Croatan National Forest LRMP 

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Croatan National Forest 

Land And Resource Management Plan 

United States 

Department of 

Agriculture 

Forest Service 

Southern Region
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

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The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of 

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Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call 202-720-

5964 (voice Or TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. 

Management Bulletin Number R8-MB-108A December 2002 
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Revised Land and Resource 

Management Plan 

for the 

Croatan National Forest

Carteret, Craven, and Jones Counties of North Carolina 

Lead Agency: USDA Forest Service 

Responsible Official: Bob Jacobs 

Regional Forester 

Southern Region 

1720 Peachtree Road, NW 

Atlanta, GA 30367-9102 

For More Information: John Ramey 

Forest Supervisor 

USDA Forest Service 

National Forests in North Carolina 

P.O. Box 2750 

Asheville, NC 28802 

828-257-4200 

December 2002
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Chapter 1: The Need for Change ................................................................................... 9 

1.1: Description of the Croatan National Forest ...................................................... 11 

1.2: History of Croatan ............................................................................................ 12 

1.3: Relationship with Other Plans and Documents ................................................ 14 

1.4: Issues Discussed in this Plan ............................................................................ 16 

Biological Diversity:............................................................................................. 16 

Recreation Opportunities: ..................................................................................... 16 

Special Land Allocations:..................................................................................... 16 

Silviculture, Forest Health, and Forest Products: ................................................. 17 

Fire Management: ................................................................................................. 17 

Access: .................................................................................................................. 17 

Local Communities:.............................................................................................. 17 

1.5: What is not Addressed in the Plan.................................................................... 18 

1.6: The Remaining Chapters .................................................................................. 18 

Chapter 2: Forestwide Goals and Objectives............................................................... 21 

2.1: Biological Diversity.......................................................................................... 21 

2.1.1. RECOVER RCW POPULATIONS ................................................................... 22 

Background....................................................................................................... 22 

Response to the Issue........................................................................................ 23 

2.1.2: IDENTIFY AND PROTECT SPECIAL INTEREST AREAS..................................... 23 

Background....................................................................................................... 23 

Response to the Issue........................................................................................ 24 

2.1.3: RECOVER AND SUSTAIN RARE SPECIES AND COMMUNITIES ........................ 24 

Background....................................................................................................... 24 

Response to the Issue........................................................................................ 25 

2.1.4: RESTORE OLD GROWTH FORESTS............................................................... 25 

Background....................................................................................................... 25 

Response to the Issue........................................................................................ 26 

2.1.5: MAINTAIN BEAR HABITAT........................................................................... 26 

Background....................................................................................................... 26 

Response to the Issue........................................................................................ 27 

2.1.6: MAINTAIN HARDWOOD CYPRESS WETLANDS ............................................. 28 

Background....................................................................................................... 28 

Response to the Issue........................................................................................ 29 

2.1.7: RESTORE HARDWOODS ON SUITABLE SITES ............................................... 29 

Background....................................................................................................... 29 

Response to the Issue........................................................................................ 30 

2.1.8: RESTORE HYDROLOGIC FUNCTION & SUSTAIN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS...... 30 

Background....................................................................................................... 30 

Response to the Issue........................................................................................ 30 

2.2: Recreation Opportunities .................................................................................. 31 

2.2.1: INCREASE RECREATION OPPORTUNITIES .................................................... 31 

Background....................................................................................................... 31 

Response to the Issue........................................................................................ 31 
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2.2.2: EXPAND HUNTING, FISHING, & WILDLIFE-RELATED RECREATION 

OPPORTUNITIES ..................................................................................................... 32 

Background....................................................................................................... 32 

Response to the Issue........................................................................................ 32 

2.3: Special Land Allocations................................................................................... 32 

2.3.1: WILDERNESS............................................................................................... 32 

Background....................................................................................................... 32 

Response to the Issue........................................................................................ 33 

2.3.2: RIVER CORRIDORS ELIGIBLE FOR WILD AND SCENIC RIVER STATUS .......... 34 

Background....................................................................................................... 34 

Response to the Issue........................................................................................ 34 

2.4: Silviculture, Forest Products, And Forest Health ............................................. 34 

2.4.1: RESTORE LONGLEAF PINE .......................................................................... 34 

Background....................................................................................................... 34 

Response to the Issue........................................................................................ 35 

2.4.2: SUSTAIN PINE STRAW PRODUCTION ........................................................... 35 

Background....................................................................................................... 35 

Response to the Issue........................................................................................ 36 

2.5: Fire Management ............................................................................................... 36 

2.5.1: REDUCE WILDFIRE-RELATED RISKS........................................................... 37 

Background....................................................................................................... 37 

Response to the Issue........................................................................................ 37 

2.5.2: EXPAND THE ROLE OF PRESCRIBED FIRE ................................................... 38 

Background....................................................................................................... 38 

Response to the Issue........................................................................................ 39 

2.5.3: MAINTAIN AIR QUALITY ............................................................................ 39 

Background....................................................................................................... 39 

Response to the Issue........................................................................................ 40 

2.6: Access ............................................................................................................... 40 

2.6.1: PROVIDE ACCESS WHILE PROTECTING NATURAL RESOURCES ................... 40 

Background....................................................................................................... 40 

Response to the Issue........................................................................................ 41 

2.7: Local Communities........................................................................................... 42 

2.7.1: ADJUST LAND OWNERSHIP ......................................................................... 42 

Background....................................................................................................... 42 

Response to the Issue........................................................................................ 42 

2.7.2: REGULATE SPECIAL USES........................................................................... 43 

Background....................................................................................................... 43 

Response to the Issue........................................................................................ 43 

2.7.3: CONTRIBUTE TO SUSTAINING LOCAL COMMUNITIES.................................. 43 

Background....................................................................................................... 43 

Response to the Issue........................................................................................ 44 

Forestwide Goals/Desired Conditions and Objectives per Issue .............................. 46 

2.1 Biological Diversity:....................................................................................... 46 

2.2 Recreation Opportunities: ............................................................................... 50 

2.3 Special Land Allocations:.............................................................................. 52 
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2.4 Silviculture, Forest Products, and Forest Health: ........................................... 54 

2.5 Fire Management: ........................................................................................... 56 

2.6 Access: ............................................................................................................ 59 

2.7 Local Communities:........................................................................................ 60 

Chapter 3: Prescriptions: Management Of Key Landscape Features, Conditions, & 

Uses............................................................................................................................... 63 

3.1: Introduction........................................................................................................ 63 

3.2: Pocosin Lake Management............................................................................... 64 

3.3: Wilderness Management.................................................................................... 65 

3.4: River Corridors Eligible for Wild & Scenic River Status Management........... 67 

3.5: Hardwood Cypress Wetland Management ....................................................... 68 

3.6: RCW Habitat Management Area...................................................................... 70 

3.7: Wildland-Urban Interface Management ........................................................... 73 

3.8: Upland Hardwood Management....................................................................... 75 

3.9: Black Bear Habitat Management...................................................................... 77 

3.10: Developed Area Management ........................................................................ 78 

3.10.1: Recreation Sites in Rural Settings ........................................................... 78 

3.10.2: Recreation Sites in Roaded Natural & Semi-Primitive Motorized Settings

............................................................................................................................... 79 

3.10.3: Water-Based Recreation and Heritage Resource Interpretation.............. 80 

3.10.4: Impoundments ......................................................................................... 81 

3.10.5: Administrative & Communication Sites and Special Uses ..................... 82 

3.11: OHV System Management ............................................................................. 82 

Embedded Prescriptions: .............................................................................................. 83 

3.12: Special Interest Areas Management ............................................................... 83 

3.12.1: Natural Areas Management ..................................................................... 83 

Description of Designated Areas ...................................................................... 85 

3.12.2: Heritage Resources Management ............................................................ 90 

Description of Designated Areas ...................................................................... 91 

3.13: Old Growth Forest Management .................................................................... 93 

3.13.1: Descriptions of Old Growth Forests ........................................................ 95 

Chapter 4: Standards – Forest-wide and Management Prescriptions .......................... 99 

4.1 Soil, Water and Air ........................................................................................... 100 

4.2 Wildlife, Fisheries and Botanical...................................................................... 102 

4.3 Recreation ......................................................................................................... 104 

4.4 Silviculture........................................................................................................ 106 

4.5 Fire .................................................................................................................... 109

4.6 Transportation System ...................................................................................... 111 

4.7 Special Uses...................................................................................................... 112 

4.8 Lands – Land Ownership Adjustment .............................................................. 114 

4.9 Heritage Resources ........................................................................................... 116 

Chapter 5: Monitoring and Evaluation ...................................................................... 117 

5.1: Purpose of Monitoring and Evaluation........................................................... 117 

5.2: Levels of Forest Plan Monitoring ................................................................... 118 

5.3: The Monitoring Plan: Five Categories of Questions ....................................... 118 

5.3.1 Monitoring Questions ................................................................................ 119 
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5.3.1.1. Monitor MIS Population Trends and Habitats.................................. 119 

5.3.1.2. Monitor Habitats Least Affected by Management Activities........... 119 

5.3.1.3. Monitor Public Use and Consumer Satisfaction............................... 120 

5.3.1.4. Monitor Local Community Needs and Community Actions............ 120 

5.3.1.5. Design and Implementation of Projects.......................................... 121 

5.4 Background Information for Monitoring.......................................................... 126 

5.4.1 Baseline data for Monitoring Population Trends....................................... 126 

RCW ............................................................................................................... 126 

Longleaf/Wiregrass......................................................................................... 128 

Wild Turkey.................................................................................................... 130 

Black Bear....................................................................................................... 132 

5.4.2 Background Information for Monitoring Habitats.................................... 134 

5.4.3 Background Information for Monitoring Public Use and Customer 

Satisfaction.......................................................................................................... 137 

5.4.4 Background Information for Local Communities..................................... 138 

References............................................................................................................... 139 
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This publication explains how the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service 

proposes to manage the Croatan National Forest (CNF) over the next 10 to 15 years. 

Information is provided that describes what activities will be implemented and what 

public benefits are anticipated. The Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning 

Act of 1974, and the National Forest Management Act of 1976, require long-term 

planning of this kind. The new Plan revises and updates the Plan that was adopted in 

1986. 

The land management planning process prescribed in laws and regulations is complex 

and involves input from many different sources. To aid in understanding the planning 

process and the presentation of the management strategy, two steps have been taken to 

simplify the planning documents: (1) Details are provided in appendices in a separate 

publication; (2) A detailed Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) as a companion 

document is included. 

In the time since the 1986 Land and Resource Management Plan for the Croatan National 

Forest was signed, the vision for the Forest has shifted to managing for healthy natural 

communities and processes, and providing for human uses and values within the context 

of sustainability. 

The location of the CNF and its proximity to rapidly developing coastal communities 

stimulated a need for change from the direction in the 1986 Plan. The beaches and 

sounds of eastern North Carolina are less than a days drive from many large metropolitan 

areas, such as Washington, D.C., Baltimore, Philadelphia and New York City. Yet they 

retain a natural and unspoiled appearance that is often lacking in similar areas to the north 

in Virginia and to the south in South Carolina and Florida. It is not surprising, therefore, 

that people are buying land near water for vacation and retirement homes on the North 

Carolina coast. Construction of homes for recreation and retirement, and the seasonal 

influx of large numbers of people, will gradually begin to affect the character of eastern 

North Carolina. 

In addition to land providing a place to build, forests in the area have been cleared for 

agriculture and plantation forestry. With proper drainage and management, eastern North 

Carolina's organic soils have proven highly fertile for row crops, and forest industries 

own large tracts on which they grow southern pines in plantations. Both activities are 

very important to the economy of the State, but both create ecological conditions 

considerably different from those in the original forests. 

In formulating this Plan, it was realized that a high priority needed to be given to 

maintaining biological diversity and the appearance of natural forests, which are rapidly 

being altered on private land in the region. The CNF will increasingly be a special place 

where natural landscapes and natural processes dominate. 
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One of the most important biological needs to revise the 1986 Plan direction was to 

incorporate the latest requirements to maintain and enhance habitats for the federally 

endangered red cockaded woodpecker (RCW). The 1995 RCW Recovery Plan called for 

specific recovery objectives to be developed and included in revised forest plans. 

Associated with recovery of the RCW was the need to develop an overall strategy for 

restoring the longleaf pine ecosystem on the Croatan National Forest. Past fire 

suppression and widespread planting of loblolly pine has greatly reduced the amount of 

longleaf pine habitat on the forest over the last 100 years. The longleaf pine ecosystem 

has been identified as critical to not only recovering RCW populations but also in 

maintaining and restoring other rare species associated with the longleaf pine-savanna 

ecosystem. Managing the herbaceous understory through a variety of means, including 

prescribed fire, has also been recognized for its importance in addition to managing the 

overstory of longleaf pine. 

Another need for change was the growing understanding of the need for an expanded 

prescribed burning program, not only to restore the longleaf pine ecosystem and RCW 

habitat, but also to reduce fuel loading on the forest. A reduction in fuel loads is needed 

to lessen the likelihood of uncontrollable fires that pose an increasing risk to the rapidly 

expanding urban interface along the boundaries of the forest. 

Plan direction also needed to be updated to reflect the increasing demands from local 

communities for primitive camping, water-based recreation, and other dispersed 

recreation opportunities on the forest. The forest also identified the need for new plan 

direction to respond to widespread and increasing unauthorized use of OHVs on the 

forest. 

A new tool became available that needed to be incorporated into the revised Plan. An 

ecological classification system (Appendix A) was developed for the Croatan National 

Forest that provided a basis for ecologically based land management decisions. The 

ecological classification organizes the landscape into units having similar topography, 

geology, soil, climate, and natural disturbance regimes. The premise is that these factors 

provide the environmental conditions that dictate biological responses, site potentials, and 

site limitations. The linking of biotic and abiotic elements allows for prediction of 

species suitability and productivity, identifies physical limitations of sites and critical 

habitats for wildlife, and highlights unique features of the land that might have important 

recreation and scientific value. 

Several changes in national-level direction for the Forest Service needed to be 

incorporated into a revised management strategy for the CNF. These included the natural 

resource agenda and a new emphasis on science-based planning and management. The 

natural resource agenda includes the following commitments: 1) to restore and maintain 

healthy watersheds; 2) to sustain forest resources for present and future generations; 3) to 

manage roads compatible with natural resource uses while providing access to users; and 

4) to increase recreation opportunities. The emphasis on science-based planning and 

management includes an understanding of the structure and function of landscapes at 

various scales, and the implications of changing landscapes on human and ecological 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

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communities. 

At various stages in the planning process, comments and ideas have been requested and 

received from individuals and organizations that are interested in the CNF. The Plan’s 

publication gives everyone the opportunity to see how issues that surround management 

of this national forest in eastern North Carolina are resolved. 

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The CNF is located on the eastern coastal plain of North Carolina. It covers small 

portions of three counties: Craven, Carteret, and Jones. The CNF is relatively small in 

comparison to other national forests, covering only about 161,000 acres. The forest’s 

unusual biological features, topographic features, and location on the Atlantic Coast, 

however, make it far more interesting and important than its acreage might suggest. 

Perhaps the most interesting topographic features are the pocosins that occur at the upper 

rather than the lower end of the drainages. The pocosins are concentrated at the center of 

the CNF. In low pocosin, tree growth is extremely slow, because of the low oxygen and 

nutrient contents of the soil. Mature trees may be only 4 to 6 feet tall. The brushy pocosin 

vegetation is nearly impenetrable, so it provides cover as well as food for black bears. 

A few miles to the south of the central lakes and pocosins are sandy ridges that support 
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old and very large longleaf pines, which have become rare in much of the South. The 

scarcity of mature longleaf pines does much to explain the endangered status of the redcockaded woodpecker (RCW), which is an important resident of the CNF. The longleaf 

pine-wire grass ecosystem is globally rare and currently represents only 3% of the 

historical range for the ecosystem. 

Nearer the edges of the CNF are hardwood wetlands that follow meandering, sluggish 

streams. Huge baldcypress trees are in these wetlands, providing habitat for songbirds 

like the prothonotary warbler. This area is also habitat for alligators. 

Its special landscape features and the species they support make the CNF one of 

America’s most valued forests. This plan outlines a strategy for conserving its treasures 

while allowing visitors to enjoy them wisely. 

11..22:: HHiissttoorryyooffCCrrooaattaann

Native American occupation of the coastal plain in North Carolina extends back as much 

as 14,000 years. These first occupants were hunters of large mammals, including 

mammoths and bison. At that time, glaciers still occupied much of North America, and 

sea level was considerably lower than it is today. Because the climate and water level 

were different, the vegetation also was considerably different. Hardwood replaced pine 

and spruce forests as glaciers retreated due to warmer climates. 

The Woodland Period, which began 3,000 years ago and extended through settlement by 

Europeans, is of particular interest for management of the CNF, because archeological 

sites from this period are present. Permanent villages were located along drainages, and 

fishing and shell fishing were common activities. Shell refuse piles or “middens” are 

present in the CNF. 

Prior to English settlement of North Carolina, Spanish navigators returning home from 

the Caribbean rode the Gulf Stream northward until in sight of Cape Hatteras then turned 

eastward. Between the Outer Banks and the mainland are five sounds -- Currituck, 

Albemarle, Pamlico, Core, and Bogue. Their shallow depth and shifting shoals make 

these sounds dangerous for navigation. Major rivers flow into these sounds and exit 

through a series of inlets that also shift. Shifting ship channels, swift ocean currents, and 

the periodic occurrence of powerful storms have combined to make the North Carolina 

Outer Banks the “Graveyard of the Atlantic.” 

Settlement of North Carolina was hampered by the almost continuous barrier of islands 

or banks that stretch 335 miles from Cape Henry in Virginia to Cape Fear in North 

Carolina. The first effort at English colonization in North America, sponsored by Sir 

Walter Raleigh, was attempted on Roanoke Island, North Carolina, in 1585. The grand 

intentions for settlement were poorly conducted, leading to the disastrous failure of the 

“Lost Colony.” 

European settlers migrated south from Virginia at the start of the 18th century. A small 
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colony of French settlers was in the area when the Swiss founded the town of New Bern 

in North Carolina (Lefler 1967). Near New Bern is Brice Creek, which was named after 

William Brice, who was in the area by 1702 (Dill 1974). 

During the colonial period, forest-related industries were more important than agriculture 

for North Carolina’s cash economy. Colonists raised crops for their own consumption, 

but the primary exports were naval stores—tar, pitch, and rosin for ships. North Carolina 

was Britain’s main supplier of these products. With little investment, a person could 

gather and process naval stores, and many did so, earning the nickname “tar heels,” still 

given to the State’s residents. Commercial fishing, whaling, and ship and boat building 

were also important industries. 

Trees were cleared for agriculture and to obtain wood for buildings and ships, but logging 

did not become a major industry in eastern North Carolina until late in the 19th century. 

At that time, the timber in the Lake States was being exhausted, and the national timber 

industry moved to the South to exploit its forests. On the coastal plain, they took mainly 

longleaf pines. 

National forests were established in the South primarily on land that was cut over during 

the great logging boom. Efforts to reforest the land were successful, but loblolly pine was 

favored over longleaf pine in plantations, because its seedlings were easier to raise in 

nurseries and plant in the forest. One result was a huge decline in the acreage of the 

longleaf pine ecosystem, which once dominated the southern coastal plain. 

The Croatan National Forest began with the New Deal Programs initiated during the 

Great Depression. These programs were designed to remove submarginal land from crop 

production and convert it to timber production. Due to agricultural use and abandonment, 

many acres were available in the tidewater region of North Carolina. Under the 

provisions of the Weeks Act of 1911 and the Clark-McNary Act of 1924, the Forest 

Service was given the authority to acquire land needed for timber production as well as 

protecting flows of navigable streams. In 1936, President Franklin D. Roosevelt created 

the CNF. 

The local economy in the three-county area of the Croatan National Forest historically 

was centered on agriculture. With the commissioning of Marine Corps Air Station 

Cherry Point in 1942, the military began to gradually dominate the local economy. 

Today, MCAS Cherry Point employs approximately 7500 Marines and sailors, along 

with 5700 civilian employees, providing more than $480 million a year to the local 

economy. The salaries, combined with local expenditures for supplies and capital 

improvements, totals more than $610 million in economic impact in the state annually 

(MCAS Cherry Point 2002). 

In recent years, manufacturing in service sectors of the local economy has grown rapidly. 

Manufacturing employment within Craven County is expanding at twice the average rate 

for the rest of the state. Jones County remains primarily rural, but Carteret and Craven 

Counties have rapidly growing travel and tourism industries. 
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11..33:: RReellaattiioonnsshhiippwwiitthhOOtthheerrPPllaannssaannddDDooccuummeennttss

Management of the Croatan National Forest is influenced by policies and direction issued 

for National Forests in the southeast, as well as other lands adjacent to, and in the area of, 

the CNF. This interaction emphasizes the need to seek collaboration on mutual interests 

when managing natural resources. Some of the more pertinent plans and direction are 

listed below with a brief summary of each. 

Final EIS for the Red-Cockaded Woodpecker & its Habitat on National Forests in 

the Southern Region

In 1995, the Forest Service developed a comprehensive management strategy to reverse 

the decline of RCW throughout national forests in the South. Over 50 percent of known 

RCW occurrences are on national forests. The standards in the Final EIS provide for the 

recovery of RCW and protect the long-term health of southern forests. The RCW-EIS 

identifies requirements for plan revisions. Over 37 pages of standards in the RCW-EIS 

set management direction for RCW habitat on the CNF. 

Final EIS Vegetative Management in the Coastal Plain/Piedmont as supplemented

In 1989 the Southern Region of the Forest Service developed an analysis of effects of 

vegetation management methods. The five methods evaluated by the EIS are prescribed 

fire, mechanical, manual, herbicides, and biological. The decision prescribes the use of 

these methods and provides management requirements and mitigation measures for their 

use. In October 2002, the Regional Forester supplemented the original EIS and amended 

the forest plans clarifying direction for conducting project-level inventories for Biological 

Evaluations on those projects covered by the Vegetation Management EIS. 

Integrated Natural Resource Management Plans for Marine Corps Base (MCB) 

Camp Lejeune and Marine Corps Air Station (MCAS) - Cherry Point

In 2001, Integrated Natural Resource Management Plans (INRMP) were completed and 

signed in support of management on MCB Camp Lejeune in Jacksonville, NC and 

MCAS Cherry Point, in Havelock, NC. MCB Camp Lejeune and the Croatan National 

Forest share responsibility for reaching the recovery goal established for the RCW. 

During development of this Plan and the INRMP for Camp Lejeune, the interdisciplinary 

teams collaborated on approaches to longleaf restoration, prescribed fire, and site 

preparation. Many of the approaches outlined in this Plan are also being practiced on 

Camp Lejeune. 

MCAS Cherry Point and the CNF share similar boundaries, forest users, and management 

concerns. Approaches to management were shared between the Croatan National Forest 

staff and the managers of Cherry Point. Future collaboration efforts are supported by 

both agencies. 

 

The Southern Forest Resource Assessment 

The Southern Forest Resource Assessment (SFRA) documents and analyzes the forests of 

13 Southern States. For the CNF, the significance of the SFRA lies in its inclusion of 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

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three rare forest types—pocosins, longleaf pine ecosystems, and Atlantic White Cedar 

Swamps. Conservation of ecosystems is important to the overall biological diversity of 

the CNF as well as the entire region. 

A Comprehensive Conservation & Management Plan (1993), Albemarle-Pamlico 

Region

Sponsored by the Environmental Protection Agency and the NC Department of 

Environment and Natural Resources, the Albemarle-Pamlico Estuarine Study (APES) 

provides the context of an eco-regional analysis. Some elements that affect the CNF are 

water quality, rare plants and natural communities, and stewardship. The CNF could help 

develop or maintain plans to protect water quality, rare plants and communities, as well 

as support nature-based tourism and environmental education as ways of fostering sound 

economic environments. 

White Oak River Basin-wide Water Quality Management Plan (November 2001)

The White Oak Basin is one of sixteen basins for which Water Quality Management 

Plans have been prepared by the NC Department of Environment and Natural Resources. 

Goals of this plan include: identify and restore full uses of impaired waters, identify and 

protect high-valued waters, and manage problem pollutants.

Craven County, NC. 1996 Land Use Update

The Craven County Land Use Plan was certified by the Coastal Resources Commission 

in 1994 and updated in 1996. The greatest change in land use in the county resulted from 

real estate subdivision developments. From 1987 to 1992, 141 subdivisions (2,074 lots) 

were approved. In 1993, 43 subdivisions (340 lots) were approved. Housing units 

increased twice as fast as the population between 1980 and 1990. Over the last 20 years, 

mobile home developments increased by 190 percent. This trend of development creates 

significant wildland-urban interfaces with the CNF. 

Carteret County, NC. 1996 Land Use Update

The Carteret County Land Use Plan was produced in 1996 in accordance with the 

requirements of the North Carolina Coastal Area Act (CAMA). The Plan was adopted by 

the Carteret County Board of Commissioners, and certified by the Coastal Resources 

Commission in late 1999. The County’s population grew 79% in the years between 1970 

and 1994. However, the peak seasonal population grew at a rate almost six times that of 

the permanent population from 1970-90. The high influx of seasonal people strains the 

local infrastructure, and creates increased demand for recreation. Though the eonomic 

benefits of seasonal visitors garners local support, it creates the need for a delicate 

balance between protecting and supplying access to the resources that draw people to the 

area. 

Global Transpark Development 

To compete with other States in economic development, the State of North Carolina 

created and funded regional development commissions in 1993. By 1995, seven regional 

commissions were serving all 100 counties and sharing over $4.5 million of appropriated 

funds. The counties surrounding the CNF are part of a 13-county Global Transpark 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

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Development Commission. The Commission’s goal is to identify, improve, and 

effectively market the resources of this diverse region to attract new and expanding 

industry. In 1995, the commission began to make loans, grants, and environmental grants 

to upgrade infrastructure and acquire land. 

11..44:: IIssssuueessDDiissccuusssseeddiinntthhiissPPllaann

A primary purpose of national forest planning is resolving issues about which the public 

or forest managers are most concerned. Issues about management of the CNF were 

ascertained through written communications and through three public meetings in 1996. 

Seven issues were identified: biological diversity; recreation opportunities; special land 

allocations; silviculture, forest health, and forest products; fire management; access; and 

local communities. This Plan describes how, in the next 10-15 years, the Forest Service 

proposes to resolve or address these issues. Additional alternatives that were considered 

for addressing these issues are described in the companion EIS. The analysis for the Plan 

focused on answering key questions associated with each of seven issues. 

Biological Diversity:

Biological diversity refers to the variety and forms of life and its processes. Biological 

diversity on the Croatan is extensive and complex due to the unique ecosystems present 

in the Atlantic Coastal Plain. While recognizing the complexity of biological diversity, 

and the vast levels or scales at which to consider species and ecosystems, what should 

this Plan focus on to maintain biological diversity on the CNF? 

Recreation Opportunities: 

Settings for the types of nature-based recreation enjoyed on national forests range from 

primitive to highly developed. Desires of traditional local users of a forest often differ 

from those of new recreationists attracted by a growing tourism industry. Is the mixture 

of recreation settings currently provided in the CNF meeting local as well as tourist 

demands? To what extent should recreation opportunities focus on hunting, fishing and 

other wildlife-related activities? What location can be used by off-highway vehicles 

without extensive damage to other natural resources? 

Special Land Allocations: 

Land on the CNF has been, and could be, allocated for wilderness, wild and scenic rivers, 

research natural areas, and special interest areas. Congressional designation is required 

for wilderness and wild and scenic rivers. Designation of research natural areas and 

special interest areas is an internal agency decision. Since allocation of an area for one of 

these purposes may preclude its use for certain other purposes, special allocation must be 

done with great care. The extent to which currently designated wilderness will be 

expanded needs exploration. Additionally, recommendation of the White Oak River and 

Brice Creek as wild and scenic rivers depends on the resource values present, the amount 

of local public and political support, and the extent of National Forest land bordering the 

corridors of the waterways. How should the Forest Service manage these areas to retain 

the unique values inherent to their potential designation whether official recognition 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

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occurs or not? How should the Croatan Wildernesses be managed to best maintain the 

attributes of natural integrity, solitude, primitive recreation, and the wildernesses’ value 

for scientific research, interpretation, and ecological function in the long term? 

Silviculture, Forest Health, and Forest Products: 

Concerns about ecosystem health, biological diversity, and rare species and communities 

have created demands to change existing forest types. Re-establishment of longleaf pine 

appears to be necessary for red-cockaded woodpecker recovery in the area, and some 

clearcutting and seedling planting may be needed to accomplish this objective. However, 

public opinion is divided on the idea of clearcutting loblolly pine and planting longleaf 

pine. What land is suitable for timber production on the CNF? The regulations require 

such a determination. 

Fire Management: 

Historically, fire has been one of the primary natural disturbances to the ecosystems of 

the CNF, and therefore plays a vital role in the management of these ecosystems. Fire 

also helps to limit hazardous levels of fuels. Natural ignition, i.e. lightning strikes, of fire 

is fairly common in the Coastal Plain. Research results are varied concerning human use 

of fire although it is commonly accepted that fire was used historically to modify 

vegetation, and its use continued long enough to have an effect on species composition 

and arrangement. 

Questions surrounding the appropriate use of prescribed fire need to be addressed. How 

much prescribed fire will reduce the risk of wildfire in wildland-urban interface areas? 

What other treatments may need to be used to reduce fuel loading to a safe level before 

prescribed fire can be used? Where and under what circumstances should lightningcaused fires be allowed to burn, particularly in wilderness? What is the optimum amount 

and timing of prescribed burning that is needed to meet vegetation and wildlife 

management goals? If prescribed fire is increased, how will air quality standards be 

maintained? 

Access: 

Balancing reasonable public access with protecting the natural resources is a critical 

challenge for national forest management. Too much access has caused problems with 

trash dumping, unregulated shooting, user conflicts, negative impacts to wildlife, 

unauthorized use of closed roads, resource damage, and unauthorized, user-created trails 

and roads. High levels of access also increase the cost to maintain roads to an adequate 

and safe standard. However, limiting access too much restricts the public from through 

roads, and from using the national forest in ways that they enjoy such as biking, hunting, 

bird watching, OHV-riding, and camping. What is the best balance between resource 

protection and public access? 

Local Communities: 

The Croatan National Forest comprises approximately 14.6% of the land base of the 3 

counties in which it exists. Managing this much of a county’s land base requires close 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

18 

contact with the local communities and governments. The interactions between the 

Forest Service and local communities can include issuing special use permits, providing 

forest products in support of local economies, exchanging or acquiring land, assisting 

with designations of unique areas or attributes, fire prevention, addressing mutual land 

management concerns, and supporting tourism opportunities. As the local communities 

grow, opportunities for collaboration and partnerships grow. The diverse population 

dynamics of the local communities surrounding the CNF present a challenge in 

developing collaborative partnerships. Many long time residents are still in the area, but 

an infusion of new residents, both seasonal and retirees, along with the transient 

population at MCAS Cherry Point, create a need for these new residents to develop 

connections to the CNF. Providing for compatible and complementary uses and values is 

essential for forest sustainability and community vitality. What opportunities exist for 

enhanced collaboration with and continued support for local communities? 

11..55:: WWhhaattiissnnoottAAddddrreesssseeddiinntthheePPllaann

Minerals were not found to be an issue in this Plan. Limited potential exists on the CNF 

for the discovery of common variety minerals such as petrified wood, stone, pumice, 

cinders, clay, sand, and regulate. No leasable minerals, such as oil, gas, coal, phosphate, 

sodium and potassium, are known to occur on the CNF. Hard rock minerals are not 

produced on the CNF due to low potential for discovering an economic deposit. Hard 

rock minerals are generally called metals, precious metals, or industrial metals. Given 

these situations, the availability of national forest land for leasing or mineral development 

was not studied. 

Should a mineral project be proposed, it would comply with standards in this plan, the 

National Environmental Policy Act, and other laws and regulations governing the 

management of national forest system lands and minerals. 

11..66:: TThheeRReemmaaiinniinnggCChhaapptteerrss

The remainder of this publication describes management of the CNF at a variety of 

levels. Chapter 2 provides background information on each issue, along with the 

responses to the issues. Chapter 2 also describes the overall goals and objectives for the 

Croatan National Forest, and how they will be applied to the landscape as a whole. 

Chapter 3 is written at the level of the individual landscape and of the features in that 

landscape. It is meant to clarify what conditions and uses the Forest Service proposes to 

allow on the ground. For each landscape feature a desired or “reference” condition is 

provided. These reference conditions are meant to clarify the vision to which 

management will be focused. Also described are management actions that may be 

prescribed. 

Chapter 4 presents all of the standards to which managers must adhere to legally and 

successfully implement this Plan. The standards are presented by program area, at both 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

19

the forest level and management prescription level. 

Chapter 5 presents the monitoring questions to be answered as the Plan is implemented. 

Since it is costly to monitor, priorities are established for answering these questions. 

The appendices contain more detailed information used to develop the Plan, along with 

many helpful tools that will be used by managers of the Croatan National Forest for 

implementing this Plan. 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

20 

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Croatan National Forest LRMP 

21

CChhaapptteerr 22:: FFoorreessttwwiiddeeGGooaallss aannddOObbjjeeccttiivveess

This chapter outlines the strategy the Forest Service is proposing for the CNF as a whole. 

When the CNF is viewed as part of the Southeast, certain conclusions seem obvious, such 

as longleaf restoration and RCW management. Those conclusions led to the major 

directions of the plan. 

This chapter is organized around the seven major issues that were identified with the help 

of the public. The chapter provides background information on each issue, along with a 

response to the issue. The response outlines how the issue will begin to be resolved in 

the next 10-15 year period of time. The chapter also describes the overall goals and 

objectives for the Croatan National Forest, and how they will be applied to the landscape 

as a whole. The goals and objectives indicate where time and resources will be invested 

to improve the natural and human environment in response to the issues identified. 

22..11:: BBiioollooggiiccaallDDiivveerrssiittyy

To maintain biological diversity on the CNF, the Plan uses a “coarse filter/fine filter” 

approach, similar to the Nature Conservancy (Jenkins 1985, Noss 1987). These “filters” 

are designed to capture elements of biological diversity at various levels of organization. 

The coarse filter focuses on protecting landscape and ecosystem diversity and therefore 

groups of species. By identifying and protecting the best examples of all ecological 

communities, coarse filters assure the conservation of most species, biotic interactions, 

and ecological processes. The CNF coarse filter includes land allocations designed 

around Special Interest Areas, old growth forests, hardwood-cypress wetlands, and the 

RCW Habitat Management Area. 

The fine filter focuses on protecting genetic and species diversity by identifying and 

protecting viable populations of species or subspecies that “fall through” the coarse filter 

(Jenkins 1976, Hunter 1991). These species are generally considered rare species and 

may be federally listed as threatened or endangered, or listed by the USFS as sensitive or 

locally rare. They are given protection under the Endangered Species Act and National 

Forest Management Act. Biological evaluations are conducted for all proposed projects 

to determine site-specific effects to these species, and activities are designed to avoid or 

lessen impacts. 

Several elements of biological diversity are identified on the CNF. The first element is 

related to the recovery of the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker, and restoration of its 

native habitat. The second and third elements, ‘identify and protect Special Interest 

Areas’ and ‘recover and sustain rare species and communities’, support the recovery of 

the RCW, and consider other rare species and communities that occur on the CNF. The 

second element also addresses the identification and protection of Special Interest Areas, 

and designation as a means of managing multiple levels of biological diversity. The 

fourth element relates to old growth, and how it functions to support biological diversity. 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

22 

The next three elements of biological diversity on the Croatan National Forest relate to 

wildlife conservation. Specifically, the fifth element addresses the maintenance of black 

bear habitat. Bears require large tracts of land, linkages between patches of suitable 

habitat, hard mast foods, and freedom from motorized disturbances. Suitable habitat for 

black bears is declining in the lower coastal plain of the South. Since hardwood cypress 

wetlands provide habitat for declining neotropical migratory birds as well as other 

species, this is the sixth element identified. The seventh element addresses the 

restoration of hardwoods in areas that historically supported this type of ecosystem. 

The eighth element of biological diversity relates to the extensive amount of water and 

wetlands present on the Croatan National Forest, and the vast degree of biological 

diversity supported by properly functioning hydrologic and aquatic ecosystems. 

2.1.1. RECOVER RCW POPULATIONS

Background 

Longleaf pine forests capable of supporting the red cockaded woodpecker (RCW) once 

occupied up to 90 million acres in the South (Wahlenberg 1946, Frost 1993). In 1985 less 

than 4 million acres remained (Kelley and Bechtold) and the best estimate today is less 

than 3 million acres. When forest resources were depleted in the Great Lakes region, 

forest industry moved South to purchase newly available Federal land for as little as 

$1.25 an acre. Large-scale commercial logging began in the South in the 1880s. (Lillard 

1947). 

The logging slash left behind fueled large forest fires, which triggered an extensive and 

successful fire suppression campaign. Fire control led to further reduction in longleaf 

pine because hardwoods were quick to invade these fire-protected pine sites. On the 

CNF, longleaf pine now occupies less than 30 percent of its original presettlement range 

(Frost 1996). 

The decline of the RCW, formerly common in the South, can be linked directly to habitat 

losses associated with the reduction of old southern pines. Their exclusive use of living 

pines for cavities is apparently an adaptation to the fire climax pine ecosystem of the 

South, where dead snags are rare because of frequent fires (Jackson and others 1986; 

Ligon 1970). Old pines are preferred for cavity trees because their fungus-decayed 

central heartwood allows for easier cavity excavation (Jackson 1977, Hooper 1988). 

