### CHAPTER 6. ENERGY USE CHARACTERIZATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

6.1 PURPOSE OF THE DOCUMENT

.................................................................................... 6-1 6.2 LAMP AND BALLAST SYS TEM OPERATING HOURS

.............................................. 6-1 6.3 RESULTS OF THE ENERGY USE CHARACTERIZATION

......................................... 6-5 REFERENCES

..................................................................................................................... ....... 6-9

LIST OF TABLES

Table 6.2.1. Average Annual Lamp-and-Ballast System Operating Hours by Sector

................ 6-2 Table 6.2.2. Two- and Four-Lamp 4-Foot MB P PS Product Classes (F32T8 Baseline) – Adjusted Average Annual Operating Hours for Commercial Sector

.................. 6-4 Table 6.3.1. Two-Lamp RS and IS Ballasts Oper ating 4-Foot MBP and 2-Foot U-Shaped Lamps (F32T8 Baseline) – System Power Rating and Annual Energy Consumption, Commercial Sector

....................................................................... 6-5 Table 6.3.2. Two-Lamp PS Ballasts Operating 4- Foot MBP and 2-Foot U-Shaped Lamps – System Power Rating and Annual Energy Consumption, Commercial Sector

................................................................................................................... 6-5 Table 6.3.3. Two-Lamp RS and IS Ballasts Oper ating 4-Foot MBP and 2-Foot U-Shaped Lamps (F34T12 Baseline) – System Power Rating and Annual Energy Consumption, Commercial Sector

....................................................................... 6-5 Table 6.3.4. Four-Lamp RS and IS Ballasts Oper ating 4-Foot MBP and 2-Foot U-Shaped Lamps – System Power Rating and Annual Energy Consumption, Commercial Sector

............................................................................................... 6-6 Table 6.3.5. Four-Lamp PS Ballasts Operating 4-Foot MBP and 2-Foot U-Shaped Lamps – System Power Rating and Annual Energy Consumption, Commercial Sector

................................................................................................................... 6-6 Table 6.3.6. Two-Lamp RS and IS Ballasts Operating 8-Foot RDC HO Lamps (F96T12HO/ES Baseline) – System Power Rating and Annual Energy Consumption, Industrial Sector

........................................................................... 6-6 Table 6.3.7. Two-Lamp RS and IS Ballasts Operating 8-Foot RDC HO Lamps (F96T8HO Baseline) – System Power Rating and Annual Energy Consumption, Industrial Sector

........................................................................... 6-6 Table 6.3.8. Two-Lamp IS Ballasts Operatin g 8-Foot Slimline Lamps (F96T12/ES Baseline) – System Power Rating and Annual Energy Consumption, Commercial Sector

............................................................................................... 6-6 Table 6.3.9. Two-Lamp IS Ballasts Operating 8-Foot Slimline Lamps (F96T8 Baseline) – System Power Rating and Annual Energy Consumption, Commercial Sector

................................................................................................................... 6-7 Table 6.3.10. Two-Lamp PS Ballasts Operating 4- Foot T5 MiniBP SO Lamps – System Power Rating and Annual Energy C onsumption, Commercial Sector

................ 6-7 Table 6.3.11. Two-Lamp PS Ballasts Operating 4-Foot T5 MiniBP HO Lamps – System Power Rating and Annual Energy C onsumption, Industrial Sector

.................... 6-7

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### Table 6.3.12. Two-Lamp RS and IS Ballasts Operating 4-Foot MBP and 2-Foot UShaped Lamps (Low Power Factor, F34T12 Baseline) – System Power Rating and Annual Energy Consum ption, Residential Sector

............................. 6-7 Table 6.3.13. Two-Lamp RS and IS Ballasts Operating 4-Foot MBP and 2-Foot UShaped Lamps (Low Power Factor, F32T8 Baseline) – System Power Rating and Annual Energy Consum ption, Residential Sector

............................. 6-7 Table 6.3.14. Four-Lamp RS and IS Ballasts Operating 8-Foot RDC HO Lamps (Cold Temperature/Sign Ballasts) – System Power Rating and Annual Energy Consumption, Commercial Sector

