[Cite as Frick v. Howell , 2015-Ohio-3639.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT HIGHLAND COUNTY

ALAN FRICK : Plaintiff-Appellant, : Case No. 14CA19 v. : DECISION AND ABBY HOWELL, : JUDGMENT ENTRY Defendant-Appellee. : RELEASED 09/01/2015

APPEARANCES: 1 Kimberly J. McGuire-Haines, Hillsboro, Ohio, for Appellant.

Hoover, P.J.

{¶ 1} Alan Frick, appellant and father of L.H., appeals from the judgment of the Highland County Common Pleas Court, Juvenile Divi sion, that (1) denied his motion to modify a previously agreed parenting entry, and (2) found appellee and mother of L.H., Abby Howell, in contempt of the agreed parenting entry fo r interfering with his visitation rights. {¶ 2} In his first assignment of error appe llant contends that the trial court's custody decision was against the manifest weight of the evidence because it failed to recognize that modification of custody was in L.H.’s best inte rest, and that the benefits of the requested

1 Appellee has not entered an appearance or otherwise particip ated in this appeal. If an appellee fails to file an appellate brief, App.R. 18(C) authorizes us to accept an appellant's statement of facts and issues as correct, and then reverse a trial court's judgment as long as the appellan t's brief reasonably appears to sustain such action. See State v. Miller , 110 Ohio App.3d 159, 161–162, 673 N.E.2d 934 (4th Dist.1996). In other words, an appellate court may reverse a judgment based solely on a consideration of an appellant's brief. See Helmeci v. Ohio Bur. of Motor Vehicles , 75 Ohio App.3d 172, 174, 598 N.E.2d 1294 (6th Dist.1991); Ford Motor Credit Co. v. Potts , 28 Ohio App.3d 93, 96, 502 N.E.2d 255(10th Dist.1986); State v. Grimes , 17 Ohio App.3d 71, 71–72, 477 N.E.2d 1219 (12th Dist.1984). In the case at bar, despite appellee's failure to file an appellate brief, we will consider the entire record and will not dispose of this case based solely on consideration of appellant's brief.Highland App. No. 14CA19 2

modification outweighed any potential harm. 2 However, because a substantial amount of competent and credible evidence supports the trial court's finding that a change in custody would

not be in the best interest of L.H., we hold that the trial cour t did not abuse its discretion in denying modification of custody. {¶ 3} In his second assignment of error appe llant asserts that the trial court erred by failing to award the full court costs and reasonable attorney’s fees associated with the contempt proceedings. Because the trial court did not act unreasonably, arbitrarily, or unconscionably in fashioning its contempt reme dy, we reject his argument. {¶ 4} Therefore, we overrule his assignments of error and affirm the judgment of the trial

court. I. FACTS {¶ 5} Appellant and appellee are the natural parents of L.H. who was born on June 4, 2008. Paternity was established by admin istrative order. In January 2009, t he parties, as part of an action for allocation of parental rights, executed an agreed entry that designated appellee the custodial and residential pa rent of L.H. The agreed entry also granted appellant visitation rights. In addition, the agreed entry set forth the child support amount to be paid by appellant. On February 2, 2009, the trial c ourt approved the agreed entry and journalized it. {¶ 6} Since that time both parties have waged a vindictive battle described by the trial court as “a disingenuous and system atic plan to discredit the other in a misguided effort to gain some perceived advantage over the other concerning the parental rights of their minor child.” The trial court further noted that the case history is “replete with he said she said allegations, a

race to either law enforcement or Child Prot ective Services every opportunity an incident concerning the minor child occurs and embellishment of facts.” Not surprisingly, such hostility

2 The trial court did determine that a change in circumstances had occurred.Highland App. No. 14CA19 3

has manifested itself in several motions initiated by appellant-mostly seeking to (1) hold appellee in contempt of court for alleged violations of his visitation time, and (2) to be made residential parent and legal custodian of L.H. {¶ 7} Appellant filed his fi rst contempt motion in May 2009, alleging that appellee did not present L.H. for visitation on four separate dates. Three mont hs later, appellee agreed to a finding of contempt. In September 2009, the tria l court found appellee in contempt for denying appellant his visitation rights under the agreed entr y. The trial court ordered, inter alia, that (1) appellee comply with the February 2, 2009 order, (2) that appellant be entitled to 10 make-up visits totaling 56 hours, and (3) that appellee pay a ppellant’s reasonable attorney’s fees totaling $1,164.50, court costs, and guardian ad litem (“GAL”) fees. {¶ 8} On March 18, 2011, appellant filed a motion to show cause alleging appellee once again interfered and denied his visitation rights with L.H and failed to pay his attorney’s fees pursuant to the September 2009 order. On that same date, appellant al so filed a motion to reallocate parental rights and responsibilities in which he sought an order granting him legal custody of L.H. After evidentiary hearing, the submission of the GAL’s report, and written argument, the motion to reallocate parental ri ghts and responsibilities was overruled by entry journalized on December 9, 2011. By the same entr y, the trial court overruled the show cause motion as it pertained to the denial of paren ting time, but found appellee in contempt for failing to pay appellant’s attorney’s fees as previous ly ordered. Appellee was sentenced to 48 hours jail time for contempt, but was given the opportunity to purge the sentence if the attorney’s fees were paid in full by a specified date. Ultimately, appellee paid the attorney’s fees and avoided jail

