COURT OF APPEALS

EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

EL PASO, TEXAS

THE STATE OF TEXAS,

 Appellant,

v.

HENRY SHELTON,

 Appellee.

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No. 08-08-00019-CR

Appeal from the

292nd District Court

of Dallas County, Texas

(TC# F06-63932-V) 

O P I N I O N

In separate cases, Appellee was charged with possession of cocaine and possession of

methamphetamine, each arising from the same facts. Appellee moved to suppress the illegal

narcotics alleging that his investigative detention was made without reasonable suspicion and that

the warrantless search, and the fruits thereof, were illegal. Following an evidentiary hearing, the trial

court granted Appellee’s motion. The State now appeals the trial court’s order granting Appellee’s

motion to suppress. We reverse and remand for further proceedings.

BACKGROUND

The following evidence was elicited at the evidentiary hearing. Officer Joseph Allen, a nearnine-year veteran of the Dallas Police Department, and two other officers, were part of a “notolerance” patrol unit known as Operation Disruption, which deployed officers into high-crime areas

for the purpose of reducing crime. On March 24, 2006, the three officers were in a marked squad

car patrolling an area of Dallas known for prostitution, violent crime, and drug activity for the

purpose of disrupting any illegal activity. At approximately 10:30 p.m., the officers pulled into the

driveway of a motel that was well-known for violent crime, prostitution, and drug use. The officers
observed the area for several minutes and then proceeded down the driveway where they saw three

individuals sitting for a length of time in a legally-parked truck. Officer Allen considered these

circumstances to be suspicious because the truck was not running, did not have its headlights on, did

not appear to be leaving or to have recently arrived, and the occupants were not moving inside the

vehicle. Additionally, no one left the truck to enter a room and no one exited from a room to

approach the truck. Although there was sufficient room for the occupants in the truck to leave the

parking lot, they did not do so during the four- to five-minute period when the officers were

observing them. The officers shone a spotlight on the truck and observed Appellee in the driver’s

seat and two young women in the cab of the truck making furtive gestures and moving around as if

trying to hide something. Officer Allen thought that Appellee may have been attempting to cover

himself or pull up his pants. Due to the time of night and the circumstances of his observations,

Officer Allen believed that prostitution or another lewd act was occurring in the truck. The officers

decided to make contact with the occupants in the truck. Without activating the overhead lights, the

officers parked the squad car perpendicular to Appellee’s truck, in order to make a stop and to keep

the occupants from leaving. Officer Allen testified that, although they did not want Appellee to

leave at that point, if Appellee had attempted to drive away, the officers would have investigated the

license plate information to see if the vehicle was stolen. Officer Allen disagreed that Appellee’s

decision to stay in the parking lot was more consistent with innocent activity than if Appellee had

decided to drive away.

Officer Allen approached Appellee while the two other officers approached the women who

were seated in the truck. As the officers approached the truck, it became apparent that the women

in the truck looked relatively young. The other officers spoke with the females and then removed

them from the vehicle in order to determine whether or not their clothing was in disarray. The
officers determined that the females were 15 and 17 years old, that Appellee was 43 years old, and

that they barely knew each other. Although Officer Allen observed that Appellee’s clothes were not

in disarray after approaching the truck, he asked Appellee his name, date of birth, and other

identifying information and why Appellee was in the parking lot. Appellee indicated that he was

there with his friends, the two girls, and they were visiting a friend. During the interview, the three

indicated that they had no business there other than to meet a friend, but the girls could not name any

friends who were staying at the motel. Appellee and the girls gave conflicting information to the

officers, and Appellee did not know the girls’ last names or where they lived. Even though Officer

Allen could not determine whether or not the three had been engaged in any sexual activity, he

thought, once he learned the girls’ ages, something more may have been occurring. Officer Allen

felt it was necessary to investigate the situation a bit longer given that Appellee, a 43-year-old man,

was sitting in a truck with two young females at night in a motel parking lot located in an area of

town with a bad reputation for drugs, prostitution, and other criminal activity, and he was concerned

that other crimes were at issue. Officer Allen testified that he and the other officers continued the

investigation because they did not know if Appellee had abducted or picked up the girls recently, if

he intended to or had already done harm to them, if the girls were not being forthcoming because

they felt that they were in danger, or if the girls were runaways.

