IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI

NO. 2018-CA-00370-COA

BRUCE D. LINDSAY APPELLANT

v.

PAULA E. LINDSAY AND CHRISTY

PICKERING, CPA

APPELLEES

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 11/17/2017

TRIAL JUDGE: HON. MICHAEL H. WARD

COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: HARRISON COUNTY CHANCERY COURT,

FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: REED STANTON BENNETT

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES: TIMOTHY LEE MURR 

THOMAS WRIGHT TEEL 

RUSSELL SCOTT MANNING 

NICHOLAS VAN WISER

NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - DOMESTIC RELATIONS

DISPOSITION: REVERSED, VACATED IN PART, AND

REMANDED - 04/07/2020

MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:

MANDATE ISSUED:

BEFORE J. WILSON, P.J., GREENLEE AND LAWRENCE, JJ.

LAWRENCE, J., FOR THE COURT:

¶1. This acrimonious divorce case involves Bruce Lindsay and Paula Lindsay. In 2014,

Paula filed her complaint for divorce on the ground of habitual cruel and inhuman treatment,

and Bruce filed an answer along with a motion for temporary relief. On June 13, 2014, the

court held a temporary-relief hearing, where the chancellor issued a bench ruling ordering

both parties to “keep everything status quo.” But a written order was not entered until

October 3, 2016. It was that ruling that later resulted in Bruce being held in contempt on
October 19, 2017, and ordered to be incarcerated until he “purged” himself of that contempt.

¶2. On November 1, 2017, the court held a hearing on Bruce’s contempt, and Bruce was

transported from jail to the hearing. During that hearing, Bruce agreed to the terms of a

property settlement agreement as part of the divorce. Paula also testified as to Bruce’s

habitual cruel and inhuman treatment. At the close of the hearing, the court granted Paula’s

request for a divorce on the ground of habitual cruel and inhuman treatment and incorporated

the parties’ stipulated property settlement agreement. The court further ordered Bruce to pay

all of Paula’s attorney’s fees and the court-appointed certified public accountant (CPA)

Christy Pickering’s expert fees and her attorney fees.1

¶3. On appeal, Bruce raises six issues. Because we find four of those issues to be

dispositive, we limit our discussion to the following: (1) whether the contempt order was too

vague to enforce; (2) whether there was sufficient proof for the chancellor to grant a divorce

judgment on the ground of habitual cruel and inhuman treatment; (3) whether the court erred

in ordering Bruce to pay Pickering’s full expert fees and her attorney’s fees; and (4) whether

the court erred in ordering Bruce to pay Paula’s attorney’s fees. After review, we reverse the

chancery court’s contempt order and divorce judgment, set aside the property settlement

1 Although Bruce agreed to pay Paula’s attorney’s fees and Pickering’s expert fees

and attorney’s fees, the exact amount of those fees were not known at the November 1, 2017

hearing. Paula’s attorney’s fees were determined in the November 17, 2017 divorce

judgment, and Pickering’s expert fees and attorney’s fees were specified later in an order

dated February 16, 2018. Bruce now claims in this appeal that he was under duress when

he made the agreement to pay those fees. 

2
agreement, reverse the chancery court’s order that Bruce pay all the court-appointed expert’s

fees and attorney’s fees and Paula’s attorney’s fees, and remand this case to the chancery

court further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY 

¶4. Bruce and Paula married in 2000. They have one child together, who was born in

2001. On January 3, 2014, Bruce and Paula separated. Paula filed her complaint for divorce

on January 22, 2014, on the ground of habitual cruel and inhuman treatment or, in the

alternative, irreconcilable differences. Shortly thereafter, Bruce filed his answer to the

complaint for divorce and at the same time filed a motion for temporary relief. On April 25,

2014, Bruce propounded numerous requests for admissions to Paula. Paula did not respond

to those requests until October 4, 2016, and only then in an effort to defeat a motion for

summary judgment that Bruce had filed. 

¶5. On June 13, 2014, Judge Sandy Steckler presided over a hearing on the issue of

temporary relief.

2 Both parties sought both the use and possession of the marital home and

custody of the minor child.3 Numerous exhibits were introduced at the hearing, including

Paula’s Rule 8.05 financial statement,4 Paula’s tax information from 2010, 2011, and 2012,

2 The case was originally assigned to Judge Jim Persons, who recused on April 7,

2014. The case was then reassigned to Judge Jennifer Schloegel. Judge Schloegel recused

on April 16, 2014, and the case was reassigned to Judge Steckler. 

3 The day before the hearing, Judge Steckler heard testimony from the child in his

chambers. 

4

 Uniform Chancery Court Rule 8.05.

3
and Bruce’s Rule 8.05 financial statement. Paula’s Rule 8.05 financial statement disclosed 

that her total monthly income was $0.5 She testified that she was wholly dependent on Bruce

for financial support. Paula also testified that she was the child’s primary care giver. 

Bruce’s Rule 8.05 financial statement disclosed that his total gross monthly income was

$12,563.09. But his net income was $10,260. Further, Bruce’s Rule 8.05 financial statement

showed that he was responsible for nearly all of the couple’s expenses, namely the mortgage,

home maintenance, utility bills, groceries, household expenses, and child expenses. Bruce

listed his total monthly expenses as $14,783.82. Bruce testified that he served as the

president of Coast Management Systems LLC, a management company for various trucking

companies. At the close of the hearing, Judge Steckler issued a bench ruling, ordering that

Paula have temporary sole custody of the minor child and temporary use and possession of

the marital home.6Judge Steckler further stated that Bruce was “to continue paying

everything that he’s paying now. I want him to keep everything status quo.” Despite the

bench ruling, no written temporary order was ever entered. A new judge took over the case,

and, on October 3, 2016, he entered a written temporary order. 

¶6. On October 9, 2014, the court entered an order appointing CPA Christy Pickering as

the court’s expert. The court appointed Pickering to investigate “the various companies and

5 Paula was the director and owner of the Pass Christian Soap Company. She testified

that the company did not generate any profits. 

6 Bruce was allowed to remain in the marital home for one week to allow him time

to make alternative living arrangements. 

