In the 

United States Court of Appeals 

For the Seventh Circuit ____________________

No. 16‐4209

RANDY MCCAA,

Plaintiff‐Appellant,

v.

TODD HAMILTON et al.,

Defendants‐Appellees.

____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the

Eastern District of Wisconsin.

No. 16‐CV‐175— J.P. Stadtmueller, Judge.

____________________

ARGUED APRIL 5, 2018 — DECIDED JUNE 27, 2018

____________________

Before KANNE, ROVNER, and HAMILTON, Circuit Judges.

KANNE, Circuit Judge. Randy McCaa filed a pro se com‐

plaint in 2016, alleging that prison officials at the Green Bay

Correctional Institution deliberately disregarded his risk of

suicide, causing him to suffer serious physical injuries on four

different occasions. Over the course of the litigation below,

McCaa filed four motions asking the district court to recruit
2 No. 16‐4209

counsel for him. The district court denied all four and ulti‐

mately granted summary judgment to the defendants‐appel‐

lees.  

When denying McCaa’s third motion to recruit counsel,

however, the district court did not specifically address cir‐

cumstances that bore on McCaa’s ability to competently liti‐

gate his own case. This was an abuse of discretion that preju‐

diced McCaa. Accordingly, we vacate the district court’s judg‐

ment and remand McCaa’s case for further proceedings.

I. BACKGROUND

McCaa suffers from various mental illnesses, and he has a

history of self‐injury and suicide attempts. In this 42 U.S.C.

§ 1983 suit, he alleges that officials and staff at Green Bay Cor‐

rectional Institution were deliberately indifferent to his

self‐harm on four separate occasions. After screening McCaa’s

pro se complaint in accordance with 28 U.S.C. § 1915A, the dis‐

trict court allowed five of McCaa’s deliberate indifference

claims to go forward. Four of the claims relate to the officials’

failure to prevent McCaa’s self‐harm from December 2013 to

August 2015, and one relates to the officials’ failure to obtain

medical assistance for McCaa after a self‐harm incident in

May 2014.  

Along with his pro se complaint, McCaa filed a motion to

appoint counsel. There is no right to court‐appointed counsel

in federal civil litigation, but an indigent civil litigant may ask

the district court to request an attorney to represent the liti‐

gant pro bono. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e); Pruitt v. Mote, 503 F.3d 647,

649 (7th Cir. 2007) (en banc). The district court properly con‐

strued McCaa’s motion to appoint counsel as a motion to re‐

cruit counsel under § 1915(e). Id. at 654.  
No. 16‐4209 3

In support of his motion for counsel, McCaa posited that

the issues in the case are complex, with several different

claims involving different sets of defendants, and that the suc‐

cess of these claims would come down to a credibility contest.

McCaa also indicated that he has serious mental illnesses, a

fifth‐grade reading level, little legal knowledge, and ex‐

tremely limited access—as a segregation inmate—to the law

library and witnesses.  

The district court denied the motion without prejudice,

reasoning that: “McCaa appears able to coherently present his

case. His filings demonstrate that he is able to communicate

his positions and submit court papers as he requires or deems

appropriate.” (R. 16 at 8.)

McCaa filed a second motion to appoint counsel about a

month later. In addition to his previous points, he noted that

he has a learning disability, that he had been transferred to a

new prison facility, and that he did not know where his wit‐

ness was located. The district court denied the motion, again

without prejudice, writing: “Nothing has changed since the

Court’s [last] order which would alter its result. The Court

still finds that the plaintiff can adequately communicate his

positions and submit court papers as he requires or deems ap‐

propriate.” (R. 26 at 1–2.)

About two months after that denial, and after discovery

began, McCaa brought his third motion for counsel. McCaa

reiterated the competency and complexity points he had

raised in his previous motions. To further support his claim

that the case was complex, he noted that a second attorney

had recently joined the defense team. He also indicated that

he would have difficulty getting opposing counsel to produce

documents now that the case was in the discovery stage. And,
4 No. 16‐4209

McCaa told the district court, he previously relied heavily on

other prisoners for litigation assistance but recently was hav‐

ing difficulty getting help. (Indeed, one prisoner submitted a

declaration claiming he drafted McCaa’s motion for reconsid‐

eration and amended complaint at the start of litigation. (R.