time.Highland App. No. 14CA19 4

{¶ 9} Thereafter, the parties executed a new agreed entry defining their parental rights. The agreed entry was approved by the trial co urt and journalized on January 31, 2012. Under the new agreed entry, appellee remained the reside ntial and custodial pare nt; however, the parties agreed to the trial court’s new standard order of visitation. {¶ 10} In June 2012, appellant filed an ex-parte motion reque sting temporary custody of L.H. In his memorandum in support of the moti on, appellant alleged that appellee had been arrested on a charge of child endangering after a burn mark had been discovered on L.H.’s inner thigh. The memorandum included an affidavit from appellant that included numerous other allegations against appellee insinuating that L.H wa s abused and neglected, that appellee suffered from Munchausen By Proxy syndrome and had been overmedicating the child, and that appellee otherwise had denied his visitation rights since May 20, 2012. The trial court overruled and dismissed the motion noting that children services was actively investigating the claims and could, if appropriate, seek em ergency removal of L.H. from appellee’s care. The child endangering charge was ultimately dismissed. {¶ 11} On September 16, 2013, appellant f iled a show cause motion against appellee alleging contempt of the agreed parenting entry and a motion to reallocate parental rights and responsibilities seeking to become the residential parent and sole legal custodian of L.H. The motions asserted that appellee had willfully and repeatedly denied his court-ordered visitation time with L.H., including numerous date s between May 20, 2012 and August 9, 2013. The motion to reallocate parental rights and re sponsibilities also alleged that appellee had on numerous occasions jeopardized the safety a nd well being of the child. On December 9, 2013, appellant filed a “motion to modify companionship time with minor child as additional reliefHighland App. No. 14CA19 5

sought for defendant’s contempt of court” – se eking an order granting him additional visitation time as a remedy for appellee’s alleged breach of the agreed parenting entry. {¶ 12} On July 1, 2014, the GAL filed his report. He noted that L.H “is a very smart and sweet child that is being pulled both ways by he r parents.” He further observed that “[f]rom an outside perspective it is obvious that both parents are putting pressure on her and that these two parents cannot openly and positively communicate a bout their daughter.” The GAL opined that the parents involved the police and their significan t others in the matter “way too much” and that they created “stressful situations” for L.H. Ultimately, the GAL determined that it was in the best interest of L.H. that appellee remain the child ’s custodial and reside ntial parent. While not entirely clear, the GAL’s opinion appears to based on his observations that appellant and his wife may have fabricated allegations of abuse and mistreatment and tr ied to influence L.H. to lie about these allegations. The GAL also noted that appellant attempted to influence L.H. on where she wished to reside; but ultimately, L.H. expressed a desire to reside with appellee. The GAL

also noted that L.H. “stated that she loves both parents and that she is treated fine by both of

them.” {¶ 13} On July 7, 2014, appellant filed an “additional motion to show cause” alleging appellee was in contempt of c ourt for violating the agreed parenting entry by denying him visitation on numerous dates between Augu st 23, 2013 and March 7, 2014. On July 10, 2014, appellant filed another “motion to show cause”. In addition to the allegations that appellee repeatedly and willfully denied appellant visitation with L.H., this motion also alleged that appellee violated the agreed parenting entry by [Failing] to list [appellant] as an Emerge ncy Contact with the minor child’s school records and medical providers, fail[ing] to give [appellant’s] name, address, homeHighland App. No. 14CA19 6

and work telephone numbers to the administr ation and teachers of the school that the minor child attends [and to] medical pr oviders, fail[ing] to provide copies of notices of parent-teacher meetings [and] grade cards, fail[ing] to promptly inform the [appellant] of any illness, injury or c ondition of the child that requires medical treatment, fail[ing] to encourage freque nt communications between the child and the [appellant], has impeded and/or re stricted reasonable communication by telephone or email between the minor child and the [a ppellant], has monitored what communication she did permit, has failed to refrain from criticizing [appellant] in the presence of the minor child, has exceeded her permitted summer extended parenting time of two weeks, which prohibits [appellant] from exercising his permitted four weeks of extended summer parenting time, and has taken said extended summer parenting time when she is NOT away from home during that time as required, has failed to provide sufficient appropriate clean clothing for all parenting time with the [appellee], [and] has failed to pay the GAL deposit * * *. Although the July 10, 2014 motion was filed on the mo rning of the last day of the final hearing, the trial court agreed to consider the new allegations. Appellee was offered additional time to gather evidence in defense of the latest allegations but declined the trial court’s offer. {¶ 14} The trial court held multiple hearin gs on appellant's motion for modification of custody, as well as the pending contempt mo tions. These hearings were held on March 12, March 13, July 8, July 9, and July 10, 2014. The evidence presented at the hearings revealed that appellee works seasonally, from mid-January to the beginning of May, at Next Star National Talent in Xenia, Ohio. Appellee resides in Sa bina, Ohio. She lives with her boyfriend RandyHighland App. No. 14CA19 7