4
trust that the husband has some interest in and also the soap company and the film company

that the wife has some interest in [and] determine the value of the companies and the parties’

interest in those companies for court purposes in a divorce.” The court explained that “both

parties believe the other party is making more money than reported; therefore, the Court

directs that both parties’ financial information about the companies should be transparent and

forthright through discovery and through the work of the forensic expert.”

¶7. On January 26, 2015, Pickering sent letters to Bruce’s attorney requesting

documentation from twelve companies in which he held an alleged financial interest. 

Between May 11, 2015 and May 21, 2015, twenty-four subpoenas duces tecum were issued

to the respective companies, requesting specific financial documents. On May 29, 2015,

attorney Michael Holleman filed a special appearance, motion to quash and for a protective

order, and other relief on behalf of all twelve companies. The companies denied that Bruce

held any financial interest in two of the companies and also claimed that Pickering had

exhibited bias against Bruce and the companies and that her investigation had been tainted

by the use of “illegally obtained data” from Paula’s attorney. On June 10, 2015, Pickering

sent a letter to Judge Steckler denying the allegations set forth in the companies’ motion. 

Pickering also hired an attorney to defend her against those allegations. 

¶8. On July 15 and July 16, 2015, the court held a hearing on the motion to quash and

heard partial testimony from both sides. Thereafter, the court determined that Bruce

“serve[d] as president of the nineteen to twenty businesses, both limited liability companies

5
(LLCs) and corporations.” The court further determined that Bruce has a financial interest

in several of the LLCs or corporations individually and that all the businesses function in a

group. Ultimately, the court held in abeyance its decision on the motion to quash pending

final testimony from both sides. In the meantime, the court ordered Pickering, Holleman,

Bruce’s attorney, and Paula’s attorney to go to each business, download any and all

electronic data, make copies of any physical records requested by Pickering, and take the

information to the chancery clerk’s office for safe storage. 

¶9. On August 17, 2015, Bruce and Holleman, on behalf of the companies, filed a joint

motion for recusal of Judge Steckler as a result of comments the judge made at the previous

hearing. On September 10, 2015, Judge Steckler entered a sealed order and recused himself

from the case and was later replaced by Judge Michael Ward. On November 16, 2015, Judge

Ward held a hearing on the oral temporary order by Judge Steckler from the original

temporary hearing date of June 13, 2014. Bruce’s attorney sought clarification on what

Bruce needed to pay to “maintain the status quo” since a temporary order had never been

entered and the oral order was vague. Judge Ward questioned both attorneys as to why no

order had been entered, and Paula’s attorney stated that “there were objections to various

things when an order was presented.” The court held four other hearings between March 18,

2016, and August 23, 2016, to determine what the June 13, 2014 ruling encompassed. At the

April 22, 2016 hearing, Paula testified that Bruce had stopped making payments to her the

month prior. 

6
¶10. Finally, more than two years after the hearing on October 3, 2016, the court entered

a nunc pro tunc temporary order requiring Bruce to “continue to pay an[y] and all debts,

obligations and expenses he was paying prior to June 13, 2014.” Similar to Judge Steckler’s

bench ruling, Judge Ward’s ruling did not specify any exact amounts or any of the exact

obligations that Bruce was expected to pay. 

¶11. The following day, October 4, 2016, Paula filed a motion for contempt against Bruce. 

Paula’s motion for contempt alleged that Bruce violated the “temporarymatter as of October

3, 2016 and made nunc pro tunc to June 13, 2014.” Specifically, the motion alleged that

Bruce was in arrears for $2,500 per month in child support (a total amount of $20,000) and

the other expenses Bruce had stopped paying. The contempt motion alleged Bruce was in

contempt for failure to pay all of the expenses listed in his Rule 8.05 financial statement at

the June 13, 2014 hearing. Yet, Bruce’s Rule 8.05 financial statement never listed $2,500

in monthly child support, and the court never ordered that support obligation. The words

“child support” are not mentioned in the oral ruling on June 13, 2014, or the written order

on October 3, 2016. This becomes vitally important in addressing the contempt order and

the incarceration of Bruce for failure to pay that support. 

¶12. On September 15, 2016, Bruce filed a motion for summary judgment and sanctions. 

Specifically, Bruce argued that Paula had failed to object or respond to the requests for

admissions filed on April 25, 2014. Paula subsequently filed a response to Bruce’s motion,

as well as a motion requesting relief under Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 36(b),

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allowing amendments to untimely admissions. The court heard the matter on October 5,

2016. The following day, the court entered an order denying Bruce’s motion for summary

judgment but also stated “the court finds that all requests for admissions as admitted at this

time.” Those “admitted” requests for admissions essentiallytracked the standard for habitual

cruel and inhuman treatment under Mississippi law and denied the required facts. 

¶13. On April 26, 2016, the court entered an order approving Pickering’s interim bill of

$28,657.65. The court further ordered that each party was responsible for paying half the

bill—$14,328.83—no later than May 15, 2016. Neither party complied. 

¶14. On October 25, 2016, the court entered an order based on an agreement between the

parties regarding Pickering’s fees, which they failed to pay in compliance with the April 26,

2016 order. The order stated that Bruce agreed to pay Pickering $14,428.82 plus interest at

the annual rate of five percent, and Paula agreed to pay Pickering $16,550.70 plus interest

at the annual rate of five percent. Bruce and Paula also agreed to split Pickering’s attorney’s

fees of $900.

¶15. Bruce was terminated fromhis job on August 12, 2015, and claimed his firing was due

to the adversarial nature of the divorce proceedings and specifically alleged that Paula’s

“actions along with those of her attorney and the court’s expert have cost Mr. Lindsay his

employment.”7 On November 28, 2016, Bruce filed for bankruptcy under Chapter 7 of the

7 Bruce made this allegation in his motion for temporary relief filed on September 1,

2015. 

