ENFORCEABLE CONSENT AGREEMENT

FOR

ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING FOR

OCTAMETHYLCYCLOTETRASILOXANE (D4) (CASRN 556-67-2)

Docket No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2012-0209

Available at www.regulations.gov

Date: December 19, 2013

DRAFT FOR 30 DAY COMMENT BY INTERESTED PARTIES

Contains No Confidential Business Information
2

ENFORCEABLE CONSENT AGREEMENT FOR

ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING FOR:

OCTAMETHYLCYCLOTETRASILOXANE (D4) (CASRN 556-67-2)

Docket No. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2012-0209

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................4

II. CHEMICALS SUBJECT TO THE ECA.................................................................................................4

III. OBLIGATIONS OF THE SIGNATORY COMPANIES.......................................................................4

IV. PRINCIPAL TEST SPONSOR..............................................................................................................4

V. PURPOSE OF THE TESTING PROGRAM........................................................................................... 5

VI. SCOPE OF THE TESTING PROGRAM............................................................................................... 5

VII. DESCRIPTION OF TESTING PROGRAM......................................................................................... 5

VIII. STANDARDS FOR CONDUCTING TESTING................................................................................6

IX. SCHEDULE, STUDY PLANS, TESTING, AND REPORTS............................................................... 6

X. MODIFICATIONS TO THE ECA ..........................................................................................................8

XI. FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH ECA...................................................................................................8

XII. EPA MONITORING OF ECA TESTING............................................................................................ 8

XIII. SUBMISSIONS TO EPA AND CONFIDENTIALITY OF INFORMATION...................................9

XIV. PUBLICATION AND DISCLOSURE OF TESTING RESULTS...................................................... 9

XV. OTHER RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE SIGNATORY COMPANIES.............................................10

XVI. RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ACTIONS OF UNRELATED THIRD PARTIES ..........................10

XVII. FORCE MAJEURE..........................................................................................................................10

XVIII. DISPUTE RESOLUTION ..............................................................................................................10

XIX. SEVERABILITY OF ECA PROVISIONS .......................................................................................10

XX. FINAL AGENCY ACTION ...............................................................................................................11

XXI. PUBLIC RECORD............................................................................................................................11

XXII. EFFECTIVE DATE AND TERM....................................................................................................11

XXIII. RIGHTS OF THE SIGNATORY COMPANIES ...........................................................................11

XXIV. RESERVATION OF RIGHTS BY SIGNATORY COMPANIES.................................................12

XXV. NOTICES.........................................................................................................................................12

XXVI. IDENTITY OF THE SIGNATORY COMPANIES AND PRINCIPAL TEST SPONSOR ..........12

XXVII. SIGNATURES ..........................................................................................................................1514
3

APPENDIX 1 - ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING AT D4 DIRECT DISCHARGE SITES ...................1716

APPENDIX 2 - ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING FOR INDIRECT DISCHARGE SITES...................1918

APPENDIX 3 - ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING FOR PRIMARILY NON-INDUSTRIAL 

WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS ...........................................................................................2221

APPENDIX 4 - TESTING STANDARD FOR THE COLLECTION, SAMPLE HANDLING, 

TRANSFER AND ANALYSIS OF INFLUENT AND EFFLUENT SAMPLES FOR D4 ...................2423

APPENDIX 5 - TESTING STANDARD FOR THE COLLECTION, SAMPLE HANDLING, 

TRANSFER AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE WATER SAMPLES FOR D4....................................3029

APPENDIX 6 - TESTING STANDARD FOR THE COLLECTION, SAMPLE HANDLING, 

TRANSFER AND ANALYSIS OF BIOSOLIDS SAMPLES FOR D4 ................................................3534

APPENDIX 7 - TESTING STANDARD FOR THE COLLECTION, SAMPLE HANDLING, 

TRANSFER AND ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENT SAMPLES FOR D4.................................................4039

APPENDIX 8 - TESTING STANDARD FOR THE COLLECTION, SAMPLE HANDLING, 

TRANSFER AND ANALYSIS OF BIOTA SAMPLES FOR D4.........................................................4645
4

I. INTRODUCTION 

A. Under the authority of Section 4 of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), 15 U.S.C. § 

2603, and 40 C.F.R. Part 790 of the Agency’s implementing regulations, the United States 

Environmental Protection Agency [hereinafter “EPA” or “Agency”] and, Dow Corning 

Corporation, Evonik Goldschmidt Corporation, Momentive Performance Materials USA Inc., 

Shin-Etsu Silicones of America, Inc., and Wacker Chemical Corporation [hereinafter 

individually a “Signatory Company” and collectively “the Signatory Companies”] enter into this 

Enforceable Consent Agreement for certain environmental testing [hereinafter “this ECA”]. As 

used in this ECA, the term “Parties” shall refer jointly to EPA and the Signatory Companies, and 

the term “Party” shall refer individually to one or the other.

II. CHEMICALS SUBJECT TO THE ECA 

This ECA requires testing for presence of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, Chemical Abstracts 

Service Registry Number (CASRN) 556-67-2 [hereinafter referred to as “D4”] in specified 

wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) influent and effluent discharges, receiving streams and 

environmental matrices at method detection limits specified in the test standards in Appendices 

4-8 of this document.

III. OBLIGATIONS OF THE SIGNATORY COMPANIES 

The Signatory Companies are responsible for complying with the terms of this ECA. The 

Signatory Companies recognize that to implement this ECA, EPA will issue an order under 

Section 4 of TSCA that incorporates the terms of this ECA. The Signatory Companies agree 

that all terms of this ECA will take effect on the date of publication of the notice in the Federal 

Register announcing the issuance of the Order that incorporates this ECA. All applicable time 

periods will be treated as beginning on that publication date. 

The Signatory Companies shall submit a draft Study Plan and Quality Assurance Project Plan

(“QAPP”) to carry out the environmental testing program set forth in Section VII and 

Appendices 1- 8. The Signatory Companies shall conduct environmental testing in accordance 

with the Final Study Plan and Final QAPP that will be developed based on EPA’s review of the 

Signatory Companies’ draft submissions. Following completion of environmental testing, the 

Signatory Companies shall submit a Final Report to EPA. 

Sections VI through IX provide more details about the testing that will be accomplished under 

this ECA (“Testing Program”).

IV. PRINCIPAL TEST SPONSOR

A. To facilitate implementation of the Testing Program, the Signatory Companies have

appointed the Silicones Environmental, Health, and Safety Center (SEHSC), 700 2nd Street NE,

Washington DC 20002, 202-249-7000, as the Principal Test Sponsor of this Testing Program. 
5

B. The Signatory Companies will provide EPA with written notice should they elect to designate

a different Principal Test Sponsor. 

C. EPA and the Signatory Companies recognize that the Principal Test Sponsor has no legal 

responsibility for complying with this ECA. The role of the Principal Test Sponsor is to assist in 

coordinating and administering testing under this ECA and in communicating with EPA about 

study plans, protocols, analytical methods, schedules, reports, and other aspects of the testing 

program. Responsibility for complying with the ECA rests at all times with the individual 

Signatory Companies. 

V. PURPOSE OF THE TESTING PROGRAM 

The purpose of the Testing Program is to conduct environmental monitoring to characterize

specified sources and pathways of release of D4 to the environment and resulting exposure of 

aquatic and sediment dwelling organisms to D4.

Through the Testing Program, the Signatory Companies will develop environmental testing data 

for D4 in the vicinity of manufacturing and processing (including product formulating) sites and

WWTPs in the United States. EPA believes that the Testing Program will generate data useful to

the Agency to assess D4 exposures and risks to sediment dwelling and aquatic organisms. 

VI. SCOPE OF THE TESTING PROGRAM

The Testing Program is described in Section VII. Sampling and analysis will be conducted in 

accordance with the test standards described in Section VIII (“Test Standards”) and documented 

in the required submissions described in Section IX (i.e., Study Plan, QAPP, Interim Progress 

Reports, and Final Report).

VII. DESCRIPTION OF TESTING PROGRAM 

A. As described further in Appendix 1 to this ECA, environmental testing will be conducted on 

samples collected at four (4) direct discharge locations operated by certain Signatory Companies. 

For each of the four locations described in Appendix 1, there will be two (2) testing events. In 

particular, each facility’s WWTP’s effluent will be sampled and analyzed for D4. Sediment, 

surface water and biota (benthic and fish species) in the receiving waters will also be sampled

and analyzed for D4. The test standards described in Appendices 4, 5, 7 and 8 shall be used for 

testing.

B. As described further in Appendix 2 to this ECA, environmental testing will be conducted on 

samples collected at five (5) WWTP locations that use activated sludge to treat wastewater from 

indirect discharge sites that include D4 processors (including product formulators). For each of 

the locations described in Appendix 2, there will be two (2) testing events involving the 

collection and analysis for D4 of samples of the following: WWTP influent, WWTP effluent, 

WWTP biosolids, receiving stream surface water, receiving stream sediment, and receiving 

stream biota (benthic and fish species). The test standards described in Appendices 4, 5, 6, 7 and 

8 shall be used for testing.
6

C. As described further in Appendix 3 to this ECA, environmental testing will be conducted on 

samples collected at five (5) WWTP locations receiving less than 15% of wastewater from 

industrial facilities and, preferably, no wastewater from D4 manufacturing or processing

(including product formulation) sites. For each of the locations described in Appendix 3, there 

will be two (2) testing events involving the collection and analysis for D4 of samples of the 

following: WWTP influent, WWTP effluent, WWTP biosolids, receiving stream surface water, 

receiving stream sediment, and receiving stream biota (benthic and fish species). The test 

standards described in Appendices 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 shall be used for testing.

Following completion of the environmental testing described in paragraphs A-C above, the 

Signatory Companies will provide EPA with a report summarizing the results. 

VIII. STANDARDS FOR CONDUCTING TESTING 

A. Environmental testing shall be conducted in accordance with the Test Standards described in 

Appendices 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 to this ECA. Preferably, all samples should be analyzed for D4 at 

one commercial testing laboratory that has appropriate expertise with the D4 analyses of samples 

of the types collected in this testing program when the testing analysis occurs, unless there are 

unforeseen circumstances such as lack of laboratory availability as noted in 40 C.F.R. § 

790.68(b)(2)(iii).

1. Certain provisions of Test Standards are considered to be mandatory and are referred to as 

“requirements.” These requirements are identified by the use of the words “shall,” “will,” or 

“must” in the text of the Test Standard and delineate a test requirement to be followed or met. 

2. Provisions that are not mandatory, and are therefore only recommended, are identified by the 

use of “should” statements. If such “should” provisions are not followed, the Signatory 

Companies will not be deemed by EPA to be in violation and will not be subject to penalties or 

other enforcement actions and this will not, in and of itself, cause the resulting data to be deemed 

invalid.

B. The Signatory Companies and EPA will consult in good faith to consider the need for Test 

Standard modifications if either EPA or the Signatory Companies desire such modifications. 

Modifications to the Test Standards, if any, will be governed by 40 C.F.R. § 790.68. 

C. As specified in the Test Standards in Appendices 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8, All all testing required by 

this ECA shall be in accordance with the EPA Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) regulations 

found at 40 C.F.R. Part 792.

IX. SCHEDULE, STUDY PLANS, TESTING, AND REPORTS

The schedule and deliverables for the Testing Program are described below. EPA and the 

Signatory Companies recognize that in some instances modifications to the described schedule 

may be required given the uncertainties (such as weather, sampling/analytical issues, logistics, 

etc.) inherent in performing the field sampling and environmental testing contemplated by this 
7

Testing Program. Modifications to the schedule, if any, will be made according to the 

procedures set out in 40 C.F.R. § 790.68. 

A. Study Plan 

The Signatory Companies will submit a Study Plan prepared pursuant to this ECA to EPA at 

least forty-five (45) days prior to the initiation of testing in accordance with 40 C.F.R. § 790.62

and no more than one hundred twenty (120) days after the effective date of the ECA. The content 

of the Study Plan submitted to EPA will comply with 40 C.F.R. § 790.62(b). Modifications to 

the study plan will be governed by the procedures of 40 C.F.R. § 790.62(c). The Study Plan will 

become part of the official record (docket number EPA-HQ-OPPT-2012-0209). EPA shall 

approve the Study Plan at the same time QAPP approval is required if it meets the requirements 

of this ECA and 40 C.F.R. § 790.62(b). The Study Plan shall become the “Final Study Plan” 

when approved by EPA. 

The Signatory Companies shall submit a QAPP to EPA within one hundred eighty (180) days of 

the Effective Date of this ECA and at least forty-five (45) days prior to the initiation of testing. 

