1

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

STEVEN E. SHAW,

Plaintiff,

v.

LLOYD J. AUSTIN III et al.,

Defendants.

Civil Action No. 20-2036 (RDM)

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

Plaintiff Lieutenant Steven E. Shaw is a fighter pilot instructor in the Navy. In 2017, 

Plaintiff helped two Black student pilots file whistleblower complaints alleging racial 

discrimination in the fighter pilot training program. Later the same year, Plaintiff filed a 

whistleblower complaint of his own, alleging that instructor pilots had been illicitly betting

bottles of liquor with student pilots. Thereafter, Plaintiff’s commanding officers opened an 

investigation of Plaintiff that ultimately recommended his separation from the armed forces. The 

Assistant Secretary of the Navy, acting on an Inspector General’s report finding that the 

investigation of Plaintiff constituted unlawful whistleblower retaliation, vacated that finding, but 

he left open the possibility of a renewed investigation. Plaintiff appealed to the Secretary of 

Defense, arguing that any follow-on investigation would necessarily be retaliatory and therefore 

invalid. Meanwhile, the Commander of U.S. Fleet Forces Command opened a second 

investigation of Plaintiff. Plaintiff then filed this lawsuit to challenge what he asserted was a 

continuing pattern of retaliation against him.

While this case has been pending, the Executive Director of the Office of the Under 

Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness (“Executive Director”), who was designated to 
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act on behalf of the Secretary of Defense, denied Plaintiff’s appeal on the grounds that the 

Assistant Secretary of the Navy had authority to allow the second investigation. And Fleet 

Forces Command completed its second investigation, concluding that Plaintiff taught 

unapproved landing techniques. Later today, May 1, 2021, Fleet Forces Command will issue a 

Report of Misconduct again recommending that Plaintiff be separated from the Navy for cause. 

To avoid that result, Plaintiff has now filed a motion for preliminary injunction seeking to 

prevent the issuance of the Report of Misconduct. For the following reasons, the Court will 

DENY that motion.

I. BACKGROUND

Plaintiff is an active-duty Lieutenant in the Navy. Dkt. 28 at 3, 7 (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 1, 13).

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In October 2016, he transferred to Strike Fighter Squadron 106 (“VFA-106”), based at Naval Air 

Station Oceana in Virginia, where he served as an F/A-18 fighter pilot instructor. Id. at 4, 7

(Am. Compl. ¶¶ 8, 13). The next year, Plaintiff engaged in two instances of what the Navy later 

recognized as protected whistleblower activity. First, Plaintiff supported two Black student 

pilots in the filing of equal opportunity complaints, in addition to correspondence with Congress, 

alleging racial discrimination in the fighter-pilot training program. Id. at 7 (Am. Compl. ¶ 14). 

Second, Plaintiff lodged complaints with the office of Senator Mark Warner and the Naval 

Inspector General regarding “bottle bets,” which were wagers between pilot instructors and their 

students related to student performance in training exercises. Id. at 7–9 (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 15–18). 

As the name suggests, the stakes of the bets were bottles of alcohol, and students who did not 

perform well enough in training were required to buy liquor for their teachers. Id. at 8 (Am. 

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 Because the Court denies injunctive relief, and for convenience at this early stage of the 

litigation, the Court gives Plaintiff the benefit of the doubt and assumes the truth of the 

allegations in his complaint for the purpose of setting forth the background.
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Compl. ¶ 15). Plaintiff asserted that bottle bets constituted illegal gambling activity, contributed 

to a frat-like culture of alcohol consumption, and incentivized instructors to give their students 

artificially low marks, in order to maximize the amount of liquor owed. Id. After Plaintiff’s 

complaints, the Navy put an end to the practice of bottle bets. Id. at 9 (Am. Compl. ¶ 19).

Following the termination of bottle bets and a press report on the allegations of racial 

discrimination, several high-ranking officers expressed their displeasure with Plaintiff’s 

whistleblower activity, including by allegedly stating their intention to “destroy” his career. Id.

at 10 (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 20–22). These officers opened what is known as a Command Directed 

Investigation against Plaintiff and appointed Commander Bryan Roberts, who had previously 

defended bottle bets as a proud Navy tradition and referred to Plaintiff as a “malcontent,” to 

serve as the investigating officer. Id. at 10, 14 (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 21, 31). In an email, 

Commander Roberts explained that he had been appointed because he was “willing to kamikaze” 

Plaintiff. Id. at 14 (Am. Compl. ¶ 32). At the end of the lengthy investigative process, which 

spanned months and involved the chain of command taking several other administrative actions 

against Plaintiff, id. at 15–20 (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 33–47), the commanding officer of VFA-106

recommended that Plaintiff be detached for cause and ordered to show cause for retention in the 

Navy, id. at 20 (Am. Compl. ¶ 48).

