United States

Department of

Agriculture

Forest Service

International Institute 

of Tropical Forestry

General Technical 

Report

IITF-GTR-21

October 2003

Histories of Puerto Rican Parrot 

Nests In the Caribbean National 

Forest/Luquillo Experimental 

Forest, 1973–2000

Joseph M. Wunderle, Jr., Noel F.R. Snyder, Britta 

Muiznieks, James W. Wiley, and J. Michael Meyers
Authors Joseph M. Wunderle, Jr. is a wildlife team leader and research wildlife biologist, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, U.S. Department of Agriculture 

Forest Service, P.O. Box 490, Palmer, PR 00721; Noel F.R. Snyder is a retired U.S. 

Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service project leader and research wildlife biologist, P.O. Box 16426, Portal, AZ 85632; Britta Muiznieks is a wildlife biologist, Rio Grande Field Office, U.S. Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service, 

P.O. Box 1600, Rio Grande, PR 00745; James W. Wiley is a research wildlife biologist, Biological Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, Maryland Cooperative 

Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, 1120 Trigg 

Hall, Princess Anne, MD 21853; J. Michael Meyers is a research wildlife biologist, 

U.S. Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, D.B. Warnell School of 

Forest Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2152.

Cover artwork of a nesting pair of Puerto Rican parrots based on a photograph by Jerry Bauer.
Abstract Wunderle, J.M., Jr.; Snyder, N.F.R.; Muiznieks, B.; Wiley, J.W.; Meyers, J.M. 

2003. Histories of Puerto Rican parrot nests in the Caribbean National Forest/

Luquillo Experimental Forest, 1973–2000. IITF-GTR-21. Portland, OR: U.S. 

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research 

Station. 28 p.

This publication summarizes the histories of all known Puerto Rican parrot nests in 

the Caribbean National Forest/Luquillo Experimental Forest from 1973 through 2000. 

Included for each nest, when known, are the identities of the pair, clutch size, known 

fertile and infertile eggs, number of eggs that hatched, number of chicks that survived, 

sources of mortality, fostering (source, destination, or both), number of young fledged 

from the pair and from the nest, and percentage of days the nest was guarded. This 

information is useful for detecting and assessing potential changes in reproductive 

output and nest threats and is fundamental for understanding some of the demographic and genetic factors influencing the wild parrot population.

Keywords: Amazona vittata, endangered species, Luquillo Experimental Forest, 

Puerto Rican parrot, productivity losses, reproductive success.
1

Introduction The Puerto Rican parrot (Amazona vittata) population was widely distributed throughout Puerto Rico and several small associated islands at the time of the arrival of 

Columbus. By the 1940s, however, the parrot was confined to the Sierra de Luquillo 

(Caribbean National Forest or Luquillo Experimental Forest, henceforth CNF/LEF) of 

eastern Puerto Rico. The parrot’s population decline is largely attributable to human 

disturbance, particularly the extensive deforestation of the island from the mid- to 

late-1800s. The declining parrot population was further stressed by hunting and the 

pet trade, as well as several destructive hurricanes. As the population was reduced, 

parrot nesting productivity and survival became even more vulnerable to the negative 

effects of various competitors, predators, and parasites (e.g., pearly-eyed thrasher, 

Margarops fuscatus; red-tailed hawk, Buteo jamaicensis; Puerto Rican boa, Epicrates 

inornatus; black rat, Rattus rattus; botfly, Philornis sp.; European honeybee, Apis mellifera). Given these and other potential population stresses, it is not surprising that the 

parrot population declined so precipitously, reaching a low of only 13 wild parrots in 

1976 (Snyder et al. 1987).

The parrot’s decline served as the impetus for basic field studies and initiation of some 

management activities in the mid-1950s (Rodríguez-Vidal 1959). More intensive recovery efforts and field studies were initiated in 1968 and indicated that certain management activities could increase nesting success and augment the population (Snyder 

et al. 1987). These activities included modification of nest cavities, nest guarding, rat 

control, and placement of alternative nest boxes for nest-site competitors. In 1973, the 

initiation of an aviary and captive breeding in Luquillo provided a source of nestlings 

for fostering into wild nests, a temporary refuge for wild nestlings during periods of endangerment, and a site for treatment and recovery of ailing wild nestlings, all of which 

further increased parrot nesting productivity. A second aviary in Rio Abajo was established in 1989. These management activities have helped to increase the wild Puerto 

Rican parrot population in the CNF/LEF.

The Puerto Rican parrot recovery effort has been a cooperative endeavor involving 

the USDI Fish and Wildlife Service, USDA Forest Service, Puerto Rico Department 

of Natural and Environmental Resources, and more recently the Biological Resources 

Division of the U.S. Geological Survey. The responsibilities of these cooperating agencies and their various divisions have changed considerably during the course of the 

recovery effort contributing to turnover of parrot recovery staff. Associated with these 

changes have been changes in recordkeeping and storage of parrot field data required 

for the recovery effort. Some of these data have been published previously, although 

much of the recent parrot data has not been published and thus is not readily available 

to researchers and managers. Especially important are the data relating to reproductive success of wild parrot pairs. This information is useful for detecting and assessing potential changes in reproductive output and nest threats and is fundamental for 

understanding some of the demographic and genetic factors influencing the wild parrot population. Information on nest success and factors contributing to egg and chick 

mortality also is critical for evaluating the effectiveness of nest management. Finally, 

an historical summary of parrot reproductive history can serve as a valuable baseline 

for future comparisons.

We have summarized the histories of all known Puerto Rican parrot nests in the CNF/

LEF from 1973 through 2000 (see app.). The nest histories are derived from various 

sources. Information from the period 1973–85 was derived from appendixes 31 and 

32 in Snyder et al. (1987). The information for 1986–89, comes from various sources 
2 

including Lindsey et al. (1994) and a thesis by Wilson (1993). Nest histories for 1990–

98 were taken from the Puerto Rican Parrot Recovery Plan (U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service 1999), with minor modifications based on original field notes of the U.S. Fish 

and Wildlife Service. Nest guarding information comes from unpublished notes summarized by Noel Snyder 1

 for 1973–76 and Gerald Lindsey 2 and James Wiley 3 for 

1981 and 1985-88. Nest guarding information for 1990–99 is derived from the original field notes from the Puerto Rican Parrot Field Office of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service.

Included for each nest, when known, are the identities of the pair, clutch size, known 

fertile and infertile eggs, number of eggs that hatched, number of chicks that survived, 

sources of mortality, fostering (source, destination, or both), number of young fledged 

from the pair and from the nest, and percentage of days the nest was guarded. Below 

are definitions and explanations of the terms used in the summary table.

Nest site—Abbreviations are given for the nest sites as per Snyder et al. (1987) and 

the recovery plan (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1999). Some confusion arises in the 

1986–89 period when nest sites were given names different than the pairs occupying 

the nests.

Breeding male and female—Breeding individuals are designated where first encountered with nest symbols that use the terminology provided by the researchers or 

managers. However, note that individual parrot designation codes changed in the late 

1980s. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Rio Grande Field Office standardized individual parrot identification codes starting in 1986 based on nest site where the breeding adult was first encountered, followed by sequential odd-numbered codes for males 

and even-numbered codes for females. Identification of nesting pairs is not foolproof; 

there was a mistake in identification of one of the parrots (that was later found to be a 

different bird). 

Clutch number—First clutches in a breeding season are unlabeled, but replacement 

clutches following the initial clutch are designated in a separate, adjacent column in 

the table.