Reese. Reese is employ ed at Huhtamaki Corporation in New Vienna, Ohio. The couple has resided together since 2010. Also residing with ap pellee is L.H. and L.H.’s half-sister R.R. L.H. and R.R. share a bedroom. Appellant currently is employed at Premier Feeds in Sabina working the day shift from 5:30 am to 2:30 pm. He reside s in Wilmington, Ohio, with his wife Kimberly Frick, their child J.F., and his grandmother Laur a Sexton. At the time of the hearing Kimberly Frick was unemployed but received workers co mpensation. Appellant and Kimberly were

married in June 2012. L.H. has her own bedroom at appellant’s residence. {¶ 15} It was also learned at the hearing that since the latest agreed parenting entry was issued, children services had inve stigated appellee or her boyfriend on at least three occasions, but did not substantiate any a llegations of abuse, neglect, or criminal wrongdoing. In one instance, allegations of physical abuse and uncl ean living conditions were investigated. After conducting an investigation and sa fety check at appellee’s home, no action was taken by children services. Appellant also reported to the Sabi na Police Department in December 2011 alleging that appellee had burned L.H. on her inner thigh w ith a cigarette lighter. Police charged appellee with one count of endangering children. Appellee denied that sh e burned L.H. Rather, appellee

contended that L.H. was burned wh en a lamp fell on her while she wa s with her sister watching a movie. When interviewed by children services, L.H. first indicated that the burn was caused by a lamp but later changed her story and said that appellee had burned her with a lighter. When

asked whether she knew the difference between th e truth and a lie, L.H. indicated that she did not. Ultimately, it was determined that the charge was unsubstantiated and the charge filed against appellee was dismissed without prejudi ce. On June 30, 2012, appe llant’s wife alleged that Randy Reese had sexually abused L.H.. The Sabina Police Department and children services conducted an investigation into the allegations and a medical examination was conducted onHighland App. No. 14CA19 8

L.H. at Cincinnati Children’s Hospital. The exam revealed no physical findings suggestive of sexual assault or abuse. No charges were ever brought against Randy Reese. The Sabina Police Department was also highly involved with the parties’ visitation exchanges. Most of the scheduled visitation exchanges t ook place at the Sabina Police De partment. When appellee failed to produce L.H. for visitation, appellant or his wi fe used the police department to document each

violation. On several occasions a ppellant or his wife requested th at the Sabina Police Department conduct a welfare check at appellee’s residence. {¶ 16} Appellee had also contacted the Sabina Police Department on several occasions to report incidents between her and the appellant. The testimony revealed that appellee once called the police to notify them that appellant had spun his tires while leaving her residence following a visitation exchange. Other calls were made alleging that appellant and his wife were stalking and harassing appellee. Near Memorial Day 2013, appell ee alleged that appellant had threatened to beat up her boyfriend. In December 2013, appellee called the police and a lleged that appellant had trespassed on her property. On another oc casion, appellee contacted the Wilmington Police Department to report that L.H. had received a black-eye while under appellant’s care. Police were unable to substantiate the allegations; and no charges or arrests resulted from the incidents. {¶ 17} It was also revealed at the fina l hearing that on May 24, 2012, appellee filed a petition for domestic violence civil protection orde r in the Clinton County Common Pleas Court. The petition sought a civil protection order against appellant and in favor of appellee and L.H. The appellee claimed that appellant had swung at her and threatened to kill her in the presence of L.H. Appellee further claimed that appellant thr eatened to take L.H. and prevent her from ever seeing appellee. That same day, the C linton County Common Pleas Court issued an ex parte civil protection order (“CPO”), but d eclined to list L.H. as a protected person. Rather, under theHighland App. No. 14CA19 9

section titled “Parental Rights and Responsibilities Are Temporaril y Allocated As Follows”, the ex parte CPO states that “this Court has no jurisd iction over this issue: Order exists from Highland County Juvenile Court.” Ultimately, a civil consent agreement was entered into by the parties and accepted by the Clinton County Common Pleas Court. Under the civil consent agreement, the court made no findings of wrongdoing 3 and the court ordered that the agreed parenting entry filed in Highland County remain in full force and effect. {¶ 18} Despite the language of the civil consent agreement, appellee denied appellant his

court ordered visitation in Ma y and June 2012– including vis itation with appellant for a scheduled vacation in June 2012, for his wedding w ith Mrs. Frick in June 2012, and for Father’s Day 2012. {¶ 19} There was extensive testimony from Kimb erly Frick and appellant that on at least 15 occasions between May 2012 and the early part of 2013, L.H. appeared at scheduled visitations with lice in her hair. On each occasion appellant and Kimberly Frick treated the lice in attempts to eradicate the infest ation. The couple also washed L.H. ’s clothes, bedding, and stuffed animals and informed appellee of the problem. On at least three occasions, either appellant or his wife notified law enforcement of the lice infestation. Kimberly Frick believed that the lice were transmitted to L.H. at appellee’s home. Kimberly Frick also testified that L.H. would appear dirty and smelly for visitations and at one visit in September 2012 L.H. appeared to have bed bug bites all over her body. Appellee testified, on the other hand, that L.H. never had bed bug bites but rather had chicken pox in September 2012. She stated that she told appellant about the chicken pox prior to visitation. Appellee also testif ied that L.H. had lice twice, but believed that

