.56 - 27.12) 45.8North Dakota 45.41 (42.44 - 48.40) 37.99 (34.62 - 41.43) 25.05 (21.80 - 28.52) 50.4Ohio 40.62 (39.01 - 42.25) 36.97 (35.09 - 38.89) 26.22 (24.44 - 28.05) 43.5Oklahoma 47.90 (44.73 - 51.07) 40.34 (36.36 - 44.41) 35.56 (31.51 - 39.78) 51.2Oregon 33.43 (30.15 - 36.85) 31.60 (28.11 - 35.26) 19.89 (16.91 - 23.14) 35.8Pennsylvania 45.20 (43.46 - 46.94) 38.42 (36.56 - 40.30) 26.68 (24.88 - 28.54) 48.8Rhode Island 38.33 (35.14 - 41.59) 30.23 (26.81 - 33.81) 18.30 (15.35 - 21.55) 42.3South Carolina 46.60 (43.37 - 49.85) 40.79 (37.07 - 44.59) 34.94 (31.19 - 38.84) 49.2South Dakota 41.63 (38.61 - 44.70) 36.97 (33.45 - 40.60) 28.91 (25.54 - 32.45) 44.8Tennessee 45.19 (41.95 - 48.45) 38.75 (35.13 - 42.46) 27.64 (24.00 - 31.52) 48.9Texas 48.99 (47.28 - 50.70) 40.86 (38.97 - 42.77) 34.36 (32.48 - 36.29) 53.1Utah 44.88 (41.84 - 47.94) 41.43 (37.52 - 45.42) 35.82 (32.19 - 39.59) 48.2Vermont 28.16 (25.42 - 31.03) 23.78 (20.80 - 26.97) 14.48 (12.05 - 17.18) 30.9Virginia 41.84 (38.86 - 44.86) 37.59 (34.41 - 40.85) 26.45 (23.02 - 30.11) 44.8Washington 35.72 (32.55 - 38.98) 32.68 (29.44 - 36.05) 23.82 (20.57 - 27.31) 38.1West Virginia 48.23 (45.16 - 51.31) 39.89 (36.49 - 43.35) 29.21 (25.74 - 32.87) 52.2Wisconsin 38.24 (35.18 - 41.37) 34.60 (31.28 - 38.04) 22.84 (19.76 - 26.16) 41.4Wyoming 40.18 (37.25 - 43.15) 36.24 (32.67 - 39.92) 26.32 (22.88 - 29.98) 43.5NOTE: Estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, and the prediction (credible) intervals are generated by Ma

techniques. 

1 This estimate is the weighted average of the hierarchical Bayes estimates across all States and the District of Columbia and typically is not equal to t

estimate for the Nation. 

Source: SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 2000 and 2001. 
124

30130 Table B.4 Average Annual Rates of First Use of Marijuana, by Age Group and State: Based on 2000 and 2001 NHSDAs 

AGE GROUP (Years)

Total 12-17 18-25 

State Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estima

Total1 1.59 6.25 5.70 0.1Alabama 1.33 (1.12 - 1.59) 5.35 (4.28 - 6.66) 5.44 (4.14 - 7.11) 0.1Alaska 2.28 (1.91 - 2.72) 7.05 (5.66 - 8.74) 6.92 (5.22 - 9.12) 0.1Arizona 1.64 (1.37 - 1.96) 6.83 (5.51 - 8.43) 4.71 (3.55 - 6.23) 0.1Arkansas 1.53 (1.29 - 1.81) 6.32 (5.15 - 7.74) 5.59 (4.28 - 7.27) 0.1California 1.59 (1.44 - 1.77) 6.17 (5.52 - 6.90) 4.58 (3.84 - 5.45) 0.1Colorado 1.95 (1.61 - 2.36) 7.57 (6.13 - 9.31) 6.12 (4.45 - 8.35) 0.1Connecticut 1.68 (1.41 - 2.00) 7.11 (5.76 - 8.76) 7.03 (5.27 - 9.33) 0.1Delaware 2.12 (1.78 - 2.52) 8.66 (7.05 - 10.59) 7.98 (6.11 - 10.37) 0.1District of Columbia 1.62 (1.33 - 1.98) 5.76 (4.49 - 7.37) 6.97 (5.34 - 9.06) 0.2Florida 1.32 (1.18 - 1.47) 6.46 (5.70 - 7.31) 4.73 (3.96 - 5.63) 0.1Georgia 1.44 (1.20 - 1.72) 5.10 (4.13 - 6.28) 4.99 (3.78 - 6.56) 0.1Hawaii 1.62 (1.34 - 1.95) 7.62 (6.06 - 9.53) 5.99 (4.37 - 8.15) 0.0Idaho 1.68 (1.39 - 2.01) 5.56 (4.45 - 6.94) 5.26 (3.95 - 6.97) 0.1Illinois 1.76 (1.59 - 1.94) 6.75 (6.01 - 7.57) 6.57 (5.62 - 7.66) 0.1Indiana 1.48 (1.25 - 1.76) 6.17 (5.04 - 7.54) 5.18 (3.89 - 6.88) 0.1Iowa 1.31 (1.10 - 1.57) 5.02 (3.97 - 6.33) 5.08 (3.92 - 6.56) 0.1Kansas 1.78 (1.48 - 2.14) 6.49 (5.17 - 8.13) 6.29 (4.82 - 8.18) 0.1Kentucky 1.69 (1.44 - 1.99) 7.33 (6.01 - 8.91) 6.34 (4.91 - 8.15) 0.1Louisiana 1.48 (1.24 - 1.77) 5.31 (4.23 - 6.64) 5.02 (3.80 - 6.60) 0.1Maine 1.71 (1.44 - 2.03) 6.47 (5.22 - 8.00) 8.52 (6.49 - 11.10) 0.1Maryland 1.56 (1.31 - 1.86) 6.23 (5.03 - 7.71) 6.27 (4.86 - 8.07) 0.1Massachusetts 2.07 (1.75 - 2.46) 8.30 (6.84 - 10.05) 8.65 (6.60 - 11.27) 0.1Michigan 1.88 (1.70 - 2.08) 6.98 (6.24 - 7.80) 7.18 (6.18 - 8.34) 0.1Minnesota 2.10 (1.78 - 2.49) 7.21 (5.87 - 8.82) 7.82 (6.15 - 9.90) 0.1Mississippi 1.50 (1.25 - 1.80) 5.40 (4.31 - 6.74) 5.13 (3.90 - 6.71) 0.1Missouri 1.67 (1.40 - 1.98) 6.67 (5.40 - 8.21) 6.28 (4.84 - 8.12) 0.1Montana 1.85 (1.56 - 2.19) 7.20 (5.79 - 8.93) 7.76 (6.06 - 9.90) 0.1See notes at end of table. 
125

30130 Table B.4 Average Annual Rates of First Use of Marijuana, by Age Group and State: Based on 2000 and 2001 NHSDAs 

AGE GROUP (Years)

Total 12-17 18-25 

State Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estima

Nebraska 1.75 (1.47 - 2.07) 6.29 (5.07 - 7.78) 6.56 (5.08 - 8.42) 0.1Nevada 1.84 (1.52 - 2.22) 7.90 (6.31 - 9.84) 6.54 (4.82 - 8.83) 0.1New Hampshire 2.01 (1.68 - 2.40) 7.29 (5.94 - 8.92) 8.33 (6.28 - 10.98) 0.1New Jersey 1.38 (1.17 - 1.64) 5.52 (4.56 - 6.66) 6.22 (4.75 - 8.12) 0.1New Mexico 2.13 (1.77 - 2.55) 8.80 (7.09 - 10.87) 5.99 (4.44 - 8.03) 0.1New York 1.49 (1.34 - 1.65) 6.01 (5.34 - 6.75) 5.90 (5.05 - 6.88) 0.1North Carolina 1.62 (1.36 - 1.93) 6.05 (4.90 - 7.45) 6.83 (5.19 - 8.94) 0.1North Dakota 1.99 (1.68 - 2.35) 7.37 (6.03 - 8.98) 7.49 (5.82 - 9.60) 0.1Ohio 1.58 (1.43 - 1.75) 6.24 (5.56 - 6.99) 6.01 (5.15 - 7.00) 0.1Oklahoma 1.68 (1.41 - 2.00) 7.04 (5.62 - 8.80) 5.39 (4.14 - 6.97) 0.1Oregon 1.68 (1.41 - 2.00) 6.61 (5.30 - 8.22) 6.28 (4.78 - 8.21) 0.1Pennsylvania 1.42 (1.29 - 1.56) 5.87 (5.19 - 6.62) 6.18 (5.36 - 7.11) 0.1Rhode Island 1.82 (1.53 - 2.17) 7.52 (6.08 - 9.27) 7.26 (5.53 - 9.48) 0.1South Carolina 1.61 (1.35 - 1.91) 6.68 (5.44 - 8.19) 5.85 (4.49 - 7.60) 0.1South Dakota 1.54 (1.30 - 1.82) 6.07 (4.91 - 7.49) 4.90 (3.75 - 6.40) 0.1Tennessee 1.53 (1.28 - 1.84) 6.36 (5.15 - 7.84) 5.85 (4.40 - 7.74) 0.1Texas 1.47 (1.32 - 1.63) 5.22 (4.59 - 5.92) 4.77 (4.06 - 5.59) 0.1Utah 1.62 (1.32 - 1.98) 4.71 (3.64 - 6.07) 3.93 (2.97 - 5.18) 0.1Vermont 2.70 (2.29 - 3.18) 9.37 (7.77 - 11.26) 10.30 (8.05 - 13.09) 0.2Virginia 1.40 (1.16 - 1.69) 4.86 (3.90 - 6.05) 5.73 (4.31 - 7.58) 0.1Washington 1.81 (1.52 - 2.16) 6.93 (5.63 - 8.49) 6.35 (4.82 - 8.31) 0.1West Virginia 1.29 (1.09 - 1.52) 6.43 (5.23 - 7.90) 4.88 (3.69 - 6.42) 0.1Wisconsin 1.78 (1.50 - 2.11) 6.68 (5.47 - 8.13) 6.11 (4.68 - 7.94) 0.1Wyoming 1.97 (1.65 - 2.35) 6.97 (5.60 - 8.64) 6.71 (5.10 - 8.79) 0.1NOTE: Average Annual Rate={(Number of Marijuana Initiates in past 24 months)/[(Number of Marijuana Initiates in past 24 months * 0.5) + Number of persons who 

Both the computation components, Number of Marijuana Initiates in past 24 months and Number of persons who never used Marijuana, are based on a survey-estimation approach. Note that the age group is based on a respondent's age at the time of the interview, not his or her age at first use. 

NOTE: The prediction intervals presented above employ a Taylor linearization combining the hierarchical Bayes posterior variances for the two marijuana use/never u

two prevalences were estimated independently, the hierarchical Bayes solutions did not provide the between prevalence correlations required to complete the lisimple Pearson's correlations between the two prevalences were calculated by age group across the 50 States and the District of Columbia. 

NOTE: Estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, and the prediction (credible) intervals are generated by Markov Chain Mont

1 This estimate is the weighted average of the hierarchical Bayes estimates across all States and the District of Columbia and typically is not equal to the direct sample-w

Source: SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 2000 and 2001. 
126

30130 Table B.5 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Any Illicit Drug Other Than Marijuana, by Age Group and State: Annual 

and 2001 NHSDAs 

AGE GROUP (Years)

Total 12-17 18-25 

State Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estima

Total1 2.85 4.76 6.86 1.9Alabama 2.70 (2.09 - 3.42) 5.04 (3.80 - 6.54) 6.91 (5.21 - 8.95) 1.6Alaska 2.96 (2.31 - 3.73) 4.13 (3.00 - 5.54) 7.32 (5.47 - 9.55) 1.8Arizona 3.44 (2.73 - 4.26) 5.93 (4.52 - 7.62) 7.91 (6.09 - 10.06) 2.2Arkansas 3.16 (2.50 - 3.94) 6.14 (4.77 - 7.76) 8.09 (6.26 - 10.25) 1.9California 3.47 (2.98 - 4.01) 4.90 (4.21 - 5.67) 7.07 (6.06 - 8.19) 2.6Colorado 3.42 (2.74 - 4.21) 5.49 (4.18 - 7.06) 9.63 (7.58 - 12.00) 2.0Connecticut 2.86 (2.25 - 3.59) 5.98 (4.54 - 7.69) 7.52 (5.69 - 9.73) 1.8Delaware 2.93 (2.31 - 3.67) 5.08 (3.92 - 6.46) 7.74 (6.01 - 9.80) 1.8District of Columbia 3.45 (2.58 - 4.51) 4.23 (3.03 - 5.73) 7.08 (5.22 - 9.36) 2.7Florida 2.44 (2.07 - 2.86) 4.33 (3.60 - 5.17) 7.16 (6.08 - 8.37) 1.5Georgia 2.70 (2.10 - 3.43) 4.56 (3.48 - 5.85) 6.30 (4.77 - 8.15) 1.8Hawaii 2.69 (2.00 - 3.54) 5.15 (3.75 - 6.87) 6.96 (5.06 - 9.30) 1.7Idaho 2.21 (1.66 - 2.88) 3.97 (2.88 - 5.32) 5.08 (3.64 - 6.88) 1.3Illinois 2.89 (2.48 - 3.36) 4.25 (3.55 - 5.03) 6.16 (5.22 - 7.22) 2.1Indiana 2.55 (2.00 - 3.22) 4.53 (3.43 - 5.86) 6.44 (4.82 - 8.39) 1.6Iowa 2.05 (1.53 - 2.69) 4.08 (3.00 - 5.41) 4.98 (3.62 - 6.66) 1.2Kansas 2.90 (2.25 - 3.68) 4.92 (3.69 - 6.43) 6.39 (4.80 - 8.30) 1.9Kentucky 2.83 (2.23 - 3.52) 4.82 (3.67 - 6.21) 7.28 (5.63 - 9.23) 1.8Louisiana 3.57 (2.82 - 4.45) 6.15 (4.63 - 7.99) 8.14 (6.29 - 10.34) 2.2Maine 2.89 (2.32 - 3.56) 5.73 (4.40 - 7.32) 8.86 (6.90 - 11.17) 1.6Maryland 2.62 (2.05 - 3.31) 4.91 (3.73 - 6.32) 6.46 (4.90 - 8.33) 1.7Massachusetts 3.55 (2.75 - 4.51) 5.12 (3.84 - 6.67) 7.90 (6.01 - 10.14) 2.7Michigan 2.73 (2.36 - 3.15) 5.05 (4.30 - 5.88) 6.78 (5.80 - 7.87) 1.7Minnesota 2.68 (2.11 - 3.35) 4.79 (3.65 - 6.17) 6.84 (5.22 - 8.78) 1.6Mississippi 2.69 (2.12 - 3.38) 4.76 (3.53 - 6.27) 6.57 (4.96 - 8.52) 1.6Missouri 2.28 (1.73 - 2.94) 4.61 (3.45 - 6.01) 5.29 (3.84 - 7.09) 1.4Montana 2.67 (2.10 - 3.33) 5.58 (4.24 - 7.19) 6.91 (5.30 - 8.83) 1.5See notes at end of table. 
127

30130 Table B.5 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Any Illicit Drug Other Than Marijuana, by Age Group and State: Annual 

and 2001 NHSDAs 

AGE GROUP (Years)

Total 12-17 18-25 

State Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estima

Nebraska 2.05 (1.50 - 2.72) 3.91 (2.80 - 5.29) 4.86 (3.47 - 6.60) 1.2Nevada 3.24 (2.48 - 4.17) 5.64 (4.19 - 7.42) 7.62 (5.60 - 10.09) 2.2New Hampshire 3.32 (2.63 - 4.14) 6.31 (4.92 - 7.95) 9.50 (7.31 - 12.08) 1.9New Jersey 2.46 (1.91 - 3.10) 4.37 (3.39 - 5.53) 6.75 (5.09 - 8.75) 1.6New Mexico 2.75 (2.13 - 3.49) 4.48 (3.32 - 5.90) 5.86 (4.34 - 7.71) 1.8New York 2.80 (2.37 - 3.28) 3.74 (3.06 - 4.53) 6.48 (5.50 - 7.56) 2.1North Carolina 2.88 (2.25 - 3.64) 5.25 (4.05 - 6.68) 6.43 (4.78 - 8.43) 2.0North Dakota 2.16 (1.60 - 2.84) 4.28 (3.12 - 5.72) 5.02 (3.65 - 6.72) 1.2Ohio 2.51 (2.15 - 2.91) 4.59 (3.90 - 5.37) 6.31 (5.39 - 7.32) 1.5Oklahoma 2.97 (2.30 - 3.78) 5.28 (3.91 - 6.95) 7.03 (5.30 - 9.11) 1.9Oregon 3.15 (2.49 - 3.93) 5.18 (3.95 - 6.67) 8.10 (6.26 - 10.27) 2.0Pennsylvania 2.73 (2.34 - 3.16) 4.70 (4.00 - 5.47) 7.20 (6.21 - 8.28) 1.8Rhode Island 3.00 (2.35 - 3.77) 5.44 (4.08 - 7.08) 8.53 (6.47 - 10.99) 1.8South Carolina 2.69 (2.09 - 3.40) 4.40 (3.30 - 5.73) 6.61 (5.05 - 8.48) 1.8South Dakota 2.12 (1.58 - 2.78) 4.10 (2.95 - 5.53) 5.48 (3.98 - 7.35) 1.1Tennessee 2.93 (2.25 - 3.75) 5.87 (4.47 - 7.55) 6.56 (4.87 - 8.62) 1.9Texas 2.72 (2.37 - 3.10) 4.64 (3.96 - 5.41) 7.00 (6.05 - 8.03) 1.5Utah 2.75 (2.13 - 3.49) 3.80 (2.72 - 5.14) 5.45 (4.02 - 7.20) 1.7Vermont 3.59 (2.89 - 4.41) 5.61 (4.30 - 7.19) 10.51 (8.43 - 12.89) 2.2Virginia 2.57 (2.01 - 3.24) 4.33 (3.31 - 5.54) 7.07 (5.31 - 9.20) 1.6Washington 2.94 (2.33 - 3.66) 4.79 (3.68 - 6.11) 7.73 (5.98 - 9.80) 1.8West Virginia 2.69 (2.12 - 3.36) 5.32 (4.07 - 6.82) 6.58 (4.97 - 8.51) 1.7Wisconsin 2.74 (2.12 - 3.47) 4.26 (3.21 - 5.52) 5.71 (4.25 - 7.49) 2.0Wyoming 2.57 (2.02 - 3.23) 4.77 (3.57 - 6.24) 6.78 (5.08 - 8.85) 1.4NOTE: Any Illicit Drug Other Than Marijuana includes cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or any prescription-type psychoth

nonmedically. 

