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NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL GLERL-111

Grain Size Distribution of the Surface Sediments Collected During the Lake Michigan

Mass Balance and Environmental Mapping and Assessment Programs.

Brian J. Eadie

NOAA, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI 48105

Stephen Lozano

US EPA, MED, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN 55804

Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory

Ann Arbor, Michigan

May 1999

NAT OI NAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRAT OI N

U.S.DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE UNITED STATES

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

William Daley

Secretary

NATIONAL OCEANIC AND

ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION

D. James Baker

Under Secretary for Oceans

and Atmosphere/Administrator

Environmental Research

Laboratories

James L. Rasmussen

Director
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NOTICE

Mention of a commercial company or product does not constitute an endorsement

by the NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories. Use of information from

this publication concerning proprietary products or the tests of such products for

publicity or advertising purposes is not authorized. This is GLERL Contribution

No. 1130.

Copies of this publications are available as PDF files and can be downloaded

from GLERL’s web site: www.glerl.noaa.gov. Hard copies can be requested from

the GLERL Publications Unit, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd., Ann Arbor, MI 48105.

darnell@glerl.noaa.gov
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CONTENTS

Page

1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 4

2. SEDIMENT SAMPLING.................................................................................................................. 4

3. PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION MEASUREMENTS................................................................. 6

4. QUALITY ASSURANCE ................................................................................................................. 6

5. SIZE INTERPOLATION .................................................................................................................. 6

6. SPATIAL INTERPOLATION ........................................................................................................... 6

7. DISCUSSION.................................................................................................................................... 6

8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................... 8

9. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................ 10

FIGURES

Figure 1. Station numbers and coring locations are shown and color keyed for the collection device.

The gray stippled region is the area identified as non-depositional based on the thickness

of the gray clay member (Wickham et al., 1978) ................................................................ 5

Figure 2. Size distributions for replicate samples ............................................................................... 7

Figure 3. Size distribution of the 0-1 cm interval of the 55 box cores. The symbols represent the

range, 10th, 25th, and 50th percentiles of the data.............................................................. 9

TABLES

Table 1. Measured grain size data for the LMMB surface (0-1 cm) sediments .................................. 12

Table 2. Measured grain size data for the EMAP surface (0-1 cm) sediments .................................... 14

Table 3. Linearly interpolated particle size distributions ..................................................................... 19

Table 4. Composite grain size distributions.......................................................................................... 23

APPENDIX

Contour Plots-- Surface sediment particle size contour plots in 4 μm increments (symbols represent sample

locations), paired with surface sediment cumulative particle size contour plots.
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GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF THE SURFACE SEDIMENTS COLLECTED DURING THE

LAKE MICHIGAN MASS BALANCE AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL MAPPING

AND ASSESSMENT PROGRAMS

Brian J. Eadie

Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI

Stephen Lozano

US EPA MED, Duluth, MN

1. INTRODUCTION

The Lake Michigan Mass Balance (LMMB) study, a national demonstration program within EPA, was initiated to

develop improved strategies for management and control of toxic chemicals in the coastal environment. The program included measurement and modeling of the transport, fate, and bioaccumulation of four chemicals in Lake

Michigan: PCB’s (industrial compounds once widely used in a variety of products, banned since 1982), trans-nonachlor

(a chlorinated hydrocarbon originally registered as a pesticide in 1948, banned by EPA in 1988), atrazine (the most

widely used herbicide in U.S. corn and sorghum production), and mercury (a toxic element which occurs both

naturally and anthropogenically). Over 80% of the inventories of PCBs, TNC, and mercury in Lake Michigan are

stored in the sediments. Current estimates are that more of these compounds re-enter the water column via sedimentwater exchange than via all of the combined external inputs.

The goals of the sediment component of this program were to:

1. Collect a comprehensive set of sediment cores with undisturbed interfaces.

2. Conduct radiochemical analyses to calculate the sediment accumulation and surface mixing rates.

3. Analyze the surface 1 cm of each core for the EPA target compounds, plus nutrients, grain size, and other

model-required constituents.

4. Interpolate these data onto the hydrodynamic model (5 km) grid to provide initial conditions, rates, and

distributions for the coupled hydrodynamic-sediment-contaminant transport model being developed by the

EPA.

In planning the colection of samples, all available prior data (Lineback and Gross, 1972; Wickham et al., 1978;

Cahill, 1981; Foster and Coleman, 1992; David Edgington and John Robbins, pers. comm.) were reviewed by a

small group of Great Lakes sediment experts to fit the total number of sediment samples within available resources.

The sites were selected with a bias toward over-collecting within the regions where modern sediments accumulate.

Approximately 30% of the bottom is non-depositional while an additional 40% is considered transitional. It appears

that non-depositional and transitional regions serve as temporary repositories for recently introduced particle-associated constituents, including radiotracers, contaminants, and nutrients, but they are very difficult to sample.

The objective of this component of the LMMB program is to accurately estimate the inventory of exchangeable

contaminants in the sediments and estimate the rates associated with the cycling of these materials. One major

parameter known to control contaminant distribution and transport in sediments is the sediment grain size distribution. This report describes the results of the analyses of grain size distribution in Lake Michigan surface sediments.

2. SEDIMENT SAMPLING

Two major coring cruises were conducted during the LMMB study, August-September, 1995 and May, 1996. The

first step in coring protocol on the LMMB cruises was to collect a sediment grab using a PONAR. If the sediment

appeared suitable, a box core was collected. Box coring was the preferred technique for obtaining a relatively
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undisturbed sample of the sediment-water interface. This technique also allowed for the collection of four replicate sub-cores from the same box allowing for optimal sample handling/processing for various analytical procedures. The cores were approximately 50 cm long and represented decades to over a century of lake history. All

four cores were sliced at 1 cm intervals. The first core was used for radionuclides, mercury, porosity, nutrients,

carbon, and grain size analyses. The second core was immediately frozen and is being archived at EPA-Grosse Ile.

The third and fourth cores taken at 1 cm intervals were combined to provide sufficient material for the analysis of

PCB congeners and trans-nonachlor. There were 55 box cores collected during the program (Figure 1). At six

sites, where high quality box cores could not be retrieved, gravity cores were collected. The remaining sites were

in areas where modern sediments do not accumulate and only PONARs were collected. In all cases, sub-samples

for grain size analysis were taken from the upper 1 cm of sediment and stored in a refrigerator until analysis.

In an effort to obtain greater nearshore coverage, the 61 LMMB samples were augmented with 64 PONAR

samples collected in July and October, 1994 for the EPA- Environmental Mapping and Assessment (EMAP)

program. As for the LMMB samples, sub-samples for grain size analysis were taken from the upper 1 cm of

sediment and stored in a refrigerator until analysis.

Figure 1. Station numbers and coring locations are shown and color keyed for the collection device.

The gray stippled region is the area identified as non-depositional based on the thickness of the gray clay

member (Wickham et al., 1978).
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3. PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION MEASUREMENTS

Prior to sub-sampling, the samples were brought to room temperature and manually stirred with an aluminum

spatula. Enough dispersant (0.2 % w/v sodium polyphosphate in DI water) was added to cover the solids. A 10

gram aliquot of the sample was sieved through a 2000 μm sieve followed by a 1000 μm sieve. The material that was

retained on the sieves was placed into a preweighed, pre-washed, numbered pan. The pan was placed in an oven at

1050 C and dried overnight. Weights were recorded to the nearest 0.001 gram. The material that passed through the

sieve was collected in a Nalgene bottle. All samples were analyzed using a Helium Neon laser beam of 632.8 nm and

a Tungsten lamp of 50 w for the measurement (Horiba Instrument Incorporation, LA-900). A one gram sub-sample

was introduced to the LA-900 after a blank measurement, and a series of three analyses were performed under

specified conditions. The results were displayed on the computer system dedicated to the LA-900 (Tables 1 and 2).

All samples were analyzed based on the assumption that the primary sample component was sand (i.e., SiO2; optical

properties of the particles were required). Blanks and standard reference materials were routinely run with the samples.

It was not possible to take sub-samples of the <1000 μm portion for replicate analysis of each sample. The two sets

of samples (LMMB and EMAP) were run separately with an interval of nearly two years between the analyses. The

only difference in the procedures was that the size interval bins were different for the two sample sets; which contributed to the necessity for numerical interpolation (see below).

4. QUALITY ASSURANCE

Approximately 30% of all analyses were blanks, standard reference materials, and field replicates. Based upon the

distribution characteristics of the reference materials, the method detection limit was 0.007 μm with a standard error

of 10%. The mean percent relative difference for instrumental replicates was less than 10% on Standard Reference

Material (0.041, 0.100, and 0.501 μm; Duke Scientific Corporation). Four sets of duplicate samples collected from

the same cores (15, 29, 54, and 80) and one from duplicate box cores (32) illustrate the replication achieved (Figure

2) .