Although cavity excavation time is typically shorter in other species of pine, longleaf 

pine makes a better cavity tree since it is a very long-lived species, and can be used much 

longer than other pines (Conner and Rudolph 1995). 

The RCW was listed as a federally endangered species in 1970, and a recovery plan for 

the species was completed in 1985. Twelve of the 15 populations identified in the 

recovery plan are supported with nesting and forage habitat totally or in part on national 

forests. The CNF shares 1 of these 12 recovery populations with Marine Corps Base 

Camp Lejeune and Holly Shelter State Gamelands. 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

23

Since 1992, the CNF has been following a plan to link its fragmented RCW population. 

The plan emphasizes cavity drilling to attract new RCW breeding groups to existing 

unoccupied clusters and to newly created clusters. The plan also includes burning and 

roller chopping to control the hardwood midstory in certain areas. 

Since the 1992 plan was initiated, the RCW population on the CNF has increased from 44 

to 64 clusters, a growth rate of 10 percent per year (Walters 1997). Furthermore, the 

overall population number has more than doubled. This increase was accomplished not 

by moving birds from elsewhere in the CNF, but by managing the existing population 

and habitat. However, following hurricanes between 1996 and 1997 the population 

declined, and although by 2001 it returned to pre-hurricane levels, the growth rate has 

remained relatively static. 

Response to the Issue 

Follow RCW management direction in the 1995 RCW FEIS to evaluate RCW viability 

and demography on the CNF. Establish a RCW habitat management area that is 

primarily a forest of longleaf pine and mixed pine savannas and determine a long-term 

population objective for the area. Through joint efforts with MCB Camp Lejeune and 

Holly Shelter State Gamelands, recover a viable population of RCW using the knowledge 

gained from the Forest’s past RCW activities, along with strategic longleaf pine 

restoration, midstory control and an expanded use of fire. The goals and objectives in 

this Plan update the 1992 RCW Plan. See Table 2.1 for RCW goals and objectives and 

Table 2.4 for longleaf restoration goals and objectives, and Table 2.5 for fire management 

goals and objectives. 

2.1.2: IDENTIFY AND PROTECT SPECIAL INTEREST AREAS

Background 

The Southern Coastal Plain contains some of the most diverse ecosystems in the 

temperate zone of the United States. These ecosystems support numerous plant and 

animal species, many of which are considered globally rare and of national significance. 

Data collected by State Natural Heritage Programs across the Nation show that some 

9,000 United States plant and animal species are rare, seriously declining, and/or likely to 

be at risk of extinction in the future (Biological Conservation Database, 2000). 

This trend is especially notable in the Southern Coastal Plain, where expanding human 

populations have resulted in rapid changes in land use. Public tracts, such as the CNF, are 

the few remaining unfragmented areas large enough to contain ecosystems that can 

support a wide variety of native plant and animal species. Furthermore, management of 

National Forest System lands is not driven by commodity production but mandated to 

provide a mix of conditions, and human uses compatible with native ecosystems, natural 

processes, and inherent land capabilities (Multiple Use Sustained-Yield Act of 1960). 

The Forest Service has a national policy to manage habitats for plant and animal species 

to prevent rare species from being federally listed under the Endangered Species Act. The 

sensitive species program, the agency's early warning system, focuses management 

attention on ecosystem components that are rare, fragile, or in decline. On the CNF, 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

24 

approximately 56 rare species and 24 rare plant communities that support these species 

would meet these criteria. 

On the CNF, 11 Registered Natural Areas, comprising 42,000 acres, have been managed 

for their unique ecosystem values since 1986. In 1995, the North Carolina Natural 

Heritage Program (NCNHP) proposed 18 additional natural areas for registration on the 

CNF. In combination, registered and proposed natural areas would total approximately 

66,000 acres or over 40 percent of the CNF. The predominant management 

recommended for these areas by the NCNHP is protection. Many of these areas are 

located where unique plant communities occur and in habitats that are rare, fragile, or in 

decline and where species diversity is high. They could provide a coarse filter approach 

to species conservation because they capture diversity at the landscape and community 

level as well as species level. In this approach, ecosystem elements and processes are 

maintained by providing ecological conditions suitable for a wide variety of species. 

Response to the Issue 

Designate Special Interest Areas (SIA) where species and community diversity is high 

based on the natural areas identified by the North Carolina Natural Heritage Program and 

rare species element occurrences. Determine the number of proposed Special Interest 

Areas in combination with other ecosystem-based management prescriptions that could 

capture, within a coarse filter, the greatest number of rare species and fragile ecosystems. 

These areas should be representative of the full range of environments found on the CNF, 

and should be recognized as core areas for rare species and unique communities. Limit 

logging and road building in these areas, except where management for a federally 

threatened or endangered species is necessary (e.g. RCW). Allow natural disturbances 

such as lightning-caused fires to function as much as possible as natural processes. Table 

2.1 lists goals and objectives for identifying and protecting SIAs. 

2.1.3: RECOVER AND SUSTAIN RARE SPECIES AND COMMUNITIES

Background 

The Forest Service is cooperating nationally with other government agencies to conserve 

rare species by protecting and managing their habitats and ecosystems. Conservation 

priorities and management intensity levels are based upon species vulnerability. Species 

are assigned to categories of endangered, threatened, proposed, sensitive, or locally rare 

according to their risk of extinction or extirpation. 

Proposed, endangered, and threatened species are those at the greatest risk of extinction. 

They are federally listed species and are regulated by the Endangered Species Act of 

1973 (as amended), which requires that “all Federal departments and agencies...seek to 

conserve endangered and threatened species, and the ecosystems upon which they 

depend.” 

Sensitive species are at risk of extirpation (risk of extinction in a portion of their range), 

as evidenced by downward trends in population numbers or density, or downward trends 

in habitat capability. They are listed by the Regional Forester and their management is 

guided by standards in Forest Service Manual 2670. Supervisors of individual national 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

25

forests are directed to maintain the viability of sensitive species and ensure they do not 

trend toward Federal listing. 

Locally rare species are not at risk of extinction and do not show downward trends in 

population numbers over their range as a whole. They are, however, uncommon on a 

national forest planning area and add to the diversity of species found there. They are 

listed by individual national forests and usually also by State agencies. Management of 

locally rare species is focused on maintaining their representation within a forest to 

provide for a diversity of plant and animal communities as required by the National 

Forest Management Act. 

Four federally endangered or threatened species, 17 sensitive species, 36 locally rare 

species, and 24 rare plant communities occur on the CNF. Based on surveys during the 

last 40 years, 387 occurrences of these species and communities have been documented 

on the CNF. Most of these occurrences are located within Special Interest Areas (SIA), 

old growth longleaf pine stands in the RCW HMA, and in other management 

prescriptions not suited for timber production. Because these areas are managed to 

maintain natural conditions in a mixture of habitats representative of most environments 

in the Coastal Plain, they act as a coarse filter to capture most of the species and 

community diversity found on the CNF. This approach to species conservation would 

provide suitable habitat conditions in management areas not suited for timber production 

for about 57 percent of all the sites where endangered, threatened, sensitive, and locally 

rare species occur and 77 percent of all sites where rare communities occur on the CNF. 

The remaining rare species and rare community element occurrences are in a portion of 

the RCW HMA that is suited for timber production. These areas could potentially be 

impacted by vegetation management activities. These populations may be critical for 

maintaining species viability on the CNF. 

Response to the Issue 

Identify population objectives for TES and sensitive species, and conservation objectives 

for rare communities and locally rare species that should be maintained on the CNF. 

Monitor the condition of rare species element occurrences and provide management 

direction to maintain habitat conditions for species that are now locally rare or extirpated, 

but may become reestablished on the CNF if suitable habitat exists. Table 2.1 shows 

goals and objectives for recovering and sustaining rare species and communities. 

2.1.4: RESTORE OLD GROWTH FORESTS

Background 

Old growth occupies only 0.6 percent of the total forest acreage in the Southeast (Davis, 

1996). In the Croatan area, widespread logging, farming, and land clearing during 

European settlement transformed the presettlement forests to agriculture, disturbance 

vegetation, and fire-suppressed successional forest. Much natural vegetation and 

structural diversity was lost because of past human disturbance and 20th century fire 

suppression. 

The term “old growth” is used to describe relatively undisturbed, old forests. The 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

26 

dominant trees that are best adapted to the site have grown beyond average life 

expectancy for the species. The stands have a significant number of trees with large 

diameters, and in old growth pine species the crowns are flattened. Standing dead or 

down trees are also present. 

The Forest Service recognizes old-growth forest as a valuable natural resource worthy of 

protection, restoration, and management (USDA Forest Service, 1989, 1997). Old growth 

provides a variety of significant values, such as biological diversity, wildlife and fisheries 

habitat, recreation, aesthetics, water quality, cultural values, and high-value timber 

products. 

As a whole, the CNF currently has a substantial amount of hardwood forest, swamp 

forest, and loblolly pine, but pond pine and longleaf pine were the two dominant tree 

species in pre-settlement forests (Frost 1996). Less than 400 acres of old-growth longleaf 

pine forest remains on the Croatan, occurring in isolated stands in the central part of the 

forest. These stands represent less than 1 percent of all sites suitable for longleaf pine. A 

few locations on the CNF have primeval cypress or hardwoods. These remnant trees, 

passed over in logging due to their poor wood quality, do not, by themselves, represent 

old-growth forests. A majority of the pond pine forest, however, occurs as older stands 

approaching an old-growth condition. 

Response to the Issue 

Identify the major plant community groups on the Croatan that can function as wildlife 

habitat, have high biological diversity, and can provide scientific, recreational, and other 

social values. These should include: (1) coastal plain upland mesic hardwoods; (2) 

cypress-tupelo swamp forests; (3) upland longleaf forests; and (4) southern wet pine 

forest (i.e. pond pine), woodlands, and savannas. Map the oldest stands representing 

plant community groups that occur within areas suited for timber production. For plant 

community groups that occur in areas not suited for timber production, determine the 

proportion of stands that should remain in old-growth condition across the Croatan. 

Designate this network of older forests for management as old growth and restrict use to 

provide old-growth stand conditions. Table 2.1 lists goals and objectives for restoring 

old growth forest. 

2.1.5: MAINTAIN BEAR HABITAT

Background 

As a result of extensive habitat alteration over the last 100 years, it is estimated that by 

the 1980s, black bears occupied only 5-10 percent of their historic range in the 

Southeastern United States (Maehr 1984, Pelton 1986). Black bear populations in 

southeastern wetlands are threatened by habitat destruction and fragmentation on 

dwindling tracts of private land. Pockets of wetland habitat, such as swamps and 

pocosins, provide the last remaining refuges for black bears in the Atlantic Coastal Plain. 

Black bear populations generally tend to be found in remote tracts of public forestland. 

After reaching a low in the mid 1970s, black bear population trends have been steadily 

increasing in the Coastal region of North Carolina. The population began to stabilize in 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

27

the mid to late 1980s. Within the counties that contain the Croatan National Forest, 

harvest levels have been increasing, indicating an upward trend in the black bear 

population (NC Wildlife Resources Commission Performance Reports for Black Bear, 

1999-2001). Maintaining habitat on the Croatan National Forest will help to ensure that 

the population trend for black bears remains steady. 

Numerous research studies have documented that a variety of habitats are needed to 

fulfill bears’ food and cover requirements throughout the year. In a study conducted in 

southeastern North Carolina, Landers, and others (1979) listed the following as the major 

black bear habitat components: (1) a variety of habitats producing seasonal foods, (2) 

extensive inaccessible areas for denning, and (3) escape cover for bears hunted with dogs. 

Landers and others also recommend that management plans for Coastal Plain bear 

populations should include guidelines to maintain and enhance stands of mature gum and 

oaks, swamp tupelo, shrub and vine mast (primarily Illex spp. and greenbriar fruits), 

pocosins, and forest openings (such as roadside margins and recent burns). Maintenance 

of mature, mast-producing stands is a critical need for black bears in the Atlantic Coastal 

Plain (1979). 

A recent study in Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge documented the 

importance of pocosin species for Coastal Plain bear populations. Active management is 

necessary to maintain productive pocosins for black bears. Prescribed burns, small 

clearcuts, or drum chopped areas are necessary to mimic natural disturbances (Hellgren 

1988). In addition, management of roadside strips for blackberries and other roadside 

plants by mowing every 3 to 4 years provides important seasonal soft mast. However, 

bears generally avoid often-used roads in harvested areas. 

A regional assessment of remote forests and black bear habitat in the Southeast 

conducted by Rudis and Tansey (1995) concluded that black bear conservation strategies 

must involve three major elements: (1) retaining areas of remote forests, (2) restoring 

optimal habitat by increasing reserved timberland and reforestation of bottomland 

hardwood timberland, and (3) increasing optimal habitat connections between occupied 

and potential habitat blocks. 

Controlling access into bear habitat, particularly on large tracts of public land, is 

imperative (Hillman and Yow 1986). Relatively large, nearly impenetrable bays and 

swamps provide seclusion and protection from disturbance during denning (Landers and 

others 1979). Limiting open roads would be potentially beneficial to black bears. Feeding 

grounds and travel corridors occur along closed roads and roadside margins. 

Response to the Issue 

Manage black bear habitat to allow unobstructed movement of black bears across the 

CNF. Maintain a variety of habitats that produce forage for black bears. Minimize 

human disturbance and modification of black bear habitat, except where it is necessary to 

manage the habitat using tools such as prescribed burning. Provide landscape linkages to 

potential foraging areas on public and private land through a system of hardwood cypress 

wetland corridors. Table 2.1 shows goals and objectives for maintaining bear habitat. 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

28 

2.1.6: MAINTAIN HARDWOOD CYPRESS WETLANDS 

Background

Over the last 100-150 years, forested wetlands throughout the Southeast have been 

drained and converted to farmland, pine or hardwood plantations, and industrial and 

commercial developments. Of the estimated 45 million acres of floodplain forest once 

present in the Southeast, it is estimated that no more than 30 million acres remained by 

the mid-1980s (Hunter 1997). This trend in loss of forested wetlands has continued to the 

present time. Most of the remaining forested wetlands in the Southeast have been logged 

at least once and frequently fragmented. This fragmentation may contribute to the decline 

of many rare but wide-ranging species. Forested wetlands are considered a vital 

component of migratory bird habitat, both during the breeding season and as a stop-over 

habitat during migration. 

Many forested wetlands in the Southeast are confined to narrow stream corridors in 

landscapes dominated by pine plantations and agricultural fields. These forested 

wetlands, referred to as hardwood-cypress wetlands on the CNF, can perform several 

important functions. When adequate in size and configuration, wetlands enhance 

biological diversity by providing habitat for forest species. Within forested wetlands, 

riparian areas also provide travel corridors for the dispersal of wildlife between forest 

fragments and may help to maintain genetic contact between potentially isolated 

populations in adjacent mature stands. If wide enough to have limited side lighting, a 

closed canopy, shaded understory, and detritus ground cover, riparian areas can support 

large populations of reptiles and amphibians. 

The width of forested wetlands and associated riparian areas is important in ecological 

functioning. Wide riparian forests maintain higher abundance of amphibians, black bear, 

deer, turkey, reptiles, small mammals, waterfowl, and nongame birds than narrower 

corridors. 

Several studies have indicated a positive correlation between hardwood wetland corridor 

width and density and diversity of interior neotropical migratory birds. Research 

conducted by Keller and others (1993) indicated that riparian forests less than 100 meters 

wide were dominated by species that are short-distance migrants; forest tracts wider than 

100 meters had more neotropical migrant species, and numbers continued to increase, but 

much more gradually among forests wider than 200 meters. Dickson and others (1995) 

found that average bird abundance increased as streamside zone width increased. 

Wider corridors are more likely to provide habitat for these species and would likely 

provide more area away from forest edge. 

Increase in edge and loss of habitat resulting from forest regeneration and fragmentation 

may reduce reproductive success of many neotropical migrants, particularly species that 

breed in mature forest interiors. Research studies have shown positive relationships 

between patch size and bird community complexity. However, certain man-made forest 

edges have been characterized as ecological traps for open-nesting passerine birds, 

because nest near these edges have high mortality from predation and cowbird parasitism. 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

29

Response to the Issue 

Map the interconnected hardwood-cypress wetlands across the Croatan and manage them 

as a network of predominantly mature to over-mature hardwood cypress forested 

wetlands. Canopy coverage should be at least 80 percent; tree cavities, den trees and 

snags should be abundant; and large diameter logs should be distributed across the forest 

floor. Table 2.1 shows goals and objectives for maintaining hardwood-cypress wetlands. 

2.1.7: RESTORE HARDWOODS ON SUITABLE SITES

Background

Oaks are the most important group of upland hardwood tree species in the South. They 

are widely distributed, have high timber value, and contribute to wildlife habitat. 

However, the acreage of oak-dominated forest types throughout the Southeast is 

gradually declining due to residential and commercial development, conversion to 

farmland, conversion to short-rotation pine plantations, and oak decline. This trend is 

projected to continue. 

Oaks are a keystone species in eastern wildlife communities (Brown and Heske 1990). 

Some part or another of an oak plant is eaten by 186 different kinds of birds and 

mammals. Oaks are the primary source of hard mast in eastern forests. Acorns are an 

important food for many wildlife species, and the abundance of the annual acorn crop can 

influence the movement and abundance of several wildlife species, including popular 

game species, such as wild turkeys, black bears, squirrels, and white-tailed deer. 

The abundance and distribution of oak mast significantly affects bear natality, mortality, 

and movements. Many research studies have documented significant movement to 

sources of hard mast, as well as to high carbohydrate agricultural foods on private land. 

This movement is evidenced by the high concentrations of female bears on private land, 

making them more vulnerable during fall bear hunting seasons. Studies show that during 

the pre-denning period, bears depend heavily on hard mast from trees. 

Studies in Ohio show that the fall density of gray squirrels and fox squirrels is 

significantly correlated with the size of the hard mast crop from the previous year. 

Weigle and others (1989) found that the annual acorn crop in longleaf pine forests 

significantly influenced annual movements and reproduction of eastern fox squirrels in 

southeastern North Carolina. 

Acorns are the most important food item for eastern wild turkeys. Korschgen (1967) 

reported that acorns comprised almost half of the food consumed by turkeys in Missouri. 

Acorns provide more than three times as much food as the next most important food item. 

Reports also show mast crops affect populations of white-footed mice and redheaded 

woodpeckers. 

The value of acorns extends beyond the direct consumers, because several acorn 

consumers are themselves important prey species. Acorn eaters are also the primary 

agents of oak dispersal. Replacing oaks with tree species that do not produce hard mast 

will have a profound effect on the organization and diversity of the forest wildlife 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

30 

community (Healy 1991). 

Response to the Issue 

Locate forests that are currently dominated by hard-mast producing species. Using the 

ECS and other data, locate other forests that could be restored to this condition. Manage 

the upland hardwood sites as a mature, hardwood-dominated forest. Table 2.1 shows 

goals and objectives for restoring hardwoods on suitable sites.

2.1.8: RESTORE HYDROLOGIC FUNCTION & SUSTAIN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS

Background 

Much of the aquatic environment on the CNF is created by the extensive pocosin 

wetlands. Acidity, salinity, size, and form of the aquatic environment are the principal 

factors that determine the nature of aquatic biological communities on the CNF. The five 

major groups of habitats found are: (1) sounds and estuaries, (2) moderately brackish 

transitional streams, (3) freshwater streams, (4) large pocosin lakes, and (5) ponds. 

Each of these aquatic environments is uniquely important. Sounds and estuaries are 

important for marine fish and shellfish, and provide significant commercial fishing 

opportunities. Saltwater transitional areas of freshwater streams (i.e. moderately brackish 

transitional streams) provide wildlife viewing opportunities and sport fishing, and are 

important spawning and rearing habitat for anadromous and catadromous species, such as 

striped bass, American shad, and American eels. Freshwater streams on the CNF support 

high-quality fisheries for largemouth bass, chain pickerel, bluegill sunfish, and bullhead 

catfish. These streams also provide opportunities to view natural systems in isolated, 

relatively undisturbed conditions. 

Two of the larger pocosin lakes, Great Lake and Catfish Lake, have a total area of 

approximately 2,800 acres, and support a variety of aquatic species. Because of high 

acidity (pH often less than 4.0 units), uniformly shallow depth, and nondiverse form, the 

lakes have very limited potential as sport fisheries. The large borrow pit pond in the 

Black Swamp Creek drainage provides excellent sport fishing opportunities in a fully 

accessible environment. While pocosin lakes and the numerous small ponds on the CNF 

have limited value for recreational fishing, they may contain rare species and provide 

excellent microhabitats for a variety of plant and animal species. Due to their limited 

distribution and variability across the landscape, they can be considered rare natural 

community types. 

Although some of the large coastal rivers around the CNF suffer from municipal and 

agricultural pollution, most aquatic environments on the forest are relatively undisturbed. 

The extensive drainage ditches across the forest, and those hydrologic changes 

attributable to the ditches, are the most visible human disturbance to aquatic 

environments. 

Response to the Issue 

Protect or restore aquatic ecosystems across the range of aquatic ecological types using 

the highest quality reference site conditions for each of the 11 ecological types (Appendix 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

31

H) on the Croatan National Forest. Restore hydrologic function of altered landscapes. 

Table 2.1 shows goals and objectives for restoring hydrologic function and sustaining 

aquatic systems. 

22..22:: RReeccrreeaattiioonnOOppppoorrttuunniittiieess

2.2.1: INCREASE RECREATION OPPORTUNITIES

Background 

The highest demand for recreation on the CNF is associated with water. The CNF offers a 

wide variety of water-based recreation opportunities. Developed recreation sites are 

generally located on significant bodies of water within a few miles of the Atlantic Ocean, 

and most are affected to some degree by tidal influences. The character of developed sites 

ranges from rustic to highly developed. Current capacity (people at one time) in highly 

developed sites is approximately 1,000, in moderately developed sites about 400, and in 

rustic developments about 175. In 1990, the CNF began a major renovation effort at the 

two largest recreation complexes, Cedar Point and Neuse River. The renovation increased 

the number of highly developed recreation sites. However, a lot of use still occurs in 

areas with few or no facilities. Places for groups to gather and camp close to the water are 

still in demand, along with camping areas that are more rustic in design. 

Trail demands are increasing for horse, mountain bike, and off-highway vehicle use. 

These trails allow recreationists to experience many ecosystems. At present, horse and 

mountain bike riders use existing roads, but would prefer a series of interconnected trails 

with trailhead parking and access. OHVs, on the other hand, have access to many routes 

along with specifically designated trails. However, the combination of trails and roads do 

not currently make an interconnected system for OHV use. Additionally, many of the 

existing trails are in areas with sensitive vegetation. The designated system is difficult to 

mark and confusing, often resulting in users riding on undesignated trails. The need exists 

to designate and manage one area for a complete, safe and enjoyable OHV trail 

experience, which is separate from horse, bike and hiking trails, and which protects 

sensitive plant and animal habitats. 

Interpretation of the natural and cultural resources is an ongoing process on the CNF. 

Explaining human history, unique ecosystems and special features enhances a visitor’s 

experience. Existing levels of interpretation will be maintained at Cedar Point, Brice 

Creek, and Island Creek. 

Response to the Issue 

Provide a wide range of safe and enjoyable recreational facilities and opportunities that 

focus on water, with settings varying from rustic and natural to more developed. 

Accommodate the varied ability levels of forest visitors at developed sites. Develop new 

interpretive exhibits to explain longleaf pine savannas, pocosin, and old growth. Provide 

a system of marked recreational trails and support facilities to promote a variety of 

experiences for both motorized and non-motorized trail users. Minimize the impacts to 

natural resources from recreation activities. Support the maintenance of facilities and 

trails in part by user fees, and cooperative agreements for volunteer maintenance. Table 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

32 

2.2 shows goals and objectives for increasing recreation opportunities. 

2.2.2: EXPAND HUNTING, FISHING, & WILDLIFE-RELATED RECREATION 

OPPORTUNITIES

Background 

As commercial and private development continues on private land surrounding the CNF, 

and more private land is leased for hunting and not available for general public use, 

national forest land will provide an increasing proportion of public hunting opportunities 

in North Carolina. 

In response to decreases in small-game populations, and rapid increases in deer and 

turkey populations, hunting demands have shifted to white-tailed deer and wild turkeys. 

Black bear hunting receives local pressure as well as pressure from mountain bear 

hunters. Migratory bird hunting continues to be in high public demand, as evidenced by 

the number of hunters utilizing public waterfowl hunting areas in eastern North Carolina. 

Public interest and demand for wildlife viewing continues to rise. 

Response to the Issue 

Provide for a range of compatible and accessible wildlife-related recreation opportunities 

to accommodate current and projected public demands. Table 2.2 lists goals and 

objectives for hunting, fishing and wildlife related recreation opportunities. 

22..33::SSppeecciiaallLLaannddAAllllooccaattiioonnss

2.3.1: WILDERNESS

Background 

In 1984 the North Carolina Wilderness Act established four wildernesses, totaling 31,221 

acres on the CNF. These four areas are on high and low pocosin. They contain a high 

diversity of plant species that are fire dependent. These wildernesses are difficult to 

penetrate on foot, and as a result have a higher value as biological benchmarks than for 

recreation use and solitude. They provide contiguous, large areas of relatively 

undisturbed land that function as habitat for black bears, and other species. The 

wildernesses north of Catfish Lake Road are part of the State of NC black bear sanctuary. 

The wildernesses also provide large, intact examples of the pocosin ecosystem, and many 

are also designated special interest areas in cooperation with the NC Natural Heritage 

Program. 

The single most destructive disturbance to the natural processes has been in the form of 

fire suppression. Due to years of fire suppression resulting in fuel accumulation, the 

majority of the land within wildernesses is losing the ability to function as diverse, firedependent ecosystems. The increased development along the perimeter of the designated 

Wildernesses increases the risk of fire escaping from private land into the wilderness. 

The accumulation of heavy fuel loads creates a public safety hazard adjacent to populated 

areas, as well as an increasing severity of consequences for wilderness resources. Along 

with the destruction that is apparent in uncontrolled or escaped fire, a less apparent 

concern is the amount and duration of smoke produced during these types of fires. To 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

33

reduce fuel loads, maintain manageable fuel conditions, and in the process sustain the 

fire-dependent ecosystems within the wildernesses, fire must be reintroduced as a 

management tool. 

An additional 20,771 acres in six areas qualify for evaluation for potential wilderness 

designation. These areas are also in pocosin and are adjacent to the existing wildernesses. 

Some additions involve land acquired since 1984, and some, if designated, would make 

boundary identification on the ground much easier. Appendix C of the EIS contains the 

wilderness evaluation for these areas. If the roadless areas were designated, wilderness 

would make up almost one-third of the CNF. 

Response to the Issue 

Protect and enhance the unique attributes and characteristics of Sheep Ridge, Pond Pine, 

Pocosin, and Catfish Lake South Wildernesses. Retain the values of the large, intact 

areas of relatively undisturbed pocosin, which add to the richness and diversity of the 

region and the CNF. Enhance opportunities for ecological systems to function as freely 

as possible. Modify over time those conditions that are presently constraining natural 

systems, such as invasive species and unnatural fuel loading, to enhance the natural 

integrity of each wilderness. 

Use the Minimum Requirement Decision Guide (Arthur Carhart National Wilderness 

Training Center 2002) to identify a variety of methods that may be used to reduce 

decades of fuel accumulation resulting from fire suppression. Mechanical treatments 

may be one method used to reduce fuel accumulations. Once fuel loads are at a level that 

reduces the risk of uncontrollable wildfire escaping the designated Wilderness, use both 

management ignited and natural ignition fire to maintain the level of hazardous fuels. 

When conditions are returned to those allowing for it, allow lightning-caused fire (i.e. 

natural ignition) to function as much as possible as a natural process. 

Use fire lines within Wilderness only during wildfire suppression when shown to be 

necessary for safety. Fire lines may also be used within Wilderness where necessary to 

accomplish fuel reduction for human health and safety in those areas adjacent to the 

wildland-urban interface. Within the Wildernesses, cultural and ecological constraints on 

fire operations include adjacent private land and smoke management. Additional 

constraints may be identified when Fire Management Plans are developed for the 

Wildernesses. 

Enhance opportunities for visitors to experience primitive recreation and solitude in 

portions of the wildernesses where it is practical and wilderness values can be sustained 

with a minimum of restriction. Emphasize leave-no-trace principles for wilderness 

visitors. Encourage visitors not desiring a wilderness experience to use less primitive 

areas of the Forest. Establish, where feasible, horseback riding trails, as well as hiking 

trails through portions of the wildernesses. Locate some primitive campsites along 

lakeshores and along trails into the pocosins. Roadless areas not designated, as 

wilderness will be managed as natural, remote, and difficult to access. Enhance 

opportunities to interpret the ecological and scientific values of the wildernesses. Provide 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

34 

off-site interpretive material that explains the unique attributes of pocosin ecosystems and 

these wildernesses. 

Table 2.3 lists goals and objectives for wildernesses; table 2.5 lists goals and objectives 

for fire. 

2.3.2: RIVER CORRIDORS ELIGIBLE FOR WILD AND SCENIC RIVER STATUS

Background 

In 1968, the Federal Wild and Scenic Rivers Act was passed to protect designated rivers 

from federally licensed water resource projects that would affect the free-flowing 

condition of the river, or directly and adversely effect the values for which the river was 

designated. Thus, any designated river segment is managed to “protect and enhance” 

those values that contributed to designation in the first place. 

Less than one percent of all the river miles in the Nation have been included in the Wild 

and Scenic Rivers System. In contrast, over 17 percent of all river miles have been 

dammed. In the National Forests in North Carolina, 11.4 miles have been designated; 

none of these are on the CNF. Two rivers on the CNF, the White Oak (39.5 mi.) and 

Brice Creek (27.4 mi.) have outstandingly remarkable values and are in a relatively 

natural condition. They are eligible to be evaluated for designation to the Wild and 

Scenic River System. Both contain outstandingly remarkable values for scenery, fish and 

wildlife habitat, and historical and archeological sites. 

The river corridors contain predominantly black water coastal rivers that drain swampy 

and marshy areas of the interior pocosins. The ecosystems include broad and sluggish 

saltwater marsh lined with cord grass, stands of large hardwoods and pines, and 

hardwood swamps that are narrow and meandering. Water quality meets State and 

Federal quality standards. 

Response to the Issue 

Retain, through specific management, the outstandingly remarkable values for scenery, 

fish and wildlife habitat, historical and archeological resources, natural settings, and free 

flowing condition, that make the White Oak River and Brice Creek suitable for wild and 

scenic river status. Protect Class I and II archeological sites and provide interpretation 

for visitors. Table 2.3 lists goals and objectives for river corridors eligible for wild and 

scenic river status. 

22..44:: SSiillvviiccuullttuurree,, FFoorreessttPPrroodduuccttss,, AAnnddFFoorreessttHHeeaalltthh

2.4.1: RESTORE LONGLEAF PINE

Background 

In the past, silvicultural activities in coastal plain forests included intensive preparation of 

all sites for planting of genetically improved longleaf pine and loblolly pine seedlings. 

Survival and early growth were good, and short timber rotations were envisioned. The 

question of which species was best suited for a particular site was decided based on 

performance of that species on similar sites. Regeneration efforts for both species have 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

35

been successful with respect to short-term survival rates, growth, and development of 

seedlings. 

When management objectives include longer rotations, rapid early growth may not be 

necessary, and site preparation methods that cause less disturbance may be more 

appropriate. Less intensive site preparation methods in conjunction with natural 

regeneration and longer rotations can meet management objectives. 

Southern pine beetles have not been a large factor in the management of the CNF. Beetle 

activity has been moderate. Cutting and removing infested trees have controlled most 

spots. In 1998 and 1999, Southern Pine Beetle activity increased in the western and 

northern portions of the CNF, primarily in pond pine woodland, mixed pine, and pocosin 

ecological types. Over 500 acres of pond pine and mixed pine types were infested. 

Control efforts were limited to cut leave strips to contain spread within the pocosin. 

In 1996 and 1997, hurricanes damaged significant portions of the Croatan. Most heavily 

damaged were hardwood sites, where individual stems were uprooted, creating a mosaic 

of canopy gaps. Damage to pine stands ranged from individual trees being broken at 

midstem and uprooted to small patches where every tree was damaged. Loblolly pine 

appeared to be more heavily impacted than other pine species. Salvage operations 

spanned several years, and had a large impact on District personnel resources. 

Approximately 26,000 acres on the CNF are considered suitable for sustained timber 

production (Appendix I). 

Response to the Issue

Use an ecosystem approach to manage forests for wildlife, timber, and recreational 

benefits, and threatened and endangered species. Emphasize forest management 

practices that imitate natural disturbance to maintain structure, native species 

composition, and important ecosystem functions such as nutrient and energy cycling, 

seed production, and wildlife habitat. Use a variety of methods to regenerate species best 

adapted to local growing conditions and natural disturbance regimes on the CNF while 

maintaining native overstory and understory species diversity. Maintain the vigor and 

health of forests by using stand improvement methods such as prescribed burning and 

thinning, and by reducing the spread of insect and disease through cut-and-leave 

operations or timber salvage. Table 2.4 lists the goals and objectives for restoring 

longleaf pines. 

2.4.2: SUSTAIN PINE STRAW PRODUCTION

Background 

Pine trees deposit a blanket of needles on the forest floor every year. Pine needles, 

commonly called pinestraw, are used throughout the South as mulch for landscaping. 

Demand for pine straw is increasing, and many land managers in the South have included 

pine straw production as a management objective because it is profitable. Longleaf pine 

is the most desired species for pine needle production due primarily to the length of the 

needles. 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

36 

Management for pine needle production includes maintaining a sparse understory to 

facilitate the raking or collecting of the needles and periodic fertilization to maintain site 

productivity for tree growth as well as needle production. However, repeated raking of 

pine needles may potentially damage native understory plants, including rare species, and 

may reduce their viability on the CNF. Intensive and/or extensive use of pine straw 

raking without mitigation and specific site selection may therefore not be compatible with 

maintaining plant species diversity on the CNF. 

Response to the Issue 

Allow pine straw raking on a limited number of sites and well away from rare species 

populations. Sustain pine straw production and maintain site productivity on these sites 

through rest and rotation, and periodic fertilization. Table 2.4 lists the goals and 

objectives for sustaining pine straw production. 

22..55::FFiirreeMMaannaaggeemmeenntt

Fire is one of the primary natural disturbances to the fire-dependent ecosystems of the 

CNF, and plays a vital role in the management of these ecosystems. Periodic fire helps to 

limit hazardous levels of fuels, as well as prepare seedbeds for longleaf pine seed. Using 

fire as a tool to meet land management objectives is necessary in the Coastal Plain. 

Research results commonly support the theory that fire was used historically to modify 

vegetation, and its use continued long enough to have an effect on species composition 

and arrangement. 

The terms fire adapted and fire dependent refer to those species that have evolved in 

conjunction with fire. Fire adapted plants have developed characteristics which may 

allow them to survive when others would not, such as higher moisture content, thicker 

bark or spreading at ground level to preclude a fire reaching the bole of the plant. These 

plants would most likely survive a lack of fire as well; although the other environmental 

changes caused by the lack of fire, such as increased competition, may negatively affect 

them. Fire dependent species require the influences of fire to survive. In some plants it 

may be that the high temperature and dry heat of fire is needed to open seedpods or to 

provide the necessary seed beds to establish. These plants will be eliminated from the 

ecosystem over time in the absence of fire. 

Fire hazard is a term used to refer to the combination of both risk and consequence of a 

fire occurrence. Risk refers to the level of opportunity or chance of an ignition, while 

consequence is the term applied to the results of an ignition. An area may have a high 

risk (probability for an occurrence) while having a low consequence (little resource value 

lost), or in the other direction a fire may have a lower risk (small probability for 

occurrence) and extreme consequences (such as the loss of a home). Fire, when used as a 

tool, effectively and efficiently helps to limit hazards associated with the accumulation of 

fuels, which directly affects the severity of consequences of ignition. 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

37

2.5.1: REDUCE WILDFIRE-RELATED RISKS

Background 

Due to ownership patterns in and around the CNF, the primary wildfire hazards occur in 

the wildland-urban interface. The wildland-urban interface is defined as that line, area or 

zone where structures and other human developments meet or intermingle with 

undeveloped wildland or vegetative fuels (Review and Update of the 1995 Federal 

Wildland Fire Management Policy, Jan 2001). This zone defines a type of fuels/fire 

environment not the resource values or ownership of the individual components of the 

environment. 

Protection of human health and safety is the primary, overriding management guideline 

for fire management programs. Secondary factors guiding fire management programs 

include resource values, and reducing the level of risk and consequence to those 

resources. Resources at risk include homes and improvements as well as large blocks of 

high value industrial tree plantations and rare ecological communities. Risk to resources 

exists both from fire spreading onto federal land from private land, as well as from 

federal land to private land. 

Areas are at varying degrees of risk based on prior burning history, resources present, and 

ability to be defended from wildfire. On the CNF, approximately 5355 acres pose high 

potential risk for 3 main reasons: position on the landscape, heavy loads of highly volatile 

fuels, and organic soils. 

