1

Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment for the 

Registration of the New Chemical Kasugamycin

 

Kasugamycin 

[1L-1,3,4/2,5,6-1-Deoxy-2,3,4,5,6-penta-a-hydroxycyclohexyl 2-amino-2,3,4,6-

tetradeoxy-4-(α-iminoglycino)-α-D-arabino-hexopyranoside hydrochloride hydrate]

CAS No. 19408-46-9

Prepared by:

 

Melissa Panger, Ph. D. 

Tiffany Coleman, M.S.E.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency

Office of Pesticide Programs

Environmental Fate and Effects Division

Environmental Risk Branch III

1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW

Mail Code 7507P

Washington, DC 20460

Reviewed by:

James Hetrick, Ph.D.

Amy Blankinship

 
2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... 4

LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................ 4

LIST OF APPENDICES .................................................................................................. 5

I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.......................................................................................... 6

A. Nature of Chemical Stressor .................................................................... 6

B. Conclusions - Exposure Characterization .............................................. 6

C. Conclusions - Effects Characterization................................................... 7

D. Potential Risks to Non-target Organisms ............................................... 8

E. Uncertainties and Data Gaps ................................................................... 9

II PROBLEM FORMULATION ................................................................................. 12

A. Stressor Source and Distribution .......................................................... 12

1. Source and Intensity ................................................................... 12

2. Physical/Chemical/Fate and Transport Properties.................. 12

3. Pesticide Type, Class, and Mode of Action............................... 13

4. Overview of Pesticide Usage ...................................................... 13

B. Receptors................................................................................................. 14

1. Aquatic and Terrestrial Effects................................................. 14

2. Ecosystems Potentially at Risk .................................................. 14

C. Assessment Endpoints ............................................................................ 15

D. Conceptual Model ................................................................................... 16

1. Risk Hypotheses.......................................................................... 17

2. Diagram ....................................................................................... 17

E. Analysis Plan............................................................................................ 20

1. Preliminary Identification of Data Gaps and Methods........... 20

2. Measures to Evaluate Risk Hypotheses and Conceptual Model

....................................................................................................... 21

a. Measures of Exposure..................................................... 21

b. Measures of Effect .......................................................... 22

III. ANALYSIS .......................................................................................................... 23

A. Use Characterization .............................................................................. 23

B. Exposure Characterization..................................................................... 27

1. Environmental Fate and Transport Characterization ............ 27

2. Measures of Aquatic Exposure .................................................. 30

a. Aquatic Exposure Modeling .......................................... 30

b. Aquatic Exposure Monitoring and Field Data............. 32

3. Measures of Terrestrial Exposure............................................. 32

a. Terrestrial Exposure Modeling ..................................... 32

C. Ecological Effects Characterization ......................................................... 34

1. Aquatic Effects Characterization .................................................. 37

a. Aquatic Animals.................................................................. 37

b. Aquatic Plants ................................................................. 39

2. Terrestrial Effects Characterization............................................. 40

a. Terrestrial Animals............................................................. 40

b. Terrestrial Plants............................................................ 44
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IV. Risk Characterization .......................................................................................... 45

A. Risk Estimation - Integration of Exposure and Effects Data................. 45

1. Non-target Aquatic Animals and Plants....................................... 46

2. Non-target Terrestrial Animals..................................................... 47

3. Non-target Terrestrial and Semi-aquatic Plants.......................... 49

B. Risk Description ......................................................................................... 50

1. Risks to Aquatic Organisms........................................................ 51

a. Animals ............................................................................ 51

b. Plants................................................................................ 52

2. Risks to Terrestrial Organisms................................................... 52

a. Animals ............................................................................ 52

b. Plants................................................................................ 54

3. Review of Incident Data ................................................................. 54

4. Federally Threatened and Endangered (Listed) Species Concerns

....................................................................................................... 54

a. Action Area....................................................................... 54

b. Taxonomic Groups Potentially at Risk.......................... 55

(1). Discussion of Risk Quotients............................. 55

(2). Probit Dose Response Relationship .................. 55

(3). Indirect Effects Analysis..................................... 56

(4). Critical Habitat ................................................... 58

(5). Co-occurrence Analysis...................................... 59

V. REFERENCES........................................................................................................... 60
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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Conceptual model depicting stressors, exposure pathways, and potential 

effects to aquatic organisms from the proposed uses of kasugamycin. Dotted lines 

indicate exposure pathways that have a low likelihood of contributing to ecological risk.

........................................................................................................................................... 18

Figure 2: Conceptual model depicting stressors, exposure pathways, and potential 

effects to terrestrial organisms from the proposed uses of kasugamycin. Dotted lines 

indicate exposure pathways that have a low likelihood of contributing to ecological risk.

........................................................................................................................................... 19

Figure 3 Acres of Tomatoes Harvested By County in the United Stated in 1997 (based on 

information from USDA-NASS). ..................................................................................... 24

Figure 4 Acres of Sweet Peppers Harvested By County in the United Stated in 1997 

(based on information from USDA-NASS)...................................................................... 25

Figure 5 Acres of Land in Orchards in the United Stated in 2002 (based on information 

from USDA-NASS).......................................................................................................... 26

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Listed Species Risks Associated with Potential Direct or Indirect Effects Due to 

the Proposed Applications of Kasugamycin. ...................................................................... 9

Table 2 Taxonomic Groups and Test Species Evaluated for Ecological Effects in 

Screening-Level Risk Assessments. ................................................................................. 14

Table 3 Acute and Chronic Measures of Effect. .............................................................. 23

Table 4 Application Information from the Proposed Kasugamycin Label (KASUMIN 2L; 

2.0 % Kasugamycin)1........................................................................................................ 27

Table 5 Summary of model input parameters used for the ecological risk assessment... 30

Table 6 Calculated EECs for the use of Kasugamycin on Apples, Pears, Walnuts, 

Tomatoes, and Peppers based on proposed application rates and intervals...................... 32

Table 7 EECs on Potential Food Items Following Label-Specified Applications of 

Kasugamycin Using the T-REX Model (ppm). ................................................................ 33

Table 8 EECs on Plants Following Label-Specified Ground Applications of 

Kasugamycin Using the TerrPlant Model (lbs a.i./A). ..................................................... 33

Table 9 Summary of Specific Assessment Endpoints for Animals and Plants Considered 

in this Assessment for Estimating Risks to Non-target Taxa. .......................................... 35

Table 10 Submitted Toxicity Data for Kasugamycin and Aquatic Animals.................... 38

Table 11 Submitted Toxicity Data for Kasugamycin and Aquatic Plants. ...................... 40

Table 12 Submitted Toxicity Data for Kasugamycin and Birds. ..................................... 42

Table 13 Submitted Toxicity Data for Kasugamycin and Terrestrial Plants. .................. 45

Table 14 Agency Levels of Concern (LOC). ................................................................... 46

Table 15 Mammal Dose-Based RQ Values for Chronic Exposure to Kasugamycin....... 48

Table 16 Chance of an Individual Effect Corresponding to the Listed Species Acute 

LOCs Using a Probit Slope Response Relationship. ........................................................ 56

Table 17 Listed Species Risks Associated with Potential Direct or Indirect Effects Due to 

the Proposed Applications of Kasugamycin. .................................................................... 58
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LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix A: Open Literature Studies Available from the Public Version of ECOTOX 

(Available at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm)......................................... 66

Appendix B Screening Imbibition Program (SIP v. 1.0) Inputs and Outputs for the 

Proposed Uses of Kasugamycin........................................................................................ 67

Appendix C Sample Screening Tool for Inhalation Risk (STIR v. 1.0) Inputs and 

Outputs for the Proposed Uses of Kasugamycin. ............................................................. 68

Appendix D Example PRZM/EXAMS Output Data for highest Peak EECs.................. 69

Appendix E Sample T-REX Inputs and Outputs for the Proposed Uses of Kasugamycin.

........................................................................................................................................... 71

Appendix F SAMPLE TerrPlant Inputs and Outputs for the Proposed Kasugamycin 

Uses................................................................................................................................... 74

Appendix G LOCATES RUN: County Occurrence List by State and Taxa for the 

Following Proposed Kasugamycin Uses: ........Walnuts (English), Tomatoes (in the open), 

Peppers (harvested), Peppers (other than bell, including chili), Peppers (bell, excluding 

pimientos), Pears (all), Apples.......................................................................................... 75

Appendix H Fate data for Parent and Degradates............................................................ 95
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I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

A. Nature of Chemical Stressor

Kasugamycin is a new agricultural antibiotic that is proposed for registration by the 

registrant Arysta LifeScience for use on fruiting vegetables (greenhouse and field 

tomato/pepper), pome fruit (apple and pear), and walnut. The one kasugamycin end-use 

product being proposed for registration is KASUMIN®2L (liquid formulation; 2.3% 

kasugamycin hydrochloride; equivalent to 2.0% kasugamycin) (EPA EST. No.: 075703-

JPN-001). Kasugamycin would be applied as a foliar spray up to four times per year via 

ground equipment at a maximum single application rate of 0.084 lb a.i./acre (0.094 kg 

a.i./ha) for the orchard uses (i.e., apple, pear, and walnut) according to the proposed label. 

For fruiting vegetables, the proposed single maximum application rate is 0.021 lb a.i./acre

(0.024 kg a.i./ha) with up to three applications allowed per year.

Kasugamycin is produced from Streptomyces kasugaensis and belongs to the 

aminoglycoside class of compounds, a group of antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis. 

This class also includes streptomycin, apramycin, kanamycin, paromomycin, and 

neomycin, some of which have human and/or veterinary medicinal uses. Although it has 

been previously reported that kasugamycin has never been employed as a human or 

veterinary-use antibiotic because it is only active against phytopathogenic fungi and 

bacteria (USEPA, 2005), it has been used clinically to treat urinary tract infections due to 

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Schuwirth et al., 2006). 

The use of antibiotics on crops, although minor relative to total antibiotic use, can result 

in situations that impact the buildup of resistant microorganisms. For example, 

antibiotics used as agricultural pesticides, such as the proposed uses of kasugamycin, can 

be applied over large areas of land to densely vegetated fields and orchards. This can 

lead to the proliferation and rapid spread of resistant genes in the microbial population. 

Although, kasugamycin may be most active against bacteria or fungi that cause adverse 

effects to plants, there is evidence to suggest that resistance established in one type of 

bacteria can be spread to other strains or species of bacteria (via plasmids) (O’Brien, 

2002). Although the probability is low, there is a potential for bacterial resistance to 

cross between plant and human bacteria (McManus and Stockwell, 2001). We highlight 

the possibility here due to the potential seriousness of the public health threat associated 

with antibiotic resistance. 

B. Conclusions - Exposure Characterization

Kasugamycin is a zwitterion, that is applied as kasugamycin hydrochloride, an acid, and 

dissociates into its salt immediately after application. Kasugamycin is more likely to sorb 

to soil (especially clay) in lower pH environments and is mostly present in solution at pH 

values < 3.23. Kasugamycinic acid will be mostly present in solution between pH values 

3.23 to 7.73, and kasuganobiosamine will be mostly present in solution from pH 7.73 to 

11. 
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Kasugamycin is not considered volatile and is not likely prone to atmospheric transport. 

While kasugamycin is subject to both abiotic (aqueous photolysis and alkaline 

hydrolysis) and biotic (primarily aerobic metabolism) degradation, its two primary 

degradates, i.e., kasugamycinic acid and kasuganobiosamine, are expected to persist in 

the environment for varying lengths of time. Due to the uncertainty of the behavior and 

toxicity of these degradates, the toxicity is assumed to be equivalent to the parent 

compound, kasugamycin. According to the FAO classification system based on organic 

carbon partitioning coefficients, kasugamycin is characterized as mobile to moderately 

mobile. Based on the octanol-water partition coefficient, the compound is not expected 

to bioaccumulate (Kow = 0.0196).

For the aquatic exposure modeling, a total toxic residue approach, considering the parent 

compound and the two degradates (kasuganobiosamine and kasugamycinic acid) was 

used. Peak estimated environmental concentrations (EECs) ranged from 0.41 to 6.53

μg/L for use on apples using the Oregon standard scenario for apples and peppers using 

the Florida standard scenario, respectively.

Since kasugamycin is a relatively new chemical, no monitoring data were found when 

searching the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR) surface water 

database and USGS NAWQA surface water and ground water database. Likewise, no 

monitoring data were found for the two degradates, kasugamycinic acid and 

kasuganobiosamine.

C. Conclusions - Effects Characterization

Based on the available data and EPA’s ecotoxicity categories, kasugamycin is classified 

as practically nontoxic to freshwater and estuarine/marine fish, freshwater and 

estuarine/marine invertebrates, birds, mammals, and terrestrial invertebrates on an acute 

exposure basis. Chronic exposure resulted in no statistically significant (confidence level 

α=0.05) effects at the highest concentration tested (9.5 mg a.i./L) in freshwater fish. 

There are currently no chronic toxicity data available for aquatic invertebrates (a chronic 

daphnid study was submitted but it was classified as invalid due to poor reproductive 

performance in the controls) or estuarine/marine fish (no data have been submitted). 

Chronic exposure in birds resulted in reduced 14-day survivors (NOAEC = 450 mg 

a.i./kg-diet). In mammals, chronic exposure resulted in reduced body weights and 

reduced weight gain (NOAEL = 13.7 mg a.i./kg-bw). 

For terrestrial plants, all of the EC25 values were less than the limit test application rate

and the NOAEC values were equal to the limit test application rate in the vegetative vigor 

study, for both monocotyledenous (monocot) and dicotyledenous (dicot) plants (i.e., 

EC25< 0.0964 lb a.i./acre and NOAEC = 0.0964 lb a.i./acre). In the seedling emergence 

study, the EC25 values were less than the limit test application rate and the NOAEC was 

equal to the limit test application rate for all dicots tested (i.e., EC25< 0.0925 lb a.i./acre

and NOAEC = 0.0925 lb a.i./acre). For monocots, all of the EC25 values were <0.0925 lb 

a.i./acre, however, the NOAEC values for corn and wheat were < 0.0925 lb a.i./acre

based on statistically significant reduced dry weight (18% and 37% inhibition, 
8

respectively, compared to controls). Additionally, although not statistically significant, 

onion had inhibitions in dry weight of 26%. The most sensitive nonvascular aquatic plant 

tested was the freshwater cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) Anabaena flos-aquae with an 

EC50 value of 0.65 mg a.i./L and a NOAEC value <0.08 mg a.i./L based on a reduction in 

cell density; vascular aquatic plants were several orders of magnitude less sensitive with 

an EC50 value of 86 mg a.i./L.

D. Potential Risks to Non-target Organisms

The results of this screening-level risk assessment indicate that the proposed pome fruit 

and walnut uses have chronic risk quotients (RQs) that exceed the listed and non-listed

species levels of concern for mammals (chronic RQs range from 0.01 to 2.3). 

Additionally, risk to listed terrestrial plants (monocots) is an uncertainty due to the 

absence of adequate data to fully assess risks to terrestrial plants. Direct effects to birds 

(and, thus, reptiles and terrestrial-phase amphibians), fish (and, thus, aquatic-phase 

amphibians), aquatic invertebrates, aquatic plants, and non-listed terrestrial plants are not 

expected from the proposed kasugamycin uses.
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Table 1: Screening-Level Listed Species Risks Associated with Potential Direct or Indirect Effects Due to the 

Proposed Applications of Kasugamycin. 

LISTED TAXON POTENTIAL DIRECT 

EFFECTS

POTENTIAL INDIRECT 

EFFECTS

Terrestrial and semi-aquatic 

plants - monocots Yes1

(all uses) Yes2

Terrestrial and semi-aquatic 

plants - dicots No Yes2

Birds No Yes2

Terrestrial-phase amphibians No Yes2

Reptiles No Yes2

Mammals Yes (chronic; pome fruit and 

walnut uses) Yes2

Aquatic plants No Yes2

Freshwater fish No Yes2

Aquatic-phase amphibians No Yes2

Freshwater crustaceans No Yes2

Mollusks No Yes2

Marine/estuarine fish No Yes2

Marine/estuarine crustaceans No Yes2

1 Risk to this taxon is an uncertainty due to that fact that a NOAEC could not be established in the available 

data.

2 The potential for adverse effects to those species that rely on mammals or those obligated to monocots 

cannot be precluded. Indirect effects may include general habitat modification, host plant loss, and food 

supply disruption.

E. Uncertainties 

Since aerobic soil metabolism data are only available on one soil type and data are 

recommended on four soil types, there is uncertainty regarding the potential variability 

associated with aerobic soil metabolism rates (MRIDs 47945718). 

The soil column leaching study (MRID 479457-15) was performed using three foreign 

soils that could not be identified as typical of pesticide use areas in the United States. 

Thus, there is uncertainty surrounding the leaching potential of kasugamycin, 
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kasugamycinic acid, and kasuganobiosamine, as it relates to US soils. To inform this 

uncertainty, it would be helpful to have a crosswalk describing the type of soils between 

the foreign soils and representative US soils. Additionally, the preferred batch 

equilibrium method of measuring sorption coefficients only examined sorption in four

soils when this measurement is recommended for five soils. Therefore, sorption in the 

natural environment may be more variable than that reflected for the four soils (MRID 

479457-14). It is important to have sorption coefficients of all representative soils in 

order to provide a more accurate assessment when calculating exposure. Otherwise, there 

is an uncertainty in whether the calculated aquatic exposure values are conservative 

enough. Chemicals may be more or less mobile depending on the soil and the organic 

matter content. 

An area depicted as Area-1 in a chromatogram for the anaerobic aquatic metabolism 

study (MRID 479457-21) was a major degradate at a maximum of 16.2% of the applied 

at 63 days, but was not seen at termination of the study. This degradate was not 

identified as one of the residues of concern, kasuganobiosamine or kasugamycinic acid, 

but it was believed to have been an intermediate that may have formed one of those two 

degradates from kasugamycin. As a result, Area-1 is an uncertainty. 

There are currently no toxicity data available for the two primary degradates

(kasugamycinic acid and kasuganobiosamine), so their toxicity is an uncertainty. 

Because of this uncertainty, the two degradates are assumed to be equally toxic as the 

parent.

Acceptable toxicity data are not available to assess the effects of kasugamycin to 

freshwater invertebrates from chronic exposure or estuarine/marine mollusks from acute 

exposure. The submitted chronic daphnid study is classified as invalid because there was 

poor reproductive performance in the controls (i.e., the controls averaged less than 60 

young per adult). Based on the available data, aquatic invertebrates would need to be 

significantly more sensitive on a chronic exposure basis than an acute exposure basis for 

a chronic risk LOC to be exceeded (i.e., aquatic invertebrates would need to be >11,885 

times more sensitive to kasugamycin on a chronic exposure basis than on an acute 

exposure basis to exceed the chronic LOC of 1). Since this is unlikely given the toxicity 

profile for this chemical, risk to aquatic invertebrates from chronic exposure to 

kasugamycin is not expected, and additional data would not likely alter our risk 

conclusions.

The submitted estuarine/marine mollusk study (MRID 47945724) is classified as 

supplemental because the average shell growth in the controls (1.9 mm) did not meet the 

minimum 2.0 mm for new shell growth during the study. Although the 1.9 mm is close 

to the recommended 2.0 mm, the shell growth inhibition would have been 50% in the 33 

mg a.i./L concentration group if the controls had met the 2.0 mm minimum for new 

growth. Therefore, the results from this study should not be used quantitatively in risk 

assessment. However, even if the EC50 was 33 mg a.i./L (the concentrations where 

effects on shell growth were observed) in the mollusk study, the resulting RQ [i.e., 

<0.001 (6.53 μg a.i./L (peak EEC)/33,000 μg a.i./L)] is less than the Agency’s acute risk 

LOC for aquatic animals. Therefore, the likelihood of direct risk to aquatic animals from 
11

acute exposure to kasugamycin from the proposed uses is considered low, and additional 

data would not likely alter our risk conclusions.

For dicots, none of the RQs for kasugamycin exceed the Agency’s listed species LOC 

(RQ>1.0) for terrestrial plants based on results from the TerrPlant v. 1.2.1 (RQs range 

from <0.1 to 0.46). For monocots, onion and wheat had inhibitions in dry weight of 26% 

and 37%, respectively, in the seedling emergence study (corn also had a statistically 

significant inhibition of 18%). These effects were seen at a limit concentration rate 

(0.0925 lb a.i./acre) above the currently proposed maximum application rate (0.084 lb 

a.i./acre). Off the site of application, TerrPlant assumes exposure levels to non-target 

plants via runoff is roughly 50% of the application rate. If effects are linear (which is an 

assumption since there is no dose-response information from the Tier I plant study), the 

effects in non-target plants found adjacent to the site of application would be below the 

20% effect level. Under these assumptions, risks to non-listed monocots would not be 

expected. However, because definitive no-effect values were not established for 

monocots in the seedling emergence study, risk to listed monocots from the proposed use 

of kasugamycin is an uncertainty. 

Additionally, bacteria serve an essential role in cycling nutrients and energy in the 

environment (e.g., through decomposition of organic materials and Nitrogen-fixation). 

The effects of the potential reduction or alteration of the microorganism community from 

the proposed kasugaycin uses are unknown and are beyond the scope of this risk 

assessment. Therefore, the potential risks to the environment from the potential impacts 

to non-target microorganisms from the use of kasugamycin represent an uncertainty in 

this risk assessment. 
12

II PROBLEM FORMULATION

The purpose of this assessment is to evaluate the environmental fate and ecological risks 

for the registration of the new chemical kasugamycin (1L-1,3,4/2,5,6-1-Deoxy-2,3,4,5,6-

penta-a-hydroxycyclohexyl 2-amino-2,3,4,6-tetradeoxy-4-(α-iminoglycino)-α-D-arabinohexopyranoside hydrochloride hydrate) (PC Code: 230001). As a new 

fungicide/bactericide being proposed for use in the United States, EPA is required under 

the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) to ensure that 

kasugamycin does not have the potential to cause unreasonable adverse effects to the 

environment. Potential effects to listed species (i.e., species on the federal list of 

endangered and threatened wildlife and plants) are also considered under the Endangered 

Species Act in order to ensure that the registration of kasugamycin is not likely to 

jeopardize the continued existence of such listed species or adversely modify their 

habitat. To these ends, this assessment follows EPA guidance on conducting ecological 

risk assessments (USEPA 1998) and the Office of Pesticide Program’s policies for 

assessing risk to non-target and listed organisms (USEPA 2004).

Among the end products of the EPA pesticide registration process is a determination of 

whether a product is eligible for registration and, if so, a description of how the product 

may be used. A label represents the legal document which stipulates how and where a 

given pesticide may be used. End-use labels describe the formulation type, acceptable 

methods of application, where the product may be applied, and any restrictions on how 

applications may be conducted. Thus, the use, or potential use, described by the 

pesticide’s labels is considered “the action” being assessed. This assessment is in support 

of the new chemical registration of kasugamycin.

A. Stressor Source and Distribution

1. Source and Intensity

Kasugamycin, an antibiotic used as a fungicide, is a new chemical that is undergoing 

registration (as the active ingredient in one manufacturing product and one end-use 

product) by the registrant Arysta LifeScience. The kasugamycin end-use product being 

proposed for registration in the United States is KASUMIN®2L [2.3% kasugamycin 

hydrochloride (equivalent to 2.0% kasugamycin)] (EPA EST. No.: 075703-JPN-001). 

According to the proposed label, the product would be used to control fireblight in pome 

fruit (apple and pear), walnut blight in walnut, and bacterial speck and bacterial spot in 

fruiting vegetables (greenhouse and field tomato and pepper). Only the proposed field 

uses for tomatoes and peppers, along with the proposed pome fruits and walnut uses, will 

be assessed here, since the greenhouse uses are indoor uses that would not result in 

outdoor exposures. Kasugamycin would be applied as a foliar spray via ground

application. 

2. Physical/Chemical/Fate and Transport Properties

Kasugamycin is a fungicide/bactericide that belongs to the aminoglycoside class of 

compounds. The aminoglycosides also include the antibiotics streptomycin, apramycin, 
13

kanamycin, paromomycin, and neomycin. Kasugamycin is applied as kasugamycin 

hydrochloride, an acid, and dissociates into an salt immediately after application. . 

Kasugamycin is mostly present in solution at pH values < 3.23, while kasugamycinic acid 

will be mostly present in solution between pH values 3.23 to 7.73, and 

kasuganobiosamine will be mostly present in solution from pH 7.73 to 11. 

Kasugamycin is also a zwitterion, which means it contains a carboxylic acid fragment 

and an amino group. This means that in more acidic pHs, kasugamycin will act more like 

a cation. As a result, kasugamycin is more likely to sorb to soil (especially clay) in lower 

pH environments. As the pH increases, the zwitterion will act more like an anion, and 

will be less likely to sorb to soil. The major routes of degradation for kasugamycin are 

aqueous photolysis, aerobic biodegradation, and hydrolysis. Its major routes of 

degradation are aqueous photolysis, aerobic biodegradation, and hydrolysis. 

Based on the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Oranganization (FAO) Mobility 

classification1and organic carbron partition coefficient (Koc) values, kasugamycin is 

classified as mobile to moderately mobile. Biodegradation studies of kasugamycin parent 

produced kasugamycinic acid under aerobic and anaerobic conditions and 

kasuganobiosamine under anaerobic conditions. The mobility of kasugamycin acid and 

kasuganobiosamine is expected to be similar to or greater than the parent compound. 

Therefore, they will likely range from highly mobile to moderately mobile. 

Kasugamycin is highly soluble in water with an aqueous solubility of 228 g/L at 25oC. 

The compound is not expected to bioaccumulate with an octanol-water partition 

coefficient (Kow) of 0.0196 at 23°C and pH 5 With a vapor pressure of 1.3 x 10-2torr at 

25°C, the compound does not appear to volatilize (MRID 479457-19). 

3. Pesticide Type, Class, and Mode of Action

Kasugamycin is an antibiotic/bactericide produced from Streptomyces kasugaensis and

belongs to the aminoglycoside class of antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis. This 

class also includes streptomycin, apramycin, kanamycin, paromomycin, and neomycin, 

some of which have human and/or veterinary medicinal uses. Although it has been 

previously reported that kasugamycin has never been employed as a human or veterinaryuse antibiotic because it is only active against phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria 

(USEPA, 2005), it has been used clinically to treat urinary tract infections caused by

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Schuwirth et al., 2006). 

4. Overview of Pesticide Usage

 

1 FAO. 2000. Appendix 2. Parameters of pesticides that influence processes in the soil. 

In FAO Information Division Editorial Group (Ed.), Pesticide Disposal Series 8. 

Assessing Soil Contamination. A Reference Manual. Rome: Food & Agriculture 

Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Available at 

http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X2570E/X2570E06.htm (Accessed July 10, 2009).
14

Since this is a new chemical, the Agency does not have any usage information for 

kasugamycin. The proposed registration is for fruiting vegetables, pome fruits, and 

walnuts. Kasugamycin is a fungicide/bactericide that is applied as a foliar spray (via 

ground equipment) up to four times per year at a maximum application rate of 0.084 lb 

a.i./acre/application (maximum proposed annual application rate is 0.336 lb a.i./acre). 

There is one kasugamycin end-use product being proposed for registration in the United 

States. The proposed formulation is KASUMIN®2L [a liquid formulation containing 

2.3% kasugamycin hydrochloride (equivalent to 2% kasugamycin; 0.168 lb a.i./gallon of 

product)]. According to the proposed label, the product would be used to control bacteria 

which causes fire blight in pome fruit (e.g., Erwinia amylovora), walnut blight in walnuts 

(Xanthom onas campestris pv. juglandis), and bacterial speck (Pseudomonas syringae pv. 

tomato) and bacterial spot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria) in fruiting 

vegetables.

B. Receptors

1. Aquatic and Terrestrial Effects

Table 2 gives examples of taxonomic groups and species tested to help understand 

potential ecological effects of pesticides to non-target organisms. Within each of these 

very broad taxonomic groups, a measure of effect from either acute or chronic exposure 

is selected from the available test data. 

Table 2 Taxonomic Groups and Test Species Evaluated for Ecological Effects in 

Screening-Level Risk Assessments.

Taxonomic Group Example(s) of Representative Species

Birds1 Mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos)

Bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus)

Mammals Laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus)

Terrestrial invertebrates Honey bee (Apis mellifera L.)

Freshwater fish2 Bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus)

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Freshwater invertebrates Water flea (Daphnia magna)

Estuarine/marine fish Sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus)

Estuarine/marine invertebrates Mysid (Americamysis bahia)

Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica)

Terrestrial plants3 Monocots – corn (Zea mays)

Dicots – soybean (Glycine max)

Aquatic plants and algae Duckweed (Lemna gibba) 

Green algae (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata)

1 Birds represent surrogates for amphibians (terrestrial phase) and reptiles.

2

Freshwater fish may be surrogates for amphibians (aquatic phase).

3

Four species of two families of monocots, of which one is corn; six species of at least four dicot families, of which 

one is soybeans.

2. Ecosystems Potentially at Risk

The ecosystems potentially at risk include the areas adjacent to the application sites and 

water bodies adjacent to the application sites and downstream. In addition, organisms 
15

that use the application site as part of their habitat (e.g., birds foraging for insects within 

application areas) are also considered to be part of the ecosystems potentially at risk.

C. Assessment Endpoints

FIFRA Part 158 guideline toxicity tests (CFR 40 §158.630, 2009) are intended to 

determine pesticidal effects on a variety of organisms, including birds, mammals, fish, 

terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates, and plants. These tests include both short-term and 

long-term exposure periods and evaluate the survival, reproduction, and/or growth of 

laboratory species. The studies, when available, are used to evaluate the potential of a 

pesticide to cause adverse effects, to determine whether further testing is required, and to 

determine the need for precautionary label statements to minimize the potential adverse 

effects to non-target animals and plants (CFR 40 §158.630, 2009). 

Assessment endpoints are intended to represent valued attributes of the environment that,

if detrimentally altered, could pose a risk to the environment. The assessment endpoints 

of this ecological risk assessment include terrestrial and aquatic animal and plant 

mortality following acute exposure to kasugamycin and terrestrial and aquatic animal 

reproduction, growth and survival effects from chronic exposure to kasugamycin. 

Surrogate species are used to represent all freshwater fish (2000+) and bird (680+) 

species in the United States. For mammals, acute studies are usually limited to the 

Norway rat or the house mouse. Usually data from estuarine/marine testing are limited to 

a crustacean, a mollusk, and a fish. The assessment of risk or hazard makes the 

assumption that avian toxicity is similar to terrestrial-phase amphibians and reptiles, 

unless more appropriate data are available. The same assumption is made for fish and 

aquatic-phase amphibians. The most sensitive toxicity endpoints are used from surrogate 

test species to estimate treatment-related direct effects on mortality and reproductive and 

growth assessment endpoints. 

For terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants, the screening assessment endpoints for non-target 

species (crops and non-crop plant species) are based on the emergence of seedlings and 

vegetative vigor of annuals. Measures of effect for this assessment focus on impacts on 

plant emergence and/or on active growth.

For aquatic plants, the assessment endpoint is the maintenance and growth of standing 

crop or biomass. Measures of effect for this assessment focus on nonvascular, e.g., algae, 

and vascular plant, e.g., duckweed (Lemna gibba), growth rates and biomass 

measurements. 

The Agency acknowledges that pesticides have the potential to exert indirect effects upon 

listed organisms by, for example, perturbing forage or prey availability, altering the 

extent of nesting habitat, and creating gaps in the food chain. In conducting a screen for 

indirect effects, the endpoints for each taxonomic group are used to make inferences 

concerning the potential for indirect effects upon listed species that rely upon non-listed 

organisms as resources critical to their life cycle.
16

The endpoints are typically derived from registrant-submitted studies which have 

undergone review and were classified as “acceptable” (conducted under guideline 

conditions and considered to be scientifically valid) or “supplemental” (conditions 

deviated from guidelines but the results are considered to be scientifically valid). For 

more details on EFED’s study classification system and study guidelines, see USEPA 

2004. 

Assessment endpoints can also be derived from the open literature. Guidelines for 

incorporation of open literature into ecological risk assessments are described in USEPA 

(2004). Toxicity data from the open literature are identified via the ECOTOX2search 

engine, maintained by the U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development (ORD). In 

order to be included in the ECOTOX database, papers must meet several criteria (again, 

see USEPA 2004 for details). Data that pass the ECOTOX screen are evaluated relative 

to the data provided by the registrant, and may be incorporated qualitatively or 

quantitatively into the risk assessment. Specific studies may warrant inclusion in the risk 

assessment when:

(1) tested endpoints are more sensitive than those in registrant data; 

(2) the test data are based on underrepresented taxa; 

(3) the data include ecologically relevant endpoints not normally evaluated in 

registrant studies

A total of four kasugamycin studies from the open literature were identified in the public 

version of ECOTOX (available at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm). Three 

were aquatic studies (e.g., tadpoles and aquatic snails) and one was a terrestrial study

(mice) (see APPENDIX A). None of the studies are usable for risk assessment purposes; 

three are published in Japanese and data specific to kasugamycin could not be located in 

the remaining study. Therefore, no ecotoxicity data from the open literature are included 

as assessment endpoints.

Although all endpoints are measured at the individual level, they can provide some 

insight about the potential for adverse effects at higher levels of biological organization 

(e.g. populations and communities). For example, pesticide effects on individual 

survivorship have important implications for both population rates and habitat carrying 

capacity.

D. Conceptual Model

The conceptual model used to depict the potential ecological risk associated with 

kasugamycin is fairly generic and assumes that as a fungicide/bactericide, kasugamycin is 

capable of affecting terrestrial and aquatic organisms (animals and plants) provided 

environmental concentrations are sufficiently elevated as a result of proposed label uses. 

Therefore, we will consider potential exposure as a result of direct applications, spray 

drift, and runoff. 

 

2 USEPA 2011. Ecotoxicity database http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/
17

1. Risk Hypotheses

For this assessment, the risk to non-target organisms is based on potential effects from 

the application of kasugamycin to the environment. The Agency presumes the following 

risk hypothesis for this screening level assessment:

Based on mode of action, the proposed use patterns, and the sensitivity of nontarget aquatic and terrestrial species, the proposed uses of kysugamycin have the 

potential to reduce survival, reproduction, and/or growth in terrestrial and 

aquatic animals and plants through direct application, spray drift and/or runoff.