5. SIZE INTERPOLATION

Although numerous size intervals were measured (Tables 1 and 2), there were requests from modelers and program

principal investigators to provide size distribution information for sizes between measured intervals. Different fitting algorithms were explored and a simple linear interpolation was found to introduce the least imagination into the

data spectrum. All data were interpolated, and mass distributions were calculated for each 4 μm interval from 0 to 64

μm (Table 3); selected composites are presented in Table 4.

6. SPATIAL INTERPOLATION

Thousands of sub-samples were distributed to collaborating investigators for analysis of a suite of sediment characteristics (e.g., porosity, grain size) and chemical constituents (e.g., organic carbon, PCBs). After exploring several

interpolation approaches, the natural neighbor technique (Watson, 1994) was selected because of its facility with

non-uniform datum and maintaining the measured values at the datum points. All sediment data have been interpolated, and calculated concentrations at the mid-point of the approximately 2000 model-grid points have been submitted to the EPA modeling team. Contour plots of both incremental (4 μm) and cumulative particle size distributions

are presented in the appendix.

7. DISCUSSION

Present estimates are that 1.8x106 MT of mud and 3.8x106 MT of sand enter the southern basin annually, and that the

vast majority of that material comes from bluff erosion (Coleman and Foster, 1994). Depositional basins within the

lake receive almost all of the mud and a significant fraction of the sand, although the transport processes are poorly
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Figure 2. Size distributions for replicate samples.
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understood. Radionuclide measurements indicate that active sediment-water exchange occurs via resuspension

(Robbins and Eadie, 1991; Eadie et al., 1996) and that it takes an average of over 20 years for materials to reach their

final destination (Robbins, pers. comm.).

Although 125 samples were collected from different stations during this effort, it is the 55 box cores collected in the

depositional basins that represent the major contribution to our understanding of the sediments. Other sediment

collection devices (PONAR, gravity, and shipek) approach the sediment interface during sample collection with a

formidable bow wave which can seriously disturb the surface and result in samples biased against remobilizable

sediments. At this time the box corer is the best device for collecting relatively undisturbed samples of the interface,

and all analyses were conducted on the upper 1 cm of sediment of box cores that were visually inspected for interface

quality. If the interface appeared disturbed, then the box was discarded and another collected until an acceptable

sample was obtained.

The only earlier, lake-scale, report on sediment grain size distributions (and geochemistry) describes the analyses of

286 sediment samples collected in 1975 (Cahill, 1981). In that program a shipek grab was used and the upper 3 cm

of the samples were homogonized prior to analysis. While this procedure was probably adequate for the non-depositional regions of the lake, the samples from the depositional areas were undoubtedly not as undisturbed as the box

cores collected in the LMMB program. A synthesis of all 55 LMMB box cores (Figure 3) shows that most of the

mass in these depositional samples is between 8 and 32 μm. This distribution is also apparent in the contour plots in

the Appendix.

8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to thank the crews of the R Vs Shenehon, Lake Guardian, and Neeskay along with Tom Nalepa, John

Robbins, David Edgington, Nancy Morehead, and Pat Van Hoof for their assistance in sample collection. Eric

Stabenau and Dave Schwab assisted with the data reduction and contouring.
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Figure 3. Size distribution of the 0-1 cm interval of the 55 box cores. The

symbols represent the range, 10th, 25th, and 50th percentiles of the data.
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9. REFERENCES

Cahill, R.A. Geochemistry of recent Lake Michigan sediments. Circular 517. Illinois State Geological Survey,

Urbana, IL (1981).

Coleman, S.M., and D.S. Foster. A sediment budget for southern Lake Michigan: source and sink models for different time intervals. J. Great Lakes Res. 20:215-228 (1994).

Eadie, B.J., D.J. Schwab, G.A. Leshkevich, T.H. Johengen, R.A. Assel, N. Hawley, R.E. Holland, M.B. Lansing, P.

Lavrentyev, G.S. Miller, N.R. Morehead, J.A. Robbins, and P.L. Van Hoof. Recurrent Coastal Plume in Southern

Lake Michigan. EOS 77: 337-338 (1996).

Foster, D.S., and S.M. Coleman. Maps and seismic profiles showing thickness and distribution of postglacial deposits beneath the southern two-thirds of Lake Michigan. USGS Misc. Investigations Series, Map I-2022, U.S.G.S.

Federal Center, Denver, CO (1992).

Lineback, J.A., and D.L. Gross. Depositional patterns, facies, and trace element accumulation in the Waukegan

Member of the Late Pleistocene Lake Michigan Formation in southern Lake Michigan. Env. Geol. Notes # 58,

Illinois State Geological Survey, Urbana, IL, 25 pp. (1972).

Robbins, J.A., and B.J. Eadie. Seasonal cycling of trace elements, Cs-137, Be-7 and Pu-239+240 in

Lake Michigan. J. Geophys. Res. 96:17081-17104 (1991).

Watson, D. An implementation of natural neighbor interpolation. D. Watson (pub), Claremont, Australia, 170 pp.

(1994).

Wickham, J.T., D.L. Gross, J.A. Lineback, and R.L. Thomas. Late quaternary sediments of Lake Michigan. Env.

Geol. Notes # 84, Illinois State Geological Survey, Urbana, IL, 26 pp. (1978).
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TABLES
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Mass (%) in Grain Size Interval

Station Lat Long Device >1000um 1000-500 500-250 250-125 125-62.5 62.5-31 31-15.6 15.6-7.8 7.8-3.9um 3.9-2um3 41.833 -86.907 Ponar 0.0 11.17 68.01 11.50 2.35 1.75 2.31 1.95 0.97 0.07 41.943 -86.829 Box Core 0.00 4.27 3.52 11.61 17.52 20.30 19.84 14.24 5.98 2.729 42.012 -86.756 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.36 35.23 30.26 21.98 4.64 1.5411 42.122 -87.054 Box Core 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.45 27.79 29.07 19.85 15.26 1.58 0.011 42.121 -87.055 Ponar 0.0 0.88 15.92 14.88 12.04 14.20 20.98 16.25 3.84 1.0113 42.175 -86.734 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 9.37 28.93 27.40 26.91 5.61 1.6715 42.285 -86.634 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 20.31 48.53 22.64 6.60 1.8017 42.303 -87.283 Box Core 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.74 9.47 30.18 26.69 25.72 5.12 1.0718 42.301 -87.283 Ponar 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 4.22 25.89 35.64 27.14 5.07 2.0418.1 42.354 -86.958 Box Core 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 5.38 27.54 37.14 23.79 4.94 1.2119 42.382 -86.464 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.09 5.71 31.22 28.28 26.88 5.91 1.9121 42.402 -87.297 Box Core 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.18 20.51 41.67 25.69 5.87 1.0921.1 42.402 -87.297 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.15 26.93 37.12 25.79 5.59 1.4122 42.385 -86.592 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.31 19.85 45.10 25.62 6.39 1.7324 42.503 -86.529 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.00 17.49 41.94 27.72 7.34 2.5125 42.496 -86.829 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.97 28.95 37.95 23.28 4.64 1.2126 42.544 -87.179 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.22 25.52 37.62 26.36 6.38 1.9127 42.587 -86.856 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.15 6.07 27.64 36.99 23.21 4.42 1.5329 42.644 -86.532 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.25 28.42 34.37 26.26 6.02 1.6830 42.660 -87.738 Ponar 0.17 7.65 49.51 10.44 5.51 6.65 7.08 8.33 2.52 2.1431 42.669 -87.251 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.14 26.90 36.45 25.58 5.64 1.3032 42.716 -87.413 Gravity Core 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.77 27.86 35.53 25.02 5.51 1.3233 42.733 -86.999 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.42 25.79 39.47 24.45 5.12 1.7334 42.773 -87.081 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.09 5.59 28.35 37.96 21.50 5.32 1.2036 42.819 -86.474 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.01 18.72 39.75 30.20 5.80 2.5237 42.828 -86.759 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.56 21.70 35.37 30.14 6.30 1.9338 42.833 -87.250 Ponar 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.12 27.44 33.19 26.57 6.10 1.5639 42.834 -86.999 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.46 21.85 42.63 25.32 5.26 1.4841 42.878 -86.357 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.78 19.00 38.73 30.74 6.61 2.1544 42.952 -87.315 Ponar 0.0 18.38 20.52 6.22 6.48 12.06 17.98 13.72 3.77 0.8746 43.016 -86.407 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 3.43 17.80 20.12 50.17 6.59 1.8048.1 43.059 -86.658 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.62 28.54 35.82 25.12 5.70 1.1950 43.112 -86.329 Ponar 2.01 35.44 49.68 4.54 1.79 1.98 2.40 2.16 0.00 0.0051 43.129 -87.544 Ponar 0.59 23.46 41.23 10.27 3.80 4.93 7.54 6.13 2.01 0.0452 43.185 -87.216 Ponar 5.11 86.43 1.09 0.00 0.00 1.41 2.68 2.74 0.55 0.0053 43.199 -86.701 Box Core 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.01 20.95 23.99 40.08 6.36 1.62

