Sommerfel d M . and Qi u H.H. , (1998) . Experimental studie s o f spra y evaporatio n i n turbulen tflow . Internationa

l Journal o f

Heatan d Flui d Flow . 19,10-22 . Sommerfel

d M. , (2003). Analysi

s o f collision effect

s fo rturbulen

tgas-particl

e flow in ahorizonta

l channel : Par

tI . Particl e transport

. Internationa

l Journa l of Multiphas

e Flo w 29 , 675-699

. Sommerfel d M . an d Kussi n J. , (2004) . Wal l roughness effect s o n pneumatic conveyin g o f spherica

l particles i n anarrow horizonta l channel . Powde rTechnology . 142,180-192 . Takei M. , Och i M. , Sait o Y. , (2004) . Imag

e extraction o f

particl e concentratio n a tth e plu g frontusin g 3 D wavelet

s and compariso n with LDV . PowderTechnology . 142 : 70-78 . Tsuj i Y , Kawaguch i T. , TanakaT. , (1993) . Discrete particl e simulatio n o f two-dimensional fluidized bed . Powde rTechnology . 77 : 79-87 . Tsuj i Y . and Morikaw aY , (1982) . LD V measurement s o f a n air-soli d two-phase flow i n ahorizonta l pipe . Journa

l Flui d Mechanics . 120 , 385-400 . Tsuj i Y , Morikaw aY . and Shiom i H. , (1984) . LD V measurement s o f a n air-soli d two-phas

e flow i n a vertical pipe . Journa

l Flui d Mechanics . 139,417-434 . Tsuj i Y , TanakaT. , Ishid aT. , (1992) . Lagrangian numerica l simulatio n o f

plu g flow o f

cohesio n les s particles i n ahorizontal pipe . Powde rTechnology . 71:239-250 . T u Y.J. , Fletche rJ.C , Mors i S.Y , Yan g W . and Behni aM. , (1997) . Numerica l an d experimenta

l studie s o f turbulen

tparticle-lade n ga

s flow i n a

n in-lin e tub e bank . Chemical Engineerin g Science . 53(2) , 225-238 . Tudo rN . P. , (1995) . MPEG- 2 Vide o compression . Electronic s & Communicatio n Engineerin g Journal . 7(6) : 257-264 . Utom o B . M. , Warsit o W. , Sakai T , Uchid aS. , (2001) . Analysi s o f distributions o f

ga s and Ti0 2 particles i n slurr

y bubbl e colum n usin g ultrasonic computed tomography . Chemica l Engineerin g Science . 56 : 6073-6078 . Van d e wal l R.E . and So o S.L. , (1994) . Measuremen tofparticl e clou d densit y an d velocit y usin g laser devices . Powde rTechnology . 81,269-278 . Vasque z N. , Jacob K. , Cocc o R. , Dhodapka rS. , Klinzin g E . G , (2008) . Visua l analysi s o f particl e bouncin g an d it

s effec to n pressure drop i n dilut e phase pneumatic conveying . Powde r Technology . 179:170-175 . Wallace M.J. , (1995) . Th e measuremen to f vorticit y i n turbulen

tflows. Annua l review o f Flui d Mechanics . 27,469-514 . Wang S.X. , Valero V , Sori aJ . and Rhode s J.M. , (2006) . Laser-base d planarimagin g o f nano-particl e fluidization: Par

tI - determination o f aggregat

e siz e an d shape . Chemica l Engineerin g Science . 61:5476-5486 . Warsit o W. , Ohkaw aM. , KawataN. , Uchid aS. , (1999) . Cross-sectional distributions o f ga s an d soli d holdup s i n slurr

y bubbl e colum n investigated b y ultrasonic compute d tomography . Chemica l Engineerin g Science . 54:4711-4728 .

16 5Werthe rJ. , Hag e B . an

d Rudnic kC , (1996) . A comparison o f laserDopple ran d single-fibr e reflectio n probes fo rth

e measuremen

to f th e velocity o f

solid s i n agas-soli d circulatin g fluidized bed . Chemica l Engineerin g and Processing . 35,381-391 . Worf Glaskugeln , (2008) . Th e dat ashee to f glass beads , http://www.worf.de/en/index.html Wor f Glaskugel n GmbH , (2008) . Precisio n glas s beads , http://www.worf.de Yan g Q.W. , Li u S. , (2000) . Rol e o f tomography i n gas/solid s flow measurements . Flo w Measurement an d Instrumentation. 11:237-244 . Yilma z Al i and Lev y K . Edward , (2001) . Formatio n and dispersio n o f ropes i n pneumatic conveying . Powde rTechnology . 144:168-185 .

16 6



# VES01720 1

# VES017202-017202.pd f5-6 2 PARTICL E DYNAMIC S Equivalen

tstandar d Tyle rscreen ' rnes

h Theoretica

l scree n mes h n opmootiNjejio > r1 0 10

0 100

0 Particl e diameter, micron

s 10,00

0
Fio . 3-74

. Terminal velocitie

s o f Bpherioa

tparticles o

f differen t densitie s settling in . airand wate ra t70°F. . unde

rtb e actio

n o f gmvity . (from Lappleet .oj.,. op. eiU, p . 292.) become s high , th e particle s wil l b e clos e enoug h t o exert amutua l retardin g effec tonth e settling . Thi s conditio n i aofte n referre d t o a s "hindered " Bettllag . Th e effec t i ano tsignifican ta tvolumetri o concentration s belo w Oi l pe rcent . Fo rth e effec ta thiidic rconcentrations , se e Lappl e el

al. (op . oil, p . 289) an d Brow n et at. (op . cfti , pp . 78-79) . When ; th e diamete ro f th e particl e become s appreciabl e wit h respec tt o the ; diamete rof tn e containe ri n whic h i t i s settling , th e containe rwall s wil l exerta n additiona l retardin g effec tknow n a s th e wal l effect . Thi s ca r: * allowe d fo ri n th e cas e of rigi d particle s by'multipljriii ; th e termina l velocit y a s compute d fro m Stokes' s la w "r ? th e facto r% , a s give n i n Tabl e 5-26 . Tabl e i-26 . Wal l Correctio n Pactoi rfo rBigi d Particle s i n Stokes's-la w Regio n

K * „ 0. 0 1.00

0 0. 5 0.17

0 0.1 o.r o 0.

6 0.094

5 0. 2 0.5 % 0. 7 0.046

8 0. 3 0.42

2 o.e 0.020

5 0. 4 0.27

9 ( 8 . = particle ' diamete rdivide d b y vesse l dianietw , (Fro m Hsberna

au s SBjre.fiBiJ W, Taifa.Madtl Bonn Report

U4J , 1958): Fo rth e turbulen tregim e (Newtotf's-la w regle i Munro e [ZVan« . Ant. bid. Mining Met: Bngrt., 17. 637-65 9 (1888-1889) 1 develope d th e correctio n facta : Sb ' b y whic h th e compute d termina l velocit y ma y ":• » multiplied : V = 1 - 6 1 - 1 (6-21 5 where ( 8 • = particl e diamete rdivide d b y vesse l diamei e Stokes' s la w i s subjec tt o alowe rlimi ti n th e cas e it rigi d particle s settlin g i n agas . Whe n th e particl e sa ! approache s th e mea n fre e pat h o f th e fluid molecule* , th e settlin g velocit y wil l h e greate rtha n tha tco— - puie d fro m Stokes' s law . Th e correctio n know n • » th e Stokes-Cunningha m correctio n i s les s tks x 1 pe rcen tfo rparticle s large rtha n 1 6 micron s settiii e i n air . Particle s smalle rtha n thi s ar e also , subjec t« t Brownia n motio n becaus e o f impac to f

th e fluid moti culee . Fo rparticle s finertha n 0. 1 micron , thi s randco . motio n i s fa rgreate ri n magnitud e tha n an y directa c particl e motio n du e t o gravitationa l settling . Fo raddi tiona l informatio n o n th e magnitud e of thes e tw o effetrra

. se e Lappl e e

c al. (op. cit., pp . 285-286 ) an d Zen z ar : Othme r(op . cit., Chap . 6) . Po rth e cas e of

bubble s i n liquids , awal l effec t« C b e encountere d fo rbubbl e diameter s large rtha n 1/10 0 s t th e vesse l diameter . Informatio n o n thi s effect , i s &f*a. b y Hafmath y (loc. cit.) an d Un o an d Kintrie r[Am. InA. Chem. Bngre. J., 2 , 42 0 (1966)]. ' Po rth e cas e o f

liqui d drop s I n liquids , informatics , o n th e wal l effec ti s give n b y H&rmath y (loo. cit.) ab s Stro m an d Kintne r[Am. Inet. Chem. 'Bngrt. J., 4 , 15* (1958)! . Particl e Trajectories . I n th e treatmen tu p t o ti i point , onl y one-dimensiona l steady-stat e motio n hashe s considered , verticall y u p o rdown , tinde rih e actio n a. gravity . Equation s hav e bee n develope d b y Lappl e an d Shepher d [Ind. Enj. Chem., 32 , 605-61 7 (1940) ] fo rcal culatin g th e position-tim e historie s fo rparticle s under goin g one-dimensiona l accelerate d motio n an d two dimensiona l motion . I n th e Stokes' s la w region , th e motio n i n agive n direc tio n i s show n t o b e independen to f motio n i n adirectio i perpendicula rt o th e .first , an d th e resultin g trajector y i ? fha to f

on e motio n superimpose d upo n th e pthtr . Fo rothe rtha n th e lamina rregime , th e motio n o f s particl e i n an y directio n wil l b e influence d b y velocit r component s i n othe rdirections . Po rexample , th e verd ea l termina l velocit y of & particl e wil l b e lowe rth e highe r th e horizonta l Telocit y component . See als o Brow s et cl-., op. at., pp . 79-83 ; DallaVallo , "Micromeritios. ' 2 d ed. , pp . 24-29 , Pitman , Ne w York . 1948 ; Zen aan d Othmer , op. cit., pp . 216-220 .

# VES017203-017221.pd f£-$ba '



# POWDE R 

# l£$L TECHNOLOG Y ELSEVIE RPowderTechnolog y 119(2001 ) 134-15 2 — www.e1sevier.com/local e / powtcc 

# Mixin g an ddispersio n o f particl e rope s i n lean phas e pneumati c conveyin g Haru n Bilirgen , Edwar d K . Lev y * Energy Research Center, Lehigh University, 117 ATLSSDrive, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA Receive d 21 Augus t2000 ; receive d i n revise d form 4 Novembe r2000

Abstrac t
Th e objectiv e o f

thi s stud y wa s to investigat e mixin g mechanism s i n lea n phas e pneumati c conveying , wit h th e emphasi s o n technique s fo rdispersin g th e sever e particl e stratificatio n cause d b y flow throug h a90 ° elbow . Thi s typ e o f stratificatio n i s referre d t o a s a particl e rope . Th e pape rdescribe s acombine d numerica l an d experimenta l stud y o f th e rop e dispersio n characteristic s o f variou s mixin g device s lha

twer e installe d immediatel y downstrea m o f th e elbow . Th e laborator y experiment s wer e conducte d i n a0.15 4 m I.D . vertica l les tsection. Loca l particl e velocitie s an d concentration s wer e measure d usin g areflectiv e typ e fibe ropti c probe . Th e numerica l simulation s wer e carrie d ou tusin g th e CFX-4. 2 cod e develope d b y AE A Technology . Th e effec to f

secondar y velocitie s o n rop e dispersio n wa s investigate d b y usin g aflo w straightene rinstalle d afte rth e elbow . Th e results sho w thatth e rop e dispersio n rat e i n bot h th e axia l an d radia l direction s wa s significantl y reduce d i n th e absenc e o f secondar y velocities . Th e type s o f

flo w mixer s investigate d include d nozzles , ai rje tinjection , an d swir l vanes . Althoug h al l mixin g technique s wer e abl e to dispers e th

e particl e rop e withi n nin e pip e diameter s fro m th e ben d exi tplane , nozzle s wit h bet aratio s o f 0. 5 an d 0.6 7 an d ai rje tinjectio n fro m the inne rwal l cause d th e mos trapi d rop e dispersion . However , th e nozzle s caus e excessiv e pressur e dro p an d th e ai rje tinjectio n techniqu e increase s th e flo w rat e o f conveyin g flui d carrie d b y th e pipe . ©200 1 Elsevie rScienc e B.V . Al l right s reserved . Keywords: Mixing ; Dispersion ; Particl e ropes ; Lean phas e pneumatic conveyin g

1 . Introductio n Pip e bend s ar e acommo n featur e o f mos t pneumati c conveyin g system s an dar e wel l know nt o creat e flo w problems , eve n i n singl e phas e flows
. Th e situatio n i s furthe r complicate dwit hth e presenc e o f asoli dphase , suc ha s occur s i n pneumati c conveying
. A s th e air-particl e mixtur e approache s th e pip e bend , adoubl e vorte x flo w structur e occur s i n th e fluidphas e an dasignifican t phas e separatio n i n th e particulat e phas e i s experience dwithi n th e ben dgeometr y du e t o centrifuga l forces
. Upo nexitin g fro mthe bend , th e particle s flo w togethe r i n anarro w localize dstrea m(se e Fig
. 1) an dth e velocit y o f th e particle s i n th e suspensio n i s reduce dt o almos t on e hal f

o f

' Correspondin g author. Tel. : +1-610-758-4090 ; fax : + 1-610-758 - 5959 . E-mail address: eklO@lchigh.ed u (E.K. . Levy) . th e mea n ga s velocity
. Thi s phenomeno n i s referre dt o a s "roping"
. Onc e formed , thi s flo w stratificatio n patter n ca n persis t ove r aregio n extendin g u p t o 2 5 pip e diameter s downstrea mo f

th e elbow
. I t

eventuall y break s dow n du e t o flo w turbulenc e an dt o th e secondar y flo w induce db y th e elbow
. Th e objectiv e o f

th e presen t

stud y wa s t o identif y way s t o quickl y dissipat e arope-lik e structur e an dachiev e a homogeneou s distributio n o f th e tw o phas e mixtur e ove r th e pip e cross-sectio n withi nshor t distance s fro mth e ben d exit
. Sinc e naturall y occurrin g mechanism s suc ha s flo w turbulenc e an dsecondar y flo w pattern s wit haplai nelbo w ar e no t sufficien t

t o achiev e this , th e us e o f mechanica l mixin g device s i s necessar y fo r promotin g rapi dmixin g o f th e flow
. A detaile dinvestigation , includin g laborator y experiment s an dnumerica l simulations , wa s carrie dou t t o understan dth e rop e mixin g processe s wit hdifferen t type s o f devices
. Th e presen t

stud y focuse s o n dilut e phas e pneumati c conveying
. Th e air-to-solid s mas s loadin g ratio s wer e typi

0032-5910/01/ $ - se e frontmatte

r©200 1 Elsevie rScience B.V . Al l right s reserved . Pll : S0032-5 9 1 0(00)004 1 3- 7


# VES017203II. Rilirgen. E.K. Levy / PowderTechnology 119 (2001) 134-152 13 5

U Flow

Flow
Fig . 1. Particl e roping .
call y i ath e rang e o f 1- 3 an dth e averag e ai r velocit y wa s betwee n 1 5 an d3 0 m/s
.

2 . Experimenta l apparatu s Tabl e 1 Particl e siz e distributio n o f conveye d materia

l (coal ) Diameter(u.m ) Weight(% ) > 12 5 0.0 5 106-12 5 0.2 7 90-10 6 1.7 3 75-9 0 15.4 6 63-7 5 14.5 4 45-6 3 22.5 0 <4 5 45.44

th e inle t

ai r strea ma t

(6 ) vi aascre w feeder
. Th e flo w mixin g mechanism s wer e positione dimmediatel y afte r th e elbo w (7)
. Instrumen t port s allo w measurement s o f particl e flo w pattern s i n th e vertica l tes t sectio n downstrea mo f th e pip e bend
. A t

th e en do f

th e uppe r

horizonta l pipe , th e particle s ar e separate dfro mth e ai r usin g acyclon e separa to r (3) , an dan y remainin g fin e particle s ar e remove di n th e fabri c filter

(4)
. Th e experiment s wer e performe dwit hcoa l particle s wit hamea n diamete r o f 5 9 p. man dadensit y o f 168 0 kg/m 3
. Th e particl e siz e distributio n i s give n i n Tabl e 1
. Loca l particl e concentratio n an dvelocit y measurement s wer e performe dusin g areflectiv e typ e fiber opti c prob e tha t wa s traverse dove r th e cross-sectio n o f th e pip e t o obtai n detaile dprofiles
. Infonnatio n abou t th e prob e i s give nb y Refs
. [1,2] ,
Fig
. 2 show s th e experimenta l tes t facilit y use dfo r

thi s study
. Ai r

i s supplie db y compressor s tha t provid e a maximu mai r

velocit y o f

3 0 m/ s i n th e 0.15 4 mI.D
. tes t section
. Particle s store di n hoppe r (1 ) ar e discharge dint o 3 . Numerica l techniqu e Th e numerica l prediction s describe di n thi s pape r wer e perfomie dusin g th e Lagrangia n approac hprovide db y th e

i j j Feode i en dliofiuc (? ) Hotor y Ahoc k (Sj Cyc ;r :r :( > • - ' f i



# "ii '
' JI U / JH

v.in?'** - L-.. 6 

# o j jx j \ : I t

Fig . 2 . Experimental tes tfacility .



# VES01720 4II. Ililirgcn. E.K. Levy / PowderTeclmology 119 (2001) 134-152

Fig . 3 . Measure

d inle tparticl e concentratio n distribution on e diameterupstrea

m o f th e elbow ( A/F= 3.0 ; R c /D = 1.5 ; U 0= 30 m/ s an

d A/F= 3.0) .

CFX-4. 2 softwar e packag e develope db y AE A technolog y [3] , Th e numerica l calculation s fo r th e ga s phas e wer e perfomie db y solvin g ase t o f tim e average dNavier-Stoke s equation s togethe r

wit hth e well-know n k-e turbulenc e mode l o f

Launde r

an dSpaldin g [4]
. Th e particle s ar e introduce da t

afinite numbe r

o f startin g locations
. I n ever y give n tim e step , thei r position s an dvelocitie s ar e calcu

late daccordin g t o th e force s actin g o n th e particl e an d usin g ISewton' s secon dlaw
. Th e equatio n o f motio n fo r

a particl e ca n b e writte n a s

1 dt (1 ) wher e F Ti s th e tota l forc e an dinclude s th e dra g forc e (Fpj) , gravitationa l forc e (F G ) , an dth e adde dmas s forc e (F A ) . Fj= F^F a+ F„ (2 ) Th e majo r

componen t

o f th e forc e i s th e dra g forc e exerte do n th e particl e b y th e ga s phase
. Thi s ha s th e fon n
Fd = ^tt6 2 P C d \ V r \ V r (3 )

Fig . 4 . Secondar

y flo w patter

n a tth e exi to f a n elbow . wher e th e dra g coefficien t C Di s base do n th e motio n o f a singl e particl e an di s give n b y

2 4 C D= —(1+0.1 5 Jte ?

Re p= (4 )

(5 )

2 D

_ L 

## x / D

FLD W

Fig . 5. Flo w straightene rgeometry .



# VES01720 5/ / . Bilirgen, U.K. Levy / PowderTeclmology: 119 (2001) 134-152 1.1 7 Th e gravitationa l forc e i s give n b y 1

an dth e adde dmas s forc e (virtua l force ) i s give n b y

1 2 ' dl (6 )

Th e ga s phas e velocit y i nth e momentu mequation s i s take n t o b e th e mea n velocit y plu s acontributio n du e t o th e turbulence , whic hi s assume dt o b e mad e u p o f a collectio no f

randoml y directe deddies
. Th e interaction s betwee n thes e eddie s an dth e particle s ar c take n int o accoun t b y astochasti c procedure , referre dt o a s th e edd y lif e tim e concept . Particl e interaction s wit hth e wal l ar e compute dusin g acoefficien t o f restitutio n coefficien t equa l t o 0.9
. 3 .1. Boundary conditions
A t th e inle t

t o th e horizonta l sectio n (downstrea mo f (6 ) i nFig
. 2) , afull y develope dturbulen t velocit y profil e wa s specifie dfo r

th e air , 1/

7 ( « ) A t th e exi t

o f th e vertica l tes t

section , th e tota l mas s flo w rat e o f

ga s ou t

o f th e flo w domai n wa s se t equa l t o tha t specifie da t

th e inlet
. Sinc e thi s exi t boundar y condi

-

—• —Flo w Straightene r —e —Plai n Elbo w L/D=3. 0

E

C L O

c 8 c o O < u • a ' € c a a .

1 2 9 6 3 0 bee Uo=3 0 m/ s A7F=3. 0 R /D=1. 5

1 2 L/D=5. 0 9 

## > 6 A 3 Q

1 2 L/D=7. 0 9

- 6 3 

### $ 0

_

j i
L/D =9 . 0 in E

is o o < u > ( B C O C L 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 0 —• —Flo wStraightene r — « —Plai n Elbo w

UD=3. 0 Uo=3 0 m/

s A/F=3. 0 R /D=1. 5

4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 h 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 0 L/D=5. 0

L/D=7. 0

L/D=9. 0

0. 0 0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1 . 0. 0 0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0

x/ D x/ D Fig . 6. Compariso n o f particle concentration profile s fo rA/F— 3. 0 (plai n elbow , R c /D = 1.

5 and flo w straightener) .



# VES01720 6II. Bilirgen, EX. Levy / PowderTeclmology 119(2001) 134-152 lio nwa s specifie ddownstrea mfa r fro mth e elbow , afull y develope dflo w wa s assume da t thi s location ; an dth e axia l gradient s o f

al l transporte dvariable s wer e se t t o zero . No-sli p boundar y condition s at th e wal l an dth e wal l functio n concep t

wer e use dfo r

th e nea r

wal l region s o f

th e ga s How , eliminatin g th e necessit y o f extremel y fine grid s i nthes e regions
. Measurement s showe dtha t th e particl e distributio n i n th e horizonta l sectio n upstrea mo f th e elbo w wa s no t completel y uniform
. Therefore , th e particl e locations , ve locitie s an dmas s fluxe s measure di n th e horizonta l sectio n on e diamete r

upstrea mo f

th e elbo w wer e use di n th e numerica l calculation s a s inle t condition s fo r

particles , a s show n i n Fig
. 3
. Atota l o f

500 0 computationa l particle s wa s tracke d throughou t

th e flo w domain
. Eac hcomputationa l particl e carrie dth e sam e flo w rat e an dwa s assume dt o b e spheri

cal , Th e particl e diameter s wer e stochasticall y sample d usin g aRossi nRammle r distributio n functio n (Eq
. (9) ) an d particl e siz e distributio n informatio n obtaine dfro mth e siev e analysi s give n i n Tabl e 1
. Plai n Elbo w Flo w Straightene

r

Prob(Diamete r

> d) = ex p (9 )
Th e quantit y d mi s th e mea n particl e diamete r an dn i s th e sprea do f

th e dat afro mth e mean , calculate da s 5 9 p, m an d2.64 , respectively
. Detail s o f

th e numerica l metho dan dsolutio n algorith m ar e describe di n Ref
. [5]
.

4 . Rop e dispersio n mechanism s Secondar y motion s i n pip e bend s aris e du e t o th e respons e o f

aviscou s elemen t

t o a n imbalanc e betwee n th e centripeta l acceleratio n an dth e cross-strea mpressur e gra dien t induce db y latera l curvatur e o f th e mai n flow. A s a

0.2 5 r 0.2 0 j
0.1 5 • 0.1 0
0.0 5
0.0 0 ; Plai n Elbo w Flo w Straightene

r Uo=3 0 m/ s A/F=3.0 R/D=1, 5

1

0 0 2 4 6 8 Axia l Distanc

e Fro m Ben d Exit , IV D Fig . 7 . Normalize d maximum transverse velocit y a s afunctio n o f

axial distanc e (U

0/ U). 0.15 ; Uo=3 0 m/ s A/F=3.0 R/D=1. 5

0.0 5

0 2 4 6 8 1 0 Axia l Distanc e Fro m Ben d Exit , L/ D Fig . 8. Turbulen tintensit y o f (h e aira s afunctio n o f

axia l distance (li/l/t/,) .

result , th e axia l velocit y profil e i s distorte dan dth e poin t a t whic hth e velocit y ha s it s pea k i s shifte dtoward s th e oute r wall
. A n accentuate ddoubl e vorte x flo w structur e occur s i nth e flui dphas e (Fig
. 4 ) an dasignifican t phas e separa tio ni n th e particulat e phas e i s experience dwithi nth e ben d geometr y du e t o th e densit y difference s an dt o th e centrifu

ga l forces
. Upo nexitin g fro mth e bend , th e particle s flow togethe r

i n anan'o w localize dstream , whic hi s referre dt o a s aparticl e rope . Th e dispersio n o f aparticl e rop e i s achieve dmainl y b y flo w turbulenc e an dth e accentuate d doubl e vorte x flo w structur e create db y th e elbow
. Recently , Yilma z [1 ] studie dbot hth e rop e formatio n proces s an dth e individua l effect s o f secondar y flow s an d flow turbulenc e o n rop e dispersio n downstrea mo f aplai n elbo w usin g th e CFX-Flow3 D software
. Th e numerica l simulatio n result s showe dtha t th e secondar y velocitie s transporte dth e particle s fro mwithi nth e rop e t o th e parti

cle-fre e region s whil e th e flo w turbulenc e wa s responsibl e fo r localize dmixin g i n th e regio n immediatel y adjacen t t o th e rope . I n th e presen t

study , th e effec t

o f secondar y velocitie s o nth e rop e dispersio n characteristic s wa s studie dexperi

mentally , l n orde r

t o eliminat e th e secondar y velocities , a flo w straightene r

wa s place da t

th e beginnin g o f

th e verti

ca l sectio n followin g th e elbow
. Th e flo w straightene r ha d eigh t periphera l an dthre e radia l element s i n a0.308-m-lon g (tw o pip e diameters ) pip e section
. Th e locatio n an dth e geometr y o f

th e flo w straightene r ar e show n i n Fig
. 5
. Fig , 6 show s th e radia l variation s ofth e particl e concen tratio n an dvelocit y distribution s downstrea mo f th e flo w straightene r

fo r A/F—iSS

an d(7 0= 3 0 m/s
. Th e rop e structur e staye dattache dt o th e oute r pip e wal l a t

al l elevations , resultin g i n th e larges t particl e concentration s a t th e wall
. I n th e vicinit y o f th e oute r

pip e wall , th e accelera

tio no f th e particle s withi nth e particl e rop e wa s signifi

cantl y reduced , probabl y du e t o particle-particl e an dparti

cle-wal l interactions
. Moreover , th e particle s withi nth e rop e occupie dasmal l portio n o f th e pip e cross-sectio n eve n at highe r elevation s (L/D = 9.0) , indicatin g tha t th e



# VES01720 7/ / . Bilirgen, E.K. Levy/ PowderTeclmology 119(2001) 134-152 particl e transpor t

i n th e radia l directio n o f th e pip e cross sectio n wa s negligibl e i n th e absenc e o f secondar y veloci

ties , Inorde r

t o compar e th e dispersio n characteristic s be

twee n th e case s wit han dwithou t th e flo w straightener , libe r opti c measurement s wer e performe dfo r bot hcase s fo r th e sam e flo w condition s {R„/D = 1.5 , U 0= 3 0 m/s , A/F = 3.0)
. Th e measure dparticl e concentration s an dve locitie s ar e compare da t 3.0 , 5.0 , 7. 0 an d9. 0 pip e diame

ter s fro mth e pip e ben dexi t plan e i n Fig , 6
. A s ca n b e seen , th e rop e dispersio n characteristic s fo r eac hflo w configuratio n occurre ddifferently
. Th e mos t prominen t differenc e betwee n th e tw o case s i s tha t th e pea k

particl e concentration s wit hth e flo w straightene r ar e large r

tha n 13 9 thos e withou t

th e flo w straightene r (plai n elbow ) a

t al l elevations
. I n addition , th e rop e remaine dattache dt o th e oute r wal l i n th e vertica l pip e downstrea mo f th e Ho w straightener , whil e i t move dtoward s th e midsectio n o f th e pip e fo r

th e cas e withou t

aflo w straightener
. Thi s suggest s tha t th e secondar y flow s no t onl y can y th e particle s aroun d th e pip e circumferenc e bu t als o mov e th e rop e structur e awa y fro mth e oute r wall
. Ther e ar e als o som e difference s i n th e particl e axia l velocitj ' profile s fo r thes e tw o cases . Th e particl e velocit y profile s downstrea mo f th e ben dwithou t

aflo w straight

ene r (plai n elbow ) resemble dth e lette r "U" , wit hlarge r velocitie s a t

th e edge s o f

th e rop e an dsmalle r velocitie s a t th e center . O n th e othe r hand , th e particl e velocit y change d



## L/D=0. 0 A/F=3. 0

L/D=1. 0 A/F=3. 0

L/D=3. 0 A/F=3. 0 L/D=5. 0 A/F=3. 0

L/D=7. 0 A/F=3. 0

L/D=9. 0 A/F=3. 0 x / D

—Flo w

Fig . 9 . Predicte d particl e concentration contour s downstrea

m ofth e flo w straightener.



# VES01720 8/ / . Bilirgen, E.K. Levy/ PowderTechnology 119 (2001) 134-152 U O
almos t linearl y wit hth e .v-axi s fo r th e cas e o f

aflow straightener , havin g th e minimu mvalue s a t th e wal l an d th e maximu mvalue s at th e edg e ofth e rope . Numerica l simulation s wer e performe dfo r th e case s o f th e plai nelbo w an dth e flow straightener
. Th e primar y objective s o f

th e numerica l simulation s wer e t o investigat e th e effect s o f

th e flo w straightene r o n bot hth e rop e structur e an dth e flo w fiel dan dt o understan dth e mixin g processe s occurrin g i n eac hflo w configuration
. Th e CF D simulation s fo r th e case s wit han dwithou t th e flow straightene r

showe dtha t

th e ga s phas e secondary

velocitie s afte r

th e flo w straightene r (2 D fro mth e elbo w exit ) wer e significantl y reduce da s show n i n Fig
. 7
. O n th e othe r hand , th e turbulenc e intensit y i n th e ga s phas e wa s onl y slightl y affecte db y th e flo w straightene r (se e Fig
. 8)
. Fig
. 9 show s th e contou r plot s o f

th e predicte dparticl e concentration s i n th e pip e cross-sectio n a t differen t

axia l distance s awa y fro mth e ben dexi t fo r th e cas e wit haflow straightener
. It

ca n b e see n fro mthes e plot s tha t th e particle s di dno t

sprea dove r

th e pip e cross-section , a s the y normall y d o withou t aflo w straightener
. However , a re ductio n i n th e predicte dmaximu mparticl e concentratio n fro m28. 4 (a t

th e exi t

o f th e bend , L/D = 0.0 ) t o 7. 5 kg/m 3 (a t

L/D = 9.0 ) indicate dtha t localize dparticl e mixin g occurre dinsid e th e regio n adjacen t t o th e oute r wall
. Localize dparticl e mixin g i s probabl y du e t o acombi

natio n o f

flo w turbulenc e an dparticle-wal l an dparticle

- particl e interactions
. Th e numerica l result s wer e validate db y comparin g th e C F D result s wit hth e experimenta l dat aobtaine dwit hth e fiber opti c probe
. Fig
. 1 0 show s comparison s o f predicte d particl e concentration s wit hth e measure ddat aa t fou r differen t

axia l distance s awa y fro mth e ben dexi t fo r A/F =3. 0 an dU 0= 3 0 m/ s fo r

th e cas e o f

th e flo w



### £ Q. o r f o 1 2 9 6 3 0
1 2 9 6 3 0
1 2 9 6 3 0
1 2 9 6 3 0 —•• Predictions , CFX- 4

° Data , Fibe r

Opti c L/D=3. 0

Uo=3 0 m/ s A/F=3. 0 R/D=3. 0



# ° \
o \ , L/D=5. 0

0\

-o \ o \ L/D=7. 0 ° o \V

L/D=9. 0 

# K \

0. 0 0. 2 0. 4 0, 6 O . l

x/ D C L > 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 0
4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 0 Simulations , CFX- 4

o Data , Fibe r

Opti c L/D=3. 0

O , - " L/D=5. 0 O , - " Uo=3 0 m/ s

- A/F=3. 0 R/D=3. 0

4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 o

o - o . 

## - - o 3 3 ° L/D=9. 0

'. 0 0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0

x/ D x/ D

HA//r/ v V

—Flo w

Fig . 10 . Comparison s o f

particle concentrations an d velocitie s downstrea m o f th e flo w straightener.



# VES01720 9II. Bilirgen, E.K. Levy / PowderTechnology 119 (2001) 134-152 14 1 conditioner
. I n general , th e predicte dresult s sho w goo d agreemen t

wit hth e experimenta l data , particularl y at th e elevation s clos e t o th e elbo w exi t {L/D = 3.0an d5.0)
. However , th e numerica l simulation s wer e no t abl e t o pre dic t th e measure drapi ddispersio n rat e i n particl e concen tratio n furthe r

downstrea mo f

th e elbo w (L/D = 7. 0 an d 9.0)
. Thes e difference s mos t likel y occurre dbecaus e th e presen t mode l doe s no t

accoun t

fo r particle-particl e an d irregula r

particle-wal l interactions
. Comparison s o f

particl e velocitie s at differen t

axia l distance s fro mth e ben dexi t sho w tha t

th e profile s o f

axia l velocit y wer e i n goo dagreemen t wit hth e numerica l simu

lation s (Fig
. 10)
. However , th e numerica l calculation s slightl y overestimate dth e particl e velocitie s a t thre e diam

eter s downstrea mo f th e bend , whil e th e particl e velocitie s wer e underestimate dafte r seve n diameter s downstrea mo f th e elbow
. I n general , however , th e predicte dparticl e concentration s an dvelocitie s ca n b e considere di n ver y goo dagreemen t

wit hth e experimenta l dat awhe n th e complexit y o f

th e flo w i s take n int o consideration
.

5 . Rop e dispersio n wit h mixin g device s
5.1. Nozzles t. I'v

h $/

i I: t , Particle Concentratio n Profile s Mixing Laye r je tCor e
Streamline Curvalur e

/'•- " Rop e Flo w

A - A Detai

l

Flo w

Fig . 12 . Skelch o f

th e je l mixin g mechanism downstrea m o f anozzle .

Th e possibilit y o f

dispersin g aparticl e rop e i n aturbu

len t je t flo w forme db y aconvergen t nozzl e wa s investi

gated
. Nozzle s havin g aconstan t nozzl e throa t

heigh t t o

P 

## D

Ud- I i

—- D ^

Fig . 11 . Nozzl e geometry . diamete r rati o (H/D ) o f

0. 8 an dbet aratio s o f 0.5 , 0.6 7 an d0.8 3 wer e studied
. Th e nozzl e bet arati o (/3 ) i s define da s th e rati o o f th e nozzl e bor e diamete r t o th e pip e diameter
. Th e nozzl e geometr y an daschemati c o f th e tes l sectio n ar c show n i n Fig
. 11
. Previou s je t

studie s showe dtha t th e basi c physica l mechanis mresponsibl e fo r particl e dispersio n i n je t flow s i s th e mixin g layer , wher e th e flo w i s dominate db y a serie s o f

large-scal e longitudina l vortice s [6,7]
. Thes e lon

gitudina l vortice s resul t i n th e presenc e o f streamlin e curvatur e downstrea mo f th e nozzl e exit , whic hthe n move s som e particle s toward s th e pip e wall
. Th e mixin g laye r an d th e regio n o f

streamlin e curvatur e ar e sketche di n Fig
. 12
. Loca l particl e concentration s an dvelocitie s wer e mea sure dusin g th e fibe r opti c prob e at

fou r axia l distance s fro mth e ben dexi t

plan e (L/D = 3.0, 5.0 , 7.0 , an d9.0)
. Thes e measurement s wer e performe do n th e pip e symme tr y axi s b y traversin g th e prob e alon g th e .v-axi s (symme

tr y axis ) fro mth e oute r wal l t o inne r

wal l (fro mx/D = 0. 0 t o x/D =1.0). Th e effec t

o f nozzl e f3 rati o an dth e air-to-solid s load

in g ratio s (A/F ) o n rop e dispersio n wer e studie db y comparin g time-average dparticl e concentratio n an dveloc

it y profile s downstrea mofth e flow
. Figs
. 1 3 an d1 4 sho w th e radia l variation s o f th e particl e concentratio n an dve locit y profile s a s function s o f / 3 a t fou r differen t

axia l distance s (L/D = 3.0 , 5.0 , 7. 0 an d9.0) , fo r aconveyin g velocit y o f

3 0 m/s , an dfo r

air-to-solid s loadin g ratio s o f A/F =3.0an d1.0
. A s ca n b e see n fro mthes e figures ,



# VES01721 014 2 / / . Bilirgen, EX. levy/PowderTechnology 119 (2001) 134-152

1 0 8 6 4 2 0 P=0. 5 |i=0.6 7 P=0.8 3

X" Poo -

-
Flo w f — » I

fc«-cr:::it.:.S;:S:,, 1 0 8 6 4 2 0 0. 0 0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0, 8 1. 0

x/ D 0. 0 0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 x/ D Fig . 13 . Measured radia l varialions o f

th e particl e concentration an d velocity profile s a

s afunction o f

nozzl e bet

arali o ( B) (U a = 3 0 m/s ; A/F= 3.0 ; L/D = 3.0 , 5.0, 7.0 an d 9.0) .

ther e ar e significan t non-uniformitie s i n measure dparticl e concentration s an dvelocities , particularl y a t thre e diame

ter s awa y fro mth e ben dexit
. A t L/D = 3.0 , th e larges t particl e concentratio n (o r stronges t

rope-lik e structure ) wa s measure ddownstrea mo f th e / 3 = 0.8 3 nozzle , whil e th e (3 = 0. 5 nozzl e create dth e lowes t pea k particl e concentra
tion
. Th e dispersio n o f th e rop e structur e wa s almos t complet e five diameter s downstrea mo f th e ben dexi t

fo r /J = 0. 5 an d0.67
. However , anon-unifor mparticl e con centratio n an dvelocit y distributio n persiste dunti l nin e diameter s downstrea mo f th e ben dexi t

fo r th e nozzl e wit h /3 = 0.83
. Th e CF D prediction s o f th e particl e concentratio n an d velocit y profile s downstrea mo f th e nozzle s wit h/3 = 0. 5 an d0.6 7 ar e compare dwit hth e measurement s perfomie d b y th e fiber

opti c prob e i n Figs
. 1 5 an d16
. A tota l o f 500 0 spherica l particle s wa s tracke dthroug hth e flo w domain
. Th e effec t

o f th e flo w turbulenc e o n th e particl e behavio r wa s modele db y astochasti c metho dpropose db y Gosma n an dIonnide s [16]
. However , th e influenc e o f th e particle s o nflui dturbulenc e wa s no t modeled
. Whil e th e interac

tion s betwee n particle s an dth e wal l wer e modele dusin g a coefficien t

o f restitution , particle-particl e interaction s wer e ignored
.



# VES01721 1/ / . Bilirgen, EX. levy / PowderTechnology 119 (2001) 134-152 14 3

2 5 2 0 1 5 1 0 5 0 

## ° - 15=0.

5 " [3=0.6 7 ' (3=0.8 3

1 , - 1 %-e°» [ r».Jf | Uo=30 m/ s A/F=1 . 0 R/D =1. 5

0. 0 0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0

x/ D 8 0 6 0 4 0 2 0 0 

## / / UD=3. 0

Q . >

O C D > o 8 0 6 0 4 0 2 0 0

8 0 6 0 4 0 2 0 0

8 0 6 0 4 0 2 0 0 L/D=5. 0

/ /"'- )

-

L/D=7. 0

••n o ' o - . ( . .< > o

L/D=9. 0

0. 0 0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0

x/ D Fig . 14 . Measured radia

l varialion s ol'lh e particl e concentration an d velocily a

s afunctio n o f

nozzl e bet

aratio ( 13 ) (U

0— 30 m/s ; A/F= 1.0 ; L/D = 3.0 , 5.0 , 7.0 an

d 9.0) .

Th e magnitud e o f

th e pea k

particl e concentration , ob

serve di n th e cente r

o f th e pip e at

L/D = 3.0 , wa s under

estimate db y th e CF D prediction s fo r bot hnozzl e bet a ratios
. O n th e othe r

hand , th e particl e concentration s a t th e pip e wal l wer e overestimate db y th e CF D predictions
. However , th e CF D prediction s wer e abl e t o qualitativel y predic t th e presenc e o f

particl e restratificatio n i n th e vicin

it y o f th e wall
. Fo r

j3 = 0. 5 an d0.67 , "U " shape dparticl e concentratio n profile s wer e observe dafte r approximatel y five diameter s downstrea mo f th e elbow
. Th e loca l in

creas e i n tli e mea n particl e concentratio n adjacen t t o th e wal l wa s produce db y longitudina l vortice s (o r streamlin e curvature ) whic hcarrie dth e particle s int o th e viscou s sublaye r

wher e the y becam e trappe d[7] , I n orde r t o facilitat e aquantitativ e compariso n betwee n th e cases , amixin g inde x (MI ) wa s define dbase do n th e



# VES01721 214 4 II Bilirgen, EX. Levy / PowderTeclmology 119(2001) 134-152

particl e concentratio n profil e alon g th e pip e diamete r a t a give naxia l location
. Th e mixin g inde x (MI ) wa s compute d using : 1V 2 M l = — 1

n - 1 

## E(c m 

## (k)-c p 

## y (10 )
wher e C pi s th e mea n particl e concentratio n i n th e pip e cross-section , C m {k) i s th e loca l particl e concentratio n measure da t

equall y space dradia l location s i n th e x-direc

tion , an dn i s th e tota l numbe r o f measurement s alon g th e pip e diameter
. Eq
. (10 ) give s th e degre e o f variatio n i n concentratio n a s astandar ddeviation
. Th e flo w i s assume d t o b e wel l mixe dwhe n M I tend s t o zero . Th e mixin g perfonnanc e fo r

eac hflo w conditio n wa s estimate dan d compare db y usin g th e mixin g inde x parameter . Fig
. 1 7 show s M I fo r fou r combination s o f

U

0an d solid s loadin g wit hth e f3 = 0. 5 nozzle
. Th e restratificatio n phenomeno n describe di n earlie r paragraph s i s particularl y noticeabl e fro mthes e curve s a t large r value s o f

L/D wit h U 0— 1 5 m/s
. Fig
. 1 8 compare s th e value s o f M I fo r

th e thre e nozzles , al l wit hc/ o= 3 0 m/ s an dA/F =5.0. Thes e result s sho w ther e wer e larg e improvement s i n mixin g a s th e nozzl e (3 rati o wa s reduce dfro m0.8 3 t o 0.5
. 5.2. Lateral jet injection
Th e us e o f

ai r jet s t o brea k

u p aparticl e rop e an davoi d saltatio n i n lon g horizonta l pipe s wa s first suggeste db y Weintraub , i n adiscussio n o f Patterson' s pape r

[8]
. How

ever , n o stud y ha s bee n reporte dsinc e the n t o investigat e th e effec t

o f ai r jet s o n rop e dispersion
. I n astud y b y Johnso n an dMean s [9] , ai r jet s wer e use di n a n attemp t t o reduc e erosio n i n bends
. I n th e Johnso n an dMeans ' study , th e erosio n rat e i n a90 ° elbo w wit ha n ai r injectio n wa s reduce db y abou t

50 % compare dt o tha t fo r astandar d90 ° elbow
. I n th e presen t

study , th e us e o f

ai r jet s wa s investigate d a s apossibl e rop e dispersio n technique
. A je t injecto r

wa s designe dt o creat e a n ai r je t i n aplan e perpendicula r t o th e mai nflo w strea ma s show n i n Fig
. 19
. l n preliminar y experiments , th e effec t o f je t flo w rat e o n th e mixin g performanc e wa s studie db y varyin g th e injecte dflo w rate . Thes e measurement s wer e performe dat seve n pip e diame

ter s awa y fro mth e ben dexi t fo r thre e differen t

je t flo w rate s (m,)
. Thes e result s sho w fairl y wel l disperse dflo w structure s a t

th e measuremen t

locatio n wit ha n ai r injectio n rat e o f 5.4 % o f

th e tota l flow rat e i n th e pip e (se e Fig
. 20)
.



