### 2 

# 1. Executive summary

The Environmental Fate and Effects Division (E FED) has completed the preliminary problem formulation for the ecological risk, environmenta l fate, endangered species, and drinking water assessments to be conducted as part of the regist ration review of furfural . Furfural is a broadspectrum pesticide exhibiting a relatively high vola tility potential, used in foliar applications to various turf and ornamentals. The problem fo rmulation describes the methods planned to be used during the completion of drinking water an d ecological risk assessm ents in support of registration review and provides an overview of the environmenta l fate, ecological effects, and potential risks associated with the use of furf ural as well as uncerta inties unique to risk assessment of furfural. This docum ent also identifies additional st udies that would be beneficial to the conduct of an ecological risk assessment. Major findings include:

Environmental Fate Uncertainties and Study Requests

New aerobic soil and anaerobic soil metabolism studi es were required as part of the conditional registration of furfural. The av ailable studies, which have been deemed supplemental, provide limited information, or there is uncertainty, with respect to the formation of major transformation products of furfural: furfuryl al cohol and 2-furoic acid. Despite these uncertainties, the studies were used in the previous screening-level assess ments of the new uses on turf and ornamentals, sod farms and athletic fields. In order to addr ess this uncertainty, the requested studies should closely monitor the transformation products in addition to the parent compound, and avoid problems observed in the previous studies. They should supply appropriate data about the fate and persistence of furfural and its transforma tion products, resulting in a better characterization and understanding of the metabolism of this chemical. The data will be used in re-estimating the input parameters to be used in the aquatic exposure models. Three aerobic and four anaerobic soils are required. In the absence of the additional data, EFED may make conservative assumptions about the persistence of furfural and its degradates in soil systems. The available studies provide only limited information and cert ain assumptions were needed in previous
assessments.

Additionally, there is lack of knowledge about the fate and pers istence of furfural and its transformation products in water bodies impacting aquatic organisms. In previous assessments, the aerobic aquatic metabolism input value was de rived from the aerobic soil metabolism studies. Knowledge of the persistence of furfural and furf uryl alcohol in aerobic aquatic environments is needed.

There are also uncertainties related to the biode gradation of furfural occurring beneath the top soil. This may be an important process impac ting potential furfural exposure in ground water sources to evaluate drinking water exposure.

Therefore, the following are environmental fate st udies that are being requ ested at this time to support the preliminary risk asse ssment for Registration Review:

### 3  835.4100 Aerobic Soil Metabolism 1 

### and 835.4200 Anaerobic Soil Metabolism :

 835.4300 Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism:

 Non-guideline Laboratory Investigation of Subsurface Degradation Study

Please refer to Section 12a for further details on the justifica tion addressing the need for these studies.

Ecological Effects Uncertainties and Data Requests

A substantial amount is known about the potential for adverse effect s to non-target terrestrial and aquatic animals and plants. However, there are stil l some uncertainties, in part due to the lack of honeybee vapor phase toxicity test and vegetative vigor va por phase toxicity test. EFED presumes risk due to these routes of exposure and e ffect types, in the absence of data.

There are sources of uncertainty in the estimation of risks to birds and mammals through dietary exposure to furfural on treated fo liage and other dietary items, in addition to the lack of avian dietary studies. The requirement for passerine acute oral and avian re production studies were waived in response to a prior waiv er requests. The rationale in th e passerine acute oral and avian reproduction waiver requests (DP Barcodes D410714 and D399351 respectively) indicate the tests would not realistically replicate exposure of furfural in th e field due to the transient nature of furfural. The estimated risks herein are dr iven by the relatively hi gh application rates of furfural, which are beyond the range that the T- REX model is considered to have been fully evaluated. The concentrations on foliage and prey items are also expected to be transient in nature, due to the volatility of this compound a nd application of large amounts of water. Information on foliar dissipation of this com pound appropriate for modeling with T-REX is limited. A soil half-life (of 1 day) is used, in pa rt since birds and other wildlife can probe in the soil for food. Because both acute and chronic risk s in T-REX are based on peak concentrations, the risk quotients calculated by T-REX do not refl ect the expected transi ent nature of this compound. Residues on turf are requ ested as part of requested fi eld dissipation studies (see above Environmental Fate and Exposure data requests).

Acute and chronic aquatic exposures are possible, in part due to repeated or con tinuous input to the aquatic environment. Data on the acute toxici ty of furfural to the mysid shrimp would help reduce uncertainty since the current study was conduc ted with larvae that were 5 days old rather than <24 hours old as reco mmended by the guidelines.

The ecological toxicity data requirements for aquatic and terrestrial organisms is largely complete. However, there are a few data gaps listed below which are requested at this time:

850.1035 Estuarine/Marine Acute Toxicity

- Shrimp: This study (MRID 46426508) is currently considered Supplemental. If data that indicates that 5 day old mysid s are in fact more susceptible than <24 hour ol d mysids to Furfural, this study may be upgraded to

1 Study MRID No. 49583601 is currently in review. This study may be used to fulfill the data request, but determination of this is pending. Therefore, the request for the aerobic soil metabolism study still exists at this time.

### 4 Acceptable. In addition, data indica ting that all test mysids completed at least one complete molt cycle during the 96 hour exposure should also be submitted.

Non-Guideline Vegetative Vigor Vapor-Phase Toxicity Study : Furfural is a highly volatile chemical and used in quantities that may result in exposure to terrestrial plants via off-site transport in the vapor phase.

Non-guideline Laboratory Investigation acute vapor phase toxicity study with the honey bee: The current estimate of terrestri al invertebrate risk relies on es timated acute contact toxicity with the honeybee. This study will enable a vapo r phase risk assessment specific to bees since furfural is a volatile chemical with multiple applications per season.

Please refer to Section 12b for further details on the justifica tion addressing the need for these studies.



# 2. Introduction

EFED evaluated the most recent ecological risk assessments for fu rfural in association with the updated toxicity, exposure, and usage information to determine if sufficient data are available and if further updates are needed to support regist ration review. Recent risk assessments include the Section 3 for the first outdoors uses on tu rf and ornamentals (DP Barcode 346394+, April 5, 2010), the Section 3 new use on athletic fiel ds (DP Barcode D389908, dated 01/17/2012), and the Section 3 new use on ornamentals and clarification on existing uses on turf 2 

### (DP Barcode D389903, dated 05/07/2012). In addition, EFED considered the latest Agency science policies and risk assessment methodologies. The structure of furfural, as well as the chemical names and other identifiers can be found in the chemical identity table attached to this document ( Appendix A ).



# 3. Use Characterization

Furfural is a heterocyclic aromatic aldehyde. It is a colorless, oily liquid with an almond-like odor. Furfural’s is used to control nematode s and fungi. Furfural reportedly destroys the nematode cuticle, causing it to die by dehydration or attack by parasites. “Furfural interacts with the cuticle of the nematode, eff ectively stripping the protective laye rs which result in the cuticle swelling and disintegrating. Movement of the ne matode is impeded and it subsequently dies through dehydration or attack by parasitic organisms.” 3 

### The mode of action for control of fungi is not known.

Furfural is formulated in one active end-use prod uct as an emulsifiable concentrate (Multiguard Protect EC, EPA Reg. No. 75753-1). It is used on turf golf courses ( e.g ., tees, greens, fairways, and roughs), sod farms, athletic fields , field grown plants and ornamentals ( e.g. cut flower

2 Although the uses on turf and ornamentals had been previously assessed, only the use on turf had been approved after the 2010 assessment.

3 Burger, G.J. An overview of the development of furfural (Crop Guard®) as a nematicide in South: The chemistry of furfural within the soil and agricultural environment. (Published in the Internet).

### 5 production, production nurseries, re sidential and commercial lands capes, and similar areas), and greenhouse use pre- and post-plant on ornamentals. The maximum seasonal application rate is 417 lbs. a.i./A/season with a maximum of six applica tions at 69.4 lbs. a.i./A per treatment, with 14 days minimum between treatments, although furfur al may also be applied as a spot treatment in the greenhouse with a 7 day minimum retreatme nt interval and an unspecified number of applications during the growing s eason. It is applied in foliar application to turf grass and ornamentals using conventional grou nd sprayers, or via drenches or chemigation. Watering-in is a required practice for all furfural applications; it moves the produc t into the soil for efficacy and also reduces or delays volatili zation. Furfural app lied to turf must be watered-in through 6 inches depth (according to the label), via irriga tion. For field grown plants, ornamentals, and indoor greenhouse plant and ornament als, applications may be made via tubes or drip tapes. For potted plants, furfural is applied either as a pre-plant or post-plant drench, in irrigation water/ fertilizing solution, with spray boom or overhead irrigation syst ems, or via spot treatment, utilizing a low pressure backpack sprayer (g reenhouses only). EFED will use application scenarios that result in maximu m exposure scenarios for a given use for the risk assessment. Any absence of information on the labels that sp ecifies the maximum single application rate, the application interval, the annual ma ximum rate allowed (lbs. a.i./year), or application method may result in conservati ve assumptions.



# 4. Conclusions from Previous Risk Assessments
a. Ecological Risk Assessment

The Agency has conducted multiple ecological risk assessments on furfural that serve as a basis for this scoping document, including the Sect ion 3 for the first outdoors uses on turf and ornamentals, the Section 3 new use on athletic fields, and the Section 3 new use on ornamentals and clarification on existing uses on turf 4 

### . Based on current furfural uses, the primary risk issues have been identified for aquatic animals and aquatic plants, which is consistent with its use as an herbicide. The risk findings are summarized in Table 1 below.

Table 1. Summary of Risk Concerns Identi fied for Furfural in Previous Assessments

Birds Mammals Terr. Plants Terr. Inverts Fish BCF Aquatic Inverts Aquatic Plants Groundwater Contamination Degradates of Concern

No a No a No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes – Furfuryl Alcohol a No reproduction data were available to allow for a chronic risk assessment Yes = at least one LOC has been exceeded in previous assessments; “No” = LOCs have not been exceeded in previous assessments; NA = RQs have not been calculated previously.



## b. Drinking Water Exposure Assessments

4 Although the uses on turf and ornamentals had been previously assessed, only the use on turf had been approved after the 2010 assessment.

### 6 While drinking water assessments have been con ducted addressing the vari ous existing turf and ornamental uses for furfural, there has also been much on-going work and consultation to address drinking water exposure for other proposed bare soil us es with the Health Effects Division (HED). Furthermore, HED recently iden tified the need to conduct a cancer assessment for furfural and it’s degradate furfuryl alc ohol addressing all routes of exposure, including drinking water. Therefore, EFED recently conduct ed an updated analysis consistent with current EFED policies and modeling tools related to ground water exposure (e .g., PRZM-GW model). The recent findings identify exposure from surf ace water drinking water sources as the driver behind acute exposure and ground water sources as the driver behind chronic and cancer exposure, both resulting from existing furfural surface spray and chemigation turf and ornamental applications (applied at 69.4 lbs. a. i./A with 6 applicati ons and 14 days minimum between treatments). However, this latest anal ysis was provided informally and is subject to change pending future label revisions. A formal drinking water assessment will be finalized based on furfural’s regulatory stat us at the time that the Preliminary Registration Review Risk Assessment is conducted.



# 5. Environmental Fate and Transport

The physicochemical characteristics of furfural are presented in Table 2

.

Table 2. Selected Physicoche mical Properties for Furfural.

Parameter Value Reference/Comments CAS Name 2-furancarboxaldehyde Furfural Data Sheet+ IUPAC Name 2-furaldehyde or furfural CAS Numbe r 98-01-1 Chemical Formula C 5 H 4 O 2 Chemical Structure

Chemical Classification Unclassified (it is a heterocyclic aromatic aldehyde) Pesticide Classification N ematicide, fungicide SMILES Code O=Cc(occ1)c1 EPI Suite v.4.1 Molecular Weigh t 96.085 g/mol HSDB+ Color, Odor and Taste Colorless, oily liquid ... Turns yellow to brown on exposure to air and light. Almond-like odor, Distinct caramel taste HSDB+

En t halpy of Vaporization 38.6 KJ/mol(= 9.23 kcal/mol ) from HSDB; 42.8 KJ/mol+; 10.33 Kcal/mol HSDB; Furfural Physical Properties (see below); @ http://solvdb.ncms.org/nc mschph.idc?solvno=0009 8011A 01/21/2015. Air Diffusion Coefficient (cm 2 /day) 0.087 cm 2 s -1 at 25oC, equivalent to 7500 cm 2 day -1 Flick, E.W. 1985. Industrial Solvents Handbook. 3 rd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes

### 7 Table 2. Selected Physicoche mical Properties for Furfural.

Parameter Value Reference/Comments Publications, p. 372, cited in HSDB Water Solubility Furfural 78,100 ppm at 20°C from EPA Fact Shee t (EPA value selected for modeling.) 83 g/L = 83,000 ppm at 20°C from HSDB 74,100 ppm at 25 o C from HSDB Highly soluble accordin g to FAO solubility classification MRID: 47115401, 46011005/46426501 HSDB+ & EPA Furfural Fact Sheet+ FAO 2000

Vapor pressure Furfural 2.6 torr (mmH g ) at 20 o C Volatility Classification from Dry Non-Adsorbing Surfaces: Intermediate to high volatility under field conditions, the threshold value for this classification is ≥ 3.9×10 -5 mmHg (USEPA 2008) MRID 46011004

Henry's Law Constan t Furfural 4.2 x 10 -6 atm-m 3 /mol Calculated with s=78,100 ppm & VP=2.6 mmHg, at 20 o C. Experimental solubility (S) and vapor pressure (VP) are from EPA fact shee t

C water /C air (unitless)* 5,717 Slightly volatile from a water surface (C water /C air is in the range 10 3 – 10 5 )** TFD Guidance

Air/Water Partition, K

AW * K AW = 1.75x10 -4 (log K AW = -3.76)** [vs. EPISuite v.4.1: K AW = 1.54x10 -4 (log K AW = -3.812)]

**Slightly volatile from a water surface The value derived from measured values considered representative, as compared to modeled value. *Inverse of C water /C air [EPISuite v.4.1 value calculated with log K OW = 0.41 & HLC=3.77x10 -6
atm-m 3 /mol]

Octanol/Water Partition, K OW (20 o C) K OW = 2.2 ; log K OW = 0.35 for furfural vs. log K OW = 0.41 reported in EPISuite v.4.1 Measured value considered representative. EPA Furfural Fact Sheet+ EPISuite v.4.1 value

Octanol/Air Partition, K OA obtained by 3 methods * K OA = 1.26x10 5 = 2.2/ (1.75x10 -4 ); (log K OA = 4.10) or K OA = 1.26 x10 5 = 2.2(8.205746x10 -5 m 3 atm/Kmol) (293.15K)/ (4.2 x 10 -6 atm-m 3 /mol); (log K OA = 4.10) [vs. EPISuite value: K OA = 1.67x10 5 (log K OA = 4.222)] * K OA = K OW /K AW * K OA = K OW (RT)/(HLC), (Halsall, 2007)

[EPISuite v.4.1 value]

