TITLE:Biotechnology: Genetic Engineering for Crop Plant ImprovementPUBLICATION DATE: March, 1993ENTRY DATE: February, 1994EXPIRATION DATE: NoneUPDATE FREQUENCY: As neededCONTACT: Biotechnology Information Center(biotech@nalusda.gov)         National Agricultural LibraryDOCUMENT TYPE: TextDOCUMENT SIZE: 269.9k, approx. 149 pp.Click here to get to the Biotechnology Information Center
                                             ISSN:  1052-5378United States Department of AgricultureNational Agricultural Library10301 Baltimore Blvd.Beltsville, Maryland  20705-2351
Biotechnology:  Genetic Engineering for Crop Plant ImprovementJanuary 1992 - January 1993
QB 93-24
257 citations from AGRICOLA
Lara Wiggert and Robert WarmbrodtBiotechnology Information Center
March 1993
National Agricultural Library Cataloging Record:
Wiggert, Lara  Biotechnology : genetic engineering for crop plantimprovement.  (Quick Bibliography series ; 93-24)-  Crop improvement--Genetic engineering--Bibliography.    Warmbrodt, Robert D. II. Title.aZ5071.N3 no.93-24 AGRICOLA
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      OR SACCHAROMYCES OR CHLAMYDOMONAS OR STREPTOMYCES)S5    S4 AND PY=1992:1993
Citations:
1                                   NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62Accumulation of a Brazil nut albumin in seeds of transgeniccanola results in enhanced levels of seed protein methionine.Altenbach, S.B.; Kuo, C.C.; Staraci, L.C.; Pearson, K.W.;Wainwright, C.; Georgescu, A.; Townsend, J.Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992 Jan.Plant molecular biology : an international journal onmolecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 18(2): p. 235-245; 1992 Jan. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Bertholletia excelsa; Brassica napus; Genetransfer; Genetic transformation; Transgenics; Albumins;Genes; Chimeras; Gene expression; Seeds; Methionine; Plantproteins; Protein value; Seed development; Amino acids
Abstract:  We have increased the methionine content of theseed proteins of a commercial winter variety of canola-richseed protein from Brazil nut in the seeds of by expressing achimeric gene encoding a methionine-rich seed protein fromBrazil nut in the seeds of transgenic plants. Transgeniccanola seeds accumulate the heterologous methionine-richprotein at levels which range from 1.7% to 4.0% of the totalseed protein and contain up to 33% more methionine. Theprecursor of the methionine-rich protein is processedcorrectly in the seeds, resulting in the appearance of themature protein in the 2S protein fraction. The 2S methioninerich protein accumulates in the transgenic seeds at the sametime in development as the canola 11S seed proteins anddisappears rapidly upon germination of the seed. The increasein methionine in the canola seed proteins should increase thevalue of canola meal which is used in animal feedformulations.
2                                NAL Call. No.: QH506.A1M622Action of the 35S RNA promoter in various organs of transgenicpotato plants. Gartel, A.L.; Avetisov, V.A.; Sobol'kova, G.I.;Gazaryan, K.G.; Melik-Sarkisov, O.S.New York, N.Y. : Consultants Bureau; 1992 Apr.Molecular biology v. 25 (5,pt.2): p. 1076-1079; 1992 Apr. Translated from: Molekuliarnaia biologiia, v. 25 (5, pt. 2),1991, p. 1372-1376. (QH506.A1M62).  Includes references.
Language:  English; Russian
Descriptors: Solanum tuberosum; Transgenics; Geneticengineering; Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Genetictransformation; Leaves; Discs; Tubers; Fluorimetry; Analysis;Hyaluronidase; Enzyme activity; Plant organs
3                                   NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62Activation of a truncated PR-1 promoter by endogenousenhancers in transgenic plants.Beilmann, A.; Albrecht, K.; Schultz, S.; Wanner, G.; Pfitzner,U.M. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992 Jan.Plant molecular biology : an international journal onmolecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 18(1): p. 65-78; 1992 Jan.  Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Escherichia coli; Cauliflowermosaic caulimovirus; Transgenics; Genetic transformation;Chimeras; Pathogenesis-related proteins; Promoters;Pseudogenes; Beta-glucuronidase; Reporter genes; Geneexpression; Histoenzymology; Enzyme activity; Controllingelements
Abstract:  PR-1 genes are induced by various environmentalstimuli such as pathogen attack or exposure of the plants tocertain chemicals. To examine the regulation of these genes,the 5' flanking regions of the PR-1a gene and of two PR-1pseudogenes were joined by a transcriptional fusion to theEscherichia coli beta-glucuronidase (GUS) gene. Theseconstructs were stably integrated into the tobacco genome andindependent primary transformants were monitored for theexpression of the reporter gene. Unexpectedly, out of 55transformants analysed, four plants exhibited considerable GUSactivities without any inductive treatment of the plants.Expression of the endogenous PR-1 genes, however, could not bedetected in these plants. Primer extension analyses revealedcorrect initiation of the PR1/GUS hybrid transcripts from thePT-1a TATA box. When the plants were analysed at the cellularlevel, clear differences regarding the tissue specificity ofexpression of the reporter gene were observed. These resultsstrongly suggest that the PR1/GUS hybrid promoter expressioncassettes may be activated when integrated in the vicinity ofheterologous enhancer elements dispersed in the tobaccogenome. In order to support this hypothesis, domain B of theenhancer of the 35S RNA promoter from cauliflower mosaic virus(CaMV) was fused to various PR1/GUS hybrid genes upstream aswell as downstream from the RNA start site. These constructswere stably introduced into the tobacco genome. In any primarytransformant analysed, strong GUS activities were observedwith the PR1/GUS hybrid RNAs originating from the normaltranscription start site of the PR-1a gene. The tissuespecificity of gene expression was identical to that describedpreviously for the CaMV 35S domain B enhancer element. Thus,modulations of the transcriptional activity of the PR-1promoter can be achieved by heterologous enhancers intransgenic plants and may be encountered upon randomintegration of PR-1 promoter constructs into
4                                   NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62The activation process of Arabidopsis thaliana A1 geneencoding the translation elongation factor EF-1 alphaconserved among angiosperms. Curie, C.; Liboz, T.; Montane,M.H.; Rouan, D.; Axelos, M.; Lescure, B. Dordrecht : KluwerAcademic Publishers; 1992 Apr.Plant molecular biology : an international journal onmolecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 18(6): p. 1083-1089; 1992 Apr. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Arabidopsis thaliana; Nicotiana tabacum; Zeamays; Brassica campestris; Lycopersicon esculentum; Multigenefamilies; Translation; Proteins; Introns; Controllingelements; Promoters; Mutations; Dna binding proteins;Evolution; Transgenics; Genetic transformation; Geneexpression; Transcription; Nucleotide sequences
Abstract:  In Arabidopsis thaliana, the activation process ofthe A1 EF-1 alpha gene depends on several elements. Using theGUS reporter gene, transient expression experiments have shownthat mutations of upstream cis-acting elements of the A1promoter, or the deletion of an intron located within the 5'non-coding region, similarly affect expression in dicot ormonocot protoplasts. The results reported here stronglysuggest that this 5' intron is properly spliced in Zea mays.We show that two trans-acting factors, specificallyinteracting with an upstream activating sequence (the TEF 1box), are present in nuclear extracts prepared from A.thaliana, Brassica rapa, Nicotiana tabacum and Z. mays. Inaddition, a DNA sequence homologous to the TEF 1 box, found atapproximately the same location within a Lycopersiconesculentum EF-1 alpha promoter, interacts with the same transacting factors. Homologies found between the A. thaliana andL. esculentum TEF 1 box sequences have allowed us to definemutations of this upstream element which affect theinteraction with the corresponding trans-acting factors. Theseresults support the notion that the activation processes of A.thaliana EF-1 alpha genes have been conserved amongangiosperms and provide interesting data on the functionalstructure of the TEF 1 box.
5                                  NAL Call. No.: QH442.G456Ag-biotechnology companies move forward on heels of the FDAstatement on biofoods.Lelen, K.New York, N.Y. : Mary Ann Liebert; 1992 Jul.Genetic engineering news v. 12 (11): p. 1, 21, 22; 1992 Jul.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Crops; Genetic engineering; Industrial crops;Food biotechnology; Biotechnology; Foods; Food industry
6                                   NAL Call. No.: R856.A4B5AGnews.San Francisco, Calif. : Deborah J. Mysiewicz; 1992 May24.BioEngineering news v. 13 (21): p. 2-3; 1992 May24.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Zea mays; Solanum tuberosum; Vegetables; Cloning;Snacks; Transgenics; Polyhydroxybutyrate; Plastics
7                                 NAL Call. No.: TP248.2.A77Agracetus licenses technology to Monsanto.Stamford, Conn. : Business Communications Co., Inc; 1992 Apr.Applied genetics news v. 12 (9): p. 14; 1992 Apr.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Gossypium; Genetic engineering; Licenses;Resistance
8                                  NAL Call. No.: 284.28 W15Agriculture agency seeks to ease rules on genetically alteredcrops. Davis, B.New York, N.Y. : Dow Jones; 1992 Sep18.The Wall Street journal. p. B5; 1992 Sep18.
Language:  English
Descriptors: U.S.A.; Crops; Genetic engineering; Regulations;Usda
9                                 NAL Call. No.: TP248.2.A77Agriculture/food.Stamford, Conn. : Business Communications Co., Inc; 1992 Feb.Applied genetics news v. 12 (8): p. 8; 1992 Feb.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Brassica napus var. oleifera; Genetic engineering
10                                  NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62Agrobacterium and plant genetic engineering.Hooykaas, P.J.J.; Schilperoort, R.A.Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992 May.Plant molecular biology : an international journal onmolecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 19(1): p. 15-38; 1992 May. Literature review.  Includesreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Plants; Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Genetictransformation; Genetic engineering; Plasmids; Dna;Transgenics; Crown gall; Virulence; Genes; Literature reviews;Vectors
11                                  NAL Call. No.: QK725.P54Agrobacterium mediated transfer of a mutant Arabidopsisacetolactate synthase gene confers resistance to chlorsulfuronin chicory (Chichorium intybus L.). Vermeulen, A.; Vaucheret,H.; Pautot, V.; Chupeau, Y.Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992.Plant cell reports v. 11 (5/6): p. 243-247; 1992.  Includesreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Cichorium intybus; Genetic transformation;Herbicide resistance; Chlorsulfuron; Kanamycin; Transgenics;Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Arabidopsis thaliana; Gene transfer
Abstract:  Leaf discs of C. intybus were inoculated with anAgrobacterium tumefaciens strain harboring a neomycinphosphotransferase (neo) gene for kanamycin resistance and amutant acetolactate synthase gene (csr1-1) from Arabidopsisthaliana conferring resistance to sulfonylurea herbicides. Aregeneration medium was optimized which permitted an efficientshoot regeneration from leaf discs. Transgenic shoots wereselected on rooting medium containing 100 mg/l kanamycinsulfate. Integration of the csr1-1 gene into genomic DNA ofkanamycin resistant chicory plants was confirmed by Southernblot hybridizations. Analysis of the selfed progenies (S1 andS2) of two independent transformed clones showed thatkanamycin and chlorsulfuron resistances were inherited asdominant Mendelian trails. The method described here forproducing transformed plants will allow new opportunities forchicory breeding.
12                                  NAL Call. No.: QK725.P54Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Citrus stem segmentsand regeneration of transgenic plants.Moore, G.A.; Jacono, C.C.; Neidigh, J.L.; Lawrence, S.D.;Cline, K. Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992.Plant cell reports v. 11 (5/6): p. 238-242. ill; 1992. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Citrus; Genotypes; Genetic markers; Genetictransformation; In vitro culture; Shoots; Stems; Transgenics;Agrobacterium
Abstract:  A method for Agrobacterium-mediated transformationof Citrus and organogenic regeneration of transgenic plants isreported. Internodal stem segments were co-cultured withAgrobacterium harboring binary vectors that contained thegenes for the scorable marker beta-glucuronidase (GUS) and theselectable marker NPT-II. A low but significant percentage(less than or equal to 5%) of the shoots regenerated in thepresence of 100 microgram/ml kanamycin were GUS+. Polymerasechain reaction (PCR) analysis confirmed that GUS+ shootscontained T-DNA. Two plants established in soil were shown tobe transgenic by Southern analysis.
13                                  NAL Call. No.: 442.8 D49Altered morphology in transgenic tobacco plants thatoverproduce cytokinins in specific tissues and organs.Li, Y.; Hagen, G.; Guilfoyle, T.J.Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1992 Oct.Developmental biology v. 153 (2): p. 386-395; 1992 Oct. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Cytokinins; Transgenics;Genetic transformation; Escherichia coli; Agrobacteriumtumefaciens; Beta-glucuronidase; Reporter genes; Promoters;Genes; Gene expression; Plant morphology; Plant development;Plant tissues; Plant organs; Histochemistry
Abstract:  An auxin-inducible bidirectional promoter from thesoybean SAUR gene locus was fused to a reporter gene in onedirection and a cytokinin biosynthetic gene in the oppositedirection and the expression of these fused genes was examinedin transgenic tobacco. The Escherichia coli uidA gene, whichencodes the enzyme beta-glucuronidase (GUS), was used as thereporter gene and the Agrobacterium tumefaciens ipt gene,which encodes the enzyme isopentenyl transferase, was used asthe cytokinin biosynthetic gene. These constructs allowed theoverproduction of cytokinins in tobacco in a tissue-and organspecific manner. Localized overproduction of cytokinins wasmonitored using the GUS reporter gene and measured by an ELISAassay. The tissue- and organ-specific overproduction ofcytokinins produced a number of morphological andphysiological changes, including stunting, loss of apicaldominance, reduction in root initiation and growth, eitheracceleration or prolonged delayed senescence in leavesdepending on the growth conditions, adventitious shootformation from unwounded leaf veins and petioles, alterednutrient distribution, and abnormal tissue development instems. While some of these morphological changes resultdirectly from the localized overproduction of cytokinins,other changes probably result from the mobilization of plantnutrients to tissues rich in cytokinins.
14                                NAL Call. No.: 389.8 F7398Altering fatty acid metabolism in plants.Hildebrand, D.F.Chicago, Ill. : Institute of Food Technologists; 1992 Apr.Food technology v. 46 (4): p. 71-74; 1992 Apr.  Includesreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Fatty acids; Lipid metabolism; Plant tissues;Genetic engineering; Food quality; Biosynthesis; Peroxidation
Abstract:  The manipulation of fatty acid metabolism in planttissues by genetic engineering can improve food quality in avariety of ways.
15                                 NAL Call. No.: QK725.P532An antisense gene stimulates ethylene hormone productionduring tomaot fruit ripening.Penarrubia, L.; Aguilar, M.; Margossian, L.; Fischer, R.L.Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1992Jun. The Plant cell v. 4 (6): p. 681-687; 1992 Jun.  Includesreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Lycopersicon esculentum; Antisense  DNA;Oxidoreductases; Plant proteins; Structural genes; Genetictransformation; Transgenics; Gene expression; Ethyleneproduction; Fruits; Ripening
Abstract:  The ripening of many fruits is controlled by anincrease in ethylene hormone concentration. E8 is a fruitripening protein that is related to the enzyme that catalyzesthe last step in the ethylene biosynthesis pathway, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic (ACC) oxidase. To determine thefunction of E8, we have transformed tomato plants with an E8antisense gene. We show here that the antisense gene inhibitsthe accumulation of E8 protein during ripening. Whereas othershave shown that reduction of ACC oxidase results in reducedlevels of ethylene biosynthesis, we find that reduction of therelated E8 protein produces the opposite effect, an increasein ethylene evolution specifically during the ripening ofdetached fruit. Thus, E8 has a negative effect on ethyleneproduction in fruit.
16                                 NAL Call. No.: QK725.P532An antisense pectin methylesterase gene alters pectinchemistry and soluble solids in tomato fruit.Tieman, D.M.; Harriman, R.W.; Ramamohan, G.; Handa, A.K.Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1992Jun. The Plant cell v. 4 (6): p. 667-679; 1992 Jun.  Includesreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Lycopersicon esculentum; Antisense  DNA;Pectinesterase; Structural genes; Genetic transformation;Transgenics; Gene expression; Messenger  RNA; Enzyme activity;Fruits; Ripening; Pectins; Carbohydrate metabolism; Chemicalreactions; Polyuronides; Cell walls; Agronomiccharacteristics; Inheritance
Abstract:  Pectin methylesterase (PME, EC 3.1.11)demethoxylates pectins and is believed to be involved indegradation of pectic cell wall components bypolygalacturonase in ripening tomato fruit. We have introducedantisense and sense chimeric PME genes into tomato toelucidate the role of PME in fruit development and ripening.Fruits from transgenic plants expressing high levels ofantisense PME RNA showed < 10% of wild-type PME enzymeactivity and undetectable levels of PME protein and mRNA.Lower PME enzyme activity in fruits from transgenic plants wasassociated with an increased molecular weight andmethylesterification of pectins and decreased levels of totaland chelator soluble polyuronides in cell walls. The fruits oftransgenic plants also contained higher levels of solublesolids than wild-type fruits. This trait was maintained insubsequent generations and segregated in normal Mendelianfashion with the antisense PME gene. These results indicatethat reduction in PME enzyme activity in ripening tomatofruits had a marked influence on fruit pectin metabolism andincreased the soluble solids content of fruits, but did notinterfere with the ripening process.
17                                 NAL Call. No.: SB327.A1B5Antiviral strategies against bean-infecting geminiviruses.Azzam, O.; Hanson, S.F.; Ahlquist, P.G.; Maxwell, D.P.;Gilbertson, R.L.; Russell, D.R.Fort Collins, Colo : Howard F. Schwartz, Colorado StateUniversity; 1992. Annual report of the Bean ImprovementCooperative v. 35: p. 148-149; 1992. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Phaseolus vulgaris; Geminivirus group;Pathogenicity; Disease resistance; Plant breeding; Transgenics
18                                    NAL Call. No.: S77.I56Applications of biotechnology to crop improvement.Warnes, D.D.; Somers, D.A.Morris, Minn. : The Station; 1992.Innovations - University of Minnesota, West Central ExperimentStation v. 2 (1): p. 5; 1992.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Plant breeding; Genetic engineering; Geneticresistance; Herbicide resistance; Pest resistance
19                                   NAL Call. No.: QH442.G4Approaches and progress in the molecular cloning of plantdisease resistance genes.Bennetzen, J.L.; Jones, J.D.G.New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1992.Genetic engineering : Principles and methods v. 14: p. 99-124;1992. Literature review.  Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Plant; Plant pathogens; Plant diseases; Geneticresistance; Genes; Cloning; Horizontal resistance; Verticalresistance; Genetic engineering; Literature reviews
20                                 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 AN72Arabis mosaic nepovirus coat protein in transgenic tobaccolessens disease severity and virus replication.Bertioli, D.J.; Cooper, J.I.; Edwards, M.L.; Hawes, W.S.Warwick : Association of Applied Biologists; 1992 Feb.Annals of applied biology v. 120 (1): p. 47-54; 1992 Feb. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Arabis mosaic nepovirus; Coatproteins; Genes; Rna; Genetic transformation; Transgenics;Gene expression; Replication; Genetic resistance; Tolerance
21                                  NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62Arrest of embryo development in Brassica napus mediated bymodified Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A.Koning, A.; Jones, A.; Fillatti, J.J.; Comai, L.; Lassner,M.W. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992 Jan.Plant molecular biology : an international journal onmolecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 18(2): p. 247-258; 1992 Jan. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Brassica napus; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Nicotianatabacum; Structural genes; Exotoxins; Gene splicing; Betaglucuronidase; Reporter genes; Plant proteins; Promoters;Genetic regulation; Gene expression; Embryogenesis; Malesterility; Genetic transformation; Transgenics; Segregation;Mutations
Abstract:  Intracellularly expressed cytotoxins are usefultools both to study the action of plant regulatory sequencesin transgenic plants and to modify plant phenotype. We haveengineered a low mammalian toxicity derivative of Pseudomonasaeruginosa exotoxin A for intracellular expression in plantcells by fusing the ADP ribosylating domain of the exotoxingene to plant regulatory sequences. The efficacy of exotoxin Aon plant cells was demonstrated by transient expression of themodified exotoxin gene in tobacco protoplasts: the exotoxingene inhibited the expression of a co-electroporated betaglucuronidase gene. An exotoxin with an introduced frameshiftmutation was also effective at inhibiting beta-glucuronidaseexpression in the transient assay; the activity of theframeshifted gene was presumably a result of frameshiftingduring translation or initiation of translation at a codonother than AUG. When fused to napin regulatory sequences, theexotoxin gene specifically arrested embryo development in theseeds of transgenic Brassica napus plants concomitant with theonset of napin expression. The napin/exotoxin chimeric genedid not have the same pattern of expression in tobacco as inB. napus; in addition to exhibiting an inhibition of seeddevelopment, the transgenic tobacco plants were male-sterile.
22                                   NAL Call. No.: QH442.G4Assembly of anitbodies and mutagenized variants in transgenicplants and plant cell cultures.Hiatt, A.; Tang, Y.; Weiser, W.; Hein, M.B.New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1992.Genetic engineering : Principles and methods v. 14: p. 49-64;1992. Literature review.  Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Plants; Transgenics; Genetic transformation;Genetic engineering; Vectors; Gene expression;Immunoglobulins; Immunoglobulin structural genes; Genes;Antibodies; Induced mutations; Literature reviews;Mutagenesis; Protein secretion; Callus; Cell culture;Protoplasts
23                                 NAL Call. No.: QH442.G456Austrian team transfers gene to fruit trees.DePalma, A.New York, N.Y. : Mary Ann Liebert; 1992 Apr15.Genetic engineering news v. 12 (6): p. 1, 25; 1992 Apr15.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Prunus armeniaca; Plum pox potyvirus;Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Genetic transformation; Coatproteins; Genes; Gene transfer; Gene expression; Transgenics;Genetic resistance; Plant diseases
24                       NAL Call. No.: S494.5.B563B554 no.5Barley genetics, biochemistry, molecular biology andbiotechnology. Shewry, Peter R.Wallingford, Oton, UK : C.A.B. International,; 1992.xiii, 610 p. : ill., maps ; 25 cm. (Biotechnology inagriculture series ; 5). Includes bibliographical referencesand index.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Barley; Amino acid sequence
25                                   NAL Call. No.: 421 J822Behavior, growth, survival, and plant injury by Heliothisvirescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on transgenic Btcottons.Benedict, J.H.; Altman, D.W.; Umbeck, P.F.; Ring, D.R.Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Apr.Journal of economic entomology v. 85 (2): p. 589-593; 1992Apr.  Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Gossypium; Genotypes; Pest resistance;Transgenics; Crop damage; Heliothis virescens; Larvae; Feedingbehavior; Growth; Survival
Abstract:  Six cotton lines were evaluated for resistance totobacco budworm, heliothis virescens (F.), in two glasshouseexperiments. The cotton lines were four transgenic somaclonescarrying the delta-endotoxin gene (Bt) from Bacillusthuringiensis variety kurstaki and a marker gene (NPTII), andtwo control lines without the Bt gene (one transgenic controlcarrying only the NPTII gene, an antibiotic resistance markergene, and one nontransgenic control). In a behaviorexperiment, the lines were evaluated for their influence onfeeding, resting, locomotion, and spin-down (i.e., leaving theplant on a silken thread) behaviors of third-instar H.virescens. The percentage of time larvae were observed inspin-down behavior was significantly greater on one somaclonecarrying the Bt gene than for the nontransgenic 'Coker 312'control. No significant differences were observed inpercentage of time larvae spent feeding or resting, or in theoccurrence of larvae on flower bud, leaf, or stem-petiole onthe six lines. However, more larvae were found in theterminals of one somaclone carrying the BT/NPTII genes thanfor the 'Coker 312' control. In a second experiment, neonateswere confined on the six cotton lines for 10 d to comparelarval growth, survival, and plant injury. Larval weight(fresh) and injury to small bolls were reduced on onesomaclone carrying the Bt gene compared with the nontransgeniccontrol. However, flower bud injury was not different amongthe six lines. These data suggest that the transgenic Bt lineswere not expressing the delta-endotoxin at levels sufficientto have a relatively large influence on larval behavior,growth, survival, or plant damage.
26                                  NAL Call. No.: QK710.P68Behaviour of the maize transposable element Ac in Arabidopsisthaliana. Dean, C.; Sjodin, C.; Page, T.; Jones, J.; Lister,C.Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publishers and BIOS ScientificPublishers; 1992 Jan.The plant journal v. 2 (1): p. 69-81; 1992 Jan.  Includesreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Arabidopsis thaliana; Zea mays; Transgenics;Transposable elements; Genetic analysis; Genotypes;Phenotypes; Gene mapping
27                          NAL Call. No.: SB608.G6B375 1992Biotechnology: a new weapon against barley yellow dwarf virus.Vincent, J.R.; Lister, R.M.; Ueng, P.P.; Wen, F.; Lei, C.H.;Klein, R.E.; Larkin, B.A.Aleppo, Syria : ICARDA; 1992.Barley yellow dwarf in West Asia and North Africa :proceedings of a workshop organized by the ICARDA and IDRCheld in Rabat, Morocco, 19-21 November 1989 / editors A.Comeau, K.M. Makkouk. p. 189-196; 1992.  Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Barley yellow dwarf luteovirus; Genome analysis;Serotypes; Disease resistance; Biotechnology; Plant breeding
28                        NAL Call. No.: S494.5.B563K57 1992Biotechnology and sustainable agriculture.Kirschenmann, Frederick1992?; 1992.14 p. ; 28 cm.  Caption title.  Includes bibliographicalreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Sustainable agriculture; Biotechnology
29                                   NAL Call. No.: QH442.B5Biotechnology: feeding the world?.Hodgson, J.New York, N.Y. : Nature Publishing Company; 1992 Jan.Bio/technology v. 10 (1): p. 47, 49-50; 1992 Jan.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Food crops; Genetic engineering; Biotechnology;International organizations; International cooperation;Research projects
30                                  NAL Call. No.: aZ5071.N3Biotechnology: genetic engineering for crop plant improvement--January 1991-March 1992.Warmbrodt, R.D.; Wiggert, L.Beltsville, Md. : The Library; 1992 May.Quick bibliography series - U.S. Department of Agriculture,National Agricultural Library (U.S.). (92-48): 108 p.; 1992May.  Updates QB 91-107. Bibliography.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Genetic engineering; Plant breeding; Crops;Biotechnology; Bibliographies
31                        NAL Call. No.: S494.5.B563G54 1992Biotechnology in agriculture the next decade.Glass, David J.; Lindemann, JulianneBurlington, Mass. : Decision Resources,; 1992.xiii, 176 p. : ill. ; 28 cm. (DR reports).  February 1992.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Agricultural biotechnology; Plant biotechnology;Animal biotechnology; Biotechnology industries
32                                     NAL Call. No.: A00040Biotechnology's coming of age.Dutton, G.New York, N.Y. : Schnell Pub. Co. :.; 1992 May.Chemical business v. 14 (5): p. 19-21; 1992 May.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Lycopersicon esculentum; Genetic engineering;Pest resistance; Crops; Bacillus thuringiensis; Productdevelopment; Pesticides; Biodegradation
33                                 NAL Call. No.: QK725.P532Both internal and external regulatory elements controlexpression of the pea fed-1 gene in transgenic tobaccoseedlings.Gallo-Meagher, M.; Sowinski, D.A.; Elliott, R.C.; Thompson,W.F. Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists;1992 Apr. The Plant cell v. 4 (4): p. 389-395; 1992 Apr. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Pisum sativum; Nicotiana tabacum; Controllingelements; Gene expression; Ferredoxin; Structural genes;Genetic regulation; Light; Etiolation; Transgenics; Genetictransformation; Messenger  RNA; Promoters; Leaves; Roots;Seedlings
Abstract:  In previous studies using leaves of light-growntransgenic tobacco plants, we have shown that sequenceslocated within the transcribed region of the pea Fed-1 gene(encoding ferredoxin 1) are major cis-acting determinants oflight-regulated mRNA accumulation. However, we show here thatthese internal sequences are less important for the Fed-1light response in etiolated tobacco seedlings than they are ingreen leaves and that upstream elements confer organspecificity and contribute significantly to Fed-1 lightresponses in etiolated material. Light effects mediated byupstream response elements are thus most pronounced during theinitial induction of gene activity, whereas internal elementsplay a more prominent role in modulating Fed-1 expression oncethe gene is already active.
34                                     NAL Call. No.: A00035Breakthrough should lead to higher wheat yields.Summit, N.J. : CTB International Pub. Co; 1992 Jun04.Biotechnology news v. 12 (14): p. 1-2; 1992 Jun04.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Triticum aestivum; Genetic engineering;Micromanipulation; Herbicide resistance
35                                     NAL Call. No.: A00060Building a better tomato.Dailey, P.Raleigh, N.C. : News & Observer Pub. Co; 1992 Aug12.The news & observer. p. E1, E7; 1992 Aug12.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Lycopersicon esculentum; Genetic engineering;Regulations; Public opinion
36                                     NAL Call. No.: A00069Building a better tomato.Washington, D.C. : The Washington Post Co; 1992 May28.The Washington post. p. A20; 1992 May28.
Language:  English
Descriptors: U.S.A.; Food safety; New products; Geneticengineering; Fruits; Vegetables; Regulations
37                                 NAL Call. No.: 284.28 W15Calgene bioengineers new canola oil that could replacetropical types. Bishop, J.New York, N.Y. : Dow Jones; 1992 Jul03.The Wall Street journal. p. B8; 1992 Jul03.
Language:  English
Descriptors: California; Brassica napus; Genetic engineering;Rapeseed oil; Market planning; Import substitution; Stearicacid
38                                NAL Call. No.: TP248.2.A77Calgene files petition with USDA.Stamford, Conn. : Business Communications Co., Inc; 1992 Aug.Applied genetics news v. 13 (1): p. 7; 1992 Aug.
Language:  English
Descriptors: U.S.A.; Lycopersicon esculentum; Geneticengineering; Regulation; Usda
39                                  NAL Call. No.: R856.A4B5Calgene moves ahead.San Francisco, Calif. : Deborah J. Mysiewicz; 1992 Sep07.BioEngineering news v. 13 (35): p. 1; 1992 Sep07.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Lycopersicon esculentum; Genetic engineering
40                                 NAL Call. No.: QH442.G452Calgene seeks consultation with FDA on its tomato.Washington, D.C. : Gershon W. Fishbein; 1992 Jun24.Genetic engineering letter v. 12 (12): p. 2; 1992 Jun24.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Lycopersicon esculentum; Genetic engineering;Polygalacturonase; Food safety
41                                 NAL Call. No.: QH442.G445Calgene seeks USDA OK to begin commercial production ofgenetically engineered tomato.Fort Lee, N.J. : Technical Insights, Inc; 1992 Aug.Genetic technology news v. 12 (8): p. 14; 1992 Aug.
Language:  English
Descriptors: U.S.A.; Lycopersicon esculentum; Geneticengineering; Usda; Regulations
42                                 NAL Call. No.: SB299.J6J6California biotech firm announces cloning of fatty alcoholgene. Chandler, Ariz. : Silver Thistle, Inc; 1992 Sep.Jojoba happenings v. 20 (5): p. 2; 1992 Sep.
