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FINA L REPOR T T O TH E U.S . ENVIRONMENTA L PROTECTIO NAGENC Y

CONTRAC T NO . B4489 9

WIT H

NE WYOR K UNIVERSIT Y SCHOO L O F MEDICIN E

DEPARTMEN T O F ENVIRONMENTA L MEDICIN E

A NINTEGRATE D METABOLI C MODE L FO R LEAD INHUMAN S O F AL L AGE S

PRINCIPA L INVESTIGATORS: Naom i H . Harley , Ph.D
. Theodor e H . Kneip , Ph.D
.

January , 198 5PJ
_

A NINTEGRATE D METABOLI C MODE L FO R LEA D I NHUMAN S O F AL L AGE S INTRODUCTIO N Th e mode l develope d i n thi s repor t utilize s measurement s i n th e infan t an d juvenil e baboo n a s wel l a s dat a acquire d i n human s

METABOLI C MODE L Th e mode l i s show n i n Figur e 1
. I t i s a firs t orde r kineti c mode l fo r al l o f th e organ s (compartments ) considered
. Ther e ar e tw o studie s whic hsuppor t thi s modelin g approach
. Johnso n an d Myer s (1981 ) utilize d thi s techniqu e t o calculat e th e bon e an d sof t tissu e quantitie s o f th e alkalin e earth s calcium , strontium , an d radium
. The yfoun d tha t thi s firs t orde r mode l fi t th e huma n measurement s jus t a s wel l a s mor e comple xmodel s suc ha s tha t presente d i n ICR P 2 0 (1972 ) whic hutilize s a mixe d powe r an d exponentia l functio n Suppor t fo r a firs t orde r kineti c mode l wa s demonstrate d b yMallo n (1983 ) wh o measure d live r an d kidne y orga n burden s i n th e infan t an d juvenil e baboo n followin g prolonge d lea d feedin g an d showe d tha t the ywer e directl y proportiona l t o bloo d lea d concentration
. Th e concentratio n o f lea d presen t i n bon e wa s proportiona l t o th e produc t o f bloo d lea d concentratio n an d tim e o n lea d feeding
. Thes e observation s substantiat e th e us e o f a firs t orde r kineti c approac hfo r lea d m e tabolism
.

I n all , ther e ar e fou r compartment s whic har e know n t o contai n ove r 95 % o f th e lea d i n th e tota l body , bone , liver , kidne yand bloo d (Au be t al. , 1926 , Hear d an d Chamberlain , 1984)
. Th e mode l parameter s ar e develope d fro mmeasure d dat a i n human s an d baboon s fo r inpu t an d remova l fro meac horga n s o tha t th e mode l agree s wit hobserve d measurement s fo r bot hstead ystat e an d singl e injection s o r ingestions
. Th e equation s whic har e use d t o calculat e orga n burden s are ,P. 4

dB/d t = P - C b s xB - C fe l xB - C b kxB + C g bxS + C l bxL +

C k b xK' C b u xB + F xC l g xL

dS/d t =

* C b s xB - C g bxS dL/d t - C b l xB - C l bxL - C ^ xL dK/d t - C bf c xB - C k bxK

Wher e P = dail yinpu t t o bloo d i n ug/da y 'bs 's b 'b l 'l b 'b k 'k b 'b u 'Ig = bloo d t o skeleto n remova l rat e (day s )

= skeleto n t o bloo d remova l rat e "

= bloo d t o live r remova l rat e

= live r t o bloo d remova l rat e

= bloo d t o kidne yremova l rat e
•*•» kidne yt o bloo d remova l rat e

= bloo d t o urin e remova l rat e

= live r t o gastrointestina l trac t

remova l rat e F = fractiona l uptak e fro mgastrointestina l trac t t o

bloo d B,S,L, K = tota l lea d conten t i n blood , skeleton , liver , kidne y

(ug ) Th e orga n burden s ar e calculate d i n a n iterativ e manne r usin g th e expression s
B(t+l)=B(t ) + dB/d t
S(t+1)-S(t ) + dS/d t

et cP. 5

Mode l Parameter s /

Vahte r (1982 ) ha s show ntha t stric t qualit ycontro l i s necessar yt o insur e th e validit yo f reporte d data
. Unfortunate

ly , reporte d qualit yassuranc e i s th e exceptio nrathe r tha nth e rul e an d fo r thi s reaso na nattemp t i s mad e t o utiliz e onl yth e huma n an d baboo n studie s i n th e mode l wher e qualit ycontro l i s ev i d en _. eviden t T h quanti t blood , partic u b yt h e s live r a ar e kn o orga n b leve l ( organ s a s cri t e primar y purpos e o f th e mode l i s t o determin e th e y o f lea di nbloo dresultin g fro m continuou s inpu t t o Th e orga ncontent s o f th e live r andth e kidne yar e no t larl yimportan t sinc e bloo dlea d i s no t strongl yaffecte d e organs . Th e half-time s fo r remova l o f lea dfro mbloo d t o n d kidne yan d fo r remova l fro mlive r an d kidne yt o bloo d w n t o b e short
. Unde r thes e condition s th e stead ystat e urde n i s achieve d rapidl yan d doe s no t affec t th e bloo d outpu t fro mbloo d equal s inpu t fro mth e organ)
. Thes e ar e include d i n th e mode l bu t paramete r validatio n i s no t ica l a s fo r bone
.
Stabl e Lea d Data . Ther e ar e numerou s measurement s o f stabl e lea d i n bloo d fo r thre e ag e group s fo r curren t stead ystat e environmenta l condi

tion s (NCH S 1982 , Vahte r 1982)
. Stabl e lea d orga n burden s hav e bee n measure d b

yBarr y(1981 ) fo r a fe wag e group s coverin g th e infan t t o th e adult
. Legott e e t al
. (1980 ) measure d dail y urinar yexcretio n i n adult s i n Ne wYor k City
. Ziegle r e t al
. (1978 ) measure d stabl e lea d i n die t an d excret a i n infant s 1 4 week s t o 2 year s old
. Stabl e lea d i n huma n tissue s i s changin g wit htim e du e t o difference s i n dietar yan d inhalatio n intake
. Value s reporte d fo r tissue s i n th e mi d 1970' s ar e summarize d i n Tabl e 1
.
Lead-21 0 Data . Naturall yoccurrin g Pb-21 0 ha s bee n measure d i n excret a an d die t i n a controlle d metaboli c stud ya t th e Hine s Veteran' s Hospita l (,.

S pence r et . al
. 1977)
. Boge n e t al
. (1976 ) measure d stabl e lea d an d Pb-21 0 i n die t an d bon e as hsample s fro mNe w York
. Th e Pb-21 0 i s importan t fo r mode l validatio n i n tha t Pb

21 0 level s i n th e die t occu r naturall yan d ar e no t subjec t t o change s ove r time
. Difference s i n Pb-21 0 intak e fo r differen t ag e group s ar e du e t o dietar yconsumption
. Th e Pb-21 0 dat a ar e als o summarize d i n Tabl e 1
.P. 6

Bon e .I t i s wel l know n tha t lea d i s associate d wit hth e minera l portio n o f th e skeleton
. Fo r thi s reason , th e remova l half-tim e fro mbon e mos t likel yreflect s bon e modelin g an d remodelin g rathe r tha n a specifi c remova l rat e o f th e nuclid e fro mth e skeleton
. Thi s wa s als o th e cas e fo r fallou t Sr-9 0 whic hha s bee n studie d extensivel yi n human s o f al l age s (Woodar d an d Harle y(1965)
. Papwort han d Vennar t (1984 ) hav e fi t a compar menta l mode l t o bon e fo r al l age s usin g measure d Sr-9 0 i n bon e an d th e know n dail yintak e i n food
. The yindicat e tha t althoug h th e turnove r rat e i n trabecula r bon e i s 4 time s tha t o f cortica l bone , ther e wa s n o differenc e i n th e measure d concentrations , i n pCi/ g Ca , i n bot htype s o f bon e fo r continuou s intake
. Barr y (1981 ) indicate s tha t h e fel t hi s measure d stabl e lea d showe d n o distinctio n betwee n bon e type . Aunifor mdistributio n wa s als o observe d fo r radiu man d uraniu mi n th e skeleto n presen t becaus e o f natura l dietar yintake
. Th e bon e remova l half-time s calculate d b

yPapwort han d Vennar t fro mth e Sr-9 0 dat a ar e smoothe d somewha t fo r us e i n thi s model
. Th e half-time s reporte d bythe mar e show n i n Tabl e 2 an d th e smoothe d value s use d i n thi s mode l ar e indicate d a s well
. Papwort han d Vennar t (1984 ) di d no t repor t bon e remova l half-time s fo r ove r ag e 20
. Rabinowit z e t al
. (1973 ) estimate d a bon e remova l rat e i n th e adul t o f abou t 1 0 year s an d Petro w(1966 ) estimate d thi s sam e remova l rat e fro mhi s measurement s o f Pb-21 0 buil d up fro mradium-22 6 i n forme r radiu m dia l painters
. Mos t o f th e reporte d dat a o n stabl e lea d ar e give n i n term s o f we t bon e weight
. Thi s i s a n ambiguou s uni t sinc e i t depend s upo n sampl e preparation
. Also , th e widel ydifferen t specifi c gravitie s o f variou s bone s sometime s yiel d a n apparen t differenc e i n lea d conten t wit hbon e type . Expressin g lea d conten t a s a functio n o f as hweigh t produce s a mor e unifor m distributio n i n bone
. Gros s e t al
. (1975 ) hav e showe d thi s i n thei r measurement s o f differen t bon e typ e analyzin g bot hwe t an d ashe d samples
. Th e calciu mconten t o f al l bon e as hi s wel l establishe d a t 3 7 % b yweight
. Mitchel l e t al
. (1945 ) determine d th e skeleta l calciu ma t eac hag e fro mbirt ht o ag e 20
. Thus , expressin g lea d o n a n as hweigh t basi s als o allow s eas y calculatio n o f whol e skeleta l content . Stabl e lea d an d Pb-21 0 measurement s ar e availabl e fo r bot h childre n an d th e adult
. A t on e yea r ther e i s abou t 290 0 ug lea d i n th e skeleto n an d i n th e adul t fro m4000 0 t o 10000 0 u g lea d dependin g upo n th e stud yselecte d fo r calculatio n o f bon e content . Mea n value s indicat e abou t 10000 0 u g i s presen t i n th e adul t skeleton
. Holtzma n (1963 ) ha s measure d Pb-21 0 i n surgica l specimen s fo r age s 3 t o ove r 8 0 an d i n differen t bon e type . Th e scatte r i n hi s dat a wer e larg e bu t ther e wa s n o tren d whic hcoul d b e see n wit hag e an d n o differenc e wit hbon e type . Hi s averag e reporte d conten t wa s 0.1 3 pCi/ g as hgivin g a valu e fo r th e adul t o f abou t 40 0 pC i i n th e whol e skeleton
.Althoug hlea di nbon e i s no t i nstead y stat e excep t i nth e adult , i t i s possibl e t o estimat e th e remova l hal f tim e fro m bloo dt o bon e fo r th e adult . P. 7

adul t skeleto n dS/d t - C b s xB - C s bxS
Choosin g value s o f 95 0 and10000 0 u g i nbloo dandbon e respectivel y

fo r th e adul t andth e valu e o f Cs bo f 0.000 2 pe r reporte db

y Papwort handVennar t a t ag e 19 , a bloo dt o bon e remova l half-tim e o f 3 0 day s i s estimated . 

### da y

Mallon•(1983 ) wa s abl e t o measur e th e remova l half-tim e fro m bloo dt o bon e i nth e infan t baboo nfro m measurement s o f skeleta l lea dandbloo dlead . A half-tim e o f 2 day s fi t hi s dat a well . Fros t (1969 ) ha s measure dbon e formatio nrate s i ncortica l bon e i ninfants , childre nandadults . Th e rati o o f bon e formatio n rat e wit hag e (Tabl e 2 ) i s use dt o scal e th e measure dremova l half-tim e from

bloo dt o bon e i nth e infan t baboo nt o obtai n value s o f thi s paramete r wit hage . Th e consistenc y i ntha t th e tw o method s agre e fo r th e adul t valu e (2 6 vs . 3 0 days ) give s som e verificatio no f thi s technique . I nani nviv o study o f injecte dradioactiv e Pb-203 , Hear d andChamberlai n(1984 ) measure danaccumulatio no f 20 % o f Pb-20 3 i nth e skeleto n2 0 day s pos t injectio nThi s valu e i s importan t fo r th e mode l validation .