Biomagnification Potential Presumption*: If log K OA > 5, log K OW >2 and the rate of chemical transformation is low, the chemical may bio-magnify in terrestrial food chains. Since for furfural, log K OA =4.1, log K OW =0.35 & rate of transformation is high (fast in the environment and presumed to be fast in fish), furfural does not have a
p otential to bio-magnify in terrestrial food chains. *Gobas et al. 2003 and Armitage & Gobas, 2007 support this presumption utilized here only as a broad reference to determine the potential for biomagnification. Solubility in Organic Solvents – Furfural Alcohol (infinite) Ether (infinite) Miscible in octanol, acetone, xylene, ethyl acetate, methylene chloride and methanol EPA Furfural Fact Sheet+

Densit y 1.16 g/mL at 20 o C+ EPA Furfural Fact Sheet+ Melting Poin t /

Boiling Poin t ca. -37.5 o C

151.7 o C at 1 atm MRID 46011004, 46011005, HSDB+ and

### 8 Table 2. Selected Physicoche mical Properties for Furfural.

Parameter Value Reference/Comments Furfural Physical Properties+
p Ka Does not demonstrate a dissociation constant between
p Ka 2 and pKa 10. MRID 46011005; EPA Furfural Fact Sheet+ Stability of compound at room temperature Turns to red brown on exposure to air and light and resinifies. HSDB+

UV/ Vis Absorption 14,591.3 c m 3 / mol (at pH 7)+. Greatest at 297.5-305 nm, measureable through 800 nm at pH 5 and 7, not measurable at >350 nm at pH 9. (Measured between 297.5 and 800 nm in pH 5, 7, and 9 buffer solutions.) Maxima at 228 nm and 277 nm. EPA Furfural Fact Sheet+, MRID 46011005 and 47115401

Bolded value considered representative. *Calculated by reviewer using the formula C water /C air = [S x T x R x 760 mmHg/Atm] ÷ [P x MW x 10 6 μ g/g], where S (solubility) is in μ g/mL, T (temperature) is in degrees K, and P (vapor pressure) is in mmHg, R = gas constant = 82.08 mL-Atm/K-mol (as cited in TFD Guidan ce, see below). Calculated with s=78,100 ppm and VP=2.6 mmHg, at 20 o C (from MRID 46011004). **Burkhard & Guth, 1981; EPA, 1975, cl assification cited in TFD Guidance at http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/ecorisk_ders/terrestrial_field_dissipation.htm (USEPA 2008, accessed 01/21/2015); see also USEPA 2010. +EPA Furfural Fact Sheet, url: http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/chem_search /reg_actions/registration/fs_PC043301_01-Sep-06.pdf (accessed 01/21/2015): HSDB, url http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/ 01/21/2015; Furfural Physical Properties, url: http://www.furan.com/furfura l_psychical_properties.html , (accessed 01/21/2015); Furfural data sheet, url: http://www.alanwood.net/p esticides/furfural.html (accessed 01/21/2015).



### Table 3 summarizes environmental fate and transport pr operties of furfural. For structures of the transformation products of furfural and their formation rates in the environmental fate properties, refer to Appendix A

.

Table 3. Summary of Environmen tal Fate Properties for Furfural

Parameter Value Reference/Comments Hydrolysis t 1/2 Parent pH 5, 7, 9 (25 o C) Stable at all three pH values. No metabolites were identified. MRID 46011004 (A)

Photolysis t 1/2 in water Paren t (25 o C) 3.0 – 4.0 da y s MRID 45426501, 46011005, 46523601 (A) Photolysis t 1/2 in ai r Parent (27 o C) Assuming a troposphere concentration of 1.5x10 6 OH/

cm 3 (EPISuite v.4.1 assumption), and 12-hour days, the half-life for the OH mediate d reaction is 0.305 days

. Bierbach, A., et al. (1995)

Aerobic Soil metabolism
t 1/2 Parent (25 o C for ND SL and MSL SL; 20 o C for OE SL, DU SL and RM SL) SL (ND) t R IORE 0.773 hr for furfural and t 1/2 SFO = 1.11 hr for furfural plus furfuryl alcohol (TTRs) SL (MSL) DT 50 1-6 hr (t 1/2 assumed 0.25 day) SL (DU) DT 50 < 1 hr (t 1/2 assumed 0.042 day) SL (OE) DT 50 < 1 day (t 1/2 assumed 1 day) SL (RM) DT 50 < 1 day (t 1/2 assumed 1 day) SL = sandy loam MRID 46011007, 46523701, 46510602, 47105101 (S)

### 9 Table 3. Summary of Environmen tal Fate Properties for Furfural

Parameter Value Reference/Comments
Anaerobic Soil metabolism t 1/2 parent DT 50 =1-3 days in sandy loam; DT 50 <3 days for loam, loamy sand and sandy clay loam (all four soils from ND) (t 1/2 assumed 3 days in all cases) MRID 46426502 (S)

Mobility K OC b y HPLC (OECD) Metho d K OC = 6.5 ml/g oc ; log K OC = 0.815 MRID 47105104 (S)

Laboratory Volatility Volatilization rate during the first 6 hours = 0.114 μg furfural/cm 2 /hr; Concentration of furfural in the air during the first 6 hours = 12.6 μg furfural/m 3 air. 0.216% of the applied had volatilized after 6 hrs (0.244% after 28 days). MRID 46106301, 46523901 (A)

Field Volatility See Table 4 MRID Nos. 47483901, 47569101, and 48252901 (S) 48704801

– In Review Terrestrial Field Dissipation CA and GA, established turf plots, and bareground plots, planted to turf: t 1⁄2 ’s for furfural range: 0.9-1.5 days 1

. t 1⁄2 ’s for 2-furoic acid range: 1.1-11.1 days ; for furfuryl alcohol: 5.8 days 1

. Maximum residues in top layer: furfural – 14.98% of the applied; 2-furoic acid – 93.88% of the applied; furfuryl alcohol 14.81% of the applied. MRID 47701201 (S)

Bioconcentration in Fish Furfural: K OW = 2.2 2-Furoic acid: K OW =4.4 Furfuryl alcohol: K OW =1.9 (K O W <<1000, the potential to b ioconcentrate is low). Waive d

A = Acceptable; S = Supplemental 1 Could calculate only for a subset of the runs because it appeared that the dissipation was fast.



### Furfural exposure in surface and ground water is plausible given its high application rates and high mobility (K OC 

### = 6.5 ml/g OC 

### , FAO Mobility Classification, F AO 2000). Furfural may be transported to surface waters from runoff events occurring shortly after application to several days after application. Furfural can also leach as observed in te rrestrial field di ssipation studies (note that up to 14.98 percent remained in the top layer of the soil, see Table 4 ). Based on limited data, furfural appears to ra pidly biodegrade to 2-furoic acid and furfuryl alcohol in aerobic and anaerobic so il environments with half-liv es ranging from several hours to 3 days. However, information on the formation of major degradates furfuryl alcohol and 2- furoic acid only exist from one soil (ND Sandy Loam, MRID No. 47105101). Given the available information, these metabolites may be pr esent at very high concentrations due to their high formation rates and furfural’s high applicati on rate. Furfural is stable to hydrolysis at environmentally relevant pHs.

Besides runoff to surface water bodies and leachi ng to ground water, another likely significant route of exposure for furfural is volatilization fr om treated fields. Various field volatility studies conducted with surface chemigation applications i ndicate that furfural may be lost in amounts ranging between 4.5 and 88% of the applied. In mo st of the studies with surface application of furfural, there is a strong tendency for the majority of furfural to be released from soil to the

### 10 atmosphere within a couple hours immediat ely after the application (MRID Nos. 48252901, 47483901, and 47569101). Both the varia tions in volatilization flux 5 

### rates with surface furfural applications and the immediate volatilization afte r application are likely due to the watering-in practice mobilizing furfural from soil to air 6 

### For shank injected applica tions of furfural to bare soil plots (use not yet registered), it appears that releases to the atmosphere are very small, but still discernible (MRID No. 48708401). Table 4 summarizes the results from various field volatility studies for furfural.

Table 4. Summary of furfural field volatilit y studies and volatile flux measurements.

Field Volatility Study

(Application Rate) Time Applied MRID Study Classification Peak Mass Loss 1 (  of applied) Cumulative Mass Loss (% of applied)
Ft. Pierce, FL

Field 1 2
- Sprinkler Chemigation to Turf Plot, watered-in (58.8 lbs. a.i./A) March 1, 2010 9:21 am 48252901 Supplemental 87.55 87.69 percent through69 hours postapplication

Ft. Pierce, FL

Field 2 3
- Shank Injection and Roto-tillage to Untarped Bare Soil Plot, watered-in (396.4 lbs. a.i./A) March 14, 2011 7:58 am 48708401 In Review < 1 < 1 percent through 142hours postapplication

Porterville, CA

App. 2 3
– Sprinkler Chemigation to Turf Plot, watered-in

(139 lbs. a.i./A) February 6, 2008 8:17 am 47483901 Supplemental 49.20 55.4 percent through48 hours postapplication

Montezuma, GA

App. 3 3
– Sprinkler Chemigation to Turf Plot, watered-in

(139 lbs. a.i./A) April 20, 2008 2:30 pm 47569101 Supplemental 4.42 % 4.42 % mass loss through48 hours postapplication

1. Peak mass loss refers to the average over 1 - 2 hours as per the sampling periods in the field volatility studies.

2. Field 1 most pertinent since furfural application to fi eld 2 plot was not watered in following label requirements,

and a malfunction occurred on field 3.

3. The Ft. Pierce, FL Field 2 shank injection application to untarped bare soil plot, Porterville, CA Application 2 to

turf plot. and Montezuma, GA Application 3 to turf plot sites possessed the highest measured flux rates.

5 Flux is the term used to describe how much volatilizati on of a pesticide can occur across a given area for specific period of time.

6 While watering-in practices is expected to also force furfural downward belo w the root zone, watering in practices with furfural surface sprays can result in the randomized motion of furfural molecules into the atmosphere at the same time as well.

### 11 Furfural biodegrades mainly to 2-furoic acid and furfuryl alcohol in aerobic and anaerobic environments; these metabolites may be present at high concentrations in the soil due to the high applications rates for furfural. Both 2-furoic acid and furfuryl alcohol have similar solubility and vapor pressure physical-chemical properties to furfural. As su ch, both degradates have some potential to leach given solubility values gr eater than 10,000 mg/L. Furthermore, the vapor pressures for both degradates are in the range of furfural’s vapor pressure with values between 0.033 – 0.609 torr. . Further information abou t furfural’s metabolites is provided in Appendix A

. In anaerobic environments, additional ring-opene d metabolites propionic aci d and acetic acid are also observed. Furthermore, upon aqueous photolys is, ring-opened metabolit es include succinic acid, malonic acid, 2-ketoglutaric acid, propionic acid and formic acid. Some of these ringopened products are part of th e biological Kreb’s cycle ( e.g. 2-ketoglutaric acid and succinic acid), and it appears that all of the identified compounds are simple acids that may be present in natural soil environments. Therefore, in future assessments, these degradates will not considered stressors since they are not expected to possess highe r toxicity than the furfural, furfuryl alcohol, and 2-furoic acid. Please refer to Section 8 on the residues of concern that will be evaluated in the risk assessment.

The physicochemical characteristics of furfural’s me tabolites, 2-furoic acid and furfuryl alcohol, are presented in Table 5

.

Table 5. Selected Physicochemical Properties for 2-Furoic Acid and Furfuryl Alcohol, Major Metabolites of Furfural
Parameter Value Reference/Comments
CAS Numbe r 2-Furoic acid 88-14-2 Furfuryl alcohol 98-00-0 EPI Suite v.4.1 Chemical Formula/ Molecular Weigh t C 5 H 4 O 3 / 112.09 g/mol C 5 H 6 O 2 / 98.10 g/mol EPI Suite v.4.1

Chemical Structures

2-furoic aci d Furfuryl alcohol SMILES Code O=C(O)c(occ1)c1 C1=C(CO)OC=C1 EPI Suite v.4.1
p Ka for 2-furoic aci d 3.6 Bansal 1999 Vapor pressure Metabolites 2-Furoic acid

– 0.033 torr at 25oC or 0.103 tor r # Furfuryl alcohol – 0.609 torr at 25oC## For both chemicals, volatility classification from dry non-adsorbing surfaces is “intermediate to high volatility under field conditions” # and ## See footnotes below.

USEPA 2008

Octanol/Water Partition, K OW (20 o C) for Metabolites 2-furoic acid exp. log K OW =0.64; K OW =4.4 Furfuryl alcohol exp. log K OW =0.28; K OW =1.9 Pomona, 1987; Hansh, C. et al. 1995 (referenced in EPISuite v.4.1) Water Solubility fo r Metabolites 2-furoic acid: 37,100 mg/L at 15 o C Furfuryl alcohol: 1x10 6 mg/L, miscible at 15 o C Both chemicals are highly soluble according to FAO solubility classification (FAO 2000) Yalkowsky, S.H. & R.M. Dannenfelser, 1992; McKillip, W.J. & E. Sherman, 1978 (both from EPISuite v.4.1)

### 12 Table 5. Selected Physicochemical Properties for 2-Furoic Acid and Furfuryl Alcohol, Major Metabolites of Furfural
Parameter Value Reference/Comments Henry's Law Constan t Metabolites 2-furoic acid: 4.1 x 10 -7 atm m 3 /mol Furfuryl alcohol: negligible (as it is miscible with water) Estimated using solubility and vapor pressure

#Vapor pressure for 2-furoic acid from: http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/rw1040161.html (accessed 01/23/2015). ##Vapor pressure for furfuryl alcohol from Daubert, T.E. & R.P. Danner. Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation. Washin gton, D.C.; Taylor and Francis, 1989 as cited in TOX N ET Database, and EPISuite v.4.1, respectively.

### 13 

# 6. Receptors

a. Effects to Aquatic Organisms

Table 6 provides a summary of the aquatic taxonomi c groups and surrogate species tested to characterize the potential acute and chronic ecological eff ects of furfural. In addition, the tables provide a preliminary overview of the potential acute toxicity of Furfural by providing the acute toxicity classifications. Based on the available ecotoxicity informa tion furfural is classified as moderately toxic to freshwater fish (lowest LC 50 

### = 3.06 ppb), marine/estuari ne organisms (lowest LC 50 

### = 14 ppm), and birds (lowest LD 50 

### = 85 mg/kg). It is classi fied as slightly toxic to freshwater and estuarine/marine invertebra tes (LC/EC50 = 20.4 ppm; LC/EC50 = 15 ppm) and practically non-toxi c to honeybees (LD 50 

### > 100 ug/bee). As with acu te toxicity, fish (NOAEC = 0.038 ppm) also appear to be more sensitive to chronic exposure than aquatic invertebrates (NOAEC = 0.12 ppm). The most sensitive aqua tic plant based on NOAEC is duckweed (0.49 ppm), while the algae S. costatum (most sensitive based on LC 50 

### ) has a NOAEC of 13 ppm.

Table 6. Summary of the Endpoints from Aquatic Toxicity Studies for Furfural.