NOTE: Estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, and the prediction (credible) intervals are generated by Ma

techniques. 

1 This estimate is the weighted average of the hierarchical Bayes estimates across all States and the District of Columbia and typically is not equal to t

estimate for the Nation. 

Source: SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 2000 and 2001. 
128

30130 Table B.6 Percentages Reporting Past Year Use of Cocaine, by Age Group and State: Annual Averages Based on 2000 and 200

AGE GROUP (Years)

Total 12-17 18-25 

State Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estima

Total1 1.70 1.60 5.01 1.1Alabama 1.50 (1.03 - 2.11) 1.47 (0.93 - 2.20) 4.16 (2.97 - 5.65) 1.0Alaska 2.18 (1.58 - 2.93) 1.72 (1.08 - 2.61) 5.70 (4.24 - 7.49) 1.5Arizona 2.33 (1.70 - 3.11) 2.97 (1.97 - 4.30) 6.61 (5.00 - 8.55) 1.4Arkansas 1.58 (1.14 - 2.14) 1.49 (0.98 - 2.16) 4.40 (3.28 - 5.77) 1.1California 2.02 (1.66 - 2.44) 1.97 (1.54 - 2.48) 5.27 (4.47 - 6.16) 1.4Colorado 2.79 (2.06 - 3.70) 2.22 (1.44 - 3.26) 9.01 (6.87 - 11.56) 1.7Connecticut 1.76 (1.26 - 2.40) 1.72 (1.12 - 2.52) 5.35 (3.91 - 7.14) 1.2Delaware 2.20 (1.55 - 3.01) 1.28 (0.80 - 1.94) 6.19 (4.64 - 8.07) 1.6District of Columbia 2.62 (1.75 - 3.76) 0.73 (0.41 - 1.20) 4.66 (3.39 - 6.24) 2.4Florida 1.46 (1.17 - 1.81) 1.39 (1.03 - 1.83) 4.63 (3.84 - 5.52) 1.0Georgia 1.72 (1.22 - 2.36) 1.32 (0.83 - 1.98) 4.91 (3.62 - 6.50) 1.2Hawaii 1.23 (0.82 - 1.78) 1.69 (1.02 - 2.63) 3.79 (2.53 - 5.44) 0.7Idaho 1.30 (0.92 - 1.78) 1.74 (1.09 - 2.62) 3.58 (2.50 - 4.95) 0.7Illinois 1.83 (1.48 - 2.23) 1.13 (0.80 - 1.55) 5.05 (4.21 - 6.00) 1.3Indiana 1.46 (1.06 - 1.96) 1.69 (1.11 - 2.45) 4.87 (3.59 - 6.44) 0.8Iowa 1.38 (0.98 - 1.87) 1.54 (0.99 - 2.28) 4.23 (3.04 - 5.71) 0.8Kansas 1.59 (1.14 - 2.17) 1.37 (0.85 - 2.10) 4.86 (3.56 - 6.46) 1.0Kentucky 1.81 (1.35 - 2.37) 1.49 (0.95 - 2.24) 5.88 (4.44 - 7.61) 1.1Louisiana 1.64 (1.13 - 2.31) 1.37 (0.87 - 2.05) 3.91 (2.81 - 5.29) 1.2Maine 1.42 (1.01 - 1.92) 2.01 (1.32 - 2.93) 4.78 (3.38 - 6.54) 0.8Maryland 1.41 (0.98 - 1.96) 1.29 (0.82 - 1.93) 3.86 (2.81 - 5.17) 1.0Massachusetts 2.33 (1.63 - 3.21) 1.72 (1.11 - 2.56) 6.45 (4.85 - 8.39) 1.7Michigan 1.36 (1.10 - 1.66) 1.34 (0.99 - 1.77) 4.60 (3.85 - 5.46) 0.8Minnesota 1.97 (1.45 - 2.61) 1.93 (1.27 - 2.79) 6.16 (4.64 - 7.99) 1.2Mississippi 1.31 (0.88 - 1.88) 0.91 (0.53 - 1.46) 3.92 (2.71 - 5.46) 0.8Missouri 1.23 (0.85 - 1.72) 1.40 (0.88 - 2.13) 3.82 (2.72 - 5.21) 0.7Montana 1.76 (1.30 - 2.32) 1.97 (1.31 - 2.86) 5.90 (4.50 - 7.58) 1.0See notes at end of table. 
129

30130 Table B.6 Percentages Reporting Past Year Use of Cocaine, by Age Group and State: Annual Averages Based on 2000 and 200

AGE GROUP (Years)

Total 12-17 18-25 

State Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estima

Nebraska 1.27 (0.88 - 1.79) 1.40 (0.84 - 2.19) 3.81 (2.68 - 5.25) 0.7Nevada 2.16 (1.52 - 2.98) 2.33 (1.49 - 3.47) 5.93 (4.26 - 8.00) 1.5New Hampshire 1.80 (1.32 - 2.39) 1.92 (1.27 - 2.79) 6.20 (4.60 - 8.15) 1.1New Jersey 1.31 (0.89 - 1.86) 1.07 (0.66 - 1.64) 4.64 (3.35 - 6.25) 0.8New Mexico 2.79 (2.03 - 3.74) 3.27 (2.19 - 4.70) 7.25 (5.37 - 9.52) 1.8New York 1.65 (1.35 - 2.01) 1.26 (0.93 - 1.68) 5.01 (4.16 - 5.97) 1.1North Carolina 1.55 (1.11 - 2.11) 1.29 (0.85 - 1.87) 4.49 (3.27 - 6.00) 1.1North Dakota 1.59 (1.17 - 2.12) 1.75 (1.15 - 2.56) 5.02 (3.69 - 6.65) 0.9Ohio 1.35 (1.08 - 1.67) 1.11 (0.80 - 1.52) 4.28 (3.55 - 5.12) 0.8Oklahoma 1.28 (0.88 - 1.79) 1.44 (0.89 - 2.20) 3.59 (2.52 - 4.95) 0.8Oregon 1.57 (1.14 - 2.11) 1.58 (1.02 - 2.33) 5.17 (3.83 - 6.82) 0.9Pennsylvania 1.64 (1.36 - 1.97) 1.45 (1.11 - 1.87) 5.23 (4.41 - 6.14) 1.1Rhode Island 1.71 (1.24 - 2.31) 1.44 (0.90 - 2.19) 6.12 (4.57 - 8.01) 1.1South Carolina 1.60 (1.12 - 2.22) 1.26 (0.81 - 1.87) 4.80 (3.53 - 6.37) 1.1South Dakota 1.40 (1.02 - 1.86) 1.79 (1.15 - 2.64) 4.56 (3.31 - 6.10) 0.7Tennessee 1.47 (1.01 - 2.06) 1.66 (1.07 - 2.45) 3.99 (2.81 - 5.50) 1.0Texas 1.93 (1.61 - 2.30) 2.27 (1.76 - 2.89) 5.59 (4.74 - 6.55) 1.1Utah 1.43 (1.01 - 1.96) 1.46 (0.88 - 2.28) 3.45 (2.39 - 4.82) 0.8Vermont 2.13 (1.59 - 2.80) 1.58 (1.00 - 2.38) 7.52 (5.80 - 9.56) 1.3Virginia 1.52 (1.09 - 2.05) 1.11 (0.68 - 1.73) 5.00 (3.70 - 6.58) 1.0Washington 1.59 (1.14 - 2.14) 1.91 (1.26 - 2.78) 4.60 (3.34 - 6.17) 1.0West Virginia 1.35 (0.94 - 1.88) 1.47 (0.94 - 2.18) 4.23 (3.06 - 5.69) 0.8Wisconsin 1.68 (1.24 - 2.22) 1.62 (1.06 - 2.36) 5.06 (3.72 - 6.72) 1.0Wyoming 1.52 (1.09 - 2.07) 1.57 (0.99 - 2.36) 4.70 (3.40 - 6.32) 0.8NOTE: Estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, and the prediction (credible) intervals are generated by Ma

techniques. 

1 This estimate is the weighted average of the hierarchical Bayes estimates across all States and the District of Columbia and typically is not equal to t

estimate for the Nation. 

Source: SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 2000 and 2001.
130

30130 Table B.7 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Alcohol, by Age Group and State: Annual Averages Based on 2000 and 2

AGE GROUP (Years)

Total 12-17 18-25 

State Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estima

Total1 47.59 16.83 57.48 50.1Alabama 37.02 (33.80 - 40.33) 15.14 (12.79 - 17.74) 49.89 (45.86 - 53.92) 37.6Alaska 49.40 (46.48 - 52.33) 16.00 (13.50 - 18.77) 55.98 (52.10 - 59.81) 54.1Arizona 49.80 (46.42 - 53.19) 17.27 (14.72 - 20.06) 54.54 (50.79 - 58.25) 53.8Arkansas 37.61 (34.67 - 40.63) 16.89 (14.48 - 19.53) 48.97 (45.06 - 52.89) 38.4California 47.53 (45.91 - 49.14) 14.83 (13.61 - 16.11) 53.14 (50.98 - 55.28) 51.1Colorado 57.98 (54.90 - 61.01) 20.16 (17.31 - 23.25) 65.67 (61.83 - 69.37) 61.9Connecticut 59.63 (56.53 - 62.68) 21.79 (18.96 - 24.83) 68.09 (64.28 - 71.73) 63.1Delaware 55.06 (51.84 - 58.24) 18.43 (15.75 - 21.35) 62.63 (58.95 - 66.21) 58.5District of Columbia 50.19 (46.76 - 53.61) 13.51 (11.14 - 16.18) 61.55 (57.96 - 65.06) 52.3Florida 48.13 (46.32 - 49.95) 15.85 (14.40 - 17.37) 53.50 (51.29 - 55.70) 51.2Georgia 42.58 (39.34 - 45.87) 15.13 (12.90 - 17.58) 51.81 (47.83 - 55.77) 44.8Hawaii 43.50 (40.22 - 46.81) 16.70 (13.94 - 19.77) 56.46 (52.13 - 60.72) 44.7Idaho 41.72 (38.79 - 44.69) 14.77 (12.48 - 17.30) 51.43 (47.43 - 55.42) 44.0Illinois 51.32 (49.62 - 53.02) 18.61 (17.14 - 20.16) 60.70 (58.76 - 62.61) 54.1Indiana 41.62 (38.37 - 44.92) 13.35 (11.16 - 15.78) 52.19 (48.22 - 56.14) 43.6Iowa 50.15 (47.01 - 53.30) 17.22 (14.74 - 19.93) 67.03 (63.33 - 70.58) 51.7Kansas 48.25 (45.11 - 51.39) 17.91 (15.26 - 20.81) 62.09 (58.11 - 65.96) 50.1Kentucky 35.88 (32.87 - 38.97) 17.05 (14.45 - 19.90) 51.58 (47.75 - 55.41) 35.6Louisiana 45.67 (42.55 - 48.81) 19.55 (16.70 - 22.65) 57.11 (53.17 - 60.97) 47.4Maine 54.34 (51.29 - 57.36) 19.99 (17.29 - 22.91) 67.31 (63.40 - 71.05) 56.7Maryland 48.03 (44.70 - 51.37) 18.30 (15.59 - 21.25) 59.60 (55.73 - 63.39) 50.1Massachusetts 60.12 (56.97 - 63.21) 22.71 (19.71 - 25.93) 74.24 (70.77 - 77.50) 62.6Michigan 50.17 (48.51 - 51.82) 17.74 (16.28 - 19.28) 64.08 (62.07 - 66.06) 52.3Minnesota 58.36 (55.29 - 61.39) 19.81 (17.13 - 22.72) 70.12 (66.47 - 73.58) 61.9Mississippi 32.60 (29.59 - 35.71) 12.75 (10.62 - 15.13) 46.26 (42.34 - 50.21) 32.9Missouri 46.66 (43.40 - 49.93) 18.01 (15.41 - 20.84) 59.72 (55.98 - 63.38) 48.4Montana 54.10 (51.04 - 57.14) 19.68 (16.81 - 22.79) 64.40 (60.70 - 67.97) 57.3See notes at end of table. 
131

30130 Table B.7 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Alcohol, by Age Group and State: Annual Averages Based on 2000 and 2

AGE GROUP (Years)

Total 12-17 18-25 

State Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estima

Nebraska 54.05 (50.97 - 57.10) 21.54 (18.67 - 24.62) 68.59 (64.88 - 72.14) 56.2Nevada 52.98 (49.72 - 56.22) 19.63 (16.59 - 22.95) 60.40 (56.01 - 64.67) 56.1New Hampshire 60.20 (56.98 - 63.36) 22.60 (19.69 - 25.72) 68.36 (64.48 - 72.05) 64.1New Jersey 53.44 (50.23 - 56.63) 17.65 (15.31 - 20.19) 61.14 (57.36 - 64.82) 56.7New Mexico 48.10 (45.09 - 51.13) 17.96 (15.32 - 20.84) 55.12 (50.93 - 59.26) 51.5New York 48.90 (47.16 - 50.64) 17.64 (16.17 - 19.19) 60.52 (58.43 - 62.58) 51.0North Carolina 38.42 (35.45 - 41.46) 13.57 (11.43 - 15.93) 50.91 (47.04 - 54.77) 39.7North Dakota 57.36 (54.33 - 60.35) 24.72 (21.58 - 28.08) 75.47 (72.01 - 78.70) 58.8Ohio 47.23 (45.60 - 48.87) 16.36 (15.01 - 17.78) 60.69 (58.70 - 62.65) 49.1Oklahoma 37.83 (34.76 - 40.98) 15.68 (13.10 - 18.54) 53.07 (48.91 - 57.20) 38.3Oregon 49.16 (45.79 - 52.54) 15.18 (12.78 - 17.83) 58.42 (54.60 - 62.17) 52.0Pennsylvania 50.11 (48.47 - 51.74) 17.57 (16.15 - 19.07) 62.03 (60.09 - 63.95) 52.4Rhode Island 58.00 (54.69 - 61.26) 18.69 (15.86 - 21.77) 67.14 (63.38 - 70.74) 61.7South Carolina 40.50 (37.34 - 43.71) 14.96 (12.70 - 17.46) 51.69 (47.93 - 55.44) 42.0South Dakota 52.14 (49.08 - 55.19) 19.02 (16.28 - 22.01) 68.21 (64.39 - 71.85) 54.2Tennessee 35.90 (32.79 - 39.11) 13.26 (11.06 - 15.73) 47.75 (43.60 - 51.92) 36.8Texas 44.20 (42.46 - 45.94) 17.62 (16.16 - 19.16) 54.98 (52.99 - 56.96) 46.1Utah 28.91 (26.12 - 31.83) 10.36 (8.12 - 12.96) 32.39 (28.88 - 36.05) 31.7Vermont 61.58 (58.60 - 64.49) 21.56 (18.73 - 24.61) 69.96 (66.51 - 73.25) 65.6Virginia 47.02 (43.92 - 50.15) 12.39 (10.26 - 14.78) 56.83 (52.69 - 60.91) 49.8Washington 50.03 (46.74 - 53.33) 16.16 (13.83 - 18.70) 55.61 (51.78 - 59.39) 53.7West Virginia 36.45 (33.57 - 39.41) 17.00 (14.46 - 19.79) 51.57 (47.60 - 55.53) 36.2Wisconsin 59.84 (56.78 - 62.85) 20.67 (17.96 - 23.59) 69.37 (65.74 - 72.84) 63.8Wyoming 53.34 (50.21 - 56.44) 20.48 (17.53 - 23.70) 63.80 (59.95 - 67.52) 56.3NOTE: Estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, and the prediction (credible) intervals are generated by Ma

techniques. 