Clutch size—Total number of eggs per laying cycle of a pair.

Number of known fertile eggs—Eggs in which an embryo was detected.

Number of known infertile eggs—Eggs in which an embryo was not found during inspection. It is possible that some early embryonic mortality is included in this category, 

given the difficulty of detecting some embryos that die in the initial stages of development.

1 Snyder, N. 2001. Unpublished notes. On file with: 

N. Snyder, P.O. Box 16426, Portal, AZ 85632.

2 Lindsey, G. 2001. Unpublished notes. On file with: 

J. Wunderle, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, 

P.O. Box 490, Palmer, PR 00721.

3 Wiley, J. 2001. Unpublished notes. On file with: 

J. Wunderle, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, 

P.O. Box 490, Palmer, PR 00721.
3

Number of unknown eggs—Eggs in which fertility was not determined because of 

predation or loss before egg inspection, or it was not possible to distinguish between 

infertility (no embryo) and early embryonic death (dead in shell) in young eggs.

Percentage of fertile eggs—This percentage is based on the number of eggs for 

which fertility was determined and does not include eggs of unknown fertility (unknown 

eggs).

Number of eggs hatch—The total number of eggs that hatch from the pair from the 

designated wild nest, regardless of the site of hatching; it includes hatching at any location: original nest, aviary, or foster nest.

Number of chicks survive—The total number of nestlings that survive to fledging 

from the pair from the designated wild nest, regardless of site of fledging; includes 

fledging at any location: original nest, aviary, or foster nest.

Number fostered in—The number of eggs or nestlings that were produced elsewhere 

but were placed in the designated nests. The source of fostered eggs or chicks is 

provided in parentheses and can include another wild nest or aviary. A listing of aviary 

without specification refers to the Luquillo aviary.

Number fostered out—The number of eggs or nestlings that were produced by the 

designated pair in the designated nest but were moved to another location. The destination of the fostered egg or chick is provided in parentheses and can include another 

wild nest or aviary. A listing of aviary without specification refers to the Luquillo aviary.

Total fledged from pair—Progeny of a pair may fledge from different sites (including 

aviary or foster nest), but all are included as total number fledged from the parental 

pair. Fledging refers to a chick that leaves a nest cavity or nest box on its own, regardless of its fate after leaving the nest site. Site of fledging is designated in parentheses in instances of eggs or chicks fostered elsewhere (another wild nest or aviary). 

Whenever it is known, we designated cases of successful fledging followed shortly by 

death. Listing of aviary without specification refers to the Luquillo aviary.

Total fledged from nest—Fledging refers to a chick that leaves the nest cavity on its 

own, regardless of its fate after leaving the nest site. May include offspring originating 

from the designated nest as well as those fostered into the nest, with source of fostered young shown in parentheses (aviary or other nest).

Number of eggs died—The number of fertile eggs that have died in the designated 

nest (or aviary), regardless of origin (original or fostered). The cause of mortality, 

when known, is provided in parentheses. Dead in shell (DIS) indicates an embryo that 

died. Note that categories “No. eggs hatch” and “No. eggs died” may not correspond 

because of fostering into the designated nest.

Number of chicks died—The number of nestlings that died before fledging from the 

designated nest (or aviary) regardless of origin (original or fostered). The cause of 

mortality is provided in parentheses.
4 

Percentage of nest days guarded—The percentage of days in which a nest was 

watched or guarded based on the total number of days during which the nest was active (date of first egg until last fledging or any shorter period if nest contents were lost 

before fledging). Includes the years when these data were compiled: 1981, 1985–88, 

and 1990–2000.

Assistance with nest observation data was provided by Hernan Abreu, Ernesto Garcia, 

and Pablo Torres. Edgardo Valcarcel assisted in summarizing parrot data from the 

field notes. The manuscript benefited from the constructive comments of Ariel Lugo 

and Jaime A. Colliazo. This work was conducted in cooperation with the University of 

Puerto Rico.

Lindsey, G.D.; Arendt, W.J.; Kalina, J. 1994. Survival and causes of mortality in 

juvenile Puerto Rican parrots. Journal of Field Ornithology. 65: 76–82.

Rodriguez-Vidal, J.A. 1959. Puerto Rican parrot (Amazona vittata vittata) study. 

Monogr. No. 1. San Juan, PR. Department of Agriculture and Commerce. 15 p. 

Snyder, N.F.R.; Wiley, J.W.; Kepler, C.B. 1987. The parrots of Luquillo: natural 

history and conservation of the Puerto Rican parrot. Los Angeles, CA: Western 

Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology. 384 p.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1999. Puerto Rican parrot (Amazona vittata) revised 

technical/agency draft recovery plan. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 

75 p.

Wilson, K.A. 1993. Puerto Rican parrot reproductive behavior: a guideline for 

management of active nests. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts. 214 p. 

M.S. thesis.

Literature Cited

Acknowledgments
5

Appendix Abbreviations used in tables: 

DIS—Dead in shell, or embryonic mortality 

HP—Hispaniolan parrot (Amazona ventralis) 

NA—Not available

PET—Pearly-eyed thrasher (Margarops fuscatus)

Wild nest histories, 1973

Year 1973 1973

Nest site NF SF

Male NF1 SF1

Female NF1 SF1

Clutch number (first, replacement)

 Clutch size 3 3

 No. known fertile eggs 2 3

 No. known infertile eggs 0 0

 No. unknown 1 0

 % fertile eggs 100 100

 No. eggs hatch 2 (aviary) 3 (1 wild; 2 aviary)

 No. chicks survive 2 (aviary) 3 (aviary)

 No. fostered in (source) 0 0

 No. fostered out (where) 2 (aviary) 3 (aviary, 2 eggs, 1 nestling)

Total fledged from pair

 In wild 0 0

 In aviary 2 3

Total fledged from nest

 In wild 0 0

 In aviary 2 3

No. eggs died 1 (unknown—nocturnal predation) 0

No. chicks died 0 0

% nest days guarded 100 95
6 

Wild nest histories, 1974

Year 1974 1974

Nest site SF EF

Male SF1 EF1

Female SF1 EF1

Clutch number (first, replacement)

Clutch size 2 4

No. known fertile eggs 2 4

No. known infertile eggs 0 0

No. unknown 0 0

% fertile eggs 100 100

No. eggs hatch 1 (aviary) 4 (2 wild, 2 aviary)

No. chicks survive 1 (wild) 4 (2 wild, 2 aviary)

No. fostered in (source) 0 0

No. fostered out (where) 2 (aviary—2 eggs, but nestling returned to wild) 2 (eggs to aviary)

Total fledged from pair

 In wild 1 2

 In aviary 0 2

Total fledged from nest

 In wild 1 2

 In aviary 0 2

No. eggs died 1 (aviary—incubator humidity) 0

No. chicks died 0 0

% nest days guarded 36 31

Wild nest histories, 1975a

Year 1975 1975 1975

Nest site SF EF WF

Male SF1 EF1 WF1

Female SF1 EF1 WF1

Clutch number (first, replacement)

Clutch size 4 3 1

No. known fertile eggs 3 3 1

No. known infertile eggs 0 0 0

No. unknown 1 0 0

% fertile eggs 100 100 100

No. eggs hatch 2 (aviary) 3 1 (aviary)

No. chicks survive 2 (back to wild) 3 1 (aviary)