Language:  English
Descriptors: California; Simmondsia chinensis; Genes; Fattyalcohols; Biosynthesis; Cloning; Biotechnology
43                            NAL Call. No.: S494.5.B563B554Cell wall metabolism in barley.Fincher, G.B.Wallingford, Oxford, UK : CAB International; 1992.Biotechnology in agriculture (5): p. 413-437; 1992.  In theseries analytic: Barley : genetics, biochemistry, molecularbiology and biotechnology / edited by P.R. Shewry.  Includesreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Hordeum; Cell walls; Cell wall components;Metabolism; Beta-glucanase; Isoenzymes; Nucleotide sequences;Genetic regulation; Gene expression; Genetic engineering;Genetic transformation; Malting quality; Seed germination;Grain; Ultrastructure; Evolution
44                                 NAL Call. No.: QK725.P532Characterization of a plant scaffold attachment region in aDNA fragment that normalizes transgene expression in tobacco.Breyne, P.; Montagu, M. van; Depicker, A.; Gheysen, G.Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1992Apr. The Plant cell v. 4 (4): p. 463-471; 1992 Apr.  Includesreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Chromatin; Dna;Nucleoproteins; Dna binding proteins; Gene expression;Reporter genes; Beta-glucuronidase; Restriction mapping;Transgenics; Genetic transformation
Abstract:  Using a low-salt extraction procedure, we isolatednuclear scaffolds from tobacco that bind specific plant DNAfragments in vitro. One of these fragments was characterizedin more detail; this characterization showed that it containssequences with structural properties analogous to animalscaffold attachment regions (SARs). We showed that scaffoldattachment is evolutionarily conserved between plants andanimals, although different SARs have different bindingaffinities. Furthermore, we demonstrated that flanking achimeric transgene with the characterized SAR-containingfragment reduces significantly the variation in expression inseries of transformants with an active insertion, whereas aSAR fragment from the human beta-globin locus does not.Moreover, the frequency distribution patterns of transgeneactivities showed that most of the transformants containingthe plant SAR fragment had expression levels clustered aroundthe mean. These data suggest that the particular plant DNAfragment can insulate the reporter gene from expressioninfluencing effects exerted from the host chromatin.
45                                  NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62Characterization of cymbidium mosaic virus coat protein geneand its expression in transgenic tobacco plants.Chia, T.F.; Chan, Y.S.; Chua, N.H.Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992 Apr.Plant molecular biology : an international journal onmolecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 18(6): p. 1091-1099; 1992 Apr. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Cymbidium mosaic potexvirus; Nicotiana; Genes;Coat proteins; Dna; Nucleotide sequences; Amino acidsequences; Gene transfer; Transgenics; Genetic transformation;Genetic resistance; Gene expression; Messenger  RNA; Leaves
Abstract:  Cymbidium mosaic virus (CyMV) is the most prevalentvirus infecting orchids. Here, we report the isolation ofpartial cDNA clones encoding the genomic RNA of CyMV. Likemost of the polyadenylated monopartite positive-strand RNAviruses, the open reading frame (ORF) coding for the viralcoat protein (CP) is located at the 3' end. The ORF predicts apolypeptide chain of 220 amino acids with a molecular weightof 23 600. Sequence comparison of this ORF to the CP sequencesof potato virus X(PVX) and white clover mosaic virus (WClMV)revealed a strong amino acid homology in the mid-portion ofthe CP, but the overall homology was low. The CyMV CP gene wasplaced downstream of a cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoterand the chimaeric gene was transferred into Nicotianabenthamiana. Transgenic plants expressing the CyMV CP wereprotected against CyMV infection.
46                                  NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62Characterization of the gene encoding the plastid-locatedglutamine synthetase of Phaseolus vulgaris: regulation ofbeta-glucuronidase gene fusions in transgenic tobacco.Cock, J.M.; Hemon, P.; Cullimore, J.V.Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992 Apr.Plant molecular biology : an international journal onmolecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 18(6): p. 1141-1149; 1992 Apr. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Phaseolus vulgaris; Nicotiana tabacum; Multigenefamilies; Glutamate-ammonia ligase; Recombinant  DNA; Betaglucuronidase; Reporter genes; Genetic regulation; Geneexpression; Promoters; Transgenics; Nucleotide sequences;Leaves; Stems; Root meristems; Light
Abstract:  The gln-delta gene, which encodes the plastidlocated glutamine synthetase of Phaseolus vulgaris, was clonedand its promoter region was sequenced. Primer extensionanalysis was used to map the two major transcriptioninitiation sites which are about 90 nucleotides apart. Afusion of 2.3 kb of the upstream region of the gln-delta geneto the reporter gene uidA encoding beta-glucuronidase wasshown to be expressed in the chlorophyllous cell types ofleaves and stems and in the root meristem region of transgenictobacco. Analysis of a series of three 5' promoter deletionfusions revealed the presence of a region essential forpromoter activity between -786 and -327 and regions involvedin tissue-specific regulation and light regulation between-786 and +43.
47                                   NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z8Characterization of transgenic sulfonylurea-resistant flax(Linum usitatissimum).McSheffrey, S.A.; McHughen, A.; Devine, M.D.Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992.Theoretical and applied genetics v. 84 (3/4): p. 480-481;1992.  Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Linum usitatissimum; Arabidopsis thaliana;Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Genetic transformation;Transgenics; Gene transfer; Ligases; Structural genes; Enzymeactivity; Herbicide resistance; Chlorsulfuron; Metsulfuron;Segregation; Inheritance; Line differences; Roots; Growth
Abstract:  Fourteen transgenic flax (Linum usitatissimum)lines, carrying a mutant Arabidopsis acetolactate synthase(ALS) gene selected for resistance to chlorsulfuron, werecharacterized for resistance to two sulfonylurea herbicides.Progeny of 10 of the 14 lines segregated in a ratio of 3resistant to 1 susceptible, indicating a single insertion.Progeny of 1 line segregated in a 15:1 ratio, indicating twoinsertions of the ALS gene at independent loci. Progeny from 3lines did not segregate in a Mendelian fashion and were likelythe products of chimeric shoots. Resistance to chlorsulfuronwas stably inherited in all lines. At the enzyme level, thetransgenic lines were 2.5 to more than 60 times more resistantto chlorsulfuron than the parental lines. The transgenic lineswere 25-260 times more resistant to chlorsulfuron than theparental lines in root growth experiments and demonstratedresistance when grown in soil treated with 20 g ha-1chlorsulfuron. The lines demonstrated less resistance tometsulfuron methyl; in root growth experiments, the transgeniclines were only 1.6-4.8 times more resistant to metsulfuronmethyl than the parental lines. Resistance was demonstrated inthe field at half (2.25 g ha-1) and full (4.5 g ha-1) rates ofmetsulfuron methyl.
48                                   NAL Call. No.: QH442.B5Chemical regulation of Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxinexpression in transgenic plants.Williams, S.; Friedrich, L.; Dincher, S.; Carozzi, N.;Kessmann, H.; Ward. E.; Ryals, J.New York, N.Y. : Nature Publishing Company; 1992 May.Bio/technology v. 10 (5): p. 540-543; 1992 May.  Includesreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Bacillus thuringiensis;Manduca sexta; Genetic transformation; Transgenics; Geneexpression; Endotoxins; Bacterial toxins; Structural genes;Recombinant  DNA; Promoters; Pathogenesis-related proteins;Genetic regulation; Chemicals; Foliar spraying; Messenger RNA; Bacterial insecticides
49                                    NAL Call. No.: 472 N21 Achimaeric ribonuclease-inhibitor gene restores fertility tomale sterile plants.Mariani, C.; Gossele, V.; Beuckeleer, M. de; Block, M. de;Goldberg, R.B.; Greef, W. de; Leemans, J.London : Macmillan Magazines Ltd; 1992 Jun04.Nature v. 357 (6377): p. 384-387; 1992 Jun04.  Includesreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Brassica napus; Chimeras; Rna; Geneticengineering; Hybrid seed production
Abstract:  Male fertility was restored to geneticallyengineered male sterile oilseed rape plants. Male sterileplants that express a chimaeric ribonuclease gene in theanther tapetal cell layer were crossed with male fertileplants that were transformed with a chimaeric tapetal-cellspecific ribonuclease-inhibitor gone. F1 progeny expressingboth genes are restored to male fertility by the suppressionof cytotoxic ribonuclease activity in the anther by theformation of cell-specific RNase/RNase inhibitor complexes.Genetically engineered male sterility and fertility restorergenes should facilitate hybrid seed production in crop plants.
50                                NAL Call. No.: QH442.G4522Chips, fries will be healthier, Monsanto promises.Usdin, S.Washington, D.C. : King Pub. Group; 1992 Aug24.Biotech daily v. 1 (10): p. 2; 1992 Aug24.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Solanum tuberosum; Genetic engineering; Foodquality; New products
51                                    NAL Call. No.: QK1.C83Chromosome engineering of wheat in China.Zhensheng, L.; Shui, H.Boca Raton, Fla. : CRC Press; 1992.Critical reviews in plant sciences v. 10 (5): p. 471-485;1992.  Literature review.  Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: China; Triticum; Plant breeding; Geneticengineering; Chromosome addition; Chromosome substitution;Chromosome translocation; Literature reviews
52                                  NAL Call. No.: QK725.P54Coat protein mediated resistance to Plum Pox Virus inNicotiana clevelandii and N. benthamiana.Regner, F.; Camara Machado, A. da; Camara Machado, M.L. da;Steinkellner, H.; Mattanovich, D.; Hanzer, V.; Weiss, H.;Katinger, H.Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992.Plant cell reports v. 11 (1): p. 30-33; 1992.  Includesreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Nicotiana; Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Genetictransformation; Transgenics; Plum pox potyvirus; Plantbreeding; Disease resistance; Gene transfer
Abstract:  Transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana and N. clevelandiiplants expressing the coat protein of Plum Pox Virus under thecontrol of the 35S promoter from Cauliflower Mosaic Virus wereengineered by Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediatedtransformation. The phenomenon of virus resistance wasobserved at different levels when transgenic plants,expressing the coat protein and control plants were comparedafter challenge infection with Plum Pox Virus. N. clevelandiicoat protein transgenic plants circumvent virus accumulation.After an initial increase in virus titer similar to thecontrol plants, some coat protein expressing plants showed areduced accumulation of virus and inhibition of the systemicspread, characterized by decrease of the virus titer andformation of new symptomless leaves. In other N. clevelandiicoat protein expressing plants virus accumulation wasinhibited and disease symptoms never appeared. N. benthamianacoat protein expressing plants were also protected. After atemporary virus accumulation, virus titer decreased withoutthe appearance of symptoms with the exception of a few plants,which showed a delay of thirty days in the development ofsymptoms post challenge infection.
53                                 NAL Call. No.: QK725.P532The commelina yellow mottle virus promoter is a strongpromoter in vascular and reproductive tissues.Medberry, S.L.; Lockhart, B.E.L.; Olszewski, N.E.Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1992Feb. The Plant cell v. 4 (2): p. 185-192; 1992 Feb.  Includesreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Unclassified plant viruses; Promoters;Recombinant  DNA; Beta-glucuronidase; Reporter genes; Geneexpression; Genetic transformation; Transgenics; Nicotianatabacum; Zea mays; Phloem; Parenchyma; Anthers; Cellsuspensions; Leaves; Flowers; Nucleotide sequences
Abstract:  Commelina yellow mottle virus (CoYMV) is a doublestranded DNA virus that infects the monocot Commelina diffusa.Although CoYMV and cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV; anotherdouble-stranded DNA virus) probably replicate by a similarmechanism, the particle morphology and host range of CoYMVplace it in a distinct group. We present evidence that apromoter fragment isolated from CoYMV confers a tissuespecific pattern of expression that is different from thatconferred by the CaMV 35S promoter. When the CoYMV promoter isused to drive expression of the beta-glucuronidase reportergene in stably transformed tobacco plants, beta-glucuronidaseactivity occurs primarily in the phloem, the phloem-associatedcells, and the axial parenchyma of roots, stems, leaves, andflowers. Activity is also detected throughout the anther, withhighest activity in the tapetum. In contrast, the CaMV 35Spromoter is active in most cell types. The CoYMV promoter is astrong promoter, and when the activity of the CoYMV promoteris compared with that of a duplicated CaMV 35S promoter is 30%as active in tobacco suspension cells and up to 25% as activein maize suspension cells. These properties of the CoYMVpromoter make it potentially useful for high-level expressionof engineered genes in vascular cells.
54                                  NAL Call. No.: R856.A4B5Competition looms in tomato field.San Francisco, Calif. : Deborah J. Mysiewicz; 1992 Jul18.BioEngineering news v. 13 (28): p. 1; 1992 Jul18.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Lycopersicon esculentum; Genetic engineering;Ripening; Transgenics; Usda; Food safety; Regulations
55                                  NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62Constitutive expression of the beta-phaseolin gene indifferent tissues of transgenic alfalfa does not ensurephaseolin accumulation in non-seed tissue. Bagga, S.; Sutton,D.; Kemp, J.D.; Sengupta-Gopalan, C.Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992 Sep.Plant molecular biology : an international journal onmolecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 19(6): p. 951-958; 1992 Sep. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Phaseolus vulgaris; Medicago sativa;Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Structural genes; Multigenefamilies; Introns; Exons; Phaseolin; Recombinant DNA;Cauliflower mosaic caulimovirus; Promoters; Genetictransformation; Transgenics; Gene expression; Seeds; Roots;Root nodules; Leaves; Stems; Reporter genes;Phosphotransferases; Ligases
Abstract:  Phaseolin is a glycoprotein that constitutes themajor storage protein in bean seeds. The phaseolin genepromoters function in a seed-specific manner. In an attempt tounderstand if events following transcription of the gene alsocontribute to the seed-specific accumulation of the phaseolinprotein, we studied the effect of substituting theconstitutive CaMV-35S promoter for the beta-phaseolin genepromoter on expression of the phaseolin gene in differentplant organs. A chimeric gene consisting of the 35S promoter,the coding sequence of the beta-phaseolin gene (all fiveintrons and six exons) and the 3'-flanking region of the betaphaseolin gene, was introduced into alfalfa via Agrobacteriumtumefaciens. While all organs examined shared high levels ofphaseolin transcripts, the only organ that showed significantaccumulation of the phaseolin protein were the mature seeds.Co-migration of the major immunoreactive polypeptides from thenon-seed organs with the authentic beta-phaseolin polypeptideson SDS-PAGE indicates that the protein in non-seed organsundergoes correct post-translational processing andmodification, but are more unstable in a non-seed environment.
56                                 NAL Call. No.: QH442.A1G4Construction of a chimeric viral gene expressing plum poxvirus coat protein. Ravelonandro, M.; Monsion, M.; Teycheney,P.Y.; Delbos, R.; Dunez, J. Amsterdam : Elsevier SciencePublishers; 1992.Gene v. 120 (2): p. 167-173; 1992.  Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Nicotiana; Plum pox potyvirus;Tobacco mosaic tobamovirus; Structural genes; Coat proteins;Recombinant  DNA; Gene transfer; Genetic transformation;Transgenics; Mutagenesis; Messenger  RNA; Transcription;Cloning; Vectors; Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Abstract:  The capsid-encoding gene of plum pox virus (PPV)was fused with the leader sequence of the coat protein mRNA(cp) of tobacco mosaic virus by a novel mutagenesis techniquewhich involves reverse transcription of minus-strand RNA[synthesized by in vitro transcription of a double-stranded(ds)cDNA clone], using an ad hoc syntheticoligodeoxynucleotide as primer. The resulting cDNA wasrendered ds and cloned into the plasmid, pBluescribe M13+.Transcription of this chimeric construction produced RNAmolecules of 1250 nucleotides in length, which were used asmessengers in the in vitro protein-synthesizing systems. Themajor product of this transcript consists of a 36-kDapolypeptide and was identified as the PPV coat protein (CP) bymolecular weight estimation and by immunoprecipitation with apolyclonal antiserum to PPV. Transfer of this cDNA viaAgrobacterium tumefaciens into plants was successfullyperformed. Transgenic Nicotiana plants producing the PPV CPwere subsequently obtained.
57                            NAL Call. No.: SB123.S942 1991Contributions of biotechnology to plant improvement:discussion. Wallingford, UK : C.A.B. International; 1992.Plant breeding in the 1990s : proceedings of the Symposium onPlant Breeding in the 1990s, held at North Carolina StateUniversity, Raleigh, NC, March 1991 / edited by H.T. Stalkerand J.P. Murphy. p. 452-458; 1992.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Plant breeding; Biotechnology; Crop quality; Cropproduction
58                            NAL Call. No.: SB123.S942 1991Contributions of biotechnology to plant improvement:discussion. Wallingford, UK : C.A.B. International; 1992.Plant breeding in the 1990s : proceedings of the Symposium onPlant Breeding in the 1990s, held at North Carolina StateUniversity, Raleigh, NC, March 1991 / edited by H.T. Stalkerand J.P. Murphy. p. 420-426; 1992.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Plant breeding; Biotechnology; Crop quality; Cropproduction
59                                    NAL Call. No.: S530.J6Cotton in 2000.Geis, D.Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1992.Journal of natural resources and life sciences education v. 21(1): p. 104-106; 1992.  Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Gossypium; Biotechnology; Improvement;Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Genetic engineering
60                                 NAL Call. No.: QH442.G456Crop protection research relies on molecular biologicalinstrumentation. Fox, S.New York, N.Y. : Mary Ann Liebert; 1992 Apr15.Genetic engineering news v. 12 (6): p. 8, 9, 25; 1992 Apr15.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Crops; Insect pests; Pest resistance; Geneticresistance; Gene transfer; Genetic engineering; Transgenics;Direct  DNAuptake; Bacillus thuringiensis; Genetictransformation
61                                   NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z8Cucumber mosaic virus-tolerant transgenic tomato plantsexpressing a satellite RNA.Saito, Y.; Komari, T.; Masuta, C.; Hayashi, Y.; Kumashiro, T.;Takanami, Y. Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992.Theoretical and applied genetics v. 83 (6/7): p. 679-683;1992.  Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Lycopersicon esculentum; Agrobacteriumtumefaciens; Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus; Genetictransformation; Transgenics; Rna; Genetic resistance; Dna;Transcription; Leaves
Abstract:  A satellite RNA (T73-satRNA) gave reduced symptomseverity on tomato plants when coinoculated with an ordinarystrain of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV-O). cDNA for T73-satRNAwas introduced into a binary vector (pTOK162) through ahomologous recombination in an Agrobacterium tumefaciens cell,and then transferred to leaf disks of tomato. Stableintegration and transcription of the cDNA in the regenerantswere verified by Southern and northern blot hybridizations,respectively. Upon inoculation with CMV-O, the transformantsexhibited very slight symptoms of CMV, grew normally, andfinally set fruits, whereas untransformed wild-type tomatoplants showed very severe symptoms, and their growth wasretarded and formed few fruits. Agarose gel electrophoresis oftotal RNA from CMV-O-inoculated inoculated transformantsdetected RNA molecules corresponding to T73-satRNA.
62                                    NAL Call. No.: 472 N42Cutting out a hazard of genetic engineering.Coghlan, A.London, Eng. : New Science Publications; 1992 Feb01.New scientist v. 133 (1806): p. 28; 1992 Feb01.
Language:  English
Descriptors: U.S.A.; Nicotiana tabacum; Marker genes; Fieldtests; Genetic engineering; Usda
63                                  NAL Call. No.: TA166.T72The development of a variety-independent gene-transfer methodfor rice. Christou, P.; Ford, T.L.; Kofron, M.New York, N.Y. : Elsevier Science Publishing Co; 1992 Jul28.Trends in biotechnology v. 10 (7): p. 239-246; 1992 Jul28. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Oryza sativa; Plant breeding; Breeding methods;Gene transfer; Genotypes; Transgenics; Plant embryos;Suspensions; Tissue cultures; Protoplasts; Regeneration;Systems; Genetic transformation; Agronomic characteristics;Selection criteria
Abstract:  The absence of variety-independent transformationmethods has, until now, made the practical application ofrecombinant DNA techniques to cereal improvement programs verydifficult. The recent development of a genotype-independentgene transfer method for rice, using organized tissue,circumvents limitations imposed by embryogenic suspensioncultures or protoplast regeneration systems, and has enabledus to recover transgenic rice plants from diverse,commercially important cultivars within eight to ten weeks ofgene transfer. This system should provide a route fordeveloping methods of gene transfer into a wide range ofcereal crops.
64                            NAL Call. No.: S494.5.B563B554The development of genetically modified varieties ofagricultural crops by the seeds industry.Connett, R.J.A.; Barfoot, P.D.Wallingford, Oxford, UK : CAB International; 1992.Biotechnology in agriculture v. 7: p. 45-73; 1992.  In theseries analytic: Plant genetic manipulation for cropprotection / edited by A.M.R. Gatehouse, V.A. Hilder andBoulter, D.  Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Europe; U.S.A.; Crops; Varieties; Plant breeding;Genetic improvement; Agronomic characteristics; Seed industry;Artificial selection; Tissue culture; Genetic resources;Genetic engineering; Genetic transformation; Protoplastfusion; Intergeneric hybridization; Crop quality; Crop yield;Innovations; Patents; Regulations; Field experimentation;Release; Food biotechnology; Marketing; Environmental impact;European communities
65                                  NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z34Directed excision of a transgene from the plant genome.Russell, S.H.; Hoopes, J.L.; Odell, J.T.Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992 Jul.M G G : Molecular and general genetics v. 234 (1): p. 49-59;1992 Jul. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Arabidopsis thaliana;Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Bacteriophages; Genetictransformation; Transgenics; Recombination; Deletions;Reporter genes; Beta-glucuronidase; Oxo-acid-lyases; Herbicideresistance; Sulfonylurea herbicides; Genes
Abstract:  The effectiveness of loxP-Cre directed excision ofa transgene was examined using phenotypic and molecularanalyses. Two methods of combining the elements of thissystem, re-transformation and cross pollination, were found toproduce different degrees of excision in the resulting plants.Two linked traits, beta-glucuronidase (GUS) and a geneencoding sulfonylurea-resistant acetolactate synthase(ALS(r)), were integrated into the genome of tobacco andArabidopsis. The ALS(r) gene, bounded by loxP sites, was usedas the selectable marker for transformation. The directed lossof the ALS(r) gene through Cre-mediated excision wasdemonstrated by the loss of resistance to sulfonylureaherbicides and by Southern blot analysis. The betaglucuronidase gene remained active. The excision efficiencyvaried in F1 progeny of different lox and Cre parents and wascorrelated with the Cre parent. Many of the lox X Cre F1progeny were chimeric and some F2 progeny retained resistanceto sulfonylureas. Re-transformation of lox/ALS/lox/GUS tobaccoplants with cre led to much higher efficiency of excision.Lines of tobacco transformants carrying the GUS gene butproducing only sulfonylurea-sensitive progeny were obtainedusing both approaches for introducing cre. Similarly,Arabidopsis lines with GUS activity but no sulfonylurearesistance were generated using cross pollinations.
66                                    NAL Call. No.: Q320.A4Discussions of Bt resistance continue.Cutler, K.Cedar Falls, Iowa : Freiberg Pub; 1992 Jan.AgBiotechnology news v. 9 (1): p. 9; 1992 Jan.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Bacillus thuringiensis; Pest resistance;Transgenics
67                                NAL Call. No.: QH442.G4522DNA plant technology to sell 'Flavr Savr' tomato competitors.Washington, D.C. : King Pub. Group; 1992 Aug27.Biotech daily v. 1 (13): p. 1-2; 1992 Aug27.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Lycopersicon esculentum; Genetic engineering;Somaclonal variation; Usda; Licenses; Acc; Marketing; Research
68                                 NAL Call. No.: 286.8 N488Eating well: uncompromising interpretations on both sides ofthe F.D.A.'s genetic-engineering policy.Burros, M.New York, N.Y. : H.J. Raymond & Co. :.; 1992 Jun17.The New York times. p. B5; 1992 Jun17.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Food biotechnology; Regulations; Geneticengineering; Nutrition labeling
69                                  NAL Call. No.: QK710.P63An efficient and reliable method for determining the number oftransgenes inserted into transgenic plants.Sanders, R.A.; Sheehy, R.E.; Martineau, B.Athens, Ga. : International Society for Plant MolecularBiology, University of Georgia; 1992 May.Plant molecular biology reporter - ISPMB v. 10 (2): p.164-172; 1992 May. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Plant breeding; Genetic transformation; Genetransfer; Laboratory methods; Transgenics; Genetic analysis;Gene mapping
70                                   NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z8Engineering 2,4-D resistance into cotton.Bayley, C.; Trolinder, N.; Ray, C.; Morgan, M.; Quesenberry,J.E.; Ow, D.W. Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992.Theoretical and applied genetics v. 83 (5): p. 645-649; 1992. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Gossypium hirsutum; Nicotiana tabacum;Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Alcaligenes; Genetictransformation; Transgenics; Gene transfer; Genes;Oxidoreductases; 2,4-d; Herbicide resistance; Inheritance;Enzyme activity
Abstract:  To reduce damage by drift-levels of the herbicide2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, we have engineered the 2,4-Dresistance trait into cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). The 2,4-D monooxygenase gene tfdA from Alcaligenes eutrophus plasmidpJP5 was isolated, modified and expressed in transgenictobacco and cotton plants. Analyses of the transgenic progenyshowed stable transmission of the chimeric tfdA gene andproduction of active 2,4-D monooxygenase. Cotton plantsobtained were tolerant to 3 times the field level of 2,4-Dused for wheat, corn, sorghum and pasture crops.
71                                   NAL Call. No.: SB599.C8Engineering genetic disease resistance into crops:biotechnological approaches to crop protection.Harms, C.T.Oxford : Butterworths-Heinemann Ltd; 1992 Aug.Crop protection v. 11 (4): p. 291-306; 1992 Aug.  Literaturereview.  Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Literature reviews; Grain crops; Horticulturalcrops; Genetic engineering; Disease resistance; Geneticresistance; Transgenics; Plant protection; Phytoalexins;Defense mechanisms; Pathogenesis-related proteins; Geneticimprovement; Somaclonal variation; In vitro selection; Invitro culture; Somatic hybridization
72                            NAL Call. No.: S494.5.B563B554Engineering of insect-resistant plants with Bacillusthuringiensis crystal protein genes.Peferoen, M.Wallingford, Oxford, UK : CAB International; 1992.Biotechnology in agriculture v. 7: p. 135-153; 1992.  In theseries analytic: Plant genetic manipulation for cropprotection / edited by A.M.R. Gatehouse, V.A. Hilder andBoulter, D.  Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Crops; Bacillus thuringiensis; Strains; Bacterialproteins; Crystal inclusions; Genes; Insecticidal action;Insecticidal properties; Genetic transformation; Geneexpression; Structure activity relationships; Mode of action;Binding; Toxicity; Pest resistance; Genetic engineering
73                                 NAL Call. No.: QH431.G452Evaluation of transgenic canola plants under field conditions.Arnoldo, M.; Baszczynski, C.L.; Belemare, G.; Brown, G.;Carlson, J.; Gillespie, B.; Huang, B.; MacLean, N.; MacRae,W.D.; Rayner, G. Ottawa : National Research Council of Canada;1992 Feb.Genome v. 35 (1): p. 58-63; 1992 Feb.  Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Brassica napus var. oleifera; Agrobacteriumtumefaciens; Genetic transformation; Transgenics; Geneexpression; Reporter genes; Phosphotransferases; Agronomiccharacteristics; Field experimentation; Crop yield; Fattyacids; Seed quality
Abstract:  Eleven independent transgenic canola (Brassicanapus ssp. oleifera L. cv. Westar and Regent) lines wereevaluated in the field. The plants carried a neomycinphosphotransferase (NPTII) gene for kanamycin resistance thatwas introduced via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation.NPTII enzyme assays, Southern blot hybridizations and progenyanalysis, confirmed the stable, heritable integration andexpression of the introduced NPTII gene. A number of agronomiccharacteristics evaluated under field conditions, includingmaturity, yield, and oil and protein content, were allstatistically comparable between the transformed andnontransformed plants. These results indicate that canola canbe genetically engineered successfully, and that theAgrobacterium-based transformation system employed does notinduce any adverse effects on the intrinsic agronomic andqualitative traits critical to the agricultural industry.
74                                  NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62Exchange of gene activity in transgenic plants catalyzed bythe Cre-lox site-specific recombination system.Bayley, C.C.; Morgan, M.; Dale, E.C.; Ow, D.W.Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992 Jan.Plant molecular biology : an international journal onmolecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 18(2): p. 353-361; 1992 Jan. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Bacteriophages; Recombination;Deletions; Luciferase; Reporter genes; Phosphotransferases;Genetic engineering; Transgenics; Genetic transformation;Nucleases; Promoters; Gene splicing
Abstract:  The Cre-lox site-specific recombination system ofbacteriophage P1 was used to excise a firefly luciferase (luc)gene which had previously been incorporated into the tobaccogenome. The excision event was due to site-specific DNArecombination between two lox sequences flanking the luc geneand was catalyzed by the Cre recombinase introduced by crossfertilization. Recombination resulted in the fusion of apromoter with a distally located hygromycin phosphotransferase(hpt) coding sequence and the excision event was monitored asa phenotypic change from expression of luc to expression ofhpt. The efficiency of recombination was estimated from theexchange of gene activity and confirmed by molecular analysis.The relevance to potential applications of site-specificdeletion-fusion events for chromosome engineering arediscussed.
75                                  NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62Expression in transgenic tobacco of the bacterial neomycinphosphotransferase gene modified by intron insertions ofvarious sizes.Paszkowski, J.; Peterhans, A.; Bilang, R.; Filipowicz, W.Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992 Aug.Plant molecular biology : an international journal onmolecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 19(5): p. 825-836; 1992 Aug. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Phaseolus vulgaris;Cauliflower mosaic caulimovirus; Bacteria; Genetictransformation; Direct  DNAuptake; Protoplasts; Plasmids;Vectors; Phaseolin; Structural genes; Introns; Geneexpression; Messenger  RNA; Alternative splicing; Marker genes
Abstract:  A plant selectable marker gene consisting ofcauliflower mosaic virus expression signals and the proteincoding sequence of bacterial neomycin phosphotransferase wasmodified by insertion of an intron sequence from a storageprotein gene, phaseolin. Correct and efficient splicing of theresulting mosaic RNA was observed in transgenic tobaccoplants. The insertion of various linkers or gradual increaseof intron size by addition in both orientations of internalintron sequences from another plant gene (parsley, 4-coumarateligase) had little or no effect on the precision of slicing.The gene activity measured by selectability assay in theprotoplast transformation showed that only introns enlarged to1161 bases and longer caused decreased selectability. Thesuitability of such mosaic marker genes for studies of RNAsplicing, DNA recombination and early events after infectionof plants with Agrobacterium is discussed.
76                               NAL Call. No.: QH506.A1M622Extensin promoter acts more efficiently in callus than inorgans of transgenic potato.Gartel, A.L.; Avetisov, V.A.; Sobol'kova, G.I.; Gazaryan,K.G.; Melik-Sarkisov, O.S.New York, N.Y. : Consultants Bureau; 1992 Apr.Molecular biology v. 25 (5,pt.2): p. 1080-1083; 1992 Apr. Translated from: Molekuliarnaia biologiia, v. 25 (5, pt. 2),1991, p. 1377-1381. (QH506.A1M62).  Includes references.
Language:  English; Russian
Descriptors: Solanum tuberosum; Transgenics; Geneticengineering; Plasmids; Hyaluronidase; Genes; Transfer;Agrobacterium rhizogenes; Roots; Callus
77                                   NAL Call. No.: QH442.B5Fatty acid alteration by a delta 9 desaturase in transgenictobacco tissue. Grayburn, W.S.; Collins, G.B.; Hildebrand,D.F.New York, N.Y. : Nature Publishing Company; 1992 Jun.Bio/technology v. 10 (6): p. 675-678; 1992 Jun.  Includesreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Agrobacterium tumefaciens;Rats; Transgenics; Genetic transformation; Structural genes;Acyl-coa desaturase; Fatty acids; Palmitoleic acid;Phosphatidylcholines; Leaves
78                                   NAL Call. No.: 470 SCI2Fatty acid biosynthesis redirected to medium chains intransgenic oilseed plants.Voelker, T.A.; Worrell, A.C.; Anderson, L.; Bleibaum, J.; Fan,C.; Hawkins, D.J.; Radke, S.E.; Davies, H.M.Washington, D.C. : American Association for the Advancement ofScience; 1992 Jul03.Science v. 257 (5066): p. 72-74; 1992 Jul03.  Includesreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Umbellularia californica; Medium chain fattyacids; Biosynthesis; Dna; Cloning; Amino acid sequences;Transgenics; Arabidopsis thaliana; Seeds
Abstract:  Medium-chain fatty acids (FAs), found in storagelipids of certain plants, are an important renewable resource.Seeds of undomesticated California bay accumulate laurate(12:0), and a 12:0-acyl-carrier protein thioesterase (BTE) hasbeen purified from this tissue. Sequencing of BTE enabled thecloning of a complementary DNA coding for a plastid-targetedpreprotein. Expression of the complementary DNA in the seedsof Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in BTE activity, and mediumchains accumulated at the expense of long-chain (greater thanor equal to > 16) FAs. Laurate became the most abundant FAspecies and was deposited in the storage triacylglycerols.These results demonstrate a mechanism for medium-chain FAsynthesis in plants.