3 We also note that at the final hearing, appellant denied ever threatening appellee as described in the petition for CPO and as testified by appellee at the final hearing.Highland App. No. 14CA19 10

the lice originated from the elementary school. Sc hool officials also testified that L.H. appears clean, well nourished, well dressed, and does not e mit an odor at school. {¶ 20} At the time of the hearing dates L. H. was attending or had just completed kindergarten at Sabina Elementary School. The testimony established that L.H. is doing fine at school. Certified copies of L.H.’s school records were admitted as evidence to show that appellee did not list appellant as L.H.’s father on school records. Appellant contended this was in contempt of the agreed parenting entry. Appellee admitted to listing her boyfriend as L.H.’s

father on school records but insisted that she filed the custody papers with the school; and the school was aware that appellant was L.H.’s biolog ical father. Appellee also testified that she provided L.H.’s doctors with the custody papers thus making them aware that appellant was L.H.’s biological father. Eventually, appellant wa s listed as L.H.’s father and as an emergency contact with the school; but only after appellant initiated contact with th e school. Appellee also testified that she did not provide appellant noti ce of parent-teacher meetings and did not provide him with copies of L.H.’s report card even thoug h the standard parenting plan required her to do so. Appellee claimed that she be lieved school policy requi red appellant to personally request the

documents from the school. {¶ 21} At the beginning of the 2013/2014 school year, L.H. began seeing Drew Ireland, the school counselor. L.H. attended weekly se ssions with Ireland during the school year. Appellee claimed that L.H. expre ssed interest in talking with th e counselor because she wished to express her feelings to a neut ral party. Appellee also claimed that L.H. feared appellant and other men so she thought counseling would be beneficial. In March or April 2014, L.H. also began sessions with Dr. Kenne dy, a licensed psychologist from Wilmington, Ohio. Dr. Kennedy was referred to appellee by Ireland. Dr. Kennedy testified at trial that L.H., while bright andHighland App. No. 14CA19 11

appropriately developed, su ffers from high levels of situa tional anxiety because of conflicts between her parents. Dr. Kennedy also testified that, in his opinion, L.H. does not suffer from parental alienation syndrome. Fi nally, Dr. Kennedy testified that a change in L.H.’s living arrangements could increase the level of her anxiety and that stability, structure, and predictability would be key to dealing with her anxiety. Appellee admitted that L.H. no longer had a fear of appellant since she re-commenced he r regularly scheduled visits with him in March

2014. {¶ 22} Appellee testified that she denied visitation in May and June 2012 because she feared for her and L.H.’s safety after appellant allegedly threatened to kill her. She also claimed that L.H. had an upper respiratory infection th at prevented L.H. from attending appellant’s wedding; and that another visit in June 2012 wa s missed because it was a make-up weekend that she never agreed to. Appellee also admitted to de nying visitation the weekends of July 6-8, 2012, and December 14-16, 2012, but coul d not remember the reasons fo r the denials. Appellee also

denied visitation the weekend of April 5-7, 2013, so that L.H. could be with R.R. for R.R.’s birthday. She claimed that she offered appellant a make-up weekend but he declined her offer. Appellee also admitted to denying visitation on May 3-5, 2013, so that L.H. could attend a family reunion. However, appellee testified that she offered ap pellant make-up time; but he declined the offer. Appellee also testified that she lets L.H. speak with appellant on the telephone except when she is sleeping or out, or when L.H. does not wish to speak with him. Appellant, on the other hand, testified that appe llee repeatedly denied his attempts to reach L.H. by telephone or text message between Ma y 2012 and March 2014. L.H. now has a private telephone line through which she is able to speak with appellant . As of the July hearin g dates, appellant had been receiving L.H. since Marc h 2014 for his scheduled visitation.Highland App. No. 14CA19 12

{¶ 23} The GAL testified that appellant has “been kept in the dark as far as * * * important schooling issues and things like that”. The GAL opined that appellant wants to be an involved father but that the pa rties’ lack of communication hinders father’s involvement. Nonetheless, the GAL indicated that after listening to the testimony 4 his opinion about the best interests of L.H. had not changed. The GAL found Dr. Kennedy’s testimony to be especially compelling. {¶ 24} Multiple other witnesse s testified that L.H. was a happy and jovial child, and seemed to be properly taken care of and fed. It wa s also established that L.H. interacts well with and is happy around appellant and appellee, as well as extende d family members from both sides of her family. The evidence established that bot h appellant and appellee are caring parents and that their significant others also enjoy spending time with L.H. Officer Olin Mills of the Sabina Police Department testified that appellee’s house appears normal, safe, and child appropriate and that appellee and L.H. share a loving bond. Officer Mills also testified that L.H. and her halfsister, R.R., have a good relationship. The GAL tes tified that appellant’s ho use is appropriate and well kept. Appellant testified that L.H. shares a very loving relationship with J.F., her younger

half-brother. {¶ 25} Clearly, appellant had been deprived of visitation with L.H. Various reasons were offered by appellee for the missed visitation dates. Appellee testified that some visitations were missed for medical reasons or so L.H. could participate in family functions. The testimony also established that appellee refuse d visitation in May and June 2012, in part because she alleged that appellant threatened her life around that time. Moreover, the parties sti pulated that visitation was denied from May 27, 2013 to March 12, 2014.

4 We note that the GAL did not attend the hearing dates in March 2014. However, he attended, participated, and testified at the July 2014 hearing dates. His report was also filed prior to the July 2014 hearing dates.Highland App. No. 14CA19 13

{¶ 26} Following the final hearing, but prior to the trial court’s issuance of its decision and judgment entry, appellant filed a notice of intent to relocate. The filing notified the trial court of appellant’s intent to relocate to Trenton, Ohio, by September 1, 2014. {¶ 27} On August 28, 2014, the trial cour t issued a decision and judgment entry addressing appellant’s request fo r modification of parenting rights and his contempt motions. In its findings of fact, the trial court addressed several of the incidents that were revealed at the final hearing. For instance, in regards to the child endangering allegation asserted against appellee, the trial court determined that “no credible medical evidence was presented to the Court [indicating that] the mark was in fact a burn or needed to be treated by a medical profession.” Rather, the

trial court deter mined that the mark was the result of L.H. and R.R. “rough housing” and “in no way was the result of neglect by the mother.” In regards to the lice issue, the trial court noted that children services was notified of the issue several times; and no action was ever taken by the agency. The trial court also questi oned the veracity of the alleged length of the lice infestation.