8
Bankruptcy Code, initiating an automatic stay pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 362(a) (2012). On

January 18, 2017, Paula filed a motion for relief from the automatic stay, and on February

27, 2017, the bankruptcy court entered an order granting her motion, allowing Paula to

proceed in her state court proceedings with respect to the following: “(1) dissolution of

marriage, (2) custody of the minor child, (3) alimony, maintenance and/or support from

property that was not property of the bankruptcy estate, and (4) determination of equitable

division of marital property.” Furthermore, the order provided that “the automatic stay shall

remain in full force and effect and this court reserves exclusive jurisdiction with respect to:

(1) enforcement of a judgment in the chancery court case to the extent it affects property of

the bankruptcy estate, and (2) approval and entry of any consensual property settlement

agreement which affects property of the bankruptcy estate.” As a result, Paula proceeded on

her motion for contempt and complaint for divorce in this action. 

¶16. On March 22, 2017, Pickering filed her proof of claim in Bruce’s bankruptcy

proceedings for the amount Bruce owed in expert fees. On April 14, 2017, she filed an

adversary proceeding in Bruce’s bankruptcy action by filing a complaint objecting to

dischargeability pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(5) and § 523(a)(15) (2012).

¶17. The court held several hearings between May 2, 2017, and September 19, 2017. Part

of those hearings involved Pickering and her repeated efforts to gain information regarding

both parties’ financial information, particularly Bruce’s and his involvement with the

previously mentioned companies. On August 24, 2017, Bruce’s attorney filed a motion to

9
withdraw, which the court granted on September 19, 2017, at the beginning of the hearing

on Paula’s motion for contempt. On September 21, 2017, the court entered an order stating

that since the June 13, 2014 ruling,

Bruce was required to pay $500 per week, to pay the house note, to pay for

house and pool maintenance, and to pay all utilities, all of which he was paying

prior to June 13, 2014. As of the date of the hearing on the motion before the

court, Bruce is found by a clear preponderance of the evidence to be in arrears

some $77,657.25, comprised of $37,500 in unpaid support, $27,026.03 in

house notes he has not paid, $10,500 in house and pool maintenance expenses

he has not paid, and $2,631.22 in unpaid utility bills.

The court did not itemize what length of time made up the “$37,500 in unpaid support” or

exactly what type of support Bruce failed to pay—child, spousal, or both. Again, Paula’s

motion for contempt alleged $20,000 in owed child support, but the court never indicated

what previous order mandated that support or whether that was part of the $37,500 it found

Bruce owed in support.8 Ultimately, the court held Bruce in contempt in the total amount of

$77,657.25. Additionally, the court ordered that Bruce pay Paula the full amount by October

19, 2017, in addition to $5,000 for her attorney’s fees. The court made clear that Bruce had

until October 19, 2017, to purge himself of the contempt by paying the $77,657.25, or he

would be incarcerated.

¶18. The court held a hearing on the contempt order on October 19, 2017. Bruce appeared

at the hearing pro se and provided the court with an approximate income summary dated

8 Neither the oral temporary order nor the written temporary order mention any

amount of spousal or child support. 

10
January 1, 2017, to September 30, 2017, which showed his total income as $20,516. At the

close of the hearing, the court issued the following bench ruling:

I find that Mr. Lindsay has failed to pay the support as previously ordered by

the court of the $500 per week. I count 19 weeks there through the 15th of

October of 2017. That’s a total of 9,500. He failed to pay house notes in the

amount of $12,416, house and pool maintenance of $3,306.60, utilities of

$2,590.82 for a total of 27,813.42 for which judgment is granted in favor of

Ms. Lindsay. Now, I do, in addition, find that there has been no showing with

any particularity by Mr. Lindsay that he can’t pay at least a part of that which

he is required to pay, and there has not been a copper coin paid for months,

about a year now. I find that he is, by his failure to pay even this one penny in

support, that he’s in willful, obstinate, contumacious contempt, and now owes

a total of $105,470.67. Now, Mr. Lindsay shall stand incarcerated at the

Harrison County Jail until such time as he shall pay said amount. 

(Emphasis added). That same day, the trial court entered its written order of contempt and

order for incarceration, finding that Bruce Lindsay had failed to purge his contempt or prove

his inability to pay. Bruce was placed in the county jail for his failure to pay. At the time of

that hearing, it is undisputed that Bruce had no lawyer, was no longer employed at his job,

and had a pending bankruptcy petition. 

¶19. On November 1, 2017, Bruce was transported from jail for a hearing on his contempt. 

At the beginning of the hearing, Bruce stated, “I’m not able to pay the order. At this point,

I’m requesting an attorney appointed by the court, and to be released.” The judge asked if

Bruce had access to the library, and he responded “no.” Bruce continued, “[T]his is an

extremely complex case . . . I am asking, again, for a court-appointed attorney.” The judge

11
explained that because the case was civil, he was “powerless” to appoint an attorney.

9 Bruce

responded, “I’m not a criminal and this has been rough and I’m in with convicted felons and,

additionally, I’ve gotten sick this week . . . I don’t see how I can make headway without an

attorney.” The court told Bruce to meet with Paula and her attorney to determine if the issues

in the divorce could be resolved. Later, after a recess, the contempt hearing was transformed

into a divorce hearing when Bruce agreed to the terms of the divorce settlement. As part of

the agreement, Bruce agreed to deed to Paula the marital home and all its belongings, pay off

the mortgage on the marital home, deed the couple’s townhome to Paula and pay off the

mortgage, and then payPaula rent if Bruce stayed there, pay $1,400 in monthly child support,

and approximately $905,470.67 in lump-sum alimony, which included the contempt amount

of $105,470.67. Bruce further agreed to pay Paula’s attorney’s fees to be determined later.

Finally, despite a previous order from court directing each party to each pay half of

Pickering’s expert fees, Bruce agreed to pay all of Pickering’s fees and attorney’s fees on or

9

In Turner v. Rogers, 564 U.S. 431, 446 (2011), the United States Supreme Court

stated that the Due Process Clause of the United States Constitution does not automatically

require providing counsel in certain civil proceedings where incarceration is threatened. 

When deciding whether or not counsel would be required, the court must take into account

the opposing interests, as well as consider if “additional orsubstitute procedural safeguards”

were present. Id. In Turner, the United States Supreme Court reversed a defendant’s order

of incarceration because he had no lawyer and “did not receive clear notice that his ability

to pay would constitute the critical question in his civil contempt proceeding.” Id. at 449. 