The QAPP must be prepared in accordance with EPA guidance.1The QAPP shall include 

complete information on the Test Standards to be used. If multiple commercial testing 

laboratories are used for different environmental media and environmental matrices tested, the 

QAPP will address inter-laboratory variability of D4 analyses. EPA shall approve the QAPP 

within 60 days of receipt of the QAPP if it meets the requirements of this ECA and is consistent 

with EPA guidance noted above.

B. Testing

The Testing Program shall commence (i.e., initiation of field work) after the Study Plan and 

QAPP have been approved by EPA. The testing program shall commence no later than sixty (60) 

days after the study plan and QAPP have been approved. Testing (i.e., collection and analysis of 

all samples) shall be completed within three hundred sixty (360) days after testing commences, 

unless the schedule is modified, as described above and in Section X.

C. Interim Progress Reports 

The Signatory Companies will submit Interim Progress Reports to EPA informing the Agency of 

the progress of the Testing Program. An Interim Progress Report is required one hundred eighty 

(180) days after the Effective Date specified in Section XXII.A of this ECA and every one 

hundred eighty (180) days thereafter until the Signatory Companies have fulfilled all obligations 

under Section VII of this ECA. Interim Progress Reports shall include a summary of work 

completed to date, any proposed changes in protocols or schedule, raw data (as defined in 40 

C.F.R. § 792.3) and any other matters affecting progress of testing. No further reporting is 

required of the Signatory Companies to satisfy any potential reporting obligations that might 

arise under Section 8(e) of TSCA with respect solely to the data being generated under this ECA 

 

1 USEPA Guidance for Quality Assurance Project Plans, EPA QA/G-5, prepared by: Office of Environmental 

Information, EPA (December 2002) - http://www.epa.gov/quality/qs-docs/g5-final.pdf. 
8

once the Interim Progress Reports and the Environmental Monitoring Report are submitted to the 

Agency in accordance with this ECA. 

D. Final Report 

No later than one hundred fifty (150) days following completion of the required environmental 

testing (i.e., collection and analysis of the data), the Signatory Companies shall submit to EPA an

environmental monitoring report (“Final Report”). This Final Report shall include a description 

of monitoring performed, summary of test results, raw data, laboratory analyses, and quality 

assurance/quality control information, as per 40 C.F.R. §792.185. Records shall be retained per 

40 C.F.R. §792.195.

This Final Report is intended to be released to the public. If the Signatory Companies believe 

that any of this information should be submitted under a confidentiality claim, then a confidential 

version should be submitted in accordance with Section XIII of this agreement. However, in such 

event EPA may choose to initiate a review of the confidentiality claim in accordance with EPA 

confidentiality regulations at 40 C.F.R. § 2.306(d) and (e) and Sections 14(a) and 14(b) of 

TSCA, 15 U.S.C. § 2613(a)-(b), in order to ensure that the necessary information is made 

available to the public. 

The Signatory Companies will document all Quality Assurance/Quality Control work done as 

part of the Testing Program. The Signatory Companies will electronically submit all of the raw 

data (as defined in 40 C.F.R. § 792.3) produced during the Testing Program. 

X. MODIFICATIONS TO THE ECA

Modifications to this ECA, if any, shall be made in accordance with the modification procedures 

contained in 40 C.F.R. § 790.68.

Modifications to any Study Plan under this ECA shall be governed by the procedures of 40 

C.F.R. § 790.62(c). 

XI. FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH ECA 

The Signatory Companies acknowledge that, as specified in 40 C.F.R. § 790.65, a violation 

of this ECA shall constitute a “prohibited act” under section 15(1) of TSCA, 15 U.S.C. § 

2614(1) and shall trigger all provisions applicable to a violation of section 15. In addition, 

noncompliance with this ECA could result in a citizen’s civil action. The Signatory 

Companies further acknowledge that 40 C.F.R. § 790.65 provides additional information 

regarding the implications of failing to comply with an enforceable consent agreement. 

XII. EPA MONITORING OF ECA TESTING

EPA may conduct monitoring activities, such as laboratory inspections and/or study audits 

of the monitoring, sampling, and/or testing conducted under this ECA in accordance with 

the authority and procedures in Section 11 of TSCA, 15 U.S.C. § 2610. In the event that 

this monitoring contributes to delays in the completion of any activities required under this 
9

ECA, the parties may seek modification in the scope of testing performed under the consent 

order or test schedule in accordance with 40 C.F.R. § 790.68. 

XIII. SUBMISSIONS TO EPA AND CONFIDENTIALITY OF INFORMATION

A. All data submitted to EPA under this ECA will be identified by the Docket Number “EPAHQ-OPPT-2012-0209” and the name “Testing Consent Order for Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane 

(D4) CASRN: 556-67-2.” All submissions under this ECA will be provided to EPA at the 

address specified in 40 C.F.R. § 790.5 in a readily downloadable electronic format.

B. Any document submitted to EPA that contains data or information for which a Signatory 

Company makes a claim of confidentiality shall be submitted as two separate versions. One 

version (the confidential business information (CBI) version) shall be complete, with the 

information being claimed as confidential marked in the manner described under 40 C.F.R. § 

790.7. The other, public version shall be identical in all respects except that all of the information 

claimed as confidential shall be redacted. EPA will place only the public version in the Agency’s 

docket. The complete version will be treated in accordance with EPA confidentiality regulations 

in 40 C.F.R. Part 2 and 40 C.F.R. § 790.7. Data or other information that are considered to be 

CBI must not be submitted electronically to EPA by e-mail. Any part or all of data or other 

information claimed as CBI must be so marked. If the CBI submission is on diskette or CD 

ROM, the outside of the diskette or CD ROM shall be marked as CBI and the specific 

information that is CBI shall be identified electronically within the diskette or CD ROM. 

C. EPA shall not disclose information marked as CBI except in accordance with procedures set 

forth in 40 C.F.R. Part 2 and 40 C.F.R. § 790.7. Any claims of confidentiality for information 

submitted under this Testing Program shall be made under the terms of 40 C.F.R. § 790.7. 

Information claimed as confidential shall be treated in accordance with the procedures in 40 

C.F.R. Part 2 and with Section 14 of TSCA, 15 U.S.C. § 2613. If no claim of confidentiality is 

made and substantiated in accordance with 40 C.F.R. § 790.7(c) by the submitter of the 

information at the time of submission, the information will be deemed by EPA, in accordance 

with 40 C.F.R. § 790.7, to be public, and may be made available to the public without further 

notice to the submitter. 

XIV. PUBLICATION AND DISCLOSURE OF TESTING RESULTS 

A. All results of testing conducted pursuant to this ECA shall be announced to the public by EPA 

in accordance with procedures specified in Section 4(d) of TSCA, 15 U.S.C. § 2603(d). 

B. Disclosure by EPA of data generated pursuant to this ECA to the public or other government 

agencies shall be governed by Section 14(b) of TSCA, 15 U.S.C. § 2613(b), and 40 C.F.R. Part 

2.

C. Public availability of the Final Report and other data generated pursuant to this ECA is not 

intended to, and does not create an ownership interest or right to use the Final Report, the 

underlying data or other information provided by the Signatory Companies pursuant to this ECA 

for commercial purposes in any entity that is not a Signatory Company.
10

XV. OTHER RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE SIGNATORY COMPANIES

A. The Signatory Companies are bound by the terms of this ECA and the provisions of 40 C.F.R. 

§§ 790.62 and 790.65. 

B. The Signatory Companies shall comply with the notification requirements of Section 12(b)(1) 

of TSCA, 15 U.S.C. 2611(b)(1) and 40 C.F.R. Part 707, subpart D, if they export or intend to 

export D4. Any other person who exports or intends to export D4 is subject to the above cited 

export notification requirements.

C. If D4 becomes subject to a rule promulgated under TSCA Section 5(a)(2), 15 U.S.C. 

2604(a)(2), governing significant new uses of D4 then the Signatory Companies will be subject 

to the data submission requirements imposed by section 5(b)(1)(A) of TSCA, 15 U.S.C. 

2604(b)(1)(A), as if the testing under this ECA had been required by a TSCA Section 4 test rule.

XVI. RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ACTIONS OF UNRELATED THIRD PARTIES 

The Signatory Companies shall make a good faith effort to secure the cooperation of third parties

(such as WWTP operators) as needed to complete the Testing Program under this ECA. 

However the Signatory Companies are not responsible for the actions of third parties and shall 

not be held liable for any inability to secure needed cooperation and/or permission to conduct the 

environmental testing specified under this ECA at locations owned, operated, and/or controlled 

by non-parties to this ECA. 

XVII. FORCE MAJEURE

A Signatory Company shall not be held liable for any failure to perform its obligations under this 

ECA that is caused by circumstances beyond its control or the control of any entity controlled by 

the Signatory Company, including any contractors and subcontractors, that the Signatory 

Company could not have prevented through the exercise of reasonable due diligence.

XVIII. DISPUTE RESOLUTION

The Parties shall use their best efforts informally and in good faith to resolve any disputes that 

may arise concerning the interpretation or application of the provisions of this ECA, including 

those involving the Study Plan or QAPP. 

XIX. SEVERABILITY OF ECA PROVISIONS 

In the event that one or more provisions of this ECA is determined by a court decision to be 

unenforceable, the remaining provisions of this ECA will not be presumed to be valid, and EPA 

will either initiate a rulemaking proceeding to require testing or publish in the Federal Register 

its reason for not initiating such a proceeding. 
11

XX. FINAL AGENCY ACTION 

For purposes of 5 U.S.C. § 704, publication of the Federal Register notice announcing the 

issuance of the Order incorporating this ECA constitutes final agency action. 

XXI. PUBLIC RECORD

EPA has established a public record which will contain this ECA, the Order that incorporates this 

ECA, the Federal Register notice announcing issuance of the Order incorporating this ECA, and 

any and all relevant information, subject to the confidentiality provisions of section 14(b) of 

TSCA, 40 C.F.R. Part 2, and 40 C.F.R. § 790.7. The official record for this ECA, including the 

public version, which does not include any information claimed as CBI, has been established 

under docket control number EPA-HQ-OPPT-2012-0209.

XXII. EFFECTIVE DATE AND TERM 

A. Effective Date: This ECA takes effect on the date of publication in the Federal Register of the 

notice announcing the issuance of the Order that incorporates this ECA, which shall follow final 

approval and signature of the ECA by the Parties. This ECA may be signed in separate 

counterparts. This ECA will not be effective unless signed by each of the Signatory Companies 

and EPA. EPA will codify a reference to the substance in the Testing Program in subpart C of 40

C.F.R. Part 799.

B. Term: Obligations of the Signatory Companies under this ECA, other than record retention 

obligations under 40 C.F.R. § 792.195, as applicable, will cease when any one of the following 

occurs: 

1. The Signatory Companies have provided EPA with all of the deliverables specified under this 

ECA. 

2. A court determines that the relevant provisions of this ECA are unenforceable as described in 

Section XIX of this ECA and 40 C.F.R. § 790.60(a)(14). 

3. Non-performance of the specific obligation is excused due to Force Majeure as described in 

Section XVII.

XXIII. RIGHTS OF THE SIGNATORY COMPANIES

By signing this ECA, the Signatory Companies waive their right to challenge EPA’s authority to 

assess penalties for violations of this ECA. This waiver does not affect any other rights that the 

Signatory Companies may have under TSCA with respect to this ECA or to D4 testing beyond 

this ECA, including, but not limited to: 

1. the right to contest whether a violation of this ECA has occurred, 

2. the right to contest the amount of any penalty assessed for alleged violations of this ECA, and 
12

3. the right to seek judicial review of any administrative enforcement decision pertaining to this 

ECA or of any EPA rule that imposes requirements to test D4. 

XXIV. RESERVATION OF RIGHTS BY SIGNATORY COMPANIES

The Signatory Companies are not admitting that the requirements of Section 4 of TSCA for 

promulgating a test rule to generate the data and information required by this ECA have been 

satisfied. The Signatory Companies are also not admitting that Section 4 of TSCA provides EPA 

with authority to require generation of some of the data and information the Signatory 

Companies will provide to EPA through this ECA.

XXV. NOTICES

A. Whenever under the terms of this ECA notice is required to be given or a report or other 

document is required to be submitted to a Party, it shall be directed to the individuals and 

addresses specified below, unless otherwise specified in this ECA.

Russell Mait, Director EHSQ 

Consumer Specialties North America

Evonik Corporation 

PO Box 1299 

Hopewell, VA 23860

B. Any changes in the individuals or addresses referenced in Section XXV.A of this ECA shall 

be made by written notice to all Parties. 

C. All documents submitted pursuant to this ECA shall be deemed submitted on the date of 

postmark or placed in the hands of a commercial courier service for overnight delivery. Handdelivered documents are deemed submitted upon receipt at the appropriate address specified in 

Section XXV.A. Electronically transmitted documents are deemed submitted upon transmission. 