### Exposure Scenario Species Exposure Duration Toxicity Reference Value (ppm a.i.) Reference

Freshwater Fish

Acute Rainbow trout 96 hours LC 50 = 3.06 ppm MRID 46343002

(moderately toxic) Supplemental

Acute Fathead minnow 96 hours LC 50 = 28 ppm 448873301 Acceptable Slightly toxic

Acute Bluegill sunfish 96 hours LC 50 = 5.8 ppm MRID 46207301

(moderately toxic) Acceptable

Chronic Fathead minnow 32 days NOAEC = 0.038
ppm MRID 47692201 Supplemental

Freshwater Invertebrates

Acute Daphnia magna 48 hours LC 50 /EC 50 = 20.4
ppm (slightly toxic) MRID 46343001 Acceptable

### 14 Table 6. Summary of the Endpoints from Aquatic Toxicity Studies for Furfural.



### Exposure Scenario Species Exposure Duration Toxicity Reference Value (ppm a.i.) Reference

Chronic Daphnia magna 21 days NOAEC = 1.9
ppm MRID 47035301 Acceptable

Estuarine/Marine Fish

Acute Sheepshead minnow 96 hours LC 50 = 14 ppm MRID 46426509 (slightly toxic) Acceptable

Chronic Sheepshead minnow 29-d Early Life Stage NOAEC = 0.33 ppm; LOAEC = 1.0 ppm 49048802 Acceptable

Estuarine/Marine Invertebrates

Acute Mysid shrimp 48 hours LC 50 = 15 ppm MRID 46426508 (slightly toxic) Supplemental

Acute Oyster shell deposition 96 hours EC 50 = 18 ppm MRID 46426507 (slightly toxic) Acceptable

Chronic Mysid shrimp 28-d Life Cycle NOAEC = 0.12
pmm; LOAEC=0.29
ppm 49048801 Acceptable

Aquatic Plants

Acute Lemna 7 days EC 50 = 30 ppm MRID 47569401
NOAEC = 0.49
ppm Supplemental

Acute S. costatum 96 hours EC 50 = 23 ppm MRID 47569403
NOAEC = 13
ppm Supplemental

Acute P. subcapitata 96 hours EC 50 = 43 ppm MRID 47569402

NOAEC = 16.5
ppm Supplemental

### 15 Table 6. Summary of the Endpoints from Aquatic Toxicity Studies for Furfural.



### Exposure Scenario Species Exposure Duration Toxicity Reference Value (ppm a.i.) Reference

Acute N. pelliculosa 96 hours EC 50 = 31 ppm MRID 47569404
NOAEC = 5.8
ppm Supplemental

Acute A. flos-aquae 96 hours EC 50 = 61 ppm MRID 47569405
NOAEC = 12
ppm Supplemental

1 Freshwater fish may be surrogate s for aquatic-phase amphibians. 

## b. Effects to Terrestrial Organisms

Table 7 provides a summary of terres trial taxonomic groups and su rrogate species tested to characterize the potential acute and chronic ecolog ical effects of furfural. The acute oral LD 50 

### in rats is 107 mg/kg and the developmental NOAEL in rats (oral gavage) is 10 mg/kg/day. The acute mammal inhalation LC 50 

### in rats is 0.54 – 1.63 mg/L, wh ile the avian acute inhalation determined an LC 50 

### of 278.5 mg/kg. The rat subchroni c inhalation toxicity NOAEL is equivalent to 0.007 mg/l. The dietary toxic ity of birds and determined the NOAEC at 4930 mg/kg diet, the highest concentration tested. A terrestrial plant seedling emergence study shows the monocot NOAEC = 398 lb ai/A (all species te sted) and most sensitive dicot NOAEC = 29 lb ai/A (lettuce). A terrestrial plant vegetati ve vigor study shows the most sensitive monocot NOAEC = 69.4 lb ai/A (corn) and most sens itive dicot NOAEC = 16.9 lb ai/A (sugarbeet).

Uncertainty remains as to the toxicity of furfural in the vapor phase to terrestrial invertebrates (determined with the honeybee) and te rrestrial plants, as well as acute oral toxicity of furfural to passerine species and the dietary to xicity of furfural to a water fo wl species. The requirement of of the passerine species has been waived due to difficulty with conducting studies with passerine species (DP Barcode D410714). The waiver respons e stated that an acute oral or sub-acute dietary study would not greatly impact the overal l risk picture given that inhalation has been identified as the primary route of exposure . Additionally, the av ian reproduction data requirement has been waived due to the volatility of furfural would resu lt in unrealistic exposure to birds.(DP Barcode D399351; Table 10).

Table 7. Summary of the Endpoints from Terrestrial Toxicity Studies for furfural.



### Exposure Scenario Species Exposure Duration Toxicity Reference

Value 1 

### Reference
Mammals (see table below from HED for additional studies)

### 16 Table 7. Summary of the Endpoints from Terrestrial Toxicity Studies for furfural.



### Exposure Scenario Species Exposure Duration Toxicity Reference

Value 1 

### Reference

Acute oral Rat Single oral dose LD 50 = 107 mg/kg MRID 46011009

Acceptable (moderately toxic)

Acute inhalation Rat 4-hour inhalation LC 50 = 0.54 – 1.63 mg/L MRID 46106302

Acceptable

Developmental

Rat Gestation day 6 through 15 NOAEL = 10 mg/kg/day MRID 46147601

(Reproduction study not avail.) (based on maternal effects at higher levels

that could

affect reproduction) Acceptable/ guideline

Birds

Acute Northern bobwhite quail 14 days LD 50 = 85 mg/kg MRID 47035302 (moderately toxic) Acceptable

Acute Mallard 14 days LD 50 = 360.5 mg/kg MRID 46343004 (moderately toxic) Acceptable

Acute Japanese quail 14 days LD 50 = 278.5 mg/kg MRID 4634003 (moderately toxic) Supplemental

Acute Inhalation Northern bobwhite quail 4 hrs LD 50 = 253
ppm (moderately toxic) MRID 48120801 Acceptable

Dietary Northern bobwhite quail 8 days LD 50 > 4930mg/kg diet; NOAEC =

4930 mg/kg diet MRID 48120802 Acceptable

Reproduction Bobwhite/Mallard NA NA Waived (DP Barcode D399351)

### 17 Table 7. Summary of the Endpoints from Terrestrial Toxicity Studies for furfural.



### Exposure Scenario Species Exposure Duration Toxicity Reference

Value 1 

### Reference

Terrestrial Plants

Seedling
emergence 10 species (4 monocot, 6 dicot) 21 days Monocot EC 25 = >398 lb ai/A NOAEL = 398 lb ai/A

Dicot EC 25 = 87 lb ai/A NOAEL = 29 lb ai/A MRID 47701204 Acceptable

Vegetative vigor 10 species(4 monocot, 6 dicot) 21 days Monocot

MRID 47720301 Acceptable EC 25 = 130 lb ai/A NOAEL = 69.4 lb ai/A

Dicot EC 25 = 240 lb ai/A NOAEL = 16.9 lb ai/A
Terrestrial Invertebrates

Honeybee acute contact Honeybee 48 hours LD 50 > 100 ug/bee MRID 47300201 (practically nontoxic) Acceptable

Honeybee acute oral

Honeybee 96 hours LD 50 > 100 ug/bee MRID 46331505 (not OCSPP

guideline) Supplemental

Earthworm (not OCSPP

guideline) Earthworm 14 days LC 50 = 406.18 mg/kg MRID 46331506 Supplemental

1 Mammal data from 7/27/06 HED Furfural A ssessment (and EFED statistical analysis of acute oral data provided by RD/TRB).

1 Birds represent surrogates for terrest rial-phase amphibians and reptiles.

### 18 

## c. Ecological Incidents

The ecological incident information system (EIIS ) is an OPP database that houses ecological incidents that have been repor ted to the Agency. When ava ilable, EIIS includes date and location of an incident, type and magnitude of effects observed in various species, use(s) of pesticides known or suspected of contributing to the inci dent, and results of any chemical residue analysis or other analyses conducted during in cident investigation. EIIS incidents are categorized according to the certai nty that the incident resulted from pesticide exposure. The Avian Monitoring System (AIMS) is a database administered by the Amer ican Bird Conservancy that contains publicly available data on reported avian incidents involving pesticides. Many of the incidents listed in this data base are also in the EIIS.

As of January 26, 2015, EIIS did not return a ny ecological incidents involving Furfural. As of January 26, 2015, AIMS did not identify a ny ecological incidents involving Furfural. 

# 7. Exposure Pathways of Concern

Given furfural’s volatile and soluble physical chemical proper ties, broad spectrum mode of action as a fumigant, and applica tion to soil, turf, and ornamental s up to six times per year, the following lists the pathways of exposure an ticipated for furfural applications:

 Inhalation exposure for mammals, birds, a nd terrestrial invertebrates (honey bee) (acute)

 Air exposure for plant vegetation

Furfural has been shown to escape to the atmosphe re from soil in large qua ntities over short time frames close to the time of application from the collection of field volatility studies submitted to the Agency. Despite previous risk assessments not showing risk due to furfural exposure, existing and more recent field vola tility studies will be utilized to evaluate furfural air exposure to mammals, birds, plants, and terrestrial invertebra tes according to all registered uses of furfural at the time of the Preliminary Registration Review Risk assessment. Since furfural sprays are anticipated to volatilize rapidly, sp ray drift is not expected to be of concern for terrestrial organisms.

 Soil exposure for plant seedlings

Furfural exposure to plant seedlings off the treated field is expected from furfural applications. Furfural’s mode of action, its la rge application rates to soil, a nd the mobile and highly soluble characteristics of furfural in water all justify this exposure pathway.

 Aquatic exposure for freshwater fish, estuarine marine organisms, aquatic invertebrates, and aquatic plants (acute and chronic)

Furfural aquatic exposure can occur if rain events occur close to the time of applications. When rain events occur, large amounts of furfural that are present on the field can dissolve and runoff

### 19 to neighboring water bodies. Runo ff of furfural may occur particul arly given the situations with untarped applications. Spray drif t exposure is not expected since furfural sprays are anticipated to volatilize shortly after application.

 Drinking water exposure for mammals and birds

While dietary and drinking water exposures are po ssible for mammals and birds, acute risk from inhalation is determined to be pr imary route of exposure for several reasons. For birds, based on furfural’s vapor pressure a nd calculations using STIR, the maximum 1-hour vapor inhalation dose for birds is 16,900 mg/kg. By contrast, based on furfural’s solubility limit and calculations using SIP, the upper bound daily drinking water in take dose for a bird is 63,261 mg/kg bw. Multiplying the STIR estimate of one hour by 24 (to match the daily exposure duration of the SIP estimate) yields 405,600 mg/kg which is appr oximately one order of magnitude more than the SIP drinking water dose. For mammals, th e drinking water exposure dose estimated by SIP is even lower indicating an even wider margin of increased exposure poten tial due to inhalation. For furfural, this suggests th at the potential daily inhala tion exposure for bothbirds and mamamals are substantially greater than the potential daily drinking wa ter exposure indicating that inhalation exposure may be of more concern. The comp arisons of the drinking water exposure dose and inhalation exposu re dose for furfural described he re can be verified in the SIP and STIR evaluations shown in Appendix C

. Therefore, while the potentia l for drinking water exposure ex ists to birds and mammals, inhalation exposure is determined to be the one of primary concern for the terrestrial risk assessment. By being protective of birds and mammals via the inhalation route of exposure, EFED believes that the dietary a nd drinking water routes of expos ure will be protected as well.

 Dietary exposure for mammals and birds

Direct dietary exposure to non-targ et terrestrial organisms (birds and mammals) is possible due to the direct deposition of furfural sprays on turf grass and ornamentals, enabling the bioavailability of furfural. Ho wever, minimal impacts are antici pated for piscivorous birds and mammals since bioaccumulation of residues are antic ipated to be low in fish given furfural’s Log K ow 

### value of 0.35 – 0.41 (EPA Furfural Fact Sh eet; EPISuite WSKOW v.1.41). The risk assessment will cover risks appropriate to registered uses of furfural at the time that the preliminary registration review risk assessment is completed.



# 8. Analysis Plan

a. Stressors of Concern

Furfuryl alcohol and 2-furoic acid are among the major degradates that are observed to form in a furfural aerobic soil metabolism laboratory study with ND Sandy Loam soil (MRID No. 47105101). Please refer to Section 5 and Appendix A for an additional discussion and information related to the formation fu rfuryl alcohol and 2-furoic acid.

### 20 Stressors of concern evaluated in this risk assess ment will include furfural and furfuryl alcohol. Both furfural and furfuryl alcoho l have been identified as the stre ssors of concern for ecological and human health in consultation with the Re sidues of Concern Knowledgebase Subcommittee (ROCKS, meeting dated December 15, 2009).

The relative toxicity of the other major degradate 2-furoic acid in soil and water as compared to parent furfural were examined using ECOSAR. EC OSAR results of the toxicity of 2-furoic acid compared to the parent furfural i ndicate that this degradate is 2 -3 orders of magnitude less toxic than parent furfural depending on the exposure duration and taxa of concern. This analysis is included in Appendix B.

Additional ring-opened metabolites propionic acid a nd acetic acid are also observed in anaerobic soil environments. Furthermore, with aque ous photolysis, ring-opened metabolites include succinic acid, malonic acid, 2-ket oglutaric acid, propioni c acid and formic acid. Some of these ring-opened products are part of the biological Kreb’s cycle ( e.g. 2-ketoglutaric acid and succinic acid), and it appears that all of the identified compounds are simple acids that may be present in natural soil environments. Therefore, in fu ture assessments, these degradates will not be considered stressors since they are not expected to possess higher toxicity than the furfural and furfuryl alcohol.

In the absence of toxicity data, fu rfuryl alcohol is assumed to have similar toxicity to furfural. Therefore, furfuryl alcohol and furfural will be assessed togeth er using a Total Residue (TR) approach for the total toxic residues (TTRs). Th is modeling strategy requir es an assumption that all residues of concern have similar physical , chemical, and partitioning characteristics. Application rates for the parent pe sticide are used to re present the total mass loading of pesticide and its degradation product. This modeling approa ch does not consider te mporal occurrence of degradation products.


## b. Measures of Exposure

Aquatic Modeling

EFED will use the Surface Water Concentration Ca lculator as the standard available model to evaluate potential exposures to aquatic organism s. The SWCC is described at the following website: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides /science/models_pg.htm#aquatic (accessed 01/28/2015).

Terrestrial Modeling

 Dietary Exposure

EFED will use the T-REX model to evaluate expo sure on food items containing furfural residues applied to turf grass and ornament als. The T-REX model is available at the following website: http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/m odels/terrestrial/index.htm#trex (accessed 01/28/2015).