Kidne y
Th e kidne y

a s anorga ni s treate dseparatel y from urinar y excretion . Lea dwithi nkidne y cell s i s interna l to th e orga nand ha s a differen t half-tim e from th e lea dwhic hi s filtere dfrom plasm a andexcrete dvi a th e tubules .P. 8

Kidney(t) = 'b

k C..-C , k bb
. ~ c v t -C , t

r bk s , [ e - e ]

wher e C f e = overal l bloo d remova l half-tim e (day - 1 )

B ° - initia l tota l inpu t t o blood
. Fo r an yremova l half-tim e fo r kidne yshorte r tha n tha t fo r overal l remova l fro mblood , th e observe d half-tim e i n kidne ywil l b e identica l wit htha t fo r blood
. Longe r half-time s tha n fo r bloo d wil l giv e apparen t half-time s whic hdepen d upo n th e relativ e remova l times
. Onc e th e remova l half-tim e fro mkidne yt o bloo d i s selecte d th e half-tim e fo r remova l fro mbloo d t o kidne yca n b e estimate d fro mth e stead ystat e condition s

dK/d t = C b kxB - C k bxK - 0

- C b k " (C k bxK)/ B tl/ 2 = I n 2/ C b k I n th e mode l develope d her e a kidne yt o bloo d remova l half-tim e o f 1 0 day s measure d i n th e baboo n i s use d fo r al l age s a s i s th e half-tim e o f abou t 3 0 day s fo r remova l o f lea d fro mbloo d t o kidne yderive d fro mth e abov e expression
. I n th e human , th e overal l bloo d half-tim e i s longe r tha n tha t o f th e baboo n (1 6 vs . 6 days ) (Mallo n 1983 ) an d a mor e appropriat e kidne yt o bloo d remova l hal f tim e coul d therefor e b e anyvalu e up t o 1 6 days
. Ther e i s n o effec t upo n bloo d lea d a t stead ystat e a s discusse d above , however , i t woul d b e o f scientifi c interes t t o determin e thi s valu e precisely
. Th e value s use d i n thi s mode l ar e show n i n Tabl e 4
.
Liver
. Th e live r i s simila r t o kidne yi n tha t i t doe s no t affec t bloo d lea d onc e stead ystat e i s achieve d an d thi s occur s quit e rapidly
. Th e live r t o bloo d remova l half-tim e observe d i n th e adul t an d juvenil e baboo n wa s 2 3 day s (Strehlo w1971 , Cohe n 1970)
. Mallo n (1983 ) wa s als o abl e t o fi t th e stead ystat e live rP. 9

burde ni njuvenil e baboon s i na lea dfeedin g experimen t utilizin g thi s half-time . Sinc e n o chang e i nhalf-tim e wa s see nwit hage , i t i s assume dtha t live r t o bloo dremova l half-tim e i s als o constan t wit hag e i nth e human . Lea di s als o excrete dfro m th e live r vi a bile . Rabinowit z e t al . (1973 ) estimate dth e biliar y half-tim e i nth e adul t mal e a s 6 0 days . Littl e dat a ar e availabl e t o verif y thi s value , however , som e suppor t i s provide db y Chamberlai n(1975 ) who , i na stud y usin g inhale do r injecte dPb-203 , observe da fecal/urin e rati o o f 0. 7 ove r a perio do f abou t 1 0 day s followin g inhalatio n o r injection . Usin g thi s valu e anda naverag e excretio nrat e o f 1 7 ug/da y

fo r th e adul t (Legott e e t al . 1980 ) th e endogenou s feca l excretio nca nb e calculated . Barr y measure d0.5 7 ug Pb/ g i nadul t liver , andusin g th e weigh t o f th e live r a s 170 0 grams , a fractiona l dail y biliar y

excretio no f 17x0.7/96 9 (hal f lif e o f 5 6 days ) ca nb e estimated . Thi s i s i ngoo dagreemen t wit h Rabinowit z e t al . bu t th e standar ddeviatio nreporte db y Barr y fo r th e live r measurement s wa s larg e s o agreemen t ma y be fortuitous . Dugga n(1983 ) use dth e dat a o f Ziegle r e t al . (1978 ) t o estimat e a fecal/urinar y excretio nrati o o f 2.8 . i nth e on e yea r ol dinfant . Fro m Ziegle r e t al . a biliar y excretio nfo r th e 1 yea r ol dca nthe nb e calculate da s 3 2 ug/da y (1.0 4 ug/k g day urinar y

excretio nx10. 6 kg x2.8) . Barr y (1981 ) measure dth e averag e live r conten t i ninfant s a s 0. 5 u g Pb/ g whic hyield s a remova l rat e vi a bil e o f 32/13 6 o r a hal f lif e o f 3 days . There fore , th e valu e o f 3 day s i s use dfo r th e infant , 6 0 day s fo r th e adul t andsmoothe dvalue s fo r intermediat e age s a s bes t estimate s o f biliar y

half-times . Suc ha larg e differenc e i nbiliar y half time s betwee nth e infan t andadul t doe s no t see m reasonable , however , thes e ar e th e value s derive dfrom th e experimenta l data . Thi s doe s no t affec t th e modelin g markedly , bu t i s anare a wher e bette r dat a ar e needed . Th e half-time s use di nthi s mode l fo r th e live r includin g biliar y

excretion , a s a functio no f ag e ar e show ni nTabl e 4 .
Blood . Anoveral l remova l rat e fro m bloo dha s bee n establishe di nth e adul t mal e i ntw o studies . Chamberlai ne t al . (1975 ) gav e radioactiv e Pb-20 3 b y inhalatio no f engin e exhaust . The y determine da bloo dclearanc e half-tim e o f 15. 8 days . Rabinowitz"e t al . (1973 ) i na 20 4 andPb-20 7 determine dth e t o be 18. 7 days . Th e overal l injectio nchange s wit htime . baboo nstudies , bu t th e huma n feedin g experimen t wit hstabl e Pb overal l bloo dclearanc e half-tim e bloo dhalf-tim e followin g a singl e Thi s ha s bee nobserve di nth e studie s hav e no t bee nconducte dfo r lon g enoug hinterval s to establis hth e entir e remova l curv eP.1 0

Urin e Rabinowit z et . al
. (1973 ) showe d tha t 54 % o f th e lea d i n bloo d cleare d vi a urinar yexcretion
. Hear d an d Chamberlai n (1984 ) measure d 30 % urinar yexcretio n 2 0 day s afte r injectio n o f radioactiv e Pb-203
. Thes e ar e a usefu l value s sinc e the yca n b e use d i n th e mode l unde r singl e injectio n condition s fo r mode l validation
. Ziegle r e t al
. (1978) , measure d urinar yan d feca l excretio n i n infant s 1 4 day s t o 2 year s old
. Th e urinar yexcretio n a t 1 yea r wa s abou t 1 1 ug/da y(dietar yintak e measure d a s abou t 10 0 ug/day)
. Th e urinar yexcretio n fo r adult s wa s measure d b yLegott e e t al
. (1980 ) an d wa s foun d t o b e 1 7 ug/da yo n averag e (rang e 7

- 3 1 ug/day ) (dietar yintak e 8 0 ug/day)
. Th e urinar yclearanc e half-tim e ma yb e estimate d fro ma knowledg e o f th e whol e bloo d conten t an d th e urinar yexcretion
. Urin e (ug/day ) "b u xB A t on e yea r th e tota l bloo d conten t i s abou t 14 0 u g (88 0 ml
. x 0.1 6 ug/ml ) yieldin g a n excretio n half-tim e o f 9 days
. Fo r th e adul t th e tota l bloo d conten t i s abou t 95 0 u g (560 0 m l x0.1 7 ug/ml ) whic hyield s a urinar yremova l half-tim e o f 4 0 days
. Assumin g tha t th e urinar yexcretio n i s constan t a t abou t 1 5 ug/da yfo r age s betwee n infanc yan d adulthoo d an d utilizin g th e reporte d bloo d level s wit hag e (NCH S 1982 ) additiona l excretio n half-time s ma yb e estimate d fo r a fe wag e groups . Th e value s use d fo r urinar yhalf-time s a s a functio n o f ag e ar e show n i n Tabl e 4
.
Gastrointestina l Uptake
. Uptak e b

yth e gastrointestina l trac t i s no t a primar y paramete r i n th e mode l sinc e ingestio n i s no t considere d i n thi s model
. Lea d i s introduce d directl yt o blood
. However , lea d i s remove d fro mth e live r vi a bil e an d recycle d int o bloo d byG I uptake
. Fo r thi s reaso n a n estimat e o f G I uptak e i s necessary . Rabinowit z e t al
. (1973 ) measure d a fractiona l uptak e o f 0.09 4 i n a feedin g stud ywit hPb-20 4 an d Pb-20 7 i n th e adult
. Spence r et.al
. (1977 ) measure d Pb-21 0 i n norma l die t an d urin e an d feca l excretio n i n a controlle d metaboli c stud yi n patient s a t Hine s V A Hospital
. .A t stead ystate , th e uptak e fro mth e G I trac t i s equa l t o tha t excrete d i n urine
. dB/d t = P - C b uxB = 0
Spence r et.al
. (1977 ) measure d 1.3 6 pC i Pb-210/da yfo r th e die t plu s inhalatio n an d 0.2 5 pC i Pb-210/da yi n urinar yexcretion
. Thi s yield s a valu e o f 0.25/1.3 6 » 0.1 8 fo r th e fractiona l lea d uptake
. Legott e e t al
. (1980 ) measure d 1 7 u g lead/da yi n urinar y excretio n i n adult s i n Ne wYor k Cit ywit ha dietar yintak e o f 8 0 ug lead/da y(Boge n e t al. , 1976)
. Thi s yield s a fractiona lP.1 1

uptak e o f 0.2 0 fo r stabl e lea d tha t reporte d byRabinowit z e t Thi s i s somewha t highe r tha n

._ _.. . al
. (1973 ) o f 0.09 4 o r Keho e 0 I t ha s bee n observe d tha t lea d uptak e 0 8 i s

e t appeare d hi g __. . lea d diet s (13 0 ug/day ) Ziegle r e t al
. (1978 ) wer e abl e t o calculat e a G I uptak e facto r o f 4 0 % fo r infant s fro mthei r measurement s o f lea d i n th e die t an d excreta . Fo r th e presen t model , a valu e o f 4 0 % i s use d fo r th e infant , 1 3 % fo r th e adul t an d smoothe d value s i n intermediat e ages . I t i s no t know n whethe r lea d excrete d i n bil e i s reabsorbe d wit hth e sam e uptak e a s dietar ylead , however , thi s assumptio n i s mad e i n th e mode l a s a bes t approximation
.
MODE L RESULT S AN D VALIDATIO N

Th e basi c dat a use d t o develo p th e mode l parameter s ar e scant , therefore , complet e mode l validatio n i s impossible
. However , th e mode l ca n b e show n t o b e consistan t wit hreporte d data
. Ziegle r e t al
. (1978 ) reporte d tha t infan t uptak e o f dietar ylea d i s abou t 40%
. A n averag e die t o f abou t 10 0 ug/da y woul d lea d t o a n inpu t t o bloo d o f 4 0 ug/day
. Th e modele d value s fo r 4 0 ug/da yinpu t ar e i n reasonabl e agreemen t wit hactua l reporte d bloo d lea d values
. Th e conten t o f th e adul t skeleto n fo r bot hstabl e lea d an d Pb-21 0 i s wel l predicte d byth e mode l i f i t assume d tha t G I uptak e o f dietar ylea d i s abou t 18%
. Fo r example , a dietar yintak e o f abou t 10 0 u g an d 1. 0 pC i fo r stabl e lea d an d Pb-21 0 respectively , th e adul t skeleto n a s predicte d b y th e mode l woul d contai n 5 4 m g an d 54 0 pCi
. Whe n th e mode l i s teste d usin g a singl e inpu t t o adul t blood , th e bloo d hal f tim e i s 1 6 day s an d th e amoun t o f lea d excrete d i n urin e i s 30 % i n th e firs t 10 0 day s pos t input , i n reasonabl e agreemen t wit hobserve d data
. Th e amoun t accumulate d i n bon e followin g a singl e inpu t i n thi s mode l i s 2 0 % , whic hi s i n goo d agreemen t wit hth e measurement s o f Hear d an d Chamberlai n (1984)
.