No. fostered in (source) 0 0 0

No. fostered out (where) 2 (eggs to aviary, chicks back) 1 (egg to aviary then NF) 1 (egg to aviary)

Total fledged from pair

 In wild 2 3 (2 in EF; 1 NF) 0

 In aviary 0 0 1

Total fledged from nest

 In wild 2 2 (from EF) 0

 In aviary 0 0 0

No. eggs died 2 (1 handling, 1 PET) 0 0

No. chicks died 0 0 0

% nest days guarded 36 12 100
7

Wild nest histories, 1975b

Year 1975 1975

Nest site NF EF

Male NF2 a EF2 b

Female NF1 EF2 b

Clutch number (first, replacement)

Clutch size 2 3

No. known fertile eggs 2 3

No. known infertile eggs 0 0

No. unknown 0 0

% fertile eggs 100 100

No. eggs hatch 2 (aviary) 3 (aviary)

No. chicks survive 1 (back to wild) 2 (aviary)

No. fostered in (source) 1 (from EF1) 0

No. fostered out (where) 2 (2 to aviary; 1 back to wild) 3 (2 back to wild; 1 back to aviary)

Total fledged from pair

 In wild 1 0

 In aviary 0 2

Total fledged from nest

 In wild 2 (1 from NF; 1 EF1) 0

 In aviary 0 2

No. eggs died 0 0

No. chicks died 1 (deformed) 1 (botfly)

% nest days guarded 26 17

a Same as new male, NF3.

b New pair.

Wild nest histories, 1976

Year 1976 1976 1976 1976

Nest site WF SF EF NF

Male WF1 SF1 EF1 NF2

Female WF1 SF1 EF1 NF1

Clutch number (first, replacement)

Clutch size 3 3 3 3

No. known fertile eggs 3 3 3 0

No. known infertile eggs 0 0 0 0

No. unknown 0 0 0 3

% fertile eggs 100 100 100 unknown

No. eggs hatch 3 2 (aviary) 3 0

No. chicks survive 3 2 (wild) 3 0

No. fostered in (source) 2 (from SF1) 2 (from WF) 0 0

No. fostered out (where) 2 (aviary-SF1) 2 (aviary-WF) 0 0

Total fledged from pair

 In wild 3 (1 in WF, 2 SF1) 2 (in WF) 3 0

 In aviary 0 0 0 0

Total fledged from nest

 In wild 3 (2 in SF1, 1 WF) 2 (from WF) 3 0

 In aviary 0 0 0 0

No. eggs died 0 1 (DIS) 0 3 (female abandoned nest?)

No. chicks died 0 0 0 0

% nest days guarded 59 54 54 46
8 

Wild nest histories, 1977

Year 1977 1977 1977

Nest site WF EF SF

Male WF1 EF1 NF2

Female WF1 EF1 SF1

new pair, old SF female, & old NF2 male

Clutch number (first, replacement)

Clutch size 4 3 3

No. known fertile eggs 4 3 3

No. known infertile eggs 0 0 0

No. unknown 0 0 0

% fertile eggs 100 100 100

No. eggs hatch 4 3 3

No. chicks survive 3 2 1

No. fostered in (source) 1 (From EF) 0 0

No. fostered out (where) 4 (to aviary—1 back to wild) 1 (to WF) 0 (chick to aviary when female broke wing)

Total fledged from pair

 In wild 1 1 (in WF) 1

 In aviary 2 1 0

Total fledged from nest

 In wild 2 (from WF, 1 EF) 0 1

 In aviary 0 1 0

No. eggs died 0 0 0

No. chicks died 1 (weak chick) 1 (handling) 2 (exposure)

% nest days guarded NA NA NA

Wild nest histories, 1978a

Year 1978 1978 1978 1978

Nest site WF WF SF EF

Male WF1 WF1 NF2 EF1

Female WF1 WF1 SF1 EF1

Clutch number (first, replacement) replacement

Clutch size 3 2 3 3

No. known fertile eggs 3 2 3 3

No. known infertile eggs 0 0 0 0

No. unknown 0 0 0 0

% fertile eggs 100 100 100 100

No. eggs hatch 2 0 3 3

No. chicks survive 1 0 3 3

No. fostered in (source) 0 0 1 (from WF) 0

No. fostered out (where) 3 (to aviary, then 1 to SF) 0 0 0

Total fledged from pair

 In wild 1 (in SF, after transfer) 0 3 3

 In aviary 0 0 0 0

Total fledged from nest

 In wild 0 0 4 (3 from SF, 1 from WF) 3

 In aviary 0 0 0 0

No. eggs died 1 (bacterial dimpled) 2 (DIS, dimpled?) 0 0

No. chicks died 1 (weak, moribund) 0 0 0

% nest days guarded NA NA NA NA
9

Wild nest histories, 1978b

Year 1978

Nest site EF

Male EF3

Female EF3

Clutch number (first, replacement)

Clutch size 3

No. known fertile eggs 3

No. known infertile eggs 0

No. unknown 0

% fertile eggs 100

No. eggs hatch 3

No. chicks survive 3

No. fostered in (source) 0

No. fostered out (where) 1 (to aviary, not fed by parent)

Total fledged from pair

 In wild 2

 In aviary 1

Total fledged from nest

 In wild 2

 In aviary 0

No. eggs died 0

No. chicks died 0

% nest days guarded NA

Wild nest histories, 1979

Year 1979 1979 1979 1979

Nest site WF SF EF EF

Male WF1 NF2 EF1 EF3

Female WF1 SF1 EF1 EF3

Clutch number (first, replacement)

Clutch size 3 3 4 2 (3)

No. known fertile eggs 3 3 4 1

No. known infertile eggs 0 0 0 1

No. unknown 0 0 0 0

% fertile eggs 100 100 100 50

No. eggs hatch 0 1 4 1

No. chicks survive 0 1 4 1

No. fostered in (source) 2 (1 from aviary; 1 from EF1) 0 0 0

No. fostered out (where) 3 (to aviary, but died) 3 (to aviary, 1 hatched) 1 (to WF) 0

Total fledged from pair

 In wild 0 0 4 (1 in WF, 3 in EF1) 1

 In aviary 0 1 0 0

Total fledged from nest

 In wild 2 (1 from aviary, 1 from EF1) 0 3 1

 In aviary 0 1 0 0

No. eggs died 3 (dimpled) 2 (punctured, 1 wet) 0 1 (2)—(rats)

No. chicks died 0 0 0 0

% nest days guarded NA NA NA NA
10 

Wild nest histories, 1980

Year 1980 1980 1980 1980

Nest site WF WF EF SF

Male WF1 WF1 EF3 NF2

Female WF1 WF1 EF3 SF1

Clutch number (first, replacement) replacement

Clutch size 4 2 4 3

No. known fertile eggs 4 2 4 3

No. known infertile eggs 0 0 0 0

No. unknown 0 0 0 0

% fertile eggs 100 100 100 100

No. eggs hatch 0 0 4 3

No. chicks survive 0 0 3 3

No. fostered in (source) 0 2 (aviary produced) 0 0

No. fostered out (where) 4 (to aviary) 2 (to aviary) 0 0

Total fledged from pair

 In wild 0 0 3 3

 In aviary 0 0 0 0

Total fledged from nest

 In wild 0 2 (aviary produced) 3 3

 In aviary 0 0 0 0

No. eggs died 4 (dimpled) 2 (dimpled?) 0 0

No. chicks died 0 0 1 (died after hatching) 0

% nest days guarded NA NA NA NA

Wild nest histories, 1981

Year 1981 1981 1981 1981

Nest site WF EF (Magnolia) EF SF (= SF1T)