 Terrestrial Plant Seedlings

### 21 For exposure to plant seedlings, TerrPlant (ver 1. 2.2) will be used. TerrPlant EECs are based on runoff, and therefore will capture the overall expo sure of plant seedlings resulting from runoff of dissolved furfural off-site from the treated fi eld. The TerrPlant model is available at the following website: http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/te rrestrial/index.htm#terrplant . The Agency is currently developing a replacement mode l for TerrPlant. If the replacement has been approved prior to the initiation of the risk assessm ent, this new model will be used instead.

 Air Exposure and Inhalation for Mammals, Birds, and Vegetation

Furfural acute exposures of birds and mammals through inhala tion as well as terrestrial invertebrates and plants via ga s-phase exposure are determined using the estimated exposure concentrations (EECs) from atmospheric dispersi on models. These models rely on the input of furfural atmospheric flux measurements from the collection of volatility (f lux) studies that are available associated with furfural applicati ons in the field. The Agency’s recommended screening near-field di spersion model, the American Mete orological Society/EPA Regulatory Screening Model (AERSCREEN v. 11060), will be us ed to generate Tier I EECs. The Tier I analysis will consider the maxi mum application rate, maximum flux rate for each application method from the collection of furfural flux st udies, and worst-case meteorological conditions (light winds and stagnant condi tions) to calculate peak air EECs. Peak one-hour average concentrations will be the basis of EECs. Documentation on the AERSCREEN model is available at http://www.epa.gov/scram001/ dispersion_screening.htm (accessed 1/28/2015). The exposure scenario evaluated in the Tier 1 analysis will assume that the terrestrial receptors are directly downwind from the emissions source. This is illustrated in Figure 1 below.

Figure 1. Schematic showing air exposure scenario due to volatilization and subsequent release from soil evaluated in Tier 1 analysis.

If the Tier 1 EECs for furfural applications result in an exceedance of the LOC for mammals, birds, or plants, EECs will be further examined using the Tier 2 model, the Probabilistic Exposure and Risk Model for Fumigants (PERFUM v. 2.5.1). PERFUM is parameterized by time series of flux data obtained from field vol atility studies. PERFUM considers these flux Wind, Dispersion, and Accumulation of Va p ors or Gas

Volatilization of residues in soil Furfural spray chemigation application

### 22 values with a robust statistical sampling of meteorological data from points within rings surrounding a treated field (usually 5 years of hour ly meteorological data). The current version of PERFUM processes estimated air concentr ations from EPA’s previously recommended atmospheric dispersion model in the near fi eld, the Industrial Sour ce Complex Short-Range Model, Version 3 (ISCST3). ISCST3 has si nce been replaced by the refined mode of AERSCREEN, the AERMOD model, as the recomme nded refined dispersion model in the near field. However, both ISCST3 and AERMOD are sim ilar in that they both use Gaussian plume dispersion principles. The framewor k for PERFUM is illustrated in Figure 2 below. Estimated air concentrations are calculate d and binned by percentile distribu tions within each ring and averaging time period. First, a peak one-hour averaging period will be used to calculate air EECs. If necessary, a higher averaging period eq uivalent to the exposur e duration in toxicity studies will be used to characterize the RQs re sulting from utilizing the one-hour peak EECs. The highest 90 th 

### percentile estimated air concentration from all averaging periods from the receptor ring closest to the edge of the fiel d will be considered as the upper-bound EEC to determine the RQ. The PERFUM model is publi cally available on the web from the following link: http://www.exponent.com/projectdetail.aspx?project=450 (accessed 1/28/2015). For this assessment, maximum air exposure will occur at the edge of the field corresponding to where furfural mass emissions from the treated field wi ll accumulate to maximum levels along the fetch of wind blowing over the treated field.

Figure 2. Illustration of the spatial and te mporal aspects of the source to receptor configuration in PERFUM. The wind rose (lef t) illustrates the frequency distribution of variations in wind speed and wind direction that PERFUM accounts for in the transport of the vapor plume from the treated source to receptors (right).

All modeling scenarios will be parameterized base d on field volatility flux data normalized to the maximum field sizes specified by application met hod on the labels. Therefore, the modeling will be based on a maximum field size of 40 acres fo r all applications as specified on the label.

Available Monitoring Data Treated Field Receptor Rings

### 23 The Agency is not aware of mon itoring conducted by federal and stat e agencies and this route of exposure will be considered in the assessment to the extent that data on furfural becomes available.



## c. Measures of Effect

Toxicity data presented in Section 3 of this pr oblem formulation will be used to calculate risk quotients. Any additional information submitted by th e registrant or found in the open literature prior to conduct of the risk assessment will also be considered. The open literature studies are identified using EPA’s ECOTOXicology database (ECOTOX) (USEPA, 2007), which employs a literature search engine for locating chemical toxici ty data for aquatic life, terrestrial plants, and wildlife. The evaluation of both sources of data can also pr ovide insight into the direct and indirect effects of pesticides on biotic communities from loss of species that are sensitive to the chemicals and from changes in structure and functional characteristics of the affected communities.


## 9. Endangered Species Assessments

Consistent with EPA’s responsib ility under the Endangered Species Act (ESA), the Agency will evaluate risks to federally listed threatened and endangered (listed) species from registered uses of pesticides in accordance with the Joint In terim Approaches developed to implement the recommendations of the April 2013 Nationa l Academy of Sciences (NAS) report, Assessing Risks to Endangered and Threat ened Species from Pesticides . The NAS report outlines recommendations on specific scientific and tech nical issues related to the development of pesticide risk assessments that EPA and the Se rvices must conduct in connection with their obligations under the ESA and FIFRA. EPA will a ddress concerns specific to furfural in connection with the development of its fina l registration review decision for furfural

.
In November 2013, EPA, the U.S. Fish and Wild life Service, National Ma rine Fisheries (the Services), and USDA released a white paper containing a summary of their joint Interim Approaches for assessing risks to listed species from pesticides. These Interim Approaches were developed jointly by the agencies in respons e to the NAS recommendations, and reflect a common approach to risk assessment shared by th e agencies as a way of addressing scientific differences between the EPA and the Services. Details of the joint Interim Approaches are contained in the November 1, 2013 white paper

, Interim Approaches for National-Level Pesticide Endangered Species Ac t Assessments Based on the Recommendations of the National Academy of Sciences April 2013 Report.

Given that the agencies are continuing to de velop and work toward implementation of the Interim Approaches to assess the potential risk s of pesticides to listed species and their designated critical habitat, th is ecological problem formulati on supporting the Preliminary Work Plan for furfural does not describe the specific ES A analysis, including effects determinations for specific listed species or designated critical habitat, to be conducted during registration review. While the agencies continue to develop a common method for ESA analysis, the planned risk assessment for the registration review of furfural will describe the level of ESA

### 24 analysis completed for this particular registration review case. This assessment will allow EPA to focus its future evaluations on the types of species where the potential for effects exists, once the scientific methods being developed by the agenci es have been fully vetted. Once the agencies have fully developed and implemented the scie ntific methods necessary to complete risk assessments for listed species and their designated critical habitats, these methods will be applied to subsequent analyses of furfural as pa rt of completing this registration review.



## 10. Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program

Furfural was not included in the first group of 67 chemicals issued an order to conduct Tier 1 EDSP testing, nor was it included in the sec ond group of 109 chemicals identified for EDSP testing. For additional inform ation the EDSP program, visit http://www.epa.gov/endo/

.



## 11. Drinking Water Assessments

Section 4b describes the current status of drinking water assessments that have been conducted for the existing uses of furfural. A formal dr inking water assessment will be finalized covering all of furfural uses at the time of the Pre liminary Registration Review Risk Assessment is conducted. The drinking water assessment will a ddress the issues previously identified with drinking water exposure in both surface wate r and ground water sources. Surface water exposure will be evaluated using the Surface Wa ter Concentration Calculator (SWCC). The SWCC is available at the following website: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/science/models_pg.htm#aquatic (accessed 01/28/2015). Ground water exposure will be evaluated using th e Pesticide Root Zone Model in Ground Water (PRZM-GW) model. The PRZM-GW model is available at the following website: http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/m odels/water/index.htm#przm_gw (accessed 01/28/2015).



## 12. Preliminary Identification of Data Gaps

a. Environmental Fate

Tables 8 and 9 identify environmental fate studies by MRID that offer data for each guideline requirement, as well as study classi fications and whether or not furt her data are needed in order to support risk assessment.

Table 8. Submitted Environmental Fate Data for Furfural

OCSPP Guideline Data Requirement Submitted Studies (MRID) Study Classifications Are data needed to conduct risk assessment? Justification and Assumptions EPA will Make in Absence of Data

835.2120 Hydrolysis 4601 1004 Acceptable No ---

### 25 Table 8. Submitted Environmental Fate Data for Furfural

OCSPP Guideline Data Requirement Submitted Studies (MRID) Study Classifications Are data needed to conduct risk assessment? Justification and Assumptions EPA will Make in Absence of Data

835.2240 Aqueous photolysis 46011005, 46426501, 46523601 Acceptable No ---

835.2410 Soil photolysis Not available Waived No According to the method of application, furfural is watered into the soil; therefore, soil photolysis is unlikely. 835.2370 Air photolysis Bierbach, et al. 1995 Screened No Study provides information about the rate of OH radical reaction for furfural. This study was screened. 835.4100 Aerobic soil metabolism 46011007, 46510602, 46523701, 47105101,

49583601 Supplemental

In Review 1 Yes Study was required as part of the conditional registration of furfural. The available studies do not provide suitable information or there is uncertainty with respect to the transformation products furfuryl alcohol and 2-furoic acid. In order to address this uncertainty, the study should closely monitor the transformation products in addition to the parent compound, and avoid problems observed in the previousstudies. The data will be used in reestimating the input parameters to be used in the aquatic models. Three aerobic soils are required. In the absence of the additional data, EFED may make conservative assumptions about the persistence of furfural and its degradate of concern in soil systems. 835.4200 Anaerobic soil metabolism 46426502, 46966001, 46966002 Supplemental Yes Study was required as part of the conditional registration of furfural. The available study does not provide suitable information or there is uncertainty with respect to the transformation products furfuryl alcohol and 2-furoic acid. In order to address this uncertainty, the study should closely monitor the transformation products in addition to the parent compound, and avoid problems observed in the previous study. Four anaerobic soils are required. In the absence of the additional data, EFED may make conservative assumptions about the persistence of furfural and its degradate of concern in soil systems.

### 26 Table 8. Submitted Environmental Fate Data for Furfural

OCSPP Guideline Data Requirement Submitted Studies (MRID) Study Classifications Are data needed to conduct risk assessment? Justification and Assumptions EPA will Make in Absence of Data

835.4300 Aerobic aquatic metabolism Not available Not applicable Yes There is lack of knowledge about the fate and persistence of furfural and its transformation products in aquatic systems. This know ledge is needed for an appropriate aquatic modeling using the SWCC model. An aerobic aquatic metabolism study is being recommended for this fumigant-like chemical. In the absence of the additional data, EFED may make conservative assumptions about the
p ersistence of furfural and its degradates in aquatic systems. 835.4400 Anaerobic aquatic metabolism Not available Not applicable No ---

835.1230 835.1240 Adsorption/ desorption and leaching 46011006, 46523801, 47105104, 47115401 Supplemental No ---

835.1410 Volatility – laboratory 46106301, 46523901 Acceptable No ---

835.6100 Terrestrial field dissipation 47701201 2 Supplemental No ---

835.8100 Field Volatility 47483901, 47569101, 48252901 Supplemental No ---

48704801 In Review
850.1730 Fish bioconcentration Not available Waived No Furfural, 2-furoic acid and furfuryl alcohol’s 1-octanol/ water partition coefficients are very low (K OW =2.2, 4.4 and 1.9, respectively), indicating a very low tendency to bioaccumulate/ bioconcentrate in fish tissues (D346394+). 850.6100 Analytical method in soil 49583501 49478104 In Review No ECM: 49583501 ILV: 49478104 Analytical method in water 49478102, 49478101, 49478103, 46207301 (Appendix 4) In Review No ECM: 46207301 (Appendix 4) and 49478102

ILV: 49478101 and 49478103

Analytical method in air 49478105 In Review No ECM & ILV: 49478105

### 27 Table 8. Submitted Environmental Fate Data for Furfural

OCSPP Guideline Data Requirement Submitted Studies (MRID) Study Classifications Are data needed to conduct risk assessment? Justification and Assumptions EPA will Make in Absence of Data

Nonguideline Subsurface degradation Not available Not applicable Yes A study to investigate the fate of furfural in subsurfaces is needed in order to refine the Estimated Drinking Waters Concentrations (EDWCs). Current PRZM-GW modeling allows to enter the aerobic soil metabolism and hydrolysis as input parameters. Since under hydrolysis conditions the chemical is stable, the model assumes no degradation below the top 1 meter level. The subsurface study will help in refinement of the groundwater EDWCs.

1 This study may be used to fulfill the data request, but determination of this is pending since it is still under review.

Therefore, the request for the aerobic soil metabolism study still exists at this time.

2 Multiple additional MRIDs are associated with this terrestrial field dissipation study.



### Table 9. Submitted Environmental Fate Data for the Furfural Degradates (2-furoic acid).

OCSPP Guideline Data Requirement Submitted Studies (MRID) Study Classifications Are data needed to conduct risk assessment? Justification and Assumptions EPA will Make in Absence of Data

835.1230 Adsorption/ desorption (batch equilibrium) 47105103 Acceptable No Study partia lly fulfills the 835.1230 data requirement by providing mobility data for 2-furoic acid.



### 835.4100 Aerobic Soil Metabolism 7 

### and 835.4200 Anaerobic Soil Metabolism : New aerobic soil and anaerobic soil metabolism studies were requi red as part of the conditional registration of furfural. The available studies, which have been deemed supplemental, provide limited information, or there is uncertainty, with resp ect to the formation of major transformation products of furfural: furfuryl al cohol and 2-furoic acid. Despite these uncertainties, the studies were used in the previous screening-level assess ments of the new uses on turf and ornamentals, sod farms and athletic fields. In order to a ddress this uncertainty, th e studies should closely monitor the transformation produc ts in addition to the pare nt compound, and avoid problems observed in the previous studies. They shoul d supply appropriate data about the fate and persistence of furfural and its transformation products, resulting in a better characterization and understanding of the metabolism of this chemical. The data will be used in re-estimating the input parameters to be used in the aquatic exposure models. Three aerobic and four anaerobic soils are required. In the absence of the additional data, EFED may make conservative assumptions about the persistence of furfur al and its degradates in soil systems.

835.4300 Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism: There is lack of knowle dge about the fate and persistence of furfural and its transformation products in aquatic systems. This knowledge is

7 Study MRID No. 49583601 is currently in review. This study may be used to fulfill the data request, but determination of this is pending. Therefore, the request for the aerobic soil metabolism study still exists at this time.

### 28 needed for an appropriate aquatic exposure modeli ng using the SWCC model. In the absence of the additional data, EFED may ma ke conservative assumptions about the persistenc e of furfural and its degradates in aquatic systems.