1 0P.1 2

Th e mode l i £ readil y adaptabl e t o revisio no f th e parameter s fo r any

o f th e compartments , pendin g improve dinformatio n regardin g th e rat e coefficients . I t woul dbe o f grea t value , fo r example , i f urinar y lea da s a functio no f ag e wer e availabl e a s thi s woul dallo w bette r estimatio no f th e urinar y excretio nhalf time . Th e mode l i s readil y adaptabl e t o th e additio no f compartments , suc ha s lung , i f i t wer e desire dt o produc e a complet e metaboli c mode l fo r inpu t othe r tha ndirectl y t o blood . Acknowledgement . Th e author s woul dlik e t o than kDr . Hele n Woodar dfo r he r comment s andadvic e concernin g th e model , Gordo n Coo kfo r th e illustration s andAime e Mirand a fo r preparatio nand typin g o f th e text .



### 11

### REFERENCE S

Aub , JC , Fairhall , LI. , Minot , AS. , RezniKoff , P . Lea d poisonin g p . 2 1 Medicin e Monograph s Vo l VII , Publishe d b y William s an

d Wilkins , Co . 192 6 Barry , PSI . Concentration s o f lead i n th e tissue s o f children
. Brit
. J . Ind
. Med
. 38,61:198 1 Bogen , DC , Welford , GA. , Morse , RS . Genera l populatio nexposur e o f stabl e lea d an d Pb-21 0 t o resident s o f Ne wYor k City
. Healt hPhysic s 30 , 359 , 197 6 Chamberlain , AC , Clough , WS. , Heard , MJ. , Newton , Stott , ANB.,Wells , AC . Uptak e o f lead b yinhalatio n o f moto r exhaust
. Proc . R . Soc . Lond
. B . 192,77:197 5 Cohen , N . Th e Retentio n an d Distributio n o f Pb-21 0 i n th e Adul t Baboon
. Doctora l Dissertation , Ne wYor k Universit y197 0 Desilva , PE . Determinatio n o f lead i n plasm a an d studie s o n it s relationshi p t o lead i n erythrocytes
. Brit
. J . Ind
. Med
. 38,209:198 1 Duggan , MJ . Th e uptak e an d excretio n o f lead b yyoun g childre n Arch
. EnvHealt h38 , 246:198 3 Frost , HM . Tetracycline-base d histologica l analysi s o f bon e remodeling
. Calc
. Tiss
. Res . 3,211:196 9 Gross , SB. , Pfitzer , EA. , Yeager , DW. , Kehoe , RA . Lea d i n huma n tissues
. Toxicolog yan

d Applie d Pharmacolog y32 , 638:197 5 Heard , MJ , Chamberlain , AC . Uptak e o f Pbb yhuma n skeleto n an d comparativ e metabolis mo f Pban d alkalin e eart helements
. Healt hPhysic s 47 , 857:198 4 Holtzman , RB . Measuremen t o f th e natura l conten t o f Ra D an d Ra F i n huma n bone
. Estimat e o f whol e bod yburdens
. Healt hPhysic s 9 , 385:196 3 Holtzman , RB. , Ilcewitz , FH . Lead-21 0 an d Po-21 0 i n tissue s o f cigaarett e smokers
. Scienc e 153,1259:196 6 ICR P 20 , Alkalin e eart hmetabolis mi n adul t man . Internationa l Commissio n o n radiologica l Protection , Pergamo n Press , Ne wYor k 197 2

1 2P.1 4

Johnson , JR. , Myers , RC . Alkalin e eart hmetabolism : a mode l usefu l i n calculatin g orga n burdens , excretio n rate s an d committe d effectiv e dos e equivalen t conversio n factors
. Radiatio n Protectio n Dosimetr y1 , 87:198 1 Kehoe , RS . Th e metabolis mo f lea d i n ma n i n healt han d disease
. J . Roy . Inst . Pub
. Healt hHyg . 24 , 196 1 Legotte , PA. , Rosa , WC , Sutton , DC . Determinatio n o f cadmiu man d lea d i n urin e an d othe r biologica l sample s b ygraphite-furnac e atomic-absorptio n spectrometry . Talant a 27,39:198 0 Mallo n RP . Ametaboli c mode l o f lea d kinetic s base d upo n measure d organi c burden s durin g chroni c exposur e experiment s wit h infan t an d juvenil e baboons
. Doctora l Dissertation , Ne wYor k Universit y198 3 Mitchel l , H.H . , Hamilton , T.S. , Steggerda , F.R. , Bean , H.W . J . Biol
. Che m158 , 625:194 5

NCHS . Bloo d lea d level s fo r person s 6 months-7 4 year s o f age : Unite d States , 1976-8 0 Advanc e Dat a 79 , 198 2 Papworth , DG. , Vennart , J . Th e uptak e an d turnove r o f Sr-9 0 i n th e huma n skeleton
. Phys
. Med
. Biol
. 29,1045:198 4 Petrow , HG . Astud yo f th e distributio n o f Ra-226 , Ra-228 , Pb- ' 21 0 an d Th-22 8 i n bon e an d sof t tissu e o f rado n dia l painters
. Doctora l dissertatio n 196 0 Rabinowitz , MB. , Wetherill , GW. , Kopple , JD . Lea d metabolis mi n th e norma l human:stabl e isotop e studies
. Scienc e 182,725:197 3 Spector , W. , (Ed. ) Handboo k o f biologica l data
. W . B . Saunder s Company , Philadelphi a 1956
. Spencer , H. , Holtzman , RB. , Kramer , L. , Ilcewitz , FH . Metaboli c balance s o f Pb-21 0 an d Po-21 0 a t natura l levels
. Rad
. Res . 69 , 16 6 197 7 Strehlow , CD . Th e us e o f deciduou s teet ha s indicator s o f lea d exposure . Doctora l dissertation , Ne wYor k Universit y196 9 Vahter , M . Assessmen t o f huma n exposur e t o lea d an d cadmiu m throug hbiologica l monitoring
. Nationa l Swedis hInst , o f Environmenta l Medicine , Stockholm , 198 2

1 3P.1 5

Woodard , HQ. , Harley , JH . patient s wit hsarcoma . Healt hPhysic s 11 , 991 , 196 5 Strontium-9 0 i nth e lon g bone s o f

Ziegler , EE. , Edwards , BB . Jensen , RL. , Mahaffey , KR. , Fomon , SJ . Absorptio nandretentio no f lea db y infants . Pediatri c Res . 12,29:197 8



### 1 4Tabl e 1 . Typica l Stabl e Lea dan dLead-21 0 i

nHumanTissue s an dDie t

Age Grou p 0 - 1 year 6 m o - 5 year s

1 - 5 year

6 - 9 year

1 1 - 1 6 year 6-1 7 year 1 8 - 7 4 year

Adul t (X ) Bloo d MR/m l

0.1 6

0.1 3 0.1 7

me n women ,

(Rib )

6. 0 (0.9 )

1 1 (2.6 )

8. 5 (2.1 )

8. 5 (2.1 )

3 7 (8.8 ) 2 8 (6.8 ) Bone (2 ) - Stabl e Lea d (Tibia ) (Calvaria ) HE . gas h( g wet ) 5. 5 ( 0.82 )

1 2 ( 2.8 )

11. 7 ( 2.7 )

11. 5 ( 2.7 )

9 8 (23 ) 6 9 (16 ) 4. 1 ( 0.61 )

9. 8 ( 3.1 )

12. 1 ( 3.8 )

12. 8 ( 4.0 )

6 4 (20 ) 5 1 (16 ) (2 )

Live r MR/ g 0.4 1

0.6 5

0.7 4

0.5 7

1.0 3 (2 )

Kidney

0.2 1

0.4 9

0.4 6

0.4 6

0.6 4 (3 )

Urine (UK . day ) 11

1 7 Rang e (7-31 ) (4 )

Die t + Inhalation (PCi/day )

1.3 6 Pb-?1 " (5 ) Bone (PCi )

40 0 ± 5 0 (nonsmokers ) (4 ) Urin e (pCi/day )

-

0.2 5

(1 ) Nationa l Cente r fo r HealthStatistic s 1976-198 0 Bloo dLea dLevel s (2 ) Barr

y PS I Brit . J . In

dMed38 , 6 1 (1981 ) (3 ) Ziegle r et a l Ped . Res . 12 , 2 9 (1978) ; Legott e PA , Ros a WC , Sutto nDC Talant a 27 , 3 9 (1980 ) (4 ) Spence r et a l 197 7 (5 ) HoltzmanRB , Ilcewit z F H(1966 )P.1 7

Tabl e 2
. Bone'Formatio n an d Turnove r Rate s



### Age 

### 1 2 3
. 

### 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 3 0 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 3 7 3 8 3 9 4 0 

## ( D

Remova l Hal f Tim e (Days ) 113 5 

### 78 4 67 7 65 9 71 5 88 8 132 0 258 0 873 0 oo0 0 3616 7 684 2 342 1 238 8 202 5 193 0 198 0 206 6

. 211 0 211 0

_ ' -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

_ —

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- Mode l

(Smoothe d Values ) Day s 113 5 113 5 113 5 113 5 113 5 113 5 132 0 258 0 258 0 258 0 258 0 258 0 342 1 342 1 342 1 342 1 342 1 342 1 342 1 342 1 342 1 342 1 342 1 342 1 342 1 342 1 342 1 342 1 342 1 342 1 365 0 365 0 365 0 365 0 365 0 365 0 365 0 365 0 365 0 365 0 (2 )

Bon e Formatio n Rat e (%/Year ) 

### 8 5 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 2 1 2 1

• 2 1 

### 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 

### 6. 7 6. 7 6. 7 6. 7 * „ 

### 6. 7 6. 7 6. 7 6. 7 6. 7 6. 7 3. 5 3. 5 3. 5 3. 5 3. 5 3. 5 3. 5 3. 5 3. 5 3. 5 3. 5 (3 )

Bloo d t o Bon e Half

Time (Days ) 

### 2. 3 5. 2 i> II II u II II II 

### 9. 4 9. 4 II II n I I it I I i t H 29. 3 29(4 ) 29. 3 I I u II II M II I I I I 56. 1

f f

r i it r r
r i f t ! t T T t l t T (1 ) Papwort hDG , Vennar t J Phy s Med Bio l 29 , 104 5 198 4 (2 ) Fros t HMCalcifie d tissu e Researc h3 , 21 1 (1969 ) (3 ) Ag e 1 fro

mMallo n (1983 ) fo r infan t - othe r value s scaled fro

mformatio n rate s o f fros t (1969 ) (4 ) Calculate d fromadul t data , se e tex tP.1 8

/ Tabl e 3
. Blood Volume an d Organ Growt hPattern s a s a Functio n o f Ag e

Ag e 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 (1 )

Blood Volume (ml ) 88 0 114 0 134 0 148 0 160 0 185 0 206 0 232 0 257 0 281 0 309 0 334 0 373 0 4230 * 466 0 506 0 531 0 548 0 560 0 567 0 (2 )

Organ Growt h Fractio n o f Adul t Weight s 0.1 6 0.2 0 0.2 4 0.2 6 0.2 8 0.3 3 0.3 6 0.4 1 0.4 5 0.5 0 0.5 4 0.5 9 0.6 6 0.7 4 0.8 2 0.8 9 0.9 3 0.9 6 0.9 8 1.0 0 (2 )

8 C a 10 0 15 0 18 0 20 0 22 0 24 0 26 0 30 0 34 0 40 0 46 3 53 9 62 4 71 4 80 6 89 4 97 3 104 0 107 0 108 0 Skeleto n (3 )

g As h 27 0 40 5 48 0 54 0 59 0 68 0 71 0 80 0 92 0 107 0 125 0 146 0 169 0 193 0 218 0 242 0 263 0 280 0 290 0 291 0 (1 ) Fro mICRP2 3 1 9 (2 ) Mitchel l (1945 ) (3 ) Calciu

m37 % o f as hweigh t o f al l bone
.Tabl e 4
. Half-Tim e i n Day s fo r th e Compartments . P.1 9

IH C ::< SONE CUT LIVE RI N*_IVE RQU I KIDNE YI

NKIDNE YGUT uRIN E OUT LIVE RT O sUT !?*"Ak

?