Male WF1 EF1 EF3 SF3

Female WF1 EF1 EF3 SF3

Clutch number (first, replacement)

Clutch size 3 3 3 3

No. known fertile eggs 2 3 3 3

No. known infertile eggs 0 0 0 0

No. unknown 1 0 0 0

% fertile eggs 100 100 100 100

No. eggs hatch 0 3 3 3

No. chicks survive 0 3 3 3

No. fostered in (source) 0 0 0 1 (from aviary)

No. fostered out (where) 1 (to aviary) 0 0 0

Total fledged from pair

 In wild 0 3 3 3

 In aviary 0 0 0 0

Total fledged from nest

 In wild 0 3 3 4 (1 aviary; 3 from SF)

 In aviary 0 0 0 0

No. eggs died 3 (dimpled) 0 0 0

No. chicks died 0 0 0 0

% nest days guarded NA NA NA NA
11

Wild nest histories, 1982

Year 1982 1982 1982 1982

Nest site WF EF EF SF (SF1T)

Male WF1 EF1 EF3 SF3

Female WF1 EF1 EF3 SF3

Clutch number (first, replacement)

Clutch size 4 3 2 2

No. known fertile eggs 4 3 0 2

No. known infertile eggs 0 0 0 0

No. unknown 0 0 2 0

% fertile eggs 100 100 0 100

No. eggs hatch 0 3 0 2

No. chicks survive 0 3 0 2

No. fostered in (source) 2 (from aviary) 0 1 (aviary) 0

No. fostered out (where) 0 0 0 0

Total fledged from pair

 In wild 0 3 0 2

 In aviary 0 0 0 0

Total fledged from nest

 In wild 2 (from aviary) 3 0 2

 In aviary 0 0 0 0

No. eggs died 4 (dimpled) 0 2? (no embryo development; infertile/DIS?) 0

No. chicks died 0 0 1 (died in fledging on ground) 0

% nest days guarded NA NA NA NA

Wild nest histories, 1983a

Year 1983 1983 1983

Nest site SF (SF1T) WF WF

Male SF3 WF1 WF1

Female SF3 WF1 WF1

Clutch number (first, replacement) replacement 

Clutch size 3 3 3

No. known fertile eggs 1 3 3

No. known infertile eggs 2 0 0

No. unknown 0 0 0

% fertile eggs 33 100 100

No. eggs hatch 1 1 0

No. chicks survive 1 1 0

No. fostered in (source) 1 (aviary) 0 4 (2 from EF, 2 aviary)

No. fostered out (where) 0 3 (to aviary) 3 (to aviary)

Total fledged from pair

 In wild 1 0 0

 In aviary 0 1 0

Total fledged from nest

 In wild 1 0 4 (2 from EF, 2 aviary)

 In aviary 0 1 0

No. eggs died 2? (no embryo development; infertile/DIS?) 2 (dimpled) 3 (dimpled)

No. chicks died 1 (aviary reared) 0 0

% nest days guarded NA NA NA
12 

Wild nest histories, 1983b

Year 1983 1983 1983

Nest site EF EF EF

Male EF-5a EF3 EF3

Female EF1 EF3 EF3

Clutch number (first, replacement) replacement

Clutch size 3 2 2

No. known fertile eggs 3 0 0

No. known infertile eggs 0 2 0

No. unknown 0 0 2

% fertile eggs 100 0

No. eggs hatch 3 0 0

No. chicks survive 3 0 0

No. fostered in (source) 0 1 HP (killed) 1 (from aviary)

No. fostered out (where) 3 (2 to WF, 1 to aviary) 0 0

Total fledged from pair

 In wild 2 (in WF) 0 0

 In aviary 1 0 0

Total fledged from nest

 In wild 0 0 1 (from aviary)

 In aviary 1 0 0

No. eggs died 0 2? (infertile/DIS?) 2? (infertile/DIS?)

No. chicks died 0 1 (HP killed) 0

% nest days guarded NA NA NA

a New male.

Wild nest histories, 1984a

Year 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984

Nest site WF WF EF EF (EF2A) EF (EF2A) EF Magnolia

Male WF1 WF1 EF-5 EF3 EF3 EF4-1b

Female WF1 WF1/WF3a EF-1 EF3 EF3 EF4-2b

Clutch number (first, replacement) replacement replacement

Clutch size 4 4 4 3 2 2

No. known fertile eggs 2 3 0 1 0 1

No. known infertile eggs 0 0 4 2 0 1

No. unknown 2 1 0 0 2 0

% fertile eggs 100 100 0 33 50

No. eggs hatch 0 0 0 1 0 1

No. chicks survive 0 0 0 1 0 0

No. fostered in (source) 0 1 (from aviary) 0 0 2 (from aviary) 0

No. fostered out (where) 4 (to aviary) 4 (to aviary) 0 3 (1 to SF) 0 0

Total fledged from pair

 In wild 0 0 0 1 (in SF) 0 0

 In aviary 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total fledged from nest 

 In wild 0 1 (from aviary) 0 0 2 (from aviary) 0

 In aviary 0 0 0 0 0 0

No. eggs died 4 (thin shelled) 4 (did not hatch) 0 0 2 (did not hatch) 0

No. chicks died 0 0 0 0 0 1 (rat 

 predation)

% nest days guarded NA NA NA NA NA NA

a WF1 died after breeding, W3 then appeared.

b New pair.
13

Wild nest histories, 1984b

Year 1984

Nest site SF

Male SF3

Female SF3

Clutch number (first, replacement)

Clutch size 3

No. known fertile eggs 3

No. known infertile eggs 0

No. unknown 0

% fertile eggs 100

No. eggs hatch 2

No. chicks survive 0

No. fostered in (source) 1 (from EF3)

No. fostered out (where) 0

Total fledged from pair

 In wild 0

 In aviary 0

Total fledged from nest

 In wild 1 (from EF3)

 In aviary 0

No. eggs died 1 (DIS)

No. chicks died 2 (1 unknown, 1 soldier fly)

% nest days guarded NA

Wild nest histories, 1985a

Year 1985 1985 1985

Nest site WF EF (EF2A = EF (EF Lookout?)

 Dancing squirrel)

Male WF1 EF3 EF4-1

Female WF3 EF3 EF4-2

Clutch number (first, replacement)

Clutch size 4 3 3

No. known fertile eggs 4 3 3

No. known infertile eggs 0 0 0

No. unknown 0 0 0

% fertile eggs 100 100 100

No. eggs hatch 3 3 3

No. chicks survive 3 3 2

No. fostered in (source) 3 (from aviary) 0 2 (2 from WF)

No. fostered out (where) 4 (4 to aviary, 2 to EF4, 1 to aviary) 0 1 (to aviary)

Total fledged from pair

 In wild 2 3 1

 In aviary 1 0 1

Total fledged from nest

 In wild 3 (from aviary) 3 3 (1 from EF4, 2 from WF2)

 In aviary 0 0 1

No. eggs died 1 (DIS) 0 0

No. chicks died 0 0 1 (chick disappeared)

% nest days guarded 49 35 27
14 

Wild nest histories, 1985b

Year 1985

Nest site SF

Male SF3

Female SF3

Clutch number (first, replacement)

Clutch size 3

No. known fertile eggs 3

No. known infertile eggs 0

No. unknown 0

% fertile eggs 100

No. eggs hatch 2

No. chicks survive 1

No. fostered in (source) 2 (from aviary)

No. fostered out (where) 1 (to aviary, died)

Total fledged from pair

 In wild 1

 In aviary 0

Total fledged from nest

 In wild 3 (1 from SF, 2 from aviary)

 In aviary 0

No. eggs died 1 (DIS)

No. chicks died 1 (weak, died in aviary)

% nest days guarded 56

Wild nest histories, 1986

Year 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986

Nest site WF WF EF2 EF3 (= `EF Lookout) SF1 Traditional

Male WF1 WF1/WF2a EF? EF4-1 SF1T1 (=SF3?)