Non-guideline Laboratory Investigat ion of Subsurface Degradation Study: A study to investigate the fate of furfural in the vadose zone below top soil is needed in order to refine the Estimated Drinking Waters Concentrations (EDWCs). The current PRZM-GW accounts for aerobic biodegradation in top soil an d hydrolysis degradation in the aquifer. Since furfural is stable under hydrolysis is stable, the model assumes no degradation below the top 1-meter level. The subsurface study will help in refinement of the groundwater EDWCs. The study should examine the fate of furfural and its degradate furfuryl alcohol to address the constituents of concern for the human health drinking water assessment. A protocol should be submitted to the Agency prior to conduc t of the study.



## b. Effects

Table 10 identifies ecological effects studies by MR ID that offer data for each guideline requirement, as well as study classi fications and whether or not furt her data are needed in order to support risk assessment. Rationale for the ad ditional data requested is presented below the tables. Table 10. Submitted Ecological Effects Data for Furfural.

Guideline # Data Requirement Are Additional Data Needed for Risk Assessment ? MRID #’s Study Classification Justification and Assumptions EPA will Make in Absence of Data -

Some Example texts are include

850.2100 Avian Acute Oral* N 46343004 A Waived due to primary exposure being via inhalation (D410714) 46343003 S
47035302 A

------ Avian Acute Inhalation N 48120801 A

850.2200 Avian Dietary–quail N 48120802 A

850.2200 Avian Dietary– mallard N ----------- ------------- Furfural was found to be moderately toxic to Mallard duck on an acute basis. The volatility of furfural suggests that it will either be incorporated into the field or volatilized soon after application so exposure will be low.

### 29 Table 10. Submitted Ecological Effects Data for Furfural.

Guideline # Data Requirement Are Additional Data Needed for Risk Assessment ? MRID #’s Study Classification Justification and Assumptions EPA will Make in Absence of Data -

Some Example texts are include

850.2300 Avian Reproduction N NA NA Waived - DP Barcode D399351. The feasibility of conducting this study due to volatility of furfural would not realistically simulate field exposure and would therefore not provide meaningful data to be used in a risk assessment.

850.1075 Fish Acute Toxicity–bluegill N 46207301 A

850.1075 Fish Acute Toxicity–rainbow trout N 46343002 S

850.1075 Fish Acute Toxicity – fathead minnow N 48873301 A

850.101 Aquatic Invertebrate Acute Toxicity– freshwater N 46343001 A

850.1075 Marine/Estuarine Acute Toxicity–Fish N 46426509 A

850.1025 Marine/Estuarine Acute Toxicity– Mollusk (shell

deposition) N 46426507 A

### 30 Table 10. Submitted Ecological Effects Data for Furfural.

Guideline # Data Requirement Are Additional Data Needed for Risk Assessment ? MRID #’s Study Classification Justification and Assumptions EPA will Make in Absence of Data -

Some Example texts are include

850.1035 Marine/Estuarine Acute Toxicity– Shrimp* Y 46426508 S This study was conducted with larvae that were older than guidelines (5-day vs <24 hr) Additional data would help reduce uncertainty abou t toxicity of furfural to mysid shrimp.

850.14 Fish Early Life Stage–freshwater N 47692201 S

850.14 Fish Early Life Stage– marine/estuarine N 49048802 A

850.13 Aquatic Invertebrate Life Cycle– freshwater N 47035301 A

850.135 Aquatic Invertebrate Life Cycle–

saltwater N 49048801 A

850.41 Seedling Germination/Seedli ng Emergence–Tier II N 47701204 A

850.415 Vegetative Vigor– Tier II N 47720301 A

Nonguideline Vegetative Vigor– Vapor Phase* Y ------------ ------------ This study enables vapor phase risk assessment specific to offsite plants since furfural is a volatile chemical with multiple applications per season. Risk will be presumed in absence of the data. A protocol may be submitted for review.

850.44 Aquatic Plant Growth – Tier II ( Lemna ) N 47569401 S

850.54 N 47569402 S
47569403 S

### 31 Table 10. Submitted Ecological Effects Data for Furfural.

Guideline # Data Requirement Are Additional Data Needed for Risk Assessment ? MRID #’s Study Classification Justification and Assumptions EPA will Make in Absence of Data -

Some Example texts are include Aquatic Plant Growth – Tier II (algae) 47569404 S

47569405 S

Nonguideline Honeybee Acute Vapor* Y ------------ ------------ This study enables vapor phase risk assessment specific to bees since furfural is a volatile chemical with multiple applications per season. Risk will be presumed in absence of the data. A protocol may be submitted for review.

Nonguideline Honeybee Acute Oral N 46331505 A

850.302 Honeybee Acute Contact N 47300201 A A=Acceptable; S=Supplemental; U=Unacceptable; W= Waived; N/A=Not Applicable; NA=Not Available; Inv.=Invalid; R=Potentially Repairable 

### *Description of studies needed to fill data gaps are below by guideline number.



### 850.1035 Estuarine/Marine Acute Toxicity

- Shrimp: This study (MRID 46426508) is currently considered Supplemental. If data that indicates that 5 day old mysid s are in fact more susceptible than <24 hour ol d mysids to Furfural, this study may be upgraded to Acceptable. In addition, data indica ting that all test mysids completed at least one complete molt cycle during the 96 hour exposure should also be submitted.

Non-Guideline Vegetative Vigor Vapor-Phase Toxicity Study : Furfural is a highly volatile chemical and used in quantities that may result in exposure to terrestrial plants via off-site transport in the vapor phase.

Non-guideline Laboratory Investigation acute vapor phase toxicity study with the honey bee: The current estimate of terrestri al invertebrate risk relies on es timated acute contact toxicity with the honeybee. This study will enable a va por phase risk assessment specific to bees since furfural is a volatile chemical with multiple applications per season.

### 32 Guideline Number: N/A (Non-Guideline Study) Study Title: Laboratory Invest igation of Subsurface Degradation Rationale for Requiring the Data A study to investigate the fate of furfural in the vadose zone below top soil is needed in order to refine the Estimated Drinking Waters Concentrations (EDWCs) fo r the human health assessment. The current PRZM-GW accounts for aerobic biodegradation in top soil and hydrolysis degradation in the aquifer. Since furfural is stable under hydrolysis is stable, the model assumes no degradation below the top 1-meter level. The subsurface study will help in refinement of the groundwater EDWCs. The study should examine the fate of furfural and its degradate furfuryl alcohol to address the constituents of concern for the human health drinking water assessment. A protocol should be submitted to the Agency prior to conduct of the study. Practical Utility of the Data How will the data be used? The subsurface study will help in refi nement of the groundwater EDWCs. . How could the data impact the Ag ency’s future decision-making? If future ecological risk assessments are performed without these data, the Agency would have to use conservative assumptions related to the persistence of fu rfural below the surface soil layer. Such assumptions may lead to conservative estimated exposure concentrations of furfural and its degradate furfuryl alcohol in ground water which can lead to risks of concern for drinki ng water in the human health assessment. The lack of these data will limit the flexibility the Agency and registra nts have in mitigating potential risks and could result in use restrictions for furfural that are unnecessarily severe.

Guideline Number: N/A (Non-Guideline Study) Study Title: Vegetative Vigor Vapor Exposure Study Rationale for Requiring the Data Due to the fate properties of furfural, in particular its hi gh volatility, it is expected that plants will be exposed to furfural in the vapor phase during off-site movement of vapors. The current vegetative vigor study (MRID 47720301) demonstrates plant sensitivity of both monocots and dicots to furfural. No data are available to account for plant exposure to vapor phase pesticides. Therefor e, to assess risks of furfural to plants when plants are exposed to furfural vapors, EFED recommends that the Agency require a non-guideline vegetative vigor study to be conducted with vapor exposure to furfural. In the absence of such data, insufficient information exists to preclude concerns for direct toxi c effects to non-target plant species. Practical Utility of the Data How will the data be used? Data from a vegetative vigor vapor phase study will be used to determine the potential for furfural to affect nontarget terrestrial plants in the terrestrial environment. In the absence of vapor exposur e data specific for terrestrial plants, risk to terrestrial plants, including listed species, will be assumed. If the terrestrial plant special study shows that furfural exceeds the Agency’s level of concern for federally listed or other terrestrial plant species, the Agency may be able to use this data to mitigate risks. How could the data impact the Ag ency’s future decision-making? If future ecological risk assessments ar e performed without these data, the Agen cy would have to presume risk to non-target terrestrial plants from use of furfural. Therefor e, use of furfural and its formulated products may need

### 33 to be restricted in areas where terrestrial plants could be exposed. The lack of these data will limit the flexibility the Agency and registrants have in mitigating potential risks and could result in use restrictions for furfural that are unnecessarily severe.

Guideline Number: N/A( Non-Guideline Study) Study Title: Acute Honey Bee Vapor Exposure Study Rationale for Requiring the Data Due to the fate properties of furfural, in particular its high volatility, it is expected that honey bees and other insect pollinators will be exposed to furfural in the vapor phase. Neither of the standa rd Tier I toxicity studies with honey bees ( i.e., acute contact or acute oral toxicity study for honey bees) account for exposure to vapor phase pesticides. Therefore, to assess risks of furfural to bees, EFED recommends thatthe Agency require a nonguideline acute honey bee vapor exposure study for furfural, to be conducted in lieu of the normally required acute honey bee contact study that would fulfill guideline 850.3020 and the newly proposed requirements for oral toxicity tests including adult and larval honey bees. Practical Utility of the Data How will the data be used? Data from an acute honey bee vapor exposure study will be used to determine the potential for furfural to affect non-target terrestrial invertebrates in the terrestrial envi ronment. Of particular inte rest is quantification of a toxicity endpoint, i.e., a 4-hour LC50, that can be used to derive risk quotients. In the absence of vapor exposure data specific for honey bees, risk to terrestrial invertebrates, including listed species, will be assumed.

How could the data impact the Ag ency’s future decision-making? If future ecological risk assessments ar e performed without these data, the Agen cy would have to presume risk to non-target terrestrial invertebrates, including honey bees, from use of furfural. Therefore, use of furfural and its formulated products may need to be restricted in areas where terrestrial invertebrates, including honey bees, could be exposed. The lack of these data will limit the flexibility the Agency and registrants have in mitigating potential risks and could result in use restricti ons for furfural that are unnecessarily severe.



# 13. References

Armitage, J.M., & Gobas, F.A.P.C. 2007. A terr estrial food-chain bio accumulation model for POPs. Environmental Science and Technology, 41 , 4019-4025.

Bansal, R.K. 1999. Heterocyclic Chemistry, 3 rd 

### Edition, New Age Internat ional Publishers, New Delhi, India, p. 188 (available at Google Books, accessed 08/12/09).

Bierbach, A., I. Barnes and K.H. Becker. 1995. Product and Kinetic Study of the OH-Initiated Gas-Phase Oxidation of Furan, 2-Me thylfuran and Furanaldehydes at ≈ 300K. Atmospheric Environ. Vol. 29, No. 19. pp. 2651-2660.

### 34 Food and Agriculture Organization of the Un ited Nations. 2000. FAO PESTICIDE DISPOSAL SERIES 8. Assessing Soil Contaminatio n: A Reference Manual. Appendix 2. Parameters of pesticides th at influence processes in th e soil. Editorial Group, FAO Information Division: Rome, 2000. http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X2570E/X2570E00.htm

. Gobas, F.A.P.C., B.C. Kelly and J.A. Arnot. 2003. Quantitative structure activity relationships for predicting the bioacc umulation of POPs in terrestrial food webs. QSAR Comb. Sci. 22:329-336.

USEPA. 2004. Overview of the Ecological Risk Assessm ent Process in the Office of Pesticide Programs . United States Environmental Protec tion Agency (USEPA). Environmental Fate and Effects Division. Office of Pesticide Programs. Available at http://www.epa.gov/espp/consultation/ecorisk-overview.pdf (accessed 01/21/2015).

USEPA. 2006. NAFTA Guidance Document for Conducting Terrestrial Field Dissipation Studies. EFED/Office of Pesticide Pr ograms and PMRA/Environmental Assessment Division. Available at http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/ecorisk_ders /terrestrial_fie ld_dissipation.htm (accessed 01/21/2015).

USEPA 2008. OPPTS 835.6100 Terrestrial Field Dissipation . EPA 712-C-08-020. October 2008. Office of Prevention, Pesticides, a nd Toxic Substances. United States Environmental Protection Agency.

USEPA. 2010a. Guidance for Reporting on the E nvironmental Fate and Transport of the Stressors of Concern in Problem Formulati ons for Registration Review, Registration Review Risk Assessments, Listed Species Litigation Assessments, New Chemical Risk Assessments, and Other Relevant Risk A ssessments. Memorandum from Donald Brady dated January 25, 2010. Available at http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/science/efe d/policy_guidance/team_authors/endangered_ species_reregistration_wor kgroup/esa_reporting_fate.htm

.

USEPA. 2010b. Furfural: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk A ssessment of Proposed Uses on Turf and Ornamentals. Office of Pesticide Programs/Environmental Fate and Effects Division (DP Barcode s D346394, D346397, D349292, D373440, & D374496, dated 04/05/2010).

USEPA. 2010c. Furfural. Human Health Risk A ssessment for Use on Golf Course Turf (Tees and Greens) and Sod Farms. Office of Pesticide Programs/Health Effects Division (DP Barcode D315992, February 18, 2010).

USEPA. 2012a. Section 3 Environmental Risk Assessment for Furfural (PC Code 043301) Proposed New Use on Athletic Fields (D P Barcode: D389908). Office of Pesticide Programs/Environmental Fate and Eff ects Division (DP Barcode D389908, dated 01/17/2012).

### 35 USEPA. 2012b. Section 3 Environmental Risk Assessment for Furfural (PC Code 043301) Proposed New Use on Ornamentals and Clarific ation of Risks on Existing Uses on Turf (Including Golf Course Tees and Green s and Sod Farms). Office of Pesticide Programs/Environmental Fate and Eff ects Division (DP Barcode D389903, dated 05/07/2012).

USEPA. 2014. Review of the Proposed Prot ocol for the Aerobic Soil Metabolism Study, Response to Requested Waiver for the An aerobic Soil Metabolism Study, and Review of the Expression of the Total Toxic Residues Including Furfural and Furfuryl Alcohol. Office of Pesticide Programs/Environmenta l Fate and Effects Division (DP Barcodes D413998, D418064, dated May 5, 2014).