79                                     NAL Call. No.: A00109FDA fails to regulate genetically engineered food.Washington, DC : National Biotechnology Policy Center of theNational Wildlife Federation; 1992 Jul.The gene exchange v. 3 (2): p. 1, 3; 1992 Jul.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Genetic engineering; Food safety; Fresh products
80                                 NAL Call. No.: SB123.3.D5FDA issues new guidelines for regulation geneticallyengineered foods. Fort Collins, Colo. : Laboratory forInformation Science in Agriculture; 1992. Diversity v. 8 (2):p. 26; 1992.
Language:  English
Descriptors: U.S.A.; Food safety; Genetic engineering;Guidelines
81                                  NAL Call. No.: 1.98 AG84Featuring a bloatless legume.Cooke, L.Washington, D.C. : The Service; 1992 Mar.Agricultural research - U.S. Department of Agriculture,Agricultural Research Service v. 40 (3): p. 8-9; 1992 Mar.
Language:  English
Descriptors: U.S.A.; Lotus corniculatus; Tannins; Antibloatagents; Plant breeding; Disease resistance; Geneticengineering
82                                  NAL Call. No.: 64.8 C883Fertile transgenic rice plants generated via protoplasts fromthe U.S. cultivar labelle.Li, Z.; Xie, Q.; Rush, M.C.; Murai, N.Madison, Wis. : Crop Science Society of America; 1992 May.Crop science v. 32 (3): p. 810-814; 1992 May.  Includesreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Oryza sativa; Cultivars; Gene transfer;Transgenics; Cell culture; Hygromycin b; Genes; Drugresistance; Protoplasts; Genetic transformation; Inheritance;Loci; Linkage; Fertility
Abstract:  Toward a long-term goal of applying gene transfertechnology to enhance rice (Oryza sativa L.) breeding programsin the USA, we initiated a concerted effort to establish atransformation system for the long-grain commercial cultivarLabelle. Embryogenic protoplasts were isolated from immaturepanicle-derived suspension cultures. A hygromycin resistancegent was introduced into protoplasts by treatment withpolyethylene glycol. Up to 6% of the colonies showedhygromycin resistance after 3 wk selection in the presence of190 micromolar hygromycin B. Plantlets were regenerated fromapproximately 30% of the resistant calli. All six transgenicLabelle plants that were grown to maturity set viable seeds.Southern blot hybridization and progeny segregation analysisdemonstrated that hygromycin resistance genes were integratedinto the rice genome and inherited as a single locus orclosely-linked loci. We now have a successful procedure tointroduce important agronomic traits from other organisms intoU.S. long-grain rice cultivars.
83                                   NAL Call. No.: 421 J822Field evaluation of transgenic tobacco containing a Bacillusthuringiensis insecticidal protein gene.Warren, G.W.; Carozzi, N.B.; Desai, N.; Koziel, M.G.Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Oct.Journal of economic entomology v. 85 (5): p. 1651-1659; 1992Oct.  Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: North Carolina; Nicotiana; Transgenics; Lines;Bacillus thuringiensis; Crop damage; Field tests; Heliothisvirescens; Manduca sexta
Abstract:  Six transgenic tobacco lines expressing theCryIA(b) insecticidal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis var.kurstaki HD-1 were tested in 1990 to evaluate their efficacyunder normal field conditions. Five of the six CryIA(b) linestested kept laboratory-reared populations and naturalpopulations of tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens F., andtobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta L., below their respectiveeconomic threshold for the duration of the trial. Little or noeconomic damage from tobacco hornworm was sustained by anyCryIA(b) line and only two lines sustained significant damagefrom tobacco budworm. Insect control with some CryIA(b) lineswas equal to or better than control by standard Orthene andDipel treatments. In addition, data obtained suggest there maybe a positive interaction between CryIA(b) protein expressionwithin a plant and parasitism of Heliothis spp.
84                                   NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z8Field performance of transgenic potato plants compared withcontrols regenerated from tuber discs and shoot cuttings.Dale, P.J.; McPartlan, H.C.Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992.Theoretical and applied genetics v. 84 ( 5/6): p. 585-591;1992.  Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Solanum tuberosum; Transgenics; Genetictransformation; Gene expression; Reporter genes; Betaglucuronidase; Phosphotransferases; Promoters; Plant proteins;Ligases; Somaclonal variation; Plant height; Crop yield;Tubers; Cuttings; Vegetative propagation; Fieldexperimentation
Abstract:  The objective of this study was to separate anddetermine effects on the field performance of transgenicpotatoes that originate from the tissue culture process oftransformation and from the genes inserted. The constructsintroduced contained the reporter gene for beta-glucuronidase(GUS) under the control of the patatin promoter (fourdifferent constructs) and the neomycin phosphotransferase geneunder the control of the nopaline synthase promoter. Bothgenes might be expected to have a neutral effect on plantphenotype. The field performance of transgenic plants (70independent transformants) was compared with non-transgenicplants regenerated from tuber discs by adventitious shootformation and from shoot cultures established from tuber nodalcuttings. Plants from all three treatments were grown in afield trial from previously field-grown tubers, and plantperformance was measured in terms of plant height atflowering, weight of tubers, number of tubers, weight of largetubers and number of large tubers. There was evidence ofsomaclonal variation among the transgenic plants; mean valuesfor all characters were significantly lower and variancesgenerally higher than from plants derived from nodal shootcultures. A similar change in means and variances was observedfor the non-transgenic tuber-disc regenerants when comparedwith shoot culture plants. Plant height, tuber weight andtuber number were, however, significantly lower in transgenicplants than in tuber-disc regenerants, suggesting an effect onplant performance either of the tissue culture process usedfor transformation or of the genes inserted. There weresignificant differences between constructs for all five plantcharacters. The construct with the smallest segment of patatinpromoter and the lowest level of tuber specificity for GUSexpression had the lowest values for all five characters. Itis proposed that the nature of GUS expression is influencingplant performance. There was no indication t
85                                  NAL Call. No.: 464.8 P56Field resistance of transgenic tomatoes expressing the tobaccomosaic virus or tomato mosaic virus coat protein genes.Sanders, P.R.; Sammons, B.; Kaniewski, W.; Haley, L.; Layton,J.; La Valle, B.J.; Delannay, X.; Turner, N.E.St. Paul, Minn. : American Phytopathological Society; 1992Jun. Phytopathology v. 82 (6): p. 683-690; 1992 Jun.  Includesreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Florida; Illinois; Lycopersicon esculentum;Tobacco mosaic tobamovirus; Tomato mosaic tobamovirus; Geneticresistance; Transgenics; Strain differences; Plant diseasecontrol; Pathogenicity
86                                 NAL Call. No.: 500 AM322AField testing transgenic plants: an analysis of the USDepartment of Agriculture's environmental assessments.Wrubel, R.P.; Krimsky, S.; Wetzler, R.E.Washington, D.C. : The Institute; 1992 Apr.BioScience - American Institute of Biological Sciences v. 42(4): p. 280-289; 1992 Apr.  Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: U.S.A.; Plants; Transgenics; Field tests; Geneticengineering; Law; Risk; Usda
87                                  NAL Call. No.: 470 SCI24First gene-splice wheat.Washington, D.C. : Science Service :.; 1992 Jun06.Science news v. 141 (23): p. 379; 1992 Jun06.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Triticum aestivum; Genetic engineering; Herbicideresistance
88                                  NAL Call. No.: R856.A4B5Food biotech approvals streamlined.San Francisco, Calif. : Deborah J. Mysiewicz; 1992 Jun01.BioEngineering news v. 13 (22): p. 1-2; 1992 Jun01.
Language:  English
Descriptors: U.S.A.; Vegetables; Genetic engineering; Foodsafety; Regulations
89                                     NAL Call. No.: A00069For the next course, 'engineered' entree?.Sugawara, S.Washington, D.C. : The Washington Post Co; 1992 Jun10.The Washington post. p. F1, F3; 1992 Jun10.
Language:  English
Descriptors: U.S.A.; Lycopersicon esculentum; Geneticengineering; Food biotechnology; Somatotropin; Milkproduction; Usda; Regulations
90                                  NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62Functional analysis of the promoter region of a noduleenhanced glutamine synthetase gene from Phaseolus vulgaris L.Shen, W.J.; Williamson, M.S.; Forde, B.G.Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992 Aug.Plant molecular biology : an international journal onmolecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 19(5): p. 837-846; 1992 Aug. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Phaseolus vulgaris; Lotus corniculatus; Nicotianatabacum; Agrobacterium rhizogenes; Promoters; Controllingelements; Glutamate-ammonia ligase; Recombinant  DNA; Reportergenes; Beta-glucuronidase; Gene expression; Geneticregulation; Transgenics; Genetic transformation; Roots;Electroporation; Protoplasts; Root nodules; Structural genes;Deletions
Abstract:  The 5'-flanking region of gln-gamma, the noduleenhanced glutamine synthetase gene from Phaseolus vulgaris L.,has been analysed for cis-regulatory elements using a seriesof 5' deletions and hybrid gln-gamma::CaMV 35S promoters. Thepromoters were fused to the uidA reporter gene and theiractivities tested in two heterologous expression systems. Inthe first system, the chimaeric genes were transferred toLotus corniculatus L. using Agrobacterium rhizogenes and theirexpression was studied in nodulated hairy roots. In the secondsystem, the constructs were electroporated into tobaccomesophyll protoplasts. The results of the 5' deletion analysisshowed that the sequence between -597 and -21 (relative to theATG codon) was sufficient for nodule-specific expression ofthe chimaeric gene in nodulated hairy roots, and revealed theexistence of at least two positive regulatory elements.Sequences located between -2000 and -597 were able tostimulate expression in nodules but not protoplasts, while theregion from -597 to -354 enhanced expression in both nodulesand protoplasts. Results obtained with the hybrid glngamma::35S promoters showed that two overlapping restrictionfragments (-516/-343 and -474/-293) were able to stimulateexpression from a heterologous promoter in an orientationdependent manner. Previous work has demonstrated the presenceof conserved A/T-rich binding sites for nuclear proteins inthe region between -516 and -446, and their possible role inregulating gln-gamma expression is discussed.
91                                 NAL Call. No.: 60.19 SO83The future for pasture and forage crops.Bingham, T.New Orleans, La. : U.S. Department of Agriculture,Agricultural Research Service; 1992 Aug.Proceedings of the Southern Pasture and Forage CropImprovement Conference (46th): p. 8-9; 1992 Aug.  Meeting heldMay 7-10, 1990, Overton, TX.
Language:  English
Descriptors: U.S.A.; Pasture plants; Fodder crops; Plantbreeding methods; Genetic engineering; Biotechnology;Molecular biology; Restriction fragment length polymorphism;Monoclonal antibodies; Genomes; Mapping; Dna
92                                  NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z34Gene targeting in Arabidopsis thaliana.Halfter, U.; Morris, P.C.; Willmitzer, L.Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992 Jan.M G G : Molecular and general genetics v. 231. (2): p.186-193; 1992 Jan. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Arabidopsis thaliana; Homologous recombination;Deletions; Targeted mutagenesis; Reporter genes;Phosphotransferases; Transgenics; Genetic transformation;Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Gene transfer; Protoplasts; Direct DNAuptake
Abstract:  Gene targeting of a chromosomally integratedtransgene in Arabidopsis thaliana is reported. A chimeric geneconsisting of the promoter of the 35S RNA of CaMV, thepolyadenylation signal of the octopine synthase gene and thecoding region of the bacterial hygromycin phosphotransferasegene (hpt), which was rendered non-functional by deletion of19 bp, was introduced into the genome of A. thaliana usingAgrobacterium-mediated gene transfer. A total of 3.46 X 10(8)protoplasts isolated from 17 independent transgenicArabidopsis lines harbouring the defective chimeric hpt genewere transformed via direct gene transfer using various DNAforms containing only the intact coding region of the hptgene. Out of 150 hygromycin-resistant colonies appearing inthe course of these experiments, four were the result oftargeted recombination of the incoming DNA with the defectivechromosomal locus as revealed by PCR and Southern blotanalysis. Comparison with the number of transformants obtainedwhen an hpt gene controlled by a promoter and terminator fromthe nopaline synthase gene was employed results in a maximalratio of homologous to non-homologous transformation in A.thaliana of 1 X 10-4.
93                                    NAL Call. No.: 472 N42Gene transplant gives apricots a riper future.Seneviratne, G.London, Eng. : New Science Publications; 1992 Mar14.New scientist v. 133 (1812): p. 14; 1992 Mar14.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Prunus armeniaca; Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Plumpox potyvirus; Disease resistance; Genetic engineering
94                               NAL Call. No.: TP248.13.B54Gene-altered veggies? 'Not on our menus,' cry New York's topchefs. Bovsun, M.New York : McGraw-Hill :.; 1992 Jun15.Biotechnology newswatch v. 12 (12): p. 16; 1992 Jun15.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Vegetables; Genetic engineering; Public opinion
95                                  NAL Call. No.: TA166.T72Genes of jeans: biotechnological advances in cotton.John, M.E.; Stewart, J.M.New York, N.Y. : Elsevier Science Publishing Co; 1992 May.Trends in biotechnology v. 10 (5): p. 165-170; 1992 May. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Gossypium; Biotechnology; Genetic engineering;Selection criteria; Agronomic characteristics; Cropmanagement; Improvement; Fiber quality; Modification; Genes
Abstract:  Cotton is a crop of global economic importance. Theimpact of advances in cotton genetic engineering willtherefore go beyond just altering the patterns of agronomicpractice to have a major effect on both economic and socialstructures. Although the majority of characteristics currentlybeing engineered into cotton (i.e. insect- and herbicidetolerance) relate to improved crop management, the longer-termgoals of modifying fiber are to improve and develop novelproperties for the product.
96                                  NAL Call. No.: 59.8 C333Genetic engineering and hybridization of wheat.Kureczka, J.E.St. Paul, Minn. : American Association of Cereal Chemists;1992 Aug. Cereal foods world v. 37 (8): p. 640-642; 1992 Aug. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Wheat; Hybridization; Genetic engineering;Genetic transformation; Gene expression; Food quality
Abstract:  Experts say the creation of useful-new varieties ofwheat through genetic engineering requires success in threediscrete areas. First, genetic transformation technologiesmust be perfected for use in wheat. Second, commerciallyuseful genes and expression systems must be isolated and madeavailable. Finally, and perhaps most importantly from abusiness standpoint, new hybridization technologies must bedeveloped that work efficiently with this normally selfpollinating grain.
97                                  NAL Call. No.: TP368.T73Genetic engineering of crops: its relevance to the foodindustry. Jones, J.L.Cambridge, U.K. : Elsevier Trends Journals; 1992 Mar.Trends in food science & technology v. 3 (3): p. 54-59; 1992Mar.  Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Crops; Genetic engineering; Food industry
98                           NAL Call. No.: Z5322.G4G45 1992Genetic engineering of plants for improved crop production(Oct 90 - present) citations from the BioBusiness database.United States, National Technical Information ServiceSpringfield, VA : NTIS,; 1992.1 v. (unpaged) ; 28 cm. (Published search).  Cover title.  May92.  Report period covered: Oct 90-present.  SupersedesPB90-870874.  Includes index. PB92-853779.  N06903.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Plant genetic engineering; Plant biotechnology;Agricultural productivity
99                            NAL Call. No.: S494.5.B563B554Genetic engineering of virus resistance.Reavy, B.; Mayo, M.A.Wallingford, Oxford, UK : CAB International; 1992.Biotechnology in agriculture v. 7: p. 183-214; 1992.  In theseries analytic: Plant genetic manipulation for cropprotection / edited by A.M.R. Gatehouse, V.A. Hilder andBoulter, D.  Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Crops; Plant viruses; Coat proteins; Plantprotection; Viral diseases; Plant disease control;Transgenics; Varietal resistance; Genetic transformation;Genes; Genetic engineering; Rna; Antisense  RNA; Genomes; Geneexpression; Variation; Genetic regulation; Virulence;Infections; Responses; Symptoms; Genetic resistance; Mode ofaction
100                                 NAL Call. No.: QH442.J69Genetic manipulation of crop plants.Lindsey, K.Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.; 1992 Oct.Journal of Biotechnology v. 26 (1): p. 1-28; 1992 Oct.  In thespecial issue: Plant cell culture / edited by A.H. Scragg. Literature review.  Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Crops; Genetic engineering; Genetictransformation; Genetic resistance; Plant development;Herbicide resistance; Literature reviews; Pest resistance
101                         NAL Call. No.: SB933.34.U73 1992Genetic manipulation towards strain improvement of scarabpathogens. Glare, T.R.; Upadhyaya, N.M.; Mahanty, H.K.Hampshire, England : Intercept; 1992.Use of pathogens in scarab pest management / edited by Trevor-  Jackson and Travis R. Glare. p. 153-165; 1992.  Includesreferences.  Language:  English
Descriptors: Scarabaeidae; Insect pests; Molecular genetics;Genetic engineering
102                                    NAL Call. No.: 10 OU8Genetic, physiological, agronomic and biotechnologicalcontributions towards sugar beet productivity.Thomas, T.H.Oxon : C.A.B. International; 1992 Mar.Outlook on agriculture v. 21 (1): p. 63-68; 1992 Mar. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Europe; Uk; Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera;Agricultural research; Agronomic characteristics;Biotechnology; Cultivars; Crop production; Cropping systems;Genetic factors; Plant physiology
103                               NAL Call. No.: 511 P444AEBGenetic transformation of alfalfa using the Ti plasmid systemof Agrobacterium tumefaciens.Deineko, E.V.; Rivkin, M.I.; Komarova, M.L.; Vershinin, A.V.;Shumnyi, A.V.K. New York, N.Y. : Consultants Bureau; 1992 Jan.Doklady : biological sciences - Akademiia nauk SSSR v. 319(1/6): p. 457-459. ill; 1992 Jan.  Translated from: DokladyAkademii Nauk SSSR, v. 319 (6), 1991, p. 1473-1476. (511P444A).  Includes references.
Language:  English; Russian
Descriptors: Medicago sativa; Gene expression; Genetictransformation; Plasmids; Transgenics; Agrobacteriumtumefaciens
104                                 NAL Call. No.: QK725.P54Genetic transformation of Medicago truncatula usingAgrobacterium with genetically modified Ri and disarmed Tiplasmids.Thomas, M.R.; Rose, R.J.; Nolan, K.E.Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992 Apr.Plant cell reports v. 11 (3): p. 113-117. ill; 1992 Apr. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Medicago truncatula; Genetic transformation;Methodology; Transgenics; Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Plasmids;Strains
Abstract:  Fertile transgenic plants of the annual pasturelegume Medicago truncatula were obtained by Agrobacteriummediated transformation, utilising a disarmed Ti plasmid and abinary vector containing the kanamycin resistance gene underthe control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter.Factors contributing to the result included an improved plantregeneration protocol and the use of explants from a plantidentified as possessing high regeneration capability fromtissue culture. Genes present on the T-DNA of the Ri plasmidhad a negative effect on somatic embryogenesis. Only tissueinoculated with Agrobacterium strains containing a disarmed Tiplasmid lacking the T-DNA region or a Ri plasmid with aninactivated rol A gene regenerated transgenic plants. Fertiletransgenic plants were only obtained with disarmed A.tumefaciens, and the introduced NPT II gene was transmitted toR1 progeny.
105                                 NAL Call. No.: QK725.P54Genetic transformation of sweet potato by particlebombardment. Prakash, C.S.; Varadarajan, U.Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992.Plant cell reports v. 11 (2): p. 53-57; 1992.  Includesreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Ipomoea batatas; Genetic transformation; Genetransfer; Gene expression; Genotypes; Chimeras; Marker genes;Transgenics; Callus; Roots; Regenerative ability
Abstract:  Transient and stable expression of foreign geneshas been achieved in sweet potato using the particlebombardment system of gene delivery. Callus and root isolatesof two genotypes (Jewel and TIS-70357) with positive signs oftransformation have been recovered. Tungsten microcarrierscoated with plasmid DNA (pBI 221 containing the gusA gene)were accelerated at high velocity using a biolistic deviceinto sweet potato target tissues. Histochemical examination ofbombarded leaf and petiole explants revealed that most hadcells expressing the gusA gene. When explants were cultured,calli and roots developed in most bombarded tissues. Similarresults but with a lower frequency of transformation wereobserved when the plasmid pBI 121 (with gusA and antibioticresistance npt II genes) was employed and bombarded explantscultured on an antibiotic selection medium. Subcultured rootsand calli were positive for gusA expression when tested evenafter one year of in vitro culture, and thus the expression ofthe foreign gene is fairly stable. The particle bombardmentapproach of gene delivery appears to have a potential forgenerating transgenic sweet potatoes with useful agronomictraits.
106                                NAL Call. No.: 284.28 W15Genetic vegomatics splice and dice with weird results.Yamada, K.New York, N.Y. : Dow Jones; 1992 Apr13.The Wall Street journal. p. 1, A5; 1992 Apr13.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Food biotechnology; New products; Transgenics;Fresh products
107                                   NAL Call. No.: 472 N42Genetic weeding and feeding for tobacco plants.Bradley, D.London, Eng. : New Science Publications; 1992 Jan04.New scientist v. 133 (1802): p. 11; 1992 Jan04.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Myrothecium verrucaria;Genetic engineering; Herbicide resistance
108                                   NAL Call. No.: 472 N21Genetically engineered alteration in the chilling sensitivityof plants. Murata, N.; Ishizaki-Nishizawa, O.; Higashi, S.;Hayashi, H.; Tasaka, Y.; Nishida, I.London : Macmillan Magazines Ltd; 1992 Apr23.Nature v. 356 (6371): p. 710-713; 1992 Apr23.  Includesreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Arabidopsis thaliana; Geneticengineering; Transgenics; Frost resistance; Cold tolerance
Abstract:  The chilling sensitivity of plants is closelycorrelated with the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids inthe phosphatidylglycerol of chloroplast membranes. Plants witha high proportion of cis-unsaturated fatty acids, such asspinach and Arabidopsis thaliana, are resistant to chilling,whereas species like squash with only a small proportion arenot. The chloroplast enzyme glycerol-3-phosphateacyltransferase seems to be important for determining thelevel of phosphatidylglycerol fatty acid unsaturation. Here wereport that the level of fatty acid unsaturation ofphosphatidylglycerol and the degree of chilling sensitivity ofNicotiana tabacum var. Samsum (tobacco) can be manipulated bytransformation with complementary DNAs for glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases from squash and Arabidopsis. Thegenetic manipulation of fatty acid unsaturation is known toalter the chilling sensitivity of prokaryotes, and we have nowdemonstrated that it can also do so in higher plants.
109                                    NAL Call. No.: A00109Genetically engineered food.Washington, DC : National Biotechnology Policy Center of theNational Wildlife Federation; 1992 Jul.The gene exchange v. 3 (2): p. 4-8; 1992 Jul.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Food safety; Genetic engineering; Labeling; Newproducts
110                          NAL Call. No.: Z5074.B33G4 1992Genetically engineered microorganisms for improved cropproduction (Jan 87 -present) citations from the BioBusinessdatabase.United States, National Technical Information ServiceSpringfield, VA : NTIS,; 1992.1 v. (unpaged) ; 28 cm. (Published search).  Cover title.  May92.  Report period covered: Jan 87-present.  SupersedesPB90-872953.  Includes index. PB92-853993.  N06909.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Agricultural biotechnology; Plant biotechnology;Microbial biotechnology
111                           NAL Call. No.: S494.5.B563B554Genetically engineered plants for herbicide resistance.Mullineaux, P.M.Wallingford, Oxford, UK : CAB International; 1992.Biotechnology in agriculture v. 7: p. 75-107; 1992.  In theseries analytic: Plant genetic manipulation for cropprotection / edited by A.M.R. Gatehouse, V.A. Hilder andBoulter, D.  Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Crops; Herbicides; Herbicide resistance; Geneexpression; Genetic engineering; Genetic transformation;Vectors; Biochemical pathways; Amino acid metabolism; Proteinsynthesis; Enzyme activity; Genes; Amplification; Structureactivity relationships; Detoxification; Glutathionetransferase; Herbicide safeners; Chimerism; Plant protection;Amino acid sequences; Mutations
112                                    NAL Call. No.: A00035Genetically engineering apples, pears to resist fire blight?.Summit, N.J. : CTB International Pub. Co; 1992 Aug14.Biotechnology news v. 12 (20): p. 4; 1992 Aug14.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Pome fruits; Genetic engineering; Diseaseresistance
113                                NAL Call. No.: QH442.G456Getting agricultural biotechnology products to the market: howlong does it take?.Fox, S.New York, N.Y. : Mary Ann Liebert; 1992 Nov01.Genetic engineering news v. 12 (17): p. 12-13; 1992 Nov01.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Crops; Genetic engineering; Biotechnology;Marketing policy; Retail marketing
114                                   NAL Call. No.: 472 N42Glowing plants signal when they are under stress.Coghlan, A.London, Eng. : New Science Publications; 1992 Apr01.New scientist v. 134 (1815): p. 21; 1992 Apr01.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Arabidopsis thaliana;Genetic engineering; Stress response; Coloring
115                                  NAL Call. No.: QH442.B5Herbicide resistant fertile transgenic wheat plants obtainedby microprojectile bombardment of regenerable embryogeniccallus. Vasil, V.; Castillo, A.M.; Fromm, M.E.; Vasil, I.K.New York, N.Y. : Nature Publishing Company; 1992 Jun.Bio/technology v. 10 (6): p. 662-674; 1992 Jun.  Includesreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Triticum aestivum; Genetic transformation; Direct DNAuptake; Transgenics; Gene transfer; Structural genes;Acyltransferases; Plasmids; Herbicide resistance; Glufosinate;Callus; Regenerative ability; Embryogenesis; Reporter genes
116                                    NAL Call. No.: A00035High methionine corn hybrid may end need to supplement animalfeed. Summit, N.J. : CTB International Pub. Co; 1992 Jan17.Biotechnology news v. 12 (2): p. 4; 1992 Jan17.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Zea mays; Genetic engineering; Methionine; Feedsupplements; Marketing
117                                  NAL Call. No.: 500 N21PHigh rates of Ac/Ds germinal transposition in Arabidopsissuitable for gene isolation by insertional mutagenesis.Grevelding, C.; Becker, D.; Kunze, R.; Menges, A. von; Fantes,V.; Schell, J.; Masterson, R.Washington, D.C. : The Academy; 1992 Jul01.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the UnitedStates of America v. 89 (13): p. 6085-6089; 1992 Jul01. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Arabidopsis thaliana; Gene expression; Geneticanalysis; Genetic transformation; Insertional mutagenesis;Molecular genetics; Transgenics; Cauliflower mosaiccaulimovirus
Abstract:  Overexpression of the Activator (Ac) transposasegene in Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in a minimal germinaltransposition frequency of 27% in which independentDissociation (Ds) transposition events were observed.Molecular analysis of 45 F1 generation Ac/Ds plants indicatedthat high rates of somatic excision had occurred, andindependent germinal insertions were identified in F2generation progeny plants. A tandem cauliflower mosaic virus(CaMV) promoter fused to two different Ac coding sequencessignificantly increased the rate of Ds transposition. TheCaMV-Ac fusions activated single and multiple copies of twodifferent Ds elements, DsDHFR and Ds35S-1, and reciprocalcrosses resulted in similar transposition frequencies. Theimproved rate of independent germinal transposition observedmakes Arabidopsis an ideal system for insertional mutagenesis.
118                                    NAL Call. No.: A00043IBA endorses FDA's new policy statement on foods derived fromgenetically-modified plants.Washington, D.C. : Industrial Biotechnology Association; 1992Sep. IBA reports. p. 3; 1992 Sep.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Food biotechnology; Food safety; Regulations
119                                   NAL Call. No.: 472 N42Implanted gene 'castrates' breeding plants.Coghlan, A.London, Eng. : New Science Publications; 1992 Jul18.New scientist v. 135 (1830): p. 20; 1992 Jul18.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Bacillus; Male sterility;Genetic engineering; Heterosis
120                                 NAL Call. No.: QK725.P54Improved method for the transformation of Arabidopsis thalianawith chimeric dihydrofolate reductase constructs which confermethotrexate resistance. Kemper, E.; Grevelding, C.; Schell,J.; Masterson, R.Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992 Apr.Plant cell reports v. 11 (3): p. 118-121. ill; 1992 Apr. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Arabidopsis thaliana; Dihydrofolate reductase;Genetic markers; Genetic transformation; Methotrexate;Resistance; Transgenics
Abstract:  A modified root explant transformation method hasbeen developed that is effective in producing transgenicArabidopsis thaliana plants which are methotrexate resistantdue to the integration of T-DNA vectors containing a chimericdihydrofolate reductase gene. Molecular analysis shows thattransformed methotrexate resistant plants contain the expectedT-DNA construct with the chimeric gene. This transformationmethod also works well with other plant selectable markers,including hygromycin phosphotransferase and neomycinphosphotransferase II.
121                                  NAL Call. No.: 80 F9464In pursuit of a better pecan cultivar.Sparks, D.University Park, Pa. : American Pomological Society; 1992 Jul.Fruit varieties journal v. 46 (3): p. 174-182; 1992 Jul. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Georgia; Carya illinoensis; Cultivars; Cropyield; Yield factors; Fruits; Thinning; Precocity;Prolificacy; Selection criteria; Yield increases; Germplasm;Breeding programs; Genetic engineering
122                                 NAL Call. No.: QH506.E46In vivo import of a normal or mutagenized heterologoustransfer RNA into the mitochondria of transgenic plants:towards novel ways of influencing mitochondrial geneexpression?.Small, I.; Marechal-Drouard, L.; Masson, J.; Pelletier, G.;Cosset, A.; Weil, J.H.; Dietrich, A.Oxford, Eng. : IRL Press; 1992 Apr.The EMBO journal - European Molecular Biology Organization v.11 (4): p. 1291-1296; 1992 Apr.  Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Phaseolus vulgaris; Solanum tuberosum;Mitochondrial genetics; Transgenics; Genetic transformation;Leucine; Transfer  RNA; Genes; Uptake; Mitochondria; Geneexpression; Mutations; Gene transfer; Nucleotide sequences;Molecular conformation
Abstract:  Evidence that nuclear-encoded RNAs are presentinside mitochondria has been reported from a wide variety oforganisms, and is presumed to be due to import of specificcytosolic RNAs. In plants, the first examples were themitochondrial leucine transfer RNAs of bean. In all cases, theevidence is circumstantial, based on hybridization of themitochondrial RNAs to nuclear and not mitochondrial DNA. Herewe show that transgenic potato plants carrying a leucine tRNAgene from bean nuclear DNA contain RNA transcribed from theintroduced gene both in the cytosol and inside mitochondria,providing proof that the mitochondrial leucine tRNA is derivedfrom a nuclear gene and imported into the mitochondria. Thesame bean gene carrying a 4 bp insertion in the anticodon loopwas also expressed in transgenic potato plants and thetranscript found to be present inside mitochondria, suggestingthat this natural RNA import system could eventually be usedto introduce foreign RNA sequences into mitochondria.