Table 1. Measured grain size data for the LMMB suface (0-1 cm) sediments.
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54 43.240 -86.888 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 5.53 24.96 34.08 26.23 7.16 1.9655 43.295 -86.559 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.73 19.54 34.75 34.49 6.12 2.3757 43.366 -87.446 Ponar 0.0 13.45 27.90 6.53 5.75 8.51 21.68 12.53 3.27 0.3858 43.480 -87.455 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.48 26.77 37.26 24.75 5.88 1.8661 43.474 -86.785 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.02 21.00 38.11 29.71 7.02 2.1462 43.500 -87.617 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.66 7.80 27.53 32.89 23.53 5.88 1.7263 43.583 -87.500 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.01 28.08 31.68 25.69 7.07 1.4764 43.601 -87.346 Ponar 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.92 22.56 38.42 27.88 6.88 2.3565 43.653 -87.016 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.97 30.75 34.33 25.30 5.83 1.8166 43.709 -86.683 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.87 27.36 34.23 28.50 6.95 2.0767 43.715 -87.125 Ponar 0.0 4.16 7.85 6.90 13.78 21.90 23.07 17.20 4.08 1.0670 43.889 -86.913 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.63 22.56 36.05 29.89 6.51 2.3673 44.016 -87.478 Ponar 0.00 1.47 6.96 12.08 39.22 13.63 13.94 10.37 2.31 0.0274 44.070 -87.145 Ponar 23.03 60.39 7.84 0.81 0.87 2.03 2.49 1.89 0.65 0.0075 44.125 -86.808 Ponar 0.00 0.92 4.82 6.45 16.38 25.78 25.94 15.66 3.30 0.7576 44.165 -86.625 Ponar 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.29 17.12 37.28 32.66 9.27 3.3878 44.254 -86.625 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.92 25.85 39.65 21.77 6.31 2.5179 44.304 -87.042 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.76 29.08 32.83 24.84 7.98 3.5280 44.358 -86.708 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.09 37.76 32.01 21.11 5.37 1.6582 44.413 -86.371 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.04 21.63 35.77 29.25 7.58 2.7283 44.475 -86.704 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.15 6.07 27.64 36.99 23.21 4.42 1.5384 44.484 -87.277 Ponar 0.0 3.16 8.58 10.88 17.18 20.51 23.34 13.58 2.72 0.0485 44.539 -86.938 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.29 29.94 32.45 24.18 5.85 2.2986 44.588 -86.604 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.26 33.03 31.45 23.89 5.59 1.7887 44.624 -86.355 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.04 21.19 38.09 28.35 5.86 2.4791 44.825 -86.498 Ponar 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.14 3.53 19.28 36.42 30.27 6.76 3.6197 44.975 -86.367 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.10 24.71 34.54 27.95 6.71 2.9999 45.007 -86.729 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.33 24.70 35.62 25.77 4.95 2.63101 45.061 -86.389 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.00 22.88 36.45 28.67 6.16 2.85102 45.063 -86.252 Ponar 6.33 80.84 0.00 0.00 0.60 3.59 4.57 3.52 0.54 0.00103 45.062 -86.491 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.87 28.09 35.30 24.24 6.84 2.66107 45.155 -86.367 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.55 25.41 31.72 28.54 6.98 2.80108 45.163 -85.707 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.64 28.07 37.13 22.54 5.52 1.10110 45.251 -86.409 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.86 23.89 40.77 24.72 5.88 1.88112 45.294 -86.283 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.06 25.39 34.40 26.25 5.80 2.11115 45.396 -85.595 Ponar 7.02 73.01 0.00 0.00 3.25 6.50 6.68 3.55 0.0 0.0120 45.529 -86.171 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.67 11.54 27.54 35.39 20.41 3.65 0.80126 45.761 -86.064 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.08 25.65 24.73 24.78 15.21 2.56 0.00

Table 1. (Cont.)
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Station Lat Long Device >2000 2000-1000 1000-500 500-300

1 41.713 -86.933 Ponar 0.00 0.03 0.51 1.70

2 41.790 -87.293 Ponar 0.00 14.63 60.48 12.43

4 41.872 -87.598 Ponar 0.00 0.76 2.90 15.57

6 41.899 -86.649 Ponar 1.66 5.11 15.47 23.97

8 41.984 -87.014 Gravity Core 0.00 0.17 0.96 3.28

10 42.066 -87.380 Ponar 6.06 0.13 3.02 13.42

13 42.175 -86.734 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.41 2.53

19 42.382 -86.464 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.21 1.27

28 42.619 -87.554 Ponar 0.00 1.17 7.91 25.73

40 42.835 -86.246 Ponar 0.00 0.04 0.28 9.37

43 42.895 -87.642 Ponar 0.52 1.50 8.60 31.10

50 43.112 -86.329 Ponar 0.00 0.10 0.55 4.48

60 43.447 -87.809 Ponar 0.00 0.32 0.78 1.13

71 43.918 -87.624 Ponar 0.00 0.08 2.78 13.19

72 43.944 -86.579 Ponar 0.06 0.51 8.24 48.83

81 44.388 -87.423 Ponar 0.00 0.20 3.36 18.55

89 44.747 -87.895 Ponar 0.05 0.19 0.60 7.87

92 44.857 -87.219 Ponar 0.00 0.00 0.42 53.44

95 44.940 -87.602 Gravity Core 0.00 0.09 0.44 2.36

98 45.131 -85.454 Ponar 0.00 0.05 8.04 47.45

100 45.050 -86.923 Ponar 0.00 0.03 3.60 27.32

104 45.068 -85.857 Ponar 0.00 0.28 12.17 53.88

106 45.134 -87.306 Ponar 0.00 0.63 2.89 18.96

109 45.248 -86.669 Ponar 0.00 0.14 5.01 52.51

111 45.242 -85.556 Ponar 0.00 0.23 8.10 36.96

113 45.327 -87.009 Gravity Core 0.00 0.01 0.47 2.05

117 45.446 -85.222 Gravity Core 0.00 0.32 3.26 18.66

121 45.535 -85.636 Ponar 0.00 0.23 16.50 51.67

123 45.603 -87.097 Ponar 0.00 0.04 1.64 32.01

124 45.710 -86.409 Ponar 0.62 2.47 44.64 40.03

125 45.723 -85.331 Ponar 0.00 0.63 11.25 55.14

127 45.812 -85.718 Ponar 0.00 0.66 4.16 13.16

129 45.900 -86.105 Ponar 0.00 0.13 0.75 7.98

130 45.909 -85.025 Ponar 0.00 0.24 2.82 8.34

131 46.001 -85.410 Ponar 0.00 0.08 0.38 1.54

Mass (%) in Grain Size Interval

Table 2. Measured grain size data for the EMAP surface (0-1 cm) sediments.
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Mass (%) in Grain Size Interval