In order for a chemical to pose an ecological risk, it must reach non-target organisms at 

concentrations found to cause adverse effects. The assessment of ecological exposure 

pathways in this assessment includes an examination of the source and potential 

migration pathways to kasugamycin exposure, and the determination of potential adverse 

effects on non-target species.

2. Diagram

Application methods for kasugamycin involve foliar spray applications via ground

equipment. Ecological receptors that may potentially be exposed to kasugamycin include 

terrestrial and semi-aquatic wildlife (i.e., mammals, birds, amphibians, terrestrial 

invertebrates, and reptiles) and plants. In addition, aquatic receptors (e.g., freshwater and 

estuarine/marine fish and invertebrates, amphibians, and plants) may also be exposed as a 

result of potential movement of kasugamycin via spray drift and/or runoff from the site of 

application to aquatic environments. The assessment following the process depicted in 

Figure 1 (aquatic exposure) and Figure 2 (terrestrial exposure) forms the basis for 

identifying potential endpoints, stressors, and ecological effects associated with 

kasugamycin use.

Since volatility of kasugamycin does not appear to be an issue, this assessment does not 

take into account atmospheric transport in estimating environmental concentrations. 

Exposure to terrestrial animals is based primarily on dietary consumption of foliar 

residues while aquatic assessments assume that all major potential routes of direct 

exposure are accounted for.
18

Figure 1: Conceptual model depicting stressors, exposure pathways, and potential effects to aquatic organisms from the proposed uses of kasugamycin. Dotted lines indicate 

exposure pathways that are hypothesized to have a low likelihood of contributing to ecological risk.
19

Figure 2: Conceptual model depicting stressors, exposure pathways, and potential effects to terrestrial organisms from the proposed uses of kasugamycin. Dotted lines indicate 

exposure pathways that are hypothesized to have a low likelihood of contributing to ecological risk.
20

E. Analysis Plan

As with any pesticide, there is concern regarding the potential effects kasugamycin use 

may pose to non-target animals and plants. This document characterizes the 

environmental fate of kasugamycin to assess whether proposed label uses of 

kasugamycin on fruiting vegetables, pome fruits, and walnuts provide a means of 

exposure to non-target species. Additionally, the toxicity of kasugamycin is 

characterized, then both potential exposure and effects are integrated to estimate the 

likelihood of adverse effects (risk) to non-target Federally listed (endangered or 

threatened) and non-listed animals and plants that could potentially impact the 

registration decision of kasugamycin under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and 

Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA), and the Endangered 

Species Act (ESA).

The maximum proposed label application rates for use of kasugamycin on fruiting 

vegetables, pome fruits, and walnuts were selected for modeling environmental 

concentrations for this screening-level deterministic (risk-quotient based) assessment. 

The most sensitive toxicity endpoints from surrogate test species are used to estimate 

treatment-related effects on growth, and survival. The aquatic estimated environmental 

concentrations (EECs) are based on the parent and the two degradates of concern, 

kasuganobiosamine and kasugamycinic acid, using a total toxic residue (TTR) approach. 

Because a default 35-day foliar half-life is used in the terrestrial modeling, the terrestrial 

EECs are expected to account for both the parent and its two degradates of concern (even 

though only the parent chemical is modeled).

In the following sections, we characterize the use, environmental fate, and ecological 

effects of kasugamycin and, using a risk quotient (ratio of exposure concentration to 

effects concentration) approach, we estimate the potential for adverse effects on nontarget terrestrial and aquatic animals and plants. Although risk is often defined as the 

likelihood and magnitude of adverse ecological effects, the risk quotient-based approach 

does not provide a quantitative estimate of likelihood and/or magnitude of an adverse 

effect. Such estimates may be possible through a more refined, probabilistic assessment; 

however, they are beyond the scope of this screening-level assessment.

1. Preliminary Identification of Data Gaps and Methods

The following data gaps and uncertainties were identified in this risk assessment:

Environmental Fate: 

Since aerobic soil metabolism data are only available on one soil type and data are 

recommended to be conducted with four soil types, there is uncertainty regarding the 

potential variability associated with aerobic soil metabolism rates (MRID 479457-18). 

To address this uncertainty, the single half life value of 73 days was multiplied by three 

(per EFED modeling input guidance), resulting in an adjusted value of 273 days. 

Although this study is classified as supplemental and was used in the modeling, data on 
21

additional soils could help to better characterize the rates of transformation in other soil 

types.

Ecological Effects: 

Acceptable toxicity data are not available to assess the effects of kasugamycin to 

freshwater invertebrates from chronic exposure or estuarine/marine mollusks from acute 

exposure. Additionally, the results from the available Tier I terrestrial plant seedling 

emergence study was not able to establish a NOAEC for three species of monocots. 

2. Measures to Evaluate Risk Hypotheses and Conceptual Model

a. Measures of Exposure

In order to estimate risks of kasugamycin exposures in aquatic and terrestrial 

environments, all exposure modeling and resulting risk conclusions will be made based 

on maximum proposed application rates as discussed in Section III.B.2.a. Measures of 

exposure are based on aquatic and terrestrial models that estimate environmental 

concentrations of kasugamycin using maximum proposed labeled application rates and 

application methods that have the greatest potential for off-site transport of the chemical. 

The models used to generate aquatic estimated environmental concentrations (EEC) are 

the Pesticide Root Zone Model (PRZM) coupled with the EXposure Analysis Model 

System (EXAMS). The model used to produce terrestrial EECs on food items is T-REX. 

The model used to derive EECs relevant to terrestrial and wetland plants is TerrPlant. 

These models are parameterized using relevant reviewed registrant-submitted 

environmental fate data. Additionally, the Screening Imbibition Program (SIP) and the 

Screening Tool for Inhalation Risk (STIR) were used to determine if drinking water 

and/or inhalation, respectively, are potentially significant routes of concern for terrestrial 

animals.

PRZM (v3.12.2, May 2005) and EXAMS (v2.98.4.6, April 2005) are screening 

simulation models coupled with the graphical user interface, PE (v5.0, November 2006) 

to generate daily exposures and 1-in-10-year EECs of kasugamycin that may occur in 

surface water bodies adjacent to application sites receiving kasugamycin through runoff 

and spray drift. PRZM simulates pesticide application, movement and transformation on 

an agricultural field and the resultant pesticide loadings to a receiving water body via 

runoff, erosion, and spray drift. EXAMS simulates the fate of the pesticide and resulting 

concentrations in the water body. The standard watershed geometry used for ecological 

pesticide assessments assumes application to a 10-hectare agricultural field that drains 

into an adjacent 1-hectare water body that is 2 meters deep (20,000 m3volume) with no 

outlet. The composite model PRZM/EXAMS is used to estimate screening-level 

exposure of aquatic organisms to kasugamycin. The measure of exposure for aquatic 

species is the 1-in-10-year peak or rolling mean concentration. The 1-in-10-year peak is 

used for estimating acute exposures of direct effects to aquatic organisms. The 1-in-10-

year 60-day mean is used for assessing the effects to fish and aquatic-phase amphibians 
22

from chronic exposure. The 1-in-10-year 21-day mean is used for assessing the effects 

on aquatic invertebrates from chronic exposure.

The Residues of Concern Knowledgebase Subcommittee (ROCKS) has determined 

(DP387527) that parent kasugamycin and its two major degradation products 

kasuganobiosamine and kasugamycinic acid should be considered as residues of concern 

(ROC) when evaluating kasugamycin. It is assumed that the toxicity of these two 

degradates are equivalent to the parent compound and will be assessed using the total 

toxic residues approach. This approach was used to determine the environmental fate 

data parameters for modeling in conjunction with the Guidance for Selecting Input 

Parameters in Modeling the Environmental Fate and Transport of Pesticides, Version 

2.1, October 22, 2009 and the draft Guidance for Modeling Pesticides Total Toxic 

Residues (TTR) May 20, 2009. 

The AgDRIFT spray drift model (v2.01; May 2001) is used to assess exposures of 

organisms to kasugamycin deposited on terrestrial habitats by spray drift. 

The registrant has provided a suite of studies pertinent to most Subdivision N guidelines, 

which provide environmental fate data for these measures of exposure. 

b. Measures of Effect

Measures of effect are obtained from a suite of registrant-submitted guideline studies 

conducted with a limited number of surrogate species. The test species are not intended 

to be representative of the most sensitive species but rather are selected based on their 

ability to thrive under laboratory conditions. The acute measures of effect routinely used 

for listed and non-listed animals in screening level assessments are the LD50, LC50 or 

EC50, depending on taxa (see Table 3). LD stands for "Lethal Dose", and LD50 is the 

amount of a material, given all at once, that is estimated to cause the death of 50% of a 

group of test organisms. LC stands for “Lethal Concentration” and LC50 is the 

concentration of a chemical that is estimated to kill 50% of a sample population. EC 

stands for “Effective Concentration” and the EC50 is the concentration of a chemical that 

is estimated to produce some measured effect in 50% of the test population. Endpoints 

for chronic measures of exposure for listed and non-listed animals are the NOAEL or 

NOAEC. NOAEL stands for “No Observed-Adverse-Effect-Level” and refers to the 

highest tested dose of a substance that has been reported to have no harmful (adverse) 

effects on a test population. The NOAEC (i.e., “No-Observed-Adverse-EffectConcentration”) is the highest test concentration at which none of the observed results 

were statistically different from the control. For non-listed plants, only acute exposures 

are assessed (i.e., EC25 for terrestrial plants and EC50 for aquatic plants). For listed

terrestrial plants the Agency uses the EC5 or NOAEC (see Table 3).

Consistent with EPA test guidelines, the registrant has provided a suite of ecological 

effect data that comply with good laboratory testing requirements. 
23

Table 3 Acute and Chronic Measures of Effect. 

TAXA ASSESSMENT MEASURE OF EFFECT

Aquatic Animals (Freshwater fish 

and inverts. and estuarine/marine 

fish and inverts.)

Acute Lowest tested EC50 or LC50 (acute toxicity tests)

Chronic Lowest NOAEC (early life-stage or full life-cycle tests)

Terrestrial Animals

Birds

Acute/Sub-acute Lowest LD50 (single oral dose) and LC50 (subacute 

dietary)

Chronic Lowest NOAEC (21-week reproduction test)

Terrestrial Animals

Mammals

Acute Lowest LD50 (single oral dose test)

Chronic Lowest NOAEC (two-generation reproduction test)

Plants

Terrestrial non-listed (monocots 

and dicots)

Acute/Chronic Lowest EC25 (seedling emergence and vegetative vigor)

Plants

Terrestrial listed (monocots and 

dicots)

Acute/Chronic EC05 or NOAEC associated with the lowest EC25

(seedling emergence and vegetative vigor)

Plants

Aquatic non-listed (vascular and 

non-vascular)

Acute/Chronic Lowest EC50

Plants

Aquatic listed (vascular and 

algae)

Acute/Chronic EC05 or NOAEC associated with the lowest EC50

III. ANALYSIS

A. Use Characterization

A Section 18 (Emergency Exemption) allowance was granted for the use of kasugamycin 

on apples in Michigan (2008). The proposed kasugamycin registration being assessed 

here is for fruiting vegetables (tomatoes and peppers grown in greenhouses and in the 

field), pome fruits (apple and pear), and walnuts. Based on National Agricultural 

Statistics Service (NASS) data (from 2004 and 2006), approximately 422,200 acres of 

tomatoes; 60,600 acres of bell peppers (for fresh market) (specific national data for other 

peppers could not be located); 384,460 acres of apples (40% in Washington alone), 

63,430 acres of pears, and 214,000 acres of walnuts (all in the state of California) are 

harvested each year in the United States (see Figs. 3, 4, and 5). The maps are provided to 

illustrate that the potential kasugamycin use sites are found throughout much of the US. 

These represent potential markets for kasugamycin in the United States.
24

Figure 3 Acres of Tomatoes Harvested By County in the United Stated in 1997 (based on information from USDANASS).
25

Figure 4 Acres of Sweet Peppers Harvested By County in the United Stated in 1997 (based on information from 

USDA-NASS).
26

Figure 5 Acres of Land in Orchards in the United Stated in 2002 (based on information from USDA-NASS).

Kasugamycin is applied as a foliar spray via ground equipment. There is one

kasugamycin end-use product being proposed for registration in the United States: 

KASUMIN®2L (liquid formulation; 2.3% kasugamycin hydrochloride; equivalent to 

2.0% kasugamycin; the product does not contain any other active ingredients) (EPA EST. 

No.: 075703-JPN-001). According to the proposed label, kasugamycin can be applied at 

a single maximum application rate of 0.084 lb a.i./acre (0.094 kg a.i./ha) and a yearly 

maximum application rate of 0.336 lb a.i./acre (0.38 kg a.i./ha) for pome fruits and 

walnuts (see Table 4). At most, it can be applied four times per year with a minimum 

application interval of 3 days (pome fruits). 
27

Table 4 Application Information from the Proposed Kasugamycin Label (KASUMIN 2L; 2.0 % Kasugamycin)1.

Crop

Maximum 

Individual

Application 

Rate

lbs a.i./A

Number of

Applications/ 

year

Minimum

Application 

Interval 

(days)

Max 

Annual 

Application 

Rate in lbs 

a.i./A/year

Application 

Method Comments

Fruiting 

vegetables 

(tomato/pepper)

0.021 3/season 7 0.063/year Ground None

Pome fruit 

(apple and pear) 0.084 4/year2

3 0.336/year Ground

- Do not make 

more than two 

consecutive 

applications

- Do not use 

alternate tree-row 

application method

- Do not apply 

after petal fall

Walnut 0.084 4/season 14 0.336/year Ground

- Do not use 

alternate tree-row 

application method

1 There is 0.168 lb a.i. (kasugamycin) in one gallon of KASUMIN 2L.

2 This is not specified on the label; it is assumed by dividing the maximum application rate allowed/year 

(256 fl oz of product) by the maximum single application rate (64 fl oz of product).

B. Exposure Characterization

1. Environmental Fate and Transport Characterization

a. Degradation

Kasugamycin is a fungicide/bactericide that belongs to the aminoglycoside class of 

compounds. Kasugamycin is applied as kasugamycin hydrochloride, an acid, and 

dissociates into its salt immediately after application. Kasugamycin is mostly present in 

solution at pH values < 3.23, while kasugamycinic acid will be mostly present in solution 

between pH values 3.23 to 7.73, and kasuganobiosamine will be mostly present in 

solution from pH 7.73 to 11. 

Kasugamycin is also a zwitterion, contains a carboxylic acid fragment and an amino 

group. This means that in more acidic pHs, kasugamycin will act more like a cation. As 

a result, kasugamycin is more likely to sorb to soil (especially clay) in lower pH 

environments. As the pH increases, the zwitterion will act more like an anion, and will 

be less likely to sorb to soil. The major routes of degradation for kasugamycin are 

aqueous photolysis, aerobic biodegradation, and hydrolysis. 

Abiotic routes of degradaton include photolysis and hydrolysis. In the aqueous 

photolysis study (MRID 479457-16), the half-life in natural lake water was 17.4 days as 

opposed to the phototransformation half-life in sterile water of 630 days3. The hydrolysis 

study showed that kasugamycin tends to degrade much faster in neutral to alkaline 

 

3 This is an adjusted half-life assuming 12 hr days and 12 hr nights.
28

environments. The hydrolysis half-life at pH 4, 5, 7, and 9 was 462, 630, 79.7, and 11.4 

days, respectively (MRID 464855-01). 

Biotic routes of degradation include soil and aquatic metabolism under both aerobic and 

anaerobic conditions. The aerobic aquatic metabolism half-life was approximately 45 

days in lake water-loamy sand sediment and river water-clay loam sediment (MRID 

479457-20). In soil, the half-life was 73 days in an aerobic clay-loam soil (MRID 

479457-18), and 147 days in an aerobic/anaerobic soil metabolism study performed under 

paddy conditions (MRID 479457-19). The anaerobic aquatic metabolism study total 

system half-life was 105 days (MRID 479457-21).

Biodegradation studies of kasugamycin parent produced kasugamycinic acid under 

aerobic and anaerobic conditions and kasuganobiosamine under anaerobic conditions. In 

these studies, the kasuganomycinic acid was present at 3.1% at 180 days (the termination 

of the paddy study) in non-sterile soil and 12% in the sterile soil. Kasugamycinic acid 

was seen at a maximum of 31% after 14 days in the aerobic aquatic metabolism study, 

but was only present at 0.6% by the termination of the study (100 days). In the anaerobic 

metabolism study, kasugamycinic acid was present at 29% at termination of the study 

(368 days) and a maximum of 36% at 185 days into the study. Kasuganoboisamine was a 

major degradate in the anaerobic aquatic metabolism study alone with 45% present in the 

total system at study termination (368 days) and a maximum of 48% present in the total 

system after 277 days. Kasuganobiosamine was also detected in the aerobic aquatic 

metabolism, but was not quantified. Chemical structures for the parent compound and its 

principle degradates can be found in Appendix H.

b. Mobility and Transport

Based on the FAO Mobility classification4, kasugamycin is classified as mobile (10 mL/g

in sand) to moderately mobile (151 mL/g in sandy clay loam, 345 mL/g in sandy loam, 

and 364 mL/g in clay loam (MRID 479457-14). At termination (25-33 days) of a soil 

column leaching study (MRID 479457-15) kasugamycin and its degradates were not 

found in the leachate. The mobility of kasugamycin acid and kasuganobiosamine is 

expected to be similar to or greater than the parent compound. Therefore, they will likely 

range from highly mobile to moderately mobile. Both of these degradates have the 

potential to be found in drinking water and ground water.

Kasugamycin is highly soluble in water (228 g/L at 25oC and pH 7). The pKa for 

kasugamycin is pKa1 = 3.23 (kasugamycin mostly present in solution at pH values < 

3.23), pKa2 = 7.73 (kasugamycinic acid mostly present in solution between pH values 

3.23 to 7.73), pKa3 = 11.0 (kasuganobiosamine mostly present in solution from pH 7.73 

to 11). With a vapor pressure of 1.3 x 10-2 mPa at 25°C (MRID 479457-19), the 

 

4 FAO. 2000. Appendix 2. Parameters of pesticides that influence processes in the soil. 

In FAO Information Division Editorial Group (Ed.), Pesticide Disposal Series 8. 

Assessing Soil Contamination. A Reference Manual. Rome: Food & Agriculture 

Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Available at 

http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X2570E/X2570E06.htm
29

compound does not appear to volatilize. The compound is not expected to bioaccumulate 

with an octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) of 0.0196 at 23°C and pH 5 (MRID 

479457-16).

c. Field Studies

Field dissipation studies of kasugamycin indicate that the compound did not leach nor 

persist appreciably under the conditions tested. Soil dissipation of kasugamycin under

U.S. field conditions was studied using bare plots of loamy sand soil near Madera, 

California (Site 1), Ephrata, Washington (Site 2), North Rose, New York (Site 3), and 

Chula, Georgia (Site 4). Dissipation half-lives were only calculated for site 2 

(Washington, t1/2 = 5.7 days, r2= 0.88) and site 3 (New York, t1/2 = 12.3 days, r2= 0.46). 

The compound did not leach further than 0-15 cm in soil from Georgia, New York, and 

Washington, and not further than the 15-30 cm depth in California soil. The degradate 

kasugamycinic acid was not detected above the LOQ at any sampling interval. No other 

degradates were examined in this study. The two dissipation half-lives calculated reflect 

the residues of the parent compound in the 0-15 cm soil layer as kasugamcyin was only 

detected at those two sites (MRID 481326-02).

c. Degradates

Major degradates (e.g., those present at ≥10% applied radioactivity) of kasugamycin 

include:

kasugamycinic acid (found in aerobic/anaerobic soil metabolism (paddy) study, 

aerobic aquatic and anaerobic metabolism studies, hydrolysis study, aqueous 

photolysis study, and soil column leaching study)

kasuganobiosamine (found in aerobic and anaerobic aquatic metabolism studies, 

soil column leaching study, and aqueous photolysis study)

carbon dioxide (CO2)

Area-1 (an unidentified degradate found in anaerobic aquatic metabolism study).

For structures of the degradates and the parent, and a summary of studies each degradate 

was found in along with how much was present please see Appendix H.

Area-1 was the name given to an unidentified major degradate in the anaerobic aquatic 

metabolism study (MRID 479457-21) at a maximum of 16% of the applied at 63 days, 

but was not seen at termination of the study. This degradate was not identified as the 

parent compound, kasuganobiosamine, or kasugamycinic acid and is believed to be an 

intermediate compound; therefore, its similarity to the parent compound is uncertain.

Carbon dioxide was a major degradate in the aerobic aquatic metabolism study (MRID 

479457-20) and the aerobic soil metabolism study (MRID 479457-18) at levels up to 

46% and 55% of the applied, respectively. It is uncertain if the gas is a degradate 

produced from hydrolysis because volatiles were not collected in the hydrolysis study. It 

was a minor photolytic degradate seen at a maximum of 0.2% in the aquatic photolysis 

study(MRID 479457-16).
30

Minor (e.g., those present at <10% applied radioactivity) degradates of kasugamycin 

include a few uncharacterized residues:

M-1 (found in aerobic aquatic metabolism study at a max of 6.2%)

M-2 (found in aerobic aquatic metabolism study at a max of 2.2%)

Area-3 (found in anaerobic aquatic metabolism study at a max of 5.5%)

The Health Effects Division's Residues of Concern Knowledgebase Subcommittee 

(ROCKS) has previously determined (DP387527) that parent kasugamycin and its two 

major degradation products, i.e., kasuganobiosamine and kasugamycinic acid, should be 

considered as the residues of concern (ROC). Therefore, the estimated environmental

concentrations (EECs) represent the combined residues of the fungicide/bactericide

kasugamycin plus its major degradation products.

2. Measures of Aquatic Exposure

a. Aquatic Exposure Modeling

The environmental fate properties used for modeling for the combined residues are 

summarized in Table 5. 

Environmental fate data parameters used in the modeling were selected from the 

submitted studies in general accordance with Guidance for Selecting Input Parameters in 

Modeling the Environmental Fate and Transport of Pesticides5(Version 2.1, October 22, 

2009) and the draft Guidance for Modeling Pesticides Total Toxic Residues (TTR) May 

20, 2009. Please note that the half-lives for the hydrolysis study at pH 5 and photolysis 

study did not need to be recalculated using the TTR method because the two degradates 

of concern did not form since the parent did not degrade. In addition, the half-life for the 

aerobic soil metabolism study was not recalculated since neither of the degradates of 

concern were detected in the study.

Detailed description, documentation, and direct links for running models used for 

estimating aquatic environmental concentrations can be found at:

http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/water/index.htm

Table 5 Summary of model input parameters used for the ecological risk assessment

Parameter Modeling Input Value2 Basis for selection per 

Guidance Source

Molecular Weight 433.84 Parent value MRID 479457-19

Solubility @ 25 ◦C 228,000 mg/L @ pH-7 Parent value MRID 479457-19

Vapor Pressure 9.83 x 10-8torr Parent (Most 

conservative) MRID 479457-19

Henry’s Constant 2.46 x 10-13 atm m3/mol NA

Estimated by Calculation

(VP*MW)÷(760*solubility)

 

5

http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/water/input_parameter_guidance.htm
31

Table 5 Summary of model input parameters used for the ecological risk assessment

Parameter Modeling Input Value2 Basis for selection per 

Guidance Source

Hydrolysis Half-life1

pH 5 = 630

pH 7 = 1155

pH 9 = 6932

Parent,

Parent and degradates*

Parent and degradates*

MRID 46485501

Aquatic Photolysis 

Half-life1 Stable (630 days) Parent MRID 479457-16

Photolysis on soil 

Half-life 1 No Data No Data No Data

Aerobic Aquatic 

Metabolism Half-life1

45.4 days (Lake waterloamy sand sediment), 

44.2 days (River waterclay loam sediment). 

upper 90th percentile 

confidence bound on 

the mean= 43.3 days

Parent and degradates** MRID 479457-20

Anaerobic Aquatic 

Metabolism Half-life 1 Stable Degradate (kasuganobiosamine) MRID 479457-21

Organic Carbon 

Partition Coefficient 

(Koc) (mL/g)

10 (sand), 151 (sandy 

clay loam), 364 (clay 

loam), 345 (sandy loam)

Mean = 218

Parent (Lowest mean Koc

of available data)

MRID 479457-14

Ground Spray Drift 

Application 

Efficiency 

0.01 Ground

0.99 Ground

NA EFED Guidance

FEXTRA - foliar apps

PRZM Foliar 

Extraction

0.5 (frac/cm rain) NA EFED Guidance

Aerobic Soil 

Metabolism Half-life1

73 days

(multiply by 3 per 

guidance = 219 days)

Parent MRID 479457-18

1

Half-lives are re-calculated as per half-life guidance for a new set of data that combine all stressors

(TTR), so that calculated half-lives represent the decline of all of the species of the TTR when they are 

present in the study.

*Kasugamycinic acid was the only degradate seen in the study.

**The amount of kasuganobiosamine was not quantified.

The aquatic EECs for the various scenarios and application practices are listed Table 6. 

See APPENDIX D for an example of the output from PRZM/EXAMS. Peak EECs 

ranged from 0.41 to 6.53 μg/L for use on apples using the Oregon standard scenario for 

apples and peppers using the Florida standard scenario, respectively.
32

Table 6 Calculated EECs for the use of Kasugamycin on Apples, Pears, Walnuts, Tomatoes, and Peppers based 

on proposed application rates and intervals.

Crop 

/Site

Crop 

Scenario

App Rate 

(lbsA)

App

Rate

(kg/ha)

Max # of 

Apps

Interval 

Between 

Apps App.

method

App.

Date

Peak 

EEC 

ppb

21 

Day 

EEC 

pbb

60 

Day 

EEC 

pbb

(Apps/yr) (Days)

Apple 

/Pear

CAfruit_

WirrigST

D

0.084 0.09 4

3

ground

1-Apr

0.54 0.47 0.38

NCapple

STD 3-May 2.10 1.86 1.48

ORapple

STD 30-Apr 0.41 0.37 0.29

PAapple

STD 10-May 1.66 1.43 1.06

Walnut

CAalmon

d_Wirrig

STD

14

2-Aug

2.44 2.10 1.73

GAPecans

STD 21-Sep 4.72 4.28 4.00

ORfilberts

STD 15-Apr 0.76 0.67 0.54

Pepper FLpeppers

STD

0.021 0.024 3 7

15-Nov 6.53 5.57 3.30

Tomato

CAtomato

_WirrigS

TD

1-Jul

1.49 1.34 1.20

FLtomato

STD 21-Apr 6.28 5.49 4.53

PAtomato

STD 30-Jun 3.00 2.58 2.14

b. Aquatic Exposure Monitoring and Field Data

Kasugamycin is a relatively new chemical, for which there are no monitoring data 

available. The California Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR) surface water 

database (http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/surfwtr/surfcont.htm and USGS NAWQA 

surface and ground water database (http://infotrek.er.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=136:1:0::NO:::) 

were evaluated for available monitoring data of which none were located. Also, no 

monitoring data on kasuganobiosamine or kasugamycinic acid were found.

3. Measures of Terrestrial Exposure

a. Terrestrial Exposure Modeling

The application method for the proposed kasugamycin use on fruiting vegetables, pome 

fruits, and walnuts is limited to foliar spray via ground equipment. Therefore, for this 

terrestrial exposure assessment, we consider only foliar applications. The EEC values 

used for terrestrial animal exposure are derived from the Kenaga nomograph, as modified 

by Fletcher et al. (1994), based on a large set of actual field residue data. The upper limit 

values from the nomograph represent the 95th percentile of residue values from actual 

field measurements (Hoerger and Kenaga, 1972). The Fletcher et al. (1994) 

modifications to the Kenaga nomograph are based on measured field residues from 249 

published research papers, including information on 118 species of plants, 121 pesticides, 
33

and 17 chemical classes. These modifications represent the 95th percentile of the 

expanded data set. Risk quotients are based on the most sensitive LC50 and NOAEC for 

birds (bobwhite quail and mallard duck) and LD50 for mammals (based on lab rat 

studies). 

We derive terrestrial estimated environmental concentrations (Table 7) for kasugamycin 

using the maximum proposed single application rates (for plants) and maximum annual 

application rate (animals). Terrestrial exposure estimates for avian and mammalian risk 

assessments were derived using the T-REX model (version 1.3.1, December 22, 2006). 

The default 35-day foliar half-life value was used for modeling EECs on terrestrial food 

items. A complete description of the input parameters and output is contained in 

APPENDIX E. 

Table 7 EECs on Potential Food Items Following Label-Specified Applications of Kasugamycin Using the T-REX

Model (ppm).

USE DIETARY-BASED EECs 

KENAGA VALUES

Upper Bound

Fruiting vegetables 

(tomato/pepper)1

Short Grass 13.3

Tall Grass 6.1

Broadleaf Plants/Small Insects 7.5

Fruits/Pods/Seeds/Large Insects 0.8

Pome fruit (apple and pear)2

Short Grass 73.9

Tall Grass 33.9

Broadleaf Plants/Small Insects 41.6

Fruits/Pods/Seeds/Large Insects 4.6

Walnut3

Short Grass 55.8

Tall Grass 25.6

Broadleaf Plants/Small Insects 31.4

Fruits/Pods/Seeds/Large Insects 3.5

1

Inputs: 3 applications at 0.021 lb a.i./acre with a 7-day application interval.

2

Inputs: 4 applications at 0.084 lb a.i./acre with a 3-day application interval.

3

Inputs: 4 applications at 0.084 lb a.i./acre with a 14-day application interval.

Exposure to upland and wetland plants is estimated using the TerrPlant (v1.2.1) screening 

model. TerrPlant estimates potential exposure from a single application using default 

assumptions for runoff (5% given solubility is >100 ppm) and spray drift (1% given a 

ground application of a liquid formulation) (Table 8). See APPENDIX F for more 

information.

Table 8 EECs on Plants Following Label-Specified Ground Applications of Kasugamycin Using the TerrPlant Model 

(lbs a.i./A).

USE RATE

ADJACENT 

UPLAND 

LOADING1

ADJACENT 

WETLAND 

LOADING

DRIFT ONLY

Fruiting 

vegetables 

(tomato/pepper)

0.021 lbs ai/A 0.001 0.011 0.0002
34

USE RATE

ADJACENT 

UPLAND 

LOADING1

ADJACENT 

WETLAND 

LOADING

DRIFT ONLY

Pome fruit (apple 

and pear) and 

walnut

0.084 lbs ai/A 0.005 0.043 0.0008

1Loading is runoff plus drift (lbs ai/A)

C. Ecological Effects Characterization

Based on the available data, kasugamycin is classified as practically nontoxic to 

freshwater and estuarine/marine fish, freshwater and estuarine/marine invertebrates, 

birds, mammals, and terrestrial invertebrates on an acute exposure basis. Chronic 

exposure resulted in no statistically significant (α=0.05) effects at the highest 

concentration tested (9.5 mg a.i./L) in freshwater fish. Chronic toxicity data are not 

available for estuarine/marine fish (data have not been submitted) or aquatic invertebrates

(the submitted study is classified as invalid). Chronic exposure in birds resulted in 

reduced 14-day survivors (NOAEC = 450 mg a.i./kg-diet). In mammals, chronic 

exposure resulted in reduced body weights and reduced weight gain (NOAEL = 13.7 mg 

a.i./kg-bw). 

For terrestrial plants, the effect concentrations for 25% of the plants tested (EC25) values 

were less than the limit test application rates, i.e., EC25<0.0925 lb a.i./acre and

EC25<0.0964 lb a.i./acre, in the seedling emergence and vegetative vigor studies, 

respectively, for both monocotyledenous (monocot) and dicotyledenous (dicot) plants. 

Both of the limit test treatment rates are higher than the maximum proposed single 

application rate of 0.084 lbs a.i./acre. All of the NOAEC values were equal to the limit 

test application rate in the vegetative vigor study, for both monocots and dicots (i.e., 

NOAEC = 0.0964 lb a.i./acre). In the seedling emergence study, the the NOAEC values 

were equal to the limit test application rate for all dicots tested (i.e., NOAEC = 0.0925 lb 

a.i./acre). For monocots, the NOAEC values for corn and wheat were < 0.0925 lb 

a.i./acre based on statistically significant reduced dry weight (18% and 37% inhibition, 

respectively, compared to controls). Additionally, although not statistically significant, 

onion had inhibitions in dry weight of 26%. 

The most sensitive aquatic plant tested was the cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)

Anabaena flos-aquae with an EC50 value of 0.65 mg a.i./L and a NOAEC value <0.08 mg 

a.i./L based on a reduction in cell density. See Table 9 for the most sensitive 

measurement endpoints considered in this assessment for estimating risks to non-target 

taxa.
35

Table 9 Summary of Specific Assessment Endpoints for Animals and Plants Considered in this Assessment for 

Estimating Risks to Non-target Taxa.

TAXA MEASURE OF EFFECT

Survival, growth and/ 

or reproduction of: Species Toxicity Endpoint

Freshwater Fish

Acute

Pimephales promelas

Fathead minnow LC50 = >110 mg/L Mortality

Chronic

Pimephales promelas

Fathead minnow NOAEC = 9.5 mg a.i./L No effects at the highest concentration tested

Freshwater 

Invertebrates

Acute

Daphnia magna

Waterflea EC50 = >66.2 mg/L Mortality/immobility

Chronic

The submitted study is 

invalid N/A1 N/A

Estuarine/Marine 

Fish

Acute

Cyprinodon variegates

Sheepshead minnow LC50 = >110 mg./L Mortality

Chronic

No data submitted N/A N/A

Estuarine/Marine 

Invertebrates

Acute

Americamysis bahia

Mysid

LC50 >100 mg/L Mortality

Chronic

Not Available Not Available N/A

Aquatic Plants

Acute

Lemna gibba

Duckweed EC50 = 86 mg a.i./L Reduction in frond number

Listed

Lemna gibba

Duckweed NOAEC = 26 mg a.i./L Reduction in frond number

Acute

Anabaena flos-aquae

Cyanobacteria EC50 = 0.65 mg a.i./L Reduction in cell density

Listed

Anabaena flos-aquae

Cyanobacteria NOAEC <0.08 mg a.i./L Reduction in cell density

Birds

Acute

Colinus virginianus

Northern bobwhite quail

LC50 = >4,858 mg/kg-diet

LD50 = >2,000 mg/kg-bw Mortality

Chronic

Colinus virginianus

Northern bobwhite quail

NOAEC = 450 mg a.i./kgdiet Reduced 14-day survivors

Mammals

Acute

Rattus Norvegicus

Norway Rat

LD50 = >5,000 mg a.i./kgbwNo effects were noted in 

the study.