113 5 113 5 113 5 i t 3 5 113 5 132 0 235 0 0=iO)

253 0 342 1 342 1 342 1 3 i 2 1 342 1 342 ! 342 1 342 1 10. 0

10. 0 10. 0 10. 0 10. 0 10. 0

i ! .i.'
. 10. 0

10. o 10. 0 irt
. A 23. 0

23. 0

tAA V • V 23. 0 23. 0 23. 0 23. 0 ?3.>:* > 3 0 30

. 3 0

. y 30 3 0 0 0 A 0 

### o

23. 0 A« •.- . *

. J « V 23, 0

<

__ ••V 2 3 i O
: i
* ? " <" t -.i i

•». 1
*

. V 3 0 T A
.•*. u T A 30 0 ( J 0

. 0 0 A il' i 1 0 10 . l o 10 . 1 0 10 . 1 0
' . 1 0 1 0 tr t 0 0 i) 0 0 0

I J rt

I t A 9. 0

9 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
il' i

4 0 4 0 ..' j

10. 0 20. 0 40. 0 40. 0 40. 0 40. 0

40. 0 3*0. 0 •"rt t' ! 0



### (J 

### o 4 0 ' • ' .•Jo-J f 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 0

:
_

### 20:41:2 1 01-29-198 5

Tabl e 5
. Tota l Lea d Orga n Conten t i n Microgram s fo r Males
.

Inpu t t o Bloo d 1 0 Microgram s pe r Day .
O E
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 BLOO D

26.1 3 46.0 6 49.0 7 51.7 6 58.0 5 63.8 4 66.9 8 57.6 1 59.5 2 72.9 7 108.1 8 110.6 9 103.9 3 105.9 7 131.7 1 135.1 3 138.4 6 141.7 1 144.8 9 147.9 9 BON E

239 8 386 3 518 2 636 3 757 4 879 2 • 1016 7 1187 1 1349 4 1555 8 1682 6 1807 5 1948 0 2082 8 2269 1 2455 4 2637 2 2814 6 2987 7 3156 7 LIVE R

6. 9 18. 9 20
. 1 21. 2 40. 4 68. 2 97. 6 84. 0 86. 8 106. 3 157. 8 161. 4 151. 6 154. 6 218. 6 224.3 229. 9

r ?~*i t Zl 3 

### 240. 6 245. 7
. KIDNE Y

8. 7 15. 3 16. 3 17. 2 19. 3
Jm, X tt mm. 

### 22.3 19. 2 19. 8 24. 3 36. 0 36. 9 34. 6 35
. 3 43. 9 45. 0 46
. 1 47. 2 48. 3 '•49. 3 URIN E

2.0 1 3.5 5 3.7 8 3.9 9 4.4 7 4.4 3 4.6 4 3.9 9 4
. 1 3 5
. 0 6 3.7 5 3.8 4 3.6 0 3.6 7 4.5 6 2.3 4 2.4 0 2.4 6 2.5 1 2.5 6 FECE S

0.9 6 0.4 6 0.4 9 0.5 2 0
. 9 8 1.6 5 0.9 2 0
. 8 0 0
. 8 2 1.0 1 1.4 9 1.5 3 1.4 4 1.4 6 2.0 7 2
. 1 2 2
. 1 8 2
. 23 2.2 8

Jim m O*— '

### Tabl e 6
. Organ Lead Concentratio n fo r Male s a s a Functio n o f Age . Inpu t tqBlood 1 0 u g pe r day
. P.2 1



### AG E BLOOD ug/m l BONE ug/ g ash LIVE R ug/ g KIDNE Y ug/ g
1 2 •_ » 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 0
. 03 0

0
. 04 0 0
. 03 7 0.03 5 0.03 6 0.03 5 0.03 3 0.02 5 0.02 3 0.02 6 0.03 5 0
. 03 3 0.02 8 0.02 5 0.02 8 0
. 02 7 0
. 02 6 0
. 02 6 0.02 6 0.02 7 8.8 7 9.5 3 10.6 5 11.7 7 12.7 4 13.5 5 14.4 7 14.6 4 14.6 8 14.3 9 13.4 5 12.4 1 11.5 5 10
. 7 9 10.4 2 10.1 6 • 10.0 3 10.0 1 10
. 3 3 10.8 1 0.0 3 0.0 6 0.0 5 0.0 5 0.0 8 0
. 1 2 0
. 1 6 0.1 2 0
. 1 1 0
. 1 3 0
. 1 7 0
. 1 6 0
. 1 4 0
. 1 2 0
. 1 6 0
. 1 5 0
. 1 5 0
. 1 4 0
. 1 4 0
. 1 4 0.1 8

0.2 6 0.2 3 0.2 2 0.2 3 0.2 1 0.2 1 0
. 1 6 0
. 1 5 0
. 1 6 0.2 2 0.2 1 0
. 1 7 0
. 1 6 0.1 8 0.1 7 0
. 1 7 0
. 1 6 0
. 1 6 0
. 1 6f, JH . A-- H - > - H - A-A^ *-• >-A*- O 4 ) C D - 4 ChU l -r

> C- 4 4 0 »- * O -4 ) C D N ! ( h0 1 4 * C 4 4 0 »-• •

1 0 4 0 4- 0 4 0 4 0 4 0 4 0 4 0 4 0 4 0 t- <-* <~ * •>-• *-- •> - •- • 4 ) CD C D *v

j N J t h»-

* O 4 0 t-1 - > •• * >--

C* 4 4 0 •- * O -4 ) -

O O l 0 1 - 0 C I O

- O C 4 ^ ^ 4 ^ C hO l - 0 O l C- 4 N l C hC- 4 C D 4 0 4 0

~ 0 ^ 4 » -4 ) 4 0 4 * -4 ) C O C I C- 4 - 0 O 4 0 -4 ) 0

- *- • 0 4 t- »- * 4 0 N | N | C I 4 0 O l 4 0 C-

l O l C O C hO l 4 » 4 0 C h-4 ) O C- 4 4 » 4 0 O l

ChCQ O i O l 4 > 4 > 4 > C* 4 C- l C I C 4 4 0 1 0 4 0 »-* •• * * ^ »-• - C- l - 0 O

- 4 0 -4 ) O l •-

* C D 0

- C 4 •> - C hC I O N l 0 1 1 0 O ^ 4 4 * •**• • N | 4 0 N | • - c-

l A> -4 ) • - ( h»-* -4 ) N l C- 4 O l • - N | C-

l N | v l C- l CH <i 4 » O O

Q O l Ol Oi O l > -

C D 4 » C I C D 4 » MO

- 1 0 -4 J 4 * 4 > » - C-

l 0 0 C I N | - o h

- 4- j t hO D 1 0 0 1 4» <l O 0 1 C hO l

-fc
. 4 > 4

_4

_-l

_4

_C 4 <_t

C 4 C 4 1 0 H * »-*• • - » -

- 0 ( D N | 0 1 4 * C I O O 4 0 t

- J- ' N l ( h-4 ) C 4 O D 4 > 4 * C- 4 » - 

### »-- I-A

### o > oo o N JAQ

C. I 

### i oc n4 0 c i N J

### c no - o i oo -> 4 ot O l • - t hN l t h4 J 4 0 4 0 -4 ) U l N l 0 1 -4 J •• * C I C D U J C 4 O D -4 )

•4 ) v O > 0 - O - O CD N l 0

- N l v j j

_, » t- 4 4 * 4 » C I C I C 4 C 4 t-

- C D O 4 * 1 0 O Nl O -4 ) C 4 4 0 OD 4 ) O D + . 4 0 O

D 4 * 4 0 O N ! 0 ~ C n 4 * 4 0 O N l t

h4 0 N | H

- ( h0

- 4 » C h0 4 O

- 4 > O-

thC- 4

Cncn4^4»4i4)NivlNiviOCDNj-4)CDC0N|vlvl4 >

• - O -4 ) C D Chi-

C 4 4 0 t hO l •- • 4 0 -4 ) 4 0 O D -4 ) *4 ) O l O O C I 4 0 *-- O O D C-

4 0 1 O N l O Wc n-4 3 - O O l 4 » N | t > > 0 4 0

4 » 4 * 4 * 4 > 4 * 4 * 4 0 4 0 C- l 1 0 4 0 *

—•- » *-- Ot •-«• *>- * O O »-*

- 0

- U l 4 * C-

4 H •- • -4 3 C D O > 0 O ( hO l 0 0 C 4 -4 3 O -4 3 - 0 4 3 t h0

- t hthU i - 0 C-

4 N l Ch-4 ) ^ 4 * 4 ) O l •*•• t hC 4 C D 4 0 4 0 1 3 > 1 G 3 i m

I ro i r 1 o i a i a

i ro 1 o 1 z i m

i r i •- • i < i m 1 * n

i x i n 1 o 1 z i m i - <
1 c i :* o 1 n 1 z i m

1 T l i m i n i m 1 w -t

Oi c r H- » ra N l

n H 3 0 X J rt C Oi rt +-> rt r 0 I B ! D ro a tr- ' 0 o 0 1 au
_ H i 4 0 3 o n 3 o w- 3 n f + Tra O 3 4 3 f + 1 ty ¥-• 3 3 ( 0 3 TJ ^ . I D n 1 T o a> o O fT • < j n •3 1 0

- h o T 3 0 ) i— « i D I B aP.2 3



### Tabl e 8
. Organ Lead Concentratio n fo r Male s a s a Functio n o f Age .

Inpu t t o Bloo d 2 0 :u g pe r day
.
AG E BLOO D ug/m l BONE ug/ g as h LIVE R ug/ g KIDNE Y ug/ g
1 2 T J 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 0
. 05 9

0.08 1 0.07 3 0.07 0 0.07 3 0.06 9 0.06 5 0.05 0 0.04 6 0.05 2 0.07 0 0
. 06 6 0.05 6 0
. 05 0 0.05 7 0
. 05 3 0
. 05 2 0.05 2 0.05 3 0.05 4 17.7 4 19.0 6 21.3 1 23.5 4 25.4 8 27
. 1 1 28.9 4 29.2 8 29.3 7 28.7 8 26.8 9 24.8 2 23
. 1 0 21.5 9 20.8 3 20
. 3 2 20.0 6 20.0 3 20.6 6 21.6 3 0
. 0 5 0.1 1 0
. 1 0 0
. 1 0 0
. 1 7 0.2 4 0.3 2 0.2 4 0.2 3 0.2 5 0.3 4 0.3 2 0.2 7 0.2 5 0.3 1 0
. 3 0 0.2 9 0.2 9 0.2 9 0.2 9 0
. 3 6

0.5 1 0.4 5 0.4 4 0.4 6 0.4 3 0.4 1 0.3 1 0.2 9 0.3 2 0.4 4 0.4 2 0.3 5 0.3 2 0
. 3 6 0
. 3 4 0
. 3 3 0.3 3 0
. o o 0
. 3 3P.2 4

Tabl e 9
. Tota l Lea d Orga n Conten t i n Microgram s fo r Males
.

Inpu t t o Bloo d 3 0 Microgram s pe r Day .
G E

1 **} 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 BLOO D

78.3 8 138.I S 147.2 1 155.2 9 174.1 6 191.5 3 200.9 4 172.8 3 178.5 6 218.9 2 324.5 5 332.0 7 311.7 8 317.9 0 395.1 3 405.3 8 415.3 8 425.1 4 434.6 6 443.9 6 BON E

719 3 1158 9 1554 7 1908 9 2272 3 2637 6 3050 2 3561 3 4048 3 4667 4 5047 8 5422 6 5843 9 6248 5 6807 4 7366 2 7911 5 8443 7 8963 1 9470 0 LIVE R

20. 8 56. 7 60. 4 63. 7 121. 2 204. 5 292. 7 251. 9 260.3

- 319. 0 473. 3 484. 3 454. 8 463. 8 655. 9 672. 9 689. 6 705. 8 721. 7 737. 2 KIDNE Y

26. 0 45. 9 49. 0 51. 7 57. 9 63. 7 66. 9 57. 5 59. 4 72. 9 108
. 1 110. 6 103. 8 105. 9 131. 6 135
. 0 138. 3 141. 6 144. 8 147. 9 URIN E

6.0 4 10
. 6 4 11
. 3 4 11.9 6 13.4 1 13.2 8 13.9 3 11.9 8 12.3 8 15
. 1 7 11.2 5 11.5 1 10.8 1 11
. 0 2 13.6 9 7.0 2 7.2 0 7.3 7 7.5 3 7.6 9 FECE S

2.8 8 1.3 8 1.4 7 1.5 5 2.9 4 4.9 6 2.7 7 2.3 9 2.4 7 3.0 2 4.4 8 4.5 9 4.3 1 4.3 9 6.2 1 6.3 7 O • tJ O 6.6 9 6.8 4 6.9 8

### Tabl e 1 0
. Organ Lea d Concentratio n fo r Male s a s Inpu t t o Bloo d 3 0 u g per day
.
AG E BLOOD ug/ml BONE ug/ g ash •>

Male s a s a Functio n o f Age .