300-150 150-75 60-70u 50-60u 40-50u 30-40u 20-30u 10-20u

50.96 36.34 1.27 0.57 0.83 0.41 0.19 1.60

5.92 0.66 0.22 0.31 0.62 0.25 0.00 1.15

49.72 19.89 0.62 0.73 0.88 0.00 0.61 3.94

34.04 13.41 0.54 0.21 0.03 0.17 0.51 1.25

10.42 12.91 0.00 9.54 4.43 6.75 0.53 3.06

43.48 17.70 1.37 1.57 0.87 0.04 0.78 3.81

6.77 5.55 0.00 6.55 5.20 5.65 3.30 12.15

2.85 1.79 0.34 1.69 8.39 3.63 22.75 23.06

31.16 6.94 0.69 0.00 1.69 0.27 1.82 7.14

69.98 14.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.28

41.09 2.91 0.61 0.19 1.54 0.34 1.40 3.40

20.35 58.75 0.65 0.95 0.45 0.25 2.13 2.84

20.79 72.83 0.00 0.27 0.08 0.03 0.51 0.61

38.94 26.74 1.77 0.30 1.91 0.97 2.84 4.29

33.97 0.24 0.00 0.26 0.00 0.00 0.19 1.78

44.06 14.39 0.35 0.32 0.52 0.19 2.53 5.76

38.54 41.31 1.08 0.92 1.51 0.00 0.00 2.31

37.97 2.77 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.13 2.53

10.98 32.02 3.39 0.97 2.74 3.46 8.82 20.00

30.29 1.53 0.66 0.86 1.47 0.00 1.44 2.36

40.01 11.37 0.17 1.18 3.15 0.00 0.32 3.15

19.17 0.45 0.29 0.70 0.46 0.76 0.76 3.07

45.84 21.71 0.75 0.95 0.78 0.14 0.64 2.51

33.04 1.08 0.40 0.43 0.49 0.00 0.89 2.60

37.59 5.03 0.47 0.42 0.79 0.51 0.03 2.96

20.37 50.38 2.24 0.23 0.98 6.13 6.52 6.69

24.23 5.76 4.84 1.89 2.58 1.85 5.24 14.67

19.13 1.42 0.49 0.30 0.75 0.29 1.08 2.58

60.50 2.21 0.00 0.18 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.80

4.34 0.21 0.00 0.12 0.86 0.00 0.00 1.49

29.23 0.23 0.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.90

25.58 30.86 1.36 1.55 2.44 0.00 1.19 8.92

73.76 13.09 0.18 0.04 0.11 0.00 0.00 1.14

14.09 48.55 3.31 1.38 1.32 4.33 3.40 4.40

5.21 38.94 1.63 2.66 6.59 0.00 3.82 21.85

Table 2. Continued.
16

Station 9-10u 8-9u 7-8u 6-7u 5-6u 4-5u 3-4u

1 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.33 0.34 0.42 0.59

2 0.16 0.12 0.15 0.14 0.21 0.33 0.40

4 0.44 0.23 0.43 0.42 0.42 0.38 0.44

6 0.17 0.15 0.18 0.25 0.28 0.34 0.42

8 21.22 2.14 2.38 2.43 2.34 2.38 2.34

10 0.47 0.44 0.55 0.58 0.72 0.78 0.95

13 24.26 2.32 2.46 2.63 2.49 2.54 2.60

19 3.10 2.91 2.82 2.44 2.50 2.38 3.10

28 0.84 1.18 1.23 1.09 1.35 1.50 1.81

40 1.09 0.17 0.17 0.20 0.20 0.33 0.43

43 0.47 0.40 0.52 0.48 0.62 0.64 0.77

50 0.36 0.43 0.50 0.54 0.58 0.65 0.89

60 0.23 0.08 0.12 0.22 0.36 0.32 0.31

71 0.51 0.49 0.49 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.61

72 0.30 0.29 0.27 0.40 0.41 0.64 0.76

81 0.71 0.98 0.58 0.64 0.82 0.98 1.06

89 0.38 0.33 0.39 0.48 0.49 0.59 0.65

92 0.46 0.01 0.11 0.09 0.29 0.46 0.26

95 2.65 2.36 2.24 1.84 1.42 1.15 0.97

98 0.43 0.41 0.46 0.56 0.67 0.72 0.75

100 0.49 0.57 0.68 0.65 0.79 1.01 1.23

104 0.56 0.49 0.69 0.64 0.78 0.91 1.00

106 0.35 0.39 0.40 0.46 0.41 0.45 0.50

109 0.40 0.38 0.40 0.40 0.38 0.39 0.31

111 0.42 0.42 0.52 0.58 0.67 0.79 0.89

113 0.57 0.61 0.48 0.47 0.40 0.38 0.25

117 1.62 1.64 1.82 1.59 1.45 1.67 1.67

121 0.42 0.46 0.53 0.59 0.58 0.67 0.68

123 0.23 0.11 0.19 0.18 0.25 0.27 0.24

124 0.33 0.30 0.40 0.42 0.51 0.60 0.65

125 0.25 0.13 0.11 0.15 0.26 0.26 0.32

127 1.06 1.25 1.21 1.22 1.17 1.08 0.88

129 0.25 0.22 0.37 0.32 0.22 0.27 0.28

130 0.65 0.65 0.81 0.75 0.81 0.90 0.88

131 2.24 2.44 2.48 2.33 1.90 1.56 1.18

Mass (%) in Grain Size Interval

Table 2. Continued.
17

2-3u 1-2u 0.9-1u 0.8-0.9u 0.7-0.8u 0.6-0.7u 0.5-0.6u 0.4-0.5u

0.73 1.03 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.14 0.17

0.48 0.65 0.07 0.05 0.10 0.05 0.09 0.09

0.44 0.58 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.03 0.06 0.06

0.58 0.66 0.07 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06

2.65 3.01 3.85 0.34 0.46 0.31 0.34 0.34

1.01 1.21 0.18 0.09 0.12 0.06 0.11 0.11

2.57 2.77 3.53 0.51 0.37 0.37 0.34 0.31

3.69 5.07 0.56 0.84 0.47 0.53 0.44 0.59

1.92 2.49 0.20 0.30 0.21 0.18 0.20 0.23

0.49 0.66 0.76 0.09 0.11 0.07 0.05 0.09

0.84 1.15 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.06 0.10 0.10

1.08 1.62 0.24 0.28 0.13 0.23 0.17 0.14

0.30 0.35 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.04 0.07 0.06

0.80 0.96 0.10 0.15 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.10

0.93 1.00 0.14 0.10 0.07 0.09 0.08 0.09

1.28 1.37 0.19 0.19 0.05 0.08 0.15 0.13

0.74 0.80 0.06 0.12 0.06 0.08 0.06 0.07

0.24 0.31 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01

0.87 0.49 0.09 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05

0.72 0.69 0.08 0.03 0.07 0.03 0.04 0.04

1.31 1.70 0.14 0.15 0.17 0.12 0.14 0.12

1.04 1.15 0.11 0.11 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07

0.42 0.46 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.04

0.26 0.28 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02

0.98 1.02 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.04 0.06 0.06

0.26 0.26 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02

1.61 2.05 0.16 0.13 0.19 0.16 0.14 0.16

0.61 0.63 0.06 0.01 0.06 0.04 0.05 0.04

0.34 0.35 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.07 0.02 0.04

0.73 0.74 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.05 0.05

0.25 0.21 0.03 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01

0.84 0.79 0.09 0.07 0.07 0.04 0.07 0.07

0.30 0.32 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.04

0.87 0.88 0.09 0.05 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.06

1.42 0.92 0.14 0.09 0.07 0.05 0.09 0.07

Mass (%) in Grain Size Interval

Table 2. Continued.
18

Station 0.3-0.4u 0.2-0.3u 0.1-0.2u 0.09-0.10u 0.08-0.09u <0.08u

1 0.16 0.18 0.15 0.01 0.01 0.03

2 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.01

4 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.00 0.01 0.05

6 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.06

8 0.34 0.36 0.36 0.24 0.00 0.00

10 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.01 0.01 0.08

13 0.31 0.34 0.31 0.37 0.00 0.00

19 0.59 0.69 0.72 0.09 0.06 0.41

28 0.18 0.20 0.19 0.02 0.03 0.12

40 0.06 0.05 0.03 0.09 0.01 0.01

43 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.01 0.01 0.06

50 0.17 0.19 0.17 0.02 0.02 0.11

60 0.05 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

71 0.08 0.09 0.07 0.01 0.01 0.00

72 0.08 0.08 0.10 0.01 0.00 0.06

81 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.01 0.01 0.17

89 0.06 0.08 0.08 0.01 0.01 0.08

92 0.03 0.03 0.08 0.02 0.00 0.19

95 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.22

98 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.05

100 0.11 0.11 0.13 0.01 0.00 0.09

104 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.07

106 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.01

109 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.02

111 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.02

113 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.02

117 0.13 0.11 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.25

121 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.03

123 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.01 0.00 0.02

124 0.04 0.06 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.05

125 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.01 0.00 0.13

127 0.07 0.07 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.05

129 0.03 0.04 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

130 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.05

131 0.09 0.09 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.05

Mass (%) in Grain Size Interval

Table 2. Continued.
19

Mass distribution (%)