__________________________________ Appendix D provides a list of environmental fate and ecological effects studies submitted to the Agency.36Appendix A. Furfural and Its Transformation ProductsTable A1. Furfural and Its Major Environmental DegradatesCode Name/SynonymChemical NameChemical StructureStudy TypeRef.(MRID)Maximum%AR (day)1Final %AR(studylength)Furfural2-Furaldehyde;2-FurancarboxaldehydeSMILES String:O=CC(OC=C1)=C1CAS No.:98-01-1Formula:C5H4O2MW:96.085g/molParent CompoundTRANSFORMATION PRODUCTS2-Furoic acid2-Furancarboxylic acidCAS Number:88-14-2SMILES String:O=C(O)C(OC=C1)=C1Formula:C5H4O3MW:112.09 g/molAerobic soil46011007,46510602,4652370151-53%(0.25-1d)ND (63 d)Aerobic soil4710510131.93%(1 d) ND (14 d)Anaerobic soil46426502,46966001,4696600215.1%and20.0%in water layer andsoil, respectivelyND (183 d)Terr dissipation 4770120194%(2 d) NAFurfuryl alcohol2-furanmethanolCAS Number:98-00-0SMILES String:C1=CC=C(O1)CO[H]Formula:C5H6O2MW:98.10 g/molAerobic soil46011007,46510602,46523701NA NAAerobic soil 4710510114.65%(4 hrs)ND (14 d)Anaerobic soil46426502,46966001,4696600234.4%in thewater layerND (183 d)Terr dissipation 4770120112.7%(2 d) NAOOHOOOH37Code Name/SynonymChemical NameChemical StructureStudy TypeRef.(MRID)Maximum%AR (day)1Final %AR(studylength)2-Ketoglutaric acid-Ketoglutaric acid, 2-oxo-pentanedioic acidCAS Number:328-50-7SMILES String:O=C(O)C(=O)CCC(=O)OAq photolysis46011005,46426501,4652360114.4%(13 d, atpH 5)Not available1Succinic AcidButanedioic acidCAS Number:110-15-6SMILES String:O=C(O)CCC(=O)OAq photolysis46011005,46426501,4652360155.4%(20 d, atpH 7)Not available1Malonic AcidPropanedioic acidCAS Number:141-82-2SMILES String:O=C(O)CC(=O)OAq photolysis46011005,46426501,4652360117.4%(20 d, atpH 9)Not available1Propionic AcidPropionic AcidCAS Number:79-09-4SMILES String:O=C(O)CCAq photolysis46011005,46426501,4652360112.5%(20 d, atpH 9)Not available1Anaerobic soil46426502,46966001,4696600226.0%in waterlayer1.6% (183 d)Acetic acidAcetic acidCAS Number:64-19-7SMILES String:O=C(O)CAnaerobic soil46426502,46966001,4696600252.4%and11.4%in water layer andsoil, respectivelyND (183 d)Formic AcidFormic AcidCAS Number:64-18-6SMILES String:O=COAq photolysis46011005,46426501,465236019.81% (30 d, atpH 7)Not available1ND means not detected; NA means not available.1Bolded values indicate a major degradate was formed or that a degradate is of toxicological significance2Only a limited number of samples weretested for degradates of furfural.

### 38 

## Appendix B. Evaluation of th e Toxic Residues for Furfural

-Excerpt from memo: DP Barcode D413998, dated May 5, 2014:


## Request to Include Only Furfural a nd Furfuryl Alcohol in the Total Toxic Residue (TTR) Expression Study ID, please refer to waiver request above. ( MRID 49156901 ).



### In its request, the registrant ci tes that EFED included 2-furoic acid in the TTR calculations for the first time in May 2012. It goes on to stat e that this inclusion conflicts with the HED determination of TTR where HED includes only parent furfural and furfuryl alcohol. It concludes by listing the reasons th at 2-furoic acid was not include d in a ROCKS determination.

There is currently no registrant submitted data wi th which to characterize the acute and chronic toxicity of 2-furoic acid to aqua tic taxa. Estimates of toxicity in the absence of data can be made using the ECOSAR module (v1.11) of EpiSuite (v 4.0). ECOSAR is a quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) tool that uses information on the structure of a chemical to predict toxicity based on a given dataset of endpoints asso ciated with ECOSAR classes. There is some uncertainty with ECOSAR estimates as some classe s are associated with more data points than others.

To get an indication of how well ECOSAR estima tes will apply to furfural and its degradates, parent furfural was analyzed in ECOSAR and the estimates were compared to registrant submitted data.

Table 2 below shows the ECOSAR estimates for parent furfural as compared to the registrant submitted data. The results indicate that the es timates derived from the only ECOSAR class that yielded results for parent (aldehydes) are gene rally within one order of magnitude of the registrant submitted data. In the case of acute freshwater invertebrates, chronic freshwater invertebrates, acute estuarine/mari ne fish, and freshwater green al gae, the estimates are generally separated by no more than a f actor of three. One exception are the results of the chronic freshwater fish study, where the registrant subm itted study on parent furfural was two orders of magnitude more sensitive than the ECOSAR estimate.

The ECOSAR results of 2-furoic acid indicate that this degradate is at least 2 orders of magnitude less toxic than parent furfural depending on the exposure duration and taxa of concern. In some cases, 2-furoic acid is estima ted to be 3 orders of magnitude less toxic than parent. Furthermore, as the registrant notes in its request, a prior ChemSAC meeting determined that 2-furoic acid would be ionized at a neut ral pH and would have little potential to bioaccumulate. Based on this analysis, the request to exclude 2-furoic acid from the TTR and to only include parent furfural and furfuryl alcohol is granted.

### 39 Table 2. ECOSAR estimates for parent furfural and 2-furoic acid

Test substance (ECOSAR

class) Toxicity endpoints (mg a.i/L)

Acute FW Fish

LC 50 Acute FW Invert EC 50 Chronic FW Fish NOAEC Chronic FW Invert NOAEC Acute E/M Fish LC 50 Acute E/M Invert LC 50 Green algae EC 50
Furfural (registrant submitted studies) 3.06 20.4 0.038 1.90 14.0 15.0 43.0

Furfural (ECOSAR - Aldehydes) 22.5 64.8 5.38 7.59 1 21.3 76.0

2-furoic-acid (neutral organics-acid) 7336 3797 643 286 9181 13465 1928

1 Indicates that this estimate was obtained using an acute-to-chronic ratio (ACR)

### 40 

## Appendix C. Evaluation Drinking W ater Exposure Pathway for Birds and Mammals

Figure C-1. SIP evaluation for furfural.

Table 1. Inputs Parameter Value Chemical name furfural Solubility (in water at 25 o C; mg/L) 78100

Mammalian LD 50 (mg/kg-bw) 107 Mammalian test species laboratory rat Body weight (g) of "other" mammalian species

Mammalian NOAEL (mg/kg-bw) 10 Mammalian test species laboratory rat Body weight (g) of "other" mammalian species

Avian LD 50 (mg/kg-bw) 85 Avian test species northern bobwhite quail Body weight (g) of "other" avian species Mineau scaling factor

Mallard NOAEC (mg/kg-diet) Bobwhite quail NOAEC (mg/kg-diet) 4930 NOAEC (mg/kg-diet) for other bird species Body weight (g) of other avian species NOAEC (mg/kg-diet) for 2nd other bird species Body weight (g) of 2nd other avian species

Table 2. Mammalian Results Parameter Acute Chronic Upper bound exposure (mg/kg-bw) 13433.2000 13433.2000 Adjusted toxicity value (mg/kg-bw) 82.3002 7.6916 Ratio of exposure to toxicity 163.2220 1746.4754

Conclusion* Exposure through drinking water alone is a potential concern for mammals Exposure through drinking water alone is a potential concern for mammals

### 41 Table 3. Avian Results Parameter Acute Chronic Upper bound exposure (mg/kg-bw) 63261.0000 63261.0000 Adjusted toxicity value (mg/kg-bw) 756.5000 524.0507 Ratio of exposure to acute toxicity 83.6233 120.7154

Conclusion* Exposure through drinking water alone is a potential concern for birds Exposure through drinking water alone is a potential concern for birds

*Conclusion is for drinking water exposure alone. This does not combine all routes of exposure. Therefore, when aggregated with other routes ( i.e ., diet, inhalation, dermal), pesticide exposure through drinking water may contribute to a total expos ure that has potential for effects to non-target animals.

### 42 Figure C-2. STIR evaluation for furfural.



# Welcome to the EFED Screening Tool for Inhalation Risk This tool is designed to provide the risk assesso r with a rapid method for determining the potential significance of the inhalation exposure rout e to birds and mammals in a risk assessment.


# Input

Application and Chem ical Information
Enter Chemical Name Furfural Enter Chemical Use Fumigant Is the Application a Spray? (enter y or n) n If Spray What Type (enter ground or air) ground Enter Chemical Molecu lar Weight (g/mole) 96.085 Enter Chemical Vapor Pressure (mmHg) 2.60E+00 Enter Application Rate (lb a.i./acre) 416.4

Toxicity Properties
Bird Enter Lowest Bird Oral LD 50 (mg/kg bw) 85 Enter Mineau Scaling Factor 1.15 Enter Tested Bird Weight (kg) 0.178 Mammal Enter Lowest Rat Oral LD 50 (mg/kg bw) 107 Enter Lowest Rat Inhalation LC 50 (mg/L) 0.54 Duration of Rat Inhalation Study (hrs) 4 Enter Rat Weight (kg) 0.35


# Output Results Avian (0.020 kg ) Maximum Vapor Concentration in Air at Saturation (mg/m 3 ) 1.34E+04 Maximum 1-hour Vapor Inhalation Dose (mg/kg) 1.69E+03 Adjusted Inhalation LD 50 2.39E+00 Ratio of Vapor Dose to Adjusted Inhalation LD 50 7.07E+02 Proceed to Refinements Maximum Post-treatment Spray Inhalation Dose (mg/kg) not applicable Ratio of Droplet Inhalation Dose to Adjusted Inhalation LD 50 not applicable not applicable



### Results Mammalian (0.015 kg ) Maximum Vapor Concentration in Air at Saturation (mg/m 3 ) 1.34E+04 Maximum 1-hour Vapor Inhalation Dose (mg/kg) 2.12E+03

### 43 Adjusted Inhalation LD 50 3.21E+01 Ratio of Vapor Dose to Adjusted Inhalation LD 50 6.61E+01 Proceed to Refinements Maximum Post-treatment Spray Inhalation Dose (mg/kg) not applicable Ratio of Droplet Inhalation Dose to Adjusted Inhalation LD 50 not applicable not applicable

### 44 

## Appendix D. Furfural Environmental Fate and Ecological Effects Studies Submitted to the Agency



# Chemical Fate Bibliography

161-1 Hydrolysis

MRID Citation Reference

4601100 4 McLaughlin, S. (2003) (Carbon 14) Furfural- De termination of pH Dependent Hydrolysis. Project Number: 13782/6101. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 80 p.



## 161-2 Photodegradation-water

MRID Citation Reference

46011005 McLaughlin, S. (2003) (Carbon 14)Furfural - Determination of Photodegradation in an Aqueous Solution: Interim Report. Project Number: 13782/6103. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smit hers Laboratories. 116 p.
46426501 McLaughlin, S. (2004) [14-C]Furfural - De termination of Photodegradation in an Aqueous Solution and Separation, Isolation and Identific ation of Photoproducts Present at Less Than or Equal to 10% of Applied Dose. Project Number: 13782/6103. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smit hers Laboratories. 198 p.
46523601 Kovacs, M. (2005) Response to EFED/E RB#4 6/8/2004 Comments in DER (DP Barcode D295312) on the Phototransformation in Wate r of Furfural. Unpublished study prepared by Toxcel LLC. 6 p.



## 162-1 Aerobic soil metabolism

MRID Citation Reference

4601100 7 Gledhill, W. (2003) (Carbon 14)Furfural - Aer obic Soil Metabolism Study. Project Number: 13782/6100. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 112 p.

4651060 2 Kovacs, M. (2005) Supporting Data from "A erobic Soil Metabolism Study of Furfural" (MRID# 46011007) Referenced as Attachments A through I in Volume 1: Response to EFED/ERD #4 in July 14, 2004 Comments in DER (DP Barcode D295312), Completed March 29, 2005. Project Number: 13782/6100. U npublished study prepared by Toxcel LLC. 105 p.

### 45 4652370 1 Kovacs, M. (2005) Response to EFED/ERB #4 July 14, 2004 Comments in DER (DP Barcode D295312) on the Aerobic Biotranformation of Furfural in Soil. Unpublished study prepared by Toxcel LLC. 19 p.

4710510 1 Gledhill, W. (2007) (Carbon-14) Furfural: Ae robic Soil Metabolism: Supplemental Study. Project Number: 13782/6126. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 113 p.

4710510 1 Chemical Structures for parent and degr adates from Aerobic soil metabolism study

4859190 2 Eickhoff, J. (2011) Waiver Request for an Additional Aerobic Soil Metabolism Study: Furfural. Unpublished study prepared by Agriguard Company, LLC. 8p.



## 162-2 Anaerobic soil metabolism

MRID Citation Reference

4642650 2 Gledhill, W. (2004) [14-C] Furfural - Anae robic Soil Metabolism Study. Project Number: 13782/6110. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 161 p.

4696600 1 Kovacs, M. (2006) Response to EFED/ERB V February 9, 2006 Comments in DER (DP Barcode D315991) on the Anaerobic Soil Metabo lism Study for Furfural. Unpublished study prepared by ToXcel, LLC. 12 p.

4696600 2 Kovacs, M. (2006) Supporting Data from "Anaerobic Soil Metabolism Study of Furfural. Unpublished study prepared by ToXcel, LLC. 227 p.



## 163-1 Leach/adsorption/desorption

MRID Citation Reference

46011006 McLaughlin, S. (2003) (Carbon 14)Furfural - Determination of Batch Equilibrium Adsorption and Desorption Coefficients. Project Number : 13782/6102. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 119 p.
46523801 Kovacs, M. (2005) Response to EFED/ERB#4 7/18/2004 Comments in DER (DP Barcode D295312) on the Adsorption/Desorpt ion (Batch Equilibrium) Study ( MRID# 46011006 ) of Furfural. Unpublished study prepared by Toxcel LLC. 59 p

. 46523802 Kovacs, M. (2005) Data Waiver Request - Soil Column Leaching Study. Unpublished study prepared by Toxcel LLC. 9 p.
47105103 McLaughlin, S. (2007) 2-Furoic Acid-Determining Batch Equilibrium Adsorption and Desorption Coefficients Following FIFRA Guildlines 163-1. Project Number: 13782/6124. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 113 p.
47105103 Chemical physical/chemical properties from 47105103
47105104 McLaughlin, S. (2006) Furfural Technical-De termination of the K(oc) Coefficient Following OECD Guideline 121. Project Number: 13782/ 6121. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Lab oratories. 39 p.

### 46 47115401 McLaughlin, S. (2005) [Carbon-14]Furfural - Determination of Batch Equilibrium Adsorption and Desorption Coefficients. Project Number : 13782/6102. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 122 p.
47875801 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data from the Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Multiguard Prot ect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Georgia: Supplement. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 436 p.



## 163-2 Volatility - lab

MRID Citation Reference

4600930 4 Kovacs, M. (2003) Multiguard Protect - Laboratory Volatility. Project Number: MG/PROTECT/2003/NFG/05. Unpublished st udy prepared by Toxcel LLC. 16 p.

4601100 8 Kovacs, M. (2003) Furfural Technical - Laboratory Volatility. Project Number: FURFURAL/2003/NFG/09. Unpublished study prepared by Toxcel LLC. 16 p.