The Supreme Court also noted that the defendant was not provided with a form designed to

elicit information about his financial circumstances, and the trial court did not specifically

determine if the defendant was unable to pay his arrearage. Id. Despite requesting an

attorney be provided, Bruce did not raise this issue on appeal. 

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before March 1, 2018, with the exact amount to be determined later. The court reserved

ruling on the exact amount until further determination as to Pickering’s expert fees. After

the property settlement agreement was read into the record by Paula’s attorney, Paula was

called to the witness stand and provided testimony on Bruce’s alleged habitual cruel and

inhuman treatment. The court found the evidence sufficient and granted Paula a divorce on

that ground. The court entered a written judgment of divorce on November 17, 2017.

¶20. Pickering filed her motion for assessment of fees and expenses in the chancery court

on November 17, 2017, requesting a ruling on the balance Bruce owed. The court held a

hearing on December 6, 2017, to determine the exact amount owed to Pickering and her

attorney. On February 16, 2018, the court entered an order awarding Pickering expert fees

in the amount of $39,328.48 and attorney’s fees in the amount of $34,658.08, which the court

found were “necessarily incurred as a proximate result of Bruce Lindsay’s actions in

threatening to file suit against Pickering in her capacity as court appointed expert and in

resisting the efforts of Pickering to ascertain the financial condition of Bruce Lindsay.” The

court further ordered Bruce to pay the entire amount. 

¶21. Bruce now appeals from the divorce judgment, including the provisions regarding

Paula’s attorney’s fees and Pickering’s expert fees and litigation costs. 

STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶22. “In domestic-relation cases, our review is limited to whether the chancery court’s

findings were manifestly wrong or clearly erroneous, or the court applied the wrong legal

13
standard.” Gwathney v. Gwathney, 208 So. 3d 1087, 1088 (¶5) (Miss. Ct. App. 2017). If

substantial evidence in the record supports the chancellor’s findings of fact, we will not

disturb his decision. Id. 

ANALYSIS

1. Contempt Order

¶23. “Civil contempt orders enforce a private party’s rights or compel compliance with a

court’s order.” Hanshaw v. Hanshaw, 55 So. 3d 143, 147 (¶13) (Miss. 2011). “Failure to

comply with a court order is prima facie evidence of contempt.” Evans v. Evans, 75 So. 3d

1083, 1087 (¶14) (Miss. Ct. App. 2011). “Before a partymay be held in contempt for failure

to comply with a judgment, ‘the judgment must be complete within itself[,] leaving open no

matter or description or designation out of which contention may arise as to meaning.’”

Davis v. Davis, 829 So. 2d 712, 714 (¶9) (Miss. Ct. App. 2002) (quoting Wing v. Wing, 549

So. 2d 944, 947 (Miss. 1989)). “A contempt citation is proper only when the contemner has

wilfully and deliberately ignored the order of the court.” Lewis v. Pagel, 172 So. 3d 162, 178

(¶39) (Miss. 2015) (quoting Gaiennie v. McMillin, 138 So. 3d 131, 136 (¶13) (Miss. 2014)). 

Further, “[t]his Court will not reverse a contempt citation where the chancellor’s findings are

supported by substantial credible evidence.” Witters v. Witters, 864 So. 2d 999, 1004 (¶18)

(Miss. Ct. App. 2004) (citing Varner v. Varner, 666 So. 2d 493, 496 (Miss. 1995)).

¶24. “A defendant may avoid a judgment of contempt by establishing that he is without the

present ability to discharge his obligations. However, if the contemnor raises inability to pay

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as a defense, the burden is on him to show this with particularity, not just in general terms.”

Varner, 666 So. 2d at 496 (citation omitted).

¶25. Here, the trial court held Bruce in contempt of the October 13, 2016 written 

temporary order entered nunc pro tunc to June 13, 2014. At the June 13, 2014 hearing, the

court examined Bruce’s Rule 8.05 financial statement and heard testimony from both Bruce

and Paula. At the close of the hearing, Judge Steckler indicated his ruling was not complete,

stating, “But I want to meet again with both attorneys early next week and go over it and then

we’ll finish this order.” He continued “[B]etween now . . . and the time that I enter another

order, he is to continue to pay everything that he’s paying now.” (Emphasis added). His

bench ruling made no mention of the exact amount of child support, the exact amount of

spousal support, home mortgage notes, house maintenance for the pool or yard, or any other

specific amount for a specific obligation that Bruce was to pay. 

¶26. What Bruce was actually paying at the time of June 13, 2014 hearing is unclear from

the record. His Rule 8.05 financial statement from that hearing shows he was paying over

$14,000 per month in expenses despite only having $10,260.76 in net income. Further, his

Rule 8.05 financial statement does not mention any amount of child support or spousal

support, both of which he was later held in contempt for not paying. The vague nature of the

temporaryorder continued with the new chanceryjudge’s equallyvague ruling—the October

3, 2016 written order—that Bruce “continue to pay an[y] and all debts, obligations and

expenses he was paying prior to June 13, 2014.” The specific amounts for what specific

15
obligations that Bruce was required to pay and for which he was held in contempt for not

paying were not “complete within the judgment.” In other words, Bruce was held in

contempt and incarcerated for not paying obligations that were never specifically set forth

within the four corners of the oral ruling on June 13, 2014, or the written temporary order

entered by a different judge on October 3, 2016. The written order simply used similar

language given by Judge Steckler from the June 13, 2014 hearing. If we looked only to the

temporary orders, it would be impossible to know what exactly Bruce had been ordered to

pay and in what amounts. The orders are vague and confusing. At the second contempt

proceeding on October 19, 2017, before he was ordered to be incarcerated, Bruce said as

much when he argued pro se to the court the following: 

My point, I guess, is that it’s certainly not willful. There’s a lack of money. 

Additionally, I think there was definitely confusion over this to this day, but

there certainly was confusion through the different meetings, conferences . . .

and hearings and no written order by Judge Steckler. 