Although the officers were unable at the time of the initial encounter to determine that

Appellee had done anything wrong, because Appellee was exhibiting extreme nervousness, because

of the time of night and other circumstances, and because of the furtive gestures, Officer Allen

removed Appellee from the truck and conducted a pat down for weapons to ensure his safety. 

Officer Allen testified that as a result of his training, it is common practice to search for weapons in

order to preserve officer safety when a person is acting more nervous than they should as a result of
contact with police.

During the pat-down search, Officer Allen observed what he thought was the top part of a

syringe protruding about one-inch from Appellee’s front left pants pocket. Because a syringe with

a needle can harm a person who is frisking for weapons, Officer Allen removed the item from

Appellee’s pocket and discovered that the item was not a syringe but, instead, was a 2 1⁄2 -3 inch

straw with white residue on the interior and with one end cut at a 45-degree angle. Based on his

training and experience, Officer Allen determined that the straw constituted drug paraphernalia. 

Officer Allen then placed Appellee under arrest for possessing drug paraphernalia and, incident

thereto, searched Appellee and his truck. On Appellee’s person, Officer Allen found a tin can in

which two small baggies were located, one containing cocaine and the other methamphetamine. A

.22 caliber handgun was also found in the bed of Appellee’s truck. Officer Allen stated that he did

know about the gun at the time of his initial encounter with Appellee. Appellee was placed under

arrest for possession of cocaine and methamphetamine.

At the conclusion of the evidentiary hearing, the trial court stated that it believed Officer

Allen’s testimony but nevertheless granted Appellee’s motion to suppress. The State thereafter filed

a motion for reconsideration, which was overruled by operation of law.

As requested by the State, the trial court issued written findings of fact and conclusions of

law in support of its ruling. The trial court specifically determined that: (1) Officer Allen’s

descriptions of the furtive gestures were speculative and not fact based; (2) there was no basis in fact

to support Officer Allen’s belief that some form of prostitution or lewd conduct was occurring; (3)

Appellee’s gestures were as consistent with innocent activity as with illegal activity; (4) Officer

Allen had no legal basis to stop Appellee had he chosen to drive away from the scene; (5) although

Officer Allen did not observe any illegal activity, he approached the driver’s side of the truck for
further investigation; (6) Appellee’s nervousness, standing alone, did not justify his detention; (7)

Officer Allen had no articulable facts to suspect Appellee had been or was involved in any illegal

activity; (8) there was no factual basis for believing Appellee posed a threat to Officer Allen; (9)

Officer Allen had no lawful authority to order Appellee to exit his vehicle; (10) Officer Allen’s

initial investigation was proper; (11) upon determining that no illegal activitywas occurring, Officer

Allen had no right to detain or arrest Appellee; and (12) all actions of Officer Allen after the initial

detention and arrest were the products of an illegal search and seizure of Appellee.

DISCUSSION

In its sole issue on appeal, the State alleges that the trial court committed error when it

granted Appellee’s motion to suppress evidence. We agree.

Standard of Review

We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress based upon an alleged lack of

probable cause or reasonable suspicion using the bifurcated standard of review articulated in Guzman

v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). See Carmouche v. State, 10 S.W.3d 323, 327 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2000), citing Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 88-89 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997); Krug v.

State, 86 S.W.3d 764, 765 (Tex. App.–El Paso 2002, pet. ref’d); Urquhart v. State, 128 S.W.3d 701,

704-05 (Tex. App.–El Paso 2003, pet. ref’d). In a suppression hearing, the trial court is the sole

finder of fact and may believe or disbelieve any of the evidence presented. Alvarado v. State, 853

S.W.2d 17, 23 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993); Pace v. State, 986 S.W.2d 740, 744 (Tex. App.–El Paso

1999, pet. ref’d).