The trial court also found that appellee’s version of the events leading to the civil consent agreement was credible. The court also stated “[n]o credible evidence was presented[that the bites/marks] were the result of bed bugs, abuse or neglect.” Fina lly, the trial court noted that appellant’s allegations of sexu al abuse were unsubstantiated a nd that appellant and Kimberly Frick attempted to manipulate L.H. in their efforts to gain custody of L.H. {¶ 28} As for appellant’s non-visitation allegatio ns of contempt, the trial court noted that: “Although the mother did not volunteer the name of the father to be placed on the school records she did provide the school a copy of the prior orders of this Court.” {¶ 29} Ultimately, the trial cour t determined that a change in circumstances had occurred as a result of the appellee’s willf ul and continual denial of pa renting time for the period May 27,Highland App. No. 14CA19 14

2013 through March 12, 2014. The trial c ourt also considered all of the relevant statutory best interest factors in determining whether a m odification of the parenting order would be appropriate. The trial court ex plained its findings on the best interest factors as follows: [(a) Wishes of the child's parents.] [T ]he Court first finds the mother would like to remain residential parent and the father is requesting to be named residential parent. [(b) The wishes of the child.] The Cour t was not asked to interview the child. However the child expressed to her Guardi an Ad Litem and legal counsel that she

wanted to remain with her mother. [(c) Child's interactions and interrelationshi p with the child's parents, siblings, and others.] The child interacts well and appr opriately with her mother and those who reside with them as well as the mother’s extended family. The same is true for her father and his extended family. [(d) The child's adjustment to their hom e, school, and community.] The child has adjusted well to the home of her mother and her school, Sabina Elementary. If the father is awarded custody the child woul d likely be required to change school

districts in that he will be reloca ting to Trenton, Ohio on September 1, 2014. [(e) Mental and physical health of all pe rsons.] The mental and physical health of both parents appears good and is not an issue. [(f) Parent more likely to honor and facilita te visitation.] Based on the history of

this case the father would more lik ely honor and facilita te parenting time. However the Court notes that when the father is not reporting the mother to law enforcement, Children Services, threatening to harm the mother or her family andHighland App. No. 14CA19 15

not displaying anger the mother has honor ed and facilitated parenting time for the father. The father definitely knows what buttons of the mother to push and the mother needs to do a better job of hand ling the father’s manipulative actions

directed towards her. [(h) Criminal convictions resulting in a child being an abused or neglected child.] Neither parent or member of their househol d have been convicted or pled guilty to any criminal offense resulting in a child being an abused or neglected child. No factor under either R.C. 3109.04(F)(1)(h) or R.C. 3109.05(D)(11) or (12) applies

to this action. [(i) Denial of parenting time to the othe r parent.] The mother did continuously and willfully deny the father his pare nting time from May 27, 2013 until March 12, 2014. As previously noted the father to a great extent caused his own problems by repeatedly reporting unfounded allegations as well as threatened violence towards the mother and her family. [(j) Moving out of state.] Neither parent is planning to establish a residence outside the State of Ohio. The parents currently live @ 30 minutes apart but the father has plans to move to Trenton, Ohio, September 1, 2014 which is a greater

distance from the residence of the mother. {¶ 30} While the trial court determined that appellee’s in terference with appellant’s visitation rights constituted a change in circumst ance, it nonetheless concluded that it was not in

the best interest of L.H. to de signate appellant the residential pa rent. The trial court noted that a change in residential parent would cause L.H. an xiety and that a change would be more harmful than beneficial. With respect to appellant’s c ontempt motions, the trial court determined thatHighland App. No. 14CA19 16

appellee was in contempt for denying appella nt visitation for the period May 27, 2013 through March 12, 2014. However, the trial court did not find appellee in contempt for allegedly violating the agreed parenting entry on the othe r dates listed in the contempt motions or for allegedly failing to include appellant as a contact with L.H.’s educators or medical providers noting that the evidence was “too conflicting and therefore insufficient” to find appellee in willful violation of the court’s orders. The trial court also noted that appellee “was confused as to

the orders issued” as a result of the civil protection petition filed in May 2012 “and believed [appellant] was not to be in contact with[L.H.] at least for a period of time.” {¶ 31} Appellee was sentenced to the Highland County Justice Center for ten days for her contempt of court, but the jail-time was suspended and she was permitted to purge her contempt if she (1) allows make-up visits; (2) allows appellant an extra week of visitation during the summer of 2015; and (3) pays $300 to appellant for reimbursement of legal fees to prosecute the contempt motions. The parties were also ordered “to pay the court costs assessed to the witnesses they subpoenaed” and to each “pay one-half of the Guardian Ad Litem bill”. This appeal

followed.

II. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR {¶ 32} Appellant asserts the following assignments of error for review: First Assignment of Error:

THE JUDGMENT OF THE TRIAL COURT WAS AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE, AND THE TRIAL COURT ERRED, IN FINDING BY CLEAR AND CONVINCING EVIDENCE THAT IT IS NOT IN THE BEST INTERESTS OF THE MINOR CHILD, [L.H.], TO DESIGNATE APPELLANT RESIDENTIAL PARENT AND THAT TO ORDER SAID CHANGE WOULD DO MORE HARM TO THE MINOR CHILD, [L.H.], THAN ANY ADVANTAGE TO HER. Second Assignment of Error:Highland App. No. 14CA19 17

THE COURT ERRED, AND THE COURT’S ORDER IS AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE, IN FAILING TO REQUIRE APPELLEE TO PAY ALL OF THE COURT COSTS AND REASONABLE ATTORNEY FEES ARISING OUT OF THE CONTEMPT PROCEEDINGS WHEN THE TRIAL COURT DID FIND APPELLEE IN CONTEMPT FOR THE 3 RD TIME DUE TO HER WILLFULLY VIOLATING APPELLANT’S PARENTING TIME FOR THE PERIOD OF MAY 27, 2013 THROUGH MARCH 12, 2014. III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

A. Custody

{¶ 33} Generally, “[d]ecisions concerning child custody matters rest within the sound

discretion of the trial court.” Eatherton v. Behringer, 3rd Dist. Seneca No. 13–11–12, 2012– Ohio–1584, ¶ 13, citing Miller v. Miller, 37 Ohio St.3d 71, 74, 523 N.E.2d 846 (1988). “Custody

determinations are some of the most difficult a nd agonizing decisions a trial judge must make, and, therefore, appellate courts must grant wide latitude to th eir consideration of the evidence.” Id., citing Davis v. Flickinger, 77 Ohio St.3d 415, 418, 674 N.E.2d 1159 (1997). Ordinarily, “a reviewing court will not reverse a trial court's decision regarding child custody absent an abuse

of discretion.” Id., citing Masters v. Masters, 69 Ohio St.3d 83, 85, 630 N .E.2d 665 (1994). The phrase “abuse of discretion” connotes an attitude on the part of the court that is unreasonable, unconscionable, or arbitrary. State v. Adams, 62 Ohio St.2d 151, 157, 404 N.E.2d 144 (1980). As this Court has previously explained:

An abuse of discretion involves far more than a difference in opinion. The term discretion itself involves the idea of choice, of an exercise of the will, of a determination made between competing c onsiderations. In order to have an “abuse” in reaching such determination, the result must be so palpably and grossly violative of fact and logic that it evidences not the exercise of will butHighland App. No. 14CA19 18

perversity of will, not the exercise of judgment but defiance thereof, not the exercise of reason but rather of passion or bias.

Jones v. Jones, 4th Dist. Highland No. 06CA25, 2007–Ohio–4255, ¶ 32. According to the Supreme Court of Ohio, a trial c ourt does not abuse its discretion in the custody context if its judgment is supported by “ ‘a substantial amount of credible and competent evidence.’ ” Davis at 418, quoting Bechtol v. Bechtol, 49 Ohio St.3d 21, 550 N.E.2d 178 (1990), syllabus.

{¶ 34} “While a trial court's discretion in a custody modification proceeding is broad, it is not absolute, and must be guided by the language set forth in R.C. 3109.04.” Miller at 74. R.C. 3109.04(E)(1)(a) provides:

The court shall not modify a prior de cree allocating parental rights and responsibilities for the care of children unl ess it finds, based on facts that have arisen since the prior decree or that were unknown to the court at the time of the prior decree, that a change has occurred in the circumstances of the child, the child's residential parent, or either of the parents subject to a shared parenting decree, and that the modification is necessary to serve the best interest of the child. In applying these standards, the court shall retain the residential parent designated by the prior decree or the prior shared parenting decree, unless a

modification is in the best interest of th e child and one of the following applies:

(i) The residential parent agrees to a ch ange in the residential parent or both parents under a shared parenting decree agre e to a change in the designation of residential parent.Highland App. No. 14CA19 19

(ii) The child, with the consent of the resi dential parent or of both parents under a shared parenting decree, has been integrated into the family of the person seeking to become the residential parent.

(iii) The harm likely to be caused by a change of environment is outweighed by the advantages of the change of environment to the child.

B. Contempt Sentence

{¶ 35} The sentence imposed for a finding of contempt is subject to an abuse of

discretion standard of review. See McDaniel v. McDaniel , 74 Ohio App.3d 577, 579, 599 N.E.2d 758 (8th Dist.1991). A trial court may exercise its discretion to impose any sanction that is reasonable in light of the contemptuous conduct. Id.; Carter v. Carter , 2nd Dist. Montgomery Nos. 14409, 14530, 14574, 1994 WL 660811, *14 (Nov. 23, 1994)

. IV. LAW AND ANALYSIS A. First Assignment of Error {¶ 36} In his first assignment of error appellant contends th at the judgment of the trial court is against the manifest weight of the evidence because the court failed to properly analyze

the best interest of the child and the benefits a nd harms of a modification of parental rights and responsibilities. While appellant fra mes his argument under the mani fest weight standard, given

our utmost deference to the trial court's fact ual findings in custody-modification cases, the applicable standard of review is the more deferential abuse of discretion standard. See Thebeau v. Thebeau, 4th Dist. Lawrence No. 07CA34, 2008–Ohio–4751, ¶ 25. {¶ 37} In the case sub judice, appellant obvi ously is not challenging the trial court's finding that a change in circumstance occurred. Th erefore, we need not address this part of theHighland App. No. 14CA19 20