Station Lat Long 0-4 um 4-8um 8-12um 12-16um 16-20um 20-24um 24-28um

1 41.713 -86.933 0.012 0.025 0.041 0.089 0.132 0.155 0.163

2 41.79 -87.293 0.006 0.012 0.020 0.046 0.067 0.077 0.078

3 41.833 -86.906 0.014 0.068 0.132 0.197 0.255 0.309 0.362

4 41.872 -87.598 0.007 0.019 0.046 0.142 0.229 0.277 0.294

6 41.899 -86.649 0.007 0.014 0.022 0.050 0.077 0.097 0.110

7 41.943 -86.829 0.343 1.798 3.752 5.887 8.040 10.209 12.350

8 41.984 -87.014 0.129 0.374 1.820 2.502 2.738 2.870 3.002

9 42.014 -86.75 0.983 7.689 16.929 27.285 38.203 49.656 60.230

10 42.066 -87.38 0.017 0.039 0.071 0.176 0.274 0.330 0.355

11 42.122 -87.054 0.210 1.543 3.299 5.056 6.604 7.948 9.197

11 42.122 -87.054 0.247 2.760 6.160 10.138 14.696 19.823 25.127

13 42.175 -86.734 1.187 9.059 18.067 27.222 36.550 46.035 54.854

13 42.176 -86.733 0.203 0.599 3.307 5.569 7.051 7.978 8.555

15 42.285 -86.633 1.693 11.901 30.240 49.383 64.217 74.778 82.815

15 42.285 -86.633 1.430 10.703 22.305 34.155 45.509 56.351 66.003

17 42.303 -87.283 0.989 7.800 15.697 23.885 32.429 41.312 49.623

18 42.359 -86.956 1.311 10.820 23.579 36.529 48.198 58.583 67.583

18 42.354 -86.958 1.138 9.202 21.223 33.937 45.465 55.805 64.830

19 42.367 -86.443 1.320 9.803 19.689 29.926 40.518 51.441 61.472

19 42.382 -86.464 0.451 1.132 2.727 7.805 13.909 19.979 25.435

21 42.402 -87.296 1.403 10.877 25.292 39.849 51.592 60.543 67.836

21 42.402 -87.296 1.368 10.674 23.833 37.467 49.747 60.671 70.081

22 42.385 -86.591 1.687 12.530 29.844 47.401 61.172 71.189 78.964

24 42.503 -86.529 1.911 13.347 29.901 46.107 58.655 67.580 74.508

25 42.496 -86.829 1.108 9.200 21.609 34.907 47.072 58.099 67.695

26 42.544 -87.179 1.585 11.594 25.619 39.978 52.648 63.630 72.952

27 42.587 -86.856 1.031 8.689 20.283 32.611 43.817 53.897 62.731

28 42.619 -87.554 0.028 0.067 0.123 0.298 0.465 0.567 0.618

29 42.641 -86.533 1.436 10.720 23.072 35.864 47.872 59.084 68.930

29 42.643 -86.532 1.451 11.522 25.876 39.978 51.221 59.631 66.455

30 42.66 -87.738 0.059 0.344 0.633 0.905 1.171 1.431 1.684

31 42.67 -87.251 1.333 10.316 22.932 36.007 47.847 58.449 67.648

32 42.713 -87.409 1.271 9.824 21.811 34.348 45.918 56.514 65.814

33 42.733 -86.999 1.273 10.221 23.836 38.063 50.479 61.087 70.085

33 42.733 -86.999 1.088 8.800 19.944 31.903 43.287 54.084 63.703

34 42.773 -87.081 1.128 8.452 20.176 32.892 44.447 54.840 63.923

36 42.818 -86.486 1.676 13.606 29.617 44.999 57.269 66.451 73.776

37 42.828 -86.759 1.626 12.565 26.204 39.349 50.611 60.000 67.953

38 42.834 -87.25 1.398 10.388 22.004 33.899 45.065 55.491 64.729

39 42.834 -86.999 1.352 11.020 26.123 41.556 54.139 63.891 71.813

40 42.835 -86.246 0.007 0.013 0.035 0.048 0.054 0.056 0.056

41 42.879 -86.357 1.834 14.054 29.960 45.149 57.390 66.707 74.194

43 42.895 -87.641 0.010 0.024 0.047 0.117 0.187 0.238 0.270

44 42.953 -87.315 0.096 0.650 1.381 2.115 2.760 3.317 3.816

46 43.016 -86.407 2.412 21.709 35.319 44.626 53.557 62.102 69.750

48 43.059 -86.662 1.328 10.135 22.497 35.469 47.502 58.587 68.284

50 43.112 -86.329 0.002 0.044 0.097 0.149 0.198 0.243 0.288

50 43.112 -86.329 0.022 0.047 0.081 0.185 0.302 0.406 0.491

51 43.13 -87.544 0.032 0.199 0.410 0.617 0.798 0.953 1.094

52 43.186 -87.215 0.006 0.043 0.086 0.124 0.155 0.179 0.199

53 43.199 -86.701 1.788 15.062 26.394 35.656 44.506 52.938 60.605

54 43.241 -86.889 1.577 10.683 22.657 34.794 45.757 55.545 64.100

54 43.241 -86.889 1.482 10.609 22.376 34.323 45.352 55.458 64.367

55 43.294 -86.559 1.855 15.277 30.612 44.638 56.363 65.800 73.594

57 43.366 -87.446 0.087 0.638 1.506 2.375 3.037 3.497 3.871

58 43.48 -87.455 1.395 10.363 23.366 36.948 49.146 59.957 69.270

60 43.447 -87.809 0.007 0.018 0.029 0.052 0.077 0.100 0.120

Table 3. Linearly interpolated particle size distributions. (Reads across page then down on following pgs.)
20