¶27. Simplyput, the language in the oral order fromthe bench and the written order entered

over two years later never mention any specific type of obligation or in what amount that

obligation is to be paid. In fact, the words child support, spousal support, home mortgage,

and lawn or pool maintenance, or any specific monetary amounts for any of those

obligations, are never mentioned in either orders. At the June 13, 2014 hearing, the court

simply said to “pay everything that he’s paying now[,]” and the October 3, 2017 written order

simply stated, “[P]ay any and . . . all debts, obligations, and expenses he was paying prior to

June 13, 2014.” This Court has made clear that the “judgment must be complete within

16
itself[,] . . . leaving open no matter or description or designation out of which contention may

arise as to meaning.” Davis, 829 So. 2d at 714 (¶9) (quoting Wing, 549 So. 2d at 947). The

meaning of the oral order from the bench on June 13, 2014, and the written order trying to

reduce to writing that oral order was not clear and certainly not “complete” within itself. 

Orders from courts, whether oral or written, should not be so vague as to prevent a

reasonable person from understanding its clear legal effect or the potential for contempt in

failing to abide by its terms. Those terms should be clearly defined within the four corners

of the order in an effort to cause “contention [that] may arise as to meaning.” Id. The

temporary orders in this case were overly vague, ambiguous, and unclear as to exactly what

was required to be paid. Therefore, the order of contempt against Bruce in the amount of

$105,470.67 is hereby reversed. 

2. Divorce Judgment

a. Ground for Divorce 

¶28. Bruce argues that the chancellor erred when granting Paula’s request for a divorce

based on habitual cruel and inhuman treatment. At trial, Paula bore the burden to prove her

fault-based ground for divorce by a preponderance of the evidence. Daigle v. Daigle, 626

So. 2d 140, 144 (Miss. 1993). The Mississippi Supreme Court has classified habitual cruel

and inhuman treatment as the following:

Conduct that (1) endangers life, limb or health, or creates a reasonable

apprehension of such danger, rendering the relationship unsafe for the

offended party, or (2) is so unnatural and infamous as to make the

marriage revolting to the offended spouse and render it impossible for that

17
spouse to discharge the duties of marriage, thus destroying the basis for its

continuance.

Pittman v. Pittman, 195 So. 3d 727, 732 (¶13) (Miss. 2016) (emphasis added) (internal

quotation marks omitted) (citing Richard v. Richard, 711 So. 2d 884, 888 (Miss. 1998)). 

Additionally, the conduct must be more than mere unkindness, lack of affection, or

incompatibility, and it must be routine and continuous. Id. “Although cruel and inhuman

treatment usually must be shown to have been systematic and continuous, a single incident

may provide grounds for divorce.” Kumar v. Kumar, 976 So. 2d 957, 961 (¶14) (Miss. Ct.

App. 2008) (citing Rakestraw v. Rakestraw, 717 So. 2d 1284, 1287 (¶8) (Miss. Ct. App.

1998)).

¶29. Thus, “[j]ustice requires that the chancellor’s primary inquirymust be into the ground

for divorce with a dual focus upon 1) the conduct of the offending spouse and 2) the impact

of that conduct upon the plaintiff.” Fisher v. Fisher, 771 So. 2d 364, 367 (¶10) (Miss. 2000)

(citing Daigle, 626 So. 2d at 144). The duel-focus inquiry is subjective, and “we concentrate

on the conduct’s effect on the particular offended spouse.” Gwathney, 208 So. 3d at 1089

(citing Harmon v. Harmon, 141 So. 3d 37, 42 (¶16) (Miss. Ct. App. 2014)). The Mississippi

Supreme Court has held that the standard of proof is steep but “certainly not impossible to

satisfy.” Holladay v. Holladay, 776 So. 2d 662, 677 (¶65) (Miss. 2000). 

¶30. This Court requires corroboration of the offensive conduct complained of by the

moving party when seeking a divorce based on the ground of habitual cruel and inhuman

treatment, except in unusual cases such as isolation. Rawson v. Buta, 609 So. 2d 426, 431

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(Miss. 1992); Heatherly v. Heatherly, 914 So. 2d 754, 757 (¶12) (Miss. Ct. App. 2005). 

Additionally, “the corroborating evidence need not be sufficient in itself to establish the

ground” but rather “need only provide enough supporting facts for a court to conclude that

the plaintiff’s testimony is true.”10 Deborah H. Bell, Bell on Mississippi Family Law §

4.02[8][d], at 74 (2005) (citing Anderson v. Anderson, 190 Miss. 508, 200 So. 726, 728

(1941)). 

¶31. Here, the evidence of Bruce’s conduct essentially came directly from Paula’s

testimony. At the final divorce hearing on November 1, 2017, Paula described Bruce’s

behavior as follows: 

He was condescending and mean-spirited. [I]n the first part of the marriage, he

was—he was fine, and then he started . . . as soon as he [became financially

stable and more powerful], he started becoming very belligerent. He would

leave constantly and not have family time together and he would – he started

getting to where he would get in my face and scream and in my daughter’s face

and just—just condescending . . . . I mean, I would try to fix dinner every

afternoon when he’d come home and sometimes he would just take it and push

it back into the garbage can.

¶32. Counsel for Paula stated, “I’m not going to go into everything because I’m just trying

to put on just enough proof to satisfy the statute.” The court determined that it had sufficient

10 In July 2017, the Mississippi Legislature amended Mississippi Code Annotated

section 93-5-1 (Rev. 2018) to include “spousal abuse” within the term “habitual cruel and

inhuman treatment.” 2017 Miss. Laws ch. 427, § 6 (S.B. 2680). The Legislature further

stated that “[s]pousal domestic abuse may be established through the reliable testimony of

a single credible witness . . . .” Id. Even under the amendment to the statute, the limited

testimony of Paula, with or without corroborated evidence, was insufficient to establish

habitual cruel and inhuman treatment under Mississippi law. 

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evidence and granted a divorce on the ground of habitual and cruel and inhuman treatment. 

The record lacks any other evidence that would rise to the level of habitual cruel and inhuman

treatment. Interestingly, at the August 23, 2016 temporary order hearing, Paula testified,

under oath, as follows: 

Q: He was a good husband?