1 This estimate is the weighted average of the hierarchical Bayes estimates across all States and the District of Columbia and typically is not equal to t

estimate for the Nation. 

Source: SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 2000 and 2001.
132

30130 Table B.8 Percentages Reporting Past Month Binge Alcohol Use, by Age Group and State: Annual Averages Based on 2000 an

AGE GROUP (Years)

Total 12-17 18-25 

State Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estima

Total1 20.58 10.53 38.12 18.9Alabama 18.29 (16.11 - 20.64) 10.43 (8.54 - 12.58) 31.51 (27.88 - 35.33) 17.0Alaska 20.19 (18.03 - 22.50) 9.83 (7.95 - 11.97) 35.42 (31.64 - 39.35) 18.8Arizona 21.52 (19.11 - 24.09) 11.20 (9.17 - 13.49) 36.38 (32.74 - 40.14) 20.4Arkansas 19.17 (17.09 - 21.38) 11.15 (9.25 - 13.29) 34.76 (31.14 - 38.52) 17.5California 19.14 (17.93 - 20.40) 9.24 (8.29 - 10.27) 32.38 (30.45 - 34.36) 18.1Colorado 22.02 (19.69 - 24.49) 12.67 (10.59 - 15.00) 45.81 (41.80 - 49.85) 19.1Connecticut 22.28 (19.93 - 24.78) 14.62 (12.23 - 17.28) 46.41 (42.15 - 50.71) 19.8Delaware 21.51 (19.26 - 23.89) 10.74 (8.85 - 12.87) 40.35 (36.70 - 44.09) 19.8District of Columbia 21.96 (19.42 - 24.67) 7.29 (5.69 - 9.17) 39.02 (35.31 - 42.83) 20.7Florida 18.78 (17.51 - 20.10) 9.12 (8.01 - 10.33) 33.29 (31.29 - 35.33) 17.9Georgia 19.84 (17.54 - 22.29) 8.80 (7.13 - 10.72) 33.60 (29.91 - 37.45) 18.9Hawaii 18.71 (16.38 - 21.21) 10.71 (8.56 - 13.19) 34.64 (30.73 - 38.72) 17.2Idaho 19.62 (17.57 - 21.79) 10.75 (8.84 - 12.92) 36.24 (32.59 - 40.01) 17.5Illinois 24.07 (22.71 - 25.46) 11.42 (10.28 - 12.65) 42.66 (40.69 - 44.65) 22.5Indiana 18.99 (16.83 - 21.29) 8.25 (6.65 - 10.09) 33.71 (30.05 - 37.52) 17.8Iowa 21.94 (19.76 - 24.25) 11.64 (9.71 - 13.79) 46.62 (42.84 - 50.44) 19.0Kansas 19.94 (17.81 - 22.21) 10.54 (8.65 - 12.68) 41.59 (37.71 - 45.55) 17.3Kentucky 18.26 (16.31 - 20.34) 11.27 (9.19 - 13.63) 36.84 (33.36 - 40.42) 15.9Louisiana 22.27 (19.96 - 24.72) 11.28 (9.28 - 13.53) 37.94 (34.33 - 41.66) 20.8Maine 22.65 (20.46 - 24.95) 12.84 (10.72 - 15.22) 46.25 (42.18 - 50.36) 20.4Maryland 19.54 (17.34 - 21.89) 10.57 (8.72 - 12.65) 37.09 (33.56 - 40.72) 18.0Massachusetts 25.90 (23.38 - 28.55) 13.74 (11.55 - 16.16) 52.55 (48.65 - 56.43) 23.4Michigan 21.93 (20.68 - 23.23) 12.23 (11.01 - 13.54) 43.78 (41.79 - 45.79) 19.6Minnesota 24.05 (21.77 - 26.44) 12.59 (10.48 - 14.97) 48.48 (44.44 - 52.54) 21.3Mississippi 18.27 (16.09 - 20.60) 8.73 (7.00 - 10.73) 30.46 (27.04 - 34.06) 17.3Missouri 19.97 (17.81 - 22.27) 12.02 (9.85 - 14.48) 38.80 (35.13 - 42.56) 17.8Montana 23.21 (21.02 - 25.52) 12.86 (10.69 - 15.29) 46.99 (43.27 - 50.75) 20.5See notes at end of table. 
133

30130 Table B.8 Percentages Reporting Past Month Binge Alcohol Use, by Age Group and State: Annual Averages Based on 2000 an

AGE GROUP (Years)

Total 12-17 18-25 

State Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estima

Nebraska 22.80 (20.62 - 25.09) 13.68 (11.44 - 16.17) 47.26 (43.34 - 51.21) 19.6Nevada 23.75 (21.21 - 26.44) 12.92 (10.62 - 15.52) 41.77 (37.60 - 46.02) 22.3New Hampshire 21.85 (19.57 - 24.26) 12.90 (10.82 - 15.21) 46.01 (41.90 - 50.16) 19.4New Jersey 21.32 (19.02 - 23.75) 10.92 (9.24 - 12.80) 39.07 (35.33 - 42.92) 20.0New Mexico 22.68 (20.42 - 25.06) 13.31 (11.07 - 15.81) 40.01 (36.09 - 44.03) 20.8New York 19.67 (18.41 - 20.98) 10.37 (9.28 - 11.54) 39.89 (37.83 - 41.98) 17.6North Carolina 17.02 (15.06 - 19.13) 8.51 (6.92 - 10.33) 32.29 (28.72 - 36.03) 15.7North Dakota 29.04 (26.52 - 31.67) 17.88 (15.09 - 20.95) 59.31 (55.39 - 63.15) 24.8Ohio 21.71 (20.50 - 22.96) 10.64 (9.49 - 11.88) 43.10 (41.14 - 45.08) 19.5Oklahoma 18.33 (16.27 - 20.54) 10.41 (8.47 - 12.61) 36.78 (33.19 - 40.48) 16.1Oregon 18.14 (16.04 - 20.40) 9.57 (7.75 - 11.66) 37.24 (33.59 - 41.00) 16.1Pennsylvania 22.31 (21.05 - 23.60) 11.08 (9.93 - 12.31) 43.61 (41.61 - 45.61) 20.5Rhode Island 24.18 (21.72 - 26.77) 12.10 (9.90 - 14.58) 46.27 (42.27 - 50.30) 22.5South Carolina 19.67 (17.49 - 21.98) 9.48 (7.69 - 11.54) 34.20 (30.65 - 37.89) 18.6South Dakota 24.48 (22.17 - 26.91) 13.37 (11.08 - 15.93) 46.82 (42.96 - 50.71) 21.9Tennessee 16.01 (13.95 - 18.25) 8.11 (6.50 - 9.96) 29.29 (25.58 - 33.23) 14.8Texas 21.54 (20.22 - 22.90) 10.63 (9.55 - 11.79) 36.77 (34.88 - 38.68) 20.2Utah 14.19 (12.23 - 16.34) 7.02 (5.20 - 9.24) 23.09 (19.88 - 26.56) 13.0Vermont 23.19 (21.03 - 25.46) 13.15 (11.03 - 15.53) 48.21 (44.52 - 51.91) 20.5Virginia 17.78 (15.71 - 19.99) 7.55 (6.11 - 9.20) 33.26 (29.51 - 37.16) 16.6Washington 18.88 (16.83 - 21.08) 10.20 (8.40 - 12.23) 35.45 (31.75 - 39.28) 17.2West Virginia 18.20 (16.22 - 20.32) 11.75 (9.70 - 14.05) 37.71 (34.03 - 41.51) 15.8Wisconsin 28.34 (25.85 - 30.92) 13.11 (10.99 - 15.47) 49.95 (46.10 - 53.79) 26.7Wyoming 24.08 (21.74 - 26.53) 13.67 (11.33 - 16.30) 45.30 (41.35 - 49.29) 21.5NOTE: Binge Alcohol Use is defined as drinking five or more drinks on the same occasion on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. By "occasion" is mea

within a couple hours of each other. 

NOTE: Estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, and the prediction (credible) intervals are generated by Ma

techniques. 

1 This estimate is the weighted average of the hierarchical Bayes estimates across all States and the District of Columbia and typically is not equal to t

estimate for the Nation. 

Source: SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 2000 and 2001.
134

30130 Table B.9 Percentages Reporting Perceptions of Great Risk of Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Tw

Group and State: Annual Averages Based on 2000 and 2001 NHSDAs 

AGE GROUP (Years)

Total 12-17 18-25 

State Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estima

Total1 46.56 43.05 36.82 48.6Alabama 50.11 (46.79 - 53.43) 46.64 (43.01 - 50.29) 41.13 (37.31 - 45.04) 52.0Alaska 44.83 (41.90 - 47.79) 39.87 (36.22 - 43.60) 36.88 (33.06 - 40.84) 47.4Arizona 45.12 (41.97 - 48.29) 41.76 (38.37 - 45.21) 36.93 (33.29 - 40.68) 47.0Arkansas 48.99 (46.11 - 51.88) 44.32 (40.86 - 47.83) 36.01 (32.29 - 39.87) 51.8California 51.58 (49.95 - 53.20) 45.68 (43.87 - 47.50) 42.80 (40.79 - 44.83) 54.0Colorado 42.40 (39.27 - 45.57) 39.69 (36.14 - 43.32) 29.48 (25.88 - 33.27) 45.0Connecticut 42.83 (39.82 - 45.87) 40.40 (36.80 - 44.07) 34.52 (30.77 - 38.43) 44.2Delaware 44.19 (41.16 - 47.25) 41.19 (37.66 - 44.80) 34.76 (31.30 - 38.34) 46.0District of Columbia 51.52 (48.27 - 54.76) 50.48 (46.46 - 54.50) 41.46 (37.63 - 45.38) 53.2Florida 49.54 (47.74 - 51.34) 45.82 (43.62 - 48.02) 42.33 (40.11 - 44.57) 50.9Georgia 49.42 (46.29 - 52.55) 47.99 (44.69 - 51.31) 40.00 (36.39 - 43.69) 51.3Hawaii 43.66 (40.21 - 47.16) 44.44 (40.53 - 48.41) 32.26 (28.39 - 36.33) 45.3Idaho 44.82 (41.93 - 47.74) 42.27 (38.73 - 45.87) 34.19 (30.72 - 37.79) 47.4Illinois 44.19 (42.55 - 45.83) 42.29 (40.38 - 44.22) 34.19 (32.26 - 36.17) 46.1Indiana 44.23 (41.15 - 47.34) 41.86 (38.47 - 45.31) 34.79 (31.27 - 38.43) 46.2Iowa 41.15 (38.13 - 44.21) 40.06 (36.56 - 43.63) 27.90 (24.66 - 31.32) 43.6Kansas 41.67 (38.53 - 44.85) 40.01 (36.21 - 43.90) 30.61 (26.96 - 34.45) 43.9Kentucky 46.96 (43.87 - 50.07) 42.90 (39.48 - 46.37) 32.61 (29.23 - 36.13) 49.9Louisiana 47.64 (44.68 - 50.61) 44.28 (40.72 - 47.88) 40.94 (37.39 - 44.57) 49.5Maine 42.96 (40.12 - 45.83) 36.23 (32.92 - 39.65) 31.06 (27.52 - 34.78) 45.5Maryland 46.62 (43.54 - 49.71) 43.20 (39.81 - 46.64) 39.57 (35.99 - 43.23) 48.1Massachusetts 38.61 (35.52 - 41.78) 35.52 (32.17 - 38.99) 28.25 (24.78 - 31.93) 40.5Michigan 44.86 (43.27 - 46.47) 41.03 (39.16 - 42.91) 34.30 (32.39 - 36.25) 47.1Minnesota 42.23 (39.26 - 45.25) 41.90 (38.27 - 45.59) 30.34 (26.91 - 33.94) 44.4Mississippi 51.04 (47.98 - 54.09) 48.74 (45.06 - 52.44) 46.63 (42.85 - 50.43) 52.2Missouri 42.16 (39.07 - 45.30) 37.86 (34.42 - 41.40) 32.14 (28.74 - 35.69) 44.4Montana 40.15 (37.27 - 43.09) 37.04 (33.52 - 40.67) 27.88 (24.73 - 31.20) 42.7See notes at end of table. 
135

30130 Table B.9 Percentages Reporting Perceptions of Great Risk of Having Five or More Drinks of an Alcoholic Beverage Once or Tw

Group and State: Annual Averages Based on 2000 and 2001 NHSDAs 

AGE GROUP (Years)

Total 12-17 18-25 

State Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estima

Nebraska 38.96 (36.09 - 41.90) 35.55 (32.05 - 39.17) 28.48 (25.20 - 31.94) 41.4Nevada 45.19 (42.14 - 48.27) 41.51 (37.66 - 45.43) 39.39 (35.21 - 43.68) 46.5New Hampshire 38.77 (35.76 - 41.84) 35.65 (32.39 - 39.02) 25.43 (21.91 - 29.20) 41.2New Jersey 48.01 (44.90 - 51.14) 43.01 (39.88 - 46.18) 35.50 (31.67 - 39.48) 50.4New Mexico 49.62 (46.68 - 52.57) 40.39 (36.81 - 44.04) 37.63 (33.78 - 41.60) 53.3New York 48.41 (46.76 - 50.06) 45.05 (43.07 - 47.04) 37.15 (35.18 - 39.16) 50.6North Carolina 47.30 (44.29 - 50.33) 44.20 (40.85 - 47.59) 39.20 (35.45 - 43.05) 48.9North Dakota 37.21 (34.28 - 40.21) 36.38 (32.99 - 39.88) 26.36 (23.04 - 29.90) 39.4Ohio 42.74 (41.19 - 44.30) 41.72 (39.82 - 43.65) 32.58 (30.71 - 34.49) 44.6Oklahoma 48.31 (45.27 - 51.36) 41.10 (37.32 - 44.96) 38.65 (34.67 - 42.74) 51.1Oregon 43.25 (40.07 - 46.48) 40.98 (37.35 - 44.69) 30.82 (27.52 - 34.27) 45.5Pennsylvania 41.89 (40.26 - 43.54) 41.84 (39.96 - 43.74) 31.03 (29.26 - 32.85) 43.5Rhode Island 42.86 (39.86 - 45.91) 42.07 (38.47 - 45.73) 31.88 (28.32 - 35.59) 44.5South Carolina 47.93 (44.74 - 51.14) 45.74 (42.10 - 49.42) 40.97 (37.30 - 44.71) 49.3South Dakota 36.73 (33.82 - 39.71) 35.35 (31.80 - 39.03) 25.42 (22.16 - 28.89) 39.1Tennessee 51.96 (48.48 - 55.43) 46.73 (43.00 - 50.49) 39.10 (35.15 - 43.15) 54.7Texas 49.12 (47.32 - 50.93) 43.85 (41.90 - 45.82) 40.60 (38.58 - 42.65) 51.6Utah 50.36 (47.34 - 53.37) 47.72 (43.64 - 51.82) 45.29 (41.48 - 49.14) 52.3Vermont 39.83 (37.08 - 42.62) 35.03 (31.68 - 38.49) 28.83 (25.66 - 32.16) 42.2Virginia 47.58 (44.50 - 50.68) 45.22 (41.93 - 48.55) 35.84 (32.14 - 39.67) 49.7Washington 46.68 (43.56 - 49.83) 39.53 (36.12 - 43.02) 35.22 (31.63 - 38.94) 49.6West Virginia 45.32 (42.39 - 48.28) 41.08 (37.64 - 44.60) 33.36 (29.85 - 37.02) 47.7Wisconsin 39.47 (36.38 - 42.63) 37.63 (34.33 - 41.03) 29.65 (26.34 - 33.12) 41.4Wyoming 42.29 (39.31 - 45.31) 36.74 (33.01 - 40.58) 30.09 (26.49 - 33.87) 45.5NOTE: Estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, and the prediction (credible) intervals are generated by Ma

techniques. 