28-32um 32-36um 36-40um 40-44um 44-48um 48-52um 52-56um 56-60um GT 60um

0.174 0.189 0.209 0.235 0.264 0.290 0.312 0.341 99.620

0.081 0.088 0.097 0.111 0.127 0.140 0.149 0.157 99.836

0.418 0.477 0.540 0.605 0.675 0.764 0.876 1.011 98.832

0.303 0.305 0.313 0.332 0.357 0.381 0.404 0.424 99.556

0.119 0.124 0.127 0.129 0.131 0.134 0.139 0.147 99.841

14.439 16.477 18.463 20.398 22.281 24.111 25.887 27.610 70.721

3.380 4.003 4.626 5.153 5.674 6.397 7.310 7.994 91.716

69.148 76.410 82.015 85.963 88.366 90.313 92.083 93.674 4.914

0.369 0.373 0.383 0.404 0.436 0.478 0.528 0.579 99.373

10.413 11.595 12.743 13.858 14.944 16.041 17.159 18.299 80.540

30.390 35.612 40.794 45.934 51.012 55.813 60.283 64.422 31.770

62.553 69.133 74.593 78.933 82.219 85.084 87.691 90.039 7.872

9.259 10.104 10.969 11.805 12.645 13.568 14.558 15.273 84.424

89.290 94.204 97.557 99.349 99.697 99.747 99.793 99.835 0.128

74.089 80.610 85.566 88.957 90.889 92.414 93.799 95.045 3.848

56.863 63.031 68.127 72.152 75.170 77.829 80.292 82.560 15.369

75.140 81.254 85.925 89.153 91.035 92.536 93.899 95.125 3.786

72.470 78.724 83.593 87.077 89.267 91.063 92.696 94.163 4.533

69.936 76.834 82.166 85.931 88.235 90.109 91.814 93.351 5.281

28.915 30.450 31.800 33.656 35.663 36.994 37.631 37.971 61.832

74.096 79.324 83.519 86.681 88.876 90.738 92.430 93.951 4.698

77.891 84.099 88.706 91.712 93.230 94.363 95.393 96.319 2.859

85.330 90.289 93.840 95.982 96.818 97.351 97.835 98.270 1.344

80.339 85.070 88.703 91.238 92.748 93.962 95.065 96.057 3.063

75.701 82.115 86.938 90.170 91.921 93.274 94.502 95.607 3.412

80.627 86.657 91.041 93.779 94.989 95.827 96.590 97.275 2.117

70.255 76.467 81.367 84.957 87.320 89.294 91.092 92.715 5.839

0.649 0.663 0.684 0.723 0.767 0.792 0.798 0.804 99.181

77.096 83.581 88.385 91.509 93.070 94.230 95.284 96.232 2.927

72.381 77.407 81.535 84.765 87.149 89.213 91.091 92.783 5.711

1.930 2.168 2.398 2.621 2.837 3.066 3.311 3.572 96.151

75.353 81.566 86.286 89.513 91.349 92.797 94.112 95.296 3.654

73.638 79.987 84.862 88.261 90.285 91.911 93.389 94.717 4.103

77.583 83.580 88.076 91.072 92.671 93.898 95.013 96.015 3.095

71.817 78.428 83.535 87.138 89.337 91.122 92.744 94.202 4.503

71.615 77.917 82.828 86.348 88.570 90.397 92.059 93.558 5.109

79.924 84.893 88.683 91.296 92.810 94.013 95.107 96.090 3.037

74.709 80.269 84.633 87.801 89.850 91.549 93.093 94.481 4.287

72.532 78.901 83.834 87.332 89.491 91.250 92.849 94.286 4.438

78.457 83.823 87.910 90.719 92.337 93.620 94.785 95.833 3.237

0.056 0.056 0.056 0.056 0.056 0.056 0.056 0.056 99.944

80.453 85.485 89.290 91.868 93.302 94.424 95.442 96.358 2.829

0.292 0.304 0.322 0.352 0.386 0.408 0.417 0.425 99.563

4.273 4.687 5.060 5.390 5.680 5.962 6.244 6.524 93.197

76.219 81.510 85.622 88.556 90.390 91.894 93.263 94.499 4.400

76.352 82.790 87.600 90.780 92.444 93.709 94.858 95.891 3.191

0.331 0.374 0.416 0.457 0.498 0.543 0.593 0.648 99.291

0.544 0.564 0.578 0.596 0.618 0.649 0.689 0.728 99.240

1.230 1.361 1.485 1.604 1.718 1.844 1.987 2.146 97.679

0.215 0.226 0.235 0.239 0.239 0.239 0.239 0.239 99.761

67.316 73.070 77.869 81.711 84.650 87.220 89.554 91.653 6.483

71.388 77.410 82.165 85.655 87.960 89.887 91.640 93.219 5.374

71.930 78.147 83.017 86.541 88.807 90.680 92.383 93.913 4.728

80.100 85.317 89.246 91.887 93.328 94.445 95.460 96.372 2.818

4.223 4.553 4.862 5.148 5.415 5.680 5.948 6.219 93.507

77.024 83.220 87.858 90.937 92.566 93.811 94.941 95.958 3.140

0.131 0.135 0.137 0.139 0.144 0.151 0.162 0.170 99.827

Table 3. (Cont.)
21

61 43.474 -86.785 1.885 13.777 29.376 44.536 57.138 67.197 75.426

62 43.5 -87.617 1.178 8.445 18.482 29.058 39.024 48.373 56.772

63 43.583 -87.499 1.486 10.010 20.857 32.067 42.831 53.136 62.387

64 43.601 -87.346 1.792 12.866 28.030 43.134 55.914 66.380 75.036

65 43.653 -87.016 1.406 10.482 22.831 35.912 48.516 60.624 71.306

66 43.709 -86.682 1.786 12.736 26.512 40.405 53.304 65.198 75.484

67 43.715 -87.126 0.255 1.876 4.063 6.398 8.692 10.944 13.089

70 43.888 -86.913 1.748 13.200 27.703 41.813 53.972 64.186 72.766

71 43.918 -87.624 0.012 0.028 0.064 0.183 0.313 0.423 0.513

72 43.944 -86.579 0.009 0.018 0.028 0.059 0.086 0.100 0.104

73 44.017 -87.475 0.140 1.086 2.367 3.743 5.109 6.471 8.114

74 44.069 -87.146 0.006 0.038 0.079 0.121 0.161 0.198 0.232

75 44.124 -86.807 0.308 2.492 5.872 9.681 13.482 17.271 20.902

76 44.166 -86.624 2.715 17.596 35.618 52.288 65.501 75.282 82.902

78 44.254 -86.625 1.408 9.559 22.781 36.915 49.240 59.762 68.705

79 44.305 -87.041 1.850 11.287 23.731 36.805 49.357 61.369 71.944

80 44.358 -86.708 1.157 8.292 18.661 30.566 43.176 56.453 68.538

80 44.358 -86.708 1.273 9.562 21.569 33.868 44.485 53.427 61.143

81 44.388 -87.423 0.018 0.041 0.088 0.232 0.379 0.486 0.556

82 44.413 -86.371 1.933 13.288 27.693 41.694 53.640 63.539 71.830

83 44.474 -86.705 1.031 8.689 20.283 32.611 43.817 53.897 62.731

84 44.481 -87.277 0.169 1.434 3.441 5.667 7.798 9.835 11.802

85 44.539 -86.937 1.296 9.338 20.181 31.699 42.909 53.795 63.573

86 44.588 -86.604 1.235 9.097 19.589 30.973 42.549 54.291 64.943

87 44.624 -86.355 1.553 12.160 26.547 40.700 52.497 61.952 69.795

89 44.747 -87.895 0.013 0.030 0.053 0.122 0.180 0.204 0.205

91 44.825 -86.049 1.846 13.575 28.389 42.495 54.093 63.202 70.675

92 44.857 -87.219 0.003 0.007 0.021 0.063 0.099 0.116 0.119

95 44.94 -87.602 0.035 0.162 0.553 1.800 3.060 3.980 4.613

97 44.975 -86.367 1.699 12.117 25.463 38.780 50.723 61.291 70.382

98 45.131 -85.454 0.008 0.021 0.036 0.079 0.125 0.162 0.190

99 45.007 -86.729 1.225 9.934 21.987 34.279 45.200 54.751 63.062

100 45.05 -86.923 0.017 0.039 0.064 0.135 0.198 0.230 0.238

101 45.061 -86.389 1.648 12.520 26.751 40.785 52.888 63.067 71.638

102 45.063 -86.252 0.006 0.059 0.130 0.203 0.270 0.332 0.386

103 45.062 -86.491 1.573 10.508 23.106 36.386 48.699 60.037 69.923

104 45.069 -85.857 0.011 0.026 0.046 0.099 0.148 0.178 0.195

106 45.134 -87.306 0.007 0.019 0.039 0.098 0.154 0.188 0.205

107 45.155 -86.367 1.678 11.750 23.833 35.780 46.880 57.125 66.154

108 45.163 -85.707 1.183 8.842 20.582 33.171 44.655 55.032 64.122

109 45.248 -86.669 0.003 0.011 0.026 0.070 0.112 0.141 0.158

110 45.251 -86.409 1.452 10.927 25.472 40.515 53.237 63.649 72.295

111 45.242 -85.556 0.011 0.026 0.045 0.102 0.151 0.172 0.175

112 45.294 -86.284 1.352 10.231 22.067 34.103 45.003 54.764 63.323

113 45.327 -87.009 0.007 0.029 0.105 0.384 0.722 1.057 1.388

115 45.396 -85.595 0.003 0.063 0.168 0.288 0.407 0.525 0.635

117 45.446 -85.222 0.034 0.101 0.246 0.734 1.216 1.544 1.746

120 45.529 -86.171 0.735 6.539 15.823 25.924 35.223 43.719 51.397

121 45.534 -85.636 0.007 0.019 0.034 0.078 0.122 0.154 0.175

123 45.603 -87.097 0.003 0.008 0.015 0.030 0.043 0.048 0.048

124 45.71 -86.409 0.007 0.017 0.028 0.054 0.076 0.085 0.086

125 45.723 -85.331 0.003 0.007 0.013 0.027 0.039 0.045 0.045

126 45.761 -86.064 0.328 3.025 7.183 11.856 16.526 21.193 25.879

126 45.761 -86.064 1.273 9.562 21.569 33.868 44.485 53.427 61.143