A: Yes, he was a good husband.

Q: Okay. 

A: He sure was. 

Q: Good [p]rovider?

A: Yes, he was. 

Q: Okay. He took care of you?

A: Yes. And I took care of him.

Q: And took care of the child?

A: Yes. And so did I.

Q: Okay.

A: I was very good to him. And I thought he was very good to me, too. 

Q: Okay. And you wanted to stay married to him, but according to your

testimony until he at Christmas of 2014 said, we need to go our separate

ways?

A: Yes. 

(Emphasis added). Also at that same hearing, Paula stated that “October is when I decided

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that I didn’t want to be with him any longer. I knew that he was cheating on me and he knew

that I knew it.” The claim of knowledge in Paula’s previous testimony directly contradicts

her subsequent testimony in the November 1, 2017 final divorce hearing:

Q: Up till today, do you know whether or not he has committed adultery?

A: I’m not sure. I’ve suspected highly. I mean, I don’t have photographs,

but I’ve had people tell me and so forth and I just—just the treatment

and the way he was pulling away, also.

¶33. At a hearing on October 5, 2016, Paula stated in her answer to interrogatories that in

2012, she had a stress-related heart attack from Bruce’s conduct but never stated exactly what

conduct of Bruce’s caused her heart attack. Paula provided no corroboration to her claims of

stress or emotional abuse by Bruce. In prior habitual-cruel-and-inhuman-treatment cases,

emotional abuse was sufficiently evidenced by medical experts or medical records

corroborating the plaintiff’s testimony. Faries v. Faries, 607 So. 2d 1204, 1209 (Miss. 1992)

(holding that the plaintiff’s testimony of the defendant’s emotional abuse, corroborated by a

medical expert’s findings, was sufficient evidence). After review, we find that the evidence

presented as to habitual cruel and inhuman treatment does not rise to the level required by the

law of the State of Mississippi. 

¶34. Further, Paula failed to respond to Bruce’s requests for admissions. On April 25, 2014,

Bruce propounded the following requests for admissions to Paula:

REQUEST TO ADMIT NO. 10: Please admit that your husband does not

want a divorce; 

. . . .

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REQUEST TO ADMIT NO. 12: Please admit that your husband has never

engaged in conduct that created in you fear for your life;

REQUEST TO ADMIT NO. 13: Please admit that your husband has never

engaged in conduct that created in you fear for your health; 

REQUEST TO ADMIT NO. 14: Please admit that your husband has never,

during the course of your marriage, engaged in conduct that was unnatural; and 

REQUEST TO ADMIT NO. 15: Please admit that your husband has never,

during the course of your marriage, engaged in conduct that was infamous.

The above admissions demonstrate a stark contrast to the testimony offered at the divorce

proceedings. It is important to note that the requests for admissions tracked the caselaw

defining habitual cruel and inhuman treatment. Paula did not attempt to deny them until

Bruce filed a motion for summary judgment partly based on those requests for admissions. 

The court deemed those requests for admissions admitted bywritten order on October 6, 2016. 

The court found “all requests for admissions as admitted at this time.” The court never issued

another order allowing an untimely denial of those requests for admissions or granting a

motion to alter or amend the order referenced above.

¶35. Rule 36 of the Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure states that an untimely response

to requests for admissions results in the matters being deemed admitted. Rule 36(b) states that

“[a]ny matter admitted under this rule is conclusively established unless the court on motion

permits withdrawal or amendment of the admission.” Id. (emphasis added). The Mississippi

Supreme Court has “reiterated that Rule 36 is to be enforced despite the fact that harsh

consequences might result[.]” DeBlanc v. Stancil, 814 So. 2d 796, 801 (¶23) (Miss. 2002). 

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Thus, Rule 36 “is meant to provide, and should provide, an authoritative manner of

procedure.” Id.

¶36. In DeBlanc, the Mississippi Supreme Court noted that trial courts are given a degree

of discretion in granting amendments or allowing withdrawals of admissions in proper

circumstances to ameliorate harsh applications of the rule. Id. The supreme court, however,

recognized that “[m]echanisms exist whereby a trial court may hold that an untimely response

does not constitute a deemed admission because the trial court has broad discretion in pretrial

matters.” Id. (emphasis added). But, for cases involving “unexplained, untimely responses,

the appellate courts of this state unanimously have emphasized that Rule 36 is to be enforced

according to its terms.” Dillon v. PiCo Inc., 239 So. 3d 527, 533 (¶16) (Miss. Ct. App. 2017)

(citing Young v. Smith, 67 So. 3d 732, 738 (¶10) (Miss. 2011)). 

¶37. Here, Bruce’s counsel propounded requests for admissions along with a notice of

service of discovery responses to Paula’s counsel on April 25, 2014. At the subsequent

hearing on June 13, 2014, Bruce’s counsel asked the court to “take judicial notice that there

were [requests] to admit that were propounded on April 25 that still have not been responded

to,” and Bruce’s counsel asked for the court to deem the requests admitted. Initially, Paula’s

counsel claimed they had answered the requests but acknowledged that his firm had recently

hired a new secretary and would have to verify. After Bruce’s counsel demonstrated that no

answers had been filed, the chancellor reiterated Rule 36: 

Okay. Well, I’m sure you both know the rules with regard to that, that

everything would be, if it has not been sent in, that which . . . has not been

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answered or denied would be presumed to be admitted or accepted as admitted. 

Now, that’s an answer. You have the right to amend your answer by a proper

motion to do that. And of course, there are some guidelines for that as to good

cause. So, you all can look at that and we’ll take that issue up at another time. 

In spite of the chancellor’s advice in June 2014, Paula’s counsel did not file for relief under

Rule 36 until October 4, 2016—two years later in an attempt to respond to Bruce’s motion for

summary judgment based on those requests for admissions. Ultimately, as stated previously,

the requests were deemed admitted in the order denying summary judgment in October 2016,

but the chancellor never addressed the relief requested by Paula under Rule 36.