# VES01721 3II. Bilirgen, E.K. levy / PowderTeclmology 119 (2001) 134-152 14 5

O | 4 

## ra § 2 c o O C O

c o , , 0 . 6 L/D=5. 0

Dat a Prediction s

0 

# - Nozzle , [3=0.6 7 L/D=9. 0 Uo=3 0 m/s A/F=3 0 R/D=1. 5

i i i 1 0. 0 0. 2 0 . 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0

x/ D 0. 0 0. 2 0 . 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 x/ D Fig . 16 . Comparison s o f

particle concentration an d velocity distributions downstrea m o f anozzl e wit

h B = 0.67 .

I n orde r

t o determin e th e bes t orientatio n fo r

th e je t

tested
. Th e mixin g performanc e wit heac h configuratio n injector , thre e differen t circumferentia l position s wer e the n wa s first evaluate db y visua l inspectio n usin g atransparen t

Uo=30 m/s&A/F=3. 0 Uo=30m/s&A/F=1. 0 Uo=1 5 m/

s & A/F=3. 0 Uo=1 5 m/

s & A/F=1. 0 1 0 Uo=3 0 m/ s A/F=3 0 m/

s R/D=1. 5 (1=0. 5 (i=0.6 7 (3=0.83

4 6 8 Distanc e Fro m th e Ben d Exit , L/ D Fig . 17. Mixin g indices fo rth e p = 0. 5 nozzle . 10 2 4 6 8 1 0 Distanc e Fro m th e Ben d Exit , L/ D Fig . 18 . Mixin g indice s fo rnozzle s wit h 0= 0.5 , 0.6

7 an d 0.8 3 (i7 „ = 3

0 m/s ; A/F= 1.0; and R c /D=l.S).



# VES01721 4f f . Bilirgen. E.K. Levy / Powder Teclmology 119 (2001) 134-152

Jet al Oilier Wall

, D 7( 7 ul Inner Wall

.leial Onier Wall

Fk. Fig . 19 . Plan e je tinjection syste

m fo rinne

ran d oute rjets . tes t section , whic hwa s locate dbetwee n L/D = 2.0an d 4.0
. Detaile dfibe r opti c measurement s wer e the n per fomied
. Accordin g t o th e visua l observations , th e je t injec

to r wa s abl e t o destro y th e rop e bette r whe n i t

wa s locate d eithe r a t th e inne r

wal l (inne r

jet ) o r oute r wal l (oute r

jet ) (se e Fig
. 19)
. Th e leas t effectiv e rop e dispersio n wa s observe dwhe n th e je t injecto r

wa s locate do n asid e wall
. Detaile dfibe r

opti c measurement s wer e performe dfo r tw o je t configurations , inne r je t an doute r

jet , fo r

acon stan t normalize dje t

flo w rat e (m ; ) o f 5.4 % an dfo r

a conveyin g ai r

velocit y o f

3 0 m/s
. I n addition , th e effec t o f air-to-solid s loadin g rati o wa s investigate dfo r eac hconfig

uration
. Sinc e th e flo w wa s no t symmetrica l abou t th e A '-axis , th e fiber

opti c measurement s wer e performe dove r th e pip e cross-sectio n b y traversin g th e prob e alon g th e radiu s a t

eigh t circumferentia l locations , 45 ° apar t fro m eac hother
. I n eac hcase , th e je t injecto r

wa s locate don e diamete r

downstrea mo f

th e ben dexi t

(L/D= 1.0 ) a s show n i n Fig
. 19
.

2 C D Q
. 1 o

0. 0 Uo=3 0 m/ s A/F=3. 0 L/D=7. 0

- - o - mi =0. 0 %

<: ' - mi =3. 0 %

- o - mi =4. 2 % mi =5.4 %

0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0

x/ D E4 JSC c l O 2

0 AUo=3 0 m/ s mi =0. 0 % / > « • A/F=1. 0

- • mi =3. 0 % 1 3 ' / X AL/D= 7 0 < • mi =4. 2 % < > &• 

### \ \ O mi =5. 4 % n A \ \

-
G - —o— "Q . ts ..... ' - o . . o --•• 8

i J 0. 0 0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 x/ D 0. 8 1. 0

4 0 3 5 3 0 E c i 2 5 

# > 2 0 1 5
0. 0 0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 x/ D 3 5
.5 2 3 0 E D . > 2 5
2 0

0. 0 0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 x/ D 0. 8 1. 0 

# Je ta tOute rWal l

i.. . Rop e \ j j Flow

/ I ! | >x/ D Fig . 20 . Effec to f

ai rinjectio n rat

e fo rA/F- 1.

0 an d 3.0 .



# VES01721 5/ / . Bilirgen. E.K. Levy / PowderTechnology 119 (2001) 134-152 14 7 5.2./
. Plane jel

front inner wall Fig
. 2 1 illustrate s th e particl e concentratio n contou r plot s fo rA/F

=3.0an d 1.0
. A t thre e diameter s awa y fro mthe ben d exi tplane , th e particl e rop e wa s positione d unsymnietrically , havin g move dtoward s asid e wall
. Th e asymmetrica l particl e concentratio n distributio n a t L/D = 3. 0 wa s probabl y cause db y nonuniformitie s i n th e particl e concentratio n distributio n i n th e horizonta l pip e upstrea m o f th e elbow
. However , a

t fiv e an dseve n diameter s downstrea mo f th e ben dexit , th e particl e concentrations , wer e fairl y sym metricall y distribute dove r th e pip e cross-section
. Th e majorit y o f

th e particle s wer e locate di n th e centra l regio n wit hpea k

particl e concentration s (C p ) rangin g from1. 0 t o 2. 0 (kg/m 3 )
. Thes e C pvalue s ar e significantl y lowe r tha n thos e fo r

th e cas e o f

th e pla melbo w (n o flo w mixin g device)
. 5.2.2. Plane jet

from outer

wall Th e experiment s wer e repeate dfo r th e cas e whe n th e je t injecto r wa s positione da t

th e oute r

wal l (referre dt o a s oute r jet)
. Th e particl e concentratio n contou r plot s a t

dif

Inne r Je t A/F=3. 0 Ft/D=1. 5 L/D=3. 0 Inne r Je t A/F =1
. 0 R/D =1
. 5 L/D=3. 0

hJi y r o 0. 1

4.1 , '• o 't

p

o.: - L/D=7. 0
0 • t

0. 4 OS

! / 5 

# \ ;-L 8

0.4 / 0.7 \ 

# Je ta tInne rWal l l V j

2 4 < , '

. 1- u / L/D=7. 0

Rope 1 Ai rJe t

Fig . 21 . Measured particl e concentratio n contour

s downstrea

m ofth e innerje

tinjecto rfo rA/F~ 3.0 an d V

Q— 3 0 m/s .



# VES01721 6u s 11. liilirgci,. E.K. Levy / PowderTechnology 119 (2001) 134-152
fcren t axia l distance s ar c show n i n Fig
. 22
. Th e particl e rop e doe s no t

appea r

l o h e affecte db y th e ai r je t a t thre e diameter s awa y fro mth e ben dexi t plan e fo r

eithe r solid s loadin g rat e (A/ F

— 3. 0 an d1.0) , however , th e effec t o f th e ai r je t i s clearl y see n at L/D = 5.0
. A t

thi s locatio n ( L/D = 5. 0 fo r

A/F = 3. 0 an d1.0) , th e rop e wa s divide d int o severa l smal l topes , eac ho f whic hha drelativel y lo w particl e concentration s an dwa s locate da t asid e wall
. Moreover , downstrea mo f th e mixin g plane , th e flo w exhibite darotationa l particl e motion
. Onc e again , thi s probabl y occurre dbecaus e o f th e asymmetrica l particl e distributio n i n th e horizonta l inle t pipe
. Th e rotationa l motio n wa s mor e pronounce dfo r lo w solid s loadin g rat e (A/F= 3.0)
. Quantitativ e comparison s betwee n th e inne r an doute r jet s wer e mad e b y usin g th e mixin g inde x (Fig
. 23)
. Thes e comparison s revea l tha t th e inne r

je t establishe damor e homogeneou s flo w distributio n ove r th e pip e cross-section
. Thes e result s clearl y sho w ho w th e orientatio n o f th e je t injecto r i s importan t

t o obtainin g optima l mixing
. 5.3. Swirl vanes
Swirlin g two-phas e flow s ar e encountere di n man y engineerin g applications , includin g combustio n system s an dcyclon e separators . Extensiv e researc heffort s hav e bee n expende di n understandin g an dcharacterizin g th e effect s o f

swirlin g flows [10-13]
. Th e degre e o f

swir l usuall y i s characterize db y aswir l numbe r S, whic hi s anondimensiona l numbe r representin g th e axia l flu x o f

angula r

momentu mdivide db y th e produc t o f th e pip e radiu s an daxia l momentu mflux
. Th e swir l numbe r i s define da s follows , 

# r uur

2 dr R( R v 2 rdr (11 )

wher e u an du ar e tangentia l an daxia l velocities , respec tively , an dR i s th e pip e radius
.
Oute r Je t A/F =3. 0 Uo=3 0 m/ s

0. 1 L7D=3. 0 Oute rJe t A/F=1. 0 Uo=3 0 m/ s L/D=3. 0

0. 6

L/D=5. 0
•-1 9 L/D=5. 0

0. 2

0. 5 0. 7 0. 7 L/D=7. 0

0. 3 

# Je ta tOute rWal l \ 1 . * ~ L/D=7. 0

Ai rJe t/.- . Rop e \ | j Flo w 

# --<; . 

# i @ ) | — Fig . 22. Measure d particl e concentration contour s downstrea

m o f th e oute rjetinjecto rfo rA/F= 1. 0 an d 3.0 an d (7

0= 3 0 m/s .



# VES01721 7/ / . Bilirgen, E.K. Levy/PowderTeclmology 119 (2001) 134-152 \49

Inne r Je t Oute r Je t

3 4 5 6 7 Axia l Distanc e Fro mBen dExit , L/ D 2. 0

g 1. 5 "D 1. 0

0. 5 ••o - Inne r Je t

- •
—Oute r

Je t A/F=1. 0

Uo=3 0 rn/ s rrij = 6 % R/D =1. 5

3 4 5 6 7 Axia l Distanc e Fro mBen dExit , L/ D Fig . 23 . Compariso n o f mixin g indices betwee n innerjetan

d oute rjetfo rA/F= 3. 0 an d 1.0 .

Recently , swirlin g flo w ha s bee n applie dt o pneumati c conveyin g system s t o reduc e pressur e drop , pip e blockage , pip e wear , an dparticl e depositio n [14]
. I nth e presen t

study , th e swirlin g flo w wa s use dt o dispers e th e particl e rop e create db y th e elbow
. Th e calcu

latio no f

tli e swir l numbe r

(S) wa s base do n th e swir l van e angle , <j>, a s suggeste db y Lille y [10]
. 2 S=-tanc/ > (12 )
Fo r van e angle s o f

15 , 3 0 an d60 , fo r

example , approxi

mat e swir l number s ar e 0.2 , 0. 4 an d1.2 , respectively , Her e 100 % efficienc y i s assume dfo r th e swir l vanes . Fig
. 2 4 show s asketc ho f th e experimenta l tes t section , wher e acounter-clockwis e rotatio n wa s generate dat th e exi t o f th e elbow , betwee n L/D = 0,0an d2.0 , usin g vane dswirlers
. Tw o differen t design s fo r

generatin g swirlin g motio n wer e used
. I n th e firs t design , eigh t

swir l vane s wer e installe dinsid e th e tes t section , providin g a swir l numbe r

{S) o f

0.13
. I n th e secon ddesign , aswir l numbe r (5 ) o f

0.2 6 wa s achieve dwit hfou r swir l vane s place dinsid e th e tes t section
. Therefore , th e result s sho w th e combine deffect s o f bot hth e swir l numbe r an dth e numbe r o f swir l vane s o n th e rop e dispersio n character

istics
. Th e fibe r

opti c prob e measurement s o f particl e concen tratio n wer e performe dove r th e pip e cross-sectio n a t thre e differen t

axia l location s fo r

A/F*= 3. 0 an dU 0= 3 0 m/s
. Fig
. 2 5 illustrate s th e particl e concenfratio n an dvelocit y contour s fo r

S = 0.1 3 an d0.26
. I t ca n b e see n fro mFig
. 2 5 tha t fo r th e S — 0.1 3 case , th e rop e create db y th e elbo w wa s spli t

int o severa l rope-lik e structure s b y th e swir l vane s an deac hindividua l flow structur e spirale daroun d th e pip e circumference
. Thes e smalle r rop e structure s ha d relativel y smal l particl e concentration s compare dt o th e origina l rop e (here , th e ter m"origina l rope " refer s t o th e rop e exitin g th e 90 ° elbow)
. Althoug hth e origina l rop e wa s destroye db y th e swir l vanes , th e rotationa l motio n o f eac hsmalle r

particl e rop e persiste dfurthe r downstream
. Mor e importantly , th e pea k particl e concentratio n o f eac h rotatin g particl e structur e remaine drelativel y unchange da s th e flow move ddownstream
. I n fact , asligh t increas e i n th e pea k

particl e concentratio n wa s observe dafte r thre e pip e diameter s fro mth e ben dexit
. A s mentione db y Hira i an dTakag i [15] , owin g t o th e bod y forc e fiel dresultin g fro mtli e swirlin g motion , acounte r effec t o f th e swirlin g motio n wa s observe dfurthe r downstrea mo f

th e flow , an d th e particl e mixin g wa s retarded
.

D— 1

Fig . 24 . Experimental tes tsectio n an

d swirl vanes .



# VES01721 815 0 / / . Bilirgen, F..K. Levy/PowderTechnology 119 (2001) 134-152

Swir l Vane s - 1 A/F=3. 0 S=0.1 3 Swir l Vane s - 2 A/F=3. 0 S=0.2 6
____ _L/D=3. 0 R/D=1. 5 o.<

b ~-- x /CP > " o \ / * '
. ' \

, o 

### °- 4

# ; a

L/D=7. 0

Fig . 25 . Particl e velocit y and concentration contour s fo rS = 0.1 3 ( A/F- 3.0 , U 0= 30 m/ s and /?,./£ > = 1.5) .

Th e mixin g inde x value s fo r bot hswir l number s ar e compare di n Fig
. 26
. A s ca n b e see n fro mthi s figure , th e value s o f th e mixin g indice s slightl y increase dfurthe r downstrea mo f

th e swir l vanes , indicatin g astrengthenin g o f th e smalle r

rop e structures .

2. 5 ;- - I 2. 0 I x ~ ; QJ C 1. 5 ; ro 

# 1 1.0 ; 0. 5 i S =0.1 3 A/F=3. 0 Uo=3 0 m/ s R/D=1. 5

3 4 5 6 7 8 Axia l Distanc e Fro mBen dExit , L/ D Fig
. 26 . Mixin g inde

x values a

s afunction o f

axial distance . 6 . Summar y an d conclusion s Rop e dispersio n characteristic s i n th e absenc e o f sec ondar y flow s wer e investigate di n th e firs t par t o f thi s study
. I t

wa s observe dtha t th e rop e dispersio n rat e wa s significantl y reduce dwhe n th e doubl e vorte x structur e forme db y th e elbo w wa s eliminate dwit haflo w straight

ene r installe dimmediatel y afte r th e elbow
. Furthermore , n o significan t

particl e dispersio n i n th e radia l directio n toward s th e inne r

wal l wa s observe di n ih e absenc e o f th e flo w straightener
. Thes e finding s confir mth e importanc e o f secondar y velocitie s i n transportin g th e particle s fro m withi nth e rop e t o th e particle-fre e regions
.



# VES01721 9I f . Bilirgen. E.K. l.cuy/ PowderTechnology 119 (2001) 114-152 15 1
In Ihe secon dpar t o f th e study , th e rop e dispersio n characteristic s o f

severa l type s o f

mixin g device s wer e studied
. Thes e include dconvergen t nozzles , ai r

je t injec

tion , an d.swir l vanes . Th e libe r

opti c measurement s fo r th e fi—

0. 5 an d0.6 7 nozzle s showe dtha t th e loca l particl e concentratio n at th e pip e wal l increase dslightl y afte r approximatel y thre e di

ameter s downstrea mo f th e ben dexit , cause db y apartia l restratificatio n o f

th e flow furthe r

downstream
. Moreover , astron g dependenc y o f rop e dispersio n o n th e conveyin g ai r velocity , air-to-solid s loadin g ratios , an dnozzl e bet a ratio s wa s found , wit hmor e unifor mparticl e distributio n ove r th e pip e cross-sectio n occurrin g fo r highe r conveyin g ai r velocities , lowe r

solid s loading s an dsmalle r bet aratios
. A l l mixin g techniques , excep t th e fi= 0.8 3 nozzle , wer e abl e t o dispers e th e particl e rop e withi n nin e pip e diameter s fro mth e ben dexi t plane
. However , ther e ar e som e disadvantage s o f thes e design s fo r

practica l applica

tions
. Fo r

instance , th e nozzle s wit hfi— 0. 5 an d0.6 7 caus e excessiv e pressur e drop
. Th e pressur e dro p cause d b y th e 0 = 0.8 3 nozzl e wa s 9 kP a(3 6 in
. H 2 0 ) fo r a n averag e conveyin g ai r velocit y o f

3 0 m/ s an dA/F

= 3.0
. Th e ai r

je t injectio n techniqu e require s additiona l fa n powe r an dals o increase s th e tota l flow rat e o f conveyin g fluidcarrie db y th e pipe
. Wit hswir l vanes , a n effec t o f swirlin g motio n o n particl e mixin g wa s observe dfurthe r downstrea mo f

th e flow. A s aconsequenc e o f th e centrifu

ga l forces , loca l particl e concentratio n increase da t th e pip e wall , causin g som e particl e restratificatio n a s th e particle s wer e transporte ddownstream
. Th e CF D prediction s ar e i n goo dagreemen t wit hth e measurement s performe dwit hth e fibe r opti c probe
. De

- spit e sligh t

difference s fro mth e experimenta l data , th e C F D prediction s wer e abl e t o predic t th e mos t

importan t flow phenomen aobserve db y th e measurements .

Nomenclature A A/F C D

C P 

## c, D d d m e Fd F T L/D Pip e cross-sectio n are a(m 2 )

Air-to-fue l mas s flo w rat e rati o (- ) Dra g coefficien t

(- ) Particl e mas s concentratio n (C p= p p ( l —e)) , (kg/m 3 ) k-e mode l constan t Insid e pip e diamete r (m ) Orific e o r

nozzl e bor e diamete r (m ) Particl e diamete r

(u.m ) Mea n particl e diamete r (fxm ) Coefficien t

o f restitutio n Dra g forc e (N ) Tota l forc e actin g o n aparticl e (N ) Axia l dimensionles s distanc e downstrea mo f th e elbo w exi t

(m ) Normalize dinjecte dje t flow rat e Solid s mas s flo w rat e (kg/s ) Radiu s o f

curvatur e o f

elbo w (m ) Re. S SI u

k i Particl e Reynold s numbe r (Re p= p\U K \ d f / / j . ) Swir l numbe r Stoke s numbe r

(Sr = pp d f U 0 /\8 u.D T ) Loca l flui dvelocit y (m/s ) Conveyin g ai r

velocit y (m/s ) w' Fluctuatin g ai r

velocitie s (m/s )

T mi s ai r velocit y v « (m/s )
Particl e velocit y (m / s ) Relativ e particl e velocit y (wit hrespec t t o air )

p x/D

x, y mi s particl e velocit y 

## (J '-'p H yi/' pj , (m/s ) Dimensionles s transvers e distanc e fro moute r wal l o f elbo w (m ) Transvers e distance s i n pip e cross-sectio n (m )

Greek letters Particl e densit y (kg/m 3 ) Flui dviscosit y (kg/ms ) A i r densit y (kg/m 3 ) Genera l Variabl e Rati o o f

orific e diamete r

t o pip e diamete r

(/ 3 = d/D ) Turbulenc e dissipatio n rat e (nr/s 3 ) an dVoidag e (e=l-V p / V T )

Reference s [1] A . Yilmaz , Ropin g Phenomenai n Lean Phase Pneumati cConvey ing , Lehig h University , Ph D Dissertation , 1997 . [2 ] A . Yilmaz , EX . Levy , Particl e Velocity an d Concenfratio n Mea surement

s in Lean Phas e Pneumati cConveyin g Usin g aFibe rOpti c Probe , Proceeding s o f 199 8 ASM E Fluid s Engineerin g Divisio n Meeting , Flui d Measurementand Instrumentatio n Fortim , Pape rNo . FEDSM98-5282 , Washington , DC , 1998-b . [3 ] CFX-4. 2 Use rManual . Computational Flui d Dynamic s Services , AE A Technology , Harwell , England , 1997. [4 ] B.E . Launder , D.B . Spalding , Th e numerical compulation o f turbu len tflows , Comp . Meth . Appl . Mcch . Eng . 3 (1974) 269-289 . [5 ] II . Bilirgen , Mixin g an d Dispersio n o f

Particl e Ropes i

n Lea n Phase PneumaticConveying , Lehig h University , Ph D Dissertation , 2000 . [6 ] CT . Crowe , M . Sommerfeld , Y . Tsuji , Multiphas e Flow s wit h Droplets an

d Particles , CR C Press , 1998. [7 ] J.K . Eaton , J.R . Fessler , Preferential concentration o f particle s by turbulence , Int

. J . Multiphas e Flo w 2 0 (1994 ) 169-209 . [8 ] R.C . Patterson, Pulverize d coal transpor tthroug h pipes , J . Eng . Powe r(1959)43-54 . [9 ] E.K . Johnson , K.H . Means , Erosio n studies in pneumatictranspor t bends , Engineerin g Foundatio n Conference—Pneumaii c and Hy drauli cConveyin g Systems , Apri l 21-25 , 1996 . [10 ] D.G . Lilley , Review : swirl flows i n combustion , AIA A J . 15 (1977 ) 1063-1078 . [11 ] M . Sommerfeld , H.H . Qiu , Cliaraclerizalio n o f particle-laden , con fine d swirlin g flow s by phase-dopple ranemometr y an d numerica l calculations , Int

. J . Multiphas e Flo w 1 9 (19 ) (1993 ) 1093-1127 .



# VES01722 0II. Bilirgen. E.K. Lety / PowderTechnology 119 (2001) 134-152 15 2 [12] II , Li , Y . Tomita , Experimenta l stud y o f .swirlin g Ho w pneumatic conveyin g syste

m i n avertica

l pipeline . .1

. Fluid s Eng. , Trans . ASM E 12

0 (1 ) (IWS ) 20

0 203 . 113 ] li . Li , Y . Tomita , Experimental stud y o f swirlin g ilo w pneumati c conveyin g syste

m i n ahorizonta

l pipeline , J . Fluid s Eng. , Trans . ASM E I I

K(3 ) (19% ) 52

6 -530 . [14] II . Li , Y . Tomita , K. Funatsu , Researc h o f swirlin g flo w pneumatic conveyin g syste m i n ahorizonta

l pipeline , Trans . ASM E 5 8 (1992 ) 1599-1604 . 115 ] S, Hirai , T , Takagi, Parameter s dominating swirl effects o n turbulent transpor tderived fro m stress-scala rflu x transpor tequation , Int

. J . Hea tMas s Transfe r3

8 (12 ) (1995 ) 2175-2182 . [16 ] A . Gosman , E . Ionnides , Aspect s o f computersimulatio n o f liquid fueled combustors , AIA A paper. No . 81-032 3 (1981) .



# VES01722 1

# VES017222-017230.pd fOpen Journal of Fluid Dynamics, 2013 , 3 , 331-33 9 Publishe d Onlin e Decembe r21)1 3 (http://www.scirp.org/joumal/ojfd ) liltn:/'dx.doi.org/]0.42.3(V()ifil.Z() l 3.3404 0 4 » ; > Scientifi c Researc h 

# Experimental an

d Numerical Stud

y of Dilut e Gas-Soli d Flow inside a90 ° Horizontal Squar e Pip e Ben d

Wali d Anis s Aissa 1 ' 2 , Tare kAbde l Mala kMekhail 1 , Soubh i Al i Hassanein' , Osam aHamdy 3
' Department

o f Mechanica l Power , Facult y o f Energ y Engineering , Aswa nUniversity , Aswan , Egyp t "Facult y o f

Engineering , Kin g Abdulazi z University , Rabigh , K.S A 'Uppe r Egyp t Flou r Mill s Co. , Sohag , Egyp t Email : mina_tarek@hotmail.cor n Receive dOctobe r

12 , 2013 ; revise dNovembe r 21 , 2013 ; accepte dNovembe r .30 , 201 3 Copyrigh t

€ 5 201 3 Wali dAnis s Aiss ael al. Thi s i s a

n open acces s articl e distribute dunder th e Creativ e Common s Attributio n Li

cense , whic hpermit s unrestricte duse , distribution , an dreproductio n i n any medium , provide dth e origina l work

i s properl y cited
. 

## ABSTRAC T Apneumati c tes t

ri g i s buil t

t o tes t acurve d90 * squar e ben di n a n open-circui t horizontal-lo-horizonta l suctio n win d tunne l system . San dparticle s ar e use dt o represen t th e soli dphas e wit hawid e rang e ofparticl e diameters
. Velocit y pro file s ar e constructe db y measurin g th e ga s velocit y usin g a3-hoI e probe
. Flo w pattern s insid e th e ben dduc t ar e intro

duce dusin g spark s cause db y burnin g stick s o f incens e wit hth e ai r

flo w insid e th e pipin g syste mfo r flo w visualizatio n purpose . Numerica l calculation s ar e performe db y Lagrangian-partiel e trackin g mode l fo r predictin g particl e trajectorie s o f disperse dphase , an dstandar dk - e mode l fo r

predictin g th e turbulen t gas-soli dflow s i n bends
. Comparison s mad e be

twee n th e theoretica l result s an dexperimenta l dat afo r th e velocit y vector s an dparticl e trajectorie s sho w goo dagreement . Keywords : 90 " Bend ; CFD ; Gas-Soli dFlow ; k - s Mode l 

## 1 . Introductio n Th e research , optima l desig n an dmalfunctio n diagnose s o f pneumati c conveyin g system s requir e afundamenta l understandin g an ddetaile dinformatio n o f bot hth e ga s an dparticl e phases
. I t i s commo n fo r

aconveyin g mil l duc t syste mt o incorporat e 90 ° bend s fo r changin g th e directio n o f

th e particulat e flo w withi nalimite dspace . Gas-soli dflo w insid e 90 " bend s i s comple x an dchaoti c an dperhap s fo r

thi s reaso n i s no t

completel y understood
. Ther e ar e man y o f documente dexperimenta l an dnu merica l studie s relatin g t o gas-particl e two-phas e flow s i nchannel s an dduct s involvin g curve d90 ° bends
. Sharm a[1 ] develope daparticl e trackin g direc t nu merica l simulatio n cod e t o carr y ou t th e large-scal e tur
bulen t flo w an dparticl e transpor t computation s o n seria l an dparalle l computers . Fairweathe r an dYa o [2 ] studie d numericall y thre e size s (1 , 50 , an d10 0 pm ) o f particl e dispersio n i n full y develope dturbulen t duc t flow s a

t thre e Reynold s number s u p t o 250,000
. Humphre y el al. [3 ] reporte dth e firs t comprehensiv e ai r

flo w velocit y measurement s usin g LD A fo r asquar e sectione dcurve d 90 ° elbo w bend
. Mekhai l et

al. [4 ] conducte dCF D simulatio n o f gas soli dtwo-phas e flo w i n a90 ° bend , predicte dth e ga s
Ope n Acces s velocit y vectors . The y adopte dacomputationa l flui d dynami c cod e (CFX-TAS C flow) fo r th e simulatio n o f th e flo w fieldinsid e th e pipin g an dfo r th e simulatio n o f th e particl e trajectories
. The y conducte dcompariso n be

twee n th e result s wit hthos e presente db y Yan g an dKora n [5]
. Particl e trajectorie s insid e 90 ° squar e ben dwer e pre dicte dusin g Lagrangia n particl e trackin g mode l [6]
. Also , th e effec t

o f presenc e o f

soli dparticle s o n th e velocit y fieldan dth e erosio n patter n usin g Finnic' s erosio n mo - de l wa s studied
. Mossa det al. [7 ] summarize dth e nu merica l an dexperimenta l investigation s o f turbulen t

ai r flows insid e aright-angle dshar p 90 ° elbo w bend
. The y compare dth e CF D prediction s o f mea n velocit y profile s o f th e ai r

flo w insid e th e shar p 90 ° elbo w ben dagains t th e experimenta l result s obtaine dusin g Lase r Dopple r Anemometr y (LDA)
. Njobuenw u et al. [8 ] studie dtur
bulen t gas-soli dflow s i n squar e duct s wit ha90 ° ben d numericall y usin g an Fulcrian-Lagrangia napproac hcou ple dunde r

th e assumptio n o f

one-wa y couplin g usin g a stochasti c approac hbase do n arando mFourie r scrie s method
. Chen g an dWan g [9 ] develope damode l fo r th e im

pactio n efficienc y o f aeroso l particle s i n 90 ° bends ; base d o na n analytica l lamina r flo w solutio n an dgav e th e

OJFD



# VES017222W . A . AISS A ET AL. separatio n efficienc y a s afunctio n ofth e Stoke s numbe r an d curvatur e ratio
. Cran e an dEvan s [10 ] performe d numerica l calculation s t o predic t th e behavio r

o f aeroso l particle s i n lamina r

flo w i n 90 ° bends
. Chen g an dWan g 1 1 1 ) re-examine dth e separatio n o f particle s i n th e bends
. The y conclude dthat

i n th e lamina r

flo w regime , th e par ticl e separatio n wa s mainl y afunctio n o f Stoke s numbe r an d flow Reynold s numbe r (Re ) fo r

curvatur e rati o be

twee n 4 t o 20
. Anumerica l stud y wa s don e b y Keatin g an dNesi c [12 ] t o investigat e th e erosion-corrosio n i n athree-dimen

siona l square-sectione d180 ° U-ben dusin g lagrangia n trackin g mode l fo r

simulatin g th e particl e motio n an d thre e model s fo r

predictin g th e erosio n rates , Finnic' s model , Bergevin' s model , an dNesic' s model
. Hence , i t

i s neede dt o creat e awhol e pictur e o f th e di

lut e phas e gas-soli dflo w behavio r an dth e characteristic s in90 ° duc t

bend
. A n understandin g o f th e rol e o f

particl e propertie s suc ha s th e size , an dsiz e distributio n o r ero sio npatter n wil l probabl y provid e th e ultimat e solutio n t o th e problem
. However , i t i s ver y difficul t

t o quantif y the propertie s suc ha s particl e siz e distribution , particl e concentratio n an ds o mea s urahl e bul k propertie s associ

ate dwit hgas-particl e interactions
. Th e presen t

pape r document s a n experimenta l an d numerica l stud y o f

dilute-ga s soli dflo w i n ahorizonta l 90 ° ben dwit haunifor mcross-section
. Unde r th e as sumption s tha t

th e solid s a

t dilut e concentratio n hav e a negligibl e contributio n t o gas-phas e turbulence , experi

menta l measurement s o f ga s an dsolid s flo w propertie s ar e performe dseparately
. Fo r th e gas-phase , velocitie s ar e measure dusin g athree-hol e probe
. Fo r th e dispersed

phase , burnin g stick s o f incens e ar e utilize dt o provid e visualizatio no f

solid s motio n an dthei r distributio n in

sid e th e duct
. Numerica l simulation s are performe dfo r th e sam e flo w condition
. Validatio no f th e mode l setting s ar e achieve db y repeatin g apublishe dflo w case . 

## 2
. Tes tRi g Facility Figur e 1 show s aschemati c diagra mo f th e tes t rig de

signe dwit hth e objectiv e o f handlin g th e researc hactivi

tie s o f th e mai n transpor t

mode , i.e., dilut e phas e con veying
. I t

mainl y consist s o f

a n ope n suppl y hoppe r wit h slid e gat e valve , numbe r o f conveyin g pipe s wit ha transparen t

90 ° ben dtha

t for man open-circui t pneumati c conveyin g line
. I n addition , acyclon e separato r involve d wit ha n air-loc k

valv e i s place dafte r th e pipin g syste mi n orde r t o separat e th e solid s fro mth e flo w at th e exi t

o f th e line
. A t

th e en do f

th e conveyin g line , ahig hpressur e centrifuga l fa n provide s th e suitabl e pressur e dro p need

edfo r th e ai r flow
. Th e tes t setu p consist s o f

thre e squar e sectione dpipe

lin e duct s o f

th e sam e cross-sectio n are a(0.1 5 mx 0.1 5
Ope n Acces s Figur e 1 . Schemati c diagra m o f th e tes trig . 1 : Suppl y hop per ; 2 : Slid e gat e valve ; 3 : Upstrea m duct ; 4 : Duc tjoint ; S : 90 ° duc tbend ; 6 : Downstrea m duct ; 7 : Cyclon e separator ; 8 : Centrifuga l fan .

m ) an deac hha s alengt ho f 1. 5 m . Th e pipe s ar e mounte dhorizontall y i n 90 ° angl e an dare connecte db y a 90 ° bend
. Th e ben di s 3 m mi n thicknes s an di s mad e o f Perspex
. Th e ben dan dth e tw o duc t joint s ar e perforated , a s show n i n Figur e 2 , verticall y to th e directio n o f th e strea mt o allo w doin g th e require dmeasurements . 

## 2 .1 . Ga s Phas e an d Velocit

y Measurement

s Th e measuremen t

o f ai r velocit y a s wel l a s stati c pressur e i s ver y importan t

fo r th e presen t

stud y i n orde r

t o kno w th e flo w pattern , th e ai r velocit y distributio n a t differen t section s an didentif y th e zone s o f flo w separation ; i f

exits
. Fo r measurin g purposes ; athree-hol e probe ; Figur e 3 , i s use dfo r

velocit y measurement s o f th e ga s phas e only
. Velocit y measurement s ar e take n a t th e vertica l plan e o f th e 90 ° duc t

ben dat

variou s location s i n th e duct' s streamwis e direction
. A t eac hplane , wit hth e ai do f a traversin g mechanism , th e vertica l measurement s ar e take n wit ha n incremen t o f 0.07 5 mi n th e upstrea man d downstrea msquar e pipe s an do f 0.0 5 mi n th e 90 ° squar e ben dan dth e horizonta l measurement s ar e take n wit ha n incremen t

o f 0.02 5 mi n eac hpipe
. A t th e ben dsection , velocit y i s measure da t fiv e location s fro m0 ' t o 90 ° at 15 " interval s a s show n i n Figur e 4. 

## 2.2 . Soli d Phas e an d Flo w Visualization Th e knowledg e o f

mea n velocit y profil e o f ga s flo w i s require dt o ge t

a n insigh t

o f th e trajectorie s o f

th e parti

cles , whic hrepresen t th e soli dphas e flo w withi nth e ga s

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# VES017223W . A . AISS A ET AL.

Figur e 2 . Perforate d 90 ° ben d an d th e tw o duc tjoints .

Figur e 3 . A photograp h o f th e 3-hol e probe . 0.15 m x 0.15 m Cross sectio n (/ ) ^-0.15 m

) Flow, Ou t

Flow, I n phase
. Thi s help s u s t o obtai n a n overal l pictur e o f th e flo w particle s insid e th e bend , ge t adeepe r

understandin g ofth e flo w phenomen aan ddetermin e th e parameter s tha t contro l an dgover n particl e trajectorie s an dimpact s wit h th e ben dwall
. Hence , th e erosio n coul db e analyzed
. A s th e ben di s mad e o f atransparen t

thermoplasti c (Perspex) , th e flow patter n coul db e visibl e b y introduc

in g spark s cause db y burnin g stick s o f incens e withi nth e ai r flo w insid e th e pipin g system . A digita l camer a(Son y DSC-W31 0 Cyber-sho t 12. 1 Meg apixels ) i s fixedi n a specifi c positio n t o tak e photo s o f th e flo w process . Pho

to s o f th e flo w proces s ar e take n i n adarkene droo mt o mak e th e spark s mor e visibl e an ddetectable
. Th e spark s represen t

th e particle s (soli dphase ) flowin g wit hth e ga s phase
. 

## 3 . Numerica l Simulatio n Wit hth e increas e o f compute r

powe r an dadvancemen t o f commercia l modelin g software , computationa l flui d dynamic s (CFD ) techniqu e i s graduall y becomin g an attractiv e too l t o stud y turbulen t gas-particl e flo w prob

lems
. CF D ha s th e capacit y o f providin g th e "micro

scopic " o r

"local " information , fo r instance , th e maxi

mu man dminimu mga s an dparticl e velocity , loca l parti

cl e concentratio n an dindividua l particl e trajector y [13]
. Anothe r featur e o f

CF D approac hi s th e graphica l pres entatio n o f

th e flo w geometry , velocity , pressure , erosio n patter n an dparticl e concentratio n fields
. 

## 3 .1 . Ga s Phas e Usin g acommercia l CF D softwar e CFX-2.9.0 , th e gov ernin g equations , Equation s (1 ) an d(2) , o f mas s an d momentu mo f

th e ga s phas e ar e numericall y solve dt o ge t th e flo w field s an dvelocit y vector s ofth e ga s phase ;

dp
_e d l + 'dx , (p«, ) = o

5l \ d

I \ d PdT << c dl 8.x. (1 )

(2 )

Figur e 4 . Ben d geometry . I n th e abov e equations , » , represent s th e velocitie s i n th e ^,-coordinat c directions , p i s th e stati c pressure , p i s th e density , r, . i s th e viscou s stres s tenso r an dth e 5 " term s ar e additiona l sourc e terms . Assumption s mad e i n for

mulatin g th e trackin g mode l ar e liste di n [14]
. Th e governin g equation s ar c discietisc dusin g finile volum e approac han dth e gri dgenerato r employ s amul

tigri dlinea r

solve r t o solv e th e dicretise dequation s usin g upwin ddifference
. Recent , comparison s betwee n CF D an dth e experiment s hav e show n tha t th e standar dk- e mode l i s capabl e o f predictin g accuratel y th e importan t globa l performanc e indicators , suc ha s th e entrainmen t an dpressur e lif t

ratios , an dtha t

th e mai n differenc e bc

Opc n Acces s OJFD



# VES01722 4114 W . A . AISS A ET AL.

twee n turbulenc e model s lie s i n thei r predictio n o f

loca l flow structure ; Fa n cl al. [15]
. Th e standar dk -1: mode l i s use dl o predic t

th e turbulenc e i n th e straigh t an dben d ducts
. Th e computationa l domai n start s 2 D upstrea mth e ben dentranc e an dextend s 2 D downstrea mth e ben dexit
. Unifor mvelocit y wa s impose dat th e downstrea mduc t inle t plan e o f

th e ben dwit hwal l boundar y condition s impose do n th e to p an dbotto man dals o alon g th e side s o f th e 90 ' squar e duct
. Th e solutio n procedur e o ffinite-volum e descretizatio n scheme , i s solve dove r on e gri dsyste mtha t

ha s across-sectiona l cel l densit y o f (I D -45 , J D = 45 , K D = 135 ) o r 9112 5 cell s show n i n Fig ur e 5
. Inth e curren t

study , ai r

i s use da s th e canie r flui dan d i s flowin g at

abul k velocit y (V h ) o f 9. 6 m/s , th e Reynold s numbe r base do n th e bul k

velocity , hydrauli c diamete r o f th e squar e cross-sectio n an dkinemati c viscosit y o f ai r i s (Re = 1.70 8 * 10 5 ) an dth e pressur e a t th e outle t

i s 101,32 5 Pa
. Moreove r

agri dindependen t

tes t i s carrie dove r

usin g thre e gri dsyste mo f (ID = 30 , JD = 30 , KD = 90 ) o r 81,00 0 cell s an dth e secon don e wit haames hsiz e o f (ID
» 30 , JD - 30 , KD = 90 ) o r 273,37 5 cell s an dth e thir d on e i s fine r

wit hames hsiz e o f

(ID = 60 , JD = 60 , KD = 180 ) o r 648,00 0 cells
. Th e fin e an dmediu mcase s show

edth e sam e results
. 