19 at 2–3.))  

Again, the district court denied McCaa’s motion. For the

first time, it specifically noted McCaa’s mental illness and

reading disability, but reasoned that those attributes did not

weigh in favor of recruiting counsel because “he appears to

be able to present cogent arguments and navigate the litiga‐

tion process, particularly as demonstrated by his filings since

his second motion.” (R. 53 at 1.) As for the case’s complexity,

McCaa “claims that the case is complex, citing the fact that a

second assistant attorney general has entered his appearance

in the matter. This is no evidence of the matter’s complexity.”

(Id. (citations omitted).) Lastly, the court indicated that

McCaa’s inability to secure help from other prisoners was “of

no moment at this stage; the plaintiff has been ably litigating

the matter from its inception and the Court has no evidence

that this will not continue.” (Id. at 1–2.)

Accordingly, McCaa continued through the discovery

stage of his case pro se. He did not conduct any depositions,

and it appears he had some difficulty securing discovery from

the defendants, (see, e.g., R. 58, Letter to the Court). But, he

had a verified complaint that served as an affidavit, and he

secured three additional declarations from witnesses.

After the defendants moved for summary judgment,

McCaa filed his fourth and final motion for counsel. In it,

McCaa argued that he was having difficulty contacting wit‐

nesses who were no longer incarcerated, that he could not
No. 16‐4209 5

present a case at trial without a lawyer, and that his case was

worthy for a jury. The district court denied the motion at the

same time it granted summary judgment to the defendants. It

gave two reasons for doing so. First, “McCaa has been ably

litigating this matter since its inception,” and second,

“McCaa’s statements in the latest motion would only be rele‐

vant if this case were proceeding to trial, but it is not.” (R. 80

at 18.)

The case was not proceeding toward trial because, the dis‐

trict court reasoned, the defendants were entitled to judgment

as matter of law. In so concluding, the district court took all

of the defendants’ proposed facts as undisputed because

McCaa did not properly cite any evidence despite instructions

from the district court on how to do so, (R. 31‐1–31‐7). It dis‐

missed his case, and McCaa appealed.

On September 28, 2017, this court indicated we would re‐

cruit counsel for McCaa’s appeal and advised that the re‐

cruited counsel should address whether the district court

abused its discretion in denying McCaa’s requests for coun‐

sel. That issue is before us now.  

II.ANALYSIS

We leave the decision to recruit counsel under § 1915(e) to

the district court’s discretion, but that discretion is to be

“guided by sound legal principles.” Pruitt, 503 F.3d at 654

(quoting Martin v. Franklin Capital Corp., 546 U.S. 132, 139

(2005)). In Pruitt, we announced those principles, instructing

district courts to analyze (1) whether the plaintiff has made a

reasonable attempt to obtain counsel and (2) whether the

plaintiff appears competent to litigate the case himself, given

the difficulty of the particular case at hand. Id. The failure to
6 No. 16‐4209

engage in this analysis is necessarily an abuse of discretion,

but we only reverse based on that error if the plaintiff shows

prejudice. Id. at 658–59.

In this case, the first inquiry is not at issue: the district

court found that McCaa had made reasonable attempts to ob‐

tain counsel without success, and the defendants‐appellees

do not contest that finding on appeal. Accordingly, our anal‐

ysis focuses on whether the district court reversibly erred

when undertaking the second inquiry: whether McCaa was

competent to litigate his case given its particular complexities.  

For the reasons that follow, we conclude that the district

court reversibly erred when it denied McCaa’s third motion

for counsel without addressing certain circumstances bearing

on the complexity of the case and McCaa’s competency to lit‐

igate it himself.  

A. The district court abused its discretion in denying McCaa’s

third motion for counsel.  

The components of the second inquiry—competency and

complexity—are “necessarily intertwined,” id. at 655, but the

district court must still address both elements, id. at 649, 55.