Female WF3 WF3 EF? EF4-2 SF1T2 (=SF3?)

Clutch number (first, replacement) replacement

Clutch size 4 3 4 3 2

No. known fertile eggs 4 3 4 1 2

No. known infertile eggs 0 0 0 2 1

No. unknown 0 0 0 0 0

% fertile eggs 100 100 100 33.3 100

No. eggs hatch 4 3 4 1 2

No. chicks survive 4 (aviary) 3 4 (aviary) 1 2 (aviary)

No. fostered in (source) 0 0 0 2 (from WF) 0

No. fostered out (where) 4 eggs (to aviary) 2 (to EF3) 4 (to aviary) 0 2 (to aviary 

 due to botflies)

Total fledged from pair

 In wild 0 3 0 3 0

 In aviary 4 0 4 0 2

Total fledged from nest

 In wild 0 1 0 3 0

 In aviary 4 0 4 0 0

No. eggs died 0 0 0 0 0

No. chicks died 0 0 0 0 0

% nest days guarded 80 61 0 63 57

a New male after breeding season.
15

Wild nest histories, 1987a

Year 1987a 1987 1987a 

Nest site SF2 Traditional SF1 Traditional SF1 Traditional

Male SF2T1b SF1T1 SF1T1 

Female SF2T2b SF1T2 SF1T2

Clutch number (first, replacement) replacement

Clutch size 3 3 3

No. known fertile eggs 3 3 3

No. known infertile eggs 0 0 0

No. unknown 0 0 0

% fertile eggs 100 100 100

No. eggs hatch 3 3 3

No. chicks survive 3 2 3

No. fostered in (source) 0 0 0

No. fostered out (where) 0 3 (to aviary) 0

Total fledged from pair

 In wild 3 0 3

 In aviary 0 2 0

Total fledged from nest

 In wild 3 (with transmitters) 0 3 (with transmitters)

 In aviary 0 2 0

No. eggs died 0 0 0

No. chicks died 0 1 (unkown, aviary) 0

% nest days guarded 66 100 96

a Data from Lindsey et al. (1994).

b New pair.

Wild nest histories, 1987b

Year 1987a 1987 1987b 1987

Nest site EF3 (= EF Lookout) EF3 WF Cacique

Male EF4-1 EF4-1 WF2 CA1

Female EF4-2 EF4-2 WF3 CA2

Clutch number (first, replacement) replacement

Clutch size 3 3 4 ?

No. known fertile eggs 3 3 4

No. known infertile eggs 0 0 0

No. unknown 0 0 0

% fertile eggs 100 100 100

No. eggs hatch 0 0 2

No. chicks survive 0 0 2

No. fostered in (source) 0 0 0

No. fostered out (where) 3 eggs (aviary) 3 eggs (aviary) 0

Total fledged from pair

 In wild 0 0 2

 In aviary 0 0 0

Total fledged from nest

 In wild 0 0 2 (with transmitters)

 In aviary 0 0 0

No. eggs died 3 (unknown, aviary) 3 (1 at hatching, 2 DIS) 2 (DIS)

No. chicks died 0 0 0

% nest days guarded 100 97 98 NA

a Boa at nest entrance so eggs taken.

b Data from Lindsey et al. (1994).
16 

Wild nest histories, 1988a

Year 1988 1988a 

Nest site SF2 Traditional WF

Male SF2T1 WF2

Female SF2T2 WF3

Clutch number (first, replacement)

Clutch size 3 3

No. known fertile eggs 0 2

No. known infertile eggs 0 1

No. unknown 3 0

% fertile eggs ? 66.6

No. eggs hatch 0 2

No. chicks survive 0 2

No. fostered in (source) 2 chicks (from aviary) 2 chicks (from aviary)

No. fostered out (where) 3 eggs to aviary 2 chicks (to aviary)

Total fledged from pair

 In wild 0 0

 In aviary 0 2

Total fledged from nest

 In wild 2 (from aviary) 2 (from aviary with transmitters)

 In aviary 0 2 (WF pair)

No. eggs died 3 (fertility unknown, eggs died in aviary) 0

No. chicks died 0 0

% nest days guarded 88 100

a Data from Lindsey et al. (1994).

Wild nest histories, 1988b

Year 1988 1988

Nest site SF1 Traditional Cacique

Male SF1T1 CA1

Female SF1T2 CA2

Clutch number (first, replacement)

Clutch size 3 2

No. known fertile eggs 3 0

No. known infertile eggs 0 0

No. unknown 0 2

% fertile eggs 100

No. eggs hatch 2 0

No. chicks survive 0 0

No. fostered in (source) 0

No. fostered out (where) 1 (to aviary but returned to nest)

Total fledged from pair

 In wild 0 0

 In aviary 0 0

Total fledged from nest

 In wild 0 0

 In aviary 0 0

No. eggs died 1 (DIS) 2 (unknown—rat predation?)

No. chicks died 2 (unknown) 0

% nest days guarded 96 91
17

Wild nest histories, 1989a

Year 1989 1989

Nest site EF1A SF1 Traditional

Male EF1A1a SF1T1 

Female EF1A2a SF1T2

Clutch number (first, replacement)

Clutch size 2 4

No. known fertile eggs 1 2

No. known infertile eggs 0 0

No. unknown 1 2

% fertile eggs 100 100

No. eggs hatch 1 2

No. chicks survive 0 0

No. fostered in (source) 0 2 (aviary; initially 3, but small

 chick returned to aviary)

No. fostered out (where) 1 (aviary) 4 (2 eggs; 2 chicks all to aviary)

Total fledged from pair

 In wild 0 2?

 In aviary 0 0

Total fledged from nest

 In wild 0 2

 In aviary 0 0

No. eggs died 1 (damaged) 2 (unknown)

No. chicks died 1 (bacterial infection, died in aviary) 1 (died in aviary, unknown)

% nest days guarded NA NA

a New pair.