Chronic

Rattus Norvegicus

Norway Rat

NOAEL = 13.7 mg a.i./kgbw

Based on decreased body 

weights and weight gain 

in adult males

Terrestrial Acute
36

TAXA MEASURE OF EFFECT

Survival, growth and/ 

or reproduction of: Species Toxicity Endpoint

Invertebrates Apis mellifera

Honey Bee

LD50 = >100 μg/bee 

(contact)

LD50 = 30.3 μg/bee (oral)

Mortality

Terrestrial Plants

Non-listed (Seedling Emergence)

Monocot: corn (Zea 

mays); onion (Allium 

cepa); ryegrass (Lolium 

perenne); and wheat, 

(Triticum aestivum)

EC25 = >0.0925 lb a.i./acre N/A

Dicot: sugarbee (Beta 

vulgaris); radish 

(Raphanus sativus); 

lettuce (Lactuca sativa); 

flax (Linum 

usitatissimum); soybean 

(Glycine max); and 

tomato (Lycopersicon 

esculentum)

Listed (Seedling Emergence)

Monocot: corn (Zea 

mays); and wheat, 

(Triticum aestivum)

NOAEC = <0.0925 a.i./acre

Based on reduced dry 

weight; for all other 

monocots tested, the 

NOAEC = 0.0.0925 lb 

a.i./acre [although not 

statistically significant, 

onion (Allium cepa) had 

inhibitions of 26%].

Dicot: sugarbee (Beta 

vulgaris); radish 

(Raphanus sativus); 

lettuce (Lactuca sativa); 

flax (Linum 

usitatissimum); soybean 

(Glycine max); and 

tomato (Lycopersicon 

esculentum)

NOAEC = 0.0.0925 lb 

a.i./acre

N/A

Non-listed (Vegetative vigor)

Monocot: corn (Zea 

mays); onion (Allium 

cepa); ryegrass (Lolium 

perenne), and wheat, 

(Triticum aestivum)

EC25 >0.0964 lbs a.i./acre N/A

Dicot: sugarbeet (Beta 

vulgaris); radish 

(Raphanus sativus); 

lettuce (Lactuca sativa); 

flax (Linum 

usitatissimum); soybean 

(Glycine max); and 

tomato (Lycopersicon 

esculentum)
37

TAXA MEASURE OF EFFECT

Survival, growth and/ 

or reproduction of: Species Toxicity Endpoint

Listed (Vegetative vigor)

Monocot: corn (Zea 

mays); onion (Allium 

cepa); ryegrass (Lolium 

perenne), and wheat, 

(Triticum aestivum)

NOAEC = 0.0964 lbs a.i./A N/A

Dicot: sugarbeet (Beta 

vulgaris); radish 

(Raphanus sativus); 

lettuce (Lactuca sativa); 

flax (Linum 

usitatissimum); soybean 

(Glycine max); and 

tomato (Lycopersicon 

esculentum)

1 N/A = not applicable

1. Aquatic Effects Characterization 

a. Aquatic Animals

Toxicity studies were submitted for two freshwater fish, i.e., rainbow trout (Oncorhychus 

mykiss) and fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), one freshwater invertebrate, i.e., 

waterfleas (Daphnia magna), one estuarine/marine fish, i.e., sheepshead minnow 

(Cyprinodon variegates), one estuarine/marine mollusk, i.e., Eastern oyster (Crassostrea 

virginica), and one estuarine/marine crustacean, i.e., mysid shrimp (Americamysis bahia), 

all exposed to technical grade kasugamycin (see Table 10).
38

Table 10 Submitted Toxicity Data for Kasugamycin and Aquatic Animals.

TAXON ENDPOINT FORMULATION MRID

STUDY 

CLASSIFICATIONCOMMENTS

FRESHWATER FISH

Acute

Rainbow trout 

(Oncorhynchus 

mykiss)

96-hr LC50 >120 

mg a.i./L TGAI (71.5% a.i.) 47945726 Acceptable NOAEC = 120 mg a.i./L (the highest concentration tested)

Fathead 

minnow 

(Pimephales 

promelas)

96-hr LC50 >110 

mg a.i./L TGAI (71.5% a.i.) 47945727 Acceptable NOAEC = 110 mg a.i./L (the highest concentration tested)

Chronic

Fathead 

minnow 

(Pimephales 

promelas)

NOAEC: 9.5 

mg ai/L 

LOAEC: >9.5 

mg ai/L

TGAI (71.5% a.i.) 47945730 Acceptable NOAEC = 9.5 mg a.i./L (the 

highest concentration tested)

ESTUARINE/MARINE FISH

Acute

Sheepshead 

minnow 

(Cyprinodon 

variegatus)

96-hr LC50 >110 

mg a.i./L TGAI (71.5% a.i.) 47945728 Acceptable NOAEC = 110 mg a.i./L (the highest concentration tested)

Chronic

No data available

FRESHWATER INVERTEBRATES

Acute

Water flea 

(Daphnia 

magna)

48-hr EC50 > 

66.2 mg a.i./L TGAI (73% a.i.) 47945723 Acceptable NOAEC = 66.2 mg a.i./L (the highest concentration tested)

Mysid 

(Americamysis 

bahia)

96-hr LC50 

>100 mg a.i./L TGAI (71.5% a.i.) 47945725 Acceptable NOAEC = 100 mg a.i./L (the highest concentration tested)

Eastern oyster 

(Crassostrea 

virginica)

96-hr EC50

>110 mg a.i./L TGAI (71.5% a.i.) 47945724 Supplemental

NOAEC = 8.7 mg a.i./L (shell 

deposition); the average shell 

growth in the controls (1.9 

mm) did not meet the 

minimum 2.0 mm for new 

shell growth during the study. 

There was 47% shell growth 

inhibition at the middle 

concentration tested [33 mg 

a.i./L (mean measured)], while

the inhibitions at the two 

highest concentrations tested 

were 42 and 37%. (55 and 110 

mg a.i./L, respectively).

Chronic

No data available (the submitted chronic daphnid study is classified as invalid due to poor reproductive performance in the 

controls)
39

Acute toxicity tests for rainbow trout (MRID 47945726), fathead minnow (MRID 

47945727), sheepshead minnow (MRID 47945728), daphnid (MRID 47945723), and 

mysid (MRID 47945725) all resulted in no effects, including sublethal effects, to the 

species at the highest treatment level tested. The Eastern oyster study (MRID 47945724) 

resulted in an EC50 value greater than the highest concentration tested (>110 mg a.i./L), 

but there were statistically significant effects on shell growth that resulted in a NOAEC 

value of 8.7 mg a.i./L. The oyster study is classified as supplemental because the average 

shell growth in the controls (1.9 mm) did not meet the minimum 2.0 mm for new shell 

growth during the study. Although the 1.9 mm is close to the recommended 2.0 mm, the 

shell growth inhibition was 47% in the 33 mg a.i./L (mean measured concentration) 

treatment group (the middle concentration tested), while the shell growth inhibitions were 

42 and 37% for the highest two concentrations tested (55 and 110 mg a.i./L, 

respectively). Therefore, there is uncertainty regarding the endpoints in this study. For 

acute effects, the following endpoints will be used to assess the risk of kasugamycin to 

aquatic animals: freshwater fish LC50 >110 mg a.i./L; freshwater invertebrate EC50

>66.2 mg a.i./L; estuarine/marine fish LC50 >110 mg a.i./L; and estuarine/marine 

invertebrate LC50 >100 mg a.i./L (Table 9).

A freshwater fish early life stage on fathead minnow resulted in a NOAEC of 9.5 mg 

a.i./L, the highest concentration tested (MRID 479457-30). Therefore, for chronic 

effects, a NOAEC of 9.5 mg a.i./L will be used to assess the risk of kasugamycin to 

freshwater fish. No chronic data for kasugamycin and freshwater invertebrates, 

estuarine/marine fish, or estuarine/marine invertebrates are currently available.

Based on these submitted studies, kasugamycin is classified as practically nontoxic to 

freshwater and estuarine/marine fish and invertebrates on an acute exposure basis. There 

were no mortalities or sublethal effects at the highest treatment levels tested in most of 

the acute studies and all of the LC50 or EC50 endpoints for aquatic animals are ‘greater 

than’ values. These ‘greater than’ endpoints are not used to calculate RQ values here; 

however, they are used to help characterize potential risk in the ‘Risk Description’ 

section of this assessment.

b. Aquatic Plants

Studies were submitted for a freshwater vascular plant [duckweed (Lemna gibba)],

cyanobacteria (blue-green algae; Anabaena flos-aquae), a freshwater diatom (Navicula 

pelliculosa), a green algae (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata formerly known as

Selenastrum capricornutum), and a marine diatom (Skeletonema costatum) exposed to 

technical grade kasugamycin (see Table 11). 
40

Table 11 Submitted Toxicity Data for Kasugamycin and Aquatic Plants.

TAXON ENDPOINT FORMULATION MRID

STUDY 

CLASSIFICATIONCOMMENTS

AQUATIC VASCULAR PLANTS

Duckweed 

(Lemna gibba)

EC50 = 86 mg 

a.i./L

NOAEC = 26 

mg a.i./L

TGAI (71.5% a.i.) 479457-43 Acceptable

LOAEC = 63 mg a.i./L [based 

on reduced yield (frond 

number)]

AQUATIC NON-VASCULAR PLANTS

Cyanobacteria

(Anabaena flosaquae)

EC50 = 0.65 mg 

a.i./L

NOAEC <0.080 

mg a.i./L

EC05 = 0.20 mg 

a.i./L

TGAI (71.5% a.i.) 479457-44 Acceptable Most sensitive endpoint was 

cell density

Green Algae 

(Pseudokirchne

riella 

subcapitata)

EC50 = 3.9 mg 

a.i./L

NOAEC = 1.1 

mg a.i./L

TGAI (71.5% a.i.) 479457-45 Acceptable

LOAEC = 2.8 mg a.i./L [based 

on cell density and yield 

(based on cell density)]

Marine Diatom

(Skeletonema 

costatum)

EC50 > 110 mg 

a.i./L

NOAEC = 110 

mg a.i./L

TGAI (71.5% a.i.) 479457-46 Acceptable

The % growth inhibition of 

cell density in the treated algal 

culture as compared to the 

control ranged from -37 to 

2%.

Freshwater 

Diatom

(Navicula 

pelliculosa)

EC50 = 90 mg 

a.i./L

NOAEC = 52 

mg a.i./L

TGAI (71.5% a.i.) 479457-47 Acceptable LOAEC = 115 mg a.i./L 

(based on cell yield)

The EC50 for duckweed, based on reduced yield (frond number) in a 7-day toxicity study, 

is 86 mg a.i./L (MRID 479457-43). In this study the associated NOAEC was 26 mg 

a.i./L, based on reduced yield. Therefore, an EC50 value of 86 mg a.i./L and a NOAEC of 

26 mg a.i./L will be used to assess the risk of kasugamycin to vascular aquatic plants 

(macrophytes).

Toxicity tests using nonvascular aquatic plants resulted in 96-hour EC50 values ranging 

from 0.65 mg a.i./L for reductions in cell density in cyanobacteria (Anabaena flos-aquae)

(MRID 479457-44) to > 110 mg a.i./L in the marine diatom (Skeletonema costatum)

(MRID 479457-46). The lowest EC50 value of 0.65 mg a.i./L and the associated EC05

value of 0.20 mg a.i./L for reductions in cell density in Anabaena flos-aquae will be used 

to assess the risk of kasugamycin to nonvascular aquatic plants.

2. Terrestrial Effects Characterization

a. Terrestrial Animals
41

Birds

Based on the LD50 values for the northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus), mallard 

duck (Anas platyrhynchos), and Zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) of >2,000 mg a.i./kgbw, kasugamycin is characterized as “practically nontoxic" to avian species on an acute 

oral-exposure basis (MRIDs 479457-32, 479457-31, and 479457-33, respectively) (see 

Table 12). Kasugamycin is no more than “slightly toxic” to avian species on a sub-acute 

dietary-exposure basis, with LC50 values of > 4,858 mg/kg-diet reported for northern

bobwhite quail (MRID 479457-35) and mallard ducks (MRID 479457-34). In this 

assessment, a subacute dietary LC50 value of >4,858 mg a.i./kg-diet and an acute oral

LD50 of >2,000 mg a.i./kg body weight will be used to assess the risk of kasugamycin to 

birds. 
42

Table 12 Submitted Toxicity Data for Kasugamycin and Birds.

TAXON ENDPOINT FORMULATION MRID

STUDY 

CLASSIFICATIONCOMMENTS

Acute Oral

Bobwhite quail 

(Colinus 

virginianus)

14-day LD50

>2,000 mg 

a.i./kg-bw

TGAI (73.9% a.i.) 479457-32 Acceptable

NOAEL = 2,000 mg a.i./kgbw; although frank sublethal 

effects were noted in the study 

(i.e., weight changes), the 

highest concentration tested is 

> 10x the estimated 

environmental concentration 

(based on the proposed label: 

4 applications at 0.084 lb 

a.i./acre). Therefore, a 

definitive LD50 value is not 

needed at this time to fully 

assess risks to birds (including 

federally listed and non-listed 

species). 

Mallard duck 

(Anas 

platyrhynchos)

14-day LD50

>2,000 mg 

a.i./kg-bw

TGAI (73.9% a.i.) 479457-31 Acceptable

NOAEL = 2,000 mg a.i./kgbw (no mortality or sublethal 

effects noted in the study)

Zebra finch 

(Taeniopygia 

guttata)

14-day LD50

>2,000 mg 

a.i./kg-bw

TGAI (70.3% a.i.) 479457-33 Acceptable

NOAEL = 2,000 mg a.i./kgbw; although frank sublethal 

effects were noted in the study 

(i.e., reduced female weight 

gain), the highest 

concentration tested is > 10x 

the estimated environmental 

concentration (based on the 

proposed label: 4 applications 

at 0.084 lb a.i./acre). 

Therefore, a definitive LD50

value is not needed at this time 

to fully assess risks to birds 

(including federally listed and 

non-listed species). 

Sub-Acute Dietary

Bobwhite quail 

(Colinus 

virginianus)

8-day LC50 

>4858 mg 

ai/kg-diet 

TGAI (73.9% a.i.) 479457-35 Acceptable

NOAEC = 4858 mg ai/kg diet 

(there were no effects noted in 

the study)

Mallard duck 

(Anas 

platyrhynchos)

8-day LC50 

>4858 mg 

ai/kg-diet 

TGAI (73.9% a.i.) 479457-34 Acceptable

NOAEC: <581 mg ai/kg diet 

(based on reduced weight gain 

and feed consumption); 

Although frank sublethal 

effects were noted in the study 

(i.e., reduced weight gain), the 

highest concentration tested is 

> 10x the estimated 

environmental concentration 

(based on the proposed label: 

4 applications at 0.084 lb 

a.i./acre, 3-day application 

interval). Therefore, a 
43

TAXON ENDPOINT FORMULATION MRID

STUDY 

CLASSIFICATIONCOMMENTS

definitive LD50 value is not 

needed at this time to fully 

assess risks to birds (including 

federally listed and non-listed 

species).

Chronic

Bobwhite quail 

(Colinus 

virginianus)

NOAEC = 450 

mg a.i./kg-diet

LOAEC = 913 

mg a.i./kg-diet

TGAI (70.3% a.i.) 479457-37 Acceptable

The LOAEC was based on 

reduced (14%) 14-day 

survivors.

Mallard duck 

(Anas 

platyrhynchos)

NOAEC = 913 

mg a.i./kg-diet

LOAEC >913 

mg a.i./kg-diet

TGAI (70.3% a.i.) 479457-36 Acceptable There were no effects noted in 

the study.

In all of the avian acute and sub-acute toxicity studies submitted, there were no 

mortalities at the highest treatment levels tested (i.e., all of the LD50 and LC50 endpoints 

are ‘greater than’ values), therefore, these endpoints are not used to calculate RQ values 

here. They are, however, used to help characterize risk in the ‘Risk Description’ section 

of this assessment. 

Frank sublethal effects (i.e., reduced feed consumption and/or reduced weight gain) were 

noted in the acute oral studies for bobwhite quail and zebra finch and the sub-acute 

dietary study using mallard ducks. Although frank sublethal effects were noted in these 

studies, the highest concentrations tested are > 10x the estimated environmental 

concentration (based on the proposed label: 4 applications at 0.084 lb a.i./acre, 3-day 

application interval). The ‘10x’ factor is based on the current acute listed species LOC

for birds and mammals (i.e., RQ > 0.1 or 1/10th the acute/sub-acute endpoint value). 

Therefore, a definitive LD50 or LC50 value is not needed at this time to fully assess risks 

to birds (including federally listed and non-listed species).

Avian reproduction studies were performed for kasugamycin in two species, northern 

bobwhite quail and mallard duck. The lowest LOAEC was for the bobwhite quail (913

mg/kg-diet) based on reduced (14% when compared to controls) 14-day survivors (MRID

479457-37). The lowest NOAEC was also for the bobwhite quail (450 mg a.i./kg-diet) 

(MRID 479457-37). There were no statistically significant (α=0.05) effects noted in the 

mallard reproduction study (NOAEC = 913 mg a.i./kg-diet) (MRID 479457-36). For the 

purposes of this risk assessment, 450 mg a.i./kg-diet serves as the toxicological endpoint 

for evaluating chronic effects in birds (Table 9).

Mammals

Based on the LD50 value for the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) of >5,000 mg a.i./kg-bw, 

kasugamycin is characterized as “practically nontoxic" to mammalian species on an acute 

oral-exposure basis (MRID 459100-12; the study is classified as ‘acceptable’) (see Table 

9). There were no mortalities or sublethal effects noted in the study. In this assessment, 
44

an LD50 value of >5,000 mg a.i./kg- will be used to assess the risk of kasugamycin to 

mammals. 

A 2-generation study was performed for kasugamycin in R. norvegicus. The lowest 

NOAEL was 13.7 mg a.i./kg-bw based on decreased body weghts and body weight gains 

in adult males (MRID 45910023; this study is classified as ‘acceptable’). The NOAEL 

for reproductive effects was 70.3 mg a.i./kg-bw based on decreased fertility and fecundity 

in the F1 parents for both litters and an increased pre-coital interval during the mating 

period for the F2 litter. For the purposes of this risk assessment, 13.7 mg a.i./kg-bw

serves as the toxicological endpoint for evaluating chronic effects in mammals.

Terrestrial Invertebrates

The registrant submitted one guideline, i.e., acute honey bee (Apis mellifera) contact

toxicity study, and two non-guideline, i.e., acute honey bee oral toxicity and an acute 

earthworm, terrestrial invertebrate toxicity studies for kasugamycin. These studies 

resulted in the following: a honey bee acute contact LD50 of >100 μg a.i./bee (MRID 

47945738); a honey bee acute oral LD50 of 30.3 μg a.i./bee (MRID 47945739); and an 

EC50 of >1,000 mg a.i./kg dry weight (dw) substrate for earthworms (MRID 47945740). 

Therefore, kasugamycin is classified as ‘practically nontoxic’ to non-target terrestrial 

invertebrates on an acute oral and contact exposure basis. In the acute contact study with

honey bees, the NOAEL was 100 μg a.i./bee (the highest concentration tested) and 

mortality in the study ranged from 0 to 16.7% in the different treatment groups. In the 

acute oral bee study a definitive NOAEC could not be determined due to ≥ 23% mortality 

in all treatment groups. There were no mortalities or sublethal effects noted in the 

earthworm study, therefore the NOAEC is 1,000 mg a.i./kg-dw substrate (the highest 

concentration tested).

b. Terrestrial Plants

The effects of the proposed kasugamycin formulation, Kasumin 2L (2.2% a.i.), was 

tested on various monocots and dicots in Tier I seedling emergence and vegetative vigor 

studies. 

Results of the Tier I seedling emergence study showed no measurable effects to dicots at 

the limit test treatment level of 0.0925 lb a.i./acre (MRID 47945741). Therefore, for 

dicots, the EC25 is >0.0925 lb a.i./acre and the NOAEC is 0.0925 lb a.i./acre (see Table 

13). For monocots, all of the EC25 values were >0.0925 lb a.i./acre, however, the 

NOAEC for corn and wheat was <0.0925 lb a.i./acre based on reduced dry weight (18% 

and 37% inhibition, respectively, compared to controls). Additionally, although not 

statistically significant, onion had inhibitions in dry weight of 26%. Due to the 

variability within species and low statistical power of the study, the calculated EC25

values were all below the highest treatment level even though there were growth 

inhibitions greater than 25% noted in some of the species. The Tier 1 seedling 

emergence test also exhibited increased growth in terms of dry weight for sugarbeet, 

soybean, lettuce, flax, and tomato; for radish, there were no differences in dry weight 
45

between controls and treated plants; however, there were inhibitions in dry weight (21%)

for ryegrass relative to controls. Because the Tier 1 seedling emergence study resulted in 

effects of >25% on some of the species tested, there is uncertainty regarding the potential 

effects of kasugamycin. For the purposes of this assessment, a NOAEC of <0.0925 lb 

a.i./acre and an EC25 of >0.0925 lb a.i./acre are used to assess the effects of exposure to 

kasugamycin on seedling emergence in non-listed and listed terrestrial plants (monocots). 

For dicots, a NOAEC of 0.0925 lb a.i./acre and an EC25 of >0.0925 lb a.i./acre are used.

Results of the Tier I vegetative vigor study failed to identify the most sensitive monocot 

or dicot, i.e., all effects were below a 10% difference from the control (MRID 479457-

42) (see Table 13). Therefore, the EC25 and NOAEC values for monocots and dicots are 

> 0.0964 lb a.i./acre and 0.0964 lb a.i./acre, respectively. 

Table 13 Submitted Toxicity Data for Kasugamycin and Terrestrial Plants.

TAXON ENDPOINT FORMULA

TION MRID

STUDY 

CLASSIFICATIONCOMMENTS

Terrestrial 

plants 

(seedling 

emergence)

Monocot: all 

monocots tested:

EC25 >0.0925 lbs 

a.i./acre

Corn and wheat: 

NOEC <0.0925 lbs 

a.i./acre (based on 

dry weight)

Dicot: All dicots 

tested:

EC25 >0.0925 lbs 

a.i./acre

All dicots tested: 

NOEC = 0.0925 lbs 

a.i./acre

Kasumin 2L 

(2.2% a.i.) 47945741 Acceptable

Corn and wheat 

had statistically 

significant growth 

inhibitions when 

compared to 

controls (18% and 

37% inhibition, 

respectively). 

Although not 

statistically 

significant, onion

and ryegrass had 

inhibitions of 26%

and 21%.

Terrestrial 

plants 

(vegetative

vigor)

Monocot and Dicot: 

All monocots and 

dicots tested:

EC25 >0.0964 lbs 

a.i./acre

All monocots and 

dicots tested: 

NOEC = 0.0964 lbs 

a.i./acre (based on 

dry weight)

Kasumin 2L 

(2.2% a.i.) 47945742 Acceptable

All effects were 

below 10% 

difference from the 

control

IV. Risk Characterization

A. Risk Estimation - Integration of Exposure and Effects Data
46

Toxicity data and exposure estimates are used to evaluate the potential for adverse 

ecological effects on non-target species. For this screening-level assessment of 

kasugamycin, the deterministic risk quotient method is used to provide a metric of 

potential risks. The RQ is a comparison of exposure estimates to toxicity endpoints; 

estimated exposure concentrations are divided by acute and chronic toxicity values. The 

resulting unitless RQs are compared to the Agency’s levels of concern (LOCs) (see 

Table 14), which are the Agency’s interpretive policy such that when LOCs are 

exceeded, the need for regulatory action may be considered. These criteria are used to 

indicate when the use of a pesticide, as directed on the label, has the potential to cause 

adverse effects on non-target organisms.

Table 14 Agency Levels of Concern (LOC).

Risk Description RQ Taxa

Acute Potential for acute risk to non-target organisms 

which may warrant regulatory action in addition 

to restricted use classification

acute RQ > 0.5 aquatic animals, 

mammals, birds

Acute Restricted 

Use

Potential for acute risk to non-target organisms, 

but may be mitigated through restricted use 

classification

acute RQ > 0.1 aquatic animals

acute RQ > 0.2 mammals and 

birds

Acute Listed

Species

Listed species may be potentially affected by 

use

acute RQ > 0.05 aquatic animals

acute RQ > 0.1 mammals and 

birds

Chronic Potential for chronic risk may warrant 

regulatory action, listed species may potentially 

be affected through chronic exposure

chronic RQ > 1 all animals

Non-Listed and 

Listed Plant 

Potential for effects in non-listed and listed

plants

RQ > 1 all plants

1. Non-target Aquatic Animals and Plants

Aquatic Animals

Kasugamycin is classified as ‘practically nontoxic’ to fish and aquatic invertebrates on an 

acute exposure basis. Since there are no definitive acute endpoints available for aquatic 

animals (i.e., all of the available LC50/EC50 values are ‘greater than’ values and there 

were no effects noted at the highest concentrations tested), acute RQs are not calculated 

here. 

The only chronic endpoint available for aquatic animals and kasugamycin is for 

freshwater fish. In the chronic freshwater fish study there were no effects noted at the 

highest concentration tested resulting in a NOAEC of 9.5 mg a.i./L. The highest 60-day 

EEC from the aquatic modeling is 4.53 μg a.i./L (FL Tomato scenario). Therefore, the 
47

highest calculated chronic exposure RQ for freshwater fish is <0.001 (4.53 μg 

a.i./L/9,500 μg). This is below the Agency’s LOC (RQ = 1) for chronic risk to aquatic 

animals. 

Chronic exposure data are not currently available for estuarine/marine fish. However, 

estuarine/marine fish do not appear to be more sensitive to kasugamycin than freshwater 

fish on an acute exposure basis [there were no effects seen at the highest concentrations 

tested (>100 mg a.i./L) in the available acute fish studies]. Therefore, freshwater fish 

(chronic exposure data) will be used as a surrogate for estuarine/marine fish in the 

absence of additional data. 

There are currently no chronic data available for aquatic invertebrates. Aquatic 

invertebrates would need to be significantly more sensitive on a chronic exposure basis 

than an acute exposure basis for a chronic risk LOC to be exceeded. Based on the highest 

21-day aquatic EEC of 5.57 μg a.i./L (FL Pepper scenario; Table 6), and the lowest 

aquatic invertebrate LC50/EC50 value of EC50 >66,200 μg a.i./L (daphnid), aquatic 

invertebrates would need to be >11,885 times more sensitive to kasugamycin on a 

chronic exposure basis than on an acute exposure basis to exceed the chronic LOC of 1. 

Since this is unlikely given the toxicity profile for this chemical, risk to aquatic 

invertebrates from chronic exposure to kasugamycin is not expected.

Aquatic Plants

The highest peak EEC from the aquatic modeling is 6.53 μg a.i./L (FL Pepper scenario). 

Comparing this EEC with the EC50 (86,000 μg a.i./L and 650 μg a.i./L) and 

NOAEC/EC05 values (26,000 μg a.i./L and 200 μg a.i./L) from the most sensitive aquatic 

vascular (duckweed) and non-vascular plants (cyanobacteria), respectively, results in 

RQs ≤ 0.03. These RQs are all below the Agency’s LOC (RQ < 1) for risk to listed and 

non-listed aquatic plants. 

2. Non-target Terrestrial Animals

Birds

Kasugamycin is classified as ‘practically nontoxic’ to birds on an acute and sub-acute 

exposure basis. Since all of the endpoints from the acute and sub-acute avian toxicity 

studies are non-definitive (i.e., they are ‘greater than’ values), they will not be used to 

calculate RQs. 

The dietary-based RQs calculated for chronic exposure range from 0.01 to 0.16 using 

upper 90th percentile Kenaga values. Therefore, none of the avian RQs calculated for 

chronic exposure exceed the Agency’s chronic risk LOC of 1.

Mammals
48

Kasugamycin is classified as ‘practically nontoxic’ to mammals on an acute oral

exposure basis. Since the endpoint from the toxicity study is non-definitive (i.e., it is a 

‘greater than’ value), it will not be used to calculate RQs. 

The dietary-based RQs calculated for chronic exposure from the pome fruit use (the use 

with the highest EECs reported in Table 7 based on 4 applications of 0.084 lbs a.i./A 

with a 3-day reapplicaiton interval) range from 0.02 (fruits/pods/seeds/large insects) to 

0.27 (short grass) using upper 90th percentile Kenaga values. None of the dose-based 

chronic RQs exceed the Agency’s LOC for the proposed fruiting vegetable use based on

4 applications of 0.021 lbs a.i./A with a 7-day reapplication rate; RQs range from <0.01 

(>15-g mammals that eats seeds) to 0.42 (15-g mammal that eats short grass)]. 

For the proposed pome fruit use with 4 applications of 0.84 lbs a.i./A and a 3-day 

reapllicaton interval , the dose-based chronic RQs for mammals (all size classes) that eat 

short grass exceed the Agency’s chronic risk LOC (RQs range from 1.1 to 2.3) (see 

Table 15). The LOC is also exceeded for 15-g mammals that eat tall grass and/or 

broadleaf plants/small insects and 35-g mammals that eat broadleaf plants/small insects 

(dose-based chronic RQs for all size and dietary categories for the proposed use on pome 

fruits range from 0.01 to 2.3). Regarding the proposed walnut use with its proposed 4 

applications of 0.84 lbs a.i./A and a 14-day reapplication interval, the chronic dose-based 

RQs for 15-g mammals that eat short grass and/or broadleaf plants/small insects and 35-g 

mammals that eat short grass exceed the Agency’s LOC for chronic risk (RQs range from 

0.01 to 1.8). Therefore, some of the mammalian RQs calculated for chronic exposure

from the proposed pome fruit and walnut uses exceed the Agency’s chronic risk LOC.

Table 15 Mammal Dose-Based RQ Values for Chronic Exposure to Kasugamycin.

DIETARY CATEGORY

RQ (Upper 90th Percentile Kenaga) 

Pome Fruits1 Walnuts2

15 g 35 g 1000 g 15 g 35 g 1000 g

Short Grass 2.3 2.0 1.1 1.8 1.5 0.81

Tall Grass 1.1 0.92 0.49 0.81 0.69 0.37

Broadleaf Plants/Small Insects 1.3 1.1 0.60 1.0 0.85 0.46

Fruits/Pods/Seeds/Large Insects 0.15 0.12 0.07 0.11 0.09 0.05

Seeds (granivore) 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01

1Based on application rate of 0.084 lbs a.i./A, 4 applications with 3-day reapplicaiton interval.

2 Based on application rate of 0.084 lbs a.i/A, 4 applications with 14-day reapplication interval.

Bolded RQs exceed the chronic risk LOC (1).

Drinking Water and Inhalation

The Screening Imbibition Program (SIP) and the Screening Tool for Inhalation Risk 

(STIR) were used to determine if drinking water and/or inhalation, respectively, are 

potentially significant routes of concern for terrestrial animals.

SIP (v. 1.0) was used to calculate the upper bound estimate of exposure using 

kasugamycin’s solubility limit (228 g/L), the most sensitive acute and chronic avian 

toxicity endpoints [bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) LD50 and NOAEC of >2,000 mg 

a.i./kg-bw (MRID 47945732) and 450 mg a.i./kg-diet (MRID 47945737), respectively] 
49

and the most sensitive acute and chronic mammalian toxicity endpoints [rat (Rattus 

Norvegicus) LD50 and NOAEL of >5,000 mg a.i./kg-bw (MRID 45910012) and 13.7 mg 

a.i./kg-bw (MRID 45910023), respectively]. Although, kasugamycin is classified as 

practically non-toxic on an acute exposure basis, because of the high aquatic solubility 

limit, drinking water alone could not be excluded as a potential pathway of concern for 

avian and mammalian species on an acute and chronic basis (see APPENDIX B). 

STIR (v. 1.0) was used to calculate an upper bound estimate of exposure using 

kasugamycin’s vapor pressure and molecular weight for vapor phase exposure as well as 

the maximum application rate and method of application for spray drift. STIR 

incorporates results from several toxicity studies including acute oral and inhalation rat 

toxicity endpoints [rat (R. Norvegicus) LD50 (oral) and LD50 (inhalation; 4-hr exposure) 

of >5,000 mg a.i./kg-bw (MRID 45910012) and >4.9 mg a.i./L (MRID 45910018), 

respectively] as well as the most sensitive acute oral avian toxicity endpoint [bobwhite 

quail (C. virginianus) LD50 of >2,000 mg a.i./kg-bw (MRID 47945732)]. Based on the 

results of the STIR model, inhalation exposure alone was determined not to be a potential 

pathway of concern for avian or mammalian species on an acute basis (see APPENDIX 

C).

Terrestrial Invertebrates

Kasugamycin is classified as ‘practically nontoxic’ to non-target terrestrial invertebrates 

on an acute exposure basis. Potential risk to terrestrial invertebrates from acute or 

chronic exposure to kasugamycin could not be assessed due to a lack of exposure data. 

Screening-level risk assessments do not typically evaluate risks to terrestrial 

invertebrates; however, toxicity information for beneficial insects is used to develop 

precautionary label language where necessary. Based on the available data, 

precautionary label language for bees does not appear necessary.