Though “we have resisted laying down categorical rules re‐

garding recruitment of counsel,” id. at 656, (and we continue

to do so in this case), we have previously held that a district

court abuses its discretion when it does not take note of “cer‐

tain circumstances [that] demand particular judicial consider‐

ation.” James v. Eli, 889 F.3d 320, 327 (7th Cir. 2018). This is

because “[t]he inquiry into plaintiff competence and case dif‐

ficulty” should be “particularized to the person and case be‐

fore the court.” Pruitt, 503 F.3d at 656.  
No. 16‐4209 7

“Though the district court need not address every point

raised in recruitment motions, it must address those that bear

directly on whether ‘the difficulty of the case—factually and

legally—exceeds the particular plaintiff’s capacity as a layper‐

son to coherently present it ... .’” Dewitt v. Corizon, Inc., 760

F.3d 654, 659 (7th Cir. 2014) (quoting Pruitt, 503 F.3d at 655).

Courts should consider any relevant evidence raised “in sup‐

port of the request for counsel, as well as the pleadings, com‐

munications from, and any contact with the plaintiff.” Pruitt

at 655; cf. id. at 656 (noting that the district court “can only

make a determination based on the record as it exists when

the motion is brought”).  

Here, the district court abused its discretion when denying

McCaa’s third motion for counsel because its ruling did not

specifically address certain circumstances that warranted dis‐

cussion.

By the time that McCaa brought his third motion for coun‐

sel, his deliberate indifference claims had advanced to the dis‐

covery stage. “[A]s the case moves beyond the pleading stage,

into discovery, and closer to trial, the plaintiff will face an in‐

creasingly complex set of demands.” Id. at 663 (Rovner, J.,

concurring); James, 889 F.3d at 327. This may be especially true

for some deliberate indifference claims because they “involve

the state of mind of the defendant.” Henderson v. Ghosh, 755

F.3d 559, 566 (7th Cir. 2014) (quoting Santiago v. Walls, 599

F.3d 749, 761 (7th Cir. 2010)); Pruitt, 503 F.3d at 664 (Rovner,

J., concurring) (“[E]ven a relatively sophisticated litigant may

find it difficult to identify and present the right type of evi‐

dence” for deliberate indifference claims.); but see Olson v.

Morgan, 750 F.3d 708, 711–12 (7th Cir. 2014) (“While some
8 No. 16‐4209

state‐of‐mind issues may involve subtle questions too com‐

plex for pro se litigants ... [,] [w]e reject ... that state‐of‐mind

questions are categorically too difficult for pro se litigants.”

(citation omitted)).

The district court did not specifically address whether

McCaa was able to identify, collect, and present the right type

of evidence for his deliberate indifference claims. In fact, it did

not even respond to McCaa’s argument that, now that the case

had advanced, he would have difficulty engaging in discov‐

ery. The only specific discussion of complexity focused on

McCaa’s argument about the appearance of a second defense

attorney. The court’s failure to specifically address the com‐

plexity of McCaa’s deliberate indifference claims as his case

advanced to a more sophisticated stage of litigation is partic‐

ularly problematic given that, as we discuss next, the court

also did not address whether McCaa’s transfer and his help

from other prisoners affected his competency.  

First, McCaa told the district court in the declaration ac‐

companying his second motion for counsel that he had re‐

cently been transferred from the correctional facility in which

the events giving rise to his claims took place, and that the

transfer made it difficult for him to locate witnesses. Indeed,

prisoner‐plaintiffs may face a significant obstacle to effective

litigation when they are “transferred to another facility after

the events underlying [their] claims” took place. Santiago, 599

F.3d at 762–63.  

The district court did not mention McCaa’s transfer in

denying his third motion, let alone did it address whether the

transfer impacted McCaa’s ability to litigate and engage in ef‐

fective discovery. It should have.
No. 16‐4209 9

Second, in McCaa’s third motion for counsel he told the

court that he had been receiving help from other prisoners

previously but was having trouble finding assistance re‐

cently. This statement implies that McCaa’s competency may

not have been entirely his own. In such a circumstance, courts

must “specifically examine[]” a plaintiff’s “personal ability to

litigate the case, versus the ability of the ‘jailhouse lawyer’”

who assisted the plaintiff. Dewitt, 760 F.3d at 658.  

The district court did not do so here. It simply reasserted

its belief that McCaa’s previous filings demonstrated his abil‐

ity to “present cogent arguments and navigate the litigation

process,” and stated that McCaa’s inability to secure help

from other prisoners was “of no moment at this stage; the

plaintiff has been ably litigating the matter from its inception

and the Court has no evidence that this will not continue.” (R.