Examples of devastating, uncontrollable fires occurring on the Croatan National Forest 

include Pocosin Fire of 1955, which burned almost 73,000 acres including the Sheep 

Ridge and Pocosin Wildernesses. The Fish Day Fire (May 21, 1994) consumed 24,600 

acres. While the wildfire remained on national forest land, suppression costs exceeded 

$1.7 million. Fortunately, no fatalities, injuries, or structure losses were associated with 

this fire. As the level of use of the land in and around the forest increases, it may be 

expected that the occurrence of human caused fires will increase also. As the level of 

private development in and around federally managed lands continues to increase the 

consequences of an escaped fire increases also. 

Response to the Issue 

Reduce the levels of hazardous fuels, utilizing a variety of methods, to reduce threats to 

public health and safety as well as to help lessen the chance for resource damage from 

wildfires. Manipulate the arrangement and availability of the current fuels to allow for 

the safe reintroduction of fire. Work with local cooperators and involve the public in fire 

education, and identifying opportunities for using fire positively. Through the use of 

available programs, such as Firewise, encourage and support local communities in 

attempts at creating defensible space within privately owned areas. Within agency 

guidelines involve local communities in developing economic benefits attached to 

hazardous fuels reduction projects. 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

38 

Continue the use of prescribed fire in areas that have been previously burned. Participate 

in and use research to allow expanded use of fire into areas where it has historically been 

limited due to highly volatile fuels and organic soils, which leads to smoke management 

and fire control problems. 

Considering cumulative effects, expand the perimeter of those areas in which fuel loads 

have been reduced and over time connect treated areas together to create defensible 

buffers. Once fuel loads are adequately reduced provide opportunities to use minimumimpact suppression techniques during wildfires. Table 2.5 lists goals and objectives for 

reducing wildfire related risks. 

2.5.2: EXPAND THE ROLE OF PRESCRIBED FIRE

Background 

Approximately 70 percent of the CNF is occupied by short interval fire-adapted 

ecosystems such as pine forest and pocosins. Fire is a primary instrument for nutrient 

cycling in coastal ecosystems, making them dependent on such disturbance. The absence 

of periodic, low-intensity fire in these ecosystems causes relatively rapid changes in the 

species composition and structure of communities. In turn, fire exclusion can predispose 

these communities to insect and disease outbreaks and severe stand replacement wildfires 

(Williams 1994). The 1955 Pocosin Fire and 1994 Fish Day Fire are examples of stand 

replacement type wildfire. 

By changing the fuel arrangement and availability conditions can be produced that will 

allow fire to be applied at short intervals during times of the year when natural fires 

historically occurred. Reintroduction of fire -- into areas where, in more recent history it 

has been excluded – may result in an increase in species diversity, sustainability of 

resources, and more complete nutrient cycling. While natural fire regimes may not be 

wholly recreated, a reduction of fuel loads combined with the use of fire may assist in 

creating the desirable conditions of short-interval systems that were once a product of 

natural fire regimes. 

Using fire as a tool is vital to accomplishing restoration of a variety of natural vegetation 

communities. Restoring longleaf pine with the least amount of impact requires frequent 

and consistent application of fire to control competing pine species and other woody 

competitors. Due to the amount and sensitivity of surrounding developments, the amount 

of smoke produced and its duration in the area are a primary concern. The use of fire in 

pocosins has long been the subject of research. Scientists continue to explore these fireadapted and fire-dependent communities. Research is ongoing to determine groundwater 

levels that will minimize organic soil consumption or possibly prohibit organic soil 

ignition entirely, which in turn minimizes smoke produced. 

The management of naturally ignited wildland fires to accomplish specific, pre-stated 

resource management objectives in predefined geographic areas is referred to as wildland 

fire use. The Forest Land Management Plan establishes where it is acceptable to allow 

natural ignition to be used while the Fire Management Plan provides the tactical 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

39

information used as safety parameters for allowing natural ignitions to burn 

unsuppressed. 

With fuel load reductions, implementation of a Fire Use Program may be possible, which 

allows natural ignition to be used as a management tool. Risks and trade-offs are 

associated with a Fire Use Program. Decisions are based on resource objectives and 

preset fire behavior and control parameters. In contrast with natural ignition, resource 

managers can control the timing, point, rate, and pattern of ignition for managementignited fire. Management-ignited firing techniques may provide more complete 

combustion of fuels and achieve similar resource objectives with less smoke emission 

than smoldering fires that result from natural ignitions. The ability to predict atmospheric 

conditions that enhance smoke dispersion, and the use of that knowledge when timing 

ignitions, also helps lessen the impact of smoke on the surrounding areas. While natural 

and man-made barriers are identified in a Fire Use plan, the lack of emphasis towards 

immediate suppression may imply some risk of fire escape. The political and social 

ramifications of this possibility may be deemed unacceptable. 

Response to the Issue 

Use fire to prepare seedbeds for longleaf pine restoration, control competing pine species, 

and to improve existing longleaf pine stands. Use prescribed-burning techniques to 

create a mosaic pattern for improving browse, opening the understory, and maintaining 

mast production for black bears, turkeys, and white-tailed deer. Expand the role of fire to 

recover and sustain short interval fire-adapted systems. Participate in research and 

cooperative opportunities to increase the understanding of burning in organic soils and 

smoke management constraints. Initiate the cooperation of local resources in developing 

and implementing fire use education and/or economical opportunities. 

Develop a Fire Use Program for the CNF. Include lands in all management prescriptions 

where the use of fire may achieve the desired conditions and goals outlined in the Forest 

Plan. Site-specific Fire Use Plans will be developed as part of the Croatan Forest Fire 

Management Plan to outline the prescription parameters. 

Table 2.5 lists goals and objectives for expanding the role of fire. 

2.5.3: MAINTAIN AIR QUALITY

Background 

The Croatan currently uses prescribed fire 12-25 days a year. To date, there have been no 

violations of any National Ambient Air Quality Standard in the CNF. An increase in 

prescribed fire will increase the amount of particulates, volatile organic compounds, 

nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide emitted into the atmosphere. Emissions of 

particulate matter from prescribed fires are of concern because: (1) excessive amounts 

are known to result in an increase risk of respiratory diseases, and (2) large amounts in 

the atmosphere can reduce visibility along highways and increase the likelihood of 

vehicle accidents. 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

40 

Large amounts of fine (less than 2.5 microns in size) particles in the atmosphere are 

known to reduce visibility. They affect not only the distance a person can see, but also 

the apparent color and texture of objects. Studies of fine particle chemistry in the Eastern 

United States reveal that sulfates make up 60 to 80 percent of fine particle mass. 

Scientific studies have also demonstrated that visibility degradation from regional haze is 

highest during the summer, when sulfate concentrations are greatest. On a regional basis, 

particles from prescribed fires comprise a small portion of the regional haze. 

Nevertheless, a majority of the particulates released from prescribed fires are extremely 

small, and these particles have the potential to reduce air quality locally. Smoke that is 

released into an atmosphere with poor dispersion capabilities can cause significant safety 

problems on highways. Visibility reductions can be exacerbated if relative humidity is 

high. Furthermore, severe reductions in visibility can occur at night because the smoke 

follows stream drainages, and highway visibility can be especially poor at bridges where 

fog and smoke may be present. 

Particles from forest fires vary widely in their size, but the current standard focuses on 

particles 10 microns in diameter. The 24-hour particulate matter standard is violated 

when the second highest measured value is greater than or equal to 150 micrograms per 

cubic meter. An equivalent value for the standard for total suspended particulate matter 

(particles 40 microns or less in size) is 300 micrograms per cubic meter (Wergowski 

1995). Examination of the maximum 24-hour total suspended particulate matter data 

between the years 1985 and 1994 within 200 kilometers of the CNF reveals that the 

maximums range between 96 and 199 micrograms per cubic meter. These values are 

well below the current standard. 

Response to the Issue 

Maintain compliance with National Ambient Air Quality Standards. As prescribed fire 

levels increase over the next 10 years, the amount of particulates in the atmosphere will 

increase. However, with the reduction in fuel loading that will occur with increased 

burning, the amount of particulates in the atmosphere will taper off. More smoke will be 

seen and smelled in the atmosphere with increased prescribed burning levels. Continue 

using stringent mitigation measures for visibility when smoke may cause problems on 

roads and highways. Table 2.5 lists goals and objectives for maintaining air quality.

22..66:: AAcccceessss

2.6.1: PROVIDE ACCESS WHILE PROTECTING NATURAL RESOURCES

Background 

About 350 miles of North Carolina State roads provide primary access to the CNF. Two 

hundred miles of Forest Service roads also provide access for motorized vehicles, and 

over 20 road miles on the CNF occur near urban areas. About 178 miles (89 percent) of 

the CNF road system are open to the public continuously, and 9 miles (4 percent) are 

seasonally open. Balancing reasonable public access with protecting the natural resources 

is a critical challenge for national forest management. Too much access causes problems 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

41

with trash dumping, unregulated shooting, unauthorized use of closed roads, resource 

damage, and the creation of new trails and roads. High levels of access also increase 

negative impacts to wildlife, and increase the cost to maintain roads to an adequate 

standard. An association seems to exist between dead-end roads and illegal activities. 

However, limiting access too much restricts the public from through roads and from 

using the national forest in ways that they enjoy such as biking, hunting, bird watching, 

OHV riding, and camping. 

Over 120,000 pounds of trash have been deposited across 30 miles of road. Unregulated 

target practice takes place in areas of the forest, sometimes close to homes, creating 

significant safety risks. Disturbance from motor vehicles can reduce the reproducing 

capacity of black bears and wild turkeys. 

The network of unauthorized and illegal roads that exist on the CNF, including 

approximately 75 miles of OHV trails, is causing impacts to the natural resources. Many 

of these routes (22 miles) are in the clearings beneath powerlines or in the sandy soils (27 

miles) along the southern border of the forest. These areas have high densities of 

threatened and endangered species. In wet weather, the surfaces of these routes often 

become too deeply rutted to use, and a new route paralleling the first is created. Illegal 

access to closed system roads is destroying thin gravel surfaces and, in many cases, is 

making access for fire suppression and other management activities impossible. 

Additionally, access to closed system roads is gained by driving around existing gates. 

Non-system roads, trails, and powerline rights-of-way are accessed from system, state, 

and private roads. The estimated cost to close all of these routes effectively is over 

$150,000. 

Maintenance is more expensive for roads that are open all the time than for roads that are 

closed except to administrative use. The average open-road maintenance cost is $500 per 

mile, compared with $100 per mile for closed roads. Many open roads are currently in 

disrepair: large holes and ruts are created during passage in wet weather. Future 

maintenance funding is expected to remain stable or decline, and many open roads, 

including some critical for fire protection, will soon become impassable. 

Response to the Issue 

Close unauthorized routes and some classified roads to reduce safety risks resulting from 

unregulated shooting and dumping and to protect natural resources. Reduce opportunities 

for illegal trash disposal by focusing road closures on dead-end roads. Reduce the 

impacts of unauthorized and illegal access by closing most of these routes with effective 

methods, such as gates or ditching. Enhance black bear and wild turkey habitat by 

reducing motorized access to core areas. 

Access to most recreation places and some hunting grounds will be maintained. However, 

motor-vehicle access will not be provided to every place on the forest. Maintenance funds 

will be concentrated on fewer open roads, so those roads will be improved. Focus 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

42 

maintenance funds on roads in disrepair with high-use traffic patterns. Table 2.6 lists 

goals and objectives for providing access while protecting natural resources. 

22..77:: LLooccaallCCoommmmuunniittiieess

2.7.1: ADJUST LAND OWNERSHIP

Background 

Currently, the proportion of county land in the CNF is 16.5 percent in Carteret County, 

14 percent in Craven County, and 13.4 percent in Jones County. Forestwide, national 

forest ownership consists of 14.6 percent of all three counties (159,586 acres of the 

1,089,280). The Forest Service purchases and trades land to enhance management of 

natural resources, and consolidate national forest tracts. For example, acquiring land in 

areas such as the White Oak River Corridor would further overall resource management 

goals while protecting sensitive ecosystems. The availability of large undeveloped tracts 

of land under private ownership in these areas provides opportunities to acquire land that 

has not been influenced by development. 

A land ownership adjustment plan (Appendix D) projects where land adjustments are 

likely to occur, and identifies objectives that land adjustments would fulfill. During this 

planning process, priorities were established for land adjustment. These priorities 

identify areas of the forest that would be high priority for acquisition. A landownership 

adjustment map has been developed and incorporated into Appendix D. All new 

proposals must result in net public benefits, and be consistent with the plan and the 

landownership adjustment map. 

In the land adjustment plan, 43,917 acres have been identified as desirable for acquisition 

based on resource, recreation, and consolidation management needs along with 1,783 

acres identified for disposal through land exchanges. Under ideal conditions (available 

funding, willing partners, etc.) total national forest ownership would account for 

approximately 20.2 percent in the tri-county area (219,570 acres). 

Response to the Issue 

Acquire land or interests in land needed to support natural resource management and 

recreation objectives. Consolidate national forest holdings to improve efficiency and 

enhance public benefits. Exchange or transfer land to consolidate or provide public 

benefits. Acquire rights-of-way or fee simple titles to meet access needs. Use purchase, 

donation, exchange, right-of-way acquisition, transfer, interchange, and boundary 

adjustment to consolidate ownership pattern, to mitigate for wetland drainage, and to 

provide linkages to other biologically significant areas, such as Marine Corps Air Station 

Cherry Point, Hoffman Forest, and Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune. Support other 

organizations that acquire conservation easements when the easement is on property that 

would enhance National Forest management. Table 2.7 lists goals and objectives for 

adjusting land ownership.
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2.7.2: REGULATE SPECIAL USES

Background

Since 1951, the demands placed on CNF land have increased because of the development 

of private land and wetlands in Craven, Jones, and Carteret Counties. Near urban areas, 

especially the towns of Havelock and Newport, CNF land is being used to support local 

infrastructure because the amount of open private land in the area is limited. Public 

services relate to over 50 percent of the special use permits on the CNF. That percentage 

is highest among national forests in North Carolina. 

The number of new special-use permits issued in the last 10 years is 36 percent of all 

permits issued since 1951. That percentage also is unusually high. Currently, special uses 

occupy approximately 1,362 acres or 1 percent of CNF land. An additional 4,000 acres 

are adjacent to public water systems and landfills protected so that water quality 

standards can be met. The majority of special uses (approximately 75 percent) occur in 

the eastern and southern parts of the forest adjacent to the towns of Havelock and 

Newport and their surrounding communities. 

New requests for permits that serve a public benefit range from the construction of major 

interstate highways, such as the U.S. 70 Bypass (1,100 acres) to the construction of a 

disaster coordination center for the tri-county area (30 acres). Private uses, which 

account for 50 percent of special uses, also vary but only occupy about 20 percent of the 

total acres under permit. Support from local communities is critical for management of 

special use acreages consistent with forest goals and objectives. 

Response to the Issue 

Manage special uses of CNF land in a manner that protects natural resource values and 

public health and safety, while meeting land and resource management objectives. 

Administer special uses that are compatible with natural resource management objectives 

and sound business management principles. Table 2.7 lists goals and objectives for 

special uses. 

2.7.3: CONTRIBUTE TO SUSTAINING LOCAL COMMUNITIES

Background 

The communities that surround the Croatan National Forest are an integral part of the 

character of the land. The people that make up these communities influence the care and 

management of the Croatan National Forest through their heritage, duration in the area, 

ethnic background, vocation, socioeconomic status, and views of the natural world. 

People’s ways of relating to their environment create bonds of attachment to places and 

features. People’s perceptions of a place or the physical area where they interact give 

that area special meaning to them, their community, or their culture. Natural resource 

managers refer to this shared, or communal perception of place as “sense of place” 

(Southern Appalachian Assessment Social/Cultural/Economic Report 1996). 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

44 

Managing the Croatan National Forest in a sustainable way while still providing for the 

public’s needs for recreation, solitude, forest products, access, hunting, and other 

activities, requires a collective effort between forest managers and local communities. A 

strong sense of place in the local communities will contribute to this effort. However, the 

population dynamics of this area creates a unique challenge in developing a sense of 

place. 

The local communities in the three counties surrounding the Croatan National Forest are 

constantly changing, and have been since the forest was established on July 29, 1936. 

The long-term residents are primarily descendants of the original European settlers 

(mostly Swiss and German) who came to the region in the 18th century. They farmed the 

land and utilized the natural resources of the region, primarily its fisheries and forests. 

However, the population is changing due to an infusion of new residents, seasonal 

residents and retirees. A large contributor to the local community, both economically and 

population-wise, is MCAS Cherry Point. The Air Station has been a long-standing part 

of Craven County since 1942, but its population of Marines, sailors and families is 

constantly fluctuating. This presents a unique challenge to developing a sense of place 

with transient segments of the population. 

With changes in population, attitudes about the uses of the national forest also change. 

Long-term residents tend to view the CNF as “common” land where they can hunt, fish, 

and recreate without many restrictions. Timber harvesting and other traditional land uses 

are accepted practices, but attempts to establish and enforce regulations are generally 

resisted. Newcomers view the national forest as a place for recreation and consider rules 

and regulations as necessary to ensure a quality experience. Timber harvesting, road 

construction, or other activities that can alter the landscape, even temporarily, are 

generally not accepted. The transient segment of the population generally holds fewer 

strong beliefs about activities on the forest, and sees the effects of management in a much 

shorter timeframe. 

Response to the Issue 

Work with local communities to identify complementary goals for land management. 

Identify uses and values to provide in and around the CNF in collaboration with local 

communities, governments, and user groups. Sponsor special events in conjunction with 

local communities to help develop sense of place with population segments. Develop 

action plans with local communities and governments to sustain the places and features 

that make the area unique. Inform local governments about the value of the CNF as open, 

greenspace, and how that contributes to quality of life. Actively seek input from local 

governments on implementation of the CNF Plan’s goals and objectives. 

Provide information about natural environments to foster nature-based tourism and 

related small businesses. Enhance the quality of life for local citizens by providing 

opportunities to understand coastal environments and the challenges to sustain them. 

Contributing to a community’s sense of place is an understanding of the history of the 

area. Managing, protecting, preserving and interpreting heritage resources will be an 

important component of developing sense of place. In addition, encourage and conduct 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

45

scientific research at available heritage sites, potentially using the Passport in Time 

program, which can involve interested publics. 

Work with local cooperators and the public in developing and implementing fire 

education programs and identifying opportunities for using fire positively. Through the 

use of available programs, such as Firewise, encourage and support local communities in 

the creation of defensible space. 
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FFoorreessttwwiiddeeGGooaallss//DDeessiirreeddCCoonnddiittiioonnssaannddOObbjjeeccttiivveessppeerr IIssssuuee

2.1 Biological Diversity: Issue Goal/Desired Condition Objectives 

2.1.1.1. Meet a long-term population oclusters. 2.1.1.2. Maintain the existing 63 active 2.1.1.3. Establish 20 to 26 new RCW cyears (2002 - 2012). 2.1.1.4. Establish 50 to 63 new cluste(2002-2032). 2.1.1.5. Reach Management Intensity years of plan implementation. 2.1.1.6. Maintain the existing 12,000 aforest type as pine savanna. 

Issue #1: Recover RCW Populations:While recognizing the complexity of biological diversity, and the vast levels or scales at which to consider species and ecosystems, what should the Plan focus on to contribute to the recovery of the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker, and restoration of its native habitat? 

2.1.1. Recover a viable population of RCW through joint efforts with Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune and Holly Shelter Gamelands. 

2.1.1.7. Monitor populations of RCW aunderstory shrub, herb and grass layeevaluate the effects of management ac

habitat. Use the information collected management actions. 

Issue Goal/Desired Condition Objectives 

2.1.2.1.Protect rare species in Special population densities are high. Maintain core SIAs. 2.1.2.2. Allow natural disturbances sucand windthrow from hurricanes to funcas natural processes within Special Int

Issue #2: Identify and Protect Special Interest Areas While recognizing the 

complexity of biological diversity, and the vast levels or scales at which to consider species and ecosystems, what should the Plan focus on to address the identification and protection of SIAs, and to what extent is official designation necessary as a means of managing multiple levels of biological diversity?

2.1.2. Provide core areas for rare species and unique communities that represent the range of ecological conditions found on the Croatan. 

2.1.2.3. Evaluate the effects of naturaplant communities and rare species in 
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2.1 Biological Diversity (continued): Issue Goal/Desired Condition Objectives 

2.1.3.1. Use the network of Special Inpine savanna and flatwoods-RCW haband hardwood/cypress wetlands as coincrease populations of endangered, thspecies. 2.1.3.2. Provide conditions for groups habitat requirements using the ecologiselect suitable areas. 2.1.3.3. Verify the current status of spoccurrence records more than 15 yearto be extirpated. Use management prasuitable habitat for these species. Duriestablish: 

• Two new subpopulations of s• One new subpopulation of mi• One new subpopulation of Ca• Five new subpopulations of ro

2.1.3.4. Restore the following rare com

canebrake, 7 acres of marsh, forest, and 25 acres of Atlant

Issue #3: Recover and Sustain Rare Species and Communities. While 

recognizing the complexity of biological diversity, and the vast levels or scales at which to consider species and ecosystems, what should the Plan focus on to expand consideration of biological diversity to the other rare species and communities that occur on the Croatan? 

2.1.3.a. Maintain viable populations of endangered, threatened, sensitive, and locally rare species on the CNF. 2.1.3.b. Provide conditions for species that are now locally rare or extirpated, but may return to the CNF if suitable habitat exists. 

2.1.3.5. Maintain the following rare co

25 acres of maritime forest ancorridors in a coastal prairie c

Issue Goal/Desired Condition Objectives 

2.1.4.1. Conserve and restore upland cypress-tupelo swamp forests, southewoodlands and savannas, and upland management prescriptions that allow fconditions. 

Issue #4: Restore Old Growth Forest.While recognizing the complexity of biological diversity, and the vast levels or scales at which to consider species and ecosystems, how should the Plan focus on old growth, and the way it functions to support biological diversity? 

2.1.4. Provide old-growth forest conditions for the most common forest community types within a network of old-growth stands. 2.1.4.2. Identify forests with old-growt

matrix of primarily mid- and late-succenetwork of old growth across all manatypes to reduce the probability of wideeliminating all old-growth stands in on
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2.1 Biological Diversity (continued): Issue Goal/Desired Condition Objectives 

2.1.5.1. Maintain, using fire or other ap53,000 acres of high pocosin habitat glandtype) with approximately 15 percensuccessional stage (less than 6 years) as mature successional stage (>40 yea2.1.5.2. Maintain 15,000 acres of low (raised peatlands landtype) with 15 pesuccessional stage (<10 years). 2.1.5.3. Reduce disturbance from mothabitat management prescription. One reduce the miles of open road. 2.1.5.4. Provide 20 acres of soft mast method is to establish a minimum 5-10 mast buffers on roads closed to public the bear habitat management. 

Issue #5: Maintain Bear Habitat. While 

recognizing the complexity of biological diversity, and the vast levels or scales at which to consider species and ecosystems, what should the Plan focus on to ensure maintenance of black bear habitat? Bears require large tracts of land, linkages between patches of suitable habitat, hard mast foods, and freedom from motorized disturbances. 

2.1.5.a. Provide suitable habitat conditions for long-term viability of the black bear population on the CNF. 2.1.5.b. Provide landscape linkages to other bear habitat and potential foraging areas on public and private land through the spatial arrangement of management areas with low motorized use, and a system of hardwood cypress wetland corridors. Minimize human disturbance and modification of black bear habitat, except where it is necessary to manage the habitat using tools such as prescribed burning. 

2.1.5.5. Assist NCWRC with bear mon

Issue Goal/Desired Condition Objectives 

2.1.6.1. Maintain or restore 6,200 acrehabitat group (Lake and Stream Swamsuccessional stage with few canopy ga

Issue #6: Maintain Hardwood Cypress Wetlands. While recognizing 

the complexity of biological diversity, and the vast levels or scales at which to consider species and ecosystems, what should the Plan focus on to support neotropical migratory birds as well as the variety of other wetland-associated species? 

2.1.6. Maintain a connective system of landscape corridors, consisting of hardwood cypress wetland and hardwood slope forest types, of adequate size and width. This system will provide five major benefits: 

• Core habitat for interior neotropical 

migratory birds; 

• Travel corridors for black bear, 

turkey, and other terrestrial wildlife species; 

• Old growth riparian forest; • Filter strips for adjacent water run-off 

to maintain high water quality; and 

• Quality wood duck and waterfowl 

nesting and foraging habitat. 

2.1.6.2. Continue to monitor permaneRegional Landbird Conservation Strate
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2.1 Biological Diversity (continued): Issue Goal/Desired Condition Objectives 

2.1.7.1. Maintain 1,700 acres of existihabitat group (Stream and River Terra(>60 years) successional stage. 2.1.7.2. Restore about 2,000 acres of hardwood and manage as potential hahardwoods in the next 10 years. 

Issue #7: Restore Hardwoods on Suitable Sites. While recognizing the complexity of biological diversity, and the vast levels or scales at which to consider species and ecosystems, what should the Plan focus on to restore hardwoods 

in areas that naturally supported this type of ecosystem?

2.1.7. Maintain naturally occurring hardwood forests that are dominated by hard mast producing tree/shrub species. Restore these forests where the ecological classification predicts upland hardwood landtypes. 

2.1.7.3. Monitor turkey populations to managing oak-beech- hickory habitat g

Issue Goal/Desired Condition Objectives 

2.1.8.1. Establish reference site conditions Characterize aquatic ecological type referenassembling the following information for thre11 aquatic ecological types on the CNF: (1) composition and relative abundance; (2) mastructure; (3) water quality conditions. 2.1.8.2. Contribute to watershed and river bmonitoring. Develop a complete synopsis of reference site conditions by 2007 and incorpand river basin assessments, such as the Wassessment. 2.1.8.3. Determine the distribution and relatanadromous fish species. Inventory 5 miles anadromous fish occurrence. Coordinate the Marine Fisheries Service and the North CarCommission. 2.1.8.4. Restore the natural hydrologic flow former wetlands were ditched and drained. 

Issue #8: Restore Hydrologic Function and Sustain Aquatic Ecosystems While recognizing the complexity of biological diversity, and the vast levels or scales at which to consider species and ecosystems, to what extent should the Plan focus on the extensive amount of water and wetlands present on the Croatan National Forest, and the vast degree of biological diversity supported by properly functioning hydrologic and aquatic systems? 

2.1.8. Protect or restore aquatic ecosystems across the range of aquatic ecological types using the highest quality reference site conditions for each of the 11 ecological types on the Croatan National Forest. Restore hydrologic function of altered landscapes. Favor native plants and animals in aquatic systems. 

2.1.8.5. Maintain 36 miles of non-acidic freslargemouth bass populations, 32 miles of acsupport redfin pickerel populations, 16 miles support chain pickerel populations, and 2,80
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2.2 Recreation Opportunities: Issue Goal/Desired Condition Objectives 

2.2.1.1. Use Infra/Meaningful MeasurMeaningful Measures Costing informaplan work to carry out the recreation p2.2.1.2. Increase the capacity for recrdeveloped with many amenities (Rurapercent. Increase capacity for moderabased recreation sites with natural-appnatural ROS class) by 40 percent. 2.2.1.3. Increase capacity for rustic deappearing water-based sites (semi- prclass) by 50 percent. Construct a grou2.2.1.4. Over the next 3 years, sign aSome trails may be shared among sevother trails will be designated for a sinuser groups to identify potential locatioadditional equestrian and bike trails, efor loop routes using existing trails and Develop a horse trail of 10-20 miles (mconstruction). Develop a bike system with partners a scenic byway and histoforest. 

Issue #1: Increase Recreation Opportunities Settings for the types of nature-based recreation enjoyed on national forests range from primitive to highly developed. Desires of traditional local users of a forest often differ from those of new recreationists attracted by a growing tourism industry. To what extent should recreation opportunities focus on hunting, fishing and other wildlife-related activities? What location can be used by offhighway vehicles without extensive damage to other natural resources? 

2.2.1. Provide a wide range of safe and enjoyable recreation opportunities focusing on water, with settings varying from rustic and natural to more developed. Accommodate the varied ability levels of forest visitors at developed sites. Provide a system of marked recreational trails and support facilities to promote a variety of experiences for both motorized and non-motorized trail users. Minimize the impacts to natural resources from recreation activities. Support the maintenance of facilities and trails in part by user fees, and cooperative agreements for volunteer maintenance. 

2.2.1.5. Continue OHV use in the des

OHV area. Work with user groups, suriders, to monitor and evaluate the Blaopportunities to enhance or improve edesignate routes, expand routes, close of these actions. 
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2.2 Recreation Opportunities (continued): Issue Goal/Desired Condition Objectives 

2.2.2.1 Catfish Lake Impoundment: 

Complete the implementation plan to i• Construction of one wetland wildl

accessible to users with disabilitiewayside exhibits. 

• Expanded parking facilities. • Construction of one waterfowl hu

that is accessible to hunters with 

2.2.2.2. Wildlife Viewing Opportunities and 

• Develop two wildlife-viewing trails 

Cahooque Creek/Pine Cliff Areas 

• Construct one wetland wildlife vie

that is accessible to users with dis

2.2.2.3. Hunting Opportunities: 

• Utilize universal design principles 

as turkey hunting blinds, deer hunblinds, access bridges across dratrails to make the Forest as acceshunters. 

• Provide opportunities for walk-in h

access by vehicles. 

Issue #2: Expand Hunting, Fishing, and Wildlife-Related Recreation Opportunities To what extent should recreation opportunities focus on hunting, fishing and other wildlife-related activities? 

2.2.2. Provide for a range of compatible and accessible wildlife-related recreation opportunities to accommodate current and projected public demands. 

2.2.2.4. Fishing Opportunities: 

• Establish new fishing opportunitie

(minimum of 3 acres each) to maangler success and use for specirodeos and conservation educatio

• Develop low-impact bank fishing 

high-quality streams such as Bric

• Monitor in-stream habitat conditio

necessary to maintain strong pop

• Favor the use of native fish speci

opportunity.
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2.3 Special Land Allocations: Issue Goal/Desired Condition Objectives 

2.3.1.1. Recommend three roadless aLake South Additions A & B and Pocototal approximately 691 acres. 2.3.1.2. In cooperation with user grouhorse trails in some portions of establipractical and wilderness values can be 2.3.1.3. Install signing and sign-in boxends that access the wildernesses thathe trails that are available. 2.3.1.4. Develop a Wilderness Implethat provides priorities for managemenWilderness. 

Issue #1: WildernessLand on the CNF has been, and could be, allocated for wilderness. Congressional designation is required for wilderness. Since allocation of an area 

as wilderness precludes its use for certain other purposes, special allocation must be done with great care. The extent to which currently designated wilderness will be expanded needs exploration.

How should the Forest Service manage these areas to retain the unique values inherent to their potential designation whether official recognition occurs or not? 

2.3.1.a. Protect and enhance the unique attributes and characteristics of Sheep Ridge, Pond Pine, Pocosin, and Catfish Lake South Wildernesses. Retain the values that large, intact areas of relatively undisturbed pocosin add to the richness and diversity of the region and the CNF. 2.3.1.b. Enhance opportunities for visitors to experience primitive recreation and solitude with a minimum of restriction. Emphasize leave-no-trace principles for wilderness visitors. Encourage visitors not desiring a wilderness experience to use less primitive areas of the Forest. 2.3.1.c. Enhance opportunities to interpret the ecological and scientific values of the wildernesses. Provide off-site interpretive material that explains the unique attributes of pocosin ecosystems. 2.3.1.d. Enhance opportunities for ecological systems to function as freely as possible. Modify over time those conditions that are presently constraining natural systems, such as invasive species and unnatural fuel loading, to enhance the natural integrity of each wilderness. 

2.3.1.5. Identify cultural and ecologicaoperations in each Wilderness. Wildlawithin Wilderness will be a priority for f
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2.3 Special Land Allocations (continued): Issue Goal/Desired Condition Objectives 

2.3.2.1. Manage a 1⁄4 mile corridor aloOak River and Brice Creek that are Naenhance the outstandingly remarkable recognized. 2.3.2.2. Recommend to the State of NRiver and Brice Creek undergo further suitability for Congressional designatioRivers. 

Issue #2: River Corridors Eligible for Wild and Scenic River Status Land on 

the CNF could be allocated as a wild and scenic river with Congressional 

designation. Since allocation of an area 

as a wild and scenic river precludes its use for certain other purposes, special allocation must be done with great care. A recommendation for the White Oak River and Brice Creek to be designated as wild and scenic depends on the resource values present, the amount of local public and political support, and the extent of National Forest land bordering the corridors of the waterways. How 

should the Forest Service manage these areas to retain the unique values inherent to their potential designation whether official recognition occurs or not?

2.3.2. Retain the outstandingly remarkable values for scenery, fish and wildlife habitat, and historical and archeological resources, their free flowing condition, and natural settings that make the White Oak River and Brice Creek eligible for wild and scenic river status. 

2.3.2.3. Manage potential wild segmenon-motorized ROS class, potential scprimitive motorized or semi-primitive nand potential recreational segments in primitive motorized ROS class. 
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2.4 Silviculture, Forest Products, and Forest Health: Issue Goal/Desired Condition Objectives 

2.4.1.1. Regeneration: • Restore longleaf pine on 1250-1750 a

the shelterwood with reserve trees mesuccessfully regenerating longleaf pinthe longleaf component during regenenatural regeneration with planted longdesired condition is 150-250 longleaf scompetition, evenly distributed across harvest. 

• Restore longleaf pine on about 500-75

clearcutting and planting longleaf pine least intensive site preparation requireobjectives (see Appendix E for descriptechniques). Current stocking is primacondition is a minimum of 300 longleacompetition, evenly distributed across harvest. 

• Restore longleaf pine on 900-1100 ac

loblolly plantations by cut and leave mburning. The desired condition is 20-4longleaf pine and 100-150 longleaf pindistributed across the area. 

Issue #1: Restore Longleaf PineConcerns about ecosystem health, biological diversity, and rare species and communities have created demands to change existing forest types. Reestablishment of longleaf pine appears to be necessary for red-cockaded woodpecker recovery in the area, and some clearcutting and seedling planting may be needed to accomplish this objective. However, public opinion is divided on the idea of clearcutting loblolly pine and planting longleaf pine. Another issue is what land is suitable for timber production on the CNF. Such a determination is required by law. 

2.4.1.a. Use the ecological classification to guide 

restoration efforts for desired species composition and maintain forest health by managing for species that are adapted to local disturbances, such as hurricanes, fires, and bark-beetle attacks. The priority for restoration of stands includes 

1) Inactive and active RCW forage territories 

that lack longleaf pine, 

2) Mature loblolly pine stands, around 80 

years old, that have a component of longleaf pine that could be retained using the shelterwood with reserve trees system, 

3) Off-site loblolly plantations, 4) Mature loblolly pine stands, around 80 

years old, more suited to mixed pine (longleaf, pond, and loblolly) composition within inactive RCW territories greater than 1⁄2 mile from active territories, and 

5) Where sensitive species would benefit 

from restoration activities. 

2.4.1.b. Use a range of regeneration methods that are site-specific, efficient, and scientifically based. 2.4.1.c. Use efficient timber stand improvement treatments, such as prescribed fire, to ensure growth and development of seedlings. 2.4.1.d. Manage for high-quality pine sawtimber on land suitable for sustained timber production by maintaining growth and development through intermediate harvests. 2.4.1.e. Use salvage timber sales to remove damaged pine, to reduce risk of bark beetle infestation to healthy trees, and to reduce fuel loading. Where appropriate, restore damaged loblolly pine stands to longleaf pine. 

2.4.1.2. Intermediate Harvests: • Thin 3200 acres (10-year period) to m

suitable for RCW habitat requirements stands that minimize risk of bark beetlcondition is healthy stands free from bsuitable for RCW foraging in the habit

• Thin 1000 acres (10-year period) on s

loblolly pine that have a landtype of st

drainage slopes (03). These thinnings 

component. The desired condition is tachieve a larger hardwood componen

• Annually salvage acres damaged due 

wind events, and other disturbances. Tminimize risk of large bark beetle infes
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2.4 Silviculture, Forest Products, and Forest Health (continued): Issue Goal/Desired Condition Objectives Issue #2: Sustain Pine Straw Production.

2.4.2. Provide for sustained pine straw production on 600 acres of longleaf pine sites away from rare species populations with a landtype of mesic savannas and flatwoods (10), or dry-mesic savannas (11). Maintain sparse understory conditions, minimizing occurrence of woody vegetation. Maintain site productivity with periodic applications of fertilizer. 

2.4.2.1 Manage a total of 600 acres foproduction, using a rotating cycle of haand fertilizing: 

• Harvest pine straw on 200 of • Burn 200 acres each year to 

understory conditions. 

• Rest 200 of these acres from 

each year. 

• Based on soil tests, fertilizer w
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2.5 Fire Management: Issue Goal/Desired Condition Objectives 

2.5.1.1 Provide for human health and safeand minimize damage to resources. 2.5.1.2 Reduce extreme fire behavior chardistances to create a defensible space in ahigh potential risk (approximately 5355 acrWildland-Urban Interface). The width of thon conditions within a 1⁄4 mile wide zone. 2.5.1.3. Reduce fuel loads to aid in wildfiprescribed fire program: 

• A 5-12 year rotation in 25,0

types within previously burnAppendix B); as research reexpand the use of fire in an pocosin. No new fire plowlisavanna-pocosin ecotones. 

• A 3-5 year rotation in 22,50

pond pine woodland ecologburned fire compartments (srisks are reduced in adjacenfire in an additional 19,000 apine. 