## 3.2 . Soli d Phas e Tb e mos t

widel y applie dmetho davailabl e t o determin e th e behavio r

o f th e disperse dphas e i s t o trac k severa l individua l particle s throug hth e flo w field. Eac hparticl e represent s asampl e o f particle s tha t

follo w a n identica l path
. Th e behavio r

o f th e tracke dparticle s i s use dt o de

scrib e th e averag e behavio r o f th e disperse dphase
. Thi s



# Jk. .£&w - -

Figur e 5 . Th e computationa l grid . Ope n Acces s metho di s calle dseparate dflo w analysi s [16]
. Th e sepa rate dflo w analysi s ha s bee n implemente da s aLagran

gia n trackin g mode l t o characteriz e th e flo w behavio r o f adisperse dphas e an di s optionall y availabl e i n th e CFX-TASCflo w software
. Th e force s actin g o n th e particl e whic haffec t th e par ticl e acceleratio n ar e du e t o th e differenc e i n velocit y betwee n th e particl e an dflui dan ddu e t o th e displace

men t ofth e flui db y th e particle
. Th e equatio n o f motio n fo r suc haparticl e ca n b e writte n as :

m p ^

- = F D + F * + F l « + F A + F . (3 ) where , m pi s th e particl e mass , subscrip t p represent s par ticl e propertie s an dth e subscript s D, g, p s, A an de re spectivel y denot e th e forc e component s arisin g fro mdrag , gravity , flo w pressur e gradient , adde dmas s effec t an d externa l force s suc ha s electrica l field. A detaile dde

scriptio no f

mathematica l model s fo r th e forc e compo nent s considere di n Equatio n (3 ) i s availabl e i n [16]
. San dparticle s ar e use dher e t o represen t th e soli d phas e wit hsolid s loadin g rati o o f 1.2
. T o detennin e th e percentag e o f

differen t

size s containe dwithi nth e sand , a particl e siz e analysi s (siev e analysis ) i s performed
. Parti

cl e diamete r

i s analyze dan di t

i s foun dtha t

ther e ar e seve n group s o f

particl e diameters , 6 3 u.m , 12 5 p.m , 20 0 pm , 40 0 pm . 63 0 pm , 80 0 p man d125 0 pm . Figur e 6 show s a n average dparticl e siz e distributio n (b y volume ) ove r th e san dsample
. Th e panicl e siz e distributio n ver su s cumulativ e volum e percentag e i s als o plotte di n Fig ur e 7, whic hindicate s tha t th e diamete r

o f san dparticle s i s approximatel y abou t 0. 2 m ma

t 10%
. an d1. 2 m mat 90 % o f th e cumulativ e mas s retained
. 

## 4 . Result

s an d Discussio n 4.1 . Ga s Phas e Th e duc t

ha s devide dint o 1 3 plane s a s show n i n Figur e 8 . Figure s 9(a

) & (b ) an d10(a

) & (b ) sho w experimenta l
3 0 - i

2 0 - 1 5 - 10 - 5 - aiT, t-t - -r- l 0. 0 0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 1. 2 1. 4 1. 6 1. 8 2. 0 2. 2 Size (mm

) Figur e 6 . Particl e siz e distributio n b y volum e percentag e retained . O./Ff)



# VES01722 5W . A . AISS A ET AL. .3.3 5

0. 0 0. 2 0. 4 0.6 0.

8 1. 0 1. 2 1. 4 1. 6 1. 8 2. 0 2. 2 Size (mm

) Figur e 7

. Particl e siz e distributio n b y cumulativ e volum e percentag e retained . Plan e (1 ) Plan e (4 ) Plan e (13 )
Plan e (5 ) plan

e <9 ) P'me(lO ) Figur e 8 . Duc tmeasure d planes .
1.2 0 1 .1 0 1.0 0 0.9 0 0.8 0 0.7 0 

# - s i •S 2 •S 3 •S 4 -S 5 1.2

0 1.1 0 1.0 0 0.9 0 0.8 0 0.7 0 -•—S 4 -*-S 5

Figur e 9 . Mea n streamwis e gas velocit y profile s i n differen tplanes , (a ) Plan e (1) ; (b ) Plan e (4) ; (c ) Plan e (5) ; (d ) Plan e (9) ; (e) Plan e (10) ; (f

) Plan e (13) .
an d numerica l streamwis e velocil y profile s o f th e ga s phtas e a t th e upstrea mduct
. I t ma y b e remarke dtha t th e ga s i s quit e evenl y distribute dwhic hindicate s tha t th e flo w i s symmetri c i n th e straigh t sectio n an dth e ga s ve locit y i s increase dslightl y a s th e ga s accelerate s fro m inle t wit hV m = 9. 6 m/ s til l nearl y 1 0 m/ s a t th e en do f

th e straigh t duct
. Th e numerica l simulatio n successfull y pre dicte dth e acceleratio n o f th e ga s phas e nea r

th e inne r wall
. A s th e flo w advance s close r t o th e bend ; Figure s 9 (c ) & (d ) an d10(c ) & (d) , i t begin s t o experienc e th e influenc e o f

th e bend , whic hresult s i n th e mea n velocit y profile s becomin g slightl y skewed , wit hasmal l accelera

tio nnea r

th e inne r

wal l du e t o th e favorabl e pressur e gradient s an dasligh t deceleratio n nea r

th e oute r

wal l du e t o th e advers e pressur e gradients
. A s seen , th e numerica l simulatio n successfull y predicte dth e acceleratio n o f th e
Ope n Acces s OJFD



# VES01722 63) 6 W . A . AISS A ET AL.

1.4 0 1.2 0 1.0 0 o.x o 0.6 0 0.4 0 0.2 0 0.0 0 

# 1
m i

0. 0 0.

2 0.

4 0.6 0.

8 1.

0 (a )

0. 0 0.

2 0.6 0.8

(c ) 1.4 0 1.2 0 1.0 0 0.80- 0.60 - 0.40 - 0.2 0 0.00 

# f -•—S I

—•—S 3 S 4 —»-S 5 

# f -•—S I

—•—S 3 S 4 —»-S 5 

# \ -•—S I

—•—S 3 S 4 —»-S 5 -•—S I —•—S 3 S 4 —»-S 5 1 -•—S I

—•—S 3 S 4 —»-S 5 0. 0 0.

2 0.

4 0.6 0.

8 (c ) 1.4 0 1.2 0 I.O O O.8 0 O.6 0 0.4 0 0.2 0 O.O O 

# —• —s i 

# 1

— —S

2

— —S4

— —S 5 — —S 2

— —S4

— —S 5 — —S 2

— —S4

— —S 5 — —S 2

— —S4

— —S 5
0. 0 0.

2 0.

4 0.

0 0.

8 1.

0 (b )

0. 2 0.

4 (d ) 1.4 0 1.2 0 1.0 0 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.2 0 0.00 • ° 1 _^S 3 —_S 4 

# 1 1
(

0 Figur e 10 . Predicte d mea n streamwis e ga s velocit y profile s i n differen tplanes , (a ) Plan e (1) ; (b ) Plan e (4) ; (c ) Plan e (5) ; (d ) Plan e (9) ; (e ) Plan e (10) ; (f ) Plan e (13) . gi s phas e nea r

th e inne r

wall
. Th e presenc e o f th e favor

abl e an dunfavorabl e pressur e gradient s wa s cause db y th e balanc e o f

centrifuga l forc e an dradia l pressur e gra dien t i n th e bend
. Th e effec t

o f th e ben do n th e flo w continue s down

strea mo f

th e bend , Figure s 9(e) & (f ) an d10(e ) & (t) , wit hareversa l o f

th e locatio n o f

th e pea k

velocit y to
war dth e oute r

wall , leadin g t o adeceleratio n nea r th e inne r wal l an da n acceleratio n nea r th e oute r

wall
. Thi s i s becaus e o f

th e separatio n that

ha s occurre di n th e inne r sectio n o f

th e ben ddu e t o th e advers e pressur e gradient
. Acompariso n betwee n th e experimenta l an dnumeri

ca l result s o f

thi s stud y an dth e result s obtaine db y Yan g an dKua n[5 ] ar e done
. Al l dat aare normalize db y th e bul k ai r velocit y V h = 9. 6 m/ s an dplotte dagains t anon dimensionalise dwal l distance ; (4 )

suc htha t

r*= 0. 0 a

t th e inne r

wal l an dr*= 1.0 a t th e oute r wall
. Figur e 1 1 show s th e result s a t tb e middl e plan e sectio n o f

th e 90 ° ben dduc t

(0= 45° ) an dth e re sult s sho w tha t

th e behaviou r

o f th e presen t

stud y i s i n goo dqualitativ e agreemen t wit hth e observatio n o f Yan g an dKua n[5]
. Figur e 1

1 show s acompariso n betwee n th e numerica l an dexperimenta l result s i n th e curren t investigatio n an d experimenta l result s presente di n [5 ] (Re = 1.70 8 I t ma y b e remarke dthat ther e i s aclos e agreemen t 10 5 )
.
4.2 . Flo w Visualizatio n A s show n i n Figur e 12(a) , i t i s obviousl y see n tha t th e
Ope n Acces s OJFD



# VES017227W . A . AISS A ET AL. 337

0. 0 0.

2 0.

4 0.6 0.8 1. 0 Figur e 11 . Compariso n betwee n experimental , numerica l presen tdat aan d publishe d experimenta l dat ao f Yan g an d Kua n |5| , 0= 45" , (Re = 1.70 8 * 10 s ) . trajectorie s o f

spark s i n th e upstrea mduc t ben dar e effec

tivel y linear
. A s th e spark s ar e injecte dwit hth e sam e initia l velocit y o f

th e gas , thei r

motio n i s strongl y influ

ence db y tha t

o f th e gas , wit hthei r

trajectorie s simila r

t o thos e o f

th e ga s flow streamlines , whic hmean s tha t th e particl e streamwis e mea n velocit y profile s ar e closel y simila r t o th e ga s streamwis e mea n velocit y profile s an d henc e th e flo w i s symmetric
. Trajectorie s o f

th e spark s throug hth e ben dsectio n ar e presente di n Figur e 12(b) . Ther e ar e tw o type s o f trajec

tories , Th e first

typ e i s wher e th e spark s ten dt o follo w th e flo w an dturnin g befor e reachin g th e oute r wall
. Thi s typ e represent s th e particle s wit hsmal l diameters , sinc e the y possesse dlowe r inerti aan dgaine dles s momentu m t o overcom e th e dra g o f th e fluid
. Th e secon dtyp e i s wher e th e spark s don' t follo w th e flo w an dhi t th e oute r wal l o f th e bend
. Thi s typ e represent s particle s wit hlarg e diameters
. Thi s ca n b e explaine da s th e motio n o f th e large r particle s i s dominate db y thei r inerti aan dhenc e the y deviat e considerabl y fromth e ga s streamline s withi n th e curve dduct
. Figur e 12 (c ) show s th e spark s trajectorie s i n th e downstrea mduc t

bend
. Spark s tha t

represen t

th e larg e particle s ar e subsequentl y continu e t o encounte r othe r wall s afte r

reboundin g fro mth e oute r surfac e ofth e bend
. Th e hig hprobabilit y o f larg e particle s impactin g o n th e wall s o f

th e ben di s clearl y o f concer n i n term s o f th e wal l erosio n an dpittin g effect s tha t occu r a s aconse quence . A s th e flo w travel s throug hth e ben di t lose s it s momentu mnea r

th e inne r

wall , whil e gainin g momentu m near th e oute r

wall
. Thi s behavio r

i s attiibute dt o th e flow separatio n a t th e inne r wall , whic harise s a s aresul t o f th e advers e pres sur e gradien t

foun dtypicall y i n curve dbends
. A t th e exi t o f th e downstrea mduc t ben dsection , th e flo w start s t o recove r fro mflo w separatio n a s th e flo w start s t o re-es tablis hth e characteristic s o f th e straigh t

duc t flo w unti l i t reache s t o th e full y recovere dflo w characteristic s an di s almos t assume dt o b e afull y develope dturbulen t channe l flow
.
Ope n Acces s 1 

# /I / /

(c ) Figur e 12 . Visualizatio n o f flo w patter n i n th e 90 ° ben d sec tion , (a ) Upstrea m duct ; (b ) 90 ° Ben d section ; (c ) Down strea m duct .

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# VES01722 8W . A . AISS A ET AL. 

## 4,3. Solid Phas

e Simulatio

n Lagrangia n particl e trackin g wit hone-wa y couplin g i s applie dt o evaluat e particl e dynamic s withi nth e straigh t an delho w duct s becaus e soli dmotio n ha s negligibl e in

fluence o nth e carrie r flui dflow
. Base do n th e separate d flow analysi s results , atota l o f 20,00 0 particl e track s ar c calculate dfo r

th e give n particl e siz e distributio n an dsol

id s loadin g rati o o f

1. 2 i s used
. Th e tota l CP U tim e take n fo r th e solutio n i s (2:40:17 ) (h:min:scc)
. Th e result s ar e presente di n Figur e 13. I n general , th e result s obtaine dnumericall y usin g CF X sho w goo dqualitativ e agreemen t wit hth e visualizatio n figure s i n Sectio n 4.2
. Thes e figure s sho w th e trajectorie s o f th e particle s tracke di n awid e rang e o f particl e di

ameters ; rangin g fro m6 3 p mt o 125 0 pm , resultin g fro m particl e siz e distribution
. Th e result s sho w tha t th e particl e concentratio n in

crease s nea r

th e oute r

wal l an ddecrease s nea r th e inne r wal l wit hth e increas e o f particl e diameter ; D p . I n a n at
temp t t o rais e th e presenc e o f fin e particle s i n th e nu merica l calculatio n an dhenc e improv e th e resolutio n o f th e predicte dparticl e track s i n th e inne r wal l region , 100,00 0 particle s hav e bee n tracke dbu t thi s di dno t

re sul t i n an y noticeabl e improvement
. 

## 5
. Conclusio n Measurement s ar c don e at differen t

location s usin g a3

- hol e prob e t o obtai n th e mea n ga s flo w velocitie s insid e

(c ) (d ) Figur e 13 . Predicte d particl e trajectorie s o f differen tparti cl e diameters , (a ) D p = 6 3 pm ; (b ) D p = 20 0 pm ; (c ) D„ = 63 0 pm ; (a ) D p = 63 0 pm .
Ope n Acces s straigh t an dben dsections
. Mea nstreamwis e velocit y profile s o f

ga s phas e ar e plotte dan dthe y sho w goo d agreemen t

wit hth e result s publishe di n th e literature
. Th e flow pattern s ar e visualize db y introducin g spark s cause db y burnin g stick s o f incens e wit hth e ai r flo w insid e th e duc t

system . Th e result s sho w tha t particle s wit hsmal l diameter s ten dt o follo w th e flo w du e t o lo w inerti aan dles s momentu mgaine dt o overcom e th e dra g o f th e gas , bu t

wit hth e increas e i n th e particle s diamete r th e particle s ten dt o g o i n straigh t line s dominate db y thei r inertia
. Thi s i s asignifican t paramete r

tha t affect s th e erosio n pattern . Experimenta l dat aar e use dt o evaluat e CF D simula

tio nresults
. Th e mea n streamwis e ga s velocitie s ar e pre dicte dan dth e result s ar c i n goo dqualitativ e agreemen t wit hth e experimenta l data
. Th e particl e trajectorie s ar e tracke db y applyin g Lagrangian-partiel e trackin g mode l an dth e result s ar e i n goo dquantitativ e agreemen t wit h th e flo w visualizatio n results
. It i s note dtha t

increasin g th e numbe r

o f tracke dparticle s doe s no t resul t i n im

provemen t

i n th e predictio n o f particl e track s i n th e inne r wal l regio n especiall y fo r fin e particles
. 

## REFERENCE S [1 ] G . Sharma , "Direc tNumerica l Simulatio n o f Particle Lade n Turbulenc e i n aStraigh tSquar e Duct, " Maste r Thesis , Regiona l Engineerin g College , Hamirpur , 2004 . [2] M . Fairweathe ran d J . Yao , "Larg e Edd y Simulatio n o f Particl e Dispersio n i n aStraight , Squar e Duc tFlow, " 1 Hlh European Symposium on ComputerA ided Process Engineering ESCAPE18 , ComputerAided Chemical

Engineering, Lyon , 1-

4 Jun e 2008 . pp . 829-834 . |3 J J . A . C . Humphrey , J . 11 . Whitela w an d G . Yce , "Turbu lentFlo w i n aSquar e Duc to f Stron g Curvature. " Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol . 103 , 1981 , pp . 443-463 . lHtp:/7dx.doi.ore/ ' 10.1017/S002211208100141 9 [4 ] T . A . Mekhail , W . A . Aissa , S . A . llassanei n an d O . Hamdy , "CF D Simulatio n o f Dilut e Gas-Soli d Flo w i n 90 ' Squar e Bend, " Energy and PowerEngineering, Vol . 3 , No . 3 , 2011 , pp . 246-252 . hup-y/dx.doi.org.no.42367cr>c.20 l 1.3303 1 [5 ] W . Yan g an d B . T . Kuan , "Experimenta l Investigatio n o f Dilut e Turbulen tParticulat e Flo w inside aCurve d 90 " Bend, " Chemical

Engineering Science, Vol . 61 . No . 11 , 2006 , pp . 3593-3601 . http://dx.doi.Org/ l 0.10 1 6/j.ces.2006.i l 1.01 3 [6 ] S . Dosanj h an d J . A . C . Humphrey . "Th e Influenc e o f Turbulenc e o n Erosio n b y aParticl e Lade n Flui d Jet, " Wear. Vol . 102 , No . 4 , 1985 . pp . 309-330 . http:Vdx.doi.org/IO . i 016/0043-1648(85)90175- 9 [7 ] R . Mossad , W . Yan g an d M . P . Schwarz , "Numerica l Predictio n o f

Ai rFlo w in aShar p 90 ' Elbow, " 1th Inlernational Conference on CFD in the Minerals and Process Industries, CS1RO, Melbourne , 9-1 1 Decembe r2009 , pp . 1-5 .

OJFD



# VES01722 9W . A . AISS A ET AL. 33 9
|8 | D . () . Njobuenwu , M . Fairvvealhe ran d J . Yao , "Prcdic lion o f Gas-Soli d Flow s i n aSquar e Due l with a90 ' Bend, " Turhttlenee, Ileal and Muss Transfer, Vol . 6 , 2000 , pp . 769-772 . |') | Y . S . Chen g an d C . S . Wang , "Inertial Depositio n ol'Par licle s i n aBend, " Journal of Aerosol Science, Vol . 6 , No . 2 , 1975 , pp . 139-145 . hup: , •dx.doi.ore/U)
. 1016/0021-8502(75)90007- 5 110 ] R . I . Cran e an d R, L . Evans . "Inertial Depositio n o f Parti cle s i n aBen d Pipe, " Journal of Aerosol Science, Vol . 8, No . 3 , 1977 , pp . 161-170 . iutn: , ..Lx.doi.oro/ ] 0
. f p i O/QQ ? j-8,502177)90003- 9 111 ] Y . S . Chen g an d C . S . Wan g "Motio n o f Particle s i n Bend s o f

Circula rPipes, " Atmospheric Environment, Vol . 15 , No . 3 , 1981 , pp . 301-306 . htlp://dx .dui .om/ l 0.1016/0004-698 1 (81190032-' / ]12 ] A . Keatin g an d S . Nesic , "Predictio n o f Two-Phas e Ero sion-Corrosio n i n Bends, " 2nd International

Conference on CFD in the Minerals and Process Industries, CS1RO, Melbourne , 6- 8 Decembe r1999 , pp . 229-236 . [13 ] C . Ratnayake , " A Comprehensiv e Scalin g u p Techniqu e fo rPneumati cTranspor tSystems, " Ph.D . Thesis , Th e Norwegia n Universit y o f Scienc e and Technology . Trond heim , 2005 . [14 ] G . M . Faeth , "Mixing , Transpor tan d Combustio n in SpTays, " Progress in Energy and Combustion Science. Vol . 13 , No . 4 , 1987 , pp . 293-345 . http://dx.do i .arvj

i0.10 ) 6/0360-1285(87190002- 5 [15 ] J . Fan , J . Eves , H . M . Thompson , V . V . Toropov , N . Ka pur , D . Cople y an d A . Mincher , "Computationa l flui d Dynami cAnalysi s an d Desig n Optimizatio n o f Je t Pumps, " Computers & Fluids, Vol . 46 , No . 1 , 2001 , pp . 212-217 . http ://dx.doi .Org/ l 0 , WM .compfluid.2010.10.02 4 [16 ] "CFX-TAS C Flo w Versio n 2. 9 Theor y Documentation, " A E A Technolog y Engineerin g Softwar e Limited , Water loo , N2 L 5Z4 , 1999 .

Ope n Acces s OJFD



# VES01723 0

# VES017231-017241.pd f

# JOURNAL ®

O FTH EAI RA WAST

EMAHAGEMCH

T ASSOCIATE *



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## TECHNICA LPAPE R ISSN 1047-328 9 ]. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 56:1733-1742 Copyrigh t 200 6 Ai r & Waste Managemen t Associatio n 

# Validatio n o f Thre e Ne wMethod s fo rDeterminatio n o f Meta l Emission s Usin g a Modifie d Environmenta l Protectio n Agenc y Metho d 30 1

Catherin e A . Yanca , Dougla s C . Barth , Kra g A . Petterson , Michae l P . Nakanishi , an d Joh n A . Coope r Cooper Environmental

Services, LLC, Portland, OR Bruc e E . Johnse n SAIF Co., Portland, OR Richar d H . Lamber t Engineering

Tech Center, Eli

Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, IN Danie l G . Bivin s U.S. Environmental

Protection

Agency, Research Triangle

Park, NC



## ABSTRAC T Thre e ne w method s applicabl e t o th e determinatio n o f hazardou s meta l concentration s i n stationar y sourc e emission s wer e develope d an d evaluate d fo rus e I n U.S . Environmenta l Protectio n Agenc y (EPA ) complianc e applications . Tw o o f th e thre e independen tmethods , a continuou s emission s monitor-base d metho d (Xact ) an d a n X-ray-base d filte rmetho d (XFM) , are use d t o measur e meta l emissions . Th e thir d metho d involve s a quantitativ e aeroso l generato r(QAG) , whic h produce s a referenc e aeroso l use d t o evaluat e th e measuremen t methods . A modificatio n o f EP A Metho d 30 1 was use d t o validat e th e thre e method s fo rAs , Cd , Cr , Pb , an d Hg , representin g thre e hazardou s wast e combusto rMaxi mu m Achievabl e Contro l Technolog y (MACT ) meta l categories (lo w volatile , semivolatile , an d volatile) . Th e modifie d procedur e teste d th e method s usin g mor e stringen tcriteri atha n EP A Metho d 301 ; thes e criteri a include d accuracy , precision , an d linearity . Th e aeroso l generatio n metho d wa s evaluate d i n th e laborator y b y

Volum e 56 Decembe r200

6 comparin g actua l wit h theoretica l aeroso l concentra tions . Th e measuremen tmethod s wer e evaluate d a ta hazardou s wast e combusto r(HWC ) b y comparin g mea sure d wit h referenc e aeroso l concentrations . Th e QAG , Xact , an d XF M me tth e modifie d Metho d 30 1 valida tio n criteria . Al l thre e o f th e method s demonstrate d precision s an d accuracie s o n th e orde ro f 5% . I n addi tion , correlatio n coefficient s fo reac h metho d wer e o n th e orde ro f

0.99, confirmin g th e methods ' linea rre spons e an d hig h precisio n ove rawid e rang e o f concen trations . Th e measuremen tmethod s shoul d b e applica bl e t o emission s fro m awid e rang e o f sources , an d th e referenc e aeroso l generato rshoul d b e applicabl e t o ad ditiona l analytes . EP A recentl y approve d a n alternativ e monitorin g petitio n fo ra n HW C a tEl i Lilly' s Tippeca no e sit e i n Lafayette , IN , i n whic h th e Xac ti s use d fo r demonstratin g complianc e wit h th e HW C MAC T meta l emission s (lo w volatile , semivolatile , an d volatile) . Th e QA G referenc e aeroso l generato rwas approve d a s a metho d fo rprovidin g aquantitativ e referenc e aerosol , whic h i s require d fo rcertificatio n an d continuin g qual it y assuranc e o f

th e Xact . 

## INTRODUCTION Ai rtoxi c metal s hav e bee n associate d wit h awid e rang e o f environmenta l an d huma n healt h effects , includin g respirator y disorders , pulmonar y disorders , an d can cer. 1 2EP A regulate s th e emission s o f toxi c metal s fro m stationar y source s unde rth e Nationa l Emissio n Stan dard s fo rHazardou s Ai rPollutant s (NESHAP ) o rMaxi mu m Achievabl e Contro l Technolog y rule. 3Currently , emission s ar e estimate d base d o n contro l efficiencie s establishe d durin g performanc e tests an d estimate d fee d rate s durin g norma l operations . Whe n actua l emis sion s ar

e measured , EP A Referenc e Metho d 2 9 (Metho d 29 ) i s used. 4However , Metho d 2 9 i s base d o n 30-yr-ol d

Journal ot the Air& Waste Management Association 1 733 IMPLICATION S Th e tw o measuremen tmethod s fo rdeterminin g meta l emission s validate d in thi s stud y (th e Xac tan d th e XFM ) Includ e significan timprovement s i n measuremen ttechnol ogy . Wit

h thes e tw o ne w methods , plan toperator s ca n mak e mor e precise , accurate , an d frequen tmeasurements , leadin g t o abette runderstandin g o f emissions . Wit

h th e ne w referenc e aeroso l generato rvalidate d i n thi s stud y (th e QAG) , developmen tan d evaluatio n o f ne w measuremen t method s ar e no w mor e practical . Th e measuremen tmeth od s ar e applicabl e to awid e rang e o f element s an d ma y b e applicabl e t o othe rsources . Th e aeroso l generato rma y b e applicabl e t o both organi c an d inorgani c analytes .



# VES01723 2

## Yanca et al. impinge rtechnolog y wit h accuracie s an d precision s o n th e orde ro f

1S%. 5 - 7Th e metho d als o involve s hazard ou s chemicals , an d i trequire s lon g turnaroun d times . I t i s clea rtha tther e are opportunitie s fo rimprovemen ti n th e curren tmonitorin g technology . Ther e hav e bee n attempt s ove rth e pas tdecad e t o improv e metal s measuremen ttechnolog y b y develop in g multimeta l continuou s emission s monitorin g sys tem s (CEMS). 8 - 1 0Non e o f th e propose d technologie s hav e bee n approve d fo rcomplianc e demonstratio n othe rtha n thos e discusse d i n thi s paper . Th e ne w tech nolog y presente d her e include s thre e ne w method s ap plicabl e t o th e determinatio n o f hazardou s meta l con centration s i n emissions : amultimeta l CEMS-base d metho d (Xact) , asamplin g an d analysi s measuremen t metho d (X-ray-base d filte rmetho d [XFM]) , an d aNa tiona l Institut e fo rStandard s an d Technolog y (NIST) - traceabl e referenc e aeroso l generatin g metho d (QAG) . Th e method s an d th e instrument s use d t o perfor m th e method s wer e develope d t o provid e mor e precise , accu rate , an d frequen tmeasuremen tcapabilitie s tha n ar e offere d b y Metho d 29 . Th e Xac tmetho d use s aCEM S base d o n X-ra y fluorescenc e (XRF) analysi s o f aeroso l deposit s (particulat e an d vapo rphase ) o n reactiv e filte r tape. 1 1 - 1 2XF M i s comparabl e t o Metho d 2 9 bu tuse s reactiv e filters (soli d sorbants) 1 1 ' 1 2instea d o f impinger s t o tra p bot h particulat e an d vapo rphas e metals , fol lowe d b y nondestructiv e XR F analysi s ofth e filters. Th e quantitativ e aeroso l generato r(QAG ) i s base d o n neb ulizatio n o f

ametal-containin g solutio n an d produce s a referenc e aeroso l tha tca n b e use d t o validat e measure men tmethods , suc h a s th e Xac tan d XFM . T o evaluat e th e performanc e o f th e ne w methods , a tes tplan 1 3base d o n th e requirement s o f EPA Metho d 301 1 4was developed . Metho d 30 1 i s adefine d procedur e fo rvalidatin g ne w pollutan tmeasuremen tmethod s tha t coul d potentiall y b e use d t o demonstrat e complianc e wit h permits o rothe rEP A applications . A mor e stringen t modificatio n o f

thi s procedur e wa s use d t o validat e th e thre e method s base d o n accuracy , precision , an d linearit y criteria . Thi s pape rpresents : (1 ) a n overvie w o f th e thre e methods , (2) th e procedur e use d fo rvalidatin g thes e methods , an d (3) th e result s o f th e validatio n tests . Detail s abou tthes e instrument s an d methods , performanc e spec ifications , an d standar d operatin g procedure s are pre sente d elsewhere. 15 - 2 0 

## EXPERIMENTA L WORK Quantitativ e Referenc e Aerosol Generatio n Th e metho d fo rgeneratin g aquantitativ e referenc e aeroso l involve s th e operatio n o f th e QA G instru ment. 152 1 Usin g th e QAG , a n aeroso l o f analyt e solu tio n droplet s i s create d usin g anebulizer. 2 1 - 2 2Th e drop let s ar e the n passe d int o asettlin g chambe rwher e th e larg e droplet s ar e remove d an d liqui d an d vapo rphase s ar e equilibrated . Droplet s <3 0 u. m i n diamete rar e al lowe d t o pas s int o adryin g chambe rwher e the y ar e drie d befor e bein g emitted . Th e aeroso l exitin g th e dry in g chambe rconsist s o f th e transpor tgas , wate ran d meta l vapor , an d drie d sal tparticles . Th e aeroso l emis sio n concentratio n (C a ) i s calculate d fro m th e analyt e
173 4 Journal

of the Air& Waste Management Association concentratio n i n th e nebulize d solutio n (C s ) , th e solu tio n emissio n rat e (i? m ) correcte d fo rvapo rlos s (R v ), an d th e tota l volum e o f nebulizing , drying , an d dilu tio n gas use d t o creat e th e aeroso l (FJ .
C a= y(R„ - R, ) (1 ) Quantitatio n o f

th e emitte d aeroso l i s mad e possibl e by : (1 ) usin g alarg e reservoi ro f NIST-traceabl e analyt e solu tio n t o minimiz e th e impac to f evaporatio n o n solutio n concentration , (2 ) continuousl y measurin g th e solutio n emissio n rat

e (i? m ) wit h aNIST-traceabl e balance , (3 ) pre cis e contro l o f

nebulize rconditions , an d (4) stabl e contro l o f th e maximu m drople tsiz e introduce d int o th e gener ator' s dryin g chambe rsuc h tha tonl y aerosol s wit h hig h transpor tefficiencie s are generated . Th e referenc e aeroso l produce d b y th e QA G i s proces s NIS T traceabl e an d ca n b e use d i n additio n t o its othe rapplication s t o challeng e an d evaluat e th e accuracy , precision , an d linearit y o f th e mea suremen tmethods . I ti s applicabl e t o bot h meta l an d nonmeta l species . 

## Metal Concentratio n Measuremen t Xact. Th e Xac tmetho d o f metal s measuremen tuse s a CEMS , calle d th e Xac tCEMS , tha tcollect s an d analyze s asampl e o f

emission s usin g filter-based technolog y an d nondestructiv e XRF. 1 5 - 2 3Durin g sampl e collection , th e Xac tCEM S direct s acontinuou s flo w o f stac kga

s throug h astillin g chambe rwher e it s velocit y i s reduce d (i.e. , stilled) . A continuou s subsampl e i s take n fro m th e stillin g chambe ran d draw n throug h chemically-reac tiv e filte rtape , whic h trap s bot h particulat e an d vapor phas e metals. 1 1 - 1 2 ' 2 3Th e volum e o f th e sampl e flo w i s measured , an d th e filtertap e deposit s are advance d t o a positio n wher e the y ar e analyze d fo rmeta l mas s usin g XR F analytica l procedure s simila rt o thos e liste d i n EPA' s Compendiu m Metho d IO-3.3. 2 4Th e Xac tCEM S the n divide s th e XRF-determine d mas s pe rsampl e b y th e volum e pe rsampl e an d simultaneousl y report s con centration s fo rs2 0 analyt e metal s ever y 1 5 min . Dur in g analysi s o f

th e curren tsample , th e nex tsampl e i s automaticall y collected . I n th e Xac tCEMS , samplin g an d analysi s i s performe d continuousl y i n th e sam e instrumen texcep tfo rth e tim e require d t o advanc e th e tap e (~ 3 sec ) an d th e tim e require d fo rautomate d qualit y assuranc e check s ( ~ 1 hr , onc e pe rday) . Detec tio n limit s fo rth e Xac tCEM S are liste d i n Tabl e 1 an d rang e fro m 0, 1 n-g/dr y standar d cubi c mete r(dscm ) t o

~ 6 |xg/dsc m wit h 15-mi n samplin g times . Thes e limit s ca n b e lowere d significantl y b y varyin g samplin g an d analysi s conditions . Bot h th e XF M an d Xac tmethod s are generall y applicabl e t o element s wit h atomi c num ber s rangin g fro m 1 3 (Al ) t o 9 2 (U) .
XFM. Lik e th e Xact , th e XF M use s filter-base d technolog y t o collec tarepresentativ e sampl e o f emission s followe d b y nondestructiv e XR F analysi s o f th e sample. 1 5 ' 2 3Fo r sampl e collection , th e XF M samplin g trai n connect s t o a stillin g chamber , suc h a s th e on e use d fo rth e Xac tCEMS . A representativ e sampl e o f stac kga

s i s continuousl y di recte d int o th e stillin g chambe r(a t—30-10 0 L/min) , an d
Volum e 56 Decembe r200

6



# VES01723 3

## Yanca et al.

Tabl e 1 . Xac

tan d XF M detectio

n limits . Xact ' XFM * Elemen t ((ug/dscm ) (iig /dscm)
C r 0. 3 0.0 8 As 0. 1 0.0 8 C d 2. 4 0. 8 H g 0. 3 0.1 4 P b 0.6 0.12 M n 0. 2 0.0 8 C o 0.3 0.0 8 N i 0.3 0.0 6 S e 0.1 0.0 8 A g 4.2 0. 6 Sb 6. 2 1. 6 C u 0.5 0.0 8 F e 0.9 0.12 Z n 0. 2 0.0 6 B r 0. 4 0. 2 S r 0. 3 0.1 8 T l 0. 3 0.1 4 La b Ai r o r Stac k Ga s

Notes: "95

% Confidence, interferenc e free , 15-mi

n sample. b

95 % confidence , interferenc

e free , 30-mi

n sample.

th e XF M pull s asubsampl e o f ~ 1 L/mi n int o its samphn g train . Th e subsampl e i s dilute d an d coole d befor e bein g draw n throug h astacke d filtercassett e containin g apoly tetrafluoroethylen e filterfollowe d b y achemicall y reac tiv e filter. 11 ' 12 - 23Particulate-phas e metal s ar e trappe d o n th e nonreactiv e polytetrafluoroethylen e filter, wherea s vapor-phas e metals , includin g Hg , ar e collecte d o n th e chemicall y reactiv e filtero rsoli d sorbent . Afte rsampl e collection , th e filtercassettes are remove d fro m th e sam plin g train , an d th e resultin g filte rdeposit s ar e analyze d fo rmeta l mas s usin g nondestructiv e XR F procedure s sim ila rt o thos e liste d i n EPA' s Compendiu m Metho d IO 3.3. 2 4 Th e filters d o no trequir e handlin g durin g an y par t o f th e XF M procedure , an d the y ca n b e readil y shippe d t o alaborator y fo ranalysi s o ranalyze d i n th e field . Th e emission s concentratio n i s calculate d b y dividin g th e XRF-determine d meta l mas s b y th e volum e o f emission s tha tpisse d throug h th e filters. Typica l sampl e time s ar e 3 0 min , an d analysi s turnaroun d times ca n b e o n th e orde ro f

afe w hour s wit h afield-portable XR F analyzer . Detectio n limit s typicall y rang e fro m 0.0 6 u.g/dscm t o 1. 6 p.g/dsc m wit h 30-mi n sampl e time s (Tabl e 1) . Substan tiall y lowe rdetectio n limit s ca n b e attaine d b y varyin g samplin g an d analysi s conditions .



## Metho d Independenc

e Th e QAG-generate d aeroso l concentratio n is independen t o f th e aeroso l concentration s measure d b y th e Xac tan d XFM . Metho d independenc e is confirme d usin g NIS T traceabilit y an d additiona l procedures . Th e concentratio n o f th e aeroso l produce d b y th e QA G i s procedurall y trace abl e t o NIS T throug h nebulize d solutio n standard s an d Q A G operatin g parameters . Th e XFM - an d Xact-measure d concentration s are bot h analyticall y NIS T traceabl e throug h thi n film standard s an d NIS T Standar d Referenc e Material s 183 2 an d 1833 . I n additio n t o th e independen t XactStillin g XF M Chamber Sample Trai n

Quantitativ

e Aerosol Generator (QAG ) 

# " I Exhaus t

Figur e 1 . Experimenta l arrangemen tfo rlaboratory an d fiel d tests .

NIS T traceabilit y o f th e generatio n an d measuremen t methods , inductivel y couple d plasm a(ICP) analysi s con ducte d a ta n independen tlaborator y (Cheste rLabNet , Tigard , OR ) confirme d th e standar d solutio n concentra tion s use d i n th e QA G an d th e filterdeposi tmeasure ment s mad e b y th e XF M method .



## Validatio n Methodolog y Th e procedure s use d t o validat e th e QAG , XFM , an d Xac t wer e base d o n EP A Metho d 301 . Thi s EP A metho d i s require d whe n ne w method s o f measurin g analyte s ar e t o b e use d o n asourc e i n lie u o f th e standar d referenc e method . Metho d 30 1 establishe s accurac y an d precisio n capabilitie s o f

ane w metho d b y comparin g it s determine d concentration s wit h thos e o f a n accepte d referenc e method . Th e resultin g bia s betwee n concentration s fro m th e tw o method s i s use d a s a n indicato ro f

accuracy . Simultaneou s metho d measurement s ar e use d t o deter min e precision . Followin g norma l Metho d 30 1 proce dures , th e Xac tan d XF M measuremen tmethod s woul d b e teste d agains tReferenc e Metho d 29 . However , th e preci sio n an d accurac y o f Metho d 29 , whic h ar e o n th e orde r o f 15%, 5 - 7wer e insufficien tfo rverifyin g th e precision s an d accuracie s believe d t o b e attainabl e wit h th e Xac tan d th e XF M (i.e. , potentia l precisio n <5 % an d accurac y <5%) . Th e validatio n procedur e presente d i n thi s sectio n i s amodifie d Metho d 30 1 i n whic h Metho d 2 9 compari son s wer e replace d wit h QA G referenc e aeroso l compari sons. 1 3Thi s modifie d metho d wa s mor e stringen ttha n Metho d 301 , becaus e i tinclude d mor e replicat e runs , sequentia l measurement s instea d o f simultaneou s mea surements , additiona l validatio n criteri a(e.g. , linearity) , an d independen tNIS T traceabilit y o f results . Th e firstste p i n th e modifie d Metho d 30 1 procedur e require d laborator y vahdatio n of th e QA G emissions , an d th e secon d ste p was afield validatio n o f th e XF M an d Xac t measurements . Th e genera l experimenta l arrangemen t use d fo rbot h laborator y an d field test s i s schematicall y illustrate d i n Figur e 1 . First , th e QA G generate d a n aero sol , whic h wa s blende d wit h laborator y ai rfo rlaborator y test s an d stac kga

s fo rfield tests . Th e aeroso l flo w wa s the n directe d int o th e Xac tCEM S stillin g chamber 1517 - 1 9fro m whic h th e Xac tCEM S an d XF M simultaneousl y withdre w representativ e samples . Afte rsampling , th e XF M filters were remove d an d analyzed , wherea s th e Xac tautomati call y reporte d meta l concentration s ever y 1 5 mi n fo rth e duratio n o f

th e test . I

tshoul d b e note d tha ta n Xac tCEM S locate d a

tth e Coope rEnvironmenta l Service s facilit y was
Volume 5 6 December200 6 Journal of the Air& Waste Management Association 173 5



# VES01723 4

## Yanca et al.

use d i n th e laborator y tests , an d a n Xac tCEM S locate d a t El i Lill y an d Company' s Tippecano e facilit y i n Lafayette , IN , wa s use d i n th e field. run s ha d t o b e use d t o demonstrat e acceptabl e value s fo r accuracy , precision , an d linearity. 2 5Accuracy , precision , an d linearit y criteri aare define d an d discusse d below . QA G Laboratory Validation. Th e QA G was evaluate d i n a serie s o f

laborator y tests 1 5i n whic h aQAG-generate d aeroso l wa

s combine d wit h ambien tlaborator y ai ran d simultaneousl y sample d b y th e Xac tCEM S an d XF M sam plin g train . Th e theoretica l QA G concentratio n calculate d usin g e q 1 was the n compare d wit h th e actua l concentra tion s measure d wit h th e Xac tan d XF M t o detennin e th e accuracy , precision , an d linearit y o f th e QA G method . Al l o f th e QAG-generate d aerosol s containe d As , Cd , Cr , Pb , an d Hg , representin g th e volatile , semivolatile , an d low volatilit y meta l categorie s a s define d i n th e NESHA PHW C rule. 3Test

s wer e conducte d a tfou rconcentratio n level s (high , mid , low , an d blank ) rangin g fro m 0 t o >13 0 u,g/dscm . I n thes e laborator y tests , th e QA G aeroso l con centration s wer e compare d wit h results fro m atota l o f 2 2 X F M an d 13 5 Xac truns . Onl y Xac trun s tha tcorre sponde d wit h simultaneou s XF M run s wer e use d fo rac curac y an d precisio n determinations . Al l o f th e run s fo r bot h method s were use d i n th e linea rregressio n analysis . Th e XF M sampl e tim e wa s 3 0 mi n pe rru n an d th e Xac t was I S min ; concentration s fro m tw o Xac trun s wer e average d t o represen ta30-mi n sampl e perio d fo rcompar iso n wit h th e XFM . Al l o f th e method s wer e performe d accordin g t o specification s se tfort h b y thei rtes tmetho d an d standar d operatin g procedures. 1 5 - 2 0
Xact and XFM Field Validation. Th e Xac tan d th e XF M wer e evaluate d i n aserie s o f field test

s conducte d a ta hazardou s wast e incinerator , wher e a n Xac tCEM S wa s i n operation. 1 5Fo reac h fiel d test , th e validate d QA G was use d t o generate areferenc e aeroso l o f know n concentra tion , whic h was spike d int o th e hazardou s waste inciner ato rflu e gas . Thi s dynamically-spike d flu e ga s was trans porte d t o th e Xac tCEM S stillin g chambe rwher e i twa s simultaneousl y sample d b y th e Xac tCEM S an d XF M sam plin g train . Measure d concentration s fro m eac h metho d wer e compare d wit h th e QAG-spike d stac kga s concentra tio n t o determin e th e accurac y an d precisio n o f th e Xac t an d XF M methods . Al l o f th e QAG-generate d aerosol s containe d As , Cd , Cr , Pb , an d Hg , an d test s wer e con ducte d a

tfou rconcentratio n level s (high , mid , low , an d blank ) rangin g fro m 0 t o >13 0 (xg/dscm . Durin g thes e field tests , atota l o f 2 4 XF M an d 19 2 Xac trun s wer e compare d wit h th e QA G aeroso l concentrations . Again , onl y conespondin g Xact/XF M run s were use d fo raccu rac y an d precisio n determinations , bu tal l o f th e run s wer e use d fo rlinea rregressio n analysis . Durin g thes e tests , the backgroun d concentration s o f th e stac kgas wer e negligibl e relativ e t o th e spike d stackga s concentrations . Al l o f th e method s wer e performe d accordin g t o specifi cation s se

tfort h b y thei rtes tmetho d an d standar d oper atin g procedures. 1 5 - 2 0



## Validatio n Criteri a Criteri afo rmetho d validatio n were base d o n Metho d 30 1 bia s an d precisio n requirement s an d wer e eithe requa l to thos e liste d i n Metho d 30 1 o rwere mor e stringent . A general criterio n fo ral l o f th e validatio n test

s wa s tha t> 9 Accuracy. Accurac y fo rth e it h elemen t(A, ) i s define d a s bia s (B „ u-g/dscm ) divide d b y th e theoretica l o rreferenc e concentratio n o f

th e QA G generate d aeroso l (Cp A O , \ig/ dscm) , expresse d a

s apercent . 