53 at 1–2.) These statements “do[] not demonstrate that the

district court specifically examined [McCaa’s] personal ability

to litigate the case,” in light of the evidence suggesting McCaa

may have had help with his filings. Id. In fact, these state‐

ments suggest that the district court included the fact that

McCaa “receive[d] assistance from a fellow prisoner ... into

the decision whether to recruit counsel.” Id. (quoting Hender‐

son, 755 F.3d at 565). If the district court addressed the evi‐

dence that McCaa had help with his filings, it could have as‐

sured us that it was analyzing McCaa’s “ability to litigate his

own claims.” Id. (quoting Henderson, 755 F.3d at 565).

In sum, the district court did not specifically address

whether McCaa remained competent to litigate his deliberate

indifference claims (on his own, from a different location than

the one where the underlying events occurred) as the case

proceeded into advanced‐stage litigation. See James, 889 F.3d
10 No. 16‐4209

at 330 (finding that the district court abused its discretion

when it only made references to circumstances like the plain‐

tiff’s “awareness of the facts” and “comprehensible filings”,

instead of specifically addressing circumstances like the de‐

fendant’s transfer and the case’s progression toward trial on

deliberate indifference claims). This was a “methodological

lapse” that constitutes an abuse of discretion. See id. at 330–31

(quoting Santiago, 599 F.3d at 765).  

B. The district court’s error prejudiced McCaa.

We only reverse a district court’s abuse of discretion in

denying recruitment of counsel if the plaintiff is prejudiced by

the error. In analyzing whether a district court abused its dis‐

cretion, we recognize that a judge “cannot know with cer‐

tainty whether the plaintiff will actually prove to be compe‐

tent to litigate his own case,” and limit our review “to the rec‐

ord at the time the decision was made.” Pruitt, 503 F.3d at 656.

But the litigant’s actual performance is relevant to our preju‐

dice analysis. See id. at 659–60 (explaining that prejudice

might exist “if the record demonstrates that the pro se plain‐

tiff was incapable of engaging in any investigation[,] or locat‐

ing and presenting key witnesses or evidence”). To establish

prejudice, plaintiffs need only demonstrate “there is a reason‐

able likelihood that the presence of counsel would have made

a difference in the outcome of the litigation.” Id. at 659.  

The district court’s error warrants reversal in this case be‐

cause McCaa’s actual performance shows he was prejudiced

by the denial of his motion to recruit counsel. McCaa’s dis‐

covery requests proved largely unfruitful, and he did not de‐

pose any witnesses. Instead, his evidence primarily consisted

of his verified complaint and three additional witness state‐

ments. Moreover, despite having some evidence to support his
No. 16‐4209 11

claim and summary judgment instructions for pro se litigants

from the district court, McCaa failed to properly cite any of

his evidence. This resulted in the district court taking all of

the defendants’ facts as undisputed at summary judgment

and the dismissal of McCaa’s case entirely. At a minimum,

there is a reasonable likelihood that a lawyer would have

properly cited McCaa’s evidence (and perhaps even uncov‐

ered additional evidence) to dispute the defendants’ pro‐

posed facts and to create a genuine issue of material fact for

trial. See Dewitt, 760 F.3d at 659 (finding prejudice when there

was a reasonable likelihood a lawyer could have helped pre‐

sent sufficient facts to create a genuine issue of fact to survive

summary judgment).

III.CONCLUSION

Just as we did in James, we recognize that district courts

are “placed in the unenviable position of identifying, among

a sea of people lacking counsel, those who need counsel the

most.” Olson, 750 F.3d at 711. For that reason, we accord great

deference to the district court’s decision whether to recruit

counsel. Santiago, 599 F.3d at 765. But a “methodological

lapse” cannot withstand that scrutiny, id.; James, 889 F.3d at

331, and it does not do so in this case.  