....................................................................... 6-8 Table 6.3.15. Four-Lamp RS and IS Ballasts Operating 8-Foot RDC HO Lamps (Cold Temperature/Sign Ballasts) – System Power Rating and Annual Energy Consumption, Industrial Sector

........................................................................... 6-8

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 6.2.1. Residential Sector Annual Operating Hour Distri bution by Building Type

.......... 6-3 Figure 6.2.2. Commercial Sector Annual Operating Hour Distribution by Building Type

........ 6-3 Figure 6.2.3. Industrial Sector Annual Operatin g Hour Distribution by Building Type

............. 6-4

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### CHAPTER 6. ENERGY USE CHARACTERIZATION

6.1 PURPOSE OF THE DOCUMENT
This chapter presents the methodology the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) follows to estimate the annual energy consumption of the fl uorescent lamp-and-ballast system designs DOE considers in the ballast rulemaking analyses. Becau se fluorescent lamp ballasts are designed to operate fluorescent lamps, DOE chooses the most common fluorescent lamp used with each ballast to develop representative lamp-and-ballast systems. Fluorescent lamps will not be regulated under the proposed ba llast rulemaking; however, the input power of the complete lamp-and-ballast system is considered for the energy use analysis. The results of this analysis, which represent typical energy consumption in th e field, are critical inputs to the life-cycle cost (LCC) and payback period (PBP) analyses (preliminary technical support document [TSD] chapter 8) and the national impact analysis (NIA; preliminary TSD chapter 10). DOE requires information on annual energy consumption to dete rmine the potential energy and operating cost savings to consumers from the use of more efficient equipment.

DOE determines the annual energy consump tion of the lamp-and-ballast systems using information on their rated input power ( i.e. , the rate of energy they consume) and the way consumers use them ( i.e. , operating hours per year). The engineering analysis (chapter 5) discusses the power ratings of lamp-and-ballast systems. The following sections discuss the inputs and calculations DOE uses to devel op annual operating hours and annual energy consumption for the products considered in this analysis.

6.2 LAMP AND BALLAST SYSTEM OPERATING HOURS
To characterize the country’s average use of lamp-and-ballast systems for a typical year, DOE develops annual operating hours by sector. For the LCC, DOE accounts for variability in operating hours by developing a distribution of operating hours for the LCC spreadsheet. The operating hour distributions capture variation across nine census divisions (New England, Middle Atlantic, East North Central, West North Central, South Atlantic , East South Central, West South Central, Mountain, a nd Pacific) and large States (Ca lifornia, Florida, New York, and Texas), building types, and lamp-and-ballast systems for three sectors (residential, commercial, and industrial).

In conjunction with data from the U.S. Lighting Market Characterization (LMC) Volume 1, 1 

### DOE uses data from the Energy Information Administration’s (EIA) 2003 Commercial Building Energy Survey (CBECS), 2 

### 2005 Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS), 3 

### and 2002 Manufacturer Energy Consumption Survey (MECS). 4 

### These EIA studies provide information on the distribution of U.S. buildings by building type and census division. The LMC, which is based on thousands of buildin g audits and surveys, provides national-level data on annual operating hours by building type and lamp type for all sectors. These operating hours are divided by application (a ssembly, athletic, bathroom, boarding, class, dining, display, exit, exterior-architectural, exterior-parking , exit-sign, exterior, food preparation, hall, healthcare, office, ship/rec, shop, storage, ta sk, unknown, and utility) for the commercial and

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### industrial sectors and room type (bathroom, be droom, closet, dining room, family room, garage, hall, kitchen, living room, office, outdoor, utility room, and other) for the residential sector.

DOE associates LMC operating hour data by building type with EIA data by building type and census division to derive annual oper ating hours by census division and large States. This allows DOE to correlate the electricity price distribution (chapt er 8), and sales tax distribution (chapter 7) with the operating hour dist ribution by census division and large States in the LCC spreadsheet. The following paragraphs describe data sources DOE uses to develop annual operating hours by sector.