123                                  NAL Call. No.: QH442.B5Increased resistance to potato virus X and preservation ofcultivar properties in transgenic potato under fieldconditions.Jongedijk, E.; Schutter, A.A.J.M. de; Stolte, T.; Elzen,P.J.M. van den; Cornelissen, B.J.C.New York, N.Y. : Nature Publishing Company; 1992 Apr.Bio/technology v. 10 (4): p. 422-429; 1992 Apr.  Includesreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Solanum tuberosum; Potato x potexvirus; Geneticresistance; Transgenics; Genetic transformation; Coatproteins; Genes; Gene expression; Cultivars; Agronomiccharacteristics; Genetic engineering
124                                 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62Independent transposition of multiple Ac elements in the sametransgenic tomato cell.Khush, R.S.; Yoder, J.I.Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992 Apr.Plant molecular biology : an international journal onmolecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 18(6): p. 1065-1072; 1992 Apr. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Zea mays; Lycopersicon esculentum; Transposableelements; Genetic change; Insertional mutagenesis; Loci;Gametogenesis; Southern blotting; Transgenics; Genetictransformation
Abstract:  To effectively use transposable elements for thegenetic manipulation of plant species lacking wellcharacterized endogenous elements, it is important to evaluatethe behavior of known transposable elements following theirintroduction into heterologous host species. One criticalparameter concerns the timing of transposition in relation tothe development of the transgenic host since this will affectthe frequency with which transposition events are captured inthe gametes. In order to examine whether different elements inthe same cell are differentially active during development, weused Southern hybridizations to assess the activity ofActivator (Ac) elements in progeny plants derived from atomato transformant carrying five Ac's at two loci. All of theelements at one locus transposed in the primary transformantat a developmental stage resulting in the transmission ofnewly transposed elements to the next generation. In contrast,one or more of the Ac's at the second locus were not active atthis stage and were transmitted to the next generation at theoriginal donor T-DNA insertion site. These elements were,however, transpositionally active in somatic tissue. Theseresults demonstrated that individual transposable elements inthe same transformed cell can be differentially activatedduring development.
125                                 NAL Call. No.: TA166.T72Indiscriminate use of selectable markers--sowing wild oats?.Gressel, J.New York, N.Y. : Elsevier Science Publishing Co; 1992 Nov.Trends in biotechnology v. 10 (11): p. 382; 1992 Nov. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Avena fatua; Genetic markers; Marker genes;Herbicide resistance; Glufosinate; Gene transfer; Avenasativa; Transgenics; Biotechnology
126                                  NAL Call. No.: SB249.N6Influence of transgenic BT cottons on tobacco budworm andbollworm behavior, survival, and plant injury.Benedict, J.H.; Ring, D.R.; Sachs, E.S.; Altman, D.W.; DeSpain, R.R.; Stone, T.B.; Sims, S.R.Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America; 1992.Proceedings - Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferencesv. 2: p. 891-895; 1992.  Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Helicoverpa zea; Heliothis virescens; Gossypium;Transgenics
127                                  NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z8Inheritance of a bacterial hygromycin phosphotransferase genein the progeny of primary transgenic pea plants.Puonti-Kaerlas, J.; Eriksson, T.; Engstrom, P.Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992.Theoretical and applied genetics v. 84 (3/4): p. 443-450;1992.  Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Pisum sativum; Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Genetictransformation; Transgenics; Inheritance; Reporter genes;Phosphotransferases; Regenerative ability; Callus; Shoots;Organogenesis; Hygromycin b; Drug resistance; Explants;Fertility; Chromosome analysis; Tetraploidy; Plant morphology
Abstract:  An analysis of the progeny of primary transgenicpea plants in terms of transmission of the transferred DNA,fertility and morphology is presented. A transformation systemdeveloped for pea that allows the regeneration of fertiletransgenic pea plants from calli selected for antibioticresistance was used. Explants from axenic shoot cultures wereco-cultivated with a nononcogenic Agrobacterium tumefaciensstrain carrying a gene encoding hygromycin phosphotransferaseas selectable marker, and transformed callus could be selectedon callus-inducing media containing 15 mg/l hygromycin. Afterseveral passages on regeneration medium, shoot organogenesiscould be reproducibly induced on the hygromycin resistantcalli, and the regenerated shoots could subsequently be rootedand transferred to the greenhouse, where they proceeded toflower and set seed. The transmission of the introduced geneinto the progeny of the regenerated transgenic plants wasstudied over two generations, and stable transmission wasshown to take place. The transgenic nature of the calli andregenerated plants and their progeny was confirmed by DNA andRNA analysis. The DNA and ploidy levels of the progeny plantsand primary regenerants were studied by chromosome analysis,and the offspring of the primary transformants were evaluatedmorphologically.
128                                  NAL Call. No.: 450 P692Inhibition of sucrose enhancer effect of the potato proteinaseinhibitor II promoter by salicylic acid.Kim, S.R.; Kim, Y.; Costa, M.A.; An, G.Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1992Apr. Plant physiology v. 98 (4): p. 1479-1483; 1992 Apr. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Transgenics; Gene expression;Salicylic acid; Proteinase inhibitors; Promoters; Sucrose;Enzyme activity
Abstract:  Effect of salicylic acid (SA) on the expression ofthe potato proteinase inhibitor (PI) II promoter was studiedwith transgenic tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum) carrying agene fusion between the PI-II promoter and the chloramphenicolacetyltransferase (cat) reporter. As previously observed, thePI-II promoter was inducible by wounding and the promoteractivity was further enhanced by sucrose. Addition of SA didnot influence the wound induction of the PI-II promoter butsignificantly inhibited the sucrose response. The 5'-deletionmutant -573 was unable to respond to wounding but did respondto sucrose and SA. The 3'-deletion analysis indicated thepresence of a sucrose-responsive element between -574 and-520. A study of the insertion mutants revealed the functionof another sucrose-responsive element between -522 and -500.Enhancer effects of these sucrose-responsive elements wereinhibited by SA. These studies suggest that SA inhibits PI-IIpromoter activity by decreasing the sucrose response. Analysisof SA-related chemicals revealed that only acetyl-SA showed asimilar inhibitory effect, and other hydroxybenzoic acids hadlittle or no effect on the sucrose enhancer activity.Therefore, it seems that the interaction between SA and thereceptor molecule is specific.
129                                 NAL Call. No.: QH506.E46Inhibition of the ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase in transgenicpotatoes leads to sugar-storing tubers and influences tuberformation and expression of tuber storage protein genes.Muller-Rober, B.; Sonnewald, U.; Willmitzer, L.Oxford, Eng. : IRL Press; 1992 Apr.The EMBO journal - European Molecular Biology Organization v.11 (4): p. 1229-1238; 1992 Apr.  Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Solanum tuberosum; Genetic transformation;Transgenics; Nucleotidyltransferases; Structural genes;Chimeras; Antisense  RNA; Enzyme activity; Starch; Glucose;Sucrose; Carbohydrate metabolism; Tubers; Plant development;Dry matter accumulation; Plant proteins; Messenger  RNA;Hexosyltransferases; Gene expression
Abstract:  Transgenic potato plants were created in which theexpression of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) wasinhibited by introducing a chimeric gene containing the codingregion of one of the subunits of the AGPase linked in anantisense orientation to the CaMV 35S promoter. Partialinhibition of the AGPase enzyme was achieved in leaves andalmost complete inhibition in tubers. This resulted in theabolition of starch formation in tubers, thus proving thatAGPase has a unique role in starch biosynthesis in plants.Instead up to 30% of the dry weight of the transgenic potatotubers was represented by sucrose and up to 8% by glucose. Theprocess of tuber formation also changed, resulting insignificantly more tubers both per plant and per stolon. Theaccumulation of soluble sugars in tubers of antisense plantsresulted in a significant increase of the total tuber freshweight, but a decrease in dry weight of tubers. There was nosignificant change in the RNA levels of several other starchbiosynthetic enzymes, but there was a great increase in theRNA level of the major sucrose synthesizing enzyme sucrosephosphate synthase. In addition, the inhibition of starchbiosynthesis was accompanied by a massive reduction in theexpression of the major storage protein species of potatotubers, supporting the idea that the expression of storageprotein genes is in some way connected to carbohydrateformation in sink storage tissues.
130                                NAL Call. No.: 500 AM322AInsecticidal promise of Bacillus thuringiensis.Lambert, B.; Peferoen, M.Washington, D.C. : The Institute; 1992 Feb.BioScience - American Institute of Biological Sciences v. 42(2): p. 112-122; 1992 Feb.  Literature review.  Includesreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Bacillus thuringiensis; Bacterial insecticides;Disease vectors; Genetic engineering; Hosts of plant pests;Insecticidal action; Literature reviews; Varietal resistance
131                                NAL Call. No.: QL461.E532Interaction of genetically engineered host plant resistanceand natural enemies of Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) in tobacco. Johnson, M.T.; Gould, F.Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Jun.Environmental entomology v. 21 (3): p. 586-597; 1992 Jun. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: North Carolina; Nicotiana; Agrobacteriumtumefaciens; Gene transfer; Genetic engineering; Pestresistance; Heliothis virescens; Larvae; Natural enemies;Parasites of insect pests; Survival
Abstract:  Field experiments were conducted to examineinteractions of Heliothis virescens (F.), its natural enemies,and tobacco plants engineered to express low levels ofBacillus thuringiensis Berliner toxin. Survival of H.virescens larvae was measured in response to four treatments:(1) toxin-producing plants exposed to natural enemies, (2)toxin-producing plants caged to exclude enemies, (3) toxinfree plants exposed to enemies, and (4) toxin-free plantscaged to exclude enemies. B. thuringiensis toxin-mediatedresistance caused a significant decrease in first-instarsurvival, and natural enemies caused a significant decrease inthird-instar survival. Survival of uncaged first instars as aproportion of survival of caged first instars wassignificantly lower on toxic plants than control plants,indicating synergism of resistance and natural enemies. Amongcollections of artificially infested larvae, parasitism byCampoletis sonorensis (Cameron) was significantly higher ontoxic plants than on control plants, another indication ofsynergism. Among collections of wild larvae and larvaecensused in the field, parasitism usually did not differbetween plant lines. Larval development of H. virescens wassignificantly slower on toxic plants than on control plants intwo out of five trials. Prolonged vulnerability to naturalenemies appeared to provide a mechanism for synergism.However, synergistic increases in mortality and parasitismwere detected in two trials when development rates on toxicplants and control plants were equal, indicating existence ofanother mechanism. B. thuringiensis toxin-mediated partialresistance appeared compatible with natural enemies forcontrol of H. virescens. However, a simulation using atheoretical population genetic model suggested that synergismof the level measured in this study could accelerate pestadaptation to resistant plants.
132                                NAL Call. No.: QK725.P532Long regions of homologous DNA are incorporated into thetobacco plastid genome by transformation.Staub, J.M.; Maliga, P.Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1992Jan. The Plant cell v. 4 (1): p. 39-45; 1992 Jan.  Includesreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Genetic transformation; Dna;Transgenics; Direct  DNAuptake; Plastids; Chloroplastgenetics; Genomes; Plasmids; Vectors; Restriction fragmentlength polymorphism; Genetic markers
Abstract:  We investigated the size of flanking DNAincorporated into the tobacco plastid genome alongside aselectable antibiotic resistance mutation. The results showedthat integration of a long uninterrupted region of homologousDNA, rather than of small fragments as previously thought, isthe more likely event in plastid transformation of landplants. Transforming plasmid pJS75 contains a 6.2-kb DNAfragment from the inverted repeat region of the tobaccoplastid genome. A spectinomycin resistance mutation is encodedin the gene of the 16S rRNA and, 3.2 kb away, a streptomycinresistance mutation is encoded in exon II of the ribosomalprotein gene rps12. Transplastomic lines were obtained afterintroduction of pJS75 DNA into leaf cells by the biolisticprocess and selection for the spectinomycin resistance marker.Homologous replacement of resident wild-type sequencesresulted in integration of all, or almost all, of the 6.2-kbplastid DNA sequence from pJS75. Plasmid pJS75, which containsengineered cloning sites between two selectable markers, canbe used as a plastid insertion vector.
133                               NAL Call. No.: TP248.2.A77Majors shift in FDA regulation.Stamford, Conn. : Business Communications Co., Inc; 1992 Jun.Applied genetics news v. 12 (11): p. 5-6; 1992 Jun.
Language:  English
Descriptors: U.S.A.; Fruit; Vegetables; Genetic engineering;Food safety; Regulations
134                                NAL Call. No.: 284.28 W15Make mine bacon, lettuce and (bioengineered) tomato.Whelan, E.New York, N.Y. : Dow Jones; 1992 May29.The Wall Street journal. p. A10; 1992 May29.
Language:  English
Descriptors: U.S.A.; Food safety; Regulations; Geneticengineering; New products; Fruits; Vegetables
135                                  NAL Call. No.: 450 P692Mannityl opine accumulation and exudation by transgenictobacco. Savka, M.A.; Farrand, S.K.Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1992Feb. Plant physiology v. 98 (2): p. 784-789; 1992 Feb. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Transgenics; Pathogenesisrelated proteins; Protein synthesis; Biochemical pathways;Exudates; Quantitative analysis; Genetic regulation
Abstract:  Three genes from the T(R) region of pTi15955 wereintroduced into tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) to direct thesynthesis of the mannityl opines from hexose sugars andglutamine or glutamate. Opines were present in all tissuetypes tested and accumulated to levels of 100 to 150micrograms per milligram dry weight in root, stem, and leaftissues. Opine-producing plants appeared normal with respectto morphology and development. Transgenic plants grown for 60days under sterile autotrophic conditions produced up to 540micrograms of the mannityl opines per milligrams dry weight oftissue as root exudates. Opines were also detected in leaf andseed washes from soil-grown plants.
136                           NAL Call. No.: S494.5.B563B554Methodologies of plant transformation.Webb, K.J.; Morris, P.Wallingford, Oxford, UK : CAB International; 1992.Biotechnology in agriculture v. 7: p. 7-43; 1992.  In theseries analytic: Plant genetic manipulation for cropprotection / edited by A.M.R. Gatehouse, V.A. Hilder andBoulter, D.  Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Seed crops; Genetic transformation; Transgenics;Plant tissues; Protoplasts; Cells; Regenerative ability;Genetic variation; Species differences; Gene transfer; Dna;Methodology; Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Agrobacteriumrhizogenes; Vectors; Plasmids; Gene expression; Inheritance;Reporter genes; Marker genes
137                                  NAL Call. No.: 500 N21PModification of Brassica seed oil by antisense expression of astearoly-acyl carrier protein desaturase gene.Knutzon, D.S.; Thompson, G.A.; Radke, S.E.; Johnson, W.B.;Knauf, V.C.; Kridl, J.C.Washington, D.C. : The Academy; 1992 Apr01.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the UnitedStates of America v. 89 (7): p. 2624-2628; 1992 Apr01. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Brassica campestris; Brassica napus; Geneexpression; Genetic engineering; Lipid metabolism; Moleculargenetics; Rapeseed oil; Saturated fatty acids; Biosynthesis
Abstract:  Molecular gene transfer techniques have been usedto engineer the fatty acid composition of Brassica rapa andBrassica napus (canola) oil. Stearoyl-acyl carrier protein(stearoyl-ACP) desaturase (EC 1.14.99.6) catalyzes the firstdesaturation step in seed oil biosynthesis, convertingstearoyl-ACP to oleoyl-ACP. Seed-specific antisense geneconstructs of B. rapa stearoyl-ACP desaturase were used toreduce the protein concentration and enzyme activity ofstearoyl-ACP desaturase in developing rapeseed embryos duringstorage lipid biosynthesis. The resulting transgenic plantsshowed dramatically increased stearate levels in the seeds. Acontinuous distribution of stearate levels from 2% to 40% wasobserved in seeds of a transgenic B. napus plant, illustratingthe potential to engineer specialized seed oil compositions.
138                                   NAL Call. No.: 472 N42Modified wheat paves the way to bumper harvest.Coghlan, A.London, Eng. : New Science Publications; 1992 Jul27.New scientist v. 134 (1827): p. 19; 1992 Jul27.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Florida; Triticum aestivum; Genetic engineering;Herbicide resistance
139                                 NAL Call. No.: TA166.T72Modifying oilseed crops for non-edible products.Murphy, D.J.New York, N.Y. : Elsevier Science Publishing Co; 1992 Mar.Trends in biotechnology v. 10 (3): p. 84-87; 1992 Mar. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Oilseed plants; Selection criteria; Non-foodproducts; Industrial crops; Plant breeding methods; Geneticengineering; Genetic control; Molecular genetics; Enzymeactivity
140                                 NAL Call. No.: TX543.F66Molecular strategies to improve protein quality and reduceflatulence in legumes: a review.De Lumen, B.O.Chicago, Ill. : Scanning Microscopy International; 1992.Food structure v. 11 (1): p. 33-46; 1992.  Literature review. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Legumes; Improvement; Protein quality;Flatulence; Genetic engineering; Literature reviews
141                               NAL Call. No.: QL391.N4J62Molecular transfer of nematode resistance genes.Williamson, V.M.; Ho, J.Y.; Ma, H.M.Lake Alfred, Fla. : Society of Nematologists; 1992 Jun.Journal of nematology v. 24 (2): p. 234-241; 1992 Jun. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Lycopersicon esculentum; Meloidogyne; Pestresistance; Transgenics; Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Dna;Genes; Cloning
Abstract:  Recombinant DNA techniques have been used tointroduce agronomically valuable traits, including resistanceto viruses, herbicides, and insects, into crop plants.Introduction of these genes into plants frequently involvesAgrobacterium-mediated gene transfer. The potential exists forapplying this technology to nematode control by introducinggenes conferring resistance to nematodes. Transferred genescould include those encoding products detrimental to nematodedevelopment or reproduction as well as cloned host resistancegenes. Host genes that confer resistance to cyst or root-knotnematode species have been identified in many plants. The bestcharacterized is Mi, a gene that confers resistance to rootknot nematodes in tomato. A map-based cloning approach isbeing used to isolate the gene. For development of a detailedmap of the region of the genome surrounding Mi, DNA markersgenetically linked to Mi have been identified and analyzed intomato lines that have undergone a recombination event nearMi. The molecular map will be used to identify DNAcorresponding to Mi. We estimate that a clone of Mi will beobtained in 2-5 years. An exciting prospect is thatintroduction of this gene will confer resistance in plantspecies without currently available sources of resistance.
142                                NAL Call. No.: 284.28 W15Monsanto can boost starch in crops to aid industries.Bishop, J.E.New York, N.Y. : Dow Jones; 1992 Oct09.The Wall Street journal. p. B6; 1992 Oct09.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Zea mays; Starch; Ethanol production; Geneticengineering
143                                    NAL Call. No.: A00035Monsanto researcher genetically engineers higher starchpotato. Summit, N.J. : CTB International Pub. Co; 1992 Sep04.Biotechnology news v. 12 (22): p. 6; 1992 Sep04.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Solanum tuberosum; Genetic engineering; Starch
144                                 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z34Multiple resistance to sulfonylureas and imidazolinonesconferred by an acetohydroxyacid synthase gene with separatemutations for selective resistance.Hattori, J.; Rutledge, R.; Labbe, H.; Brown, D.; Sunohara, G.;Miki, B. Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992 Mar.M G G : Molecular and general genetics v. 232 (2): p. 167-173;1992 Mar. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Arabidopsis thaliana; Nicotiana tabacum; Genetictransformation; Transgenics; Genes; Oxo-acid-lyases; Alleles;Mutants; Herbicide resistance; Chlorsulfuron; Imidazolinoneherbicides; Nucleotide sequences; Enzyme activity; Amino acidsequences; Induced mutations
Abstract:  The acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) gene from theArabidopsis thaliana mutant line GH90 carrying theimidazolinone resistance allele imr1 was cloned. Expression ofthe AHAS gene under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter intransgenic tobacco resulted in selective imidazolinoneresistance, confirming that the single base-pair change foundnear the 3' end of the coding region of this gene isresponsible for imidazolinone resistance. A chimeric AHAS genecontaining both the imr1 mutation and the csr1 mutation,responsible for selective resistance to sulfonylureaherbicides, was constructed. It conferred on transgenictobacco plants resistance to both sulfonylurea andimidazolinone herbicides. The data illustrate that a multipleresistance phenotype can be achieved in an AHAS gene throughcombinations of separate mutations, each of which individuallyconfers resistance to only one class of herbicides.
145                                NAL Call. No.: QK725.P532 Amutant lectin gene is rescued from an insertion element thatblocks its expression.Okamuro, J.K.; Goldberg, R.B.Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1992Sep. The Plant cell v. 4 (9): p. 1141-1146; 1992 Sep. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Glycine max; Nicotiana tabacum; Structural genes;Lectins; Alleles; Mutations; Genetic regulation; Geneexpression; Transcription; Controlling elements; Genetictransformation; Transgenics; Promoters; Embryogenesis
Abstract:  The soybean lectin gene Le1 encodes a prevalentseed protein and is highly regulated during the life cycle.The mutant lectin gene allele le1 is not transcribeddetectably, contains a 3.5-kb Tgm1 insertion element withinits coding region 0.6 kb 3' to the transcription start site,and leads to a lectinless phenotype. To determine whether theTgm1 element or a secondary mutation was responsible forrepressing le1 gene transcription, we eliminated the insertionelement by constructing a chimeric lectin gene (le1/Le1) thatcontained the 5' half of the le1 gene and its promoter regionand the 3' half of the wild-type Le1 gene. Transformed tobaccoseed containing the le1/Le1 gene produced both lectin mRNA andprotein, demonstrating that the mutant lectin gene controlregion is transcriptionally competent. By contrast,transformed seed containing the le1 gene produced nodetectable lectin mRNA. We conclude that the absence ofdetectable transcription from the le1 gene is due totranscriptional inhibition by the Tgm1 insertion element andthat this element acts at a distance to block transcriptionfrom an upstream promoter region.
146                              NAL Call. No.: TP248.13.B54Mycogen to team with Agrigenetics, research bug-prooftransgenic plants. New York : McGraw-Hill :.; 1992 May04.Biotechnology newswatch v. 12 (9): p. 1, 3; 1992 May04.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Zea mays; Gossypium hirsutum; Geneticengineering; Disease resistance; Bacillus thuringiensis
147                           NAL Call. No.: SB123.S942 1991New enthusiasm for microbial products?.Brill, W.J.Wallingford, UK : C.A.B. International; 1992.Plant breeding in the 1990s : proceedings of the Symposium onPlant Breeding in the 1990s, held at North Carolina StateUniversity, Raleigh, NC, March 1991 / edited by H.T. Stalkerand J.P. Murphy. p. 427-435; 1992.  Literature review. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Plant breeding; Microbial activities;Agricultural products; Inoculum; Symbiosis; Geneticengineering; Literature reviews
148                                NAL Call. No.: 284.28 W15New policy eases market path for bioengineered foods.Ingersoll, B.New York, N.Y. : Dow Jones; 1992 May26.The Wall Street journal. p. B1, B6; 1992 May26.
Language:  English
Descriptors: U.S.A.; Food safety; Regulations; Geneticengineering; New products; Fruits; Vegetables
149                                NAL Call. No.: 442.8 AN72New technology for cropping systems.Milbourn, G.Warwick : Association of Applied Biologists; 1992 Feb.Annals of applied biology v. 120 (2): p. 189-195; 1992 Feb. Address of the President of the Association of AppliedBiologists at a meeting held September 17-18, 1991, Universityof York.  Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Uk; Crop production; Biotechnology; Geneticengineering; Expert systems; Imagery; Remote sensing
150                                NAL Call. No.: 286.8 N488No evidence of danger.Nettleton, J.; Harlander, S.; Dibner, M.New York, N.Y. : H.J. Raymond & Co. :.; 1992 Jun16.The New York times. p. A14; 1992 Jun16.
Language:  English
Descriptors: U.S.A.; Lycopersicon esculentum; Geneticengineering; Food safety; Regulations
151                                NAL Call. No.: QK725.P532 Anovel circadian phenotype based on firefly luciferaseexpression in transgenic plants.Millar, A.J.; Short, S.R.; Chua, N.H.; Kay, S.A.Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1992Sep. The Plant cell v. 4 (9): p. 1075-1087; 1992 Sep. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Arabidopsis thaliana; Promoters; Chlorophyll a/bbinding protein; Luciferase; Reporter genes; Recombinant  DNA;Gene expression; Genetic regulation; Messenger  RNA; Spatialdistribution; Temporal variation; Transcription; Circadianrhythm; Phytochrome; Luminescence
Abstract:  A 320-bp fragment of the Arabidopsis cab2 promoteris sufficient to mediate transcriptional regulation by bothphytochrome and the circadian clock. We fused this promoterfragment to the firefly luciferase (Luc) gene to create areal-time reporter for regulated gene expression in intactplants. Cab2::Luc transcript accumulated in the expectedpatterns and luciferase activity was closely correlated tocab2::Luc mRNA abundance in both etiolated and greenseedlings. The concentration of the bulk of luciferase proteindid not reflect these patterns but maintained a relativelyconstant level, implying that a post-translationalmechanism(s) leads to the high-amplitude regulation ofluciferase activity. We used a low-light video imaging systemto establish that luciferase bioluminescence in vivoaccurately reports the temporal and spatial regulation of cab2transcription in single seedlings. The unique qualities of thefirefly luciferase system allowed us to monitor regulated geneexpression in real time in individual multicellular organisms.This noninvasive marker for temporal regulation at themolecular level constitutes a circadian phenotype, which maybe used to isolate mutants in the circadian clock.
152                                  NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z8Outcrossing and hybridization in wild and cultivated foxtailmillets: consequences for the release of transgenic crops.Till-Bottraud, I.; Reboud, X.; Brabant, P.; Lefranc, M.;Rherissi, B.; Vedel, F.; Darmency, H.Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992.Theoretical and applied genetics v. 83 (8): p. 940-946; 1992. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Setaria viridis; Setaria italica; Setariaverticillata; Setaria (gramineae); Interspecifichybridization; Outcrossing; Chloroplast genetics; Dna;Restriction mapping; Chloroplasts; Wild plants; Transgenics;Gene flow; Genetic contamination; Risk; Cultivars; Segregation
Abstract:  Outcrossing rates within the wild green foxtail,Setaria viridis, and the cultivated foxtail millet, S.italica, are very low. However, spontaneous interspecifichybridizations in the experimental garden occurred in bothdirections at rates ranging from 0.002% to 0.6% according toplant density and distance between parents. Offtypes found infarmers' fields where foxtail millet is cultivated were shownto have originated from such interspecific crosses.Differences in the EcoR1 patterns of chloroplast DNA betweencultivated and wild plants indicated that reciprocal crossesdo occur in the field. These findings indicate that even alargely selfing cultivated species may exchange geneticinformation with wild relatives at rates that may causeproblems if transgenic cultivars are released.
153                                 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62Particle bombardment-mediated transient expression of a Brazilnut methionine-rich albumin in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).Aragao, F.J.L.; Grossi de Sa, M.F.; Almeida, E.R.; Gander,E.S.; Rech, E.L. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992Oct.Plant molecular biology : an international journal onmolecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 20(2): p. 357-359; 1992 Oct. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Phaseolus vulgaris; Bertholletia excelsa; Genetictransformation; Direct  DNAuptake; Gene transfer; Transgenics;Albumins; Structural genes; Gene expression; Plant embryos;Methionine
Abstract:  Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) mature embryos weretransformed using biolistic methods with a plasmid containing2S albumin and beta-glucuronidase structural sequences, bothunder the control of the 35S CaMV promoter. We have shown thatchimaeric tissues could be obtained and that both structuralsequences were expressed to similar levels.
154                               NAL Call. No.: SB732.6.M65Pathogen-derived resistance to a potyvirus: immune andresistant phenotypes in transgenic tobacco expressiong alteredforms of a potyvirus coat protein nucleotide sequence.Lindbo, J.A.; Dougherty, W.G.St. Paul, Minn. : APS Press; 1992 Mar.Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI v. 5 (2): p.144-153; 1992 Mar. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Lines; Transgenics; Tobaccoetch potyvirus; Coat proteins; Nucleotide sequences; Inducedresistance; Disease resistance; Gene transfer; Geneexpression; Phenotypes
155                                 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P68Pattern of somatic transposition in a high copy Ac tomatoline. Belzile, F.; Yoder, J.I.Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publishers and BIOS ScientificPublishers; 1992 Mar.The plant journal v. 2 (2): p. 173-179; 1992 Mar.  Includesreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Lycopersicon esculentum; Zea mays; Gene transfer;Transgenics; Transposable elements; Genome analysis; Dna
156                                NAL Call. No.: QH442.G456PCR increasingly employed in agricultural and veterinarybiotechnology. Fox, S.New York, N.Y. : Mary Ann Liebert; 1992 Jun01.Genetic engineering news v. 12 (9): p. 6, 7, 9; 1992 Jun01.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Polymerase chain reaction; Plant pests; Plantpathogens; Plant diseases; Animal diseases; Diagnosis; Geneticengineering; Plant breeding; Animal breeding; Biotechnology
157                                 NAL Call. No.: R856.A4B5Permits for rDNA tests issued.San Francisco, Calif. : Deborah J. Mysiewicz; 1992 May08.BioEngineering news v. 13 (18): p. 2; 1992 May08.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Field tests; Transgenics; Usda
158                                  NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z8Phosphodiesterase activities in transgenic tobacco plantsassociated with the movement protein of tobacco mosaic virus.Perl, M.; Gafni, R.; Beachy, R.N.Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992.Theoretical and applied genetics v. 84 ( 5/6): p. 730-734;1992.  Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Tobacco mosaic tobamovirus;Transgenics; Genetic transformation; Gene expression; Viralproteins; Structural genes; Phosphoric diester hydrolases;Enzyme activity; Leaves; Phosphodiesterase i
Abstract:  Hydrolytic activities of leaf extracts from normaland transgenic plants, with (+MP) and without (-MP) themovement protein of tobacco mosaic virus, were examined. Inthe +MP transgenic plants, as compared with non-transgenic and-MP plants, higher hydrolytic activities were found on thefollowing substrates: bis-(nitrophenyl)-phosphate (BPNPP,phosphodiesterase), p-nitrophenyl-(phenyl)-phosphate (PNPPP,nucleotide phosphodiesterase) and thymidine-3'-monophosphatep-nitrophenyl ester (T3MPP; 3' nucleotide phosphodiesterase.)The +MP plant lines, as compared with other transgenic plants,exhibited higher nucleotide-phosphodiesterase activity in thesoluble as well as in the membrane fraction. Substrateconcentration kinetic studies revealed the presence of anucleotide-phospho-diesterase with a high substrate affinityin the +MP extracts in addition to the enzyme with arelatively low substrate affinity present also in the -MPtransgenic plants. This "high affinity" enzyme could beremoved from the soluble fraction by precipitation with antiMP serum, indicating its possible association with themovement protein.