Wild nest histories, 1989b

Year 1989 1989 1989 1989 1989

Nest site SF2 Traditional SF2 Traditional WF WF Cacique

Male SF2T1 SF2T1 WF2 WF2 CA1

Female SF2T2 SF2T2 WF3 WF3 CA2

Clutch number (first, replacement) replacement replacement

Clutch size 4 3 3 3 4

No. known fertile eggs 3 3 0 1 2

No. known infertile eggs 0 0 0 2 2

No. unknown 1 0 3 0 0

% fertile eggs 100 100 33.3 50

No. eggs hatch 3 3 0? 1 2

No. chicks survive 1 3 0? 1 2

No. fostered in (source) 0 0 0 1 (from SF2T) 2 chicks 

 (from aviary)

No. fostered out (where) 4 eggs (to aviary) 1 (to WF) 3 eggs (to aviary) 0 1 chick (to aviary)

Total fledged from pair

 In wild 0 2 0 1 1

 In aviary 1 0 ? 0 1

Total fledged from nest

 In wild 0 2 0 2 (includes 1 3 (2 from aviary)

 SF2T chick)

 In aviary 1 0 ? 0 1

No. eggs died 1 (unknown) 0 ? 0 0

No. chicks died 2 (unknown) 0 ? 0 0

% nest days guarded NA NA NA NA NA
18 

Wild nest histories, 1990

Year 1990 1990 1990

Nest site EF3 (= EF Lookout?) SF1 Traditional SF2 Traditional

Male EF4-1 SF1T1 SF2T1

Female EF4-2 SF1T2 SF2T2a 

Clutch number (first, replacement)

Clutch size 3 2 3

No. known fertile eggs 2 2 3

No. known infertile eggs 1 0 0

No. unknown 0 0 0

% fertile eggs 66.6 100 100

No. eggs hatch 2 2 1

No. chicks survive 2 0 0

No. fostered in (source) 0 0 0

No. fostered out (where) 0 0 0

Total fledged from pair

 In wild 2 0 0

 In aviary 0 0 0

Total fledged from nest

 In wild 2 0 0

 In aviary 0 0 0

No. eggs died 0 0 2 (wet nest)

No. chicks died 0 2 (1 unknown, 

 1 poor development) 1 (wet nest)

% nest days guarded 92 68 78

a Female lost at end of breeding season.

Wild nest histories, 1991a

Year 1991 1991 1991 1991

Nest site EF3 EM1 Tabonuco QG SF1 Traditional

Male EF4-1 EF1A1a Q1 SF1T1 

Female EF4-2 EM2 Q2 SF1T2

Clutch number (first, replacement)

Clutch size 3 4 3 4

No. known fertile eggs 1 2 1 3

No. known infertile eggs 2 0 2 1

No. unknown 0 2 0 0

% fertile eggs 33.3 100 33.3 75

No. eggs hatch 1 2 1 2

No. chicks survive 1 1 1 1

No. fostered in (source) 0 0 0 0

No. fostered out (where) 0 0 0 2 (aviary)

Total fledged from pair

 In wild 1 1 1 0

 In aviary 0 0 0 1

Total fledged from nest

 In wild 1 1 1 0

 In aviary 0 0 0 1

No. eggs died 0 2 eggs depredated (boa?) 

 before fertility determined 0 1 (DIS)

No. chicks died 0 1 (unknown) 0 1 (botfly)

% nest days guarded 35 37 34 25

a Male was pair member in EF1A.
19

Wild nest histories, 1991b

Year 1991 1991

Nest site SF2A SF2B

Male CA1? SF2T1

Female CA2? SF2B2a 

Clutch number (first, replacement)

Clutch size 3 3

No. known fertile eggs 3 3

No. known infertile eggs 0 0

No. unknown 0 0

% fertile eggs 100 100

No. eggs hatch 2 2

No. chicks survive 2 2

No. fostered in (source) 0 0

No. fostered out (where) 0 0

Total fledged from pair

 In wild 2 2

 In aviary 0 0

Total fledged from nest

 In wild 2 2

 In aviary 0 0

No. eggs died 1 (DIS—no development) 1 (DIS—no development)

No. chicks died 0 0

% nest days guarded 24 20

a New female.

Wild nest histories, 1992a

Year 1992 1992 1992 1992

Nest site EF3 EM1 Tabonuco QG SF1A

Male EF4-1 EF1A1 Q1 SF1T1

Female EF4-2 EM2 Q2 SF1T2

Clutch number (first, replacement)

Clutch size 3 4 3 3

No. known fertile eggs 2 4 3 3

No. known infertile eggs 1 0 0 0

No. unknown 0 0 0 0

% fertile eggs 66.6 100 100 100

No. eggs hatch 1 4 3 3

No. chicks survive 1 0 3 1

No. fostered in (source) 1 (from QG) 2 (aviary) 0 0

No. fostered out (where) 0 3 (to aviary, botfly) 1 (to EF3) 0

Total fledged from pair

 In wild 2 0 3 (2 here 1 EF3) 1

 In aviary 0 0 0 0

Total fledged from nest

 In wild 2 2 (aviary fostered) 2 1

 In aviary 0 0 0 0

No. eggs died 1 (DIS) 0 0 0

No. chicks died 0 4 (1 unknown, 3 botfly) 0 2 (unknown, died in nest)

% nest days guarded 41 49 46 50
20 

Wild nest histories, 1992b

Year 1992 1992

Nest site SF2A SF2B

Male CA1? SF2T1

Female CA2? SF2B2

Clutch number (first, replacement) 

Clutch size 3 3

No. known fertile eggs 3 2

No. known infertile eggs 0 1

No. unknown 0 0

% fertile eggs 100 67

No. eggs hatch 3 2

No. chicks survive 2 2

No. fostered in (source) 0 0

No. fostered out (where) 0 0

Total fledged from pair

 In wild 2 2

 In aviary 0 0

Total fledged from nest

 In wild 2 2

 In aviary 0 0

No. eggs died 0 0

No. chicks died 1 (unknown, died in nest) 0

% nest days guarded 44 38

Wild nest histories, 1993a

Year 1993 1993 1993

Nest site EF3 EM1 Tabonuco QG

Male EF4-1 EM1-1a Q1

Female EF4-2 EM2 Q2

Clutch number (first, replacement) 

Clutch size 3 4 3

No. known fertile eggs 3 4 3

No. known infertile eggs 0 0 0

No. unknown 0 0 0

% fertile eggs 100 100 100

No. eggs hatch 2 3 3

No. chicks survive 1 2 2

No. fostered in (source) 1 (from SF2B) 2 (from aviary) 0

No. fostered out (where) 0 1 (to aviary) 1 (to aviary & died)

Total fledged from pair

 In wild 1 1 2

 In aviary 0 1 0

Total fledged from nest

 In wild 2 3 2

 In aviary 0 1 0

No. eggs died 1 (DIS—no development) 1 (DIS—no development) 0

No. chicks died 1 (unknown, died in nest) 1 (unknown, died in nest) 1 (unknown, died in aviary)

% nest days guarded 28 35 28

a New male.
21

Wild nest histories, 1993b

Year 1993 1993 1993 1993 1993

Nest site SF1A SF1A SF2A SF2A SF2B

Male SF1T1/SF1A1a SF1T1/SF1A1 CA1? CA1? SF2T1

Female SF1T2 SF1T2 CA2? CA2? SF2B2

Clutch number (first, replacement) replacement replacement

Clutch size 3 4 3 3 3

No. known fertile eggs 3 4 3 3 3

No. known infertile eggs 0 0 0 0 0

No. unknown 0 0 0 0 0

% fertile eggs 100 100 100 100 100

No. eggs hatch 1 3 1 3 3

No. chicks survive 0 2 0 3 3

No. fostered in (source) 0 1 (from aviary) 0 0 0

No. fostered out (where) 0 0 0 0 1 (to EF3)

Total fledged from pair

 In wild 0 2 0 3 3 (1 in EF3)

 In aviary 0 0 0 0 0

Total fledged from nest

 In wild 0 3 0 3 2

 In aviary 0 0 0 0 0

No. eggs died 2 (PET predation) 1 (PET predation) 2 (microbial infection) 0 0

No. chicks died 1 (PET predation) 1 (PET predation) 1 (unknown, 0 0

 died in nest)

% nest days guarded 46 51 43 27 32

a Male changed during breeding.