For the residential sector, DOE uses RECS building data and LMC residential sector operating hour data to develop a distribution of annual operating hours fo r fluorescent lamp-and

ballast systems. The 2005 RECS data indicates the probability that a certain building type resides within a census division. The LMC indicates the occu rrence of certain room types within a given building type and the operating hour characteristics in these rooms. DOE then uses aggregated data from the LMC to associate average annual operating hours per building type. DOE chose to aggregate operating hour data to the building rather than at the room le vel because DOE believes it more closely represents the impact on an individual consumer. However, DOE will use operating hour data at the room level to perform uncertainty results in the notice of proposed rulemaking (NOPR) stage of this analysis.

DOE uses a similar approach to develop a distribution of annual operating hours in the commercial sector. However, instead of room type, DOE aggregates LMC annual operating hour data by application to develop average a nnual operating hours by building type. The 2003 CBECS data indicates the probability a certain building type in a certain census division exists. Once the LCC model selects a building, DOE associates the aggregated LMC annual operating hour average with the building type selected. Like the residential sector, DOE chose to aggregate LMC operating hour data to the building level fo r the commercial and industrial sectors because it more closely represents the impact on consumers.

To develop a distribution of annual operating hours in the industrial sector, DOE uses an approach consistent with that used for the co mmercial sector. The 2002 MECS data indicates the probability a certain building type exists. DOE aggregates LMC annual operating hour data by industrial application to deve lop average annual operating hours by building type. Once the model selects a building, DOE associates the aggregated LMC operating hour average with the building type selected. Because MECS does not provide the location of industrial sector buildings, DOE uses 2008 U.S. Census Bureau population information to establish the probability that a certain industrial building exists in a certain census division or large State. Table 6.2.1 summarizes the weighted average annual operating hours per sector.

Table 6.2.1. Average Annual Lamp-and-Ballast System Operating Hours by Sector Sector Average Annual Operating Hours hrs/year Residential 789 Commercial 3,435

Industrial 4,795

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### Figure 6.2.1 displays the probability distribu tion of annual operating hours DOE uses for lamp-and-ballast systems in the residential sector. DOE uses th ese annual operating hours in the LCC calculation.

5

4 3 2

1

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%Residential Sector FL System Probability 1: Mobile home 2: Single-family detached 3: Single-family attached 4: Multifamily 2-4 units 5: Multifamily > 4 units

686 806 739 806 790 Annual Operating Hours by Building Type (hrs/year) 

### Figure 6.2.1. Residential Sector Annual Operati ng Hour Distribution by Building Type

Figure 6.2.2 displays the annual operating hour probability distributions for lamp-and

ballast systems operating in th e commercial sector. DOE uses this distribution of annual operating hours in the LCC calculation.

20%
1: Vacant 8: Outpatient health care 16: Inpatient health care 18%ty 2 2: Office 4: Laboratory 11: Refrigerated warehouse 12: Religious worship 17: Nursing 18: Lodging

16%abili 5: Nonrefrigerated warehouse 6: Food sales 13: Public assembly 14: Education 25: Retail other than mall 26: Serviceob 7: Public order and safety 15: Food service 91: Other 14%Pr 26em 5 12%Syst

10%FL 25

8%Sector 12 14

6%ercial

6 13 15

4%Comm 1

8 18 2% 7 91

4 11 16 17 0%3,5453,6864,9733,4605,2243,5703,3313,8191,7052,5702,6434,5985,7514,3853,7803,6813,3943,638

Annual Operating Hours by Building Type (hrs/year) 

### Figure 6.2.2. Commercial Sector Annual Operating Hour Distribution by Building Type

6-3Chemicals & allied products

s 

### Figure 6.2.3 displays the annual operating hour probability distribution for lamp-and

ballast systems operating in the industrial sector . DOE uses this distribution of annual operating hours in the LCC calculation.Commercial Sector FL System Probability 20%

18%

16%

14%

12%

10%

8%

6%

4%

2%

0% 39

38 37 36 35 34

33 32

31 30

29 28 27

26 25 24

23 22

21 20 20. Food & kindred products 21. Tobacco 22. Textile mill 23. Apparel & other textile products 24. Lumber & wood products 25. Furniture & fixtures 26. Paper & allied products 27. Printing & publishing 28. 29. Petroleum & coal products 30. Rubber & miscellaneous plastics products 31. Leather and leather products 32. Stone, clay & glass product 33. Primary metal industries 34. Fabricated metal prorducts 35. Industrial machinery & equip. 36. Electronic & other electric equip. 37. Transportation equip. 38. Instruments & related products. 39. Miscellaneous5,8695,0914,9113,6475,7073,8885,8935,3235,2745,3005,4754,5165,3875,6804,0325,1674,4545,9763,5922,831