When a trial court files findings of fact and conclusions of law, the court’s findings of fact

will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion. State v. Wood, 828 S.W.2d 471, 474

(Tex. App.–El Paso 1992, no writ); see also Cantu v. State, 817 S.W.2d 74, 77 (Tex. Crim. App.
1991) (trial court’s findings should not be disturbed absent clear abuse of discretion). We afford

almost total deference to the trial court’s express or implied determination of historical facts and

review de novo the court’s application of Fourth Amendment search and seizure law to those facts. 

State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 856 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); Carmouche, 10 S.W.3d at 327; Krug,

86 S.W.3d at 765; Urquhart, 128 S.W.3d at 704-05. Such deference is also afforded to

determinations of mixed questions of law and fact when their resolution depended on witness

credibility and demeanor. Ross, 32 S.W.3d at 856. However, mixed questions of law and fact that

do not turn on witness credibility and demeanor are reviewed de novo. Id.

Applicable Law

Terry Stops and Reasonable Suspicion

Three categories ofinteractions between officers and citizens exist: encounters, investigative

detentions, and arrests. State v. Perez, 85 S.W.3d 817, 819 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002), citing Francis

v. State, 922 S.W.2d 176, 178 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). An encounter is a friendly exchange of

pleasantries or useful information. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 13, 22, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 1875-76, 1880,

20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968). Police are not required to possess any particular level of suspicion before

interacting with a citizen in an encounter because the citizen is under no compulsion to remain. 

Hawkins v. State, 758 S.W.2d 255, 259 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988); Daniels v. State, 718 S.W.2d 702,

704 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). Moreover, a police officer “do[es] not violate the Fourth Amendment

by merely approaching an individual on the street or in another public place, by asking him if he is

willing to answer some questions, by putting questions to him if the person is willing to listen, or

by offering in evidence in a criminal prosecution his voluntary answers to such questions.” Perez,

85 S.W.3d at 819, citing Florida v. Bostick, 501 U.S. 429, 434, 111 S.Ct. 2382, 115 L.Ed.2d 389

(1991). In short, an encounter is a seizure-free interaction between an officer and a citizen, and
because the citizen is under no compulsion to remain, an officer is not required to possess any

particular level of suspicion. Hawkins, 758 S.W.2d at 259; Daniels, 718 S.W.2d at 704.

In an investigative detention, law enforcement officers may stop and briefly detain persons

suspected of criminal activityon less information than is constitutionally required for probable cause

to arrest. Terry, 392 U.S. at 22, 88 S.Ct.at 1880. Under the Fourth Amendment and the Terry line

of cases, the U.S. Supreme Court has held that an officer may conduct a brief, investigatory stop

when the officer has a reasonable, articulable suspicion that criminal activity is afoot. Terry, 392

U.S. at 30, 88 S.Ct.at 1885; Brother v. State, 166 S.W.3d 255, 257 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005), cert.

denied, 546 U.S. 1150, 126 S.Ct. 1172 (2006); Kothe v. State, 152 S.W.3d 54, 63-64 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2004). The officer must be able to articulate more than an “inchoate and unparticularized

suspicion or ‘hunch’” of criminal activity. Terry, 392 U.S. at 27, 88 S.Ct. at 1883; Illinois v.

Wardlow, 528 U.S. 119, 124, 120 S.Ct. 673, 145 L.Ed.2d 570 (2000). The level of suspicion,

however, is considerablyless than proof of wrongdoing by a preponderance of the evidence and need

not rise to the level of probable cause. United States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 7, 109 S.Ct. 1581,

1585, 104 L.Ed.2d 1 (1989). “Reasonableness,” under Fourth Amendment standards, is a

fact-specific inquiry measured in objective terms by examining the totality of the circumstances.

Kothe, 152 S.W.3d at 63. The concept of reasonable suspicion is not readily, or even usefully,

reduced to a neat set of legal rules and in evaluating the validity of such a stop, we must make a factspecific inquiry measured in objective terms by considering the totality of the circumstances, that

is, the whole picture. Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 695, 116 S.Ct. 1657, 1661, 134

L.Ed.2d 911 (1996); Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 232, 103 S.Ct. 2317, 2329, 76 L.Ed.2d 527

(1983); United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 417, 101 S.Ct. 690, 695, 66 L.Ed.2d 621 (1981);

Kothe, 152 S.W.3d at 63. A determination of reasonable suspicion must be based on common sense
judgments and inferences about human behavior as well. Wardlow, 528 U.S. at 125, 120 S.Ct. at

676.