¶38. On review, the admissions were deemed admitted, and Paula testified at the August 23,

2016 hearing that Bruce was a “good husband.” And at the November 1, 2017 hearing her

testimonywasthat he was “condescending,” “mean-spirited,” and sometimes threw her homecooked dinners in the garbage can. Quite simply, Paula’s testimony did not rise to the level

of endangering “life, limb or health,” nor was it so “unnatural and infamous as to make the

marriage revolting to the offended spouse.” See Pittman, 195 So. 3d at 732 (¶13). We hold

that Paula’s testimony, as set forth in the record before this Court, was insufficient to grant

a divorce on the ground of habitual cruel and inhuman treatment, and we therefore reverse the

grant of divorce and remand this matter to the chancery court. 

b. Property Settlement Agreement

¶39. “It is well-established in Mississippi law that a property-settlement agreement is a

binding contract between the parties.” Wilson v. Wilson, 53 So. 3d 865, 869 (¶13) (Miss. Ct.

App. 2011). Once the chancellor deems the provisions to provide adequately and sufficiently

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for both parties, the agreement becomes incorporated into the divorce judgment. Id. 

Thereafter, the agreement is “not modifiable absent fraud, duress, or a contract provision

allowing for modification.” Id. With that said, the Mississippi Supreme Court has concisely

defined duress as it relates to contracts: 

Duress strikes at whether a party actually consented to a contract. A dominant

party must conduct himself or herself in a manner that overrides the volition of

the weaker party. [A] deprivation of a party’s free exercise of his or her own

will constitutes duress. 

Estate of Davis v. O’Neill, 42 So. 3d 520, 525 (¶17) (Miss. 2010) (citing Askew v. Askew, 699

So. 2d 515, 518 (¶15) (Miss. 1997)). Importantly, “provisions in contracts contrary to public

policy or where obtained by overreaching, duress, or undue influence are unenforceable.” 

Id. (emphasis added) (quoting First Nat’l Bank of Vicksburg v. Caruthers, 443 So. 2d 861,

864 n.3 (Miss. 1983)).

¶40. In Wilson, this Court held that the wife was not under duress due to certain safeguards

in place when she signed the contract. Wilson, 53 So. 3d at 870 (¶14). The safeguards in

place were having the presence of her own attorney with readily available advice, timing, and

being informed that the chancellor would hold a hearing that same day. Id. Similarly, in

Estate of Davis, 42 So. 3d at 525 (¶17), the aggrieved party alleged that the threat of criminal

prosecution induced the party’s agreement. The supreme court, however, held there was “no

legitimate threat of criminal prosecution,” and the party did not produce evidence suggesting

threat, coercion, or lack of sufficient safeguards. Id. 

¶41. The November 1, 2017 hearing began as a hearing to determine whether Bruce had

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purged his contempt but was later transformed into a divorce proceeding. Bruce had been in

jail since October 19, 2017, under the order to pay $105,470.67. Bruce had no attorney. The

court stated, “Well why don’t we let you two talk and then we’ll worry about that in a little

while, okay?” Apparently the parties met off the record (out of the courtroom) in an attempt

to reach an agreement. Upon entering the courtroom, the following exchange occurred:

Mr. Teel: [Bruce] has an issue with something, and so we’re at an impasse

since we don’t have an agreement. 

The Court: Oh, we are at an impasse?

Mr. Teel: Yeah. 

The Court: Well, it’s set for trial in January—no, March.

The Court: You’ve got March or January? All right, then. Thank you. 

Well, I don’t see that there’s any other alternative that the Court

has. I wonder, Mr. Lindsay, perhaps, I should bring you back in

30 days to see if we have reached any kind of accord with regard

to whether or not you have been able to pay the judgement,

whether y’all settle the case has nothing to do with— to you

incarceration. 

Bruce: Your Honor— 

The Court: Just a second, sir. I’m going to get to you, I promise.

The Court: I’m going to set this for 8:45. 

Mr. Teel: Okay. Thank you. 

The Court: Yes, sir.

Bruce: I concede. I’ll agree.

The Court: Well, now—no, I don’t—I’m not at all certain that you want to

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do that, because it sounds to me like you are only doing that to

get yourself out of jail. 

(Emphasis added). The chancellor acknowledged that he did not want Bruce to sign the

agreement simply to be released fromjail, reiterating that the contempt and divorce settlement

were separate issues. However, Bruce’s onlyway out of jail was to sign the agreement, which

was the sole basis of the chancery court’s release order. 

¶42. The property settlement negotiation and agreement occurred while Bruce was under

an order of incarceration. The only way to obtain release from that incarceration was to pay

Paula $77,657.25 for the first contempt amount, $5,000 for Paula’s attorney’s fees, and

$27,813.42 for the second contempt amount. That means Bruce had to pay $105,470.67

before he could be released from jail. Bruce lost his job in 2015. Bruce lost his lawyer in

September 2017. Bruce had a pending bankruptcy proceeding ongoing. When he balked at

some of the requirements being imposed by Paula’s attorney, the court told Bruce that he

would be sent back to jail and that the hearing would be reset in March 2018. The court also

stated, “[P]erhaps, I should bring you back in thirty days to see if we have reached any kind

of accord.” At a maximum, Bruce was then looking at potentially spending four more months

in jail if the hearing was set in March 2018 or at a minimum thirty more days in jail if the

court decided to schedule another contempt hearing. Bruce then stated, “I concede. I’ll

agree.” Paula’s attorney then read into the record what Bruce agreed to:

• Bruce agreed to pay $1,400 in child support per month;

• Bruce agreed to pay off any debts on the marital home and deed said

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property to Paula;

• Bruce agreed to pay off all debts of the townhouse condo of the parties

and then deed all the property to Paula; 

• Bruce agreed to pay rent to Paula for that condo if he decided to live

there;

• Bruce agreed to pay three different lump sum alimonies. The first in the

amount of $450,000, at four percent interest if paid monthly by

installments;

• Bruce agreed to pay a third lump sum alimony in the amount of

$105,470.67, which represented the amount of the contempt judgment,

for which he had been incarcerated for not paying. That third lump sum

alimony incurred four percent interest if he paid in monthly installments; 

• Bruce agreed to obtain life insurance for Paula’s benefit in the amount

of $1,000,000; 

• Bruce agreed pay in full Pickering’s expert fees and attorney’s fees, the

exact amount of which was unknown at that time but what later

determined to be in the amount of $39,328.48 in expert fees and

$34,658.08 in attorney’s fees;

• Bruce agreed to pay Paula’s attorney fees, the exact amount of which

was unknown at that time but was later included in the judgment of

divorce in the amount of $90,995.50; 

• Finally, if Bruce “acquire any ownership interest in any of the former

Louis Norman businesses (or successor businesses) Paula Lindsay shall

be entitled to 1⁄2 that interest granted or agreed upon within five years of

his years working at that company.”