Annual Operating Hours by Building Type (hrs/year)


### Figure 6.2.3. Industrial Sector Annual Operating Hour Distribution by Building Type
In the case of programmed-star t (PS) ballasts operating two- lamp and four-lamp 4-foot MBP F32T8 lamps, DOE assumes that these lamp-and-ballast systems are operated on occupancy sensors in the commercial sector. Occupancy sensors detect the presence or absence of people within their coverage area and turn lights on and off accordingly, thereby reducing operating time and energy consumption. DOE examin ed a range of estimates for energy savings from occupancy sensors compiled in Esource 5 

### and assumes, based on this estimate, energy savings of 30 percent for operating lamp and ballast systems on occupancy sensors in the commercial sector. To account for these energy savings, DOE reduces average operating hours for affected lamp-and-ballast systems by 30 percent. Table 6.2.2 presents the adjusted average annual operating hours for PS lamp -and-ballast systems operating on occupancy sensors in the commercial sector.

Table 6.2.2. Two- and Four-Lamp 4-Foot MBP PS Product Classes (F32T8 Baseline) – Adjusted Average Annual Operating Hours for Commercial Sector Sector Average Annual Operating Hours hrs/yr Commercial 2,405

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### 6.3 RESULTS OF THE ENERGY USE CHARACTERIZATION
This section presents the annual energy use estimates for fluorescent lamp-and-ballast system designs. DOE calculates the annual en ergy consumption using annual operating hours and input power rating estimates. DOE uses the annual energy consumption results in the LCC and PBP analyses and the NIA to calculate the operating cost of systems and estimate the potential energy savings of candidate standard levels (CSLs).

Using annual operating hours and system rate d input power ratings, DOE calculates the annual energy consumption of the entire lamp-a nd-ballast system. The engineering analysis (chapter 5) references both measured system input power and normalized system input power, with the latter used to normalize input power between baseline and standards-case systems to maintain the same approximate light output.

Table 6.3.1 through Table 6.3.15 detail (1) the measured and normalized input power ratings for all the lamp-and-ballast systems DOE assesses in the LCC and PBP analysis for each product class; and (2) average annual energy c onsumption per lamp-and-ba llast system based on measured and normalized input power, using th e U.S. weighted average of annual operating hours in each sector. The average annual operatin g hours for the U.S. residential, commercial, and industrial sectors are 789, 3,435, and 4,795, respectively.

Table 6.3.1. Two-Lamp RS and IS Ballasts Op erating 4-Foot MBP and 2-Foot U-Shaped Lamps (F32T8 Baseline) – System Power Ra ting and Annual Energy Consumption, Commercial Sector CSL For Operation Of Starting Method Input Power W Annual Energy Consumption kWh Measured Normalized Measured Normalized Baseline/1 2 F32T8 Lamps IS 60.4 60.4 207.5 207.5 2 2 F32T8 Lamps IS 56.0 57.0 192.4 195.8 3 2 F32T8 Lamps IS 56.4 56.5 193.7 194.1


### Table 6.3.2. Two-Lamp PS Ballasts Operating 4-Foot MBP and 2-Foot U-Shaped Lamps – System Power Rating and Annual Energy Consumption, Commercial Sector CSL For Operation Of Starting Method Input Power W Annual Energy Consumption * kWh Measured Normalized Measured Normalized Baseline 2 F32T8 Lamps PS 63.5 63.5 152.7 152.7 1 2 F32T8 Lamps PS 56.9 59.1 136.8 142.1

* Based on adjusted average annual operating hours to reflect operation on occupancy sensors (Table 6.2.2).