By the time McCaa brought his third motion for counsel,

all the circumstances that warranted particular judicial con‐

sideration were before the district court. Even if McCaa’s par‐

ticular “combination of circumstances” did not warrant the

recruitment of counsel, the district court still should have ad‐

dressed those factors that bore specifically on McCaa’s com‐

petence to litigate his case, given its complexities. Santiago,

599 F.3d at 765; James, 889 F.3d at 330.
12 No. 16‐4209

The district court’s denial of McCaa’s third motion led

McCaa to face discovery and summary judgment briefing un‐

assisted by counsel. The prejudice he suffered became obvi‐

ous when the district court granted summary judgment to the

defendants on their unrebutted facts, denied McCaa’s fourth

motion for counsel because “McCaa’s statements in the latest

motion would only be relevant if this case were proceeding to

trial, but it is not,” (R. 80 at 18), and dismissed McCaa’s case.

For these reasons, we VACATE the district court’s judg‐

ment in favor of the defendants‐appellees, REVERSE the dis‐

trict court’s denials of McCaa’s last two motions for counsel,

and REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this

opinion.   
No. 16‐4209 13

HAMILTON, Circuit Judge, concurring in the judgment. This

is a difficult case. It can be and is being decided on narrow

grounds, without grappling with all of the underlying diffi‐

culties. The court does not hold that plaintiff McCaa was en‐

titled to have the court recruit counsel for him. I agree with

that view. And perhaps I am also more skeptical than my col‐

leagues about McCaa’s motions for recruitment of counsel.

Nevertheless, a combination of two factors convinces me that

we need to vacate and remand the judgment here.

First, in denying McCaa’s third request for recruitment of

counsel, the district court failed to address his transfer to a

different prison. As a practical matter, such a transfer poses

major obstacles for a prisoner trying to litigate a federal civil

rights case. In my view, a reasonable judge could deny all of

McCaa’s requests to recruit counsel, but that new develop‐

ment was significant enough to deserve explicit mention.

Second, in ruling on defendants’ motion for summary

judgment, the district court chose to enforce strictly the local

district rules on the form and content of summary judgment

papers. That choice may have been decisive, but it was also

left to the district court’s discretion. Based on my review,

McCaa’s papers in opposition to summary judgment were

well organized and fairly concise for addressing four distinct

incidents. His key evidence comprised his own affidavit (27

pages, with short, numbered paragraphs) and three short af‐

fidavits from other inmates. He also submitted about 200

pages of documents, including records from his imprison‐

ment and Department of Corrections regulations on matters

such as grievance procedures and the use of force and re‐

straints.
14 No. 16‐4209

The only procedural failing, by this inmate who we are

told suffers from such serious mental illness and limited edu‐

cation, was that he failed to cite his evidence in his otherwise

careful response to the defendants’ proposed statements of

undisputed facts. See Dkt. Nos. 66–74 (electronic filing of

plaintiff’s summary judgment papers). A competent lawyer

would not have made that mistake, but this motion involved

a small volume of evidence. The court could have chosen to

overlook McCaa’s procedural slip and decided the motion on

the merits. That approach would have avoided magnifying

the effects of not having counsel.

With regret, however, I am not able to join my colleagues’

opinion. My colleagues have identified a number of factors

that seem to make a strong case for appointment of counsel in

this case, including McCaa’s mental illness, limited education,

and the challenges that pro se plaintiffs face in proving claims

for deliberate indifference to serious health needs.

Yet the district court was surely aware of a number of

other factors that weigh substantially against recruitment of

counsel here. First, in his years in Wisconsin prisons, McCaa

has compiled a significant record of other unsuccessful litiga‐

tion. This record includes other cases in which federal courts

in Wisconsin have recruited counsel for him from among the

finest law firms in the United States. There is evidence that

McCaa has boasted to prison guards about his litigation expe‐

rience in trying to convince or intimidate them into treating

him as he wishes to be treated. There is also a broader history

of (at least attempted) manipulative conduct by McCaa in

dealing with prison staff.
No. 16‐4209 15

Now in this appeal, another fine law firm has responded

generously to this court’s request to represent McCaa. Its law‐

yers argue that capable counsel could have made this case fair

and competitive by, for example, taking depositions of the de‐

fendants and key witnesses before trial. Sounds like a good

idea in the abstract. But it would be awfully expensive. Even

with donated lawyer time and talent, just the out‐of‐pocket

costs of those depositions could easily surpass $10,000, yet the

case seems to me offers a prospect for damages at best far

smaller than that.   