4610630 1 Gledhill, W. (2003) (Carbon 14) Multiguard Pr otect - Volatility from Soil Under Laboratory Conditions. Project Number: 13782/6109. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 82 p.

4652390 1 Kovacs, M. (2005) Response to EFED/ERB#4 6/15/2004 Comments in DER (DP Barcode D298145) on the Laboratory Volatility of Furfur al from Soil. Unpublished study prepared by Toxcel LLC. 3 p.

4675840 1 Gledhill, W. (2006) Raw Data Supplement to (Car bon 14)Multiguard Protect - Volatility from Soil Under Laboratory Conditions (MRID # 46106301) Original Report Submitted on October 27, 2003 in Support of Furfural Technical. Project Number: 13782/6109. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smit hers Laboratories. 20 p.



## 163-3 Volatility - field

MRID Citation Reference

47483901 Brewer, L.; Reynolds, M. (2008) Volatilit y and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Multiguard Prot ect [90% Furfural Active Ingr edient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Central California: Final Report. Project Number: 13782/6128A, HC/001, 102507A/E. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 323 p.
47569101 Brewer, L.; Reynolds, M. (2008) Volatilit y and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Multiguard Prot ect [90% Furfural Active Ingr edient (A.I.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Georgia. Project Number: 13782/6128A, 102507/A/E/FATE/FIFRA/N/164/163/ 3. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 345 p.
47701202 Brewer, L.; Reynolds, M. (2009) Volatilit y and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Multiguard Protec t [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and

### 47 Turf Grass in Central California: Final Report. Project Number: 13782/6128A, 102507A/E. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 326 p.
47253701 Wilson, T. (2007) Detection of Furfural (M ultiguard Protect) in Greenhouse Air Using Low Volume Air Sampling with Sorbent Trapping and Chemical Analysis. Project Number: 62216. Unpublished study prepared by ABC Laboratories, Inc. 151 p.
47253702 Wilson, T. (2007) Method Validation of Furf ural Capture and Analysis in Greenhouse Air Using Low Volume Air Sampling, Sorbent Trapping, and HPLC Analysis. Project Number: 50536. Unpublished study prepared by ABC Laboratories, Inc. 127 p.
47569101 Brewer, L.; Reynolds, M. (2008) Volatilit y and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Multiguard Prot ect [90% Furfural Active Ingr edient (A.I.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Georgia. Project Number: 13782/6128A, 102507/A/E/FATE/FIFRA/N/164/163/ 3. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 345 p.
47701201 Brewer, L.; Reynolds, M.; Kovacs, M. (2009) Dissipation of Furfural, 2-Furoic Acid and Furfuryl Alcohol from Soil and Turf Following Applications of Multiguard Protect [90% Furfural as Active Ingredient (a .i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Central California and Georgia: Final Report. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 484 p.

47701202 Brewer, L.; Reynolds, M. (2009) Volatilit y and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Multiguard Protec t [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Central California: Final Report. Project Number: 13782/6128A, 102507A/E. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 326 p.

4787570 1 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data from the Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Multiguard Prot ect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Central California. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 376 p.

4787570 2 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data from the Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Multiguard Prot ect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Central California. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 393 p.

4787570 3 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data from the Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Multiguard Prot ect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Central California. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 361 p.

4787570 4 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data from the Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Multiguard Prot ect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Central California. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 379 p.

4787570 5 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data from the Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Multiguard Prot ect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Central California. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 432 p.

### 48 4787570 6 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data from the Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Multiguard Prot ect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Central California. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 420 p.

4787570 7 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data from the Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Multiguard Prot ect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Central California. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 241 p.

4787570 8 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data from the Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Multiguard Prot ect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Central California. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 385 p.

4787570 9 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data from the Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Multiguard Prot ect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Central California. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 293 p.

4787571 0 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data from the Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Multiguard Prot ect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Central California. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 417 p.

4787571 1 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data from the Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Multiguard Prot ect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Central California. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 382 p.

4787571 2 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data from the Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Multiguard Prot ect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Central California. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 266 p.

4787571 3 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data from the Study: California Air Cubic Meter Summary. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublishe d study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 54 p.

4787580 2 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data from the Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Multiguard Prot ect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Georgia: Supplement. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 371 p.

4787580 3 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data from the Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Multiguard Prot ect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Georgia: Supplement. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 343 p.

4787580 4 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data from the Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Multiguard Prot ect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Georgia: Supplement. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 302 p.

4787580 5 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data from the Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Multiguard Prot ect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to

### 49 Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Georgia: Supplement. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 357 p.

4787580 6 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data from the Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Multiguard Prot ect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Georgia: Supplement. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 263 p.

4787580 7 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data from the Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Multiguard Prot ect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Georgia: Supplement. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 380 p.

4787580 8 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data from the Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Multiguard Prot ect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Georgia: Supplement. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 415 p.

4787580 9 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data from the Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Multiguard Prot ect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Georgia: Supplement. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 208 p.

4787581 0 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data from the Study: Georgia Air Cubic Meter Summary: (Furfural). Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 37 p.

4787780 2 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data - Field No tes for California Field Vo latility Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applic ations of Multiguard Protect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Tu rf Grass in California: Supplement to MRID 47701202. Project Number: 13782/6128A, 1005707A /E. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 136 p.

4787780 3 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data - Field No tes for California Field Vo latility Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applic ations of Multiguard Protect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Tu rf Grass in California: Supplement to MRID 47701202. Project Number: 13782/6128A, 1005707A /E. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 139 p.

4787780 4 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data - Field No tes for California Field Vo latility Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applic ations of Multiguard Protect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Tu rf Grass in California: Supplement to MRID 47701202. Project Number: 1005707A/E, 13782/61 28A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 120 p.

4787780 5 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data - Field No tes for California Field Vo latility Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applic ations of Multiguard Protect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Tu rf Grass in California: Supplement to MRID 47701202. Project Number: 13782/6128A, 1005707A /E. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 122 p.

4787780 6 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data - Field No tes for California Field Vo latility Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applic ations of Multiguard Protect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Tu rf Grass in California: Supplement to MRID 47701202. Project Number: 1005707A/E, 13782/61 28A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 108 p.

### 50 4787810 3 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data - Field No tes for Georgia Field Volatility Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applic ations of Multiguard Protect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Georgia: Supplement to MRID 47569101. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpubl ished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 69 p.

4787810 4 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data - Field No tes for Georgia Field Volatility Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applic ations of Multiguard Protect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Georgia: Supplement to MRID 47569101. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpubl ished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 57 p.

4787810 5 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data - Field No tes for Georgia Field Volatility Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applic ations of Multiguard Protect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Georgia: Supplement to MRID 47569101. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpubl ished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 56 p.

4787810 6 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data - Field No tes for Georgia Field Volatility Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applic ations of Multiguard Protect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Georgia: Supplement to MRID 47569101. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpubl ished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 63 p.

4788190 1 Sullivan, D. (2009) Addendum to Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Multiguard Protec t [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Central California. Proj ect Number: 1005707A/E, 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Sullivan Envi ronmental Consulting. 28 p.

4789460 1 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data-Field Note s for Georgia Field Volatility Study: Valatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applic ations of Multiguard Protect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground a nd Turf Grass in Georgia. Project Number: 13782/6128A, 07/37, 13782/6128A/GA. Unpublished st udy prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 120 p.

4789460 2 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data-Field Note s for Georgia Field Volatility Study: Volatility and Air Concentration of Furfural Applications of Multiguard Protect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Gr ass in Georgia. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 100 p.

4789480 1 Katz, A. (2009) Addendum to Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications to Multigard Protec t [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Georgia: Final Report. Unp ublished study prepared by Sullivan Environmental Consulting, Inc. 27 p.



## 164-1 Terrestrial field dissipation

MRID Citation Reference

47483901 Brewer, L.; Reynolds, M. (2008) Volatilit y and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Multiguard Protect [90% Fu rfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare

### 51 Ground and Turf Grass in Central California: Final Report. Project Number: 13782/6128A, HC/001, 102507A/E. Unpublis hed study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 323 p.
47569101 Brewer, L.; Reynolds, M. (2008) Volatilit y and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Multiguard Pr otect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (A.I.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Georgi a. Project Number: 13782/6128A, 102507/A/E/FATE/FIFRA/N/164/ 163/3. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 345 p.
47701201 Brewer, L.; Reynolds, M.; Kovacs, M. (2 009) Dissipation of Furfural, 2-Furoic Acid and Furfuryl Alcohol from Soil and Turf Following Applications of Multiguard Protect [90% Furfural as Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Central California and Georgia: Final Report. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 484 p.
47701202 Brewer, L.; Reynolds, M. (2009) Volatilit y and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Multiguard Protect [90% Fu rfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Central California: Final Report. Project Number: 13782/6128A, 102507A/E. Unpublished study pr epared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 326 p.
47701201 Brewer, L.; Reynolds, M.; Kovacs, M. (2 009) Dissipation of Furfural, 2-Furoic Acid and Furfuryl Alcohol from Soil and Turf Following Applications of Multiguard Protect [90% Furfural as Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Central California and Georgia: Final Report. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 484 p.
48708401 Sullivan, D.; Ajwa, H.; Sullivan, R.; et al . (2011) Monitoring of Flux from Soil Injection / Rotovation Application Method of Multiguar d Protect (90% Furfural as Active Ingredient) on Bare Ground Applications in Florida. Project Number: AU/2011/09, SEC2011A. Unpublished study prepared by Sullivan Environmental Consulting, JRF America and Mirusso Enterprises, Inc. 368p. 

### 164-3 Forest field dissipation

MRID Citation Reference

47483901 Brewer, L.; Reynolds, M. (2008) Volatilit y and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Multiguard Protect [90% Fu rfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Central California: Final Report. Project Number: 13782/6128A, HC/001, 102507A/E. Unpublis hed study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 323 p. 

## 835.8100 Field volatility from soil

MRID Citation Reference

47569101 Brewer, L.; Reynolds, M. (2008) Volatilit y and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Multiguard Pr otect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (A.I.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Georgi a. Project Number: 13782/6128A, 102507/A/E/FATE/FIFRA/N/164/ 163/3. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 345 p.
47701201 Brewer, L.; Reynolds, M.; Kovacs, M. (2009) Dissipation of Furfural, 2-Furoic Acid and Furfuryl Alcohol from Soil and Turf Following Applications of Multiguard Protect [90%

### 52 Furfural as Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Central California and Georgia: Final Report. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 484 p.
47701202 Brewer, L.; Reynolds, M. (2009) Volatilit y and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Multiguard Protect [90% Fu rfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Central California: Final Report. Project Number: 13782/6128A, 102507A/E. Unpublished study pr epared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 326 p.
47875701 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data fr om the Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Mu ltiguard Protect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Gr ass in Central California. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 376 p. 47875702 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data fr om the Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Mu ltiguard Protect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Gr ass in Central California. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 393 p. 47875703 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data fr om the Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Mu ltiguard Protect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Gr ass in Central California. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 361 p. 47875704 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data fr om the Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Mu ltiguard Protect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Gr ass in Central California. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 379 p. 47875705 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data fr om the Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Mu ltiguard Protect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Gr ass in Central California. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 432 p. 47875706 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data fr om the Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Mu ltiguard Protect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Gr ass in Central California. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 420 p. 47875707 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data fr om the Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Mu ltiguard Protect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Gr ass in Central California. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 241 p. 47875708 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data fr om the Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Mu ltiguard Protect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Gr ass in Central California. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 385 p.

### 53 47875709 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data fr om the Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Mu ltiguard Protect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Gr ass in Central California. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 293 p. 47875710 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data fr om the Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Mu ltiguard Protect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Gr ass in Central California. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 417 p. 47875711 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data fr om the Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Mu ltiguard Protect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Gr ass in Central California. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 382 p. 47875712 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data fr om the Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Mu ltiguard Protect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Gr ass in Central California. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 266 p. 47875713 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data from the Study: California Air Cubic Meter Summary. Project Number: 13782/6128A. U npublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 54 p.
47875801 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data fr om the Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Mu ltiguard Protect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Georgia: Supplement. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 436 p.
47875802 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data fr om the Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Mu ltiguard Protect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Georgia: Supplement. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 371 p.
47875803 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data fr om the Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Mu ltiguard Protect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Georgia: Supplement. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 343 p.
47875804 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data fr om the Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Mu ltiguard Protect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Georgia: Supplement. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 302 p.
47875805 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data fr om the Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Mu ltiguard Protect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Georgia: Supplement. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 357 p.

### 54 47875806 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data fr om the Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Mu ltiguard Protect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Georgia: Supplement. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 263 p.
47875807 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data fr om the Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Mu ltiguard Protect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Georgia: Supplement. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 380 p.
47875808 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data fr om the Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Mu ltiguard Protect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Georgia: Supplement. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 415 p.
47875809 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data fr om the Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Mu ltiguard Protect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a.i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Georgia: Supplement. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 208 p.
47875810 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data from the Study: Georgia Air Cubic Meter Summary: (Furfural). Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Lab oratories. 37 p.
47877802 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data - Field Notes for California Field Volatility Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfur al Following Applications of Multiguard Protect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a .i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in California: Supplement to MRID 47701202. Project Number: 13782/6128A, 1005707A/E. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 136 p. 47877803 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data - Field Notes for California Field Volatility Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfur al Following Applications of Multiguard Protect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a .i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in California: Supplement to MRID 47701202. Project Number: 13782/6128A, 1005707A/E. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 139 p. 47877804 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data - Field Notes for California Field Volatility Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfur al Following Applications of Multiguard Protect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a .i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in California: Supplement to MRID 47701202. Project Number: 1005707A/E, 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 120 p. 47877805 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data - Field Notes for California Field Volatility Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfur al Following Applications of Multiguard Protect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a .i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in California: Supplement to MRID 47701202. Project Number: 13782/6128A, 1005707A/E. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 122 p. 47877806 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data - Field Notes for California Field Volatility Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfur al Following Applications of Multiguard

### 55 Protect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a .i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in California: Supplement to MRID 47701202. Project Number: 1005707A/E, 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 108 p. 47878103 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data - Field Notes for Georgia Field Volatility Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfur al Following Applications of Multiguard Protect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a .i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Georgia: Supplement to MRID 47569101. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 69 p.
47878104 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data - Field Notes for Georgia Field Volatility Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfur al Following Applications of Multiguard Protect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a .i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Georgia: Supplement to MRID 47569101. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 57 p.
47878105 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data - Field Notes for Georgia Field Volatility Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfur al Following Applications of Multiguard Protect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a .i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Georgia: Supplement to MRID 47569101. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 56 p.
47878106 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data - Field Notes for Georgia Field Volatility Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfur al Following Applications of Multiguard Protect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a .i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Georgia: Supplement to MRID 47569101. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 63 p.
47894501 Katz, A. (2009) Supplement to MRID 47701202: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications of Multig uard Protect to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in California. Project Number: 1378 2/6128A, 1005707A/E. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smit hers Laboratories. 202 p.
47894601 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data-Field Notes for Georgia Field Volatility Study: Valatility and Air Concentrations of Furfur al Following Applications of Multiguard Protect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a .i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Georgia. Project Number: 13782/6128A, 07/37, 13782/6128A/GA. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smit hers Laboratories. 120 p.
47894602 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data-Field Notes for Georgia Field Volatility Study: Volatility and Air Concentration of Furfural Applications of Multiguard Protect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a .i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Georgia. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 100 p.
47894801 Katz, A. (2009) Addendum to Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfural Following Applications to Multigard Protect [90% Furfur al Active Ingredient (a.i)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Georgia: Final Repo rt. Unpublished study prepared by Sullivan Environmental Consulting, Inc. 27 p.
47905001 Katz, A. (2009) Raw Analytical Data - Field Notes for Georgia Field Volatility Study: Volatility and Air Concentrations of Furfur al Following Applications of Multiguard Protect [90% Furfural Active Ingredient (a .i.)] to Bare Ground and Turf Grass in Georgia: Supplement. Project Number: 13782/6128A. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Lab oratories. 10 p.