• A 2-4 year rotation in 21,00

ecological types in previous(see Appendix B); expand tprogram to include an additpine. No new fire plowlines savanna-pocosin ecotones. 

This program includes burning for silviculturotations may change during site preparatiocited above within a 10-year period. The pracres, but these fuels may be treated by mfire. 

Issue #1: Reduce Wildfire Related RiskHistorically, fire has been the primary natural disturbance to the ecosystems of the CNF, and therefore plays a vital role in the management of these ecosystems. Fire also helps to limit hazardous levels of fuels. Questions surrounding the appropriate use of prescribed fire need to be addressed. How much prescribed fire will reduce the risk of wildfire in wildland-urban interface areas? What other treatments may need to be used to reduce fuel loading to a safe level before prescribed fire can be used? 

2.5.1.a. Sustain a Fire Management Program that provides for the health and safety of employees and the public, while minimizing the risk of wildfire, and ensuring the optimum use of fire as a management tool. Develop and maintain a current Fire Management Plan that outlines the fire program, including the operational use and suppression of fire on the Croatan National Forest. 2.5.1.b. Reduce the risks and consequences of wildfire through fuel treatments. Reduce fuel loads to allow lightning-caused fire to function, as much as possible, as a natural process. 

2.5.1.4. Maintain the most efficient level of management and implementation needs baapproved Fire Management Plan. 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

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2.5 Fire Management (continued) Issue Goal/Desired Condition Objectives 

2.5.2.1. Longleaf Pine: 

• Apply fire to 2750-3500 acres 

vegetation and logging debris of pine stands. 

• Burn once while longleaf pine • Burn on a 2- to 4-year rotation 

after longleaf pine seedlings aand greater than 4 feet in heig

• Use growing season fire to cr

understory conditions. 

2.5.2.2. Wildlife & Threatened and End

• Allow fire to burn in a mosaic 

possible, maintain hardmast pshrubs. 

• Develop a site-specific plan fo

Road Savanna Registered Na

• At Millis Road Savanna Natur

compartments (see Appendix year cycle. Do not burn adjac(see Appendix B)within 3 yea

• Use fire to improve habitat for 

endangered species. 

Issue #2: Expand the Role of Prescribed FireHistorically, fire has been the primary natural disturbance to the ecosystems of the CNF, and therefore plays a vital role in the management of these ecosystems. Questions surrounding the appropriate use of prescribed fire need to be addressed. What is the optimum amount and timing of prescribed burning that is needed to meet vegetation management goals? 

2.5.2.a. Use prescribed fire to restore the structure and composition of longleaf and mixed pine, prepare seedbeds for longleaf pine restoration, control competing pine species, and improve existing longleaf pine stands. Improve browse, open understory conditions and maintain mast production for black bears, turkeys, and white-tailed deer using techniques that will create mosaic burning patterns. 2.5.2.b. Expand the role of fire to recover and sustain short interval fire-adapted systems. 2.5.2.c. Develop a Fire Use Program for the CNF that would allow natural ignition to be used as a tool to achieve desired conditions. 2.5.2.3. Fire Use Program: 

• Restore fuel loading to levels 

without causing undesired imstand replacement). 

• Prepare a Fire Use Plan for n

Prescribed Fire Plan for manathose areas on the CNF that uecological restoration. 

• Use natural ignition fires to re

and function to a condition thapresettlement conditions. 
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2.5 Fire Management (continued) Issue Goal/Desired Condition Objectives Issue #3: Maintain Air QualityHistorically, fire has been the primary natural disturbance to the ecosystems of the CNF, and therefore plays a vital role in the management of these ecosystems. Fire also helps to limit hazardous levels of fuels. Questions surrounding the appropriate use of prescribed fire need to be addressed. If prescribed fire is increased, how will air quality standards be maintained? 

2.5.3. Increased prescribed fire activity on the forest will not result in a violation of any National Ambient Air Quality Standard. Also, there will be no increase in the number of vehicle accidents related to smoke/limited visibility, or the frequency at which mitigating measures are implemented to prevent a vehicle accident. 

2.5.3.1. Ignite prescribed fire when the atmospheric conditions will lift and disponly those days that have adequate smcharacteristics to minimize the likelihooviolations of any National Ambient Air 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

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2.6 Access: Issue Goal/Desired Condition Objectives 

2.6.1.1. Close at least 15 to 20 miles next 10 years. Schedule road closure approximately 1 to 2 miles per year. 2.6.1.2. Close unauthorized routes ovrestore to the ecological landtype. Thoexpensive to close should be first prio2.6.1.3. Manage an additional 15 to 2using seasonal closures. 

Issue #1: Providing access while protecting natural resources. Balancing reasonable public access with protecting natural resources is a critical challenge for national forest management. Too much access causes problems with trash dumping, illegal shooting, user conflicts, negative impacts to wildlife, unauthorized use of closed roads, resource damage, and the creation of new trails and roads. High levels of access also increase the cost to maintain roads to an adequate and safe standard. However, limiting access too much restricts the public from through roads, and from using the national forest in ways that they enjoy such as biking, hunting, bird watching, OHV-riding, and camping. 

2.6.1.a. Close unauthorized routes and some classified roads to reduce safety risks 

resulting from unregulated shooting and dumping. Reduce opportunities for illegal trash disposal by focusing road closures on dead-end roads. Reduce the impacts of unauthorized and illegal access with effective methods such as closing these routes with gates or ditching. Enhance black bear and wild turkey habitat by reducing motorized access to core areas. 2.6.1.b. Access to most recreation places and some hunting grounds will be maintained. However, motor-vehicle access will not be provided to every place on the forest. 2.6.1.c. Maintenance funds will be concentrated on fewer open roads, so those roads will be improved. Focus maintenance funds on roads in disrepair with high-use traffic patterns. 2.6.1.4. Clean up trash, beginning firs

threat to public safety. The second pr
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

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 2.7 Local Communities:Issue Goal/Desired Condition Objectives 

2.7.1.1. Acquisitions will focus on acqidentified in the land adjustment plan fmanagement areas. High priorities will acquisition of land in the White Oak Ricorridors; to providing linkages to othemanagement; in areas adjacent to Conareas; and in other riparian ecosystemacquisition for the consolidation of natbe considered only when other resourcmet. 

Issue #1: Adjust Land OwnershipThe Croatan National Forest comprises approximately 14.6% of the land base in the 3 counties in which it exists. Managing this much of a county’s land base requires close contact with local communities and governments. The interactions between the Forest Service and local communities can include exchanging or acquiring land. As the local communities grow, demands for such interactions multiply. Providing for compatible and complementary uses and values is essential for forest sustainability and community vitality. What opportunities exist for enhanced collaboration with and continued support for local communities? 

2.7.1. Acquire land or interests in land needed to support natural resource management and recreation objectives. Consolidate national forest holdings to improve efficiency and enhance public benefits. Exchange or transfer land to consolidate or provide public benefits. Acquire rights-of-way or fee simple titles to meet access needs. Use purchase, donation, exchange, right-of-way acquisition, transfer, interchange, and boundary adjustment to consolidate ownership pattern, to mitigate for wetland drainage, and to provide linkages to other biologically significant areas, such as Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point, Hoffman Forest, and Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune. Support other organizations that acquire conservation easements when the easement is on property that would enhance National Forest management.

2.7.1.2. If funds are available, acquire 10 years. That area is approximately 2land base identified in the land adjustm

Issue Goal/Desired Condition Objectives 

2.7.2.1. Focus on the administration oForest Service regulatory standards. 

Issue #2: Special UsesInteractions between the Forest Service and local communities can include issuing special use permits. As the local communities grow, demands for such interactions multiply. Analyzing whether uses are compatible with National Forest management is vital to providing a sustainable forest and positive community relationships.

2.7.2. Manage special uses of CNF land in a manner that protects natural resource values and public health and safety, while meeting land and resource management objectives. Administer special uses that are compatible with natural resource management objectives and sound business management principles. 

2.7.2.2. Carefully evaluate new uses pareas that have a high density of existipermits to uses that clearly serve an ovare compatible with existing permitted 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

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2.7 Local Communities (continued) Issue Goal/Desired Condition Objectives 

2.7.3.1. Develop action plans with locgovernments to sustain the places and area unique. 2.7.3.2. Sponsor special events in concommunities to help develop sense of segments. 2.7.3.3. Manage, protect, preserve anresources. Encourage scientific resea2.7.3.4. Develop informational materiaon the CNF, such as fisheries and aqustations, schools, retail stores and gov

Issue #3: Contribute to Sustaining Local CommunitiesManaging the CNF requires close contact with local communities and governments. The diverse population dynamics of the local communities surrounding the CNF presents a challenge in developing collaborative partnerships. Providing for compatible and complimentary uses and values is essential for forest sustainability and community vitality. What opportunities exist for enhanced collaboration with and continued support for local communities? 

2.7.3.a Provide opportunities for the local populations to develop a unique connection - a sense of place – to the CNF. 2.7.3.b. Work collaboratively with local governments to identify complementary goals for land management and to seek input on implementation of the CNF Plan’s goals and objectives. 2.7.3.c. Provide information about the natural and cultural environment to foster understanding of the uniqueness of the CNF, and to help develop ecological-based tourism. 2.7.3.d. Collaborate with local entities to create defensible space (as it relates to wildfire), and to inform about the use of fire. 2.7.3.5 Provide information and assist

on creating defensible space (as it rela

understanding the use of fire, and on oand opportunities. 
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Croatan National Forest LRMP 

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CChhaapptteerr 33::PPrreessccrriippttiioonnss::MMaannaaggeemmeennttOOffKKeeyy

LLaannddssccaappeeFFeeaattuurreess,, CCoonnddiittiioonnss,, && UUsseess

33..11::IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn

Certain key features of its landscape determine the character of the Croatan National 

Forest (CNF) and the benefits people can enjoy there. Examples of such features include 

lakes, rivers, hardwood wetlands, and pocosins. This chapter describes the ways in which 

the Forest Service proposes to manage these key features. 

For each type of feature, an ideal or “reference condition” is described. The reference 

condition is meant to describe what the desired effect of management will achieve. Since 

no two sites or features are identical, an attempt is made to show how features may vary 

from reference conditions. Therefore, the reference is one within a range of conditions. 

The range exists due to differences in the initial conditions’ site capability and responses 

to management for each site. Sometimes reference conditions cannot always be achieved 

due to natural disturbances, such as hurricanes and wildfires, or human influences, such 

as developed sites. 

For each type of landscape feature, the management practices that may be encountered 

during a visit are listed. These lists are not meant to be all-inclusive but, instead, are 

intended to help communicate the kinds of activities for each prescription. Within these 

prescriptions, finer scale features are recognized; smaller land features and management 

emphases for them are embedded in the larger landscape prescriptions. For example, of 

RCW-HMA is a broad scale management prescription, and within this prescription lies 

the finer scale longleaf old growth. Where embedded prescriptions apply, the more 

restrictive prescription should be enforced, except where Special Interest Areas overlap 

with Wilderness Areas. In those cases wilderness prescriptions will apply. 

Table 3.1 shows the amount of finer-scale embedded prescriptions within the broader 

scale landscape prescriptions. SIAs both for natural areas and heritage resource areas, and 

old growth are the embedded prescriptions. 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

64 

 

Embedded Prescriptions (acres) 

Management Prescriptions

Approximate 

Acres 

Special 

Interest Areas

(natural areas)

Special Interest 

Areas 

(heritage 

resources) 

Designated 

Longleaf 

Old Growth 

Pocosin Lake Management 4,900 4,900 0 0 

Wilderness Management 32,000 31,420 0 90 

River Corridors Eligible for Wild & 

Scenic River Status Management 3,400 30 1,450 20 

Hardwood Cypress Wetland 

Management 8,300 1,085 895 0 

RCW Habitat Management Area1 64,650 7,685 2,030 1,705 

Wildland-Urban Interface 

Management1 2,350 0 0 0 

Upland Hardwood Management 1,700 0 0 0 

Black-Bear Habitat Management 38,760 5,330 150 0 

Developed Area Management 2,160 265 305 0 

Off Highway System Management 3,200 0 0 0 

TOTALS 161,420 50,715 4,830 1,815 

1 Portions of the entire RCW HMA prescription overlap with other management prescriptions such as Wilderness. The 4650 acre 

overlap brings the total acreage for the RCW HMA to 69,300 acres. In a similar manner, portions of the entire Wildland Urban 

Interface also overlap with other management prescriptions, primarily Wilderness. The 3005 acre overlap makes the total acreage 

for WUI 5355 acres. The actual locations of the overlap are documented in the process record. 

33..22:: PPooccoossiinnLLaakkeeMMaannaaggeemmeenntt

Pocosin lakes, also known as peat lakes, are numerous on the CNF. However there are 

three major lakes, Catfish, Great, and Long Lakes. All combined these larger lakes 

occupy an area of 4,900 acres. Pocosin lakes are unique because of their shallow depth, 

acidic water chemistry, dark colored water, and source of new water. Pocosin lakes on 

the Croatan National Forest are mainly precipitation fed. The lakes support aquatic life 

with a specific niche. 

Reference Condition: Great Lake was selected as the reference condition. Great Lake, 

covering approximately 2,000 acres, is an area of water inside a pocosin wetland. It is 

shallow, averaging less than 4 feet in depth throughout its area. The lake was formed 

approximately 6000 years ago (Trapani 1998). The lake functions like a cistern, 

capturing water from precipitation and releasing it slowly into streams. Water from the 

lake also leaches into adjacent land helping to create the wetland environment. The water 

is relatively free of toxic contaminants and has a high-water quality rating. The lake is 

dystrophic, has low nutrient levels, and is brownish due to dissolved humic matter. The 

lake is also acidic, with pH values less than 4.0 (DENR, 1990). While the water supports 

fish, such as largemouth bass, fewer species are found here than in water with higher pH. 

Vegetation along the edge of Great Lake is a mixture of short and tall pocosin, gum 

swamp, bay forest, and pine forest. In the future, tall pond pines may dominate the 

Table 3.1 Prescription Matrix 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

65

lakeshore, with patches of hardwoods and Atlantic white cedar providing potential roost 

habitat for bird species such as the bald eagle. 

The elliptical shape, the wide water surface, and the surrounding undisturbed shores 

create a scenic setting that draws recreationists interested in exploring remote 

environments. A boat launch provides access for small motorboats and non-motorized 

watercraft. A spur road adjacent to the boat ramp provides camping opportunities in an 

almost primitive context. 

Visitors experience a sense of isolation from the sights and sounds of human disturbances 

and activities. Wilderness surrounds one-half of the lakeshore with the remaining portion 

being roadless pocosin. Access is from one gravel road, and although motorized use is 

allowed on the lake, motor size is restricted. These restrictions help maintain a feeling of 

solitude compatible with wilderness. 

Variation from Reference Condition: Differences in pH and nutrient levels may cause 

fish populations to vary in the lakes. The experience of solitude will vary depending on 

the time of visit. During holidays, the experience of solitude may be diminished due to 

very high recreation use. 

Probable Management Practices: 

• Maintenance of the boat launch and construction or reconstruction of facilities. 

Embedded Prescriptions: Approximately 4,897 acres of SIA (natural areas) are 

embedded within Pocosin Lake Management Area. 

33..33::WWiillddeerrnneessssMMaannaaggeemmeenntt

This prescription includes the congressionally designated Wildernesses of Catfish Lake 

South, Pocosin, Sheep Ridge, and Pond Pine. Wildernesses are managed to perpetuate 

their natural conditions while providing for recreational, scientific, scenic, educational, 

and conservation uses that are compatible with Wilderness values and attributes. Natural 

processes are allowed to operate as freely as possible and human impacts are 

substantially unnoticeable. 

Reference Condition: Catfish Lake South was chosen as a reference condition for 

wildernesses. It exceeds the minimum 5,000-acre size criterion for wilderness with 8,530 

acres. This wilderness is one of the best examples of undisturbed pocosin community 

types. Its wetland areas are characterized by organic peat accumulations and nutrientpoor soils, and vegetation includes combinations of semi-evergreen shrubs and scattered 

pond pine. 

Composition and height of these species vary with frequency of fire, depth of the water 

table, and nutrient content of the soil. In several places, sand ridges rise above the 

surface of the peat deposits, and Catfish Lake, on the eastern boundary, empties into the 

peat bogs. This wilderness has little evidence of human disturbance, except for the lack 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

66 

of fire resulting from human interference in the form of aggressive fire suppression. 

Natural processes such as flooding, hurricanes, tornadoes, and fires shape vegetation. 

Wildlife species are protected from human disturbance. Large areas of uninterrupted 

habitat provide a safe haven for animals like the black bear. Soil, water, and air are free 

of pollutants. 

Catfish Lake South Wilderness area has a center core that is extremely isolated from 

human activities. Due to the dense vegetation and tangled underbrush, other people are 

encountered on a very limited basis. This isolation gradually lessens as a person moves 

towards the edges of the wilderness and encounters more human activity. Roads border 

three sides of Catfish Lake South. One of these, Catfish Lake Road, has traffic levels 

exceeding 500 cars per day. 

Visitors to the area include hunters, nature enthusiasts, boaters, anglers, hikers, and 

horseback riders. No facilities are present other than an occasional fire ring. Motorized 

or mechanical vehicles, and motorized equipment are not encountered. Information and 

signing is not provided within the wilderness boundary. 

Variation from Reference Condition: When designated in 1984, Catfish Lake South 

Wilderness included a canal near Catfish Lake Road, and several old fire plowlines. No 

logging has occurred in this area since the national forest was established in 1933. 

However, arrangement of trees in rows in plantations may be seen at close range. Fuel 

loading is heavy due to rapid suppression of all fires regardless of ignition source. 

Military low-level flights and motorized boat use on the lakes sometimes break the 

solitude experience of the wilderness. Facilities encountered are primitive boat access 

sites and fire-ring camping areas at the lakes. Many wildernesses have short spur roads 

into them or to a destination, such as a lake. These short roads and cross-country travel 

provide the only access into the areas. 

Probable Management Practices: 

• Hiking trails may be built to access some areas’ interiors. 

• Boundary and trailhead signs and other information for wilderness users will be 

provided. Erecting gates or dirt berms may restrict motorized vehicle access 

around the shoreline of Great Lake. 

• Various methods may be utilized to decrease fuel loading and subsequently 

maintain the fuel accumulations at a level that allows for the possibility of using 

and/or allowing fire within the Wilderness without threatening adjacent areas. 

Mechanical treatments may be one of the methods used to reduce fuel 

accumulations. The Minimum Requirement Decision Guide (Arthur Carhart 

National Wilderness Training Center 2002) will be used to identify the most 

effective, lowest impact method. 

• Plowed firelines may be used to aid in wildfire suppression under extreme 

conditions. 

• A Fire Plan will be developed to guide fire operations while maintaining 

wilderness values. Biological, cultural and wildland urban interface conditions 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

67

may place constraints on fire operations in Wilderness. Any site-specific 

constraints will be identified in the Fire Plan. 

Embedded Prescriptions: Approximately 31,936 acres of SIA (natural areas), and 91 

acres of old-growth longleaf patches are embedded in the wilderness prescription. 

33..44:: RRiivveerrCCoorrrriiddoorrssEElliiggiibbllee ffoorrWWiilldd&&SScceenniiccRRiivveerrSSttaattuuss

MMaannaaggeemmeenntt

Wild and scenic rivers are segments of watercourses that are designated and added to the 

national system because they contain natural, cultural, scenic, and recreational values that 

are outstanding for their particular geographic area. By designating them wild and scenic 

rivers, their outstanding values are retained and enhanced on national forest system land. 

Two rivers, White Oak and Brice Creek (which includes portions of East and West Prong 

Creeks), were evaluated in this planning process to see if they should be designated. 

There are three categories for designation, each of which carries certain restrictions. The 

categories (wild, scenic, and recreational) are based on the quality of natural resources 

and the degree that human activities have changed the natural character of the area. A 

wild segment shows little human impact and has many restrictions on the types of 

activities that will be allowed on that segment of river. A recreational segment shows 

many signs of human activities and has fewer restrictions. The scenic designation falls 

between the two. The portion of a river that is evaluated includes 1/4 mile on either side 

of the river and whatever river length is appropriate to retain the values. 

Reference Condition: The White Oak River was chosen as a reference condition for 

rivers eligible to be designated as part of the national wild and scenic river system. The 

river is a predominantly blackwater coastal river that drains swampy or marshy areas of 

the interior pocosins to the brackish bay at Bogue Sound. A person traveling the river 

would move through a variety of landscapes, starting at the mouth with saltwater marsh 

that is broad and sluggish and lined with cord grass, up the narrow and meandering river 

through stands of large hardwood and pines and hardwood swamp. 

The White Oak River has eligible scenic and recreational segments along its 

approximately 30-mile stretch from the headwaters by Hoffman Forest to just south of 

Hunter Creek by Stella. Along eligible scenic segments, the shoreline is mostly 

undeveloped, but there is access by gravel roads or trails or rustic developments like the 

boat launch at Long Point and Haywood Landing. Located along eligible recreation 

segments are more development and higher standard roads, with much evidence of 

human activity like the Highway 17 bridge at Belgrade and agriculture fields to the south. 

Visitors use the river primarily for recreational activities, such as boating, fishing, and 

wildlife viewing. In scenic segments, they would be likely to encounter people walking 

or motoring along the shoreline. In recreation segments, many people often use the river 

at the same time, and developments to facilitate recreation activities may be present in 

proximity to the river. 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

68 

Variation from Reference Condition: A power line crosses an eligible scenic segment 

of the White Oak River. Flooded marl quarries are located in the eligible recreational 

segment of the White Oak. 

Since the White Oak River does not have any segments that qualify as wild, eligible wild 

segments of Brice Creek will be described as a variation of the White Oak River 

reference condition to capture this information. Along wild segments, essentially no 

evidence of recent human activity is present, and access is non-motorized because there 

are no roads in the area. In wild segments, visitors are often isolated from the sights and 

sounds of other human activity and encounter few other users. Water quality, at times, 

may not meet State standards because of agricultural run-off. Eligible scenic segments 

along Brice Creek have paved roads and small bridges crossing the stream. 

Probable Management Practices: 

• Construction of foot and canoe trails and small, gravel boat access points along 

the White Oak River. 

• Construction of accessible fishing piers and adjacent parking lots in developed 

sites within the corridor. 

• Interpretation through signing and brochures about the historic, archeological, 

and natural values of the river corridors. 

• Limited and selective removal of logs or structures to facilitate small boat 

passage. 

• Study and possible testing of archeological shell middens and other sites along 

the river edge. 

• Cooperation with the State Natural Heritage Program to further research on 

unique aquatic qualities of the river. 

Embedded Prescriptions: About 30 acres of SIA (natural areas), and 1,447 acres of 

SIA (heritage resource areas), and 16 acres of old-growth longleaf are embedded in the 

river corridors eligible for wild and scenic river status prescription. 

33..55:: HHaarrddwwooooddCCyypprreessssWWeettllaannddMMaannaaggeemmeenntt

These areas contain bottomland hardwoods, cypress ponds, and linear swamps, with a 

transition zone of wet upland hardwood slopes arranged throughout. These wetlands are 

corridors in a matrix of upland pine, mixtures of hardwood and pine, and pocosin 

habitats. They link the large intact pocosin habitats in the interior of the forest to major 

adjacent riverine systems, such as the Newport, White Oak, and Neuse Rivers. 

The hardwood-cypress wetland management prescription boundary was based primarily 

on maps of presettlement riverine swamp communities on the CNF (Frost 1996). There 

are about 7,900 acres of riverine swamp communities on the CNF (Appendix A). 

Approximately 1,500 acres are included in Wilderness and River Corridors Eligible for 

Wild and Scenic River Status management prescriptions and 6,200 acres are included 

within the hardwood-cypress wetland prescription. The hardwood-cypress wetlands 

prescription also includes about 2,000 acres of types that are more upland adjacent to the 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

69

true riverine hardwood system. Areas along Holston Creek are included within the 

hardwood-cypress wetland prescription. The Hadnot Creek Ponds and Longleaf Pine 

Woods area (410 acres) are identified in the Plan in the Special Interest Areas 

management prescription (Chapter 3.12.1). 

Reference Condition: Black Swamp Creek is used as the reference condition. 

Hardwoods dominate the vegetation structure. Baldcypress and swamp tupelo dominate 

in wet depressions along rivers, creeks, cypress ponds, and along the periphery of large 

peatlands. Loblolly pine, yellow poplar, swamp black gum, and semi-evergreen 

bottomland oaks (willow oak, water oak, and laurel oak) dominate the transition zone 

between the wetter cypress-gum swamps and adjacent uplands. Swamp chestnut oak and 

cherrybark oak are dominant on swamp chestnut oak flats. On slightly drier soils, wetmesophytic trees—water oak, yellow poplar, and red maple—may dominate, with a 

variety of subcanopy trees and shrubs. 

The vegetation structure includes a stream with well-defined banks that flatten out into 

floodplains. The stream, which drains Great Lake, is habitat for fish and other aquatic 

species. Water is free of chemical contaminants, but the color is dark due to tannin from 

organic soils in the pocosins. The stream-course is a canoe trail for human travel. 

Adjacent to the stream are flat wetlands with soils of high organic content. These 

wetlands function as sinks that capture and store sediments and offer a nutrient-rich 

environment for vegetation. 

Forested stands within the Black Swamp Creek drainage are characterized as “mature,” 

averaging 70-100 years in age, and 24-36 inches in tree diameter. Tree spacing is 

variable with patches of dense stands with more than 80 percent canopy coverage. 

Understory development is varied, depending on local flooding frequency and duration, 

and on canopy density. Understory shrub and herb density and diversity vary from very 

sparse in areas of continuous forest canopy, to nearly continuous and dense in gaps 

created by natural treefall. Dominant canopy trees range from 100-150 feet, forming a 

somewhat dense and unbroken upper canopy. 

In general, hardwood cypress wetland corridors range from 6 to 8 miles in length. Widths 

vary from 300 feet at upper portions of stream headwaters to 4,400 feet at the confluence 

of major rivers. High species diversity, varied site productivity, varied midstory and 

understory conditions, and various levels of moisture support more vertebrate species 

than are found in upland forests. 

Stands with dense upper canopies and open understories provide high-quality habitat for 

neotropical migratory birds, such as the blue-gray gnatcatcher, and yellow-throated 

warbler, which forage or nest in the upper forest canopy. Scattered natural treefall gaps 

cause well-developed understory strata, providing quality habitat for neotropical 

migratory bird species such as hooded warbler, Swainson’s warbler, and wood thrush, 

which forage and nest in midstory and understory vegetation. 

Medium to large-diameter snags, tree cavities, and den trees are abundant and well 

distributed, providing high-quality habitat for species such as pileated woodpeckers, 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

70 

prothonotary warblers, screech owls, black bears, wood ducks, and Rafinesque’s big 

eared bat. Large diameter logs are widely distributed along stream courses and in interior 

portions of forested stands. 

The connective system of forested wetlands and transitional hardwood slopes provide 

travel corridors for black bears, wild turkeys, and other vertebrates, to move between 

interior portions of the forest and major riverine systems. Other species benefiting from 

the hardwood-cypress wetlands prescription include the yellow-billed cuckoo, Acadian 

flycatcher, wood thrush, red-eyed vireo, and northern parula. 

Public users experience a sense of isolation from the sights and sounds of human 

disturbances and activities. The level of use is low compared to other portions of the 

forest. Breaks in the forest canopy are widely dispersed and minimal. Open state and 

county roads, and moderate- to high-use Forest Service roads cross this area infrequently. 

The roads provide limited access to stream corridors – an average of one access point for 

every 3 miles – with minimal roadbed widths to minimize breaks in the canopy. 

Primitive, rustic, and developed boat ramps exist to provide canoe and boating access to 

major creeks and rivers. Recreation facilities generally are provided for users at the 

perimeters of the area. ROS class acres are primarily roaded natural and rural. 

Evidence of fire activity ranges from rare in wet areas to common on mesic transitional 

hardwood slopes. Burning prescriptions for mesic sites are designed to maintain hardmast 

producing hardwood species with relatively open understories. 

Variation from Reference Condition: Fire control lines may extend through 

transitional hardwood slopes to wetlands. Most of these are narrow, leaving the canopy 

relatively unbroken. Existing low-standard roads cross the corridor, but use of them is 

infrequent. Storm damage may create openings in the overstory. New land acquisitions 

or other ownership adjustments may have open overstory conditions as well. 

Probable Management Practices: 

• Constructing trails for canoe access points, constructing boat launch sites at a 

roaded natural ROS level. 

• Using natural barriers or existing fire plowlines to manage prescribed fire and 

wildfire. 

• Planting hardmast producing hardwoods and baldcypress for restoration. 

• Very limited timber salvaging. 

• Mowing existing wildlife openings and existing hiking trails. 

• Interpreting the hardwood wetland community through signing and/or production 

of a brochure. 

Embedded Prescriptions: About 1,071 acres of SIA (natural areas), 901 acres of SIA 

(heritage resource areas). 

33..66:: RRCCWWHHaabbiittaattMMaannaaggeemmeennttAArreeaa
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

71

The RCW Habitat Management Area (RCW HMA) on the CNF along with RCW habitat 

on Camp Lejeune and Holly Shelter is one of 15 landscapes across the Southeastern U.S. 

needed to recover the species. The natural range of RCW within this area extends from 

Virginia to Texas and as far inland as Kentucky. Habitat suitability for RCW throughout 

this area is variable but has certain common elements. They include an open-pine forest 

canopy structure and a grass-forb dominated understory composition. The CNF, Camp 

Lejeune, and Holly Shelter occur in the northern end of the natural range of RCW in the 

Coastal Plain. This landscape has certain components of forest structure and composition 

that are unique within the RCW range. These include: 1) open pine savannas dominated 

by longleaf pine in the overstory and wiregrass in the understory, 2) woodlands and 

forests with mixed longleaf pine, pond pine, and loblolly pine in the overstory with 

wiregrass, huckleberry, and blueberry in the understory, and 3) pocosins dominated by 

scattered pond pine and dense evergreen shrubs. 

Technically, the RCW HMA on the CNF consists of an aggregate of RCW groups close 

enough (not greater than 18 miles separated) to each other to provide significant genetic 

interchange between the individual groups, ensuring at least short-term viability. It 

therefore includes all existing active RCW clusters and inactive clusters, and enough 

suitable habitat (pine and pine-hardwood forest types) for possible reintroduction where 

the species occurred historically, but no longer exists. The HMA does not include 

suitable habitat that is separated by 3 miles or more of permanently unsuitable RCW 

habitat (including lakes, agricultural lands, hardwood forests, and river bottoms). 

Although the delineation of the HMA is based on these technical requirements, local 

landscape conditions and ownership patterns strongly influence the HMA configuration. 

The CNF proclaimed boundary is approximately 300,000 acres in size but because of 

large privately owned tracts and small private in-holdings, the USFS administered land 

within this boundary is only about 161,000 acres. The RCW HMA on the CNF is 

approximately 69,000 acres in size and is designed within this fragmented landscape. 

This landscape is composed of a matrix, patches, and corridors. The matrix is the most 

dominant portion of the landscape and exerts strong control over the movement of RCW. 

It is the portion that makes the landscape a single entity. An analogy is that of a freckled 

faced child: the skin between the freckles is the matrix. The matrix, in most landscapes, 

exerts strong control over landscape flows (movement of materials, energy, and 

organisms) because of the connection it provides for other habitats. Patches are areas 

with relatively homogenous vegetation composition and structure, suitable for RCW, 

which differ from what surrounds them. Corridors connect similar patches through a 

dissimilar matrix. 

Maintaining a viable population of RCW on the Croatan is dependent not only on having 

sufficient suitable habitat for nesting and foraging through forest management, but having 

a suitable spatial mix and arrangements of habitats through time. Therefore, the 

reference condition for the RCW HMA is described at two scales, the landscape and the 

stand. 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

72 

Reference Condition: The portion of the HMA at the southern end of the CNF is used 

as the reference landscape condition, and Millis Road Savanna, within this zone, is used 

as the reference stand condition. The landscape structure consists of a matrix of open to 

moderately dense, low pond pine and shrub pocosin growing in very poorly drained 

mineral soils. Interspersed within this matrix are medium to large-sized patches of 

upland pine forests on more well-drained soils that are connected through the pocosin by 

long, linear sand ridges also dominated by pine forests. 

The composition of the uplands is predominately longleaf pine savannas with mixed-pine 

savannas and flatwoods occurring where there are broad transitions with pocosins. They 

function as the primary nesting and foraging habitat for RCW in this area. The pocosins 

function as barriers to the spread of ground fire and to longleaf pine expansion but not to 

the movement of RCW. The species occasionally forages in the scattered pond pines in 

pocosins, and the more dense vegetation provides hiding cover for young RCW 

fledglings and protection from predators. The pocosins also act as reservoirs for wetland 

species. Longleaf pine savannas on linear sand ridges provide a corridor for RCW 

movement throughout the HMA and connect the southern and western zones. At a finer 

scale, this corridor also functions as a passageway for local fires and is able to ignite 

anywhere along its length. Under a natural fire regime, the system is self-perpetuating; 

vegetation and community structure created by fire provide the fuels to sustain future 

fires. The intervening ecotone between the pocosin and upland patches and ridges is 

extensive and especially diverse, containing numerous rare savanna plant species. 

Within the habitat patches and corridors, stand structure is savanna—a fire-maintained 

community in which a tree layer provides up to 50 percent cover over a continuous, 

usually grassy, herb layer (Frost, Walker, and Peet 1986). The forest therefore has two 

distinct layers—a pure longleaf pine canopy approaching 70 feet in height and a 

wiregrass-dominated herb layer. The fallen needles of longleaf pine and the wiregrass 

ignite easily and burn rapidly, carrying fire for considerable distances along the long, 

narrow sand ridges and across the upland patches. The growth of woody pocosin 

species’ is stunted by fire, and their stature is small along the ecotone. At the frequently 

burned wetland-upland contact is a treeless zone in which the herb layer is species-rich 

and may contain rare species such as Venus’ Flytrap and rough-leaved loosestrife. 

Most longleaf pines are nearing maturity, averaging more than 100 years old and 16 to 22 

inches in diameter. The canopy is mostly open and park-like but groves of flat-topped 

trees and 1/10-acre to 1/2-acre groups of young pines break the evenness of the canopy 

height. There are occasional snags and large logs. Large diameter trees function as 

nesting habitat for RCWs, while the uneven-aged forest provides foraging habitat and 

future replacement for canopy dominants. Occasional vehicle tracks and lowmaintenance roads run the length of some sand ridges. These roads are service lanes for 

prescribed burning and other timber stand improvement operations. An occasional fire 

plowline, used in the past during wildfire suppression activities, can be seen. 

Well-traveled roads surround this area, and Millis Road runs through a large segment of 

pine savanna. There is very little development once off the main roads, so visitors have a 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

73

sense of solitude. Hunting is a popular activity and travel off the main roads is by foot 

along trails or ‘cross-country’. ROS class acres are primarily roaded natural and rural. 

Variation from Reference Condition: At the landscape scale, the matrix composition 

and configuration of patches and corridors within the HMA varies across the CNF. Pond 

pine woodlands replace pocosin as the predominant matrix in the western and northern 

portion of the HMA. Mixed pine savannas and flatwoods are more common in these 

areas and, along with longleaf pine savannas, dominate the suitable habitat patches. 

Habitat fragmentation is augmented by the expanding urban development in the eastern 

portion of the HMA. Small pocosins and pond pine woodlands provide the major 

corridors for RCW movement in this area. 

At the stand level, variation from reference condition is more obviously due to 

differences in management intensity and response to management. Regeneration of 

young pines may occur in patches ranging from 1 to 25 acres in size although the largersized patches are uncommon. Multi-aged stands are more common and have young 

longleaf pine occurring beneath an open overstory of mature pines. A low to high shrub 

layer of varying density may be present in stands not yet on a regular prescribed fire 

rotation. 

Probable Management Practices: 

• Prescribed burning, timber harvest, and other appropriate methods to maintain 

stand structure and provide conditions favorable for pine regeneration. 

• Road maintenance to provide access. 

• Monitoring RCW and savanna indicators to determine management effectiveness. 

• Planting longleaf pine to restore pre-settlement species composition. 

• Interpreting the significance and management of pine savannas through signing 

and/or production of brochures. 

Embedded Prescription: About 6,384 acres of SIA (natural areas), 2,030 acres of SIA 

(heritage resource areas), and 1,700 acres of old-growth longleaf forest are embedded in 

the RCW Habitat Management Area prescription. 

33..77:: WWiillddllaanndd--UUrrbbaannIInntteerrffaacceeMMaannaaggeemmeenntt

Wildland-urban interfaces (WUI) occur where forestland adjoins or mixes with human 

developments. Most of the perimeter of the CNF either currently is, or has the potential 

to become, a WUI. To address fire safety within the wildland-urban interface, defensible 

space can be created that provides a buffer between human developments and forestland. 

Designating this defensible space and reducing the fuels within minimizes the risk of 

wildfire and the hazards associated with it. 

WUI defensible space offers an opportunity for safer, more successful fire suppression by 

reducing fire intensity and decreasing rate of spread which in turn decreases the risk to 

firefighters as well as the risk of damage to nearby structures, improvements and 

developments. 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

74 

Since wildfires do not stop at political, jurisdictional, or private boundaries, collaboration 

among cooperating agencies, local governments, adjoining communities, and private 

landowners will aim to develop a mutual approach to the WUI. Elements incorporated 

into WUI treatments may also include signing, and creating adequate road systems and 

water sources. Public education programs such as ‘Fire Wise’ may be used to encourage 

and support local communities with attempts to create defensible space within privately 

owned areas. 