159                            NAL Call. No.: QK728.P52 1992Plant biotechnology and development.Gresshoff, Peter M.,Boca Raton : CRC Press,; 1992.171 p. : ill. ; 28 cm. (A CRC series of current topics inplant molecular biology).  Includes bibliographical referencesand index.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Plant molecular biology; Plant biotechnology;Plants; Amino acid sequence
160                      NAL Call. No.: TP248.27.P55P53 1991Plant biotechnology comprehensive biotechnology, secondsupplement., 1st ed.. Fowler, Michael W.; Warren,Graham,_1952-; Moo-Young, Murray Oxford ; New York : PergamonPress,; 1992.xx, 367 p. : ill. ; 28 cm.  Includes bibliographicalreferences and index.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Plant biotechnology
161                           NAL Call. No.: SB123.S942 1991Plant breeding perspectives for the 1990s.Frey, K.J.Wallingford, UK : C.A.B. International; 1992.Plant breeding in the 1990s : proceedings of the Symposium onPlant Breeding in the 1990s, held at North Carolina StateUniversity, Raleigh, NC, March 1991 / edited by H.T. Stalkerand J.P. Murphy. p. 1-13; 1992.  Literature review. Includesreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: U.S.A.; Plant breeding; Breeding programs;Biotechnology; Cultivars; Literature reviews
162                           NAL Call. No.: S494.5.B563B554Plant genetic manipulation for crop protection: introduction.Hilder, V.A.; Boulter, D.; Gatehouse, A.M.R.Wallingford, Oxford, UK : CAB International; 1992.Biotechnology in agriculture v. 7: p. 1-5; 1992.  In theseries analytic: Plant genetic manipulation for cropprotection / edited by A.M.R. Gatehouse, V.A. Hilder andBoulter, D.  Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Crop production; Plant protection; Geneticengineering; Food production
163                                 NAL Call. No.: TA166.T72Plant molecular biology--moving towards application.Rochaix, J.D.New York, N.Y. : Elsevier Science Publishing Co; 1992 Mar.Trends in biotechnology v. 10 (3): p. 78-79; 1992 Mar.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Plants; Molecular biology; Genetic engineering;Chloroplast genetics; Genomes; Rna editing; Flowers; Plantdevelopment; Genetic control; Biotechnology; Achievement
164                                 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62 Aplant signal sequence enhances the secretion of bacterial ChiAin transgenic tobacco.Lund, P.; Dunsmuir, P.Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992 Jan.Plant molecular biology : an international journal onmolecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 18(1): p. 47-53; 1992 Jan.  Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Serratia marcescens; Genetictransformation; Transgenics; Bacterial proteins; Chitinase;Genes; Pathogenesis-related proteins; Gene expression; Proteinsecretion; Protoplasts; Cell suspensions; Amino acidsequences; Chemical reactions
Abstract:  When the secreted bacterial protein ChiA isexpressed in transgenic tobacco, a fraction of the protein isglycosylated and secreted from the plant cells; however mostof the protein remains inside the cells. We tested whether theefficiency of secretion could be improved by replacing thebacterial signal sequence with a plant signal sequence. Wefound the signal sequence and the first two amino acids of thePR1b protein attached to the ChiA mature protein directscomplete glycosylation and secretion of the ChiA from plantcells. Glycosylation of this protein is not required for itsefficient secretion from plant cells.
165                                  NAL Call. No.: 500 N21PPlants transformed with a region of the 201-kilodaltonreplicase gene from pea early browning virus RNA1 areresistant to virus infection. MacFarlane, S.A.; Davies, J.W.Washington, D.C. : The Academy; 1992 Jul01.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the UnitedStates of America v. 89 (13): p. 5829-5833; 1992 Jul01. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Nicotiana; Amino acids; Genetic code; Genetictransformation; Genetic resistance; Nucleotide sequences; Peaearly-browning tobravirus; Plant viruses; Transgenics
Abstract:  The 3' proximal portion of the gene encoding the201-kDa putative replicase protein from the Tobravirus peaearly browning virus (PEBV) can potentially be expressedseparately as a 54-kDa protein. Nicotiana benthamiana plantstransformed with the open reading frame (ORF) encoding the 54-kDa protein, designated 54K ORF, were resistant to infectionby purified PEBV at inoculum doses of up to 1 mg/ml, thehighest concentration tested. However, resistance wasabolished by the introduction into the 54K ORF of mutationsthat would cause premature termination of translation. Thissuggests that the resistance mechanism requires theinvolvement of an intact 54-kDa protein. The 54K ORFtransformed plants were also resistant to infection by broadbean yellow band virus and an uncharacterized isolate ofBritish PEBV (PGRO R) but were not resistant to infection bytwo other tobraviruses, pepper ringspot virus and the I6isolate of tobacco rattle virus. Additionally, two variants ofPEBV which overcame 54K ORF-mediated resistance have beenisolated, the analysis of which might provide importantinformation about both the resistance mechanism itself and theprocess of normal virus replication.
166                                 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62Plant-transposable elements and gene tagging.Gierl, A.; Saedler, H.Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992 May.Plant molecular biology : an international journal onmolecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 19(1): p. 39-49; 1992 May. Literature review.  Includesreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Zea mays; Plants; Transposable elements;Insertional mutagenesis; Genetic engineering; Genes;Isolation; Targeted mutagenesis; Literature reviews
167                           NAL Call. No.: S494.5.B563B554Potential of plant-derived genes in the genetic manipulationof crops for insect resistance.Gatehouse, A.M.R.; Boulter, D.; Hilder, V.A.Wallingford, Oxford, UK : CAB International; 1992.Biotechnology in agriculture v. 7: p. 155-181; 1992.  In theseries analytic: Plant genetic manipulation for cropprotection / edited by A.M.R. Gatehouse, V.A. Hilder andBoulter, D.  Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Crops; Plant protection; Insect pests; Pestresistance; Transgenics; Secondary metabolites; Enzymeinhibitors; Lectins; Plant proteins; Insecticidal action;Genes; Genetic transformation; Vectors; Gene expression;Varietal resistance; Gene transfer
168                           NAL Call. No.: S494.5.B563B554Potential of secondary metabolites in genetic engineering ofcrops for resistance.Hallahan, D.L.; Pickett, J.A.; Wadhams, L.J.; Wallsgrove,R.M.; Woodcock, C.M. Wallingford, Oxford, UK : CABInternational; 1992.Biotechnology in agriculture v. 7: p. 215-248; 1992.  In theseries analytic: Plant genetic manipulation for cropprotection / edited by A.M.R. Gatehouse, V.A. Hilder andBoulter, D.  Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Crops; Varietal resistance; Secondarymetabolites; Defense mechanisms; Chemical ecology; Geneticengineering; Genetic transformation; Biochemical pathways;Biocides; Toxic substances; Semiochemicals
169                                   NAL Call. No.: 80 AC82Practical regulation of woody plant growth and developmentusing biotechnology.Preece, J.E.Wageningen : International Society for Horticultural Science;1992 Jan. Acta horticulturae (300): p. 23-33; 1992 Jan.  Inthe series analytic: In vitro culture / edited by C. Damiano,P.E. Read, J.E. Preece, et. al. Proceedings of the 23rdInternational Horticultural Congress, August 30, 1990,Florence, Italy.  Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Ornamental woody plants; Micropropagation; Shootcuttings; Rooting; Rooting capacity; Somaclonal variation;Biotechnology; Genetic engineering; Genes; Plant growthregulators; Biosynthesis
170                                NAL Call. No.: QK725.P532Premature dissolution of the microsporocyte callose wallcauses male sterility in transgenic tobacco.Worrall, D.; Hird, D.L.; Hodge, R.; Paul, W.; Draper, J.;Scott, R. Rockville, Md. : American Society of PlantPhysiologists; 1992 Jul. The Plant cell v. 4 (7): p. 759-771;1992 Jul.  Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Petunia; Pollen; Cell walls;Callose; Hydrolysis; Beta-glucanase; Male sterility;Transgenics; Genetic transformation; Cell wall components;Plant; Anthers; Enzyme activity; Promoters; Meiosis
Abstract:  Male sterility in a petunia cytoplasmic malesterile line has been attributed to the early appearance ofactive callase, a beta-1,3-glucanase, in the anther locule.This leads to premature dissolution of the callose wallssurrounding the microsporogenous cells. We have mimicked thisaspect of the petunia line in transgenic tobacco byengineering the secretion of a modified pathogenesis-relatedvacuolar beta-1,3-glucanase from the tapetum prior to theappearance of callase activity in the locule. Plantsexpressing the modified glucanase from tapetum-specificpromoters exhibited reduced male fertility, ranging fromcomplete to partial male sterility. Callose appearance anddistribution are normal in the male sterile transgenic plantsup to prophase I, whereupon callose is prematurely degraded.Meiosis and cell division occur normally. The resultantmicrospores have an abnormally thin cell wall that lackssculpturing. The tapetum shows hypertrophy. Male sterility isprobably caused by bursting of the aberrant microspores at atime corresponding to microspore release. These resultsdemonstrate that premature callose degradation is sufficientto cause male sterility and suggest that callose is essentialfor the formation of a normal microspore cell wall.
171                                  NAL Call. No.: QH442.B5Production of active Bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase intobacco and its application in starch liquefaction.Pen, J.; Molendijk, L.; Quax, W.J.; Sijmons, P.C.; Ooyen,A.J.J. van; Elzen, P.J.M. van den; Rietveld, K.; Hoekema, A.New York, N.Y. : Nature Publishing Company; 1992 Mar.Bio/technology v. 10 (3): p. 292-296; 1992 Mar.  Includesreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Bacillus licheniformis;Transgenics; Genetic transformation; Alpha-amylase; Structuralgenes; Gene expression; Seeds; Enzyme activity; Starch;Hydrolysis; Industrial applications; Starch industry; Foodindustry; Potato starch; Maize starch
172                                  NAL Call. No.: QH442.B5Production of the sweet protein monellin in transgenic plants.Penarrubia, L.; Kim , R.; Giovannoni, J.; Kim, S.H.; Fischer,R.L. New York, N.Y. : Nature Publishing Company; 1992 May.Bio/technology v. 10 (5): p. 561-564; 1992 May.  Includesreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii; Lycopersiconesculentum; Lactuca sativa; Genetic transformation;Transgenics; Synthetic genes; Plant proteins; Sweet tastingcompounds; Recombinant  DNA; Promoters; Cauliflower mosaiccaulimovirus; Ripening; Gene transfer; Gene expression;Fruits; Leaves; Genetic regulation; Ethylene
173                                 NAL Call. No.: TA166.T72Progress in cytokinin research.Kaminek, M.New York, N.Y. : Elsevier Science Publishing Co; 1992 May.Trends in biotechnology v. 10 (5): p. 159-164; 1992 May. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Cytokinins; Biology; Effects; Formation; Transfer RNA; Metabolism; Oxidoreductases; Transgenics; Geneticengineering; Secondary metabolites; Biotechnology
Abstract:  The progress of plant biotechnology has stimulatedresearch on the plant hormones called cytokinins and viceversa. Cytokinins affect plant development, the response ofplants to various environmental stresses and otherphysiological processes of agricultural importance. Advancesin the understanding of cytokinin metabolism, together withthe availability of cloned cytokinin genes, may permit cropimprovements through modulation of cytokinin expression inplant tissues.
174                                NAL Call. No.: QK725.P532Promoter fusions to the activator transposase gene causedistinct patterns of Dissociation excision in tobaccocotyledons.Scofield, S.R.; Harrison, K.; Nurrish, S.J.; Jones, J.D.G.Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1992May. The Plant cell v. 4 (5): p. 573-582; 1992 May.  Includesreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Zea mays; Nicotiana tabacum; Transposableelements; Structural genes; Deoxyribonuclease i; Recombinant DNA; Promoters; Cauliflower mosaic caulimovirus; Agrobacteriumtumefaciens; Ligases; Nopaline; Octopine; Transgenics; Genetictransformation; Gene expression; Messenger  RNA; Geneticchange; Insertional mutagenesis; Variegation; Cotyledons;Somatic mutations
Abstract:  To explore the effects of altering the level ofActivator (Ac) transposase (TPase) expression, a series ofplasmids was constructed in which heterologous promoters werefused to the TPase gene. Promoters for the cauliflower mosaicvirus (CaMV) 35S transcript and the octopine synthase (ocs)and nopaline synthase (nos) genes were tested. These fusions,and constructs expressing TPase from the wild-type Acpromoter, were introduced into tobacco, and their activity wasmonitored by crossing to a line carrying Dissociation (Ds) ina streptomycin phosphotransferase gene (Ds::SPT). The SPTmarker provides a record of somatic excisions of Ds that occurduring embryo development. The patterns of somatic variegationthat resulted from transactivation by each fusion weredistinct and strikingly different from the pattern triggeredby the wild-type Ac constructs. Unlike wild-type Ac, whichcaused transposition throughout embryo development, eachfusion gave rise to sectors of discrete size. Sectorstriggered by the CaMV 35S fusion were largest, ocs sectorswere intermediate, and nos were smallest. These patternsappear to indicate differential timing of the activation ofthese promoters during embryogeny. Measurement of transcriptabundance for each transformant indicated that the CaMV 35Stransformed plants accumulated approximately 1000-fold moreTPase mRNA than plants containing wild-type Ac, whereas ocsand nos-transformed lines accumulated about 100-fold and 20-fold higher levels, respectively. Measurements of germinalexcision frequencies driven by the chimeric TPase fusions,however, indicated that increasing transcription does notnecessarily result in an increase in germinal excision. Thesemeasurements showed that the ocs and nos fusions have very lowrates of germinal excision. Only the CaMV 36S fusiontransformants were found to have higher rates than the Acconstructs, although significant pod-to-pod variation wasobserved. Gel blot analysis of DNA from progeny
175                           NAL Call. No.: S494.5.B563B554Promoting crop protection by genetic engineering andconventional plant breeding: problems and prospects.Woolhouse, H.W.Wallingford, Oxford, UK : CAB International; 1992.Biotechnology in agriculture v. 7: p. 249-256; 1992.  In theseries analytic: Plant genetic manipulation for cropprotection / edited by A.M.R. Gatehouse, V.A. Hilder andBoulter, D.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Crops; Genetic engineering; Genetic improvement;Plant breeding; Defense mechanisms; Insect control; Varietalresistance; Plant viruses; Herbicide resistance; Mixedcropping; Gene mapping; Breeding programs
176                                  NAL Call. No.: Q320.B56Propagation of foreign DNA in plants using cauliflower mosaicvirus as vector. Gronenborn, B.; Gardner, R.C.; Schaefer, S.;Shepherd, R.J. Stoneham, Mass. : Butterworth Publishers; 1992.Biotechnology (24): p. 371-373; 1992.  In the series analytic:Milestones in biotechnology: Classic papers on geneticengineering / edited by J. Davies and W.S. Reznikoff. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Brassica campestris; Cauliflower mosaiccaulimovirus; Genetics; Vectors; Dna; Propagation; Geneticengineering
177                                NAL Call. No.: 442.8 IN82Properties and uses of photoautotrophic plant cell cultures.Widholm, J.M.San Diego, Calif. : Academic Press; 1992.International review of cytology v. 132: p. 109-175; 1992. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Plants; Cell cultures; Growth; Photosynthesis;Cell differentiation; Metabolism; Molecular biology; Geneticengineering; Herbicide resistance
178                                    NAL Call. No.: A00035Proposed rDNA plant and bacteria field tests.Summit, N.J. : CTB International Pub. Co; 1992 Sep25.Biotechnology news v. 12 (24): p. 8; 1992 Sep25.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Crops; Genetic engineering; Field tests
179                                 NAL Call. No.: 464.8 P56Protection of transgenic plants expressing the coat proteingene of watermelon mosaic virus II or zucchini yellow mosaicvirus against six potyviruses. Namba, S.; Ling, K.; Gonsalves,C.; Slightom, J.L.; Gonsalves, D. St. Paul, Minn. : AmericanPhytopathological Society; 1992 Sep. Phytopathology v. 82 (9):p. 940-946; 1992 Sep.  Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Nicotiana; Watermelon mosaic virus 2; Zucchiniyellow mosaic potyvirus; Disease resistance; Agrobacteriumtumefaciens; Genetic transformation; Transgenics; Geneexpression; Symptoms; Pathogenicity; Bean yellow mosaicpotyvirus; Plant viruses; Potato y potyvirus; Clover yellowvein potyvirus; Pepper mottle virus; Tobacco etch potyvirus
Abstract:  The coat protein (CP) genes of watermelon mosaicvirus II (WMV II) and zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) wereengineered for expression in plant tissues and subsequentlytransferred into Nicotiana benthamiana by Agrobacteriumtumefaciens. Transgenic N. benthamiana plants expressing theCP gene of WMV II or ZYMV showed protection against symptomdevelopment when inoculated with WMV II and six otherpotyviruses: bean yellow mosaic (BYMV), potato Y (PVY), peamosaic (PeaMV), clover yellow vein (CYVV), pepper mottle(PeMV), and tobacco etch (TEV). The level of protectiondepended on the challenge virus and the inoculum strength,with the best protection being against the lower inoculumdose. Overall, transgenic plants that expressed WMV II or ZYMVCP genes showed highest resistance to WMV II, followed byCYVV; then the group of BYMV, TEV and PeMV; and then PVY andPeaMV. Transgenic plants expressing the WMV II CP genegenerally showed better protection against these potyvirusesthan those expressing the ZYMV CP gene. Given this and otherreports, it appears that transgenic plants that express apotyvirus CP gene will show at least a noticeable level ofprotection against symptom development when challenged byother potyviruses.
180                                NAL Call. No.: 286.8 N488Protests grow ripe as science proclaims improved tomatoes.O'Neill, M.New York, N.Y. : H.J. Raymond & Co. :.; 1992 Aug05.The New York times. p. B1, B5; 1992 Aug05.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Lycopersicon esculentum; Genetic engineering;Ripening
181                                    NAL Call. No.: A00035PTO to re-examine antisense tomato gene patent.Summit, N.J. : CTB International Pub. Co; 1992 Jul23.Biotechnology news v. 12 (18): p. 5-6; 1992 Jul23.
Language:  English
Descriptors: U.S.A.; Lycopersicon esculentum; Geneticengineering; Patents
182                      NAL Call. No.: TP248.27.P55R43 1992Recent advances in plant and microbial biotechnology..  Plantand Microbial biotechnologyAgricultural and Food Research Council (Great Britain)England : Agricultural and Food Research Council, [1992?];1992. 25 p. : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm.  Cover title.  "Thispublication has been produced by the Agricultural and FoodResearch Council, jointly with the National Centre forBiotechnology Education"--P. [2] of cover.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Plant biotechnology; Microbial biotechnology
183                                   NAL Call. No.: 381 AR2Recombinant ricin B chain fragments containing a singlegalactose binding site retain lectin activity.Wales, R.; Richardson, P.T.; Roberts, L.M.; Lord, J.M.Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1992 Apr.Archives of biochemistry and biophysics v. 294 (1): p.291-296; 1992 Apr. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Ricin; Galactose; Binding site; Geneticengineering; Mutations
Abstract:  Ricin B chain is an N-glycosylated galactosespecific lectin. Examination of the amino acid sequence of theprotein has shown it to be the product of a series of geneduplication events based on an original galactose bindingpeptide. The X-ray crystallographic structure of the proteinreveals that it consists of two globular domains, eachcomposed of three smaller subdomains. In each globular domainonly one of the three subdomains has retained its ability tobind galactose. Through DNA manipulation we have created aseries of fusions of portions of ricin B chain, each carryingonly one galactose binding site, to the ricin signal sequence.Transcripts synthesized in vitro using SP6 RNA polymerase wereinjected into Xenopus oocytes where the recombinant proteinswere produced in a mature form. The products were shown to beN-glycosylated and produced in a soluble stable form. Also,they retained the ability to bind galactose. Preliminaryexperiments on the reassociation of these ricin B chainfragments with ricin A chain to create a modified holotoxinwere also carried out.
184                                  NAL Call. No.: 450 P692Reduction of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenasecontent by antisense RNA reduces photosynthesis in transgenictobacco plants. Hudson, G.S.; Evans, J.R.; Von Caemmerer, S.;Arvidsson, Y.B.C.; Andrews, T.J. Rockville, Md. : AmericanSociety of Plant Physiologists; 1992 Jan. Plant physiology v.98 (1): p. 294-302; 1992 Jan.  Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Transgenics; Photosynthesis;Ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase; Enzyme activity; Antisense RNA; Genetic transformation
Abstract:  A complementary DNA for the small subunit ofribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) wascloned from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and fused in theantisense orientation to the cauliflower mosaic virus 35Spromoter. This antisense gene was introduced into the tobaccogenome, and the resulting transgenic plants were analyzed toassess the effect of the antisense RNA on Rubisco activity andphotosynthesis. The mean content of extractable Rubiscoactivity from the leaves of 10 antisense plants was 18% of themean level of activity of control plants. The soluble proteincontent of the leaves of anti-small subunit plants was reducedby the amount equivalent to the reduction in Rubisco. Therewas little change in phosphoribulokinase activity, electrontransport, and chlorophyll content, indicating that the lossof Rubisco did not affect these other components ofphotosynthesis. However, there was a significant reduction incarbonic anhydrase activity. The rate of CO2 assimilationmeasured at 1000 micromoles quanta per square meter persecond, 350 microbars CO2, and 25 degrees C was reduced by 63%(mean value) in the antisense plants and was limited byRubisco activity over a wide range of intercellular CO2partial pressures (pi). In control leaves, Rubisco activityonly limited the rate of CO2 assimilation below a pi of 400microbars. Despite the decrease in photosynthesis, there wasno reduction in stomatal conductance in the antisense plants,and the stomata still responded to changes in pi. Theunchanged conductance and lower CO2 assimilation resulted in ahigher pi, which was reflected in greater carbon isotopediscrimination in the leaves of the antisense plants. Theseresults suggest that stomatal function is independent of totalleaf Rubisco activity.
185                                 NAL Call. No.: QK725.P54Regeneration of transgenic plants of Prunus armeniacacontaining the coat protein gene of Plum Pox Virus.Camara Machado, M.L. da; Camara Maahado, A. da; Hanzer, V.;Weiss, H.; Regner, F.; Steinkellner, H.; Mattanovich, D.;Plail, R.; Knapp, E.; Kalthoff, B.; Katinger, H.Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992.Plant cell reports v. 11 (1): p. 25-29; 1992.  Includesreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Prunus armeniaca; Agrobacterium tumefaciens;Genetic transformation; Gene transfer; Marker genes; Betaglucuronidase; Transgenics; Plant embryos; Regenerativeability; Plum pox potyvirus; Disease resistance
Abstract:  A system was developed which allows the transfer offoreign genes into apricot cultivars. We report thetransformation and regeneration of Prunus armeniaca plantswith Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA 4404 containingvarious binary plasmids, pBinGUSint, carrying the marker genebeta-glucuronidase (GUS) and pBinPPVm, carrying the coatprotein gene of Plum Pox Virus (PPV). The marker gene GUS wasused for optical evaluation of the efficiency of thetransformation system. The coat protein gene of PPV was usedto introduce coat protein mediated resistance against one ofthe most important pathogens of stone fruit trees in Europeand the whole Mediterranean area. This is the first report ofthe successful integration of a viral coat protein gene into afruit tree species, opening a new perspective on the controlof the disease.
186                           NAL Call. No.: S494.5.B563B554Regeneration, stability and transformation of barley.Karp, A.; Lazzeri, P.A.Wallingford, Oxford, UK : CAB International; 1992.Biotechnology in agriculture (5): p. 549-571; 1992.  In theseries analytic: Barley : genetics, biochemistry, molecularbiology and biotechnology / edited by P.R. Shewry.  Includesreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Hordeum vulgare; Regenerative ability; Cellculture; Cells; Protoplasts; Tissue culture; Plant tissues;Somaclonal variation; Genetic transformation; Geneticengineering; Genetic improvement
187                                  NAL Call. No.: 450 P692Regenertion of transgenic soybean (Glycine Max) plants fromelectroporated protoplasts.Dhir, S.K.; Dhir, S.; Savka, M.A.; Belanger, F.; Kriz, A.L.;Farrand, S.K.; Widholm, J.M.Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1992May. Plant physiology v. 99 (1): p. 81-88; 1992 May.  Includesreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Glycine max; Transgenics; Protoplasts; Callus;Regenerative ability; Genetic transformation; Gene transfer;Gene expression
Abstract:  Transgenic soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) plantswere regenerated from calli derived from protoplastselectroporated with plasmid DNA-carrying genes for aselectable marker, neomycin phosphotransferase (NPTII), underthe control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35-Svedberg unitpromoter, linked with a nonselectable mannityl opine synthesismarker. Following electroporation and culture, the protoplastderived colonies were subjected to kanamycin selection (50micrograms per milliliter) beginning on day 15 for 6 weeks.Approximately, 370 to 460 resistant colonies were recoveredfrom 1 X 10(6) electroporated protoplasts, giving an absolutetransformation frequency of 3.7 to 4.6 X 10(-4). More than 80%of the kanamycin-resistant colonies showed NPTII activity, andabout 90% of these also synthesized opines. This indicatesthat the linked marker genes were co-introduced and coexpressed at a very high frequency. Plants were regeneratedfrom the transformed cell lines. Southern blot analysis of thetransformed callus and leaf DNA demonstrated the integrationof both genes. Single-plant assays performed with differentplant parts showed that both shoot and root tissues expressNPTII activity and accumulate opines. Experiments with NPTIIand mannityl opine synthesis marker genes on separate plasmidsresulted in a co-expression rate of 66%. These resultsindicate that electroporation can be used to introduce bothlinked and unlinked genes into the soybean to producetransformed plants.
188                                 NAL Call. No.: QH301.N32Regulation of expression of the pea plastocyanin gene.Gray, J.C.; Slatter, R.E.; Dupree, P.New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1992.NATO ASI series : Series A : Life sciences v. 226: p. 23-29;1992.  In the series analytic: Regulation of chloroplastbiogenesis / edited by J.H. Argyroudi-Akoyunoglou. Proceedingsof a NATO Advanced Research Workshop, July 28-August 3, 1991,Crete, Greece.  Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Pisum sativum; Nicotiana tabacum; Plants;Plastocyanins; Precursors; Gene expression; Transgenics; Aminoacid sequences; Chromosomes; Genomes
189                                 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62Regulation of lysine synthesis in transgenic potato plantsexpressing a bacterial dihydrodipicolinate synthase in theirchloroplasts. Perl, A.; Shaul, O.; Galili, G.Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992 Aug.Plant molecular biology : an international journal onmolecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 19(5): p. 815-823; 1992 Aug. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Solanum tuberosum; Escherichia coli;Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Genetic transformation;Transgenics; Structural genes; Ligases; Lysine; Amino acidmetabolism; Chloroplast genetics; Enzyme activity; Geneexpression; Leaves; Roots; Tubers; Regulations; Kinases
Abstract:  The essential amino acid lysine is synthesized inhigher plants by a complex pathway that is predominantlyregulated by feedback inhibition of two enzymes, namelyaspartate kinase (AK) and dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHPS).Although DHPS is thought to play a major role in thisregulation, the relative importance of AK is not known. Inorder to study this regulation, we have expressed in thechloroplasts of transgenic potato plants a DHPS derived fromEscherichia coli at a level 50-fold above the endogenous DHPS.The bacterial enzyme is much less sensitive to lysineinhibition than its potato counterpart. DHPS activity inleaves, roots and tubers of the transgenic plants wasconsiderably higher and more resistant to lysine inhibitionthan in control untransformed plants. Furthermore, thisactivity was accompanied by a significant increase in level offree lysine in all three tissues. Yet, the extent of lysineoverproduction in potato leaves was significantly lower thanthat previously reported in leaves of transgenic plantsexpressing the same bacterial enzyme, suggesting that inpotato, AK may also play a major regulatory role in lysinebiosynthesis. Indeed, the elevated level of free lysine in thetransgenic potato plants was shown to inhibit the lysinesensitive AK activity in vivo. Our results support previousreports showing that DHPS is the major rate-limiting enzymefor lysine synthesis in higher plants, but they suggest thatadditional plant-specific regulatory factors are alsoinvolved.
190                               NAL Call. No.: QH442.G4522Regulators request for comments on Calgene's 'FLAVR SAVR'tomato draws little response, negative or positive.Crouse, G.Washington, D.C. : King Pub. Group; 1992 Aug31.Biotech daily v. 1 (15): p. 1-2; 1992 Aug31.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Lycopersicon esculentum; Genetic engineering;Regulations; Usda; Food safety
191                                    NAL Call. No.: A00035Regulatory road for bioengineered foods cleared; foes vow tofight. Summit, N.J. : CTB International Pub. Co; 1992 Jun04.Biotechnology news v. 12 (14): p. 5-6; 1992 Jun04.
Language:  English
Descriptors: U.S.A.; Fruits; Vegetables; Oilseeds; Graincrops; Transgenics; Regulations; Food safety
192                               NAL Call. No.: TP248.2.B83Release of organisms into the environment.New York, N.Y. : Huethig; 1992 Apr04.Biotech forum Europe v. 9 (4): p. 218-221; 1992 Apr04.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Genetic engineering; Field tests; Internationalcooperation
193                                 NAL Call. No.: TA166.T72Removal of selectable marker genes from transgenic plants:needless sophistication or social necessity?.Bryant, J.; Leather, S.New York, N.Y. : Elsevier Science Publishing Co; 1992 Aug.Trends in biotechnology v. 10 (8): p. 274-275; 1992 Aug. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Marker genes; Transgenics; Genetic engineering;Recombinant  DNA; Gene transfer; Agrobacterium; Risk; Publicopinion; Consumer behavior
194                                    NAL Call. No.: A00063Research finding tobacco has more fire than just smoking.Cook, G.Durham, N.C. : Durham Herald Co., Inc; 1992 Sep01.The Herald-sun. p. A4; 1992 Sep01.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Medicinal plants; Tobaccomosaic tobamovirus; Genetic engineering
195                                    NAL Call. No.: A00063Research may produce more resistant plants.Herbst, L.Durham, N.C. : Durham Herald Co., Inc; 1992 Apr05.The Herald-sun. p. G6; 1992 Apr05.