## 1 4 •A , = ^jjnr-10 0 (2 )

Bia s i s th e differenc e betwee n th e mea n measure d aeroso l concentratio n (Cj* 1 , ixg/dscm ) an d th e theoretica l o rrefer enc e concentratio n (CP A G , u.g/dscm) .



# B l 

# = - CP A G (3 )
Fo rth e QAG , accurac y value s s20 % wer e define d a s ac ceptabl e fo rvalidation . Fo rth e measuremen tmethods , thi s sam e criterio n was require d fo raccurac y value s deter mine d a

tconcentration s a

to rnea rth e emissio n limi ta s require d b y Metho d 301 . I n additio n t o meetin g th e abov e accurac y criterion , th e bia s was require d t o b e in significan trelativ e t o th e uncertaint y i n th e bias . I n thi s case , th e uncertaint y i n th e bia s fo rth e /t h elemen t(Uf ) i s th e squar e roo to f

th e su m o f

th e uncertaint y i n th e QA G aeroso l concentratio n (Up A G ) square d an d th e standar d deviatio n o f

th e mea n o f

th e measuremen tmetho d concentratio n (SDMTM) squared , a s show n i n followin g equation : 

# £/?

= v 

# '(t/P

Mi 

# ) 2

# + (SDM?)* (4 )
wher e th e QA G propagate d uncertaint y was estimate d t o b e —5 % durin g th e laborator y an d field tests. 1 5Bia s wa s considere d significan tatth e 95 % confidenc e leve l i f B (> 2Vf. I f B , was foun d t o b e significant , acorrectio n facto r was required . Th e correctio n facto r(CF t ) i s calculate d b y dividin g th e concentratio n o f th e QA G aeroso l (CP A G ) b y th e concentratio n o f th e measuremen tmetho d (CTM).

CF. q QA G (5 )
Precision. Tota l precisio n fo rth e it h elemen t(Pf) i s de fined a s percen trelativ e standar d deviatio n (PRSD,) , o rth e standar d deviatio n (SD ( ) divide d b y th e mea n concentra tio n (C, ) o f

agive n metho d determine d fro m sequentia l measurements .

P[ = -^-10 0 (6 )

Becaus e ther e i s rando m variabilit y associate d wit h bot h th e QA G aeroso l concentration , a s wel l a

s th e measure d aeroso l concentration , th e tota l precisio n (Pf) i s a n in dicato ro f

th e combine d variabilit y introduce d b y al l
173 6 Journal

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# VES01723 5

## Yanca et al.
Tabl e 2
. OA

G accurac

y determine

d durin g laborator

y tests .

Measuremen

t Metho d Elemen t Lo

w Concentratio n (-2 0 |j .g/dscm

) M M Concentratio n

(—6 5 (Jtg/dscm

) Hig

h Concentratio n (-13 0 ug

/dscm ) Average Al l Run s Measuremen

t Metho d Elemen t N Accurac y A , % SD N Accurac y A , % S D N Accurac y A , % SD N Accurac y A , % S D
Xac t C

r 8 1.

7 1.

0 2 4 1.

4 1.

4 8 2.

4 0.

3 40 1.

6 1,

2 As 8 1. 9 1.

7 2 4 4.1 1. 7 8 4.9 1. 0 40 3.

8 1.

9 H g 8 2.

3 1.

4 2 4 1.

3 1.

0 8 0.6 0. 5 4 0 1.

3 1.

1 P b 8 2.

9 2.1 2

4 1.

5 0.8 8 1. 6 1.

1 4 0 1.

8 1.

2 C d 8 2.

8 1.

8 2 4 1.

7 0.9 8 2. 0 1.

5 4 0 2.

0 1,

2 XF M C

r 4 2.

5 1.

9 1 2 2.

7 2.

7 4 1.

5 1.

4 2 0 2.

4 2.

3 As 4 2. 5 1.

2 1 2 3.

0 3.0 4 2. 6 1.

5 2 0 2.

8 2,

4 H g 4 6.

3 1.

1 1 2 3.

5 3.0 4 6. 7 5.

1 2 0 4.

7 3,

5 P b 4 2.

2 2.

2 1 2 2.

3 2.6 4 2. 3 1.

5 2 0 2.

3 2.

2 C d 4 6.

2 3.4 1

2 2.

0 1.

4 4 1.

1 0.

8 2 0 2.

6 2.

5
Notes: S D = standar

d deviation. component s o f

th e generation-measuremen tsystem ; tha t is , QA G an d measuremen tmethod . Fo rthi s series o f tests , th e magnitud e o f

th e QA G precisio n i s considere d t o b e th e sam e a

s th e measuremen tmethod . Therefore , th e individua l precisio n o f th e QA G o rmeasuremen tmetho d (PJ i s define d a

s th e combined , o rtotal , precisio n (J?f) divide d b y th e squar e roo to f 2 .
P i = PRSD , = (7 )

A precisio n £10 % was require d fo rth e metho d t o satisf y establishe d validatio n requirements . Linearity. Evaluatio n o f linearit y was base d o n parameter s derive d fro m alinea rleas tsquare s regressio n analysi s o f th e theoretica l o rreferenc e concentration s an d th e mea sure d concentrations . Althoug h slop e an d intercep to f th e regressio n lin e wer e considered , th e ke y linearit y criterio n was th e correlatio n coefficien t(r) . Th e QA G an d bot h measuremen tmethod s mus thav e aconelatio n coeffi cien t(r ) tha ti s aO.8 5 fo rmetho d validation . 

## RESULT S AND DISCUSSIO N QA G Validatio n Accuracy. QA G accurac y result s fo reac h o f th e fiv e metal s teste d are liste d i n Tabl e 2 . Thi s tabl e include s results fro m acompariso n o f

theoretica l QA G concentration s wit h 4 0 Xac tan d 2 0 correspondin g XF M measurements . Concen tration s range d fro m alo w o f -2 0 ug/dsc m t o ahig h o f —13 0 u.g/dscm . Th e QA G demonstrate d accuracie s <7 % fo ral l o f

th e element s ateac h concentratio n level , wel l belo w th e 20 % validatio n threshold . Thes e results sho w tha taverag e QA G accurac y fo ral l run s range d fro m alo w o f 1.3 % fo rH g a

s measure d wit h th e Xac tt o ahig h o f 4.7 % fo rH g a

s measure d wit h th e XFM . Th e overal l aver age accurac y includin g al l fiv e elements , al l thre e concen tratio n levels , an d bot h method s i s 2. 5 ±2.3% . Non e o f th e biase s wer e determine d t o b e significant . I n addition , independen tIC Panalysi s o f anebulize d solutio n an d
Tabl e 3
. QA

G precisio

n determine

d durin g laborator

y tests .

Measuremen

t Metho d Elemen t Lo

w Concentratio n (-2 0 ug/dscm) Mi dConcentratio n (-6 5 ^g /dscm ) Hig hConcentratio n (-13 0 nrj/dscm) Average Al l Run s Measuremen

t Metho d Elemen t H Precisio n P , % N Precisio n P , % N Precisio n P , % n Precisio n P , %
Xac t C

r 8 1. 7 2

4 1.

1 8 1. 7 4

0 1.

0 A s 8 2. 0 2

4 1.

0 8 2.0 4 0 1.

2 H g 8 2. 0 2

4 0.

7 8 2.0 4 0 1.

1 P b 8 2. 0 2

4 0.8 8 2.0 4 0 1.

3 C d 8 2.5 2 4 1.

5 8 2. 5 4

0 1.

7 XF M C r 4 1. 3 12 2. 3 4 1. 3 2

0 1.

5 A s 4 1. 8 12 2. 2 4 1. 8 2

0 1.

7 H g 4 0. 8 1

2 2.

8 4 0.8 2 0 2. 4 P b 4 1. 7 1

2 2.2 4 1. 7 2

0 1,

6 C d 4 2. 3 1

2 1.

9 4 2. 3 2

0 1.

7

Volume 56 Decembe r200 6 Journal of the Air& Waste Management Association 173 7



# VES01723 6

## Yanca et al

Tabl e 4
. QA

G linearit

y determine

d durin g laborator

y tests . Metho d Elemen t n R Slop e S D Intercept S

D
XF M C

r 2 2 0.99

9 1.0 2 0.00

5 -0.5 4 0.3

5 A s 2 2 0.99

9 1.0 5 0.00

5 -0.7 1 0.38 H g 2 2 0.99

9 0.9 9 0.00

4 -0.0 1 0.3

2 P b 2 2 0.99

9 1.0 2 0.00

7 -1.1 3 0.5 1 C d 2 2 0,99

9 0.9 8 0.00

8 0.7

2 0.5 6 Xac t C

r 13 5 0.99

9 1.0 1 0.00

4 -0.4 2 0.2

5 A s 13 5 0,99

9 0.9 8 0.00

4 0.31 0.2

6 H g 13 5 0,99

9 1.0 4 0.00

4 -0.6 7 0.2

5 P b 13 5 0.99

9 1.0 0 0.00

5 -0.4 1 0.3

0 C d 13 5 0.99

8 0.9 8 0.00

5 0.2

7 0.3 5 Notes: S O = standar

d deviation

, selecte d filte rsample s were supportiv e o f th e XF M mea sure d concentrations . Clearly , thes e results demonstrat e tha tth e QA G is a n accurate metho d fo rgeneratin g a referenc e aeroso l containin g meta l concentration s i n th e rang e fro m 2 0 t o 13 0 (jig/dscm . Precision. Precisio n fo rth e QA G an d th e measuremen t method s teste d i n th e field wa s determine d fro m sequen tia l measurement s take n durin g aperio d o f ~ 4 hr . Th e result s fro m thes e test s ar e presente d i n Tabl e 3 . Th e QA G demonstrate d precision s wel l belo w th e 10 % validatio n threshold ; averag e precision s wer e bette rtha n 3 % fo ral l o f th e element s a

teac h concentratio n level . Th e averag e Q A G precisio n fo ral l o f th e run s range d fro m alo w o f 1 % fo rCra s measure d wit h th e Xac tt o ahig h o f 2.4 % fo rH g a s measure d wit h XFM . Includin g al l five o f th e elements , al l thre e o f

th e concentratio n levels , an d bot h measure men tmethods , th e averag e QA G precisio n was 2.2% . Thes e result s sho w tha tth e QA G i s aprecis e metho d fo r generatin g aerosol s i n th e concentratio n rang e fro m 2 0 t o 13 0 u.g/dscm . Linearity. Linearit y o f th e QA G was analyze d wit h linea r least-square s regression s o f th e measure d aeroso l concen tration s compare d wit h th e theoretica l concentration s ove ral l o f

th e concentratio n levels . Correlatio n coeffi cient s (r) , slopes , an d intercept s fro m thes e regression s ar e presente d fo reac h elemen ti n Tabl e 4 . Th e correlatio n coeffirient s fo ral l o f th e element s a

s determine d wit h eac h measuremen tmetho d were >0.99 , wel l abov e th e acceptabilit y requiremen to f 0.85 . Slope s range d fro m a lo w o f 0.9 8 t o ahig h o f

1.05 , al l withi n 5% o f unit y (i.e. , 1.00) . Intercept s range d fro m -0.0 1 t o -1.1 3 an d were al l <1 % o f

th e concentratio n range . Plot s o f th e regressio n analyse s usin g al l 5 o f th e metal s combine d ar e presente d fo rth e Xac ti n Figur e 2 an d fo rth e XF M i n Figur e 3 . Th e Q A G agai n demonstrate d correlatio n coefficient s o f 0.99 , an d slope s wer e withi n 0.4 % o f 1.00 . Intercepts wer e <0.3°/ 4 o f

th e concentratio n range . A final regressio n anal ysi s o f al l o f th e measure d versu s theoretica l QA G dat a yielde d a0.99 8 correlatio n coefficient , aslop e withi n 0.2 % o f unit y (0.99 8 ±0.002) , an d a n intercep t<0.1 % o f 14 0 120 100 8 0 6 0 4 0 2 0 0 y = 0.999 X - 0.10 3

r = 0.99 8 n=67 5 o C r A A s • H g X Pb + C d

20 4 0 6 0 80 10 0 12 0 Theoretica

l Concentratio

n (ug/dscm

) 14 0
Figur e 2 . QA G linearit y a s determine d b y th e Xac tusin g al l fiv e elements . th e concentratio n rang e (-0.0 4 ±0.16) . Thi s stron g lin ea rrelationshi p betwee n th e theoretica l QA G aeroso l con centration s an d th e independentl y measure d concentra tion s demonstrate s th e abilit y o f th e QA G t o produc e aerosol s quantitativel y ove rawid e rang e o f concentrations . 

## XactMetho d Validatio n Accuracy. Th e Xac tme tth e 20 % validatio n criterio n fo r accuracie s demonstrate d a tth e hig h concentratio n leve l (Tabl e 5) . Fo rth e measuremen tmethods , thi s leve l i s expecte d t o b e mos trepresentativ e o f concentration s nea r th e emissio n limi ta s require d b y Metho d 301 . Fo rth e 2 4 high-concentratio n runs , th e Xac taccuracie s range d fro m 1.8 % fo rA s t o ahig h o f 13 % fo rHg . Th e Xac taverag e accuracie s fo ral l 4 0 run s range d fro m alo w o f 4.9 % fo rA s t o ahig h o f

16 % fo rHg . Th e averag e Xac taccurac y cal culate d usin g al l five o f th e element s was 4. 7 ±4,3 % fo r th e hig h concentratio n an d 8. 3 ±7.2% fo ral l thre e o f th e concentratio n levels . Bia s was insignifican tfo rfou ro f th e five metal s bu t was significan tfo rH g atal l o f th e concentratio n levels . A post-tes tinvestigatio n o f thi s bia s reveale d a6 % calibra tio n error , althoug h thes e run s wer e retaine d i n th e data setwithou tcorrection . Assumin g correc tcalibration , th e H g accuracie s woul d hav e bee n o n th e sam e orde ra s th e accuracie s o f

th e othe rfou relements ; fo rexample , th e H g accurac y a

tth e hig h concentratio n leve l woul d b e ~7 % (i.e. , 

## ? 14 0 -
u ID 12 0 TD 

## I 10 0 C ••a 8 0 c s c 6 0 o •o 4 0 

## I 2 0 0 I y = 0.996 x - 0.2S 6

r = 0.99 7 n= 11 0

20 4 0 6 0 8 0 10

0 12 0 Theoretica

l Concentration (|ig/dscm) 14 0
Figur e 3 . QA G linearit y a s determine d by th e XF M usin g al l fiv e elements . 173 8 Journal

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# VES01723 7

## Yanca et al.

Tabl e 5
. Xac

taccurac

y determine

d durin g field tests . U w Concentratio n Mi dConcentratio n Hig hConcentratio n (-2 0 |ig/dscm ) (-4 5 fig/dscm ) (-11 0 |jig/dscm ) Averag e Al l Run s Elemen t NAccurac y A , % SD N Accurac y A , % S D N Accurac y A , % S D N Accurac y A , % S D
C r 8 7. 4 2.9 8 2 0 1.

6 2 4 4.

5 1.

7 40 8. 2 6.

5 A s 8 3. 3 2.

4 8 16 1. 9 2 4 1.

8 0.

7 40 4.9 5. 7 H g 8 14" 2. 1 8 25 a 1. 7 2 4 13 s 1. 0 4 0 16 " 5. 2 P b 8 13 1. 4 8 2

0 1.

4 2 4 2.

4 1.

5 4 0 7.

9 7.

4 C d 8 3. 6 2.6 8 16 1. 7 2 4 2.1 0. 8 40 5, 2 5,

7
Notes: S D = standar

d deviation ; "Bia

s wa s determine

d t o b e significan

tfo rthis value.

6 % o f th e 13 % accurac y ca n b e attribute d to th e calibratio n error) . Thi s identifie d erro rca n b e readil y correcte d an d futur e bias , thus , eliminated . A s aresult, acorrectio n facto r was no trequired . I n additio n t o th e calibratio n error , th e averag e accuracie s fo rbot h th e Xac tan d XF M (discusse d below ) wer e somewha timpacte d b y biases i n th e middl e concentratio n runs . Thes e biases appea rt o b e th e resul to f a n increase d difficult y i n maintainin g prope rQA G operat in g condition s i n th e fiel d compare d wit h th e laboratory . Th e biases were no tsignificant , an d thes e run s wer e retaine d i n th e dataset . Th e result s presente d i n Tabl e 5 demonstrat e ahig h accurac y fo rth e Xac tmeasuremen tmetho d eve n wit h th e H g calibratio n erro ran d midconcentratio n biases . Furthermore , thes e result s suggesteve n bette raccuracie s wit h correc tH g calibrations . Precision. Th e Xac tdemonstrate d bette rtha n 4% fo ral l o f th e concentratio n levels , wel l belo w th e 10 % validatio n threshol d (Tabl e 6) . Th e averag e precisio n fo ral l o f th e Xac trun s range d fro m alo w o f 1.4% fo rH g t o ahig h o f 1.9 % fo rCd . Ove ral l fiv e o f th e element s an d al l thre e o f th e concentratio n levels , th e tota l averag e precisio n fo r th e Xac twas calculate d a s 1.6% . Thes e results demon strate th e hig h precisio n o f th e Xac tove rawid e rang e o f concentrations . Linearity. Xac tlinearit y was evaluate d wit h linea rleast square s regressio n analysi s o f th e Xact-measure d concen tration s compare d wit h th e QAG-spike d stackga s refer enc e concentration s ove ral l o f th e concentratio n levels . Regressio n parameter s fo reac h elemen tar e presente d i n Tabl e 7. Xac tcorrelatio n coefficient s fo ral l o f th e ele ment s wer e >0.99 , easil y surpassin g th e 0.8 5 require ment . Slope s fo ral l o f th e metal s range d fro m 0.8 7 fo rH g t o ahig h o f

1.02 fo rPb . Intercepts range d fro m -0.7 9 t o -1.09 , al l <1 % o f

th e concentratio n range . A plotte d regressio n analysi s fo ral l 5 o f th e metal s combine d (Fig ur e 4) produce d acorrelatio n coefficien to f 0.995 , aslop e withi n 5 % o f

unit y (0.95 2 ±0.003) , an d a n intercep t<2 % o f th e concentratio n rang e (-1.1 0 ±0.18) . Th e stron g linea rrelationshi p betwee n th e Xac tconcentrations " an d th e referenc e concentration s confirm s th e Xac tlinea rre spons e an d hig h precisio n ove rawid e rang e o f concen tration s an d demonstrate s its abilit y t o accuratel y mea sure metal s ove rthi s range .



## XF M Validatio n Accuracy. Th e XF M accurac y results fo reac h elemen tar e presente d i n Tabl e 8 . A tth e hig h concentratio n level , th e X F M accuracie s range d fro m 3.5 % fo rH g t o 5.8 % fo rPb , al l wel l belo w th e 20 % validatio n requirement . Non e o f th e biase s wer e significan trelativ e t o thei runcertainty . Th e averag e XF M accurac y fo ral l o f th e run s range d fro m alo w o f

6 % fo rC d an d A s t o ahig h o f 7.9 % fo rPb . Combinin g dat afro m al l five o f th e elements , th e averag e X F M accurac y was calculate d a s 4. 7 ±3.1 % fo rth e hig h concentratio n leve l an d 6. 5 ±4.5 % fo ral l thre e o f th e concentratio n levels . Thes e results clearl y demonstrat e th e hig h accurac y o f th e XF M measuremen tmethod . Precision. Th e XF M precision s (Tabl e 9 ) al l me tth e 10 % validatio n criterio n an d wer e bette rtha n 7 % atal l o f

th e concentratio n levels . Th e averag e XF M precisio n fo ral l o f

Tabl e 6
. Xac

tprecisio

n determine

d durin g field tests . Lo w Concentratio n Mi dConcentratio n Hig hConcentratio n (-2 0 ug/dscm

) (-4 5 (xg/dscm ) -11 0 Htg/dscm ) Averag e A

K Runs Elemen t NPrecisio nP , % NPrecisio nP , % N PrecisianP , % N Precisio nP , %
C r 8 2. 2 8 1.4 . 2 4 1.

3 4

0 1.

6 A s 8 2, 4 8 1. 6 2

4 1.

0 4

0 1.

7 H g 8 1. 7 8 1. 6 2

4 0.8

3 4

0 1.

4 P b 8 1. 2 8 1. 3 2

4 2.

0 4

0 1.

5 C d 8 3. 4 8 1. 4 2

4 0.8

3 4

0 1.

9

Volume 5 6 Decembe r200 6 Journal ot the Air& Waste Management Association 173 9



# VES01723 8

## Yanca et al.

Tabl e 7
. Xac

tlinearit y determine

d durin g field tests . Table 10
. XF M linearit

y determine

d durin g field tests . Elemen t N R Slop e S O Intercept SO Elemen t N R Slop e S D Intercep t S D
C r 19

2 0.99

7 0.951 0.0050 5 -1.0 8 0.29 7 C

r 2

4 0.99

7 1.0

4 0.017

4 -1.6 1 1.3 9 A s 19

2 0.99

8 0.98

2 0.0048

7 -0.99 4 0.28 7 A

s 2

4 0.99

7 1.0

7 0.018

0 -2.7 2 1.4 3 H g 19

2 0.99

8 0.86

9 0.00412 -0.78 8 0.24 3 H

g 2

4 0.99

6 1.0

4 0.020

9 -1.8 0 1.6 7 P b 19

2 0.99

9 1.0

2 0.0038

7 -1.0 9 0.22 0 P

b 2

4 0.99

5 1.0

7 0.0221 -2.0 8 1.8 1 C d 19

2 0.99

7 0.97

0 0.0057

3 -0.80 2 0.33 7 C

d 2

4 0.99

7 1.0

5 0.0171 -1.6 1 1.3 6
Notes: S D = standar

d deviation. Notes: S D = standar

d deviation. th e run s range d fro m alo w o f 1.8 % fo rC ran d A s an d t o ahig h o f

3.7 % fo rPb . Th e tota l averag e XF M precisio n was calculate d a

s 2.6 % ove ral l fiv e o f th e element s an d al l thre e o f

th e concentratio n levels . Thes e results demon strate tha tth e XF M me tthi s acceptanc e criterio n an d i s precis e ove rawid e rang e o f concentiations . 14 0 120 t u I O 10 0 8 0 c o 6 0 E t :>nce 4 0 O u 2 0 X y = 0.952x-1.1 0

r= 0.99 5 n= 960 0 C r A A s • H g X P b + C d 20 40 60 8 0 10

0 QA G Referenc

e Concentratio

n (pg/dscm

) 12 0
Figur e 4
. Xac tlinearit y usin g all fiv e elements . Tabl e 8
. XF

M accurac

y determine

d durin g fiel d tests . Linearity. Th e result s o f th e XF M linearit y evaluatio n ar e presente d o n Tabl e 10 . Thes e parameter s wer e determine d wit h linea rleast-square s regressio n analysi s o f th e XFM measure d concentration s compare d wit h th e QAG-spike d stackgas concentration s ove ral l o f th e concentratio n levels . XF M correlatio n coefficient s fo ral l element s wer e aO.99 , wel l abov e th e 0.8 S acceptanc e value . Slope s fo ral l o f th e metal s range d fro m 1.04 t o 1.07 , al l withi n 7 % o f unity . Intercepts wer e al l <3 % o f th e linearit y tes tcon centratio n rang e an d range d fro m -1.6 1 t o -2.72 . A plotte d regressio n analysi s fo ral l 5 o f th e metal s com bine d i s presente d fo rth e XF M i n Figur e 5 . Th e combine d meta l regressio n yielde d acorrelatio n coefficien to f 0.996 , aslop e withi n 5 % o f 1.0 0 (1.0 5 ±0.01) , an d a n intercep t <2 % o f th e ful l concentratio n rang e (-1.9 6 ±0.6) . Th e stron g correlatio n o f th e XF M concentration s wit h th e referenc e concentration s demonstrate s th e abilit y o f th e XF M t o accuratel y measur e awid e rang e o f concentra tion s an d confirm s it s precisio n ove rthi s range .



## Summar y A summar y o f

eac h method' s performanc e i n referenc e t o th e validatio n criteri ai s presente d i n Tabl e 11 . Thi s tabl e

Lo w Concentratio n Mi dConcentratio n Hig hConcentratio n ( -2 0 ug/dscm) (-4 5 fig/dscm ) (-11 0 ug/dscm) Averag e Al l Runs Elemen t N Accurac y A , % S

D N Accurac y A

, % S D H Accurac y A , % SD H Accurac y A , % S D
Cr 4 6.

0 3.

4 4 1

2 1,

3 1 2 4.

0 2.

4 2 0 6.

0 3.9 A s 4 1.

7 1.

0 4 1

3 2.

5 12 5.

0 2.

9 2 0 6.

0 4.

7 H g 4 5.

5 3.

4 4 1 5 3. 8 1 2 3.

5 3.

4 2 0 6.1 5. 5 P b 4 8.0 6. 4 4 14 2. 3 12 5.

8 4.0 2

0 7.9 5. 2 C d 4 6.

7 2.

0 4 9.0 2. 5 1 2 5.

1 2.5 2

0 6.

2 2.

8 Notes: S D = standar

d deviation

. Tabl e 9
. XF

M precisio

n determine

d durin g fiel d tests . Lo w Concentration Mi dConcentratio n Hig hConcentratio n (-2 0 pg/dscm

) ( ~ 4 5 ug/dscm) (-11 0 ug/dscm) Average Al l Runs Elemen t N Precisio nP , % NPrecisionP , % HPrecisio nP , '/ < t 

### • Precisio nP , %
C r 4 2. 3 4 1. 0 12 2. 2 2

0 1.

8 A s 4 1. 5 4 2. 0 12 1. 9 2

0 1.

8 H g 4 2. 3 4 3. 2 12 2. 9 2

0 2.

8 P b 4 6. 5 4 1. 9 1

2 2.

7 2

0 3.7 C d 4 4. 7 4 2. 0 12 2. 4 2

0 3.

0

174 0 Journal

of the Air& Waste Management Association Volum e 56 Decembe r200

6



# VES01723 9

## Yanca et al.

0 20 40 6 0 8

0 10

0 120 QA G Referenc

e Concentratio

n (pg/dscm

) Figur e

## S. XF

M linearit y usin g al l fiv e elements

.

clearl y show s tha tth e thre e method s easil y passe d al l o f th e require d criteri a fo ral l fiv e o f th e metals . 

## CONCLUSION

S Th e thre e independen tmethod s discusse d i n thi s pape r me tEP A Metho d 30 1 requirement s fo rcomplianc e appli cation s an d ar e precise , accurate , an d linea rtool s applica bl e t o th e determinatio n o f hazardou s meta l concentra tion s i n emissions . Th e QA G an d th e Xac ttechnologie s hav e currentl y bee n approve d b y EP A fo rcomplianc e demonstratio n ata HWC. 2 6I n additio n to th e fiv e ele ment s measure d wit h thes e tests , th e method s ar e ex pecte d t o b e applicabl e t o mos thazardou s element s i n stac k an d fugitiv e emission s fro m stationar y sources , a s wel l a s i n th e ambien tenvironment . Th e QA G referenc e aeroso l generato rcould , thus , b e use d a s a generall y ap plicabl e referenc e aeroso l generato rfo rresearch , metho d certification , an d audits . Th e XF M measuremen tmethod s coul d b e use d fo rperformanc e testing , initia l certification , an d continuin g qualit y assuranc e audit s o f multimeta l CEMS . Finally , th e Xac tcoul d b e use d t o demonstrat e ongoin g complianc e throug h it s us e a s a CEMS , an d its technolog y coul d b e extende d t o a n instrumenta l analysi s procedur e wit h application s simila rt o th e XFM . I n additio n t o th e result s presente d i n thi s paper , al l thre e method s hav e demonstrate d hig h precision s an d accuracie s i n othe rfiel d an d laborator y tests. 3 7 - 3 0Th e measuremen tmethod s hav e als o consistentl y demon Tabl e 11
. Summar

y o f validatio n results . Parameter s Criteri a QA GMetho d XF

M Metho d Xac t

Metho d
No . o f run s (n ) s> 9 2

0 1

2 2

4 Accuracy(/

) s20 % <5 % <6% a <7% a ' b Precisio n (f l <10% <3% <4 % <4% linearit y (r ) 20.8 5 0.9 9 0.9

9 0.9

9
Notes: "Result

s fro m hig h concentratio

n level ; "Assumin

g correc tcalibratio

n o f Hg. strate d frequen tsamplin g times, rapi d analysi s turn aroun d time s (1 5 mi n fo rth e Xac tan d 2 h rfo rth e XF M i f a field-portable analyze ri s used) , an d lo w detectio n limits . Analysi s i s nondestructive , an d th e method s ca n b e independentl y audite d wit h th e QAG . I n additio n t o met als , th e QA G ca n potentiall y generat e aerosol s o f bot h organi c an d inorgani c analytes . 

## REFERENCES 1. Prieditis , H. ; Adarason , l.Y . Comparative Pulmonary Toxicit y o f Vari ou s Soluble Metal s Foun d i n Urba n Particulat

e Dus tExp. Lung. Res. 2002 , 28, 563-576 . 2. Monn , C ; Becker

, S . Cytotoxicity and Inductio n o f Proinflammatory Cytokines fro m Huma n Monocytes Exposed t o Fin e (PM2.5 ) an

d Coarse Particle

s (PM10-2.S ) i n Outdoo ran d Indoo rAir ; Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1999 , 155 , 245-252 . 3 . U.S . Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , Nationa l Emissions Standards fo rHazardous Ai rPollutant s fo rSourc

e Categories . I n Coif

e of Federal Regulations, 40 CFR 63 ; U.S . GovernmentPrintin g Office : Washington , DC , 2005 . 4 . U.S . Environmenta l Protectio n Agency . Metho d 29 , Determinatio n o f Metal s Emissions fro m Stationar y Sources . I

n Code of

FederalRegulations, 40 CFR 60 ; U.S . GovernmentPrintin g Office : Washington , DC , 2005 . 5 . U.S . Environmenta l Protectio n Agency . Evaluation of Two Methods for the Measurement

of Mercuiy Emissions in Exhaust Gases from a Mumcipal Waste Combustor; EPA 450/4-92-013 . U.S . Governmen tPrintin g Office : Washington , DC , 1991 . 6 . Rigo , H.G. ; Chandle rA.J . Quantitatio n Limits fo rReferenc e Method s 23 , 26 , an d 29 ; / . Air

& Waste Manage. Assoc. 1999 , 49, 399-411 . 7 . .American Societ

y o f Mechanica l Engineers , Researc h Committe e o n Industria

l an d Municipa l Waste. Reference Method Accuracy and

Precision (ReMAP): Phase 1, Precision of Manual Stack Emission Measurements; Repor tNo . CRTD-60 ; American Societ y o f Mechanica l Engineers International : Washington , DC , 2001 . 8 . Zhang , H. ; Yueh , F.Y. ; Singh , J.P . Evaluatio n of th e Potentia

l o f LaserInduced Breakdown Spectroscopy fo rDetectio n of Trace Elemen ti n Liquid ; / . Air& Waste Manage. Assoc. 20O2 , 51 , 681-687 . 9. Seltzer

, M.D . Performance Testing of aMultimetal s Continuou s Emis sions Monitor . / . Air& Waste Manage. Assoc. 2000 , 50 , 6. 10 . Sk y + , Inc . 1997

Performance Testing of Multi-Metal

Continuous Emissions Monitors; DOE/1D-10665 . U.S . Departmento f Energy , Idah o Op eration s Office : Idah o Falls , ID , 1998 . 11 . Cooper , J.A ; Fry , S.C ; Johnsen , B.E . Apparatus and Methods forRemoving Mercury from Fluid Stream. U.S . Paten

t6,770,250 B2 , 2004 . 12 . Cooper , J.A ; Fry , S.C ; Johnsen , B.E . Apparatus and Methods forRemoving Mercury from Fluid Stream. U.S . Paten

t6,872,370 B2 , 2005 . 13. Draft Test Plan forValidating a Reference Procedure forMeasuring tlie Concentration of

Metals in Eli Lilly and Company's Hazardous Waste IncineratorStack Gas; Coope rEnvironmental Services : Portland , OR, 2004 . 14 . U.S . Environmenta l Protectio n Agency . Metho d 301 , Fiel d Validatio n o f Pollutio n MeasurementMethod s fo rVarious Media . I n Code of federal Regulations, 40 CFR 56 ; U.S . Governmen tPrintin g Office : Washington , DC , 2005 . 15 . Method

301 Evaluation of

Three Methods forMulti-Metals Measurement and Validation; Coope rEnvironmental Services ; Portland , OR , 2006 . 16 . Barth , D.C ; Yanca , C.A. ; Petterson, K.A. , Nakanishi , M.P. ; Cooper , J.A. ; Johnsen , BJ. ; Lambert, R , H . Aerosol

Sci. Tech., submitte d fo r publication . 17. Determination of

Metal Concentration In CES'Xact CEMS Stilling Chamber Using the CES XFM; Coope rEnvironmental Services : Portland , OR, 2006 . 18 . Determination of

Metal Concentrations from Stationary Sources Using the CES XFM; Coope rEnvironmenta l Services : Portland , OR, 2006 . 19. Specifications and

Test Procedure forX-Ray Fluorescence BasedMultiMetals Continuous Emissions Monitoring Systems at Stationary Sources; Coope rEnvironmenta l Services : Portland , OR , 2006 . 20 . Qiiality Assurance Requirements forX-Ray Fluorescence Eased Multi-Metais Continuous Emissions Monitoring Systems at Stationary Sources; Coope r Environmental Services : Portland , OR, 2006 . 21 . Cooper , J.A. ; Barth , D.B. ; Nakanishi , M.P. ; Petterson , K.A. ; Yanca , CA . A Quantitative , Traceable-to-NIST , Referenc e Aeroso l Generato rfo r Evaluatin g Aerosol Speciatio n Monitors an d MeasurementMethods . I n Proceedings ofthe Air& Waste Management Association's Symposium on AirQuality Measurement Methods and

Technology, Durham, NC , Ma y 9-11 , 2006 ; A&WMA : Pittsburgh , PA , i n press . 22 . May , K.R . Th e Colliso n Nebulizer . Description , Performance & Appli cation . / . Aerosol. Sci. 1973 , 4, 235-243 . 23 . Cooper , J.A. ; Barth , D.B. ; Nakanishi , M.P. ; Petterson , K.A. ; Yanca , CA . New Filter-Base

d Method s fo rPrecise, Accurate , an d Timelie rMeasure mentof Metal Emissions . I

n Proceedings ofthe Air& Waste Management
Volume 5

6 Decembe r200

6 Journal of the Air& Waste Management Association 174 1



# VES01724 0

## Yanca et al.

Association's Symposium on AirQuality Measurement Methods and

Txhnology; Durham , NC , May 9-11 , 2006 ; A&WMA : Pittsburgh , I'A , i n press. 24 . U.S . Environmental Protection Agency . Compendiu m Metho d 10-3.3 : Determinatio n of

Metal s i n AmbientParticulat e MatterUsin g X-Ra

y Fluorescenc

e (XRF ) Spectroscopy . I

n Compendium of

Methods forthe Determination of

Inorganic Compounds in Ambient Air; EPA/625/R-96/ 010a . U.S . Governmen tPrintin g Office : Washington , DC , 1999 . 25 . Watson , J.G. ; Lioy , P.J. ; Mueller , P.K . Th e MeasurementProcess : Precision , Accurac

y an d Validity . I

n Ai rSampling Instruments forEvaluation of Atmospheric Contaminants, 6t h ed. ; Lioy , PJ ; Lioy , M.J.Y ; Eds. ; Amer ican Conferenc e of

Governmental Industria l Hygienists : Cincinnati , OH , 1983 ; p p 2-7. 26 . Oldham , C.B . Ai rMeasurement s an d Qualit

y Group , Offic e of

Ai r Qualit y Plannin g an d Standards , U.S . Environmental Protectio n Agency , Researc

h Triangl e Park

, NC . Writte n communicatio n with El i Lill y an d Company : Lafayette, IN . 2006 . 27 . Hay , K.J. ; Boddu , V.M. ; Johnsen ; B.E. ; Cooper , J.A . X-Ray FluorescenceBased Multi-Metal

Continuous Emission MonitorTechnology Demonstration; ERDC/CERL-TR-OS-3 ; U.S . Army Corp s o f Engineer

s Engineer Researc h an d DevelopmentCenter : Champaign , IL , 2005 . 28 . Installation and

Use of an X-Ray Based

Continuous Emissions Monitorfor AED Treatability Study; Coope rEnvironmental Services : Portland , OR, 2003 . 29 . Re-design and

Field Testing of

an X-Ray Fluorescence Multi-Metals Monitor at the Iowa Army Ammunition Plant, Middleton, Iowa Coal Fired Boiler; CooperEnvironmenta l Services : Portland , OR, 2005 . 30 . Hay , K.J. ; Johnsen , B.E. ; Ginochio , P.R. ; Cooper , J.A . Relativ e Accurac y Testin g o f

an X-Ra

y Fluorescence-Base

d Mercury Monito ra tCoal Fired Boilers ; / . Air& Waste Manage. Assoc. 2006 , S6, 657-665 .

Abou t th e Author s Catherin e Yanca , Dougla s Barth , Kra g Petterson, an d Mi chae l Nakanish i are environmenta l scientist s atCoope rEn - vironmenta l Services , LLC . Joh n Coope ri s th e presiden to f Coope rEnvironmenta l Services , LLC . Bruc e Johnse n i s a claim s adjuste ra

tSAI F Co . Richar d Lamber ti s a n engi neerin g consultan ta tth e Engineerin g Tec h Center , Eli Lill y an d Co . Danie l Bivin s i s th e wor kassignmen tmanage rfo r th e Emissio n Measuremen tCente ro f th e Offic e o f

Ai rQual it y Plannin g an d Standards , U.S . Environmenta l Protectio n Agency . Addres s correspondenc e to: Joh n Cooper , Coope r Environmental Services , LLC , 1018 0 S W Nimbu s Ave. , Suit e J6 , Portland , O R97223 ; phone : +1-503-624-5750 ; fax : +1

- 503-624-2120 ; e-mail : jacooper@cooperenvironmental.com .

174 2 Journal

of the Air& Waste Management Association Volume 6 6 Decembe r200

6



# VES01724 1

# VES017242-017320.pd f

# United State s Environmenta

l Protectio

n Agency , Region 5 Ai r& Radiatio

n Divisio n 7 7 Wes tJackso n Boulevar

d Chicago , Illinois 6060

4


# Statemen

to f Basi s for : 

# DRAF T Ai rPollutio n Contro l Titl e V Permitt o Operat

e No . V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0

issue d to : 

# Veoli aE S Technical Solutions , L.L.C .

7 Mobil e Avenu

e Sauget , Illinois 6220

1

October201 4

## Statemen to f Basi s fo rDRAF T Titl e V PermitNo . V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aE S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Dat e Issued : October10,201 4 Pag e 2 o f 7 9 

# SUMMAR Y
Pursuan tt o Titl e V ofth e Clea n Ai rAc t(CA A orAct) , a s amended , 4

2 U.S.C . § 7401 , e

tseq. , an d it s implementing regulations a t40 C.F.R . Par

t71 , th e U . S . Environmental Protection Agenc y i s issuin g fo rpubli c commen tadraf trenewa l operatin

g permit(draf

tpermit ) fo rVeoli a E S Technical Solutions , L.L.C . (Veolia) , ahazardou s wast e storag e an d disposa

l facility locate d a t7 Mobil e Avenue , Sauget , Illinois . Thi s documen tset s fort h th e lega l an d factua

l base s fo rth e draf tpermitconditions , includin g references t o applicable provision s ofth e CA A and it s implementing regulations . Thi s documen talso describe

s th e derivatio n o f

conditions a

s require d b y 4 0 C.F.R . § 71.11(b) . Th e draf tpenni t(Permi

tNo . V-IL-1716300103-2014-10 ) contain s emissions limitations an d standard s t o assur e compliance wit

h al l CA A requirement s tha tappl y t o th e source , a

s wel l a s othe rnecessar

y term s and conditions . Thi s proceeding i s subjec tt o th e administrativ

e requirement

s o f 4 0 C.F.R . §71.11 . Th e draf tpermi tis subjec

tt o aminimum 30-da

y publi c commen tperio d a

s required b y 40 C.F.R . § 71.11(d) .