Reference Condition: The reference condition (defensible space) does not fully exist at 

this time. However, the desired condition is one where the vegetative structure serves as a 

firebreak as a result of treatments that have reduced the fuels in stature and density. In 

such areas, fire suppression is likely to succeed, and risks to resources and developments 

from radiant heat, flying embers and flame impingement are greatly reduced. 

In the WUI defensible space, fuels in the shrub layer will be treated to make them 

discontinuous, with much of the fine dead woody fuel being either removed or 

compacted. Compaction of fuels along with the reduction in particle size, will provide a 

more favorable environment for decomposition. Ladder fuels, which carry a fire upward 

from the surface fuels, will be reduced, as will total fuel loads. Defensible space in 

pocosins will have a well-defined edge because the continuous shrub layer that once 

made up the canopy will be broken up through applied treatments. As weather and fuel 

conditions permit, fire may be applied to some WUI defensible spaces in an effort to 

meet well-defined objectives. 

The WUI will initially have an altered appearance because of clearing and burning 

activities. The defensible space will increase access for hiking or hunting. 

Variation from Reference Condition: The structure and appearance of a WUI 

defensible space may vary by forest type and pre-treatment fuel conditions. In many 

cases the canopies will remain relatively closed. Within the pocosin WUI, access will 

change from occurring along roads and short distances into the pocosin to access through 

the open space created. Access will eventually end at the edge of the defensible space 

and the pocosin will remain a remote setting with a feeling of solitude. 

Probable Management Practices: 

• Mechanical or hand treatments of fuels, which may include cutting, crushing, 

lopping, and scattering. 

• Removal of the shrub layer and aerial fuels may occur. In limited cases, overstory 

trees may be removed. 

• Under specified conditions, fire may be applied. 

• Fuels may be treated with foam. Fire plow lines may be constructed where 

necessary for the safety of firefighter and/or public safety. Where conditions 

warrant, fixed wing aircraft or helicopters may be used for applications of water 

or fire retardant, aerial ignition, and reconnaissance. 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

75

Embedded Prescriptions: No prescriptions are embedded in the wildland-urban 

interface prescription. 

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The distribution of hardwood forest types, which include hardwood forest and hardwood 

slopes, is determined by a combination of position in the landscape and fire history. 

These types historically occurred in zones between the frequently burned pine-dominated 

uplands and the infrequently burned hardwood cypress bottomland. 

Reference Condition: Forests in the Hunter Creek area are used as the reference 

condition. Oaks and other hardwoods are dominant, with pine species occurring as a 

subdominant canopy component. Hardwood-dominant stands occur in rolling areas near 

rivers and streams, on steep slopes, at wet toes of gentle rolling slopes, on peninsulas, and 

on bodies of upland soils surrounded by swamps. Hardwood-dominant types can occur 

on xeric, dry-mesic, mesic, and wet-mesic sites. 

Depending upon landscape position and soils, dominant species include white oak, 

mockernut hickory, pignut hickory, swamp chestnut oak, cherrybark oak, shumard oak, 

American beech, yellow poplar, black walnut, bitternut hickory, water oak, laurel oak, 

sweet gum, green ash, black gum, with a subdominant component of loblolly pine. The 

subcanopy can consist of flowering dogwood, sourwood, ironwood, southern sugar 

maple, red maple, hop hornbeam, red mulberry, umbrella magnolia, American holly, and 

yellow-poplar. Dominant shrubs include beautyberry, spicebush, sweet leaf, dwarf 

pawpaw, sparkleberry, lowbush blueberry, red bay, Ilex species, and red buckeye. 

The long-term objectives are to restore natural hardwoods, particularly species that 

produce hard mast, to areas currently dominated by pine, and to grow these stands to an 

old age. In the short-term, however, a variety of successional stages and wildlife habitat 

conditions will be provided as the dominant canopy species shift from pine to hardwood 

dominance. 

Over time, habitat conditions and associated bird species will shift from pine-dependent 

bird species, to hardwood-woodland dominated types, such as the black-throated green 

warbler, ovenbird, wood thrush, Kentucky warbler, blue-gray gnatcatcher, hairy 

woodpecker, black and white warbler, hooded warbler, yellow-throated warbler, yellowbilled cuckoo, red-eyed vireo, and northern parula. 

In the short-term, small gaps in the canopy will be created as silvicultural treatments are 

applied to favor restoration of hardwood hardmast canopy species. The understory will 

be relatively open, with moderate to sparse shrub and herb layers. Herb and shrub layers 

will be moderate to dense in hardwood regeneration gaps. However, these gaps will be 

scattered and generally will comprise less than 25 percent of stands. 

Snags, tree cavities, and den trees are abundant and widely distributed through this type, 

providing habitat for snag- and cavity-dependent species, such as woodpeckers, 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

76 

nuthatches, eastern screech-owls, barred owls, gray squirrels, southern fox squirrels, 

raccoons, northern flickers, flycatchers, eastern wood-pewees, Carolina chickadees, 

tufted titmice, rat snakes, and other reptile species. As stands in this type mature, large 

logs will become widely dispersed throughout this type, providing microhabitat for small 

mammals, reptiles, and invertebrates. 

Evidence of past and recent fire activity will be less conspicuous than in pine-dominated 

types. Fire plowlines are evident, but uncommon. Primarily, natural physiographic 

barriers are used as control lines when available. Prescribed burning will be done mostly 

in the dormant season, and burns will not be intense. 

This landtype provides more visual diversity than other landtypes on the CNF. The 

desired scenic character is older-aged mature hardwood forest with somewhat open 

understories. In the short-term, however, viewers will see small openings with dense 

regeneration interspersed throughout. 

Users may have frequent opportunities to observe flocks of wild turkeys searching for 

insects in grassy openings, because permanent grassy openings may be dispersed 

throughout. Openings will be frequent in areas designated to provide high-quality turkey 

habitat. 

A variety of recreation opportunities will be accommodated, but non-motorized 

recreational uses will be emphasized. Public motorized vehicle access will be provided, 

but the number and density of roads open to public motorized vehicle recreational uses 

will be less than for other areas on the CNF. Motorized and non-motorized wildlife 

viewing opportunities will be provided, with an emphasis toward foot and bike travel. 

ROS class is primarily roaded natural. 

To favor wildlife species that are sensitive to human disturbance, road gates and 

information signs will be erected to restrict certain types of recreational uses on dead-end 

and spur roads. Non-motorized hunting uses, such as muzzleloader hunting, gun stillhunting, archer hunting, and walk-in spring turkey hunting will be favored. 

Variation from Reference Condition: Fire control lines may be maintained in areas. 

Fire control lines may be seeded with perennial grasses and legumes favored by a variety 

of wildlife species. Larger regeneration units may sometimes be created to address forest 

pest and health issues. Open well-traveled public access roads may be present. 

Probable Management Practices: 

• Construction and maintenance of trails for foot and bike travel. 

• Creation and maintenance of long narrow wildlife openings, and permanent 

grass/forb openings. 

• Planting of trees and shrubs to produce soft mast. 

• Thinning of pine to restore hardwood, and timber salvaging activities. 

• Release of hardwood regeneration using mechanical treatments, prescribed fire, or 

ground-applied herbicides. 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

77

• Prescribed burning activities, including fireline construction and seeding of 

plowed firelines in perennial grasses and forbs. 

• Gating of roads to restrict access. 

Embedded Prescriptions: None. 

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To sustain a viable black bear population, contiguous habitat of adequate size, quality, 

and location should be managed in a semi-primitive setting. In this Plan, habitat that 

provides the conditions described for black bear is designated as the black bear habitat 

management prescription. In addition to the areas designated, habitat also exists within 

the management prescriptions for Wilderness, RCW HMA, and the Wildland Urban 

Interface (where it overlaps with the previously listed management prescriptions). 

Despite the desirable black bear habitat conditions that exist in these areas, each will be 

managed under compatible, but separate management prescriptions. 

Reference Condition: As a reference condition, the large block of unroaded pocosin 

wetlands and pond pine forest southeast of the town of Havelock, east of Highway 70, 

and south of State Highway 101 is used. The area consists primarily of pocosin wetlands 

and pond pine forest, with scattered mixed loblolly pine and longleaf pine, and some 

dominant longleaf pine forest types. It is characterized by dense shrub understory with 

scattered emergent trees, commonly pond pine. The vegetation is dominated by woody, 

predominantly evergreen shrub species. Soils are poorly to moderately poorly drained 

and highly organic. The dominant vegetation is usually broad-leaved evergreen shrubs or 

low trees, such as titi, red bay, sweet bay, sweet pepperbush, fetterbush, blueberry, 

huckleberry, bitter gallberry, and wax myrtle, overtopped by pond pine and dense matting 

of greenbrier vine. In addition to pond pine, loblolly pine and longleaf pine may be found 

in better-drained areas. Bald cypress, tupelo (Nyssa species), and red maple may be 

present on less organic soils. 

Public recreational use is low and infrequent. The area is mostly unroaded. Some existing 

roads may be closed to public motorized vehicle use. Recreation settings are 

semiprimitive. Management activities in the area are restricted to those that enhance 

natural community features. Users will experience a sense of isolation and remoteness, 

similar to that experienced in designated wildernesses. ROS class acres are primarily 

roaded natural and semi-primitive non-motorized. 

Variation from Reference Condition: Heavily traveled open public roads may cross 

key bear habitat. Whenever possible, roads will be closed to motorized vehicle use, and 

maintenance standards will be low. Selected roads and portions of roads may be opened 

during the fall hunting season to provide traditional hunter access. 

Key bear habitat may receive moderate to high levels of management to reduce fuel 

accumulations in the WUI. High-use recreational trails may be developed, but they will 

be on the periphery of key bear habitat. 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

78 

Probable Management Practices: 

• Trail construction and maintenance for hiking, mountain biking, and horseback 

riding. Creation of parking areas at trailheads. 

• Soft mast tree and shrub plantings, along with maintenance of grass/forb wildlife 

openings. 

• Prescribed burning activities. 

• Road reconstruction, and road obliteration. 

• Gating of roads to restrict public motorized vehicle access. 

• Mowing roadsides on closed roads. 

• Military training operations. 

• Plugging of drainage canals to restore natural water levels. 

• Boat launching sites. 

Embedded Prescriptions: About 5,337 acres of SIA (natural areas) and 150 acres of 

SIA (heritage resource areas) are embedded in black bear habitat management 

prescription. 

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Areas will be developed or maintained for recreation, interpretation, administration and 

communication, water impoundment, and special uses. Developed areas consist of small 

patches or corridors in a matrix of forested landscapes. The size of developed areas 

depends on function and capacity. Appropriate recreational settings are described in 

Appendix G. 

The Developed Area Management prescription is further divided into five subheadings. 

3.10.1: Recreation Sites in Rural Settings 

Reference Condition: Cedar Point Campground is used as a reference condition for this 

landscape element. Large trees are distributed widely throughout a 10-acre area that 

forms an opening in an otherwise forested landscape. Campground access is by 2-lane 

gravel road, with a corridor of approximately 3/4 mile that is quite scenic. Paved roads 

weave throughout the area to provide access to campsites that are close to one another. 

Camping sites are available for tents or campers. People use the area to socialize and 

establish a base camp from which to fish, hunt, explore nature, and participate in other 

outdoor activities. 

Several buildings designed to harmonize with the natural surroundings provide flush 

toilets and hot showers. Water spigots and refuse containers are distributed throughout 

the area. Electric hookups are provided to power appliances, such as air conditioners in 

campers during the summer. The campground capacity is 215 people. 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

79

A 1/2-acre grass clearing adjacent to the campground has tables for picnicking, providing 

capacity for up to 24 people. Near this site is the starting point for an interpretive hiking 

trail about 2 miles in length. 

Variation from Reference Condition: Recreation sites across the CNF vary in capacity 

and support facilities. For example, some campgrounds may not have electric hookups, 

and some may have gravel rather than paved roads. Some campgrounds have vault 

toilets and/or no showers. 

Probable Management Practices: 

• Reconstruction and maintenance of existing support facilities and utilities. 

• Removal of hazard trees that cause safety concerns. 

• Site expansion involving construction of new support facilities. 

• Construction of group camping facilities. 

3.10.2: Recreation Sites in Roaded Natural & Semi-Primitive Motorized Settings 

Reference Condition: Brice Creek boat ramp is used as a reference condition. Brice 

Creek dissects the relatively contiguous canopy of the riparian corridor. A 1/4-acre 

clearing at the Brice Creek landing creates a larger gap in the canopy. The landing has an 

accessible wooden platform at the water’s edge for viewing, fishing, photography, and 

other similar activities. A ramp is provided for boat launching and boat landing. Clear 

blackwater and undisturbed stream banks create a distinctively scenic landscape. People 

meet here for family gatherings, to view scenery, or to launch a canoe expedition to 

explore the creek’s unique resources. 

The approach road is a single lane gravel road with turnouts. Along the road on national 

forest land, forests dominate the landscape, with occasional openings of young trees. 

Patches of blackened tree trunks can be seen as evidence of recent prescribed burns. 

Patches of highly scenic longleaf savanna are interspersed with loblolly pine plantations. 

Over time, as longleaf is restored, savannas will occur along the approach road. 

Variation from Reference Condition: Other sites have varied sizes of clearings 

dependent on the size of groups to be accommodated. Some sites provide access that 

passes through natural settings to reach attractive, scenic sites. Different areas have rustic 

campsites, tent pads, and fire rings for overnight use. In the future, variation among sites 

will be evident, as facilities are developed to accommodate special recreation activities, 

such as rifle ranges. These sites will be designed to preserve scenery, even though 

scenery is not the primary purpose for the facility. 

Probable Management Practices: 

• Mowing and other maintenance of clearings and roads. 

• Fuel treatments including prescribed burning and tree harvesting may occur 

adjacent to the site. 

• Within sites, construction of support facilities and reconstruction of existing 

support facilities, will occur. 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

80 

• History, prehistory and the natural community will be interpreted through signing 

and brochures at various sites. 

3.10.3: Water-Based Recreation and Heritage Resource Interpretation 

Many areas within roaded natural and semi-primitive settings have unique natural 

attractions that draw interest. Examples include water, and heritage resource 

management zones that have rich concentrations of pre-historic and historic sites. Within 

these unique areas, more emphasis will be placed on dispersed recreation, access points 

to the water, and interpretation. Access will be provided in a quarter-mile corridor off 

water bodies on national forest to satisfy the needs of humans to learn about their history, 

to satisfy a desire for access to the water, and to meet the obligation of the Forest Service 

to protect and interpret heritage resources. 

Reference Condition: Pine Cliff/ Cahooque Creek area is used as a reference condition. 

The landscape is largely natural and supports a mixed pine/hardwood ecosystem. Natural 

processes primarily determine vegetation patterns. A great deal of variety exists in the 

vegetation. Small openings are located in the forest where vegetation has been modified 

to enhance recreation. 

Access is provided primarily by roads, and recreation is centered around water — either 

lakes, streams, or rivers. The area has high recreational use resulting in a lower level of 

solitude. However, certain groups of users, such as hunters or bikers, may be restricted 

from specific areas. Non-motorized trails are present, particularly adjacent to water. 

Along these trails, facilities exist for the comfort and convenience of the user. Rustic 

camping occurs in dispersed camps near the water. 

Interpretation of the natural and historic features is provided on site, at trailheads, and at 

other points of access into the area. Pine Cliff visitors can learn how prehistoric residents 

lived near the shell midden along the Neuse River, and they can learn about the 

importance of pine tar in our history from the remnants of a tar kiln. Some facilities may 

include historic buildings like the picnic shelter at Pine Cliff. Primitive, rustic, and 

developed boat ramps provide access to water. 

Variation from Reference Condition: The hardwood cypress wetlands provide a 

different condition with limited access to the water for recreation, and development of 

facilities may be limited. Examples include Holston Creek and Hunter Creek, where few 

miles of road exist, and access is primarily by foot. At the few rustic facilities that exist, 

visitors may find semiprimitive motorized boat access sites, individual campsites, and 

heritage resource interpretation of past inhabitants and their activities. 

Probable Management Practices: 

• Construction and maintenance of trails, trailheads, boat launch areas, and 

interpretive kiosks and signs. 

• Monitoring of existing camping areas and construction of new small, rustic 

facilities. 

• Using prescribed fire as necessary to help restore and maintain the ecosystem. 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

81

• Limited tree removal to create a safe condition in developed sites. 

• Testing of known archeological sites to increase our knowledge of the area and, at 

times, to permit other activities to occur on those sites. 

• Offering ‘Passport In Time’ projects that invite the public to help with 

archeological projects when access and facilities permit. 

• Reconstruction to preserve or restore historic features. These areas are classed as 

not suitable for timber. 

Embedded Prescriptions: About 239 acres of SIA (natural areas) and 246 acres of SIA 

(heritage resource areas) are embedded in this subheading. 

3.10.4: Impoundments 

Reference Condition: Catfish Lake Impoundment is the only such structure on the CNF. 

It covers 820 acres inside a forested matrix. The previous owner farmed the area by 

constructing a series of interconnected ditches in large rectangular configurations. 

Headgates, risers, and ditches flood the area, creating ponds that are rest stops for 

waterfowl as they migrate along the Atlantic flyway. In the spring, the ditches allow 

water to drain, providing a rich seedbed for cereal grains, which are foods for deer, quail, 

bear, and other wildlife species. 

The interconnected ditches form six sub-impoundments, allowing the water and farming 

operations to be conducted separately among them. Therefore, the flooding, liming, 

fertilizing, prescribed burning, and planting of crops can be rotated within the 

impoundment, resulting in capacity that is highly-sustainable for wildlife and waterfowl. 

The North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission co-manages the impoundment with 

the Forest Service to provide wildlife viewing and waterfowl-hunting opportunities. 

The impoundment is accessible off Catfish Lake Road, and is centrally located between 

populated areas of Highway 58 and 70. Hunters, wildlife viewing enthusiasts, mountain 

bikers, and hikers use the area. The impoundment draws visitors because of the rich 

abundance of wildlife in a concentrated area. At certain times of the year, visitors will 

encounter many other people. 

Variations to the Reference Condition: The impoundment’s condition depends on 

investments in fertilizing, liming, crop planting, and managing the water levels. Without 

this high-management intensity, the impoundment would gradually revert to the pocosintype vegetation that surrounds it. 

Probable Management Practices: 

• Crop planting. 

• Fertilizing, liming, flooding and draining of water. 

• Roller chopping and discing. 

• Prescribed burning. 

• Construction of accessible boardwalks, viewing platforms and trails that facilitate 

wildlife viewing and hunting. 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

82 

3.10.5: Administrative & Communication Sites and Special Uses 

Reference Condition: One reference condition will not describe the variety of 

administrative facilities, communication sites, and special uses. 

Variation from Reference Condition: Administrative sites include the support facilities 

for offices and work centers. Communication sites include the towers for sending, 

receiving, or relaying communication signals. Special uses included in this subheading 

are those that affect land use. Utility corridors are examples. Each of these sites creates a 

gap in the forest. The vegetative cover is usually maintained as grass/forb. The function 

of most special use sites is to transmit energy or raw materials across the forest to 

population centers. While these sites go through areas with other desired conditions, the 

stipulations in the permit take precedence. In the future, in an effort to minimize the 

effect of these sites on other resource values, new sites will preferably be located along 

existing corridors, such as roads. These new uses should not create additional impact to 

resources. 

Probable Management Practices: 

• Issuing permits for electronic site use and utility corridors. 

• Maintaining corridors, communication sites and administrative facilities will 

include mowing, bush hogging, clearing, and herbicide use. 

Embedded Prescriptions: About 25 acres of SIA (natural areas) and 62 acres of SIA 

(heritage resource areas) are embedded in developed areas. 

33..1111:: OOHHVVSSyysstteemmMMaannaaggeemmeenntt

Off-highway vehicle (OHV) use is popular on national forests. Vehicles include 

motorcycles, 4-wheelers, and full sized 4-wheel drive vehicles. Riders prefer to test their 

skill in a variety of settings. They want diverse challenges and, at times, remote 

experiences. Historically, on the Croatan National Forest, OHVs have used system roads, 

designated OHV routes, and unauthorized roads or trails. Many of the unauthorized trails 

are in areas with sensitive plant and animal species, and some are on dead-end routes 

favorable for illegal trash dumping and dangerous, unregulated shooting. 

To meet demands for OHV use in ways that protect other resource values, a trail system 

will be designed in an area that has already been used by OHVs, east of Black Swamp 

Road. The trail system will provide continued access for other forest users, especially 

hunters and fire protection, while also providing a desirable OHV experience. A user fee 

system will be established to assist with maintenance of the trail system. Ideally, a user 

group will form and assist with the required maintenance and will help educate other 

users. 

Reference Condition: The ideal condition for an OHV trail system consists of 

challenging trails that are maintained to a level that prevents resource damage. This 

combination is difficult to attain since a challenging and enjoyable ride often requires 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

83

environmental attributes that may be considered as less than ideal for preventing resource 

damage. The trail system will consist of loop travel ways, with a designated parking 

area, specific ingress and egress points, and a user fee station at which to collect dollars 

to be used in support of the trail system. Roads will be passable to street vehicles or fourwheel drives, although roads may be seasonally closed to maintain the condition. Access 

for hunting will continue to be provided, considering the extensive historical use in this 

area. Visitors in search of a serene experience will wisely not choose this area in which 

to recreate. 

The Black Swamp area has been selected as the area in which to concentrate OHV use, 

and in which to work with user groups such as OHV-riders and hunters, to monitor and 

evaluate the area for opportunities. Since this area is already used by OHVs, 

opportunities will be explored to enhance or improve existing routes, re-designate routes, 

expand routes, close routes, or a combination of these actions. 

Variation from Reference Condition: Currently the Black Swamp Road OHV area 

consists of approximately 8 miles of loop trail. Other trails within the Black Swamp Area, 

adding approximately 2 miles, are short but help disperse travelers and hunters. 

Probable Management Practices: 

• Trail design and reconstruction with mechanized equipment, signing to clarify the 

routes, gating to control access, construction of a parking area, and user fee 

station. 

• Prescribed burning may also occur in this area. 

EEmmbbeeddddeeddPPrreessccrriippttiioonnss::

33..1122:: SSppeecciiaallIInntteerreessttAArreeaassMMaannaaggeemmeenntt

A Special Interest Area is a Forest Service designation that acknowledges areas with 

special characteristics, such as scenic, historical, geological, botanical, zoological, or 

palentological. This designation provides protection of the area through special 

consideration during management planning. Two categories of Special Interest Areas are 

recognized in the Plan – natural areas and heritage resource areas. Natural areas have 

special aquatic, biotic, or geologic value, and are managed for the perpetuation of natural 

processes, natural communities and rare species. Heritage resource areas house the 

tangible remains of past use of the CNF. These areas are protected because of the unique 

characteristics and significance they provide. 

3.12.1: Natural Areas Management 

Seventeen natural areas on the CNF occupy approximately 50,000 acres. They support 

over half of all occurrences of threatened, endangered, sensitive, and locally rare species 

on the CNF. Individual natural areas vary widely from the reference condition described 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

84 

because natural areas represent the full range of plant communities and ecological types 

found on the CNF. There are examples of pocosin, cypress-hardwood swamps, pine 

savannas, mesic hardwood slopes, maritime forests, marshes, pond pine forests, and 

mesic pine flatwoods. A common characteristic of these areas is a low level of human 

influence. 

Reference Condition: Patsy Pond Registered Natural Heritage Area is used as the 

reference condition. The topographic structure is an old beach ridge system nearly 10,000 

years old and part of a barrier to the ancient Neuse River channel. Over time, wind and 

water have reshaped old surfaces into scattered depression ponds, extensive low ridges, 

flats, and sinkholes. Beneath the soil surface in the bluish-gray claylike sand, the fossil 

remains of aquatic molluscan and ostracod fauna are testament to the past. The ponds, 

products of natural impoundments of the old stream network, have different hydrologic 

regimes. The result is a wide diversity of intergrading communities, with their unique 

plants and animals. 

Pond vegetation is divided into zones created by variations in underlying substrate. Freefloating plants and well-rooted tall marsh grasses dominate permanently flooded areas. 

Rare species such as dwarf bladderwort and loose water milfoil occur in this zone. Along 

seasonally flooded pond edges, marsh grasses, mixed herbs, and tall grasses are 

dominant. Rare species that occur in this zone include Robbins’ spike rush and flax leaf 

seed box. On the fringe of the pond depression, layers of dwarfed shrubs form the 

transition zone between the pond and upland communities. Included, along with the 

common titi, myrtle-leaved holly, and fetterbush, is pond spice—a rare species. 

The myriad of plant communities associated with these ponds provides habitats for a 

wide variety of insects and amphibians. Overall, diversity of the site is therefore 

enhanced by the variety, proximity, and seasonality of these wetland systems. In 

contrast, the sandy ridges, slopes, and flats of adjacent uplands support a fairly simple 

system of open forest dominated by longleaf pine and turkey oak. 

Porous sands underlying ridges drain most water and nutrients away from plant roots. 

Trees are stunted and widely spaced. Forest stands in these areas represent the most xeric 

longleaf pine savannas found on the CNF. 

Trails near the ponds and roads provide easy foot access to the natural area. Occasional 

interpretive signs explain special geological and botanical features in the area. Visitors 

experience a fairly primitive setting and except for occasional roads, they feel some 

solitude from the sights and sounds of others. 

Variation from Reference Condition: In some areas, improved roads and trails provide 

access routes for site maintenance, nature interpretation, environmental education, and 

scientific research. Natural processes may be simulated by management practices such as 

prescribed burning and thinning where restoration to more natural conditions is 

warranted. 
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Probable Management Practices: 

• Prescribed burning. 

• Trail construction. 

• Interpretive signing. 

• Thinning to restore natural community structure where needed. 

Description of Designated Areas 

The following are brief descriptions of natural areas designated as Special Interest Areas 

on the CNF. These SIAs are also either currently or will be registered with the NCNHP 

as Natural Heritage Areas. 

CEDAR POINT/WHITE OAK RIVER MARSHES SIA consists of a series of natural 

communities representative of coastal estuarine systems. The SIA is approximately 241 

acres in size and is located in the southwestern portion of the CNF. It is currently 

registered with the North Carolina Natural Heritage Program (NCNHP). Salt to Brackish 

Marsh occurs as well as upland forests dominated by a mixture of hardwoods and pines 

that contain remnants of maritime forest. The marshes of Cedar Point provide important 

breeding and feeding habitat for birds, fish, invertebrates, and mammals. 

FLANNERS BEACH SIA is located on a landform of relict sand dunes up to 30 feet in 

elevation, with marl limestone sediments between the ridges. High riverbanks and bluffs 

are located along the southern shore of the Neuse River. The SIA is about 180 acres in 

size and is located in the eastern portion of the CNF. It is currently registered with the 

NCNHP. The site provides an important source of fossils from the tertiary and 

quaternary periods and contains mesic mixed hardwood forests, a brackish marsh, swamp 

forests, and a sandy beach along the Neuse River. Of most significance are the hardwood 

forests, which are dominated by oaks, hickories, and loblolly pine. American beech 

dominates some slopes with common dogwood, yellow poplar, red maple, American 

holly, sourwood, and umbrella tree. In the understory, galax is common on upper slopes 

and broad beech fern and New York fern is common on the lower slopes. 

GUM SWAMP BOTTOMLAND HARDWOOD FOREST SIA represents nonriverine 

wet hardwood forests (Shafale and Weakley 1990). Sites supporting this community, 

once very common, were extensively cleared for agriculture and are now very rare. The 

SIA is approximately 35 acres in size and is located in the east-central portion of the CNF 

and is currently registered with the NCNHP. Swamp chestnut oak dominates the canopy 

or is mixed with water oak, laurel oak, sweet gum, and yellow poplar. Species diversity 

in the herb layer is low, although ferns are fairly common and include lady fern, 

cinnamon fern, royal fern, netted chain fern, Virginia chain fern, and New York fern. 

Red shouldered hawks, black-throated green and black-and-white warblers, and bears use 

the area. 

HADNOT CREEK PONDS AND LONGLEAF PINE WOODS SIA consists of 

floodplains and slopes along Hadnot Creek. It is approximately 410 acres in size and is 

located in the southwestern portion of the CNF and is currently registered with the 

NCNHP. Tidal marshes occur in the lower privately owned portion of the creek, also a 
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NCNHP SIA. The upper portions on Forest Service land include examples of Mesic Pine 

Flatwoods and occurrences of Bachman’s sparrow, red-cockaded woodpecker, Carolina 

gopher frog, American alligator, and Hooker’s milkwort. The more mature longleaf pine 

stands are within the old growth management prescription for upland longleaf pine. 

HIBBS ROAD PINE RIDGES SIA is a series of low, narrow sand ridges, and mucky 

swales supporting a mosaic of wet longleaf pine savannas, pocosin, and pond pine 

woodland. It is about 1,500 acres in size and occurs in the southern portion of the CNF 

and is currently registered with the NCNHP. Longleaf pine dominates the forest canopy 

on the sand ridges, and many of these stands are within the old growth management 

prescription for upland longleaf pine. The shrub layer consists of inkberry, gallberry, and 

Carolina sheep laurel. The herb layer is dominated by wiregrass and creeping blueberry. 

Pond pine dominates the canopy in the swales. Fetterbush, gallberry, and titi form a 

dense layer of shrubs. The extensive ecotone between the two communities is especially 

diverse. Rare species include branched gerardia, roughed-leaved loosestrife, redcockaded woodpecker, Bachman’s sparrow, Venus flytrap, stalked milkweed, Carolina 

goldenrod, and Carolina asphodel. 

HOLSTON CREEK FORESTS SIA represents the wet pine flatwoods community 

adjacent Holston Creek. It is approximately 50 acres in size and is located in the western 

portion of the CNF and is currently registered with the NCNHP. The flatwoods occur as 

several patches interspersed with pine plantations. The canopy is dominated by longleaf 

pine and loblolly pine. The understory includes loblolly pine, southern red oak, blackjack 

oak, water oak, post oak, and sweetgum. The shrub layer is dominated by inkberry and 

sweetgum. The herb layer is a diverse mixture of wiregrass, common broom sedge, 

numerous peas, and composites. Rare species include spring-flowering goldenrod. 

HUNTER’S CREEK SIA comprises upland hardwood forests associated with the ravines 

and surrounding upland watershed of a tributary to Hunter’s Creek. It is approximately 

40 acres in size and is located in the western portion of the CNF and is currently 

registered with the NCNHP. Two hardwood communities occur in the SIA—dry-mesic 

oak-hickory forest and mesic-mixed-hardwood forest. The oak-hickory community is 

dominated by white oak but contains mockernut hickory, pignut hickory, loblolly pine, 

and yellow poplar. The subcanopy is composed of dogwood and sourwood. The shrub 

and herb layers are sparse and include sparkleberry, lowbush blueberry, horse sugar, 

elephant’s-foot, arrow leaf ginger, partridgeberry, and Christmas fern. On the steeper 

slopes and narrow floodplain, a more diverse forest is found. This mesic mixed 

hardwood forest includes additional tree species such as American beech, Shumard oak, 

sweet gum, green ash, ironwood, and southern sugar maple. The herb layer is more 

diverse with species such as chain fern, turpentine root, southern lady fern, Christmas 

fern, wild yam, jack-in-the-pulpit, elephant’s foot, sanicle, may apple, New York fern, 

and green adder’s mouth. 

ISLAND CREEK SIA occurs along a blackwater tributary to the Trent River. It is 

approximately 133 acres in size and is located in the northern portion of the CNF and is 

currently registered with the NCNHP. Island Creek has down-cut through marl limestone 

and formed a narrow valley with numerous rock outcrops that support rare ferns. Its 
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highly acid waters, originating in the Croatan central pocosin, are neutralized as they 

flow over the exposed marl. The upland forests are diverse and composed of species 

more typical of the piedmont and mountains. Canopy tree dominants include American 

beech, bitternut hickory, southern sugar maple, yellow poplar, swamp chestnut oak, 

shumard oak, white oak, and black walnut. Because the topography is dissected, these 

species grow adjacent to bald cypress and swamp tupelo associated with the stream 

channel. The subcanopy is composed of large witch-hazel, flowering dogwood, hop 

hornbeam, ironwood, sourwood, red mulberry, umbrella magnolia, and American holly. 

Rare species include Carolina spleenwort, Tennessee bladder fern, Florida adder’s mouth, 

Hall’s pocket moss, shadow-witch, and Godfrey’s sandwort. 

CROATAN POCOSINS includes Catfish Lake/Catfish Lake South Wilderness, Great 

Lake/Pond Pine Wilderness, Little Lake, Long Lake, Sheep Ridge Wilderness and 

Pocosin Wilderness. The SIA is approximately 40,000 acres in size and dominates the 

central portion of the CNF. It is currently registered with the NCNHP. The Croatan 

pocosins are among the best quality and largest examples of undisturbed pocosin 

community types in the region. The low pocosin community type is considered to be the 

best developed and oldest in North Carolina (Otte 1981). This type has not undergone 

any major changes to vegetation type in the last several thousands of years. Other 

communities include high pocosin and pond pine woodlands. The peatlands began as 

blocked drainage systems 10,000-12,000 years ago. The thickest peat deposits from 6-10 

feet deep are found in the old channels of the blocked stream system. The pocosins are 

dominated by pond pine and evergreen, semi-evergreen, and deciduous shrubs. Shrubs 

can be very dense and include fetterbush, bitter gallberry, titi, zenobia, loblolly bay, and 

red bay. Lamb-kill, leather-leaf, red chokeberry, and blueberries are common. At least 

25 other species of less common plants occur occasionally on favorable sites. Among 

these are insectivorous species such as pitcher plants and sundews. Rare species include 

Venus flytrap, American alligator, Fitzgerald’s peat moss, lined bulrush, and spoon 

flower. 

LITTLE ROAD LONGLEAF PINE SAVANNAS SIA represents the pine ridges and 

open savanna landscape between the CNF’s central pocosin and the dissected uplands to 

the east. It is approximately 400 acres in size and located on the northeastern portion of 

the CNF and is currently registered with the NCNHP. The majority of the area consists 

of longleaf pine mesic to wet savannas with an open and mostly mature canopy. The 

understory is dominated by herbs and low shrubs including wiregrass, bracken fern, cane, 

inkberry, and blueberry. Most longleaf pine stands are within the old growth 

management prescription for upland longleaf pine. These woodlands occur on low, 

poorly defined sand ridges that are only one to several feet higher than the surrounding 

landscape. These ridges form a line running northwest to southeast, about 7 miles in 

length. In combination, they support one of the most concentrated populations of RCW 

on the Croatan. 

The second major community type is similar to a coastal prairie and occurs along an 

adjacent powerline right-of-way. These man-made habitats, kept free by periodic 

mowing, support numerous herbaceous species including at least eight species of orchids. 
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Rare species within the SIA include scale-leaf gerardia, branched gerardia, Venus flytrap, 

red-cockaded woodpecker, yellow fringeless orchid, feather-bristle beakrush, and 

Elliott’s yellow-eyed grass. 

MILLIS ROAD SAVANNAS AND POCOSINS SIA is part of the “Newport Barrier” 

relict beach ridge system formed during the last major regression of sea-level in the late 

Pleistocene (Mixon and Pilkey 1976). It is approximately 450 acres in size and is located 

in the southern portion of the CNF and is currently registered with the NCNHP. This 

area of low sand ridges and shallow swales supports the best quality example of longleaf 

pine savanna on the Croatan and one of the best in the coastal region of the state (Fussell 

and Wilson 1980). It is bordered on the south by a large tract of low pocosin creating 

significant ecotones between these two communities. The low sand ridges are dominated 

by longleaf pine savannas representing a variety of wet and mesic communities. The 

longleaf pine canopy is sparse and the forest is multi-aged. All of these stands are within 

the old growth management prescription for upland longleaf pine. 

Wiregrass dominates the understory and other herbaceous species vary in a continuum 

from the ridge tops to the slopes. They include broomstraw, beak rush, blazing star, 

thoroughwort, and asters. Other common species include deer’s tongue, vanilla plant, 

goldenrod, and carphephorus. Rare species include red-cockaded woodpecker, yellow 

fringeless orchid, Carolina asphodel, branched gerardia, Bachman’s sparrow, stalked 

milkweed, argos skipper, berry’s skipper, and two-spotted skipper. 

MILLIS SWAMP ROAD PINEWOODS SIA occurs on low sandy ridges on the 

periphery of the CNF’s central pocosin. It is approximately 250 acres in size and is 

located in the southern portion of the CNF. The site contains a large contiguous area of 

mature wet pine flatwoods (Schafale and Weakley 1990). These wet longleaf pine 

savannas are within the old growth management prescription for upland longleaf pine. 

The canopy is fairly open and the ground cover is dominated by wiregrass. Other 

common species include inkberry, bracken fern, and cane. A large number of species 

occur along the ecotone between the pine savanna and the adjacent pond pine woodlands. 

Rare species include red-cockaded woodpecker, Carolina goldenrod, branched gerardia, 

small butterwort, and Bachman’s sparrow. 