3. Non-target Terrestrial and Semi-aquatic Plants

For dicots, none of the RQs for kasugamycin exceed the Agency’s listed species LOC 

(RQ>1.0) for terrestrial plants based on results from the TerrPlant v. 1.2.1 (RQs range 

from <0.1 to 0.46). For monocots, onion and wheat had inhibitions in dry weight of 26% 

and 37%, respectively, in the seedling emergence study (corn also had a statistically 

significant inhibition of 18%). These effects were seen at a limit concentration rate 

(0.0925 lb a.i./acre) above the currently proposed maximum application rate (0.084 lb 

a.i./acre). Off the site of application, TerrPlant assumes exposure levels to non-target 

plants via runoff is roughly 50% of the application rate. If effects are linear (which is an 

assumption since there is no dose-response information from the Tier I plant study), the 

effects in non-target plants found adjacent to the site of application would be below the 

20% effect level. Under these assumptions, risks to non-listed monocots would not be 

expected. However, because definitive no-effect values were not established for 

monocots in the seedling emergence study, risk to listed monocots from the proposed use 

of kasugamycin is an uncertainty. 
50

B. Risk Description 

Based on the results of this assessment, kasugamycin is characterized as mobile to 

moderately mobile. Although the parent compound is subject to both biotic and abiotic 

routes of degradation, its degradates (kasuganobiosamine and kasugamycinic acid) are 

less subject to degradation. Since the two degradates are similar in structure to the parent 

and there are no data to indicate whether they have similar toxicity, they are presumed to 

be as toxic and are considered in the exposure assessment of total toxic residue. Based 

on total toxic residues, kasugamycin is characterized as persistent. Given that the 

compound is both persistent and mobile, it is likely to move into both surface and ground 

water. Although the compound is expected to move into surface water via runoff and 

spray drift, it not considered likely to bioaccumulate. Kasugamycin is also not 

considered likely to volatilize.

Kasugamycin is practically non-toxic to aquatic and terrestrial animals on an acute 

expsoure basis. Chronic exposure resulted in no effects at the highest concentration 

tested (9.5 mg a.i./L) for freshwater fish; however, there are no chronic toxicity data 

available for aquatic invertebrates. Chronic exposure to birds resulted in reduced 

survival in 14-day chicks (NOAEC=450 mg a.i./kg diet) while chronic exposure in 

mammals resulted in reduced growth (NOAEL=13.7 mg a.i./kg bw). The most sensitive 

nonvascular aquatic plant is cyanobacteria (EC50=0.65 mg a.i./L) while the aquatic 

vascular plant is several orders of magnitude less sensitive with an EC50 value of 86 mg 

a.i./L. For terrestrial plants, the Tier 1 studies indicate that the EC25 values are less than 

the highest proposed application rates for monocots and dicots (however, there is some 

uncertainty with this regarding monocots in the available seedling emergence study).

The results of this screening-level risk assessment indicate the proposed kasugamycin 

pome fruit and walnut uses have the potential for direct adverse effects to listed and nonlisted mammals from chronic exposure. Additionally risk to listed terrestrial plants 

(monocots) is an uncertainty. Therefore, the risk hypothesis from the Problem 

Formulation, i.e., based on mode of action, the proposed use patterns, and the sensitivity 

of non-target aquatic and terrestrial species, the proposed uses of kysugamycin have the 

potential to reduce survival, reproduction, and/or growth in terrestrial and aquatic 

animals and plants through direct application, spray drift and/or runoff] is partially 

supported. Although direct adverse effects to birds (and, thus, reptiles and terrestrialphase amphibians), fish (and, thus, aquatic-phase amphibians), aquatic invertebrates, 

aquatic plants and non-listed terrestrial plants from the proposed kasugamycin uses are 

not expected, given the potential for effects on mammals, and listed plants (monocots), 

indirect effects to other organisms are possible. Since plantsand mammals are vital

components of most habitats and ecosystems, alterations in their abundance or in their

composition could result in adverse effects to other species. 

The use of antibiotics on crops, although minor relative to total antibiotic use, can result 

in situations that impact the buildup of resistant bacteria. For example, antibiotics used 

as agricultural pesticides, such as kasugamycin, can be applied over large areas of land to 

densely vegetated fields and orchards. This can lead to the proliferation and rapid spread 
51

of resistant genes in the bacterial population. Although, kasugamycin may be most active 

against bacteria or fungi that cause adverse effects to plants, there is evidence to suggest 

that resistance established in one type of bacteria can be spread to other strains or species 

of bacteria (via plasmids) (O’Brien, 2002). Although the probability is low, there is a 

potential for bacterial resistance to cross between plant bacteria and human bacteria 

(McManus and Stockwell, 2001). This possibility is highlighted here due to the 

seriousness of the public health threat associated with antibiotic resistance. 

Additionally, bacteria serve an essential role in cycling nutrients and energy in the 

environment (e.g., through decomposition of organic materials and Nitrogen-fixation). 

The effects of the potential reduction or alteration of the microorganism community from 

the proposed kasugaycin uses are unknown and are beyond the scope of this risk 

assessment. Therefore, the potential risks to the environment from the potential impacts 

to non-target microorganisms from the use of kasugamycin represent an uncertainty in 

this risk assessment. 

1. Risks to Aquatic Organisms

a. Animals

Kasugamycin is practically nontoxic for fish on an acute exposure basis and all of the 

endpoints are indefinite, i.e, LC50> highest concentration tested, therefore, no RQ values 

were calculated. The only RQ that could be calculated for aquatic animals was the 

chronic RQ for freshwater fish. The highest calculated chronic exposure RQ for 

freshwater fish is <0.001. Thus, risks to freshwater fish from chronic exposure to 

kasugamycin are not considered likely. Although chronic exposure data are not available 

for estuarine/marine fish, estuarine/marine fish do not appear to be more sensitive to 

kasugamycin than freshwater fish on an acute exposure basis. Therefore, freshwater fish 

are used as a surrogate for estuarine/marine fish in the absence of additional data. 

Additionally, the hydrolysis study showed that kasugamycin tends to break down much 

faster in neutral to alkaline environments. The more basic the environment, the faster 

kasugamycin breaks down. Since estuarine/marine environments tend to be more 

alkaline (in general) than freshwater (in general), kasugamycin might be expected to 

undergo hydrolysis more rapidly in the estuarine/marine environment. Therefore, based 

on available information, the likelihood of risks to fish from chronic exposure from the 

proposed kasugamycin uses is considered low. 

There are currently no chronic data available for aquatic invertebrates. Aquatic 

invertebrates would need to be significantly more sensitive on a chronic exposure basis 

than an acute exposure basis for a chronic risk LOC to be exceeded (i.e., >11,885 times 

more sensitive). Since this is unlikely given the toxicity profile for this chemical, risk to 

aquatic invertebrates from chronic exposure to kasugamycin is not expected.

Because there was no mortality or sublethal effects at the highest treatment levels tested 

in most of the acute aquatic animal studies submitted (with the exception of 

estuarine/marine mollusk), RQ values for acute exposure were not calculated for aquatic 
52

animals in the Risk Estimation section of this assessment. In order to gain a better 

understanding of how the peak EEC for the maximum proposed kasugamycin application 

rates relate to the acute toxicity data currently available for fish and aquatic invertebrates, 

a ratio of the EEC/acute endpoint was calculated using the conservative assumption that 

the highest level tested is the endpoint value [i.e., peak EEC = 6.53 μg a.i./L (FL Pepper

scenario; Table 6); EC50/LC50 = 66,200 μg a.i./L (freshwater invertebrate) to 120,000 μg 

a.i./L (freshwater fish)]. In this exercise the ratios calculated are < 0.001 for all aquatic 

animals. Actual RQs would likely be much lower than these since no effects were 

actually identified at the approximately100 mg a.i./L in any of the studies with the 

exception of the Eastern oyster study. 

As with the other aquatic animal studies, the Eastern oyster study (MRID 47945724) 

resulted in an EC50 value greater than the highest concentration tested (>110 mg a.i./L); 

however, there were effects on oyster shell growth that resulted in a NOAEC value of 8.7 

mg a.i./L. Shell growth inhibition was 47% in the 33 mg a.i./L (mean measured 

concentration) treatment group (the middle concentration tested), while the shell growth 

inhibitions were 42 and 37% for the highest two concentrations tested (55 and 110 mg 

a.i./L, respectively). However, even if the EC50 was 33 mg a.i./L (the concentrations 

where effects on shell growth were observed) in the mollusk study, the resulting RQ [i.e., 

<0.001 (6.53 μg a.i./L (peak EEC)/33,000 μg a.i./L)] is less than the Agency’s acute risk

LOC for aquatic animals. Therefore, the likelihood of direct risk to aquatic animals from 

acute exposure to kasugamycin from the proposed uses is considered low. 

Therefore, adverse effects to fish (acute or chronic exposure) and aquatic invertebrates 

(acute exposure) are not considered likely from the proposed kasugamycin uses based on 

the available toxicity data. Risk to aquatic invertebrates from chronic exposure, however, 

cannot be precluded at this time. Thus, risk to aquatic invertebrates is assumed in the 

absence of data. 

a. Plants

All of the RQs for aquatic vascular and non-vascular plants are below Agency LOCs for

risk to listed and non-listed species. Therefore, likelihood of direct risk to aquatic plants 

from the proposed kasugamycin uses is considered low.

2. Risks to Terrestrial Organisms

a. Animals

Birds

None of the avian RQs calculated for chronic exposure exceed the Agency’s LOC for risk 

to listed and non-listed species. Therefore, risks to birds from the proposed kasugamycin 

uses are not expected.
53

There were no mortalities in any of the avian acute or sub-acute studies at the highest 

treatment levels tested (i.e., all of the LD50 and LC50 endpoints are ‘greater than’ values), 

therefore, these endpoints are not used to calculate RQ values. Although frank sublethal 

effects (reduced feed consumption and/or reduced weight gain) were noted in some of the 

avian acute oral and sub-acute dietary studies, the highest concentrations tested are > 10x 

the terrestrial EECs. Therefore, a definitive LD50 value is not needed at this time to fully 

assess risks to birds (including federally listed and non-listed species). 

In order to gain a better understanding of how the EECs for the maximum proposed 

kasugamycin application rates relate to the toxicity data currently available for birds, TREX was used to calculate a ratio of the EEC/endpoint using the conservative assumption 

that the highest level tested is the endpoint value (i.e., acute: LD50 = 2,000 mg a.i./kg-bw; 

sub-acute: LC50 = 4,858 mg a.i./kg-diet). In this exercise all of the acute and sub-acute 

ratios calculated using upper-bound Kenaga values (Table 7) were between <0.01 and 

0.06 for all size and dietary classes. Actual RQs would be lower than these since there 

were no mortalities noted at the 2,000 mg a.i./kg-bw and the 4,858 mg a.i./kg-diet levels. 

Therefore, the likelihood of direct risk to birds from acute, sub-acute, or chronic exposure 

to kasugamycin is considered low. 

Mammals

There were no mortalities or sublethal effects in the acute oral mammal study at the 

highest treatment level tested (i.e., the LD50 endpoint is a ‘greater than’ value), therefore, 

this endpoint is not used to calculate RQ values. In order to gain a better understanding 

of how the EECs for the maximum proposed kasugamycin application rates relate to the 

acute toxicity data currently available for mammals, T-REX was used to calculate RQs 

using the conservative assumption that the highest value tested in the acute mammal 

study represents a definitive endpoint (i.e., acute: LD50 = 5,000 mg a.i./kg-bw). In this 

exercise all of the acute dose-based RQs calculated using upper bound Kenaga values

(Table 7) were between <0.01 and 0.01 for all size and dietary classes. The actual RQs 

would be lower than these since there were no mortalities or sublethal effects noted at the 

5,000 mg a.i./kg-bw level. Therefore, the likelihood of direct risk to mammals from 

acute exposure to kasugamycin is considered low. 

None of the mammalian RQs calculated for chronic exposure from the proposed fruiting 

vegetable use exceed the Agency’s LOC for chronic risk to listed and non-listed species. 

Therefore, the likelihood of risks to mammals from the proposed kasugamycin use on 

fruiting vegetables is considered low. 

For the proposed pome fruit use, the dose-based chronic RQs for mammals that eat short 

grass (all size classes); 15-g mammals that eat tall grass and/or broadleaf plants/small 

insects; and 35-g mammals that eat broadleaf plants/small insects exceed the Agency’s 

chronic risk LOC. Regarding the proposed walnut use, the chronic dose-based RQs for 

15-g mammals that eat short grass and/or broadleaf plants/small insects and 35-g 

mammals that eat short grass exceed the Agency’s LOC for chronic risk. Therefore, 

there is a potential for risk to some listed and non-listed mammals from chronic exposure 
54

resulting from the proposed pome fruit and walnut uses of kasugamycin. However, a 

single application at the 0.084 lbs a.i./A rate would result in a chronic RQ of 0.64 for the 

most sensitive mammals, i.e., 15-g mammals feeding on short grass, and would fall 

below the chronic risk LOC. 

Terrestrial Invertebrates

Toxicity information for beneficial insects in screening-level risk assessments is used to 

develop precautionary label language where necessary. Based on the available data, 

precautionary label language for bees is not necessary.

b. Plants

The LOC for non-listed terrestrial plants was not exceeded for monocots or dicots. 

However, there is some uncertainty regarding this result for monocots since onion and 

wheat had inhibitions in dry weight of 26 and 37%, respectively, in the seedling 

emergence study. 

For listed terrestrial plants, none of the RQs for kasugamycin and dicots exceed the LOC 

for terrestrial plants. For listed monocots, because a definitive NOAEC value was not 

established for monocots in the Tier I seedling emergence study (i.e., there were effects 

noted at the concentration tested), risk to listed monocots from potential exposure via 

runoff and spray drift is an uncertainty.

3. Review of Incident Data

Reviews of the Ecological Incident Information System (EIIS, version 2.1) and the Avian 

Incident Monitoring System (AIMS)6 were conducted on May 20, 2011. There are no 

reported incidents for kasugamycin in the EIIS or AIMS databases. In addition to the 

incidents recorded in EIIS and AIMS, additional pesticide incidents are reported to the 

Agency in aggregated incident reports. Ecological incidents reported in aggregate reports 

include those categorized as ‘minor fish and wildlife’ (W-B), ‘minor plant’ (P-B), and 

‘other non-target’ (ONT) incidents. ‘Other non-target’ incidents include reports of 

adverse effects to insects and other terrestrial invertebrates. As of May 20, 2011, there 

have been no aggregate kasugamycin ecological incidents reported to the Agency. 

Because this is a new chemical that has not been registered for use in the United States

(with the exception of Section 18 registrations), the existence of ecological incident 

reports would be unlikely.

4. Federally Threatened and Endangered (Listed) Species Concerns

a. Action Area

For listed species assessment purposes, the action area is considered to be the area 

affected directly or indirectly by the Federal action and not merely the immediate area 

 

6

http://www.abcbirds.org/abcprograms/policy/pesticides/aims/aims/index.cfm
55

involved in the action. At the initial screening-level, the risk assessment considers 

broadly described taxonomic groups and conservatively assumes that listed species 

within those broad groups are located on or adjacent to the treated site and aquatic 

organisms are assumed to be located in a surface water body adjacent to the treated site. 

The assessment also assumes that the listed species are located within an assumed area 

that has the relatively highest potential exposure to the pesticide, and that exposures are 

likely to decrease with distance from the treatment area. 

If the assumptions associated with the screening-level action area result in RQs that are 

below the listed species LOCs, a "no effect" determination conclusion is made with 

respect to listed species in that taxa, and no further refinement of the action area is 

necessary. Furthermore, RQs below the listed species LOCs for a given taxonomic group 

indicate no concern for indirect effects upon listed species that depend upon the 

taxonomic group covered by the RQ as a resource. However, in situations where the 

screening assumptions lead to RQs in excess of the listed species LOCs for a given 

taxonomic group, a potential for a "may affect" conclusion exists and may be associated 

with direct effects on listed species belonging to that taxonomic group or may extend to 

indirect effects upon listed species that depend upon that taxonomic group as a resource. 

In such cases, additional information on the biology of listed species, the locations of 

these species, and the locations of use sites could be considered to determine the extent to 

which screening assumptions regarding an action area apply to a particular listed 

organism. These subsequent refinement steps could consider how this information would 

impact the action area for a particular listed organism and may potentially include areas 

of exposure that are downwind and downstream of the pesticide use site.

b. Taxonomic Groups Potentially at Risk

The Level I screening assessment process for listed species uses the generic taxonomic 

group-based process to make inferences on direct effect concerns for listed species. The 

first iteration of reporting the results of the Level I screening is a listing of pesticide use 

sites and taxonomic groups for which RQ calculations reveal values that meet or exceed 

the listed species LOCs (for more information see, USEPA 2004). 

(1). Discussion of Risk Quotients

The results of this screening-level risk assessment indicate that the proposed pome fruit 

and walnut uses have the potential for direct adverse effects to listed and non-listed 

mammals from chronic exposure. Additionally risks to listed terrestrial plants 

(monocots) from any of the proposed uses cannot be precluded based on available data. 

This indicates a potential risk for direct adverse effects to federally-listed monocots, and 

mammals and indirect adverse effects to any listed species that rely on these taxa as 

resources critical to their life cycle. 

(2). Probit Dose Response Relationship
56

The probit slope response relationship can be used to calculate the chance of an 

individual event corresponding to the listed species acute LOCs and/or RQs. The 

analysis uses the Environmental Fate and Effects Division spreadsheet IECv1.1.xls. 

If information is unavailable to estimate a slope from a study, a default slope assumption 

of 4.5 is used. Slopes were not available for the acute toxicity studies. Therefore, probitdose analyses were done based on the taxon-specific acute listed species LOCs and a 

default slope of 4.5 to estimate an individual effects probability for all taxa. This resulted 

in a chance of ~1 in 418,000,000 for effects to fish and aquatic invertebrates, and a ~1 in 

1 in 294,000 chance of effects for birds and mammals. To explore possible bounds to 

such an estimate, slopes of 2 and 9 were used to calculate upper and lower estimates of 

the effects probability associated with the listed species LOC. The chance of individual 

effects with these slopes ranged from ~1 in 44 to ~1 in 1 in 1.75E+31 for the various taxa 

(see Table 16). 

Table 16 Chance of an Individual Effect Corresponding to the Listed Species Acute 

LOCs Using a Probit Slope Response Relationship.

TAXA

LISTED 

SPECIES 

LOC 

PROBIT SLOPE CHANCE OF AN 

INDIVIDUAL EFFECT

- Freshwater Fish

- Freshwater Invertebrates

- Estuarine/Marine Fish

- Estuarine/Marine 

Invertebrates

0.05 

Slope 4.51

~1 in 418,000,000

Upper Bound 2 ~1 in 216

Lower Bound 9 ~1 in 1.75E+31

- Birds

- Mammals 0.1 

Slope 4.51

~1 in 294,000

Upper Bound 2 ~1 in 44

Lower Bound 9 ~1 in 8.86E+18

1 This is the default slope.

(3). Indirect Effects Analysis

The Agency acknowledges that pesticides have the potential to exert indirect effects upon 

listed organisms by, for example, perturbing forage or prey availability, altering the 

extent of nesting habitat, and creating gaps in the food chain. In conducting a screen for 

indirect effects, direct effect LOCs for each taxonomic group are used to make inferences 

concerning the potential for indirect effects upon listed species that rely upon non-listed

organisms in these taxonomic groups as resources critical to their life cycle. 

The Agency’s chronic risk LOC for listed and non-listed mammals was exceeded for the 

proposed pome fruit and walnut uses. Risks to listed terrestrial plants (monocots) cannot 

be precluded based on available data. This indicates a potential risk for direct adverse 

effects to federally-listed monocots, and mammals and indirect adverse effects to any 

listed species that rely on these taxa as resources critical to their life cycle. Therefore, at 

this time, no federally-listed taxa can be excluded from the potential for direct and/or 

indirect effects from the proposed uses of kasugamycin (see Table 17). Species-specific 

concerns for indirect effects to listed organisms will require a determination of the 
57

coincidence of kasugamycin use with locations of listed species and the biologically 

based resources upon which they depend.
58

Table 17 Screening Level Listed Species Risks Associated with Potential Direct or Indirect Effects Due to the 

Proposed Applications of Kasugamycin.

LISTED TAXON POTENTIAL DIRECT 

EFFECTS

POTENTIAL INDIRECT 

EFFECTS

Terrestrial and semi-aquatic 

plants - monocots Yes1

(all uses) Yes2

Terrestrial and semi-aquatic 

plants - dicots No Yes2

Birds No Yes2

Terrestrial-phase amphibians No Yes2

Reptiles No Yes2

Mammals Yes (chronic; pome fruit and 

walnut uses) Yes2

Aquatic plants No Yes2

Freshwater fish No Yes2

Aquatic-phase amphibians No Yes2

Freshwater crustaceans No Yes2

Mollusks No Yes2

Marine/estuarine fish No Yes2

Marine/estuarine crustaceans No Yes2

1 Risk to this taxon is an uncertainty due to that fact that a NOAEC could not be established in the available 

data.

2 The potential for adverse effects to those species that rely on mammals or those obligated to monocots 

cannot be precluded. Indirect effects may include general habitat modification, host plant loss, and food 

supply disruption.

(4). Critical Habitat

In the evaluation of pesticide effects on designated critical habitat, consideration is given 

to the physical and biological features (constituent elements) of a critical habitat 

identified by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife and National Marine Fisheries Services (the 

Services) as essential to the conservation of a listed species and which may require 

special management considerations or protection. The evaluation of impacts for a 

screening-level pesticide risk assessment focuses on the biological features that are 

constituent elements and is accomplished using the screening-level taxonomic analysis 
59

(RQs) and levels of concern (LOCs) that are used to evaluate direct and indirect effects to 

listed organisms.

The screening-level risk assessment has identified potential concerns for indirect effects 

on listed species for those organisms dependant upon plants (monocots) and some 

animals (mammals). In light of the potential for indirect effects, the next step for EPA 

and the Services is to identify which listed species and their designated critical habitat(s), 

if applicable, are potentially implicated. Analytically, the identification of such species 

and their critical habitat can occur by determining whether the action area overlaps 

designated critical habitat or the occupied range of any listed species. If so, EPA would 

examine whether the pesticide's potential impacts on non-listed species would affect the 

listed species indirectly, or directly affect a constituent element of the critical habitats. At 

present, the information reviewed by EPA does not permit use of this analytical approach 

to make a definitive identification of species that are potentially impacted indirectly or 

designated critical habitats that are potentially impacted directly by the proposed uses of 

kasugamycin. 

This screening-level risk assessment for critical habitats provides a listing of potential 

biological features that, if they are constituent elements of one or more critical habitats, 

would be of potential concern. These correspond to the taxa identified above (i.e., 

monocots and mammals) as being of potential concern for adverse effects. This should 

serve as an initial step in problem formulation for further assessment of designated 

critical habitat impacts outlined above, should additional work be necessary.

(5). Co-occurrence Analysis

The goal of the analysis for co-location is to determine whether sites of pesticide use are 

geographically associated with known locations of listed species. At the screening level, 

this analysis is accomplished using the LOCATES (version 2.13) database. The database 

uses location information for listed species at the county level and compares it to 

agricultural census data (from 2002) for crop production at the same county level of 

resolution. The product is a listing of federally-listed species that are located within 

counties known to produce the crops upon which the pesticide will be used, in this case 

fruiting vegetables (tomatoes and peppers), pome fruits (apples and pears), and walnuts. 

For potential direct effects, only listed monocots (all uses) and mammals (apple, pear, 

and walnut uses only) will be considered, since they were the only taxa to have RQs 

above the listed species LOC or risks to the taxon could not be precluded based on 

available information. For indirect effects, all other taxa will be considered since there is 

a potential for indirect effects to taxa that might rely on plants and/or animals for some 

stage of their life-cycle. 

LOCATES identified a total of 1,223 listed species that overlap at the county-level with 

areas where tomatoes, peppers, apples, pears, and walnuts are grown (see APPENDIX G 

for a complete species list). This preliminary analysis indicates that there is a potential 

for kasugamycin use to overlap with listed species and that a more refined assessment is 

warranted. The more refined assessment should involve clear delineation of the action 
60

area associated with proposed uses of kasugamycin and best available information on the 

temporal and spatial co-location of listed species with respect to the action area. This 

analysis has not been conducted for this assessment.

V. REFERENCES

Burns, L. A. 2002. EXAMS (Exposure Analysis Modeling System) Version 2.98.04.06. 

Environmental Research Laboratory. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Athens, 

GA.

Carsel et al., 1997. PRZM (Pesticide Root Zone Model) Version 3.12.2 Environmental 

Research Laboratory. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Athens, GA.

Fletcher, J.S., J.E. Nellessen, and T.G. Pfleeger. 1994. Literature review and evaluation of the 

EPA food-chain (Kenaga) nomogram, an instrument for estimating pesticide residues on plants. 

Environ. Tox. Chem. 13:1383-1391.

Hoerger, F. and E. E. Kenaga. 1972. Pesticide Residues on Plants: Correlation of Representative 

Data as a Basis for Estimation of their Magnitude in the Environment. In F. Coulston and F. 

Korte, eds., Environmental Quality and Safety: Chemistry, Toxicology, and Technology, Georg 

Thieme Publ., Stuttgart, West Germany, pp. 9-28.

Jones, R.D. et al., 2000. Guidance for use of the Index Reservoir and Percent Crop Area 

Factor in Drinking Water Assessments (March 21, 2000). Office of Pesticide Programs, 

Environmental Fate and Effects Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 

Arlington, VA.

McManus, P. S., and Stockwell, V. O. 2001. Antibiotic use for plant disease 

management in the United States. Online. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP2001-0327-01-RV. http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/php/review/antibiotic/

O’Brien, T. F. 2002. Emergence, spread, and environmental effect of antimicrobial 

resistance: How use of an antimicrobial anywhere can increase resistance to any 

antimicrobial anywhere else. Clin Infect Dis. 34 (Supplement 3): S78-S84.

Schuwirth, B. S., J. M. Day, C. W. Hau, G. R. Janssen, A. E. Dahlberg, J. H. Doudna 

Cate, and A. Vila-Sanjurjo. 2006. Structural analysis of kasugamycin inhibition of 

translation. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 12(10): 879-886.

USEPA. 1992. Framework for Ecological Risk Assessment. EPA/630/R-92/001. February 

1992. Risk Assessment Forum. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 

USEPA. 1993. Wildlife Exposure Handbook, United States Environmental Progection 

Agency. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. Available at 

http://www.epa.gov/ncea/pdfs/toc2-37.pdf (Accessed June 19, 2009).
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USEPA. 1998. Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment. Risk Assessment Forum, Office of 

Research and Development, Washington, D.C. EPA/630/R-95/002F. April 1998. 

http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm?deid=30759

USEPA. 2004. Overview of the Ecological Risk Assessment Process in the Office of Pesticide 

Programs. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic 

Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington DC. January 23, 2004.

USEPA. 2005. Kasugamycin. Human Health Risk Assessment for Proposed Food Uses 

of the Fungicide Kasugamycin on Imported Fruiting Vegetables (Group 8). U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Office 

of Pesticide Programs, Washington DC. August 17, 2005 (D301735).

USEPA. 2006. User’s Guide TerrPlant version 1.2.2. December 2006. United States 

Environmental Protection Agency. Environmental Fate and Effects Division. Office of 

Pesticide Programs.

USEPA, 2009a. Guidance for Selecting Input Parameters in Modeling the Environmental 

Fate and Transport of Pesticides. Version 2.1 October 22, 2009. 

http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/water/input_guidance2_28_02.htm. U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Fate and 

Effects Division. Arlington, VA.

USEPA, 2009b. DRAFT Guidance for Modeling Pesticides Total Toxic Residues (TTR) 

May 20, 2009. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, 

Environmental Fate and Effects Division. Arlington, VA.

Submitted Studies:

Ecotoxicity Studies:

MRID Citation Reference

459100-12 Glaza, S. (1992) Acute Oral Toxicity Study of Kasugamycin Hydrochloride 

Technical in Rats: Lab Project Number: HWI 20504630: TMN-0113: TP3013. 

Unpublished study prepared by Hazleton Wisconsin, Inc. 24 p. 

459100-23 Henwood, S. (1993) Two-Generation Reproduction Study with Kasugamycin 

in Rats: Lab Project Number: TMN-0126: HWI 6434-102: TP2025. 

Unpublished study prepared by Hazleton Wisconsin, Inc. 1349 p. 

479457-23 Mattock, S. (2002) Kasugamycin: Acute Toxicity to Daphnia magna. Project 

Number: 1442/16/D2149, 1442/16/D2149/OCR, 1442/16. Unpublished study 

prepared by Covance Laboratories, Ltd. 25 p.

479457-24 York, D. (2009) Kasugamycin Technical - Acute Toxicity to Eastern Oyster 

(Crassostrea virginica) Under Flow-Through Conditions. Project Number: 
62

13917/6116, 13917/6116/OCR. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn 

Smithers Laboratories. 65 p.

479457-25 Fournier, A. (2009) Kasugamycin Technical - Acute Toxicity to Mysids 

(Americamysis bahia), Under Static Conditions. Project Number: 13917/6115, 

1391/6115/OCR. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers 

Laboratories. 55 p.

479457-26 Fournier, A. (2009) Kasugamycin Technical - Acute Toxicity to Rainbow Trout 

(Oncorhynchus mykiss) Under Static Conditions. Project Number: 13917/6114, 

13917/6114/OCR. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers 

Laboratories. 52 p.

479457-27 Fournier, A. (2009) Kasugamycin Technical - Acute Toxicity to Fathead 

Minnow (Pimephales promelas) Under Static Conditions. Project Number: 

13917/6113, 13917/6113/OCR. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn 

Smithers Laboratories. 54 p.

479457-28 Fournier, A. (2009) Kasugamycin Technical - Acute Toxicity to Sheepshead 

Minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus) Under Static Conditions. Project Number: 

13917/6112, 13917/6112/OCR. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn 

Smithers Laboratories. 52 p.

479457-30 Lee, M. (2009) Kasugamycin Technical: Early Life-Stage Toxicity Test with 

Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas). Project Number: 13917/6117. 

Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 86 p.

482817-01 Orr, G. (2010) Kasugamycin Technical: Request for Waiver of Fish 

Bioconcentration Factor Data Requirement. Project Number: 

ARY/413/2455485. Unpublished study prepared by Arysta LifeScience North 

America, LLC . 5 p.

479457-31 Stafford, J. (2006) Kasugamycin Hydrochloride: Acute Oral Toxicity Test 

(LD50) with the Mallard Duck (Anas platychynchos). Project Number: 

13862/4102, 13862/4102/OCR. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn 

Smithers Laboratories. 41 p.

479457-32 Stafford, J. (2006) Kasugamycin Hydrochloride: Acute Oral Toxicity Test 

(LD50) with Northern Bobwhite Quail (Colinus virginianus). Project Number: 

13862/4103, 13862/4103/OCR. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn 

Smithers Laboratories. 42 p.

479457-33 Redmond, C. (2009) Kasugamycin Technical - Acute Oral Toxicity Test 

(LD50) with Zebra Finch (Taeniopygia guttata). Project Number: 13917/4102, 

13917/4102/OCR. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers 

Laboratories. 43 p.

479457-34 Stafford, J. (2006) Kasugamycin Hydrochloride: Dietary Toxicity Test (LC50) 

with the Mallard Duck (Anas platyrhynchos). Project Number: 13862/4100, 

13862/4100/OCR. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers 

Laboratories. 79 p.

479457-35 Stafford, J. (2006) Kasugamycin Hydrochloride Dietary Toxicity Test (LC50) 

with Northern Bobwhite Quail (Colinus virginianus). Project Number: 

13862/4101, 13862/4101/OCR. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn 
63

Smithers Laboratories. 83 p.

479457-36 Stafford, J. (2009) Kasugamycin Technical: Reproductive Toxicity Test with 

the Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). Project Number: 13917/4100, 

13917/4100/OCR. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers 

Laboratories. 239 p.

479457-37 Stafford, J. (2009) Kasugamycin Technical: Reproductive Toxicity Test with 

Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus). Project Number: 13917/4101, 

13917/4101/OCR. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Smithers 

Laboratories. 270 p.

479457-38 Porch, J.; Krueger, H. (2009) Kasugamycin Technical: An Acute Contact 

Toxicity Study with the Honey Bee: Final Report. Project Number: 443/113, 

443/113/OCR, 443/051309/BEECONT/SUB443. Unpublished study prepared 

by Wildlife International, Ltd. 38 p.

479457-41 Porch, J.; Kendall, T.; Krueger, H. (2009) Kasumin 2L: A Toxicity Test to 

Determine the Effects of the Test Substance on Seedling Emergence of Ten 

Species of Plants: Final Report. Project Number: 443/116, 443/116/OCR, 

443/090209/SEEDEM/10/SUB443. Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife 

International, Ltd. 83 p.

479457-42 Porch, J.; Krueger, H.; Kendall, T. (2009) Kasumin 2L: A Toxicity Test to 

Determine the Effects of the Test Substance on Vegetative Vigor of Ten 

Species of Plants: Final Report. Project Number: 443/117, 443/117/OCR. 

Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. 82 p.

479457-43 Softcheck, K. (2009) Kasugamycin Technical - 7-Day Toxicity Test with 

Duckweed (Lemna gibba). Project Number: 13917/6107, 13917/6107/OCR, 

080108/OPPTS/SA/LEMNA. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn 

Smithers Laboratories. 87 p.

479457-44 Softcheck, K. (2009) Kasugamycin Technical - 96-Hour Toxicity Test with the 

Freshwater Blue-Green Alga, Anabaena flos-aquae. Project Number: 

13917/6111, 13917/6111/OCR, 080808/OPPTS/SA/ANAB. Unpublished study 

prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 87 p.

479457-45 Softcheck, K. (2009) Kasugamycin Technical - 96-Hour Acute Toxicity Test 

with Freshwater Green Alga, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. Project Number: 

13917/6108, 13917/6108/OCR, 0711408OPPTS/SA/PSS. Unpublished study 

prepared by Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 88 p.

479457-46 Softcheck, K. (2009) Kasugamycin Technical - 96-Hour Toxicity Test with the 

Marine Diatom, Skeletonema costatum. Project Number: 13917/6110, 

13917/6110/OCR, 072808OPPTS/SA/SKEL. Unpublished study prepared by 

Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 75 p.

479457-47 Softcheck, K. (2009) Kasugamycin Technical - 96-Hour Toxicity Test with the 

Freshwater Diatom, Navicula pelliculosa. Project Number: 13917/6109, 

13917/6109/OCR, 072808OPPTS/SA/NAV. Unpublished study prepared by 

Springborn Smithers Laboratories. 88 p.
64

459100-18 Shepherd, N. (2001) Kasumin 2 L: Single Exposure (Nose Only) Toxicity 

Study in the Rat: Lab Project Number: TMN-0112: 1442/8-D6145: 1442/8. 

Unpublished study prepared by Covance Laboratories. 84 p. 