# VES01724 3

## Statemen to f Basi s fo rDRAF T Titl e V PermitNo . V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aE S Technical Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Dat e Issued : October10,201 4 Pag e 3 o f 7 9
TABL E O F CONTENT S SUMMAR Y 2 1.0. GENERA L INFORMATIO N 6 1.1 . Introductio

n 6 1.2 . Applican tand Stationar y Sourc e Information 6 1.3 . Genera

l Facility Descriptio n 6 1.4 . Are aClassificatio n 7 1.5. Basi s fo rTitl e V Applicability 1 2 1.6 . Applicatio n Revie w History an d Applicatio n Shiel d 1 2
2.0 . EMISSIO N UNIT S AN D EMISSION S 1 5 2.1 . Emissio n Units an d Proces s Information 1 5 2.1.1 . Process Descriptio n 1 6 2.1.2 . Incineration Units 1 7 2.2 . InsignificantEmissio n Units an d Activitie s 1 9 2.3 . Emissions 2 2
3.0 . AI RPERMITTIN G AN D ENFORCEMEN T HISTOR Y 2 4 3.1 . Pennittin g History 2 4 3.1.1 . Construction Permit s 2 4 3.1.2 . Titl e V Permitting History 2 5 3.2 . EnforcementHistory an d PermitShiel d 2 7 3.2.1 . Allegations o f Violatio n 2 7 3.2.2 . Permi

tShiel d 2 8 3.2.3 . Compliance Schedule 2 9
4.0 . PERMI T TERM S AN D CONDITION S 3 0 4.1 . Overview o f

Permi tTerms 3 0 4.2 . Applicabl e Requirement s 3 1 4.2.1 . GH G Emission s 3 6 4.2.2 . Prevention o f Significan tDeterioration o f Ai rQuality (PSD ) 3 7



# VES01724 4

## Statemen to f Basis fo rDRAF T Titl e V PermitNo . V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aE S Technical Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Dat e Issued : October10, 201 4 Pag e 4 o f 7 9
4.2.3 . OPL s Required b y th e HW C MAC T 3 7 4.2.4 . Extrapolation o f CP T Feedrate

s 3 9 4.2.5 . Feedrat

e OPL s Included i n Veolia' s Permit4 0 4.3 . Non-applicabl e Requirement s 4 2
5.0 . MONITORIN G REQUIREMENT S 4 6 5.1 . Statutor

y Requirement

s 4 6 5.2 . Feedstrea

m Analysi s Procedure s fo rMercury , LV M and SV M 4 6 5.2.1 . Overvie w o f

Requirement

s 4 6 5.2.2 . Deficiencie s i n Veolia' s Curren tFeedstrea

m Analysi s Procedure s 4 9 5.3 . Multi-Metal s Continuous Monitorin g Requirement s 5 2 5.3.1 . Overvie w o f

Requirement

s 5 2 5.3.2 . Multi-Metal s CEM S an d Feedstrea

m Analysi s 5 6 5.3.3 . Deficiencie s i n Veolia' s Curren tEmission s Monitorin g Procedure s 5 8 5.3.4 . Availability o f Multi-Metal s CEM S 5 9 5.3.5 . Performanc

e Specification s fo rth e Multi-Metal s CEM S 6 1 5.3.6 . Measuremen to f Berylliu m Emission s 6 2 5.4 . OtherSupplementa l Monitorin g Provision s Included i n th e Permit6 3 5.4.1 . Emission s Calculatio n Methodology 6 3 5.4.2 . Testin g Requirement s fo rNOx , VO M an

d SO 2 Emission s fro m th

e Incineration Unit s 6 4 5.4.3 . Visibl e Emission s Observation s fo rMaterial Processin g Area s 6 5 5.4.4 . Calculatio n o f VO M Emission s fro m Material Processin g Area s 6 6 5.4.5 . Visibl e Emission s Observation s fo rth e Dru m Crushe r6 7 5.4.6 . Calculatio n o f VO M Emission s fro m th e Dru m Crusher6 8 5.4.7 . Periodi c Replacemen to f Carbo n i n th

e Carbon Adsorptio n Syste m 6 8 5.4.8 . Inspection Requirement s fo rth e Submerge

d Loadin g Pipes 6 8 5.4.9 . Visibl e Emission s Observation s fo rth e Bul kFee d Buildin g 6 9 5.4.10 . Requirement s tha tEnsur e Total Enclosure fo rth e Bul kFee d Buildin g 6 9 5.4.11 . Supplementa l Recordkeeping Requirement s fo rth e Bul kFee d Buildin g 7 0 5.4.12 . Monitorin g an d Recordkeeping Requirement s fo rth e Gasolin e Storag

e Tan k7 0 5.4.13 . Compliance wit h th e Opacit y an d OtherNumerical Limits fo rth e Boile r7 1



# VES01724 5

## Statemen to f Basis fo rDRAF T Titl e V PermitNo . V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aE S Technical Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Dat e Issued : Octobe r10,201 4 Pag e 5 o f 7 9
5.4.14 . Periodi c Monitorin g Requirement s fo rInsignificantEmissio n Unit s 7 2 5.5 . Streamlining 7 2
6.0 . ENVIRONMENTA L JUSTIC E CONSIDERATION S 7 5 7.0 . MAJO RCHANGE S FRO M TH E 2008 PERMI T 7 8 7.1 . Revisio n o f

OPL s an

d Additio n o f

Monitorin g Requirement s fo rMetal s an

d Other Pollutant

s 7 8 7.2 . Removal o f

Case-By-Cas e MAC T Determination fo rth e Boile r7 8 7.3 . Incorporation o f Applicabl e Requirement s fo rth e Emergency Generator s 7 9



# VES01724 6

## Statemen to f Basi s fo rDRAF T Titl e V PermitNo . V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aE S Technical Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Dat e Issued : October10

, 201 4 Pag e 6 o f 79 

# 1.0 . GENERA L INFORMATIO N
1.1 . Introductio

n Th e 199 0 amendment

s t o th e CA A establishe

d acomprehensive airqualit y permi t progra m underth

e authorit

y o f Titl e V ofth e Act . Titl e V require s certain facilitie s tha

t emi tlarg e amount

s o f airpollutio n (also calle d majorsources) t o obtain a

n operatin

g permit, als o known a

s aTitl e V permit, afte rth e sourc e ha s begun t

o operate. Thi s permi t is an enforceable compilation o f al l enforceable terms , condition s an d limitation

s tha tare applicabl e t

o th e sourc e an d i s designed t

o improve compliance b y clarifyin g wha t facilitie s mus

td o t o contro l airpollution . EP A regulations implementing Titl e V ar e codifie d a

t4 0 C.F.R . Par

t7 1 fo rpermit

s issued b y EP A o rit

s delegatee

s an d a t40 C.F.R . Par t7 0 fo rpermit

s issued b y state

s an d loca l agencies pursuan tt o approve

d programs . A Titl e V permi

ti s vali d fo rn

o mor e tha n fiv e year

s an d ma y b e renewe

d i n fiv e yea

rterm increments . EP A i s th

e CA A Titl e V permitting authorit y fo rVeolia' s Sauge

tfacility . EP A issued th e initia l Titl e V permi

tt o Veoli ao n Septembe

r12,200 8 pursuan

tt o 4 0 CF.R . Par

t71 . A s allowe d b y Titl e V , EP A i s now proposin g t o rene w th e permitfo rafiv e yea rterm . 

# 1.2 . Applican

tan d Stationar

y Sourc e Informatio

n Owner : Veoli aE S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C . Facility Name & Address : Veoli aE S Technica l Solutions 7 Mobil e Avenu e Sauget , Illinoi s 6220 1 SI C Code : 495 3 Responsibl e Officia l & Mailin g Address : Dou g Harri s 7 Mobil e Avenu e Sauget , Illinoi s 6220 1 Telephone : (618)271-280 4 Facility Contact : Dennis Warchol , (618) 271-280 4


# 1.3 . Genera

l Facilit y Descriptio

n Veoli aown

s an d operate

s acommercial hazardou s wast e incinerato ri n Sauget , St . Clai r County , Illinois . Veolia' s Sauge tfacility is awast

e treatment

, storag e an d disposa

l



# VES01724 7

## Statemen to f Basi s fo rDRAF T Titl e V PermitNo . V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aE S Technical Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Dat e Issued : Octobe r10, 201 4 Pag e 7 o f 7 9
facility tha

taccept s offsite wast

e fo rfurthe

rdisposa

l throug h incineration . Th e facility includes two fixed-hearth , dua l chamber, multi-typ e fee d incinerator s (Incineratio

n Unit s 2 an d 3) , eac h rate d a t1 6 millio n Britis h therma l unit s pe rhour(mmBtu/hr) , an d on e rotar y kil n incinerator(Incineration Uni t4) , rate d a t5 0 mmBtu/hr . Incineratio n Units 2 an d 3 eac h us e spra y dr y absorber

s wit h lime slurr

y injectio n t

o control hydroge

n chlorid e (HCI ) emissions an

d baghouse

s fo rparticulat

e matte r(PM) . Incineratio

n Uni t4 use

s a spra y dr y absorbe

rfo rHC I control , a

n activated carbon injectio n syste m fo rmercur

y (Hg ) control , an

d abaghous

e fo rP M control . Container s and bul kshipment

s o f hazardou

s an d soli d waste

s ar e received , analyzed an d transferred t

o temporar

y storag e facilities , processed , an d incinerated i n on

e o f thre e incineratio n units . Figures 1 through 4 sho w th e layou tofth e facility . 

# 1.4 . Are aClassificatio

n St. Clai rCounty , Illinois , i s designated a s amoderat

e nonattainmen

tare afo rth e 8-hour ozone National AmbientAi rQualit y Standar

d (NAAQS) . I

ti s als o designate

d a s a nonattainmen

tare afo rth e 199 7 annua l NAAQ S fo rparticulat e matte rwit h aerodynami c diamete rles s tha

n 2. 5 micrometer

s (PM2.5). 1 

## St. Clai rCount y i s classifie d a

s attainmen

t o runclassifiabl e wit

h respec tt o al l othe

rNAAQS . Th e are asurroundin

g Veoli aha

s asignificantminorit y population (abou

t6 5 percent) , an d asubstantia

l proportion o f

al l persons livin g withi n thre e miles o f

Veoli a(ove

r30 percent ) liv e belo w th

e federa l povert y level . EP A consider s th e are asurrounding Veoli a a s a n are awit h environmenta

l justic e (EJ ) concerns . See sectio n 6. 0 fo radetailed discussio n o f

th e E J consideration

s specifi c t

o this permitaction .

O n Ma y 23 , 2011 , EP A too kfina l actio n determinin g tha tthe Sain tLoui s PM2. 5 nonattainmentareai n Illinoi s an d Missour i has attaine d the 1997 annua l PM2. 5 NAAQS , base d upo n quality-assured , quality-controlled , an d certifie d ambientai rmonitoring dat afo rth e 2007-200 9 monitorin g period . Thi s fina l determinatio n suspends th e States ' obligatio n t

o submi tanumbe ro f plan s fo rthis are abu ti s no tequivalen tto redesignatin g the areat o attainment. Th e designatio n o f

the are awil l remai n nonattainmentfo rthe 199 7 annual PM2. 5 NAAQ S unti l suc h tim e as EP A determines tha

tthi s are ameet

s th e Ac trequirements fo rredesignatio n t o attainment . See 7 6 Fed . Reg . 29652 .



# VES01724 8

## Statemen to f Basi s fo rDRAF T Titl e V PermitNo . V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aE S Technical Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Dat e Issued : October10

, 201 4 Pag e 8 o f 7 9

wuv^ w 

## Figur e 1 . Layou to f

Veolia' s FacUity Showin g Unit s 2 an d 3 .



# VES01724 9

## Statemen to f Basis fo rDRAF T Titl e VPermi tNo . V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aE S Technical Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Dat e Issued : Octobe

r10,201 4 Pag e 9 o f 7 9 

# (3m

EDUIPUEN T STORAG E

STI FUU> 

## Figur e 2 . Layou to f

Veolia' s Facilit y Showin g Dru m Storage an d La b Pac kRepac kAreas .



# VES01725 0

## Statemen to f Basi s fo rDRAF T Titl e V Penni tNo . V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aE S Technical Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Dat e Issued : October10

, 201 4 Pag e 1 0 o f 7 9

tMA T SI EIO P warn r~ j r

SIT E UM > IHI W 

## Figur e 3 . Layou to f

Veolia' s Facilit y Showin g Additiona l Storage an d Stagin g Areas .



# VES01725 1

## Statemen to f Basi s fo rDRAF T Titl e V PermitNo . V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aE S Technical Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Dat e Issued : October10

, 201 4 Pag e 1 1 o f 7 9

Figur e 4 . Layou to f

Veolia' s Facilit y Showin g Incineratio n Uni t4 an d Associate d Emissio n Units .

## Statement o f Basi s fo r

DRAF T Titl e V Penni t No
. V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aE S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Dat e Issued : Octobe r

10 , 201 4 Pag e 1 2 o f 7 9 

# 1.5 . Basis fo rTitl e V Applicability Veoli ai s subjec t

to Titl e V permittin g requirement s becaus e i t i s amajo r

sourc e o f hazardou s ai r

pollutan t

(HAP ) emission s an dbecaus e i t i s subjec t

t o th e requirement s establishe dunde r

4 0 C.F.R
. Part

63 , Subpar t

EEE , Nationa l Emissio nStandard s fo r Hazardou s Ai r

Pollutant s fro mHazardou s Wast e Combustor s (HW C MACT)
. 

# 1.6 . Applicatio n Review History and Applicatio n Shiel d
Pursuan t t o 4 0 C.F.R
. § 71.5(a)(l)(iii) , atimel y renewa l applicatio n i s on e that i s submitte da

t leas t 6 month s bu t

no t mor e tha n 1 8 month s prio r t o expiratio n o f

aTitl e V permit
. Sinc e Veolia' s existin g Titl e V permi t ha da n expiratio n o f

dat e o f Octobe r 12 , 2013 , Veoli awa s require dt o submi t it s renewa l applicatio n n o earlie r tha n Apri l 12 , 201 2 an dn o late r

tha n Apri l 12 , 2013
. A s show n i n Tabl e 1 , below , Veoli asubmitte dit s applicatio n o n Apri l 8 , 2013 ; therefore , Veolia' s renewa l applicatio n i s timely
.

Tabl e 1 . Applicatio n Revie w History . Relevan tDat e Activit y Apri l 8,201 3 Veoli asubmit s it s Titl e V Permi t renewa l application
. Ma y 16 , 201 3 E P Anotifie s Veoli athat it s applicatio n i s incomplete
. Jul y 17,201 3 Veoli asubmit s (b y electroni c mail ) apreliminar y respons e t o EPA' s Ma y 16 , 201 3 Notificatio no f Incompleteness
. Veoli a an dEP Ahol daconferenc e cal l t o discus s th e Notificatio no f Incompleteness
. Augus t 16 , 201 3 Veoli asubmit s a n addendu mt o it s renewa l application
. Septembe r

11,201 3 EP Anotifie s Veoli athat it s applicatio n i s complete
. Novembe r

20 , 201 3 Veoli asubmit s additiona l informatio n o n it s renewa l

applicatio n a s requeste db y EP Ao n Novembe r 7 , 2013
. Decembe r

9,201 3 Veoli asubmit s additiona l informatio n o n it s renewa l

applicatio n a s requeste db y EP Ao n Decembe r 9 , 2013
. Decembe r

10,201 3 Veoli asubmit s additiona l informatio n o n it s renewa l

applicatio n a s requeste db y EP Ao n Decembe r 9 , 2013
.



# VES01725 3

## Statemen t o f Basi s fo r

DRAF T Titl e V Permi t No
. V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Pennittee : Veoli aE S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Date Issued : Octobe r

10 , 201 4 Pag e 1 3 o f 7 9

Relevan tDat e Activit y Decembe r

20 , 201 3 Veoli asubmit s additiona l informatio n o n it s renewa l

applicatio n a s requeste db y EP Ao n Decembe r 19 , 2013
. Januar y 14 , 201 4 Veoli asubmit s additiona l informatio n o n it s renewa l applicatio n a s requeste db y EP A o n Decembe r 11 , 2013
. Marc h3 , 201 4 Veoli asubmit s additiona l informatio n o n it s renewa l application
. Marc h4 , 201 4 Veoli asubmit s additiona l informatio n o n it s renewa l applicatio n a s requeste db y EP Ao n Marc h4 , 2014
. Marc h10 , 201 4 Veoli asubmit s additiona l informatio n o n it s renewa l application
. Marc h27 , 201 4 EP A hold s aconferenc e cal l wit hintereste dpartie s t o discus s publi c participatio n opportunities
. Marc h31 , 201 4 Veoli asubmit s additiona l informatio n o n it s renewa l applicatio n a s requeste db y EP Ao n Marc h28 , 2014
. Apri l 1 , 201 4 Veoli asubmit s additiona l informatio n o n it s renewa l application
. Apri l 3 , 201 4 Veoli asubmit s additiona l informatio n o n it s renewa l applicatio n a s requeste db y EP Ao n Apri l 1 , 2014
. Octobe r 10 , 201 4 EP A issue s Veolia' s draf t renewa l penni t

fo r comment .

E P Areviewe dVeolia' s Apri l 8 , 201 3 Titl e V permi t renewa l application , as amende do n Augus t 16 , 2013 , fo r

completenes s pursuan t t o th e criteri ai n 4 0 C.F.R
. § 71.5(a)(2)
. E P Adetermine do n Septembe r 11 , 201 3 that

the informatio n submitte db y Veoli awa s administrativel y complete
. A s specifie db y 4 0 C.F.R
. § 71.5(a)(2) , th e applicatio n completenes s determinatio n doe s no t preclud e EP A fro mrequestin g additiona l relevan t informatio n durin g th e cours e o f evaluatin g o r

takin g fina l actio n o n th e application
. I n addition , 4 0 C.F.R
. § 71.5(b ) obligate s Veoli at o promptl y file correction s to it s applicatio n shoul dVeoli afin dthat i t ha s omitte dan y relevan t fact s o r ha s submitte d inconec t informatio n i n th e application
. Becaus e EP A foun dthat Veolia' s permi t

applicatio n wa s timel y an dcomplete , Veoli ai s covere db y an application shield, whic hallow s Veoli at o continu e operatin g it s facilit y



# VES01725 4

## Statemen t o f Basi s fo r

DRAF T Titl e V Permi t No
. V4L-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aE S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Date Issued : Octobe r

10 , 201 4 Pag e 1 4 o f 7 9

eve n thoug hEP Aha s no t ye t issue darenewa l permi t t o Veolia
. 4 0 C.F.R
. § § 71.5(a)(2 ) an d71.7(b)
. Thi s applicatio n shiel di s i n effec t fro mth e dat e o f

completenes s unti l EP A ha s acte do n Veolia' s pendin g application , provide dVeoli asubmit s an y requeste d informatio n b y EPA' s specifie ddeadlines
. Th e permi t applicatio n shiel ddoe s no t mea n lha t EP Aha s alread y approve dth e requeste dpermit , no r doe s i t mea n that

EP Aha s detennine dthat

Veoli aha s adequatel y addresse dcomplianc e concern s i n it s application
. Th e permi t

applicatio n shiel dmean s onl y that Veoli ama y operat e it s facilit y unti l EP A ha s acte do n the pendin g application
.



# VES01725 5

## Statemen t o f Basi s fo r

DRAF T Titl e V Permi t No
. V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aE S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Date Issued : Octobe r

10 , 201 4 Pag e 1 5 o f 7 9 

# 2.0 . EMISSIO N UNIT S AN D EMISSION S
2.1 . Emission Unit

s an d Process Informatio n Tabl e 2 show s alistin g o f al l o f Veolia' s emissio n unit s that hav e applicabl e requirement s i nth e pennit
.
Tabl e 2. Listin g o f

Veolia' s Emissio n Unit s wit h Applicabl e Requirement s i n the Permit . Emissio n Uni t Descriptio n Date o f Constructio n Emissio n Contro l

Equipmen t

Hazardou s Wast e Combustor s Incineratio n Uni t #2 , Mode l TWI

2000 , Serie s 2 Octobe r 198 6 Joy-Nir o Spra y Drye r Absorbe r

(SDA-2) , Puls e Fl o Fabri c Filte r

(BH-2 ) Hazardou s Wast e Combustor s Incineratio n Uni t #3 , Mode l TWI

2000 , Serie s 2 Novembe r 198 7 Joy-Nir o Spra y Drye r

Absorbe r

(SDA-3) , Puls e Fl o Fabri c Filte r

(BH-3 ) Hazardou s Wast e Combustor s Incineratio n Uni t #4 , Mode l PY*RO X Jun e 198 8 Temperin g Chamber , Activate dCarbo n Injection , Spra y Drye r

Absorber , Fabri c Filte r Materia l Processin g Area s Wast e Processin g Unit s (Are a1 an d

Are a2 ) 198 8 Non e Materia l Processin g Area s La b Pac k Repac k Uni t 198 8 Non e
Dru mCrushe r Empt y drum s are crushe d 198 4 Non e Storag e Tank s fo r Liqui dWaste s Tank s # 2 (4,39 1 gals) , #

4 (4,93 1 gals) , # 6 (7,20 0 gals) , #8 (5,82 0 gals) , #10(12,86 9 gals) , #2 0 (12,86 9 gals) , #3 0 (12,86 9 gals) , #40(12,86 9 gals) , #5 0 (12,86 9 gals) , #6 0 (12,86 9 gals) , #30 0 (19,85 0 gals) , #30 2 (30,00 0 gals) , #30 4 (30,00 0 gals) , #30 6 (30,00 0 gals) , #30 8 (30,00 0 gals) , #31 0 (30,00 0 gals) , #31 2 (10,00 0 gals ) an d#314(10,00 0 gals ) Apri l 200 2 fo r # 2 an d#4 ; Jun e 200 4 fo r #1 0 an d#20 ; Marc h200 9 fo r #30 ; 198 8 fo r th e others. 2 

## Activate dCarbo n

Absorptio nSystem s fo r Storag e Tan k

Vents
.

Storag e Tan k

fo r # 2 Fue l Oi l Tan k #39 0 (30,00 0 gals ) 198 8 Non e

2Al l o f th e tank s wer e originall y constructe di n 1988
. Constructio n date s late r tha n 198 8 wer e in-kin d replacements
.



# VES01725 6

## Statement o f Basi s fo r

DRAF T Titl e V Permi t No
. V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aE S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Dat e Issued : Octobe r

10 , 201 4 Pag e 1 6 o f 7 9
Emissio n Uni t Descriptio n Date o f Constructio n Emissio n Contro l

Equipmen t Bul k Soli dWast e Storag e Facilit y Temporar y storag e o f bul k soli d waste s i n pit s prio r

to bein g fe dt o incineratio n uni t

# 4 198 8 Cyclone , Airto l Baghous e (B FBldg-BH-1) , Carbo n Adsorptio nUni t

(B FBldg

C A ) Gasolin e Storag e Tan k 550-gallo n desig n capacity ,

equippe dwit hsubmerge dloadin g pip e Jun e 2012 3 

## Non e

Boile r 10. 6 mmBtu/h r natura l gas-fire d boile r (Boile r #1 ) Novembe r 199 5 Non e Emergenc y Generator s (2 ) Tw o # 2 fue l oil-fire demergenc y generator s (eac h<11 2 kilowatt s (kW) ) 198 8 Non e Fugitiv e Ernission s Pumps , Valves , Open-En dLine s

an dCompressor s N / A Non e

2.1.1 . Proces s Descriptio n Veoli areceive s avariet y o f waste s i n container s (drums , rol l offs , etc. ) an di n bul k form
. Thes e waste s com e int o th e facilit y predominantl y i n th e for mo f solid s an dliquids
. Liqui dwaste s aniv e i n tank truck s an ddrums
. Gaseou s (an d som e liquid ) waste s aniv e i n variou s size dcylinders
. Bul k solid s primaril y arriv e i n20

- t o 40-yar droll-of f container s o r

othe r simila r bul k transpor t

vehicles
. Soli d waste s are als o receive di n container s suc ha s drums , totes , an dGaylor dboxes
. Onc e received , waste s are store dprio r t o incineratio n i n variou s building s o n th e propert y (includin g a

n explosive s magazine) , dependin g o n th e characteristic s o f the material , an deithe r fe ddirectl y t o a

n incinerator , repackage dint o smalle r charg e container s fo r

incineration , o r

sen t off-sit e fo r

treatmen t

a t othe r locations
. Drumme dliquid s ma y b e transferre dvi adru mpump s to Tan k Far m#1 o r

Tan k Far m#3
. Tan k Far m#1 , whic hservice s Incineratio n Unit s 2 an d3 , i s mad e u p o f 1 0 vertica l fixedroo f

storag e tanks
. Tan k

Far m#3 , whic hservice s Incineratio n Uni t 4 , i s mad e u p o f

8 vertica l fixedroo f

storag e tanks
. Thes e storag e tank s releas e fugitiv e emission s durin g fillin g an demptyin g o f th e tanks , a s wel l as whe n the tank s are empty . Emission s fro mthes e storag e tank s are controlle db y a n individua l carbo n adsorptio n uni t o n eac htank
.

' Thi s wa s a n in-kin dreplacemen t t o th e tan k

originall y constructe di n 1992
.



# VES01725 7

## Statemen t o f Basi s fo r

DRAF T Titl e V Pemii t No
. V-1L-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aB S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Dat e Issued : Octobe r

10 , 201 4 Pag e 1 7 o f 7 9
Bul k soli dwaste s are store di n fou r pit s i n th e bul k

fee dbuildin g (bul k

soli d wast e storag e facility)
. Th e buildin g i s enclose dan dequippe dwit hacyclone , baghouse , an dcarbo n adsorptio n unit
. Veolia' s Titl e V permi t require s Veoli at o operat e th e enclose dbuildin g unde r permanen t

negativ e pressure . A cla mshel l move s bul k

solid s fro mthe bul k

fee dbuildin g throug ha n enclose dgaller y t o Combustio n Uni t

4
. Materia l processin g occur s a t unit s MP- 1 an dMP-2 , an dth e la b pac k repac k areas . Materia l processin g involve s th e repackagin g o f drumme dsolid s int o mor e manageabl e container s fo r subsequen t

incineration
. Som e o f thes e solid s ma y hav e fre e liquids , whic har e fixe dwit ha n inert absorben t

materia l befor e repackaging
. La b pack s ar e opene dan drepackage dint o acceptabl e container s fo r chargin g t o th e incineratio n units
. Th e incineratio n unit s produc e ash , whic henter s th e As hHandlin g System
. As h fro mUnit s 2 an d3 i s temporaril y stage di n roll-of f container s a

t the As hStorag e Building
. Fro mthere i t i s transporte dt o th e bul k soli dwast e storag e facility
. As h fro mUni t

4 i s collecte di n roll-of f container s an dtransporte dt o Storag e Buildin g #7
. Emission s o f

P M ar e minimize dthroug hwor k practice s suc has we t

handling , coverin g wit hatarp , an dhandlin g insid e enclose dstructures . Veoli aals o operate s adru mcrusher , a t whic hdrum s that

are unsuitabl e fo r

reus e are crushed
. Som e empt y drum s ma y contai n residua l wast e whe n crushed
. Thes e emission s are no t controlled
. Fugitiv e emission s occu r facility-wide
. Th e mos t significan t

sourc e o f

fugitiv e emission s i s equipmen t leak s fro mpipeline s an dpump s tha t handl e liqui dorgani c waste . Th e evaporatio n o f organic s fro mspills , leaks , an ddru msamplin g als o contribut e t o facility-wid e fugitiv e emissions
. Finally , Veoli aoperate s smal l combustio n source s consistin g o f anatura l gas fire dboile r

(10. 6 mmBtu/h r

natura l ga s boiler ) use dt o generat e hea t an dstea m fo r on-sit e uses , tw o emergenc y generator s (eac hrate da t les s tha n 11 2 kW ) an da portabl e Tiog aheate r

(rate da t 2. 5 mmBtu/hr)
. Ther e are n o emissio n contro l device s associate dwit hthes e units
. 2.1.2 . Incineratio n Unit s A s show n i n Tabl e 2 , above , Veoli aha s thre e incineratio n units : Unit s 2 , 3 , an d4
. Incineratio n Uni t

1 wa s decommissione dan dclose di n 1992
. Incineratio n Unit s 2 an d3 ar e custo mfixed-hearth , dual-chambe r unit s eac hrate dat

1 6 mmBtu/hr. 4

4Unit s 2 an d3 ar e simila r i n desig n an dfunction
. Th e ke y difference s betwee n thes e unit s ar e th e sligh t difference s i nfee dtype s an dbaghous e configurations
. A s show n i n Tabl e 1 , Uni t 2 als o burn s gase s whil e Uni t 3 doe s not . Also , Uni t

2 ha s fou r

baghous e module s whil e Uni t 3 ha s thre e baghous e modules
.

## Statemen t o f Basi s fo r

DRAF T Titl e V Permi t No
. V-1L-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aE S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Date Issued : Octobe r

10 , 201 4 Pag e 1 8 o f 7 9
Incineratio n Uni t

4 i s arotar y kil n(transportabl e syste mconverte dt o astationar y unit ) rate da

t 5 0 mmBtu/hr
. Eac huni t include s it s ow n feed , ai r pollutio n control , proces s instrumentatio n an dcontrols , an dcontinuou s emissio n monitorin g systems . Eac hincineratio n uni t ha s aprimar y combustio n chambe r (PCC ) an da secondar y combustio n chambe r (SCC)
. Th e PCC s an dSCC s hav e natura l gas fire dauxiliar y burners , whic hare use ddurin g startup , shutdown , malfunction s an dadditiona l hea

t input
. Tabl e 3 show s asummar y o f th e ke y desig n specification s fo r

eac ho f th e thre e incineratio n units
.
Tabl e 3 . Desig n Specification s fo rVeolia' s Incineratio n Units . Desig n Paramete r Specificatio n Paramete Uni t2 Uni t3 Uni t4 Incinerato r

Typ e Fixe dHearth , Dua l

(Primar y an d Secondary ) Chambe r Fixe dHearth , Dua l (Primar y an d Secondary ) Chambe r Transportabl e Rotar y Kil n(include s kil nan d asecondar y chamber ) Mode l TW1-2000 , Scrie s 2 TW1-2000 , Serie s 2 PY*RO X Manufacture r Trad e Wast e Incineratio n Trad e Wast e Incineratio n Internationa l Wast e Energ y System s Fee dTyp e Solids , Organi c Liquids , Aqueou s Liquids , Sludges , Gase s (Uni t

2 only ) Solids , Organi c

Liquids , Aqueou s Liquids , Sludge s Solids , Organi c Liquids , Aqueou s Liquids , Sludge s Maximu mFee d Rat e Fo r Eac h Combustio n Chambe r Limite db y permi t (see Tabl e 9 ) Limite db y permi t (see Tabl e 9 ) Limite db y permi t (see Tabl e 9 )

Hea t Releas e Ratin g 1 6 mmBtu/h r 1 6 mmBtu/h r 5 0 mmBtu/h r Burne r Fue l Typ e Natura l Ga s Natura l Ga s Natura l Ga s Emissio nContro l Devic e Spra y drye r absorbe r an dfabri c filter (baghouse ) Spra y drye r absorbe r an dfabri c filter (baghouse ) Temperin g chamber ,

spra y drye r

absorber , carbo n injectio n an d lim e recirculatio n system , an dfabri c filter (baghouse )

Unit s 2 an d3 are designe dt o receiv e an dincinerat e containerize dwastes , aqueous , organi c an dspecialt y liqui dwastes , an dsludg e wastes . Th e aqueou s an dorgani c liqui dwaste s are fe dthroug hair-atomizin g nozzles
. Th e specialt y liqui dfeed s an ddirect-injec t liquid s ar e fe dthroug hthe aqueou s o r organi c liqui d



# VES01725 9

## Statemen t o f Basi s Fo

r DRAF T Titl e V Penni t No
. V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aE S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Dal e Issued : Octobe r

10 , 201 4 Pag e 1 9 o f 7 9
fee dsystems . Eac huni t ca n receiv e an y combinatio n o f liquid , semi-solid , o r soli dwastes . Uni t

2 ca n als o receiv e wast e gase s throug hseparat e fee dnozzles
. Uni t 4 ca n incinerat e container , aqueous , organi c an dspecialt y liquid , an dsludg e wastes . Liqui dwaste s are fe dint o eithe r th e kil no r

SCC
. Bul k

soli dwaste s are fe dint o the kil nthroug heithe r th e ra mfeede r

o r th e scre w auger . Containerize d waste s are fe dint o th e kil nthroug hth e ra mfeede r o r th e auxiliar y ra mfeeder
. Uni t 4 ca n als o accep t

liqui dwaste s injecte ddirectl y fro mth e deliver y vehicle
. Th e thre e incineratio n unit s are supporte db y lim e handlin g system s an das h handlin g systems . Th e lim e handlin g system s ar e mad e u p o f lim e storag e silo s an dslurr y mi x tanks
. Ther e i s on e syste mfo r Unit s 2 an d3 an don e fo r Uni t 4
. Th e silo s are controlle db y bi n vents . As hhandlin g consist s o f materia l collectio n fro mthe combustio n chambers , th e spra y drye r an dbaghouse
. Th e combustio n chambe r as hi s collecte di n roll-of f boxes
. Veoli atarp s th e roll-of f boxe s t o minimiz e P M emissions
. Veoli acontinuousl y monitor s eac hincineratio n uni t fo r carbo n monoxid e (CO ) an dhydroge n chloride/chlorin e (HCI/Cb ) emission s vi aa continuou s emission s monitorin g system . 

# 2.2 . InsignificantEmissio n Unit s and Activitie s Tabl e 4 , below , provide s alistin g o f emissio n unit s an dactivitie s locate da t Veoli atha

t E P Aha s determine dt o b e insignifican t pursuan t

t o 4 0 C.F.R
. § 71.5(c)( l 1)
. Unles s otherwis e specifie di n th e permit , th e Permitte e mus t compl y wit hal l applicabl e requirement s includin g an y ai r qualit y contro l requirement s that appl y t o insignifican t emissio n unit s an dactivities
. Pursuan t t o 4 0 C.F.R
. § 71.9(c)(5)(iii) , emission s fro m insignifican t

emissio n unit s an dactivitie s that ar e no t require dt o b e liste do r calculate di n apermi t applicatio n pursuan t

t o 4 0 C.F.R
. § 71.5(c)( l 1 ) are exclude dfro mth e calculatio n o f

fee s unde r

4 0 C.F.R
. § 71. 9 (c)(1 ) throug h(4)
.
Tabl e 4. Lis to f

Insignifican tEmissio n Unit s an d Activities . Uni tDescriptio n Basi s fo rClassificatio n a s an Insignifican t Emissio n Uni to rActivit y Regulator y Referenc e 2. 5 mmBtu/h r Tiog aportabl e boile r Direc t combustio n uni t

designe dan duse dfo r comfor t heatin g purposes , a s define da t 3 5 IA C 201.210(a)(4)
. 3 5 IA C 201.210(a)(4) ; 4 0 C.F.R
. § 71.5(c)(ll)(i)(D ) Horizonta l 550

- gallo nkerosen e tan k Storag e tank s o f virgi no r

rerefine ddistillat e oil , hydrocarbo n condensat e fro mnatura l ga s pipelin e o r

storag e systems , lubricatin g oil , o r residua l fue l oils
. 3 5 IA C 201.210(a)(ll )



# VES01726 0

## Statemen t o f Basi s fo r

DRAF T Titl e V Permi t No . V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Pennittee : Veoli aE S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Dat e Issued : Octobe r

10 , 201 4 Pag e 2 0 o f 7 9
Uni tDescriptio n Basi s fo rClassificatio n a s an Insignifican t Emissio n Uni to rActivit y Regulator y Referenc e Tw o horizonta l 550-gallo n No
. 2 fue l oi l tank s Storag e tank s o f virgi no r

rerefine ddistillat e oil , hydrocarbo n condensat e fromnatura l ga s pipelin e o r

storag e systems , lubricatin g oil , o r residua l fue l oils
. 3 5 IAC201.210(a)(ll )

As hhandlin g • Th e emissio n uni t doe s no t

emi t mor e than 1. 0 lb/h r o f an y regulate dai r

pollutan t

no t liste da s aHA Ppursuan t t o Sectio n 112(b ) o f the CA Ai n th e absenc e o f ai r pollutio n contro l equipment ;

• Th e emissio n uni t

doe s no t

emi t mor e tha n 0. 1 lb/h r o f an y regulate dai r

pollutan t

that i s liste da s aHA Ppursuan t t o Sectio n 112(b ) o f

th e CA Ai n th e absenc e o f ai r pollutio ncontro l equipment ; an d

• Th e emissio n uni t

i s no t aproces s unit
. 3 5 IA C 201.211(a )

Handlin g o f

spent dr y scrubbe r

solid s • Th e emissio n uni t doe s no t

emi t mor e than 1. 0 lb/h r o f an y regulate dai r

pollutan t

no t liste da s aHA Ppursuan t t o Sectio n 112(b ) o f th e CA Ai n th e absenc e o f ai r pollutio n contro l equipment ;

• Th e emissio n uni t

doe s no t

emi t mor e than 0. 1 lb/h r o f an y regulate dai r

pollutan t

that i s liste da s aHA Ppursuan t to Sectio n 112(b ) o f

th e CA Ai n th e absenc e o f ai r pollutio ncontro l equipment ; an d

• Th e emissio n uni t

i s no t aproces s unit
. 35 IA C 201.211(a )

Lim e unloadin g (silo ) an d proportionin g • Th e emissio n uni t doe s no t

emi t mor e than 1. 0 lb/h r o f an y regulate dai r

pollutan t

no t liste da s aMA Ppursuan t t o Sectio n 112(b ) o f th e CA Ai n th e absenc e o f ai r pollutio n contro l equipment ;

• Th e emissio n uni t

doe s no t

emi t mor e than 0. 1 lb/h r o f an y regulate dai r

pollutan t

tha t i s liste da s aHA Ppursuan t t o Sectio n 112(b ) o f th e CA Ai n th e absenc e o f ai r pollutio ncontro l equipment ; an d 3 5 IA C 201.211(a )



# VES01726 1

## Stalcmcn t o f Basi s fo r

DRAF T Titl e V Permi t No
. V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aF S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Date Issued : Octobe r

10 , 201 4 Pag e 2 1 o f 7 9
Uni tDescriptio n Basi s fo rClassificatio n a s a n Insignifican t Emissio n Uni to rActivit y Regulator y Referenc e

• Th e emissio n uni t

i s no t aproces s unit
. Gasolin e storag e an ddispensin g • Th e emissio n uni t doe s no t

emi t mor e tha n 1. 0 lb/h r o f an y regulate dai r

pollutan t

no t liste das aHA Ppursuan t t o Sectio n 112(b ) o f th e CA Ai n th e absenc e o f ai r pollutio n contro l equipment ;

• Th e emissio n uni t

doe s no t

emi t mor e tha n 0. 1 lb/h r o f an y regulate dai r

pollutan t

that i s liste das aHA Ppursuan t t o Sectio n 112(b ) o f

th e CA Ai n th e absenc e o f ai r pollutio ncontro l equipment ; an d

• Th e emissio n uni t

i s no t aproces s unit
. 3 5 IA C 201.211(a )

Us e o f absorben t materia l (fugitiv e P M generation ) • Th e emissio n uni t doe s no t

emi t mor e than 1. 0 lb/h r o f an y regulate dai r

pollutan t

no t liste das aHA Ppursuan t t o Sectio n 112(b ) o f th e CA Ai n th e absenc e o f ai r pollutio n contro l equipment ;

• Th e emissio n uni t

doe s no t

emi t mor e than 0. 1 lb/h r o f an y regulate dai r

pollutan t

that i s liste das aHA Ppursuan t t o Sectio n 112(b ) o f th e CA Ai n th e absenc e o f ai r pollutio ncontro l equipment ; an d

• Th e emissio n uni t

i s no t aproces s unit
. 35 IA C 201.211(a )

Genera l vehicl e maintenanc e an d servicin g (assume d t o includ e diese l fue l handling ) Genera l vehicl e maintenanc e an dservicin g activitie s a

t th e source , othe r

tha n gasolin e fue l handling , ar

e insignifican t

pursuan t

t o 35 IA C 201.210(b)(4)
. 35 IA C 201.210(b)(4 )

Laborator y (chemica l an d physica l analysis ) Benc hscal e laborator y equipmen t an d laborator y equipmen t

use dexclusivel y fo r chemica l an dphysica l analysis , includin g associate dlaborator y fum e hoods , vacuu m producin g device s an dcontro l device s installe d primaril y to addres s potentia l accidenta l releases , ar

e insignifican t

pursuan t

to 35 IA C 201.210(b)(ll)
. 35 IAC201.210(b)(Il )



# VES01726 2

## Statemen t o f Basi s fo r

DRAF T Till e V Penni t No
. V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aE S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Date Issued : Octobe r

10 , 201 4 Pag e 2 2 o f 7 9
Uni tDescriptio n Basi s fo rClassificatio n a s an Insignifican t Emissio n Uni to rActivit y Regulator y Referenc e Pipin g an dstorag e syste mfo r

natura l ga s Pipin g an dstorag e system s fo r natura l gas , propane , an dliquefie dpetroleu mga s are insignifican t

pursuan t

to 35 IA C 201.210(b)(15)
. 3 5 IA C 201.210 (b )(15 )

Non-halogenate d col dcleanin g degreaser s Col dcleanin g degreaser s that are no t in-lin e cleanin g machines , wher e th e vapo r pressur e o f the solvent s use dneve r excee d2 kP a(1 5 mmH g o r

0. 3 psi ) measure da

t 3 8 ° C (10 0 °F ) o r 0. 7 kP a( 5 mmH g o r

0. 1 psi ) a

t 2 0 ° C (6 8 °F ) are insignifican t

pursuan t

t o 35 IA C 201.210(b)(19) . 3 5 IA C 201.210(b)(19)

Interna l combustio n engine s o f

moto r vehicle s (primaril y forklifts ) Interna l combustio n engine s (includin g th e fue l system ) o f

moto r vehicles , locomotives , aircraft , watercraft , lif t trucks , an dothe r vehicle s powere db y nonroa dengine s are insignifican t

pursuan t

t o 35 IA C 201.210(b)(24) . 3 5 IA C 201.210(b)(24)

Storag e an d handlin g o f

close d drum s Storag e an dhandlin g o f drum s o r

othe r transportabl e container s wher e th e container s are seale ddurin g storag e an dhandlin g i s insignifican t

pursuan t

t o 3 5 IA C 201.210 (b )(26) . 35 IA C 201.210(b)(26)



# 2.3 . Emissions Veoli aemit s avariet y o f pollutant s includin g CO , nitroge n oxide s (NOx) , sulfu r dioxid e (SO2) , PM , particulat e matte r wit haerodynami c diamete r les s than 1 0 micrometer s (PMio) , PM2 .5 , semivolatil e metal s (SVM ) (i.e. , lea dan dcadmium) , low-volatil e metal s (LVM ) (i.e. , arsenic , berylliu man dchromium) , volatil e organi c compound s (VO C o r VOM) , greenhous e gase s (GHGs) 5 

## an dothe r HAPs
. Veoli ai s amajo r

sourc e o f

HAP s wit hpotentia l an dactua l emission s a s show n i n Tabl e 5 , below
. Th e source' s actua l an dpotentia l GH Gemission s ar e provide dfo r informationa l purposes . Th e facility' s potentia l t o emi t (PTE ) i s les s tha n majo r sourc e threshold s fo r

th e othe r

pollutants. 6

5 

### GHG s refer s t o th e aggregat e grou p o f si x greenhous e gases : carbo n dioxide , nitrou s oxide , methane , hydrofluorocarbons , perfluorocarbons , an dsulfu r hexafluoride
. 4 0 C.F.R
. § 71.2
. * A s i t pertain s t o HA Pemissions , "majo r source " mean s an y stationar y sourc e o r grou p o f

stationar y source s locate dwithi nacontiguou s are aan dunde r commo n contro l tha t emit s o r

ha s th e potentia l t o emi t considerin g controls , i n th e aggregate , 1 0 tp y o r mor e o f an y HA Po r

2 5 tp y o r

mor e o f an y combinatio no f

HAPs
. 4 0 C.F.R
. § 63.2
. Th e majo r

sourc e threshol dfo r

regulate dcriteri apollutant s i n th e Sauge t are ai s 10 0 tpy . 4 0 C.F.R
. § 71.2
.