127 45.812 -85.718 0.017 0.061 0.148 0.424 0.675 0.807 0.850

129 45.9 -86.105 0.004 0.013 0.024 0.051 0.074 0.083 0.084

130 45.909 -85.025 0.020 0.057 0.111 0.276 0.462 0.629 0.789

131 46.001 -85.41 0.055 0.231 0.673 2.180 3.571 4.348 4.653

Station Lat Long 0-4 um 4-8um 8-12um 12-16um 16-20um 20-24um 24-28um

Table 3. Continued.
22

82.218 87.573 91.492 93.974 95.121 95.937 96.679 97.347 2.061

64.035 70.162 75.153 79.008 81.797 84.211 86.424 88.436 9.753

70.254 76.737 81.837 85.553 87.975 89.988 91.816 93.461 5.079

82.161 87.753 91.813 94.341 95.447 96.209 96.902 97.524 1.923

80.049 86.852 91.715 94.639 95.765 96.474 97.118 97.697 1.789

83.830 90.236 94.703 97.230 97.961 98.302 98.612 98.891 0.861

15.090 16.946 18.660 20.229 21.661 23.017 24.314 25.552 73.271

79.885 85.544 89.742 92.479 93.857 94.886 95.820 96.660 2.594

0.577 0.617 0.659 0.714 0.772 0.809 0.826 0.852 99.103

0.106 0.106 0.106 0.106 0.107 0.109 0.114 0.118 99.881

10.197 12.720 15.682 19.084 22.875 26.564 30.024 33.257 63.738

0.262 0.289 0.312 0.331 0.348 0.363 0.378 0.394 99.591

24.294 27.447 30.361 33.036 35.480 37.779 39.954 42.006 56.066

89.060 93.756 96.991 98.765 99.185 99.322 99.446 99.557 0.344

76.193 82.226 86.804 89.926 91.693 93.083 94.347 95.483 3.509

80.592 87.311 92.102 94.964 96.038 96.701 97.304 97.846 1.673

78.405 86.056 91.488 94.704 95.864 96.556 97.185 97.751 1.747

67.878 73.632 78.406 82.200 85.069 87.568 89.839 91.881 6.306

0.597 0.611 0.620 0.634 0.649 0.662 0.672 0.682 99.308

78.751 84.305 88.490 91.306 92.849 94.046 95.134 96.111 3.020

70.255 76.467 81.367 84.957 87.320 89.294 91.092 92.715 5.839

13.713 15.568 17.366 19.107 20.793 22.426 24.006 25.535 72.989

71.811 78.509 83.667 87.286 89.469 91.232 92.833 94.273 4.448

73.810 80.892 86.190 89.704 91.557 92.970 94.254 95.409 3.566

76.425 81.843 86.050 89.044 90.906 92.429 93.812 95.055 3.841

0.205 0.206 0.223 0.261 0.312 0.356 0.391 0.426 99.536

76.981 82.121 86.094 88.901 90.620 92.020 93.298 94.453 4.515

0.121 0.122 0.122 0.122 0.122 0.122 0.122 0.122 99.878

5.077 5.383 5.630 5.854 6.047 6.188 6.279 6.409 93.388

77.943 83.974 88.475 91.446 92.993 94.166 95.231 96.190 2.960

0.205 0.209 0.219 0.242 0.272 0.297 0.317 0.334 99.650

70.202 76.172 80.973 84.603 87.136 89.289 91.245 93.005 5.433

0.243 0.245 0.271 0.332 0.412 0.471 0.509 0.533 99.455

78.777 84.483 88.757 91.598 93.107 94.261 95.309 96.252 2.911

0.431 0.468 0.496 0.515 0.527 0.536 0.545 0.552 99.441

78.095 84.555 89.301 92.334 93.775 94.817 95.763 96.615 2.629

0.211 0.227 0.241 0.252 0.263 0.275 0.289 0.301 99.691

0.217 0.222 0.232 0.249 0.272 0.297 0.323 0.349 99.628

73.765 79.960 84.738 88.099 90.138 91.789 93.289 94.637 4.165

71.828 78.148 83.084 86.635 88.892 90.752 92.441 93.960 4.691

0.167 0.169 0.172 0.179 0.189 0.198 0.207 0.216 99.776

79.475 85.189 89.437 92.219 93.638 94.703 95.671 96.541 2.687

0.181 0.192 0.206 0.223 0.240 0.254 0.265 0.275 99.714

70.645 76.731 81.579 85.191 87.645 89.713 91.592 93.282 5.218

1.711 2.022 2.255 2.382 2.431 2.462 2.479 2.522 97.394

0.736 0.826 0.907 0.977 1.037 1.091 1.140 1.185 98.776

1.890 1.981 2.066 2.162 2.264 2.355 2.438 2.552 97.286

58.247 64.270 69.464 73.831 77.412 80.615 83.542 86.195 11.426

0.189 0.197 0.206 0.219 0.233 0.244 0.251 0.259 99.732

0.048 0.048 0.049 0.051 0.054 0.058 0.062 0.065 99.934

0.086 0.086 0.091 0.104 0.120 0.131 0.135 0.136 99.863

0.045 0.046 0.046 0.046 0.046 0.046 0.046 0.047 99.949

30.595 35.341 40.117 44.923 49.735 54.312 58.592 62.575 33.739

67.878 73.632 78.406 82.200 85.069 87.568 89.839 91.881 6.306

0.872 0.879 0.907 0.973 1.061 1.136 1.199 1.256 98.690

0.084 0.084 0.085 0.087 0.090 0.092 0.093 0.096 99.900

0.964 1.154 1.309 1.409 1.471 1.532 1.596 1.685 98.191

4.814 4.857 5.028 5.423 5.938 6.330 6.591 6.790 93.045

28-32um 32-36um 36-40um 40-44um 44-48um 48-52um 52-56um 56-60um GT 60um

Table 3. Continued.
23

Station Lat Long Device > 500um 60-500 30-60 8-30 2-8 < 60 < 30 < 8 < 2um1 41.713 -86.933 Ponar 0.54 90.27 1.81 2.24 2.68 9.19 7.38 5.13 2.452 41.790 -87.293 Ponar 75.12 19.23 1.19 1.44 1.72 5.66 4.47 3.03 1.323 41.833 -86.907 Ponar 0.00 90.67 2.35 4.06 2.92 9.33 6.97 2.92 0.004 41.872 -87.598 Ponar 3.66 85.81 1.61 5.23 2.54 10.53 8.92 3.69 1.156 41.899 -86.649 Ponar 22.24 71.97 0.41 2.09 2.05 5.79 5.38 3.29 1.247 41.943 -86.829 Box Core 0.00 19.40 17.52 40.14 20.22 80.60 63.08 22.94 2.728 41.984 -87.014 Gravity Core 1.13 26.60 20.72 26.96 14.53 72.15 51.43 24.47 9.959 42.012 -86.756 Box Core 0.00 0.00 6.36 65.49 26.61 100.00 93.64 28.15 1.5410 42.066 -87.380 Ponar 9.21 75.97 2.48 5.49 4.59 14.82 12.34 6.85 2.2611 42.122 -87.054 Box Core 0.00 6.45 27.79 48.92 16.84 93.55 65.76 16.84 0.0011 42.121 -87.055 Ponar 0.00 31.68 12.04 35.19 20.08 68.32 56.28 21.09 1.0113 42.175 -86.734 Box Core 0.41 14.85 17.40 42.03 15.28 84.23 66.83 24.80 9.5215 42.285 -86.634 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.12 68.84 29.24 100.00 99.88 31.04 1.8017 42.303 -87.283 Box Core 0.00 1.74 9.47 56.87 30.84 98.26 88.78 31.91 1.0718 42.301 -87.283 Ponar 0.00 0.00 4.22 61.53 32.21 100.00 95.78 34.25 2.0418.1 42.354 -86.958 Box Core 0.00 0.00 5.38 64.68 28.72 100.00 94.62 29.93 1.2119 42.382 -86.464 Box Core 0.21 6.26 13.71 51.82 16.93 93.53 79.83 28.01 11.0821 42.402 -87.297 Box Core 0.00 0.00 5.18 62.18 31.56 100.00 94.82 32.64 1.0921.1 42.402 -87.297 Box Core 0.00 0.00 3.15 64.05 31.38 100.00 96.85 32.80 1.4122 42.385 -86.592 Box Core 0.00 0.00 1.31 64.95 32.01 100.00 98.69 33.73 1.7324 42.503 -86.529 Box Core 0.00 0.00 3.00 59.43 35.06 100.00 97.00 37.57 2.5125 42.496 -86.829 Box Core 0.00 0.00 3.97 66.90 27.92 100.00 96.03 29.13 1.2126 42.544 -87.179 Box Core 0.00 0.00 2.22 63.14 32.73 100.00 97.78 34.64 1.9127 42.587 -86.856 Box Core 0.00 0.15 6.07 64.63 27.63 99.85 93.78 29.15 1.5328 42.619 -87.554 Ponar 9.08 64.52 1.96 10.99 8.91 26.40 24.44 13.45 4.5429 42.644 -86.532 Box Core 0.00 0.00 3.25 62.80 32.27 100.00 96.75 33.95 1.6830 42.660 -87.738 Ponar 0.17 67.60 5.51 13.72 10.85 32.23 26.72 12.99 2.1431 42.669 -87.251 Box Core 0.00 0.00 4.14 63.35 31.22 100.00 95.86 32.51 1.3032 42.716 -87.413 Gravity Core 0.00 0.00 4.77 63.39 30.53 100.00 95.23 31.85 1.3233 42.733 -86.999 Box Core 0.00 0.00 3.42 65.27 29.57 99.99 96.57 31.30 1.7334 42.773 -87.081 Box Core 0.00 0.09 5.59 66.31 26.82 99.92 94.32 28.02 1.2036 42.819 -86.474 Box Core 0.00 0.00 3.01 58.48 36.00 100.00 96.99 38.52 2.5237 42.828 -86.759 Box Core 0.00 0.00 4.56 57.07 36.44 100.00 95.44 38.37 1.9338 42.833 -87.250 Ponar 0.00 0.00 5.12 60.64 32.67 100.00 94.88 34.24 1.5639 42.834 -86.999 Box Core 0.00 0.00 3.46 64.48 30.59 100.00 96.54 32.06 1.4840 42.835 -86.246 Ponar 0.32 94.10 0.00 1.54 1.83 5.44 5.44 3.91 2.0841 42.878 -86.357 Box Core 0.00 0.00 2.78 57.73 37.34 100.00 97.22 39.49 2.1543 42.895 -87.642 Ponar 10.62 75.71 2.08 5.67 3.87 13.67 11.59 5.92 2.0644 42.952 -87.315 Ponar 0.00 45.12 6.48 30.04 17.49 54.88 48.40 18.37 0.8746 43.016 -86.407 Box Core 0.00 0.08 3.43 37.92 56.77 99.92 96.50 58.57 1.80

Grain Size Composites (% mass)