XXVI. IDENTITY OF THE SIGNATORY COMPANIES AND PRINCIPAL TEST SPONSOR

A. The Principal Test Sponsor is the Silicones Environmental, Health and Safety Center 

(SEHSC), 700 2nd Street NE Washington DC 20002.

B. The Signatory Companies subject to this ECA are:

Dow Corning Corporation

Corporate Center

PO Box 994

Midland, MI 48686

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Evonik Goldschmidt Corporation

PO Box 1299

Hopewell, VA 23860

Momentive Performance Materials USA Inc.

260 Hudson River Road

Waterford, NY 12188
14

Shin-Etsu Silicones of America, Inc.

1150 Damar Drive

Akron, OH 44305

Wacker Chemical Corporation

3301 Sutton Road

Adrian, MI 49221

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XXVII. SIGNATURES

Each undersigned representative of the Parties to this ECA certifies that he or she is fully 

authorized by the Party represented to enter into the terms and conditions of this ECA and to 

execute and legally bind that Party to it.

Date:_______ ________________________

Jim Jones, Assistant Administrator, Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention

United States Environmental Protection Agency

Date:_______ ________________________

[ Name ], [Title]

Dow Corning Corporation

PO Box 994

Midland, MI 48686

Date:_______ ________________________

Date:_______ ________________________

Reinhold Brand, Senior Vice President & General Manager

Consumer Specialties North America

Evonik Corporation 

PO Box 1299 

Hopewell, VA 23860

Russell Mait, Director EHSQ 

Consumer Specialties North America

Evonik Corporation 

PO Box 1299 

Hopewell, VA 23860

[ Name ], [Title]

Evonik Goldschmidt Corporation 

PO Box 1299

Hopewell, VA 23860

Date:_______ ________________________

[ Name ], [Title]

Momentive Performance Materials USA Inc.

260 Hudson River Road

Waterford, NY 12188

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Date:_______ ________________________

Jun Hamuro, President/CEO

[ Name ], [Title]

Shin-Etsu Silicones of America, Inc.

1150 Damar Drive

Akron, OH 44305

Date:_______ ________________________

[ Name ], [Title]

Wacker Chemical Corporation

3301 Sutton Road

Adrian, MI 49221
17

APPENDIX 1 - Environmental Testing at D4 Direct Discharge Sites

Direct discharge sites are D4 manufacturing and/or processing sites that discharge process 

wastewater into the environment after on-site treatment. The four (4) D4 direct discharge sites 

operated by Signatory Companies that directly discharge process wastewater into the 

environment after onsite wastewater treatment that will be monitored for D4 under this ECA are: 

Dow Corning Carrollton Plant 

4770 Highway 42 

East Carrollton, KY 41008 

MPM Silicones, LLC

Waterford Plant 

260 Hudson River Road 

Waterford, NY 12188 

MPM Silicones, LLC

Sistersville Plant 

10851 Energy Highway

Friendly, WV 26146

Wacker Adrian Plant 

3301 Sutton Road 

Adrian, MI 49221

A general process description of the industrial plant operations involving D4 shall be provided. 

A more detailed description, including a written narrative and process flow diagram(s) of the 

wastewater treatment system employed at the sites shall also be provided (e.g., at a minimum 

consistent with what was provided in each facility’s discharge permit application). At each of 

these sites, wastewater treatment effluent, receiving stream surface water, receiving stream 

sediment and receiving stream biota shall be sampled and analyzed for D4 in accordance with 

the Test Standards provided in Appendices 4, 5, 7 and 8. These appendices provide details on 

sampling locations, sample collection procedures, sample handling procedures and sample 

analysis (method detection limit and limit of quantification). Total effluent flow rate shall be 

recorded and reported.

Samples shall be taken during two testing events at least three (3) months apart. The exact 

duration between sampling events for each site shall be determined in a detailed Sampling Plan

included in the Study Plan and QAPP.

Samples shall be collected during normal plant operations and during such times that effluent 

flow rates from the wastewater treatment system are representative of the normal plant 

operations.

Samples shall be taken during typical weather conditions and not until at least three (3) days 

after an unusual weather event such as a heavy rain storm. Samples shall be collected at a time 
18

when the rate of D4 release is expected to be representative of the typical rate of release of D4 

for that site.

A detailed Sampling Plan shall be prepared for each site and included as part of the overall 

Study Plan submitted to EPA. The Sampling Plans shall include (with appropriate references to 

Test Standards and QAPP): 

 map and detailed description of testing locations 

 sampling grids 

 sampling timing and schedule 

 sampling objectives and robust experimental design

 number and type of samples to be collected

 sampling protocols, including loss-free methods for collection, storage, and analysis of 

samples, and standard operating procedures

 access requirements 

 site characterization for benthic invertebrate and fish sampling, including the species that 

are expected to be collected for analysis

The Study Plan shall address training of sample collection personnel in sampling protocols and 

the special handling requirements associated with D4, the qualifications of contract laboratory 

vendor(s), and method validation for all matrices to be sampled (e.g., sediment, water, biota).
19

APPENDIX 2 - Environmental Testing for Indirect Discharge Sites

Indirect discharge sites are D4 processing sites (including product formulation sites) that 

discharge process wastewater to offsite WWTPs. Testing shall be conducted for D4 at five (5) 

WWTP locations receiving wastewater from D4 processors (including product formulators). The 

WWTP locations will be chosen based on the following criteria:

 All wastewater treatment sites selected for monitoring must be currently 

processing wastewater from one or more industrial sites known to be a D4 processor or 

formulator as documented through industrial user surveys or by other readily available 

information. The WWTP influent shall reasonably be expected to contain D4 based on 

industrial user surveys or other readily available information. The approximate relative 

contribution of wastewater being treated from industrial sources and wastewater treated 

from residential sources shall be provided for all wastewater treatment sites selected for 

monitoring.

 All wastewater treatment sites selected for monitoring shall use activated sludge 

for wastewater treatment. Sites selected may follow activated sludge treatment with 

secondary clarification and/or disinfection (but no other forms of additional treatment

unless agreed to by EPA).

 All wastewater treatment sites selected for monitoring shall release wastewater to 

riverine systems, not the marine (ocean environment). 

 Privately owned wastewater treatment works may be selected for monitoring 

provided their treatment processes are similar to publicly owned treatment works.

 Wastewater treatment sites selected for monitoring should have effluent discharge 

rates that are relatively large when compared to the receiving bodies flow rate (low 

dilution).

 Consideration should be given to geography when selecting wastewater 

treatment sites for testing. Ideally, the sites selected should be in different regions of 

the country.

The Study Plan shall detail the factors that were used to select each of the sites for testing and 

shall provide an explanation of why D4 is expected in the influents. A summary of each 

WWTP’s NPDES permit (e.g., location, industrial inputs, compliance issues, changes in facility 

structure or operation, etc.) as well as a summary of available data on historical (i.e., within 

previous 5 years) effluent conditions (e.g., annual flow, dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, 

suspended solids, biological oxygen demand, etc.) shall be included in the Study Plan. 

A description of the industrial activity at the D4 processor or formulator sites that indirectly 

discharge to the WWTPs shall be provided for such sites controlled by signatory companies. 
20

This information shall be requested (and reported, if obtained) from D4 processor or formulator 

sites that are not controlled by the signatory companies. A more detailed description, including 

a written narrative and process flow diagram(s), of the wastewater treatment systems employed 

at the WWTPs shall also be provided (e.g., consistent with what was provided in each facility’s 

discharge permit application). 

Prior to including a specific location in the Study Plan, the Signatory Companies shall secure, as 

necessary and appropriate, a letter of cooperation/access from the person with control of the 

location. These letters will be included in the Study Plan.

At each of the five (5) WWTP locations, the WWTP influent, WWTP effluent, WWTP 

biosolids, receiving stream surface water, receiving stream sediment, and receiving stream 

biota shall be sampled and analyzed for D4 in accordance with the Test Standards provided in 

Appendices 4 - 8. These appendices provide details on sampling locations, sample collection 

procedures, sample handling procedures and sample analysis (method detection limit and limit 

of quantification). 

Samples shall be taken during two testing events at least three (3) months apart. The exact 

duration between sampling events for each site shall be determined in a detailed Sampling Plan

included in the Study Plan and QAPP.

Samples shall be collected during normal plant operations and during such times that effluent 

flow rates from the wastewater treatment system are representative of the normal plant 

operations.

Samples shall be taken during typical weather conditions and not until at least three (3) days 

after an unusual weather event such as a heavy rain storm. Samples shall be collected at a time 

when the rate of D4 release is expected to be representative of the typical rate of release of D4 

for that site.

A detailed Sampling Plan shall be prepared for each site and included as part of the Study Plan 

submitted to EPA. The Sampling Plans shall include (with appropriate references to Test 

Standards and QAPP): 

 map and detailed description of testing locations 

 sampling grids 

 sampling timing and schedule

 sampling objectives and robust experimental design

 number and type of samples to be collected

 sampling protocols including loss-free methods for collection, storage, and analysis of 

samples, standard operating procedures 

 access requirements 

 site characterization for benthic invertebrate and fish sampling, including the species that 

are expected to be collected for analysis
21

The Study Plan shall address the training of sample collection personnel in sampling protocols 

and the special handling requirements associated with D4, the qualifications of contract

laboratory vendor(s), and method validation for all matrices to be sampled (e.g., water, sediment, 

biosolids, biota). 
22

APPENDIX 3 - Environmental Testing for Primarily Non-Industrial Wastewater Treatment 

Plants

This Appendix addresses D4 testing at WWTP locations that receive less than 15% of 

wastewater from industrial facilities, and, preferably, no wastewater from D4 manufacturing or 

processing (including product formulation) sites. The intent of the testing specified below is to 

develop a greater understanding of environmental releases of D4 emanating from the down-thedrain uses of D4 in various consumer products post-treatment by a WWTP. Testing shall be 

conducted for D4 at five (5) WWTPs. The WWTP locations will be chosen based on the 

following criteria:

 All wastewater treatment sites selected for monitoring shall use activated sludge 

for wastewater treatment. Sites selected may follow activated sludge treatment with 

secondary clarification and/or disinfection (but no other forms of additional treatment

unless agreed to by EPA).

 The influent to the WWTP shall contain less than 15% of wastewater from 

industrial sources by volume and, preferably, no wastewater from D4 manufacturing, 

processing, or formulating sites, as documented through industrial user surveys or by 

other readily available information.

 All wastewater treatment sites selected for monitoring shall release wastewater to 

riverine systems, not the marine (ocean environment).

 Wastewater treatment sites selected for monitoring should have effluent discharge 

rates that are relatively large when compared to the receiving bodies flow rate (low 

dilution).

 Consideration should be given to geography when selecting wastewater 

treatment sites for testing. Ideally, the sites selected should be in different regions of 

the country.

The Study Plan shall detail the factors that were used to select each of the sites for testing. A 

summary of each WWTP’s NPDES permit (e.g., location, industrial inputs, compliance issues, 

changes in facility structure or operation, etc.) as well as a summary of publicly available data on 

historical (i.e., within previous 5 years) effluent conditions (e.g., annual flow, dissolved oxygen, 

temperature, pH, suspended solids, biological oxygen demand, etc.) shall be included in the 

Study Plan. 

A detailed description, including a written narrative and process flow diagram(s) of the 

wastewater treatment systems employed at the WWTPs shall be provided (e.g., consistent with 

what was provided in each facility’s discharge permit application). 
23

Prior to including a specific location in the Study Plan, the Signatory Companies shall secure, as 

necessary and appropriate, a letter of cooperation/access from the person with control of the 

location. These letters will be included in the Study Plan.

At each of the five (5) WWTP locations, the WWTP influent, WWTP effluent, WWTP 

biosolids, receiving stream surface water, receiving stream sediment, and receiving stream 

biota shall be sampled and analyzed for D4 in accordance with the Test Standards provided in 

Appendices 4 - 8. These appendices provide details on sampling locations, sample collection 

procedures, sample handling procedures and sample analysis (method detection limit and limit 

of quantification).

Samples shall be taken during two testing events at least three (3) months apart. The exact 

duration between sampling events for each site shall be determined in a detailed Sampling Plan

included in the Study Plan and QAPP.

Samples shall be collected during normal plant operations and during such times that effluent 

flow rates from the wastewater treatment system are representative of the normal plant 

operations.

Samples shall be taken during typical weather conditions and not until at least three (3) days 

after an unusual weather event such as a heavy rain storm. Samples shall be collected at a time 

when the rate of D4 release is expected to be representative of the typical rate of release of D4 

for that site.