# VES01726 3

## Statemen t o f Basi s Fo

r DRAF T Titl e V Penni t No
. V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aE S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Dat e Issued : Octobe r

10 , 201 4 Pag e 2 3 o f 7 9

Tabl e 5 . Potential t

o Emi tand Actua l Emission s Reporte d b y Veoli a(Ton s Pe rYear) . Pollutan t! PT E Actua l Emission s Pollutan t! PT E 201 2 201 1 ! 201 0 200 9 200

8 P M 12.6 2 1.0 7 1.1 2 1.1 0 1.0 7 1.0

4 PMi o 12.6 2 1.0 7 1.1 2 1.1 0 1.0 7 1.0

4 PM2. 5 

## 12.6 2 1.0 7 1.1 2 1.1 0 1.0 7 1.0

4 S 0 2 

## 66.2 5 0.5 3 0.4 9 0.4 9 0.5 2 0.5 0 NO x 74.9 9 56.5 6 58.1 6 57. 1 55.2 3 54.7 6 V O M (VOC ) 15.7 0 1.9 3 1.5 1 1.6 2 1.74 1.7 0 C O 31.0 4 1.1 6 1.2 1 1.4 1 1.67 1.9 5 GHG s (a s carbo n dioxid e equivalent s (C0 2 

## e)) * 147,05 3 112,37 8

HAP s (Total ) 21.4 1 Arseni c (As ) 0.038 8 2.5 1 x 10" 5 

## Berylliu m(Be ) 0.038 8 1.7 6 x 10" 7 

## Cadmiu m(Cd ) 0.096 8 3.1 1 x 10" 5 

## Chromiu m(Cr ) 0.038 8 5.4 6 x 10" 5 

## Dioxin s an d Furan s 9.97E-0 8 6.3 5 x IO" 8 

## Hydroge n Chlorid e (HCI ) 19.7 5 1.9 8 1.8 9 2.0 3 2.0 9 3.5 6 Lea d 0.096 8 0.0001 8 Mercur y (Hg ) 0.034 2 0.001 7 G H Gemission s wer e calculate dusin g globa l warmin g potential s fo r CO2 , methan e an dnitrou s oxid e a s publishe di n 7 8 Fed
. Reg
. 7194 8 (Novembe r 29 , 2013)
.

Thi s threshol dapplie s t o VO M an dNO x becaus e thi s are ai s designate da s a"moderate " nonattainmen t are afo r

th e 8 -hou r ozone , an dit s P M nonattainmen t designatio n i s no t

classifie da s "serious. " Althoug hEP A i s includin g GH G emission s her e fo r

informationa l purposes , i t note s tha t

afte r th e Jun e 23 , 201 4 U.S
. Suprem e Cour t decisio n i n Utility Air

Regulatory Group v . EPA (No
. 12-1146 ) EP A ma y no t trea t GHG s a s a n ai r

pollutan t

fo r purpose s o f determinin g whethe r asourc e i s amajo r

sourc e require dt o obtai n aPreventio n o f Significan t

Deterioratio n (PSD ) o r Titl e V permit
. Th e majo r sourc e threshol di s 25 0 tp y fo r al l othe r

regulate dpollutants
.



# VES01726 4

## Statemen t o f Basi s fo r

DRAF T Titl e V Permi t No
. V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aE S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Dat e Issued : Octobe r

10,201 4 Pag e 2 4 o f 7 9 

# 3.0 . AI RPERMITTIN G AN D ENFORCEMEN T HISTOR Y 3.1 . Permittin g History Veoli aoperate s unde r

anumbe r

o f constructio n permit s issue db y th e Illinoi s Environmenta l Protectio n Agenc y (IEPA)
. Veoli aals o operate s unde r aCA ATitl e V permi t No
. V-IL-1716300103-08-0 1 that EP Aissue do n Septembe r 12 , 200 8 pursuan t

t o 4 0 C.F.R
. Par t

71 , an dtha

t becam e effectiv e o n Octobe r 12 , 2008
. A s discusse di n mor e detai l below , EP Atoo k ove r a s th e CA ATitl e V permittin g authorit y fo r Veolia' s Sauge t facility , as provide db y 4 0 C.F.R
. § 70.8 , whe n IEP Adi dno t timel y issu e apermi t

t o addres s EPA' s Februar y 1 , 200 6 Orde r objectin g t o IEPA' s propose dTitl e V permi t fo r thi s facility
. Althoug hEP Ai s th e CA ATitl e V permittin g authorit y fo r Veolia' s facility , IEP Aretain s th e authorit y t o issu e constructio n permit s fo r project s propose db y Veolia
. 3.1.1 . Constructio n Permits Tabl e 6 list s al l o f

th e constructio n permit s issue db y IEP At o Veolia
. EP Aha s incorporate dapplicabl e requirement s fro mal l o f Veolia' s activ e constructio n permit s int o th e Titl e V permit
.
Tabl e 6. Summary o f Stat e Constructio n Permit s Issue d b y IEP A t

o Veolia . Date Issue

d Permi t# Projec tDescriptio n Permi tActive ? 8308007 2 Constructio n o f Uni t 1
. Uni t 1 wa s decommissione dan dremove dfro m servic e i n 1992
. N o
8/8/198 4 8406006 3 Shredde r Syste m N o 9/2/198 6 8312005 3 Unit s 2 an d3 an dTan k Far m# 1 Constructio n Ye s 2/11/198 8 8711005 2 Pneumati c Conveyo r N o 4/13/198 8 8712006 9 Residu e Fee dSyste mfo r Uni t 1 N o 6/27/198 8 8803010 1 Tan k Far m# 3 Constructio n Ye s 8/3/198 8 8801000 1 Uni t 4 Constructio n Ye s 8/19/198 8 8710002 4 Uni t 3 Constructio n Ye s 6/7/199 3 9303010 7 Specialt y Feede r fo r Uni t 3 N o 11/7/199 5 9508002 5 Cleave r Brook s Boile r

# 1 Ye s 2/6/200 1 0011003 0 Activate dCarbo n Injectio n Syste m an dBaghous e Solid s Recirculatio n Syste mfo r

Uni t 4. 7 

## Ye s

7 Constructio n Permi t #0011003 0 di dno t

establis hadditiona l ai r qualit y contro l requirement s beyon dthos e alread y establishe db y 4 0 C.F.R
. Par t 63 , Subpar t

EEE
.



# VES01726 5

## Statemen t o f Basi s fo r

DRAF T Titl e V Penni t No
. V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aE S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Date Issued : Octobe r

10 , 201 4 Pag e 2 5 o f 7 9
3.1.2 . Titl e V Permittin g Histor y

A . Regulatory an d Factua l Backgroun d A l l majo r

stationar y source s o f

ai r pollutio n an dcertai n othe r source s are require d t o appl y fo r

Titl e V operatin g permit s that includ e emissio n limitation s an dothe r condition s necessary to assur e complianc e wit happlicabl e requirement s ofth e Act , includin g th e requirement s o f th e applicabl e State Implementatio n Pla n (SIP)
. See CA Asection s 502(a ) an d504(a) , 4 2 U.S.C
. § § 7661a(a ) an d7661c(a)
. O nSeptembe r

7 , 1995 , Veoli asubmitte dt o IEP Ait s firs t

applicatio n fo r

aTitl e V permi t fo r Veolia' s Sauget , Illinoi s facility
. Followin g apubli c commen t perio d that ende do n Novembe r

6 , 2003 , IEP Aprovide dapropose dpermi t t o EP Afo r review
. EP Adi dno t

objec t t o th e propose dpermi t withi nit s statutory 45-da y revie w period , whic hende do n Decembe r 21 , 2003
. O n Februar y 18 , 2004 , EP A receive dapetitio n submitte db y th e Sien aClu b an dAmerica nBotto m Conservatio n (ABC ) pursuan t t o Sectio n 505(b)(2 ) ofth e CA Aan d4 0 C.F.R
. § 70.8(d) , requestin g that EP Aobjec t

t o issuanc e o f

Veolia' s Titl e V permit
. O n Februar y 1 , 2005 , EP Aissue da n Orde r grantin g th e petitio n i n part an ddenyin g i t i npart . Pursuan t

t o 4 0 C.F.R
. § 70.8(c) , EPA' s actio n o n th e petitio n initiate da 90-da y perio ddurin g whic hIEP Awa s require dt o issu e arevise dTitl e V permi t that addresse dth e issue s raise di n th e EP AOrder
. IEP Adi dno t issu e the permi t withi nth e 90-da y period
. Th e Sien aClu b an dAB C file dacomplain t wit hth e U.S
. Distric t

Cour t fo r th e Norther n Distric t

o f Illinois , allegin g that

EP Afaile dt o perfor manondiscretionar y dut y unde r CA Asectio n 505(c) , 4 2 U.S.C
. § 7661d(c) , to issu e b y Ma y 2 , 2006 , aTitl e V operatin g permi t fo r Veoli aunde r 4 0 C.F.R
. Par t

71
. Sierra Club v. Johnson, Cas e No
. 06-CV-400 0 (N.D
. 111.)
. O nSeptembe r

29 , 2006 , EP Aannounce dit s inten t t o issu e o r

den y afedera l Titl e V permi t

fo r Veolia
. Subsequently , Veoli asubmitte daTitl e V permi t applicatio n to EP Ao n Ma y 2 , 2007
. O n Jun e 4 , 2008 , EP Asigne dasettlemen t agreemen t

wit hth e plaintiff s requirin g th e Agenc y t o take actio n o n Veolia' s applicatio n b y Septembe r 12 , 2008
. B . Th e Initia l Permi t Followin g apubli c commen t perio dthat

close do n Jul y 18 , 2008 , EP Aissue da fina l Titl e V permi t

t o Veoli ao n Septembe r 12 , 2008. 8 

## Prio r t o issuin g th e 200 8 permit , EP Areviewe dhistorica l meta l feedrat e dat a supplie db y Veoli at o suppor t Veolia' s propose doperatin g paramete r limit s (OPL s o r

feedrat e limits ) fo r

HAP s require db y th e HW C MACT
. EP A

sTh e fina l permi t

an dsuppor t

document s ar e availabl e a t www.remilations.aov : Docke t ID : EPA-R05-OAR-2008

- 0235
. Also , see Documen t ID
. EPA-HQ-OGC-2008-0310
.



# VES01726 6

## Statemen t 0 

## r Basi s fo r

DRAF T Titl e V Permi t No
. V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aE S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Dat e Issued : Octobe r

10 , 201 4 Pag e 2 6 o f 7 9
conclude dtha

t relianc e o n th e OPL s submitte db y Veoli awoul dno t assur e Veolia' s complianc e wit hth e applicabl e requirement s i n tli e HW C MACT. 9 

## Specifically , EP Adetermine dtha t th e pas t dat awer e no t

reliabl e fo r

determinin g feedrate OPL s fo r

mercury , SV M an dLVM
. O n Februar y 22 , 2008 , EP A issue da Reques t fo r Informatio n unde r

Sectio n 11 4 o f

th e Act , 4 2 U.S.C
. § 7414 , requirin g Veoli at o complet e comprehensiv e performanc e test s (CPTs ) o n al l o f it s thre e incineratio n units
. Th e require dtestin g wa s limite dto mercury , SV M an dLVM. 1 0

## Veoli aconducte dth e CPT s i n Augus t an dSeptembe r

2008
. Sinc e reliabl e tes t

result s fo r

mercury , SV M an dLV M wer e no t availabl e a

t th e tim e tha t EP Amad e th e initia l permi t availabl e fo r

publi c comment , EP A provide dth e opportunit y forth e publi c t o commen t o n th e complianc e schedule , Veolia' s comprehensiv e performanc e tes t (CPT ) plan , an dth e OP Lcalculatio n methodologies
. I n th e Septembe r 12 , 200 8 fina l permit , EP Arequire dVeoli at o submit , b y Octobe r

10 , 2008 , th e result s o f it s testin g an dareques t fo r a significan t

modificatio nt o it s Titl e V permi t t o incorporat e OPLs
. C . Th e 201 3 Propose d Significan tModification/Reopenin g A s require db y th e 200 8 permit , o n Octobe r 10 , 2008 , Veoli asubmitte dto EP A th e results o f

th e Augus t

an dSeptembe r

200 8 tests , an drequeste dasignifican t modificatio nt o it s Titl e V permi t t o incorporat e OPL s fo r mercury , SV M an d LVM , as specifie di n th e complianc e schedul e i n th e 200 8 Titl e V permit
. EP A reviewe dVeolia' s applicatio n an dsubmitte dmultipl e request s fo r additiona l informatio n fro mVeolia
. I n respons e to EPA' s request s fo r information , Veoli a amende dit s significan t modificatio napplicatio n multipl e times , includin g applicatio n update s submitte dt o EP Ao n Januar y 7 , 2009, " Marc h27 , 2009,' 2 

## Marc h2 , 2010, 1 3 

## an dMarc h12 , 2012. 1 4 

## O nNovembe r

29 , 2012 , EP Anotifie dVeoli atha t i t intende dto den y it s significan t

modificatio napplicatio n an dt o reope n th e permi t t o ad dfeedrat e OPL s that

EP Aconsidere dt o b e supporte db y the availabl e CP T data
. However , Veoli awithdre w th e significan t modificatio napplicatio n o n Decembe r 13 , 2012
.

'Se e Statemen t

o f Basi s fo r

Permi t No
. V-IL-1716300103-08-0 1 at 8 , Septembe r

12 , 200 8 (citin g Apri l 16 , 200 8 memorandu mfro mCharle s Hal l t o th e permi t file, "Operatin g Paramete r Limit s fo r

Veoli aE S Technica l Solutions , LLC , Sauget , IL.")
. Availabl e a t www.regulations.gov : Docke t ID : EPA-R05-OAR-2008-0235
. 1 0Veoli aexplaine dtha t i t coul dno t

mee t th e deadline s i n th e Februar y 22 , 200 8 Reques t fo r Informatio n becaus e stac k testin g crew s an dmaterial s wer e no t available
. Therefore , EP A extende dth e testin g schedul e an dlimite dth e testin g t o mercury , SV M an dLVM
. Fo r al l othe r

require dOPLs , EP A incorporate dint o th e draft Titl e V permi t parameter s tha t

EP A calculate dbase dupo n dat asubmitte db y Veolia
. See Statemen t o f Basi s fo r

Permi t No
. V-IL

- 1716300103-08-01 , Septembe r 12 , 2008
. 11 See Documen t

ID
. EPA-R05-OAR-2012-0649-0007
. 12 See Documen t

ID
. EPA-R05-OAR-2012-0649-0104
. " See Documen t

ID
. EPA-R05-OAR-2012-0649-000 5 See Documen t

ID
. EPA-R05-OAR-2012-0649-006 9



# VES01726 7

## Statement o f Basi s fo r

DRAF T Titl e V Permi t No
. V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aE S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Dat e Issued : Octobe r

10 , 201 4 Pag e 2 7 o f 7 9

O nJanuar y 8 , 2013 , EP Apropose dt o reope n Veolia' s Titl e V Permi t No
. V-IL

1716300103-08-0 1 fo r cause , pursuan t

t o 4 0 C.F.R
. § 71.7(f)(l)(iv) , t o incorporat e OPL s an dadditiona l monitorin g requirement s int o th e permit
. EPA' s primar y purpos e fo r

proposin g t o reope n th e permi t wa s t o ensur e that

th e permi t complie dwit hth e CAA' s mandat e that the permi t

includ e "al l operationa l requirement s an dlimitation s that assur e complianc e wit hal l applicabl e requirements " an dmonitorin g sufficien t t o assur e complianc e wit hth e requirement s o f

the Act
. See 4 0 C.F.R
. § 71.6(a ) an d(c)
. EPA' s actio n wa s base do n EPA' s analysi s o f th e 200 8 CP T dat aan drecognitio n that , give n the variabilit y o f

Veolia' s feedstream , minima l monitorin g i s no t sufficien t

t o assur e complianc e wit hth e HW C MAC T emission s limits
. E P Areceive dasignifican t numbe r o f substantiv e writte n an dora l comment s durin g th e publi c commen t perio dfo r

th e reopening , whic hclose do n Apri l 1 , 2013
. Du e t o th e complexit y ofth e comment s received , EP Adi dno t finaliz e the propose dmodification s prio r t o expiratio n o f

th e 200 8 permit
. A t

th e sam e time , Veoli ainforme dEP Athat i t wa s plannin g t o conduc t anothe r roun do f CPT s i n Octobe r

2013
. Becaus e o f

that fac t an dbecaus e Veolia' s 200 8 permi t wa s du e fo r

renewal , EP Adecide dthat , rathe r tha n finalizin g th e propose d reopening , it

woul db e mos t

effectiv e t o includ e th e OPL s an dadditiona l monitorin g requirement s i n th e renewa l permi t that i s the subjec t

o f thi s permittin g action
. Inclusio n ofth e additiona l monitorin g discusse dbelo w wil l satisf y th e CA Amandat e that th e permi t

contai n sufficien t

monitorin g t o assur e complianc e wit hal l requirement s o f th e Act
. 

# 3.2 . EnforcementHistory and Permi tShiel d
3.2.1 . Allegation s o f Violatio n O nSeptembe r

27 , 2006 , EP A issue daFindin g o f Violatio nan dNotic e o f Violatio n(FOV/NOV ) t o Veoli anotifyin g the compan y that EP Afoun di t

t o b e i n violatio no f

the Ac t an dth e followin g regulations : 4 0 C.F.R
. Par t 61 , Subpar t

V , th e Nationa l Emissio nStandar dfo r Emissio nLeaks ; 4 0 C.F.R
. Par t 63 , Subpar t D D , th e Nationa l Emissio nStandar dfo r Hazardou s Ai r

Pollutant s fro mOff-Sit e Wast e an dRecover y Operations ; an d4 0 C.F.R
. Par t 61 , Subpar t

FF , th e Nationa l Emissio nStandar dfo r Benzen e Wast e Operations
. Subsequen t

t o th e issuanc e o f

th e FOV/NO V an dbase do n furthe r investigation , o nJun e 12 , 2008 , EP Aissue dan FO V to Veoli aallegin g that Veoli awa s als o i n noncomplianc e wit h4 0 C.F.R
. Par t 63 , Subpart

EEE , th e HW C MACT , fo r failur e to timel y perfor mcomplianc e testin g as require db y 4 0 C.F.R
. § 63.1207(c) ; failur e to appropriatel y reques t th e us e o f

a n extrapolatio n



# VES01726 8

## Statemen t o r Basi s lo r

DRAF T Titl e V Permi t No
. V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aE S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Dal e Issued : Octobe r

10 , 201 4 Pag e 2 8 o f 7 9 methodolog y as require db y 4 0 C.F.R
. § 63.1207(f) ( 1 )(x) ; exceedin g th e applicabl e HW C MAC T mercur y limi t o n Unit s 2 , 3 , an d4 , a s set fort hi n 40C.F.R
. § 63.1206(b)(1) ; an dexceedin g the HW C MAC T arseni c emissio n standar das set

fort hi n 4 0 C.F.R
. § 63.1203(a)(4)
. O nAugus t

24 , 2012 , afte r

furthe r investigatio n int o Veolia' s complianc e wit hth e H W C MACT , EP Aissue danothe r FO V t o Veoli anotifyin g Veoli athat EP A foun di t t o b e i n violatio no f

Sectio n 11 2 ofth e Act , 4 2 U.S.C
. § 7412 , an dit s implementin g regulation s fo r th e HW C MACT , an dSectio n 11 4 ofth e Act , 4 2 U.S.C
. § 7414. 1 5 

## 3.2.2 . Permi tShiel d EPA' s regulation s a

t 4 0 C.F.R
. Par t

7 1 allo w permittin g authoritie s th e discretio n t o includ e aprovisio ni n th e permi t statin g that

complianc e wit hth e condition s o f the permi t

shal l b e deeme dcomplianc e wit han y applicabl e requirement s as o f th e date o f permi t issuance , provide dthat certai n specifi c condition s se t ou t i n 4 0 C.F.R
. § 71.6(f) are met . Thi s provisio ni s commonl y referre dt o as a"permi t shield. " See 4 0 C.F.R
. § 71.6(1)
. EP Aha s determine dtha t i t i s appropriat e a

t thi s tim e t o gran t

apermi t

shiel dfo r

th e requirement s applicabl e t o th e Sauge t facilit y as aresul t

o f applicabilit y o f

th e followin g regulations : 4 0 C.F.R
. Par t 61 , Subpar t V , th e Nationa l Emissio nStandar dfo r Emissio nLeaks ; 4 0 C.F.R
. Par t 63 , Subpar t DD , th e Nationa l Emissio nStandar dfo r Hazardou s Ai r

Pollutant s fro m Off-Sit e Wast e an dRecover y Operations ; an d4 0 C.F.R
. Par t 61 , Subpar t

FF , th e Nationa l Emissio nStandar dfo r Benzen e Wast e Operations
. EP Aha s mad e thi s detenninatio n becaus e EP Ai s n o longe r pursuin g th e violation s o f thes e provision s allege di n th e Septembe r 27 , 200 6 FOV/NOV
. However , becaus e th e allegation s i n th e Jun e 12 , 200 8 an dAugus t 24 , 201 2 FOV s hav e no t ye t bee n resolved , an dma y resul t i n incorporatio n int o th e permi t o f a complianc e schedule , i f necessar y t o brin g thi s facilit y int o compliance , EP Aha s determine dthat

i t i s no t appropriat e a

t thi s tim e t o gran t

apermi t

shiel dfo r

th e applicabl e requirement s o f th e HW C MAC T standard , includin g thos e portion s o f th e genera l provision s o f 4 0 C.F.R
. Part

6 3 applicabl e t o th e sourc e a s aresul t o f the applicabilit y o f

4 0 C.F.R
. Par t

63 , Subpar t

EEE
. EP A wil l reconside r whethe r apermi t shiel dfo r

thes e provision s i s appropriat e followin g resolutio n o f th e allegation s i n th e FOVs
.

bO n Februar y 26 , 2007 , IEP Areferre dVeoli at o th e Illinoi s Attorne y Genera l fo r allege dviolation s o f th e Illinoi s Environmenta l Protectio n Act , Illinoi s Pollutio nContro l Boar dRegulations , an dth e HW C MACT
. O n Marc h5 , 2010 , afte r

receivin g additiona l information , IEP Areferre dt o th e Illinoi s Attorne y Genera l additiona l allege d violation s ol'lh e Illinoi s Environmenta l Protectio n Act , Illinoi s Pollutio nContro l Boar dRegulations , an dth e HW C MACT
.



# VES01726 9

## Statemen t o f Basi s fo r

DRAF T Titl e V Penni t No
. V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aE S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Date Issued : Octobe r

10 , 201 4 Pag e 2 9 o f 7 9

I n addition , EP Anote s that 4 0 C.F.R
. § 71.6(f)(3 ) expressl y provide s that nothin g i nan y Part

7 1 permi t

shal l alte r

o r affec t th e following : (i ) Th e provision s o f Sectio n 30 3 o f

th e Ac t (emergenc y orders) , includin g th e authorit y ofth e Administrato r unde r that section ; (ii ) Th e liabilit y o f

a n owne r

o r operato r o f asourc e fo r

an y violatio no f applicabl e requirement s prio r t o o r a t th e tim e o f

permi t issuance ; (iii ) Th e applicabl e requirement s o f th e aci drai n program , consisten t wit h Sectio n 408(a ) ofth e Act ; o r (iv ) Th e abilit y o f

EP At o obtai n informatio n fro masourc e pursuan t t o Sectio n 11 4 ofth e Act
. EP Ama y reope n the permi t to ad do r

modif y permi t

term s an dcondition s i f EP A determine s tha

t additiona l measure s are necessar y t o assure compliance
. See Condition s 4.1 0 throug h4.1 4 o f th e permit
. 3.2.3 . Complianc e Schedul e E P Aha s determine dthat acomplianc e schedul e i s no t require da

t thi s tim e t o addres s th e pendin g FOVs
. A n FO V i s simpl y on e earl y ste p i n EPA' s enforcemen t

process . Thi s step i s commonl y followe db y additiona l investigatio n o r discovery , informatio n gathering , an dan exchang e o f views , al l o f

whic hoccu r i nth e contex t

o f a n enforcemen t

proceeding , an dare importan t mean s o f

fact

finding unde r

ou r syste mo f

civi l litigation
. A n FO V i s no t afinal agenc y actio n an di s no t

subjec t to judicia l review
. N o bindin g lega l consequence s flo w fro ma n FOV , an da n FO V doe s no t hav e th e forc e o r

effec t o f law
. See PacifiCorp v. Thomas, 88 3 F.2 d66 1 (9t hCir
. 1988) ; Absetec Conslr. Servs. v. EPA, 84 9 F.2 d 765,768-6 9 (2n dCir
. 1988) ; Union Elec. Co. v . EPA, 59 3 F.2 d299 , 304-0 6 (8th Cir
. 1979) ; an dWest

Penn Power

Co. v. Train, 52 2 F.2 d302 , 310-1 1 (3r dCir
. 1975)
. See also, Sierra Club v. Johnson, 54 1 F.3 d1257 , 126 7 ( 1 l l h

## Cir
. 2008) ; Sierra Club v. EPA, 55 7 F.3 d401 , 406-40 9 (6 l h

## Cir
. 2009)
. However , EP Awil l reope n th e penni t

followin g resolutio n o f EPA' s allegations , i f

necessary , t o incorporat e acomplianc e schedul e o r an y applicabl e requirements
.



# VES01727 0

## Statement o f Basi s fo r

DRAF T Titl e V Penni t No
. V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aE S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Date Issued : Octobe r

10 , 201 4 Pag e 3 0 o f 7 9 

# 4.0 . PERMI T TERM S AN D CONDITION S
4.1 . Overview o

f PermitTerm s Titl e V permit s generall y d o no t impos e ne w substantiv e ai r qualit y contro l requirements , referre dt o a s "applicabl e requirements." 1 6

## See 5 7 Fed
. Reg
. 32250 , 32251
. A Titl e V permi t mus t includ e al l emission s limitation s an dstandards , includin g thos e operationa l requirement s an dlimitation s tha t assur e complianc e wit hal l applicabl e requirement s a t the tim e o f

permi t issuance
. 4 0 C.F. R§ 71.6(a)(l)
. Additionally , th e penni t mus t contai n periodi c monitorin g that i s sufficien t

t o yiel dreliabl e dat afro mth e relevan t tim e perio dthat

ar e representativ e ofth e source' s complianc e wit hth e permit , an dtha t i s sufficien t

t o assur e complianc e wit hth e term s an dcondition s o f th e permit
. 4 0 C.F.R
. § 71.6(a)(3)(B) , (c)(1)
. On e purpos e o f

th e Titl e V permi t

i s t o enabl e th e source , states , EPA , an dth e publi c t o bette r understan dth e requirement s t o whic hth e sourc e i s subject , an dwhethe r the sourc e i s meetin g thos e requirements
. 5 7 Fed
. Reg
. 32251
. Thus , th e Titl e V permi t i s avehicl e fo r ensurin g that

ai r qualit y contro l requirement s are appropriatel y applie dt o facilit y emissio n unit s an dfo r assurin g complianc e wit hsuc hrequirements
. Th e Titl e V permi t i s a n enforceabl e compilatio n o f enforceabl e terms , condition s an dlimitations
. Veolia' s permi t

include s enforceabl e term s an dcondition s fro mth e followin g sources :

• Nationa l Emissio nStandard s fo r HAP s (NESHAPs ) - Standard s promulgate dunde r th e authorit y o f

Sectio n 11 2 ofth e CA Aan dpromulgate dunde r 4 0 C.F.R
. Part s 6 1 an d63
. Th e specifi c applicabl e subpart s ar e liste di n Tabl e 7 ;

• Ne w Sourc e Performanc e Standard s (NSPS ) - Standard s promulgate dunde r th e authorit y o f

Sectio n 11 1 o f

th e CA Aan dpromulgate dunde r 4 0 C.F.R
. Part

60
. Th e specifi c applicabl e subpart s ar e liste di n Tabl e 7 ;

• Th e Illinoi s SI P- EPA-approve dregulation s codifie di n Titl e 3 5 ofth e Illinoi s Administrativ e Cod e (3 5 IAC ) an d4 0 C.F.R
. § 52.720 ; an d

• Constmctio n an doperatin g permit s issue db y IEPA
.

1 6Th e ter m"applicabl e requirement " i s define di n 4 0 C.F. R§ 71.2
.

## Statemen t o f Basi s fo r

DRAF T Titl e V Permi t No
. V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aE S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Dat e Issued : Octobe r

10 , 201 4 Pag e 3 1 o f 7 9

4.2 . Applicabl e Requirement s Tabl e 7 provide s asummar y o f th e applicabl e requirement s mclude di n Veolia' s permit
. Not e tha t thi s summar y i s provide das a n overvie w ofth e requirement s that appl y t o Veolia' s emissio n unit s an di t doe s no t

includ e specific s o n al l ofth e applicabl e requirement s no r

doe s i t includ e al l o f

th e monitoring , reportin g an drecordkeepin g requirement s to whic hVeoli ai s subject
. Th e permi t itsel f include s suc hinformation
.
Tabl e 7 . Summar y o f Applicabl e Requirements . Emissio n Uni t Summar y o f

Applicabl e Requiremen tan d Permi tConditio n Regulator y Citatio n Summar y o f Monitoring , Reportin g an d Recordkeepin g Requirement s

Incineratio n Unit s 2 , 3 an d4 Visibl e emissio n

limitations : maximu m 3 0 percen t

opacit y an d n o visibl e emission s beyon dth e propert y boundary
. [Conditio n 2.1(A)(1) ] 35 IA C 212.123(a) , 212.30 1 an d212.31 4 Continuou s opacit y monitor s (COMs ) an d recordin g devices
. Bes t managemen t

practices
.

Incineratio n Unit s 2 , 3 an d4 SO 2 emissio n limit :

7. 7 tp y fo r

Unit s 2 an d 3 ; 50.7 6 tp y fo r

Uni t 4
. [Conditio n2.1(A)(2) 1 Constructio n Permit s 8710002 4 an d 8801000 1 Calculat e emission s fro m tes t results , monitorin g data , engineerin g calculation s an d standar demissio n factors
.

Incineratio n Unit s 2 , 3 an d4 C O emissio n

limitations : 10 0 part s pe r millio nb y volum e (ppmv ) correcte dt o 7 percen t oxygen ; 50 0 pp mcorrecte dto 5 0 percen t exces s air ; 6. 6 tp y fo r Unit s 2 an d3 ; an d13.8 6 tp y fo r

Uni t 4
. [Conditio n 2. 1 (A)(3) ] 4 0 C.F.R
. § 63.1219(a)(5) ; 3 5 I A C 216.141 ; Constructio n Permit s 83120053,8710002 4 an d88010001
. C O continuou s emission s monitorin g system s (CEMS ) an drecordin g devices
. Incineratio n Unit s 2 , 3 an d4

P M limits : 0.0 8 grai n

pe r standar dcubi c foo t (gr/scf) ) o f

effluen t gase s correcte dt o 1 2 percen t C0 2 

## ; 0.01 3 gr/dscf , correcte dt o 7 percen t

oxygen ; 15. 0 3 5 IA C 212.181(b) ,

Constructio n Permi t 83120053 ; 4 0 C.F.R
. § 63.1219(a)(7) ; Constructio n Permit s 8710002 4 an d 8801000 1 Ba g lea k detectio n system s fo r baghouses
. CPT s a

t th e frequenc y require db y th e HW C MACT
. Establis h an dcompl y wit hth e applicabl e OPLs .



# VES017272

## Statemen t o f Basi s fo r

DRAF T Titl e V Permi t No
. V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aR S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Dal e Issued : Octobe r

10 , 201 4 Pag e 3 2 o f 7 9
Emissio n Uni t Summar y o f

Applicabl e Requiremen tan d Permi tConditio n Regulator y Citatio n Summar y o f Monitoring , Reportin g an d Recordkeepin g Requirement s tp y fo r Unit s 2 an d3 an d16.9 2 tp y fo r Uni t 4
. [Conditio n 2.1(A)(4) ] Compl y wit hth e reportin g an drecordkeepin g requirement s o f

th e HW C MACT
. Calculat e emission s fro mtes t

results , monitorin g data , engineerin g calculation s an d standar demissio n factors
. V O C emissio n limits : 8 lb/hr ; 0. 9 tp y fo r Unit s 2 an d3 an d3. 1 tp y fo r Uni t 4
. [Conditio n2.1(A)(5) ] 3 5 IA C 219.301 , 219.302 ; Constructio n Permit s 8710002 4 an d 8801000 1 Complianc e wit hth e HW C MACT' s DR Estandar do f 99.99 % destructio n provide s fo r complianc e wit hthes e requirements
. Calculat e emission s fro mtes t

results , monitorin g data , engineerin g calculation s an d standar demissio n factors
. NO x emissio n limits : 4. 0 tp y fo r

Unit s 2 an d 3 an d61. 6 ton s pe r yea r fo r Uni t 4
. [Conditio n2.1(A)(6) ] Constructio n Permit s 8710002 4 an d 8801000 1 Calculat e emission s fro m tes t results , monitorin g data , engineerin g calculation s an d standar demissio n factors
. HA Pemissio n limit s (correcte dt o 7 percen t oxygen) : dioxin s an d furans : 0.2 0 n g TEQ/dscm ; mercury : 13 0 pg/dscm ; cadmiu man dlea d (combined) : 23 0 pg/dscm ; arsenic , berylliu man d chromiu m(combined ) 9 2 ug/dscm ; HCI : 3 2 ppmv , 4. 0 lb/h r

fro m Unit s 2 an d3 o r

a minimu mHC I remova l efficienc y o f 9 9 percent . [Condition s 4 0 C.F.R
. § 63.1219(a) ; Constructio n Permit s 8312005 3 an d 8710002 4 CPT s a t th e frequenc y require db y th e HW C MACT
. Establis han d compl y wit happlicabl e OPL s establishe di n th e permi t throug hth e us e o f continuou s monitorin g system s (CMSs) , feedstrea m analysi s a s prescribe di n a feedstrea manalysi s pla n an dth e permit , an d operatio n o f

amulti-metal s CEM S a s aparametri c monito r a t eac huni t

fo r at leas t on e year . Compl y wit h th e reportin g an d recordkeepin g requirement s 1 o f th e HW C MACT
.



# VES017273

## Statemen t ol " Basi s fo r

DRAF T Titl e V Permi t No
. V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aF S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s DaleLssued : Octobe r

10 , 201 4 Pag e 3 3 o f 7 9
Emissio n Uni t Summar y o f

Applicabl e Requiremen tan d Permi tConditio n Regulator y Citatio n Summar y o f Monitoring , Reportin g an d Recordkeepin g Requirement s 2.1(A)(7)(a)-(d ) an d (A)(8) ] Destructio n an d Remova l Efficienc y (DRE ) standard
. [Conditio n2.1(A)(9) ] 4 0 C.F.R
. § § 63.1219(c)(1 ) an d63.1219(d) ; 4 0 C.F.R
. § 63.1219(c)(2) ; 4 0 C.F.R
. § 63.1219(c)(3) ] CPT s a t th e frequenc y require db y th e HW C MACT
. Establis han d compl y wit happlicabl e OPLs
. Compl y wit hth e reportin g an drecordkeepin g requirement s o f

th e HW C MACT
. Wor k practice , desig n an doperatin g requirements
. [Condition s 2.1(A)(7)(e ) an d(0 ; 2.1(C) ] 4 0 C.F.R
. § § 61.348(a)(l)(iii) ; 63.689(c)(2) ; 63.1209 ; 63.1206 ; 63.6(e)(3 ) Establis han dcompl y wit h applicabl e OPLs
. Compl y wit hth e reportin g an d recordkeepin g requirement s ofth e HW C MACT
.

Materia l Processin g Area s (MP-l,MP- 2 an dLa b Pac k Repac k Unit ) NESHAP s fo r off-sit e wast e an drecover y operation s an d containers
. [Condition s 2.2(A)(1 ) an d(A)(2)) ] 4 0 C.F.R
. Par t 63 , Subpart s D D an dP P Compl y wit hth e wor k practic e requirement s o f 4 0 C.F.R
. Part

63 , Subpart s D D an dPP
. Contro l ai r emission s fro mcontainer s i naccordanc e wit h Containe r

Leve l 1 requirements
. Materia l Processin g Area s (MP-l,MP- 2 an dLa b Pac k Repac k Unit ) V O C limit : 8 lb/h r

excep t as allowe dfo r i n35 IA C 219.301
. [Conditio n2.2(A)(3) ] 3 5 IA C 219.30 1 Calculat e VO C emission s base do n th e mos t

recen t versio n o f

th e TANK S program . Visibl e emissions : 3 0 percen t limi t excep t a s allowe db y 3 5 IA C 212.123(b)
. [Conditio n2.2(A)(4) ] 3 5 IA C 212.12 3 Dail y visibl e emission s observations
.

Dru mCrushe r P M limits : Variabl e

SI Plimit s fo r

proces s emissio n units
. [Conditio n2.3(A)(1) ] 3 5 IA C 212.321(a ) Calculat e P M emission s fro mtes t

results , monitorin g data , engineerin g calculation s an dstandar d emissio n factors
.



# VES01727 4

## Statemen t o f Basi s fo r

DRAF T Titl e V Permi t No
. V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aE S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Date Issued : Octobe r

10,201 4 Pag e 3 4 o f 7 9
Emissio n Uni t Summar y o f

Applicabl e Requiremen tan d Permi tConditio n Regulatory Citatio n Summar y o f Monitoring , Reportin g an d Recordkeepin g Requirements VO C limit : 8 lb/h r excep t a s allowe dfo r i n35 IA C 219.301
. [Conditio n2.3(A)(2) ] 3 5 IA C 219.30 1 Calculat e VO M emission s usin g a n emissio n facto r equa l t o 0.022 1 l b VO M pe r dru mcrushed
. Visibl e emissions : 3 0 percen t opacit y limi t excep t a s allowe db y 35 IA C 212.123(b ) an d212.124
. [Conditio n2.3(A)(3) ] 3 5 IA C 212.123(a ) Dail y visibl e emission s observations
.

Storag e Tank s fo r Liqui dWaste s (Tank s #2 , #4 , #6 , #8 , #10 , #20 , #30 , #40 , #50 , #60 , #300 , #302 , #304 , #306 , #308 , #310 , #312 , #314) , an d No
. 2 Fue l Oi l (Tan k #390 ) NESHAP s fo r benzen e wast e operation s an d off-sit e wast e an d recover y operations
. [Condition s 2.4(A)(1 ) an d(A)(2) ] 4 0 C.F.R
. Par t 61 , Subpar t FF ; 4 0 C.F.R
. Part

63 , Subpart D D Monitoring , recordkeepin g

an dreportin g requirement s o f 4 0 C.F.R
. Part

61 , Subpar t F Fan d4 0 C.F.R
. Part 63 , Subpar t

DD
. Regula r inspectio n o f submerge dloadin g pipes
. Storag e Tank s fo r Liqui dWaste s (Tank s #2 , #4 , #6 , #8 , #10 , #20 , #30 , #40 , #50 , #60 , #300 , #302 , #304 , #306 , #308 , #310 , #312 , #314) , an d No
. 2 Fue l Oi l (Tan k #390 ) NSP S fo r Volatil e Organi c Liqui d Storag e Vessels
. [Conditio n2.4(A)(3) ] 4 0 C.F.R
. Par t 60 , Subpar t K b Monitoring , recordkeepin g

an dreportin g requirement s o f 4 0 C.F.R
. Par t

60 , Subpar t Kb
. Storag e Tank s fo r Liqui dWaste s (Tank s #2 , #4 , #6 , #8 , #10 , #20 , #30 , #40 , #50 , #60 , #300 , #302 , #304 , #306 , #308 , #310 , #312 , #314) , an d No
. 2 Fue l Oi l (Tan k #390 ) V O C emissions fro m

Tan k Far m# 3 limite d t o 2. 5 tpy . [Conditio n 2.4(A)(3) ] Constructio n Permi t 8803010 1 Compl y wit hth e wor k practic e an doperatin g requirement s o f

4 0 C.F.R
. Part 60 , Subpar t

Kb , 35 IA C 219.129(f) an d219.122(b)
. Bul k Soli dWast e Storag e Facilit y (Bul k Fee d Building ) NESHAP s fo r benzen e wast e operation s an d off-sit e wast e an d recover y operations
. [Condition s 2.5(A)(1 ) an d(A)(2) ] 4 0 C.F.R
. Par t 61 , Subpar t FF ; 4 0 C.F.R
. Part

63 , Subpar t D D Monitoring , recordkeepin g

an dreportin g requirement s o f 4 0 C.F.R
. Part

61 , Subpar t F Fan d4 0 C.F.R
. Par t 63 , Subpar t

DD
. Bul k Soli dWast e Storag e Facilit y (Bul k Fee d Building )

P M limits : Variabl e SI Plimit s fo r

proces s emissio n units
. [Conditio n2.5(A)(3) ] 35 IA C 212.321(a ) Calculat e P M emission s fro mtes t

results , monitorin g data , engineerin g calculation s an dstandar d emissio n factors
. Bul k Soli dWast e Storag e Facilit y (Bul k Fee d Building )

Visibl e emissions : 3 0

percen t opacit y limi t excep t a s allowe db y 35 IA C 212.123(a ) Dail y visibl e emission s observations
.