Table 4. Composite grain size distributions.
24

Station Lat Long Device > 500um 60-500 30-60 8-30 2-8 < 60 < 30 < 8 < 2um

48.1 43.059 -86.658 Box Core 0.00 0.00 3.62 64.36 30.82 100.00 96.38 32.02 1.1950 43.112 -86.329 Ponar 0.65 84.23 1.66 5.75 4.24 15.12 13.46 7.71 3.4751 43.129 -87.544 Ponar 0.59 74.96 3.80 12.47 8.13 24.45 20.65 8.18 0.0452 43.185 -87.216 Ponar 5.11 87.52 0.00 4.08 3.29 7.37 7.37 3.29 0.0053 43.199 -86.701 Box Core 0.00 0.00 7.01 44.94 46.44 100.00 92.99 48.05 1.6254 43.240 -86.888 Box Core 0.00 0.08 5.53 59.04 33.38 99.92 94.39 35.35 1.9655 43.295 -86.559 Box Core 0.00 0.00 2.73 54.30 40.60 100.00 97.27 42.98 2.3757 43.366 -87.446 Ponar 0.00 47.88 5.75 30.19 15.80 52.12 46.36 16.18 0.3858 43.480 -87.455 Box Core 0.00 0.00 3.48 64.03 30.63 100.00 96.52 32.49 1.8660 43.447 -87.809 Ponar 1.09 94.75 0.38 1.43 1.64 4.15 3.78 2.35 0.7161 43.474 -86.785 Box Core 0.00 0.00 2.02 59.11 36.73 100.00 97.98 38.87 2.1462 43.500 -87.617 Box Core 0.00 0.66 7.80 60.42 29.41 99.34 91.54 31.13 1.7263 43.583 -87.500 Box Core 0.00 0.00 6.01 59.76 32.76 100.00 93.99 34.23 1.4764 43.601 -87.346 Ponar 0.00 0.00 1.92 60.97 34.75 100.00 98.08 37.10 2.3565 43.653 -87.016 Box Core 0.00 0.00 1.97 65.09 31.13 100.00 98.03 32.94 1.8166 43.709 -86.683 Box Core 0.00 0.00 0.87 61.60 35.45 100.00 99.13 37.53 2.0767 43.715 -87.125 Ponar 0.00 18.91 13.78 44.97 21.28 81.09 67.31 22.34 1.0670 43.889 -86.913 Box Core 0.00 0.00 2.63 58.61 36.40 100.00 97.37 38.76 2.3671 43.918 -87.624 Ponar 2.86 80.63 3.18 8.12 3.30 16.43 13.25 5.13 1.8372 43.944 -86.579 Ponar 8.82 83.04 0.26 2.56 3.41 8.14 7.88 5.32 1.9273 44.016 -87.478 Ponar 0.00 20.51 39.22 27.57 12.68 79.49 40.27 12.70 0.0274 44.070 -87.145 Ponar 23.03 69.03 0.87 4.52 2.54 7.94 7.06 2.54 0.0075 44.125 -86.808 Ponar 0.00 12.20 16.38 51.71 18.96 87.80 71.42 19.70 0.7576 44.165 -86.625 Ponar 0.00 0.00 0.29 54.40 41.92 100.00 99.71 45.30 3.3878 44.254 -86.625 Box Core 0.00 0.00 3.92 65.50 28.07 100.00 96.08 30.58 2.5179 44.304 -87.042 Box Core 0.00 0.00 1.76 61.90 32.82 100.00 98.24 36.34 3.5280 44.358 -86.708 Box Core 0.00 0.00 2.09 69.78 26.49 100.00 97.91 28.14 1.6580.1 44.358 -86.708 Box Core 0.00 0.00 7.51 60.20 30.30 100.00 92.49 32.29 1.9981 44.388 -87.423 Ponar 3.57 77.34 1.04 9.97 5.37 19.09 18.05 8.08 2.7182 44.413 -86.371 Box Core 0.00 0.00 3.04 57.40 36.84 100.00 96.96 39.56 2.7283 44.475 -86.704 Box Core 0.00 0.15 6.07 64.63 27.63 99.85 93.78 29.15 1.5384 44.484 -87.277 Ponar 0.00 22.62 17.18 43.85 16.30 77.38 60.20 16.34 0.0485 44.539 -86.938 Box Core 0.00 0.00 5.29 62.39 30.03 100.00 94.71 32.32 2.2986 44.588 -86.604 Box Core 0.00 0.00 4.26 64.48 29.47 100.00 95.74 31.26 1.7887 44.624 -86.355 Box Core 0.00 0.00 4.04 59.29 34.21 100.00 95.96 36.68 2.4789 44.747 -87.895 Ponar 0.85 88.80 2.43 3.02 3.34 10.36 7.93 4.91 1.5891 44.825 -86.498 Ponar 0.00 0.14 3.53 55.70 37.03 99.86 96.33 40.64 3.6192 44.857 -87.219 Ponar 0.42 94.19 0.03 3.14 1.44 5.39 5.36 2.22 0.7895 44.940 -87.602 Gravity Core 0.53 48.75 7.18 33.84 8.50 50.72 43.54 9.70 1.21

Table 4. (Cont.)
25

Station Lat Long Device > 500um 60-500 30-60 8-30 2-8 < 60 < 30 < 8 < 2um

97 44.975 -86.367 Box Core 0.00 0.00 3.10 59.25 34.66 100.00 96.90 37.65 2.9998 45.131 -85.454 Ponar 8.09 79.92 2.33 4.64 3.88 11.98 9.65 5.01 1.1399 45.007 -86.729 Box Core 0.00 0.00 6.33 60.32 30.72 100.00 93.67 33.35 2.63100 45.050 -86.923 Ponar 3.63 78.87 4.32 4.53 5.66 17.51 13.18 8.65 2.99101 45.061 -86.389 Box Core 0.00 0.00 3.00 59.33 34.82 100.00 97.00 37.68 2.85102 45.063 -86.252 Ponar 6.33 80.84 0.60 8.15 4.07 12.82 12.22 4.07 0.00103 45.062 -86.491 Box Core 0.00 0.00 2.87 63.39 31.08 100.00 97.13 33.74 2.66104 45.068 -85.857 Ponar 12.45 73.79 1.92 4.87 5.07 13.76 11.83 6.96 1.90106 45.134 -87.306 Ponar 3.52 87.26 1.86 3.89 2.64 9.22 7.35 3.47 0.83107 45.155 -86.367 Box Core 0.00 0.00 4.55 57.13 35.52 100.00 95.45 38.32 2.80108 45.163 -85.707 Box Core 0.00 0.00 5.64 65.20 28.06 100.00 94.36 29.16 1.10109 45.248 -86.669 Ponar 5.15 87.02 0.92 4.29 2.15 7.82 6.91 2.62 0.47110 45.251 -86.409 Box Core 0.00 0.00 2.86 64.66 30.60 100.00 97.14 32.48 1.88111 45.242 -85.556 Ponar 8.33 80.06 1.72 3.84 4.43 11.61 9.89 6.05 1.62112 45.294 -86.283 Box Core 0.00 0.00 6.06 59.80 32.04 100.00 93.95 34.15 2.11113 45.327 -87.009 Gravity Core 0.49 75.05 7.34 14.38 2.24 24.47 17.12 2.74 0.50115 45.396 -85.595 Ponar 7.02 73.01 3.25 13.18 3.55 19.98 16.73 3.55 0.00117 45.446 -85.222 Gravity Core 3.58 53.49 6.32 23.17 9.81 42.93 36.61 13.44 3.63120 45.529 -86.171 Box Core 0.00 0.67 11.54 62.93 24.06 99.33 87.79 24.86 0.80121 45.535 -85.636 Ponar 16.73 72.71 1.35 4.54 3.67 10.55 9.21 4.67 1.00123 45.603 -87.097 Ponar 1.68 94.73 0.32 1.13 1.47 3.59 3.28 2.15 0.68124 45.710 -86.409 Ponar 47.73 44.58 0.97 2.12 3.30 7.69 6.72 4.60 1.30125 45.723 -85.331 Ponar 11.88 84.89 0.00 1.29 1.35 3.23 3.23 1.94 0.59126 45.761 -86.064 Box Core 0.00 7.08 25.65 49.51 17.77 92.92 67.27 17.77 0.00127 45.812 -85.718 Ponar 4.82 70.95 3.99 12.42 6.40 24.23 20.24 7.82 1.42129 45.900 -86.105 Ponar 0.88 95.01 0.15 1.61 1.77 4.11 3.96 2.35 0.58130 45.909 -85.025 Ponar 3.06 74.28 7.04 9.10 5.03 22.66 15.62 6.53 1.50131 46.001 -85.410 Ponar 0.46 47.33 9.24 30.35 10.88 52.22 42.97 12.62 1.74

Table 4. Continued.
26

APPENDIX

Contour Plots

Surface sediment particle size contour plots in 4 μm increments (symbols represent sample locations),

paired with surface sediment cumulative particle size contour plots.
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42