NINE FOOT ROAD/BROAD CREEK PINEWOODS SIA occurs in an area with 

distinct topographic relief on extensive sand ridges and peat-mantled swales. It is about 

460 acres in size and located in the southern portion of the CNF. The relict beach dunes 

are dominated by excellent examples of wet pine flatwoods on the lower parts of the 

ridge and good examples of Xeric Sandhill Scrub (Schafale and Weakley 1990) on the 

upper ridges. The mosaic of xeric, mesic, and wet longleaf pine savannas along with the 

intervening wet pond pine swales support a high diversity of species. All the groves of 

flat-topped longleaf pine and young trees regenerating in gaps are within the old growth 

management prescription for upland longleaf pine. The understory is dominated by blue 

huckleberry, dwarf huckleberry, and inkberry in the shrub layer and wiregrass, creeping 

blueberry and bracken fern in the herb layer. Rare species are branched gerardia, 

Bachman’s sparrow, stalked milkweed, Venus flytrap, southern bogbutton, red-cockaded 
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woodpecker, small butterwort, yellow fringeless orchid, short bristled beakrush, Carolina 

goldenrod, Carolina asphodel, and savanna yellow-eyed grass. 

NINE FOOT ROAD/ROBERTS ROAD LIMESINK PONDS SIA includes an extensive 

longleaf pine flatwood and savanna on a fairly flat relict dune ridge. The southern 

section represents a series of low, narrow sand ridges and mucky swales supporting a 

mosaic of wet longleaf pine savannas, pocosin, and pond pine woodland, formerly 

included in the Hibbs Road Pine Ridges SIA. The SIA is approximately 1,020 acres in 

size and is located in the southern portion of the CNF. The primary feature of the area is 

the limesink ponds and their associated vegetation. Most of the ponds have a dense rim 

of titi and highbush blueberries, pond spice, and greenbrier. The ponds support a variety 

of species unique to their particular hydrology. The majority of the SIA supports a Wet 

Pine Flatwood community, dominated by a fairly dense canopy of longleaf pine with a 

sparse understory of sweetbay and turkey oak. The older longleaf pine stands are within 

the old growth management prescription for upland longleaf pine. Low shrubs such as 

inkberry, wax myrtle, and dwarf huckleberry occur in patches. Rare species include 

stalked milkweed, pond spice, red-cockaded woodpecker, West Indies meadowbeauty, 

and savanna yellow-eyed grass. 

PATSY POND LIMESINK COMPLEX SIA contains a series of naturally impounded 

ponds that occur on an old beach ridge system and the adjacent xeric and dry longleaf 

pine communities. The SIA is approximately 500 acres in size and is located in the 

southern portion of the CNF and is currently registered with the NCNHP. The ponds 

support a large variety of species many of which are unique to the specific hydrologic 

regime of the site. The sandy ridges, slopes, and flats support an open forest community 

dominated by longleaf pine and turkey oak. These areas form the largest forest patch 

within the old growth management prescription for upland longleaf pine. 

Huckleberries and blueberries dominate the shrub layer and wiregrass dominates the herb 

layer. This SIA has some of the highest concentrations of rare species found on the 

Croatan. They include red-cockaded woodpecker, branched gerardia, Bachman’s 

sparrow, stalked milkweed, Venus fly trap, Robbins’s spike rush, pond spice, flax leaf 

seed box, leafless water milfoil, southeastern panic grass, Carolina gopher frog, West 

Indies meadowbeauty, Harper’s beakrush, long-beak bald-sedge, and Carolina goldenrod. 

(For more details see description of the reference condition for Section 3.12.1.) 

PETTIFORD CREEK OPEN FLATWOODS SIA occupies upland flats and gently 

rolling loamy soil ridges that are dissected by small tributaries of Pettiford Creek. It is 

about 300 acres in size and occurs in the southwestern portion of the CNF. The ridges 

are separated by pocosin and swamp and are vegetated primarily with mesic pine 

flatwoods, with significant amounts of pine savanna along the lower edges. Small areas 

of wet pine flatwoods and pine/scrub oak sandhill communities are also present. The 

older longleaf pine stands are within the old growth management prescription for upland 

longleaf pine. Rare species include scale-leaf gerardia, Bachman’s sparrow, Venus 

flytrap, red-cockaded woodpecker, Carolina gopher frog, feather-bristle beakrush, 

Georgia nutrush, Carolina goldenrod, and giant spiral orchid. 
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PRINGLE ROAD BAY RIMS SIA is a large peatland area with numerous sand ridges. 

Some of the patterns clearly indicate Carolina bays buried by the peat, with emergent 

sand rims; other ridges are irregular in shape. The SIA is approximately 1,700 acres in 

size and is located in the southern portion of the CNF. Sand ridges are dominated by Wet 

Pine flatwoods and xeric sandhill scrub communities. The canopy consists of patchy 

longleaf pine and pond pine. Ridges that have an old growth canopy are within the old 

growth management prescription for upland longleaf pine. The herb layer is dominated 

by wiregrass, creeping blueberry; bracken fern, Maryland meadow-beauty, savanna 

meadow-beauty, and Carolina yellow-eyed grass are common herbs. Swales are 

dominated by pocosin and pond pine woodlands. The pond pine woodland is one of the 

few examples on the Croatan that has been repeatedly burned. Large parts of this area 

form a diverse transitional ecotone with the longleaf pine communities. Rare species 

include Bachman’s sparrow, stalked milkweed, Venus flytrap, pond spice, rough-leaved 

loosestrife, small butterwort, mimic glass lizard, red-cockaded woodpecker, featherbristle beakrush, Chapman’s arrowhead, Carolina goldenrod, and Carolina asphodel. 

3.12.2: Heritage Resources Management 

The CNF area has been occupied for at least 10,000 years. Heritage resources are the 

tangible remains of past use. Archeological sites are the physical remains of this 

occupation. Eleven Heritage Resource Management (HRM) Zones have been designated 

across the CNF because of their unique characteristics and significance. 

Reference Condition: The Pine Cliff HRM Zone consists of a prehistoric shell midden, 

a historic tar kiln, and a picnic shelter built by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). 

The shell midden is a refuse accumulation left during the Woodland period by prehistoric 

occupants of the Neuse River bluff about 2,000 years ago. Oyster and clamshells, ceramic 

shards, and food bones are found in the midden, which reflects seasonal use of aquatic 

resources. 

The historic tar kiln is discussed in the National Forests in North Carolina Forest 

Interpretive Plan. It is a circular earthen and charcoal mound with a raised perimeter and 

sunken center, which gives it a “doughnut” shape. This is the archeological result of 

firing soil-covered lightwood from longleaf pine to produce tar for waterproofing sailing 

ship hulls and rigging. Tar kilns are an integral aspect of the naval stores industry and a 

source of the present day nickname of “tarheels” for North Carolina residents. 

The CCC picnic shelter was constructed between 1936 and 1942 by young men who 

lived in the camps on the present-day CNF. The CCC was one of President Franklin 

Roosevelt’s New Deal programs to provide employment during the Great Depression. 

This shelter and the Newport Fire Tower are the last two CCC era structures remaining 

on the CNF. 

In the future, and where feasible, historic structures and prehistoric sites will be 

interpreted for the visiting public. Trails or roads will lead to the sites. Visitors will 
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encounter many other visitors recreating in the area. Other recreational activities that 

may occur nearby are camping and picnicking. 

Variation from Reference Condition: The shell midden was found eroding from the 

Neuse River bluff during the Hurricane Fran damage assessment. Now partially 

uncovered, it is subject to wind and water erosion and illegal artifact collecting. The tar 

kiln is physically stable due to a pine overstory and shrub understory. However, road 

maintenance activities may have damaged its integrity. The CCC shelter is standing and 

frequently used for recreation by visitors. Due to its age, many structural components 

will need to be replaced. If left unmaintained, the structure may become unsafe for 

public use. 

Probable Management Practices: 

• Salvage and stabilize eroding shell midden. 

• Determine prehistoric and historic site extent. 

• Interpret tar kiln as an example of naval stores industry. 

• Record, research, stabilize, and interpret the CCC picnic shelter. 

Description of Designated Areas 

The following are brief descriptions of heritage resource zones designated as Special 

Interest Areas on the CNF. These zones contain one or more significant archeological 

sites. The sites may be prehistoric, historic, or encompass both cultural components. 

Some zones are completely inventoried, while others are partially inventoried. Some sites 

were evaluated for significance, and others have not been evaluated. 

THE ISLAND CREEK SIA, located north of Island Creek Road (SR1004), is in the 

northern part of the CNF. The area is 35 percent surveyed and contains at least eight 

prehistoric and historic archeological sites—six Class II and two Class III. The area has 

sites from early historic settlement, the naval stores industry, and the prehistoric era. The 

area needs to be inventoried and test excavated. Archeological sites near the existing trail 

can be interpreted, and more interpretive trails may be designed. 

THE BRICE CREEK SIA lies west of Brice Creek, south of Georges Branch, north of 

Black Branch, and east of FR170. The area includes a cemetery, homesite, and buffer 

south of FR121A. This parcel is 75 percent surveyed and contains 17 known Class II 

sites. Inventory, testing, and scientific research should be conducted at several sites. Low 

impact trails, such as canoe trails should be emphasized. Interpretive opportunities exist 

along the waterways, which were used by prehistoric and historic inhabitants. Civil War 

interpretation is possible through cooperation with the New Bern Historical Society. 

THE WHITE OAK RIVER SIA, including Holston and Hunter Creek tributaries, is a 

corridor extending a quarter of a mile on either side of these drainages. The SIA is 20 

percent surveyed. A total of 59 prehistoric and historic sites need to be salvaged and 

stabilized. Research should be conducted at the large historic cemetery on the parcel. An 

opportunity exists to investigate a postbellum agricultural complex. Sites need 

interpretation with buffer zones included. 
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THE HOLLAND POINT SIA is located in the southwest corner of the CNF. White Oak 

River and Pettiford Creek and Bay border this SIA’s west side. The site extends 300 feet 

inland. This large Class II prehistoric site needs to be stabilized to prevent ongoing storm 

erosion. Extensive tests need to be conducted for scientific research and interpretation. 

All special uses should be closely coordinated to ensure that development and uses will 

enhance the site, rather than negatively impact it. 

THE FORT CANNADY SIA, is located in the south central portion of the CNF and 

includes a Civil War northern fort. The area is south of Roberts Road (SR1140) and east 

of Nine Foot Road (SR1124). The SIA extends 1,000 feet south of Roberts Road and 

about 1,500 feet east from Nine Foot Road to private land boundary. This 100-percentsurveyed SIA contains one Class II historic site. The site should be monitored on a 

regular basis to deter looting. In addition, the site needs interpretation and a signed trail. 

THE OYSTER POINT SIA, in the southeastern part of the CNF, is a large prehistoric 

site bordering the Newport River. The area’s buffer extends 300 feet inland and is 35 

percent surveyed. Because of erosion caused by recreation and natural processes, the site 

needs stabilization. Phase II investigations should also be conducted. In planning 

development, this site’s preservation should be considered. 

THE PINE CLIFF SIA is located just east of Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point 

along the Neuse River. The north side is bordered by the Neuse River, and the east and 

west sides are bordered by private land. The area extends 1,000 feet deep, with a 

maximum width of 1,500 feet. The area, which is 20 percent surveyed, includes a 

Civilian Conservation Corps picnic shelter and an eroding prehistoric shell midden. The 

shelter needs recording, research, renovation, and interpretation. The eroding shell 

midden needs salvaging and stabilization. The extent of prehistoric and historic 

components needs to be determined. The tar kiln along the west side of Pine Cliff’s 

entrance road (FR132) should be interpreted to show the history of the naval stores 

industry. 

THE CAHOOQUE CREEK AND HANCOCK CREEK SIA, located west of the Pine 

Cliff SIA, consists of a 1,500-foot strip that runs along the east bank of Hancock and 

Cahooque Creeks and extends to Still Gut. Only 10 percent surveyed, this area has five 

known prehistoric and historic sites, which are all Class II. More inventories, 

assessments, salvage, and stabilization are needed. Potential exists for an historicprehistoric interpretive trail to be constructed. 

THE CAMP PATTERSON SIA, located in the Havelock vicinity, is bordered by U.S. 70 

on the west side, Sandy Run on the east side, and a telephone tower on the north side. 

The area is 75 percent surveyed, with one Class II historic site. The camp complex needs 

to be test excavated and should not be exchanged. The area is suited for interpretation, 

because it is near a major Federal highway. 
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THE HICKMAN HILL TAR KILN COMPLEX is located in the east central portion of 

the CNF. This concentration of tar kilns lies west of U.S. 70. Each of the two tar kiln 

cluster contains four kilns. The area is 75 percent surveyed and has two Class II historic 

sites. Prescribed burning should be conducted with minimal damage to the site, which 

needs to be preserved and interpreted with a trail. 

THE FISHER’S LANDING SIA is in the northeastern part of the CNF. The area 

extends 1,000 feet back from the Neuse River and is bordered on the north and south by 

private land. The area is 25 percent surveyed, with one Class II prehistoric-historic site 

complex that contains a ceramic prehistoric component, Civil War earthwork remnants, 

and Civilian Conservation Corps and Boy Scout camps. The complex should be 

stabilized to prevent ongoing erosion and deflation by Neuse River flooding. The area is 

perfect for interpretation, because of its location and physical remains. Prescribed 

burning in this area should be closely monitored. 

33..1133:: OOllddGGrroowwtthhFFoorreessttMMaannaaggeemmeenntt

‘Old Growth’ can be described as ancient, primeval, pristine, decadent, over-mature, or 

senescent. The term “old growth” is used to describe relatively undisturbed, old forests. 

The dominant trees, best adapted to the site, have grown beyond the average life 

expectancy for the species, and stands have a significant number of trees that have large 

diameters for the site and flattened crowns; standing dead or downed trees are present, 

and in many stages of decay. 

For many reasons, different forest community types attain different old-growth structure 

and composition. All tree species do not develop and age at the same rates, and sites and 

disturbance influence stand conditions to varying degrees. Cypress-tupelo swamps and 

upland hardwood forests are dominated by long-lived species and are influenced 

primarily by small-scale disturbances that kill single trees or groups of trees. Old-growth 

forests in these community types will generally have very large trees, often at low density 

in the canopy, mixed with younger trees in canopy gaps. The longer the forest develops 

under these conditions, the more multi-aged the structure becomes. Multi-aged forests 

may also develop on xeric-pine savannas or maritime sites dominated by trees with long 

intervals between seed crops. Stand structure is often uneven-aged because regeneration 

is sporadic after disturbances. Periodic stand replacement fires interrupt this “gap phase” 

development. 

Longleaf pine savannas on mesic sites and other sites dominated by trees with short 

intervals between good seed crops often develop an even-aged structure or have larger 

age-cohort groups, because regeneration is rapid after disturbance. Even-aged forests are 

also likely to develop in communities dominated by short-lived species. Pond pine, for 

example, reproduces quickly after intense and widespread disturbances such as crown 

fire, but has a short life span. Pond pine may attain a large size, but old-growth forest 

structure is simplified. Stands may never develop multiple-age classes, and standing dead 

or downed trees may not be significant forest components. 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

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On the CNF, even-aged and uneven-aged stands and gradations between the two occur. 

Variable old-growth conditions and structure are the result. Hurricanes, fires, and insect 

and disease outbreaks greatly influence the landscape positions where old-growth 

conditions can be attained, and they alter the structure of old-growth stands. 

Reference Condition: The cypress-tupelo forests along Holston Creek and the White 

Oak River are used as reference conditions for old growth. The topographic structures 

are complex and include river courses, back swamps, swales, and a featureless floodplain. 

These function as channels for water, sediments, and nutrients carried into and out of the 

system. The water has a low sediment load, is colored dark by tannins, but is relatively 

clear. 

The forest canopy is dominated by very large cypress and swamp tupelos rooted in the 

sands of the underlying ancient ocean shoreline. Since sea level is within 15 feet, the 

forest is seasonally flooded. The often deep flooding impedes invasion by more shadetolerant species and maintains the relatively low diversity of species in the canopy. 

Water flows are highly variable in small swales because these areas are flooded for long 

periods. There is low diversity in understory vegetation but the habitat is important for 

organisms generally associated with river channels. Where sediment accumulates or the 

frequency of flooding diminishes, the canopy species regenerate in gaps that have 

sufficient light reaching the ground surface. 

Growth of trees is slow in the infertile, wet soil, and only very old trees attain large size. 

Still, cypress trees up to 5 feet in diameter are common, and these trees often have huge 

buttresses and networks of woody “knees” that provide structural support for a large and 

spreading crown. Trees often exceed 500 years in age. Individual trees support epiphytic 

plants, such as Spanish moss and parasitic plants like mistletoe. They also provide 

habitat for numerous animals such as the cottonmouth snake near the water and the 

osprey high in the branches. 

Near tidal areas in the lower creek, redbay, Eastern red cedar, wax myrtle, titi, and cane 

may dominate patches in the understory or occur as scattered individuals. Away from 

tidal areas, American holly, ironwood, red maple, and dwarf palmetto may dominate the 

sparse understory. All these species provide habitat for insects and food for birds and 

small mammals. An ephemeral community of “draw down” herbs may occur on the huge 

buttresses of trees in some backwater areas where the canopy of small trees is especially 

sparse. Old age and natural treefall create woody structures that provide refuge for 

reptiles during floods, a platform for sunning, or a source of organic matter to be returned 

to the system. 

There is very little sign of human activity except for “brushed out” areas along the stream 

course that allow for the passage of canoes. Visitors experience a natural setting with 

ecologically occurring changes. Developments along the river are rustic in design and 

blend into the landscape. Few other visitors will be encountered while boating or using 

the riverbank, except in developed sites. 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

95

Variation from Reference Condition: Most of the variation from reference condition is 

due not to management intensity but to site and species differences. Because little 

activity is planned in these areas, conditions within similar old growth forest types are 

due primarily to differences in their initial condition, and to the timing and intensity of 

natural disturbances, especially hurricanes.

Probable Management Practices: 

• Prescribed burning in uplands. 

• Research and monitoring. 

• Occasional tree cutting to restore old growth structure, including gap creation, 

thinning, and providing large woody debris. 

• Planting cypress in openings smaller than 1/10 acre to increase its future 

proportions in the canopy. 

• Interpreting cultural resources in developed sites. 

3.13.1: Descriptions of Old Growth Forests 

COASTAL PLAIN UPLAND MESIC HARDWOODS: There is very little mention of 

upland oaks and hickories in the historical records of vegetation on the Croatan except in 

relation to slopes or fire-suppressed areas. There are less than 1,000 acres on the Croatan 

that fit these conditions and none of them currently meet the Region 8 criteria for old 

growth (USDA 1997). 

These mixed evergreen-deciduous forests are multi-layered, containing overstory trees 

that exceed 100 feet in height, and understory species that are usually less than 30 feet in 

height. Major overstory species include American beech, yellow poplar, bitternut 

hickory, pignut hickory, white oak, swamp chestnut oak, black walnut, and loblolly or 

shortleaf pine. Southern sugar maple is common on less acidic soils. Understory trees 

may include hophornbeam, American holly, flowering dogwood, blue beech, umbrella 

magnolia, sourwood, and common pawpaw. 

The ground cover may be very diverse with species typical of areas farther west and more 

mesophytic shrubs such as horse sugar, witch hazel, and blueberries or mesophytic herbs 

such as Christmas fern, southern lady fern, partridgeberry, slender spike grass, crane fly 

orchid, Indian cucumber-root, and beech drops. 

The disturbance regimes include frequent, small-scale gaps of one or a few overstory 

trees and periodic (every decade) larger-scale disturbances in the form of hurricanes. 

Hurricanes may cause major damage in the overstory. Commonly gaps are captured by 

understory species, and so large portions of the canopy may contain no overstory trees 

several decades after a hurricane. Large amounts of coarse woody debris may be present 

after hurricanes, but this decays rapidly and does not persist much beyond 10 years. 

There are opportunities for restoration and conservation of old growth coastal plain 

upland mesic hardwoods along all well developed slopes adjacent to stream courses. The 

best opportunities occur in the Island Creek SIA, and along Cahooque Creek and the 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

96 

Neuse River. In addition, opportunities exist in the future for old growth in the upland 

hardwood management prescription. 

CYPRESS-TUPELO SWAMP FORESTS: Although there are no large fluvial swamps 

on the Croatan, linear small stream swamps occur throughout the forest and support 

swamp and bottomland forests. Most cypress in these areas appears to have been logged 

before the end of the 19th century. There are few locations on the Croatan (Holston 

Creek, White Oak River) where primeval cypress remains. The closure of the water 

tupelo and swamp tupelo canopy after removal of the large, emergent cypress seems to 

have been a universal phenomenon throughout the south, and a century later there seems 

to have been little recovery of cypress (Frost 1996). 

This forest community type is found almost exclusively in depressional areas that are 

prone to frequent flooding, such as swamps, deep sloughs, alluvial flats of major river 

floodplains, swamps of tidal estuaries, and isolated depressions. Approximately 7,900 

acres on the Croatan fit these site conditions. 

Principal tree species include bald cypress, water tupelo, and swamp tupelo. Pond 

cypress may be common at the heads of linear swamps. These species occur either singly 

or in mixtures. Green ash, swamp tupelo, and red maple are typical understory trees. 

Shrub species include titi, coastal sweet pepperbush, and fetterbush. The herb layer may 

be absent but can include lizard’s tail, resurrection fern, and giant sedge. 

The forest type is considered a stable climax although the dominant tree species are shade 

tolerant. The principal tree species have long life spans (300-1000+ years). Low 

intensity, small-scale disturbances are most common although large-scale disturbances 

from storm events, such as hurricanes or fire following years of drought occur 

periodically. These large-scale disturbance events are thought to trigger regeneration of 

the canopy dominants. 

Opportunities for restoration and conservation of cypress-tupelo swamp forests exist 

throughout the hardwood cypress wetland management prescription. The best 

opportunities occur on the south shore of Great Lake, at Holston Creek and the White 

Oak River, along the upper Newport River, and within the National Forest ownership 

along Brice’s Creek. 

SOUTHERN WET PINE (i.e. POND PINE) FORESTS, WOODLANDS, AND 

SAVANNAS: The best and most extensive remaining examples of the tall forms of pond 

pine communities in the North Carolina coastal plain occur on the Croatan. Nearly 90 

percent of the pond pine that occurs on these sites are in stands approaching an old 

growth condition. 

This forest community type occurs on the outer parts of domed peatlands (pocosins) on 

poorly drained mineral soils that are mantled by organic matter. Sites supporting this 

type are extensive on the Croatan; approximately 32,000 acres fit these conditions. They 

are temporarily flooded or saturated but the water table drops to underlying mineral 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

97

sediment during the dry season. Unlike the adjacent deep organic peatlands, these areas 

may receive some influx of water with nutrients from adjacent uplands. 

The forest canopy is open to nearly closed and dominated by pond pine that reach heights 

of 80 feet. Loblolly bay, sweetbay, red maple, and loblolly pine may be co-dominant in 

some areas. Except in areas recently burned, the shrub layer is tall and very dense often 

exceeding 20 feet in height. Common shrubs include titi, fetterbush, maleberry, 

gallberry, inkberry, blue huckleberry, coastal sweet pepperbush, and swamp red bay. 

Since fire is frequent, occurring as often as in the adjacent upland longleaf pine sites, 

giant cane dominates the shrub layer. Few herbs occur under the dense woody shrub and 

cane cover. 

These communities are considered fire dependent. Both understory fires and crown fires 

are common. The former acts to open up the understory and create park like conditions 

more typical of longleaf pine communities. The latter functions as a regeneration 

mechanism for pond pine, which sprouts after burning and seeds prolifically from 

serotinous cones. The probability of crown fire is high since shrub growth is rapid and 

the shrub foliage highly flammable. Relative to the other major community types on the 

Croatan, old growth stand conditions with large scattered trees and dense canebrakes are 

therefore short-lived in the southern wet pine forests, woodlands, and savannas. 

The best opportunities for restoration and conservation of old growth occurs within the 

black bear management prescription along Catfish Lake Road and on the fringes of the 

Masontown and Union Point pocosins. These opportunities also occur along the fringes 

of the large central pocosin within wilderness areas. 

UPLAND LONGLEAF PINE: Naval store operations, the proliferation of logging 

railroads, steam log skidders, and steam sawmills during the 1800s and the more recent 

conversion of unmanaged woodlands to loblolly pine plantations accelerated the removal 

of longleaf pine, once a dominant tree species across the Croatan. Longleaf pine 

occupies less than 30 percent of its original range on the Croatan (Frost 1996) and only 5 

percent of this is considered old growth. 

The upland longleaf pine community group represents a large range in sites. Four major 

classes of longleaf in this group include: xeric-longleaf pine on excessively drained sands 

(LTP 1225), dry-mesic longleaf pine on well drained loamy soils (LTP 1124), mesiclongleaf pine on somewhat poorly to well drained mostly fine-loamy soils (LTPs 1022-

1023), and wet-longleaf-pine savannas on poorly drained soils (LTPs 920-921). Stand 

conditions can range from flatwoods to savannas. There are approximately 27,000 acres 

on the Croatan that fit these site conditions. 

The forest canopy in this community group is clearly dominated by longleaf pine. It is 

comprised of widely spaced trees with large diameters for the site that often exceed 200 

years in age. The canopy is never closed but varies from 20 percent crown cover to over 

50 percent crown cover. In the older trees, crowns are typically flat-topped, have rough 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

98 

plated bark, and large branches. Midstory and understory trees occur only in canopy gaps 

and represent multiple cohort age groups. 

On the most xeric sites, an occasional turkey oak that has survived the frequent 

understory fires may reach 15 feet in height, however, most occur as scattered small 

sprouts. Shrubs are uncommon or reduced in stature and never dominate the herb layer. 

Shrubs include inkberry, creeping blueberry, and wax myrtle. Wiregrass is dominant in 

the herb layer on all sites; however, herb diversity can be very high. On the most 

undisturbed areas, as many as 80 different species may be found. Some more common 

species include savanna muhly, little bluestem, beakrushes, toothache grass, pale grasspink, white colic-root, Florida yellow-flax, narrowleaf sunflower, sandbog death-camas 

and insectivorous plants, such as Venus fly trap, sundews, and pitcher plants. 

An occasional snag or downed log occurs but these do not last long in this environment; 

they are either consumed by the frequent fire or are partially consumed and then decay 

rapidly. Growing season fire is the major disturbance regime and occurs every 2 to 4 

years. This functions as a thinning agent and “fire-proofs” the overstory trees, by 

reducing both the amount and height of woody fuels. 

The best opportunities for restoration and conservation of longleaf old growth occur 

within the RCW Habitat Management Area prescription, specifically within the 

designated Special Interest Areas (natural area). Limited additional opportunities, in the 

short term, occur within the other management prescriptions. Upland longleaf old growth 

is allocated within each management area (Appendix M). However, the greatest 

concentration of old growth longleaf pine is found within the RCW HMA in 

Management Area 4 (Management Areas are discussed in second section of Appendix 

A). 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

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CChhaapptteerr 44:: SSttaannddaarrddss ––FFoorreesstt--wwiiddee aanndd

MMaannaaggeemmeennttPPrreessccrriippttiioonnss

All standards included in this chapter are to be applied appropriately to management of 

the Croatan National Forest. Standards are limitations on actions or thresholds not to be 

exceeded. These standards were developed to help attain the goals, objectives and 

desired conditions outlined in this plan, as well as to provide limits on how management 

might go about attaining them. Other limitations on management actions are contained in 

the RCW EIS, Vegetative Management in the Coastal Plain EIS as supplemented, and the 

SPB EIS, which are not duplicated here. Amendments to the federal or state statutes, 

such as the Clean Air Act or Clean Water Act also apply, as well as executive orders. 

Finally, management actions are limited by agency regulations and directives. 

The standards are organized by program area. Program areas are divided into 2 groups: 

1.) forestwide standards, which apply to all CNF lands; and 2.) those standards applied to 

specific management prescription areas. One standard may apply to multiple 

management prescriptions. This information is captured in the table for management 

prescriptions by listing the standard once in the right hand column and the applicable 

management prescriptions listed in the left hand column. A standard was included under 

a specific program area if that program area proposed the standard for management of a 

resource under its purview. For example, standards pertaining to old growth are included 

under the program area of Wildlife, Fisheries and Botanical, since old growth is a 

concern for species managed by this program area. When two standards refer to one 

activity, the more restrictive standard will apply. 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

100 

44..11SSooiill,, WWaatteerraannddAAiirr

4.1.0 Soil, Water and Air – Forestwide standardsSoil 4.1.0.1 Do not allow surface water management activities (e.g. ditching and draining) in organic soils or very poorly d

activities would result in long-term changes to the natural hydrology. Catfish Lake Waterfowl Impoundment is standard. 

4.1.0.2 On all sites/soils during normal moisture conditions: 

• Use low ground pressure equipment when water table is 12 to 18 inches from the soil surface. • Construct the minimum number of haul roads and log decks needed for harvest operations, as consistent with 

reasonable access from system roads and practical skidding distances to landings. 

• Locate roads and landings on the “best drained” sites within the area, to the extent practicable. • The Forest Service Timber Sale Administrator shall approve skid trail locations. • Use logging slash (limbs, tree tops, etc.), or other appropriate techniques, to distribute loads and to provide su

and where directed by Forest Service Timber Sale Administrator. 

4.1.0.3 On poorly or very poorly drained soils, and on all sites/soils during wet periods: 

• Use only low ground pressure equipment. • Do not operate equipment off the designated transportation system or designated trails when one or more of t

exist: 

• “free water” can be squeezed from a handful of soil taken from within 8 inches of the surface • water table is within 12 inches of the surface • equipment can not be operated without excessive slippage, spinning, and/or soil displacement/disturbanc

• routine equipment operation results in ruts that exceed 6 inches in depth except in localized, scattered ar

(less than length of equipment used) 

• Do not operate mechanical equipment when the soil can be rolled to pencil size without breaking or crumbling 

with moisture content above plastic limit). 

• Use mats, corduroy, or other suitable methods to provide support for equipment on short segments of roads a

Forest Service Timber Sale Administrator. 

Water 4.1.0.4 New ground disturbing projects must be designed, implemented, and maintained to prevent visible sediment f

and intermittent stream channels in accordance with the same performance standards established for silvicultPractice Guidelines Related to Water Quality (NC 1989). Existing sites, including dispersed and developed remaintained to the same performance standards, through restoration and/or rehabilitation. 

4.1.0.5 Limit to the extent practicable the length of road ditch that outlets directly into natural stream channels. 4.1.0.6 Design and implement all silvicultural activities to comply with the North Carolina Forest Practice Guidelines R

and, where applicable, the Best Management Practices for Forestry in the Wetlands of North Carolina (NC 19

documents are commonly referred to as Forestry Best Management Practices. 

Air See Forestwide standards for Fire. 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

101

4.1.1 Soil, Water and Air – Prescription standards

Management Prescription 

to which the standard 

applies. 

Standard 

• River Corridors 

Eligible for Wild and Scenic River Status 

• RCW HMA • Black Bear Habitat • SIA (natural areas) • Wilderness 

4.1.1.1 Stop water flow in existing canals and ditches if it will restore natural hydrology. Retrofit with wa

Maintain ditches and canals where necessary for forest roads. Where canals and ditches occuflow outside of the Wilderness boundary in such a way as to restore natural hydrology within the 

• Wilderness • River Corridors 

Eligible for Wild and Scenic River Status 

4.1.1.2 Maintain portions of streams and rivers within the National Forest as flowing in a natural conditio

diversion, straightening, rip-rapping, or other modification of the waterway. 

• River Corridors 

Eligible for Wild and Scenic River Status 

4.1.1.3 Remove enough log or debris jams in the stream channels only to provide minimum passage by 

the channel. 

4.1.1.4 Do not outlet roadside ditches directly into stream channels. 

• SIA (natural areas) • Pocosin Lakes 

4.1.1.5 Prohibit all direct and indirect alteration of natural hydrology. 

• Hardwood Cypress 

Wetlands 

• Upland Hardwoods 

4.1.1.6 Use only herbicides labeled for use over water when within 150 feet of streams, rivers, lakes, po

areas. 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

102 

44..22WWiillddlliiffee,, FFiisshheerriieessaannddBBoottaanniiccaall

4.2.0 Wildlife, Fisheries, Botanical – Forestwide standardsBotanical 

Plant Communities: 4.2.0.1 Use the terrestrial and aquatic ecological classification and the NC Natural Heritage Program site descriptio

suitable sites for restoration of native plant communities. 

4.2.0.2 Allow no ground disturbing activities in marl outcrops or limesink ponds except where restoring natural com

function. 

4.2.0.3 Conserve and restore a network of small and medium-size areas of potential old growth for Upland Longlea

4.2.0.4 Retain at least 1/3 of ecologically suitable landtypes in old growth Southern Wet Pine Forests, Woodlands a

the 30,000 acres), Cypress-Tupelo Swamp (2,300 acres of the 7,000 acres), and Upland Mesic Hardwood acres). 

4.2.0.5 Manage existing hardwood forest types as not suited for timber production, except those identified for resto4.2.0.6 Do not harvest stands dominated by longleaf pine using even-aged or two-aged regeneration methods, exc

situations such as hurricanes, wildfire, insect or disease attack. 

Rare species: 4.2.0.7 Prohibit the use of herbicides in powerline rights-of-way where rare plant species occur or may occur. 4.2.0.8 Prepare biological evaluations for projects, including vegetation management, to determine effects on any s

for listing) as threatened or endangered by the USDI Fish and Wildlife Service, or species identified by the sensitive (TES species). 

4.2.0.9 Prohibit collection of threatened, endangered, sensitive, and locally rare species except for research or edu4.2.0.10 Maintain supracanopy trees within 300 feet of lakes and rivers. 

Wildlife 

4.2.0.11 Retain existing hollow trees and hardwoods greater than 36 inches dbh during management activities. 4.2.0.12 Retain den trees greater than 25 inches dbh within regeneration units. 4.2.0.13 Restrict logging and skidding equipment from crossing vernal pools. 4.2.0.14 Prohibit camping, equestrian, bike, and motorized use in permanent, maintained wildlife openings except b4.2.0.15 Mitigate activities or developments that would substantially alter natural movement patterns of black bear. E

losses of black bear habitat. Future acquisitions for bear habitat shall be contiguous with key bear habitat. 

4.2.0.16 Within regeneration units, retain existing clumps of hardmast hardwoods equaling 10% of the total regener

dominant and co-dominant hardwoods, along with live cavity trees that are distributed across the unit.

4.2.0.17 Retain the equivalent of two snags per acre distributed throughout regeneration units. 

4.2.0.18 Prohibit the cutting of snags for firewood. 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

103

4.2.1 Wildlife, Fisheries, Botanical – Prescription standards

Management Prescription 

to which the standard 

applies. 

Standard 

• RCW HMA 

4.2.1.1 Manage the RCW HMA in accordance with standards identified in the RCW Management Stand

Recovery Plans. 

4.2.1.2 Map all RCW clusters, replacement stands and recruitment stands in a geographical information 

4.2.1.3 Establish replacement and recruitment stands at least 200 feet from system roads. 

4.2.1.4 Follow direction in the Final Environmental Impact Statement and Record of Decision for “Mana

Reduce Southern Pine Beetle Impacts.” 

4.2.1.5 Survey yearly all active and inactive RCW clusters including recruitment stands provisioned with 4.2.1.6 Conduct nest checks at 7-11 day intervals and conduct fledgling and adult checks to determine 4.2.1.7 Color band all nestlings and adult birds. 4.2.1.8 Survey all potential RCW nesting habitat in at least 10 percent of compartments annually and do

groups in a geographic information system. 

• SIA (natural areas) 

4.2.1.9 Allow for active management in RCW territories where RCW territories overlap Special Interest 

harvest if necessary, according to standards outlined in the RCW Management Standards and G

4.2.1.10 Allow for site modification or translocation of species following major disturbances, such as stan

extensive hurricane blow down, to protect or maintain rare species if these disturbances negativ

percent of the species populations on the forest. 

• Hardwood Cypress 

Wetlands 

4.2.1.11 Prohibit construction of new wildlife openings in riverine swamp communities. 4.2.1.12 Convert wildlife openings from annual grain plantings to grass/forb perennial plantings where op

500 feet of riverine swamp communities. Emphasize the planting of native annuals and perennia
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

104 

44..33RReeccrreeaattiioonn

4.3.0 Recreation– Forestwide standardsGeneral 4.3.0.1 Allow off-highway vehicles (OHVs) on designated routes and trails within the OHV area. Prohibit cross-count

and prohibit OHV use on all trails not designated for OHV use. 

4.3.0.2 Allow hiking, equestrian, and bike use on all gated classified roads unless a specific road is designated closed 

uses. Prohibit cross-country equestrian or bike use in the general forest areas except on trails designated for 

4.3.0.3 Allow hiking, equestrian, and bike use on all trails designated for those uses. Currently, all system trails are o

use except the Cedar Point Tidelands trail, which is open to hiking only. 

4.3.0.4 Place signs on trail systems to indicate the types of use allowed. 4.3.0.5 Provide improvements for hunters with disabilities as determined by a need analysis. Allow individuals who m

Program” criteria established by the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission to use these improvemen

4.3.0.6 Manage recreation sites according to the appropriate recreation opportunity spectrum (ROS) setting. 

Scenery 4.3.0.7 Consult with a landscape architect on timber sale activities in areas of very high or high scenic integrity object

4.3.0.8 Meet the scenic integrity objectives for the scenic classes within each management prescription according to 

table (Table 4.3a). 

4.3.1 Recreation – Prescription standards

Management Prescription 

to which the standard 

applies. 

Standard 

• Pocosin Lakes 4.3.1.1 Design facilities to meet the ROS class of the lake. Existing lakes are either semi-primitive or ro

Appendix G, Figure G-1). 