### Table 6.3.3. Two-Lamp RS and IS Ballasts Op erating 4-Foot MBP and 2-Foot U-Shaped Lamps (F34T12 Baseline) – System Power Rating and Annual Energy Consumption, Commercial Sector CSL For Operation Of Starting Method Input Power W Annual Energy Consumption kWh Measured Normalized Measured Normalized Baseline 2 F34T12 Lamps RS 63.5 63.5 218.1 218.1 1 2 F32T8 Lamps IS 60.4 59.0 207.5 202.7 2 2 F32T8 Lamps IS 56.0 55.7 192.4 191.3 3 2 F32T8 Lamps IS 56.4 55.2 193.7 189.6

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### Table 6.3.4. Four-Lamp RS and IS Ballasts Op erating 4-Foot MBP and 2-Foot U-Shaped Lamps – System Power Rating and Annual Energy Consumption, Commercial Sector CSL For Operation Of Starting Method Input Power W Annual Energy Consumption kWh Measured Normalized Measured Normalized Baseline 4 F32T8 Lamps IS 111.5 111.5 383.0 383.0 1 4 F32T8 Lamps IS 114.4 110.6 393.0 379.9


### Table 6.3.5. Four-Lamp PS Ballasts Operating 4- Foot MBP and 2-Foot U-Shaped Lamps – System Power Rating and Annual Energy Consumption, Commercial Sector CSL For Operation Of Starting Method Input Power W Annual Energy Consumption * kWh Measured Normalized Measured Normalized Baseline 4 F32T8 Lamps PS 120.3 120.3 289.3 289.3 1 4 F32T8 Lamps PS 116.1 114.2 279.2 274.7

* Based on adjusted average annual operating hours to reflect operation on occupancy sensors (Table 6.2.2).


### Table 6.3.6. Two-Lamp RS and IS Ballasts Operating 8-Foot RDC HO Lamps (F96T12HO/ES Baseline) – System Power Rating and Annual Energy Consumption, Industrial Sector CSL For Operation Of Starting Method Input Power W Annual Energy Consumption kWh Measured Normalized Measured Normalized Baseline 2 F96T12HO/ES Lamps RS 208.4 208.4 999.3 999.3 1 2 F96T12HO/ES Lamps RS 170.0 183.4 815.2 879.4 2 F96T8HO Lamps RS 160.0 188.3 767.2 902.9 2 2 F96T8HO Lamps IS 142.8 218.8 684.7 1,049.1


### Table 6.3.7. Two-Lamp RS and IS Ballasts Operating 8-Foot RDC HO Lamps (F96T8HO Baseline) – System Power Rating and Annua l Energy Consumption, Industrial Sector CSL For Operation Of Starting Method Input Power W Annual Energy Consumption kWh Measured Normalized Measured Normalized Baseline/1 2 F96T8HO Lamps RS 160.0 160.0 767.2 767.2 2 2 F96T8HO Lamps IS 142.8 185.9 684.7 891.4


### Table 6.3.8. Two-Lamp IS Ballasts Operating 8- Foot Slimline Lamps (F96T12/ES Baseline)

–

System Power Rating and Annual Energy Consumption, Commercial Sector

CSL For Operation Of Starting Method Input Power W Annual Energy Consumption kWh Measured Normalized Measured Normalized Baseline 2 F96T12ES Lamps IS 111.1 111.1 381.6 381.6 1 2 F96T12ES Lamps IS 109.5 109.6 376.1 376.5

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### Table 6.3.9. Two-Lamp IS Ballasts Operating 8-Foot Slimline Lamps (F96T8 Baseline) – System Power Rating and Annual Energy Consumption, Commercial Sector CSL For Operation Of Starting Method Input Power W Annual Energy Consumption kWh Measured Normalized Measured Normalized Baseline 2 F96T8 Lamps IS 109.7 109.7 376.8 376.8 1 2 F96T8 Lamps IS 108.0 106.9 371.0 367.2


### Table 6.3.10. Two-Lamp PS Ballasts Operating 4-Foot T5 MiniBP SO Lamps – System Power Rating and Annual Energy Consumption, Commercial Sector CSL For Operation Of Starting Method Input Power W Annual Energy Consumption kWh Measured Normalized Measured Normalized Baseline 2 F28T5 Lamps PS 77.8 77.8 267.2 267.2 1 2 F28T5 Lamps PS 64.9 64.9 222.9 222.9 2 2 F28T5 Lamps PS 65.4 62.7 224.6 215.4