Language:  English
Descriptors: North Carolina; Zea mays; Oryza sativa; Nicotianatabacum; Genetic engineering; Enzymes; Cercospora; Oxygen;Free radicals; Research support
196                                  NAL Call. No.: 421 J822Resistance of cotton lines containing a Bacillus thuringiensistoxin to pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) and otherinsects.Wilson, F.D.; Flint, H.M.; Deaton, W.R.; Fischhoff, D.A.;Perlak, F.J.; Armstrong, T.A.; Fuchs, R.L.; Berberich, S.A.;Parks, N.J.; Stapp, B.R. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Societyof America; 1992 Aug. Journal of economic entomology v. 85(4): p. 1516-1521; 1992 Aug.  Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Arizona; Gossypium hirsutum; Bacillusthuringiensis; Cultivars; Lines; Transgenics; Pest resistance;Pectinophora gossypiella; Plant pests; Gelechiidae; Insectpests
Abstract:  Three transgenic lines of cotton, Gossypiumhirsutum L., carrying a modified insect-control protein fromBacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Berliner), wereevaluated for resistance to several lepidopterous insects.These three lines, along with the explant source cultivar,'Coker 312', and a locally adapted control, 'MD 51 ne', weregrown in a field experiment at Maricopa, Arizona. Early in theseason, before bolls were available for infestation, thenumber of rosetted blooms caused by pink bollworm,Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), was 95% lower in thetransgenic lines than in the control cultivars. The pinkbollworm larvae penetrated bolls of the transgenic linesreadily; however, live larvae recovered from incubated bolls,and percent seed damage were reduced 97-99% in the transgeniclines compared with the control cultivars. No live larvae wererecovered from bolls of two transgenic lines, 62 and 65. Thetransgenic lines were highly resistant to cottonleafperforator, Bucculatrix thurberiella Busck, as shown by anabsence of larval populations and of leaf mining and feeding.The transgenic lines sustained very little leaf damage fromsaltmarsh caterpillar, Estigmene acrea (Drury), and beetarmyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), whereas the controlcultivars were almost defoliated by season's end. As expected,the transgenic lines were not resistant to severalnonlepidopterous insect pests, and they did not affectpopulations of beneficial insects. Higher populations ofsweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), on thetransgenic lines than on the control cultivars may have been aconsequence of reduced leaf feeding damage (by lepidopterousinsects) rather than increased whitefly susceptibility of thetransgenic lines. A breeding strategy to increase the insectresistance of cotton plants would be to combine the bacterialtoxin trait with other resistance traits such as nectariless,okra leaf, and early maturity, known to reduce pink bollwormand
197                               NAL Call. No.: SB732.6.M65Resistance to tomato spotted wilt virus infection intransgenic tobaacco expressing the viral nucleocapsid gene.MacKenzie, D.J.; Ellis, P.J.St. Paul, Minn. : APS Press; 1992 Jan.Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI v. 5 (1): p.34-40; 1992 Jan. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Transgenics; Plasmids; Genes;Tomato spotted wilt virus; Genetic transformation; Genetransfer; Gene expression; Coat proteins; Disease resistance;Genetic resistance; Induced resistance
198                                NAL Call. No.: 442.8 AN72The restricted distribution of potato leafroll luteovirusantigen in potato plants with transgenic resistance resemblesthat in clones with one type of host gene-mediated resistance.Derrick, P.M.; Barker, H.Warwick : Association of Applied Biologists; 1992 Jun.Annals of applied biology v. 120 (3): p. 451-457; 1992 Jun. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Solanum tuberosum; Leaves; Potato leaf rollluteovirus; Coat proteins; Genes; Clones; Genetictransformation; Transgenics; Viral antigens; Geneticresistance; Host range
199                                NAL Call. No.: 442.8 AN72Restricted virus multiplication in potatoes transformed withthe coat protein gene of potato leafroll luteovirus:similarities with a type of host gene-mediated resistance.Barker, H.; Reavey, B.; Kumar, A.; Webster, K.D.; Mayo, M.A.Warwick : Association of Applied Biologists; 1992 Feb.Annals of applied biology v. 120 (1): p. 55-64; 1992 Feb. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Solanum tuberosum; Cultivars; Potato leaf rollluteovirus; Coat proteins; Genes; Genetic transformation;Transgenics; Infection; Genetic resistance; Replication
200                           NAL Call. No.: SB123.S942 1991RFLP analyses for manipulating agronomic traits in plants.Helenjaris, T.G.Wallingford, UK : C.A.B. International; 1992.Plant breeding in the 1990s : proceedings of the Symposium onPlant Breeding in the 1990s, held at North Carolina StateUniversity, Raleigh, NC, March 1991 / edited by H.T. Stalkerand J.P. Murphy. p. 357-372; 1992.  Literature review. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Plant breeding; Agronomic characteristics;Genetic engineering; Restriction fragment length polymorphism;Literature reviews; Crop production
201                                NAL Call. No.: QK725.P532 Arice cab gene promoter contains separate cis-acting elementsthat regulate expression in dicot and monocot plants.Luan, S.; Bogorad, L.Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1992Aug. The Plant cell v. 4 (8): p. 971-981; 1992 Aug.  Includesreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Oryza sativa; Nicotiana tabacum; Zea mays;Promoters; Controlling elements; Chlorophyll a/b bindingprotein; Recombinant  DNA; Reporter genes; Beta-glucuronidase;Genetic transformation; Gene expression; Light; Geneticregulation; Transgenics; Deletions; Repetitive  DNA; Leaves;Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Direct  DNAuptake; Inducedmutations
Abstract:  The major light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b bindingproteins of the photosynthetic apparatus are encoded byfamilies of nuclear cab genes. The expression of most cabgenes is tissue specific and photoregulated in angiosperms. Intransgenic tobacco plants, expression of the reporter genebeta-glucuronidase (GUS) is photoregulated and tissue specificfrom 5' upstream sequences of the rice cab1R gene; deletion ofsequences upstream from position -170 with respect to thetranscription start site eliminates the enhanced andphotoregulated expression in the transgenic plants. Using anin situ transient expression assay, we have determined thatthe sequence OCT-R, an octamer repeat that lies within the-269 to -170 region of cab1R, is essential for photoregulatedexpression of the chimeric GUS gene in leaf cells of maize andrice but is not required for expression in illuminated tobaccoleaves. Conversely, box III - and G-box-like sequences foundnear OCT-R in cab1R are necessary for high-level transientexpression of the reporter gene in tobacco leaf tissue but arenot required for transient expression in maize or rice leaves.
202                                   NAL Call. No.: 472 N42Sabotage sets back Dutch biotechnology.Cremers, H.London, Eng. : New Science Publications; 1992 Aug22.New scientist v. 135 (1835): p. 4; 1992 Aug22.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Netherlands; Zea mays; Genetic engineering;Vandalism
203                         NAL Call. No.: SB123.57.S34 1992Safety assessment of genetically engineered fruits andvegetables a case study of the Flavr Savr tomato.Redenbaugh, KeithBoca Raton, Fla. : CRC Press,; 1992.xvii, 267 p. : ill. ; 29 cm.  Includes bibliographicalreferences and index.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Tomatoes; Genetic engineering; Plant geneticengineering; Nucleotide sequence
204                                NAL Call. No.: 286.8 N488Scientist using plants to clean up metals in contaminatedsoil. Bernstein, E.New York, N.Y. : H.J. Raymond & Co. :.; 1992 Sep08.The New York times. p. B8; 1992 Sep08.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Apocynum; Ambrosia; Genetic engineering; Wastetreatment; Heavy metals
205                                NAL Call. No.: QH442.G456Scientists restore fertility to male sterile crop plants.Moffat, A.S.New York, N.Y. : Mary Ann Liebert; 1992 Feb.Genetic engineering news v. 12 (2): p. 1, 12; 1992 Feb.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Crops; Male sterility; Genetic engineering;Recombinant  DNA; Plant breeding; Fertility
206                                NAL Call. No.: QK725.P532Secondary plasmodesmata are specific sites of localization ofthe tobacco mosaic virus movement protein in transgenictobacco plants. Ding, B.; Haudenshield, J.S.; Hull, R.J.;Wolf, S.; Beachy, R.N.; Lucas, W.J. Rockville, Md. : AmericanSociety of Plant Physiologists; 1992 Aug. The Plant cell v. 4(8): p. 915-928; 1992 Aug.  Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Tobacco mosaic tobamovirus;Structural genes; Viral proteins; Pathogenesis; Plasmodesmata;Mesophyll; Transgenics; Genetic transformation;Immunocytochemistry; Infection; Cell ultrastructure
Abstract:  Expression of the tobacco mosaic virus 30-kDmovement protein (TMV MP) gene in tobacco plants increases theplasmodesmatal size exclusion limit (SEL) 10-fold betweenmesophyll cells in mature leaves. In the present study, weexamined the structure of plasmodesmata as a function of leafdevelopment. In young leaves of 30-kD TMV MP transgenic (line274) and vector control (line 306) plants, almost allplasmodesmata were primary in nature. In both plant lines,secondary plasmodesmate were formed, in a basipetal pattern,as the leaves underwent expansion growth. Ultrastructural andimmunolabeling studies demonstrated that in line 274 the TMVMP accumulated predominantly in secondary plasmodesimate ofnonvascular tissues and was associated with a filamentousmaterial. A developmental progression was detected in terms ofthe presence of TMV MP; all secondary plasmodesmata in the tipof the fourth leaf contained TMV MP in association with thefilamentous material. Dye-coupling experiments demonstratedthat the TMV MP-induced increase in plasmodesmatal SEL couldbe routinely detected in the tip of the fourth leaf, but wasrestricted to mesophyll and bundle sheath cells. Thesefindings are discussed with respect to the structure andfunction of plasmodesmata, particularly those aspects relatedto virus movement.
207                                 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62Segregation of transgenes in maize.Spencer, T.M.; O'Brien, J.V.; Start, W.G.; Adams, T.R.;Gordon-Kamm, W.J.; Lemaux, P.G.Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992 Jan.Plant molecular biology : an international journal onmolecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 18(2): p. 201-210; 1992 Jan. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Zea mays; Genetic transformation; Transgenics;Tissue culture; Segregation; Inheritance; Direct  DNAuptake;Reporter genes; Beta-glucuronidase; Transferases; Linkage;Gene expression
Abstract:  Progeny recovered from backcrossed transgenic maizetissue culture regenerants (R0) were analyzed to determine thesegregation, expression, and stability of the introducedgenes. Transgenic A188 X B73 R0 plants (regenerated fromembryogenic suspension culture cells transformed bymicroprojectile bombardment) were pollinated withnontransformed B73 pollen. Inheritance of a selectable markergene, bar, and a nonselectable marker gene, uidA, was analyzedin progeny (R1) representing four independent transformationevents. Activity of the bar gene product, phosphinothricinacetyltransferase (PAT), was assessed in plants comprising thefour R1 populations. The number of R1 plants containing PATactivity per total number of R1 plants recovered for eachpopulation was 2/7, 19/34, 3/14 and 73/73. Molecular analysisconfirmed the segregation of bar in three R1 populations andthe lack of segregation in one R1 population. Cosegregationanalysis indicated genetic linkage of bar and uidA in all fourR1 populations. Analysis of numerous R1 plants derived fromcrossing transformed R1 plants with nontransformed inbredsrevealed 1:1 segregation of PAT activity in three of fourlines, including the line that failed to segregate in the R1generation. Integrated copies of bar in one line appeared tobe unstable or poorly transmitted.
208                                  NAL Call. No.: QH442.B5Selectable marker genes: safe for plants?.Flavell, R.B.; Dart, E.; Fuchs, R.L.; Fraley, R.T.New York, N.Y. : Nature Publishing Company; 1992 Feb.Bio/technology v. 10 (2): p. 141-142, 144; 1992 Feb.  Includesreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Plants; Gene transfer; Marker genes;Phosphotransferases; Reporter genes; Safety; Genetictransformation; Transgenics
209                                  NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z8Silicon carbide fiber-mediated stable transformation of plantcells. Kaeppler, H.F.; Somers, D.A.; Rines, H.W.; Cockburn,A.F. Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992.Theoretical and applied genetics v. 84 ( 5/6): p. 560-566;1992.  Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Zea mays; Nicotiana tabacum; Genetictransformation; Transgenics; Direct  DNAuptake; Cellsuspensions; Silicon; Carbides; Fibers; Gene transfer;Reporter genes; Beta-glucuronidase; Herbicide resistance;Phosphotransferases; Kanamycin; Drug resistance
Abstract:  Maize (Zea mays, cv 'Black Mexican Sweet') (BMS)and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum, cv 'Xanthi') tissue cultureswere transformed using silicon carbide fibers to deliver DNAinto suspension culture cells. DNA delivery was mediated byvortexing cells in the presence of silicon carbide fibers andplasmid DNA. Maize cells were treated with a plasmid carryingboth the BAR gene, whose product confers resistance to theherbicide BAS-TA, and a gene encoding beta-glucuronidase(GUS). Tobacco cells were treated with two plasmids to cotransfer genes encoding neomycin phosphotransferase (NPTII)and GUS from the respective plasmids. Thirty-four BASTAresistant BMS colonies and 23 kanamycin-resistant tobaccocolonies recovered following selection contained intact copiesof the BAR gene and NPTII genes, respectively, as determinedby Southern blot analysis. Sixty-five percent of the resistantBMS colonies and 50% of the resistant tobacco colonies alsoexpressed GUS activity. Intact copies of the GUS gene wereobserved in Southern blots of all resistant BMS and tobaccocolonies that expressed GUS activity. These results indicatethat a simple, inexpensive DNA delivery procedure employingsilicon carbide fibers can be used to reproducibly transformcells of both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plantspecies.
210                                  NAL Call. No.: 381 J824Site-directed mutagenesis of the phosphorylatable serine(Ser8) in C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from sorghum. Theeffect of negative charge at position 8.Wang, Y.H.; Duff, S.M.G.; Lepiniec, L.; Cretin, C.; Sarath,G.; Condon, S.A.; Vidal, J.; Gadal, P.; Chollet, R.Baltimore, Md. : American Society for Biochemistry andMolecular Biology; 1992 Aug25.The Journal of biological chemistry v. 267 (24): p.16759-16762; 1992 Aug25. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Sorghum; Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase; Serine;Mutations; Genetic engineering; Phosphorylation; Regulation
Abstract:  The properties of the dephospho and in vitrophosphorylated forms of recombinant sorghumphosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase have been compared with thoseof the authentic dark (dephospho) and light (phospho) leafenzyme forms and two mutant enzymes in which thephosphorylatable serine residue (Ser8) has been changed bysite-directed mutagenesis to Cys (S8C) or Asp (S8D). Kineticanalysis of the purified recombinant, mutant, and leaf enzymeforms at pH 8.0 indicated virtually identical Vmax, apparentKm (phosphoenolpyruvate), and half-maximal activation (glucose6-P) values of about 44 units/mg, 1.1 mM, and 0.23 mM,respectively. In contrast, the Ser8, S8C, and dark leafenzymes were about 3-fold more sensitive to inhibition by Lmalate at pH 7.3 than the Ser8-P, S8D, and light leaf enzymeforms. These comparative results indicate that: (i) Ser8 is animportant determinant in the regulation of sorghumphosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity by negative (Lmalate), but not positive (glucose 6-phosphate) metaboliteeffectors, (ii) phosphorylation of this target residue can befunctionally mimicked by Asp, but not Cys, and (iii) negativecharge contributes to the effect of regulatory phosphorylationon this C4-photosynthesis enzyme.
211                                    NAL Call. No.: A00111Smart Plants Int'l--it's ripe for fed's step to go easy onbio-foods. Fikes, B.San Diego, Calif. : San Diego Business Journal; 1992 Jun01.San Diego business journal v. 13 (21): p. 4; 1992 Jun01.
Language:  English
Descriptors: U.S.A.; Genetic engineering; Plants; Regulations
212                                 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62Spatial and temporal expression patterns directed by theAgrobacterium tumefaciens T-DNA gene 5 promoter during somaticembryogenesis in carrot. Mattsson, J.; Borkird, C.; Engstrom,P.Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992 Feb.Plant molecular biology : an international journal onmolecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 18(4): p. 629-637; 1992 Feb. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Daucus carota; Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Geneexpression; Reporter genes; Beta-glucuronidase; Promoters;Recombinant  DNA; Dna; Somatic embryogenesis; Temporalvariation; Spatial variation; Plant embryos; Cotyledons;Hypocotyls; Radicles; Shoots; Roots; Genetic transformation;Transgenics
Abstract:  We have analysed the patterns of expression of agene encoding beta-glucuronidase (GUS) fused to the promoterof the Agrobacterium tumefaciens T-DNA gene 5 duringembryogenesis in carrot, Daucus carota L. Gene expression wasmonitored by a histochemical assay of beta-glucuronidaseactivity. The gene 5 promoter, although of bacterial origin,conferred expression upon the marker gene in all stages ofembryo development. The patterns of expression however,differed between embryos in different stages of development.In the globular stage expression was confined to the basalpart of the embryo, suggesting that the promoter is sensitiveto regulatory functions active in the primary establishment ofpolarity in the radially symmetric globular embryo. In theheart and torpedo stages of development GUS expression washigh in the entire embryonic axis, but not in the cotyledons.During germination expression was reduced in the elongatinghypocotyl and radicle, and high levels of expression weredetected only in the shoot and root apices. Among thetransformed cell lines analysed, one was found that showed anaberrant pattern of GUS expression during embryogenesis, inthat expression in the upper part of the embryo wasundetectable, and expression was restricted to the root apexin later stages of development. This difference in organspecificity of expression is likely due to a large deletion ofthe promoter.
213                                    NAL Call. No.: A00069Splice and dice: genetic engineers on the cutting edge.Sugarman, C.Washington, D.C. : The Washington Post Co; 1992 Jun03.The Washington post. p. E1, E4; 1992 Jun03.
Language:  English
Descriptors: U.S.A.; Genetic engineering; Plants; Regulations;Usda
214                                 NAL Call. No.: 450 P5622Studies on the biosynthesis of thiarubrine A in hairy rootcultures of Ambrosia artemisiifolia using 13C-labelledacetates.Gomez-Barrios, M.L.; Parodi, F.J.; Vargas, D.; Quijano, L.;Hjortso, M.A.; Flores, H.E.; Fischer, N.H.Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1992 Aug.Phytochemistry v. 31 (8): p. 2703-2707; 1992 Aug.  Includesreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Ambrosia artemisiifolia; Roots; Transgenics;Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Polyacetylenes; Biosynthesis;Precursors; Biochemical pathways; Radioactive tracers;Acetates; Molecular conformation
Abstract:  The 13C NMR spectra of thiarubrine A and B havebeen completely assigned. In a biosynthetic study using hairyroot cultures of Ambrosia artemisiifolia, the 13C NMR spectraof thiarubrine A labelled by incorporation of [1-13C]-,[2-13C]- and [1,2-13C2]-acetate showed patterns of enrichmentconsistent with a biosynthetic pathway in which the 13-carbon1,2-dithiin arises from a longer-chain precursor, most likelya 14-carbon homologue, by carbon-carbon scission.
215                                NAL Call. No.: QK725.P532Subdomains of the octopine synthase upstream activatingelement direct cell-specific expression in transgenic tobaccoplants.Kononowicz, H.; Wang, Y.E.; Habeck, L.L.; Gelvin, S.B.Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1992Jan. The Plant cell v. 4 (1): p. 17-27; 1992 Jan.  Includesreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Agrobacterium tumefaciens;Genetic transformation; Transgenics; Plasmids; Controllingelements; Promoters; Genes; Ligases; Histochemistry; Geneexpression; Mesophyll; Guard cells; Leaf veins; Apicalmeristems; Root meristems; Beta-galactosidase; Reporter genes
Abstract:  Previous work has shown that the octopine synthase(ocs) gene encoded by the Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ti-plasmidcontains an upstream activating sequence necessary for itsexpression in plant cells. This sequence is composed of anessential 16-bp palindrome and flanking sequences thatmodulate the level of expression of the ocs promoter intransgenic tobacco calli. In this study, we have used RNA gelblot analysis of RNA extracted from transgenic tobacco plantsto show that the octopine synthase gene is not constitutivelyexpressed in all plant tissues and organs. This tissuespecific pattern of expression is determined, to a largeextent, by the 16-bp palindrome. Histochemical analysis, usingan ocs-lacZ fusion gene, has indicated that the 16-bppalindrome directs the expression of the ocs promoter inspecific cell types in the leaves, stems, and roots oftransgenic tobacco plants. This expression is especiallystrong in the vascular tissue of the leaves, leaf mesophyllcells, leaf and stem guard cells, and the meristematic regionsof the shoots and roots. Sequences surrounding the palindromein the upstream activating sequence restrict the expression ofthe ocs promoter to fewer cell types, resulting in a reducedlevel of expression of beta-galactosidase activity in thecentral vascular tissue of leaves, certain types of leaftrichomes, and the leaf primordia.
216                                   NAL Call. No.: QK1.A57Superoxide dismutase and stress tolerance.Bowler, C.; Montagu, M. van; Inze, D.Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews, Inc; 1992.Annual review of plant physiology and plant molecular biologyv. 43: p. 83-116; 1992.  Literature review.  Includesreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Plant physiology; Oxidation; Stress response;Superoxide dismutase; Tolerance; Genetic engineering; Geneexpression; Biochemical pathways; Enzyme activity; Literaturereviews
217                                 NAL Call. No.: QH506.E46Suppression of beta-1,3-glucanase transgene expression inhomozygous plants. Carvalho, F. de; Gheysen, G.; Kushnir, S.;Montagu, M. van; Inze, D.; Castresana, C.Oxford, Eng. : IRL Press; 1992 Jul.The EMBO journal - European Molecular Biology Organization v.11 (7): p. 2595-2602; 1992 Jul.  Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Nicotiana plumbaginifolia; Nicotiana tabacum;Genes; Beta-glucanase; Transgenics; Genetic transformation;Gene expression; Genetic regulation; Haploids; Homozygotes;Gene dosage; Messenger  RNA
Abstract:  A chimeric construct containing the Nicotianaplumbaginifolia beta-1,3-glucanase gn1 gene was introducedinto Nicotiana tabacum SR1 to produce high levels of theenzyme constitutively. We determined that the GN1 proteinrepresents a basic beta-1,3-glucanase isoform whichaccumulates into the vacuoles of the transgenic plants.Analysis of the progeny of the transgenic plant with thehighest levels of gn1 expression revealed an unexpectedphenomenon of gene suppression. Plants hemizygous for the TDNA locus contained high levels of gn1 mRNA and exhibited a14-fold higher beta-1,3-glucanase activity than untransformedplants. However, the expression of gn1 was completelysuppressed in the homozygous plants: no corresponding mRNA orprotein could be detected. This suppression mechanism occursat a post-transcriptional level and is under developmentalcontrol. In addition, by generating haploid plants we foundthat this silencing phenomenon is not dependent on allelicinteraction between T-DNA copies present at the same locus ofhomologous chromosomes, but rather is correlated with thetransgene dose in the plant genome. We postulate that highdoses of GN1 protein relative to the level(s) of other stillunknown plant products could trigger the cellular processesdirected to suppress gn1 expression.
218                                  NAL Call. No.: QH442.B5Sustaining the food supply.Fraley, R.New York, N.Y. : Nature Publishing Company; 1992 Jan.Bio/technology v. 10 (1): p. 40-43; 1992 Jan.  Includesreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Food crops; Genetic engineering; Transgenics;Plant breeding; Food biotechnology
219                                   NAL Call. No.: 472 N42Sweet serendipity.Vines, G.London, Eng. : New Science Publications; 1992 Jun13.New scientist v. 134 (1825): p. 21; 1992 Jun13.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii; Agrobacteriumtumefaciens; Genetic engineering; Sweetness; Fruits;Vegetables
220                                 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z34Synergistic effect of upstream sequences, CCAAT bos elements,and HSE sequences for enhanced expression of chimaeric heatshock genes in transgenic tobacco.Rieping, M.; Schoffl, F.Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992 Jan.M G G : Molecular and general genetics v. 231. (2): p.226-232; 1992 Jan. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Glycine max; Controllingelements; Genetic regulation; Gene expression; Transcription;Genes; Heat shock proteins; Promoters; Heat shock; Reportergenes; Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase; Transgenics; Genetictransformation
Abstract:  The thermoregulated expression of the soybean heatshock (hs) gene Gmhsp17.3-B is regulated via the heat shockpromoter elements (HSEs), but full promoter activity requiresadditional sequences located upstream of the HSE-containingregion. Structural features within this putative enhancerregion include a run of simple sequences which are alsopresent upstream of HSE-like sequences of other soybean hsgenes, and three perfect CCAAT box sequences locatedimmediately upstream from the most distal HSE of the promoter.A series of heterologous and homologous promoter fusionslinked to the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) genewas constructed and examined in transgenic tobacco plants. Theregion containing the AT-rich domain of the 5' flanking regionwas unable to direct transcription from the TATA box of atruncated deltaCaMV35S promoter. Heat-inducible CAT activitywas detectable when additional sequences from the nativepromoter containing three CCAAT boxes and a single HSE werepresent in the constructions. Complete reconstitution of thenative hs promoter/enhancer region increased hs specific CATactivities only very little, but deletion of CCAAT boxsequences reduced CAT expression fivefold. Our results suggestthat AT-rich sequences have a moderate effect onthermoinducible expression levels of the soybean heat shockgene and that CCAAT box sequences act cooperatively with HSEsto increase the hs promoter activity.
221                                  NAL Call. No.: QH442.B5Synthesis of a functional anti-phytochrome single-chain Fvprotein in transgenic tobacco.Owen, M.; Gandecha, A.; Cockburn, B.; Whitelam, G.New York, N.Y. : Nature Publishing Company; 1992 Jul.Bio/technology v. 10 (7): p. 790-794; 1992 Jul.  Includesreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Genetic transformation;Transgenics; Gene expression; Synthetic genes; Immunoglobulinstructural genes; Igg; Antibodies; Phytochrome; Bindingproteins; Nucleotide sequences; Amino acid sequences; Seedgermination; Light; Regulations; Monoclonal antibodies
222                                 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62Transformation and inheritance of a hygromycinphosphotransferase gene in maize plants.Walters, D.A.; Vetsch, C.S.; Potts, D.E.; Lundquist, R.C.Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992 Jan.Plant molecular biology : an international journal onmolecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 18(2): p. 189-200; 1992 Jan. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Zea mays; Genetic transformation; Direct DNAuptake; Reporter genes; Phosphotransferases; Hygromycin b;Chimeras; Gene expression; Callus; Tissue culture;Regeneration; Inheritance; Drug resistance; Transgenics
Abstract:  Embryogenic maize (Zea mays L.) callus cultureswere transformed by microprojectile bombardment with achimeric hygromycin phosphotransferase (HPT) gene and threetransformed lines were obtained by selecting for hygromycinresistance. All lines contained one or a few copies of theintact HPT coding sequence. Fertile, transgenic plants wereregenerated and the transmission of the chimeric gene wasdemonstrated through two complete generations. One lineinherited the gene in the manner expected for a single,dominant locus, whereas two did not.
223                                 NAL Call. No.: 61.8 SE52Transformation made easier: Genetic transformation methods forcereals are summarized by scientist from plant geneticsystems.Des Plains, Ill. : Scranton Gillette Communications, Inc; 1992May. Seed world v. 130 (6): p. 40; 1992 May.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Belgium; Agrobacterium tumefaciens;Monocotyledons; Genetic engineering
224                                NAL Call. No.: QH442.A1G4Transformation of cucumber tissues by microprojectilebombardment: identification of plants containing functionaland non-functional transferred genes.Chee, P.P.; Slightom, J.L.Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers; 1992.Gene v. 118 (2): p. 255-260; 1992.  Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Cucumis sativus; Genetic transformation; Direct DNAuptake; Gene transfer; Transgenics; Callus; Reporter genes;Phosphotransferases; Ligases; Gene expression; Inheritance
Abstract:  The microprojectile bombardment method was used totransfer DNA into embryogenic callus of cucumber (Cucumissativus), and stably transformed cucumber plant lines wereobtained. A total of 107 independently regenerated cucumberplants were assayed for the presence and expression of thetransferred Nos-NPTII gene (encoding nopaline synthaseneomycin phosphotransferase II). Genomic blot hybridizationanalyses showed that a high percentage (16%) of the cucumberplants were transformed with Nos-NPTII; however, only about25% of these transgenic plants expressed Nos-NPTII. Inactivityof Nos-NPTII in many of the transformed cucumber plants may beassociated with the transfer of multiple copies of Nos-NPTII.PCR and genomic blot hybridization analyses were used to showthat the transferred gene was inherited in the subsequentplant generation.
225                                 NAL Call. No.: QK725.P54Transformation of rapid cycling cabbage (Brassica oleraceavar. capitata) with Agrobacterium rhizogenes.Berthomieu, P.; Jouain, L.Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992.Plant cell reports v. 11 (7) (12): p. 334-338; 1992.  Includesreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Brassica oleracea var. capitata; Agrobacteriumrhizogenes; Genetic transformation; Marker genes; Genes;Transfer; Transgenics; Regenerative ability; 2,4-d;Phenotypes; Breeding methods
Abstract:  Genetically transformed cabbage (Brassica oleraceavar. capitata) roots were obtained after inoculation with twoengineered Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains, each harbouring aplant selectable marker gene in their T-DNA. Axenic rootclones resistant to kanamycin or hygromycin B wereestablished, most of which did not exhibit the phenotypiccharacteristics of Ri-transformed roots. Shoot regenerationwas induced from roots after treatment with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). The resulting plantsexhibited various phenotypes: some looked normal, while othersshowed the transformed phenotype observed in other species.Direct evidence for genetic transformation was obtained bymolecular hybridization. The trait was transmitted to theprogeny. Transformed cabbage plants can be obtained within 6months using this approach.
226                                 NAL Call. No.: QK725.P54Transformation of Solanum integrifolium Poir via Agrobacteriumtumefaciens: plant regeneration and progeny analysis.Rotino, G.L.; Perrone, D.; Ajmone-Marsan, P.; Lupotto, E.Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992.Plant cell reports v. 11 (1): p. 11-15; 1992.  Includesreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Solanum; Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Genetictransformation; In vitro culture; Culture techniques;Regenerative ability; Transgenics; Reporter genes; Geneticanalysis
Abstract:  The wild species Solanum integrifolium represents asource of pest and disease resistance genes for breedingstrategies of the cultivated species Solanum melongena.Somatic hybridization via protoplast fusion between the twospecies may provide a valuable tool for transferring polygenictraits into the cultivated species. The availability ofS.integrifolium cells carrying dominant selectable markerswould facilitate the heterokaryon rescue. An appropriatemethodology for in vitro culture and plant regeneration fromleaf explants of S.integrifolium is reported. Efficient leafdisk transformation via co-cultivation with Agrobacteriumtumefaciens led to the regeneration of transformed plantscarrying the reporter genes GUS and NPT-II. Transformedindividuals were obtained through selection on kanamycincontaining medium. Stable genetic transformation was assessedby histochemical and enzymatic assays for GUS and NPT-IIactivity, by the ability of leafdisks to initiate callus onKm-containing medium, Southern blot analyses of theregenerated plants, and genetic analysis of their progenies.Selfed-seed progeny of individual transformed plantssegregated seedlings capable to root and grow in selectivecondition, while untransformed progeny did not. Geneticanalyses of progeny behaviour showed that the reporter geneNPT-II segregated as single as well as two independentMendelian factors. In two cases an excess of kanamycinsensitive seedlings was obtained, not fitting into any genetichypothesis.
227                                  NAL Call. No.: QH442.B5Transformation of sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) and evaluationof herbicide resistance in transgenic plants.D'Halluin, K.; Bossut, M.; Bonne, E.; Mazur, B.; Leemans, J.;Botterman, J. New York, N.Y. : Nature Publishing Company; 1992Mar.Bio/technology v. 10 (3): p. 309-314; 1992 Mar.  Includesreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera; Agrobacteriumtumefaciens; Genetic transformation; Transgenics; Genetransfer; Genes; Bilanafos; Ligases; Glufosinate; Sulfonylureaherbicides; Herbicide resistance; Acyltransferases
228                                 NAL Call. No.: QK725.P54Transformation of vitis tissue by different strains ofAgrobacterium tumefaciens containing the T-6b gene.Berres, R.; Otten, L.; Tinland, B.; Malgarinin-Clog, E.;Walter, B. Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992 May.Plant cell reports v. 11 (4): p. 192-195. ill; 1992 May. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Vitis; Beta-glucuronidase; Cultivars; Geneticengineering; Genetic markers; Genetic transformation;Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Strains; Tissue culture
Abstract:  Stem pieces and leaf disks of Vitis spp. werecocultured with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains carrying theUidA (beta-glucuronidase = GUS) gene. The transformationefficiency was highly increased by using a modified T-6b gene(a gene from pTiTm4) which interferes with normal growth andallows regeneration of normal Nicotiana rustica plants(Tinland 1990). The strains first tested on stem segments weresubsequently tested in a leaf explant system. On leaves theinformation efficiency of the strains was much lower than withstems. Both the T-6b gene and the hsp 70-T-6b gene (a modifiedT-6b gene under the control of a heat shock promoter) allowedthe initiation of GUS-positive buds.
229                                 NAL Call. No.: R856.A4B5Transgenic cotton cells aiding IRRI scientists.San Francisco, Calif. : Deborah J. Mysiewicz; 1992 Aug03.BioEngineering news v. 13 (30): p. 3-4; 1992 Aug03.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Philippines; Zea mays; Oryza sativa; Geneticengineering; Flooding tolerance
230                                 NAL Call. No.: QK725.P54Transgenic herbicide-resistant Atropa belladonna using an Ribinary vector and inheritance of the transgenic trait.Saito, K.; Tamazaki, M.; Anzai, H.; Yoneyama, K.; Murakoshi,I. Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992.Plant cell reports v. 11 (5/6): p. 219-224; 1992.  Includesreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Atropa belladonna; Transgenics; Gene transfer;Genetic transformation; Herbicide resistance; Bilanafos;Glufosinate; Inheritance; Agrobacterium rhizogenes; Enzymeactivity; Cauliflower mosaic caulimovirus; Transferases
Abstract:  Transgenic Atropa belladonna conferred with aherbicide-resistant trait was obtained by transformation withan Ri plasmid binary vector and plant regeneration from hairyroots. We made a chimeric construct, pARK5, containing the bargene encoding phosphinothricin acetyltransferase flanked withthe promoter for cauliflower mosaic virus 35S RNA and the 3'end of the nos gene. Leaf discs of A. belladonna were infectedwith Agrobacterium rhizogenes harboring an Ri plasmid,pRi15834, and pARK5. Transformed hairy roots resistant tobialaphos (5 mg/l) were selected and plantlets wereregenerated. The integration of T-DNAs from pRi15834 and pARK5were confirmed by DNA-blot hybridization. Expression of thebar gene in transformed R0 tissues and in backcrossed F1progeny with a non-transformant and self-fertilized progenywas indicated by enzymatic activity of the acetyltransferase.The transgenic plants showed resistance towards bialaphos andphosphinothricin. Tropane alkaloids of normal amounts wereproduced in the transformed regenerants. These results presenta successful application of transformation with an Ri plasmidbinary vector for conferring an agronomically useful trait tomedicinal plants.