• Wilderness 4.3.1.2 Post wilderness boundaries at sufficient distances to provide on-the-ground knowledge of the bo

4.3.1.3 Do not permit aircraft to land, except in life-threatening emergencies. 4.3.1.4 Move from the existing settings in wildernesses toward primitive ROS conditions where practica4.3.1.5 Allow the use of mechanized equipment in Wilderness for emergencies (FSM 2326.1). 

• River Corridors 

Eligible for Wild and Scenic River Status 

4.3.1.6 Maintain the White Oak River and Brice Creek Corridors as eligible for study as National Wild a

or enhance their “outstandingly remarkable” values. 

• Developed Areas 4.3.1.7 Monitor designated swimming areas for compliance with State and Federal regulations. 

4.3.1.8 Post warning signs about potential hazards where the public accesses water. 4.3.1.9 Design dispersed recreational facilities (trails, trailheads) to meet the ROS class of the area. Ex

either semi-primitive or roaded-natural (See Appendix G, Figure G-1.) 

4.3.1.10 Provide opportunities for bank fishing along principal canals. 

• SIA (natural areas) 4.3.1.11 Prohibit camping within 100 feet of limesink ponds in the Patsy Pond Limesink complex and Nin

Limesink Ponds Special Interest Areas to protect unique habitat. 

• OHV System 4.3.1.12 Minimize impacts to natural resources from the OHV trail system. 

4.3.1.13 Design a trailhead to meet the ROS class of the area. 4.3.1.14 Provide signage for the trailhead and trails, and clearly delineate travel routes on a map availab
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

105

1Landscape Character Themes: C—Cul

NA – natural appearing; H/C – historic

2Scenic Integrity Objectives: 

• Very High – (33,000 a

ecological change only

• High – (70,000 acres) 

evident. In high SI areattributes of form, lineexisting landscape cha

• Moderate – (14,000 ac

remain visually subordexisting landscape chaform, line, color, or texcharacters, but changeintensity, direction, pavisually subordinate to 

• Low – (44,000 acres) H

the existing landscape form, line, color, or texcharacters. 

• Very Low - Human act

landform alterations mnatural landscape chanatural occurrences wdistances. 

3 Definitions of scenic classes can be fo

Table 4.3a, Scenic Integrity Objectives for Management Prescription by Scenic Class. 

Scenic Integrity Objective2

(numbers refer to scenic classes3)

Management Prescription 

Landscape 

Character 

Theme1 Very High High Moderate Low 

Pocosin lakes NA 1-2 3-5 6-7 Wilderness NE 1-7 River Corridors Eligible for Wild and Scenic River Status 

• Wild • Scenic • Recreational 

NE NA NA 

1-7 

1-7 1-2 3-7 

Hardwood Cypress Wetlands NA 1-3 4-5 6-7 RCW HMA 

• Mixed pine • Pocosin patches 

NA NA NA 

 1-2 3-4 

1 

1-2 

5-7 2-7 3-7 

Wildland Urban Interface NA 1-3 4-7 Upland Hardwoods NA 1-3 4-5 6-7 Black Bear Habitat NA 1 2 3-7 Developed Areas 

• Offices/Work Centers • Electronic/Other 

Administrative Sites 

• Roaded natural • Motorized • Rural, and roaded natural 

& semi-primitive 

NA NA NA NA NA 

 1 

1 

1-2 1-2 

2-5 1-7 1-2 2-5 3-5 3-4 

6-7 3-7 6-7 6-7 5-7 

Special Interest Areas 

• Natural Areas • Heritage Resources 

NA 

H/C 

1-2 1-7 

3-7 

Old Growth NA 1-3 4-7 OHV System NA 1-3 4-7 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

106 

44..44SSiillvviiccuullttuurree

4.4.0 Silviculture – Forestwide standardsRegeneration 

4.4.0.1 Regenerate mixed pine forests using natural regeneration where existing seed sources are adequate. Use 

fall seed release when adequate seed source is available. 

4.4.0.2 Convert existing loblolly and pond pine forest types to longleaf pine forest type only when the average stan

inches DBH. If soils or other site factors cause loblolly or pond pine to experience severe mortality, such a

convert these stands to longleaf regardless of DBH. 

4.4.0.3 Limit size of openings created by even-aged and two-aged harvests to 40 acres; except with occurrence o

such as hurricanes, wildfire, insect, or disease attack; or within the RCW HMA, limit regeneration openings in the RCW Management Standards and Guidelines; the current standard is 25 acres. 

4.4.0.4 Maintain a manageable stand between openings created by regeneration harvest except when using selec

restoring longleaf pine. Classify a regeneration area as an opening until the reestablished stand has grown and free to grow. 

Thinning 

4.4.0.5 Target residual basal areas for thinning in pine dominated stands to: 

• Wet savannas and flatwoods (loams) (LTP 0920), 50-70 square feet per acre. • Wet savannas and flatwoods (sands) (LTP 0921), 40-50 square feet per acre. • Mesic savannas and flatwoods (moderately well drained) (LTP 1022), 70-90 square feet per acre. • Mesic savannas and flatwoods (somewhat poorly drained) (LTP 1023) 50-70 square feet per acre. • Dry-mesic savannas (LTP 1124), 50-70 square feet per acre. • Xeric savannas (LTP 1225), 40-50 square feet per acre. 

Clearcutting 

4.4.0.6 Use clearcut regeneration method only where it is essential to meet specific forest plan objectives and with

circumstances: 

• To establish, enhance, or maintain habitat for threatened, endangered, or sensitive species. 

• To enhance wildlife habitat. • To rehabilitate lands adversely impacted by events, such as fires, windstorms, or insect or disease a

• To preclude or minimize the occurrence of potentially adverse impacts of insect or disease infestatio

damage, or other factors affecting forest health. 

• To provide for the establishment and growth of desired trees or other vegetative species that are sh

• To rehabilitate poorly stocked stands due to past management practices or natural events. • To meet research needs. • To restore longleaf pine. 

Pine straw harvesting 

4.4.0.7 Restrict pine straw harvest to longleaf pine stands that are at least 30 years old on mesic savannas and fla

1023) and at least 40 years old on dry-mesic savannas (LTP 1124). 

4.4.0.8 Retain an organic layer during operation to minimize soil exposure. 4.4.0.9 Designate loading areas and haul roads to minimize soil compaction. 4.4.0.10 Restrict raking operations to dry conditions. 4.4.0.11 Use raking equipment that minimizes tree damage. 4.4.0.12 Prohibit pine straw harvesting in SIA (natural areas), designated old growth, and within 1⁄4 mile of active RC

100 feet of rare (threatened, endangered, sensitive, and locally rare) plant species. 

Allowable Sale Quantity 

4.4.0.13 Limit chargeable timber volume to 8.76 million cubic feet from 2002 to 2012 from lands suitable for timber 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

107

4.4.1 Silviculture – Prescription standardsManagement Prescription to 

which the standard applies. Standard 

• RCW HMA 4.4.1.1 Manage these lands as suitable for timber production, with one exception: Manage pocosin e

RCW HMA as not suited for timber production. 

• Pocosin Lakes • Wilderness • River Corridors Eligible for 

Wild and Scenic River Status 

• Hardwood Cypress 

wetlands 

• Wildland Urban Interface • Upland Hardwoods • Black Bear Habitat • Developed Areas • OHV System • SIA (natural areas) • SIA (heritage resources) • Old Growth 

4.4.1.2 Manage these lands as not suitable for timber production, with the following clarifications: 

• Pond pine forest types within the RCW HMA are suited for timber production as long as 

growth condition. 

• River Corridors Eligible for 

Wild and Scenic River Status 

4.4.1.3 Allow tree removal only in river segments classified as recreational to maintain or enhance th

resource values of the area or to provide access for recreation use. 

• Hardwood Cypress 4.4.1.4 Do not salvage timber in units less than 1.0 acre. When salvage occurs, leave 25 percent of tCutting trees on land classified as not suitable for timber production 

4.4.0.14. Trees may be cut on land classed as not suitable for timber production to meet the following managemen

• Salvaging or sanitation harvest of trees or stands that are substantially damaged by fire, windthrow, 

or other catastrophes. 

• Providing safety of forest users, as in hazard-tree removal. • Meeting habitat objectives for threatened or endangered animals or plants, e.g., SIA (natural areas) 

HMA. 

• Improving wildlife and fish habitat. • Improving visual quality by opening scenic vistas or by increasing visual variety. • Constructing and maintaining roads and trails. • Providing auxiliary facilities, such as landings and skid trail corridors, associated with timber harvest

selected for timber production, if these activities are compatible with management prescription objecconditions. 

• Fuel reduction and managing wildfires. • Supporting land-use permits and mineral leases. • Demonstrating and educating purposes.

General 4.4.0.15. Adhere to standards in the Vegetative Management in the Coastal Plain EIS as supplemented and the SP
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

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wetlands 

• Upland Hardwoods 

Salvage only trees that are down. Leave leaning and/or broken-topped trees for future snags 

salvage occurs, regeneration efforts may include site preparation for natural regeneration. Sappropriate species when natural regeneration is not adequate. Select from the following speoak, willow oak, overcup oak, cherrybark oak, swamp chestnut oak, white oak, hickory specie

hackberry, blackgum, swamp tupelo, water tupelo, green ash, bald cypress, and American ho

• Old Growth 4.4.1.5 Trees may be cut for purposes of human safety or if it will enhance old growth structure and i

categories: 1) felling of overstory trees in 1/10 acre or less groups to improve conditions for n

regeneration, 2) thinning of mid-canopy and low-thinning of canopy co-dominates to enhance 

3) midstory control in RCW habitat, 4) reduce risks to adjacent stands from insect attacks or d

4.4.1.6 Overstory trees may be felled if there is a need for large downed material to improve habitat s

streams. 

4.4.1.7 Prohibit permits for removal of old trees, snags, or downed logs if they will alter old-growth st

• RCW HMA 4.4.1.8 Pine restoration will occur in existing hardwood stands only in the following landtype phases: 

drained longleaf pine), LTP 1124 (well-drained longleaf pine), and LTP 1225 (excessively we

• SIA (natural areas) 4.4.1.9 Allow only cut and fell operations in SIA (natural areas) to provide for safety of forest users, o

infestations threaten adjacent private or public lands. Exceptions to this standard include allo

trees if the recovery of a threatened or endangered species is compromised, or if a hazard tre
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

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44..55FFiirree

1 Lavdas 1996 2 Jackson, Lavdas, and Loeberger 19974.5.0 Fire – Forestwide standardsGeneral 4.5.0.1 When deciding to use fire, human health and safety shall be the highest priority, with consideration of resou

secondary. 

4.5.0.2 Provide documentation of economic efficiency to develop and support the Forest Fire Management Program

4.5.0.3 Use the most current nationally approved qualifications guide for standards of staffing all fire activities. 

4.5.0.4 Complete Fire Management Plans for all managed lands. Plans will be updated annually. 4.5.0.5 Use an interdisciplinary approach to developing prescribed fire objectives and operational plans. 4.5.0.6 Include the protection of snags and cavity trees as an objective of all prescribed fire burn plans. 

Air Quality 4.5.0.7 Do not ignite a prescribed fire if, during any portion of the burning period, the Dispersion Index1 is predicted 

Visibility Occurrence Risk Index1 is >3, especially if significant amounts of residual smoke are expected to b

4.5.0.8 Use VSMOKE1 and/or VSMOKE GIS2 and other computer programs as they are available to plan prescribe 

Safety 4.5.0.9 Include safety provisions as the first objective of all fire management operational plans. 

4.5.0.10 A qualified Safety Officer will be assigned to all fire operations having more than 25 people assigned to ope

Fire lines 4.5.0.11 In all fire operations emphasize the use of naturally occurring barriers, or existing human-created structures

or utility corridors. 

4.5.0.12 Minimize evidence of human caused disturbance in fire line location and construction during suppression a

operations. Adjustments to fire line location, up to approximately +/-10% of area change, are preferred to g

even when the readjustment may impost into an area prescribed for less fire use. 

4.5.0.13 Rehabilitation of fire lines will be included in the objectives of fire operational plans. The standards of rehab

in coordination with the district or forest resource specialists. 

4.5.0.14 Mitigate impacts to heritage resources, T&E species, and sensitive species when constructing fire lines. Do

line location if impacts to an area result from a safety related decision. 

4.5.0.15 Prohibit the use of plowed fire lines in ecotones between pine savannas and pocosins. 

Wilderness and other sensitive areas 

4.5.0.16 Use the Minimum Requirement Decision Guide (Arthur Carhart National Wilderness Training Center 2002) 

extent of options allowed as part of the use of prescribed fire in Wilderness or in other areas designated as 

any pre-treatment disturbance must be eliminated by the fire occurrence. 

Wildland Urban Interface 

4.5.0.17 Activity within the Wildland Urban Interface zone will consider the implications to the adjacent Management 

Infringement on the prescriptions of adjacent lands is allowed if required to ensure human health and safety

within the operational plan prior to approval. 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

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4.5.1 Fire – Prescription standards

Management Prescription 

to which the standard 

applies. 

Standard 

• River Corridors Eligible 

for Wild and Scenic River Status 

4.5.1.1 Allow the use of fire in all eligible or designated river segments to maintain or enhance the outst

resource values of the area. 

• Hardwood Cypress 

Wetlands 

• Upland Hardwoods 

4.5.1.2 Restrict the use of fire in riverine swamp communities. When adjacent stands are burned, minim

low intensity firing techniques. 

4.5.1.3 Use only dormant season burning in hardwood restoration stands. Avoid prescribed burning in 

stands until the majority of hardmast producing trees, including regeneration, are at least 4-6 inc

• Black Bear Habitat 4.5.1.4 Limit prescribed burning impacts to no more than 30% of suitable bear habitat in any single yea

burning, survey and document findings of impact to bear populations inhabiting the proposed bu

• Developed Areas 4.5.1.5 Do not prescribe burn adjacent to developed sites unless the site is closed to the public. 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

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44..66TTrraannssppoorrttaattiioonnSSyysstteemm

4.6.0 Transportation System – Forestwide standardsRoad closures 4.6.0.1 Close newly constructed traffic service level D roads when management activities are complete, except wh

specifically for public recreation access. 

Prioritization of road closures 

4.6.0.2 Prioritize roads for seasonal closure where traffic volumes are low but the patterns of use by hunters or visi

stable over time. 

4.6.0.3 Prioritize the closing of existing transportation system and non-system roads where the following conditions 

• unregulated target practice and other illegal activities near urban interface areas, and secondly, away fro

• illegal trash dumps • open roads in bear habitat • open roads in restoration core areas for wild turkey • open roads adjacent to RCW nest sites • open roads with erosion problems • open roads with high maintenance costs and low traffic volume • roads within 1/4 mile of wilderness areas • roads near endangered or threatened species, SIAs, or wetlands. 

4.6.1 Transportation System – Prescription standards

Management Prescription to 

which the standard applies. Standard 

• River Corridors Eligible 

for Wild and Scenic River Status 

4.6.1.1 Do not permit road construction in river segments eligible for classification as wild. Roads sh

segments eligible as scenic. In river segments eligible as recreational, design roads to mini

4.6.1.2 If road construction is necessary and allowable within river corridors eligible for wild and sce

construct roads to minimize erosion potential. 

• Hardwood Cypress 

Wetland 

• Upland hardwoods 

4.6.1.3 Prohibit construction of newly developed recreational facilities, roads, or trails for motorized 

fishing access points to streams and rivers. 

• RCW HMA 

4.6.1.4 Within RCW clusters, replacement stands and recruitment stands, close all unauthorized roa

the next 10 years (2002-2012). 

4.6.1.5 Prohibit construction of roads, powerlines, or pipelines in nest areas. 4.6.1.6 During the April-July nesting season, prohibit reconstruction or maintenance of roads, powe

for emergency purposes. Road grading for maintenance of the road prism or mowing rights-system roads. 

• Black Bear Habitat 4.6.1.7 Do not open any existing closed roads in bear habitat for public access. 

4.6.1.8 Restrict new recreation uses with high potential for disturbance from the central core of the b

prescription. 

• Developed Areas 4.6.1.9 Prohibit off-highway vehicles. • SIA (natural areas) 4.6.1.10 Prohibit construction of roads except for the purpose of research in SIA (natural areas). 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

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44..77SSppeecciiaallUUsseess

4.7.0 Special Uses – Forestwide standardsGeneral 

4.7.0.1 Deny applications for new special uses or amendments to existing uses when the proposed uses ar

CNF LRMP, are in conflict with other forest management objectives or applicable Federal statutes areasonably be accommodated on non-National Forest System lands. The one exception is that Firsmay not be denied on this basis. 

4.7.0.2 Do not authorize the use of National Forest System lands because it affords the applicant a lower c

location when compared with non-National Forest System land. 

New applications 

4.7.0.3 Respond first to those relating to public safety, health, and welfare (e.g., highways, powerlines, and 

improvements), and then secondly to those contributing to public benefits associated with national fthat benefit only private users, e.g., road permits, rights-of-way for powerlines, telephones, and wate

4.7.0.4 Require the applicant to pay processing costs in accordance with established laws and regulations 

Act, and the Federal Land Management Policy Act. 

4.7.0.5 Convey or exchange land to permit holders under special-use authorizations and occupied by subst

improvements when overall goals and objectives can be met. 

Non-commercial groups exceeding 75 people 

4.7.0.6 Require permits for all non-commercial groups exceeding 75 people, so that impacts to forest resou

safety, and competing uses and activities on National Forest System lands can be minimized. Groudesignated prior to the issuance of new authorizations. The following areas are designated group usRecreation Area, Sheep Ridge Lane Area, Waterfowl Impoundment Area during non-hunting seaso

Sanders Branch Area. 

Sanitary systems 

4.7.0.7 The responsible officer shall work with state or local government officials to locate existing solid and 

sites on non-Federal land. No new uses will be authorized on National Forest System lands. 

4.7.0.8 Non-hazardous solid waste transfer stations facilities may be approved provided other non-Federal 

available. 

Communication sites 

4.7.0.9 Designate communication sites and approve site plans prior to issuance of new authorizations. The 

designated communication sites: Tower Range Road, Pine Grove, Millis Swamp, and the work cent

4.7.0.10 Require Forest Supervisor’s review and approval of applications for non-designated sites prior to th

use permit. 

4.7.0.11 Communication site designations are waived from resource monitoring when the forest supervisor d

significant impacts. 

Recreation residences 

4.7.0.12 New recreation residences shall not be authorized. Permits shall expire under existing terms or by t

terms and conditions of the permit and other applicable law. New permits may be issued to current 

terms and provisions of the existing permit, upon expiration, death of a spouse, or divestiture of own

4.7.0.13 Do not approve additional structural improvements to permitted sites that increase the size of the re

increase the value, or are considered optional additions, such as boat docks, storage buildings, or pimprovements specifically named on the face of the permit are to be maintained in accordance with of the permit. 

4.7.0.14 Use of these permitted sites as a principal place of residence is prohibited, but they must be occupi

year for noncommercial recreation use. 
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4.7.1 Special Uses – Prescription standards

Management Prescription to 

which the standard applies. Standard 

• River Corridors Eligible for 

Wild and Scenic River Status 

4.7.1.1 Do not permit utilities in river segments classified as wild. Do not allow utilities such as pip

scenic and recreational river segments unless there is no feasible alternative location. If a 

scenic or recreational segment, minimize impacts to the river and corridor. 

• RCW HMA 4.7.1.2 Clearings are not allowed within 1/4 mile of active clusters until MIL 2 level is reached. • River Corridors Eligible for 

Wild and Scenic River Status 

• Black Bear Habitat 

4.7.1.3 Do not permit mining. 

• Developed Areas 4.7.1.4 Stipulate no surface occupancy for all mineral leases. 
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44..88LLaannddss––LLaannddOOwwnneerrsshhiippAAddjjuussttmmeenntt

4.8.0 Lands - Land Ownership Adjustment – Forestwide standardsGeneral 

4.8.0.1 Use the land adjustment plan and map in Appendix D to identify potential areas for land 

conveyance. Changes to the map may only be made by the Forest Supervisor. 

4.8.0.2 Acquire rights of way for existing and proposed forest development roads and trails. 4.8.0.3 Determine management direction for new acquisitions and exchanges by identifying in w

Prescription the parcel is located. Use the landtype(s) in which it is classified (Appendix reference condition to which it best matches (Chapter 3.0) for determining the managemthe parcel is to be managed. 

4.8.0.4 The new land is suitable for timber production if it is classified as management prescript

not part of an RCW nest area. However, if the new acquisition is a pocosin ecological tytimber production even if it occurs within the RCW HMA (see standard 4.4.1.1). 

4.8.0.5 Use the listed priority guidelines (Table 4.8a) to determine land ownership adjustment pr

4.8.0.6 In SIAs, consider only those land exchange proposals that would result in no net loss of 

was established. 

4.8.0.7 Acquire or exchange access with other agencies, States, counties, and private interests 

objectives of all ownerships. 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

115

Highest priority for acquisition 

• Riparian ecosystems on water frontage, such as lakes and major streams. • Existing or potential habitats that support, in their current condition, federally listed endangered 

or threatened fish, wildlife, plant species, or Forest Service sensitive species. 

• Historical or cultural resources that are threatened by change or use or when management may 

be enhanced by public ownership. 

• Areas needed to enhance or promote watershed improvements that affect the management of 

national forest riparian areas. 

• Environmentally sensitive areas such as wetlands, old-growth forests, and linkages needed for 

habitats with other public lands. 

• Land primarily of value for outdoor recreation purposes and land needing protection for aesthetic 

purposes. 

• Land needed for protection and management of administratively and Congressionally-designated 

areas. 

• Land needed as a buffer for specific purposes listed above. 

Priority 2 for acquisition 

• Key tracts of an ecosystem that are not urgently needed but will promote more effective 

management of the ecosystem and will meet specific needs for vegetative management, valuable watershed management, research, public recreation, or other defined management objectives. These tracts will consolidate CNF landownership. 

• Land needed to protect resource values by eliminating or reducing fire risks, soil erosion, and 

occupancy trespass cases. 

• Land needed to reduce expenses of both the Forest Service and the public in administration and 

utilization. Reductions may be in energy expenditures, as well as other common efficiencies. These tracts will consolidate CNF landownership. 

Criteria for Federal Land to be conveyed 

• Small parcels intermingled with private land. • Parcels that will serve a greater public need in State, county, city, or other federal agency 

ownership. 

• Parcels isolated from other National Forest System lands. • Lands under special-use authorizations and occupied by substantial structural improvements. 

• Occupancy trespass cases involving highly valuable structure improvements. • Parcels within major blocks of private land, the use of which is substantial for non-forest purpose. • Parcels that have boundaries, or portions of boundaries, with inefficient configurations, such as, 

projecting long, narrow strips of land. 

• Land inside or adjacent to communities or intensively developed private land, and chiefly valuable 

for non-national forest purposes. 

Table 4.8a. Guidelines for determining land ownership adjustment proposals and decisions. (Bullets under each category are not listed in any order of priority) 
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44..99HHeerriittaaggeeRReessoouurrcceess

4.9.0 Heritage Resources – Forestwide standardsGeneral 4.9.0.1 Inventory heritage resources prior to ground disturbance. Avoid disturbing sites until evaluated. 

4.9.0.2 Keep site locations confidential. 4.9.0.3 Nominate significant archeological sites to the National Register of Historic Places and protect all heritage r

for the register. 

4.9.0.4 Stipulate heritage resource protection in special-use permits and contracts. 4.9.0.5 Protect significant archeological sites during prescribed burning activities. Check locations prior to igniting b

potential adverse effects to these sites. 

4.9.0.6 Avoid disturbing American Indian sacred sites and traditional cultural properties. 4.9.0.7 Preserve sites from natural deterioration, and deterioration resulting from hurricanes, floods and other natu

4.9.0.8 Protect sites from vandalism and looting. 

4.9.1 Heritage Resources – Prescription standardsManagement Prescription to which the standard applies. Standard • SIAs (Heritage Resources) 4.9.1.1 Consult the forest archeologist before taking management actions in the 11 designated HR 
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CChhaapptteerr 55:: MMoonniittoorriinngg aannddEEvvaalluuaattiioonn

55..11:: PPuurrppoosseeooffMMoonniittoorriinngg aannddEEvvaalluuaattiioonn

Monitoring and evaluation are activities that provide information to determine whether programs 

and projects are meeting forest plan direction, and whether the cost anticipated to implement the 

plan coincides with actual costs. Direction for the monitoring and evaluation of forest plans is 

found in FSM 1922.7, FSH 1909.12.6, and 36 CFR 219.12(k). 

Monitoring is observing or measuring results for a specific purpose, such as compliance with 

applicable laws and regulations, or addressing issues. Monitoring measures: 

• Progress in forest plan implementation; 

• How well the forest plan meets desired conditions, goals, and objectives; 

• Whether management standards are appropriate for meeting the forest’s outputs and 

environmental protection; and 

• Whether assumptions used in developing the forest plan reflect actual conditions, new 

information, and/or legal requirements. 

Monitoring also increases and improves the level of scientific information available by which to 

measure the effects of management on sustaining communities and ecosystems. 

Forest plan monitoring is required to: 

• Quantitatively estimate a comparison of planned versus actual outputs and services; 

• Document the measured effects of prescriptions, including significant changes in 

productivity of the land; 

• Document costs associated with carrying out the planned management prescriptions as 

compared with costs estimated in the forest plan; 

• Determine if lands are adequately restocked; 

• Determine, at least every ten years, if lands identified as not suited for timber production 

have become suited; 

• Determine if maximum size limits for harvest areas should be continued; 

• Ensure that destructive insects and disease organisms do not increase to potentially 

damaging levels following management activities. 

Evaluation of data collected during monitoring assesses the significance of observations or 

measured results. The assessment of significance is periodically made by managers and 

interdisciplinary team members, and reported in the annual Monitoring and Evaluation Report 

for the National Forests in North Carolina. Evaluation determines if planned conditions or 

results are being attained, and if they are within forest plan direction. When a situation is 

identified as being outside acceptable variability, changes to the forest plan may need to occur. 

Evaluation, therefore, serves two functions: 

• It identifies when a change in management practices is needed; and 

• It provides a means to adjust the forest plan to keep it dynamic and responsive to 

changing conditions. 
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55..22:: LLeevveellssooffFFoorreessttPPllaannMMoonniittoorriinngg

Monitoring the forest plan may occur at three distinct levels. These are: 

• Implementation monitoring; 

• Effectiveness monitoring; and 

• Validation monitoring. 

Implementation monitoring is meant to answer the question: Are proposals being initiated and 

implemented based on what the forest plan directs? It determines if plans, prescriptions, 

projects, and activities are proposed and implemented according to forest plan direction, 

requirements, and standards. Evaluation of implementation monitoring may require adjustment 

of prescriptions and targets, or changes in forest plan or project administration (FSM 1922.7). 

Effectiveness monitoring is meant to answer the question: Are management actions moving the 

forest towards specified desired conditions? It determines whether plans, prescriptions, projects, 

and activities are effective in achieving movement toward, or maintenance of, the desired 

conditions. Evaluation of effectiveness monitoring is used to adjust forest plan objectives, 

targets, prescriptions, standards, conservation practices, mitigation measures, and other best 

management practices. Results could lead to a change or amendment to the forest plan (FSM 

1922.7). 

Validation monitoring is meant to answer the question: Are assumptions that were used in 

developing the forest plan valid, or are there better ways to meet the goals and objectives? This 

monitoring is designed to ascertain whether the initial assumptions and coefficients used when 

developing the forest plan are correct. Evaluation can result in amendment of forest plans and 

may be used to recommend changes in laws, regulations, and policies that affect both the plan 

and project implementation (FSM 1922.7). 

55..33::TThheeMMoonniittoorriinnggPPllaann::FFiivveeCCaatteeggoorriieessooffQQuueessttiioonnss

The monitoring plan consists of monitoring questions, items to be measured (actions, resources 

or effects), the frequency of measurement, and the responsibility for reporting. Monitoring 

questions were developed based on the revised forest plan objectives, goals, and standards. 

Baseline data and information are provided in Section 5.4 of this chapter. Monitoring questions 

help to determine whether the revised forest plan decisions are being implemented, and whether 

the decisions are effective and valid. Monitoring task sheets are included as part of the 

monitoring plan (Appendix L), and provide more detail about answering the monitoring 

questions. 

The monitoring plan is organized into five categories of questions. Each monitoring question 

addresses a group of goals, objectives, or standards. There are 2 parts to each category: a) 

questions referring to desired outcomes (validation or effectiveness), and b) questions about the 

rate of implementation of goals and objectives that likely contribute toward achieving desired 

outcomes. 
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119

Available baseline data will be used to compare changes in the future resulting from 

management actions and other natural processes. Coordinating efforts with existing resource 

inventories may minimize duplication in data collection and reporting (FSM 1922.71). The 

items that will be measured and the frequency of collection, capture what will be used to 

incrementally monitor success, failure or some degree of either, and the duration between data 

collection. 

The monitoring questions are organized into the following major topics: 

• MIS population trends and habitats; 

• Habitats least affected by management activities; 

• Public use and customer satisfaction; 

• Sustaining local communities; and 

• Project implementation. 

5.3.1 Monitoring Questions 

5.3.1.1. Monitor MIS Population Trends and Habitats. 

Question: 1a) What are the population trends of the management indicator species? How do 

they compare with planned goals? 1b) Of the goals and objectives that likely contribute toward 

or affect the population trends, what are the rates of implementation? 

The primary direction of the CNF Plan is restoring biological diversity. MIS were chosen to 

represent effects of management activities. Five species have been chosen as management 

indicator species, and will be tracked by monitoring population trends. These species are RCW, 

longleaf pine, wiregrass, wild turkey, and black bear. These species exist on the landtypes where 

most active management of habitats will occur. For more information on MIS selection, refer to 

Section 5.4 and the FEIS, Appendix G. 

5.3.1.2. Monitor Habitats Least Affected by Management Activities 

Question: 2a) On landtypes where planned management actions are relatively infrequent and 

low impact, what are the habitat conditions? Are plan objectives being met? 2b) Of goals and 

objectives likely to contribute towards the conditions of these habitats, what are the rates of 

implementation? 

The CNF Plan proposes active management in predominantly 5 ecological landtypes (Ecological 

Classification System, Appendix A). Within these landtypes and associated management 

prescriptions, individual species are monitored to measure effects (Management Indicator 

Species). The remaining 3 landtypes either have no management activities proposed that alter 

habitat, or the management activities are limited in amount and distribution to only have minor 

localized effects. Rather than monitoring MIS trends for effects of management activities, the 

change in habitat will be monitored. 

The landtypes that will be monitored are lake and stream swamps, tidal streams and estuaries, 

and maritime ridges and dunes. These landtypes were allocated to the hardwood cypress wetland 

and pocosin lake management prescriptions. 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

120 

5.3.1.3. Monitor Public Use and Consumer Satisfaction. 

Question: 3a) What amount and kinds of public use activities are occurring on the CNF and 

how satisfied are people with their experiences? 3b) Of goals and objectives that would 

contribute toward the trends of public use and satisfaction, what is the rate of 

implementation? 

In 1998 a recreation sampling system was developed by research and forest staff that would be 

cost effective and provide reliable recreation use information at the forest, regional, and national 

level. The National Visitor Use Monitoring (NVUM) project is the permanent sampling protocol 

that was developed. It was implemented nationally to gauge the importance of, and satisfaction 

with, recreational opportunities within the national forest system. The NVUM is administered 

once every four years on every national forest in the country. The National Forests in North 

Carolina participated in the NVUM project from October 2000 through September 2001. The 

results collected are applicable only at the NFsNC level, and not intended to be accurate at the 

district or site level (NVUM Report June 2002). The sampling results can therefore not be 

applied specifically to the Croatan National Forest. To answer what and how much people are 

visiting the Croatan National Forest, and to what extent they are enjoying the experience, a 

survey specific to the CNF is needed. 

Using the sampling protocol as the NVUM utilized, information will be collected for the Croatan 

National Forest sometime between 2002 and 2006, when the next scheduled sampling will occur 

for all the National Forests in North Carolina. Questions that pertain specifically to the CNF will 

be developed to focus the results on answering the monitoring question. The preliminary 

sample design, sampling unit selection, sample size and variability, and survey implementation 

must be developed in coordination with District, Forest and Research input. 

5.3.1.4. Monitor Local Community Needs and Community Actions 

Question: 4a) Are local communities attaching special significance to the natural and cultural 

attributes of the CNF as contributing to their well-being, and if so, how is this attachment 

exhibited through community actions? 4b) Of goals and objectives that would contribute 

toward creating a sense of place for local communities, what are the rates of implementation? 

People can form a strong bond of attachment to the land, the people in their community, and 

their culture. This attachment has been called a sense of place. Communities with strong 

attachment to a place can articulate what special attributes contribute to their perception of wellbeing. These communities tend to take special precautions to preserve those attributes. The CNF 

has many natural and cultural attributes that may contribute toward a positive sense of place. To 

recognize this area as a special place, a collaborative effort among federal and state agencies 

with local communities and governments is needed. 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

121

5.3.1.5. Design and Implementation of Projects 

Question: 5a) Are projects being designed to achieve desired conditions of the management 

prescriptions? 5b) Are projects being implemented according to decisions made through the 

NEPA process, including plan standards? 

The Forest Service currently has multiple methods of reporting accomplishments every year. 

Each program area tracks projects that are initiated, ongoing, or implemented during the fiscal 

year. In addition, reviews of programs are conducted yearly that monitor project implementation 

and whether the projects are according to Forest Plan direction, including Plan standards such as 

the requirement to follow NC Best Management Practices for Forestry, and the NC Forest 

Practice Guidelines Related to Water Quality. Regional and Washington Office reviews as well 

as Forest-wide reviews take place periodically as an overall assessment of the direction in which 

resource management is headed. 

5.3.1 Monitoring Questions and Measures 

The following table displays the monitoring questions and the goals, objectives and measures 

associated with addressing the question. 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

122 

Monitoring Question: 1a) What are the population trends of the management indicator species? How do they 

compare with planned goals? 

Goal Objective Item(s) to be Measured 

Frequency and 

Method of 

Reporting 

Responsibility 

 2.1.1.1–2.1.1.5 RCW Population Trends Annual Report TES Manager 

Potential Breeding Pairs Annual Report TES Manager 

2.1.1.6 Longleaf Pine Population Trends Annual Report Forest 

Silviculturist 

2.1.1 

2.1.1.7 Wiregrass Population Trends Annual Report TES Manager 

2.1.5a 2.1.5.5 Black Bear Population Trends Annual Report Forest Biologist 

2.1.7 2.1.7.3 Wild Turkey Population Trends Annual Report Forest Biologist 

Monitoring Question 1b) Of the goals and objectives that likely contribute toward or affect the population 

trends, what are the rates of implementation? 

Goal Objective Item(s) to be Measured 

Frequency and 

Method of 

reporting 

Responsibility 

2.1.2.1 

2.1.2.3 

2.1.3.1-2.1.3.3 

Element Occurrences, type, number, and 

condition 

Annual Report 

of BCD 

Database 

District 

Biologist 

2.1.2.2 Lightning caused fires allowed to burn in SIAs Annual Report District FMO 

2.1.2-

2.1.3 

2.1.2.2 Timber salvaged (ac) in SIAs TRACS 

Database 

District 

Silviculturist 

2.1.5b 2.1.5.1-2.1.5.4 Within bear habitat prescription determine: 

• % seedling /shrub successional stage 

• % mature successional stage 

• Trend in open road density 

• Acres of soft mast 

WFRP reportannually District 

Biologist 

2.1.7.1 Within upland hardwood prescription, acres in 

mature successional stage 

 District 

silviculturist 

2.1.7 

2.1.7.2 Acres of upland hardwood restored District 

silviculturist 

2.4.1.1 • Acres of regeneration by method 

• Acres by other restoration techniques 

• Acres meeting seedling density 

TRACS 

database 

PEP 

District 

Silviculturist 

2.4.1a2.4.1e 

2.4.1.2 • Acres thinned in RCW HMA 

• Acres thinned for hardwood restoration 

• Acres salvage sure to natural disturbance 

TRACS District 

Silviculturist 

2.4.2. 2.4.2.1 • Pine Straw monitoring plan prepared for 

effects on herbaceous plants and shrubs 

• Acres of pine straw harvested and followup treatments 

TIMS database District 

Silviculturist 

2.5.1a 

2.5.1b 

2.5.1.3 Fuel load reduction burns (acres by landtype) Annual Report District FMO 

2.5.2a 2.5.2.1 Acres longleaf burned, in what season, and 

years since previous fire (wildfire or 

prescribed) 

Annual Report District FMO 

2.5.2b 2.5.2.2 Completion of fire use plan for Millis Rd 

Savanna Natural Area 

Report at 2-year 

intervals 

District 

Biologist 

2.6.1a 2.6.1.2 Trend in closure and restoration of 

unauthorized routes 

INFA Reportannually District 

Recreation 

Manager 

Table 5.3.1. Monitoring questions and measures with corresponding goals and objectives. 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

123

Monitoring Question 2a: On landtypes where planned management actions are relatively infrequent and low 

impact, what are the habitat conditions? Are plan objectives being met?