1 This estimate is the weighted average of the hierarchical Bayes estimates across all States and the District of Columbia and typically is not equal to t

estimate for the Nation. 

Source: SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 2000 and 2001.
136

30130 Table B.10 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Any Tobacco Product, by Age Group and State: Annual Averages Based o

NHSDAs 

AGE GROUP (Years)

Total 12-17 18-25 

State Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estima

Total1 29.38 15.37 43.36 28.9Alabama 30.82 (27.85 - 33.91) 16.71 (14.18 - 19.49) 42.08 (38.07 - 46.18) 30.7Alaska 30.73 (28.06 - 33.49) 19.64 (16.83 - 22.70) 47.88 (43.94 - 51.84) 29.1Arizona 27.81 (25.06 - 30.68) 13.24 (10.94 - 15.81) 40.20 (36.66 - 43.82) 27.7Arkansas 33.45 (30.67 - 36.31) 18.21 (15.72 - 20.91) 47.11 (43.21 - 51.05) 33.1California 23.71 (22.33 - 25.13) 9.87 (8.85 - 10.95) 33.05 (31.17 - 34.96) 23.9Colorado 29.81 (27.14 - 32.58) 18.50 (15.64 - 21.63) 50.38 (46.53 - 54.22) 27.7Connecticut 28.13 (25.43 - 30.95) 18.45 (15.67 - 21.48) 47.02 (42.95 - 51.12) 26.6Delaware 29.47 (26.85 - 32.19) 17.42 (14.79 - 20.31) 46.55 (42.88 - 50.24) 28.2District of Columbia 28.79 (25.83 - 31.89) 11.27 (8.94 - 13.96) 38.96 (35.08 - 42.94) 29.0Florida 28.65 (27.09 - 30.25) 13.08 (11.72 - 14.52) 41.14 (39.05 - 43.25) 28.7Georgia 32.16 (29.36 - 35.07) 14.86 (12.62 - 17.32) 42.80 (39.04 - 46.63) 32.7Hawaii 22.85 (20.44 - 25.41) 12.99 (10.57 - 15.73) 38.81 (34.53 - 43.22) 21.5Idaho 28.33 (25.83 - 30.94) 13.00 (10.69 - 15.61) 41.17 (37.47 - 44.95) 28.1Illinois 31.40 (29.89 - 32.94) 16.42 (15.03 - 17.89) 47.86 (45.87 - 49.86) 30.5Indiana 32.94 (30.22 - 35.75) 17.60 (15.14 - 20.28) 46.61 (42.89 - 50.36) 32.6Iowa 30.44 (27.73 - 33.26) 16.56 (14.07 - 19.31) 48.68 (44.92 - 52.44) 29.1Kansas 31.22 (28.52 - 34.02) 16.57 (13.85 - 19.58) 46.07 (42.15 - 50.03) 30.6Kentucky 38.72 (35.77 - 41.72) 25.53 (22.33 - 28.93) 54.65 (51.00 - 58.27) 37.6Louisiana 35.00 (32.15 - 37.92) 16.63 (14.06 - 19.45) 44.69 (41.09 - 48.33) 35.9Maine 29.46 (26.86 - 32.16) 16.54 (13.91 - 19.43) 48.49 (44.43 - 52.56) 28.2Maryland 27.62 (24.89 - 30.47) 15.56 (13.18 - 18.18) 41.52 (38.00 - 45.11) 27.0Massachusetts 26.35 (23.87 - 28.95) 15.65 (13.31 - 18.23) 45.53 (41.62 - 49.47) 24.8Michigan 31.29 (29.83 - 32.77) 17.04 (15.56 - 18.60) 48.84 (46.72 - 50.96) 30.3Minnesota 30.50 (27.91 - 33.19) 19.77 (16.91 - 22.88) 49.24 (45.45 - 53.05) 28.7Mississippi 33.80 (30.89 - 36.81) 16.46 (13.98 - 19.19) 42.97 (39.22 - 46.78) 34.6Missouri 33.17 (30.39 - 36.04) 17.16 (14.52 - 20.05) 49.05 (45.19 - 52.92) 32.6Montana 30.72 (28.10 - 33.43) 18.70 (15.87 - 21.81) 49.56 (45.97 - 53.16) 29.1See notes at end of table. 
137

30130 Table B.10 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Any Tobacco Product, by Age Group and State: Annual Averages Based o

NHSDAs 

AGE GROUP (Years)

Total 12-17 18-25 

State Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estima

Nebraska 31.28 (28.79 - 33.86) 18.10 (15.41 - 21.04) 50.73 (46.93 - 54.51) 29.6Nevada 32.76 (29.94 - 35.69) 15.86 (13.13 - 18.92) 45.81 (41.59 - 50.07) 32.9New Hampshire 29.33 (26.66 - 32.10) 18.25 (15.62 - 21.12) 45.83 (41.72 - 49.97) 28.3New Jersey 26.23 (23.72 - 28.84) 14.25 (12.29 - 16.40) 43.38 (39.70 - 47.11) 25.2New Mexico 30.46 (27.85 - 33.17) 19.82 (16.82 - 23.09) 43.21 (39.17 - 47.33) 29.7New York 25.41 (23.99 - 26.87) 13.55 (12.27 - 14.91) 41.02 (39.00 - 43.06) 24.4North Carolina 32.60 (29.87 - 35.41) 17.64 (15.17 - 20.33) 47.24 (43.38 - 51.13) 32.2North Dakota 31.11 (28.57 - 33.73) 23.56 (20.42 - 26.92) 50.59 (46.56 - 54.62) 28.4Ohio 34.02 (32.54 - 35.53) 17.99 (16.48 - 19.58) 50.07 (48.06 - 52.08) 33.4Oklahoma 34.56 (31.78 - 37.42) 18.30 (15.50 - 21.37) 46.62 (42.65 - 50.61) 34.7Oregon 28.76 (26.02 - 31.62) 13.47 (11.12 - 16.11) 45.31 (41.53 - 49.14) 28.0Pennsylvania 31.54 (30.06 - 33.05) 17.28 (15.91 - 18.72) 49.06 (47.05 - 51.07) 30.7Rhode Island 29.72 (27.13 - 32.40) 15.47 (12.89 - 18.34) 45.91 (42.05 - 49.79) 29.1South Carolina 31.70 (28.97 - 34.54) 16.09 (13.65 - 18.76) 41.15 (37.45 - 44.92) 32.1South Dakota 33.33 (30.77 - 35.96) 21.56 (18.58 - 24.79) 51.03 (47.18 - 54.87) 31.7Tennessee 33.39 (30.53 - 36.34) 19.17 (16.46 - 22.12) 47.07 (43.19 - 50.98) 32.9Texas 27.93 (26.45 - 29.44) 14.31 (12.95 - 15.75) 38.95 (37.06 - 40.86) 27.8Utah 18.84 (16.31 - 21.59) 8.69 (6.34 - 11.57) 27.80 (24.24 - 31.57) 18.3Vermont 30.49 (27.98 - 33.10) 18.89 (16.26 - 21.76) 48.90 (45.37 - 52.43) 29.1Virginia 28.44 (25.90 - 31.09) 13.48 (11.37 - 15.83) 43.22 (39.34 - 47.16) 27.9Washington 28.66 (26.00 - 31.43) 14.37 (12.11 - 16.87) 40.21 (36.43 - 44.09) 28.6West Virginia 37.49 (34.74 - 40.30) 21.36 (18.50 - 24.44) 54.04 (50.31 - 57.75) 36.7Wisconsin 29.42 (26.93 - 32.00) 18.35 (15.82 - 21.10) 49.04 (45.22 - 52.87) 27.5Wyoming 35.11 (32.39 - 37.90) 21.10 (18.00 - 24.47) 53.75 (49.68 - 57.78) 33.5NOTE: Use of any Tobacco product indicates using at least once cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (i.e., chewing tobacco or snuff), cigars, or pipe tobaccNOTE: Estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, and the prediction (credible) intervals are generated by Ma

techniques. 

1 This estimate is the weighted average of the hierarchical Bayes estimates across all States and the District of Columbia and typically is not equal to t

estimate for the Nation. 

Source: SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 2000 and 2001.
138

30130 Table B.11 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Cigarettes, by Age Group and State: Annual Averages Based on 2000 and 

AGE GROUP (Years)

Total 12-17 18-25 

State Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estima

Total1 24.94 13.27 38.60 24.2Alabama 24.95 (22.29 - 27.76) 13.62 (11.35 - 16.15) 35.88 (32.10 - 39.79) 24.5Alaska 24.12 (21.91 - 26.43) 15.32 (12.79 - 18.13) 42.43 (38.57 - 46.36) 21.8Arizona 23.07 (20.62 - 25.66) 12.02 (9.83 - 14.49) 36.82 (33.17 - 40.58) 22.2Arkansas 27.99 (25.45 - 30.64) 14.64 (12.30 - 17.23) 39.16 (35.56 - 42.85) 27.8California 21.30 (19.90 - 22.74) 8.71 (7.71 - 9.80) 29.90 (28.00 - 31.86) 21.4Colorado 24.20 (21.94 - 26.57) 15.50 (13.03 - 18.23) 45.46 (41.60 - 49.35) 21.6Connecticut 25.10 (22.61 - 27.73) 17.24 (14.56 - 20.19) 43.99 (40.04 - 48.01) 23.4Delaware 25.49 (23.03 - 28.08) 15.36 (12.87 - 18.13) 42.48 (38.73 - 46.30) 24.0District of Columbia 25.23 (22.58 - 28.03) 9.21 (7.17 - 11.61) 34.40 (30.88 - 38.05) 25.4Florida 24.44 (22.91 - 26.03) 11.21 (9.89 - 12.63) 36.18 (34.14 - 38.26) 24.4Georgia 24.74 (22.19 - 27.43) 12.06 (10.10 - 14.25) 36.53 (32.97 - 40.21) 24.4Hawaii 20.74 (18.34 - 23.31) 11.51 (9.21 - 14.14) 39.16 (34.98 - 43.45) 19.0Idaho 23.01 (20.68 - 25.48) 10.97 (8.82 - 13.43) 36.21 (32.63 - 39.92) 22.2Illinois 26.70 (25.25 - 28.19) 14.09 (12.80 - 15.45) 43.47 (41.37 - 45.59) 25.5Indiana 27.36 (24.77 - 30.07) 14.96 (12.65 - 17.51) 40.02 (36.37 - 43.76) 26.8Iowa 24.83 (22.48 - 27.30) 14.56 (12.12 - 17.27) 43.15 (39.43 - 46.92) 23.0Kansas 24.88 (22.34 - 27.55) 12.98 (10.56 - 15.72) 38.91 (35.08 - 42.85) 24.0Kentucky 32.49 (29.65 - 35.42) 22.23 (19.27 - 25.42) 46.88 (43.21 - 50.57) 31.3Louisiana 29.68 (27.00 - 32.46) 14.17 (11.79 - 16.82) 40.12 (36.54 - 43.78) 29.9Maine 26.21 (23.86 - 28.66) 14.11 (11.71 - 16.80) 45.24 (41.17 - 49.36) 24.9Maryland 24.40 (21.91 - 27.02) 13.59 (11.33 - 16.10) 38.23 (34.84 - 41.71) 23.7Massachusetts 23.01 (20.74 - 25.40) 13.96 (11.63 - 16.55) 41.31 (37.53 - 45.18) 21.4Michigan 27.06 (25.71 - 28.44) 15.12 (13.77 - 16.55) 43.60 (41.60 - 45.62) 25.9Minnesota 24.66 (22.30 - 27.14) 17.36 (14.71 - 20.28) 44.50 (40.74 - 48.31) 22.1Mississippi 26.52 (23.81 - 29.37) 12.53 (10.26 - 15.10) 35.53 (31.96 - 39.23) 26.9Missouri 27.65 (25.04 - 30.37) 14.20 (11.88 - 16.79) 43.14 (39.32 - 47.02) 26.8Montana 22.95 (20.61 - 25.41) 15.30 (12.79 - 18.09) 42.26 (38.65 - 45.94) 20.7See notes at end of table. 
139

30130 Table B.11 Percentages Reporting Past Month Use of Cigarettes, by Age Group and State: Annual Averages Based on 2000 and 

AGE GROUP (Years)

Total 12-17 18-25 

State Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estima

Nebraska 24.44 (22.17 - 26.81) 15.70 (13.17 - 18.50) 44.16 (40.42 - 47.95) 22.0Nevada 28.64 (26.00 - 31.40) 14.50 (11.91 - 17.42) 41.55 (37.38 - 45.82) 28.4New Hampshire 25.80 (23.36 - 28.36) 16.41 (13.79 - 19.30) 43.67 (39.55 - 47.87) 24.4New Jersey 23.13 (20.79 - 25.59) 12.67 (10.74 - 14.80) 39.08 (35.34 - 42.91) 22.1New Mexico 25.69 (23.26 - 28.24) 18.59 (15.65 - 21.82) 39.04 (35.27 - 42.91) 24.2New York 23.18 (21.80 - 24.60) 12.36 (11.11 - 13.70) 38.25 (36.22 - 40.30) 22.1North Carolina 27.61 (25.11 - 30.23) 14.75 (12.42 - 17.34) 41.50 (37.85 - 45.22) 27.1North Dakota 25.54 (23.26 - 27.92) 19.90 (16.90 - 23.17) 46.34 (42.29 - 50.41) 22.3Ohio 29.15 (27.75 - 30.58) 15.24 (13.83 - 16.73) 43.79 (41.81 - 45.79) 28.5Oklahoma 26.86 (24.30 - 29.55) 15.17 (12.58 - 18.05) 40.18 (36.41 - 44.04) 26.1Oregon 23.21 (20.76 - 25.81) 11.83 (9.60 - 14.37) 39.28 (35.58 - 43.08) 22.0Pennsylvania 26.26 (24.95 - 27.61) 14.80 (13.50 - 16.17) 42.79 (40.77 - 44.83) 25.2Rhode Island 26.98 (24.54 - 29.53) 14.40 (11.91 - 17.18) 42.66 (38.85 - 46.54) 26.3South Carolina 26.21 (23.62 - 28.92) 13.72 (11.45 - 16.25) 37.03 (33.44 - 40.73) 26.0South Dakota 26.42 (24.05 - 28.89) 17.77 (15.02 - 20.80) 44.63 (40.84 - 48.47) 24.2Tennessee 28.38 (25.74 - 31.13) 16.94 (14.37 - 19.76) 41.90 (38.06 - 45.81) 27.6Texas 23.65 (22.24 - 25.11) 12.08 (10.80 - 13.45) 34.52 (32.60 - 36.47) 23.2Utah 16.75 (14.37 - 19.34) 7.93 (5.74 - 10.63) 25.33 (21.83 - 29.10) 16.0Vermont 24.62 (22.39 - 26.94) 16.00 (13.57 - 18.67) 44.22 (40.75 - 47.74) 22.6Virginia 24.95 (22.53 - 27.50) 11.71 (9.82 - 13.82) 39.12 (35.37 - 42.97) 24.3Washington 23.43 (20.93 - 26.08) 13.01 (10.83 - 15.44) 35.65 (31.97 - 39.45) 22.7West Virginia 29.43 (26.87 - 32.10) 18.27 (15.56 - 21.23) 45.13 (41.38 - 48.91) 28.2Wisconsin 24.22 (21.84 - 26.73) 15.85 (13.50 - 18.44) 43.82 (40.10 - 47.58) 22.0Wyoming 27.23 (24.85 - 29.72) 16.79 (14.07 - 19.79) 44.97 (41.05 - 48.93) 25.3NOTE: Estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, and the prediction (credible) intervals are generated by Ma

techniques. 

1 This estimate is the weighted average of the hierarchical Bayes estimates across all States and the District of Columbia and typically is not equal to t

estimate for the Nation. 