231                                  NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z8Transgenic indica rice plants.Peng, J.; Kononowicz, H.; Hodges, T.K.Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992.Theoretical and applied genetics v. 83 (6/7): p. 855-863;1992.  Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Oryza sativa; Genetic transformation;Transgenics; Reporter genes; Phosphotransferases; Betaglucuronidase; Direct  DNAuptake; Protoplasts; Polyethyleneglycol; Gene transfer; Callus; Regenerative ability;Inheritance
Abstract:  We have established a system to geneticallyengineer indica rice plants. In order to obtain transgenicplants, genes were introduced into protoplasts isolated fromsuspension cells of the indica rice var 'IR54' with the aid ofpolyethylene glycol (PEG). The neo gene was on pKAN and thegusA gene was on pPUR. The promoter for both genes wasCaMV35S. Transformed calli were readily recovered from mediumsupplemented with G-418. In contrast, kanamycin interferedwith plant regeneration from protoplast-callus. Transgenicplants were regenerated from calli resistant to G-418 inseveral separate experiments and grown to maturity in a growthchamber. Southern blot analysis of DNA isolated from leaves ofT0 plants verified the presence of the transferred neo andgusA genes in the plant genome. A study of gene expressionshowed that the CaMV35S-gusA gene was active in all of theorgans examined. Mendelian inheritance of the introduced gusAgene was observed in progeny obtained by backcrossing the T0plants to untransformed plants.
232                                  NAL Call. No.: 450 P693Transgenic plants containing the phosphinothricin-Nacetyltransferase gene metabolize the herbicide Lphosphinothricin (glufosinate) differently from untransformedplants.Droge, W.; Broer, I.; Puhler, A.Berlin : Springer-Verlag; 1992.Planta v. 187 (1): p. 142-151; 1992.  Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Daucus carota; Agrobacteriumtumefaciens; Transgenics; Glufosinate; Metabolism;Transferases; Enzyme activity; Genetic code; Nucleotidesequences
Abstract:  L-Phosphinothricin (L-Pt)-resistant plants wereconstructed by introducing a modified phosphinothricin-Nacetyl-transferase gene (pat) via Agrobacterium-mediated genetransfer into tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L), and via directgene transfer into carrot (Daucus carota L). The metabolism ofL-Pt was studied in these transgenic, Pt-resistant plants, aswell as in the untransformed species. The degradation of L-Pt,14C-labeled specifically at different C-atoms, was analysed bymeasuring the release of 14CO2 and by separating the labeleddegradation products on thin-layer-chromatography plates. Inuntransformed tobacco and carrot plants, L-Pt was deaminatedto form its corresponding oxo acid 4-methylphosphinico-2-oxobutanoic acid (PPO), which subsequently was decarboxylated toform 3-methylphosphinico-propanoic acid (MPP). This compoundwas stable in plants. A third metabolite remainedunidentified. The L-Pt was rapidly N-acetylated in herbicideresistant tobacco and carrot plants, indicating that thedegradation pathway of L-Pt into PPO and MPP was blocked. TheN-acetylated product, L-N-acetyl-Pt remained stable withregard to degradation, but was found to exist in a secondmodified form. In addition, there was a pH-dependent,reversible change in the mobility of L-N-acetyl-Pt thin-layerduring chromatography.
233                                  NAL Call. No.: QH442.B5Transgenic plants of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)obtained by direct gene transfer to protoplasts.Wang, Z.Y.; Takamizo, T.; Iglesias, V.A.; Osusky, M.; Nagel,J.; Potrykus, I.; Spangenberg, G.New York, N.Y. : Nature Publishing Company; 1992 Jun.Bio/technology v. 10 (6): p. 691-696; 1992 Jun.  Includesreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Festuca arundinacea; Genetic transformation;Transgenics; Protoplasts; Gene transfer; Direct  DNAuptake;Reporter genes; Phosphotransferases; Acyltransferases; Cellsuspensions; In vitro selection; Hygromycin b; Glufosinate;Drug resistance; Herbicide resistance; Callus; Embryogenesis;Regenerative ability
234                                 NAL Call. No.: TA166.T72Transgenic wheat plants: the end of the beginning.Bryant, J.New York, N.Y. : Elsevier Science Publishing Co; 1992 Oct.Trends in biotechnology v. 10 (10): p. 342-343; 1992 Oct. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Triticum; Transgenics; Genetic transformation;Techniques; Somatic embryogenesis; Plants; Regeneration
235                                 NAL Call. No.: 470 SCI25Transgenics crops.Gasser, C.S.; Fraley, R.T.New York, N.Y. : Scientific American, Inc; 1992 Jun.Scientific American v. 266 (6): p. 62-65, 68-69; 1992 Jun. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Crops; Transgenics; Genetic engineering
236                                 NAL Call. No.: QK725.P54Transient gene expression in strawberry (Fragaria X ananassaDuch.) protoplasts and the recovery of transgenic plants.Nyman, M.; Wallin, A.Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992.Plant cell reports v. 11 (2): p. 105-108; 1992.  Includesreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Fragaria ananassa; Protoplasts; Gene transfer;Transgenics; Gene expression; Beta-glucuronidase; Enzymeactivity; Callus; Regenerative ability; Genetic transformation
Abstract:  A transient beta-glucuronidase (GUS)-assay wasperformed to evaluate electroporation parameters and optimizeDNA delivery conditions into strawberry protoplasts. OptimalGUS-activity was obtained when protoplasts were subjected to400 V/cm for 20 ms. GUS-activity could be further increased bythe addition of carrier DNA to the electroporation mixture.Callus selected on 10 microgram/ml hygromycin produced shootswhich exhibited GUS-activity. The transformed nature of theshoots obtained after selection was confirmed by DNA-analysis.
237                                   NAL Call. No.: 472 N42Tropical treatment for sweeter salad.London, Eng. : New Science Publications; 1992 Sep05.New scientist v. 135 (1837): p. 9; 1992 Sep05.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Fresh products; Sweetness; Genetic engineering;Food
238                                 NAL Call. No.: 450 P5622Two tropinone reducing enzymes from Datura stramoniumtransformed root cultures.Portsteffen, A.; Draeger, B.; Nahrstedt, A.Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1992 Apr.Phytochemistry v. 31 (4): p. 1135-1138; 1992 Apr.  Includesreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Datura stramonium; Roots; In vitro culture;Transgenics; Plant composition; Oxidoreductases; Enzymeactivity; Purification; Tropane alkaloids; Ph; Biochemicalpathways; Biosynthesis; Agrobacterium rhizogenes
Abstract:  Two different tropinone reductases (TR) wereisolated from transformed root cultures of Datura stramonium.Both activities were completely separated by hydrophobicinteraction chromatography and affinity chromatography. Gaschromatographic analysis of the reaction products showed oneenzyme activity forming tropine only (TR I) and the otherforming exclusively pseudotropine (TR II). TR I afterextraction and purification showed about five-fold activity ofTR II. Characterization of both enzymes revealed differencesto tropinone reductases isolated previously from Daturastramonium, D. innoxia and Hyoscyamus niger, and differencesbetween the individual enzyme proteins. TR I showed apronounced pH-dependency while TR II was more tolerant todifferent pH-values. Both reductases accepted only NADPH ascoenzyme; Km values were 1.39 mM (TR I) and 0.22 mM (TR II)for tropinone and 59 micromolar (TR I) and 17 micromolar (TRII) for NADPH.
239                                 NAL Call. No.: 448.8 V81Untranslatable transcripts of the tobacco etch virus coatprotein gene sequence can interfere with tobacco etch virusreplication in transgenic plants and protoplasts.Lindbo, J.A.; Dougherty, W.G.Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1992 Aug.Virology v. 189 (2): p. 725-733; 1992 Aug.  Includesreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Lines; Protoplasts; Tobaccoetch potyvirus; Coat proteins; Genes; Nucleotide sequences;Rna; Transcription; Replication; Symptoms; Attenuation;Transgenics; Mechanical transmission; Myzus persicae; Diseasevectors; Genetic resistance; Susceptibility; Viral antigens
Abstract:  Transgenic tobacco plants which expressuntranslatable sense or antisense forms of the tobacco etchvirus potyvirus (TEV) coat protein (CP) gene sequence havebeen generated. One of seven transgenic plant lines expressinga CP gene antisense transcript showed an attenuation ofsymptoms when inoculated with TEV. Three of ten transgenicplant lines expressing untranslatable sense transcripts didnot develop symptoms when inoculated with TEV. These lineswere resistant to either aphid or mechanically transmittedTEV. In contrast to CP-mediated resistance reported for otherviruses, resistance was (1) mediated by an RNA molecule; (2)TEV-specific (i.e., "broad-spectrum resistance" was notobserved); (3) independent of inoculum levels; (4) notdependent on plant size and; (5) due to decreased levels ofvirus replication. Protoplast experiments were used todemonstrate that resistant plant lines did not support theproduction of virus protein and progeny virus at wild-typelevels.
240                                   NAL Call. No.: 472 N42US tackles the legal labyrinth of biotechnology.Coghlan, A.London, Eng. : New Science Publications; 1992 Jul11.New scientist v. 135 (1829): p. 7; 1992 Jul11.
Language:  English
Descriptors: U.S.A.; Biotechnology; Regulations; Usda; Crops
241                              NAL Call. No.: TP248.13.B54USDA says Calgene tomatoes ready for market, FET mobilizes1,000 'pure' chefs. Eldredge, M.New York : McGraw-Hill :.; 1992 Jul20.Biotechnology newswatch v. 12 (14): p. 1, 3; 1992 Jul20.
Language:  English
Descriptors: U.S.A.; Lycopersicon esculentum; Geneticengineering; Food safety; Usda; Regulations
242                                NAL Call. No.: QH442.G456USDA seeks easing of field test requirements.Sterling, J.New York, N.Y. : Mary Ann Liebert; 1992 Nov15.Genetic engineering news v. 12 (18): p. 1, 16; 1992 Nov15.
Language:  English
Descriptors: U.S.A.; Crops; Transgenics; Field tests;Regulations; Safety; Usda
243                                  NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z8Use of Agrobacterium rhizogenes to create transgenic appletrees having an altered organogenic response to hormones.Lambert, C.; Tepfer, D.Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992 Oct.Theoretical and applied genetics v. 85 (1): p. 105-109; 1992Oct.  Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Malus pumila; Agrobacterium rhizogenes; Genetictransformation; Transgenics; Roots; Regenerative ability;Organogenesis; Dna; Rootstocks; Auxins; Cytokinins
Abstract:  The apple rootstock, M26, was genetically andphenotypically transformed using the Agrobacterium wild-typestrain, A4. First, chimeric plants were obtained havingtransformed roots and normal aerial parts. Transformed plantswere then produced through regeneration from transformedroots. Transformation was demonstrated by molecularhybridization and opine analysis. The effects of hormones onorganogenesis was altered in transformants: cytokinins wererequired to form roots, whereas auxin was toxic at theconcentration used to induce rooting in the control.
244                                NAL Call. No.: QH442.A1G4Use of the signal peptide of Pisum vicilin to translocatebeta-glucuronidase in Nicotiana tabacum.Pang, S.Z.; Rasmussen, J.; Ye, G.N.; Sanford, J.C.Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers; 1992.Gene v. 112 (2): p. 229-234; 1992.  Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Pisum sativum; Nicotiana tabacum; Recombinant DNA; Vicilin; Genes; Reporter genes; Beta-glucuronidase; Geneexpression; Protein transport; Endoplasmic reticulum; Proteinsecretion; Genetic transformation; Transgenics; Extracellularspaces; Peptides
Abstract:  A hybrid protein system was used for the study ofprotein transport in plant cells. A nucleotide sequence (vic)encoding a putative signal peptide of 15 amino acid residues,derived from the published aa sequence of one Pisum vicilin,was synthesized and fused in frame to the gus gene encoding abacterial cytosolic beta-glucuronidase (GUS). When the hybridvic::gus gene was expressed in tobacco cells using thecauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter, the hybrid GUS proteinwas targeted to, and glycosylated inside the rough endoplasmicreticulum. Glycosylation could be blocked with the antibiotictunicamycin. The study of transient expression in protoplastsshowed that extracellular secretion efficiency was low, whichmay be due to the nature of the GUS protein.
245                               NAL Call. No.: 511 P444AEBUse of Zingeria biebersteiniana (2n = 4) grown in vivo and invitro as a model species for genetic studies.Petrova, T.F.; Kulinich, A.V.; Abramova, V.M.New York, N.Y. : Consultants Bureau; 1992 Jan.Doklady : biological sciences - Akademiia nauk SSSR v. 319(1/6): p. 432-435. ill; 1992 Jan.  Translated from: DokladyAkademii Nauk SSSR, v. 319 (4), 1991, p. 989-991. (511 P444A). Includes references.
Language:  English; Russian
Descriptors: Gramineae; Biotechnology; Cytogenetics; Genetics;Haploidy; Self pollination
246                                 NAL Call. No.: TA166.T72Using RAPD markers for crop improvement.Waugh, R.; Powell, W.New York, N.Y. : Elsevier Science Publishing Co; 1992 Jun.Trends in biotechnology v. 10 (6): p. 186-191; 1992 Jun. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Plant breeding; Breeding methods; Molecularbiology; Dna sequencing; Genetic polymorphism; Geneticengineering; Gene mapping; Genotypes; Somatic hybridization;Genetic resources; Genome analysis
247                                NAL Call. No.: QH442.A1G4Vectors for plant transformation and cosmid libraries.Ma, H.; Yanofsky, M.F.; Klee, H.J.; Bowman, J.L.; Meyerowitz,E.M. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers; 1992.Gene v. 117 (2): p. 161-167; 1992.  Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Arabidopsis thaliana; Agrobacterium tumefaciens;Cosmids; Genetic transformation; Plasmids; Genetic markers;Hygromycin b; Drug resistance; Reporter genes; Geneticengineering; Chromosome walking; Dna libraries
Abstract:  A series of vectors has been constructed for thepurpose of introducing cloned DNAs into plant genomes, usingAgrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation methods. Oneof these vectors, pCIT20, is a plasmid that contains amultiple cloning site (MCS), and a marker (Hph) that confershygromycin resistance to plant cells. The others are allcosmid vectors which allow insertion of up to 46 kb of plantgenomic DNA, and which also contain all of the necessarysequences for A. tumefaciens-mediated plant transformation.The cosmid vectors either contain a Hph marker (pCIT30), or akanamycin-resistance marker (pCIT101-104). Three of the cosmidvectors (pCIT30, pCIT101, and pCIT103) carry bacteriophage T7and SP6 promoters flanking the cloning BglII site, forsynthesis of end-specific RNAs. The end-specific RNAs may beused as probes when labeled with radioactive or biotinylatednucleotides, for example, in a chromosome-walking experiment.The other two cosmid vectors (pCIT102 and pCIT104) carryrestriction sites flanking the insertion site (XhoI) forconvenient release of the insert by restriction digests. Thesesites, in combination with sites internal to the insert, allowthe generation of end fragments for subcloning or labelingprobes. These vectors should be valuable for isolation andanalysis of plant genes, using transformation, libraryscreening, and chromosome-walking approaches.
248                                NAL Call. No.: QH442.A1G4Vectors with segmented multiple cloning sites (SMCS) for easymonitoring of restriction digests and post-cloning orientationreversal of genes. Georges, F.; Hussain, A.; Papish, B.Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers; 1992.Gene v. 111 (1): p. 27-33; 1992.  Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Plants; Genetic engineering; Cloning; Vectors;Plasmids; Cauliflower mosaic caulimovirus; Restrictionmapping; Transcription; Deoxyribonuclease i; Transgenics;Genetic transformation; Nucleotide sequences
Abstract:  A novel approach is described, through which thetranscriptional orientation of cloned genes is manipulatedwithout further subcloning. This is achieved through arestriction/ligation process (without changing the test tube)leading to approx. 1:1 mixture of both possible orientations.The plasmid containing the reversed orientation is easilydistinguished from the wild type by built-in restrictionindicator sites for SpeI. Additionally, a large markerfragment is incorporated into the segmented multiple cloningsite (SMCS) regions to facilitate monitoring the progressand/or efficiency of vector restrictions. The marker fragmentis released upon appropriate double digestion, thus acting asan indicator for complete restriction-enzyme digestion. Wehave equipped some existing plasmids, commonly used inmolecular biology, with these features and demonstrated theirsuperiority to plasmids having regular MCS sequences.
249                                NAL Call. No.: TP360.B562Vernonia oil improves performance of alkyd and ester coatings.Englewood, N.J. : Technical Insights, Inc; 1992 Sep.Industrial bioprocessing v. 14 (9): p. 6; 1992 Sep.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Zimbabwe; Kenya; Vernonia; Plant oils;Transgenics; Research projects
250                                 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P68Vicilin with carboxy-terminal KDEL is retained in theendoplasmic reticulum and accumulates to high levels in theleaves of transgenics plants. Wandelt, C.I.; Rafiqul, M.;Khan, I.; Craig, S.; Schroeder, H.E.; Spencer, D.; Higgins,T.J.V.Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publishers and BIOS ScientificPublishers; 1992 Mar.The plant journal v. 2 (2): p. 181-192; 1992 Mar.  Includesreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Nicotiana tabacum; Medicago sativa; Genetictransformation; Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Leaves; Chemicalcomposition; Vicilin; Spatial distribution; Endoplasmicreticulum; Transgenics; Gene mapping; Plant anatomy; Cellultrastructure
251                                 NAL Call. No.: QK725.P54Visualisation of trangene expression at the single protoplastlevel. Jung, J.L.; Bouzoubaa, S.; Gilmer, D.; Hahne, G.Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992.Plant cell reports v. 11 (7) (12): p. 346-350; 1992.  Includesreferences.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Chenopodium quinoa; Nicotiana tabacum; Beetnecrotic yellow vein virus; Gene transfer; Gene expression;Transgenics; Dna; Rna; Protoplasts; Fixation; Laboratorymethods; Filters; Protein analysis; Immunology; Antibodies
Abstract:  Protoplasts are currently used to study theexpression of genes following transformation. Expression isfollowed on a population of protoplasts after total proteinextraction by conventional western blotting or measure of theenzymatic activity of the transgenic protein. We describe herea new method, called protoplast printing, allowing easydetection of the fraction of cells expressing a certainprotein within a population of protoplasts. It consists ofimmobilization of the protoplast proteins on a nitrocellulosefilter, so as to retain the outlines of the cell, followed byimmunological detection of the protein of interest. The onlyspecial requirement is an antibody specific for the protein.We have studied the expression of the BNYVV coat protein afterelectroporation of Chenopodium quinoa protoplasts with viralRNAs, and the expression of the NPT II gene in protoplastsisolated from transgenic tobacco plants as well as afterdirect transfer of plasmid DNA into tobacco protoplasts. Inboth cases - infection with viral RNAs and transformation withplasmid DNA - expressing and non-expressing cells can bedistinguished as early as 12h after transfer of thetransgenes.
252                                    NAL Call. No.: Q1.D57Weed on parole.Weiss, J. JrLos Angeles, Calif. : Time, Inc. :.; 1992 Mar.Discover v. 13 (3): p. 28; 1992 Mar.
Language:  English
Descriptors: North Carolina; Nicotiana tabacum; Tobacco mosaictobamovirus; Medicinal plants; Biotechnology
253                                NAL Call. No.: 284.28 W15Wheat genes are altered, retain fertility.Naj, A.New York, N.Y. : Dow Jones; 1992 May28.The Wall Street journal. p. B7; 1992 May28.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Triticum aestivum; Genetic engineering;Resistance; Fertility
254                              NAL Call. No.: TP248.13.B54White House clears 'major cloud' over food biotechnology. NewYork : McGraw-Hill :.; 1992 Jun01.Biotechnology newswatch v. 12 (11): p. 1, 3; 1992 Jun01.
Language:  English
Descriptors: U.S.A.; Vegetables; Food safety; Geneticengineering; Regulations
255                                NAL Call. No.: QH442.G456White House says recombinant organisms pose no unusual risksto the environment.Eisner, R.New York, N.Y. : Mary Ann Liebert; 1992 Mar15.Genetic engineering news v. 12 (4): p. 1, 15; 1992 Mar15.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Genetic engineering; Recombinant  DNA; Microbialpesticides; Crops; Transgenics; Environmental impact;Biotechnology; Environmental policy; Recombinant vaccines
256                                   NAL Call. No.: 472 N42Will altered crop genes run wild in the country?.Coghlan, A.London, Eng. : New Science Publications; 1992 Mar21.New scientist v. 133 (1813): p. 21; 1992 Mar21.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Raphanus sativus; Genetic engineering;Transgenics; Gene transfer; Environmental impact; Pollen
257                                 NAL Call. No.: QK710.P62The xylanase introns from Cryptococcus albidus are accuratelyspliced in transgenic tobacco plants.Laliberte, J.F.; Nicolas, O.; Durand, S.; Morosoli, R.Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992 Feb.Plant molecular biology : an international journal onmolecular biology, biochemistry and genetic engineering v. 18(3): p. 447-451; 1992 Feb. Includes references.
Language:  English
Descriptors: Cryptococcus albidus; Nicotiana tabacum; Introns;O-glycoside hydrolases; Genes; Genetic transformation;Transgenics; Gene expression; Transcription; Messenger  RNA;Alternative splicing; Nucleotide sequences
Abstract:  The xylanase gene from Cryptococcus albiduscontains seven introns. Genomic and cDNA clones under thecontrol of the CaMV 35S promoter were transferred into tobaccoplants using Agrobacterium mediated cell transformation. Thegenes were transcribed and the mRNAs were amplified by thepolymerase chain reaction using primers on each side of theintron region. About 90% of the amplification products fromplants transformed with the genomic clone corresponded to thesize of the pre-mRNA (1.2 kb) and 10% represented the splicedproduct (0.85 kb). The 0.85 kb fragment was cloned andsequenced and the result indicated that the introns from thexylanase gene were accurately spliced by the plant cells.                         AUTHOR INDEX
Abramova, V.M.  245Adams, T.R.  207Agricultural and Food Research Council (Great Britain)  182Aguilar, M.  15Ahlquist, P.G.  17Ajmone-Marsan, P.  226Albrecht, K.  3Almeida, E.R.  153Altenbach, S.B.  1Altman, D.W.  25, 126An, G.  128Anderson, L.  78Andrews, T.J.  184Anzai, H.  230Aragao, F.J.L.  153Armstrong, T.A.  196Arnoldo, M.  73Arvidsson, Y.B.C.  184Avetisov, V.A.  2, 76Axelos, M.  4Azzam, O.  17Bagga, S.  55Barfoot, P.D.  64Barker, H.  198, 199Baszczynski, C.L.  73Bayley, C.  70Bayley, C.C.  74Beachy, R.N.  158, 206Becker, D.  117Beilmann, A.  3Belanger, F.  187Belemare, G.  73Belzile, F.  155Benedict, J.H.  25, 126Bennetzen, J.L.  19Berberich, S.A.  196Bernstein, E.  204Berres, R.  228Berthomieu, P.  225Bertioli, D.J.  20Beuckeleer, M. de  49Bilang, R.  75Bingham, T.  91Bishop, J.  37Bishop, J.E.  142Bleibaum, J.  78Block, M. de  49Bogorad, L.  201Bonne, E.  227Borkird, C. �212Bossut, M.  227Botterman, J.  227Boulter, D.  162, 167Bouzoubaa, S.  251Bovsun, M.  94Bowler, C.  216Bowman, J.L.  247Brabant, P.  152Bradley, D.  107Breyne, P.  44Brill, W.J.  147Broer, I.  232Brown, D.  144Brown, G.  73Bryant, J.  193, 234Burros, M.  68Camara Maahado, A. da  185Camara Machado, A. da  52Camara Machado, M.L. da  52, 185Carlson, J.  73Carozzi, N.  48Carozzi, N.B.  83Carvalho, F. de  217Castillo, A.M.  115Castresana, C.  217Chan, Y.S.  45Chee, P.P.  224Chia, T.F.  45Chollet, R.  210Christou, P.  63Chua, N.H.  45, 151Chupeau, Y.  11Cline, K.  12Cock, J.M.  46Cockburn, A.F.  209Cockburn, B.  221Coghlan, A.  62, 114, 119, 138, 240, 256Collins, G.B.  77Comai, L.  21Condon, S.A.  210Connett, R.J.A.  64Cook, G.  194Cooke, L.  81Cooper, J.I.  20Cornelissen, B.J.C.  123Cosset, A.  122Costa, M.A.  128Craig, S.  250Cremers, H.  202Cretin, C.  210Crouse, G.  190Cullimore, J.V.  46Curie, C.  4Cutler, K.  66D'Halluin, K.  227Dailey, P.  35Dale, E.C.  74Dale, P.J.  84Darmency, H.  152Dart, E.  208Davies, H.M.  78Davies, J.W.  165Davis, B.  8De Lumen, B.O.  140De Spain, R.R.  126Dean, C.  26Deaton, W.R.  196Deineko, E.V.  103Delannay, X.  85Delbos, R.  56DePalma, A.  23Depicker, A.  44Derrick, P.M.  198Desai, N.  83Devine, M.D.  47Dhir, S.  187Dhir, S.K.  187Dibner, M.  150Dietrich, A.  122Dincher, S.  48Ding, B.  206Dougherty, W.G.  154, 239Draeger, B.  238Draper, J.  170Droge, W.  232Duff, S.M.G.  210Dunez, J.  56Dunsmuir, P.  164Dupree, P.  188Durand, S.  257Dutton, G.  32Edwards, M.L.  20Eisner, R.  255Eldredge, M.  241Elliott, R.C.  33Ellis, P.J.  197Elzen, P.J.M. van den  123, 171Engstrom, P.  127, 212Eriksson, T.  127Evans, J.R.  184Fan, C.  78Fantes, V.  117Farrand, S.K.  135, 187Fikes, B.  211Filipowicz, W.  75Fillatti, J.J.  21Fincher, G.B.  43Fischer, N.H.  214Fischer, R.L.  15, 172Fischhoff, D.A.  196Flavell, R.B.  208Flint, H.M.  196Flores, H.E.  214Ford, T.L.  63Forde, B.G.  90Fowler, Michael W.  160Fox, S.  60, 113, 156Fraley, R.  218Fraley, R.T.  208, 235Frey, K.J.  161Friedrich, L.  48Fromm, M.E.  115Fuchs, R.L.  196, 208Gadal, P. p210Gafni, R.  158Galili, G.  189Gallo-Meagher, M.  33Gandecha, A.  221Gander, E.S.  153Gardner, R.C.  176Gartel, A.L.  2, 76Gasser, C.S.  235Gatehouse, A.M.R.  162, 167Gazaryan, K.G.  2, 76Geis, D.  59Gelvin, S.B.  215Georges, F.  248Georgescu, A.  1Gheysen, G.  44, 217Gierl, A.  166Gilbertson, R.L.  17Gillespie, B.  73Gilmer, D.  251Giovannoni, J.  172Glare, T.R.  101Glass, David J.  31Goldberg, R.B.  49, 145Gomez-Barrios, M.L.  214Gonsalves, C.  179Gonsalves, D.  179Gordon-Kamm, W.J.  207Gossele, V.  49Gould, F.  131Gray, J.C.  188Grayburn, W.S.  77Greef, W. de  49Gressel, J.  125Gresshoff, Peter M.,  159Grevelding, C.  117, 120Gronenborn, B.  176Grossi de Sa, M.F.  153Guilfoyle, T.J.  13Habeck, L.L.  215Hagen, G.  13Hahne, G.  251Haley, L.  85Halfter, U.  92Hallahan, D.L.  168Handa, A.K.  16Hanson, S.F.  17Hanzer, V.  52, 185Harlander, S.  150Harms, C.T.  71Harriman, R.W.  16Harrison, K.  174Hattori, J.  144Haudenshield, J.S.  206Hawes, W.S.  20Hawkins, D.J.  78Hayashi, H.  108Hayashi, Y.  61Hein, M.B.  22Helenjaris, T.G.  200Hemon, P.  46Herbst, L.  195Hiatt, A.  22Higashi, S.  108Higgins, T.J.V.  250Hildebrand, D.F.  14, 77Hilder, V.A.  162, 167Hird, D.L.  