# VES01727 5

## Stalemen t o f Basi s fo r

DRAF T Titl e V Penni t No
. V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Pennittee : Veoli aE S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Dat e Issued : Octobe r

10 , 201 4 Pag e 3 5 o f 7 9
Emissio n Uni t Summar y o f

Applicabl e Requiremen tan d Permi tConditio n Regulator y Citatio n Summar y o f Monitoring , Reportin g an d Recordkeepin g Requirement s 35 IA C 212.123(b ) an d212.124
. [Conditio n2.5(A)(4) ] V O C limit : 8 lb/h r excep t a s allowe dfo r i n3 5 IA C 219.301
. [Conditio n2.5(A)(5) ] 3 5 IA C 219.30 1 Enclose dbuildin g durin g operations
. Calculat e VO C emission s fro mtes t

results , monitorin g data , engineerin g calculation s an d standar demissio n factors
. Gasolin e Storag e Tan k (56 4 gallo n desig n capacit y equippe dwit h submerge dloadin g pipe ) Requirement s o f th e Illinoi s SIP
. [Condition s 2.6(A)(1 ) an d(A)(2) ] 3 5 IA C 219.122(b ) an d35 IA C 219.583(a)(1)
. Recordkeepin g o f tank desig n informatio n an d gasolin e throughput
.

Boile r # 1 C O emissio n limits :

20 0 ppm , conecte dto 5 0 percen t

exces s air ; 2. 1 lb/hr ; 9. 2 tpy . [Condition s 2.7(A)(1 ) an d(A)(2) ] 3 5 IA C 216.121 ; Constructio n Permi t 9508002 5 Performanc e test s fo r C O an dNO x a

t afrequenc y o f n o les s tha n onc e ever y 5 years . Compl y wit hth e wor k practic e requirement s o f 4 0 C.F.R
. Par t

63 , Subpar t DDDDD , includin g conductin g annua l tune-ups . Us e o f natura l ga s only
. Recordkeepin g o f

fue l usage . Boile r # 1 NO x emissio n limits :

1.4 6 lb/h r

an d6.4 1 tpy . [Conditio n 2.7(A)(2) ] Constructio n Permi t 9508002 5 Performanc e test s fo r C O an dNO x a

t afrequenc y o f n o les s tha n onc e ever y 5 years . Measur e NO x concentration s durin g annua l tune-ups . Us e o f natura l ga s only
. Recordkeepin g o f

fue l usage . Boile r # 1

Visibl e emissions : 3 0

percen t opacit y limi t excep t a s allowe db y 3 5 IA C 212.123(b ) 3 5 IA C 212.123(a ) Annua l Metho d9 testing
.



# VES01727 6

## Statemen t ofBasi s fo r

DRAF T Titl e V Permi t No
. V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aF S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Dat e Issued : Octobe r

10 , 201 4 Pag e 3 6 o f 7 9
Emissio n Uni t Summar y o f

Applicabl e Requiremen tan d Permi tConditio n Regulator y Citatio n Summar y o f Monitoring , Reportin g an d Recordkeepin g Requirement s an d212.124
. [Conditio n2.7(A)(3) ] NESHA Pfo r Industrial , Commercial , an d Institutiona l Boiler s an dProces s Heaters
. [Conditio n2.7(A)(5) ] 4 0 C.F.R
. Part 63 , Subpar t DDDD D Compl y wit hth e wor k

practic e requirement s o f 4 0 C.F.R
. Part

63 , Subpar t DDDDD , includin g conductin g annua l tune-ups . Emergenc y Generator s (2 ) NESHA Pfo r Stationar y Reciprocatin g Interna l Combustio n Engine s (RICE)
. [Conditio n 2.8(A) ] 4 0 C.F.R
. Par t 63 , Subpar t ZZZ Z Compl y wit hth e wor k

practic e requirement s o f 4 0 C.F.R
. Par t

63 , Subpar t ZZZZ
. Facility-wid e Fugitiv e Emission s Requirement s Requirement s o f 3 5 IA C Par t

219 , Subpar t C , an d4 0 C.F.R
. Par t 61 , Subpart s J an dV (equipmen t

leaks)
. [Condition s 2.9(A)(1 ) an d(A)(2) ] 4 0 C.F.R
. Part 61 , Subpart s J an dV , an d35 IA C Par t 219 , Subpar t

C Compl y wit hth e wor k

practice , leak

detectio n an d repai r requirement s o f

35 IA C Par t

219 , Subpar t

C , an d4 0 C.F.R
. Par t

61 , Subpart s J an dV
. Othe r Genera l Facility-wid e Requirement s Permi t condition s 2.10 , 3. 0 an d4. 0 detai l al l applicabl e genera l requirements , includin g emission s contro l requirement s that appl y t o insignifican t

emission s unit s an dactivities
. Veoli amus t maintai n record s sufficien t

t o demonstrat e complianc e wit hthe applicabl e requirements
.
4.2.1 . GH G Emission s Veoli ai s no t

cunentl y subjec t

t o an y applicabl e requirement s fo r emission s o f GHGs
. Thi s i s becaus e ther e ar e n o GH Gai r qualit y contro l requirement s containe di n th e CAA , th e Illinoi s SIP , constmctio n permit s issue dpursuan t t o th e Illinoi s SIP , o r

operatin g permit s that ctinentl y appl y t o thi s facility
. Whil e Veoli ai s subjec t

t o the Mandator y Reportin g Rul e fo r GH Gemissions , 4 0 C.F.R
. Par t 98 , that rul e doe s no t

constitut e a n "applicabl e requirement, " a s define da t 4 0 C.F. R§ 71.2
. See, e.g., 7 4 Fed
. Reg
. 56260 , 5628 8 (Octobe r 30 , 2009)
. Th e Permitte e mus t

continu e t o compl y wit hth e applicabl e provision s o f th e GH G Mandator y Reportin g Rule
.



# VES017277

## Statemen t o f Basi s fo r

DRAF T Titl e V Permi t No
. V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aE S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Date Issued : Octobe r

10 , 201 4 Pag e 3 7 o f 7 9

4.2.2 . Preventio n of Significan tDeterioratio n o f Ai rQualit y (PSD ) Congres s develope dth e PS D program , se t fort hi n Par t

C o f the CA A(Section s 16 0 throug h169B) , t o preven t significan t

advers e environmenta l impact s o n "attainmen t

areas " fro mlarg e industria l source s o f ai r pollution
. Attainmen t area s are region s o f

th e Unite dState s wher e ai r qualit y meet s standard s establishe db y EP A(als o calle dNationa l Ambien t Ai r Qualit y Standards , o r NAAQS)
. Th e PS D pennittin g requirement s o f 4 0 C.F.R
. § 52.2 1 appl y t o majo r stationar y source s locate di n Illinois
. Thi s i s becaus e EP Aha s delegate dt o IEP Ath e responsibilit y fo r

al l PS D permittin g i n th e state o f Illinoi s wit hth e exceptio n o f an y source s i n India n Country. 1 7 

## A majo r stationar y sourc e unde r th e PS D regulation s i s astationar y sourc e that emit s o r

ha s th e potentia l t o emi t 10 0 tp y o r mor e o f aregulate dne w sourc e revie w (NSR ) pollutan t a s define di n 4 0 C.F.R
. § 52.21(b)(50) , an dth e stationar y sourc e belong s t o th e lis t o f sourc e categorie s provide di n 4 0 C.F.R
. § 52.2 1 (b) ( 1 )(i)(a)
. 4 0 C.F.R
. § 52.21(b)(1)
. Additionally , an y stationar y sourc e i s considere damajo r sourc e i f

i t emit s o r

ha s th e potentia l t o emi t 25 0 tp y o r

mor e o f aregulate dNS Rpollutant
. Id. A s o f th e date o f

EPA' s proposa l ofthi s Titl e V renewa l permit , there are n o PS D permit s issue db y IEP Afo r constructio n project s undertake n b y Veolia
. Futur e constructio n project s a t Veoli awil l continu e t o b e reviewe dfo r applicabilit y o f PS D permittin g requirements
. 4.2.3 . OPL s Require d b y the HW C MAC T T o demonstrat e complianc e durin g period s betwee n complianc e tests , th e HW C MAC T (4 0 C.F.R
. Par t 63 , Subpar t

EEE ) require s source s t o establis han dcompl y wit hOPL s tha

t are representativ e o f

operatin g level s achieve ddurin g complianc e testin g require db y the HW C MACT
. 4 0 C.F.R
. § 63.1207
. Veoli amus t develo p th e OPL s containe di n Tabl e 8 fo r Unit s 2 , 3 an d4
.

7 Illinoi s currentl y doe s no t hav e an y federally-recognize dIndia n Countr y areas .



# VES01727 8

## Statemen t o f Basi s fo r

DRAF T Titl e V Permi t No
. V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aE S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Dat e Issued : Octobe r

10 , 201 4 Pag e 3 8 o f 7 9
Tabl e 8. OPL s Require d b y the HW C MACT . OP L Referenc e Minimu mprimar y combustio n chambe r temperatur e 4 0 C.F.R
. § 63.12090X1) , (k)(2 ) Minimu msecondar y combustio n chambe r temperatur e 4 0 C.F.R
. § 63.1209(j)(l) , (k)(2 ) Maximu mflu e ga s flowrat e o r productio n rat e 4 0 C.F.R
. § 63 .12090X2)) , (k)(3) , (m)(2) , (n)(5) , (o )(2 ) Maximu mhazardou s wast e pumpabl e feedrat e rate fo r eac hcombustio n chambe r 4 0 C.F.R
. § 63.12090X3) , (k )(4 ) Maximu mhazardou s wast e tota l feedrat e rat e fo r eac hcombustio n chambe r 4 0 C.F.R
. § 63.12090X3) , (k)(4 ) Operatio no f

wast e firin g syste mfo r eac hlocatio n wher e wast e i s fe dt o th e incinerato r 4 0 C.F.R
. § 63.12090X4 ) Maximu mtemperatur e o f th e ga s a

t th e inle t

t o a dr y particulat e matte r

contro l devic e 4 0 C.F.R
. § 63 .1209(k )(l)) , (n)(l ) Minimu mcarbo n injectio n rate (Uni t 4 Only) * 4 0 C.F.R
. § 63.1209(k)(6)(i ) Minimu mcarrie r

flui d(ga s o r

liquid ) flowrat e o r pressur e dro p fo r

activate dcarbo n injectio n syste m(Uni t

4 Only) * 4 0 C.F.R
. § 63 .1209(k )(6 )(ii )

Th e bran d(i.e. , manufacturer ) an dtyp e o f carbo n use ddurin g th e comprehensiv e perfonnanc e tes t (Uni t 4 Only) * 4 0 C.F.R
. § 63.1209(k)(6)(iii )

Maximu mtota l feedrat e o f mercur y 4 0 C.F.R
. § 63.1209(l)(l)(i ) Maximu mas hfeedrat e 4 0 C.F.R
. § 63.1209(m)(3 ) Maximu mtota l feedrat e o f semivolatil e metal s 4 0 C.F.R
. § 63 .1209(n)(2)(ii ) Maximu mtota l feedrat e o f lo w volatil e metal s 4 0 C.F.R
. § 63.1209(n)(2)(ii ) Feedrat e limit s fo r

lo w volatil e metal s i n pumpabl e feedstream s 4 0 C.F.R
. § 63.1209(n)(2)(vii ) Feedrat e o f

tota l chlorin e an dchlorid e i n al l feedstream s 4 0 C.F.R
. § 63 .1209(n )(4) , (o)(l ) Minimu msorben t

feedrat e 4 0 C.F.R
. § 63 .1209 (o)(4 )(i ) Minimu mcanie r

flui dflowrat e o r

nozzl e pressur e dro p fo r

th e spra y dr y adsorbe r 4 0 C.F.R
. § 63 .1209 (o )(4)(ii ) Th e bran d(i.e., manufacturer ) an dtyp e o f sorben t use ddurin g th e comprehensiv e performanc e tes t 4 0 C.F.R
. § 63 .1209 (o)(4 )(iii )(A ) Maximu mcombustio n chambe r pressur e 4 0 C.F.R
. § 63.1209(p ) *Thes e OPL s onl y appl y t o combustio n unit s that ar e equippe dwit ha n activate dcarbo n injectio nsystem . Unit s 2 an d3 ar e no t equippe dwit hactivate dcarbo n injectio n systems .



# VES01727 9

## Statemen t o f Basi s fo r

DRAF T Titl e V Permi t No
. V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aE S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Date Issued : Octobe r

10 , 201 4 Pag e 3 9 o f 7 9

T o ensur e tha

t thes e OPL s d o no t

imped e norma l day-to-da y operations , source s generall y take measure s to operat e durin g complianc e testin g unde r condition s tha t woul dnormall y produc e th e highes t emissions
. Fo r

example , source s ofte n fee dash , metals , an dchlorin e durin g complianc e testin g a t substantiall y highe r than norma l level s (e.g. , b y spikin g the feedstream ) t o maximiz e th e fee d concentration , an dthe y ofte n detun e th e ai r pollutio ncontro l equipmen t t o establis hoperatin g limit s o n th e contro l equipmen t that provid e operatin g flexibility. 1 8

## Thus , th e emissio n level s achieve ddurin g complianc e test s ar e typicall y th e highes t

emissio n level s asourc e emit s unde r reasonabl y anticipatabl e circumstances. 1 9 

## B y designin g it s CP T to generat e emission s unde r wors t cas e operatin g conditions , asourc e ca n establis hOPL s that accoun t fo r variabilit y i n operation s (e.g. , compositio n an dfeedrat e o f feedstreams , a s wel l as variabilit y o f pollutio n contro l equipmen t

efficiency ) an dtha

t d o no t imped e norma l operations
. Thus , the feedrat e OP Lwoul db e base do n wast e level s fe ddurin g th e CP T unles s th e regulator y authorit y approve s areques t fo r th e sourc e t o extrapolat e t o ahighe r allowabl e feedrat e (an demissio n rate ) limit. 2 0 

## 4.2.4 . Extrapolatio n o f CP T Feedrate s 4 0 C.F.R
. § 63.1209(l)(l)(v ) an d(n)(2)(vii ) allow s eac hfacilit y to includ e as par t ofth e CP T pla n require dunde r 4 0 C.F.R
. § § 63.7(b ) an d(c ) an d63.1207(e ) an d (f) areques t

to us e th e mercury , SV M an dLV M feedrate s an dassociate d emissio n rate s durin g th e CP T to extrapolat e t o highe r allowabl e feedrat e limit s an demissio n rates , subjec t t o anumbe r

o f statutor y an dpolic y provisions. 2 1 

## Extrapolatio n ca n b e advantageou s becaus e i t avoid s muc hofth e spikin g that source s normall y undertak e durin g complianc e testin g an dth e associate dcosts , risk s to operatin g an dtestin g personnel , an denvironmenta l loadin g fro m emissions
. 6 4 Fed
. Reg
. 52827 , 52946-52947
. Unde r a n approve dextrapolatio n approach , th e facilit y woul db e require dt o fee dmetal s a t n o les s tha n norma l rate s to narro w th e amoun t o f extrapolatio n requested
. Id. Further , EP Aexpect s that som e spikin g woul db e desire dto increas e confidenc e i n th e measure d performanc e tes t

feedrat e level s that

wil l b e use dt o projec t feedrat e limit s (i.e. , the enor s associate dwit hsamplin g an danalyzin g heterogeneou s feedstream s ca n b e minimize db y spikin g know n quantities)
. Id. EP Awil l generall y disapprov e an y extrapolatio n approache s that reques t feedrat e limit s that

are significantl y highe r tha n the historica l rang e o f feedrates
. Id. Extrapolate dfeedrat e limit s

1 8 6 9 Fed
. Reg
. 21198 , 2121 8 (Apri l 20 , 2004)
. 1 96 9 Fed
. Reg
. 21197 , 21218 , Apri l 20 , 2004 , HW C MAC T Propose dRule
. See also 4 0 C.F.R
. § § 63.1206(b)(2) , 63.1207(f)(1 ) an d(g)(1)
. 2 06 9 Fed
. Reg
. 21197 , 21309-10 , th
. 20 2 & 204
. 21 See also 6 4 Fed
. Reg
. 52827 , 52946-4 7 (Septembe r 30 , 1999) ; 4 0 C.F.R
. § 63.1209(l)(l)(v ) an d(n)(2)(vii)
.



# VES01728 0

## Statemen t o f Basi s fo r

DRAF FTitl e V Permi t No
. V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aE S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Dat e Issued : Octobe r

10 , 201 4 Pag e 4 0 o f 7 9
shoul db e limite dto level s withi nth e rang e ofth e highes t historica l feedrate s fo r the source . Id. 4.2.5 . Feedrate OPL s Include d i n Veolia' s Permi t EP Aha s reviewe dVeolia' s CP T tes t repor t date dJanuar y 28 , 201 4 (the 201 4 CP T report) 2 2

## an dVeolia' s Notificatio no f Complianc e (NOC ) date dJanuar y 28 , 201 4 (the 201 4 NOC ) an ddetermine dthat there i s sufficien t

informatio n t o enabl e EP Ato establis hOPL s fo r mercury , SV M an dLV M tha t satisfy th e requirement s ofth e Ac t

an dthe HW C MACT
. Specifically , EP Aha s determine dthat th e OPL s show n i n Tabl e 9 , below , ar e supporte db y the availabl e CP T data
. Therefore , consisten t

wit h4 0 C.F. R§ 71.6(a)(1) , EP Ai s proposin g t o incorporate dthes e OPL s int o th e permit
. See Conditio n2.1(C)(2)
.
Tabl e 9 . Propose d Feedrat e OPL s fo rSelecte d Parameters .

Unit * Measure d Paramete r Averag e Feedrate Durin g CP T Gb/hr ) Propose d

OP L 0b/hr) » Measure d Averag e

Stac kConcentratio n (fig/dsc m @ 7 % O2 , excep ta s noted ) d 

## MAC T Limi t

(Correcte d t o 7 % O2 ) Mercur y 0.0021 2 0.002 1 10 0 13 0 pg/dsc m L V M 46. 3 4 6 2. 6 9 2 ug/dsc m L V M (Pumpable ) 46. 3 4 6 2. 6 9 2 pg/dsc m 2 S V M 61. 9 6 2 0.9 5 23 0 pg/dsc m 2 Tota l Chlorin e 206. 1 20 4 2 0 3 2 ppm v dry , a s C L As h 503. 0 50 3 0.0007 1 gr/dsc f (PM ) 0.01 3 gr/dsc f Tota l Wast e 4,182. 4 4,01 7 b 

## N / A N / A Tota l Pumpabl e Wast e 3,324. 5 3,10 7 b 

## N / A N / A Mercur y 0.0022 1 0.002 1 4 8 13 0 pg/dsc m L V M 46. 0 4 6 9. 4 9 2 pg/dsc m L V M (Pumpable ) 46. 0 4 6 9. 4 9 2 pg/dsc m 3 S V M 62. 3 6 2 1 5 23 0 pg/dsc m 3 Tota l Chlorin e 204. 2 20 4 3. 6 3 2 ppm v dry , a s C L As h 525. 8 50 3 0.0020 0 gr/dsc f (PM ) 0.01 3 gr/dsc f Tota l Wast e 4,180. 2 4,01 7 b 

## N / A N / A Tota l Pumpabl e Wast e 3,337. 5 3,10 7 b 

## N / A N / A

2 2Th e 201 4 CP T repor t contain s th e result s ofth e CP T performe di n Octobe r 201 3 an danalysi s ofth e data
.



# VES01728 1

## Stalemen t o f Basi s fo r

DRAF T Titl e V Permi t No
. V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aE S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Dat e Issued : Octobe r

10 , 201 4 Pag e 4 1 o f 7 9

Unit # Measure d Paramete r Averag e Feedrate Durin g CP T (lb/hr ) Propose d

OP L (lb/hr) a 

## Measure d Averag e

Stac kConcentratio n (ug/dscm @ 7 % O2 , excep ta s noted) d 

## MAC T Limi t

(Correcte d t o 7 % O2 ) Mercur y 0.040 2 0.04 0 1 0 13 0 pg/dsc m L V M 46. 2 4 6 9. 7 9 2 pg/dsc m L V M (Pumpable ) 45. 9 4 6 9. 7 9 2 pg/dsc m S V M 62. 0 6 2 7. 8 23 0 pg/dsc m Tota l Chlorin e 203. 2 20 3 1 4 3 2 ppm v dry , as C L 4 As h 4,777. 2 4,77 7 0.002 1 gr/dsc f (PM ) 0.01 3 gr/dsc f Tota l Wast e t o PC C 9,490. 5 10,63 2 N / A N / A Tota l Pumpabl e Wast e t o PC C 3,432. 0 3,312 ° N / A N / A Tota l Pumpabl e Wast e t o SC C 1,191. 5 1,20 3 N / A N / A
a . Hazardou s wast e feedrat e OPL s ar e 1 -hou r rollin g averages ; othe r OPL s are 12-hou r rollin g averages . Maximu mhazardou s wast e feedrat e i s establishe da s th e averag e o f th e maximu mhourl y rollin g average s fo r eac hrun . b
. 199 3 Resourc e Conservatio n an dRecover y Ac t (RCRA ) Tria l Bur nvalu e fo r Uni t 2
. c . 199 5 RCR ATria l Bu mvalu e fo r Uni t 4
. d
. Dat atake n fro mth e 201 4 CP T Report
. Fo r purpose s ofthi s table , measurement s tha t wer e reporte dbelo w th e detectio n limi t hav e bee n rounde du p to th e detectio n limit
. Veoli adi dno t

includ e i n th e 201 4 CP T repor t o r applicatio n fo r

renewa l o f

it s Titl e V permi t areques t

to extrapolat e mercury , SV M o r LV M feedrate s pursuan t to 4 0 C.F.R
. § 63.1209(l)(l)(v ) an d(n)(2)(vii)
. Becaus e Veoli adi dno t reques t suc hextrapolation , w e ar e proposin g t o incorporat e as mercury , SV M an dLV M feedrat e OPL s th e feedrate s a t whic h Veoli aconducte dit s Octobe r 201 3 testing , a s documente di n th e 201 4 NOC
. T o establis hth e mercury , LVM , SV M an dchlorin e feedrate s reporte di n Tabl e 9 , Veoli a spiked: 2 3



## • mercur y (a s amercuri c nitrat e solution ) durin g al l thre e meta l tes t run s o f th e CP T an duse dth e mercur y syste mremova l efficienc y (SRE ) demonstrate ddurin g th e CP T t o establis hth e feedrat e limit s fo r tota l mercury ;

2 3 Spikin g durin g CPT s involve s addin g aknow n amoun t o f ahig hpurit y compoun dint o th e feedstrea mfo r th e purpos e o f

establishin g th e maximu mamoun t o f tha t compoun dtha t

ca n b e fe dt o th e incinerato r withou t

violatin g an y applicabl e emissio n standards
. Th e averag e CP T feedrate s fo r mercury , SVM , LV M an dchlorin e reporte di n Tabl e 9 represen t

th e analysi s result s o f feedstrea msample s collecte da t leas t 3 0 minute s afte r

spikin g wit h chromium , lead , mercur y an dchlorin e ha dbee n initiated
.



# VES01728 2

## Statemen t o f Basi s fo r

DRAF T Titl e V Permi t No
. V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aE S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Dal e Issued : Octobe r

10 , 201 4 Pag e 4 2 o f 7 9

• chromiu m(a s chromi c acid ) durin g al l thre e meta l tes t run s ofth e CP T an duse dth e chromiu mSR Edemonstrate ddurin g th e CP T t o establis hth e feedrat e limit s fo r tota l an dpumpabl e LVM ;

• lea d(a s lea dnitrate ) durin g al l thre e meta l tes t run s o f th e CP T an duse dth e lea d SR Edemonstrate ddurin g th e CP T t o establis hth e feedrat e limit s fo r SVM ; an d

• chlorin e (hexachloroethane ) durin g al l thre e meta l tes t run s o f th e CP T an duse dth e chlorin e SR Edemonstrate ddurin g the CP T t o establis hth e feedrat e limit s fo r HCl/Cb
. 

# 4.3

. Non-applicabl e Requirement s A s previousl y discussed , EPA' s regulation s a t 4 0 C.F.R
. Par t

7 1 allo w permittin g authoritie s the discretio n t o includ e a"permi t shield " i n th e permi t

(i.e. , aprovisio n i n th e permi t statin g that

complianc e wit hth e condition s o f the permi t

shal l b e deeme d complianc e wit han y applicabl e requirement s a s o f th e date o f

permi t issuance)
. See 4 0 C.F.R
. § 71.6(f)
. However , t o exten dth e permi t shiel dt o condition s t o whic hth e sourc e i s no t

subject , th e permittin g authorit y must , i n actin g o n th e permi t application , determin e i n writin g that requirement s specificall y identifie di n th e permi t are no t applicabl e t o th e source , an dmus t includ e i n th e permi t

that determinatio n o r

aconcis e summar y thereof
. See 40C.F.R
. § 71.6(f)(l)(ii)
. Tabl e 1 0 provide s asummar y o f requirement s that

EP Aha s determine dd o no t appl y t o Veolia' s emissio n units
. Th e non-applicabilit y determination s ar e foun di n condition s 2.1(B) , 2.2(B) , 2.3(B) , 2.4(B) , 2.5(B) , 2.6(B) , 2.7(B) , 2.8(B ) an d2.9(B ) ofth e propose d renewa l permit
. Eac hnon-applicabilit y determinatio n i s base do n th e particula r rule' s applicabilit y criteria
.

Tabl e 10. Summar y o f Non-applicabl e Requirements . Emissio n Uni t Th e affecte d emissio n uni ti s not

subjectto.. . Explanatio n an d Regulator y Referenc e

Incineratio n Unit s 2 , 3 an d4 4 0 C.F.R
. Par t 64 , Complianc e Assuranc e Monitorin g fo r Majo r Stationar y Source s (CAM)
. Thes e unit s are require dt o compl y wit haMAC T standar dpropose dafte r Novembe r

15 , 1990
. Emission s unit s subjec t t o MAC T standard s propose d b y the Administrato r

afte r Novembe r 15 , 199 0 ar e exemp t

fro mCAM
. [4 0 C.F.R
. § 64 .2 (b )(l)(iY | Incineratio n Unit s 2 , 3 an d4
3 5 IA C Part 229 , Hospita l Medica l Infectiou s Wast e Incinerators
. Conditio n2.1(C)(1 ) prohibit s th e Permitte e fro macceptin g o r



# VES01728 3

## Slatemen t o f Basi s fo r

DRAF T Titl e V Pemii t No
. V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aE S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Date Issued : Octobe r

10 , 201 4 Pag e 4 3 o f 7 9
Emissio n Uni t Th e affecte d emissio n uni ti s not

subjectto.. . Explanatio n an d Regulator y Referenc e processin g hospita l medica l infectiou s wast e a t th e facility
. [3 5 IA C 229.110 1 Wast e Processin g Area s (MP-1 , MP- 2 an dth e La b Pac k Repack ) 4 0 C.F.R
. Part 64 , CAM
. Thes e unit s d o no t us e a n add-o n contro l devic e to achiev e complianc e wit ha n emissio n limitatio no r standard
. [4 0 C.F.R
. § 64.2(a) ] Wast e Processin g Area s (MP-1 , MP- 2 an dth e La b Pac k Repack ) 4 0 C.F.R
. Par t 61 , Subpar t

BB
. Thi s sourc e i s no t par t o f abenzen e productio n facility
. [4 0 C.F.R
. § 61.300 ] Wast e Processin g Area s (MP-1 , MP-2 ) Conveyo r System s 4 0 C.F.R
. Par t 63 , Subpar t

DD
. Th e conveyo r system s associate dwit h MP- 1 an dMP- 2 are use di n th e conveyanc e o f

materia l usin g a container
. [4 0 C.F.R
. § 63.681 ] Dru mCrushe r 4 0 C.F.R
. Par t 64 , CAM
. Th e affecte ddru mcrushe r doe s no t us e a n add-o n contro l devic e t o achiev e complianc e wit han emissio n limitatio no r

standard
. [4 0 C.F.R
. § 64.2(a) ]

Liqui dWast e Storag e Tank s 3 5 IA C 219.120 , 219.12 1 an d

219.12 3 Th e affecte dliqui dwast e storag e tank s are no t

subjec t t o th e contro l requirement s o f

3 5 IA C 219.120 , 219.12 1 an d219.12 3 becaus e thes e storag e tank s are les s tha n 151m 3 

## (40,00 0 gallon ) capacity
. [3 5 IA C 219.119,219.121,219.123(a)(2) ]
Liqui dWast e Storag e Tank s 4 0 C.F.R
. Par t 64 , CAM
. • Th e affecte dliqui dwast e storag e tank s are subjec t

t o aNESHA P propose dafte r

Novembe r

15 , 1990
. Emission s unit s subjec t t o NESHAP s propose db y th e Administrato r

afte r Novembe r

15 , 199 0 are exemp t

fro mCAM
. [4 0 C.F.R
. § 64.2(b)(l)(i) ]

• Th e potentia l pre-contro l devic e emission s are les s tha n majo r sourc e level s fo r

an y o f th e CA M pollutants
. [4 0 C.F.R
. § 64.2(a)(3) ]



# VES01728 4

## Statemen l o f Basi s fo r

DRAF T Titl e V Permi t No
. V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aE S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Dal e Issued : Octobe r

10 , 201 4 Pag e 4 4 o f 7 9
Emissio n Uni t Th e affecte d emissio n uni ti s no t

subjectto.. . Explanatio n an d Regulator y Referenc e Bul k Soli d Wast e Storag e Facilit y 4 0 C.F.R
. Par t 64 , CAM
. Th e potentia l pre-contro l devic e emission s ar e les s tha n majo r sourc e level s fo r

an y o f th e CA M pollutants
. [4 0 C.F.R
. § 64.2 ]

Gasolin e Storag e Tan k 3 5 IAC219.583(a)(2),(3),(4 ) Th e affecte dgasolin e storag e tan k ha s acapacit y o f

les s than 57 5 gallons
. [3 5 IA C 219.583(b)(3) ]

Gasolin e Storag e Tan k 4 0 C.F.R
. Par t 60 , Subpar t

K b Th e desig n capacit y o f th e storag e tan k i s les s tha n 4 0 m 3 

## (10,57 6 gallons)
. [4 0 C.F.R
. § 60.110b(a) ]
Gasolin e Storag e Tan k 35 IA C 219.12 1 Th e gasolin e storag e tan k ha s a capacit y o f

les s tha n 40,00 0 gallons
. [3 5 IA C 219.121 ] Gasolin e Storag e Tan k 3 5 IA C 219.12 0 Th e gasolin e storag e tan k store s petroleu mliquids
. [3 5 IA C 219.119(e) ] Gasolin e Storag e Tan k

4 0 C.F.R
. Par t 64 , CAM
. Th e gasolin e storag e tan k doe s no t

us e anadd-o n contro l devic e t o achiev e complianc e wit ha n emissio n limitatio no r

standard
. [4 0 C.F.R
. § 64.2 ]

Boile r #1 35 IA C 217.12 1 Th e actua l heat inpu t o f th e affecte d boile r i s les s than 73. 2 M W(25 0 mmBtu/hr)
. [3 5 IA C 217.121 ]

Boile r #1 3 5 IA C 219.30 1 Boile r # 1 i s afue l combustio n emissio n uni t

an dfue l combustio n emissio n unit s are no t

subjec t t o 3 5 IA C 219.301
. [3 5 IA C 219.303 ]

Boile r #1 3 5 IA C 214.12 2 Soli do r liqui dfuel s are no t

burne di n th e affecte dboiler
. [3 5 IA C 214.122 ] Boile r #1 4 0 C.F.R
. Part 63 , Subpar t

JJJJJ J Boile r

# 1 i s agas-fire dboile r

a s defme da

t 4 0 C.F.R
. § 63.11237
. [4 0 C.F.R
. § 63.11195(e). ] Boile r #1 4 0 C.F.R
. Part 60 , Subpar t

D a Boile r

# 1 i s no t

capabl e o f

combustin g mor e than 7 3 M W(25 0 mmBtu/hr ) hea t inpu t o f fossi l fue l (eithe r

alon e o r i n combinatio n wit han y othe r fuel)
. [4 0 C.F.R
. § 60.40Da(a)(l) ] Boile r #1

4 0 C.F.R
. Part 60 , Subpar t

D b Boile r

# 1 ha s ahea

t inpu t capacit y fro mfuel s combuste di n th e uni t o f les s tha n 2 9 M W(10 0 mmBtu/hr)
. [4 0 C.F.R
. § 60.40b(a) ]



# VES01728 5

## Statemen l o f Basi s fo r

DRAF T Titl e V Permi t No
. V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aE S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Date Issued : Octobe r

10 , 201 4 Pag e 45 o f 7 9
Emissio n Uni t Th e affecte d emissio n uni ti s no t

subjectto.. . Explanatio n an d Regulator y Referenc e 4 0 C.F.R
. Par t

64 , CA M Th e affecte dboile r doe s no t us e a n add-o n contro l devic e t o achiev e complianc e wit han emissio n limitatio no r

standard
. [4 0 C.F.R
. § 64.2(a) ]

Emergenc y Generator s 4 0 C.F.R
. Par t 60 , Subpar t

III I Constructio n ofth e emergenc y

generato r

engine s di dno t

commence , a s define da

t 4 0 C.F.R
. § 60.4200(a) , afte r Jul y 11 , 200 5 an dth e engine s hav e no t bee n modifie do r reconstructe dafte r

Jul y 11 , 2005
. [4 0 C.F.R
. § 60.4200 ] Emergenc y Generator s 4 0 C.F.R
. Par t 60 , Subpar t

J.IJ J Th e emergenc y generato r engine s are no t spark ignitio nengine s as define d a t 4 0 C.F.R
. § 60.4248
. [4 0 C.F.R
. § 60.4230 ] Emergenc y Generator s

4 0 C.F.R
. Par t 64 , CAM
. Th e affecte demergenc y generator s d o no t us e an add-o n contro l devic e t o achiev e complianc e wit ha n emissio n limitatio no r

standard
. [4 0 C.F.R
. § 64.2(a) ]

Fugitiv e Emission s fro m Equipmen t Leak s 4 0 C.F.R
. Par t 60 , Subpart s VV , III , NNN , an dRR R(NSP S fo r th e Syntheti c Organi c Chemical s Manufacturin g Industry ) an d4 0 C.F.R
. Par t

63 , Subpart s F , G , II , an d I (NESHA Pfo r

th e Syntheti c Organi c Chemical s Manufacturin g Industry)
. Th e leakin g equipmen t i s no t associate dwit hth e manufactur e o r productio n o f

th e affecte dorgani c chemicals
. [4 0 C.F.R
. § § 60.480 ; 60.610 ; 60.660 ; 60.700 ; 63.100 ; 63.110 ; 63.160 ] Fugitiv e Emission s fro m Equipmen t Leak s 4 0 C.F.R
. Par t 64 , CAM
. Th e affecte dleakin g equipmen t doe s no t us e add-o n contro l device s t o achiev e complianc e wit ha n emissio n limitatio no r

standard
. [4 0 C.F.R
. § 64.2(a) ]



# VES01728 6

## Statement o f Basi s fo r

DRAF T Titl e V Permi t No
. V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aE S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Dat e Issued : Octobe r

10 , 201 4 Pag e 4 6 o f 7 9 

# 5.0 . MONITORIN G REQUIREMENT S
5.1 . Statutor

y Requirement

s Sectio n 504(c ) ofth e Ac t require s that

al l Titl e V permit s contain , amon g othe r things , monitorin g requirement s t o assur e complianc e wit hpermi t term s an dconditions
. 4 2 U.S.C
. § 7661c(c)
. EP Acodifie dmonitorin g rule s a t 4 0 C.F.R
. § § 71.6(a)(3)(i)(A ) an d(B ) an d71.6(c)(1 ) t o carr y ou t that directive
. E P Amus t

tak e th e followin g thre e step s t o satisf y th e monitorin g requirement s i n it s regulations :

• First , EP Amus t

ensur e tha t

monitorin g requirement s containe di n applicabl e requirement s are properl y incorporate dint o th e Titl e V permit
. 4 0 C.F.R
. §71.6(a)(3)(i)(A)
.

• Second , i f

th e applicabl e requiremen t doe s no t

requir e periodi c testin g o r instrumenta l o r

noninstrumenta l monitorin g (whic hma y consis t o f recordkeepin g designe dt o serv e a s monitoring) , EP Amus t ad d"periodi c monitorin g sufficien t t o yiel dreliabl e dat afro mth e relevan t tim e perio dtha t

are representativ e o f

th e source' s complianc e wit hth e permit. " 4 0 C.F.R
. § 71.6(a)(3)(i)(B)
. Suc h monitorin g requirements , whic hma y consis t o f recordkeepin g provisions , shal l assure us e o f

terms , tes t

methods , units , averagin g periods , an dothe r statistica l convention s consisten t wit hth e applicabl e requirement
. Id.

• Third , i f

th e applicabl e requiremen t contain s som e periodi c monitoring , bu t that monitorin g i s no t

sufficien t

t o assur e complianc e wit hpermi t term s an d conditions , EP Amus t

supplemen t

monitorin g t o assur e suc hcompliance
. 4 0 C.F.R
. § 71.6(c)(1)
. See Sierra Club v . EPA, 53 6 F.3 d673 , 680-68 1 (D.C
. Cir
. 2008 ) (th e mos t

reasonabl e readin g o f 4 0 C.F.R
. § 70.6(c)(1 ) i s that i t ensure s tha t "al l Titl e V permit s includ e monitorin g 'sufficien t t o assur e complianc e wit hth e term s an dcondition s o f th e permit.'")
. See also In the Matter of CITGO Refining & Chemicals Co., Petitio n No
. VI-2007-0 1 (Orde r o n Petition ) (Ma y 28 , 2009 ) a t 6-7
. 

# 5.2 . Feedstrea

m Analysi s Procedures fo rMercury , LV M an d SV M [Condition 2.1(D)(4)(d)(ii) ]
5.2.1 . Overvie w o f

Requirements Unde r th e HW C MACT , t o demonstrat e complianc e wit hth e emission s limit s fo r mercury , LVM , SVM , P M an dchlorine , Veoli amus t eithe r compl y wit hfeedrat e



# VES01728 7

## Statemen l o f Basi s fo r

DRAF T Titl e V Penni t No
. V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aE S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Date Issued : Octobe r

10 , 201 4 Page47of7 9
limit s establishe dthroug hcomprehensiv e performanc e testin g fo r thos e metals , as han dchlorine , o r

i t ma y petitio n EP At o approv e th e installatio n an d continuou s operatio n o f emissio n monitorin g system s t o directl y measur e an d documen t

complianc e wit hPM , metal s an dchlorin e emission s limits
. Veoli aha s no t petitione dEP At o instal l an doperat e aCEM S fo r PM , metals , o r

chlorine
. Therefore , unde r

th e HW C MACT , Veoli amus t analyz e eac hfeedstrea mprior to feedin g th e materia l int o an y o f it s incinerator s an ddocumen t th e amoun t

o f metals , as han dchlorin e presen t i n th e feedstream
. Veoli amus t follo w procedure s documente di n afeedstrea manalysi s pla n (FAP)
. Th e FA Pmus t b e "sufficien t

to documen t

complianc e wit hth e applicabl e feedrat e limils. " 4 0 C.F.R
. § 63.1209(c)
. E P Ahas reviewe dVeolia' s FAP , whic hi s availabl e a s part o f the permi t

recor d fo r thi s propose dpermi t

renewa l action, 2 4

## an dothe r monitorin g requirement s i n the existin g 200 8 permit , an ddetennine dthat the y ar e no t

sufficien t

t o determin e that wast e stream s compl y wit hth e feedrat e limit s o r assur e complianc e wit h applicabl e emission s limit s fo r metals
. Althoug hVeolia' s FA Pcontain s th e minimu melement s require db y 4 0 C.F.R
. § 63.1209(c)(2)(i ) throug h(vi) , forth e reason s outline dbelow , EP Aha s foun dthat th e existin g FA Pi s no t sufficien t

t o ensure tha

t th e mercury , lead , arsenic , beryllium , cadmiu man dchromiu m concentration s i n th e wast e stream s are n o greate r tha n th e concentration s state d i nth e wast e profile s tha t Veoli aha s use dt o calculat e meta l feedrates
. A s discusse dbelow , Veoli acunentl y depend s o n informatio n i n acorporat e databas e fo r "similar " wast e stream s withou t rea l knowledg e o f

wha t metal s ar e i n th e waste s i t incinerates
. Further , th e databas e frequentl y contain s informatio n tha t i s inconsisten t

wit hdat aprovide db y wast e generators . Therefore , th e existin g FA P canno t assure complianc e wit hth e metal s feedrat e limits
. Additionally , becaus e Veolia' s FA Pdoe s no t ensur e that

eac hfeedstrea mi s appropriatel y characterized , th e cunen t FA Pdoe s no t

assur e complianc e wit hth e feedrat e limit s i n th e permit
. Fo r th e reason s furthe r

discusse dbelow , Veolia' s curren t FA Pi s no t

sufficien t

t o ensure tha

t th e mercury , SV M an dLV M concentration s i n th e wast e stream s are n o greate r

tha n th e concentration s state di n th e wast e profile s that Veoli ause s to calculat e meta l feedrates
. Therefore , th e FA Pcanno t assur e complianc e wit hth e feedrat e limit s fo r

mercury , SV M an dLVM
. Complianc e wit hthe feedrat e limit s i s afundamenta l ste p i n assurin g complianc e wit hth e HW C MAC T emission s limits
. T o addres s th e deficiencie s i n Veolia' s FA Pdescribe dabove , an dt o assure complianc e wit hth e feedrat e limits , EP Aha s propose dminimu mmercury , L V M an dSV M analysi s procedure s i n th e permit
. Th e propose danalysi s procedure s woul drequir e Veoli ato :

2 4Veolia' s FA Pan dRCR AWast e Analysi s Pla n(WAP ) ar e availabl e a t http://ww\v
. epa . (•ov/region5/air/veoliasauget/index , html
.