Source: SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 2000 and 2001.
140

30130 Table B.12 Percentages Reporting Perceptions of Great Risk of Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes Per Day, by Age Grou

Averages Based on 2000 and 2001 NHSDAs 

AGE GROUP (Years)

Total 12-17 18-25 

State Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estima

Total1 70.10 63.77 64.69 71.8Alabama 68.98 (66.18 - 71.69) 61.41 (57.86 - 64.87) 63.45 (59.79 - 67.01) 70.9Alaska 69.28 (66.75 - 71.73) 62.23 (58.68 - 65.69) 64.89 (61.15 - 68.49) 71.5Arizona 71.45 (68.71 - 74.07) 64.87 (61.40 - 68.24) 66.62 (63.13 - 69.98) 73.2Arkansas 66.30 (63.51 - 69.02) 61.95 (58.64 - 65.18) 61.32 (57.62 - 64.94) 67.7California 75.05 (73.60 - 76.46) 66.88 (65.21 - 68.53) 72.32 (70.46 - 74.13) 76.7Colorado 68.55 (65.79 - 71.22) 63.48 (59.84 - 67.02) 59.58 (55.65 - 63.41) 70.8Connecticut 69.89 (67.21 - 72.48) 62.63 (58.98 - 66.18) 62.50 (58.74 - 66.16) 71.8Delaware 70.22 (67.53 - 72.81) 62.09 (58.57 - 65.52) 65.27 (61.74 - 68.68) 72.0District of Columbia 72.06 (69.04 - 74.94) 64.96 (61.13 - 68.65) 73.95 (70.37 - 77.31) 72.5Florida 71.48 (69.84 - 73.08) 68.21 (66.24 - 70.14) 67.64 (65.62 - 69.62) 72.4Georgia 70.51 (67.79 - 73.13) 64.53 (61.27 - 67.70) 65.63 (62.14 - 69.01) 72.2Hawaii 68.69 (65.55 - 71.71) 64.03 (60.32 - 67.61) 65.90 (61.87 - 69.77) 69.7Idaho 68.99 (66.31 - 71.58) 68.33 (64.79 - 71.73) 64.87 (61.22 - 68.40) 69.9Illinois 68.21 (66.69 - 69.71) 63.17 (61.24 - 65.07) 62.33 (60.24 - 64.39) 69.9Indiana 67.90 (65.12 - 70.59) 62.65 (59.30 - 65.91) 61.97 (58.20 - 65.64) 69.6Iowa 67.53 (64.87 - 70.11) 63.31 (59.96 - 66.56) 59.62 (55.89 - 63.28) 69.5Kansas 67.74 (64.94 - 70.45) 60.24 (56.45 - 63.94) 60.78 (56.91 - 64.55) 70.1Kentucky 64.80 (61.96 - 67.57) 59.97 (56.37 - 63.49) 57.39 (53.87 - 60.86) 66.7Louisiana 64.87 (61.89 - 67.76) 60.92 (57.42 - 64.34) 61.91 (58.23 - 65.50) 66.0Maine 69.19 (66.50 - 71.80) 63.96 (60.49 - 67.33) 63.66 (59.86 - 67.33) 70.6Maryland 68.58 (65.56 - 71.48) 62.49 (58.98 - 65.91) 63.38 (59.94 - 66.72) 70.1Massachusetts 72.28 (69.72 - 74.73) 65.21 (61.71 - 68.59) 66.80 (63.26 - 70.21) 73.9Michigan 67.92 (66.47 - 69.34) 63.11 (61.27 - 64.93) 61.05 (59.07 - 63.00) 69.7Minnesota 67.59 (64.89 - 70.21) 62.19 (58.53 - 65.75) 61.92 (58.29 - 65.45) 69.4Mississippi 68.65 (65.86 - 71.34) 63.77 (60.10 - 67.32) 66.68 (63.19 - 70.04) 69.7Missouri 68.32 (65.50 - 71.04) 63.19 (59.65 - 66.62) 61.12 (57.47 - 64.68) 70.2Montana 70.74 (68.00 - 73.37) 67.30 (63.52 - 70.92) 63.21 (59.67 - 66.66) 72.5See notes at end of table. 
141

30130 Table B.12 Percentages Reporting Perceptions of Great Risk of Smoking One or More Packs of Cigarettes Per Day, by Age Group 

Averages Based on 2000 and 2001 NHSDAs 

AGE GROUP (Years)

Total 12-17 18-25 

State Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estima

Nebraska 66.30 (63.60 - 68.93) 59.47 (55.85 - 63.01) 57.87 (54.07 - 61.61) 68.8Nevada 68.83 (66.01 - 71.54) 63.49 (59.61 - 67.25) 66.03 (61.91 - 69.97) 69.9New Hampshire 69.01 (66.31 - 71.62) 62.32 (58.83 - 65.72) 62.92 (59.16 - 66.58) 70.8New Jersey 74.73 (72.24 - 77.11) 63.41 (60.37 - 66.38) 66.47 (62.69 - 70.10) 77.3New Mexico 70.09 (67.43 - 72.64) 63.59 (59.82 - 67.23) 62.95 (59.01 - 66.76) 72.4New York 72.99 (71.50 - 74.44) 62.81 (60.91 - 64.68) 66.87 (64.94 - 68.76) 75.2North Carolina 66.19 (63.31 - 69.00) 59.57 (56.13 - 62.95) 60.23 (56.45 - 63.92) 68.0North Dakota 68.24 (65.59 - 70.80) 62.66 (59.10 - 66.12) 61.00 (57.28 - 64.63) 70.4Ohio 66.04 (64.58 - 67.48) 61.31 (59.38 - 63.22) 59.06 (57.08 - 61.03) 67.8Oklahoma 66.26 (63.29 - 69.15) 60.81 (56.93 - 64.59) 59.95 (56.05 - 63.75) 68.2Oregon 71.27 (68.34 - 74.07) 68.35 (64.74 - 71.80) 64.74 (61.22 - 68.15) 72.7Pennsylvania 68.04 (66.54 - 69.51) 61.91 (59.98 - 63.81) 60.53 (58.61 - 62.42) 69.9Rhode Island 70.51 (67.80 - 73.11) 63.05 (59.30 - 66.68) 66.12 (62.42 - 69.68) 72.1South Carolina 68.90 (66.13 - 71.58) 64.37 (60.74 - 67.88) 64.52 (60.91 - 68.00) 70.2South Dakota 64.77 (62.04 - 67.43) 59.72 (56.11 - 63.25) 59.65 (55.76 - 63.45) 66.5Tennessee 67.63 (64.72 - 70.43) 61.32 (57.45 - 65.10) 61.14 (57.25 - 64.93) 69.5Texas 71.25 (69.73 - 72.74) 63.15 (61.24 - 65.02) 65.52 (63.61 - 67.39) 73.6Utah 76.27 (73.72 - 78.69) 73.28 (69.60 - 76.73) 75.78 (72.41 - 78.93) 77.0Vermont 70.39 (67.91 - 72.78) 62.02 (58.69 - 65.26) 63.96 (60.54 - 67.29) 72.5Virginia 69.58 (66.91 - 72.15) 64.26 (61.00 - 67.42) 64.24 (60.32 - 68.02) 71.1Washington 71.73 (68.92 - 74.42) 68.59 (65.36 - 71.69) 68.75 (65.05 - 72.27) 72.6West Virginia 66.95 (64.26 - 69.57) 61.10 (57.52 - 64.59) 58.16 (54.46 - 61.80) 69.0Wisconsin 67.99 (65.27 - 70.63) 61.64 (58.30 - 64.90) 61.56 (58.02 - 65.02) 70.0Wyoming 65.63 (62.87 - 68.32) 60.15 (56.37 - 63.84) 58.44 (54.61 - 62.20) 67.9NOTE: Estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, and the prediction (credible) intervals are generated by Ma

techniques. 

1 This estimate is the weighted average of the hierarchical Bayes estimates across all States and the District of Columbia and typically is not equal to t

estimate for the Nation. 

Source: SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 2000 and 2001.
142

30130 Table B.13 Percentages Reporting Past Year Alcohol Dependence or Abuse, by Age Group and State: Annual Averages Based o

NHSDAs 

AGE GROUP (Years)

Total 12-17 18-25 

State Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estima

Total1 5.74 5.20 13.80 4.4Alabama 5.14 (4.17 - 6.26) 5.24 (3.98 - 6.75) 11.62 (9.39 - 14.17) 4.0Alaska 7.00 (5.87 - 8.27) 6.42 (4.94 - 8.19) 16.24 (13.47 - 19.32) 5.1Arizona 5.94 (4.87 - 7.15) 5.69 (4.38 - 7.25) 12.87 (10.55 - 15.48) 4.7Arkansas 5.28 (4.37 - 6.30) 5.96 (4.60 - 7.58) 12.82 (10.50 - 15.43) 3.8California 5.98 (5.35 - 6.66) 4.96 (4.28 - 5.72) 12.31 (11.08 - 13.64) 4.9Colorado 6.75 (5.63 - 8.02) 6.49 (5.03 - 8.23) 17.70 (14.81 - 20.90) 4.8Connecticut 6.50 (5.35 - 7.81) 6.43 (5.01 - 8.11) 16.25 (13.51 - 19.30) 5.1Delaware 6.04 (4.95 - 7.30) 4.78 (3.62 - 6.19) 13.59 (11.25 - 16.21) 5.0District of Columbia 7.55 (6.00 - 9.35) 4.07 (2.87 - 5.58) 15.64 (12.88 - 18.73) 6.6Florida 5.47 (4.78 - 6.23) 3.95 (3.22 - 4.79) 12.39 (11.00 - 13.88) 4.7Georgia 4.84 (3.92 - 5.90) 3.59 (2.65 - 4.73) 11.37 (9.25 - 13.78) 3.8Hawaii 5.82 (4.71 - 7.10) 6.89 (5.17 - 8.95) 16.08 (13.03 - 19.53) 4.1Idaho 5.67 (4.71 - 6.75) 5.54 (4.23 - 7.11) 14.39 (12.00 - 17.06) 3.8Illinois 6.48 (5.79 - 7.23) 4.72 (3.99 - 5.53) 15.15 (13.74 - 16.65) 5.2Indiana 4.96 (4.06 - 6.00) 5.23 (4.03 - 6.66) 12.16 (9.95 - 14.65) 3.6Iowa 6.56 (5.55 - 7.69) 6.80 (5.27 - 8.62) 17.46 (14.77 - 20.42) 4.6Kansas 5.75 (4.74 - 6.90) 5.52 (4.16 - 7.16) 13.98 (11.49 - 16.79) 4.2Kentucky 5.15 (4.28 - 6.13) 5.78 (4.41 - 7.41) 12.66 (10.51 - 15.08) 3.7Louisiana 6.52 (5.40 - 7.78) 6.17 (4.71 - 7.93) 14.52 (12.09 - 17.24) 4.9Maine 5.13 (4.26 - 6.12) 7.03 (5.48 - 8.86) 14.74 (12.08 - 17.73) 3.4Maryland 5.76 (4.73 - 6.94) 5.27 (3.99 - 6.81) 15.10 (12.65 - 17.82) 4.4Massachusetts 7.53 (6.25 - 8.97) 6.97 (5.46 - 8.74) 19.48 (16.41 - 22.86) 5.8Michigan 5.96 (5.35 - 6.61) 5.63 (4.84 - 6.51) 14.97 (13.55 - 16.49) 4.4Minnesota 6.18 (5.22 - 7.26) 6.37 (4.95 - 8.06) 16.83 (14.17 - 19.76) 4.2Mississippi 5.73 (4.64 - 6.99) 4.93 (3.70 - 6.41) 11.60 (9.43 - 14.06) 4.7Missouri 5.50 (4.54 - 6.60) 5.63 (4.32 - 7.20) 14.53 (12.06 - 17.29) 3.9Montana 7.69 (6.51 - 9.01) 9.71 (7.61 - 12.17) 20.57 (17.64 - 23.75) 5.1See notes at end of table. 
143

30130 Table B.13 Percentages Reporting Past Year Alcohol Dependence or Abuse, by Age Group and State: Annual Averages Based o

NHSDAs 

AGE GROUP (Years)

Total 12-17 18-25 

State Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estima

Nebraska 7.39 (6.23 - 8.69) 7.06 (5.49 - 8.91) 18.65 (15.90 - 21.66) 5.3Nevada 6.12 (5.04 - 7.34) 6.14 (4.64 - 7.95) 15.14 (12.26 - 18.40) 4.7New Hampshire 5.99 (4.98 - 7.14) 6.60 (5.11 - 8.37) 16.54 (13.69 - 19.72) 4.3New Jersey 5.44 (4.39 - 6.66) 4.48 (3.45 - 5.71) 12.46 (10.14 - 15.09) 4.5New Mexico 7.12 (5.91 - 8.50) 8.22 (6.41 - 10.35) 15.95 (13.18 - 19.03) 5.2New York 5.21 (4.65 - 5.83) 4.18 (3.49 - 4.95) 14.87 (13.37 - 16.47) 3.8North Carolina 4.16 (3.27 - 5.22) 3.62 (2.63 - 4.85) 10.51 (8.33 - 13.05) 3.2North Dakota 8.51 (7.21 - 9.95) 9.15 (7.14 - 11.50) 24.15 (20.74 - 27.82) 5.3Ohio 5.12 (4.57 - 5.72) 4.57 (3.85 - 5.39) 13.74 (12.43 - 15.14) 3.7Oklahoma 5.94 (4.83 - 7.22) 5.10 (3.77 - 6.74) 13.47 (11.08 - 16.16) 4.7Oregon 5.85 (4.75 - 7.11) 5.45 (4.13 - 7.03) 13.59 (11.25 - 16.21) 4.6Pennsylvania 5.67 (5.07 - 6.32) 5.18 (4.44 - 6.00) 14.32 (12.96 - 15.75) 4.4Rhode Island 6.91 (5.71 - 8.28) 5.79 (4.43 - 7.43) 17.98 (15.00 - 21.28) 5.4South Carolina 4.72 (3.83 - 5.73) 4.28 (3.18 - 5.62) 11.24 (9.20 - 13.55) 3.7South Dakota 7.04 (5.94 - 8.26) 7.00 (5.44 - 8.83) 17.52 (14.71 - 20.62) 5.0Tennessee 5.21 (4.25 - 6.30) 5.51 (4.16 - 7.15) 12.52 (10.20 - 15.14) 3.9Texas 5.90 (5.26 - 6.58) 5.15 (4.38 - 6.02) 12.79 (11.53 - 14.14) 4.6Utah 5.01 (4.12 - 6.03) 4.21 (3.02 - 5.71) 11.09 (8.98 - 13.49) 3.4Vermont 6.37 (5.33 - 7.53) 6.15 (4.74 - 7.83) 16.16 (13.66 - 18.92) 4.8Virginia 4.84 (3.94 - 5.87) 3.83 (2.84 - 5.04) 13.61 (11.16 - 16.36) 3.5Washington 6.52 (5.42 - 7.76) 7.35 (5.76 - 9.20) 14.67 (12.09 - 17.57) 5.0West Virginia 5.24 (4.32 - 6.29) 6.68 (5.16 - 8.47) 12.70 (10.41 - 15.29) 3.8Wisconsin 6.41 (5.40 - 7.53) 6.51 (5.16 - 8.09) 16.20 (13.57 - 19.12) 4.6Wyoming 6.48 (5.48 - 7.60) 7.67 (5.92 - 9.74) 17.74 (14.94 - 20.82) 4.0NOTE: Dependence and Abuse are based on definitions found in the 4th ed. of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). 

NOTE: Estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, and the prediction (credible) intervals are generated by Ma

techniques. 

1 This estimate is the weighted average of the hierarchical Bayes estimates across all States and the District of Columbia and typically is not equal to t

estimate for the Nation. 