While a person’s presence in an area of expected criminal activity, standing alone, is not

enough to support a reasonable, particularized suspicion that the person is committing a crime,

officers are not required to ignore the relevant characteristics of a location in determining whether

or not the circumstances are sufficiently suspicious to warrant further investigations. Wardlow, 528

U.S. at 124, 120 S.Ct. at 676, citing Brown v. Texas, 443 U.S. 47, 99 S.Ct. 2637, 61 L.Ed.2d 357

(1979); Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143, 144, 147-48, 92 S.Ct. 1921, 32 L.Ed.2d 612 (1972). 

Where conduct justifying a stop is ambiguous and susceptible of an innocent explanation, officers

may detain an individual for the purpose of resolving the ambiguity. Wardlow, 528 U.S. at 125, 120

S.Ct. at 677; Terry, 392 U.S. at 5-6, 30, 88 S.Ct. at 1871-72, 1884. A series of acts, each of them

perhaps innocent when viewed separately, may warrant further investigation when considered

together. Sokolow, 490 U.S. at 9, 109 S.Ct. at 1586. When reviewing the totality of the

circumstances, we must see whether the detaining officer has a “particularized and objective basis”

for suspecting legal wrongdoing, and this process allows officers to draw on their own experience

and specialized training to make inferences from and deductions about the cumulative information

available to them that “might well elude an untrained person.” United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S.

266, 273, 122 S.Ct. 744, 750-51, 151 L.Ed.2d 740 (2002); see, e.g., Cortez, 449 U.S. at 417-18, 101

S.Ct. at 695.

Protective Search for Weapons

Even in the absence of probable cause, an officer is permitted to conduct a limited search of

a suspect’s outer clothing to locate weapons, when an officer reasonably believes that the suspect

is armed and dangerous to the officer or others in the area. Carmouche, 10 S.W.3d at 329. The
purpose of the search is to allow the officer to pursue his investigation without fear of violence,

rather than to discover weapons. Balentine v. State, 71 S.W.3d 763, 769 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002),

citing Adams, 407 U.S. at 146, 92 S.Ct. at 1923. However, an officer need not be absolutely certain

that an individual is armed before conducting the search as the issue is whether a reasonably prudent

person would justifiably believe that he or others were in danger. Balentine, 71 S.W.3d at 769,

citing O’Hara v. State, 27 S.W.3d 548, 551 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). To support a protective frisk

or detention, there must be facts that, when reviewed under an objective standard, would cause a

reasonably cautious person to believe that the action taken was reasonable or that the person frisked

was presently armed and dangerous. State v. Sheppard, 271 S.W.3d 281, 287-88 (Tex. Crim. App.

2008), citing O’Hara v. State, 27 S.W.3d at 551 (regardless of whether a police officer states that

he was afraid of the suspect, the validity of the search must be analyzed by determining whether the

facts available to the officer at the time of the search would warrant a reasonably cautious person to

believe that the action taken was appropriate). A failure to articulate a lawful basis for the frisk does

not mean it was illegal. Sheppard, 271 S.W.3d at 288, citing United States v. Wallen, 388 F.3d 161,

167 (5th Cir. 2004) (the subjective motivations of police are irrelevant to determining whether a

search or seizure is reasonable under the Fourth Amendment).

Application of Law to Facts

In this case, the trial court determined that Officer Allen’s initial investigation to determine

whether Appellee was involved in prostitution or lewd conduct was proper. The trial court then

concluded that it was improper for Officer Allen to detain or arrest Appellee upon making that

determination that no illegal activitywas occurring, and as a result, suppressed all evidence resulting

from the detention and arrest.

Deferring to the trial court’s determination that he believed Officer Allen’s testimony, the
record shows that upon initially encountering Appellee who was seated in the vehicle and seeing that

his clothes were not in disarray, Officer Allen’s concerns about possible prostitution and lewd

behavior taking place in the vehicle were dispelled. This encounter was consensual and did not rise

to the level of an investigative detention. Terry, 392 U.S. at 13, 22, 88 S.Ct. at 1875-76, 1880;

Perez, 85 S.W.3d at 819, citing Bostick, 501 U.S. at 434, 111 S.Ct. at 2386.