LIVE R ug/ g KIDNE Y ug/ g
0.0 8 0.5 4 0.1 7 0.7 7 1 <-i mm 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 0
. 08 9

0
. 12 1 0
. U O 0
. 10 5 0
. 10 9 0.10 4 0.09 8 0.07 4 0.06 9 0.07 8 0
. 10 5 0.09 9 0.08 4 0.07 5 0.08 5 0.08 0 0.07 8 0.07 8 0.07 9 0.08 1 26.6 1 28.5 9 31.9 6 35.3 1 38.2 2 40.6 6 43.4 1 43.9 2 44.0 5 43
. 1 7 40.3 4 37.2 2 34.6 5 32.3 8 31.2 5 30.4 9 30.0 8 30
. 0 4 30
. 9 9 32.4 4 0.0 8 0
. 1 7 0
. 1 5 0
. 1 4 0.2 5 0.3 6 0.4 8 0.3 6 0.3 4 0.3 8 0.5 2 0
. 4 8 0*
. 4 1 0.3 7 0.4 7 0.4 4 0.4 4 0.4 3 0
. 4 3 0
. 4 3 0
. 5 4

0.7 7 0.6 8 0.6 6 0.6 9 0.6 4 0.6 2 0
. 4 7 0.4 4 0
. 4 9 0.6 7 0
. 6 2 0.5 2 0
. 4 8 0.5 3 0.5 1 0.5 0 0.4 9 0
. 4 9 0
. 4 9O 43 C D N 1 S> c n-f

cC- 44 0*-* • O 4 3 C

D N | t h0 1 4aC

44 0•- » I C D i m H

Oi c r ra

U l Ul U l U l U l U i 4 > 4a 4 a 4 a 4 0 4 0 4 0 4 0 h OW t OHKK -4 ) N l t hO l -f

c 4 0 4 0 »-* *At l 4 ) C 4 C- 4 OU l C I O-1

3 CDO *>* * -4 3 t hC- l O0 - C- l 0 1 1 0 4 0 ^ C

DON | 0 1 4 0 N 4 t

h4 » 4* » •4 3 Ol C DC DO l C D0 0 N l vi vl >t

3 O4» 4 3 W

4 0 C * 4 0 4 0 O l 4 a Ul O l -4

a O4 > N l O0 - C 4 Ov j 4 a 4 0 N Jh - 0 1 C O-f c H *

4 0 i- «-• • O-4 3 4 3 CDv l v l t hC h0 1 4 a 4 a C 4 C 4 1 0 4 0 • - C h- 0 4 0 O l C

DOC- 4 vl 4 0 v j 4 0 C-

l N | O0 1 OO l OO i -4 3 4 0 Ol 0 1 -l

a 4 0 N | C-

l -4 3 C- l C I 1 0 4 3 -f

c t h» - M 4 a -v l 4a O l ChOfflm^Ch»-'»-*OOC4NlCDN|(h»0UlCI01- 0 N 1 C OC- l N | t hOl C i C

D1 0 4a 4*

0 N I 4a OO

D0 0 4 0 O—

O

•4 3 4 3 -43 -4 ) C OC OC ht ht ht h4 a C-4 C- 4 C I 4 0 »•* • 0 0 C h4 a• - -4

1 N | •-* • O-fc C- 4 4 0 4 a C-

4 O N 4 0 - ODC

ON i 1J 1 0 4 0 i- * -4 3 N I 4 a 0 0 C hO l » - O l N 4 O

l O4 0 •>

- 01 OO

l N |

- 0 C i A—C

HC 4 O l C 4 4a 0 0 »-

• C- l *- -4 3 C I N | C hOC ht hvl i ro

-4 3 -4 ) C DCDC DNl 4 a C I 4 * 4 a -4

3 Ni Nl CDCDv | C

hC hthC I N ! C JCD4 a Oc

n^ O DN l 4 a N I 4 3 C

h-4 3 0 1 N l t DCf

l » - -f c 4 0 OC OO l O4a 4 0 c

nO i «-• • 4 0 C 4 N ! I JOC-

4 -4 3 C 4 C 4 v |

OC * -4 3 -4 3 - 0 C D4a 4 » O i O i O0 - O l CDv l v l O l O l -f c CD 4 0 OCDthC-

l 1 0 0 - 4 = C I O1 0 O i -4 3 O l N | CO-4

3 H - f O 0 - -f c 1 0 O^-

4 0 - -4 3 *-• -f c OC I ON ! v | O0 0 0 1 1 0 -4 3 O l

-4 3 4 3 0 0 C OC DC DO i O l t

hO i 4* . t-

4 C- 4 C- 4 thC 4 I O>-

H * C- l C l i - -4 3 N l c n4 0 C uN JH . 4 ) o 4 0 •-

* N ! t h-4 3 O-4 3 C DC O ••« • 4 0 tO« - C * C

O0 - 4a 4 0 CDC 4 -4

3 O DOM 4 0 OO l C-

4 -f c 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 r o o o

ro o -7 m

r n < m 3 )

-x -
»- i o z m

- <

c 3 ) n 2 m

T lECES i - .

3 H T > OtaiLeauttoB
»- - a 0 0 organCd40M

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* D 3 ra ** • i n 1 o ogramsay.

-+ . 0rMale If l B

### Tabl e 1 2
. Organ Lead Concentratio n fo r Male s a s a Functio n o f Age . Inpu t t o Blood 4 0 u g per day
. P.2 7



### AG E BLOO D ug/m l BONE ug/ g ash LIVE R ug/ g KIDNE Y ug/ g
1 *7 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 0
. 11 9

0
. 16 2 0
. 14 6 0
. 14 0 0
. 14 5 0
. 13 8 0
. 13 0 0.09 9 0.09 3 0
. 10 4 0
. 14 0 0
. 13 3 0.11 1 0
. 10 0 0
. 11 3 0
. 10 7 0
. 10 4 0
. 10 3 0
. 10 5 0
. 10 8 35.4 8 38
. 1 1 42.6 1 47.0 9 50.9 6 54.2 2 57.8 8 58.5 6 58.7 4 57.5 6 53.7 9 49.6 3 46.2 0 43
. 1 7 41.6 7 40.6 5 40
. 1 1 40
. 0 5 '41.3 3 43.2 6 0
. 1 0 0
. 2 2 0.2 0 0
. 1 9 0.3 4 0.4 9 0.6 4 0.4 8 0.4 5 0
. 5 0 0.6 9 0.6 4 0.5 4 0.4 9 0
. 6 3 0.5 9 0.5 8 0.5 8 0.5 8 0.5 8 0.7 2 1
. 0 2 0.9 1 0.8 8 0.9 2 0.8 6 0.8 3 0.6 2 0.5 9 0
. 6 5 0.8 9 0.8 3 0.7 0 0.6 4 0.7 1 0.6 7 0.6 6 0
. 6 6 0.6 6 0
. 6 640 4 3 0 0 N l C h0 1 4 a C i 4 0 *- ©4 3 C ON | t hO l 4 * C 4 4- 3 *--

N ! v i N l o - ( hC

hU l U l U i O l C-

l 1 0 4 0 C-

4 C I I O4 0 4 0 4 0 »-*

• C i 4 0 O-4

3 N l O l 4 0 i--

O l -f c t h4 3 0 0 C-

l *~- -4 ) 0 1 4 a C-

l C- l < 3 -f c CD4 0 O l CD- 0 4 3 C 4 C * 4 a - 4 CD4 a > 0 OOD0 1 OO •43 4 a O i C i thU i ODth4 a <i C DU l OC D4 0 4 0 C DC i 1 0 t h C- l 4 a t hOC i 4 a C-

l C I O l <- - v l 4 3 O l - 0 4 0 f h4 0 O l -4 ) C 4

CH4 a 4 a C I 1 0 i-

- © - 0 -4 3 C DN ! thO l O I -f

c C l C 4 4 0 *-

*-* • vl -4 3 ©• - 1 0 C I 4a vl O4a v | v l -4 3 OC I v | i-

- O l - D* - C DCl Nl m

N 4 4a •-

• C* l C-l A- N ! 4 a C i C D-4

3 C OO D4 3 C l 4 3 C I O D1 0 O l N | O i 4

a - 0 N ! c-

l -O N | 01 C l C hN | K - e-

» •- • C O 4a O l -4 3 ffl Ovl »-•

• C ON ! c= ©»-*

• O l N | O4 0 Ol 1-

0 -f c C D

4 0 t of • - i-

* o s i - 4 CD- 4 U i * 4 > 4 > C- l 4 0 •- * "- » 4 0 O N | 4

a 4 0 -4 3 N | Ul OC

OC- l Cl • - C D-f c OO©-4

3 C i 0 0 4 0 Ct- 4 3 i- C- l 1 0 C DN ! m *- C l -4 3 N ! O4 0 ChO-f

c -f c thCO4 a C i th* - > 0 O4 0 4 3 N | CD-4 3 C D- 0 ^ 4 0 N j O l t h

4 0 4 0 4 0 4 0 4 0 4 0 > - » - »-• H . H - •-.»- * 4 » 4 » C i C l 1 0 w

N l N l ffl C D1 0 4 3 -1

3 •- » O4 1 C DCDN ! 4

_ 0-»-'Ch001-DthCl-fcO>- t 410l»--(hlhChi-»ChC I O i C l OthOC-

4 O l • - C 4 • - -f

c » - - 0 -f

c 4 0 th»-• ChthC l

H H H KK| JKH M H ( J1 0 *-- I O4 0 | Jr- ' Ht" 1 K > 1 0 1 0 t O4 0 » - 4 0 O

DC D-4 3 C OU l O- DC-

4 4 0 4 0 - 0 C

DN ! O C Dc n4 0 ON ! m

C- 4 ©^ - 4 4 0 O- D4 0 t- 1 C 4 - 0 -4 ) N l © 4 0 Ul 0 0 ©f-

4 0 C h>- O DU l 4 3 C 4 N | H - C 4 C

nC- 4 O-f c C h

I-A»- . i- - Qo o Ni N I v j vl c n4» C l 4a O

D4a 1 0 1 0 W

4a t hC- 4 » - C Ot hC- 4 C l » - C h4a OH - - 0 t

h1 0 « 0 Ul -f

c 4 0 C D 4a < 3 4a -4 ) 4 0 C

n4 0 C OU i Nl - > • - C

D4 0 N 4 ©C

Ofc. - 0 O 1

_>

1 Q i m

i ro i r 1 Q I o 1 o

i ro 1 o 1 z i m

i r 1 n i < i m 1 3 0

i T:. 1 *- * 1 a 1 z 1 m 1 - <
1 c 1 .T J 1 n 1 Z 1 m

1 T l 1 m 1 n 1 r n -t

Di cr >—• ra
•- * C 4

. n 3 H " O O C rt rt 0 i

• - • r f 0 r ra ro ai *- •a 0 0 a a T 0 3 c n a > 0 3 3 n H - 0 n
_ > T< + 0 ra 4 3 3

-1 n - £ U 3 •- • i n 3 T J 3 ra** • i n T O O <3 l i Q > < T •fl» 3 1 0

- h O T 3 ft t-A ra I A •
I U l

### Tabl e 1 4
. Orga n Lea d Concentratio n fo r Male s a s a Functio n o f Age . Inpu t t o Bloo d 5 0 u g per day
.
AG E
1

•-• ) 

### 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 BLOO D ug/m l

0
. 0
. 0
. 0
. 0
. 0
. 0
. 0
. 0
. 0
. 0
. 0
. 0
. 0
. 0
. 0
. 0
. 0
. 0
. 0
. 14 8 20 2 18 3 17 5 18 1 17 3 16 3 12 4 11 6 13 0 17 5 16 6 13 9 12 5 14 1 13 4 13 0 12 9 13 2 13 5 BON E ug/ g as h