Source: SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 2000 and 2001.
144

30130 Table B.14 Percentages Reporting Past Year Alcohol Dependence, by Age Group and State: Annual Averages Based on 2000 an

AGE GROUP (Years)

Total 12-17 18-25 

State Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estima

Total1 2.37 1.89 5.16 1.9Alabama 2.39 (1.83 - 3.06) 2.15 (1.46 - 3.05) 4.81 (3.45 - 6.50) 2.0Alaska 2.69 (2.10 - 3.38) 2.86 (1.93 - 4.07) 5.18 (3.83 - 6.82) 2.1Arizona 2.55 (1.98 - 3.23) 2.47 (1.65 - 3.55) 4.78 (3.51 - 6.36) 2.1Arkansas 2.33 (1.83 - 2.91) 2.18 (1.49 - 3.08) 5.54 (4.10 - 7.30) 1.7California 2.63 (2.22 - 3.08) 1.75 (1.38 - 2.19) 4.90 (4.10 - 5.81) 2.3Colorado 2.54 (1.99 - 3.21) 2.01 (1.35 - 2.88) 5.87 (4.41 - 7.63) 2.0Connecticut 2.37 (1.82 - 3.03) 2.17 (1.48 - 3.08) 5.59 (4.10 - 7.41) 1.9Delaware 2.42 (1.88 - 3.07) 1.92 (1.28 - 2.76) 4.82 (3.59 - 6.32) 2.1District of Columbia 3.43 (2.50 - 4.60) 1.33 (0.77 - 2.14) 4.92 (3.50 - 6.70) 3.4Florida 2.25 (1.85 - 2.71) 1.43 (1.05 - 1.90) 4.56 (3.73 - 5.51) 2.0Georgia 2.34 (1.78 - 3.01) 1.35 (0.88 - 1.98) 4.41 (3.23 - 5.87) 2.1Hawaii 2.17 (1.61 - 2.86) 2.10 (1.31 - 3.18) 5.57 (3.98 - 7.55) 1.6Idaho 2.55 (2.04 - 3.15) 2.09 (1.39 - 3.02) 5.94 (4.43 - 7.78) 1.9Illinois 2.60 (2.21 - 3.04) 1.59 (1.21 - 2.06) 6.23 (5.28 - 7.29) 2.1Indiana 2.15 (1.66 - 2.74) 1.66 (1.10 - 2.41) 4.75 (3.52 - 6.25) 1.7Iowa 2.40 (1.92 - 2.95) 2.71 (1.87 - 3.78) 6.45 (4.94 - 8.27) 1.6Kansas 2.15 (1.63 - 2.77) 1.65 (1.05 - 2.47) 4.72 (3.50 - 6.23) 1.7Kentucky 2.20 (1.69 - 2.82) 2.28 (1.52 - 3.30) 4.35 (3.14 - 5.87) 1.8Louisiana 2.85 (2.19 - 3.64) 2.76 (1.82 - 4.00) 5.83 (4.38 - 7.58) 2.2Maine 2.22 (1.74 - 2.80) 3.58 (2.47 - 4.99) 5.38 (3.92 - 7.17) 1.5Maryland 2.14 (1.65 - 2.73) 2.01 (1.32 - 2.94) 5.40 (4.05 - 7.04) 1.6Massachusetts 2.49 (1.94 - 3.15) 2.26 (1.53 - 3.22) 5.22 (3.85 - 6.90) 2.1Michigan 2.37 (2.01 - 2.76) 1.91 (1.48 - 2.43) 5.24 (4.41 - 6.18) 1.9Minnesota 2.49 (2.01 - 3.05) 2.21 (1.48 - 3.18) 6.95 (5.28 - 8.95) 1.7Mississippi 2.81 (2.15 - 3.60) 1.93 (1.26 - 2.84) 4.84 (3.53 - 6.45) 2.5Missouri 2.20 (1.73 - 2.75) 1.92 (1.29 - 2.75) 5.48 (4.14 - 7.10) 1.6Montana 2.57 (2.07 - 3.16) 2.62 (1.75 - 3.78) 7.94 (6.23 - 9.95) 1.6See notes at end of table. 
145

30130 Table B.14 Percentages Reporting Past Year Alcohol Dependence, by Age Group and State: Annual Averages Based on 2000 an

AGE GROUP (Years)

Total 12-17 18-25 

State Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estima

Nebraska 2.53 (2.01 - 3.15) 2.64 (1.79 - 3.74) 5.76 (4.30 - 7.54) 1.9Nevada 2.33 (1.81 - 2.96) 1.86 (1.20 - 2.74) 5.87 (4.26 - 7.86) 1.8New Hampshire 2.28 (1.80 - 2.85) 2.05 (1.41 - 2.88) 6.16 (4.59 - 8.05) 1.7New Jersey 2.09 (1.58 - 2.73) 1.37 (0.91 - 1.99) 3.84 (2.72 - 5.25) 1.9New Mexico 2.84 (2.23 - 3.57) 2.96 (1.99 - 4.24) 6.12 (4.58 - 7.99) 2.2New York 2.24 (1.89 - 2.63) 1.77 (1.36 - 2.27) 5.44 (4.58 - 6.41) 1.8North Carolina 2.21 (1.72 - 2.80) 1.61 (1.05 - 2.36) 5.08 (3.72 - 6.74) 1.8North Dakota 2.57 (2.06 - 3.16) 2.71 (1.87 - 3.79) 6.75 (5.09 - 8.76) 1.7Ohio 2.17 (1.84 - 2.56) 1.59 (1.20 - 2.07) 5.42 (4.59 - 6.36) 1.7Oklahoma 2.65 (2.05 - 3.37) 1.98 (1.27 - 2.95) 5.57 (4.16 - 7.28) 2.2Oregon 2.59 (2.00 - 3.30) 2.22 (1.50 - 3.16) 5.49 (4.19 - 7.05) 2.1Pennsylvania 2.29 (1.95 - 2.67) 1.69 (1.31 - 2.14) 5.34 (4.51 - 6.26) 1.9Rhode Island 2.40 (1.87 - 3.02) 1.82 (1.20 - 2.66) 5.61 (4.21 - 7.31) 2.0South Carolina 2.28 (1.71 - 2.97) 1.47 (0.92 - 2.22) 4.37 (3.18 - 5.84) 2.0South Dakota 2.73 (2.21 - 3.34) 3.01 (2.07 - 4.22) 7.00 (5.33 - 9.00) 1.8Tennessee 2.37 (1.80 - 3.06) 1.73 (1.13 - 2.54) 4.77 (3.44 - 6.42) 2.0Texas 2.25 (1.89 - 2.66) 1.85 (1.42 - 2.35) 4.70 (3.93 - 5.57) 1.8Utah 2.30 (1.83 - 2.86) 2.04 (1.36 - 2.95) 4.13 (3.01 - 5.51) 1.8Vermont 2.55 (2.01 - 3.17) 2.10 (1.42 - 3.00) 6.54 (5.06 - 8.29) 1.9Virginia 2.12 (1.67 - 2.67) 1.57 (1.05 - 2.25) 5.14 (3.80 - 6.76) 1.7Washington 2.45 (1.92 - 3.07) 2.90 (2.03 - 4.02) 5.18 (3.82 - 6.84) 1.9West Virginia 2.31 (1.83 - 2.89) 3.09 (2.15 - 4.29) 5.28 (3.95 - 6.91) 1.7Wisconsin 2.18 (1.71 - 2.74) 2.12 (1.44 - 3.02) 4.95 (3.72 - 6.45) 1.7Wyoming 2.43 (1.95 - 2.99) 2.54 (1.71 - 3.64) 6.23 (4.72 - 8.05) 1.6NOTE: Dependence is based on the definition found in the 4th ed. of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). 

NOTE: Estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, and the prediction (credible) intervals are generated by Ma

techniques. 

1 This estimate is the weighted average of the hierarchical Bayes estimates across all States and the District of Columbia and typically is not equal to t

estimate for the Nation. 

Source: SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 2000 and 2001.
146

30130 Table B.15 Percentages Reporting Past Year Any Illicit Drug Dependence or Abuse, by Age Group and State: Annual Averages 

NHSDAs 

AGE GROUP (Years)

Total 12-17 18-25 

State Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estima

Total1 2.25 4.62 6.34 1.2Alabama 1.79 (1.33 - 2.36) 3.43 (2.42 - 4.71) 5.58 (4.02 - 7.51) 0.9Alaska 2.49 (1.92 - 3.19) 4.53 (3.25 - 6.13) 6.93 (5.13 - 9.14) 1.1Arizona 2.58 (1.93 - 3.37) 5.52 (4.13 - 7.21) 5.79 (4.28 - 7.65) 1.5Arkansas 2.47 (1.91 - 3.13) 5.02 (3.70 - 6.64) 7.58 (5.81 - 9.69) 1.2California 2.94 (2.51 - 3.42) 5.46 (4.68 - 6.32) 6.90 (5.91 - 7.99) 1.8Colorado 2.62 (2.02 - 3.34) 5.73 (4.29 - 7.47) 7.19 (5.40 - 9.34) 1.3Connecticut 2.74 (2.04 - 3.58) 6.53 (4.98 - 8.39) 8.00 (6.03 - 10.35) 1.5Delaware 2.56 (1.92 - 3.35) 4.84 (3.61 - 6.34) 7.08 (5.36 - 9.16) 1.5District of Columbia 2.53 (1.84 - 3.39) 3.87 (2.71 - 5.33) 6.08 (4.47 - 8.06) 1.8Florida 1.89 (1.56 - 2.26) 3.87 (3.14 - 4.72) 6.49 (5.47 - 7.64) 1.0Georgia 1.99 (1.49 - 2.60) 3.54 (2.58 - 4.74) 5.51 (4.03 - 7.33) 1.1Hawaii 2.03 (1.47 - 2.74) 5.39 (3.87 - 7.28) 5.80 (4.08 - 7.97) 1.0Idaho 2.10 (1.62 - 2.67) 4.55 (3.31 - 6.08) 5.93 (4.40 - 7.78) 0.8Illinois 2.36 (2.02 - 2.75) 4.05 (3.35 - 4.85) 7.18 (6.14 - 8.34) 1.3Indiana 2.02 (1.56 - 2.59) 4.19 (3.08 - 5.56) 6.24 (4.68 - 8.13) 0.9Iowa 1.43 (1.04 - 1.93) 3.79 (2.70 - 5.16) 4.22 (2.90 - 5.93) 0.6Kansas 1.98 (1.49 - 2.59) 4.23 (3.04 - 5.74) 5.03 (3.66 - 6.72) 1.0Kentucky 2.34 (1.81 - 2.97) 4.85 (3.61 - 6.37) 6.71 (5.10 - 8.63) 1.2Louisiana 2.74 (2.11 - 3.50) 4.88 (3.59 - 6.47) 7.77 (5.90 - 10.00) 1.3Maine 2.44 (1.90 - 3.09) 6.34 (4.74 - 8.27) 7.78 (5.85 - 10.11) 1.1Maryland 2.40 (1.82 - 3.09) 5.39 (4.04 - 7.03) 7.07 (5.37 - 9.11) 1.3Massachusetts 2.84 (2.14 - 3.70) 7.31 (5.57 - 9.39) 7.12 (5.33 - 9.28) 1.6Michigan 2.15 (1.84 - 2.49) 5.33 (4.53 - 6.22) 6.22 (5.28 - 7.28) 1.0Minnesota 2.34 (1.80 - 2.99) 4.99 (3.68 - 6.60) 6.61 (4.93 - 8.64) 1.1Mississippi 2.30 (1.75 - 2.95) 4.18 (2.99 - 5.68) 6.34 (4.77 - 8.25) 1.2Missouri 1.68 (1.26 - 2.19) 3.63 (2.59 - 4.95) 5.17 (3.79 - 6.87) 0.8Montana 2.50 (1.96 - 3.14) 7.09 (5.37 - 9.15) 6.82 (5.22 - 8.72) 1.0See notes at end of table. 
147

30130 Table B.15 Percentages Reporting Past Year Any Illicit Drug Dependence or Abuse, by Age Group and State: Annual Averages 

NHSDAs 

AGE GROUP (Years)

Total 12-17 18-25 

State Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estima

Nebraska 1.79 (1.36 - 2.31) 4.18 (3.04 - 5.60) 5.04 (3.64 - 6.79) 0.8Nevada 2.94 (2.23 - 3.80) 5.81 (4.20 - 7.81) 7.70 (5.73 - 10.10) 1.8New Hampshire 2.40 (1.88 - 3.01) 6.37 (4.88 - 8.13) 7.54 (5.68 - 9.77) 1.0New Jersey 1.75 (1.30 - 2.31) 3.59 (2.62 - 4.78) 6.42 (4.73 - 8.48) 0.8New Mexico 2.65 (2.05 - 3.36) 6.58 (4.95 - 8.54) 5.85 (4.30 - 7.74) 1.4New York 2.50 (2.11 - 2.95) 3.80 (3.10 - 4.60) 8.25 (7.12 - 9.49) 1.4North Carolina 1.99 (1.47 - 2.63) 3.60 (2.58 - 4.87) 5.93 (4.32 - 7.92) 1.1North Dakota 1.57 (1.17 - 2.07) 4.11 (2.93 - 5.61) 4.25 (2.99 - 5.86) 0.6Ohio 1.91 (1.62 - 2.24) 4.10 (3.42 - 4.86) 5.59 (4.72 - 6.56) 0.9Oklahoma 2.25 (1.73 - 2.88) 4.50 (3.26 - 6.04) 5.91 (4.43 - 7.71) 1.2Oregon 2.60 (2.00 - 3.33) 5.74 (4.29 - 7.49) 7.38 (5.65 - 9.43) 1.4Pennsylvania 1.82 (1.55 - 2.11) 3.85 (3.20 - 4.60) 5.87 (5.00 - 6.84) 0.9Rhode Island 2.04 (1.53 - 2.66) 4.82 (3.53 - 6.41) 6.60 (4.88 - 8.70) 1.0South Carolina 1.71 (1.24 - 2.29) 3.93 (2.79 - 5.36) 4.95 (3.59 - 6.63) 0.8South Dakota 1.65 (1.21 - 2.19) 3.99 (2.83 - 5.46) 4.72 (3.30 - 6.53) 0.6Tennessee 2.37 (1.81 - 3.03) 5.36 (3.98 - 7.04) 6.50 (4.85 - 8.50) 1.3Texas 2.00 (1.70 - 2.34) 4.79 (4.00 - 5.67) 5.24 (4.40 - 6.18) 0.9Utah 2.26 (1.71 - 2.91) 4.12 (2.92 - 5.64) 4.71 (3.36 - 6.41) 1.1Vermont 2.67 (2.06 - 3.41) 5.07 (3.76 - 6.67) 8.37 (6.55 - 10.49) 1.4Virginia 1.63 (1.19 - 2.17) 3.40 (2.42 - 4.65) 4.90 (3.53 - 6.61) 0.8Washington 2.78 (2.06 - 3.66) 5.67 (4.27 - 7.36) 6.33 (4.70 - 8.30) 1.7West Virginia 1.95 (1.47 - 2.54) 4.85 (3.58 - 6.41) 5.04 (3.60 - 6.83) 1.1Wisconsin 1.98 (1.51 - 2.55) 4.20 (3.07 - 5.59) 5.77 (4.27 - 7.59) 1.0Wyoming 1.94 (1.47 - 2.51) 3.97 (2.79 - 5.46) 6.07 (4.46 - 8.06) 0.8NOTE: Any Illicit Drug includes marijuana/hashish, cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or any prescription-type psychothera

NOTE: Dependence and Abuse are based on definitions found in the 4th ed. of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV)

NOTE: Estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, and the prediction (credible) intervals are generated by Ma

techniques. 

1 This estimate is the weighted average of the hierarchical Bayes estimates across all States and the District of Columbia and typically is not equal to t

estimate for the Nation. 