A detailed Sampling Plan shall be prepared for each site and included as part of the Study Plan 

submitted to EPA. The Sampling Plans shall include (with appropriate reference to Test 

Standards and QAPP): 

 map and detailed description of testing locations 

 sampling grids 

 sampling timing and schedule 

 sampling objectives and robust experimental design

 number and type of samples to be collected

 sampling protocols, including loss-free methods for collection, storage, and analysis of 

samples, standard operating procedures

 access requirements 

 site characterization for benthic invertebrate and fish sampling, including the species that 

are expected to be collected for analysis

The Study Plan shall address training of sample collection personnel in sampling protocols and 

the special handling requirements associated with D4, the qualifications of contract laboratory 

vendor(s), and method validation for all matrices to be sampled (e.g., water, sediment, biosolids, 

biota).
24

APPENDIX 4 - Testing Standard for the Collection, Sample Handling, Transfer and Analysis of 

Influent and Effluent Samples for D4

Synopsis:

This testing standard provides guidelines for the collection and analysis of environmental samples 

for D4 in support of a Testing Program detailed in this ECA. This standard cites the requirements

for the sampling of influent and effluent as described in Section VII of the ECA and Appendices 

1, 2, and 3, and identifies specific guidelines and references that will be used in the preparation of 

site-specific Sampling Plans for the collection/analysis of influent and effluent samples, which

will be included in a Study Plan and QAPP for the Testing Program. This standard addresses:

1. When to collect influent and effluent samples

2. Where to collect influent and effluent samples

3. Special considerations during sample collection to avoid sample contamination

4. How to collect and process influent and effluent samples

5. How to analyze influent and effluent samples for D4 and the appropriate method detection 

limit and limit of quantification

Requirements for sampling influents and effluents:

Appendices 1 – 3 of this ECA state that:

“Samples shall be taken during two testing events at least three (3) months apart. The

exact duration between sampling events for each site shall be determined in a detailed

Sampling Plan included in the Study Plan and QAPP.”

“Samples shall be collected during normal plant operations and during such times that 

effluent flow rates from the wastewater treatment system are representative of the

normal plant operations.”

“Samples shall be taken during typical weather conditions and not until at least three (3) 

days after an unusual weather event such as a heavy rain storm. Samples shall be

collected at a time when the rate of D4 release is expected to be representative of the

typical rate of release of D4 for that site.”

Establishment of the appropriate time for sampling events:

At each site, two sampling events will be undertaken that are scheduled to be a minimum of

three months apart and during normal plant operations and weather conditions. Normal

operating conditions will be established by consulting with the operator of each WWTP,

indirect and direct discharge facility. The criteria or means that are used by the facilities to

determine normal operating conditions will be documented in the site-specific Sampling Plans.

Confirmation will be obtained that the subject facility is operating under normal conditions

prior to commencing sampling at a given location. In addition, sampling would not take place
25

within three (3) days of unusual weather events. The date and time of the most recent 

precipitation occurrence for each sampling event will be recorded.

Establishment of the location for influent sample collection:

For the sites where influent is to be tested, influent samples should be collected at the

headworks of the WWTP. The exact location for collection of an influent sample will be

facility-specific and specified in the WWTP’s discharge permit. Each site-specific Sampling

Plan shall include a basis for determining the appropriate sampling location.

Establishment of the location for effluent sample collection:

At each site, effluent samples shall be collected at the regulated compliance point per the

WWTP’s discharge permit. Each site-specific Sampling Plan shall include a complete

description of the effluent discharge portions of the WWTP, including the established

sampling location.

Special considerations for the sampling and handling of influent and effluent samples for

D4:

Cyclic volatile methyl siloxane (cVMS) materials, such as D4, are widely used in consumer

products and may be present in personal care products, commercial products, and lubricants,

and may be components of antifoams widely used in WWTPs. If these products are used by 

individuals during any part of the preparation for or during any aspect of the field sampling 

event or laboratory analysis?, sample contamination by D4 volatilizing from the user could

occur. To avoid the significant potential for sample contamination during collection,

processing, storage, and analysis for D4 in environmental matrices, preventative measures

should be implemented to the extent possible in the field. For example, field and laboratory? 

crew personnel shall be required to refrain from using any personal care products that may

contain any cVMS materials (e.g., sun-block, sun-screen, hand lotion, antiperspirants, etc.)

while preparing for or conducting any field activities to minimize the possibility for

contamination with D4. Specific requirements for collecting and handling influent and

effluent samples aimed at preventing sample contamination by sources of D4 that are not 

specific to the WWTP or direct discharge site shall be specified in the Study Plan and QAPP.

Collection of influent and effluent samples for analysis of D4:

The exact method for collection of influent and effluent samples is a site-specific determination 

primarily dependent on the accessibility and configuration of the headworks of the WWTP for

influent sampling and the compliance point for effluent sampling. Influent and effluent samples

will be collected as grab samples and not composite samples due the expected high degree of

volatilization of D4 from aqueous samples. For each site, procedures for collecting grab

samples of influent and effluent will be based on USEPA 2013 (Wastewater Sampling, Section

4, Sample Types and Section 6, Manual Sampling, pp. 14-15, 20), USEPA 2004 (NPDES

Compliance Inspection Manual, Section 5B, Sampling Procedures and Techniques, pp. 5-3 to 5-

7), Knoerr 2013 (Sample Collection section), and APHA 1999 (Part 1060 Collection and
26

Preservation of Samples, pp.48-62) if appropriate given the site-specific circumstances. This

guidance identifies the factors involved in determination of the most appropriate sampling 

methods for influents and effluents. The exact collection methods for influent and effluent

samples will be detailed in the Study Plan and QAPP.

Specific requirements for sample container preparation, sample handling, sample preservation,

shipping and storage of samples should be essentially the same across all sites. Immediately

prior to each sampling event at each site, the laboratory that will analyze the samples shall

prepare clean (new, never used) glass sample containers in sufficient numbers for all influent

and effluent samples to be analyzed for D4, for all quality assurance samples, and for retain

samples. The sample containers will be prepared by pre-washing with hexane, adding low 

density polyethylene (LDPE) sorbent into the containers, providing polytetrafluoroethylene 

(PTFE) tape to assist in sealing the containers (as described in Knoerr 2013, Sample Collection

section), as well as providing labels. The laboratory will ship all sample containers with

adequate packing materials in coolers to each site. The coolers will also contain chain-ofcustody forms that will accompany the sample containers from the laboratory to the field and

back to the laboratory.

Figure 1 provides a schematic that describes the quality assurance and D4 study samples to be 

taken at each influent and effluent sampling location on the day of sampling at a given site. At 

each influent and effluent location seven grab samples (two quality assurance samples and five 

D4 study samples) will be taken. Influent and effluent flow rates shall be recorded at the time 

of sampling and reported.

Qualit

y 

Assura

nce 

Sampl

es

Lab

Water

Field 

Blank

Blank 1 Blank 2 Grab 

Sample 

1

Grab 

Sample 

2

Lab

Water

Field 

Blank

Influent/Ef

fluent 

Field 

Blank

(spiked)

Influent/E

ffluent

Grab 

Sample 3

Influent/E

ffluent

Grab 

Sample 4

Influent/E

ffluent

Grab 

Sample 5

Influent/Efflu

ent

Grab Sample 

6

(Retained 

Sample)

Influent/Efflu

ent

Grab Sample 

7 (Retained 

Sample)

Influent/Ef

fluent 

Field 

Blank

(spiked)

Influent/Ef

fluent 

Field 

Blank

(unspiked)

Influent/Ef

fluent 

Field 

Blank

(unspiked)

Split Split

T

O

C

Anal

ysis 

1

Ana

lysis 

2 T

O

C

Anal

ysis 

1

Ana

lysis 

2 T

O

C

Anal

ysis 

1

Ana

lysis 

2

Study 

Sampl

es
27

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of samples taken while monitoring for D4 in influent and effluent 

at wastewater treatment plants.

Grab samples 3, 4 and 5 will be divided to provide two duplicates for analysis of D4. The 

duplicate samples shall be processed and analyzed as individual samples for D4. Duplicate 

samples are used to evaluate between-sample variability and precision. Additionally, an 

aliquot of each of the three samples will be used for Total Organic Carbon (TOC) analysis.

The TOC analyses shall follow procedures equivalent to APHA 1999 Part 5310, Total 

Organic Carbon (TOC). While this guidance (APHA 1999) provides several methods that 

could be used for the analysis of TOC, the exact method and instrumentation that will be used 

will be determined by the analytical laboratory that will conduct the analyses and documented 

in the Study Plan and QAPP. Grab samples 6 and 7 will serve as retain samples. These retain 

samples would be analyzed if a primary sample container arrives broken at the laboratory, but 

otherwise would be retained in a refrigerator for later analysis if a sample becomes 

compromised during collection or processing. The retain samples will be kept until Quality 

Assurance has been verified and may be analyzed for D4 as necessary.

In addition to the study samples used to determine D4 concentrations in influent and effluent, 

several samples will be analyzed for quality assurance purposes. Grab samples 1 and 2 will 

serve as field blank/field spike samples. The field blank/field spike samples will be split into 

two parts. One part will be analyzed for D4 as is (field blank) and the second part will be 

spiked with a known amount of D4 and then analyzed (field spike). The field blank/field 

spike samples will be used to evaluate contamination bias resulting from sample collection, 

processing, transport, storage and analysis. During each influent and effluent sampling event 

at a given site, two laboratory blanks will also be prepared. The two laboratory blanks shall 

be created from two samples of laboratory-grade water having concentrations of D4 below 

the Limit of Quantification (LOQ) and shall be taken into the field and processed like an 

influent or effluent sample. The laboratory blanks will be used to evaluate contamination bias 

resulting from collection, processing, transport, storage, and analysis of samples. Specific 

requirements for preparation, processing, and analysis of the quality assurance samples shall 

be detailed in the Study Plan and the QAPP. 

Sealed sample containers will be packed into coolers with blue-ice or water ice, and taken

back to the laboratory or shipped back to the laboratory using an overnight express shipping 

company. All sample collection methods and sample handling procedures will be detailed in

the Study Plan and QAPP.

Analysis of influent and effluent samples for D4:

All influent and effluent samples and accompanying quality assurance samples shall be

analyzed for D4 at one commercial testing laboratory that has appropriate expertise with the 

D4 analyses to be conducted when the testing analysis occurs, unless there are unforeseen 

circumstances such as lack of laboratory availability as noted in 40 C.F.R. § 790.68(b)(2)(iii).

The commercial laboratory will validate a method for the analysis of D4 in the influent and

effluent samples that shall be adapted from the analytical method specified in Knoerr (2013).

The Knoerr (2013) analytical method utilizes pieces of LDPE film to act as a sorbent and partial
28

barrier to prevent loss of analyte to the headspace of the sample container. Immediately after 

collection, a water sample is placed into a container containing pieces of LDPE, which adsorbs

the D4. In the laboratory, the water sample and the LDPE sorbent are solvent extracted and

processed for analysis with GC-MS.

The Method Detection Limit (MDL) is the concentration of a constituent in a sample, that when

processed through the complete analytical method, can be measured and reported with 99%

probability that it is greater than 0 or statistically different from a blank. The MDL is a measure

of a method’s ability to quantify a constituent in a sample matrix. During method development,

the Knoerr (2013) analytical method for D4 achieved a matrix-specific MDL of 0.037 μg/L 

which shall be achieved for influent and effluent testing. The specific level of detection shall be

based on the LOQ which shall be 3 times the MDL. EPA recognizes that a laboratory may have 

difficulties achieving the specified MDL. In this event, the signatory companies shall seek a 

modification as per 40 C.F.R. § 790.68.

Compliance with Good Laboratory Practice Requirements:

All field work related specifically to the collection, handling, and transfer of influent and

effluent samples should be conducted in accordance with USEPA’s GLP regulations (see 40

C.F.R. Part 792). All analytical work, including analysis of D4 and TOC, shall be conducted

in accordance with USEPA’s GLP regulations (see 40 C.F.R. Part 792). The QAPP shall be

prepared according to USEPA guidance (USEPA 2002).

REFERENCES

USEPA 2013. Wastewater Sampling, Section 4 Sample Types, Section 6 Manual Sampling. 

Operating Procedure No. SESDPROC-306-R3. US Environmental Protection Agency, Region

4. February, 2013.

USEPA 2004. NPDES Compliance Inspection Manual, Section 5B, Sampling Procedures and

Techniques . EPA 305-X-04-001, US Environmental Protection Agency, July, 2004.

Knoerr SM. 2013. NON REGULATED STUDY: Development of Collection, Storage and

Analysis Procedures for the Quantification of D4, D5, and D6 in Waste Water Treatment Plant

Effluent and Surface Water Samples. Dow Corning Corporation, HES Study No. 11936-108,

April 18, 2013.

APHA 1999. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, Part 1060, 

Collection and Preservation of Samples. American Public Health Association, American

Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation.

APHA 1999. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, Part 5310 C. 

Total Organic Carbon (TOC). American Public Health Association, American Water Works
29

Association, Water Environment Federation. Public Health Association, American Water

Works Association, Water Environment Federation.