Although his initial suspicion that Appellee may have been involved in prostitution or

another lewd act dissipated during the initial encounter, the new information Officer Allen and the

other officers learned from the encounter, especially when considered in light of the remaining

circumstances, gave rise to new and different suspicions. In sum, at that point, Officer Allen knew

that Appellee, a 43-year-old man, was nervous and alone at 10:30 in the evening with two girls 15

and 17 years old in a truck outside of a motel, in an area that was known for its crime, prostitution,

and drug activity. He additionally knew that Appellee, who claimed that the girls were his friends,

did not know their full names, nor where they lived. In fact, the girls did not know each other. 

Officer Allen at that timed formed a reasonable suspicion that other crimes may be “at issue,”

including the possibilities that the girls had been abducted by Appellee, that Appellee may have

intended to or may have already harmed the girls, and that the girls may possibly be runaways.

Applying the appropriate “totalityof the circumstances” analysis in a de novo review, we find

that the trial court erred when it concluded that Officer Allen’s detention of Appellee was improper. 

Ross, 32 S.W.3d at 856; Carmouche, 10 S.W.3d at 327; Krug, 86 S.W.3d at 765; Urquhart, 128

S.W.3d at 704-05. Based upon a totality of the circumstances, we find that Officer Allen had

reasonable suspicion to detain Appellee for the purpose of investigating and resolving the

ambiguities arising from the initial encounter and determining whether Appellee’s conduct was

susceptible of an innocent explanation. Gates, 462 U.S. at 232, 103 S.Ct. at 2329; Cortez, 449 U.S.
at 417, 101 S.Ct. at 695; Kothe, 152 S.W.3d at 62-63.

These facts also form the basis for reviewing whether Officer Allen’s frisk of Appellee for

weapons was proper. In analyzing the validity of the search, we must determine whether or not the

facts available to the officer at the time of the search would warrant a reasonably cautious person to

believe that the action taken, the frisk, was appropriate. The frisk took place in an area known for

its prostitution, drug use, and violent crimes and, indeed, the three officers were deployed as part of

a patrol unit designated to disrupt such activities. In this location, Appellee was found to be in the

company of two young girls, some twenty-seven years his junior, whose names he did not fully

know. Appellee did not know where the girls lived and the girls did not know each other. Appellee

and the girls were outside of a motel and everyone appeared very nervous. Appellee and the girls

provided conflicting stories and had made furtive gestures. Viewed objectively, we find that these

facts as they existed at the time of the search would warrant a reasonably cautious person to believe

that Officer Allen’s protective search was appropriate. Terry, 392 U.S. at 5-6, 21-22, 30, 88 S.Ct.

at 1871, 1879-80, 1884; Wardlow, 528 U.S. at 125, 120 S.Ct. at 676-77.

During the search, Officer Allen saw and removed an item that he believed to be a syringe

and, thus, potentially harmful to him. Upon removal, the item was found to be a short straw with

residue and was considered to be drug paraphernalia. At that time, Officer Allen was authorized to

arrest Appellee for possession of drug paraphernalia and search him incident to the arrest. TEX.

HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 481.125 (Vernon 2003); State v. Ballard, 987 S.W.2d 889, 892

(Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (once an officer has probable cause to arrest, he may conduct a search

incident to that arrest; it is irrelevant that the arrest occurs immediately before or after the search, as

long as sufficient probable cause exists for the officer to arrest before the search). The contraband

found as result of the search incident to Appellee’s arrest led to the underlying charge in this case.
Because the objective facts support the appropriateness of the pat-down search for weapons,

we find that the trial court erred in concluding that the weapons search of Appellee’s person and the

contraband found as a consequence thereof were illegal. Accordingly, we sustain the State’s sole

issue.

CONCLUSION

The trial court’s order granting the motion to suppress is reversed and the cause is 

remanded for further proceedings.

GUADALUPE RIVERA, Justice

February 10, 2010

Before Chew, C.J., McClure, and Rivera, JJ.

(Do Not Publish)