4.4.3 5 47.6 4 53.2 6 oo . 9 6 63.6 9 67.7 7 72.3 4 73.2 0 73.4 2 71.9 6 67.2 3 62.0 4 57.7 5 53.9 7 52.0 8 50.8 1 50
. 1 4 50.0 7 51.6 6 54.0 7 LIVE R ug/ g
0
. 1 3 0.2 8 0.2 5 0.2 4 0.4 2 0.6 1 0.8 0 0.6 0 0.5 7 0
. 6 3 0.8 6 0.8 0 0.6 8 0.6 1 0.7 8 0.7 4 0.7 3 0.7 2 0.7 2 0.7 2 KIDNE Y ug/ g

0.9 0 2 8 > 1 o 1 0 , 1 5 

### 0 7 1.0 3 0.7 8 0.7 3 0.8 1 1
. 1 1 1
. 0 4 0.8 7 0
. 7 9 0.8 9 0
. 8 4 0
. 83 0.8 2 0.8 2 0.8 2•

1

/ ©

-4 3 C D N | 0 - O l 4

a C l 4 0 H -©

4 1 C O N i t h O l 4

a C l 4 0 »-* •

C D C O C D C D C D N | C h t h C h C h -f c C l C l 4

a C l C l C l 1 0 40 ^ C D t h U l C

4 *- -4 3 t- 4 4 0 C h 4 a C- l O l -f c © ffl -f c •> - -4 3 N | c n N ! -t ) © © © © O l C l 4

a -4 3 N | v j 0 1 i - C l 0 0 © -f c C h t h -4 3 C i 1 0 N l N l t

O O D O l *> » © C D A- t h C D © C l O l 4

a C- i N | 1 0 40 N l C

h C h 0 1 © 0 1 4 a 4 3 -f c • - C h N » C h H » C D i- 0 O l t h

C D N l t h c n 4

a C l 1 0 *-•

© O 4 3 C D N I t h O l 4a C l C l 1 0 *-* • -4 3 - 0 C O ffl N I f > 4 » t h C

D © C- 4 O ^ »-

* 4 0 O l ffl » - C-

4 -f c 4 a t O C D 40 C 4 • - -4 3 C D 4 a -4 3 C 4 4 3 4 0 ©

N | 4a » - ©

^ - f,* l © 0 > N | ci 4 0 4

a N ! v i O l O l -f

c t h 4 0 ©

0 1 4a v l >0 N l C

D t - C i 4 a O 4 a C D © N | C 4 C h 00 0 1 O l 4a 4 0 N l C D 4 a N ! m

Y-At-

. !-* •»- * h-A>- . 4 a 4 a 4 a C l C l C l -4

3 -4 3 - D 4 3 C h 0 1 O l O l 4

a i O "- - •-* *- N J 4 a H -v j 4

a t - 40 ©

C h -f c C- l 1 0 © C D © -f c 40 U^ ^ 4 a C 4 > - -4 3 O l •-* -*

4 -4 3 C D C h O D O C- 4 0 1 -4 3 4- 0 N l O C

4 * - 4a4aNltJ4)N|OlthNlCh©thCD4a©OlOlC04at h

t- 0 1 0 f- 0 1 0 1 0 t o 40 40 HH^HHHHK H -43moav|vlch*>-' 0 40»-.fcHiwc-ilO»- v ©.0*41U l U l -4 3 C- 4 t h © C 4 •-» N | •-*

•t h U l C

D 0 1 C 4 N | O l C l N l >--

1 0 N l U l 40 N l ©

4 J ffl v l 1 0 40 -N ) > o •-* - -N I If l - D C

4 4 3 - 0 ©

wY-A^. ,_ . ,-Ai. j tj I J i o i o t- 4 4 0 40 4 0 4 0 4 0 4 0 4 0 4 0 i- * 0 1 O l 4 a 4^ 4 a N | 1 0 » - C l 1 0 ©

4 a C- l N l t h ( h C l 1 0 • - 1 0 C i © N | 4 a © C i © 0 - © O l C l -vi -4

3 C O O l ffl -4

3 t h 40 © -4 3 C h C i © O l 4 3 4 a i - 40 ©

0 1 U l C

h t h O l C

4 1 0 C O C D N i

*-* •I-*
- H- * i- » A-A»- * C- l C l C l C l 40 40 C

D C D - 0 C D C h 4 a 4 a U l -4 3 O l C 4 4 0 4 0 O l 4 3 C h C l © N | 4 a N i C h »- - -4 3 © 4 3 N i 0 1 - 0 ffl ©

> 0 N ! v | N | v i v l v | O l C l <i

I O C O v i 4 a C l N J (J l t-

0 C D -4 3 C l O l t hAGEBLOODBONELIVERKIDNEYURINEFECESTable15.TotalLeadOrganContentinMicrogramsforMales.InputtoBlood60Microgramsper-Day.
•P.3 1

Tabl e 1 6
. Orga n Lea d Concentratio n fo r Male s a s a Functio n o f Age .

Inpu t t o Bloo d 6 0 u g pe r day
.
AG E BLOO D ug/m l BON E ug/ g as h

1 **^» 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 0
. 17 8

0.24 2 0.22 0 0.21 0 0.21 8 0.20 7 0
. 19 5 0
. 14 9 0
. 13 9 0
. 15 6 0.21 0 0
. 19 9 0
. 16 7 0
. 15 0 0.17 0 0
. 16 0 0
. 15 6 0
. 15 5 0
. 15 8 0
. 16 1 53.2 2 57
. 1 7 63.9 2 70.6 3 76.4 3 31.3 3 86.8 1 87.8 4 88
. 1 1 86.3 5 80.6 8 74.4 5 69.3 0 64.7 6 62.5 0 60.9 7 60
. 1 7 60
. 0 8 61.9 9 64.8 9 LIVE R ug/ g

0
. 1 5 0.3 3 0.3 0 0.2 9 0.5 1 0.7 3 0.9 6 0.7 2 0.6 8 0.7 5 1.0 3 0.9 7 0.8 1 0.7 4 0.9 4 0.3 9 0.8 7 0.8 7 0.8 7 0.8 7 KIDNE Y ug/ g

1.0 8 1.5 3 1.3 6 3 8 2 9 2 4 0.9 4 0.8 8 0
. 9 7 1 o o 2 5 0 5 0.9 5 1.0 7 1.0 1 0.9 9 0.9 8 0.9 8 0.9 9© -4 3 C D N i C h O l 4 > C l tO •-*

•© -4 3 C D N | t h O I 4

a C l 40 t-

© © -4 3 4 3 4 3 - D N l v l v l v j c n 4 a 4 a 4 a 4 a 4 a C- 4 C- 4 C 4 t C- i • - -4 3 t h 4 a 40 4 a 4 0 N J (J l •>•*

•^ © t h -f c © t h 4 a 1 0 C D U l 4 > i- ' > o U l *-* • - N | 4

a N ! © C h C i C D t h C h 1 0 C l 1 0 1 0

- 0 1 0 -0 t o C D -4 3 N l 4 a C D 40 C D t h 40 C

D -4 3 C- 4 C i 4 a 4 a C O © H -4 3 •"• - O D t h v | ffl C l v l t-

0 C l N | U

J © v | 4 a -4 3 *-* - -4 3

1 0 O -4 3 C D v | U l 4

a C i 1 0 *--

O -4 3 C D v l C h O l -f c W1 0 »-

- ©-43Nl4_^OOOlththvlffl4aC-4»-'>-'C4-fcChNlt h

- 0 •-* © ( h 0 0 C D N J c i O i N l 4 ) 4

a O *- O l © O l 4 0 ©

N l C h 4*. 1 0 ©

v i C l 4

3 O l 1 0 C

D © t h - 0 v i -f

c 1 0 -f c N | -f c C D C D © O t- 0 N | v O C O v l C O C l t h ©

t h t- 0 -f c f - ^ -v l ©

C 4

NlththChOlO l ©

© * " *-* N i C

h O l C h 4 » M i-

t-t40 C D 4 a © N 4C l ffl C

h C l © -f c O O D 00 N | ffl 4

a 4 a C i 4 a O -f c N I «4 ) © o 40 ,- . o 4

a 4 a v j - 4 M N l 4 0 C

O t- 4 0 C O

•-* © © © 4 0 C 4 »* * 40 >- -f c -f c 4 a C D -4 3 4 0 « 0 N | ©

C i O l

C i C l C-l C-l C-l C-l t\l 1 0 I O I O H H h * H H H H ( - H 4 a C l C l 1 0 •-* O 4

a 4 a U J O l N l C l C l O l 4

a C J 1 0 t - ©

t h O l N l O 1-

0 O l N | v | i-

o C O t o © ffl -f c t h C D O l © 4 a N l © © C D 4 a 0 0 © © t- 1 C- l •-• •1 0 © N i C 1 ©

N I 1 0 t h C l 1 0 N l

A-A,
_,
_»_

. ,
_c 4 t ot o t<t

t O C- l 4- 0 40 C 4 C- 4 C- 4 40 4 0 4

0 » - v|v|vichChi-'OlcnthChOlCDv 4 4-0©»--vlth4a4 a -4 3 O l >- O D C- l -4 3 N I t o C

D 1 0 4 a C D - 0 O i - 0 t 4 - 0 4

> 0 0 © O l -v l -4 3 © - 0 0 1 *- ••* •o i c n • - C

D O l Q 0 0 ©

*-* * c n C l -4 3

C h U l U i U l 4

> 4 a © © © © v | U i c n t h H *C h C- l C l C l t h 4 0 -4 1 C h 4 0 O D O l 40 O v i 4 i ©

v i O l 4

a O l C D C h 4a 4 0 v jAGEBLOODBONELIVERKIDNEYURINEFECETable17.TotalLeadOrganContentinMicrogramsftInputtoBlood70MicrogramsperDay.arMales.
-4 3 O l O4 a v | ©O

l c n^ t hO l U l v l v i C Dt h• - f O^ 4 0 C

QP.33

_



### Tabl e 1 8
. Organ Lead Concentratio n fo r Male s a s a Functio n o f Age .

Inpu t t o Blood 7 0 u g per day
.
G E
1
* } 

### o 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 BLOO D ug/m l

0.20 8 0.28 3 0.25 6 0.24 5 0.25 4 0.24 2 0.22 8 0
. 17 4 0
. 16 2 0
. 18 2 0.24 5 0.23 2 0
. 19 5 0
. 17 5 0
. 19 8 0
. 18 7 0
. 18 3 0
. 18 1 0
. 18 4 0
. 18 8 BON E ug/ g as h

62
. 1 0 66.7 0 74.5 7 82.4 0 89
. 1 7 94.8 8 101.2 8 102.4 9 102.7 9 100.7 4 94
. 1 2 86.8 6 80.85 75.5 5 72.9 2 71.1 3 70.2 0 70.0 9 72.3 2 75.7 0 LIVE R ug/ g
0
. 1 8 0.3 9 0.3 5 0.3 4 0.5 9 0.8 5 1
. 1 2 0.8 4 0.7 9 0
. 8 8 1.2 0 1
. 1 3 0.9 5 0.8 6 1
. 1 0 1
. 0 4 1.0 2 1.0 1 1.0 1 1.0 1 KIDNE Y ug/ g

1.2 6 1.7 9 1.5 9 1.5 5 1.6 1 1.5 0 1.4 4 1.0 9 1.0 3 1
. 1 3 1.5 6 1.4 6 1
. 2P 

### 1
. 1 1 1.2 5 1
. 1 8 1
. 1 6 1
. 1 5 1
. 1 5 1
. 1 5©4 3 O DN l ( hC n-f c C l t Oi - © -4 3 C O N ! t hUl 4a Ot

W • - I 3

> I Q i m H

ft t x *— • ra •4 3 i-At-A ,-AY-Ao ©

C Q C O C O C D O l 4* . 4 a O l O l 4

a -f c C l C l 1 0 C D O l C ! ©

C D O l 4 a C l O D 0* * 0 0 N | t h C-

l I- * t h t-* -4

1 t h © C l -4 3 C l v l K

* C i N I H -u i U | C l t h © 0 1 © 4 a 4 » 40 C

O -4 3 0D^viCh©ChvJ4aOl-fcNj^0DCDNl4>»-*ui4i © 4 3 © © v l •<- - v l C i ©

1 0 C h -4 3 0 1 C D C l O l 1 0 •-* t h N J r O

C n C- l 1 0 t- -4 3 C D t h O l 4

a C- l 1 0 © -O C D N | C h 0 1 4 a C l •-* - 1 0 - D O l ©

t h • - Ct-

Ut -f c 4 » -f c N | 4 a t- © © O » - ©

-4 3 U l © •-* 4 3 4 a U l t h C

O C h t h 4 a 4 3 *4 3 C l C l 0 1 -0

-f c « 0 •- - C l »- •Ch N i C i C l 1 0 C i ©

© C h 0 1 t h C l C l -4

1 © 0 1 O C

D 4»Nlth4ai~*t-*thNl4a-43-fc4aNl-43thCh-fc-OC-l ©

-4 3 - 0 C D 0 0 v | v l t-

0 tO 1 0 1-

0 O D t h C h v l O l C l »-•-»- * 0-MO D C-

l 4 1 4 a C l • - -4

3 t h C n 4 1 N l C

D 4 a 1 0 N ! C

h O l O l O l -f c 40 C O 4 a -4 ) t h 40 • - 40 ©

* •-•©

0 1 C l ©

t- » - O l C D O l C l -4

1 O l © N l C D t h 1 0 N l i- . Q

3 O l 4 a C l © H *1 0 4

a

C 4C- 4C 4C- 4C- l C- l 1 0 40 I J I O H H « H KH KH H K -43 O B N J t h t h O l C