Those factors all make this case a less‐than‐promising can‐

didate for recruiting counsel. And when we review district

court decisions denying recruitment of counsel, we need to

keep the bigger picture in mind. As the members of this panel

know well, district judges see a lot of civil rights suits brought

by pro se prisoner‐plaintiffs. They challenge their conditions

of confinement, ranging from medical care to use of excessive

force, and from religious liberty to restrictions on recreation.

In 2017, nearly 500 such cases were filed in the Eastern District

of Wisconsin alone. Table C‐3, Judicial Business of U.S. Courts

(2017), accessible at http://www.uscourts.gov/statistics‐repor

ts/federal‐judicial‐caseload‐statistics‐2017‐tables. Among

those prisoner‐plaintiffs, the overwhelming majority, if not

all, had no lawyers of their own. Many of those cases are friv‐

olous. Some may be among the most important that federal

courts consider, to ensure that our society’s treatment of pris‐

oners meets at least minimum standards of human decency

and humanity under the federal Constitution.

Few members of the bar make a living representing pris‐

oners, but many are willing to respond to courts’requests that

they take on particular prisoner cases now and then. That’s in
16 No. 16‐4209

the finest tradition of the legal profession. Their numbers and

time are not unlimited. The supply‐and‐demand curves of

classic economics tell us that as price to the consumer ap‐

proaches zero, demand approaches infinite. The supply of

time and talent from these generous lawyers, however, is not

infinite.

So a district judge who faces a case like McCaa’s must de‐

cide whether this particular prisoner‐plaintiff, among many

deserving and not‐so‐deserving others, should be the benefi‐

ciary of the limited resources of lawyers willing to respond to

courts’ requests under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(1). In allocating

those limited resources, a district judge should be able to

make an educated and experienced assessment of how prom‐

ising the plaintiff’s case is, with or without counsel.

In this case, plaintiff McCaa is claiming that various prison

staff responded with deliberate indifference to four incidents

in which plaintiff threatened to harm himself. In each, prison

staff responded, but they did not respond as he wanted them

to. And he alleges that in each incident he found a sharp object

despite staff efforts to keep sharp objects away from him. In

each incident, he managed to cut himself on an arm. The cuts

required closure with adhesive bandages. No stitches were re‐

quired. His injuries could not have been (and were not) ig‐

nored, but they were not serious, at least as compared to those

of many other inmates who have made claims for deliberate

indifference to serious medical needs.

Given the lack of genuinely serious injuries and McCaa’s

history of manipulative behavior, it is easy to understand why

a veteran district judge might give this case a low priority in

recruiting scarce volunteer counsel. I repeat that my col‐

leagues do not hold that it would be an abuse of discretion to
No. 16‐4209 17

deny counsel to McCaa. They decide only that the district

judge did not explain sufficiently his decision to do so, failing

to give sufficient attention to relevant factors, at least in his

written decision.

This court has been wrestling with the problems posed by

pro se prisoner litigation for decades. See, e.g., the various

opinions in Merritt v. Faulkner, 697 F.2d 761 (7th Cir. 1983), and

McKeever v. Israel, 689 F.2d 1315 (7th Cir. 1982). Judge Posner’s

dissent in McKeever suggested that federal courts should rely

more on market forces to test the merits of prisoners’ claims.

689 F.2d at 1324–25. Concurring in Merritt, Judge Cudahy

memorably wrote: “Perhaps, however, the laws of economics

take a different turn when prison walls intervene. Not entirely

facetiously, it occurs to me that the barriers to entry into the

prison litigation market might be very high.” 697 F.2d at 768–

69. And the debate has continued for decades.

In the end, I do not think we can do much better than leave

these discretionary judgments to conscientious district

judges. We should not insist that they write too much in ex‐

plaining their decisions in these high‐volume cases, which can

involve, as this one did, multiple requests. If we demand

much more, we come too close to finding, as a practical mat‐

ter, a presumptive right to counsel in some categories of civil

cases, such as claims for deliberate indifference in prison

medical care. Yet we have consistently denied that such a

right, or even a presumption, exists. See Pruitt v. Mote, 503

F.3d 647, 649–50, 656–57 (7th Cir. 2007) (en banc).