¶43. As previously stated, a deprivation of a party’s free exercise of his or her own will

constitutes duress, and “provisions in contracts . . . obtained by overreaching duress or undue

influence are unenforceable.” Estate of Davis, 42 So. 3d at 525 (¶17). On November 1, 2017,

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Bruce had spent two weeks in jail because he could not pay $105,470.67. But on that same

day, without a lawyer representing him, he agreed to pay approximately $905,000 in lumpsum alimony, pay the loan off on the marital home and the parties’ condo and then deed those

properties to Paula, pay $1,400 per month in child support, pay approximately $91,000 in

Paula’s attorney’s fees, and pay off in full Pickering’s expert fees and attorney’s fees despite

the court previously ordering those fees evenly split between the parties. If that were not

enough, he also agreed that if he were to acquire an interest in a business within five years,

that new interest would become marital property, and he would deed half that interest to

Paula. 

¶44. At the time of the November 1, 2017 hearing, the court knew that Bruce had lost his

job, was claiming an inability to pay different amounts ordered by the court, had a pending

bankruptcy petition, had no lawyer, and had been incarcerated for over two weeks. The court

did not engage in any type of colloquy with Bruce to ensure that he was, in fact, consenting

to the property settlement agreement free from duress or overreach.11 According to Bruce,

he could not afford to pay the $105,470.67, which resulted in his incarceration. Two weeks

later, he was transported to jail and suddenly agreed to be responsible for well over

$1,000,000 in financial obligations. 

¶45. This Court does not attempt to curtail the power of a trial court to use the contempt

11 The court simply asked Bruce if he had initialed the agreement and if that was his

agreement. No questions were asked about his financial difficulties, his ability to pay, the

large sums, or if this was in fact an equitable distribution. 

29
power to enforce its orders. Nor does this Court find fault with incarceration as a punishment

for contempt. This Court is concerned with vague orders of trial courts and judgments of

contempt including incarceration when those vague orders are alleged to have been violated. 

Likewise, when a person is held incarcerated for contempt, a court should be diligent and

suspicious as to a sudden agreement of all divorce issues when the likelihood of duress and

overreaching is possible, especially when the contemnor has no lawyer, no job, and has

obvious financial difficulties. After a thorough review of the record, we hold that Bruce was

under duress when he signed the property settlement agreement, and therefore the contract is

unenforceable and should be vacated and is hereby set aside. 

3. Pickering’s Fees and Attorney’s Fees

¶46. At the November 1, 2017 hearing, Bruce agreed to pay Pickering’s expert fees and

litigation costs. That amount was later determined to be $39,328.48 in expert fees and

$34,658.08 in attorney’s fees. We already found that Bruce signed and agreed to the property

settlement agreement under duress. Since we already set the property settlement agreement

aside as a matter of law, so too are Pickering’s expert fees and attorney’s fees. Therefore, we

reverse the chancery court’s order that Bruce pay Pickering’s expert fees and attorney’s fees

and remand this issue for further determination by the chancellor. 

4. Paula’s Attorney’s Fees

¶47. At the November 1, 2017 hearing, Bruce also agreed to pay Paula’s attorney’s fees in

the amount of $90,995.50. Since we already set the property settlement agreement aside as

30
a matter of law, so too are Paula’s attorney’s fees. Therefore, we reverse the chancery court’s

order that Bruce pay Paula’s attorney’s fees and remand this issue for further determination

by the chancellor. 

5. Attorney’s Fees on Appeal 

¶48. In her appellee brief, Paula requests attorney’s fees of one-half of $90,995.50, which

the chancery court awarded to her. See Riley v. Riley, 196 So. 3d 1159, 1164 (¶23) (Miss. Ct.

App. 2016) (stating that “[g]enerally, on appeal this Court awards attorney’s fees of one-half

of what was awarded in the trial court”). On August 19, 2019, Paula filed a separate motion

for appellate attorney’s fees in accordance with the supreme court’s opinion in Latham v.

Latham, 261 So. 3d 1110, 1115 (¶23) (Miss. 2019) (requiring parties to file a separate motion

for attorney’s fees as set forth in Mississippi Rule of Appellate Procedure 27(a)). In her

motion, Paula requests this Court “grant her attorney’s fees in the amount of $45,477.75 with

regard to this appeal.” 

¶49. Pursuant to Mississippi Rule of Procedure 36(a), “[i]f a judgment is reversed, costs

shall be taxed against the appellee unless otherwise ordered.” Therefore, because we reverse

the trial court’s judgment, we decline to award Paula attorney’s fees or costs on appeal.

CONCLUSION

¶50. Because we find the temporary orders were too vague to enforce, we reverse the

chancery court’s order of contempt. Further, we find that the divorce judgment is void for two

reasons: (1) Paula failed to present sufficient evidence to prove her ground for divorce; and

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(2) Bruce signed the property settlement agreement under duress. Finally, because we find

that the divorce judgment is void, we find that both provisions in the divorce judgment

requiring Bruce to payPaula’s attorney’s fees and Pickering’s fees and litigation costs are also

void. Accordingly, we reverse and remand the chancery court’s judgment. 

¶51. REVERSED, VACATED IN PART, AND REMANDED.

BARNES,C.J.,CARLTONANDJ.WILSON, P.JJ., GREENLEE, McDONALD,

McCARTY AND C. WILSON, JJ., CONCUR. TINDELL, J., CONCURS IN RESULT

ONLY WITHOUT SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION. WESTBROOKS, J., NOT

PARTICIPATING. 

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