Wild nest histories, 1994a

Year 1994 1994 1994 1994

Nest site EF3 EM2 Tabanuco QG SF1A

Male EF4-1 EF1A1 Q1 SF1A1/SF1A3a 

Female EF4-2 EM2 Q2 SF1T2

Clutch number (first, replacement)

Clutch size 3 3 3 3

No. known fertile eggs 3 3 3 3

No. known infertile eggs 0 0 0 0

No. unknown 0 0 0 0

% fertile eggs 100 100 100 100

No. eggs hatch 3 3 3 2

No. chicks survive 1 2 3 2

No. fostered in (source) 2 (from aviary) 0 0 0

No. fostered out (where) 1 (1 to SF2A) 1 (to aviary, poor development) 0 0

Total fledged from pair

 In wild 1 (in SF2A) 2 3 2

 In aviary 0 0 0 0

Total fledged from nest

 In wild 2 (from aviary) 2 3 2

 In aviary 0 0 0 0

No. eggs died 0 0 0 1 (DIS—no development)

No. chicks died 2 (botfly) 1 (poor development) 0 0

% nest days guarded 23 23 21 25

a Male changed during breeding.
22 

Wild nest histories, 1994b

Year 1994 1994

Nest site SF2A SF2B

Male CA1? SF2T1

Female CA2? SF2B2

Clutch number (first, replacement)

Clutch size 3 3

No. known fertile eggs 3 3

No. known infertile eggs 0 0

No. unknown 0 0

% fertile eggs 100 100

No. eggs hatch 3 2

No. chicks survive 2 2

No. fostered in (source) 1 (from EF3) 0

No. fostered out (where) 0 0

Total fledged from pair

 In wild 2 2

 In aviary 0 0

Total fledged from nest

 In wild 3 2

 In aviary 0 0

No. eggs died 0 1 (DIS—no development)

No. chicks died 1 (unknown, disappeared) 0

% nest days guarded 25 28

Wild nest histories, 1995a

Year 1995 1995

Nest site QG SF1 Traditional

Male Q1 SF1T3a

Female Q2 SF1T4a

Clutch number (first, replacement)

Clutch size 3 3

No. known fertile eggs 3 3

No. known infertile eggs 0 0

No. unknown 0 0

% fertile eggs 100 100

No. eggs hatch 3 3

No. chicks survive 3 2

No. fostered in (source) 1 (from aviary) 1 (from aviary)

No. fostered out (where) 1 (to SF2A) 0

Total fledged from pair

 In wild 3 (1 in SF2A) 2

 In aviary 0 0

Total fledged from nest

 In wild 3 (includes 1 aviary fostered) 3 (includes 1 aviary fostered)

 In aviary 0 0

No. eggs died 0 0

No. chicks died 0 1 (unknown, died in nest)

% nest days guarded 44 41

a

 New pair in traditional nest, vacated for 3 years.
23

Wild nest histories, 1995b

Year 1995 1995 1995

Nest site SF1A SF2A SF2B

Male SF1A5a CA1? SF2T1

Female SF1T2 SF2A2b SF2B2

Clutch number (first, replacement) 

Clutch size 3 3 3

No. known fertile eggs 3 3 3

No. known infertile eggs 0 0 0

No. unknown 0 0 0

% fertile eggs 100 100 100

No. eggs hatch 3 3 3

No. chicks survive 3 2 3

No. fostered in (source) 1 (from aviary) 1 (from QG) 0

No. fostered out (where) 1 (to aviary) 0 0

Total fledged from pair

 In wild 2 2 3

 In aviary 0 0 0

Total fledged from nest

 In wild 3 (1 fostered from aviary) 3 (1 from QG) 3

 In aviary 1 0 0

No. eggs died 0 0 0

No. chicks died 1 (unknown, died in aviary?) 1 (unknown, died in nest) 0

% nest days guarded 48 40 36

aNew male.

b

 New female.

Wild nest histories, 1996

Year 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996

Nest site SF1 Traditional SF2A SF2B Acostaob QG

Male SF1T3 CA1/SF2A1a SF2T1 AC1b Q1

Female SF1T4 SF2A2 SF2B2 AC2b Q2

Clutch number (first, replacement)

Clutch size 3 3 3 3 3

No. known fertile eggs 1 3 3 3 2

No. known infertile eggs 2 0 0 0 1

No. unknown 0 0 0 0 0

% fertile eggs 33.3 100 100 100 66.7

No. eggs hatch 1 3 3 1 2

No. chicks survive 0 2 3 0 2

No. fostered in (source) 0 1 (aviary—Rio Abajo) 0 0 0

No. fostered out (where) 0 0 0 0 0

Total fledged from pair

 In wild 0 2 3 0 2

 In aviary 0 0 0 0 0

Total fledged from nest

 In wild 0 3 (1 aviary) 3 0 2

 In aviary 0 0 0 0 0

No. eggs died 0 0 0 2 (rats) 0

No. chicks died 1 (development problems) 1 (development problems) 0 1 (rats) 0

% nest days guarded 27 46 41 None 34

a

 CA1 died at end of breeding season.

b

 New pair and new nest site.
24 

Wild nest histories, 1997

Year 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997

Nest site SF1 Traditional SF2A SF2B Acostao QG QG

Male SF1T3 SF2A1 SF2T1 AC1 Q1 Q1

Female SF1T4 SF2A2 SF2B2 AC2 Q2 Q2

Clutch number (first, replacement) replacement

Clutch size 4 1 2 3 2 3

No. known fertile eggs 3 0 2 0 1 3

No. known infertile eggs 1 1 0 3 1 0

No. unknown 0 0 0 0 0 0

% fertile eggs 75 0 100 0 50 100

No. eggs hatch 3 0 2 0 0 3

No. chicks survive 2 0 2 0 0 3

No. fostered in (source) 0 0 0 0 0 0

No. fostered out (where) 0 1 egg (to aviary) 0 0 2 eggs (to aviary) 0

Total fledged from pair 

 In wild 2 0 2 0 0 3

 In aviary 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total fledged from nest 

 In wild 2 0 2 0 0 3

 In aviary 0 0 0 0 0 0

No. eggs died 0 0 0 0 1 (wet nest) 0

No. chicks died 1 (development 0 0 0 0 0

 problems)

% nest days guarded 37 NA 37 none NA 41

Wild nest histories, 1998a

Year 1998 1998 1998 1998 1998

Nest site SF1 Traditional SF2B Acostao QG Cacique

Male SF1T3 SF2T1 AC1 Q1 CA3a

Female SF1T4 SF2B2 AC2 Q2 CA4a

Clutch number (first, replacement)

Clutch size 4 3 3 3 2 (3?)

No. known fertile eggs 4 3 0 3 2 (3?)

No. known infertile eggs 0 0 3 0 0

No. unknown 0 0 0 0 (1?)

% fertile eggs 100 100 0 100 100

No. eggs hatch 4 3 0 3 2 (3?)