USEPA 2002 Guidance for Quality Assurance Project Plans, EPA QA/G-5, prepared by:

Office of Environmental Information, EPA (December 2002) -

http://www.epa.gov/quality/qs-docs/g5-final.pdf.
30

APPENDIX 5 - Testing Standard for the Collection, Sample Handling, Transfer and Analysis of 

Surface Water Samples for D4

Synopsis:

This testing standard provides guidelines for the collection and analysis of environmental

samples for D4 in support of a Testing Program detailed in this ECA. This standard cites the

requirements for the sampling of surface water as described in Section VII of the ECA and

Appendices 1, 2, and 3, and identifies specific guidelines and references that will be used in the 

preparation of site-specific Sampling Plans for the collection/analysis of surface water samples,

which will be included in a Study Plan for the Testing Program. This standard addresses:

1. When to collect surface water samples

2. Where to collect surface water samples

3. Special considerations during sample collection to avoid sample contamination

4. How to collect and process surface water samples

5. How to analyze surface water samples for D4 and the appropriate method detection limit 

and limit of quantification (LOQ)

Requirements for sampling surface (receiving) waters:

Appendices 1 – 3 of this ECA state that:

“Samples shall be taken during two testing events at least three (3) months apart. The

exact duration between sampling events for each site shall be determined in a detailed

Sampling Plan included in the Study Plan and QAPP.”

“Samples shall be collected during normal plant operations and during such times that

effluent flow rates from the wastewater treatment system are representative of the

normal plant operations.”

“Samples shall be taken during typical weather conditions and not until at least three

(3) days after an unusual weather event such as a heavy rain storm. Samples shall be

collected at a time when the rate of D4 release is expected to be representative of the

typical rate of release of D4 for that site.”

Establishment of the appropriate time for sampling events:

At each site, two sampling events will be undertaken that are scheduled to be a minimum of

three months apart and during normal plant operations and weather conditions. Normal

operating conditions will be established by consulting with the operator of each WWTP,

indirect and direct discharge facility. The criteria or means that are used by the facilities to

determine normal operating conditions will be documented in the site-specific Sampling Plans.

Confirmation will be obtained that the subject facility is operating under normal conditions
31

prior to commencing sampling at a given location. In addition, sampling would not take place

within three (3) days of unusual weather events. The date and time of the most recent 

precipitation occurrence for each sampling event will be recorded.

Establishment of the location for surface water sample collection:

At each site, surface water samples should be collected at approximately the same location and 

roughly the same time as benthic organisms are collected which is described in Appendix 8

Special considerations for the sampling and handling of water samples for D4:

cVMS materials, such as D4, are widely used in consumer products and may be present in

personal care products, commercial products, and lubricants, and may be components of

antifoams widely used in WWTPs. If these products are used by individuals during any part of

the preparation for or during any aspect of the field sampling event or laboratory analysis, 

sample contamination by D4 volatilizing from the user could occur. To avoid the potential for

sample contamination during collection, processing, storage, and analysis for D4 in

environmental matrices, preventative measures should be implemented to the extent possible

in the field. For example, field and laboratory crew personnel shall be required to refrain from

using any personal care products that may contain any cVMS materials (e.g., sun-block, sunscreen, hand lotion, antiperspirant, etc.) while preparing for or conducting any field activities

to minimize the possibility for contamination with D4. Specific requirements for collecting 

and handling surface water samples aimed at preventing sample contamination by sources of

D4 that are not specific to the WWTP or direct discharge site shall be specified in the Study

Plan.

Collection of surface water samples for analysis of D4:

The exact method for collection of surface water samples is a site-specific determination. 

During preparation of the site-specific Sampling Plans, the physical nature (e.g., width, depth,

flow) of the receiving water will be determined and used to guide the selection of the

appropriate method of sample collection. For each site, collection procedures for surface water

samples shall be based, as appropriate to the characteristics of the receiving water, on USEPA

1994 (SOP #2013, Section 7.3 Sample Collection, pp. 3-4) (USEPA 1994). This guidance

identifies the several main types of collection devices that are used to collect aqueous samples. 

The exact collection method for surface water samples will be detailed in the Study Plan and 

QAPP.

Specific requirements for sample container preparation, sample handling, sample preservation,

shipping and storage of samples should be essentially the same across all sites. Immediately

prior to each sampling event at each site, the laboratory that will analyze the samples shall

prepare clean (new, never used) glass sample containers in sufficient numbers for all surface

water samples to be analyzed for D4, for all quality assurance samples, and for retain samples.

The sample containers will be prepared by pre-washing with hexane, adding LDPE sorbent into

the containers and providing PTFE tape to assist in sealing the containers (as described in

Knoerr 2013, Sample Collection section), as well as providing labels. The laboratory will ship
32

all sample containers with adequate packing materials in coolers to each site. The coolers will

also contain chain-of-custody forms that will accompany the sample containers from the

laboratory to the field and back to the laboratory.

Figure 2 provides a schematic that describes the quality assurance and D4 study samples to be 

taken at each surface water sampling location on the day of sampling at a given site. At each 

surface water location seven grab samples (two quality assurance samples and five D4 study 

samples) will be taken. 

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of samples taken while monitoring for D4 in surface water near 

wastewater treatment plants.

Grab samples 3, 4 and 5 will be divided to provide two duplicates for analysis of D4. The

duplicate samples shall be processed and analyzed as individual samples for D4. Duplicate

samples are used to evaluate between-sample variability and precision. Additionally, an 

aliquot of each of the three samples will be used for TOC analysis. The TOC analyses shall

follow procedures equivalent to APHA 1999 Part 5310, Total Organic Carbon (TOC). While

this guidance (APHA 1999) provides several methods that could be used for the analysis of

TOC, the exact method and instrumentation that will be used will be determined by the

analytical laboratory that will conduct the analyses and documented in the Study Plan and 

QAPP. Grab samples 6 and 7 will serve as retain samples. These retain samples would be

analyzed if a primary sample container arrives broken at the laboratory, but otherwise would

be retained in a refrigerator for later analysis if a sample becomes compromised during 

collection or processing. The retain samples will be kept until Quality Assurance has been

verified and may be analyzed for D4 as necessary.

Qualit

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In addition to the study samples used to determine D4 concentrations in surface water, several 

samples will be analyzed for quality assurance purposes. Grab samples 1 and 2 will serve as field 

blank/field spike samples. The field blank/field spike samples will be split into two parts. One 

part will be analyzed for D4 as is (field blank) and the second part will be spiked with a known 

amount of D4 and then analyzed (field spike). The field blank/field spike samples will be used to 

evaluate contamination bias resulting from sample collection, processing, transport, storage and 

analysis. During each surface water sampling event at a given site, two laboratory blanks will

also be prepared. The two laboratory blanks shall be created from two samples of laboratorygrade water having concentrations of D4 below the LOQ and shall be taken into the field and

processed like a surface water sample. The laboratory blanks will be used to evaluate

contamination bias resulting from collection, processing, transport, storage, and analysis of

samples. Specific requirements for preparation, processing, and analysis of the quality 

assurance samples shall be detailed in the Study Plan and the QAPP.

Sealed sample containers will be packed into coolers with blue-ice or water ice, and taken

back to the laboratory or shipped back to the laboratory using an overnight express shipping 

company. All sample collection methods and sample handling procedures will be detailed in

the Study Plan and QAPP.

Analysis of surface water samples for D4:

All surface water samples and accompanying quality assurance samples shall be analyzed for

D4 at one commercial testing laboratory that has appropriate expertise with the D4 analyses 

to be conducted when the testing analysis occurs, unless there are unforeseen circumstances 

such as lack of laboratory availability as noted in 40 C.F.R. § 790.68(b)(2)(iii). The 

commercial laboratory will validate a method for the analysis of D4 in the surface water

samples that shall be adapted from the analytical method specified in Knoerr (2013). The

Knoerr (2013) analytical method utilizes pieces of LDPE film to act as a sorbent and partial

barrier to prevent loss of analyte to the headspace of the sample container. Immediately after

collection, a water sample is poured into a container containing pieces of LDPE, which

adsorbs the D4. In the laboratory, the water sample and the LDPE sorbent are solvent 

extracted and processed for analysis with GC-MS.

The MDL is the concentration of a constituent in a sample, that when processed through the

complete analytical method, can be measured and reported with 99% probability that it is

greater than 0 or statistically different from a blank. The MDL is a measure of a method’s

ability to quantify a constituent in a sample matrix. During method development, the Knoerr

(2013) analytical method for D4 achieved a matrix-specific MDL of 0.037 μg/L and which

shall be achieved for surface water testing. The specific level of detection shall be based on the 

LOQ which shall be 3 times the MDL. EPA recognizes that a laboratory may have difficulties

achieving the specified MDL. In this event, the signatory companies shall seek a modification 

as per 40 C.F.R. § 790.68.

Compliance with Good Laboratory Practice Requirements:
34

All field work related specifically to the collection, handling, and transfer of surface water

samples should be conducted in accordance with USEPA’s GLP regulations (see 40 C.F.R.

Part 792). All analytical work, including analysis of D4 and TOC, shall be conducted in

accordance with USEPA’s GLP regulations (see 40 C.F.R. Part 792). The QAPP shall be

prepared according to USEPA guidance (USEPA 2002).

REFERENCES

USEPA 2006. Compilation of EPA Mixing Zone Documents, Modeling Documents, pp. 9-

13. EPA 823-R-06-003, July, 2006.

USEPA 1994. Surface Water Sampling, Section 7.3 Sample Collection. U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency, SOP#: 2013, 11/17/94, REV. #: 0.0

Knoerr SM, Durham JA. 2013. NON REGULATED STUDY: Development of Collection,

Storage and Analysis Procedures for the Quantification of D4, D5, and D6 in Waste Water

Treatment Plant Effluent and Surface Water Samples. Dow Corning Corporation, HES Study

No. 11936-108, April 18, 2013.

APHA 1999. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, Part 5310 C. 

Total Organic Carbon (TOC). American Public Health Association, American Water Works

Association, Water Environment Federation.

USEPA 2002. Guidance for Quality Assurance Project Plans, EPA QA/G-5, prepared by: Office

of Environmental Information, EPA - http://www.epa.gov/quality/qs-docs/g5-final.pdf.
35

APPENDIX 6 - Testing Standard for the Collection, Sample Handling, Transfer and Analysis of 

Biosolids Samples for D4

Synopsis:

This testing standard provides guidelines for the collection and analysis of environmental

samples for D4 in support of a Testing Program detailed in this ECA. This standard cites the

requirements for the sampling of biosolids as described in Section VII of the ECA and

Appendices 2 and 3 and identifies specific guidelines and references that will be used in the 

preparation of site-specific Sampling Plans for the collection/analysis of biosolids samples,

which will be included in a Study Plan and QAPP for the Testing Program. The standard

addresses:

1. When to collect biosolids samples

2. Where to collect biosolids samples

3. Special considerations during sample collection to avoid sample contamination

4. How to collect and process biosolids samples

5. How to analyze biosolids samples for D4 and the appropriate method detection limit 

and limit of quantification

Requirements for sampling biosolids:

Appendices 1-3 of this ECA state that:

“Samples shall be taken during two testing events at least three (3) months apart. The

exact duration between sampling events for each site shall be determined in a detailed

Sampling Plan included in the Study Plan and QAPP.”

“Samples shall be collected during normal plant operations and during such times that

effluent flow rates from the wastewater treatment system are representative of the

normal plant operations.”

“Samples shall be taken during typical weather conditions and not until at least three

(3) days after an unusual weather event such as a heavy rain storm. Samples shall be

collected at a time when the rate of D4 release is expected to be representative of the

typical rate of release of D4 for that site.”

Establishment of the appropriate time for sampling events:

At each site, two sampling events will be undertaken that are scheduled to be a minimum of 

three months apart and during normal plant operations and weather conditions. Normal 

operating conditions will be established by consulting with the operator of each WWTP to be 

tested. The criteria or means that are used by the facilities to determine normal operating 

conditions will be documented in the site-specific Sampling Plans. Confirmation will be 

obtained that the subject facility is operating under normal conditions prior to commencing 
36

sampling at a given location. In addition, sampling would not take place within three (3) days of 

unusual weather events.

Establishment of the location for biosolids sample collection:

At each site, the chosen location for collection of biosolids samples shall be immediately after 

dewatering before onsite storage, as practicable, and shall be established in the site specific 

Sampling Plans, as practicable.