479457-39 Porch, J.; Krueger, H. (2009) Kasugamycin Technical: An Acute Oral Toxicity 

Study with the Honey Bee: Final Report. Project Number: 443/114, 

443/114/OCR. Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. 39 p.

479457-40 Porch, J.; Sindermann, A.; Krueger, H. (2009) Kasugamycin Technical: An 

Acute Toxicity Study with the Earthworm in an Artificial Soil Substrate: Final 

Report. Project Number: 443/115, 443/115/OCR. Unpublished study prepared 

by Wildlife International, Ltd. 37 p.

Environmental Fate and Transport Studies:

464855-01 Swales, S. (2003) (Carbon 14) Kasugamycin: Hydrolytic Stability. Project 

Number: 1442/21. Unpublished study prepared by Covance Laboratories, Ltd. 

123 p.

479457-16 Bishop, L.; Maudsley, L. (2003) (Carbon 14)-Kasugamycin: Photodegradation 

in Sterile, Aqueous Solution. Project Number: 1442/22/D2149, 1442/22. 

Unpublished study prepared by Covance Laboratories, Ltd. 101 p.

479457-18 Fathulla, R. ; Conteh, A. (1998) Aerobic Metabolism of [Carbon 14]-

Kasugamycin on a Representative Agricultural Soil. Project Number: 

6434/106. Unpublished study prepared by Covance Laboratories, Inc. 150 p.

479457-21 Fathulla, R.; Conteh, A. (1998) Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism of (Carbon 14)-

Kasugamycin on a Representative Agricultural Soil. Project Number: 

6434/108/OCR, 6434/108. Unpublished study prepared by Covance 

Laboratories, Inc. 156 p.

479457-14 Schick, M. (2009) Soil Adsorption/Desorption of [Carbon 14]Kasugamycin by 

the Batch Equilibrium Method. Project Number: 1820W, 18220W/1. 

Unpublished study prepared by PTRL West, Inc. 148 p.

479457-15 Ishijama, F. (1993) Soil Column Leaching of Kasugamycin and Related 

Compounds in Three Soil Types. Project Number: HCRL9301. Unpublished 

study prepared by Hokko Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. 31 p.

479457-22 Marin, J. (2009) Kasugamycin Field Dissipation Study in Bare Ground. Project 

Number: 1669W, 1669W/OCR. Unpublished study prepared by PTRL West, 

Inc. 631 p.

481326-02 Marin, J. (2010) Kasugamycin Field Dissipation Study in Bare Ground: 

Amended Report. Project Number: 1669W/OCR, 1669W. Unpublished study 

prepared by PTRL West, Inc. 633 p.

479457-17 Habig, C. (2010) Kasugamycin Waiver Request from Further Testing: 

Photodegradation on Soil. Project Number: KASUGAMYCIN. Unpublished 
65

study prepared by Exponent, Inc. 16 p.

482817-01 Orr, G. (2010) Kasugamycin Technical: Request for Waiver of Fish 

Bioconcentration Factor Data Requirement. Project Number: 

ARY/413/2455485. Unpublished study prepared by Arysta LifeScience North 

America, LLC . 5 p.
66

Appendix A: Open Literature Studies Available from the Public Version of ECOTOX 

(Available at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/quick_query.htm)

Reference Number: 6905

Author(s): Kobayashi, S.I.

Publication Year: 1978

Title: Synergism in Pesticide Toxicity (2) Acute Oral Toxicity of Anti-ChE Pesticides 

in Mice

Source: Toho Igakkai Zasshi (J. Med. Soc. Toho, Jpn.) 25(4): 635-649

This study is in Japanese and is, therefore, not considered for use in the risk assessment.

Reference Number: 5761

Author(s): Hashimoto, Y., and Y. Nishiuchi

Publication Year: 1981

Title: Establishment of Bioassay Methods for the Evaluation of Acute Toxicity of 

Pesticides to Aquatic Organisms

Source: J. Pestic. Sci.6(2): 257-264

This study is in Japanese and is, therefore, not considered for use in the risk assessment.

Reference Number: 8589

Author(s): Nishiuchi, Y.

Publication Year: 1989

Title: Toxicity of Pesticides to Some Aquatic Animals. XI. Toxicity of Some 

Pesticides to Tadpoles

Source: C. A. Sel. -Environ. Pollut. 18:3-72754Y (1990) / Aquat. Ecol. Chem. (Seitai 

Kaguku)9(4): 23-26

This study is in Japanese and is, therefore, not considered for use in the risk assessment.

Reference Number: 9158

Author(s): Nishiuchi, Y., and K. Yoshida

Publication Year: 1972

Title: Toxicities of Pesticides to Some Fresh Water Snails

Source: Bull.Agric.Chem.Insp.Stn.(Tokyo)12(): 86-92

This study was translated from Japanese to English; specific data for kysugamycin could 

not be identified in the study.
67

Appendix B Screening Imbibition Program (SIP v. 1.0) Inputs and Outputs for the Proposed 

Uses of Kasugamycin

Table 1. Inputs

PARAMETER VALUE

Chemical name Kasugamycin

Solubility (in water at 25oC; mg/L) 228,000

Mammalian LD50 (mg/kg-bw) 5000

Mammalian test species laboratory rat

Mammalian NOAEL (mg/kg-bw) 13.7

Mammalian test species laboratory rat

Avian LD50 (mg/kg-bw) 2000

Avian test species northern bobwhite quail

Mineau scaling factor 1.15

Bobwhite quail NOAEC (mg/kg-diet) 450

Table 2. Mammalian Results

PARAMETER ACUTE CHRONIC

Upper bound exposure (mg/kg-bw) 39216.0000 39216.0000

Adjusted toxicity value (mg/kg-bw) 3845.8028 10.5375

Ratio of exposure to toxicity 10.1971 3721.5659

Conclusion*

Exposure through drinking water 

alone is a potential concern for 

mammals

Exposure through drinking 

water alone is a potential 

concern for mammals

Table 3. Avian Results

PARAMETER ACUTE CHRONIC

Upper bound exposure (mg/kg-bw) 184680.0000 184680.0000

Adjusted toxicity value (mg/kg-bw) 1440.8590 47.8342

Ratio of exposure to acute toxicity 128.1735 3860.8324

Conclusion*

Exposure through drinking water 

alone is a potential concern for 

birds

Exposure through drinking 

water alone is a potential 

concern for birds

*Conclusion is for drinking water exposure alone. This does not combine all routes of exposure. Therefore, when 

aggregated with other routes (i.e., diet, inhalation, dermal), pesticide exposure through drinking water may 

contribute to a total exposure that has potential for effects to non-target animals.
68

Appendix C Sample Screening Tool for Inhalation Risk (STIR v. 1.0) Inputs and Outputs for the 

Proposed Uses of Kasugamycin.

Table 1. Inputs

APPLICATION AND CHEMICAL INFORMATION

Enter Chemical Name Kasugamycin

Enter Chemical Use Pome fruit

Is the Application a Spray? (enter y or n) y

If Spray What Type (enter ground or air) ground

Enter Chemical Molecular Weight (g/mole) 433.8

Enter Chemical Vapor Pressure (mmHg) 9.80E-08

Enter Application Rate (lb a.i./acre) 0.084

TOXICITY PROPERTIES

Bird

Enter Lowest Bird Oral LD50 (mg/kg bw) 2000

Enter Mineau Scaling Factor 1.15

Enter Tested Bird Weight (kg) 0.178

Mammal

Enter Lowest Rat Oral LD50 (mg/kg bw) 5000

Enter Lowest Rat Inhalation LC50 (mg/L) 4.9

Duration of Rat Inhalation Study (hrs) 4

Enter Rat Weight (kg) 0.35

Table 2. Outputs

RESULTS Avian (0.020 kg ) CONCLUSIONS

Maximum Vapor Concentration in Air at Saturation (mg/m3) 2.29E-03

Maximum 1-hour Vapor Inhalation Dose (mg/kg) 2.88E-04

Adjusted Inhalation LD50 1.09E+01

Ratio of Vapor Dose to Adjusted Inhalation LD50 2.63E-05 Exposure not Likely Significant

Maximum Post-treatment Spray Inhalation Dose (mg/kg) 8.88E-03

Ratio of Droplet Inhalation Dose to Adjusted Inhalation LD50 8.12E-04 Exposure not Likely Significant

RESULTS Mammalian (0.015 kg )

Maximum Vapor Concentration in Air at Saturation (mg/m3) 2.29E-03

Maximum 1-hour Vapor Inhalation Dose (mg/kg) 3.62E-04

Adjusted Inhalation LD50 2.92E+02

Ratio of Vapor Dose to Adjusted Inhalation LD50 1.24E-06 Exposure not Likely Significant

Maximum Post-treatment Spray Inhalation Dose (mg/kg) 1.12E-02

Ratio of Droplet Inhalation Dose to Adjusted Inhalation LD50 3.82E-05 Exposure not Likely Significant
69

Appendix D Example PRZM/EXAMS Output Data for highest Peak EECs

FL Pepper:

stored as FLPepper.out

Chemical: kasugamycin

PRZM environment: FLpeppersSTD.txt modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at 06:16:38

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at 06:14:08

Metfile: w12844.dvf modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at 06:14:22

Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

1961 0.1924 0.1861 0.167 0.0988 0.06587 0.01624

1962 1.213 1.18 0.506 0.2981 0.2933 0.1687

1963 4.44 2.61 1.466 0.8275 0.7419 0.365

1964 5.417 5.242 4.937 3.139 2.722 1.464

1965 3.64 3.554 3.218 2.613 2.247 0.8803

1966 3.748 3.644 3.4 2.775 2.388 0.9022

1967 0.9341 0.907 0.8229 0.7176 0.6365 0.2695

1968 0.4972 0.4823 0.4303 0.2936 0.2615 0.1487

1969 2.722 2.645 2.417 2.081 1.863 0.8855

1970 3.093 3.021 2.76 2.32 2.092 0.7896

1971 0.887 0.8565 0.4626 0.2527 0.2245 0.1475

1972 1.098 1.061 0.9302 0.7445 0.64 0.271

1973 0.9985 0.9687 0.9008 0.7848 0.6878 0.2955

1974 2.502 2.429 2.028 1.407 1.186 0.6071

1975 1.953 1.892 1.664 1.287 1.089 0.4347

1976 1.467 1.424 1.293 0.7429 0.6236 0.3716

1977 3.971 3.855 3.615 2.356 1.587 0.7749

1978 3.501 3.387 3.054 2.281 1.997 0.9165

1979 3.277 3.219 2.91 2.361 2.042 0.9086

1980 2.388 2.328 2.119 1.864 1.711 0.764

1981 3.319 1.726 0.8291 0.7383 0.675 0.286

1982 3.343 3.245 2.97 2.358 2.01 0.8104

1983 2.588 2.508 2.096 1.199 1.046 0.5223

1984 14.34 13.87 12.21 7.109 4.761 1.65

1985 7.628 7.468 6.848 5.654 4.944 1.91

1986 6.652 6.423 5.639 2.791 2.313 1.273

1987 4.695 4.576 4.127 3.32 2.845 1.138

1988 1.308 1.274 1.194 1.003 0.8741 0.344

1989 2.005 1.951 0.9319 0.3709 0.3306 0.1897

1990 1.778 1.719 1.579 1.228 1.067 0.4036

Sorted results

Prob. Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

0.032258064516129 14.34 13.87 12.21 7.109 4.944 1.91

0.0645161290322581 7.628 7.468 6.848 5.654 4.761 1.65

0.0967741935483871 6.652 6.423 5.639 3.32 2.845 1.464

0.129032258064516 5.417 5.242 4.937 3.139 2.722 1.273

0.161290322580645 4.695 4.576 4.127 2.791 2.388 1.138

0.193548387096774 4.44 3.855 3.615 2.775 2.313 0.9165

0.225806451612903 3.971 3.644 3.4 2.613 2.247 0.9086

0.258064516129032 3.748 3.554 3.218 2.361 2.092 0.9022

0.290322580645161 3.64 3.387 3.054 2.358 2.042 0.8855

0.32258064516129 3.501 3.245 2.97 2.356 2.01 0.8803

0.354838709677419 3.343 3.219 2.91 2.32 1.997 0.8104

0.387096774193548 3.319 3.021 2.76 2.281 1.863 0.7896

0.419354838709677 3.277 2.645 2.417 2.081 1.711 0.7749

0.451612903225806 3.093 2.61 2.119 1.864 1.587 0.764

0.483870967741936 2.722 2.508 2.096 1.407 1.186 0.6071

0.516129032258065 2.588 2.429 2.028 1.287 1.089 0.5223

0.548387096774194 2.502 2.328 1.664 1.228 1.067 0.4347

0.580645161290323 2.388 1.951 1.579 1.199 1.046 0.4036

0.612903225806452 2.005 1.892 1.466 1.003 0.8741 0.3716

0.645161290322581 1.953 1.726 1.293 0.8275 0.7419 0.365

0.67741935483871 1.778 1.719 1.194 0.7848 0.6878 0.344

0.709677419354839 1.467 1.424 0.9319 0.7445 0.675 0.2955

0.741935483870968 1.308 1.274 0.9302 0.7429 0.64 0.286
70

0.774193548387097 1.213 1.18 0.9008 0.7383 0.6365 0.271

0.806451612903226 1.098 1.061 0.8291 0.7176 0.6236 0.2695

0.838709677419355 0.9985 0.9687 0.8229 0.3709 0.3306 0.1897

0.870967741935484 0.9341 0.907 0.506 0.2981 0.2933 0.1687

0.903225806451613 0.887 0.8565 0.4626 0.2936 0.2615 0.1487

0.935483870967742 0.4972 0.4823 0.4303 0.2527 0.2245 0.1475

0.967741935483871 0.1924 0.1861 0.167 0.0988 0.06587 0.01624

0.1 6.5285 6.3049 5.5688 3.3019 2.8327 1.4449

Average of yearly averages: 0.663604666666667

Inputs generated by pe5.pl - Novemeber 2006

Data used for this run:

Output File: FLPepper

Metfile: w12844.dvf

PRZM scenario: FLpeppersSTD.txt

EXAMS environment file: pond298.exv

Chemical Name: kasugamycin

Description Variable Name Value Units Comments

Molecular weight mwt 433.84 g/mol

Henry's Law Const. henry atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure vapr 9.83E-08 torr

Solubility sol 228000 mg/L

Kd Kd mg/L

Koc Koc 217.5 mg/L

Photolysis half-life kdp 0 days Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacw 43 days Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacs 434 days Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism asm 219 days Halfife

Hydrolysis: pH 5 630 days Half-life

Hydrolysis: pH 7 1155 days Half-life

Hydrolysis: pH 9 6932 days Half-life

Method: CAM 2 integer See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth: DEPI cm

Application Rate: TAPP 0.09 kg/ha

Application Efficiency: APPEFF 0.99 fraction

Spray Drift DRFT 0.01 fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date Date 15-11 dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Interval 1 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single app.

app. rate 1 apprate 0.09 kg/ha

Interval 2 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single app.

app. rate 2 apprate 0.09 kg/ha

Record 17:FILTRA

IPSCND 1

UPTKF

Record 18:PLVKRT

PLDKRT

FEXTRC 0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run IR EPA Pond

Flag for runoff calc. RUNOFF none none, monthly or total(average of entire run)
71

Appendix E Sample T-REX Inputs and Outputs for the Proposed Uses of Kasugamycin. 

INPUTS:

Chemical Name: Kasugamycin

 Use Fruiting vegetables

 Formulation 0

Application Rate 0.084 lbs a.i./acre

Half-life 35 days 

Application Interval 3 days

Maximum # Apps./Year 4

Length of Simulation 1 year

Endpoints

Avian

Bobwhite quail LD50 (mg/kg-bw) 2000.00

Bobwhite quail LC50 (mg/kg-diet) 4858.00

Mallard duck NOAEL(mg/kg-bw) 0.00

Bobwhite quail NOAEC (mg/kg-diet) 450.00

Mammals

LD50 (mg/kg-bw) 5000.00

LC50 (mg/kg-diet) 0.00

NOAEL (mg/kg-bw) 13.70

NOAEC (mg/kg-diet) 274.00

Dietary-based EECs (ppm) Kenaga

Values

Short Grass 73.93

Tall Grass 33.88

Broadleaf plants/sm Insects 41.58

Fruits/pods/seeds/lg insects 4.62
72

OUTPUTS:

Summary of Risk Quotient Calculations Based on Upper Bound Kenaga EECs.

Table 1. Upper Bound Kenaga, Acute Avian Dose-Based Risk Quotients

Size 

Class

(grams)

Adjusted

LD50

EECs and RQs

Short Grass Tall Grass Broadleaf Plants/

Small Insects

Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

Granivore

EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ

20 1440.86 84.20 0.06 38.59 0.03 47.36 0.03 5.26 0.00 1.17 0.00

100 1834.29 48.01 0.03 22.01 0.01 27.01 0.01 3.00 0.00 0.67 0.00

1000 2591.00 21.50 0.01 9.85 0.00 12.09 0.00 1.34 0.00 0.30 0.00

Table 2. Upper Bound Kenaga, Subacute Avian Dietary Based Risk Quotients.

LC50

EECs and RQs

Short Grass Tall Grass

Broadleaf 

Plants/

Small Insects

Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ

4858 73.93 0.02 33.88 0.01 41.58 0.01 4.62 0.00

Size class not used for dietary risk quotients 

Table 3. Upper Bound Kenaga, Chronic Avian Dietary Based Risk Quotients.

NOAEC 

(ppm)

EECs and RQs

Short Grass Tall Grass

Broadleaf 

Plants/

Small Insects

Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ

450 73.93 0.16 33.88 0.08 41.58 0.09 4.62 0.01

Size class not used for dietary risk quotients

Table 4. Upper Bound Kenaga, Acute Mammalian Dose-Based Risk Quotients. 

Size 

Class

(grams)

Adjusted

LD50

EECs and RQs

Short Grass Tall Grass Broadleaf Plants/

Small Insects

Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

Granivore

EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ

15 10989.15 70.48 0.01 32.31 0.00 39.65 0.00 4.41 0.00 0.98 0.00

35 8891.40 48.71 0.01 22.33 0.00 27.40 0.00 3.04 0.00 0.68 0.00

1000 3845.80 11.29 0.00 5.18 0.00 6.35 0.00 0.71 0.00 0.16 0.00
73

Table 5. Upper Bound Kenaga, Chronic Mammalian Dietary Based Risk Quotients.

NOAEC 

(ppm)

EECs and RQs

Short Grass Tall Grass

Broadleaf 

Plants/

Small Insects

Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ

274 73.93 0.27 33.88 0.12 41.58 0.15 4.62 0.02

Size class not used for dietary risk quotients 

Table 6. Upper Bound Kenaga, Chronic Mammalian Dose-Based Risk Quotients

Size 

Class

(grams)

Adjusted 

NOAEL

EECs and RQs

Short Grass Tall Grass Broadleaf Plants/

Small Insects

Fruits/Pods/

Seeds/

Large Insects

Granivore

EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ EEC RQ

15 30.11 70.48 2.34 32.31 1.07 39.65 1.32 4.41 0.15 0.98 0.03

35 24.36 48.71 2.00 22.33 0.92 27.40 1.12 3.04 0.12 0.68 0.03

1000 10.54 11.29 1.07 5.18 0.49 6.35 0.60 0.71 0.07 0.16 0.01
74

Appendix F SAMPLE TerrPlant Inputs and Outputs for the Proposed Kasugamycin Uses.

Table 1. Chemical Identity.

Chemical Name Kasugamycin

PC code 230001

Use Walnuts

Application Method Ground

Application Form Liquid 

Solubility in Water (ppm) >100

Table 2. Input parameters used to derive EECs.

Input Parameter Symbol Value Units

Application Rate A 0.084 lb a.i./acre

Incorporation I 1 none

Runoff Fraction R 0.05 none

Drift Fraction D 0.01 none

Table 3. EECs for Kasugamycin. Units in lb a.i./acre.

Description Equation EEC

Runoff to dry areas (A/I)*R 0.0042

Runoff to semi-aquatic areas (A/I)*R*10 0.042

Spray drift A*D 0.00084

Total for dry areas ((A/I)*R)+(A*D) 0.00504

Total for semi-aquatic areas ((A/I)*R*10)+(A*D) 0.04284

Table 4. Plant survival and growth data used for RQ derivation. Units are in lb a.i./acre.

Seedling Emergence Vegetative Vigor

Plant type EC25 NOAEC EC25 NOAEC 

Monocot 0.0925 <0.0925 0.0964 0.0964

Dicot 0.0925 0.0925 0.0964 0.0964

Table 5. RQ values for plants in dry and semi-aquatic areas exposed to through runoff and/or 

spray drift.*

Plant Type Listed Status Dry Semi-Aquatic Spray Drift

Monocot non-listed <0.1 0.46 <0.1

Monocot listed N/A N/A N/A

Dicot non-listed <0.1 0.46 <0.1

Dicot listed <0.1 0.46 <0.1

*If RQ > 1.0, the LOC is exceeded, resulting in potential for risk to that plant group.
75

Appendix G LOCATES RUN: County Occurrence List by State and Taxa for the Following 

Proposed Kasugamycin Uses: Walnuts (English), Tomatoes (in the open), Peppers (harvested), 

Peppers (other than bell, including chili), Peppers (bell, excluding pimientos), Pears (all), Apples

Total: 1223 Species 

Inverse Name Species Taxon Medium

Abalone, White Haliotis sorenseni Gastropod Saltwater

Abutilon sandwicense (ncn) Abutilon sandwicense Dicot Terrestrial

Achyranthes mutica (ncn) Achyranthes mutica Dicot Terrestrial

Achyranthes splendens var. Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata Dicot Terrestrial

rotundata (ncn)

Adobe Sunburst, San Joaquin Pseudobahia peirsonii Dicot Terrestrial

A'e (Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. Dicot Terrestrial

tomentosum) tomentosum

A'e (Zanthoxylum hawaiiense) Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Dicot Terrestrial

'Aiea (Nothocestrum breviflorum) Nothocestrum breviflorum Dicot Terrestrial

'Aiea (Nothocestrum peltatum) Nothocestrum peltatum Dicot Terrestrial

'Akepa, Hawaii Loxops coccineus coccineus Bird Terrestrial

'Akepa, Maui Loxops coccineus ochraceus Bird Terrestrial

'Akia Loa, Kauai (Hemignathus Hemignathus procerus Bird Terrestrial

procerus)

'Akia Pola'au (Hemignathus Hemignathus munroi Bird Terrestrial

'Akoko (Chamaesyce celastroides Chamaesyce celastroides var. Dicot Terrestrial

var. kaenana) kaenana

'Akoko (Chamaesyce deppeana) Chamaesyce deppeana Dicot Terrestrial

'Akoko (Chamaesyce herbstii) Chamaesyce herbstii Dicot Terrestrial

'Akoko (Chamaesyce kuwaleana) Chamaesyce kuwaleana Dicot Terrestrial

'Akoko (Chamaesyce rockii) Chamaesyce rockii Dicot Terrestrial

'Akoko (Chamaesyce skottsbergii Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. Dicot Terrestrial

var. skottsbe kalaeloana

'Akoko (Euphorbia haeleeleana) Euphorbia haeleeleana Dicot Terrestrial

Alani (Melicope adscendens) Melicope adscendens Dicot Terrestrial

Alani (Melicope balloui) Melicope balloui Dicot Terrestrial

Alani (Melicope haupuensis) Melicope haupuensis Dicot Terrestrial

Alani (Melicope knudsenii) Melicope knudsenii Dicot Terrestrial

Alani (Melicope lydgatei) Melicope lydgatei Dicot Terrestrial

Alani (Melicope mucronulata) Melicope mucronulata Dicot Terrestrial

Alani (Melicope ovalis) Melicope ovalis Dicot Terrestrial

Alani (Melicope pallida) Melicope pallida Dicot Terrestrial

Alani (Melicope quadrangularis) Melicope quadrangularis Dicot Terrestrial

Alani (Melicope saint-johnii) Melicope saint-johnii Dicot Terrestrial

Alani (Melicope zahlbruckneri) Melicope zahlbruckneri Dicot Terrestrial

Albatross, Short-tailed Phoebastria (=Diomedea) albatrus Bird Terrestrial, Saltwater

Alligator, American Alligator mississippiensis Reptile Terrestrial, Freshwater, Brackish

Allocarya, Calistoga Plagiobothrys strictus Dicot Vernal pool

Alopecurus, Sonoma Alopecurus aequalis var. Monocot Terrestrial

Alsinidendron obovatum (ncn) Alsinidendron obovatum Dicot Terrestrial

Alsinidendron trinerve (ncn) Alsinidendron trinerve Dicot Terrestrial

Alsinidendron viscosum (ncn) Alsinidendron viscosum Dicot Terrestrial

Amaranth, Seabeach Amaranthus pumilus Dicot Coastal

Ambersnail, Kanab Oxyloma haydeni kanabensis Gastropod Terrestrial, Freshwater

Ambrosia, San Diego Ambrosia pumila Dicot Terrestrial

Ambrosia, South Texas Ambrosia cheiranthifolia Dicot Terrestrial

Amole, Cammatta Canyon Chlorogalum purpureum var. Monocot Terrestrial

reductum

Amole, Purple Chlorogalum purpureum var. Monocot Terrestrial

purpureum

Amphianthus, Little Amphianthus pusillus Dicot Freshwater

Amphipod, Illinois Cave Gammarus acherondytes Crustacean Freshwater, Subterraneous

Amphipod, Kauai Cave Spelaeorchestia koloana Crustacean Freshwater, Subterraneous

Amphipod, Noel's Gammarus desperatus Crustacean Freshwater

Amphipod, Peck's Cave Stygobromus (=Stygonectes) pecki Crustacean Freshwater, Subterraneous

'Anaunau (Lepidium arbuscula) Lepidium arbuscula Dicot Terrestrial

'Anunu (Sicyos alba) Sicyos alba Dicot Terrestrial

Aristida chaseae (ncn) Aristida chaseae Monocot Terrestrial
76

Arrowhead, Bunched Sagittaria fasciculata Monocot Freshwater

Aster, Decurrent False Boltonia decurrens Dicot Terrestrial, Freshwater

Aster, Florida Golden Chrysopsis floridana Dicot Terrestrial

Aster, Ruth's Golden Pityopsis ruthii Dicot Terrestrial

Auerodendron pauciflorum (ncn) Auerodendron pauciflorum Dicot Terrestrial

Aupaka (Isodendrion hosakae) Isodendrion hosakae Dicot Terrestrial

Aupaka (Isodendrion laurifolium) Isodendrion laurifolium Dicot Terrestrial

Aupaka (Isodendrion longifolium) Isodendrion longifolium Dicot Terrestrial

Avens, Spreading Geum radiatum Dicot Terrestrial

'Awiwi (Centaurium sebaeoides) Centaurium sebaeoides Dicot Terrestrial

'Awiwi (Hedyotis cookiana) Hedyotis cookiana Dicot Terrestrial

Ayenia, Texas Ayenia limitaris Dicot Terrestrial

Baccharis, Encinitas Baccharis vanessae Dicot Terrestrial

Bankclimber, Purple Elliptoideus sloatianus Bivalve Freshwater

Barbara Buttons, Mohr's Marshallia mohrii Dicot Terrestrial

Barberry, Island Berberis pinnata ssp. insularis Dicot Terrestrial

Barberry, Nevin's Berberis nevinii Dicot Terrestrial

Bariaco Trichilia triacantha Dicot Terrestrial

Bat, Gray Myotis grisescens Mammal Terrestrial, Subterraneous

Bat, Hawaiian Hoary Lasiurus cinereus semotus Mammal Terrestrial, Subterraneous

Bat, Indiana Myotis sodalis Mammal Terrestrial, Subterraneous

Bat, Lesser (=Sanborn's) Long-nosed Leptonycteris curasoae yerbabuenae Mammal Terrestrial, Subterraneous

Bat, Mexican Long-nosed Leptonycteris nivalis Mammal Terrestrial, Subterraneous

Bat, Ozark Big-eared Corynorhinus (=Plecotus) Mammal Terrestrial, Subterraneous

townsendii ingens

Bat, Virginia Big-eared Corynorhinus (=Plecotus) Mammal Terrestrial, Subterraneous

townsendii virginianus

Beaked-rush, Knieskern's Rhynchospora knieskernii Monocot Terrestrial

Bear, American Black Ursus americanus Mammal Terrestrial

Bear, Grizzly Ursus arctos horribilis Mammal Terrestrial

Bear, Louisiana Black Ursus americanus luteolus Mammal Terrestrial

Bearclaw poppy, Dwarf Arctomecon humilis Dicot Terrestrial

Beardtongue, Penland Penstemon penlandii Dicot Terrestrial

Beargrass, Britton's Nolina brittoniana Monocot Terrestrial

Beauty, Harper's Harperocallis flava Monocot Terrestrial, Freshwater

Bedstraw, El Dorado Galium californicum ssp. sierrae Dicot Terrestrial

Bedstraw, Island Galium buxifolium Dicot Terrestrial

Beetle, American Burying Nicrophorus americanus Insect Terrestrial

Beetle, Coffin Cave Mold Batrisodes texanus Insect Subterraneous

Beetle, Comal Springs Dryopid Stygoparnus comalensis Insect Freshwater, Subterraneous

Beetle, Comal Springs Riffle Heterelmis comalensis Insect Freshwater, Subterraneous

Beetle, Delta Green Ground Elaphrus viridis Insect Terrestrial, Vernal pool

Beetle, Helotes Mold Batrisodes venyivi Insect Subterraneous

Beetle, Hungerford's Crawling Water Brychius hungerfordi Insect Freshwater

Beetle, Kretschmarr Cave Mold Texamaurops reddelli Insect Subterraneous

Beetle, Mount Hermon June Polyphylla barbata Insect Terrestrial, Subterraneous

Beetle, Northeastern Beach Tiger Cicindela dorsalis dorsalis Insect Terrestrial

Beetle, Ohlone Tiger Cicindela ohlone Insect Terrestrial

Beetle, Puritan Tiger Cicindela puritana Insect Terrestrial, Coastal

Beetle, Salt Creek Tiger Cicindela nevadica lincolniana Insect Terrestrial

Beetle, Tooth Cave Ground Rhadine persephone Insect Subterraneous

Beetle, Valley Elderberry Longhorn Desmocerus californicus dimorphus Insect Terrestrial

Bellflower, Brooksville Campanula robinsiae Dicot Terrestrial

Birch, Virginia Round-leaf Betula uber Dicot Floodplain

Bird's-beak, Palmate-bracted Cordylanthus palmatus Dicot Terrestrial

Bird's-beak, Pennell's Cordylanthus tenuis ssp. capillaris Dicot Terrestrial

Bird's-beak, salt marsh Cordylanthus maritimus ssp. Dicot Saltwater

maritimus

Bird's-beak, Soft Cordylanthus mollis ssp. mollis Dicot Brackish, Saltwater

Birds-in-a-nest, White Macbridea alba Dicot Terrestrial

Bittercress, Small-anthered Cardamine micranthera Dicot Terrestrial

Blackbird, Yellow-shouldered Agelaius xanthomus Bird Terrestrial

Bladderpod, Dudley Bluffs Lesquerella congesta Dicot Terrestrial

Bladderpod, Kodachrome Lesquerella tumulosa Dicot Terrestrial

Bladderpod, Lyrate Lesquerella lyrata Dicot Terrestrial

Bladderpod, Missouri Lesquerella filiformis Dicot Terrestrial

Bladderpod, San Bernardino Lesquerella kingii ssp. bernardina Dicot Terrestrial

Mountains

Bladderpod, Spring Creek Lesquerella perforata Dicot Floodplain

Bladderpod, White Lesquerella pallida Dicot Terrestrial
77

Bladderpod, Zapata Lesquerella thamnophila Dicot Terrestrial

Blazing Star, Ash Meadows Mentzelia leucophylla Dicot Terrestrial

Blazing Star, Heller's Liatris helleri Dicot Terrestrial

Blazing Star, Scrub Liatris ohlingerae Dicot Terrestrial

Bluecurls, Hidden Lake Trichostema austromontanum ssp. Dicot Terrestrial

compactum

Bluegrass, Hawaiian Poa sandvicensis Monocot Terrestrial

Bluegrass, Mann's (Poa mannii) Poa mannii Monocot Terrestrial

Bluegrass, Napa Poa napensis Monocot Terrestrial, Freshwater

Bluegrass, San Bernardino Poa atropurpurea Monocot Terrestrial

Blue-star, Kearney's Amsonia kearneyana Dicot Terrestrial

Bluet, Roan Mountain Hedyotis purpurea var. montana Dicot Terrestrial

Boa, Puerto Rican Epicrates inornatus Reptile Terrestrial

Boa, Virgin Islands Tree Epicrates monensis granti Reptile Terrestrial

Bobwhite, Masked Colinus virginianus ridgwayi Bird Terrestrial

Bonamia menziesii (ncn) Bonamia menziesii Dicot Terrestrial

Bonamia, Florida Bonamia grandiflora Dicot Terrestrial

Boxwood, Vahl's Buxus vahlii Dicot Terrestrial

Brodiaea, Chinese Camp Brodiaea pallida Monocot Terrestrial

Brodiaea, Thread-leaved Brodiaea filifolia Monocot Terrestrial

Broom, San Clemente Island Lotus dendroideus ssp. traskiae Dicot Terrestrial

Buckwheat, Cushenbury Eriogonum ovalifolium var. vineum Dicot Terrestrial

Buckwheat, Ione (incl. Irish Hill) Eriogonum apricum (incl. var. Dicot Terrestrial

prostratum)

Buckwheat, Scrub Eriogonum longifolium var. Dicot Terrestrial

gnaphalifolium

Buckwheat, Southern Mountain Eriogonum kennedyi var. Dicot Terrestrial

Wild austromontanum

Buckwheat, Steamboat Eriogonum ovalifolium var. Dicot Terrestrial

williamsiae

Bulrush, Northeastern (=Barbed Scirpus ancistrochaetus Monocot Terrestrial, Freshwater

Bristle)

Bush-mallow, San Clemente Island Malacothamnus clementinus Dicot Terrestrial

Bush-mallow, Santa Cruz Island Malacothamnus fasciculatus var. Dicot Terrestrial

nesioticus

Buttercup, Autumn Ranunculus aestivalis (=acriformis) Dicot Terrestrial

Butterfly Plant, Colorado Gaura neomexicana var. coloradensis Dicot Terrestrial

Butterfly, Bay Checkerspot Euphydryas editha bayensis Insect Terrestrial

(Wright's euphydryas)