### 56 48252901 Sullivan, D. (2010) Monitoring of Flux from the Surface Spray Application of Multiguard Protect EC (90% Furfural as Acti ve Ingredient) on Established Turf in Fort Pierce, Florida: Final Report. Project Number: SEC2010B, KP/2010/04. Unpublished study prepared by Sullivan Environmental Consulting and JRF America and University of California. 196 p.
48708401 Sullivan, D.; Ajwa, H.; Sullivan, R.; et al. (2011) Monitoring of Flux from Soil Injection / Rotovation Application Method of Multiguar d Protect (90% Furfural as Active Ingredient) on Bare Ground Applications in Florida. Project Number: AU/2011/09, SEC2011A. Unpublished study prepared by Sullivan Environmental Consulting, JRF America and Mirusso Enterprises, Inc. 368p.



## Non-Guideline

MRID Citation Reference

47253701 Wilson, T. (2007) Detection of Furfural (Multiguard Protect) in Greenhouse Air Using Low Volume Air Sampling with Sorbent Tr apping and Chemical Analysis. Project Number: 62216. Unpublished study prepared by ABC Laboratories, Inc. 151 p.
47253702 Wilson, T. (2007) Method Validation of Fu rfural Capture and Analysis in Greenhouse Air Using Low Volume Air Sampling, Sorbent Trapping, and HPLC Analysis. Project Number: 50536. Unpublished study prepared by ABC Laboratories, Inc. 127 p.
48252901 Monitoring of Flux from Surface applicati on of Multiguard Protect to established turf in Fort Pierce Florida



# Eco Effects Bibliography

850.2100 71-1 Avian Single Dose Oral Toxicity

MRID Citation Reference

4703530 2 Gallagher, S.; Beavers, J. (2007) Furfural: An Acute Oral Toxicity Study with the Northern Bobwhite. Project Number: 566/101, 18755, 050401/5H. Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International Ltd. 55 p.

4634300 3 Kumar, A. (2004) Acute Oral Toxicity (LD50) Study of Furfural in Japanese Quail. Project Number: 4604. Unpublished study prepared by Jai Research Foundation. 48 p.

4634300 4 Kumar, A. (2004) Acute Oral Toxicity (LD50) Study of Furfural in Mallard Ducks. Project Number: 4605. Unpublished study prepared by Jai Research Foundation. 46 p.

4905150 1 Eickhoff, J.; Cowen, N. (2013) Wa iver Request for Avian Oral Toxicity in Passerine Species Supporting the Outdoor/Non-food Use of Fu rfural Technical and the End-use Product Multiguard Protect EC. Project Number: AG R/2013/1. Unpublished study prepared by ToXcel, LLC. 6p.

### 57 

## 850.2200 Avia n dietary toxicity test

MRID Citation Reference

48120802 Hubbard, P.; Martin, K. ; B eavers, J. (2010) Furfural Techni cal: A Dietary LC50 Study with the Northern Bobwhite. Project Number: 556/105. Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. 93 p.


## 850.2300 Avian reproduction test

MRID Citation Reference

48708901 Eickhoff, J. (2011) Waiver Request for an Avian Reproduction Stud y: Multiguard Protect EC. Unpublished study prepared by ToXcel, LLC. 13p.



## Avian Inhalation

MRID Citation Reference

48120801 Weinberg, J.T. 2010. Acute Inhal ation Toxicity Study of Furfural in Northern Bobwhite Quail. Unpublished study performed by WIL Research Laboratories, LLC, Ashland, OH. Laboratory Study No. WIL- 477006. Study sponsored by Agriguard Company, LLC, Cranford, NJ and toXcel, LLC, Gainesville, VA. Study initiat ed October 5, 2009 and completed April 15,2010.



## 850.2300 Avian reproduction test

MRID Citation Reference

48708901 Eickhoff, J. (2011) Waiver Request for an Av ian Reproduction Study: Multiguard Protect EC. Unpublished study prepared by ToXcel, LLC. 13p.



## 850.1010 Aquatic inver tebrate acute toxicity , test, freshwater daphnids

MRID Citation Reference

4634300 1 Desai, Y. (2004) Acute Immob ilisation Study of Furfural in Daphnia magna. Project Number: 4601. Unpublished study prepared by Jai Research Foundation. 49 p.



## 850.1025 Oyster acute toxicity test (shell deposition)

### 58 MRID Citation Reference

46426507 Blankinship, A.; Kendall, T.; Krueger, H. ( 2004) Furfural: A 96-Hour Shell Deposition Test with the Eastern Oyster (Crassostrea virginic a): Final Report. Project Number: 566A/104. Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. 54 p.



## 850.1035 Mysid acute toxicity test

MRID Citation Reference

46426508 Blankinship, A.; Kendall, T.; Krueger, H. ( 2004) Furfural: A 96-Hour Flow Through Acute Toxicity Test with the Saltwater Mysid (Americamysis bahia): Final Report. Project Number: 566A/102. Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. 52 p.
48241501 Blankinship, A.; Kendall, T.; Krueger, H. (2004) Furfural: A 96-Hour Flow-Through Acute Toxicity Test with the Saltwater Mysid (Americamysis bahia): Final Report. Project Number: 566A/102. Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd . 7 p.



## 850.1075 Fish acute toxi city test, freshwater and marine

MRID Citation Reference

46207301 Palmer, S.; Kendall, T.; Krueger, H. (2004) Furfural: A 96-Hour Flow-Through Acute Toxicity Test with the Bluegill (Lepomis macrochiru s): Final Report. Project Number: 566A/101, 566/1002/BLU/96H2/OECD/OPPTS/100P/604. Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. 54 p.
46343002 Desai, Y. (2004) Acute Toxicity Study of Furfural In Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Project Number: 4600. Unpublished study prepa red by Jai Research Foundation. 44 p.
46426509 Blankinship, A.; Kendall, T.; Krueger, H. ( 2004) Furfural: A 96 Hour Flow-Through Acute Toxicity Test with the Sheepshead Minnow (C yprinodon variegatus): Final Report. Project Number: 566A/103A. Unpublished study prepar ed by Wildlife International, Ltd. 53 p.
48479301 Palmer, S.; Kendall, T.; Krueger, H. (2011) Furfural: A 96-Hour Flow-Through Acute Toxicity Test with the Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchu s mykiss): Final Report. Project Number: 566A/106. Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. 59 p.
48591901 Eickhoff, J. (2011) Waiver Request for Fish Acute Toxicity Study on Fathead Minnow: Furfural. Unpublished study prepared by Agriguard Company, LLC. 12p.
48873301 Brougher, D.; Kendall, T.; Gallagher, S. et al. (2012) Furfural: A 96-Hour Flow-through Acute Toxicity Test with the Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas): Final Report. Project Number: 566A/107. Unpublished study prepare d by Wildlife International, Ltd. 59p.



## 850.1300 Daphnid chronic toxicity test

MRID Citation Reference

### 59 4703530 1 Palmer, S.; Kendall, T.; Krueger, H. (2005) Fina l Report: Furfural: A Flow Through Life Cycle Toxicity Test with the Cladoceran (Daphnia Magna). Project Number: 566A/105A. Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International Ltd. 88 p.



## 850.1350 Mysid chronic toxicity test

MRID Citation Reference

49048801 Claude, M.; Kendall, T.; Gallagher, S.; et al. (2013) Furfural: A Flow-Through Life-Cycle Toxicity Test with the Saltwater Mysid (A mericamysis bahia). Project Number: 566A/108. Unpublished study prepared by Agriguard Company, LLC. 125p.



## 850.1400 Fish early-life stage toxicity test

MRID Citation Reference

47692201 York, D. (2009) Furfural Technical: Ea rly Life-Stage Toxicity Test with Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas), Following OPPTS Draft Guidelines 850.1400. Project Number: 13782/6137, 083005/OPPTS/ELS/FHM. Unpubl ished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 108 p.
48453001 York, D. (2011) Response to U.S. EPA DER (D363963) for: Furfural Technical - Early LifeStage Toxicity test with Fathead Minnow, (Pimephales promelas): Final Report. Project Number: 13782/6137 . Unpublished study prepared by Agriguard Company, LLC. 8 p.
48708902 Eickhoff, J. (2011 ) Waiver Request for Fish Early Life-Stage (Estuarine/Marine) and Fish Life Cycle (Freshater) Studies: Multiguard Protect EC. Unpublished study prepared by ToXcel, LLC. 6p.
49048802 Minderhout, T.; Kendall, T.; Gallagher, S.; et al. (2013) Furfural: An Early Life-Stage Toxicity Test with the Sheepshead Minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus). Project Number: 566A/109B. Unpublished study prepared by Agriguard Company, LLC. 92p.



## 850.1500 Fish life cycle toxicity

MRID Citation Reference

48708902 Eickhoff, J. (2011) Waiver Request for Fish Early Life-Stage (Estuarine/Marine) and Fish Life Cycle (Freshater) Studies: Multiguard Protect EC. Unpublished study prepared by ToXcel, LLC. 6p.



## 850.3020 Honey bee acute contact toxicity

### 60 MRID Citation Reference

47300201 Sindermann, A.; Porch, J.; Krueger, H. (2007 ) Furfural: Acute Contact Toxicity Study with the Honey Bee: Final Report. Project Number : 566/102. Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. 30 p.



## Honey bee Acute Oral Toxicity

MRID Citation Reference

46331506 Marvania, T. (2002) Acute Oral Toxicity (L D50) of Furfural to the Honeybee, Apis Mellifera L.. Project Number: 3880. Unpublished study prepared by Jai Research Foundation. 28 p.



## 850.4100 Terrestrial plant toxicity, Tier 1 (seeding emergence)

MRID Citation Reference

47701204 Porch, J.; Krueger, H.; Martin, K. (2009) Furfur al: A Toxicity Test to Determine the Effects of the Test Substance on Seedling Emergence of Ten Species of Plants: Final Report. Project Number: 566/103. Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. 123 p.

### 61 

## 850.4150 Terrestrial plant toxicity, Tier 1 (vegetative vigor)

MRID Citation Reference

47720301 Porch, J.; Krueger, H.; Martin, K. (2009) Furfur al: A Toxicity Test to Determine the Effects of the Test Substance on Vegetative Vigor of T en Species of Plants: Final Report. Project Number: 566/104, 566/121008/VEGVIG10/SUB566. Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. 157 p.



## 850.4225 Seedling emergence, Tier II

MRID Citation Reference

47701204 Porch, J.; Krueger, H.; Martin, K. (2009) Furfur al: A Toxicity Test to Determine the Effects of the Test Substance on Seedling Emergence of Ten Species of Plants: Final Report. Project Number: 566/103. Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. 123 p.



## 850.4250 Vegetative vigor, Tier II

MRID Citation Reference

47720301 Porch, J.; Krueger, H.; Martin, K. (2009) Furfur al: A Toxicity Test to Determine the Effects of the Test Substance on Vegetative Vigor of T en Species of Plants: Final Report. Project Number: 566/104, 566/121008/VEGVIG10/SUB566. Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. 157 p.



## 850.4400 Aquatic plant toxici ty test using Lemna spp. Tiers I and II

MRID Citation Reference

47569401 Softcheck, K. (2008) Furfural Technical - 7- Day Toxicity Test with Duckweed (Lemna gibba). Project Number: 13782/6139. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 93 p.


## 850.4450 Aquatic plants field study, Tier III

MRID Citation Reference

47569402 Softcheck, K. (2008) Furfural Technical - 96-Hour Toxicity Test with the Freshwater Green Alga, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. Project Number: 13782/6133. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 96 p.

### 62 47569403 Softcheck, K. (2008) Furfural Technical - 96-Hour Toxicity Test with the Marine Diatom, Skeletonema costatum. Project Number: 13782/6134. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smit hers Laboratories. 101 p.
47569404 Softcheck, K. (2008) Furfural Technical - 96-Hour Toxicity Test with the Freshwater Diatom, Navicula pelliculosa. Project Number: 13782/6135. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smit hers Laboratories. 102 p.
47569405 Softcheck, K. (2008) Furfural Technical - 96-Hour Toxicity Test with the Freshwater Blue-Green Alga, Anabaena flos-aquae. Project Number: 13782/6136. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 101 p.



## 850.5400 Acute toxicity to Aquatic plants

MRID Citation Reference

47569402 Softcheck, K. (2008) Furfural Technical - 96- Hour Toxicity Test with the Freshwater Green Alga, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. Pr oject Number: 13782/6133. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smit hers Laboratories. 96 p.
47569403 Softcheck, K. (2008) Furfural Technical - 96- Hour Toxicity Test with the Marine Diatom, Skeletonema costatum. Project Number: 13782/6134. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 101 p
47569404 Softcheck, K. (2008) Furfural Technical - 96-Ho ur Toxicity Test with the Fresh-water Diatom, Navicula pelliculosa. Project Number: 13782/6135. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 102 p.
47569405 Softcheck, K. (2008) Furfural Technical - 96- Hour Toxicity Test with the Fresh-water BlueGreen Alga, Anabaena flos-aquae. Projec t Number: 13782/6136. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smit hers Laboratories. 101 p.



## 850.6200 Earthworm Acute Toxicity

MRID Citation Reference

46331506 Desai, N. (2002) Acute Toxicity Study of Furfural To Earthworm. Project Number: 3879. Unpublished study prepared by Jai Research Foundation. 21 p.



## Non-Guideline Study

MRID Citation Reference

46426503 Gledhill, W. (2004) [14-C]Furfural - Pl ant Uptake and Translocation Test. Project Number: 13782/6111. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 119 p.

### 63 46426506 Anton, R.; Barlow, S.; Boskou, D.; et. al . (2004) Furfural and Furfural Diethylacetal: Opinion of the EFSA Scientific Panel on F ood Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food. The EFSA Journal 67(2004):1-27.
47419101 Staal, Y.; Kleinnijenhuis, A.; Junker, K .; et al. (2008) Sub-acute (28-day) Inhalation Toxicity Study with Furfural in Rats: Fi nal Report. Project Number: V7649, 031/12219, 7649. Unpublished study prepared by TNO Voeding. 262 p.
47270201 Martin, K.; Nixon, W. (2007) Analytical Method Verification for the Determination of Furfural in Avian Diet. Project Number: 566C/101, SANCO/3029/99/REV/4. Unpublished study prepared by Agriguard Company, LLC. 32 p.