trial court's analysis. Appellant, instead, contends that the trial cour t made findings contrary to the evidence and gave inappropriate weight to certain witness testimony and to the GAL report when making its best interest finding and its R.C. 3109.04(E)(1)(a)(iii) finding that the harm of the modification outweighs any potential advantages. {¶ 38} R.C. 3109.04(F)(1)(a)-(j) set forth the fa ctors that a court must consider when determining a child's best interest: (a) The wishes of the child's parents regarding the child's care; (b) If the court has interviewed the child in chambers pursuant to division (B) of this section regarding the child's wishes and concerns as to the allocation of parental rights and responsibilities concerning the child, the wishes and concerns of the child, as expressed to the court; (c) The child's interaction and interrelationship with the child's parents, siblings, and any other person who may significantly affect the child's best interest; (d) The child's adjustment to the child's home, school, and community; (e) The mental and physical health of all persons involved in the situation; (f) The parent more likely to honor and fa cilitate court- approved parenting time rights or visitation and companionship rights; (g) Whether either parent has failed to make all child support payments, including all arrearages, that are required of that parent pursuant to a child support order under which that parent is an obligor; (h) Whether either parent or any member of the household of either parent previously has been convicted of or pleaded guilty to any criminal offenseHighland App. No. 14CA19 21

involving any act that resulted in a child being an abused child or a neglected child * * *; (i) Whether the residential parent or on e of the parents subject to a shared parenting decree has continuous ly and willfully denied the other parent's right to parenting time in accordance with an order of the court; (j) Whether either parent has established a residence, or is planning to establish a residence, outside this state. {¶ 39} In this case, the trial court in its d ecision and judgment entry expressly discussed each relevant factor in R.C. 3109.04( F)(1); and despite a ppellant’s arguments to the contrary, the trial court’s findings are well r easoned and are supported by record evidence. For instance, appellant complains that the GAL made no dete rmination as to the up-keep and safety of appellant’s home and did not inte rview Randy Reese; and thus th e trial court should not have relied upon his report. However, Officer Mills testified that the hom e was satisfactory and

suitable for children. Moreover Reese testified at the final hearing and was subject to examination from appellant’s couns el. Thus, in addition to the GAL report, the trial court had before it substantial and credible evidence to evaluate L.H.’s home situation and living conditions. On a multitude of other factors, appellant cites favorable testimony but ignores or argues that contradictory evidence is not credible. For instance, appellant cites testimony from appellee and Reese that the couple permits L.H. and R.R. to burn candles in their bedroom but ignores testimony from the couple that the candles are out of reach of the children and that they supervise the burning of the candles. Appellant also argues that the trial court ignored complaints of sexual abuse, abuse, neglect, and other allega tions brought against either appellee or Reese. However, a tremendous amount of testimony was presented indicating that the claims wereHighland App. No. 14CA19 22

unsubstantiated; and appellee or Reese were ne ver convicted of a crime or found by children

services to be unfit. The tria l court also commented in its decision and judgment entry that the

claims were unsubstantia ted and even found that appellant and his wife made certain unfounded allegations in an attempt to manufacture evidence for use in a custody action. The GAL included a similar finding in his report filed with the trial court. {¶ 40} On other issues where competing te stimony exists, appellant contends that appellee’s testimony should be discounted because her behavior during cross-examination was “beyond argumentative, as she was laughing one minute, angry and combative with counsel the next, she seemed to cry on demand, and was so explosive that she was yelling at counsel for [appellant] asking counsel questions instead of an swering those posed to her.” On the other hand, appellant describes his court room demeanor as “calm and consistent * * *[and] completely

credible * * *.” It is well esta blished, however, that “ ‘[a] reviewing court should not reverse a decision simply because it holds a different opinion concerning the credibility of the witnesses

and evidence submitted before the trial court.’ ” Davis , 77 Ohio St.3d at 419, 674 N.E.2d 1159, quoting Seasons Coal Co. v. Cleveland , 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 80-81, 461 N.E.2d 1273 (1984). This is so because “the trial judge has the best opportunity to view the demeanor, attitude, and credibility of each witness, something that does not translate well on the written page.” Id . at 418. So while the appellant disagrees vehemently with the trial c ourt’s credibility determinations, we find that there is simply not enough record evidence to persuade us to abandon the discretion

owed to the trial court. {¶ 41} A large portion of a ppellant’s brief argues that appellee persistently denied

visitation in an effort to exclude appellant from L.H.’s life. Appella nt argues that such exclusion is against L.H.’s best interests and supports modi fication of custody. The trial court agreed thatHighland App. No. 14CA19 23

appellee denied appellant’s sche duled visitation on certain occasions, but determined that the

denials did not rise to the level of parental alienation. The trial court gave s ubstantial weight to Dr. Kennedy’s testimony. The trial court also found that the denials to a certain extent were provoked by appellant’s actions. Given the record evidence, we cannot say that the trial court’s conclusions lack reason or logic. {¶ 42} Finally, appellant cont ends that the trial court e rroneously considered L.H.’s wishes to live with appellee wit hout first determining her reasoning ability. L.H.’s wish to stay with appellee was expressed in the GAL’s re port. The GAL’s report indicates that L.H. originally stated she wished to live with appe llant, but when she was interviewed away from appellant’s home she expressed a desire to live with appellee. “[U]nlike R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(b), which authorizes the guardian ad litem in a juvenile permanent custody hearing to give hearsay testimony about the children's wishes, R.C. 3109.04( F) does not similarly authorize the guardian ad litem in domestic cases to testify about the children's wishes. Instead, R.C. 3109.04(F)(1)(b) provides that the court will ascertain the childre n's wishes by questioning them directly in