Butterfly, Behren's Silverspot Speyeria zerene behrensii Insect Terrestrial

Butterfly, Callippe Silverspot Speyeria callippe callippe Insect Terrestrial

Butterfly, El Segundo Blue Euphilotes battoides allyni Insect Terrestrial

Butterfly, Fender's Blue Icaricia icarioides fenderi Insect Terrestrial

Butterfly, Karner Blue Lycaeides melissa samuelis Insect Terrestrial

Butterfly, Lange's Metalmark Apodemia mormo langei Insect Terrestrial

Butterfly, Lotis Blue Lycaeides argyrognomon lotis Insect Terrestrial

Butterfly, Mission Blue Icaricia icarioides missionensis Insect Terrestrial

Butterfly, Mitchell's Satyr Neonympha mitchellii mitchellii Insect Terrestrial, Perm. wetland

Butterfly, Myrtle's Silverspot Speyeria zerene myrtleae Insect Terrestrial

Butterfly, Oregon Silverspot Speyeria zerene hippolyta Insect Terrestrial

Butterfly, Palos Verdes Blue Glaucopsyche lygdamus Insect Terrestrial

palosverdesensis

Butterfly, Quino Checkerspot Euphydryas editha quino (=E. e. Insect Terrestrial

wrighti)

Butterfly, Saint Francis' Satyr Neonympha mitchellii francisci Insect Terrestrial

Butterfly, San Bruno Elfin Callophrys mossii bayensis Insect Terrestrial

Butterfly, Smith's Blue Euphilotes enoptes smithi Insect Terrestrial

Butterfly, Uncompahgre Fritillary Boloria acrocnema Insect Terrestrial

Butterweed, Layne's Senecio layneae Dicot Terrestrial

Butterwort, Godfrey's Pinguicula ionantha Dicot Terrestrial, Freshwater

Button-celery, San Diego Eryngium aristulatum var. parishii Dicot Terrestrial

Cactus, Arizona Hedgehog Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. Dicot Terrestrial

arizonicus

Cactus, Bakersfield Opuntia treleasei Dicot Terrestrial

Cactus, Black Lace Echinocereus reichenbachii var. Dicot Terrestrial

albertii

Cactus, Brady Pincushion Pediocactus bradyi Dicot Terrestrial

Cactus, Bunched Cory Coryphantha ramillosa Dicot Terrestrial

Cactus, Chisos Mountain Hedgehog Echinocereus chisoensis var. Dicot Terrestrial

chisoensis
78

Cactus, Cochise Pincushion Coryphantha robbinsorum Dicot Terrestrial

Cactus, Knowlton Pediocactus knowltonii Dicot Terrestrial

Cactus, Kuenzler Hedgehog Echinocereus fendleri var. kuenzleri Dicot Terrestrial

Cactus, Lee Pincushion Coryphantha sneedii var. leei Dicot Terrestrial

Cactus, Lloyd's Mariposa Echinomastus mariposensis Dicot Terrestrial

Cactus, Mesa Verde Sclerocactus mesae-verdae Dicot Terrestrial

Cactus, Nellie Cory Coryphantha minima Dicot Terrestrial

Cactus, Nichol's Turk's Head Echinocactus horizonthalonius var. Dicot Terrestrial

nicholii

Cactus, Peebles Navajo Pediocactus peeblesianus Dicot Terrestrial

peeblesianus

Cactus, Pima Pineapple Coryphantha scheeri var. Dicot Terrestrial

robustispina

Cactus, San Rafael Pediocactus despainii Dicot Terrestrial

Cactus, Siler Pincushion Pediocactus Dicot Terrestrial

(=Echinocactus,=Utahia) sileri

Cactus, Sneed Pincushion Coryphantha sneedii var. sneedii Dicot Terrestrial

Cactus, Star Astrophytum asterias Dicot Terrestrial

Cactus, Tobusch Fishhook Ancistrocactus tobuschii Dicot Terrestrial

Cactus, Uinta Basin hookless Sclerocactus wetlandicus Dicot Terrestrial

Cactus, Winkler Pediocactus winkleri Dicot Terrestrial

Cactus, Wright Fishhook Sclerocactus wrightiae Dicot Terrestrial

Campeloma, Slender Campeloma decampi Gastropod Freshwater

Campion, Fringed Silene polypetala Dicot Terrestrial

Capa Rosa Callicarpa ampla Dicot Terrestrial

Caracara, Audubon's Crested Polyborus plancus audubonii Bird Terrestrial

Caribou, Woodland Rangifer tarandus caribou Mammal Terrestrial

Catchfly, Spalding's Silene spaldingii Dicot Terrestrial

Catesbaea Melanocarpa (ncn) Catesbaea melanocarpa Dicot Terrestrial

Catfish, Yaqui Ictalurus pricei Fish Freshwater

Cat's-eye, Terlingua Creek Cryptantha crassipes Dicot Terrestrial

Cavefish, Alabama Speoplatyrhinus poulsoni Fish Freshwater

Cavefish, Ozark Amblyopsis rosae Fish Freshwater

Cavesnail, Tumbling Creek Antrobia culveri Gastropod Freshwater, Subterraneous

Ceanothus, Coyote Ceanothus ferrisae Dicot Terrestrial

Ceanothus, Pine Hill Ceanothus roderickii Dicot Terrestrial

Ceanothus, Vail Lake Ceanothus ophiochilus Dicot Terrestrial

Centaury, Spring-loving Centaurium namophilum Dicot Terrestrial

Chaffseed, American Schwalbea americana Dicot Terrestrial

Chamaecrista glandulosa (ncn) Chamaecrista glandulosa var. Dicot Terrestrial

mirabilis

Chamaesyce Halemanui (ncn) Chamaesyce halemanui Dicot Terrestrial

Checker-mallow, Keck's Sidalcea keckii Dicot Terrestrial

Checker-mallow, Kenwood Marsh Sidalcea oregana ssp. valida Dicot Terrestrial

Checker-mallow, Nelson's Sidalcea nelsoniana Dicot Terrestrial

Checker-mallow, Pedate Sidalcea pedata Dicot Terrestrial

Checker-mallow, Wenatchee Sidalcea oregana var. calva Dicot Terrestrial

Mountains

Chub, Bonytail Gila elegans Fish Freshwater

Chub, Chihuahua Gila nigrescens Fish Freshwater

Chub, Gila Gila intermedia Fish Freshwater

Chub, Humpback Gila cypha Fish Freshwater

Chub, Hutton Tui Gila bicolor ssp. Fish Freshwater

Chub, Mohave Tui Gila bicolor mohavensis Fish Freshwater

Chub, Oregon Oregonichthys crameri Fish Freshwater

Chub, Owens Tui Gila bicolor snyderi Fish Freshwater

Chub, Pahranagat Roundtail Gila robusta jordani Fish Freshwater

Chub, Slender Erimystax cahni Fish Freshwater

Chub, Sonora Gila ditaenia Fish Freshwater

Chub, Spotfin Erimonax monachus Fish Freshwater

Chub, Virgin River Gila seminuda (=robusta) Fish Freshwater

Chub, Yaqui Gila purpurea Fish Freshwater

Chumbo, Higo Harrisia portoricensis Dicot Terrestrial

Chupacallos Pleodendron macranthum Dicot Terrestrial

Cladonia, Florida Perforate Cladonia perforata Lichen Terrestrial

Clarkia, Pismo Clarkia speciosa ssp. immaculata Dicot Terrestrial

Clarkia, Presidio Clarkia franciscana Dicot Terrestrial

Clarkia, Springville Clarkia springvillensis Dicot Terrestrial

Clarkia, Vine Hill Clarkia imbricata Dicot Terrestrial

Cliffrose, Arizona Purshia (=cowania) subintegra Dicot Terrestrial
79

Clover, Fleshy Owl's Castilleja campestris ssp. Dicot Vernal pool

Clover, Leafy Prairie Dalea foliosa Dicot Terrestrial

Clover, Monterey Trifolium trichocalyx Dicot Terrestrial

Clover, Prairie Bush Lespedeza leptostachya Dicot Terrestrial

Clover, Running Buffalo Trifolium stoloniferum Dicot Terrestrial

Clover, Showy Indian Trifolium amoenum Dicot Terrestrial

Cobana Negra Stahlia monosperma Dicot Terrestrial

Combshell, Southern (=Penitent Epioblasma penita Bivalve Freshwater

mussel)

Combshell, Upland Epioblasma metastriata Bivalve Freshwater

Condor, California Gymnogyps californianus Bird Terrestrial

Coneflower, Smooth Echinacea laevigata Dicot Terrestrial

Coneflower, Tennessee Purple Echinacea tennesseensis Dicot Terrestrial

Coot, Hawaiian (=Alae keo keo) Fulica americana alai Bird Terrestrial

Coqui, Golden Eleutherodactylus jasperi Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater

Cordia bellonis (ncn) Cordia bellonis Dicot Terrestrial

Coyote-thistle, Loch Lomond Eryngium constancei Dicot Terrestrial

Crane, Mississippi Sandhill Grus canadensis pulla Bird Terrestrial, Freshwater

Crane, Whooping Grus americana Bird Terrestrial, Freshwater

Cranichis Ricartii Cranichis ricartii Monocot Terrestrial

Crayfish, Cave (Cambarus Cambarus aculabrum Crustacean Freshwater

aculabrum)

Crayfish, Nashville Orconectes shoupi Crustacean Freshwater

Crayfish, Shasta Pacifastacus fortis Crustacean Freshwater

Creeper, Hawaii Oreomystis mana Bird Terrestrial

Creeper, Oahu (Alauwahio) Paroreomyza maculata Bird Terrestrial

Crocodile, American Crocodylus acutus Reptile Terrestrial, Freshwater

Crow, Hawaiian ('Alala) Corvus hawaiiensis Bird Terrestrial

Crownbeard, Big-leaved Verbesina dissita Dicot Terrestrial

Crownscale, San Jacinto Valley Atriplex coronata var. notatior Dicot Terrestrial

Cui-ui Chasmistes cujus Fish Freshwater

Curlew, Eskimo Numenius borealis Bird Terrestrial

Cyanea undulata (ncn) Cyanea undulata Dicot Terrestrial

Cycladenia, Jones Cycladenia jonesii (=humilis) Dicot Terrestrial

Cypress, Gowen Cupressus goveniana ssp. goveniana Conf/cycds Terrestrial

Cypress, Santa Cruz Cupressus abramsiana Conf/cycds Terrestrial

Dace, Ash Meadows Speckled Rhinichthys osculus nevadensis Fish Freshwater

Dace, Blackside Phoxinus cumberlandensis Fish Freshwater

Dace, Clover Valley Speckled Rhinichthys osculus oligoporus Fish Freshwater

Dace, Desert Eremichthys acros Fish Freshwater

Dace, Foskett Speckled Rhinichthys osculus ssp. Fish Freshwater

Dace, Independence Valley Speckled Rhinichthys osculus lethoporus Fish Freshwater

Dace, Moapa Moapa coriacea Fish Freshwater

Daisy, Lakeside Hymenoxys herbacea Dicot Freshwater

Daisy, Maguire Erigeron maguirei Dicot Freshwater

Daisy, Parish's Erigeron parishii Dicot Freshwater

Daisy, Willamette Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens Dicot Terrestrial

Daphnopsis hellerana (ncn) Daphnopsis hellerana Dicot Terrestrial

Darter, Amber Percina antesella Fish Freshwater

Darter, Bayou Etheostoma rubrum Fish Freshwater

Darter, Bluemask (=jewel) Etheostoma sp. Fish Freshwater

Darter, Boulder Etheostoma wapiti Fish Freshwater

Darter, Cherokee Etheostoma scotti Fish Freshwater

Darter, Duskytail Etheostoma percnurum Fish Freshwater

Darter, Etowah Etheostoma etowahae Fish Freshwater

Darter, Fountain Etheostoma fonticola Fish Freshwater

Darter, Goldline Percina aurolineata Fish Freshwater

Darter, Leopard Percina pantherina Fish Freshwater

Darter, Maryland Etheostoma sellare Fish Freshwater

Darter, Niangua Etheostoma nianguae Fish Freshwater

Darter, Okaloosa Etheostoma okaloosae Fish Freshwater

Darter, Relict Etheostoma chienense Fish Freshwater

Darter, Slackwater Etheostoma boschungi Fish Freshwater

Darter, Snail Percina tanasi Fish Freshwater

Darter, Vermilion Etheostoma chermocki Fish Freshwater

Darter, Watercress Etheostoma nuchale Fish Freshwater

Dawn-flower, Texas Prairie (=Texas Hymenoxys texana Dicot Terrestrial

Bitterweed)

Deer, Columbian White-tailed Odocoileus virginianus leucurus Mammal Terrestrial

Delissea rhytodisperma (ncn) Delissea rhytidosperma Dicot Terrestrial
80

Diellia erecta (ncn) Diellia erecta Ferns Terrestrial

Diellia falcata (ncn) Diellia falcata Ferns Terrestrial

Diellia pallida (ncn) Diellia pallida Ferns Terrestrial

Diellia unisora (ncn) Diellia unisora Ferns Terrestrial

Diplazium molokaiense (ncn) Diplazium molokaiense Ferns Terrestrial

Dogweed, Ashy Thymophylla tephroleuca Dicot Terrestrial

Dragonfly, Hine's Emerald Somatochlora hineana Insect Terrestrial, Freshwater

Dropwort, Canby's Oxypolis canbyi Dicot Terrestrial, Freshwater

Dubautia latifolia (ncn) Dubautia latifolia Dicot Terrestrial

Dubautia pauciflorula (ncn) Dubautia pauciflorula Dicot Terrestrial

Duck, Hawaiian (Koloa) Anas wyvilliana Bird Terrestrial, Freshwater

Dudleya, Conejo Dudleya abramsii ssp. parva Dicot Terrestrial

Dudleya, Marcescent Dudleya cymosa ssp. marcescens Dicot Terrestrial

Dudleya, Santa Clara Valley Dudleya setchellii Dicot Terrestrial

Dudleya, Santa Cruz Island Dudleya nesiotica Dicot Terrestrial

Dudleya, Santa Monica Mountains Dudleya cymosa ssp. ovatifolia Dicot Terrestrial

Dudleya, Verity's Dudleya verityi Dicot Terrestrial

Dwarf-flax, Marin Hesperolinon congestum Dicot Terrestrial

Eagle, Bald Haliaeetus leucocephalus Bird Terrestrial

Eider, Steller's Polysticta stelleri Bird Terrestrial, Saltwater

Elepaio, Oahu Chasiempis sandwichensis ibidis Bird Terrestrial

Elimia, Lacy Elimia crenatella Gastropod Freshwater

Elktoe, Appalachian Alasmidonta raveneliana Bivalve Freshwater

Erubia Solanum drymophilum Dicot Terrestrial

Eugenia Woodburyana Eugenia woodburyana Dicot Terrestrial

Evening-primrose, Antioch Dunes Oenothera deltoides ssp. howellii Dicot Terrestrial

Evening-primrose, Eureka Valley Oenothera avita ssp. eurekensis Dicot Terrestrial

Evening-primrose, San Benito Camissonia benitensis Dicot Terrestrial

Fairy Shrimp, Conservancy Fairy Branchinecta conservatio Crustacean Vernal pool

Fairy Shrimp, Longhorn Branchinecta longiantenna Crustacean Vernal pool

Fairy Shrimp, Riverside Streptocephalus woottoni Crustacean Vernal pool

Fairy Shrimp, San Diego Branchinecta sandiegonensis Crustacean Vernal pool

Fairy Shrimp, Vernal Pool Branchinecta lynchi Crustacean Vernal pool

Falcon, Northern Aplomado Falco femoralis septentrionalis Bird Terrestrial

Fanshell Cyprogenia stegaria Bivalve Freshwater

Fatmucket, Arkansas Lampsilis powelli Bivalve Freshwater

Fern, Alabama Streak-sorus Thelypteris pilosa var. alabamensis Ferns Terrestrial

Fern, American hart's-tongue Asplenium scolopendrium var. Ferns Terrestrial

americanum

Fern, Elaphoglossum serpens Elaphoglossum serpens Ferns Terrestrial

Fern, Pendant Kihi (Adenophorus Adenophorus periens Ferns Terrestrial

periens)

Fern, Thelypteris inabonensis Thelypteris inabonensis Ferns Terrestrial

Fern, Thelypteris verecunda Thelypteris verecunda Ferns Terrestrial

Fern, Thelypteris yaucoensis Thelypteris yaucoensis Ferns Terrestrial

Ferret, Black-footed Mustela nigripes Mammal Terrestrial

Fiddleneck, Large-flowered Amsinckia grandiflora Dicot Terrestrial

Flannelbush, Mexican Fremontodendron mexicanum Dicot Terrestrial

Flannelbush, Pine Hill Fremontodendron californicum ssp. Dicot Terrestrial

decumbens

Fleabane, Zuni Erigeron rhizomatus Dicot Terrestrial

Fly, Delhi Sands Flower-loving Rhaphiomidas terminatus Insect Terrestrial

abdominalis

Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing Drosophila aglaia Insect Terrestrial

Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing Drosophila hemipeza Insect Terrestrial

Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing Drosophila heteroneura Insect Terrestrial

Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing Drosophila montgomeryi Insect Terrestrial

Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing Drosophila mulli Insect Terrestrial

Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing Drosophila musaphilia Insect Terrestrial

Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing Drosophila neoclavisetae Insect Terrestrial

Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing Drosophila obatai Insect Terrestrial

Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing Drosophila ochrobasis Insect Terrestrial

Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing Drosophila substenoptera Insect Terrestrial

Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing Drosophila tarphytrichia Insect Terrestrial

Flycatcher, Southwestern Willow Empidonax traillii extimus Bird Terrestrial

Four-o'clock, Macfarlane's Mirabilis macfarlanei Dicot Terrestrial

Fox, San Joaquin Kit Vulpes macrotis mutica Mammal Terrestrial

Fox, San Miguel Island Urocyon littoralis littoralis Mammal Terrestrial

Fox, Santa Catalina Island Urocyon littoralis catalinae Mammal Terrestrial

Fox, Santa Cruz Island Urocyon littoralis santacruzae Mammal Terrestrial
81

Fox, Santa Rosa Island Urocyon littoralis santarosae Mammal Terrestrial

Frankenia, Johnston's Frankenia johnstonii Dicot Terrestrial

Fringe Tree, Pygmy Chionanthus pygmaeus Dicot Terrestrial

Fringepod, Santa Cruz Island Thysanocarpus conchuliferus Dicot Terrestrial

Fritillary, Gentner's Fritillaria gentneri Monocot Terrestrial

Frog, California Red-legged Rana aurora draytonii Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater

Frog, Chiricahua Leopard Rana chiricahuensis Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater

Frog, Dusky Gopher (Mississippi Rana capito sevosa Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater

DPS)

Frog, Mountain Yellow-legged Rana muscosa Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater

Fruit, Earth (=geocarpon) Geocarpon minimum Dicot Terrestrial

Gambusia, Big Bend Gambusia gaigei Fish Freshwater

Gambusia, Clear Creek Gambusia heterochir Fish Freshwater

Gambusia, Pecos Gambusia nobilis Fish Freshwater

Gambusia, San Marcos Gambusia georgei Fish Freshwater

Geranium, Hawaiian Red-flowered Geranium arboreum Dicot Terrestrial

Gerardia, Sandplain Agalinis acuta Dicot Terrestrial

Gesneria pauciflora (ncn) Gesneria pauciflora Dicot Terrestrial

Gilia, Hoffmann's Slender-flowered Gilia tenuiflora ssp. hoffmannii Dicot Terrestrial

Gilia, Monterey Gilia tenuiflora ssp. arenaria Dicot Terrestrial

Gnatcatcher, Coastal California Polioptila californica californica Bird Terrestrial

Goby, Tidewater Eucyclogobius newberryi Fish Freshwater

Goetzea, Beautiful (Matabuey) Goetzea elegans Dicot Terrestrial

Golden Sunburst, Hartweg's Pseudobahia bahiifolia Dicot Terrestrial

Goldenrod, Blue Ridge Solidago spithamaea Dicot Terrestrial

Goldenrod, Houghton's Solidago houghtonii Dicot Terrestrial

Goldenrod, Short's Solidago shortii Dicot Terrestrial

Goldenrod, White-haired Solidago albopilosa Dicot Terrestrial

Goldfields, Burke's Lasthenia burkei Dicot Terrestrial

Goldfields, Contra Costa Lasthenia conjugens Dicot Terrestrial

Goose, Hawaiian (Nene) Branta (=Nesochen) sandvicensis Bird Terrestrial, Freshwater

Gooseberry, Miccosukee Ribes echinellum Dicot Terrestrial

Gouania hillebrandii (ncn) Gouania hillebrandii Dicot Terrestrial

Gouania meyenii (ncn) Gouania meyenii Dicot Terrestrial

Gouania vitifolia (ncn) Gouania vitifolia Dicot Terrestrial

Gourd, Okeechobee Cucurbita okeechobeensis ssp. Dicot Terrestrial

okeechobeensis

Grass, California Orcutt Orcuttia californica Monocot Terrestrial, Vernal pool

Grass, Colusa Neostapfia colusana Monocot Vernal pool

Grass, Eureka Dune Swallenia alexandrae Monocot Terrestrial

Grass, Fosberg's Love Eragrostis fosbergii Monocot Terrestrial

Grass, Hairy Orcutt Orcuttia pilosa Dicot Vernal pool

Grass, Sacramento Orcutt Orcuttia viscida Dicot Vernal pool

Grass, San Joaquin Valley Orcutt Orcuttia inaequalis Monocot Vernal pool

Grass, Slender Orcutt Orcuttia tenuis Dicot Vernal pool

Grass, Solano Tuctoria mucronata Monocot Terrestrial, Vernal pool

Grass, Tennessee Yellow-eyed Xyris tennesseensis Monocot Terrestrial

Grasshopper, Zayante Band-winged Trimerotropis infantilis Insect Terrestrial

Ground-plum, Guthrie's Astragalus bibullatus Dicot Terrestrial

Groundsel, San Francisco Peaks Senecio franciscanus Dicot Terrestrial

Guajon Eleutherodactylus cooki Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater

Gumplant, Ash Meadows Grindelia fraxino-pratensis Dicot Terrestrial

Haha (Cyanea acuminata) Cyanea acuminata Dicot Terrestrial

Haha (Cyanea asarifolia) Cyanea asarifolia Dicot Terrestrial

Haha (Cyanea copelandii ssp. Cyanea copelandii ssp. copelandii Dicot Terrestrial

copelandii)

Haha (Cyanea copelandii ssp. Cyanea copelandii ssp. Dicot Terrestrial

haleakalaensis) haleakalaensis

Haha (Cyanea Crispa) (=Rollandia Cyanea (=Rollandia) crispa Dicot Terrestrial

crispa)

Haha (Cyanea glabra) Cyanea glabra Dicot Terrestrial

Haha (Cyanea grimesiana ssp. Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana Dicot Terrestrial

grimesiana)

Haha (Cyanea grimesiana ssp. Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae Dicot Terrestrial

obatae)

Haha (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. Carlsonii Dicot Terrestrial

carlsonii)

Haha (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. Dicot Terrestrial

hamatiflora)

Haha (Cyanea humboldtiana) Cyanea humboldtiana Dicot Terrestrial
82

Haha (Cyanea koolauensis) Cyanea koolauensis Dicot Terrestrial

Haha (Cyanea lobata) Cyanea lobata Dicot Terrestrial

Haha (Cyanea longiflora) Cyanea longiflora Dicot Terrestrial

Haha (Cyanea mceldowneyi) Cyanea mceldowneyi Dicot Terrestrial

Haha (Cyanea pinnatifida) Cyanea pinnatifida Dicot Terrestrial

Haha (Cyanea platyphylla) Cyanea platyphylla Dicot Terrestrial

Haha (Cyanea recta) Cyanea recta Dicot Terrestrial

Haha (Cyanea remyi) Cyanea remyi Dicot Terrestrial

Haha (Cyanea shipmanii) Cyanea shipmannii Dicot Terrestrial

Haha (Cyanea stictophylla) Cyanea stictophylla Dicot Terrestrial

Haha (Cyanea St-Johnii) Cyanea st-johnii Dicot Terrestrial

(=Rollandia St-Johnii)

Haha (Cyanea superba) Cyanea superba Dicot Terrestrial

Haha (Cyanea truncata) Cyanea truncata Dicot Terrestrial

Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra crenata) Cyrtandra crenata Dicot Terrestrial

Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra dentata) Cyrtandra dentata Dicot Terrestrial

Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra giffardii) Cyrtandra giffardii Dicot Terrestrial

Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra munroi) Cyrtandra munroi Dicot Terrestrial

Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra polyantha) Cyrtandra polyantha Dicot Terrestrial

Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra subumbellata) Cyrtandra subumbellata Dicot Terrestrial

Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra tintinnabula) Cyrtandra tintinnabula Dicot Terrestrial

Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra viridiflora) Cyrtandra viridiflora Dicot Terrestrial

Hala Pepe (Pleomele hawaiiensis) Pleomele hawaiiensis Monocot Terrestrial

Haplostachys Haplostachya (ncn) Haplostachys haplostachya Dicot Terrestrial

Harebells, Avon Park Crotalaria avonensis Dicot Terrestrial

Harperella Ptilimnium nodosum Dicot Freshwater

Harvestman, Bee Creek Cave Texella reddelli Arachnid Terrestrial, Subterraneous

Harvestman, Bone Cave Texella reyesi Arachnid Terrestrial, Subterraneous

Harvestman, Cokendolpher Cave Texella cokendolpheri Arachnid Terrestrial, Subterraneous

Hau Kauhiwi (Hibiscadelphus Hibiscadelphus woodii Dicot Terrestrial

woodi)

Hau Kuahiwi (Hibiscadelphus Hibiscadelphus distans Dicot Terrestrial

distans)

Hau Kuahiwi (Hibiscadelphus Hibiscadelphus giffardianus Dicot Terrestrial

giffardianus)

Hau Kuahiwi (Hibiscadelphus Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis Dicot Terrestrial

hualalaiensis)

Hawk, Hawaiian (Io) Buteo solitarius Bird Terrestrial

Hawk, Puerto Rican Broad-winged Buteo platypterus brunnescens Bird Terrestrial

Hawk, Puerto Rican Sharp-shinned Accipiter striatus venator Bird Terrestrial

Heartleaf, Dwarf-flowered Hexastylis naniflora Dicot Terrestrial

Heather, Mountain Golden Hudsonia montana Dicot Terrestrial

Heau (Exocarpos luteolus) Exocarpos luteolus Dicot Terrestrial

Hedyotis degeneri (ncn) Hedyotis degeneri Dicot Terrestrial

Hedyotis parvula (ncn) Hedyotis parvula Dicot Terrestrial

Hedyotis St.-Johnii (ncn) Hedyotis st.-johnii Dicot Terrestrial

Hesperomannia arborescens (ncn) Hesperomannia arborescens Dicot Terrestrial

Hesperomannia arbuscula (ncn) Hesperomannia arbuscula Dicot Terrestrial

Hesperomannia lydgatei (ncn) Hesperomannia lydgatei Dicot Terrestrial

Hibiscus, Clay's Hibiscus clayi Dicot Terrestrial

Higuero De Sierra Crescentia portoricensis Dicot Terrestrial

Hilo Ischaemum (Ischaemum Ischaemum byrone Monocot Terrestrial

byrone)

Holei (Ochrosia kilaueaensis) Ochrosia kilaueaensis Dicot Terrestrial

Holly, Cook's Ilex cookii Dicot Terrestrial

Honeycreeper, Crested ('Akohekohe) Palmeria dolei Bird Terrestrial

Howellia, Water Howellia aquatilis Dicot Freshwater

Hypericum, Highlands Scrub Hypericum cumulicola Dicot Terrestrial

'Ihi'Ihi (Marsilea villosa) Marsilea villosa Ferns Terrestrial, Vernal pool

Ilex sintenisii (ncn) Ilex sintenisii Dicot Terrestrial

Iliau (Wilkesia hobdyi) Wilkesia hobdyi Dicot Terrestrial

Ipomopsis, Holy Ghost Ipomopsis sancti-spiritus Dicot Terrestrial

Iris, Dwarf Lake Iris lacustris Monocot Terrestrial

Irisette, White Sisyrinchium dichotomum Monocot Terrestrial

Isopod, Lee County Cave Lirceus usdagalun Crustacean Freshwater

Isopod, Madison Cave Antrolana lira Crustacean Freshwater

Isopod, Socorro Thermosphaeroma thermophilus Crustacean Freshwater

Ivesia, Ash Meadows Ivesia kingii var. eremica Dicot Terrestrial

Jacquemontia, Beach Jacquemontia reclinata Dicot Terrestrial, Coastal

Jaguar Panthera onca Mammal Terrestrial
83

Jaguarundi, Gulf Coast Herpailurus (=Felis) yagouaroundi Mammal Terrestrial

cacomitli

Jewelflower, California Caulanthus californicus Dicot Terrestrial

Jewelflower, Metcalf Canyon Streptanthus albidus ssp. albidus Dicot Terrestrial

Jewelflower, Tiburon Streptanthus niger Dicot Terrestrial

Joint-vetch, Sensitive Aeschynomene virginica Dicot Terrestrial, Brackish

Kamakahala (Labordia cyrtandrae) Labordia cyrtandrae Dicot Terrestrial

Kamakahala (Labordia lydgatei) Labordia lydgatei Dicot Terrestrial

Kamakahala (Labordia tinifolia var. Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis Dicot Terrestrial

wahiawaen)

Kamanomano (Cenchrus Cenchrus agrimonioides Monocot Terrestrial

agrimonioides)

Kangaroo Rat, Fresno Dipodomys nitratoides exilis Mammal Terrestrial

Kangaroo Rat, Giant Dipodomys ingens Mammal Terrestrial

Kangaroo Rat, Morro Bay Dipodomys heermanni morroensis Mammal Terrestrial

Kangaroo Rat, San Bernardino Dipodomys merriami parvus Mammal Terrestrial

Merriam's

Kangaroo Rat, Stephens' Dipodomys stephensi (incl. D. Mammal Terrestrial

cascus)

Kangaroo Rat, Tipton Dipodomys nitratoides nitratoides Mammal Terrestrial

Kauila (Colubrina oppositifolia) Colubrina oppositifolia Dicot Terrestrial

Kaulu (Pteralyxia kauaiensis) Pteralyxia kauaiensis Dicot Terrestrial

Kidneyshell, Triangular Ptychobranchus greenii Bivalve Freshwater

Kio'Ele (Hedyotis coriacea) Hedyotis coriacea Dicot Terrestrial

Kiponapona (Phyllostegia racemosa) Phyllostegia racemosa Dicot Terrestrial

Kite, Everglades Snail Rostrhamus sociabilis plumbeus Bird Terrestrial

Koki'o (Kokia drynarioides) Kokia drynarioides Dicot Terrestrial

Koki'o (Kokia kauaiensis) Kokia kauaiensis Dicot Terrestrial

Koki'o Ke'oke'o (Hibiscus waimeae Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae Dicot Terrestrial

ssp. hannerae)

Kolea (Myrsine juddii) Myrsine juddii Dicot Terrestrial

Kolea (Myrsine linearifolia) Myrsine linearifolia Dicot Terrestrial

Ko'oko'olau (Bidens micrantha ssp. Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha Dicot Terrestrial

kalealaha)

Ko'oloa'ula (Abutilon menziesii) Abutilon menziesii Dicot Terrestrial

Kuawawaenohu (Alsinidendron Alsinidendron lychnoides Dicot Terrestrial

lychnoides)

Kulu'I (Nototrichium humile) Nototrichium humile Dicot Terrestrial

Ladies'-tresses, Canelo Hills Spiranthes delitescens Monocot Terrestrial

Ladies'-tresses, Navasota Spiranthes parksii Monocot Terrestrial

Ladies'-tresses, Ute Spiranthes diluvialis Monocot Terrestrial

Larkspur, Baker's Delphinium bakeri Dicot Terrestrial

Larkspur, San Clemente Island Delphinium variegatum ssp. kinkiense Dicot Terrestrial

Larkspur, Yellow Delphinium luteum Dicot Terrestrial

Lau'ehu (Panicum niihauense) Panicum niihauense Monocot Terrestrial

Laukahi Kuahiwi (Plantago Plantago hawaiensis Dicot Terrestrial

hawaiensis)

Laukahi Kuahiwi (Plantago princeps) Plantago princeps Dicot Terrestrial

Laulihilihi (Schiedea stellarioides) Schiedea stellarioides Dicot Terrestrial

Layia, Beach Layia carnosa Dicot Terrestrial, Coastal

Lead-plant, Crenulate Amorpha crenulata Dicot Terrestrial

Leather-flower, Alabama Clematis socialis Dicot Terrestrial

Leather-flower, Morefield's Clematis morefieldii Dicot Terrestrial

Lepanthes eltorensis (ncn) Lepanthes eltoroensis Monocot Terrestrial

Lessingia, San Francisco Lessingia germanorum (=L.g. var. Dicot Terrestrial

germanorum)