### Table 6.3.11. Two-Lamp PS Ballasts Operating 4-Foot T5 MiniBP HO Lamps – System Power Rating and Annual Energy Co nsumption, Industrial Sector CSL For Operation Of Starting Method Input Power W Annual Energy Consumption kWh Measured Normalized Measured Normalized Baseline 2 F54T5HO Lamps PS 143.5 143.5 688.1 688.1 1 2 F54T5HO Lamps PS 124.8 124.8 598.4 598.4 2 2 F54T5HO Lamps PS 122.4 119.1 586.9 571.1


### Table 6.3.12. Two-Lamp RS and IS Ballasts Op erating 4-Foot MBP and 2-Foot U-Shaped Lamps (Low Power Factor, F34T12 Baseline) – System Power Rating and Annual Energy Consumption, Residential Sector CSL For Operation Of Starting Method Input Power W Annual Energy Consumption kWh Measured Normalized Measured Normalized Baseline 2 F34T12 Lamps IS 45.9 45.9 36.2 36.2 1 2 F32T8 Lamps IS 53.1 39.5 41.9 31.2 2 2 F32T8 Lamps IS 55.3 38.6 43.6 30.5


### Table 6.3.13. Two-Lamp RS and IS Ballasts Op erating 4-Foot MBP and 2-Foot U-Shaped Lamps (Low Power Factor, F32T8 Baseline) – System Power Rating and Annual Energy Consumption, Residential Sector CSL For Operation Of Starting Method Input Power W Annual Energy Consumption kWh Measured Normalized Measured Normalized Baseline/1 2 F32T8 Lamps IS 53.1 53.1 41.9 41.9 2 2 F32T8 Lamps IS 55.3 51.8 43.6 40.9

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### Table 6.3.14. Four-Lamp RS and IS Ballasts Operating 8-Foot RDC HO Lamps (Cold Temperature/Sign Ballasts) – System Power Rating and Annual Energy Consumption, Commercial Sector CSL For Operation Of Starting Method Input Power W Annual Energy Consumption kWh Measured Normalized Measured Normalized Baseline 4 F96T12HO Lamps RS 393.6 393.6 1,352.0 1,352.0 1 4 F96T12HO Lamps IS 264.0 324.1 906.8 1,113.3


### Table 6.3.15. Four-Lamp RS and IS Ballasts Operating 8-Foot RDC HO Lamps (Cold Temperature/Sign Ballasts) – System Pow er Rating and Annual Energy Consumption, Industrial Sector CSL For Operation Of Starting Method Input Power W Annual Energy Consumption kWh Measured Normalized Measured Normalized Baseline 4 F96T12HO Lamps RS 393.6 393.6 1,887.3 1,887.3 1 4 F96T12HO Lamps IS 264.0 324.1 1,265.9 1,554.1

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### REFERENCES

1. U.S. Department of Energy–Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Produc ts: Final Report: U.S. Lighting Market Characterization, Volume I: National Lighting Inventory and Energy Consumption Estimate. September 2002.

< http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings /publications/pdfs/ssl/lmc_vol1_final.pdf >

2. U.S. Department of Energy–Energy Info rmation Administrati on. Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey: Micro-level Data, File 2 Building Activities, Special Measures of Size, and Multi-building Facilities. 2003.

< http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/public_use.html >

3 U.S. Department of Energy–Energy Info rmation Administration. Residential Energy Consumption Survey: File 1: Housing Unit Characteristic. 2006.

< http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/recspubuse05/pubuse05.html >

4. U.S. Department of Energy–Energy Inform ation Administration. Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey, Table 1.4: Number of Esta blishments by First Use of Energy for All Purposes (Fuel and Nonfuel). 2002.

< http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs /mecs2002/data02/shelltables.html >

5. E Source. Purchasing Advisor Web Page – Lighting: Occupancy Sensors. 2009. (Last Accessed May 5, 2009.) < http://www.esource.com/BEA/demo/BEA_esource/PA_10.html >

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