170Hjortso, M.A.  214Ho, J.Y.  141Hodge, R.  170Hodges, T.K.  231Hodgson, J.  29Hoekema, A.  171Hoopes, J.L.  65Hooykaas, P.J.J.  10Huang, B.  73Hudson, G.S.  184Hull, R.J.  206Hussain, A.  248Iglesias, V.A.  233Ingersoll, B.  148Inze, D.  216, 217Ishizaki-Nishizawa, O.  108Jacono, C.C.  12John, M.E.  95Johnson, M.T.  131Johnson, W.B.  137Jones, A.  21Jones, J.  26Jones, J.D.G.  19, 174Jones, J.L.  97Jongedijk, E.  123Jouain, L.  225Jung, J.L.  251Kaeppler, H.F.  209Kalthoff, B.  185Kaminek, M.  173Kaniewski, W.  85Karp, A.  186Katinger, H.  52, 185Kay, S.A.  151Kemp, J.D.  55Kemper, E.  120Kessmann, H.  48Khan, I.  250Khush, R.S.  124Kim , R.  172Kim, S.H.  172Kim, S.R.  128Kim, Y.  128Kirschenmann, Frederick  28Klee, H.J.  247Klein, R.E.  27Knapp, E.  185Knauf, V.C.  137Knutzon, D.S.  137Kofron, M.  63Komari, T.  61Komarova, M.L.  103Koning, A.  21Kononowicz, H.  215, 231Koziel, M.G.  83Kridl, J.C.  137Krimsky, S.  86Kriz, A.L.  187Kulinich, A.V.  245Kumar, A.  199Kumashiro, T.  61Kunze, R.  117Kuo, C.C.  1Kureczka, J.E.  96Kushnir, S.  217La Valle, B.J. �85Labbe, H.  144Laliberte, J.F.  257Lambert, B.  130Lambert, C.  243Larkin, B.A.  27Lassner, M.W.  21Lawrence, S.D.  12Layton, J.  85Lazzeri, P.A.  186Leather, S.  193Leemans, J.  49, 227Lefranc, M.  152Lei, C.H.  27Lelen, K.  5Lemaux, P.G.  207Lepiniec, L.  210Lescure, B.  4Li, Y.  13Li, Z.  82Liboz, T.  4Lindbo, J.A.  154, 239Lindemann, Julianne  31Lindsey, K.  100Ling, K.  179Lister, C.  26Lister, R.M.  27Lockhart, B.E.L.  53Lord, J.M.  183Luan, S.  201Lucas, W.J.  206Lund, P.  164Lundquist, R.C.  222Lupotto, E.  226Ma, H.  247Ma, H.M.  141MacFarlane, S.A.  165MacKenzie, D.J.  197MacLean, N.  73MacRae, W.D.  73Mahanty, H.K.  101Malgarinin-Clog, E.  228Maliga, P.  132Marechal-Drouard, L.  122Margossian, L.  15Mariani, C.  49Martineau, B.  69Masson, J.  122Masterson, R.  117, 120Masuta, C.  61Mattanovich, D.  52, 185Mattsson, J.  212Maxwell, D.P.  17Mayo, M.A.  99, 199Mazur, B.  227McHughen, A.  47McPartlan, H.C.  84McSheffrey, S.A.  47Medberry, S.L.  53Melik-Sarkisov, O.S.  2, 76Menges, A. von  117Meyerowitz, E.M.  247Miki, B.  144Milbourn, G.  149Millar, A.J.  151Moffat, A.S.  205Molendijk, L.  171Monsion, M.  56Montagu, M. van  44, 216, 217Montane, M.H.  4Moo-Young, Murray  160Moore, G.A.  12Morgan, M.  70, 74Morosoli, R.  257Morris, P.  136Morris, P.C.  92Muller-Rober, B.  129Mullineaux, P.M.  111Murai, N.  82Murakoshi, I.  230Murata, N.  108Murphy, D.J.  139Nagel, J.  233Nahrstedt, A.  238Naj, A.  253Namba, S.  179Neidigh, J.L.  12Nettleton, J.  150Nicolas, O.  257Nishida, I.  108Nolan, K.E.  104Nurrish, S.J.  174Nyman, M.  236O'Brien, J.V.  207O'Neill, M.  180Odell, J.T.  65�Okamuro, J.K.  145Olszewski, N.E.  53Ooyen, A.J.J. van  171Osusky, M.  233Otten, L.  228Ow, D.W.  70, 74Owen, M.  221Page, T.  26Pang, S.Z.  244Papish, B.  248Parks, N.J.  196Parodi, F.J.  214Paszkowski, J.  75Paul, W.  170Pautot, V.  11Pearson, K.W.  1Peferoen, M.  72, 130Pelletier, G.  122Pen, J.  171Penarrubia, L.  15, 172Peng, J.  231Perl, A.  189Perl, M.  158Perlak, F.J.  196Perrone, D.  226Peterhans, A.  75Petrova, T.F.  245Pfitzner, U.M.  3Pickett, J.A.  168Plail, R.  185Portsteffen, A.  238Potrykus, I.  233Potts, D.E.  222Powell, W.  246Prakash, C.S.  105Preece, J.E.  169Puhler, A.  232Puonti-Kaerlas, J.  127Quax, W.J. �171Quesenberry, J.E.  70Quijano, L.  214Radke, S.E.  78, 137Rafiqul, M.  250Ramamohan, G.  16Rasmussen, J.  244Ravelonandro, M.  56Ray, C.  70Rayner, G.  73Reavey, B.  199Reavy, B.  99Reboud, X.  152Rech, E.L.  153Redenbaugh, Keith  203Regner, F.  52, 185Rherissi, B.  152Richardson, P.T.  183Rieping, M.  220Rietveld, K.  171Rines, H.W.  209Ring, D.R.  25, 126Rivkin, M.I.  103Roberts, L.M.  183Rochaix, J.D.  163Rose, R.J.  104Rotino, G.L.  226Rouan, D.  4Rush, M.C.  82Russell, D.R.  17Russell, S.H.  65Rutledge, R.  144Ryals, J.  48Sachs, E.S.  126Saedler, H.  166Saito, K.  230Saito, Y.  61Sammons, B.  85Sanders, P.R.  85Sanders, R.A.  69Sanford, J.C.  244Sarath, G.  210Savka, M.A.  135, 187Schaefer, S.  176Schell, J.  117, 120Schilperoort, R.A.  10Schoffl, F.  220Schroeder, H.E.  250Schultz, S.  3Schutter, A.A.J.M. de  123Scofield, S.R.  174Scott, R.  170Seneviratne, G.  93Sengupta-Gopalan, C.  55Shaul, O.  189Sheehy, R.E.  69Shen, W.J.  90Shepherd, R.J.  176Shewry, Peter R.  24Short, S.R.  151Shui, H.  51Shumnyi, A.V.K.  103Sijmons, P.C.  171Sims, S.R.  126Sjodin, C.  26Slatter, R.E.  188Slightom, J.L.  179, 224Small, I.  122Sobolkova, G.I.  2, 76Somers, D.A.  18, 209Sonnewald, U.  129Sowinski, D.A.  33Spangenberg, G.  233Sparks, D.  121Spencer, D.  250Spencer, T.M.  207Stapp, B.R.  196Staraci, L.C.  1Start, W.G.  207Staub, J.M.  132Steinkellner, H.  52, 185Sterling, J.  242Stewart, J.M.  95Stolte, T.  123Stone, T.B.  126Sugarman, C.  213Sugawara, S.  89Sunohara, G.  144Sutton, D.  55Takamizo, T.  233Takanami, Y.  61Tamazaki, M.  230Tang, Y.  22Tasaka, Y.  108Tepfer, D.  243Teycheney, P.Y.  56Thomas, M.R.  104Thomas, T.H.  102Thompson, G.A.  137Thompson, W.F.  33Tieman, D.M.  16Till-Bottraud, I.  152Tinland, B.  228Townsend, J.  1Trolinder, N. �70Turner, N.E.  85Ueng, P.P.  27Umbeck, P.F.  25United States, National Technical Information Service  98, 110Upadhyaya, N.M.  101Usdin, S.  50Varadarajan, U.  105Vargas, D.  214Vasil, I.K.  115Vasil, V.  115Vaucheret, H.  11Vedel, F.  152Vermeulen, A.  11Vershinin, A.V.  103Vetsch, C.S.  222Vidal, J.  210Vincent, J.R.  27Vines, G.  219Voelker, T.A.  78Von Caemmerer, S.  184Wadhams, L.J.  168Wainwright, C.  1Wales, R.  183Wallin, A.  236Wallsgrove, R.M.  168Walter, B.  228Walters, D.A.  222Wandelt, C.I.  250Wang, Y.E.  215Wang, Y.H.  210Wang, Z.Y.  233Wanner, G.  3Ward. E.  48Warmbrodt, R.D.  30Warnes, D.D.  18Warren, G.W.  83Warren, Graham 160Waugh, R.  246Webb, K.J.  136Webster, K.D.  199Weil, J.H.  122Weiser, W.  22Weiss, H.  52, 185Weiss, J. Jr  252Wen, F.  27Wetzler, R.E.  86Whelan, E. 134Whitelam, G.  221Widholm, J.M.  177, 187Wiggert, L.  30Williams, S.  48Williamson, M.S.  90Williamson, V.M.  141Willmitzer, L.  92, 129Wilson, F.D.  196Wolf, S.  206Woodcock, C.M.  168Woolhouse, H.W.  175Worrall, D.  170Worrell, A.C.  78Wrubel, R.P.  86Xie, Q.  82Yamada, K.  106Yanofsky, M.F.  247Ye, G.N.  244Yoder, J.I.  124, 155Yoneyama, K.  230Zhensheng, L.  51                         SUBJECT INDEX
2,4-d  70, 225Acc  67Acetates  214Achievement  163Acyl-coa desaturase  77Acyltransferases  115, 227, 233Agricultural biotechnology  31, 110Agricultural productivity  98Agricultural products  147Agricultural research  102Agrobacterium  12, 193Agrobacterium rhizogenes  76, 90, 136, 225, 230, 238, 243 Agrobacterium tumefaciens  2, 10, 11, 13, 23, 47, 52, 55, 56,59, 61, 65, 70, 73, 77, 92, 93, 103, 104, 114, 127, 131, 136,141, 174, 179, 185, 189, 201, 212, 214, 215, 219, 223, 226,227, 228, 232, 247, 250Agronomic characteristics  16, 63, 64, 73, 95, 102, 123, 200Albumins  1, 153Alcaligenes  70Alleles  144, 145Alpha-amylase  171Alternative splicing  75, 257Ambrosia  204Ambrosia artemisiifolia  214Amino acid metabolism  111, 189Amino acid sequence  24, 159Amino acid sequences  45, 78, 111, 144, 164, 188, 221Amino acids  1, 165Amplification  111Analysis  2Animal biotechnology  31Animal breeding  156Animal diseases  156Anthers  53, 170Antibloat agents  81Antibodies  22, 221, 251Antisense  DNA  15, 16Antisense  RNA  99, 129, 184pApical meristems  215Apocynum  204Arabidopsis thaliana  4, 11, 26, 47, 65, 78, 92, 108, 114,117, 120, 144, 151, 247Arabis mosaic nepovirus  20Arizona  196Artificial selection  64Atropa belladonna  230Attenuation  239Auxins  243Avena fatua  125Avena sativa  125Bacillus  119Bacillus licheniformis  171Bacillus thuringiensis  32, 48, 60, 66, 72, 83, 130, 146, 196Bacteria  75Bacterial insecticides  48, 130Bacterial proteins  72, 164Bacterial toxins  48Bacteriophages  65, 74Barley  24Barley yellow dwarf luteovirus  27Bean yellow mosaic potyvirus  179Beet necrotic yellow vein virus  251Belgium  223Bertholletia excelsa  1, 153Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera  102, 227Beta-galactosidase  215Beta-glucanase  43, 170, 217Beta-glucuronidase  3, 13, 21, 44, 46, 53, 65, 84, 90, 185,201, 207, 209, 212, 228, 231, 236, 244Bibliographies  30Bilanafos  227, 230Binding  72Binding proteins  221Binding site  183Biochemical pathways  111, 135, 168, 214, 216, 238Biocides  168Biodegradation  32Biology  173Biosynthesis  14, 42, 78, 137, 169, 214, 238Biotechnology  5, 27, 28, 29, 30, 42, 57, 58, 59, 91, 95, 102,113, 125, 149, 156, 161, 163, 169, 173, 240, 245, 252, 255Biotechnology industries  31Brassica campestris  4, 137, 176Brassica napus  1, 21, 37, 49, 137Brassica napus var. oleifera  9, 73Brassica oleracea var. capitata  225Breeding methods  63, 225, 246Breeding programs  121, 161, 175California  37, 42Callose  170Callus  22, 76, 105, 115, 127, 187, 222, 224, 231, 233, 236Carbides  209Carbohydrate metabolism  16, 129Carya illinoensis  121Cauliflower mosaic caulimovirus  3, 55, 75, 117, 172, 174,176, 230, 248Cell culture  22, 82, 186Cell cultures  177Cell differentiation  177Cell suspensions  53, 164, 209, 233Cell ultrastructure  206, 250Cell wall components  43, 170Cell walls  16, 43, 170Cells  136, 186Cercospora  195Chemical composition  250Chemical ecology  168Chemical reactions  16, 164Chemicals  48Chenopodium quinoa  251Chimeras  1, 3, 49, 105, 129, 222Chimerism  111China  51Chitinase  164Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase  220Chlorophyll a/b binding protein 151, 201Chloroplast genetics  132, 152, 163, 189Chloroplasts  152Chlorsulfuron  11, 47, 144Chromatin  44Chromosome addition  51Chromosome analysis  127Chromosome substitution  51Chromosome translocation  51Chromosome walking  247Chromosomes  188Cichorium intybus  11Circadian rhythm  151Citrus  12Clones  198Cloning  6, 19, 42, 56, 78, 141, 248Clover yellow vein potyvirus  179Coat proteins  20, 23, 45, 56, 99, 123, 154, 197, 198, 199,239Cold tolerance  108Coloring  114Consumer behavior  193Controlling elements  3, 4, 33, 90, 145, 201, 215, 220Cosmids  247Cotyledons  174, 212Crop damage  25, 83Crop management  95Crop production  57, 58, 102, 149, 162, 200Crop quality  57, 58, 64Crop yield  64, 73, 84, 121Cropping systems  102Crops  5, 8, 30, 32, 60, 64, 72, 97, 99, 100, 111, 113, 167,168, 175, 178, 205, 235, 240, 242, 255Crown gall  10Cryptococcus albidus  257Crystal inclusions  72Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus  61Cucumis sativus  224Cultivars  82, 102, 121, 123, 152, 161, 196, 199, 228Culture techniques  226Cuttings  84Cymbidium mosaic potexvirus  45Cytogenetics  245Cytokinins  13, 173, 243Datura stramonium  238Daucus carota  212, 232Defense mechanisms  71, 168, 175Deletions  65, 74, 90, 92, 201Deoxyribonuclease i  174, 248Detoxification  111Diagnosis  156Dihydrofolate reductase  120Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii  172, 219Direct  DNAuptake  60, 75, 92, 115, 132, 153, 201, 207, 209,222, 224, 231, 233Discs  2Disease resistance  17, 27, 52, 71, 81, 93, 112, 146, 154,179, 185, 197Disease vectors  130, 239Dna  10, 44, 45, 61, 78, 91, 132, 136, 141, 152, 155, 176,212, 243, 251Dna binding proteins  4, 44Dna libraries  247Dna sequencing  246Drug resistance  82, 127, 209, 222, 233, 247Dry matter accumulation  129Effects  173Electroporation  90Embryogenesis  21, 115, 145, 233Endoplasmic reticulum  244, 250Endotoxins  48Environmental impact  64, 255, 256Environmental policy  255Enzyme activity  2, 3, 16, 47, 70, 111, 128, 129, 139, 144,158, 170, 171, 184, 189, 216, 230, 232, 236, 238Enzyme inhibitors  167Enzymes  195Escherichia coli  3, 13, 189Ethanol production  142Ethylene  172Ethylene production  15Etiolation  33Europe  64, 102European communities  64Evolution  4, 43Exons  55Exotoxins  21Expert systems  149Explants  127Extracellular spaces  244Exudates  135Fatty acids  14, 73, 77Fatty alcohols  42Feed supplements  116Feeding behavior  25Ferredoxin  33Fertility  82, 127, 205, 253Festuca arundinacea  233Fiber quality  95Fibers  209Field experimentation  64, 73, 84Field tests  62, 83, 86, 157, 178, 192, 242Filters  251Fixation  251Flatulence  140Flooding tolerance  229Florida  85, 138Flowers  53, 163Fluorimetry  2Fodder crops  91Foliar spraying  48Food  237Food biotechnology  5, 64, 68, 89, 106, 118, 218Food crops  29, 218Food industry  5, 97, 171Food production  162Food quality  14, 50, 96Food safety  36, 40, 54, 79, 80, 88, 109, 118, 133, 134, 148,150, 190, 191, 241, 254Foods  5Formation  173Fragaria ananassa  236Free radicals  195Fresh products  79, 106, 237Frost resistance  108Fruit  133Fruits  15, 16, 36, 121, 134, 148, 172, 191, 219Galactose  183Gametogenesis  124Gelechiidae  1963Geminivirus group  17Gene dosage  217Gene expression  1, 3, 4, 13, 15, 16, 20, 21, 22, 23, 33, 43,44, 45, 46, 48, 53, 55, 72, 73, 75, 84, 90, 96, 99, 103, 105,111, 117, 122, 123, 128, 129, 136, 137, 145, 151, 153, 154,158, 164, 167, 171, 172, 174, 179, 187, 188, 189, 197, 201,207, 212, 215, 216, 217, 220, 221, 222, 224, 236, 244, 251,257Gene flow  152Gene mapping  26, 69, 175, 246, 250Gene splicing  21, 74Gene transfer  1, 11, 23, 45, 47, 52, 56, 60, 63, 69, 70, 82,92, 105, 115, 122, 125, 131, 136, 153, 154, 155, 167, 172,185, 187, 193, 197, 208, 209, 224, 227, 230, 231, 233, 236,251, 256  Genes  1, 10, 13, 19, 20, 22, 23, 42, 45, 65, 70,72, 76, 82, 95, 99, 111, 122, 123, 141, 144, 164, 166, 167,169, 197, 198, 199, 215, 217, 220, 225, 227, 239, 244, 257Genetic analysis  26, 69, 117, 226Genetic change  124, 174Genetic code  165, 232Genetic contamination  152Genetic control  139, 163Genetic engineering  2, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 18, 19, 22, 29,30, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 49, 50, 51, 54,59, 60, 62, 64, 67, 68, 71, 72, 74, 76, 79, 80, 81, 86, 87,88, 89, 91, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 99, 100, 101, 107, 108, 109,111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 119, 121, 123, 130, 131, 133, 134,137, 138, 139, 140, 142, 143, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 156,162, 163, 166, 168, 169, 173, 175, 176, 177, 178, 180, 181,183, 186, 190, 192, 193, 194, 195, 200, 202, 203, 204, 205,210, 211, 213, 216, 218, 219, 223, 228, 229, 235, 237, 241,246, 247, 248, 253, 254, 255, 256Genetic factors  102Genetic improvement  64, 71, 175, 186Genetic markers  12, 120, 125, 132, 228, 247Genetic polymorphism  246Genetic regulation  21, 33, 43, 46, 48, 90, 99, 135, 145, 151,172, 201, 217, 220Genetic resistance  18, 19, 20, 23, 45, 60, 61, 71, 85, 99,100, 123, 165, 197, 198, 199, 239Genetic resources  64, 246Genetic transformation  1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16,20, 21, 22, 23, 33, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 52, 53, 55, 56, 60,61, 63, 64, 65, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 82, 84, 90, 92,96, 99, 100, 103, 104, 105, 111, 115, 117, 120, 122, 123, 124,127, 129, 132, 136, 144, 145, 153, 158, 164, 165, 167, 168,170, 171, 172, 174, 179, 184, 185, 186, 187, 189, 197, 198,199, 201, 206, 207, 208, 209, 212, 215, 217, 220, 221, 222,224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 230, 231, 233, 234, 236, 243, 244,247, 248, 250, 257Genetic variation  136Genetics  176, 245Genome analysis  27, 155, 246Genomes  91, 99, 132, 163, 188Genotypes  12, 25, 26, 63, 105, 246Georgia  121Germplasm  121Glucose  129Glufosinate  115, 125, 227, 230, 232, 233Glutamate-ammonia ligase  46, 90Glutathione transferase  111Glycine max  145, 187, 220Gossypium  7, 25, 59, 95, 126Gossypium hirsutum  70, 146, 196Grain  43Grain crops  71, 191Gramineae  245Growth  25, 47, 177Guard cells  215Guidelines  80Haploids  217Haploidy  245Heat shock  220Heat shock proteins  220Heavy metals  204Helicoverpa zea  126Heliothis virescens  25, 83, 126, 131Herbicide resistance  11, 18, 34, 47, 65, 70, 87, 100, 107,111, 115, 125, 138, 144, 175, 177, 209, 227, 230, 233Herbicide safeners  111Herbicides  111Heterosis 119Hexosyltransferases  129Histochemistry  13, 215Histoenzymology  3Homologous recombination  92Homozygotes  217Hordeum  43Hordeum vulgare  186Horizontal resistance  19Horticultural crops  71Host range  198Hosts of plant pests  130Hyaluronidase  2, 76Hybrid seed production  49Hybridization  96Hydrolysis  170, 171Hygromycin b  82, 127, 222, 233, 247Hypocotyls  212Igg  221Illinois  85Imagery  149Imidazolinone herbicides  144Immunocytochemistry  206Immunoglobulin structural genes  22, 221Immunoglobulins  22Immunology  251Import substitution  37Improvement  59, 95, 140In vitro culture  12, 71, 226, 238In vitro selection  71, 233Induced mutations  22, 144, 201Induced resistance  154, 197Industrial applications  171Industrial crops  5, 139Infection  199, 206Infections  99Inheritance  16, 47, 70, 82, 127, 136, 207, 222, 224, 230, 231Innovations  64Inoculum  147Insect control  175Insect pests  60, 101, 167, 196Insecticidal action  72, 130, 167Insecticidal properties  72Insertional mutagenesis  117, 124, 166, 174Intergeneric hybridization  64International cooperation  29, 192International organizations  29Interspecific hybridization  152Introns  4, 55, 75, 257Ipomoea batatas  105Isoenzymes  43Isolation  166Kanamycin  11, 209Kenya  249Kinases  189Labeling  109Laboratory methods  69, 251Lactuca sativa  172Larvae  25, 131Law  86Leaf veins  215Leaves  2, 33, 45, 46, 53, 55, 61, 77, 158, 172, 189, 198,201, 250Lectins  145, 167Legumes  140Leucine  122Licenses  7, 67Ligases  47, 55, 84, 174, 189, 215, 224, 227Light  33, 46, 201, 221Line differences  47Lines  83, 154, 196, 239Linkage  82, 207Linum usitatissimum  47Lipid metabolism  14, 137Literature reviews  10, 19, 22, 51, 71, 100, 130, 140, 147,161, 166, 200, 216Loci  82, 124Lotus corniculatus  81, 90Luciferase  74, 151Luminescence  151Lycopersicon esculentum  4, 15, 16, 32, 35, 38, 39, 40, 41,54, 61, 67, 85, 89, 124, 141, 150, 155, 172, 180, 181, 190,241Lysine  189Maize starch  171Male sterility  21, 119, 170, 205Malting quality  43Malus pumila  243Manduca sexta  48, 83Mapping  91Marker genes  62, 75, 105, 125, 136, 185, 193, 208, 225Market planning  37Marketing  64, 67, 116Marketing policy  113Mechanical transmission  239Medicago sativa  55, 103, 250Medicago truncatula  104Medicinal plants  194, 252Medium chain fatty acids  78Meiosis  170Meloidogyne  141Mesophyll  206, 215Messenger  RNA  16, 33, 45, 48, 56, 75, 129, 151, 174, 217,257Metabolism  43, 173, 177, 232Methionine  1, 116, 153Methodology  104, 136Methotrexate  120Metsulfuron  47Microbial activities �147Microbial biotechnology  110, 182Microbial pesticides  255Micromanipulation  34Micropropagation  169Milk production  89Mitochondria  122Mitochondrial genetics  122Mixed cropping  175Mode of action  72, 99Modification  95Molecular biology  91, 163, 177, 246Molecular conformation  122, 214Molecular genetics  101, 117, 137, 139Monoclonal antibodies  91, 221Monocotyledons  223Multigene families  4, 46, 55Mutagenesis  22, 56Mutants  144Mutations  4, 21, 111, 122, 145, 183, 210Myrothecium verrucaria  107Myzus persicae  239Natural enemies  131Netherlands  202New products  36, 50, 106, 109, 134, 148Nicotiana  45, 52, 56, 83, 131, 165, 179Nicotiana plumbaginifolia  217Nicotiana tabacum  3, 4, 13, 20, 21, 33, 44, 46, 48, 53, 56,62, 65, 70, 74, 75, 77, 90, 107, 108, 119, 128, 132, 135, 144,145, 154, 158, 164, 170, 171, 174, 184, 188, 194, 195, 197,201, 206, 209, 215, 217, 220, 221, 232, 239, 244, 250, 251,252, 257Non-food products  139Nopaline  174North Carolina  83, 131, 195, 252Nucleases  74Nucleoproteins  44Nucleotide sequence  203Nucleotide sequences  4, 43, 45, 46, 53, 122, 144, 154, 165,221, 232, 239, 248, 257Nucleotidyltransferases  129Nutrition labeling3 68O-glycoside hydrolases  257Octopine  174Oilseed plants  139Oilseeds  191Organogenesis  127, 243Ornamental woody plants  169Oryza sativa  63, 82, 195, 201, 229, 231Outcrossing  152Oxidation  216Oxidoreductases  15, 70, 173, 238Oxo-acid-lyases  65, 144Oxygen  195Palmitoleic acid  77Parasites of insect pests  131Parenchyma  53Pasture plants  91Patents  64, 181Pathogenesis  206Pathogenesis-related proteins  3, 48, 71, 135, 164Pathogenicity  17, 85, 179Pea early-browning tobravirus  165Pectinesterase  16Pectinophora gossypiella  196Pectins  16Pepper mottle virus  179Peptides  244Peroxidation  14Pest resistance  18, 25, 32, 60, 66, 72, 100, 131, 141, 167,196Pesticides  32Petunia  170Ph  238Phaseolin  55, 75Phaseolus vulgaris  17, 46, 55, 75, 90, 122, 153Phenotypes  26, 154, 225Philippines  229Phloem  53Phosphatidylcholines  77Phosphodiesterase i  158Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase  210Phosphoric diester hydrolases  158Phosphorylation  210Phosphotransferases  55, 73, 74, 84, 92, 127, 208, 209, 222,224, 231, 233Photosynthesis  177, 184Phytoalexins  71Phytochrome  151, 221Pisum sativum  33, 127, 188, 244Plant  19, 170Plant anatomy  250Plant biotechnology  31, 98, 110, 159, 160, 182Plant breeding  17, 18, 27, 30, 51, 52, 57, 58, 63, 64, 69,81, 147, 156, 161, 175, 200, 205, 218, 246Plant breeding methods  91, 139Plant composition  238Plant development  13, 100, 129, 163Plant disease control  85, 99Plant diseases  19, 23, 156Plant embryos  63, 153, 185, 212Plant genetic engineering  98, 203Plant growth regulators  169Plant height  84Plant molecular biology  159Plant morphology  13, 127Plant oils  249Plant organs  2, 13Plant pathogens  19, 156Plant pests  156, 196Plant physiology  102, 216Plant protection  71, 99, 111, 162, 167Plant proteins  1, 15, 21, 84, 129, 167, 172Plant tissues  13, 14, 136, 186Plant viruses  99, 165, 175, 179�Plants  10, 22, 86, 159, 163, 166, 177, 188, 208, 211, 213,234, 248Plasmids  10, 75, 76, 103, 104, 115, 132, 136, 197, 215, 247,248Plasmodesmata  206Plastics  6Plastids  132Plastocyanins  188Plum pox potyvirus  23, 52, 56, 93, 185Pollen  170, 256Polyacetylenes  214Polyethylene glycol  231Polygalacturonase  40Polyhydroxybutyrate  6Polymerase chain reaction  156Polyuronides  16Pome fruits  112Potato leaf roll luteovirus  198, 199Potato starch  171Potato x potexvirus  123Potato y potyvirus  179Precocity  121Precursors  188, 214Product development  32Prolificacy  121Promoters  3, 4, 13, 21, 33, 46, 48, 53, 55, 74, 84, 90, 128,145, 151, 170, 172, 174, 201, 212, 215, 220Propagation  176Protein analysis  251Protein quality  140Protein secretion  22, 164, 244Protein synthesis  111, 135Protein transport  244Protein value  1Proteinase inhibitors  128Proteins  4Protoplast fusion  64Protoplasts  22, 63, 75, 82, 90, 92, 136, 164, 186, 187, 231,233, 236, 239, 251Prunus armeniaca  23, 93, 185Pseudogenes  3Pseudomonas aeruginosa  21Public opinion  35, 94, 193Purification  238Quantitative analysis  135Radicles  212Radioactive tracers  214Rapeseed oil  37, 137Raphanus sativus  256Rats  77Recombinant  DNA  46, 48, 53, 55, 56, 90, 151, 172, 174, 193,201, 205, 212, 244, 255Recombinant vaccines  255Recombination  65, 74Regeneration  63, 222, 234Regenerative ability  105, 115, 127, 136, 185, 186, 187, 225,226, 231, 233, 236, 243Regulation  38, 210Regulations  8, 35, 36, 41, 54, 64, 68, 88, 89, 118, 133, 134,148, 150, 189, 190, 191, 211, 213, 221, 240, 241, 242, 254Release  64Remote sensing  149Repetitive  DNA  201Replication  20, 199, 239Reporter genes  3, 13, 21, 44, 46, 53, 55, 65, 73, 74, 84, 90,92, 115, 127, 136, 151, 201, 207, 208, 209, 212, 215, 220,222, 224, 226, 231, 233, 244, 247Research  67Research projects  29, 249Research support  195Resistance  7, 120, 253Responses  99Restriction fragment length polymorphism  91, 132, 200Restriction mapping  44, 152, 248Retail marketing  113Ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase  184Ricin  183Ripening  15, 16, 54, 172, 180Risk  86, 152, 193Rna  20, 49, 61, 99, 239, 251Rna editing  163Root meristems  46, 215Root nodules  55, 90Rooting  169Rooting capacity  169Roots  33, 47, 55, 76, 90, 105, 189, 212, 214, 238, 243Rootstocks  243Safety  208, 242Salicylic acid  128Saturated fatty acids  137Scarabaeidae  101Secondary metabolites  167, 168, 173Seed crops  136Seed development  1Seed germination  43, 221Seed industry  64Seed quality  73Seedlings  33Seeds  1, 55, 78, 171Segregation  21, 47, 152, 207Selection criteria  63, 95, 121, 139Self pollination  245Semiochemicals  168Serine  210Serotypes  27Serratia marcescens  164Setaria (gramineae)  152Setaria italica  152Setaria verticillata  152Setaria viridis  152Shoot cuttings  169Shoots  12, 127, 212Silicon  209Simmondsia chinensis  42Snacks  6Solanum  226Solanum tuberosum  2, 6, 50, 76, 84, 122, 123, 129, 143, 189,198, 199Somaclonal variation  67, 71, 84, 169, 186Somatic embryogenesis  212, 234Somatic hybridization  71, 246Somatic mutations  174Somatotropin  89Sorghum  210Southern blotting  124Spatial distribution  151, 250Spatial variation  212Species differences  136Starch  129, 142, 143, 171Starch industry  171Stearic acid  37Stems  12, 46, 55Strain differences  85Strains  72, 104, 228Stress response  114, 216Structural genes  15, 16, 21, 33, 47, 48, 55, 56, 75, 77, 90,115, 129, 145, 153, 158, 171, 174, 189, 206Structure activity relationships  72, 111Sucrose  128, 129Sulfonylurea herbicides  65, 227Superoxide dismutase  216Survival  25, 131Susceptibility  239Suspensions  63Sustainable agriculture  28Sweet tasting compounds  172Sweetness  219, 237Symbiosis  147Symptoms  99, 179, 239Synthetic genes  172, 221Systems  63Tannins  81Targeted mutagenesis  92, 166Techniques  234Temporal variation  151, 212Tetraploidy  127Thinning  121Tissue culture  64, 186, 207, 222, 228�Tissue cultures  63Tobacco etch potyvirus  154, 179, 239Tobacco mosaic tobamovirus  56, 85, 158, 194, 206, 252Tolerance  20, 216Tomato mosaic tobamovirus  85Tomato spotted wilt virus  197Tomatoes  203Toxic substances  168Toxicity  72Transcription  4, 56, 61, 145, 151, 220, 239, 248, 257Transfer  76, 225Transfer  RNA  122, 173Transferases  207, 230, 232Transgenics  1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 20,21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 33, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 52, 53, 54, 55,56, 60, 61, 63, 65, 66, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 76, 77, 78, 82,83, 84, 85, 86, 90, 92, 99, 103, 104, 105, 106, 108, 115, 117,120, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 132, 135, 136,141, 144, 145, 152, 153, 154, 155, 157, 158, 164, 165, 167,170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 179, 184, 185, 187, 188, 189, 191,193, 196, 197, 198, 199, 201, 206, 207, 208, 209, 212, 214,215, 217, 218, 220, 221, 222, 224, 225, 226, 227, 230, 231,232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 238, 239, 242, 243, 244, 248, 249,250, 251, 255, 256, 257Translation  4Transposable elements  26, 124, 155, 166, 174Triticum  51, 234Triticum aestivum  34, 87, 115, 138, 253Tropane alkaloids  238Tubers  2, 84, 129, 189U.S.A.  8, 36, 38, 41, 62, 64, 80, 81, 86, 88, 89, 91, 133,134, 148, 150, 161, 181, 191, 211, 213, 240, 241, 242, 254UK  102, 149Ultrastructure  43Umbellularia californica  78Unclassified plant viruses  53Uptake  122USDA  8, 38, 41, 54, 62, 67, 86, 89, 157, 190, 213, 240, 241,242Vandalism  202Variation  99Variegation  174Varietal resistance 99, 130, 167, 168, 175Varieties  64Vectors  10, 22, 56, 75, 111, 132, 136, 167, 176, 248Vegetables  6, 36, 88, 94, 133, 134, 148, 191, 219, 254Vegetative propagation  84Vernonia  249Vertical resistance  19Vicilin  244, 250Viral antigens  198, 239Viral diseases  99Viral proteins  158, 206Virulence  10, 99Vitis  228Waste treatment  204Watermelon mosaic virus 2  179Wheat  96Wild plants  152Yield factors  121Yield increases  121Zea mays  4, 6, 26, 53, 116, 124, 142, 146, 155, 166, 174,195, 201, 202, 207, 209, 222, 229Zimbabwe  249Zucchini yellow mosaic potyvirus  179