Special considerations for the sampling and handling of biosolids samples for D4:

cVMS materials, such as D4, are widely used in consumer products and may be present in

personal care products, commercial products, and lubricants, and may be components of

antifoams widely used in WWTPs. If these products are used by individuals during any part of

the preparation for or during any aspect of the field sampling event or laboratory analysis, 

sample contamination by D4 volatilizing from the user could occur. To avoid the potential for

sample contamination during collection, processing, storage, and analysis for D4 in

environmental matrices, preventative measures should be implemented to the extent possible in

the field. For example, field and laboratory personnelcrew shall be required to refrain from

using any personal care products that may contain cVMS materials (e.g., sun-block, sun-screen,

hand lotion, antiperspirants, etc.) while preparing for or conducting any field activities to

minimize the possibility for contamination with D4. Specific requirements for collecting and

handling biosolids samples aimed at preventing sample contamination by sources of D4 that are

not specific to the WWTP shall be specified in the Study Plan and QAPP.

Collection of biosolids samples for analysis of D4:

The exact method for collection of biosolids samples is a site-specific determination. During 

preparation of the site-specific Sampling Plans, the general consistency of the biosolids will be

established. The consistency of the biosolids will guide the methods used for sampling. For

each site, collection procedures for biosolids samples shall be based, as appropriate to the

characteristics of the biosolids, on techniques described in USEPA 1989 (Section 2.2 Sample

Point Selection and Section 2.3 Sample Collection, pp. 2-4 to 2-14). The guidance identifies

sample collection devices and techniques for collection of subsamples that will make up

composite samples. The exact collection method for biosolids samples will be detailed in the 

Study Plan and QAPP.

Specific requirements for sample container preparation, sample handling, sample preservation,

shipping and storage of samples should be essentially the same across all sites. Immediately

prior to each sampling event at each site, the laboratory that will analyze the samples shall

prepare clean (new, never used) pre-weighed glass sample containers in sufficient numbers for

all biosolids samples to be analyzed for D4, for all quality assurance samples, and for retain

samples. The sample containers will be prepared by pre-washing with hexane, providing PTFE

tape to assist in sealing the containers, as well as providing labels. The laboratory will ship all

sample containers with adequate packing materials in coolers to each site. The coolers will also
37

contain chain-of-custody forms that will accompany the sample containers from the laboratory

to the field and back to the laboratory.

Figure 3 provides a schematic that describes the quality assurance and D4 study samples to be 

taken at each biosolids sampling location on the day of sampling at a given site. At each 

biosolids location, seven composited biosolids samples (two quality assurance samples and five 

D4 study samples) will be taken. During each sampling event for biosolids at a given site, all 

quality assurance samples and D4 samples will be prepared as described in Powell and 

Woodburn (2009).

Figure 3. Schematic diagram of samples taken while monitoring for D4 in biosolids near 

wastewater treatment plants.

Composited biosolids samples 3, 4 and 5 will be divided to provide two duplicates for analysis 

of D4. The duplicate samples shall be processed and analyzed as individual samples for D4. 

Duplicate samples are used to evaluate between-sample variability and precision. In addition,

a separate aliquot shall be taken from each of the three biosolids samples and separately stored

for analysis of total organic carbon and water content. Following the general procedures of

Powell 2010, the additional aliquots shall be analyzed by carbon coulometry or an equivalent

method for total carbon, total inorganic carbon, and total organic carbon, and loss-on-ignition

for total water content and total organic matter content. Composited biosolids samples 6 and 7 

will serve as retain samples. These retain samples would be analyzed if a primary sample 

container arrives at the laboratory compromised or broken, but otherwise would be retained in

a refrigerator for later analysis if a sample becomes compromised during collection or

Qualit

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Sample 6

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38

processing. The retain samples will be kept until Quality Assurance has been verified and may 

be analyzed for D4 as necessary. 

In addition to the study samples used to determine D4 concentrations in biosolids, several 

samples will be analyzed for quality assurance purposes. Composited biosolids samples 1 and 

2 shall be split, one half of each sample shall be spiked in the field with a known amount of

D4. The field spiked biosolids samples will be used to evaluate loss of D4 during collection, 

processing, transport, storage, and analysis of samples, and to evaluate analytical bias. Two

reference sediment samples having concentrations of D4 below the LOQ for this matrix shall

be taken into the field and processed like biosolids samples. Reference sediment will be used

because of the expectation that any WWTP biosolids may contain D4. The reference sediment

samples will be used to evaluate contamination bias resulting from collection, processing,

transport, storage, and analysis of samples. Specific requirements for preparation, processing, 

and analysis of the quality assurance samples shall be detailed in the Study Plan and the 

QAPP.

Sealed sample containers will be packed into coolers with blue-ice or water ice, and taken back 

to the laboratory or shipped back to the laboratory using an overnight express shipping 

company. All sample collection methods and sample handling procedures will be detailed in 

the Study Plan and QAPP.

Analysis of Biosolids Samples for D4:

All biosolids samples and accompanying quality assurance samples shall be analyzed for D4 at

one commercial testing laboratory that has appropriate expertise with the D4 analyses to be 

conducted when the testing analysis occurs, unless there are unforeseen circumstances such as 

lack of laboratory availability as noted in 40 C.F.R. § 790.68(b)(2)(iii). The commercial

laboratory will validate a method for the analysis of D4 in the biosolids samples that shall be

adapted from the analytical method used in Powell (2010) 

The MDL is the concentration of a constituent in a sample, that when processed through the

complete analytical method, can be measured and reported with 99% probability that it is greater

than 0 or statistically different from a blank. The MDL is a measure of a method’s ability to

quantify a constituent in a sample matrix. Powell (2010) determined an MDL up to 3.7 ng/g (wet

weight, ww) for sediment which shall be applied for biosolids. The specific level of detection

shall be based on the LOQ which shall be 3 times the MDL. All measurements of D4 

concentration in biosolids shall include sufficient information to perform a wet weight to dry 

weight conversion and shall report concentrations in terms of dry weight. EPA recognizes that a 

laboratory may have difficulties achieving the specified MDL. In this event, the signatory 

companies shall seek a modification as per 40 C.F.R. § 790.68.

Compliance with Good Laboratory Practice Requirements:

All field work related to the collection, handling, and transfer of biosolids samples should be

conducted in accordance with USEPA’s GLP regulations (see 40 C.F.R. Part 792). All
39

analytical work, including analysis of D4 and TOC, shall be conducted in accordance with

USEPA’s GLP regulations (see 40 C.F.R. Part 792). The QAPP shall be prepared according to

USEPA guidance (US EPA 2002).

REFERENCES

US EPA (1989): WWTP Sludge Sampling and Analysis Guidance Document, Section 2.2

Sample Point Selection and Section 2.3 Sample Collection. EPA 833-B-89-100, August, 1989.

Powell, D.E. 2010. Bioaccumulation and Trophic Transfer of Cyclic Volatile 

Methylsiloxane (cVMS) Materials in the Aquatic Marine Food Webs of the Inner and 

Outer Oslofjord, Norway. HES Study No: 11060-108. Health and Environmental 

Sciences, Dow Corning Corporation, Auburn, MI.

Powell DE, Woodburn KB. 2009. Trophic Dilution of Cyclic Volatile Methylsiloxane

(cVMS) Materials in a Temperate Freshwater Lake. Dow Corning Corporation, HES Study

No. 10771-108.

USEPA 2002. Guidance for Quality Assurance Project Plans, EPA QA/G-5, prepared by: Office

of Environmental Information, EPA (December 2002) - http://www.epa.gov/quality/qs-docs/g5-

final.pdf.
40

APPENDIX 7 - Testing Standard for the Collection, Sample Handling, Transfer and Analysis of 

Sediment Samples for D4

Synopsis:

This testing standard provides direction for the collection and analysis of environmental

samples for D4 in support of a Testing Program detailed in this ECA. This standard cites the

requirements for the sampling of sediment as described in Section VII of the ECA and

Appendices 1, 2, and 3, and identifies specific guidelines and references that will be used in the 

preparation of site-specific Sampling Plans for the collection/analysis of sediment samples,

which will be included in a Study Plan and QAPP for the Testing Program. The standard

addresses:

1. When to collect sediment samples

2. Where to collect sediment samples

3. Special considerations during sample collection to avoid sample contamination

4. How to collect and process sediment samples

5. How to analyze sediment samples for D4 and the appropriate method detection limit and 

limit of quantification

Requirements for sampling sediments:

Appendices 1 -3 of this ECA state that:

“Samples shall be taken during two testing events at least three (3) months apart. The

exact duration between sampling events for each site shall be determined in a detailed

Sampling Plan included in the Study Plan and QAPP.”

“Samples shall be collected during normal plant operations and during such times that

effluent flow rates from the wastewater treatment system are representative of the

normal plant operations.”

“Samples shall be taken during typical weather conditions and not until at least three

(3) days after an unusual weather event such as a heavy rain storm. Samples shall be

collected at a time when the rate of D4 release is expected to be representative of the

typical rate of release of D4 for that site.”

Establishment of the appropriate time for sampling events:

At each site, two sampling events will be undertaken that are scheduled to be a minimum of

three months apart and during normal plant operations and weather conditions. Normal

operating conditions will be established by consulting with the operator of each WWTP,

indirect discharge facility and direct discharge facility. The criteria or means that are used by

the facilities to determine normal operating conditions will be documented in the site-specific

Sampling Plans. Confirmation will be obtained that the subject facility is operating under
41

normal conditions prior to commencing sampling at a given location. In addition, sampling 

would not take place within three (3) days of unusual weather events.

Establishment of the location for sediment sample collection:

At each site, sediment samples from the receiving water body shall be collected at 

approximately the same location where benthic organisms are collected for D4 analysis as 

described in Appendix 8.

Special considerations for the sampling and handling of sediment samples for D4:

cVMS materials, such as D4, are widely used in consumer products and may be present in

personal care products, commercial products, and lubricants, and may be components of

antifoams widely used in WWTPs. If these products are used by individuals during any part

of the preparation for or during any aspect of the field sampling event or laboratory analysis, 

sample contamination by D4 volatilizing from the user could occur. To avoid the potential for

sample contamination during collection, processing, storage, and analysis for D4 in

environmental matrices, preventative measures should be implemented to the extent possible

in the field. For example, field and laboratory personnelcrew shall be required to refrain from

using any personal care products that may contain cVMS materials (e.g., sun-block, sunscreen, hand lotion, antiperspirant, etc.) while preparing for or conducting any field activity to

minimize the possibility for contamination with D4. Specific requirements for collecting and

handling sediment samples aimed at preventing sample contamination by sources of D4 that

are not specific to the WWTP or direct discharge site shall be specified in the Study Plan and 

QAPP.

Collection of sediment samples for analysis of D4:

The exact method for collection of sediment samples is a site-specific determination. During 

preparation of the site-specific Sampling Plans, the physical nature (e.g., width, depth, flow) of

the receiving water will be determined and used to guide the selection of the appropriate method

of sample collection. For each site, collection procedures for sediment samples shall be based,

as appropriate to the characteristics of the receiving water, on techniques described in USEPA 

1994 (SOP# 2016, Sections 2-5,7, pp. 1-7) and USEPA (2001) (Chapter 3, pp. 3-1 to 3-17 ).

This guidance identifies the several main types of collection devices that are used to collect

sediment samples. The exact collection method for sediment samples will be detailed in the

Study Plan and QAPP.

Specific requirements for sample container preparation, sample handling, sample preservation,

shipping and storage of samples should be essentially the same across all sites. Immediately

prior to each sampling event at each site, the laboratory that will analyze the samples shall

prepare clean (new, never used) pre-weighed glass sample containers in sufficient numbers for

all sediment samples to be analyzed for D4, for all quality assurance samples, and for retain

samples. The sample containers will be prepared by pre-washing with hexane, providing PTFE

tape to assist in sealing the containers, as well as providing labels. The laboratory will ship all

sample containers with adequate packing materials in coolers to each site. The coolers will also
42

contain chain-of-custody forms that will accompany the sample containers from the laboratory

to the field and back to the laboratory.

Figure 4 provides a schematic that describes the quality assurance and D4 study samples to be 

taken at each sediment sampling location on the day of sampling at a given site. At each 

sediment location seven sediment samples (two quality assurance samples and five D4 study 

samples) will be taken from the deposition zone nearest the facility wastewater outfall release 

point, in accordance with the sample collection procedures set out in the Study Plan.

Figure 4. Schematic diagram of samples taken while monitoring for D4 in sediment near 

wastewater treatment plants.

Sample collection, storage and preparation will follow Powell and Woodburn (2009) with each 

sample being placed in a plastic bag, homogenized, then placed directly into a glass jar, and 

then capped.