Lichen, Rock Gnome Gymnoderma lineare Lichen Terrestrial

Liliwai (Acaena exigua) Acaena exigua Dicot Terrestrial

Lily, Minnesota Trout Erythronium propullans Monocot Terrestrial

Lily, Pitkin Marsh Lilium pardalinum ssp. pitkinense Monocot Freshwater

Lily, Tiburon Mariposa Calochortus tiburonensis Monocot Terrestrial

Lily, Western Lilium occidentale Monocot Terrestrial

Limpet, Banbury Springs Lanx sp. Gastropod Freshwater

Liveforever, Laguna Beach Dudleya stolonifera Dicot Terrestrial

Liveforever, Santa Barbara Island Dudleya traskiae Dicot Terrestrial

Lizard, Blunt-nosed Leopard Gambelia silus Reptile Terrestrial

Lizard, Coachella Valley Fringe- Uma inornata Reptile Terrestrial

Lizard, Island Night Xantusia riversiana Reptile Terrestrial

Lizard, St. Croix Ground Ameiva polops Reptile Terrestrial

Lo`ulu (Pritchardia affinis) Pritchardia affinis Monocot Terrestrial
84

Lo`ulu (Pritchardia kaalae) Pritchardia kaalae Monocot Terrestrial

Lo`ulu (Pritchardia napaliensis) Pritchardia napaliensis Monocot Terrestrial

Lo`ulu (Pritchardia schattaueri) Pritchardia schattaueri Monocot Terrestrial

Lo`ulu (Pritchardia viscosa) Pritchardia viscosa Monocot Terrestrial

Lobelia monostachya (ncn) Lobelia monostachya Dicot Terrestrial

Lobelia niihauensis (ncn) Lobelia niihauensis Dicot Terrestrial

Lobelia oahuensis (ncn) Lobelia oahuensis Dicot Terrestrial

Locoweed, Fassett's Oxytropis campestris var. chartacea Dicot Terrestrial

Logperch, Conasauga Percina jenkinsi Fish Freshwater

Logperch, Roanoke Percina rex Fish Freshwater

Lomatium, Bradshaw's Lomatium bradshawii Dicot Terrestrial, Freshwater

Lomatium, Cook's Lomatium cookii Dicot Vernal pool

Loosestrife, Rough-leaved Lysimachia asperulaefolia Dicot Terrestrial

Lousewort, Furbish Pedicularis furbishiae Dicot Terrestrial

Lupine, Clover Lupinus tidestromii Dicot Coastal

Lupine, Kincaid's Lupinus sulphureus (=oreganus) Dicot Terrestrial

ssp. kincaidii (=var. kincaidii)

Lupine, Nipomo Mesa Lupinus nipomensis Dicot Coastal

Lupine, Scrub Lupinus aridorum Dicot Terrestrial

Lynx, Canada Lynx canadensis Mammal Terrestrial

Lyonia truncata var. proctorii (ncn) Lyonia truncata var. proctorii Dicot Terrestrial

Lysimachia filifolia (ncn) Lysimachia filifolia Dicot Terrestrial

Lysimachia lydgatei (ncn) Lysimachia lydgatei Dicot Terrestrial

Madtom, Neosho Noturus placidus Fish Freshwater

Madtom, Pygmy Noturus stanauli Fish Freshwater

Madtom, Scioto Noturus trautmani Fish Freshwater

Madtom, Smoky Noturus baileyi Fish Freshwater

Madtom, Yellowfin Noturus flavipinnis Fish Freshwater

Mahoe (Alectryon macrococcus) Alectryon macrococcus Dicot Terrestrial

Makou (Peucedanum sandwicense) Peucedanum sandwicense Dicot Terrestrial

Malacothrix, Island Malacothrix squalida Dicot Terrestrial

Malacothrix, Santa Cruz Island Malacothrix indecora Dicot Terrestrial

Mallow, Kern Eremalche kernensis Dicot Terrestrial

Mallow, Peter's Mountain Iliamna corei Dicot Terrestrial

Manaca, palma de Calyptronoma rivalis Monocot Terrestrial

Manatee, West Indian Trichechus manatus Mammal Saltwater

Manioc, Walker's Manihot walkerae Dicot Terrestrial

Manzanita, Del Mar Arctostaphylos glandulosa ssp. Dicot Terrestrial

crassifolia

Manzanita, Ione Arctostaphylos myrtifolia Dicot Terrestrial

Manzanita, Morro Arctostaphylos morroensis Dicot Terrestrial

Manzanita, Pallid Arctostaphylos pallida Dicot Terrestrial

Manzanita, Santa Rosa Island Arctostaphylos confertiflora Dicot Terrestrial

Ma'oli'oli (Schiedea apokremnos) Schiedea apokremnos Dicot Terrestrial

Ma'oli'oli (Schiedea kealiae) Schiedea kealiae Dicot Terrestrial

Mapele (Cyrtandra cyaneoides) Cyrtandra cyaneoides Dicot Terrestrial

Marstonia, Royal (=Royal Snail) Pyrgulopsis ogmorhaphe Gastropod Terrestrial

Meadowfoam, Butte County Limnanthes floccosa ssp. californica Dicot Vernal pool

Meadowfoam, Large-flowered Woolly Limnanthes floccosa ssp. Grandiflora Dicot

Vernal pool

Meadowfoam, Sebastopol Limnanthes vinculans Dicot Terrestrial, Freshwater

Meadowrue, Cooley's Thalictrum cooleyi Dicot Terrestrial

Mehamehame (Flueggea Flueggea neowawraea Dicot Terrestrial

neowawraea)

Meshweaver, Braken Bat Cave Cicurina venii Arachnid Terrestrial, Subterraneous

Meshweaver, Government Canyon Cicurina vespera Arachnid Terrestrial, Subterraneous

Bat Cave

Meshweaver, Madla's Cave Cicurina madla Arachnid Terrestrial, Subterraneous

Meshweaver, Robber Baron Cave Cicurina baronia Arachnid Terrestrial, Subterraneous

Milkpea, Small's Galactia smallii Dicot Terrestrial

Milk-vetch, Applegate's Astragalus applegatei Dicot Terrestrial

Milk-vetch, Ash Meadows Astragalus phoenix Dicot Terrestrial

Milk-vetch, Braunton's Astragalus brauntonii Dicot Terrestrial

Milk-vetch, Clara Hunt's Astragalus clarianus Dicot Terrestrial

Milk-vetch, Coachella Valley Astragalus lentiginosus var. Dicot Terrestrial

coachellae

Milk-vetch, Coastal Dunes Astragalus tener var. titi Dicot Terrestrial

Milk-vetch, Cushenbury Astragalus albens Dicot Terrestrial

Milk-vetch, Deseret Astragalus desereticus Dicot Terrestrial

Milk-vetch, Fish Slough Astragalus lentiginosus var. Dicot Terrestrial
85

piscinensis

Milk-vetch, Heliotrope Astragalus montii Dicot Terrestrial

Milk-vetch, Holmgren Astragalus holmgreniorum Dicot Terrestrial

Milk-vetch, Jesup's Astragalus robbinsii var. jesupi Dicot Terrestrial

Milk-vetch, Mancos Astragalus humillimus Dicot Terrestrial

Milk-vetch, Osterhout Astragalus osterhoutii Dicot Terrestrial

Milk-vetch, Pierson's Astragalus magdalenae var. Dicot Terrestrial

Milk-vetch, Sentry Astragalus cremnophylax var. Dicot Terrestrial

cremnophylax

Milk-vetch, Triple-ribbed Astragalus tricarinatus Dicot Terrestrial

Milk-vetch, Ventura Marsh Astragalus pycnostachyus var. Dicot Terrestrial, Freshwater

lanosissimus

Milkweed, Mead's Asclepias meadii Dicot Terrestrial

Milkweed, Welsh's Asclepias welshii Dicot Terrestrial

Minnow, Loach Tiaroga cobitis Fish Freshwater

Minnow, Rio Grande Silvery Hybognathus amarus Fish Freshwater

Mint, Garrett's Dicerandra christmanii Dicot Terrestrial

Mint, Lakela's Dicerandra immaculata Dicot Terrestrial

Mint, Longspurred Dicerandra cornutissima Dicot Terrestrial

Mint, Otay Mesa Pogogyne nudiuscula Dicot Terrestrial

Mint, San Diego Mesa Pogogyne abramsii Dicot Terrestrial

Mint, Scrub Dicerandra frutescens Dicot Terrestrial

Mitracarpus Maxwelliae Mitracarpus maxwelliae Dicot Terrestrial

Mitracarpus Polycladus Mitracarpus polycladus Dicot Terrestrial

Monardella, Willowy Monardella linoides ssp. viminea Dicot Terrestrial

Monkey-flower, Michigan Mimulus glabratus var. Dicot Terrestrial, Freshwater

michiganensis

Monkshood, Northern Wild Aconitum noveboracense Dicot Terrestrial

Moorhen, Hawaiian Common Gallinula chloropus sandvicensis Bird Terrestrial

Morning-glory, Stebbins Calystegia stebbinsii Dicot Terrestrial

Moth, Blackburn's Sphinx Manduca blackburni Insect Terrestrial

Moth, Kern Primrose Sphinx Euproserpinus euterpe Insect Terrestrial

Mountain Beaver, Point Arena Aplodontia rufa nigra Mammal Terrestrial, Freshwater

Mountainbalm, Indian Knob Eriodictyon altissimum Dicot Terrestrial

Mountain-mahogany, Catalina Island Cercocarpus traskiae Dicot Terrestrial

Mouse, Alabama Beach Peromyscus polionotus ammobates Mammal Terrestrial, Coastal

Mouse, Anastasia Island Beach Peromyscus polionotus phasma Mammal Terrestrial, Coastal

Mouse, Choctawhatchee Beach Peromyscus polionotus allophrys Mammal Terrestrial, Coastal

Mouse, Pacific Pocket Perognathus longimembris pacificus Mammal Terrestrial

Mouse, Perdido Key Beach Peromyscus polionotus trissyllepsis Mammal Coastal

Mouse, Preble's Meadow Jumping Zapus hudsonius preblei Mammal Terrestrial

Mouse, Salt Marsh Harvest Reithrodontomys raviventris Mammal Terrestrial

Mouse, Southeastern Beach Peromyscus polionotus niveiventris Mammal Terrestrial, Coastal

Mouse, St. Andrew Beach Peromyscus polionotus peninsularis Mammal Terrestrial, Coastal

Mucket, Orange-nacre Lampsilis perovalis Bivalve Freshwater

Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel) Lampsilis abrupta Bivalve Freshwater

Munroidendron racemosum (ncn) Munroidendron racemosum Dicot Terrestrial

Murrelet, Marbled Brachyramphus marmoratus Bird Terrestrial, Freshwater, Saltwater

Mussel, Acornshell Southern Epioblasma othcaloogensis Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Alabama Moccasinshell Medionidus acutissimus Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Black (=Curtus' Mussel) Pleurobema curtum Bivalve Freshwater

Clubshell

Mussel, Clubshell Pleurobema clava Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Coosa Moccasinshell Medionidus parvulus Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Cumberland Combshell Epioblasma brevidens Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Cumberland Elktoe Alasmidonta atropurpurea Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Cumberland Pigtoe Pleurobema gibberum Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Dark Pigtoe Pleurobema furvum Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Dwarf Wedge Alasmidonta heterodon Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Fat Threeridge Amblema neislerii Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Fine-lined Pocketbook Lampsilis altilis Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Fine-rayed Pigtoe Fusconaia cuneolus Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Flat Pigtoe (=Marshall's Pleurobema marshalli Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel)

Mussel, Gulf Moccasinshell Medionidus penicillatus Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Heavy Pigtoe (=Judge Pleurobema taitianum Bivalve Freshwater

Tait's Mussel)

Mussel, Heelsplitter Carolina Lasmigona decorata Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Heelsplitter Inflated Potamilus inflatus Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Ochlockonee Moccasinshell Medionidus simpsonianus Bivalve Freshwater
86

Mussel, Oval Pigtoe Pleurobema pyriforme Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Ovate Clubshell Pleurobema perovatum Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Oyster Epioblasma capsaeformis Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Ring Pink (=Golf Stick Obovaria retusa Bivalve Freshwater

Pearly)

Mussel, Rough Pigtoe Pleurobema plenum Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Scaleshell Leptodea leptodon Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Shiny Pigtoe Fusconaia cor Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Shiny-rayed Pocketbook Lampsilis subangulata Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Southern Clubshell Pleurobema decisum Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Southern Pigtoe Pleurobema georgianum Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Speckled Pocketbook Lampsilis streckeri Bivalve Freshwater

Mussel, Winged Mapleleaf Quadrula fragosa Bivalve Freshwater

Mustard, Carter's Warea carteri Dicot Terrestrial

Mustard, Penland Alpine Fen Eutrema penlandii Dicot Terrestrial, Freshwater

Mustard, Slender-petaled Thelypodium stenopetalum Dicot Terrestrial

Myrcia Paganii Myrcia paganii Dicot Terrestrial

Na'ena'e (Dubautia herbstobatae) Dubautia herbstobatae Dicot Terrestrial

Na'ena'e (Dubautia plantaginea ssp. Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis Dicot Terrestrial

humilis)

Nani Wai'ale'ale (Viola kauaensis Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis Dicot Terrestrial

var. wahiawaensis)

Nanu (Gardenia mannii) Gardenia mannii Dicot Terrestrial

Na'u (Gardenia brighamii) Gardenia brighamii Dicot Terrestrial

Naucorid, Ash Meadows Ambrysus amargosus Insect Terrestrial

Naupaka, Dwarf (Scaevola coriacea) Scaevola coriacea Dicot Terrestrial

Navarretia, Few-flowered Navarretia leucocephala ssp. Dicot Terrestrial, Vernal pool

Pauciflora

Navarretia, Many-flowered Navarretia leucocephala ssp. Dicot Terrestrial, Vernal pool

plieantha

Navarretia, Spreading Navarretia fossalis Dicot Vernal pool

Nehe (Lipochaeta lobata var. Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla Dicot Terrestrial

leptophylla)

Neraudia angulata (ncn) Neraudia angulata Dicot Terrestrial

Neraudia ovata (ncn) Neraudia ovata Dicot Terrestrial

Neraudia sericea (ncn) Neraudia sericea Dicot Terrestrial

Nightjar, Puerto Rico Caprimulgus noctitherus Bird Terrestrial

Nioi (Eugenia koolauensis) Eugenia koolauensis Dicot Terrestrial

Niterwort, Amargosa Nitrophila mohavensis Dicot Terrestrial

Nohoanu (Geranium multiflorum) Geranium multiflorum Dicot Terrestrial

Oak, Hinckley Quercus hinckleyi Dicot Terrestrial

Ocelot Leopardus (=Felis) pardalis Mammal Terrestrial

'Oha (Delissea rivularis) Delissea rivularis Dicot Terrestrial

'Oha (Delissea subcordata) Delissea subcordata Dicot Terrestrial

'Oha (Delissea undulata) Delissea undulata Dicot Terrestrial

'Oha (Lobelia gaudichaudii Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. Dicot Terrestrial

koolauensis) koolauensis

'Oha Wai (Clermontia Clermontia drepanomorpha Dicot Terrestrial

drepanomorpha)

'Oha Wai (Clermontia lindseyana) Clermontia lindseyana Dicot Terrestrial

'Oha Wai (Clermontia oblongifolia Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. Dicot Terrestrial

ssp. mauiensis) mauiensis

'Oha Wai (Clermontia peleana) Clermontia peleana Dicot Terrestrial

'Oha Wai (Clermontia pyrularia) Clermontia pyrularia Dicot Terrestrial

'Oha Wai (Clermontia samuelii) Clermontia samuelii Dicot Terrestrial

'Ohai (Sesbania tomentosa) Sesbania tomentosa Dicot Terrestrial

'Ohe'ohe (Tetraplasandra Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa Dicot Terrestrial

gymnocarpa)

'Olulu (Brighamia insignis) Brighamia insignis Dicot Terrestrial

Onion, Munz's Allium munzii Monocot Terrestrial

'O'o, Kauai (='A'a) Moho braccatus Bird Terrestrial

Opuhe (Urera kaalae) Urera kaalae Dicot Terrestrial

Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed Platanthera leucophaea Monocot Terrestrial

Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed Platanthera praeclara Monocot Terrestrial

Otter, Northern Sea Enhydra lutris kenyoni Mammal Saltwater

Otter, Southern Sea Enhydra lutris nereis Mammal Saltwater

'O'u (Honeycreeper) Psittirostra psittacea Bird Terrestrial

Owl, Mexican Spotted Strix occidentalis lucida Bird Terrestrial

Owl, Northern Spotted Strix occidentalis caurina Bird Terrestrial

Oxytheca, Cushenbury Oxytheca parishii var. goodmaniana Dicot Terrestrial
87

Paintbrush, Ash-grey Indian Castilleja cinerea Dicot Terrestrial

Paintbrush, Golden Castilleja levisecta Dicot Terrestrial

Paintbrush, San Clemente Island Castilleja grisea Dicot Terrestrial

Indian

Paintbrush, Soft-leaved Castilleja mollis Dicot Terrestrial

Paintbrush, Tiburon Castilleja affinis ssp. neglecta Dicot Terrestrial

Palila Loxioides bailleui Bird Terrestrial

Palo Colorado (Ternstroemia Ternstroemia luquillensis Dicot Terrestrial

luquillensis)

Palo de Jazmin Styrax portoricensis Dicot Terrestrial

Palo de Nigua Cornutia obovata Dicot Terrestrial

Palo de Ramon Banara vanderbiltii Dicot Terrestrial

Palo de Rosa Ottoschulzia rhodoxylon Dicot Terrestrial

Pamakani (Viola chamissoniana Viola chamissoniana ssp. Dicot Terrestrial

ssp. chamissoniana) chamissoniana

Panicgrass, Carter's (Panicum fauriei Panicum fauriei var. carteri Monocot Terrestrial

var.carteri)

Panther, Florida Puma (=Felis) concolor coryi Mammal Terrestrial

Parrot, Puerto Rican Amazona vittata Bird Terrestrial

Parrotbill, Maui Pseudonestor xanthophrys Bird Terrestrial

Pauoa (Ctenitis squamigera) Ctenitis squamigera Ferns Terrestrial

Pawpaw, Beautiful Deeringothamnus pulchellus Dicot Terrestrial

Pawpaw, Four-petal Asimina tetramera Dicot Terrestrial

Pawpaw, Rugel's Deeringothamnus rugelii Dicot Terrestrial

Pearlshell, Louisiana Margaritifera hembeli Bivalve Freshwater

Pearlymussel, Alabama Lamp Lampsilis virescens Bivalve Freshwater

Pearlymussel, Appalachian Quadrula sparsa Bivalve Freshwater

Monkeyface

Pearlymussel, Birdwing Conradilla caelata Bivalve Freshwater

Pearlymussel, Cracking Hemistena lata Bivalve Freshwater

Pearlymussel, Cumberland Bean Villosa trabalis Bivalve Freshwater

Pearlymussel, Cumberland Quadrula intermedia Bivalve Freshwater

Monkeyface

Pearlymussel, Curtis' Epioblasma florentina curtisii Bivalve Freshwater

Pearlymussel, Dromedary Dromus dromas Bivalve Freshwater

Pearlymussel, Fat Pocketbook Potamilus capax Bivalve Freshwater

Pearlymussel, Green-blossom Epioblasma torulosa gubernaculum Bivalve Freshwater

Pearlymussel, Higgins' Eye Lampsilis higginsii Bivalve Freshwater

Pearlymussel, Little-wing Pegias fabula Bivalve Freshwater

Pearlymussel, Orange-footed Plethobasus cooperianus Bivalve Freshwater

Pearlymussel, Pale Lilliput Toxolasma cylindrellus Bivalve Freshwater

Pearlymussel, Purple Cat's Paw Epioblasma obliquata obliquata Bivalve Freshwater

Pearlymussel, Tubercled-blossom Epioblasma torulosa torulosa Bivalve Freshwater

Pearlymussel, Turgid-blossom Epioblasma turgidula Bivalve Freshwater

Pearlymussel, White Cat's Paw Epioblasma obliquata perobliqua Bivalve Freshwater

Pearlymussel, White Wartyback Plethobasus cicatricosus Bivalve Freshwater

Pearlymussel, Yellow-blossom Epioblasma florentina florentina Bivalve Freshwater

Pebblesnail, Flat Lepyrium showalteri Gastropod Freshwater

Pelos del Diablo Aristida portoricensis Monocot Terrestrial

Penny-cress, Kneeland Prairie Thlaspi californicum Dicot Terrestrial

Pennyroyal, Todsen's Hedeoma todsenii Dicot Terrestrial

Penstemon, Blowout Penstemon haydenii Dicot Terrestrial

Pentachaeta, Lyon's Pentachaeta lyonii Dicot Terrestrial

Pentachaeta, White-rayed Pentachaeta bellidiflora Dicot Terrestrial

Peperomia, Wheeler's Peperomia wheeleri Dicot Terrestrial

Peppergrass, Slick Spot Lepidium papilliferum Dicot Terrestrial, Floodplain

Petrel, Hawaiian Dark-rumped Pterodroma phaeopygia Bird Terrestrial

sandwichensis

Phacelia, Clay Phacelia argillacea Dicot Terrestrial

Phacelia, Island Phacelia insularis ssp. insularis Dicot Terrestrial

Phacelia, North Park Phacelia formosula Dicot Terrestrial

Phlox, Texas Trailing Phlox nivalis ssp. texensis Dicot Terrestrial

Phlox, Yreka Phlox hirsuta Dicot Terrestrial

Phyllostegia hirsuta (ncn) Phyllostegia hirsuta Dicot Terrestrial

Phyllostegia kaalaensis (ncn) Phyllostegia kaalaensis Dicot Terrestrial

Phyllostegia knudsenii (ncn) Phyllostegia knudsenii Dicot Terrestrial

Phyllostegia mannii (ncn) Phyllostegia mannii Dicot Terrestrial

Phyllostegia mollis (ncn) Phyllostegia mollis Dicot Terrestrial

Phyllostegia parviflora (ncn) Phyllostegia parviflora Dicot Terrestrial

Phyllostegia velutina (ncn) Phyllostegia velutina Dicot Terrestrial
88

Phyllostegia waimeae (ncn) Phyllostegia waimeae Dicot Terrestrial

Phyllostegia warshaueri (ncn) Phyllostegia warshaueri Dicot Terrestrial

Phyllostegia wawrana (ncn) Phyllostegia wawrana Dicot Terrestrial

Pigeon, Puerto Rican Plain Columba inornata wetmorei Bird Terrestrial

Pilo (Hedyotis mannii) Hedyotis mannii Dicot Terrestrial

Pink, Swamp Helonias bullata Monocot Terrestrial, Freshwater

Pinkroot, Gentian Spigelia gentianoides Dicot Terrestrial

Piperia, Yadon's Piperia yadonii Monocot Terrestrial

Pitaya, Davis' Green Echinocereus viridiflorus var. davisii Dicot Terrestrial

Pitcher-plant, Alabama Canebrake Sarracenia rubra alabamensis Dicot Terrestrial, Freshwater

Pitcher-plant, Green Sarracenia oreophila Dicot Terrestrial, Freshwater

Pitcher-plant, Mountain Sweet Sarracenia rubra ssp. jonesii Dicot Terrestrial, Freshwater

Platanthera holochila (ncn) Platanthera holochila Monocot Terrestrial

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus Bird Terrestrial

Plover, Western Snowy Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus Bird Terrestrial

Plum, Scrub Prunus geniculata Dicot Terrestrial

Poa siphonoglossa (ncn) Poa siphonoglossa Monocot Terrestrial

Po'e (Portulaca sclerocarpa) Portulaca sclerocarpa Dicot Terrestrial

Pogonia, Small Whorled Isotria medeoloides Monocot Terrestrial

Polygala, Lewton's Polygala lewtonii Dicot Terrestrial

Polygala, Tiny Polygala smallii Dicot Terrestrial

Polygonum, Scott's Valley Polygonum hickmanii Dicot Terrestrial

Polystichum calderonense (ncn) Polystichum calderonense Ferns Terrestrial

Pondberry Lindera melissifolia Dicot Terrestrial

Pondweed, Little Aguja Creek Potamogeton clystocarpus Monocot Freshwater

Poolfish, Pahrump (= Pahrump Empetrichthys latos Dicot Freshwater

Killifish)

Po'ouli Melamprosops phaeosoma Bird Terrestrial

Popcornflower, Rough Plagiobothrys hirtus Dicot Vernal pool

Popolo 'Aiakeakua (Solanum Solanum sandwicense Dicot Terrestrial

sandwicense)

Popolo Ku Mai (Solanum Solanum incompletum Dicot Terrestrial

incompletum)

Poppy, Sacramento Prickly Argemone pleiacantha ssp. Dicot Terrestrial

pinnatisecta

Poppy-mallow, Texas Callirhoe scabriuscula Dicot Terrestrial

Potato-bean, Price's Apios priceana Dicot Terrestrial

Potentilla, Hickman's Potentilla hickmanii Dicot Terrestrial

Prairie Dog, Utah Cynomys parvidens Mammal Terrestrial, Subterraneous

Prairie-chicken, Attwater's Greater Tympanuchus cupido attwateri Bird Terrestrial

Prickly-apple, Fragrant Cereus eriophorus var. fragrans Dicot Terrestrial

Prickly-ash, St. Thomas Zanthoxylum thomasianum Dicot Terrestrial

Primrose, Maguire Primula maguirei Dicot Terrestrial

Pronghorn, Sonoran Antilocapra americana sonoriensis Mammal Terrestrial

Pseudoscorpion, Tooth Cave Tartarocreagris texana Arachnid Terrestrial, Subterraneous

Pteris lidgatei (ncn) Pteris lidgatei Ferns Terrestrial

Pua'ala (Brighamia rockii) Brighamia rockii Dicot Terrestrial

Puma (=Cougar), Eastern Puma (=Felis) concolor (all subsp. Mammal Terrestrial

except coryi)

Pupfish, Ash Meadows Amargosa Cyprinodon nevadensis mionectes Fish Freshwater

Pupfish, Comanche Springs Cyprinodon elegans Fish Freshwater

Pupfish, Desert Cyprinodon macularius Fish Freshwater

Pupfish, Devils Hole Cyprinodon diabolis Fish Freshwater

Pupfish, Leon Springs Cyprinodon bovinus Fish Freshwater

Pupfish, Owens Cyprinodon radiosus Fish Freshwater

Pupfish, Warm Springs Cyprinodon nevadensis pectoralis Fish Freshwater

Purple Bean Villosa perpurpurea Bivalve Freshwater

Pussypaws, Mariposa Calyptridium pulchellum Dicot Terrestrial

Pu'uka'a (Cyperus trachysanthos) Cyperus trachysanthos Monocot Terrestrial

Quillwort, Black-spored Isoetes melanospora Ferns Vernal pool

Quillwort, Louisiana Isoetes louisianensis Ferns Terrestrial, Freshwater

Quillwort, Mat-forming Isoetes tegetiformans Ferns Vernal pool

Rabbit, Pygmy Brachylagus idahoensis Mammal Terrestrial

Rabbit, Riparian Brush Sylvilagus bachmani riparius Mammal Terrestrial

Rabbitsfoot, Rough Quadrula cylindrica strigillata Bivalve Freshwater

Rail, California Clapper Rallus longirostris obsoletus Bird Terrestrial

Rail, Light-footed Clapper Rallus longirostris levipes Bird Terrestrial

Rail, Yuma Clapper Rallus longirostris yumanensis Bird Terrestrial

Rattlesnake, New Mexican Ridge- Crotalus willardi obscurus Reptile Terrestrial

nosed
89

Rattleweed, Hairy Baptisia arachnifera Dicot Terrestrial

Reed-mustard, Barneby Schoenocrambe barnebyi Dicot Terrestrial

Reed-mustard, Shrubby Schoenocrambe suffrutescens Dicot Terrestrial

Remya kauaiensis (ncn) Remya kauaiensis Dicot Terrestrial

Remya montgomeryi (ncn) Remya montgomeryi Dicot Terrestrial

Remya, Maui Remya mauiensis Dicot Terrestrial

Rhadine exilis (ncn) Rhadine exilis Insect Terrestrial, Subterraneous

Rhadine infernalis (ncn) Rhadine infernalis Insect Terrestrial, Subterraneous

Rhododendron, Chapman Rhododendron chapmanii Dicot Terrestrial

Ridge-cress (=Pepper-cress), Barneby Lepidium barnebyanum Dicot Terrestrial

Riffleshell, Northern Epioblasma torulosa rangiana Bivalve Freshwater

Riffleshell, Tan Epioblasma florentina walkeri (=E. Bivalve Freshwater

walkeri)

Riversnail, Anthony's Athearnia anthonyi Gastropod Freshwater

Rock-cress, Braun's Arabis perstellata E. L. Braun var. Dicot Terrestrial

ampla Rollins

Rock-cress, Hoffmann's Arabis hoffmannii Dicot Terrestrial

Rock-cress, McDonald's Arabis mcdonaldiana Dicot Terrestrial

Rock-cress, Santa Cruz Island Sibara filifolia Dicot Terrestrial

Rock-cress, Shale Barren Arabis serotina Dicot Terrestrial

Rock-cress, Small Arabis perstellata E. L. Braun var. Dicot Terrestrial

perstellata Fernald

Rock-pocketbook, Ouachita Arkansia wheeleri Bivalve Freshwater

(=Wheeler's pm)

Rocksnail, Painted Leptoxis taeniata Gastropod Freshwater

Rocksnail, Plicate Leptoxis plicata Gastropod Freshwater

Rocksnail, Round Leptoxis ampla Gastropod Freshwater

Rosemary, Cumberland Conradina verticillata Dicot Terrestrial

Rosemary, Etonia Conradina etonia Dicot Terrestrial

Rosemary, Short-leaved Conradina brevifolia Dicot Terrestrial

Roseroot, Leedy's Sedum integrifolium ssp. leedyi Dicot Terrestrial

Rush-pea, Slender Hoffmannseggia tenella Dicot Terrestrial

Rush-rose, Island Helianthemum greenei Dicot Terrestrial

Salamander, Barton Springs Eurycea sosorum Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater

Salamander, California Tiger Ambystoma californiense Amphibian Terrestrial, Vernal pool

Salamander, Cheat Mountain Plethodon nettingi Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater

Salamander, Desert Slender Batrachoseps aridus Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater

Salamander, Frosted Flatwoods Ambystoma cingulatum Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater, Vernal pool

Salamander, Red Hills Phaeognathus hubrichti Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater

Salamander, San Marcos Eurycea nana Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater

Salamander, Santa Cruz Long-toed Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater, Vernal pool

Salamander, Shenandoah Plethodon shenandoah Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater

Salamander, Sonora Tiger Ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater, Vernal pool

Salamander, Texas Blind Typhlomolge rathbuni Amphibian Freshwater, Subterraneous

Salmon, Atlantic Salmo salar Fish Freshwater, Brackish, Saltwater

Salmon, Chinook Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) Fish Freshwater, Brackish, Saltwater

Salmon, Chum Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) keta Fish Freshwater, Brackish, Saltwater

Salmon, Coho Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) kisutch Fish Freshwater, Brackish, Saltwater

Salmon, Sockeye Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) nerka Fish Freshwater, Brackish, Saltwater

Sandalwood, Lanai (='Iliahi) Santalum freycinetianum var. Dicot Terrestrial

lanaiense

Sandlace Polygonella myriophylla Dicot Terrestrial

Sand-verbena, Large-fruited Abronia macrocarpa Dicot Terrestrial

Sandwort, Bear Valley Arenaria ursina Dicot Terrestrial

Sandwort, Cumberland Arenaria cumberlandensis Dicot Terrestrial

Sandwort, Marsh Arenaria paludicola Dicot Terrestrial, Freshwater

Sanicula mariversa (ncn) Sanicula mariversa Dicot Terrestrial

Sanicula purpurea (ncn) Sanicula purpurea Dicot Terrestrial

Sawfish, Smalltooth Pristis pectinata Fish Freshwater, Brackish, Saltwater

Schiedea haleakalensis (ncn) Schiedea haleakalensis Dicot Terrestrial

Schiedea helleri (ncn) Schiedea helleri Dicot Terrestrial

Schiedea hookeri (ncn) Schiedea hookeri Dicot Terrestrial

Schiedea kaalae (ncn) Schiedea kaalae Dicot Terrestrial

Schiedea kauaiensis (ncn) Schiedea kauaiensis Dicot Terrestrial

Schiedea membranacea (ncn) Schiedea membranacea Dicot Terrestrial

Schiedea nuttallii (ncn) Schiedea nuttallii Dicot Terrestrial

Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda Dicot Terrestrial

(ncn)

Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina Dicot Terrestrial

(ncn)
90

Schiedea, Diamond Head (Schiedea Schiedea adamantis Dicot Terrestrial

adamantis)

Schoepfia arenaria (ncn) Schoepfia arenaria Dicot Terrestrial

Scrub-Jay, Florida Aphelocoma coerulescens Bird Terrestrial

Sculpin, Pygmy Cottus paulus (=pygmaeus) Fish Freshwater

Sea turtle, green Chelonia mydas Reptile Saltwater

Sea turtle, hawksbill Eretmochelys imbricata Reptile Saltwater, Coastal

Sea turtle, leatherback Dermochelys coriacea Reptile Saltwater, Coastal

Sea turtle, loggerhead Caretta caretta Reptile Saltwater, Coastal

Sea-blite, California Suaeda californica Dicot Terrestrial

Seagrass, Johnson's Halophila johnsonii Monocot Saltwater, Coastal

Seal, Guadalupe Fur Arctocephalus townsendi Mammal Saltwater, Coastal

Seal, Hawaiian Monk Monachus schauinslandi Mammal Saltwater, Coastal

Seal, spotted Phoca largha Mammal Saltwater

Sea-lion, Steller Eumetopias jubatus Mammal Saltwater, Coastal

Sedge, Golden Carex lutea Monocot Terrestrial

Sedge, Navajo Carex specuicola Monocot Terrestrial

Sedge, White Carex albida Monocot Terrestrial, Freshwater

Shagreen, Magazine Mountain Mesodon magazinensis Gastropod Terrestrial

Shearwater, Newell's Townsend's Puffinus auricularis newelli Bird Terrestrial, Saltwater

Sheep, Peninsular Bighorn Ovis canadensis nelsoni Mammal Terrestrial

Sheep, Sierra Nevada Bighorn Ovis canadensis sierrae Mammal Terrestrial

Shiner, Arkansas River Notropis girardi Fish Freshwater

Shiner, Beautiful Cyprinella formosa Fish Freshwater

Shiner, Blue Cyprinella caerulea Fish Freshwater

Shiner, Cahaba Notropis cahabae Fish Freshwater

Shiner, Cape Fear Notropis mekistocholas Fish Freshwater

Shiner, Palezone Notropis albizonatus Fish Freshwater

Shiner, Pecos Bluntnose Notropis simus pecosensis Fish Freshwater

Shiner, Topeka Notropis topeka (=tristis) Fish Freshwater

Shrew, Buena Vista Lake Ornate Sorex ornatus relictus Mammal Terrestrial

Shrike, San Clemente Loggerhead Lanius ludovicianus mearnsi Bird Terrestrial

Shrimp, Alabama Cave Palaemonias alabamae Crustacean Freshwater

Shrimp, California Freshwater Syncaris pacifica Crustacean Freshwater

Shrimp, Kentucky Cave Palaemonias ganteri Crustacean Freshwater

Shrimp, Squirrel Chimney Cave Palaemonetes cummingi Crustacean Freshwater, Subterraneous