Goal Objective Item(s) to be Measured 

Frequency and 

method of 

reporting 

Responsibility 

2.1.4 2.1.4.1-2.1.4.2 Change in old growth condition 

• Acres mapped by old growth 

type 

• Acres disturbed by management 

activity 

Report at 2-year 

intervals 

NRIS-Terra 

Database 

District 

biologist 

2.1.6 2.1.6.1-2.1.6.2 Change in hardwood cypress wetlands 

prescription area 

• Number of vegetation plots 

established, inventoried, and 

evaluated 

• Number of bird points inventoried, 

and results incorporated into 

regional- scale evaluation 

Report at 2-year 

intervals 

NRIS- Terra 

NRIS-Fauna 

District 

biologist 

2.1.8 2.1.8.1-2.1.8.3 

2.1.8.5 

Change in aquatic condition 

• Measure of salinity, Ph, dissolved 

oxygen, conductivity 

NRIS- water 

database 

Forest fisheries 

biologist 

Monitoring Question 2b: Of goals and objectives likely to contribute toward affecting these habitat 

conditions, what are the rates of implementation?

Goal Objective Item(s) to be Measured 

Frequency and 

method of 

reporting 

Responsibility 

2.1.3a 

2.1.3b 

2.1.3.4 

2.1.3.5 

• Acres restored of canebreak, marsh, 

maritime forest, and Atlantic White 

Cedar 

• Acres of maritime forest and coastal 

prairie maintained 

 

2.1.8 2.1.8.4 Hydrologic Restoration (acres) NRIS- water Forest 

Hydrologist 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

124 

Monitoring Question 3a: What amount and kinds of public use activities are occurring on the CNF and how 

satisfied are people with their experiences?

Goal Objective Item(s) to be Measured 

Frequency and 

method of 

reporting 

Responsibility 

2.2.1-

2.2.2 

2.2.1.2-2.2.2.4 Conduct user survey on CNF using national 

recreation user survey protocols 

NRUS survey 

for CNF (1 

study) 

Forest 

recreation 

manager 

2.3.1a2.3.1.b 2.3.1.1 • Change in condition of roadless areas 

(change in ROS settings due to 

management activity); 

• Change in wilderness conditions 

(change in fuel loadings and ROS 

settings) 

Annual report Forest 

recreation 

manager 

2.3.2 2.3.2.1 

2.3.2.3 

• Condition of river corridors eligible 

for Wild and Scenic River status 

(change in settings due to 

management activity); 

Annual Report Forest 

recreation 

manager 

Monitoring Question 3b: Of goals and objectives that would contribute toward the trends of public use and 

satisfaction, what is the rate of implementation?

Goal Objective Item(s) to be Measured 

Frequency and 

method of 

reporting 

Responsibility 

2.2.1.2 

2.2.1.3 

Trend in capacity for: 

• Highly developed areas 

• Water-based – moderate 

development 

• Rustic development 

• Group camps 

INFRA (annual) District 

recreation 

manager 

2.2.1.4 Trend in miles of hiking, biking, and 

equestrian trail; and scenic byways 

INFRA (annual) District 

recreation 

manager 

2.2.1 

2.2.1.5 Trend in miles of OHV trails in designated 

area, condition and uses 

INFRA (annual) District 

recreation 

manager 

2.2.2.1 - 2.2.2.3 Change in improvements for wildlife/wetland 

waterfowl viewing and hunting opportunities 

INFRA (annual) District 

recreation 

manager 

2.2.2 

2.2.2.4 Change in fishing opportunities provided INFRA (annual) District 

recreation 

manager 

2.3.1.2 Trend in miles of hiking and equestrian trails 

2.3.1.3 Number sign-in boxes at wilderness stations 

and number of people registered 

INFRA (annual) District 

recreation 

manager 

2.3.1b 

2.3.1c 

2.3.1.4 Completion of WIS INFRA (annual) District 

recreation 

manager 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

125

Monitoring Question 4a: Are local communities attaching special significance to the natural and cultural 

attributes of the CNF as contributing to their well-being, and if so, how is this attachment exhibited through 

community actions?

Goal Objective Item(s) to be Measured 

Frequency and 

method of 

reporting 

Responsibility 

2.6.1a 2.6.1.4 Trash sites cleaned and maintained through 

community actions 

Annual Report District Ranger 

2.7.3.1 Number of action plans developed and 

implemented in collaboration with local 

communities and governments 

2.7.3a Annual Report District Ranger 

2.7.3b 

2.7.3.2 Number of special events sponsored through 

collaborative efforts of local communities and 

other government agencies. 

Number of events specifically sponsored for 

environmental awareness. 

Annual Report District Ranger 

2.7.3c 2.7.3.3 Number of sites monitored; number of sites 

stabilized; number of sites investigated; 

number of sites interpreted; changes in site 

conditions; number of sites protected from 

vandalism 

Annual Report District Ranger 

Monitoring Question 4b: Of goals and objectives that would contribute toward creating a sense of place for 

local communities, what are the rates of implementation?

Goal Objective Item(s) to be Measured 

Frequency and 

method of 

reporting 

Responsibility 

2.3.1d 2.3.1.5 Acres of Wilderness burned; 

WUI treated by method (acres) 

Annual Report District FMO 

2.5.1.2 WUI treated by method (acres) 

Wildfire: acres, location, and spread 

Annual Report District FMO 

2.5.1.3 Fuel load reduction/burns (acres by landtype) Annual Report District FMO 

2.5.1 

2.5.1.1 

2.5.1.4 

Number of permanent firefighters, detailers, 

and injuries due to fire activities 

Annual Report District FMO 

2.5.2c 2.5.2.3 Fire management Plan completed and used for 

implementation 

Annual Report Forest Fire 

Planner 

2.5.3 2.5.3.1 Number of prescribed burns started and, at some 

point during the burn, fell outside of smoke 

dispersal/air quality parameters

Annual Report District FMO 

2.6.1b 

2.6.1c 

2.6.1.1 Trends in closure of open roads INFRA (annual) District 

recreation 

manager 

 2.6.1.3 Trends in seasonal closure of roads INFRA (annual) District 

recreation 

manager 

2.7.3d 2.7.3.5 Trend in collaboration with local communities 

on defensible space and use of fire 

Annual Report District FMO 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

126 

Monitoring Question 5a: Are projects being designed to achieve desired conditions of the management 

prescriptions?

Goal Objective Item(s) to be Measured 

Frequency and 

method of 

reporting 

Responsibility 

 Projects progressing toward management 

prescription conditions 

2-3 year interval 

report 

Planning Staff 

Monitoring Question 5b: Are projects being implemented according to decisions in the NEPA process, 

including mitigating measures and plan standards?

Goal Objective Item(s) to be Measured 

Frequency and 

method of 

reporting 

Responsibility 

 Projects meeting plan standards 2-year interval 

report 

Planning staff 

55.

.44BBaacckkggrroouunnddIInnffoorrmmaattiioonnffoorrMMoonniittoorriinngg

5.4.1 Baseline data for Monitoring Population Trends 

RCW 

Population Monitoring: The RCW monitoring program on CNF exceeds the requirements set 

forth in the USDA Forest Service’s Final Environmental Impact Statement (1995, FEIS) for 

RCW on national forest lands in the Southern Region but is consistent with U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service’s Revised Recovery Plan for RCW (2000, Draft). The Recovery Plan suggests 

Level IV monitoring for populations deemed essential to recovery and occurring on public lands. 

Level IV monitoring consists of color-banding nestling and adult birds, conducting nest checks at 

7-11 day intervals, and conducting fledgling and adult checks to determine number and sex of 

birds. Level IV monitoring may be conducted on a sample of active clusters (IVa) or on all 

active clusters (IVb) as has been done on CNF for the past 10 years. 

The RCW FEIS requires that all clusters be surveyed annually for activity status and that only a 

sample of clusters be monitored annually for nesting success and group composition. However, 

the Recovery Plan states that monitoring methods should not be mixed from year to year and that 

color-banding birds will be necessary when and if translocations are used as a management tool. 

Furthermore, the Recovery Plan states that due to sampling error, “...intensive monitoring of a 

sample of groups (Level IVa) can provide reliable estimates of productivity within a short 

period, but cannot estimate population trend until used for a longer period of time (e.g., 5 years)” 

and that “Accuracy of population trend assessment is also dependent on sample size...Thus, 

small samples cannot detect anything but large-scale changes in populations trends.” Therefore, 

continued use of Level IVb monitoring on CNF will provide consistency and the most accurate 

population information. However, should the CNF population become too large for Forest 

Service staff to conduct 100% population monitoring, then statistically sound sampling methods 

can be implemented to monitor a subset of the population. 

Population Dynamics: Several variables are important for monitoring population dynamics 

including number of active clusters, number of potential breeding pairs, proportion of solitary 

males, and average group size. An active cluster is defined as one that has evidence of RCW 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

127

activity including presence of active sap wells, fresh wood chips in one or more cavities, and 

birds observed in the vicinity of the cavity trees. A potential breeding pair is defined as a male 

and female pair of adult RCWs residing in an active cluster. Both are measures of population 

size, indicating number of potential RCW groups and size of the breeding population, 

respectively. 

In general, the number of both active clusters and potential breeding pairs began to increase in 

1991 following implementation of Walters management plan (Table 5.2). These numbers 

continued to increase each year from 2 % to 8 % peaking in 1996. The population subsequently 

suffered a net loss of activity at two clusters per year (3 %) from 1997 through 1999. However, 

the population experienced a 6.5 % increase from 1999 to 2000 that included the formation of 

two entirely new clusters. One of the new clusters was artificially created and the other was a 

result of territorial budding. The number of active clusters remained the same from 2000 to 

2001. However, one recruitment cluster was occupied by a solitary bird post-breeding season. 

This cluster will not be considered active unless it remains active through the 2002 breeding 

season. The CNF breeding population experienced a net increase of one breeding pair in 2001. 

The CNF has been within the normal range of reproductive values (Table 5.3). The proportion 

of groups that did not attempt a nest has, for the most part, remained below 10%. Annual mean 

clutch size has been around 3 eggs per nest (range 2.98 – 3.48), and the mean number of young 

produced has been around 1.5 per group (range 1.31 – 1.83). Furthermore, partial brood 

reduction has primarily remained at or below the average of 40% loss. 

Analysis indicates that CNF currently supports a viable population of RCWs. The viability of 

this population is dependent upon the continued use of prescribed burning within RCW 

territories to control hardwoods and promote an understory of native grasses and forbs. It is also 

dependent upon maintaining an adequate number of suitable cavities for roosting and nesting. 

 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

Active 

Clusters 

44 50 53 54 57 59 64 62 60 58 62 62 

Potential 

Breeding 

Pairs 

36 43 47 49 52 53 55 50 48 45 52 53 

% Solitary 

Males 

9.1 8.0 9.4 3.7 5.3 8.5 9.4 12.9 10.0 6.9 9.7 9.8 

Avg. Group 

Size 

2.69 2.44 2.53 2.55 2.58 2.64 2.47 2.42 2.31 2.36 2.54 2.62 

# Adults 111 125 133 135 151 165 158 139 137 121 142 144 

The data indicates that the RCW population trend on the Croatan National Forest is increasing. 

After reaching a peak in 1996, the Croatan National Forest experienced a slight decline in 

numbers of active clusters and potential breeding pairs. The decline reversed in 2000, and the 

population trend continues to increase. Forest plan monitoring will continue over the next 10 

years. 

Table 5.2. Population parameters, 1990-2001 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

128 

Plan expectations: By implementing the Plan it is expected that the number of new RCW 

clusters would increase by 2-3 each year. However, if the trend changes and the number of 

clusters begin to decrease and/or new clusters do not get established, the causal factors will be 

investigated and a plan amendment may be triggered. 

 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 

Potential 

Breeding 

Pairs 

36 43 47 49 52 53 55 50 48 45 52 53 

% no nest 8 7 9 16 12 9 9 8 8 2 4 15 

Clutch size 3.43 3.47 2.96 3.14 3.20 3.07 3.16 3.11 3.16 3.20 3.27 3.20 

% fail 21 12.5 21 29 26 21 20 32.6 13.6 13.6 14 6.6 

% renest 29 60 22 25 41.6 60 60 67 16.6 16.6 28.6 0 

% Partial 

Brood loss 

40 41 37 33 28 40 38 35 44 38 36 41 

Brood size 2.06 1.98 1.78 1.82 1.96 1.81 1.86 1.73 1.73 1.98 2.06 1.85 

Fledglings 52 72 62 64 84 76 85 74 63 78 95 79 

Young/group 1.49 1.67 1.38 1.45 1.65 1.41 1.52 1.32 1.40 1.73 1.83 1.72 

Longleaf/Wiregrass 

Population Monitoring: The change in longleaf pine forest abundance, structure, and 

composition will be used to evaluate and adjust restoration and maintenance activities in these 

ecosystems on the CNF. The current abundance of longleaf pine forests was determined from 

the Continuous Inventory of Stand Condition (CISC) database. Periodic updates of this data 

base following field inventories will be used to determine the change in longleaf pine forest 

abundance on the CNF during Plan implementation. 

The structure and composition of understory plants was measured at permanent monitoring plots 

from a random sample of pine stands in 2001. Plot data has been entered into a database. 

Additional permanent monitoring plots will be installed yearly, and measurements will be added 

to the existing database. Several plots will be established in areas that have pine straw 

harvesting proposed. A portion of the monitoring plots will be repeated at approximately 3-year 

intervals. The change in understory structure and composition in longleaf pine stands during plan 

implementation can be determined by evaluating data from repeated sampling. 

Population Dynamics: Current abundance, structure, and composition in pine stands on the CNF 

are summarized in Tables 5.4a and 5.4b for land within and outside the RCW HMA and within 

and outside areas currently managed using prescribed fire (burn units). The data are stratified 

into these categories to facilitate comparison between areas having different management 

objectives and possibly different management intensities and results. These data are also 

available summarized by ecological type (potential natural vegetation, soil drainage, and soil 

texture). The data are stratified into these categories because inherent site capabilities and 

limitations strongly influence management outcomes. Evaluating the change in longleaf pine 

Table 5.3. Reproductive parameters, 1990-2001 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

129

forest abundance, structure, and composition within ecological types will allow managers to fine 

tune management activities to better-fit site capabilities found on the CNF. 

The data available for longleaf indicate that a large amount of acreage exists with potential for 

restoration to longleaf pine. A small portion of this acreage is currently outside of prescribed 

burning units, which indicates restoration to longleaf may be more difficult due to the inability to 

apply fire. The data available for wiregrass indicate that the areas within burn units and the 

RCW HMA have a higher percent of wiregrass than areas not in burn units. The occurrence of 

small shrubs in conjunction with wiregrass is an interesting indicator that will be examined more 

closely with additional monitoring plots and repeated sampling. 

Plan expectations: The number of acres of longleaf should increase. In conjunction with the 

number of acres of longleaf pine increasing, the percent of wiregrass within the RCW HMA 

should also increase due to lower impact restoration techniques and increased prescribed fire. 

The percent cover of small shrubs, tall shrubs and cane should decrease with more application of 

fire. However, the sites with higher percent cover of species other than wiregrass is thought to 

be due to soil type, and not necessarily directly related to the amount of prescribed fire applied to 

the area. 

Within RCW HMA Not In RCW HMA 

Vegetation Type 

Territories with 

Active Clusters 

Territories with 

Recruitment 

Clusters 

Not Currently 

in Burn unit 

Not Currently in 

Burn unit 

Longleaf pine 

Forests1 5,108 5,806 1,364 352 

Longleaf pine 

potential 3,267 9,205 3,580 604 

1

 from Continuous Inventory of Stand Condition (CISC) data base (does not include 263 acres of longleaf pine not in RCW HMA but within a 

burn unit) 

Within RCW HMA Not In RCW 

HMA 

Vegetation Strata 

Territories with 

Active Clusters 

Territories with 

Recruitment 

Clusters 

Not Currently in 

Burn unit 

Not Currently in 

Burn unit 

sample size 23 24 4 4 

Wiregrass 16 (10-21) 8 (3-13) 2 (0-5) 1 (0-1) 

Small shrubs1 41 (32-51) 31 (23-38) 36 (23-50) 58 (54-61) 

Tall shrubs2 7 (3-10) 13 (7-19) 30 (11-60) 45 (10-79) 

Cane+3 5 (2-9) 4 (2-7) 16 (0-44) 1 (0-1) 

1

 small shrubs are ≤ 1.5 meters in height 2

 tall shrubs are > 1.5 meters in height 

3

 giant cane and other grasses 

Table 5.4a: Current and potential longleaf pine forests (acres) within and outside the RCW Habitat Management 

Area (HMA) on the CNF. 

Table 5.4b: Number of samples (n), average cover percent, and (95% confidence range) for understory and 

midstory plants from a random sample of pine stands within and outside the RCW Habitat Management Area 

(HMA) on the CNF in 2001. 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

130 

Wild Turkey 

Population monitoring: The North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission tracts wild turkey 

populations annually. Using data collected by NCWRC, the Forest Service can use the 

information to estimate trends in response to active management. Wild turkey populations are 

divided into regions – Mountain, Piedmont and Coastal. Observational data, summer brood 

surveys, and harvest reports provide information in regard to population status by area and for 

the State. Wild turkey observations made by Commission personnel and/or other cooperators 

were recorded and tabulated statewide. Cooperators statewide conducted the 2000 wild turkey 

summer brood survey. Summer brood surveys are conducted each year during July and August. 

This information provides a wild turkey productivity index for the various regions of the State. 

Table 5.5 Historical Summer Brood Survey Results, 1988-2000

Average Poult/Hen Ratios 

Year Total Turkeys Observed Coast Piedmont Mountain State 

1988 662 3.5 2.6 6.2 5.5 

1989 1,486 2.1 4.2 4.1 3.5 

1990 1,259 2.8 4.9 3.2 3.6 

1991 2,021 3.6 5.1 4.8 4.3 

1992 1,218 2.7 1.5 1.8 2.0 

1993 2,485 4.0 3.5 4.6 4.2 

1994 3,473 2.8 3.8 3.3 3.3 

1995 4,259 3.6 2.9 2.4 2.6 

1996 5,418 3.0 3.3 2.4 2.7 

1997 5,746 3.0 2.6 1.6 2.1 

1998 9,289 2.8 3.7 3.5 3.5 

1999 8,450 3.1 3.0 2.5 2.7 

2000 11,599 3.2 3.1 2.8 3.0 

Population Dynamics: Wild turkey productivity varied only slightly between geographical 

regions (Table 5.5). All three geographical regions experienced good nesting success (70%, 

69%, and 73% of the hens were with poults in the coastal, piedmont, and mountain regions 

respectively). The coastal and piedmont regions experienced good poult survival (both with 4.6 

poults/brood) and very good overall productivity (3.2 and 3.1 poults/hen respectively). The wild 

turkey population in the State is currently on an upward trend. This can be measured in several 

ways, particularly in harvest. Table 5.6 depicts the statewide historical wild turkey harvest for 

1991-2001. Populations and harvests in the Coastal Region are steadily increasing. Intensified 

restoration efforts in this region in recent years should accelerate both population growth and 

harvest increases in the future. 

Plan expectations: By implementing the Plan it is expected that the trend in the wild turkey 

population should continue to increase due to restoring upland hardwoods and protecting 

hardwood cypress wetlands. However, it is important to note that wild turkey habitat provided 

on the Croatan National Forest is only a portion of the overall habitat provided in the coastal area 

that supports the population. Activities such as hunting seasons, number of hunters, successful 

reproduction, and changes in harvest levels, are also decisions outside of US Forest Service 

control, which can affect population trends. 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

131

Table 5.6 depicts the historical wild turkey harvest data for the last ten years. Table 5.5 presents 

the age structure of the harvest by region and shows the percentage of juvenile birds in the 

harvest. Percentage of juvenile birds in the harvest is an indicator of the reproductive success 

from the previous year. 

Year Harvest 

% Change from 

Previous Year 

1991 1,818 - 

1992 2,225 +22.4 

1993 2,073 -6.8 

1994 2,515 +21.3 

1995 2,650 +5.4 

1996 2,559 -3.4 

1997 2,890 +12.9 

1998 4,250 +47.1 

1999 5,340 +25.6 

2000 6,827 +27.8 

2001 8,417 +23.3 

Table 5.6. Statewide Historical Wild Turkey Harvest, 1991-2001. 

Table 5.7 Historical Reported Wild Turkey Harvest in Carteret, Craven and Jones Counties, 1978-1999 

Counties 

Year Carteret Craven Jones Total 

1978 0 1 0 1 

1979 0 0 0 0 

1980 0 0 0 0 

1981 0 0 0 0 

1982 1 0 0 1 

1983 0 1 1 2 

1984 0 0 1 1 

1985 2 0 1 3 

1986 1 0 1 2 

1987 0 0 2 2 

1988 0 0 1 1 

1989 0 0 0 0 

1990 0 3 0 3 

1991 0 1 0 1 

1992 2 9 0 11 

1993 1 12 0 13 

1994 2 17 0 19 

1995 5 13 0 18 

1996 7 28 15 50 

1997 4 20 43 67 

1998 5 25 61 91 

1999 4 47 60 111 

2000 4 60 73 137 

2001 3 73 98 174 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

132 

Black Bear 

Population monitoring: The North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission tracts black bear 

populations annually. Using data collected by NCWRC, the Forest Service can use the 

information to estimate trends in response to active management. Black bear populations are 

divided into regions based on counties. The Croatan National Forest falls into District 2. 

The black bear populations are monitored through harvest data, mortality data, and are 

supplemented with nuisance complaints. Nuisance complaints are not useful indicators of actual 

bear population trends due to increasing human populations and increasing homebuilding in rural 

areas. However, the nuisance complaint trends do demonstrate ‘cultural carrying capacity’ or the 

population level with which local people can or will peacefully co-exist with bears. 

Population Dynamics: Bear harvest in Coastal North Carolina was fairly stable until 1986. Since 

1986, seasons have been established in 14 counties in the northeastern section of the state. The 

last of these counties opened in 1995. From 1991-1994, harvest was fairly stable in eastern NC. 

Three additional days were added to the season in 1995 in order to provide additional 

opportunity for hunters and to slow population growth in some areas where populations appeared 

to be approaching “cultural carrying capacity”. In 1999, the northeastern season was expanded 

to an 18-day season. The current emphasis is on monitoring the stability of the harvest. 

Population models indicate that the Coastal Region’s bear population may be stabilizing 

following increased harvests in the last 4 years (Table 5.8). The harvests of 929 in 2000-2001, 

881 in 1999-2000, and 879 in 1998-1999, respectively, are the highest harvests ever reported. 

The harvest levels for counties that contain the Croatan National Forest have progressively 

increased over the last 14 years, indicating an increasing population trend (Table 5.9). 

Observed mortalities of black bears are those documented by NCWRC biologists and represent 

all known mortalities due to vehicles, depredation, illegal kills, and unknown causes (Table 

5.10). Of observed mortalities, 111 of 749 (14.8%) were caused by non-harvest factors. Vehicle 

mortalities accounted for 5.6% (n=89) of total known mortality (n=1601) in 2000 while prior to 

1999, vehicles accounted for an average of 9-11% of total mortality. On the Coast, road kills 

accounted for 67 mortalities in 2000. This number is below average (n=73) for Coastal roadkills 

over the last 5 years with 67 bears killed by vehicles in 1995, 47 in 1996, 93 in 1997, 95 in 1998, 

and 63 in 1999. The opening of new seasons and an increase in season length may account for 

some bears that might otherwise die in vehicle-related accidents. 

Reproductive information was obtained from 73 females in 2000 on the Coast (Table 5.11). The 

average ovulation incidences of 2.21 for 5+ year-old females on the Coast are comparable to 

previous good years. In 1999, a high percentage of 2.75 year-old bears showed breeding activity 

in the Coastal region of the state (100%). In 2000, sample sizes were lower but only 50% of 2.75 

year-old bears showed breeding activity in the Coastal region. In addition, 62.5% of Coastal 3 

year-olds had placental scars indicating implantation of a fertilized egg. These young ages of 

first breeding and reproduction have a tremendous positive impact on the population dynamics of 

black bears and may partially explain the population increase seen on the Coast over the last 

decade. Black Bear populations are well established in most suitable habitat on the Coast. 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

133

Plan expectations: The trend in the black bear population should continue to increase due to 

maintenance of contiguous habitat, decreases in road density, and providing soft mast. 

However, it is important to note that black bear habitat provided on the Croatan National Forest 

is only a portion of the overall habitat provided in the coastal area that supports the population. 

Activities such as hunting seasons, number of hunters, successful reproduction, and changes in 

harvest levels, are also decisions outside of US Forest Service control, which can affect 

population trends.” 

Table 5.8 Historical Summer Brood Survey Results, 1988-2000 

Year Number of bear harvested 

2000-2001 929 

1999-2000 881 

1998-1999 879 

Table 5.9 Reported Black Bear Harvest in Carteret, Craven and Jones Counties, 1976-1999

Counties 

Year Carteret Craven Jones Total 

1976 0 ns 7 7 

1977 5 ns 14 19 

1978 8 ns 8 16 

1979 6 ns 9 15 

1980 6 ns 9 15 

1981 10 ns 6 16 

1982 13 ns ns 13 

1983 9 ns 16 25 

1984 7 ns 23 30 

1985 11 ns 14 25 

1986 18 ns 17 35 

1987 7 ns 11 18 

1988 8 ns 25 33 

1989 12 23 24 59 

1990 18 14 40 72 

1991 18 18 35 71 

1992 21 13 37 71 

1993 23 23 31 77 

1994 16 24 43 83 

1995 21 39 58 118 

1996 16 26 42 84 

1997 10 26 80 116 

1998 12 37 85 134 

1999 18 53 73 144 

2000 29 45 65 139 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

134 

Cause of Mortality 

County Hunting Vehicle Depredation Illegal Other Total 

Beaufort 34 15 0 0 0 49 

Carteret 1 0 0 0 0 1 

Craven 14 2 0 0 0 16 

Duplin 2 3 0 0 0 5 

Lenoir 0 1 0 0 0 1 

New Hanover 0 1 0 0 0 1 

Jones 29 6 0 0 0 35 

Onslow 21 1 0 0 0 22 

Pamlico 13 0 0 0 0 13 

Pender 5 7 0 0 0 12 

Pitt 0 0 0 1 0 1 

Total 119 36 0 1 0 156 

a

Derived from females that ovulated 

5.4.2 Background Information for Monitoring Habitats 

The CNF Plan proposes active management in predominantly 5 Ecological Classification System 

Landtypes. Within these landtypes and associated management prescriptions, individual species 

are monitored to measure effects (Management Indicator Species). The remaining 3 Landtypes 

either have no management activities proposed or the management activities are limited in 

amount and distribution to only have minor, localized effects. To better gauge the effects from 

management, these landtypes (i.e. habitats) will be monitored for change due to management 

activities. 

The landtypes that will be monitored are lake and stream swamps, tidal streams and estuaries, 

and maritime ridges and dunes. These landtypes correspond to the hardwood cypress wetland 

and pocosin lake management prescriptions. 

Aquatic habitat: Aquatic habitats are monitored on the Croatan through a joint effort with the 

North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries, North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission 

(NCWRC), NC State University, Forest Service personnel, and other state agencies. An aquatic 

classification was developed for the CNF Plan to guide both regional planning as well as 

displaying the range of ecological types across a landscape. Using the biological and habitat 

Table 5.10. Observed Black Bear Mortality in District 2, 2000. 

Age 

(Years + 3⁄4) n 

Percent 

Ovulating 

Ovulation 

Incidencea 

Percent w/ 

Placental Scars 

Percent w/ 

Placental Scars 

& CL 

1 10 0.0 N/A 0.0 0.0 

2 6 50.0 1.33 0.0 0.0 

3 8 50.0 1.75 62.5 12.5 

4 11 36.4 2.25 81.8 18.2 

5+ 38 36.8 2.21 76.3 18.4 

Total 73 

Table 5.11. Coastal Region Black Bear Reproductive Performance by Age Class, 2000. 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

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inventory information developed at reference sites can be used to extrapolate to uninventoried 

sites at other locations (Appendix H). Fourteen aquatic ecological types were identified. These 

ecological types are the basis for monitoring aquatic habitats, and are designated by number in 

the following discussion. 

Currently, large tidal rivers (2), tidally influenced sections of large creeks (3), large acidic 

natural lakes (7), and acidic and nonacidic ponds (8&9) are monitored cooperatively with the 

NCWRC. Monitoring non-tidal midreaches of large streams (4) is challenging due to the 

difficulty in gaining access. 

The approach to monitoring aquatic habitats begins by taking the spatial data for the 11 aquatic 

ecological types and seeing how and where they occur on the Forest. For the most part, all of the 

aquatic ecological types (i.e. habitats) can be monitored using several key water quality 

parameters (e.g. salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity). These data are cost effective to 

collect, and reliable indicators. 

Historic fish data exists from across the Croatan National Forest that can be associated with each 

habitat type, and therefore associate any changes in fish community based on changes in water 

quality (i.e. habitat). Trend data are being developed for large rivers and ponds/lakes on the 

Forest. However, it will be several more years until a reliable data set is available. 

 

Another aquatic habitat monitoring element is the utilization of Forest waters by anadromous 

species. The year 2002 is the 3rd year of data collection on the first 3-year assessment (eels and 

striped bass). The next 3-year assessment will analyze “bait fish”, such as mullet. 

Due to the difficulty in obtaining accurate or reliable data, several aquatic ecological types are 

not considered in the monitoring plan. These include acidic and nonacidic upper reaches of large 

streams, estuarine branches and creeks. The pocosin and dense forest vegetation, as well as 

swampy lowlands have too much hydrologic connectivity to capture fish with any reliability and 

without the use of piscicides, which is not a desired action. 

Terrestrial Habitat (least affected landtypes) – To monitor the hardwood cypress wetland 

management prescription (which include landtypes maritime ridges and dunes, and lake and 

stream swamps), these areas will be inventoried and mapped for old growth conditions. 

Portions of these areas are also included in the breeding bird survey routes, which is part of the 

Regional Landbird Conservation Strategy that helps to measure health of the overall system. On 

the Croatan National Forest, only 4 locations totaling 45 acres exist of the maritime ridge and 

dune forest landtype. However, this landtype is common outside the Forest. Ten acres of this 

landtype is proposed for restoration on the Croatan. Plots will be established in restoration areas 

to measure success. 

Using data collected from the breeding bird surveys conducted across the state, population 

estimates and trends may be established at the state and regional scale. Two routes for breeding 

bird surveys are used on the Croatan National Forest, the Newport Route and Broad Creek Route 

(Tables 5.12 and 5.13). Information for statewide trends indicates positive trends for both the 

prothonotary warbler and pileated woodpecker at rates of +2.5% and +1.5% respectively. 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

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Between 1966 and 1979, the prothonotary warbler and pileated woodpecker had positive trends 

of +9.8% and +5.2% respectively. Between 1980 and 1999, the prothonotary warbler had a 

+1.7% trend. However, during the same years, the pileated woodpecker had a negative trend of -

0.9%. The prairie warbler did not have adequate data for reliable trend estimation. However, 

based on data available indications are that statewide overall the trend is down by –1.8%, with 

the time between 1966 and 1979 showing a -11.5% trend. The years between 1980 and 1999, 

however, showed an upswing in the trend by +0.6%. 

Although the population trends for neotropical migratory birds are an important issue, the Forest 

Service only has control over part of the habitat (hardwood cypress wetlands). The Plan 

proposes few, low impact and relatively infrequent activities that would affect the habitat. A 

larger area than the CNF would be needed to determine meaningful population levels and trends. 

Monitoring the habitat of neotropical migratory birds, by inventorying and mapping the old 

growth condition found within the habitat, is more useful for managers since it monitors the 

condition of landtypes least affected by management activities, but checks that habitats are 

progressing toward desired conditions. 

To evaluate the effectiveness of management and the level of human disturbance within Natural 

Areas, the conditions of element occurrences will be measured and element occurrence records 

will be updated. The presence, absence, or reappearance of element occurrences, can be used to 

indicate the level of, and effects from, human disturbances. Several objectives propose 

management and protection of Natural Areas, such as inclusion during prescribed burning, 

exclusion from salvage activities, and consideration of allowing natural processes to function. 

By monitoring the condition of element occurrences within the Natural Areas, the effectiveness 

of management and protection activities can be gauged.” 

Table 5.12 Breeding Bird Survey, Broad Creek Route

Number of Birds Recorded

Year Prothonotary Warbler Prairie Warbler Pileated Woodpecker

1993 8 19 4 

1994 12 3 3 

1995 6 4 4 

1996 4 7 0 

1997 5 12 4 

1998 6 11 2 

1999 14 14 4 

2000 8 9 6 

Table 5.13 Breeding Bird Survey, Newport Route

Number of Birds Recorded

Year Prothonotary Warbler Prairie Warbler Pileated Woodpecker

1995 4 2 1 

1996 7 12 0 

1997 4 11 0 

1998 6 2 3 

1999 5 12 2 
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5.4.3 Background Information for Monitoring Public Use and Customer 

Satisfaction 

The CNF Plan outlines a strategy for managing the public use of the Croatan National Forest in a 

way that meets the needs and desires of the public, while ensuring the natural resources are 

sustained. The Plan strives to meet the desires and needs of local communities, visitors, 

residents and the economy. It also strives to change past uses that are currently not being 

provided in a sustainable manner. 

The monitoring question for this category functions to measure whether the opportunities being 

provided are sustainable, satisfactory, safe, and desirable. This question also requires measures 

to determine whether the changes proposed to current management are solving the problems 

identified during the planning process. 

In 1998 a recreation sampling system was developed by research and forest staff that would be 

cost effective and provide statistical recreation use information at the forest, regional and 

national level. The NVUM project is the permanent sampling protocol that was developed and 

implemented nationally to gauge the importance of, and satisfaction with, recreational 

opportunities within the national forest system. The NVUM is administered once every four 

years on every national forest in the country. The National Forests in North Carolina 

participated in the National Visitor Use Monitoring project (NVUM) from October 2000 through 

September 2001. The results collected are valid and applicable only at the forest level, and not 

intended to be accurate at the district or site level (NVUM Report June 2002). The sampling 

results can therefore not be applied specifically to the Croatan National Forest. To answer what 

and how much people are doing on the Croatan National Forest, and to what extent they are 

enjoying the experience, information needs to be collected that is specific to the CNF. 

Using the sampling protocol as the NVUM utilized, information will be collected for the Croatan 

National Forest sometime between 2002 and 2006, when the next scheduled sampling will occur 

for all the National Forests in North Carolina. Questions that pertain specifically to the CNF will 

be developed to focus the results on answering the monitoring question. It will be vitally 

important to ensure statistically accurate and useful data is collected. To do this the preliminary 

sample design, sampling unit selection, sample size and variability, and survey implementation 

must be developed in coordination with District, Forest and Research input. 

The Plan outlines several recreational projects to increase capacity of recreational facilities and 

trail miles, in addition to focusing recreational activities on wildlife and fishing interests. 

Collecting additional information through a localized NVUM project will help to validate the 

assumptions made during the planning process that the public’s interest in recreation was 

hunting, picnicking, swimming, and included a desire for increased trail miles and a variety of 

facilities ranging from rustic to developed (Appendix B of FEIS outlines the perception of 

recreation needs during the planning process.). The NVUM results for the National Forests in 

North Carolina for the top 10 recreational activities and top 10 facility/area uses indicate some 

consistency between the assumptions made during the planning process and the data collected 

(Table 5.14). 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

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Visitor satisfaction of facilities will be measured to gauge not only what is or isn’t satisfactory, 

but also what is important to their recreational experience. Grouping these responses helps to 

prioritize limited resources based on what is important but may not be satisfactory, rather than 

expending resources on unsatisfactory but also unimportant aspects of the recreational 

experience. 

Using the science based survey format, a survey will be conducted on the Croatan National 

Forest within 5 years of implementation of the Plan, and alternating with the national survey 

cycle of once every four years. Questions that pertain specifically to the CNF will be developed 

to focus the results on answering this monitoring question. The Plan outlines several 

recreational projects to increase capacity of recreational facilities and trail miles, in addition to 

focusing recreational activities on wildlife and fishing interests. Collecting additional 

information through the survey will help to validate the assumptions made during the planning 

process that the public’s interest in recreation was water-based and included the need for 

increased trail miles and a variety of facilities ranging from rustic to developed (Appendix B of 

FEIS outlines the perception of recreation needs during the planning process.). 

5.4.4 Background Information for Local Communities 

Collaboration with other government agencies and local communities has occurred informally 

over the last 10-15 years. Statistics for baseline information are not available at this time. The 

planned expectations are more frequent collaborative efforts in the future. 

Table 5.14 Percentage of Participation and Use of the top 10 Activities/Top 10 Facilities based on NVUM 

results for National Forests in North Carolina 

Activity Percentage of Participation 

1. Viewing natural features such as scenery, flowers, etc 70.3 

2. General/other – relaxing, hanging out, escaping noise or heat 

49.7 

3. Viewing wildlife, birds, fish, etc 48.2 

4. Hiking or walking 46.0 

5. Driving for pleasure 41.0 

6. Picnicking and family day gatherings in developed sites 20.0 

7. Fishing- all types 19.1 

8. Nature Study 14.3 

9. Visiting a nature center, nature trail or visitor info services 13.1 

10. Primitive camping 10.7 

Facility Percentage of Use 

1. Hiking, biking, horseback trails 55.0 

2. Scenic byway 46.5 

3. Picnic area 29.0 

4. Visitor center, museum 28.6 

5. Other forest road 23.6 

6. Interpretive site 15.1 

7. Developed campground 13.1 

8. Designated wilderness 8.4 

9. Swimming area 4.5 

10. Designated Off Road Vehicle area 4.2 
Croatan National Forest LRMP 

139

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