Sediment samples 3, 4 and 5 will be divided to provide two duplicates for analysis of D4. The 

duplicate samples shall be processed and analyzed as individual samples for D4. Duplicate

samples are used to evaluate between-sample variability and precision. After each sediment

sample is homogenized in the field, a separate aliquot shall be taken from each sample and

separately stored for analysis of total organic carbon (TOC) and water content. Following the

general procedures of Powell and Woodburn (2009, Characterization of Sediments, p. 10) these

additional samples shall be analyzed by carbon coulometry or an equivalent method for total

carbon, total inorganic carbon, and total organic carbon, and loss-on- ignition for total water

content and total organic matter content. Sediment samples 6 and 7 will serve as retain 

Sedimen

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Sample)

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Sample)

Study 

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43

samples. These retain samples would be analyzed if a primary sample container arrives broken

at the laboratory, but otherwise would be retained in a refrigerator for later analysis if a sample

becomes compromised during collection or processing. The retain samples will be kept until

Quality Assurance has been verified and may be analyzed for D4 as necessary.

In addition to the study samples used to determine D4 concentrations in sediment, several 

samples will be analyzed for quality assurance purposes. Sediment samples 1 and 2 shall be

split, one half of each sample shall be spiked in the field with a known amount of D4. The field

spiked sediment samples will be used to evaluate loss of D4 during collection, processing,

transport, storage, and analyses of samples, and to evaluate analytical bias. Specific

requirements for preparation, processing, and analysis of field blanks, field spikes, and duplicate

samples shall be detailed in the Study Plan and the QAPP. Two reference sediment samples

having concentrations of D4 below the LOQ for this matrix shall be taken into the field and

processed like sediment samples. The reference sediment samples will be used to evaluate 

contamination bias resulting from collection, processing, transport, storage, and analysis of

samples.

Sealed sample containers will be packed into coolers with blue-ice or water ice and taken

back to the laboratory or shipped back to the laboratory using an overnight express shipping 

company. All sample collection methods and sample handling procedures will be detailed in

the Study Plan and QAPP.

Analysis of Sediment Samples for D4:

All sediment samples and accompanying quality assurance samples shall be analyzed for D4 at

one commercial testing laboratory that has appropriate expertise with D4 analyses to be 

conducted when the testing occurs, unless there are unforeseen circumstances such as lack of 

laboratory availability as noted in 40 C.F.R. § 790.68(b)(2)(iii). The commercial laboratory will

validate a method for the analysis of D4 in sediment samples that shall be adapted from the

analytical method specified in Powell (2010).

The MDL is the concentration of a constituent in a sample, that when processed through the

complete analytical method, can be measured and reported with 99% probability that it is greater

than 0 or statistically different from a blank. The MDL is a measure of a method’s ability to

quantify a constituent in a sample matrix. The method for analyzing D4 in sediment reported by 

Powell (2010) is deemed the appropriate method for achieving an MDL up to 3.7 ng/g (wet 

weight, ww) and shall be achieved for sediment. The specific level of detection shall be based on 

the LOQ which shall be 3 times the MDL. All measurements of D4 concentration in sediment 

shall include sufficient information to perform a wet weight to dry weight conversion and shall 

report concentrations in terms of dry weight. EPA recognizes that a laboratory may have 

difficulties achieving the specified MDL. In this event, the signatory companies shall seek a 

modification as per 40 C.F.R. § 790.68.

Compliance with Good Laboratory Practice Requirements:
44

All field work related specifically to the collection, handling, and transfer of sediment samples

should be conducted in accordance with USEPA’s GLP regulations (see 40 C.F.R. Part 792).

All analytical work, including analysis of D4 and lipid content, shall be conducted in

accordance with USEPA’s GLP regulations (see 40 C.F.R. Part 792). The QAPP shall be

prepared according to USEPA guidance (USEPA 2002).
45

REFERENCES 

USEPA 1994. Sediment Sampling, Sections 2-5 and 7. U.S. Environmental Protection

Agency, SOP#: 2016, 11/17/94, REV. #: 0.0– See attached

USEPA 2001. Methods for Collection, Storage and Manipulation of Sediments for Chemical 

and Toxicological Analysis: Technical Manual, Chapter 3 and Appendix E. US

Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 823-B-01-002, October, 2001.

Powell, D.E. 2010. Bioaccumulation and Trophic Transfer of Cyclic Volatile Methylsiloxane 

(cVMS) Materials in the Aquatic Marine Food Webs of the Inner and Outer Oslofjord, Norway. 

HES Study No: 11060-108. Health and Environmental Sciences, Dow Corning Corporation, 

Auburn, MI.

Powell DE, Woodburn KB. 2009. Trophic Dilution of Cyclic Volatile Methylsiloxane

(cVMS) Materials in a Temperate Freshwater Lake. Dow Corning Corporation, HES Study

No. 10771-108.

USEPA 2002. Guidance for Quality Assurance Project Plans, EPA QA/G-5, prepared by: Office

of Environmental Information, EPA (December 2002) - http://www.epa.gov/quality/qs-docs/g5-

final.pdf.
46

APPENDIX 8 - Testing Standard for the Collection, Sample Handling, Transfer and Analysis of 

Biota Samples for D4

Synopsis:

This testing standard provides guidelines for the collection and analysis of environmental

samples for D4 in support of a Testing Program detailed in this ECA. This standard cites the

requirements for the sampling of biota as described in Section VII of the ECA and Appendices

1, 2 and 3, and identifies specific guidelines and references that will be used in the preparation

of site-specific Sampling Plans for the collection/analysis of biota samples, which will be 

included in a Study Plan and QAPP for the Testing Program. The standard addresses:

1. When to collect biota samples

2. Where to collect biota samples

3. Special considerations during sample collection to avoid sample contamination

4. How to collect and process biota samples

5. How to analyze biota samples for D4 and the appropriate method detection limit and 

limit of quantification

Requirements for sampling biota:

Biota sampled shall include benthic species collected in sediment of the receiving 

water body and two species of fish, if practicable, of different trophic guilds, in the

receiving water body.”

Appendices 1-3 of this ECA state that:

“Samples shall be taken during two testing events at least three (3) months apart. The

exact duration between sampling events for each site shall be determined in a detailed

Sampling Plan included in the Study Plan and QAPP.”

“Samples shall be collected during normal plant operations and during such times that

effluent flow rates from the wastewater treatment system are representative of the

normal plant operations.”

“Samples shall be taken during typical weather conditions and not until at least three

(3) days after an unusual weather event such as a heavy rain storm. Samples shall be

collected at a time when the rate of D4 release is expected to be representative of the

typical rate of release of D4 for that site.”
47

Establishment of the appropriate time for sampling events:

At each site, two sampling events will be undertaken that are scheduled to be a minimum of

three months apart and during normal plant operations and weather conditions. Normal

operating conditions will be established by consulting with the operator of each WWTP, 

indirect and direct discharge facility. The criteria or means that are used by the facilities to

determine normal operating conditions will be documented in the site-specific Sampling Plans. 

Confirmation will be obtained that the subject facility is operating under normal conditions

prior to commencing sampling at a given location. In addition, sampling would not take place

within three (3) days of unusual weather events.

Establishment of the location for collection of benthic organisms and fish:

At each site, benthic organisms shall be collected as close as reasonably possible to the effluent 

outfall provided adequate mixing of the discharge and receiving water has occurred and where 

adequate benthic organism sample masses are obtained. Each site specific sampling plan will 

identify where the effluent and receiving stream are adequately mixed and the basis for the 

determination. At each site fish, surface water and sediment shall also be collected at 

approximately the same location. 

Special considerations for the sampling and handling of biota samples for D4:

cVMS materials, such as D4, are widely used in consumer products and may be present in

personal care products, commercial products, and lubricants, and may be components of

antifoams widely used in WWTPs. If these products are used by individuals during any part

of the preparation for or during any aspect of the field sampling event or laboratory analysis, 

sample contamination by D4 volatilizing from the user could occur. To avoid the potential for

sample contamination during collection, processing, storage, and analysis for D4 in

environmental matrices, preventative measures should be implemented to the extent possible

in the field. For example, field and laboratory personnelcrew shall be required to refrain from

using any personal care products that may contain cVMS materials (e.g., sun-block, sunscreen, hand lotion, antiperspirants, etc.) while preparing for or conducting any field activities

to minimize the possibility for contamination with D4. Specific requirements for collecting 

and handling biota samples aimed at preventing sample contamination by sources of D4 that

are not specific to the WWTP or direct discharge shall be specified in the Study Plan and 

QAPP.

Collection of benthic organism samples for analysis of D4 and lipid content:

The exact method for collection of sediment samples from which benthic invertebrates will be

collected is a site-specific determination. During preparation of the site-specific Sampling 

Plans, the physical nature (e.g., width, depth, flow) of the receiving water will be determined

and used to guide the selection of the appropriate method of sample collection. For each site,

collection procedures for sediment samples shall be based, as appropriate to the characteristics

of the receiving water, on techniques described in Powell and Woodburn (2009, Sample

Collection, p. 9) and USEPA (2003a, Sections 5.2 Sampling for Community Samples and 5.3
48

Sampling for Analytical Measurements). This guidance identifies collection procedures that

may be used to collect sediment samples from which benthic invertebrates will be collected. 

For each site, the exact method for collecting benthic organisms will be detailed in the sitespecific Sampling Plans and QAPP.

Specific requirements for sample container preparation, sample handling, sample preservation,

shipping and storage of samples should be essentially the same across all sites. Immediately

prior to each sampling event at each site, the laboratory that will analyze the samples shall

prepare clean (new, never used) pre-weighed glass sample containers in sufficient numbers for

all benthic organism samples to be analyzed for D4. The sample containers will be prepared by

pre-washing with hexane and providing PTFE tape to assist in sealing the containers, as well as

providing labels. The laboratory will ship all sample containers with adequate packing materials

in coolers to each site. The coolers will also contain chain-of-custody forms that will accompany

the sample containers from the laboratory to the field and back to the laboratory.

Figure 5 provides a schematic that describes benthic organism samples to be taken at each 

sampling location. Five composited samples shall be prepared. Samples 1, 2 and 3 shall be 

divided into three parts. Two of the parts will serve as duplicates for D4 analysis and one part 

will be analyzed for lipid content. The duplicates shall be processed and analyzed as 

individual samples for D4. Duplicate samples are used to evaluate between-sample variability 

and precision. Samples 4 and 5 will be retained for analysis as needed. These retain samples

would be analyzed if a primary sample container arrives broken at the laboratory, but

otherwise would be retained in a freezer for later analysis if a sample becomes compromised

during collection or processing. The retain samples will be kept until Quality Assurance has

been verified and may be analyzed for D4 as necessary.

Qualit

y 

Assur

ance 

Sampl

es

Rainbow 

Trout 

Field 

Blank

Blank 1 Blank 2 Spike 1 Spike 2 Lipid 1 Lipid 2

Grab 

If grab does not yield sufficient sample mass, then repeat effort in an 

adjacent location.

Total mass ≥ 100 g from 

composite sample

≥ 20 g 

composi

te 

sample 

1

Li

pi

d

Anal

ysis 

1

Ana

lysis 

2

≥ 20 g 

composi

te 

sample 

2

Li

pi

d

Anal

ysis 

1

Ana

lysis 

2

≥ 20 g 

composi

te 

sample 

3

Li

pi

d

Anal

ysis 

1

Ana

lysis 

2

≥ 20 g 

composite 

sample 

(Retained 

Sample)

sample 4

≥ 20 g 

composite 

sample

(Retained 

Sample)

sample 5

Rainbow 

Trout 

Field 

Blank

Rainbow 

Trout 

Field 

Blank

Rainbow 

Trout 

Field 

Blank

Rainbow 

Trout 

Field 

Blank

Rainbow 

Trout 

Field 

Blank

Study

Sampl

es
49

Figure 5. Schematic diagram of samples taken while monitoring for D4 in benthic organisms 

near wastewater treatment plants.

Sediment containing benthic organisms will be obtained such that sufficient mass of benthic 

organisms are obtained for the required analyses. Benthic organisms will be separated from the

sediment and five composite samples shall be prepared by randomly dividing the collected

organisms into glass containers and freezing prior to shipment. Prior to preparing composite

samples, the taxa represented in the sample will be noted at the lowest level possible. Frozen

samples will be packed into coolers with dry ice and taken back to the laboratory or shipped

back to the laboratory using an overnight express shipping company.

It should be noted that it is often not possible to obtain sufficient mass of benthic organisms to

both analyze for chemical concentration and to prepare quality assurance samples. Because of

this, rainbow trout purchased from a commercial fish hatchery will be used as surrogate

material to use to prepare quality assurance samples to use during preparation of benthos

samples.