# VES01728 8

## Statemen t o f Basi s fo r

DRAF T Titl e V Penni t No
. V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aF. S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Date Issued : Octobe r

10 , 201 4 Pag e 4 8 o f 7 9

• sampl e an danalyz e eac hfeedstrea maccepte dfo r incineratio n unles s that feedstrea mi s specificall y exempte db y th e permit; 2 5



## • sampl e an danalyz e al l batched , treated , blended , mixed , o r otherwis e altere dwast e fo r

mercury , LV M an dSV M i n it s fina l for mas fee dfo r incineratio n prio r

t o incineration; 2 6



## • no t batch , treat , blend , mix , o r otherwis e alte r

feedstream s whic hare exemp t fro msamplin g unles s Veoli asample s an danalyze s th e otherwis e exemp t feedstream ;

• documen t

th e concentratio n o f

mercury , LV M an dSV M i n an y fue l othe r than natura l gas , includin g use doil , diesel , an dalternativ e fuel s fe dint o th e incinerator s b y eithe r

(1 ) obtainin g analytica l result s fro meac hfue l supplie r o r (2 ) conductin g representativ e samplin g o f eac hfue l suppl y an danalyzin g suc hsample s usin g appropriat e qualit y assurance/qualit y contro l procedure s an dtes t methods
. Veoli awoul dfollo w thi s procedur e a t leas t onc e pe r

yea r fo r eac hfue l supply; 2 7



## • documen t

concentration s that

fal l belo w th e detectio n limi t i n non-exemp t feedstream s a s equa l t o th e detectio n limit; 2 8

## an d

• maintai n record s o f al l require dfeedstrea manalyse s fo r aperio do f

five calenda r years . Th e abov e feedstrea manalysi s provision s supplemen t an y analysi s procedure s specifie di n Veolia' s FA Pfo r mercury , LV M an dSVM , an dsupersed e an y les s stringen t provision s i n th e FAP
. Incorporatio n o f thes e requirement s int o th e Titl e V permi t

woul dno t

eliminat e Veolia' s obligatio nt o maintai n a n adequat e FAP , consisten t

wit h4 0 C.F.R
. § 63.1209(c) ; rather , th e permi t woul dspecify minimu m feedstrea manalysi s procedure s t o assur e complianc e wit hth e propose dfeedrat e limits , and , throug hthem , wit happlicabl e HW C MAC T emission s limits
. Becaus e Veoli awoul dgenerall y bas e meta l feedrat e calculation s o n actua l feedstrea manalysi s dat aan dno t o n theoretica l profil e estimates , the abov e

2 5 Th e propose dpermi t list s exemption s i n conditio n 2
. l(D)(4)(d)(ii)(F)
. 2 , 1 I n lie u o f

samplin g an danalysis , Veoli awoul db e give nth e optio n t o perfor mamas s balanc e calculatio n t o determin e concentration s i n th e fina l batched , treated , blended , mixed , o r otherwis e altere dwaste . Th e calculatio n mus t b e base do n al l batched , treated , blended , mixed , o r otherwis e altere dingredient s havin g bee n analyze dan dth e contributio n o f

eac hingredien t

determine da s specifie di n th e permit
. 2 7 Thi s provisio nrefer s t o fuel s tha t ar e burne di n th e incinerator s alon g wit hhazardou s waste . 2 8 Fo r purpose s o f

thi s provision , "detectio n limit " loosel y refer s t o th e propose dpermit' s "reportin g limit " tha t woul db e calculate dfo r eac hmeasuremen t

usin g procedure s containe di n EPA' s soli dwast e analysi s method s manual , SW-846
.



# VES01728 9

## Statement o f Basi s fo r

DRAF T Titl e V Permi t No
. V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aB S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Date Issued : Octobe r

10 , 201 4 Pag e 4 9 o f 7 9 supplementa l feedstrea manalysi s provision s wil l increas e ou r confidenc e i n th e feedrate s reporte db y Veolia
. Thes e provision s als o wil l ensur e that Veoli adoe s no t repor t meta l concentration s o f zer o i n situation s wher e actua l meta l concentration s i n th e feedstrea mare onl y slightl y belo w th e detectio n limit
. 5.2.2 . Deficiencie s i n Veolia' s Curren tFeedstream Analysi s Procedure s

A . Veoli acurrentl y doe s notsampl e an d analyz e al l feedstream s an d thu s migh tb e underreportin g meta l concentration s i n it s feedstreams . Unde r Veolia' s curren t

feedstrea manalysi s procedures , Veoli adoe s no t analyz e al l feedstream s an dinstea dprimaril y relie s o n th e generato r fo r informatio n regardin g th e compositio n o f afeedstream
. Prio r

t o schedulin g waste s fo r shipmen t

t o th e facility , th e generato r characterize s th e wast e streams . Veoli a staff revie w th e generato r

informatio n befor e acceptin g th e wast e fo r incineration. 2 9

## Veoli amaintain s a"dynami c suspec t list " o f industrie s an d proces s waste s that

coul dcontai n mercury , cadmium , chromium , arsenic , lead , an dberylliu mwhic hit , therefore , mus t analyz e fo r

metal s befor e th e wast e strea m can b e approve dfo r

incineration. 3 0

## However , i f Veoli aconsider s awast e strea m submitte db y agenerato r fo r approva l t o b e "similar " t o wast e stream s that i t alread y ha s accepte dfo r treatmen t

a t Veoli afacilities , rathe r tha n samplin g th e waste , Veoli acurrentl y ma y us e astandar dprofil e designatio n t o calculat e th e amoun t o f metal s i n th e waste. 3 1 

## Th e standar dprofil e designatio n i s base do n a databas e develope dusin g analytica l dat afro mwaste s fro msimila r industrie s o r processes . Onc e wast e i s accepte dfo r incineration , Veoli arandoml y sample s an d analyze s 1 0 percen t

o f container s fro meac hreceip t numbe r (profile ) withi na shipmen t

fo r pH , radiation , flas hpoint , polychlorinate dbiphenyl s (PCBs ) an d apparen t viscosity , pursuan t

t o it s wast e analysi s plan. 3 2

## However , metal s analysi s ma y no r

ma y no t b e conducte do n thes e samples
. A s discusse dbelow , ther e ar e numerou s problem s wit hVeolia' s relianc e o n it s analytica l databas e i n lie u o f independentl y samplin g an danalyzin g eac hfeedstream
.

2 9Comprehensiv e Performanc e Tes t (CPT ) Pla nfo r

Uni t 2 (Jun e 27 , 2013 ) a t 3-1
. 5 0NEI C Multimedi aComplianc e Investigatio n Observation s Report , Veoli aE S Technica l Services , NEI C Projec t No
. VP0972 , Augus t

201 2 (NEI C Report ) at 8-9
. Availabl e at : www.regulations.gov : documen t ID
. EPA-R05

- OAR-2012-0649-0035
. NEI C conducte dthi s investigatio n a t th e reques t

o f EP ARegio n 5
. Th e goa l o f th e investigatio n wa s t o determin e Veolia' s complianc e wit hCA Aan dRCR Awast e analysi s requirements
. I n general , Veoli adoe s no t

analyz e waste s tha t

ar e exempte db y th e FA Pfro msamplin g an danalysis
. 31 Id. Veoli autilize s standar dprofil e designations , man y o f whic har e base do n historica l dat aobtaine db y th e Veoli afacilit y locate di n Por t Arthur , Texas , fo r

wast e stream s tha t

hav e simila r

physica l an dchemica l characteristics , that

ar e generate db y simila r industrie s o r

processes , o r

tha t hav e th e sam e EP Ahazardou s wast e code s a s simila r

proces s waste . Id.

32 Id. a t 10
.



# VES01729 0

## Statement o f Basi s fo r

DRAF T Titl e V Penni t No
. V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Pennittee : Veoli aE S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Date Issued : Octobe r

10 , 201 4 Pag e 5 0 o f 7 9

B . Veolia' s feedstream s are highl y variabl e an d metal composition s can var y significantl y withi n th e feedstream (i.e. , heterogeneous feedstreams ) an d amon g feedstream s (variabl e feedstreams) . Veoli atreat s an ddispose s avariet y o f solid , liqui dan dgaseou s waste s whic h typicall y arriv e i n drums , roll-of f container s o r

othe r simila r bul k transpor t vehicles , totes , Gaylor dboxes , tan k truck s an dcylinders. 3 3 

## Accordin g t o Veolia' s website , i n additio n t o othe r hazardou s an dnon-hazardou s waste , Veolia' s Sauge t facilit y accept s fo r

incineratio n Dru g Enforcemen t Administratio ncontrolle d substances , drugs , good s wit hexpire ddates , seize dgoods , returne dgood s an dla b chemicals. 3 4

## Becaus e Veolia' s Sauge t facilit y accept s an dincinerate s abroa d rang e o f wastes , Veoli aha s explaine dthat "th e individua l stream s that ma y mak e u p th e incinerato r

overal l fee da

t an y give n tim e ca n var y greatly , dependin g o n generato r

productio n an dshippin g schedules." 3 5 

## I n it s 201 2 investigation , EPA' s Nationa l Environmenta l Investigation s Cente r (NEIC ) foun dthat

som e nominall y simila r wast e stream s generate db y differen t generator s ha dsignificantl y differen t meta l concentrations , yet , a s describe d above , Veoli adi dno t

analyz e thes e waste s whe n the y arrive donsite
. Instead , Veoli arelie dupo n an "overl y broad " characterizatio n o f th e waste s an dassigne d asingl e meta l concentratio n valu e fo r th e individua l wastes . I n on e instance , fo r example , Veoli aha s assigne dtw o wast e streams , bot hclassifie da s "cyanid e containin g wastes " an didentifie db y Veoli aa s "ver y similar, " tw o ver y differen t cadmiu mconcentrations : 6,47 0 mg/k g an d1 mg/kg , respectively. 3 6

## NEI C suggeste dthat , du e t o th e potentia l variabilit y i n meta l concentration s o f som e "ver y similar " waste s fro mdifferen t generators , Veoli ashoul danalyz e wast e stream s generate db y differen t generator s eac htim e the y arriv e on-sit e instea do f relyin g o n "overl y broa dprofiles " t o characteriz e thes e wastes. 3 7 

## Also , a s note di n th e NEI C report , "[s]ample s o f bul k liquid s are no t

analyze d[b y Veolia ] fo r

metals ; instead , metal s concentration s ar e calculate dbase do n profil e informatio n store di n Veolia' s wast e trackin g syste m(WTS)
. Th e WT S pull s informatio n fro mth e corporat e trackin g system , calle dth e "I-Series"...
. Onsit e analyse s ma y b e use dt o updat e the profil e informatio n i n th e WTS." 3 8

## Becaus e liquid s store di n drums , tan k truck s o r

othe r container s separat e o r settl e and , thus , d o no t generall y stay homogenou s (i.e. , wel l mixed ) ove r a n extende dperio do f

nVeolia' s 8-16-1 3 applicatio n addendu ma t 3
. 5 4http://www.veoliaes.com/en/services/enterprise/waste/incineration.htm l (las t accesse d3/14/14 )

! 5 CP T Pla nfo r

Uni t 2 (Jun e 27 , 2013 ) at 3-1
. 1 6NEI C Repor t

at 23
. "Id.

! sNEI C Repor t

(Augus t

2012 ) at

6
. Th e goa l o f

th e NEI C investigatio n wa s t o determin e Veolia' s complianc e wit h C A Aan dRCR Awast e analysi s requirements
. Id. a t 8
.



# VES01729 1

## Slatemen t o f Basi s fo r

DRAF T Titl e V Permi t No
. V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aE S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Date Issued : Octobe r

10 , 201 4 Pag e 5 1 o f 7 9
tim e i n storage , th e meta l concentration s i n thes e drum s ca n var y substantiall y withi nth e drum , tan k

truc k o r containe r

suc hthat

th e store dmeta l concentratio n profil e ma y n o longe r

represen t

th e actua l meta l concentration s i n eac hportio n o f the wast e a s fe dt o th e incinerator
. I n addition , solid s store di n container s ma y no t stay well-mixe d(i.e. , homogeneous ) durin g transpor t fro mth e wast e generato r t o the facility
. Therefore , i n orde r t o bette r

determin e actua l meta l concentration s i n soli dan dliqui dwaste s a s fe dto th e incinerator , i t i s critica l that

thes e waste s b e analyze dafte r

the y are accepte dfo r incineratio n a

t th e facility
. C . Veolia' s curren tfeedstream analysi s an d recordkeepin g procedure s coul d caus e Veoli at o significantl y underrepor t concentration s o f

som e metal s i n it

s feedstreams . NEIC' s investigatio n reveale dthat Veoli ama y hav e significantl y undeneporte d concentration s o f

chromiu man dcadmiu mi n som e feedstreams. 3 9

## In on e example , Veoli areporte dachromiu mvalu e o f 22 8 milligram s pe r

kilogra m (mg/kg ) fo r

acertai n wast e i n it s database s whil e amateria l safet y dat asheet fo r that wast e liste datota l chromiu mvalu e o f 30,00 0 t o 60,00 0 mg/kg. 4 U

## Becaus e Veoli agenerall y use s infonnatio n containe di n it s database s t o calculat e meta l feedrate s rathe r

tha n independentl y analyzin g eac hfeedstrea mbefor e i t i s fe dt o the incinerator , Veoli ama y hav e use da n inconec t concentratio n t o calculat e chromiu mfeedrate s i n thi s case . Therefore , i n th e example s observe db y NEIC , Veolia' s possibl e us e o f incorrec t

meta l concentration s t o calculat e feedrate s ma y hav e resulte di n significan t undeneportin g o f

th e actua l meta l feedrates. 4 1 

## Withou t th e propose dmonitorin g procedures , ther e i s n o wa y to evaluat e th e accurac y o f

th e meta l concentration s use db y Veolia
. D . Analytica l an d datareportin g error s ma y have resulte d i n inaccurate feedrate calculation s fo rsom e metals . I n it s investigation , NEI C identifie dconflictin g metal s dat abetwee n th e profil e packag e an dth e informatio n entere di n Veolia' s databases. 4 2

## In on e example , a profil e reporte dachromiu mconcentratio n o f 1. 8 milligram s pe r

lite r (mg/L) , ye t

"NEI C Repor t

a t 23
.
4 0Id.

4 1 Anothe r

exampl e o f

thi s possibilit y i s illustrate dwithi nth e preparation s leadin g u p t o th e Octobe r 201 3 comprehensiv e performanc e test . Wast e Profil e #739592 , BIL T PLATE S - aproduc t containin g kaoli ncla y wa s no t identifie db y Veoli astaf f a s "suspect " fo r

mercury . A s such , Veoli acontinue dt o receiv e severa l shipment s an d woul dlikel y hav e incinerate dth e materia l assumin g amercur y concentratio n o f zer o ha di t

no t decide dt o reserv e thi s materia l fo r

th e tes t burn
. A s i t

turn s out , analysi s o f thi s wastestrea mdurin g th e tes t bur n reveale dtha t

th e actua l mercur y concentratio n i n th e wastestrea mwa s 0.1 9 pp m- no t zero . Thus , th e wastestrea mcontaine denoug h mercur y t o hav e supplie dabou t 36 % o f

th e tota l mercur y feedrat e fo r Unit s 2 o r

3 (base do n th e update d Notificatio no f

Complianc e (NOC)) , bu t Veoli awoul dno t

hav e accounte dfo r

i t i n it s wastestrea manalysis
. 4 2NEI C Repor t

a t 23
.



# VES017292

## Statemen t o f Basi s to r

DRAF T Titl e V Pemii t No
. V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aE S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Date Issued : Octobe r

10 , 201 4 Pag e 5 2 o f 7 9
Veoli ause davalu e o f 0 mg/ Li n it s databases. 4 3 

## I n anothe r example , aprofil e reporte datota l mercur y concentratio n o f 414 0 mg/k g bu t

Veoli ause davalu e o f 2 5 mg/k g i n it s database s fo r a t leas t 5 years. 4 4

## NEI C estimate dthat i f amercur y concentratio n o f

414 0 mg/k g ha dbee n presen t i n wast e that

wa s incinerate do n Augus t 2 8 an d29 , 2011 , Veoli awoul dhav e exceede dth e emission s an dfeedrat e limit s fo r

mercur y o n thos e days. 4 5 

## Becaus e ofthi s typ e o f proble mwit h conflictin g entries , withou t an y clea r

indicatio n o f

whic hconcentratio n i s correct , i t i s possibl e that

Veoli ause dincorrec t metal s concentration s fo r feedrat e calculation s o n Augus t 2 8 an d29 , 2011 , an dver y likel y that Veoli ause s incorrec t metal s concentration s o n aregula r basis
. Thus , i n th e propose dTitl e V renewa l pennit , EP Arequire s Veoli at o prepar e an d follo w aFA Pt o demonstrat e complianc e wit hth e meta l feedrat e limits , conduc t periodi c comprehensiv e performanc e test s a s require db y th e HW C MACT , an d compl y wit hanumbe r o f additiona l monitoring , recordkeepin g an dreportin g requirements
. Th e additiona l feedstrea manalysi s procedures , whic hare foun di n condition s 2.1(D)(l)(i ) an d2.1(D)(4)(d)(ii) , supplemen t an y othe r

mercury , LV M an dSV M analysi s procedure s specifie di n Veolia' s FA Pan dsupersed e an y les s stringen t provision s i n the FAP
. A s alread y state dabove , incorporatio n o f thes e requirement s int o th e Titl e V permi t doe s no t

eliminat e Veolia' s obligatio n t o maintai n a n adequat e FAP , consisten t wit h4 0 C.F.R
. § 63.1209(c) ; rather , w e ar e specifyin g minimu mfeedstrea manalysi s procedure s t o assur e complianc e wit h the propose dfeedstrea mlimits , and , throug hthem , complianc e wit hth e applicabl e HW C MAC T limits
. W e ar e als o specifyin g that Veoli amaintai n record s o f it s feedstrea manalyse s an d othe r dat arequire dto b e kep t b y th e permi t

fo r aperio do f

fiv e calenda r

years , an dmak e the mavailabl e a t al l time s fo r

inspectio n b y EPA , Illinoi s EPA , loca l agencies , o r

thei r dul y authorize drepresentatives , pursuan t t o Conditio n 2.1(E)(21 ) ofth e permit
. 

# 5.3. Multi-Metal s Continuou s Monitorin g Requirement s [Conditio n 2.1(D)(l)(i) ]
5.3.1 . Overvie w of

Requirements Veoli aconducte dcomprehensiv e performanc e test s (CPTs ) a t eac ho f th e incinerator s i n Octobe r 2013
. Th e result s o f

thos e CPT s demonstrated , amon g othe r things , that

the emission s fro mth e thre e unit s wer e significantl y different ,

« Id. »Id.
1,3Id. a t 27
.



# VES01729 3

## Statement ofBasi s lo r

DRAF T Titl e V Permi t No
. V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aB S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Date Issued : Octobe r

10 , 201 4 Pag e 5 3 o f 7 9 despit e th e fac t

tha t Veoli aha dincinerate dsimila r waste s durin g th e tests . Thi s illustrate s that

asimpl e linea r

calculatio n ma y no t

b e appropriat e fo r

estimatin g meta l slac k

concentration s fro mth e emissio n units
. A s discusse da t sectio n 5.3.3 , below , EP Aha s identifie dsevera l possibl e reason s fo r th e differin g emission s at th e thre e units
. Further , EP Adoe s no t kno w wit hwhic hmetal s chlorin e o r othe r anion s preferentiall y reac t i n th e ga s streaman dwhic hmeta l chloride s are mor e easil y capture di n Veolia' s ai r pollutio ncontro l equipment
. Th e HW C MAC T a

t 4 0 C.F.R
. § 63.1209(g)(2 ) provide s th e Administrato r authorit y t o limi t

additiona l o r

alternativ e operatin g parameter s o r requir e "alternativ e approache s t o establis hlimit s o n operatin g parameters " that ar e necessar y t o documen t complianc e wit hth e HW C MAC T emission s standards
. E P Ainterpret s 4 0 C.F.R
. § 63.1209(g)(2 ) a s providin g EP Awit hauthorit y t o requir e additiona l monitorin g relate dt o parametri c monitoring
. Additionally , sectio n 114(a) o f

th e Act , 4 2 U.S.C
. § 7414(a) , provide s EP Awit hauthorit y t o requir e "enhance dmonitoring " a s necessar y t o carr y ou t an y provisio nofth e Act
. Sectio n 114(a ) o f

th e Ac t state s i n relevan t

part : Fo r th e purpos e .. . (iii ) [of] carryin g ou t an y provisio no f

thi s chapte r (excep t aprovisio no f

subchapte r

I I o f thi s chapte r

wit hrespec t

to a manufacture r

o f ne w moto r

vehicle s o r

ne w moto r

vehicl e engines )
.. . (1 ) th e Administrato r

ma y requir e an y perso n wh o own s o r operate s an y emissio n source , .. . wh o th e Administrato r believe s ma y hav e informatio n necessar y fo r

the purpose s set

fort hi n thi s subsection , o r wh o i s subjec t

t o an y requiremen t

o f thi s chapte r

(othe r tha n amanufacture r

subjec t t o th e provision s o f

sectio n 7525(c ) o r

754 2 o f thi s titl e wit hrespec t

t o a provisio no f

subchapte r

I I o f thi s chapter ) o n aone-time , periodi c o r continuou s basi s t o .. . (C ) install , use , an dmaintai n suc hmonitorin g equipment , an dus e suc haudi t procedures , o r

method s .. . an d(G ) provid e suc hother

informatio n a s the Administrato r ma y reasonabl y require...
. Th e Administrato r

shal l i n th e cas e o f

an y perso n whic hi s th e owne r o r operato r o f amajo r stationar y source. . .requir e enhance dmonitorin g an d submissio n o f

complianc e certifications
. Therefore , 4 0 C.F.R
. § 63.1209(g)(2 ) an d4 2 U.S.C
. § 7414(a ) provid e th e authorit y t o requir e installatio n an dtemporar y us e o f amulti-metal s Continuou s Paramete r

Monitorin g Syste m(CPMS ) to asses s whethe r th e identifie d parameter s an doperatin g paramete r level s ar e adequat e t o assur e complianc e wit h th e emissio n limit s set fort hi n th e HW C MACT
. Unde r thes e authorities , a CPM S usin g CEM S technolog y ca n b e use dt o indicat e performanc e an dno t necessaril y a s adirec t

measur e o f

emissions
. EP Aha s previousl y employe dthi s approac hi n th e contex t o f th e Portlan dCemen t

MAC T rulemakin g i n whic hEP A require daffecte dsource s t o instal l P M CEM S bu t t o operat e eac hP M CEM S a s a CPMS
. Se e 7 8 Fed
. Reg
. 10019-10020
. Therefore , throughou t thi s documen t

an d



# VES01729 4

## Statement ofBasi s fo r

DRAF T Titl e V Permi t No
. V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Pennittee : Veoli aE S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Date Issued : Octobe r

10 , 201 4 Pag e 5 4 o f 7 9
Veolia' s permit , EP Ai s usin g th e ter mmulti-metal s CEM S t o reflec t th e us e o f the CEM S a s aCPMS
. Sectio n 504(a ) o f th e Ac t require s that

"Eac hpermi t issue dunde r

[Titl e V o f

th e Act ] shal l includ e .. . suc hothe r condition s as ar

e necessar y to assur e complianc e wit hth e applicabl e requirement s o f thi s Act , includin g the requirement s ofth e applicabl e implementatio n plan. " Inclusio n o f requirement s fo r

us e o f th e multi-metal s CEM S as aCPM S unde r th e authorit y o f 4 0 C.F.R
. § 63.1209(g)(2 ) an d4 2 U.S.C
. § 7414(a ) i s consisten t wit hthi s mandate
. T o verif y tha

t th e feedrat e limit s an dth e feedstrea manalysi s procedure s propose d i nthi s Titl e V permi t

renewa l are sufficien t t o assur e continuou s complianc e wit h the HW C MAC T emission s limits , EP Ai s proposin g t o requir e that Veoli ainstal l an doperat e amulti-metal s CEM S a t eac hincineratio n uni t fo r aperio do f

a t leas t 1 2 months. 4 6

## Veoli awil l operat e eac hmulti-metal s CEM S a s aCPMS , usin g th e meta l concentration s measure db y th e multi-metal s CEM S a s aparametri c indicato r o f complianc e wit hth e emission s standard s an dt o verif y th e adequac y ofth e feedrat e limits
. Becaus e multi-metal s CEM S measurement s hav e previousl y bee n demonstrated 4 7 

## to hav e excellen t conelatio n wit hmeasurement s mad e usin g EP AReferenc e Metho d2 9 o f Appendi x A t o 4 0 C.F.R
. Par t 60 , Determinatio n o f

Metal s Emission s fro mStationar y Sources , the EP Asee s a distinc t advantag e i n usin g thi s technolog y fo r establishin g th e conelatio n betwee n meta l emission s an dmeta l feedrates
. Fo r purpose s o f

Veolia' s permit , th e parametri c rang e fo r th e multi-metal s CEM S woul db e equivalen t t o th e HW C MAC T emission s standards
. However , Veoli ama y choos e t o perfor masite

specifi c sidc-by-sid e evaluatio n o f th e multi-metal s CEM S an dEP AReferenc e Metho d2 9 t o establis ha n alternat e parametri c rang e that demonstrate s complianc e wit hth e HW C MAC T standards , an di t ma y propos e t o us e that alternat e parametri c rang e t o establis hacorrelatio n betwee n th e OPL s an dthe emissio n limits
. Becaus e th e meta l concentration s measure db y th e multi-metal s CEM S ar e directl y comparabl e t o concentration s b y Metho d29 , EP Adoe s no t believ e that

suc hasite-specifi c evaluatio n i s necessary . Durin g th e perio di n whic hth e multi-metal s CEM S i s operating , acorrelatio n ca n b e determine dbetwee n th e emission s concentratio n value s reporte db y th e multi

metal s CEM S an dth e feedrat e concentration s reporte dthroug hfeedstrea m analysis
. Veoli athe n wil l us e th e dat afro mth e multi-metal s CEM S a s a n indicato r

o f whethe r o r no t th e feedrat e limit s are sufficientl y stringen t t o assur e

* EP A i s awar e o f

on e commerciall y availabl e multi-metal s CEM S - th e Xac t Multi-Metal s CEM S manufacture d an ddistribute db y Coope r Environmenta l Services , LL C (1018 0 S WNimbu s Avenue , Suit e J6 , Portland , Portland , Orego n 97223)
. Th e Xac t doe s no t

directl y measur e beryllium , whic hi s on e o f th e regulate dmetals
. Th e propose d permi t woul drequir e Veoli at o estimat e berylliu memission s fro mit s feedrat e a s quantifie daccordin g t o th e additiona l feedstrea manalysi s procedure s i n th e permi t an dth e syste mremova l efficienc y an dexhaus t parameter s use db y Veoli at o estimat e emission s o f tha t metal
. 47 See, fo r

example , http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc7AD~ADA43377 8 fo r th e result s o f

on e suc hevaluation
.



# VES01729 5

## Statemen t ofBasi s fo r

DRAF T Titl e V Permi t No
. V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Pennittee : Veoli aE S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Dat e Issued : Octobe r

10 , 201 4 Pag e 5 5 o f 7 9
continuou s complianc e wit hth e metal s emission s limit s i n th e HW C MAC T a t eac hofth e combustio n units
. Durin g th e 12-monthperiod , Veoli awil l continu e t o monito r feedrate s usin g th e procedure s i n it s FA Pan dth e additiona l feedstrea manalysi s procedure s propose d i nthe Titl e V permit
. In addition , durin g th e 12-mont hperio ddurin g whic hi t operate s th e multi-metal s CEMS , Veoli awil l b e require dt o compl y wit hth e feedrat e limit s fo r

mercury , LV M an dSVM
. I f th e dat afro mth e multi-metal s CEM S sho w adeviatio n fro mth e metal s emission s limits , indicatin g that Veoli ama y no t

b e i n complianc e wit haHW C MAC T metal s emission s limit , Veoli awil l analyz e th e feedstrea manalysi s dat a fo r th e wast e burne da

t th e tim e o f

th e deviatio n an dth e combustio n condition s tha t existe da

t th e tim e o f

th e deviatio n t o determin e wh y th e deviatio n occurred
. Veoli awil l sen dt o EP Awithi n3 0 day s o f the deviatio n al l feedstrea manalysi s dat afo r th e perio do f

th e deviation , it s analysi s ofth e caus e o f th e deviation , an explanatio n o f

al l correctiv e action s taken , an dth e correspondin g 12-hou r averag e meta l concentration s fo r th e perio dtha

t include s th e hou r

ofth e deviation
. A t an y tim e durin g o r

afte r th e perio di n whic hVeoli aoperate s th e CEM S as a parametri c monito r

o f th e adequac y o f

th e feedrat e limits , Veoli ama y petitio n E P At o allo w i t

t o us e th e multi-metal s CEM S a s th e primar y mean s o f demonstratin g complianc e wit hth e HW C MAC T emission s limits , i n lie u o f complyin g wit hth e feedrat e limits
. I f Veoli adoe s no t

petitio n t o us e th e CEM S a s th e primar y mean s o f demonstratin g compliance , Veoli ama y discontinu e us e ofth e CEM S onc e EP Aha s sufficien t infonnatio n t o verif y th e efficac y o f the feedrat e limit s i n assurin g complianc e wit hth e HW C MAC T emission s limits
. Unde r EPA' s proposal , th e multi-metal s CEM S wil l provid e evidenc e o f deviation s that

ma y demonstrat e that the feedrat e limit s i n th e Titl e V permi t ar e no t stringen t

enoug ht o assur e complianc e wit hth e HW C MAC T limit s a t al l times
. A deviatio n wil l no t necessaril y mea n that Veoli aha s violate daHW C MAC T emission s limit , l f dat acollecte dthroug hoperatio n o f th e multi-metal s CEM S a t th e tim e o f

an y deviation , alon g wit hanalysi s o f th e wast e burne dan d th e combustio n condition s tha t existe da

t th e tim e ofth e deviation , revea l that an y ofth e feedrat e limit s include di n Veolia' s permi t mus t b e mor e stringen t

t o assur e complianc e wit hth e applicabl e emission s limits , EP Awil l reope n th e permit , pursuan t t o 4 0 C.F.R
. § 71.7(f) , t o eithe r revis e th e affecte dfeedrat e limit s o r requir e extende do r

permanen t

operatio n ofth e multi-metal s CEMS
. O n the othe r hand , i f operatio n o f

th e multi-metal s CEM S reveal s tha t an y o f th e feedrat e limit s include di n the permi t

are mor e stringen t

than necessar y t o assur e complianc e wit hthe applicabl e emission s limits , Veoli ama y petitio n EP At o us e th e results o f historica l performanc e tests , feedstrea manalysis , an dCEM S dat at o establis h highe r feedrat e limit s fo r

th e affecte dincineratio n units , provide dtha t Veoli a



# VES01729 6

## Stalemen t ofBasi s fo r

DRAF T Titl e V Permi t No
. V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aE S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Dat e Issued : Octobe r

10 , 201 4 Pag e 5 6 o f 7 9
demonstrate s that

complianc e woul db e assure da t th e highe r

feedrat e limit s regardles s o f

th e wast e burned
. Becaus e th e multi-metal s CEM S wil l provid e continuou s data , Veoli acan identif y deviation s fro mthe HW C MAC T emission s limit s i n nea r rea l tim e an dmak e promp t adjustment s to proces s parameter s (temperature , oxygen , fee drate , etc. ) t o minimiz e emissions , a s wel l a s analyz e th e wast e dat aan dcombustio n condition s tha t existe da

t th e tim e o f

th e deviation
. E P Abelieve s that

on e year

o f dat aa t eac hincinerato r

shoul db e sufficien t

t o ensur e that

deviation s resultin g fro man y variabilit y i n feedstrea mcharacteristic s ca nadequatel y b e captured
. Additionally , Veoli ama y b e abl e t o develo p a correlatio n betwee n feedrate s an ddeviation s base do n th e CEM S data
. Th e temporar y us e o f

th e CEMS , i n conjunctio n wit hth e feedstrea manalysi s pla n an d the supplement s t o th e pla n propose di n the permi t t o ensur e complianc e wit hth e feedrat e limit s should , therefore , confir mthat th e meta l feedrat e limit s establishe d i nthe permi t

are adequate t o assur e complianc e wit hthe emission s limit s fo r thes e metals
. 5.3.2 . Multi-Metal s CEM S an d Feedstrea m Analysi s Asid e fro mth e specifi c deficiencie s discusse dabove , feedstrea manalysi s generall y pose s severa l challenge s includin g th e uncertaint y associate dwit h1 ) measuremen t

o f extremel y lo w meta l concentration s i n th e feedstrea m(i.e. , concentration s a

t o r near th e detectio n limi t

o f the measuremen t

device) ; 2 ) heterogeneit y ofth e hazardou s waste , whic hma y lea dt o anon-representativ e sampl e an dhenc e a n inaccurat e estimat e o f th e meta l fee dconcentration ; an d3 ) inabilit y t o demonstrat e continuou s complianc e wit hMAC T limit s sinc e there i s typicall y aconsiderabl e tim e la g tim e betwee n samplin g an danalysis
. Th e uncertaintie s cause db y feedstrea manalysi s ca n b e largel y resolve dwhe n a well-maintaine dan doperate dCEM S i s use dt o identify deviation s fro memission s limitation s that

ma y resul t

fro minaccurat e o r

insufficien t

feedstrea manalysis
. First , unlik e feedstrea manalysis , CEM S provid e continuou s o r semi-continuou s data. 4 8 

## Thi s allow s th e facilit y t o identify th e wast e bein g burne da t th e tim e a deviatio n occurs , enablin g i t t o detennin e th e reaso n fo r th e deviation
.

I xDependin g o n th e samplin g an danalytica l techniqu e use db y th e CEMS , abrie f tim e la g typicall y exist s betwee n measurement s du e t o th e amoun t o f tim e neede dt o collec t an danalyz e eac hsampl e an dt o conduc t qualit y assuranc e checks
. Fo r

example , Coope r

Environmenta l Services , LLC , Portland , Oregon , ha s informe dEP A tha t th e Xact TM multi-metal s CEM S sample s an danalyze s simultaneousl y withi nth e instrumen t excep t fo r th e tim e require dt o advanc e th e tap e (abou t 2 0 seconds ) an dth e tim e require dfo r automate dqualit y assuranc e checks
. See Xact TM 64 0 Multi-Meta l Continuou s Emission s Monitorin g System
. Specificatio nDat aSheet
. Availabl e at : http ://static.pall.com7pdfs/OEM-Media-Membrancs-and-Materials/PGX A CT640EN.pdf
.



# VES01729 7

## Slatemen t ofBasi s Fo

r DRAF T Titl e V Permi t No
. V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Pennittee : Veoli aE S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Date Issued : Octobe r

10 , 201 4 Pag e 5 7 o f 7 9
Second , becaus e multi-metal s CEM S continuousl y measur e post-combustio n stac k emissions , the y are abl e t o captur e al l deviation s that occu r durin g combustio n o f

heterogeneou s feedstreams
. Withou t aCEMS , man y deviation s resultin g fro mcombustio n o f suc hheterogeneou s feedstream s woul dg o undetected
. A CEM S ca n alleviat e thi s concer n b y givin g th e facility

instantaneou s data , thu s enablin g i t t o mak e change s that

compensat e fo r

th e increase dmetal s i n the feedstrea mbefor e emission s becom e excessive. 4 9

## Titus , the facilit y operato r

coul drel y o n th e instantaneou s dat at o initiat e variou s correctiv e action s befor e ther e i s acomplianc e o r safet y problem
. Instantaneou s dat atypicall y give s afacilit y plent y o f tim e t o optimiz e performanc e befor e employe e o r

publi c safet y i s threatened
. Third , th e us e o f

CEM S ha s th e potentia l t o enabl e th e facilit y t o increas e wast e feedrate s b y demonstratin g that th e HW C MAC T limit s ma y no t b e exceede da

t highe r feedrates
. Thi s coul db e attractiv e t o afacilit y that want s flexibilit y i n feedrate s t o accoun t

fo r expecte do r

unplanne dvariabilit y i n wast e profiles
. Inth e contex t

o f thi s Titl e V permit , EP Ai s proposin g the temporar y us e o f the multi-metal s CEM S to provid e dat athat wil l allo w verificatio ntha t th e OPL s i n the permi t

wil l assure complianc e wit hth e emission s limit s i n the HW C MACT
. Becaus e th e multi-metal s CEM S provide s real-tim e data , Veoli aca n us e th e dat a t o evaluat e whethe r

i t i s necessar y t o mak e adjustment s t o proces s parameter s (temperature , oxygen , fee drate , etc. ) t o minimiz e emissions
. EP Ai s no t proposin g t o replac e th e feedstrea manalysi s provision s o f th e HW C MAC T a s Veoli amus t

continu e to demonstrat e complianc e wit hth e OPL s i n th e permi t throug hfeedstrea manalysis
. A s furthe r

discusse dbelow , the recor dfo r EPA' s propose dactio n o n Veolia' s Titl e V permi t

renewa l applicatio n support s th e conclusio n that th e monitorin g alread y performe db y Veoli adoe s no t provid e sufficien t

dat afo r EP At o determin e that

the meta l feedrat e OPL s propose db y Veoli aare stringen t enoug h t o assur e complianc e wit hth e HW C MAC T metal s emission s limit s regardles s o f the mi x o f

waste s bein g incinerate do r th e combustio n conditions , give n th e heterogeneit y o f

th e wast e that

Veoli aincinerate s an dEPA' s observation s o n Veolia' s operatin g practices
. Multi-metal s CEM S woul dprovid e th e dat atha t E P Aneed s t o verif y the stringenc y o f th e meta l feedrat e OPL s propose db y Veolia
.

4 9French , N.B. , an dPriebe , S J
. (1999)
. Implementin g Mercur y CEM S i n DO EMixe dWast e Treatmen t Systems
. Presente dat

th e WM'9 9 Conference , Februar y 2 8 - Marc h4 , 1999
. Availabl e a t http://www.wmsym.org/archivcs/1999/32/32-6.pd f (accesse dOctobe r

16 , 2012)
.



# VES01729 8

## Statement ofBasi s fo r

DRAF T Titl e V Permi t No
. V-IL-1716300103-2014-1 0 Permittee : Veoli aE S Technica l Solutions , L.L.C , Sauget , Illinoi s Dat e Issued : Octobe r

10 , 201 4 Pag e 5 8 o f 7 9
5 .3.3 . Deficiencie s i n Veolia' s Curren tEmission s Monitorin g Procedure s

A . Veolia' s Octobe r2013 comprehensiv e performanc e test s revealed thatVeolia' s thre e incineratio n units have significantl y differen temissions . I nOctobe r

2013 , Veoli aconducte dperformanc e test s o n eac ho f it s incinerator s as require db y th e HW C MAC T regulations
. Th e tes t result s sho w that

emission s o f mercur y wer e a

t leas t 50 % highe r

fromIncineratio n Uni t 2 tha n from Incineratio n Uni t

3 , despit e nearl y identica l mercur y feedrate s t o Unit s 2 an d3, s o 

## an ddespit e th e fac t

tha t Unit s 2 an d3 are nearl y identica l b y desig n an dtyp e o f emission s contro l equipmen t used
. Emission s o f

othe r metal s fro mUnit s 2 , 3 , an d 4 wer e als o significantl y different
. See Tabl e 9
. Therefore , i t i s no t possibl e t o assum e that

emission s dat afro man y on e emission s uni t are representativ e o f emission s fro man y othe r unit
. T o verif y actua l emissio n rate s fro meac huni t an d to assur e that

complianc e wit hth e feedrat e limits , verifie dthroug hfeedstrea m analysis , i s adequate to assur e complianc e wit hal l applicabl e requirements , i t i s necessar y t o separatel y monito r emission s fro meac hincineratio n unit
. B . Veolia' s Octobe r2013 comprehensiv e performanc e test s on Units 2 an d 3 demonstrate d thatthe relationshi p betwee n stackconcentration s an d meta l feedrate s ma y notb e linear . A s discusse dabove , the Octobe r 201 3 tes t

result s showe dthat , despit e nearl y identica l feedrates , emissio n uni t design , an dcontro l equipment , stac k concentration s o f

mercur y an dothe r

metal s wer e significantl y differen t fro mUnit s 2 an d3
. Thi s illustrate s that asimpl e linea r

calculatio n ma y no t

b e appropriat e fo r estimatin g meta l stac k concentration s fro mth e emissio n units
. A numbe r o f factor s migh t

b e responsibl e fo r

the tes t result s o n Unit s 2 an d3 , including : (a) possibl e interferenc e b y othe r chemica l specie s presen t i n th e feedstreams ; (b ) feedstrea msamplin g an danalysi s enors ; (c ) stac k testin g errors ; (d ) difference s i n th e mi x o f waste s as fired; (e ) difference s i n incinerato r operatin g parameter s (residenc e time , temperature , etc)
. Becaus e o f

EPA' s an dVeolia' s lac k o f knowledg e abou t

an y o f thes e o r

othe r relevan t factors , th e temporar y us e o f multi-metal s CEM S o n eac ho f th e incinerator s i s necessar y to determin e whethe r complianc e wit hth e OPL s i n th e penni t wil l lea dto complianc e wit hth e HW C MAC T emission s limits
.

See CP T Repor t

(Januar y 28 , 2014 ) a t 1-1 1 throug h1-13
.



# VES01729 9