D N ! -4 1 C O 4 3 0 1 O l N I N | m C l C l I O t h 4 a t h v | C

D © © 4 0 t h 4

a ffl 4a O D C-

4C D © 4 a v l O 4 0 -4

3 C 4 •- » t h -4

3 © 4 3 4 a 4 3 -4

3 4 0 C l O l 4 a C l O O l C D t h O l 4

a

4 0 4 0 *-* - ^ i-* - C l 40 M C-

4 4 0 -f c C 4 C- 4 C 4 C 4 C 4 C 4 C- 4 40 • - ©©-43-OCDCh-0m©-43©C-l'-*v|OlOl»- k ©CDt h O l © t h fv l cn C l C

D 0 - -4 1 4 a O -4 3 « - 4 a v | C D 1 0 C l • - tO -1 3 O i -4

3 C l 1 0 00 » - -4

3 -4 3 N ! © U l 4 a © N ! -4 1 C l O D ©

C O C O N l v l v l C

h »- •i- ' 1 0 •- - C

O Ch t h v l C l v i 4 » C i C l v | t h t O 0 0 4 a © 0 1 N I 4

s f O - D © O l C i C l 1 0 0

0 »- » -4 3 C h t h M C- l C- l 40 © N J ^ -4 3 4 a t h t h ffl C

h -4 1 C l 4 a 1 0 *-- v l C D i ro i r 1 o 1 o i a

i ro 1 o 1 z i m

i r i ••- * i < i m i r o

i •*. 1 n i a 1 z i m i <
1 c i 3 i *- « 1 z i r n

1 T l i m i n i m n

3 H X J 0 C fi ll - ft »- > rt o r ra ro ft t-Aa a 0 o a T 03 00 ft O 3 3~C T w0 n
_ j 1 r + a ra « a 3 1 ri ft 3 •>- • Ul 3 T > 3 ra "-* • i n T a o ft i d

- < 1 •ft 3 If l -+ > 0 T. 3 ft

»— • ra i n B I 0 3

### Tabl e 2 0
. Orga n Lea d Concentratio n fo r Male s a s a Functio n o f Ag e Inpu t t o Bloo d 8 0 ug pe r day
. P.3 5



### AG E BLOO D ug/m l BON E ug/ g as h
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 3 1 9 2 0 0.23 8

0.32 3 0.29 3 0.28 0 0.29 0 0.27 6 0.26 0 0
. 19 9 0
. 18 5 0.20 8 0.28 0 0.26 5 0.22 3 0.20 0 0.22 6 0.21 4 0
. 20 9 0.20 7 0.21 1 0.21 5 70.9 7

76.2 3 85.2 2 94.1 7 101.9 1 108.4 3 115.7 5 117.1 3 117.4 8 115.1 3 107.5 7 99.2 6 92.4 0 86.3 5 8o
. o o 81.3 0 80
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### Tabl e 2 2
. Orga n Lea d Concentratio n fo r Male s a s a Functio n o f Age .

Inpu t t o Bloo d 9 0 u g pe r day
.
AG E BLOO D ug/m l BON E ug/ g as h
1 * 3

s_. 1 

### 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 0.26 7

0.36 4 0.33 0 0.31 5 0.32 7 0.31 1 0.29 3 0.22 3 0.20 8 0.23 4 0.31 5 0.29 8 0.25 1 0.22 5 0
. 254 0.24 0 0.23 5 0.23 3 0.23 7 0.24 2 79.8 4

85.7 6 95.8 7 105.9 4 114.6 5 121.9 9 130.2 2 131.7 7 132.1 6 129.5 2 121.0 2 111.6 7 103.9 5 97.1 4 93.75 91.4 6 90.25 90
. 1 2 92.9 8 97.3 3 LIVE R ug/ g
0.2 3 0
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. 1 3 1.5 5 45
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1.6 3 2.3 0 2.0 4 1.9 9 2.0 7 1.9 3 1.8 6 1.4 0 1.3 2 1.4 6 2.0 0 1.8 7 1.5 7 1.4 3 1.6 0 1.5 2 1.4 9 1.4 7 1.4 8 1.4 8P.3 8



### Tabl e 2 3
. Tota l Lead Organ Conten t in Microgram s fo r Males
.

Inpu t t o Blood 10 0 Microgram s pe r Day .
AGE BLOOD BONE LIVE R KIDNE Y URINE FECE S

***•""• » 1 2 o 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 261.2 7

460.5 9 490.7 0 517.6 4 580.5 2 638.4 3 669.7 9 576.1 0 595.1 9 729.7 4 1081.8 2 1106.9 0 1039.2 6 1059.6 7 1317.0 9 1351.2 6 1384.5 9 1417.1 3 1448.8 7 1479.8 6 «*«->._•__ •

2397 5 3862 8 5182 4 6363 0 7574 5 8792 0 10167 4 11870 9 13494 2 15558 0 16826 1 18075 5 19479 6 20828 3 22691 4 24553 9 26371 7 28145 7 29877 1 31566 8 69. 3

189. 0 201. 4 212. 5 404
. 1 681. 7 975. 6 839. 7 867. 7 1063. 4 1577. 7 1614. 5 1516. 0 1545. 8 2186. 2 2243. 1 2298. 6 2352. 8 2405. 7 2457. 3 "• " —•••— » —-• •

86. 7 153
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. 2 353
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. 1 472. 0 482. 6 492. 9 .«•«•«• •

20
. 1 2 35.4 7 37.7 9 39.8 7 44.7 1 44.2 5 46.4 3 39.9 3 41.2 6 50.5 8 37.4 9 08
. 0 6 36.0 2 36.7 3 45.6 5 23.4 2 23.9 9 24.5 6 25
. 1 1 25.6 4 __....._.

9.6 0 4.5 9 4.8 9 5
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. 6 4 20.7 1 21.2 5 21.7 8 9 9 9 0 22.7 9 23.2 8P.3 9



### Tabl e 2 4
. Organ Lead Concentratio n fo r Male s a s a Functio n o f Age .

Inpu t t o Blood 10 0 u g pe r day
.
AG E BLOO D ug/ml BONE ug/ g ash LIVE R ug/ g KIDNE Y ug/ g
1 1 yl". 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 0.29 7

0
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. 36 6 0
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. 28 3 0.26 7 0.26 1 0.25 9 0
. 26 3 0.26 9 88.7 1 95.2 8 106.5 3 117.7 2 127.3 9 135.5 4 144.6 9 146.4 1 146.8 5 143.9 1 134.4 6 124.0 8 115.5 0 .107.9 3 104.1 7 101.6 2 100.2 8 100.1 3 103.3 1 108.1 5 0.2 5 0
. 5 6 0.4 9 0.4 8 0.8 5 1 '?'• ?

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2.5 5 2.2 7 2.2 1 2.3 0 2
. 1 5 2.0 6 1.5 6 1.4 7 1.6 2 2.2 2 2.0 3 1.7 5 1.5 9 1.7 8 1.6 9 1.6 5 1.6 4 1.6 4 1.6 4( J H K H HH H H H K H ©4 3 O DN l C hc n4 = Ci 4 0 H * ©4 3 C

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Tabl e 2 6
. Orga n Lea d Concentratio n fo r Male s a s a Functio n o f Age .

Inpu t t o Bloo d 11 0 u g pe r day
.
AG E BLOO D ug/m l BON E ug/ g as h

1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 0.32 7

0.44 4 0.40 3 0.38 5 0.39 9 0.38 0 0.35 8 0.27 3 0.25 5 0.28 6 0.38 5 0.36 5 0.30 6 0.27 6 0.31 1 0.29 4 0.28 7 0.28 4 0
. 29 0 0.29 6 97.5 8

104.8 1 117.1 8 129.4 9 140.1 3 149.1 0 159.1 6 161.0 5 161.5 3 158.3 0 147.9 1 136.4 9 127.0 5 118.7 3 114.5 8 111.7 8 110.3 1 110.1 5 113.6 4 118.9 6 LIVE R ug/ g
0.2 8 0.6 1 0.5 4 0.5 3 0.9 3 1.3 4 1
. 1
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1.9 9 2.8 1 2.4 9 2.4 3 5 3 3 6 2 7 7 2 6 1 1.7 8 2.4 5 2.2 9 9 2 7 5 9 6 8 5 8 2 3 0 8 1 8 1t J^ 1-A,
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### Tabl e

AG E
1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 8
. Orga n Lea d Concentratio n fo r Male s a s a Func t

Inpu t t o Bloo d 12 0 ug pe r day
.
BLOO D ug/m l
0.35 6 0.48 5 0.43 9 0.42 0 0.43 5 0.41 4 0.39 0 0.29 8 0.27 8 0.31 2 0.42 0 0.39 8 0.33 4 0.30 1 0.33 9 0.32 0 0.31 3 0.31 0 0.31 6 0.32 3 BON E ug/ g as hLIVE R ug/ g

106.4 5 0.3 1 114.3 4 0.6 7 127.8 3 0.5 9 141.2 6 0.5 8 152.8 7 1.0 2 162.6 5 1.4 6 173.6 3 1.9 1 175.6 9 1.4 5 176.2 2 1.3 6 172.6 9 1.5 0 161.3 6 2.0 6 148.9 0 1.9 3 133.6 0 1.6 2 129.5 2 1.4 7 125.0 0 1.8 8 121.9 5 1.7 8 120.3 4 1.7 4 120.1 6 1.7 3 123.9 8 1.7 3 129.7 7 1.7 3 io n of Age .

KIDNE Y ug/ g
2.1 7 3.0 6 2.7 2 2.6 5 2.7 6 2.5 8 2.4 8 1.8 7 1.7 6 1.9 4 2.6 7 2.5 0 2
. 1 0 1.9 1 2
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### Tabl e 3 0
. Organ Lead Concentration• ' fo r Male s a s a Functio n o f Age .