camera.” Sypherd v. Sypherd , 9th Dist. Summit No. 25815, 2012-Ohio-2615, ¶ 13; see also R.C. 3109.04(B). {¶ 43} Here, the trial court’s decision and judg ment entry expressly states that the court was not asked to interview the child. While the trial court noted that the child expressed to her GAL that she wished to remain with her mother, it is unclear whether the trial court factored that into its best interest analysis. In other words, with the record before us, we cannot determine how much weight the trial court assigned to the R.C. 3109.04(F)(1)(b) factor, if it assigned any weight to it at all. Thus, we cannot affirmatively say that the trial court erred by consideringHighland App. No. 14CA19 24

L.H.’s wishes without first determining her re asoning ability and without first conducting an in

camera interview. {¶ 44} After reviewing the record, we do not agree with appellant that the evidence adduced at the trial court proceed ing fails to support the trial cour t’s finding that modification of the parental rights and responsibilities would be ag ainst L.H.’s best inte rest. Rather, the trial court’s findings and conclusions a ppear rational and are supported by substantial, competent, and credible evidence. Moreover, nothing in the record suggests that the trial court failed to engage in a sound reasoning process when it made its best interest finding. Thus, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying modifi cation of the prior custody order. {¶ 45} Because modification of custody would no t serve the child’s best interest, we need not address appellant's argument that the bene fits of modifying custody outweigh any harm. See

Massie v. Sammons , 4th Dist. Scioto No. 14CA3630, 2014-Ohio-5835, ¶ 30; Adams v. Adams , 4th Dist. Washington No. 05CA2, 2005-Ohio-4588, ¶ 15. Accordingly, appellant's first assignment of error is overruled. B. Second Assignment of Error {¶ 46} In his second assignment of error appellant contends that the trial court erred by failing to order appellee to pay all of the court costs and reasonable attorney’s fees arising from the contempt proceedings. {¶ 47} R.C. 3109.051(K) requires that: If any person is found in contempt of court for failing to comply with or interfering with any order or decree granting parenting time rights issued pursuant to this section or section 3109.12 of th e Revised Code or companionship or visitation rights issued pursuant to this section, section 3109.11 or 3109.12 of theHighland App. No. 14CA19 25

Revised Code, or any other provision of the Revised Code, the court that makes the finding, in addition to any other pena lty or remedy imposed, shall assess all court costs arising out of the contempt proceeding against the person and require the person to pay any reasonable attorney's fees of any adverse party, as determined by the court, that arose in relation to the act of contempt, and may award reasonable compensatory parenting time or visitation to the person whose right of parenting time or visitation was affected by the failure or interference if such compensatory parenting time or visitation is in the best interest of the child. Any compensatory parenting time or vis itation awarded under this division shall be included in an order issued by the c ourt and, to the extent possible, shall be governed by the same terms and conditions as was the parenting time or visitation that was affected by the failure or interference. {¶ 48} In its decision and judgment entry, the trial court explained its $300 award for attorney’s fees as follows: The Court also recognizes PLAINTIFF’S legal fees likely far exceed the $300 awarded. However DEFENDANT very early in the trial stipulated to denial of parenting time for the period she was found in contempt. The vast majority of PLAINTIFF’S exhibits and testimony was cumulative and unnecessary as it related to the contempt issue. Having presided over thousands of show cause motions two hours would be more than gene rous for an experienced trial attorney to prosecute the show cause issues befo re the Court in this action. The Court received no evidence as to the hourly rate or total fee charged PLAINTIFF and has used $150/hour as the “norm” in Highland County.Highland App. No. 14CA19 26

{¶ 49} In this case, we cannot say that the trial court acted in a manner that is arbitrary, unreasonable, or unconscionable when it limited th e attorney fee award to $300 or when it determined the allocation of court costs. Rather, the trial court acted within its inherent authority and discretion in fashioning its punishment for cont empt; and did so in a logical manner. We also note that the statute only mandates the assessment of court costs “arising out of the contempt proceeding” and “reasonable” legal fees arising “i n relation to the act of contempt.” Here, in addition to being repetitive, the majority of the evidence presented related to appellant’s motion to reallocate parental rights and responsibilities as opposed to his show cause motions. We also note that appellee was only found in contempt fo r denying visitation on so me of the dates listed in the show cause motions. Appellee was not found to be in contempt for other alleged denials of visitation or for otherwise violating the court’s order. Thus, the trial court appropriately limited its award of court costs and attorney’s fees in th is case. Appellant’s second assignment of error is

overruled.

V. CONCLUSION {¶ 50} Having overruled both of appellant's assignments of e rror, we affirm the decision

of the trial court.

JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.Highland App. No. 14CA19 27

JUDGMENT ENTRY

It is ordered that the JUDGMENT IS AFFI RMED. Appellant shall pay the costs herein taxed. The Court finds there were reas onable grounds for this appeal. It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the Highland County Common Pleas Court, Juvenile Division, to carry this judgment into execution. A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of the Rules of Appella te Procedure

.

Harsha, J. and Abele, J.: Conc ur in Judgment and Opinion.

For the Court By: Marie Hoover Presiding Judge

NOTICE TO COUNSEL Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this documen t constitutes a final judgment entry and the time period for further appeal commences from the date of filing with the clerk.