During each sampling event at a given site, two field blanks and two field spikes will be

prepared as follows. Rainbow trout tissue purchased from a commercial fish hatchery will be

ground into a homogenous mixture. Samples of the ground rainbow trout will be prepared in the

laboratory prior to sample collection and shipped to the field. Prior to shipping to the field, the

ground rainbow trout samples will be analyzed and shown to have concentrations of D4 below

the LOQ for this matrix. Serving as field blanks, two reference ground rainbow trout samples

will be opened during preparation of the composite samples of benthic organisms. The

reference rainbow trout samples will be used to evaluate contamination bias resulting from

collection, processing, transport, storage, and analysis of benthos samples. In addition, two of

the ground rainbow trout samples shall be spiked in the field with a known amount of D4. The

field spiked samples of ground rainbow trout will be used to evaluate loss of D4 during 

collection, processing, transport, storage, and analysis of the benthos samples, and to evaluate

analytical bias. Sample collection procedures as well as specific requirements for sample

container preparation, sample preservation, shipping and storage of the samples will be detailed

in Study Plan and QAPP.

Lipid analysis will be performed on two ground rainbow trout field blanks. The method for

analysis of lipid content of the composited benthic organism samples will be the same as used

for fish. Procedures equivalent to Powell and Woodburn (2009) Characterization of Fish and

Benthic Macroinvertebrates, p. 11 shall be used to measure lipid contents in the benthic 

organism samples.

Specific requirements for monitoring site location preparation, processing, and analysis of field

blanks, field spikes, and duplicate samples shall be detailed in the Study Plan and QAPP.

Collection of fish samples for analysis of D4:
50

The exact method for collection of fish is a site-specific determination. During preparation of

the site-specific Sampling Plans, the physical nature (e.g., width, depth, flow) of the receiving 

water will be determined and used to guide the selection of the appropriate method of sample

collection. For each site, collection procedures will be based, as appropriate to the

characterization of the receiving water, on USEPA 2003a (Section 7.0 Procedures, pp. 3-5)

and Powell and Woodburn (2009, Sample Collection, p. 8). This guidance identifies two main

types of fish collection methods for relatively shallow and slow moving water and gives

direction on choice of method, general practices, and other considerations for the field work.

For each site, the exact collection method for fish samples will be detailed in the site-specific

Sampling Plans and QAPP.

Specific requirements for sample container preparation, sample handling, sample preservation,

shipping and storage of samples should be essentially the same across all sites. Immediately

prior to each sampling event at each site, the laboratory that will analyze the samples shall

prepare clean (new, never used) pre-weighed glass sample containers and polyethylene food

storage bags in sufficient numbers for all fish samples to be analyzed for D4, for all quality

assurance samples, and for retain samples. The sample containers will be prepared by prewashing with hexane and providing PTFE tape to assist in sealing the containers, as well as

providing labels. The laboratory will ship all sample containers and polyethylene bags with

adequate packing materials in coolers to each site. The coolers will also contain chain-ofcustody forms that will accompany the sample containers from the laboratory to the field and 

back to the laboratory.

On the day of field sampling at a given site, fish shall be collected and sorted by species. The

taxonomic identification of each fish species shall be noted. Two species of fish from different 

trophic guilds, if practicable, collected in sufficient mass such that individual or composite

samples can be prepared for the analysis of D4, shall be selected. If adequate quantities of fish 

from different trophic guilds are not available the two most abundant species will be selected. 

Information about the life history of the two species selected shall be included in study reports. 

The individual fish will be measured for length and weight.

Figure 6 provides a schematic that describes fish samples to be taken at each sampling location. 

For each of the two species, five individual fish or composited samples shall be prepared and 

frozen. In the laboratory three of the samples shall be thawed, homogenized and divided into 

three parts. Two of the parts will serve as duplicates for D4 analysis and one part will be 

analyzed for lipid content. The duplicates shall be processed and analyzed as individual samples 

for D4. Duplicate samples are used to evaluate between-sample variability and precision.
51

Figure 6. Schematic diagram of samples taken while monitoring for D4 in fish near 

wastewater treatment plants.

Two of the five samples will be retained for analysis as needed. These retain samples would be 

analyzed if a primary sample container arrives broken at the laboratory, but otherwise would be 

retained in a freezer for later analysis if a sample becomes compromised during collection or 

processing. The retain samples will be kept until Quality Assurance has been verified and may 

be analyzed for D4 as necessary.

During each sampling event at a given site, two field blanks and two field spikes will be

prepared as follows. Rainbow trout purchased from a commercial fish hatchery will be ground

Quali

ty 

Assur

ance 

Samp

les

Rainbo

w Trout 

Field 

Blank

Unspik

ed 

Blank 1

Rainbo

w Trout 

Field 

Blank

Unspik

ed 

Blank 2

Rainbo

w Trout 

Field 

Blank

Spike 1

Rainbo

w Trout 

Field 

Blank

Spike 2

Rainbo

w Trout 

Field 

Blank

Lipid 1

Rainbo

w Trout 

Field 

Blank

Lipid 2

Catch Species 1 (Trophic 

guild 1) If catch does not yield sufficient sample, then repeat effort in 

adjacent location.

Total mass ≥ 250 g from single 

fish or composite sample

≥ 50 g 

from 

single 

fish or 

compo

site

Sample 

1

Li

p

i

d

An

aly

sis 

1

An

aly

sis 

2

≥ 50 g 

from single 

fish or 

composite 

(Retained 

Sample)

sample 4

Catch Species 2 (Trophic guild 

2) If catch does not yield sufficient sample, then repeat effort in 

adjacent location.

≥ 50 g from 

single fish 

or 

composite 

(Retained 

Sample)

sample 4

≥ 50 g from 

single fish 

or 

composite 

(Retained 

Sample)

sample 5

Total mass ≥ 250 g from single 

fish or composite sample

≥ 50 g 

from 

single 

fish or 

compo

site

sample 

2

Li

p

i

d

An

aly

sis 

1

An

aly

sis 

2

≥ 50 g 

from 

single 

fish or 

compo

site

sample 

3

Li

p

i

d

An

aly

sis 

1

An

aly

sis 

2

≥ 50 g 

from single 

fish or 

composite 

(Retained 

Sample)

sample 5

Study

Samples

≥ 50 g 

from 

single 

fish or 

compo

site

sample 

1

Li

p

i

d

An

aly

sis 

1

An

aly

sis 

2

≥ 50 g 

from 

single 

fish or 

compo

site

sample 

2

Li

p

i

d

An

aly

sis 

1

An

aly

sis 

2

≥ 50 g 

from 

single 

fish or 

compo

site

sample 

3

Li

p

i

d

An

aly

sis 

1

An

aly

sis 

2

Study

Samples
52

into a homogenous mixture. Samples of the ground fish will be prepared in the laboratory prior

to sample collection and shipped to the field. Prior to shipping to the field, the ground fish

samples will be analyzed and shown to have concentrations of D4 below the LOQ for this

matrix. Serving as field blanks, two reference ground fish samples will be processed like field

samples. The reference fish samples will be used to evaluate contamination bias resulting from

collection, processing, transport, storage, and analysis of fish samples. In addition, two of the 

ground fish samples shall be spiked in the field with a known amount of D4. The field spiked

samples of ground fish will be used to evaluate loss of D4 during collection, processing,

transport, storage, and analysis of fish samples, and to evaluate analytical bias. Specific

requirements for preparation, processing, and analysis of quality assurance samples shall be

detailed in the Study Plan and the QAPP.

Individual fish will be doubly bagged using polyethylene bags and frozen prior to shipment. 

Composited fish will be placed in sample containers and frozen prior to shipment. Frozen

samples will be packed into coolers with dry ice and taken back to or shipped back to the 

laboratory using an overnight express shipping company. Sample collection methods as well

as specific requirements for sample container preparation, sample handling, sample

preservation, shipping and storage of the samples will be detailed in the Study Plan and QAPP.

In the laboratory, as part of the processing of the fish samples prior to analysis, fish will be

ground up and homogenized. Lipid content shall be analyzed using procedures equivalent to

Powell and Woodburn (2009) Characterization of Fish and Benthic Macroinvertebrates, p. 11.

Analysis of Biota Samples for D4:

All biota samples and accompanying quality assurance samples shall be analyzed for D4 at one

commercial testing laboratory that has appropriate expertise with the D4 analyses to be conducted

when the testing analysis occurs, unless there are unforeseen circumstances such as lack of 

laboratory availability as noted in 40 C.F.R. § 790.68(b)(2)(iii). The commercial laboratory will

validate a method for the analysis of D4 in biota samples that shall be adapted from the

analytical method specified in Powell and Woodburn (2009, Analysis of Cyclic Volatile 

Methylsiloxane (cVMS) Materials section, Extraction of Fish and Benthic Macroinvertebrates

sub- section, p. 13, and Quality Control, p. 14). The Powell and Woodburn (2009) analytical 

method involves extraction of aliquots of homogenized biota samples and quality assurance

samples followed by quantification using GC-MS.

The MDL is the concentration of a constituent in a sample, that when processed through the

complete analytical method, can be measured and reported with 99% probability that it is greater

than 0 or statistically different from a blank. The MDL is a measure of a method’s ability to

quantify a constituent in a sample matrix. The method for analyzing D4 in biota reported by 

Campbell 2010; Durham 2010a and 2010 b; Kaj 2005; Powell 2010a and 2010 b; and Powell and

Woodburn (2009) is deemed the appropriate method for an MDL of 0.2 to 3.0 ng/g (wet weight,

ww). An MDL up to a value not exceeding 3.0 ng/g (wet weight, ww) shall be applied for biota. 

The specific level of detection shall be based on the LOQ which shall be 3 times the MDL. EPA 

recognizes that a laboratory may have difficulties achieving the specified MDL. In this event, the 

signatory companies shall seek a modification as per 40 C.F.R. § 790.68.
53

Compliance with Good Laboratory Practice Requirements:

All field work related specifically to the collection, handling, and transfer of biota samples

should be conducted in accordance with USEPA’s GLP regulations (see 40 C.F.R. Part

792). All analytical work, including analysis of D4 and lipid content, shall be conducted in

accordance with USEPA’s GLP regulations (see 40 C.F.R. Part 792). The QAPP shall be

prepared according to USEPA guidance (USEPA 2002).

REFERENCES

Campbell, R.A. 2010. A Collaborative Assessment of Cyclic Volatile Methylsiloxanes (D4, D5, 

D6) Concentrations in the Norwegian Environment. HES Study No: 11061-108. Health and 

Environmental Sciences, Dow Corning Corporation, Auburn, MI.

Durham, J.A. 2010a. Testing to Determine the Concentration of Cyclic Volatile 

Methylsiloxanes (cVMS) in Fish and Other Biota Obtained from Svalbard and Bear Islands, 

Norway. HES Study No: 11061-108. Health and Environmental Sciences, Dow Corning 

Corporation, Auburn, MI.

Durham, J.A. 2010b. Testing to Determine the Concentration of Cyclic Volatile 

Methylsiloxanes (cVMS) in Sediment, Fish and Zooplankton Obtained from Svalbard, Norway. 

HES Study No: 11340-108. Health and Environmental Sciences, Dow Corning Corporation, 

Auburn, MI.

Kaj, L., M. Schlabach, J. Andersson, A.P. Cousins, N. Schmidbauer, E. Brorström-Lundén, B. 

Bügel Mogensen, M. Dam, J.P. Hirvi, A.S. Sigurdsson, B. Hedlund, O. Glesne, A. Lundgren. 

2005. Siloxanes in the Nordic Environment. Norden. 

Powell, D.E. 2010a. Bioaccumulation and Trophic Transfer of Cyclic Volatile Methylsiloxane 

(cVMS) Materials in the Aquatic Marine Food Webs of the Inner and Outer Oslofjord, Norway. 

HES Study No: 11060-108. Health and Environmental Sciences, Dow Corning Corporation, 

Auburn, MI.

Powell, D.E. 2010b. Preliminary Assessment of Cyclic Volatile Methylsiloxane (cVMS) 

Materials in Surface Sedimnets, Cores, Zooplankton and Fish of Lake Opeongo, Ontario, 

Canada. HES Study No: 10806-108. Health and Environmental Sciences, Dow Corning 

Corporation, Auburn, MI.

USEPA 2006. Compilation of EPA Mixing Zone Documents, Modeling Documents, pp. 9-

13. EPA 823-R-06-003, July, 2006.

USEPA 2003a. Fish Collection by Seining or Electrofishing. Technical Standard

Operating Procedure SOP#EH-06, Section 7, pp. 3-5, September, 2003.
54

Powell DE, Woodburn KB. 2009. Trophic Dilution of Cyclic Volatile Methylsiloxane

(cVMS) Materials in a Temperate Freshwater Lake. Dow Corning Corporation, HES Study

No. 10771-108.

USEPA 2003b. Benthic Macroinvertebrate Sampling and Processing, Technical Standard

Operating Procedure SOP#EH-04, Section 5, pp. 3-6, September, 2003.

USEPA 2002. Guidance for Quality Assurance Project Plans, EPA QA/G-5, prepared by:

Office of Environmental Information, EPA (December 2002) -

http://www.epa.gov/quality/qs-docs/g5-final.pdf.