Inpu t t o Blood 13 0 u g pe r day
.
AG E BLOOD ug/m l BONE ug/ g ash LIVE R ug/ g KIDNE Y ug/ g
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

## a 9 1 0 

## u 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 3 1 9 2 0 0.38 6

0.52 5 0.47 6 0.45 5 0.47 2 0.44 9 0.42 3 0.32 3 0.30 1 0
. 33 8 0.45 5 0.43 1 0.36 2 0.32 6 0.36 7 0.34 7 0.33 9 0
. 33 6 0
. 34 2 0
. 35 0 115.3 2 123.8 7 133.4 8 153.0 3 165.6 1 176.2 1 188.1 0 190.3 3 190.9 0 187.0 9 174.8 0 161.3 0 150.1 6 140.3 1 135.4 2 132.1 1 130.3 7 130.1 7 134.3 1 140.5 9 O i O O 0.7 2 0.6 4 0.6 2 1
. 1 0 1.5 8 2.0 7 1.5 7 1.4 7 1.6 3 2.2 3 2.0 9 1.7 6 1
. 6 0 2.0 4 1.9 3 1.8 9 1.8 7 1.8 8 1.8 8 m. a •_,_ )

3.3 2 2.9 5 2.8 7 2.9 9 2.7 9 2.6 8 2.0 3 1.9 1 2.1 1 2.8 9 2.7 1 2.2 7 2.0 7

•*• > ~*.~> 2
. 1 9 2
. 1 5 2
. 1 3 2
. 1 3 2
. 1 4© 4 3 00 v i t h c n 4 a C- 4 4 0 i--

© 4 3 C D v | t h 0 1 -fc C l 40 ^

©O4343GDGD4a4aOlOI©CDC043C0C0NlchChC l N | 10 C D C 4 4 3 4 a O

D U l 4 a H . JO C i O C- 4 -4 3 t - 1 0 O

D -f c t h i- C O C l C D >-- C l C l 4 a 4 3 4 a ^

Ot Ch v 4 C

4 4 0 -fc t h 4 a 0 1 CD4a414>Nl41Ol43thOlthiOOlNlCDvlth41C0v l ^ WN | C i Ch C i C-l t h N l c n C- 4 0- -fc O fC-

4 4 1 C D C l C D

4a 4a C- 4 C- 4 C- 4 C 4 4 0 t o 1 0 1 0 1*

0 t- >- •-* •>- • - 4 > *-•4 1 t h 4 a i - 4 3 v l O l C l »-* - 0 0 t h 4 a 1 0 ©

C D N J 0 1 C l i - C O 4 a 4 3 C l v | » - t O C l O l N J C D t h 4 0 C l t h 4 3 1 0 -fc C l 4 ) 4 0 ©

4 0 N J t h O l N i © Cn C D 4 1 » - C-

4 © © © 0 1 © O I Civi-fc©01vi43f-'OlChi-'i-'434am4atDOimt h O l 43 ©

4 a O l 4 3 t h 4 a t h O l 4 0 4 3 C 4 C-l N 4C

4 4 0 C- 4 © Cn

C- 4 C i C- 4 C- 4 C 4 C- 4 4 0 4* 0 l*J I*J H H H • - -fc C-i 1 0 4 0 • - ©

>- *- 4 0 1 0 4 > 4 0 * - C 4 4 3 c n 4 0 4 0 40 4a0-43t-4ath(h4OthO00»-'Nlch0lth43mth4 3 © C D C l C D © © 4 a 1- 0 © C D C D 4 a O l 0 1 -fc 0 1 N | • - 4 a N | 4 0 © 4 3 » - 4 a v l 4 0 4 a 4 0 C D v | v | t h 4 3 4 » C D 4 a 4 3 t h ©

t h t h t h t h t h t h 4 » 4 a O l O l C- 4 40.1 0 C i 4 0 4 0 4 0 4 0 40 *- 4 1 v j t h 4 a C-

4 «-* •4 3 C D »-* © -fc v j t h v-

4 3 *- 4 4 a 4 0 •" * 1 0 ©UI©Ol©4a4a4a0^4aOv|tD10N|©»-m4af- ' •^thfflth©©40t>-*-'4a^4aOl©4a4a»- t Ol4a4 a

C l C i C i C l C l Ch

O l O l O i O l N I U l U l t h t h Ch O l O l 4 a 4 0 O l O i 4 a C

4 40 C- 4 •>• * O C 4 4 0 O N | O l c n ^ 4 0 0 1 4 0 4 3 C O 4 1 i - C4 O l N l 4 ) 4 » 4 a v l 4 * C D v l 4 1 ©

4 3 O l ffl 4 3 0 " t- © C n C D 4 1 00 i- ' I O 4 0 "- 1 4 1 •> - 0 - © © 0 1 4 1 >>-

* «-•t h -v

)

C l C J C l C l 1 0 1 0 4 0 4 0 4 0 4 0 ^ *- >- •>• * 4 0 * - ^ 4 0 »- * t- © 4 3 00 O ©

*-- © 4 * t- *- 4 0 C- 4 C 4 N | Ch t h C l Cn 4 ) t O 4 a N l v

Q O i •-* - 4 a 4 3 •- •O

J *- 4 3 •- •N | 4 0 C

O 4 a 4 a 1 3 >

1 G 3 i m

i roLOO i a

i ro 1 o 1 z i m

i r 1 n i < i m 1 7)

1 7Z 1 nDNE l - <
1 cRIN i r n

1 T lECE H

ft cr »— • ra t- 4

. 3 H TJ OtaiLutto ra ro ft • - a o 0 organd140 n 3 0 •- •3 n r + Trantinograms 3 1 3 •- • ra n

- i i ogramsDay.
-h o 3 ftles
* a 4 1 O © 4 1 O l 4 1 ©

*- •-* 4 0 ©

• - -f c -f c 0 1 C- 4 4 0 -f c 4 0 4 a It o" •• • • 1 • ' 

### Tabl e

AG E
1

••• j 

### 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 3 2
. Orga n

In p Lea d >u t t o
BLOO D ug /
0
. 0
. 0
. 0
. 0
. 0
. 0
. 0
. 0
. 0
. 0
. 0
. 0
. 0
. 0
. 0
. 0
. 0
. 0
. 0
. 41 6 56 6 513 ' 49 0 50 8 48 3 455 34 8 32 4 36 4 49 0 46 4 39 0 35 1 39 6 37 4 365 36 2 36 9 37 7 ml Concentratio n Bloo d 14 0 u g pe r
BON E ug/ g
124
. 1 O O a 

### 149
. 164
. 178
. 189
. 202
. 204
. 205
. 201
. 188
. 173
. 161
. 151
. 145
. 142
. 140
. 140
. 144
. 151
. 1 9 4 0 1 4 8 0 3 4 7 6 5 7 9 7 5 9 4 8 25 7 1 7 1 1 1 8 3 2 7 4 0 1 9 64 4 0 fo r pay .

as h

- \ 

### Male s a s a

LIVE R

• 

### 0 0
. 0
. 0
. 1
. 1
.

+m 1 

### 1
. 1
. 1
. '• > 

### 2 1
. 1
. •*• >

. _.

•*• > 

### 2
. < 3 n 

### ug /
3 6 7 8 6 9 6 7 1 9 7 0 23 6 9 5 9 7 5 4 1 25 8 9 7 2 2 0 0 8 0 4 0 2 0 2 0 2 Func t

g io n o f Age .

KIDNE Y ug/ g

• 7 O • O • 

### 3
. 3
. o . 2
. o 

### 2
. T »
O •

*•• ) r> *- ?

**• >

__ . 

### 2 •y

mm . *? 

### 5 o 5 7 1 7 0 9 2 2 0 0 8 9 1 3 0 6 2 7 1 1 9 2 4 5 5 0 3 6 3 1 2 9 3 0 3 0©4 S 1 2 - 4 Chc n4 a C- 4 4 0 ^ ©4 3 C D v l 0

- U l 4 a C- 4 4 0 t4 0 4 0 4 0 4 0 t O *•

* H- 1 t- i *-* • H ^ i— • — 1 0 «- * •-* • ©©4 ) U l cn0

- t

h©C D CO ©4 1 O

D N J v l t

hC- 4 >-- v | t o N | t O N I O

D O l 0

- t O 4 3 4 3 th©U l N l N | c- l 4 3 4 3 4 3 C l c nC ht hc n4 3 C D © t O 4 a t- 0 4 a 4 » N ! o C ht h©^ N | C l t hC D O D C hC nC O C l Nl 0

- N I i-

- C hthNl 4 > ©0 3 4 3 4 1 i

- 4 3 4 3 4 1 C- 4 ©C D ChC l *- CO 0 1 CD 0 1 0 0 O l O i C D ©

4 a 4 > 4 a C J C l C i C l 1 0 4 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 *- • - >- » - N J 4 a t O 4 3 t h4 a H * - o v l u i c- 4 ©- 4 cnC l » - 4 1 N i O l Cl C- l C D 4 0 0 1 CD ©

4 0 4 0 »-

* 4 0 C 4 4 0 0 0 4 0 • - C l 0 1 N | N I c n C nf- n * O l C i C-

l -f c »- ^ ^ C i C l 4 a ©c nC D th4 a v l -4 3 4 3 ©0 1 CD v l ©v i 4 0 4 3 C 4 4 3 N l » - thi- 1 N J t

- 4 a C i -f

c C h 4 0 thC hO l 4 1 ©4 a 4 a 4 0 •>- ©4 a 4 a » - 4 3 N | O l t hC l C l

C 4 C l C i C 4 C- 4 C 4 4 0 4 0 4 0 ( O n* H H ^ K 0

- th0 1 4 » C-

l 4 0 C- 4 4 0 -f c C- 4 C nC 4 4 0 4 a ©C

hC 4 C- 4 4 0 *- » 0 0 O t O 4 a t hv | i

- v l t- 0 t h4 3 O 0 1 t h4 0 ©•• - O CD © 0 1 CO 4 1 0 0 -f

c 4 1 CD 4 a » - ChO l ^ 4 ) C l 4 0 t hC D 4* 0 C i C i 4 3 cnt- 0 ©v i c-

i C D © v j Ch^ U l t h0 1 C

h1 0 N J H * U i - O

N I vi v i chthi hu i cnc nc nc- i t ot oc- 4 c- i t ot o4 0 4 0 •

- C l 4 0 O 4 3 N l c n1 0 1- c n4 * Ch

4 3 0 0 C ! »- • C D U l 4 a 1 0 C i 4 3 C l CD » - U l v

l - 0 4 3 Cl ©4

a v i v l 4 a C D 4 1 C D 4 a 4 3 © 4 a 4 3 ©v

l ©4 ) U

l t O ©4 a C l 1 0 N ! Cl N

l v l C l C O N ! ©

c i c i c i c i c i o - u i o i cno i N I thc nthththc no i cnc- i C D N | t h c n O l C D O l 4 a N ! o - 0 1 ^ 4 1 4

3 t h v l 43 t h C l © 4 a t h C D 4 1 f i 4

> © © O l tO C

D C D 4 3 t h C l ©

O D t h I O iN | t h 4 a 4 3 tO N l 4 1 C

J 4 a 4 > N l ffl ©

4 a ffl Ch © 4 3 *-- C O

C i C l C l C i C i C l 40 4 0 4 0 40 »- * >- >-- f- 40 t- »-*

- 4 a 4 a C 4 M " ^ H H H t O 4 0 O l 40 fC i -f c 4 > N | v l t h 4

a 4 ) H -4 a t h O D © 4 3 cn 4 3 4 a * - c i 4

3 C O ffl N l v l c i C

O 4

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h N ! 4 i 4a t o » - Ot

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I Q I m

i ro i r H

ft c r

•— • ra C i c i

1 o 1 o i a

i ro i a 1 z i m

i r 1 n i <
_ i m 1 70

1 7 . 1 n I a 1 z i m i - <

1 c i ^} i « 1 z i m

i i i i m i n i m i t n 3 - . *a o C r + rt - ft »- * rt o r ra ro a < •> - a u 0 o a. - . 0 3 »-• - a O l 3 '~j n 3 o *•• 3 n rt * i ro 0 3 0 3 ft I £ U <-• • 3 3 t n 3 X J H-- ra n i i a D 0 3 ft T

- < ft •3 U l

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### Tabl e 3 4
. Orga n Lea d Concentratio n fo r Male s a s a Functio n o f Age . Inpu t t o Bloo d 15 0 ug pe r day
.
AG E BLOO D ug/m l BON E ug/ g as h LIVE R ug/ g KIDNE Y ug/ g

4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 0.44 5

0
. 60 6 0.54 9 0.52 5 0.54 4 0.51 3 0.48 8 0.37 2 0.34 7 0
. 39 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 , r J_> W 

### ,49 7 ,41 8 37 6 ,42 4 40 1 ,39 1 38 8 ,39 5 40 4 133.0 6

142.9 3 159.7 9 176.5 7 191.0 8 203.3 1 217.0 3 219.6 1 220.2 7 215.8 7 201.6 9 136.1 2 173.2 6 161.9 0 156.2 5 152.4 3 150.4 2 150.2 0 154.9 7 162.2 2 0
. 3 8 0.8 3 6.7 4 0.7 2 1.2 7 1.3 2 2.3 9 ,3 1 ,7 0 3 8 5 8 4 1 2.03
. 1.8 4
2
. 1 3 2
. 1 6 2
. 1 7 2
. 1 7 2.7 1

3.8 3 3.4 0 3.3 1 3.4 5 3.2 2 3
. 1 0 2.3 4 2.2 0 2.4 3 3.3 4 3
. 1 2 2.6 2 2.3 8 2.6 7 2.5 3 2.4 8 2.4 6 2.4 6 2.4 6P.5 0

•, « . •'

= 1



## O 

## o 

# o ^ •A



## Figur e1

_\« - P.5 1



## ti/ 2

## Overal l Bloo d =1 6 days

ti / Bloo d to Kidne

y= 15days ti / Kidne yto Bloo d =68day s



# / V 2 2 day s

0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 100 Tim e Pos

tInjectio n t

o Bloo d (Days )
Figur e2