Source: SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 2000 and 2001.
148

30130 Table B.16 Percentages Reporting Past Year Any Illicit Drug Dependence, by Age Group and State: Annual Averages Based on 

NHSDAs 

AGE GROUP (Years)

Total 12-17 18-25 

State Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estima

Total1 1.44 2.41 4.12 0.8Alabama 1.09 (0.72 - 1.58) 1.67 (1.07 - 2.49) 3.65 (2.56 - 5.04) 0.5Alaska 1.43 (1.02 - 1.95) 2.53 (1.72 - 3.58) 3.98 (2.83 - 5.43) 0.6Arizona 1.61 (1.10 - 2.26) 2.67 (1.85 - 3.73) 3.99 (2.86 - 5.41) 1.0Arkansas 1.45 (1.02 - 2.01) 2.24 (1.56 - 3.13) 4.26 (3.06 - 5.75) 0.8California 2.07 (1.65 - 2.56) 3.01 (2.42 - 3.69) 4.62 (3.82 - 5.53) 1.4Colorado 1.67 (1.21 - 2.25) 2.97 (2.08 - 4.09) 5.14 (3.75 - 6.86) 0.8Connecticut 1.93 (1.34 - 2.70) 3.26 (2.26 - 4.53) 5.45 (3.92 - 7.37) 1.2Delaware 1.85 (1.29 - 2.57) 2.52 (1.73 - 3.54) 5.29 (3.94 - 6.94) 1.2District of Columbia 1.91 (1.27 - 2.75) 2.03 (1.33 - 2.97) 4.90 (3.55 - 6.58) 1.4Florida 1.23 (0.96 - 1.54) 1.98 (1.52 - 2.54) 4.27 (3.50 - 5.16) 0.7Georgia 1.17 (0.78 - 1.70) 1.72 (1.12 - 2.54) 3.32 (2.27 - 4.67) 0.7Hawaii 1.35 (0.87 - 1.99) 2.90 (1.90 - 4.24) 3.62 (2.46 - 5.12) 0.8Idaho 1.31 (0.95 - 1.76) 2.23 (1.50 - 3.20) 4.04 (2.92 - 5.43) 0.5Illinois 1.52 (1.24 - 1.84) 2.32 (1.85 - 2.87) 4.55 (3.79 - 5.40) 0.8Indiana 1.35 (0.95 - 1.84) 2.11 (1.41 - 3.03) 4.32 (3.15 - 5.78) 0.7Iowa 0.95 (0.64 - 1.37) 2.19 (1.45 - 3.16) 2.87 (1.93 - 4.11) 0.4Kansas 1.24 (0.85 - 1.75) 2.13 (1.42 - 3.07) 3.38 (2.36 - 4.69) 0.7Kentucky 1.53 (1.09 - 2.08) 2.47 (1.69 - 3.49) 4.40 (3.20 - 5.88) 0.9Louisiana 1.77 (1.27 - 2.41) 2.56 (1.76 - 3.60) 4.96 (3.64 - 6.57) 1.0Maine 1.44 (1.03 - 1.96) 3.41 (2.38 - 4.71) 4.50 (3.20 - 6.14) 0.7Maryland 1.59 (1.11 - 2.22) 2.67 (1.81 - 3.80) 4.52 (3.36 - 5.93) 1.0Massachusetts 2.03 (1.41 - 2.83) 3.91 (2.72 - 5.44) 5.15 (3.75 - 6.89) 1.3Michigan 1.26 (1.02 - 1.54) 2.79 (2.23 - 3.45) 3.79 (3.11 - 4.58) 0.6Minnesota 1.27 (0.91 - 1.72) 2.27 (1.54 - 3.22) 4.06 (2.98 - 5.38) 0.6Mississippi 1.49 (1.05 - 2.05) 2.29 (1.56 - 3.23) 4.00 (2.87 - 5.43) 0.8Missouri 1.06 (0.72 - 1.51) 1.99 (1.29 - 2.93) 3.29 (2.30 - 4.55) 0.5Montana 1.36 (0.98 - 1.84) 3.07 (2.15 - 4.24) 4.06 (2.95 - 5.44) 0.6See notes at end of table. 
149

30130 Table B.16 Percentages Reporting Past Year Any Illicit Drug Dependence, by Age Group and State: Annual Averages Based on 

NHSDAs 

AGE GROUP (Years)

Total 12-17 18-25 

State Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estima

Nebraska 1.16 (0.81 - 1.61) 2.25 (1.49 - 3.27) 3.31 (2.33 - 4.55) 0.6Nevada 1.70 (1.17 - 2.38) 3.08 (2.07 - 4.41) 4.65 (3.32 - 6.31) 1.0New Hampshire 1.44 (1.03 - 1.95) 2.84 (1.94 - 3.99) 5.14 (3.72 - 6.90) 0.6New Jersey 1.06 (0.72 - 1.50) 1.73 (1.14 - 2.52) 4.02 (2.88 - 5.46) 0.5New Mexico 1.57 (1.09 - 2.18) 3.21 (2.22 - 4.48) 3.39 (2.40 - 4.64) 0.9New York 1.56 (1.28 - 1.89) 2.14 (1.66 - 2.70) 5.09 (4.22 - 6.07) 0.9North Carolina 1.26 (0.85 - 1.81) 1.92 (1.28 - 2.78) 3.54 (2.47 - 4.91) 0.8North Dakota 0.92 (0.62 - 1.30) 1.93 (1.25 - 2.84) 2.73 (1.85 - 3.87) 0.4Ohio 1.13 (0.91 - 1.39) 2.09 (1.63 - 2.64) 3.69 (3.06 - 4.41) 0.5Oklahoma 1.35 (0.93 - 1.89) 2.28 (1.52 - 3.28) 3.80 (2.71 - 5.18) 0.7Oregon 1.61 (1.14 - 2.22) 2.60 (1.78 - 3.66) 4.98 (3.69 - 6.55) 0.9Pennsylvania 1.30 (1.06 - 1.57) 2.35 (1.87 - 2.91) 4.02 (3.32 - 4.82) 0.7Rhode Island 1.30 (0.90 - 1.83) 2.48 (1.66 - 3.56) 4.58 (3.31 - 6.15) 0.6South Carolina 1.11 (0.73 - 1.61) 2.00 (1.30 - 2.94) 3.17 (2.20 - 4.41) 0.6South Dakota 1.06 (0.74 - 1.47) 2.12 (1.41 - 3.06) 3.26 (2.28 - 4.52) 0.4Tennessee 1.49 (1.03 - 2.09) 2.67 (1.83 - 3.77) 4.39 (3.14 - 5.96) 0.8Texas 1.22 (0.98 - 1.50) 2.24 (1.78 - 2.79) 3.49 (2.84 - 4.25) 0.6Utah 1.32 (0.93 - 1.80) 2.13 (1.37 - 3.16) 3.09 (2.14 - 4.31) 0.6Vermont 1.93 (1.40 - 2.58) 2.84 (1.97 - 3.96) 6.34 (4.84 - 8.14) 1.1Virginia 1.04 (0.70 - 1.49) 1.82 (1.22 - 2.61) 3.40 (2.31 - 4.82) 0.5Washington 1.82 (1.24 - 2.57) 3.02 (2.12 - 4.18) 4.26 (3.05 - 5.77) 1.2West Virginia 1.30 (0.91 - 1.79) 2.69 (1.90 - 3.71) 3.54 (2.51 - 4.84) 0.7Wisconsin 1.08 (0.75 - 1.52) 2.11 (1.44 - 2.98) 3.11 (2.17 - 4.32) 0.5Wyoming 1.24 (0.88 - 1.70) 2.22 (1.47 - 3.20) 3.81 (2.71 - 5.19) 0.5NOTE: Any Illicit Drug includes marijuana/hashish, cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or any prescription-type psychothera

NOTE: Dependence is based on the definition found in the 4th ed. of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). 

NOTE: Estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, and the prediction (credible) intervals are generated by Ma

techniques. 

1 This estimate is the weighted average of the hierarchical Bayes estimates across all States and the District of Columbia and typically is not equal to t

estimate for the Nation. 

Source: SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 2000 and 2001.
150

30130 Table B.17 Percentages Reporting Past Year Dependence or Abuse for Any Illicit Drug or Alcohol, by Age Group and State: Ann

2000 and 2001 NHSDAs 

AGE GROUP (Years)

Total 12-17 18-25 

State Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estima

Total1 6.97 7.80 16.93 5.1Alabama 6.13 (5.08 - 7.32) 7.41 (5.86 - 9.21) 13.96 (11.58 - 16.63) 4.6Alaska 7.90 (6.72 - 9.22) 8.60 (6.87 - 10.60) 18.54 (15.81 - 21.52) 5.5Arizona 7.34 (6.15 - 8.69) 8.50 (6.76 - 10.52) 15.78 (13.22 - 18.63) 5.6Arkansas 6.56 (5.55 - 7.69) 8.54 (6.84 - 10.49) 16.42 (13.80 - 19.32) 4.6California 7.58 (6.86 - 8.35) 8.06 (7.19 - 9.00) 15.90 (14.45 - 17.43) 5.9Colorado 7.98 (6.76 - 9.33) 9.32 (7.50 - 11.42) 20.60 (17.49 - 23.99) 5.5Connecticut 8.46 (7.12 - 9.96) 9.90 (7.96 - 12.12) 21.86 (18.58 - 25.44) 6.4Delaware 7.44 (6.26 - 8.77) 8.20 (6.48 - 10.21) 17.12 (14.51 - 20.00) 5.8District of Columbia 9.07 (7.50 - 10.84) 6.66 (4.98 - 8.70) 19.22 (16.23 - 22.50) 7.6Florida 6.54 (5.82 - 7.32) 6.38 (5.44 - 7.42) 15.69 (14.19 - 17.28) 5.3Georgia 6.01 (4.95 - 7.22) 5.95 (4.63 - 7.51) 13.95 (11.61 - 16.57) 4.6Hawaii 6.78 (5.58 - 8.13) 9.72 (7.63 - 12.17) 17.68 (14.69 - 20.99) 4.7Idaho 6.56 (5.57 - 7.66) 7.70 (6.07 - 9.59) 16.34 (13.79 - 19.15) 4.3Illinois 7.54 (6.82 - 8.30) 7.03 (6.10 - 8.05) 18.57 (16.98 - 20.23) 5.7Indiana 6.03 (5.04 - 7.15) 7.53 (5.95 - 9.38) 15.59 (13.00 - 18.47) 4.1Iowa 7.06 (6.05 - 8.19) 8.70 (6.97 - 10.70) 20.14 (17.38 - 23.12) 4.5Kansas 7.02 (5.88 - 8.30) 8.02 (6.29 - 10.04) 16.93 (14.20 - 19.95) 5.0Kentucky 6.46 (5.46 - 7.58) 8.49 (6.79 - 10.45) 15.99 (13.61 - 18.62) 4.5Louisiana 7.98 (6.73 - 9.39) 8.95 (7.14 - 11.05) 17.72 (15.01 - 20.69) 5.8Maine 6.70 (5.70 - 7.81) 10.02 (8.12 - 12.19) 19.40 (16.45 - 22.62) 4.3Maryland 7.07 (5.94 - 8.34) 8.66 (6.94 - 10.64) 18.47 (15.89 - 21.26) 5.1Massachusetts 9.13 (7.70 - 10.74) 10.23 (8.30 - 12.45) 23.07 (19.92 - 26.46) 6.9Michigan 7.14 (6.50 - 7.84) 8.58 (7.60 - 9.65) 17.94 (16.47 - 19.48) 5.1Minnesota 7.34 (6.28 - 8.50) 8.99 (7.20 - 11.06) 19.21 (16.58 - 22.06) 4.9Mississippi 7.25 (6.07 - 8.59) 7.48 (5.86 - 9.39) 15.21 (12.65 - 18.07) 5.6Missouri 6.61 (5.59 - 7.76) 8.00 (6.35 - 9.92) 17.35 (14.73 - 20.22) 4.5Montana 8.60 (7.41 - 9.92) 11.65 (9.46 - 14.14) 23.09 (20.08 - 26.32) 5.6See notes at end of table. 
151

30130 Table B.17 Percentages Reporting Past Year Dependence or Abuse for Any Illicit Drug or Alcohol, by Age Group and State: An

2000 and 2001 NHSDAs 

AGE GROUP (Years)

Total 12-17 18-25 

State Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estima

Nebraska 8.28 (7.15 - 9.54) 9.34 (7.49 - 11.48) 21.38 (18.33 - 24.69) 5.7Nevada 7.78 (6.60 - 9.09) 9.88 (7.85 - 12.22) 18.62 (15.56 - 21.99) 5.8New Hampshire 7.23 (6.16 - 8.41) 9.43 (7.61 - 11.51) 19.84 (16.96 - 22.98) 5.0New Jersey 6.28 (5.19 - 7.51) 6.26 (4.98 - 7.76) 15.86 (13.22 - 18.79) 4.8New Mexico 8.47 (7.17 - 9.93) 11.47 (9.26 - 14.00) 18.09 (15.23 - 21.24) 6.1New York 6.76 (6.10 - 7.48) 6.35 (5.44 - 7.35) 19.52 (17.83 - 21.29) 4.8North Carolina 5.17 (4.18 - 6.31) 5.75 (4.36 - 7.42) 13.04 (10.68 - 15.70) 3.8North Dakota 9.33 (8.05 - 10.74) 10.65 (8.54 - 13.08) 27.09 (23.60 - 30.79) 5.6Ohio 6.27 (5.69 - 6.90) 7.07 (6.17 - 8.06) 16.84 (15.41 - 18.35) 4.3Oklahoma 7.05 (5.90 - 8.36) 7.75 (5.98 - 9.84) 15.58 (13.06 - 18.38) 5.4Oregon 7.33 (6.18 - 8.61) 8.77 (7.01 - 10.80) 18.27 (15.62 - 21.16) 5.3Pennsylvania 6.69 (6.05 - 7.37) 7.11 (6.21 - 8.09) 17.15 (15.67 - 18.71) 5.0Rhode Island 7.96 (6.68 - 9.40) 8.22 (6.42 - 10.33) 21.09 (18.06 - 24.36) 6.0South Carolina 5.63 (4.65 - 6.76) 6.66 (5.15 - 8.45) 13.08 (10.87 - 15.55) 4.2South Dakota 7.61 (6.44 - 8.92) 8.41 (6.70 - 10.38) 19.53 (16.59 - 22.75) 5.1Tennessee 6.51 (5.46 - 7.69) 8.92 (7.07 - 11.05) 15.45 (12.96 - 18.21) 4.7Texas 6.86 (6.17 - 7.61) 8.20 (7.24 - 9.24) 15.39 (14.02 - 16.84) 4.9Utah 6.40 (5.38 - 7.55) 6.29 (4.74 - 8.16) 13.16 (10.90 - 15.69) 4.4Vermont 8.07 (6.90 - 9.38) 8.79 (7.06 - 10.79) 20.28 (17.57 - 23.20) 6.0Virginia 5.54 (4.62 - 6.59) 5.76 (4.44 - 7.32) 15.40 (12.83 - 18.26) 3.9Washington 8.37 (7.07 - 9.82) 10.26 (8.35 - 12.43) 17.85 (15.08 - 20.89) 6.5West Virginia 6.12 (5.15 - 7.20) 8.91 (7.17 - 10.91) 15.67 (13.05 - 18.59) 4.2Wisconsin 7.26 (6.18 - 8.47) 8.38 (6.77 - 10.23) 18.25 (15.55 - 21.20) 5.1Wyoming 7.38 (6.28 - 8.61) 9.17 (7.29 - 11.35) 20.25 (17.22 - 23.55) 4.5NOTE: Any Illicit Drug includes marijuana/hashish, cocaine (including crack), heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, or any prescription-type psychothera

NOTE: Dependence and Abuse are based on definitions found in the 4th ed. of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV)

NOTE: Estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, and the prediction (credible) intervals are generated by Ma

techniques. 

1 This estimate is the weighted average of the hierarchical Bayes estimates across all States and the District of Columbia and typically is not equal to t

estimate for the Nation. 

Source: SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 2000 and 2001. 
152

30130 Table B.18 Percentages Reporting Past Year Illicit Drug Treatment Gap, by Age Group and State: Annual Averages Based on 2

AGE GROUP (Years)

Total 12-17 18-25 

State Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estima

Total1 2.02 4.25 5.94 1.0Alabama 1.63 (1.24 - 2.11) 3.32 (2.34 - 4.56) 5.37 (3.92 - 7.15) 0.7Alaska 2.23 (1.72 - 2.85) 4.63 (3.35 - 6.23) 5.88 (4.32 - 7.78) 1.0Arizona 2.25 (1.71 - 2.91) 4.95 (3.67 - 6.52) 5.35 (3.97 - 7.03) 1.3Arkansas 2.09 (1.64 - 2.63) 4.49 (3.34 - 5.89) 7.35 (5.52 - 9.56) 0.8California 2.68 (2.29 - 3.10) 5.22 (4.47 - 6.05) 6.52 (5.57 - 7.59) 1.6Colorado 2.47 (1.88 - 3.17) 5.16 (3.81 - 6.81) 6.70 (4.98 - 8.78) 1.3Connecticut 2.28 (1.71 - 2.97) 5.40 (3.97 - 7.15) 7.09 (5.26 - 9.32) 1.2Delaware 1.98 (1.54 - 2.51) 4.54 (3.35 - 6.00) 5.93 (4.44 - 7.73) 1.0District of Columbia 2.14 (1.57 - 2.86) 3.82 (2.64 - 5.34) 5.73 (4.17 - 7.66) 1.3Florida 1.69 (1.41 - 2.01) 3.56 (2.89 - 4.33) 5.92 (4.94 - 7.02) 0.8Georgia 1.77 (1.35 - 2.26) 3.43 (2.49 - 4.60) 5.34 (3.96 - 7.02) 0.8Hawaii 1.81 (1.31 - 2.42) 5.39 (3.85 - 7.33) 4.89 (3.43 - 6.75) 0.8Idaho 1.96 (1.52 - 2.47) 4.15 (3.03 - 5.55) 5.98 (4.45 - 7.84) 0.7Illinois 2.10 (1.79 - 2.45) 3.76 (3.10 - 4.52) 6.72 (5.73 - 7.82) 1.0Indiana 1.82 (1.42 - 2.30) 4.04 (2.98 - 5.35) 5.86 (4.31 - 7.76) 0.8Iowa 1.35 (0.98 - 1.80) 3.53 (2.51 - 4.82) 4.00 (2.78 - 5.58) 0.5Kansas 1.77 (1.33 - 2.30) 3.67 (2.52 - 5.16) 4.76 (3.46 - 6.37) 0.9Kentucky 1.95 (1.54 - 2.44) 4.48 (3.37 - 5.81) 6.19 (4.70 - 7.98) 0.8Louisiana 2.37 (1.84 - 3.01) 4.32 (3.15 - 5.76) 7.22 (5.45 - 9.34) 1.1Maine 2.30 (1.83 - 2.85) 6.60 (4.98 - 8.56) 7.64 (5.87 - 9.75) 0.9Maryland 2.16 (1.66 - 2.75) 4.88 (3.61 - 6.44) 6.49 (4.90 - 8.41) 1.1Massachusetts 2.54 (1.94 - 3.27) 6.80 (5.13 - 8.82) 6.93 (5.26 - 8.94) 1.3Michigan 1.99 (1.72 - 2.29) 4.99 (4.21 - 5.86) 5.89 (4.98 - 6.90) 0.9Minnesota 2.24 (1.73 - 2.85) 4.60 (3.42 - 6.05) 6.46 (4.86 - 8.38) 1.1Mississippi 1.99 (1.53 - 2.53) 4.26 (3.07 - 5.76) 5.64 (4.18 - 7.42) 0.9Missouri 1.51 (1.12 - 2.00) 3.27 (2.29 - 4.53) 4.95 (3.61 - 6.61) 0.6Montana 2.12 (1.67 - 2.65) 6.23 (4.57 - 8.27) 5.99 (4.56 - 7.71) 0.8See notes at end of table. 
153