No. chicks survive 3 3 0 3 0

No. fostered in (source) 0 0 0 0 0

No. fostered out (where) 1 (to aviary, 

 poor development) 0 0 0 0 

Total fledged from pair

 In wild 3 3 0 3 0

 In aviary 0 0 0 0 0

Total fledged from nest

 In wild 3 3 0 3 0

 In aviary 0 0 0 0

No. eggs died 0 0 0 0 0

No. chicks died 1 (poor development) 0 0 0 2–3? (unknown predation)

% nest days guarded 47 41 NA 42 NA

a

 New pair after no breeding here.
25

Wild nest histories, 1998b

Year 1998

Nest site El Tuboa

Male ET1a

Female ET2a

Clutch number (first, replacement)

Clutch size 2

No. known fertile eggs 1

No. known infertile eggs 1

No. unknown 0

% fertile eggs 50

No. eggs hatch 1

No. chicks survive 1 (in aviary)

No. fostered in (source) 1 (from aviary but died)

No. fostered out (where) 1 (to aviary due to botflies)

Total fledged from pair

 In wild 0

 In aviary 1

Total fledged from nest

 In wild 0

 In aviary 1

No. eggs died 0

No. chicks died 0

% nest days guarded 40

a

 New pair and new nest site.

Wild nest histories, 1999a

Year 1999 1999 1999

Nest site QG SF1 Traditional SF2 Traditional

Male Q1 SF1T3 SF2T1 (moved from SF2B nest site)

Female Q2 SF1T4 SF2T2 (moved from SF2B nest site)

Clutch number (first, replacement)

Clutch size 2 3 2 (3?)

No. known fertile eggs 0 3 2

No. known infertile eggs 0 0 0

No. unknown 2 0 (1?)

% fertile eggs 100 100

No. eggs hatch 0 3 2

No. chicks survive 0 2 1

No. fostered in (source) 0 0 0

No. fostered out (where) 0 0 0

Total fledged from pair

 In wild 0 2 1

 In aviary 0 0 0

Total fledged from nest

 In wild 0 2 1

 In aviary 0 0 0

No. eggs died 2 (PET?) 0 0

No. chicks died 0 1 (unknown, disappeared) 1 (chick died in cavity—unknown)

% nest days guarded NA 51 52
26 

Wild nest histories, 1999b

Year 1999 1999

Nest site SF1A SF2A

Male SF1A7 (new) SF2A1

Female SF1A2 (new) SF2A4 (new)

Clutch number (first, replacement)

Clutch size 3 2

No. known fertile eggs 3 0

No. known infertile eggs 0 2

No. unknown 0 0

% fertile eggs 100 0

No. eggs hatch 3 0

No. chicks survive 0 0

No. fostered in (source) 0 2 eggs (from SF1A)

No. fostered out (where) 3 eggs (2 to SF2A; 1 aviary) 0

Total fledged from pair

 In wild 0 0

 In aviary 0 0

Total fledged from nest

 In wild 0 0

 In aviary 0 0

No. eggs died 0 0

No. chicks died 3 (2 in SF2A; 1 aviary) 2 fostered (unknown, in nest)

% nest days guarded NA 59

Wild nest histories, 2000a

Year 2000 2000 2000

Nest site SF2A SF2 Traditional SF2Ba

Male SF2A1 SF2T1 SF2T1

Female SF2A4 SF2B2 SF2B2

Clutch number (first, replacement) replacement 

Clutch size 3 3 3

No. known fertile eggs 3 3 3

No. known infertile eggs 0 0 0

No. unknown 0 0 0

% fertile eggs 100 100 100

No. eggs hatch 2 3 (in aviary) 3

No. chicks survive 2 2 (in aviary) 2

No. fostered in (source) 1 (from aviary) 0 0

No. fostered out (where) 0 3 eggs (to aviary) 1 (to aviary & died)

Total fledged from pair

 In wild 2 0 2

 In aviary 0 2 0

Total fledged from nest

 In wild 3 (1 from aviary) 0 2 (transmitters, died 

 shortly after fledging)

 In aviary 0 3 0

No. eggs died 1 (malposition; during hatching) 0 0

No. chicks died 0 0 1 (died in aviary; high

 hepatic enzymes)

% nest days guarded 39 21 38

a

 Pairs first clutch in SF2T site and second clutch in SF2B site.
27

Wild nest histories, 2000b

Year 2000

Nest site SF1 Traditional

Male SF1T3

Female SF1T4

Clutch number (first, replacement)

Clutch size 4

No. known fertile eggs 3

No. known infertile eggs 1

No. unknown 0

% fertile eggs 75

No. eggs hatch 3

No. chicks survive 2

No. fostered in (source) 0

No. fostered out (where) 4 eggs (2 fertile to SF1A, later 1 of these 

 to aviary?; 1 fertile and 1 infertile to aviary)

Total fledged from pair

 In wild 0

 In aviary 2 (1 SF1T; and 1 egg to SF1A may have 

 gone to aviary, but confused with SF1A egg)

Total fledged from nest

 In wild 0

 In aviary 2?

No. eggs died 0

No. chicks died 0

% nest days guarded 26

Wild nest histories, 2000c

Year 2000

Nest site SF1 Traditional

Male SF1T3

Female SF1T4

Clutch number (first, replacement) replacement

Clutch size 4

No. known fertile eggs 4

No. known infertile eggs 0

No. unknown 0

% fertile eggs 100

No. eggs hatch 4

No. chicks survive 3

No. fostered in (source) 0

No. fostered out (where) 1 pipping egg (first to Luquillo aviary then nestling taken

 to Rio Abajo aviary where killed by female HP)

Total fledged from pair

 In wild 3

 In aviary 0

Total fledged from nest

 In wild 3 (all with transmitters; 2 died, each 1 day after fledging; 

 1 died 3 weeks after fledging)

 In aviary 0

No. eggs died 0

No. chicks died 1 (HP hen killed chick in Rio Abajo aviary; 3 fledged 

 from nest died shortly after fledging)

% nest days guarded 43

Note: 3 fledglings with transmitters died shortly after fledging.
28

Wild nest histories, 2000d

Year 2000

Nest site SF1A

Male SF1A7

Female SF1A2

Clutch number (first, replacement)

Clutch size 2

No. known fertile eggs 1

No. known infertile eggs 1

No. unknown 0

% fertile eggs 50

No. eggs hatch 1

No. chicks survive 0

No. fostered in (source) 2 eggs (from SF1T)

No. fostered out (where) 1 egg? (uncertain if pipping egg sent to aviary was original

 SF1A egg or fostered SF1T egg)

Total fledged from pair

 In wild 0

 In aviary 0–1? (egg that survived in aviary. Was it original SF1A egg or

 SF1T fostered egg?)

Total fledged from nest

 In wild 0

 In aviary 0–1? (uncertain if fostered SF1T egg or original SF1A egg)

No. eggs died 0

No. chicks died 2 (unknown cause; source of eggs uncertain, SF1A or SF1T?)

% nest days guarded 45

Wild nest histories, 2000e

Year 2000 2000

Nest site QG QG

Male Q1 Q1

Female Q4a Q4

Clutch number (first, replacement) replacement

Clutch size 3 2

No. known fertile eggs 1 1

No. known infertile eggs 1 1

No. unknown 1 (broken before inspection) 0

% fertile eggs 50 50

No. eggs hatch 1 1

No. chicks survive 1 (in aviary) 0

No. fostered in (source) 2 HP eggs 1 HP chick

No. fostered out (where) 1 egg (to aviary) 2 eggs

Total fledged from pair

 In wild 0 0

 In aviary 1 0 (hatchling died)

Total fledged from nest

 In wild 0 0

 In aviary 0 0

No. eggs died 1? (broken before inspection; fertility unknown) 0

No. chicks died 1 HP chick (PET predation?) 1 (hatchling died in aviary, 

 unknown cause)

% nest days guarded 30 42

a

 New female.
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