Silene hawaiiensis (ncn) Silene hawaiiensis Dicot Terrestrial

Silene lanceolata (ncn) Silene lanceolata Dicot Terrestrial

Silene perlmanii (ncn) Silene perlmanii Dicot Terrestrial

Silverside, Waccamaw Menidia extensa Fish Freshwater

Silversword, Haleakala ('Ahinahina) Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. Dicot Terrestrial

macrocephalum

Silversword, Ka'u (Argyroxiphium Argyroxiphium kauense Dicot Terrestrial

kauense)

Silversword, Mauna Kea Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. Dicot Terrestrial

('Ahinahina) sandwicense

Skink, Blue-tailed Mole Eumeces egregius lividus Reptile Terrestrial

Skink, Sand Neoseps reynoldsi Reptile Terrestrial

Skipper, Carson Wandering Pseudocopaeodes eunus obscurus Insect Terrestrial

Skipper, Laguna Mountain Pyrgus ruralis lagunae Insect Terrestrial

Skipper, Pawnee Montane Hesperia leonardus montana Insect Terrestrial

Skullcap, Florida Scutellaria floridana Dicot Terrestrial

Skullcap, Large-flowered Scutellaria montana Dicot Terrestrial

Slabshell, Chipola Elliptio chipolaensis Bivalve Freshwater

Smelt, Delta Hypomesus transpacificus Fish Freshwater, Brackish

Snail, Armored Pyrgulopsis (=Marstonia) pachyta Gastropod Freshwater

Snail, Bliss Rapids Taylorconcha serpenticola Gastropod Freshwater

Snail, Chittenango Ovate Amber Succinea chittenangoensis Gastropod Terrestrial, Freshwater

Snail, Flat-spired Three-toothed Triodopsis platysayoides Gastropod Terrestrial

Snail, Iowa Pleistocene Discus macclintocki Gastropod Terrestrial

Snail, Lioplax Cylindrical Lioplax cyclostomaformis Gastropod Freshwater

Snail, Morro Shoulderband Helminthoglypta walkeriana Gastropod Terrestrial

Snail, Newcomb's Erinna newcombi Gastropod Freshwater

Snail, Noonday Mesodon clarki nantahala Gastropod Terrestrial

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella Achatinella abbreviata Gastropod Terrestrial

abbreviata)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella Achatinella apexfulva Gastropod Terrestrial

apexfulva)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella Achatinella bellula Gastropod Terrestrial

bellula)
91

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella Achatinella buddii Gastropod Terrestrial

buddii)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella Achatinella bulimoides Gastropod Terrestrial

bulimoides)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella Achatinella byronii Gastropod Terrestrial

byronii)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella Achatinella caesia Gastropod Terrestrial

caesia)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella casta) Achatinella casta Gastropod Terrestrial

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella Achatinella cestus Gastropod Terrestrial

cestus)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella Achatinella concavospira Gastropod Terrestrial

concavospira)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella curta) Achatinella curta Gastropod Terrestrial

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella Achatinella decipiens Gastropod Terrestrial

decipiens)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella Achatinella decora Gastropod Terrestrial

decora)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella Achatinella dimorpha Gastropod Terrestrial

dimorpha)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella Achatinella elegans Gastropod Terrestrial

elegans)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella Achatinella fulgens Gastropod Terrestrial

fulgens)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella Achatinella fuscobasis Gastropod Terrestrial

fuscobasis)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella Achatinella juddii Gastropod Terrestrial

juddii)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella Achatinella juncea Gastropod Terrestrial

juncea)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella Achatinella lehuiensis Gastropod Terrestrial

lehuiensis)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella Achatinella leucorraphe Gastropod Terrestrial

leucorraphe)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella lila) Achatinella lila Gastropod Terrestrial

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella Achatinella livida Gastropod Terrestrial

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella Achatinella lorata Gastropod Terrestrial

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella Achatinella mustelina Gastropod Terrestrial

mustelina)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella Achatinella papyracea Gastropod Terrestrial

papyracea)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella Achatinella phaeozona Gastropod Terrestrial

phaeozona)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella Achatinella pulcherrima Gastropod Terrestrial

pulcherrima)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella Achatinella pupukanioe Gastropod Terrestrial

pupukanioe)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella rosea) Achatinella rosea Gastropod Terrestrial

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella Achatinella sowerbyana Gastropod Terrestrial

sowerbyana)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella Achatinella spaldingi Gastropod Terrestrial

spaldingi)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella Achatinella stewartii Gastropod Terrestrial

stewartii)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella Achatinella swiftii Gastropod Terrestrial

swiftii)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella Achatinella taeniolata Gastropod Terrestrial

taeniolata)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella Achatinella thaahumi Gastropod Terrestrial

thaanumi)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella Achatinella turgida Gastropod Terrestrial

turgida)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella Achatinella valida Gastropod Terrestrial

valida)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella Achatinella viridans Gastropod Terrestrial

viridans)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella Achatinella vittata Gastropod Terrestrial

vittata)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella Achatinella vulpina Gastropod Terrestrial

vulpina)
92

Snail, Painted Snake Coiled Forest Anguispira picta Gastropod Terrestrial

Snail, Pecos Assiminea Assiminea pecos Gastropod Freshwater

Snail, Snake River Physa Physa natricina Gastropod Terrestrial

Snail, Tulotoma Tulotoma magnifica Gastropod Terrestrial

Snail, Virginia Fringed Mountain Polygyriscus virginianus Gastropod Terrestrial

Snake, Atlantic Salt Marsh Nerodia clarkii taeniata Reptile Terrestrial, Brackish, Saltwater

Snake, Concho Water Nerodia paucimaculata Reptile Terrestrial, Freshwater

Snake, Eastern Indigo Drymarchon corais couperi Reptile Terrestrial

Snake, Giant Garter Thamnophis gigas Reptile Terrestrial, Freshwater

Snake, Lake Erie Water Nerodia sipedon insularum Reptile Terrestrial, Freshwater

Snake, Northern Copperbelly Water Nerodia erythrogaster neglecta Reptile Terrestrial, Freshwater

Snake, San Francisco Garter Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia Reptile Terrestrial, Freshwater

Snakeroot Eryngium cuneifolium Dicot Terrestrial

Sneezeweed, Virginia Helenium virginicum Dicot Vernal pool

Snowbells, Texas Styrax texanus Dicot Terrestrial

Sparrow, Cape Sable Seaside Ammodramus maritimus mirabilis Bird Terrestrial

Sparrow, Florida Grasshopper Ammodramus savannarum floridanus Bird Terrestrial

Sparrow, San Clemente Sage Amphispiza belli clementeae Bird Terrestrial

Spermolepis hawaiiensis (ncn) Spermolepis hawaiiensis Dicot Terrestrial

Spider, Government Canyon Bat Neoleptoneta microps Arachnid Terrestrial, Subterraneous

Cave

Spider, Kauai Cave Wolf Adelocosa anops Arachnid Terrestrial, Subterraneous

Spider, Spruce-fir Moss Microhexura montivaga Arachnid Terrestrial

Spider, Tooth Cave Leptoneta myopica Arachnid Terrestrial, Subterraneous

Spikedace Meda fulgida Fish Freshwater

Spinedace, Big Spring Lepidomeda mollispinis pratensis Fish Freshwater

Spinedace, Little Colorado Lepidomeda vittata Fish Freshwater

Spinedace, White River Lepidomeda albivallis Fish Freshwater

Spineflower, Ben Lomond Chorizanthe pungens var. Dicot Terrestrial

hartwegiana

Spineflower, Howell's Chorizanthe howellii Dicot Terrestrial

Spineflower, Monterey Chorizanthe pungens var. pungens Dicot Terrestrial

Spineflower, Orcutt's Chorizanthe orcuttiana Dicot Terrestrial

Spineflower, Robust Chorizanthe robusta va r. robusta Dicot Terrestrial

Spineflower, Scotts Valley Chorizanthe robusta var. hartwegii Dicot Terrestrial

Spineflower, Slender-horned Dodecahema leptoceras Dicot Terrestrial

Spineflower, Sonoma Chorizanthe valida Dicot Terrestrial

Spinymussel, James River Pleurobema collina Bivalve Freshwater

Spinymussel, Tar River Elliptio steinstansana Bivalve Freshwater

Spiraea, Virginia Spiraea virginiana Dicot Terrestrial

Springfish, Hiko White River Crenichthys baileyi grandis Fish Freshwater

Springfish, Railroad Valley Crenichthys nevadae Fish Freshwater

Springfish, White River Crenichthys baileyi baileyi Fish Freshwater

Springsnail, Alamosa Tryonia alamosae Gastropod Freshwater

Springsnail, Bruneau Hot Pyrgulopsis bruneauensis Gastropod Freshwater

Springsnail, Koster's Juturnia kosteri Gastropod Terrestrial

Springsnail, Roswell Pyrgulopsis roswellensis Gastropod Freshwater

Spurge, Deltoid Chamaesyce deltoidea ssp. deltoidea Dicot Terrestrial

Spurge, Garber's Chamaesyce garberi Dicot Terrestrial

Spurge, Hoover's Chamaesyce hooveri Dicot Vernal pool

Spurge, Telephus Euphorbia telephioides Dicot Terrestrial

Squawfish, Colorado Ptychocheilus lucius Fish Freshwater

Squirrel, Carolina Northern Flying Glaucomys sabrinus coloratus Mammal Terrestrial

Squirrel, Delmarva Peninsula Fox Sciurus niger cinereus Mammal Terrestrial

Squirrel, Mount Graham Red Tamiasciurus hudsonicus Mammal Terrestrial

grahamensis

Squirrel, Northern Idaho Ground Spermophilus brunneus brunneus Mammal Terrestrial

Steelhead Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss Fish Freshwater, Brackish, Saltwater

Stenogyne angustifolia (ncn) Stenogyne angustifolia var. Dicot Terrestrial

angustifolia

Stenogyne campanulata (ncn) Stenogyne campanulata Dicot Terrestrial

Stenogyne kanehoana (ncn) Stenogyne kanehoana Dicot Terrestrial

Stickleback, Unarmored Threespine Gasterosteus aculeatus williamsoni Fish Freshwater

Stickseed, Showy Hackelia venusta Dicot Terrestrial

Stickyseed, Baker's Blennosperma bakeri Dicot Vernal pool

Stilt, Hawaiian (=Ae'o) Himantopus mexicanus knudseni Bird Terrestrial

Stirrupshell Quadrula stapes Bivalve Freshwater

Stonecrop, Lake County Parvisedum leiocarpum Dicot Vernal pool

Stork, Wood Mycteria americana Bird Terrestrial

Sturgeon, Alabama Scaphirhynchus suttkusi Fish Freshwater
93

Sturgeon, Gulf Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi Fish Freshwater, Saltwater

Sturgeon, North American green Acipenser medirostris Fish Freshwater, Saltwater

Sturgeon, Pallid Scaphirhynchus albus Fish Freshwater

Sturgeon, Shortnose Acipenser brevirostrum Fish Freshwater, Saltwater

Sturgeon, White Acipenser transmontanus Fish Freshwater, Saltwater

Sucker, June Chasmistes liorus Fish Freshwater

Sucker, Lost River Deltistes luxatus Fish Freshwater

Sucker, Modoc Catostomus microps Fish Freshwater

Sucker, Razorback Xyrauchen texanus Fish Freshwater

Sucker, Santa Ana Catostomus santaanae Fish Freshwater

Sucker, Shortnose Chasmistes brevirostris Fish Freshwater

Sucker, Warner Catostomus warnerensis Fish Freshwater

Sumac, Michaux's Rhus michauxii Dicot Terrestrial

Sunflower, Pecos Helianthus paradoxus Dicot Terrestrial, Perm. wetland

Sunflower, San Mateo Woolly Eriophyllum latilobum Dicot Terrestrial

Sunflower, Schweinitz's Helianthus schweinitzii Dicot Terrestrial

Sunray, Ash Meadows Enceliopsis nudicaulis var. corrugata Dicot Terrestrial

Swiftlet, Mariana Gray (=Vanikoro) Aerodramus vanikorensis bartschi Bird Terrestrial

Tadpole Shrimp, Vernal Pool Lepidurus packardi Crustacean Vernal pool

Taraxacum, California Taraxacum californicum Dicot Terrestrial

Tarplant, Gaviota Deinandra increscens ssp. villosa Dicot Terrestrial

Tarplant, Otay Deinandra (=Hemizonia) conjugens Dicot Terrestrial

Tarplant, Santa Cruz Holocarpha macradenia Dicot Terrestrial

Tectaria Estremerana Tectaria estremerana Ferns Terrestrial

Tern, California Least Sterna antillarum browni Bird Terrestrial

Tern, Interior (population) Least Sterna antillarum Bird Terrestrial

Tern, Roseate Sterna dougallii dougallii Bird Terrestrial

Ternstroemia subsessilis (ncn) Ternstroemia subsessilis Dicot Terrestrial

Tetramolopium arenarium (ncn) Tetramolopium arenarium Dicot Terrestrial

Tetramolopium capillare (ncn) Tetramolopium capillare Dicot Terrestrial

Tetramolopium filiforme (ncn) Tetramolopium filiforme Dicot Terrestrial

Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. Dicot Terrestrial

lepidotum (ncn) lepidotum

Tetramolopium remyi (ncn) Tetramolopium remyi Dicot Terrestrial

Thelypody, Howell's Spectacular Thelypodium howellii spectabilis Dicot Terrestrial

Thistle, Chorro creek Bog Cirsium fontinale var. obispoense Dicot Terrestrial, Freshwater

Thistle, Fountain Cirsium fontinale var. fontinale Dicot Terrestrial

Thistle, La Graciosa Cirsium loncholepis Dicot Freshwater, Brackish, Coastal

Thistle, Pitcher's Cirsium pitcheri Dicot Terrestrial

Thistle, Sacramento Mountains Cirsium vinaceum Dicot Terrestrial

Thistle, Suisun Cirsium hydrophilum var. Dicot Terrestrial, Brackish

hydrophilum

Thornmint, San Diego Acanthomintha ilicifolia Dicot Terrestrial

Thornmint, San Mateo Acanthomintha obovata ssp. Dicot Terrestrial

Thrush, Large Kauai Myadestes myadestinus Bird Terrestrial

Thrush, Small Kauai (Puaiohi) Myadestes palmeri Bird Terrestrial

Toad, Arroyo Southwestern Bufo californicus (=microscaphus) Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater

Toad, Houston Bufo houstonensis Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater

Toad, Puerto Rican Crested Peltophryne lemur Amphibian Terrestrial, Freshwater

Topminnow, Gila (Yaqui) Poeciliopsis occidentalis Fish Freshwater

Torreya, Florida Torreya taxifolia Conf/cycds Terrestrial

Tortoise, Desert Gopherus agassizii Reptile Terrestrial

Tortoise, Gopher Gopherus polyphemus Reptile Terrestrial

Towhee, Inyo Brown Pipilo crissalis eremophilus Bird Terrestrial

Townsendia, Last Chance Townsendia aprica Dicot Terrestrial

Tree Fern, Elfin Cyathea dryopteroides Ferns Terrestrial

Trematolobelia singularis (ncn) Trematolobelia singularis Dicot Terrestrial

Trillium, Persistent Trillium persistens Monocot Terrestrial

Trillium, Relict Trillium reliquum Monocot Terrestrial

Trout, Apache Oncorhynchus apache Fish Freshwater

Trout, Bull Salvelinus confluentus Fish Freshwater

Trout, Gila Oncorhynchus gilae Fish Freshwater

Trout, Greenback Cutthroat Oncorhynchus clarki stomias Fish Freshwater

Trout, Lahontan Cutthroat Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi Fish Freshwater

Trout, Little Kern Golden Oncorhynchus aguabonita whitei Fish Freshwater

Trout, Paiute Cutthroat Oncorhynchus clarki seleniris Fish Freshwater

Tuctoria, Green's Tuctoria greenei Dicot Vernal pool

Turtle, Alabama Red-bellied Pseudemys alabamensis Reptile Terrestrial, Freshwater

Turtle, Bog Clemmys muhlenbergii Reptile Terrestrial, Freshwater

Turtle, Flattened Musk Sternotherus depressus Reptile Terrestrial, Freshwater
94

Turtle, Ringed Map Graptemys oculifera Reptile Terrestrial, Freshwater

Turtle, Yellow-blotched Map Graptemys flavimaculata Reptile Terrestrial, Freshwater

Twinpod, Dudley Bluffs Physaria obcordata Dicot Terrestrial

Uhiuhi (Caesalpinia kavaiensis) Caesalpinia kavaiense Dicot Terrestrial

Umbel, Huachuca Water Lilaeopsis schaffneriana var. Dicot Terrestrial, Freshwater

Uvillo Eugenia haematocarpa Dicot Terrestrial

Vernonia Proctorii (ncn) Vernonia proctorii Dicot Terrestrial

Vervain, California Verbena californica Dicot Terrestrial

Vetch, Hawaiian (Vicia menziesii) Vicia menziesii Dicot Terrestrial

Vigna o-wahuensis (ncn) Vigna o-wahuensis Dicot Terrestrial

Viola helenae (ncn) Viola helenae Dicot Terrestrial

Viola oahuensis (ncn) Viola oahuensis Dicot Terrestrial

Vireo, Black-capped Vireo atricapilla Bird Terrestrial

Vireo, Least Bell's Vireo bellii pusillus Bird Terrestrial

Vole, Amargosa Microtus californicus scirpensis Mammal Terrestrial

Vole, Florida Salt Marsh Microtus pennsylvanicus Mammal Terrestrial, Brackish

dukecampbelli

Vole, Hualapai Mexican Microtus mexicanus hualpaiensis Mammal Terrestrial

Wahine Noho Kula (Isodendrion Isodendrion pyrifolium Dicot Terrestrial

pyrifolium)

Wallflower, Ben Lomond Erysimum teretifolium Dicot Terrestrial

Wallflower, Contra Costa Erysimum capitatum var. Dicot Terrestrial

Wallflower, Menzie's Erysimum menziesii Dicot Terrestrial

Walnut, Nogal Juglans jamaicensis Monocot Terrestrial

Warbler (=Wood), Golden-cheeked Dendroica chrysoparia Bird Terrestrial

Warbler (=Wood), Kirtland's Dendroica kirtlandii Bird Terrestrial

Warbler, Bachman's Vermivora bachmanii Bird Terrestrial

Warea, Wide-leaf Warea amplexifolia Dicot Terrestrial

Watercress, Gambel's Rorippa gambellii Dicot Terrestrial, Freshwater, Brackish

Water-plantain, Kral's Sagittaria secundifolia Monocot Freshwater

Water-willow, Cooley's Justicia cooleyi Dicot Terrestrial

Wawae'Iole (Phlegmariurus Huperzia mannii Ferns Terrestrial

(=Huperzia) mannii)

Whale, Finback Balaenoptera physalus Mammal Saltwater

Whale, Humpback Megaptera novaeangliae Mammal Saltwater

Whale, North Atlantic right Eubalaena glacialis (incl. australis) Mammal Saltwater

Whale, Sei Balaenoptera borealis Mammal Saltwater

Whale, Sperm Physeter catodon (=macrocephalus) Mammal Saltwater

Whipsnake (=Striped Racer), Masticophis lateralis euryxanthus Reptile Terrestrial

Alameda

Whitlow-wort, Papery Paronychia chartacea Dicot Terrestrial

Wild-buckwheat, Clay-loving Eriogonum pelinophilum Dicot Terrestrial

Wild-buckwheat, Gypsum Eriogonum gypsophilum Dicot Terrestrial

Wild-rice, Texas Zizania texana Monocot Freshwater

Wings, Pigeon Clitoria fragrans Dicot Terrestrial

Wireweed Polygonella basiramia Dicot Terrestrial

Wolf, Red Canis rufus Mammal Terrestrial

Woodland-star, San Clemente Lithophragma maximum Dicot Terrestrial

Woodpecker, Ivory-billed Campephilus principalis Bird Terrestrial

Woodpecker, Red-cockaded Picoides borealis Bird Terrestrial

Woodrat, Riparian Neotoma fuscipes riparia Mammal Terrestrial

Woolly-star, Santa Ana River Eriastrum densifolium ssp. sanctorum Dicot Terrestrial

Woolly-threads, San Joaquin Monolopia (=Lembertia) congdonii Dicot Terrestrial

Woundfin Plagopterus argentissimus Fish Freshwater

Xylosma crenatum (ncn) Xylosma crenatum Dicot Terrestrial

Yellowhead, Desert Yermo xanthocephalus Dicot Terrestrial

Yerba Santa, Lompoc Eriodictyon capitatum Dicot Terrestrial

Ziziphus, Florida Ziziphus celata Dicot Terrestrial
95

Appendix H Fate data for Parent and Degradates

Table 1 Structure and Chemical Name of Residues of Concern

Common Name 

Chemical Name Structure

a. Kasugamycin; Pseudonyms: 

Kasugamycin hydrochloride hydrate, 

Kasugamycin HCL×H2O, Kasumin 2L, 

Kasumin Cobre; Kasugamycin 

hydrochloride; KSM×HCl; 

Kasugamycin,3-O-[2-Amino-4-

[(carboxyiminomethyl)amino]-2,3,4,6-

tetradeoxy-α-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl]-Dchiro-inositol hydrochloride hydrate; 

IUPAC Name: 1L-1,3,4/2,5,6-1-Deoxy2,3,4,5,6-penta-a-hydroxycyclohexyl 2-

amino-2,3,4,6-tetradeoxy-4-(αiminoglycino)-α-D-arabinohexopyranoside hydrochloride hydrate 

Cas #: 19408-46-9 (for kasugamycin 

hydrochloride)

b. Kasugamycinic acid; Pseudonyms: 3-

O-[2-Amino-4-{(carboxycarbonyl)amino]-

2,3,4,6-tetradeoxy-α-D-arabinohexopyranosyl]-D-chiro-inositol; IUPAC 

Name: {5-Amino-2-methyl-6-[(2,3,4,5,6-

pentahydroxycyclohexyl)oxy]tetrahydro2H-pyran-3-yl}amino)(oxo)acetic acid

Cas#: 6001-03-2 

c. Kasuganobiosamine; Pseudonyms: 

Kasuganobiosamine 2HCl [KB-3; 

kasuganobiosamine dihydrochloride; KSB; 

KB]; IUPAC Name: 6-[3,5-Diamino-6-

methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-

yl)oxy]cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol 

hydrochloride

Cas#: 6189-93-1 

O

HO OH

HO

HO OH

O

H3C

NH2

NH

HN

OH

O

HCl H2O

O

HO OH

HO

HO OH

O

H3C

NH2

NH

O

OH

O

O

HO OH

HO

HO OH

O

H3C

NH2

NH2

2HCl
96

Table 2 Kasugamycin and all its transformation products

Name(s) Maximum Percent of 

Applied Dose

(interval)

% of applied dose 

at final sampling 

interval (study 

duration in days)

MRID Study Type (OPPTS 

guideline)1

Comments

Kasugamycin; Pseudonyms: Kasugamycin 

hydrochloride hydrate, Kasugamycin 

HCL×H2O, Kasumin 2L, Kasumin Cobre; 

Kasugamycin hydrochloride; KSM×HCl; 

Kasugamycin,3-O-[2-Amino-4-

[(carboxyiminomethyl)amino]-2,3,4,6-

tetradeoxy-α-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl]-Dchiro-inositol hydrochloride hydrate; IUPAC 

Name: 1L-1,3,4/2,5,6-1-Deoxy-2,3,4,5,6-pentaa-hydroxycyclohexyl 2-amino-2,3,4,6-

tetradeoxy-4-(α-iminoglycino)-α-D-arabinohexopyranoside hydrochloride hydrate; Cas #: 

19408-46-9 (for kasugamycin hydrochloride)

NA silt loam soil-water 

system = 40.9% 

(180d); 

Sterile: silt loam soil = 

69.1% (181d)

MRID 

47945719

Aerobic/ Anaerobic soil 

metabolism (paddy) 

study

Linear t1/2 : 147.5 days* 

(r2=0.8354)

*half-life was only calculated 

in soil and assumed to be 

equivalent to the total system 

half-life since residues in 

water were 1.4% of the 

applied or less and therefore 

were not analyzed.

NA Lake water-loamy 

sand sediment system: 

total = 22.3% (100d): 

River water-clay loam 

sediment system: total 

= 21.8% (100d)

MRID 

47945720

Aerobic aquatic 

metabolism (835.4300)

Lake water-loamy sand 

sediment system: total system 

t1/2 = 45.4 days (r2= 0.7650; 

linear); 

River water-clay loam 

sediment system: total 

system t1/2 = 44.2 days (r2

=0.8242; linear) 

NA Total System = 8% 

(368d)

MRID 

47945721

Anaerobic aquatic 

metabolism (835.4400)

clay loam soil total system, 

t1/2 = 105 days (r2= 0.8860; 

linear)

NA 4.5% (366d) MRID 

47945718

Aerobic Soil 

metabolism (835.4100)

t1/2 = 73 days (r2=0.9152; 

linear) in clay loam soil
97

Name(s) Maximum Percent of 

Applied Dose

(interval)

% of applied dose 

at final sampling 

interval (study 

duration in days)

MRID Study Type (OPPTS 

guideline)1

Comments

NA <0.01 ppm (390d), 

<0.01 ppm (386d), 

<0.01 ppm (397d), 

<0.01 ppm (387d) 

MRID 

48132602

Terrestrial field 

dissipation (835.6100)

Could not calculate t1/2 

because residues were <LOQ 

and early sampling intervals 

(California, Loamy Sand); 

t1/2 = 5.7d (r2=0.8843, 

Washington, Loamy 

Sand/Sand) ;

t1/2 =12.3d (r2=0.4591, New 

York, Loamy Sand/Sand);

Could not calculate t1/2 

because residues were <LOQ 

and early sampling intervals 

(Georgia, Loamy Sand/Sandy 

Loam/Sandy Clay Loam)

NA pH5 buffer solution: 

86.3% (18.9d), 

natural lake water: 

17.6% (18.9%)

MRID 

47945716

Aqueous Photolysis 

(835.2240)

pH5 buffer: adjusted t1/2 = 

630d, 

natural lake water: adjusted 

t1/2 = 17.4d

NA pH 4=94.7% (30d), 

pH 5= 92.6% (30d), 

pH 7= 73.7% (30d), 

pH 9= 15.3% (30d)

MRID 

46485501

Hydrolysis (835.2120) pH 4 t1/2 = 462d, 

pH 5 t1/2 = 630d, 

pH 7 t1/2 = 79.7d, 

pH 9 t1/2 = 11.4d

NA 100% (614 hrs-clay 

loam, 800 hrs-sandy 

loam, 725 hrsShizuoka sandy loam), 

0% (leachate)

MRID 

47945715

Soil column leaching 

(835.1240)

Supplemental Study

kasugamycinic acid2; Pseudonyms: 3-O-[2-

Amino-4-{(carboxycarbonyl)amino]-2,3,4,6-

tetradeoxy-α-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl]-Dchiro-inositol; IUPAC Name: {5-Amino-2-

non-sterile silt loam soil = 

3.1% (180d), 

sterile: 11.9% (181d)

non-sterile silt loam 

soil = 3.1% (180d); 

sterile: silt loam soil = 

11.9% (181d)

MRID 

47945719

Aerobic/Anaerobic soil 

metabolism (paddy) 

study

NA
98

Name(s) Maximum Percent of 

Applied Dose

(interval)

% of applied dose 

at final sampling 

interval (study 

duration in days)

MRID Study Type (OPPTS 

guideline)1

Comments

methyl-6-[(2,3,4,5,6-

pentahydroxycyclohexyl)oxy]tetrahydro-2Hpyran-3-yl}amino)(oxo)acetic acid; Cas#: 

6001-03-2 

Lake water-loamy sand 

sediment system: total 

system = 30.7% (14d); 

River water-clay loam 

sediment system: total 

system = 16.3% (14d)

Lake water-loamy 

sand sediment system: 

total = 0.6% (100d); 

River water-clay loam 

sediment system: total 

= 0.2% (100d)

MRID 

47945720

Aerobic aquatic 

metabolism (835.4300)

NA

Total System = 35.9% 

(185d)

Total System = 28.7% 

(368d)

MRID 

47945721

Anaerobic aquatic 

metabolism (835.4400)

NA

pH 4=4.1% (30d), 

pH 5= 2.9% (30d), 

pH 7= 21.3% (30d), 

pH 9= 77.8% (30d)

pH 4=4.1% (30d), 

pH 5= 2.9% (30d), 

pH 7= 21.3% (30d), 

pH 9= 77.8% (30d)

MRID 

46485501

Hydrolysis (835.2120) NA

pH5 buffer solution: 3.6% 

(18.9d), 

natural lake water: 55.6% 

(12.9d)

pH5 buffer solution: 

3.6% (18.9d), 

natural lake water: 

48.5% (18.9d)

MRID 

47945716

Aqueous Photolysis 

(835.2240)

NA

NA Avg: 30.2% (30 hrsclay loam), 

0% (leachate)

MRID 

47945715

Soil column leaching 

(835.1240)

Supplemental Study

Kasuganobiosamine3; Pseudonyms: 

Kasuganobiosamine 2HCl [KB-3; 

kasuganobiosamine dihydrochloride; KSB; 

KB]; IUPAC Name: 6-[3,5-Diamino-6-

methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-

yl)oxy]cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol 

hydrochloride; Cas#: 6189-93-1 

Not quantified Not quantified MRID 

47945720

Aerobic aquatic 

metabolism (835.4300)

NA

Total System = 48.5% 

(277d)

Total System = 44.7% 

(368d)

MRID 

47945721

Anaerobic aquatic 

metabolism (835.4400)

NA

pH5 buffer solution: 1.1% 

(16d), 

natural lake water: 4.7% 

(12.9d)

pH5 buffer solution: 

0.8%+/-<0.1% 

(18.9d), natural lake 

water: 3.2% (18.9%)

MRID 

47945716

Aqueous Photolysis 

(835.2240)

NA
99

Name(s) Maximum Percent of 

Applied Dose

(interval)

% of applied dose 

at final sampling 

interval (study 

duration in days)

MRID Study Type (OPPTS 

guideline)1

Comments

NA Avg: 100% (26 hrsclay loam),

0% (leachate)

MRID 

47945715

Soil column leaching 

(835.1240)

Supplemental study

M-1 Lake water-loamy sand 

sediment system: total 

system = 6.2% (63d); 

River water-clay loam 

sediment system: total 

system = 3.5% (63d)

Lake water-loamy 

sand sediment system: 

total = 1.5% (100d); 

River water-clay loam 

sediment system: total 

= 3.1% (100d)

MRID 

47945720

Aerobic aquatic 

metabolism (835.4300)

NA

M-2 Lake water-loamy sand 

sediment system: total 

system = 2.2% (63d); 

River water-clay loam 

sediment system: total 

system = 1.2% (63d)

Lake water-loamy 

sand sediment system: 

total = 1.5% (100d); 

River water-clay loam 

sediment system: total 

= 0.4% (100d)

MRID 

47945720

Aerobic aquatic 

metabolism (835.4300)

NA

CO2; Pseudonyms: Carbon dioxide; IUPAC 

Name: Carbon dioxide; Cas#: 124-38-9

Not quantified Lake water-loamy 

sand sediment system: 

Total = 44.2% (100d); 

River water-clay loam 

sediment system: Total 

= 45.5% (100d)

MRID 

47945720

Aerobic aquatic 

metabolism (835.4300)

NA
100

Name(s) Maximum Percent of 

Applied Dose

(interval)

% of applied dose 

at final sampling 

interval (study 

duration in days)

MRID Study Type (OPPTS 

guideline)1

Comments

Not quantified 55.4% (366d) MRID 

47945718

Aerobic Soil metbolism 

(835.4100)

NA

Area -1 (Intermediate) Total System = 16.2% 

(63d)

Total System = 0% 

(368d)

MRID 

47945721

Anaerobic aquatic 

metabolism (835.4400)

NA

Area -3 (Intermediate) Total System = 5.5% 

(368d)

Total System = 5.5% 

(368d)

MRID 

47945721

Anaerobic aquatic 

metabolism (835.4400)

NA

2’-N-Acetyl kasugamycin; Pseudonyms: KN2; KN; IUPAC Name: ({5-Acetylamino-2-

methyl-6-[(2,3,4,5,6-

pentahydroxycyclohexyl)oxy]tetrahydro-2Hpyran-3-yl}amino)(imino)acetic acid ; Cas#: 

Unknown

Reference Compound used to identify the potential occurrence in the following studies: MRID 47945719, MRID 47945718; 

MRID 47945721, MRID 47945716. The compound was not observed in any studies.

Deinositolyl 2’-N-acetyl kasugamycin; 

Pseudonyms: KE-3; KE; IUPAC Name: {[5-

(Acetylamino)-6-Hydroxy-2-methyltetrahydro2H-pyran-3-yl]amino}(imino)acetic acid; Cas#: 

Unknown

Reference Compound used to identify the potential occurrence in the following studies: MRID 47945719, MRID 47945718, 

MRID 47945721, MRID 47945716. The compound was not observed in any studies.
101

Name(s) Maximum Percent of 

Applied Dose

(interval)

% of applied dose 

at final sampling 

interval (study 

duration in days)

MRID Study Type (OPPTS 

guideline)1

Comments

D-Chiro-inositol ; Pseudonyms: IN-2; IN; 

IUPAC Name: Cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol; 

Cas#: 643-12-9

Reference Compound used to identify the potential occurrence in the following studies: MRID 47945719, MRID 4794571, 

MRID 47945721, MRID 47945716. The compound was not observed in any studies.

1Not all of the studies listed under the parent compound are listed under each degradate. Only when a degradate was detected in a particular study is that study 

listed under the degradate.

2

: Kasugamycinic acid was looked for in the following studies: MRID 48132602, 47945716, 47945721, 47945718, 47945719, 47945720, and 47945715.

3

: Kasuganobiosamine was looked for in the following studies: MRID 47945716, 47945721, 47945718, 47945719, and 479457
102