30130 Table B.18 Percentages Reporting Past Year Illicit Drug Treatment Gap, by Age Group and State: Annual Averages Based on 2

AGE GROUP (Years)

Total 12-17 18-25 

State Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estima

Nebraska 1.62 (1.21 - 2.12) 3.63 (2.55 - 4.99) 4.81 (3.50 - 6.43) 0.7Nevada 2.63 (1.94 - 3.48) 5.30 (3.81 - 7.15) 7.41 (5.41 - 9.87) 1.5New Hampshire 2.22 (1.76 - 2.77) 5.98 (4.53 - 7.72) 6.98 (5.20 - 9.14) 0.9New Jersey 1.63 (1.21 - 2.14) 2.99 (2.11 - 4.11) 5.94 (4.33 - 7.92) 0.8New Mexico 2.28 (1.76 - 2.90) 5.82 (4.24 - 7.76) 5.45 (3.97 - 7.26) 1.1New York 2.26 (1.91 - 2.66) 3.45 (2.82 - 4.17) 7.90 (6.77 - 9.15) 1.2North Carolina 1.73 (1.31 - 2.25) 3.40 (2.44 - 4.60) 5.35 (3.93 - 7.10) 0.9North Dakota 1.43 (1.06 - 1.90) 3.56 (2.51 - 4.91) 4.02 (2.79 - 5.59) 0.6Ohio 1.69 (1.43 - 1.98) 3.64 (3.00 - 4.37) 5.24 (4.45 - 6.14) 0.8Oklahoma 1.86 (1.45 - 2.34) 4.20 (3.06 - 5.61) 5.60 (4.16 - 7.37) 0.8Oregon 2.28 (1.76 - 2.90) 5.25 (3.90 - 6.88) 6.58 (5.03 - 8.44) 1.2Pennsylvania 1.62 (1.38 - 1.90) 3.53 (2.92 - 4.22) 5.57 (4.68 - 6.58) 0.8Rhode Island 1.86 (1.43 - 2.38) 4.39 (3.21 - 5.86) 6.31 (4.72 - 8.23) 0.8South Carolina 1.51 (1.12 - 1.99) 3.76 (2.69 - 5.09) 4.43 (3.17 - 6.02) 0.7South Dakota 1.48 (1.09 - 1.96) 3.71 (2.59 - 5.13) 4.35 (3.05 - 6.01) 0.5Tennessee 2.05 (1.59 - 2.60) 5.04 (3.74 - 6.63) 5.98 (4.45 - 7.85) 1.0Texas 1.83 (1.54 - 2.17) 4.32 (3.58 - 5.17) 4.84 (4.03 - 5.76) 0.8Utah 1.92 (1.43 - 2.52) 3.33 (2.28 - 4.69) 4.12 (2.91 - 5.66) 0.9Vermont 2.47 (1.92 - 3.13) 5.21 (3.84 - 6.91) 7.74 (6.00 - 9.80) 1.2Virginia 1.53 (1.13 - 2.01) 3.30 (2.38 - 4.45) 4.71 (3.35 - 6.41) 0.7Washington 2.41 (1.79 - 3.17) 4.88 (3.66 - 6.35) 5.97 (4.43 - 7.85) 1.4West Virginia 1.63 (1.25 - 2.08) 4.42 (3.27 - 5.82) 4.95 (3.58 - 6.65) 0.7Wisconsin 1.76 (1.36 - 2.23) 3.69 (2.67 - 4.97) 5.44 (4.07 - 7.10) 0.8Wyoming 1.71 (1.29 - 2.22) 3.49 (2.45 - 4.81) 5.34 (3.90 - 7.11) 0.7NOTE: Illicit Drug Treatment Gap is defined as the number of persons who needed treatment in the past year but did not receive treatment in a specia

treatment facility. 

NOTE: Estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, and the prediction (credible) intervals are generated by Ma

techniques. 

1 This estimate is the weighted average of the hierarchical Bayes estimates across all States and the District of Columbia and typically is not equal to t

estimate for the Nation. 

Source: SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 2000 and 2001.
154

30130 Table B.19 Estimated Numbers (in Thousands) of Persons Reporting Past Year Illicit Drug Treatment Gap, by Age Group and S

Based on 2000 and 2001 NHSDAs 

AGE GROUP (Years)

Total 12-17 18-25 

State Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estima

Total1 4,528 999 1,737 1,79Alabama 59 (45 - 77) 12 (9 - 17) 26 (19 - 34) 2Alaska 11 (8 - 14) 3 (2 - 4) 4 (3 - 6) Arizona 88 (67 - 114) 22 (16 - 29) 28 (21 - 37) 3Arkansas 45 (35 - 56) 10 (7 - 13) 21 (16 - 27) 1California 708 (606 - 822) 147 (126 - 171) 240 (205 - 279) 32Colorado 84 (64 - 108) 19 (14 - 25) 31 (23 - 40) 3Connecticut 62 (46 - 80) 14 (11 - 19) 21 (16 - 28) 2Delaware 13 (10 - 16) 3 (2 - 4) 5 (4 - 6) District of Columbia 9 (7 - 12) 1 (1 - 2) 3 (2 - 4) Florida 216 (180 - 257) 43 (35 - 52) 83 (69 - 98) 9Georgia 113 (87 - 145) 24 (17 - 32) 46 (34 - 61) 4Hawaii 17 (12 - 23) 5 (4 - 7) 6 (4 - 8) Idaho 21 (16 - 26) 5 (4 - 7) 10 (7 - 13) Illinois 206 (176 - 240) 38 (32 - 46) 87 (74 - 101) 8Indiana 90 (70 - 113) 21 (15 - 28) 39 (28 - 51) 3Iowa 32 (23 - 43) 9 (6 - 12) 13 (9 - 18) 1Kansas 38 (29 - 50) 9 (6 - 12) 14 (10 - 19) 1Kentucky 64 (51 - 80) 15 (11 - 19) 27 (21 - 35) 2Louisiana 84 (65 - 107) 18 (13 - 23) 38 (29 - 49) 2Maine 24 (19 - 30) 7 (5 - 9) 9 (7 - 12) Maryland 93 (71 - 118) 21 (16 - 28) 33 (25 - 43) 3Massachusetts 131 (100 - 168) 34 (26 - 44) 42 (32 - 54) 5Michigan 160 (138 - 185) 43 (36 - 51) 61 (52 - 72) 5Minnesota 89 (69 - 113) 20 (15 - 27) 35 (26 - 45) 3Mississippi 45 (35 - 57) 11 (8 - 15) 18 (14 - 24) 1Missouri 69 (51 - 90) 16 (11 - 22) 29 (21 - 39) 2Montana 16 (13 - 20) 5 (4 - 7) 6 (5 - 8) See notes at end of table. 
155

30130 Table B.19 Estimated Numbers (in Thousands) of Persons Reporting Past Year Illicit Drug Treatment Gap, by Age Group and S

Based on 2000 and 2001 NHSDAs 

AGE GROUP (Years)

Total 12-17 18-25 

State Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estima

Nebraska 22 (17 - 29) 6 (4 - 8) 9 (7 - 12) Nevada 41 (30 - 54) 8 (6 - 11) 14 (10 - 19) 1New Hampshire 23 (18 - 28) 6 (5 - 8) 8 (6 - 11) New Jersey 110 (82 - 144) 20 (14 - 27) 46 (33 - 61) 4New Mexico 33 (25 - 42) 10 (7 - 13) 11 (8 - 15) 1New York 337 (285 - 396) 50 (41 - 61) 144 (123 - 166) 14North Carolina 110 (83 - 143) 22 (16 - 30) 41 (30 - 55) 4North Dakota 8 (6 - 10) 2 (1 - 3) 3 (2 - 4) Ohio 157 (133 - 184) 35 (29 - 42) 63 (54 - 74) 5Oklahoma 51 (40 - 64) 13 (9 - 17) 21 (16 - 28) 1Oregon 64 (49 - 81) 15 (11 - 19) 24 (18 - 30) 2Pennsylvania 163 (139 - 191) 35 (29 - 42) 65 (55 - 77) 6Rhode Island 15 (12 - 20) 4 (3 - 5) 6 (4 - 8) South Carolina 48 (36 - 64) 12 (9 - 16) 18 (13 - 24) 1South Dakota 9 (7 - 12) 3 (2 - 4) 4 (3 - 5) Tennessee 95 (73 - 120) 23 (17 - 30) 35 (26 - 47) 3Texas 297 (250 - 351) 81 (67 - 96) 116 (96 - 137) 10Utah 33 (24 - 43) 8 (5 - 11) 14 (10 - 19) 1Vermont 13 (10 - 16) 3 (2 - 4) 5 (4 - 6) Virginia 87 (64 - 114) 19 (13 - 25) 33 (24 - 45) 3Washington 115 (86 - 152) 24 (18 - 32) 37 (27 - 49) 5West Virginia 25 (19 - 32) 6 (5 - 8) 10 (7 - 13) Wisconsin 77 (60 - 98) 18 (13 - 24) 32 (24 - 42) 2Wyoming 7 (5 - 9) 2 (1 - 2) 3 (2 - 4) NOTE: Illicit Drug Treatment Gap is defined as the number of persons who needed treatment in the past year but did not receive treatment in a specia

treatment facility. 

NOTE: Estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, and the prediction (credible) intervals are generated by Ma

techniques. 

1 This estimate is the sum of the hierarchical Bayes estimates across all States and the District of Columbia and typically is not equal to the direct samp

Nation. 

Source: SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 2000 and 2001.
156

30129 Table B.20 Percentages Reporting Past Year Serious Mental Illness, by Age Group and State: 2001 NHSDA 

Total 18-25 26 

State Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Total1 7.41 11.77 6.66 Alabama 7.40 (5.94 - 9.10) 11.25 (8.73 - 14.19) 6.74 Alaska 7.05 (5.66 - 8.66) 10.70 (8.35 - 13.45) 6.23 Arizona 8.19 (6.55 - 10.09) 12.02 (9.65 - 14.74) 7.50 Arkansas 8.24 (6.67 - 10.05) 12.62 (9.88 - 15.79) 7.48 California 7.14 (6.12 - 8.27) 9.70 (8.29 - 11.26) 6.66 Colorado 7.04 (5.72 - 8.56) 11.64 (9.22 - 14.43) 6.22 Connecticut 5.92 (4.80 - 7.21) 11.99 (9.48 - 14.89) 5.09 Delaware 6.78 (5.49 - 8.26) 12.42 (10.07 - 15.09) 5.88 District of Columbia 6.97 (5.43 - 8.79) 10.01 (7.71 - 12.71) 6.53 Florida 6.81 (5.82 - 7.92) 11.91 (10.16 - 13.84) 6.11 Georgia 8.66 (6.99 - 10.57) 12.46 (9.99 - 15.28) 7.98 Hawaii 5.12 (3.97 - 6.47) 10.74 (8.20 - 13.75) 4.21 Idaho 8.13 (6.60 - 9.88) 13.32 (10.71 - 16.31) 7.01 Illinois 6.94 (6.07 - 7.90) 12.79 (11.14 - 14.59) 5.94 Indiana 6.84 (5.55 - 8.34) 11.04 (8.53 - 13.99) 6.11 Iowa 6.92 (5.52 - 8.55) 10.97 (8.65 - 13.66) 6.20 Kansas 7.89 (6.23 - 9.82) 10.56 (8.07 - 13.50) 7.38 Kentucky 8.99 (7.26 - 10.97) 13.68 (11.12 - 16.57) 8.17 Louisiana 8.18 (6.71 - 9.85) 13.59 (11.03 - 16.48) 7.08 Maine 8.10 (6.61 - 9.79) 14.36 (11.61 - 17.49) 7.16 Maryland 6.79 (5.46 - 8.33) 11.45 (9.13 - 14.12) 6.09 Massachusetts 7.00 (5.64 - 8.57) 12.19 (9.65 - 15.12) 6.24 Michigan 8.15 (7.13 - 9.27) 12.83 (11.25 - 14.55) 7.37 Minnesota 8.19 (6.61 - 10.01) 12.98 (10.42 - 15.91) 7.33 Mississippi 8.04 (6.61 - 9.67) 13.01 (10.38 - 16.02) 7.06 Missouri 7.40 (6.00 - 9.02) 12.75 (10.30 - 15.54) 6.48 Montana 8.11 (6.65 - 9.77) 12.81 (10.35 - 15.61) 7.26 See notes at end of table. 
157

30129 Table B.20 Percentages Reporting Past Year Serious Mental Illness, by Age Group and State: 2001 NHSDA 

Total 18-25 26 

State Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Prediction 

Interval Estimate

Nebraska 7.47 (6.09 - 9.06) 11.68 (9.27 - 14.47) 6.67 Nevada 7.30 (5.88 - 8.93) 13.21 (10.34 - 16.53) 6.35 New Hampshire 6.63 (5.32 - 8.14) 11.93 (9.52 - 14.71) 5.85 New Jersey 6.37 (5.12 - 7.81) 11.22 (8.84 - 13.99) 5.68 New Mexico 7.33 (5.83 - 9.07) 10.45 (8.13 - 13.17) 6.74 New York 7.38 (6.36 - 8.50) 11.83 (10.28 - 13.52) 6.69 North Carolina 7.37 (5.98 - 8.96) 11.34 (8.87 - 14.21) 6.74 North Dakota 7.50 (6.09 - 9.13) 12.99 (10.37 - 15.98) 6.44 Ohio 7.64 (6.69 - 8.67) 12.37 (10.81 - 14.06) 6.83 Oklahoma 10.36 (8.50 - 12.46) 14.10 (11.18 - 17.45) 9.66 Oregon 7.63 (6.21 - 9.25) 12.34 (9.85 - 15.20) 6.83 Pennsylvania 6.99 (6.04 - 8.04) 11.52 (10.01 - 13.17) 6.32 Rhode Island 8.11 (6.50 - 9.97) 13.00 (10.40 - 15.96) 7.38 South Carolina 7.33 (5.94 - 8.94) 11.88 (9.63 - 14.43) 6.55 South Dakota 7.16 (5.83 - 8.68) 11.48 (9.11 - 14.21) 6.30 Tennessee 7.97 (6.44 - 9.73) 12.90 (10.21 - 16.01) 7.16 Texas 7.12 (6.20 - 8.14) 11.36 (9.83 - 13.03) 6.28 Utah 8.30 (6.91 - 9.87) 12.03 (9.71 - 14.67) 7.16 Vermont 7.65 (6.25 - 9.24) 13.34 (10.94 - 16.05) 6.75 Virginia 7.62 (6.17 - 9.29) 11.35 (8.98 - 14.09) 7.01 Washington 8.25 (6.70 - 10.03) 12.96 (10.44 - 15.84) 7.43 West Virginia 8.35 (6.69 - 10.27) 12.72 (10.22 - 15.59) 7.64 Wisconsin 6.95 (5.62 - 8.48) 11.90 (9.53 - 14.62) 6.08 Wyoming 7.19 (5.87 - 8.70) 12.35 (9.90 - 15.15) 6.15 NOTE: Serious Mental Illness (SMI) is defined as having a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder that met the DSM-IV criteria and 

impairment that substantially interfered with, or limited one or more life activities. 

NOTE: Data for Serious Mental Illness (SMI) are not defined for 12 to 17 year olds; therefore, "Total" estimate reflects ages 18 or older. 

NOTE: Estimates are based on a survey-weighted hierarchical Bayes estimation approach, and the prediction (credible) intervals are generated by M

techniques. 

1 This estimate is the weighted average of the hierarchical Bayes estimates across all States and the District of Columbia and typically is not equal to 

estimate for the Nation. 

Source: SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 2001.
 158