The results of the first investigation against Plaintiff, however, were overturned. On June 

12, 2019, the Department of Defense’s Inspector General released a report finding “several 

instances of reprisal, retaliation[,] and restriction directed at [Plaintiff].” Dkt. 24-1 at 2 (Ex. 1).2

 

 2 The parties initially submitted portions of the administrative record as exhibits to their briefs. 

On May 28, 2021, after the close of briefing on the motion for preliminary injunction,

Defendants then filed the full certified administrative record under seal. Dkt. 30. For 

convenience, and given the need to resolve the pending motion quickly, the Court cites to the 

exhibits in this opinion, but all of the cited documents also appear in the administrative record.
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In particular, the report found that the commanding officer of VFA-106 at the time of the

investigation, Commander Martin Weyenberg, and the executive officer of VFA-106 at the time 

of the investigation, Lieutenant Colonel Michael Nesbitt, “[r]equested and initiated a retaliatory 

investigation of [Plaintiff]” and that Commander Roberts “[c]onducted the retaliatory 

investigation.” Id. In light of that report, on December 16, 2019, the Assistant Secretary of the 

Navy for Manpower and Reserve Affairs entered an order vacating the results of the first 

investigation. Id. at 3. The Assistant Secretary found that the investigation “is invalid because it 

was ordered for a retaliatory purpose and was conducted in a retaliatory manner” and therefore 

“any action taken against [Plaintiff] which uses the [investigation] as the basis, in whole or in 

part, for such actions is invalid.” Id.

Based on these findings, the Assistant Secretary ordered U.S. Fleet Forces Command to 

take several remedial actions. He directed Fleet Forces Command to “[c]orrect and/or remove 

any adverse or derogatory material the resulted from” the investigation, including certain fitness 

reports, from Plaintiff’s personnel file. Id. The order also directed Fleet Forces Command to 

notify the Department of Defense Consolidated Adjudications Facility that the investigation, 

which formed the basis for the suspension of Plaintiff’s security clearance, had been invalidated. 

Id. Further, the Assistant Secretary ordered the Chief of Naval Personnel to “determine whether 

[Plaintiff’s] professional or promotion opportunities may have been impacted as a result of 

reprisal, retaliation[,] and restriction,” and if so, to “take remedial action.” Id. at 4. 

The order, however, stopped short of forbidding a second investigation of Plaintiff,

although the Assistant Secretary placed procedural and substantive constraints on any such 

investigation. Id. at 3. Any follow-on investigation was to be ordered directly by Fleet Forces 

Command and conducted by an officer assigned to Fleet Forces Command, rather than anyone 
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from VFA-106. Id. Witnesses were to be “informed that any previous statements made by them 

for the purposes of the [first investigation] will not be used” in the second investigation. Id. 

Substantively, any renewed investigation could “inquire into” only two issues: (1) “[w]hether 

[Plaintiff], without authorization, recorded F/A-18 . . . training sessions” and (2) “[w]hether 

[Plaintiff] was conducting unauthorized training (such as Velocity Vector), or was otherwise 

training outside of phase.” Id. The Assistant Secretary ordered that all corrective actions were to 

“be completed within 60 days of the date of” his order. Id. at 4.

In early 2020, Admiral Christopher Grady, the Commander of U.S. Fleet Forces 

Command, launched a second investigation of Plaintiff, focused on the two questions that the 

Assistant Secretary’s order had left open. Dkt. 28 at 24–25 (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 62–63). On March 

20, 2020, Plaintiff appealed the Assistant Secretary of the Navy’s authorization of a second 

investigation to the Secretary of Defense. Id. at 25–26 (Am. Compl. ¶ 66). On July 14, 2021, 

the officer assigned to the second investigation issued his report to Admiral Grady. Dkt. 25-1 at 

2 (Ex. 2) (Sealed). The investigator found that the first allegation, related to recording training 

sessions, was not substantiated, but the second allegation, related to unauthorized training or 

training out of phase, was substantiated. Id. at 4.

On July 25, 2020, Plaintiff filed this lawsuit, asserting three causes of action under the 

Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”), 5 U.S.C. § 706. Dkt. 1. His original complaint 

challenged the Navy’s delay in implementing the corrective actions that the Assistant Secretary 

ordered, id. at 23–25 (Compl. ¶¶ 66–73), and the Secretary of Defense’s delay in adjudicating his 

administrative appeal, id. at 25–28 (Compl. ¶¶ 74–80). He also asserted that the second 

investigation could not lawfully proceed while his administrative appeal was still pending. Id. at 

28–29 (Compl. ¶¶ 81–87). At that point, three separate adjudicative processes were proceeding 
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in tandem: the second investigation, Plaintiff’s administrative appeal of the order vacating the 

first investigation but permitting the second investigation, and this lawsuit.

While the parties litigated this case, the administrative process continued. On September 

8, 2020, Admiral Grady issued a final endorsement of the investigator’s report from the second 

investigation. See Dkt. 25-2 (Ex. 3) (Sealed). Based on that endorsement, on September 18, 

2020, Admiral Grady completed a Report of Misconduct. Dkt. 25-3 (Ex. 4) (Sealed). In the 

Report, Admiral Grady concludes, based on the results of the second investigation, that Plaintiff 

violated two provisions of the Uniform Code of Military Justice—Article 92 for dereliction of 

duty and Article 133 for conduct unbecoming an officer—by allegedly teaching unauthorized 

and potentially dangerous landing techniques. Id. at 2. Based on this finding, Admiral Grady 

“direct[s], request[s], and recommend[s]” several administrative actions. Id. at 3. He “direct[s] 

that [Plaintiff] be required to show cause for retention in the naval service;” “request[s] that 

[Plaintiff] be detached for cause;” and “recommend[s] that [Plaintiff] be removed from” 

consideration for promotion. Id. The Report of Misconduct notifies Plaintiff that he has the 

right “to submit comments within 10 working days of receipt concerning this report, which will 

be included as adverse matter in his official record.” Id. Although the Report of Misconduct is 

addressed to the Commander of Navy Personnel Command and is dated September 18, 2020, id.

at 2, Admiral Grady has not yet transmitted the report, as part of an informal agreement reached 

as part of this litigation, see Dkt. 14 at 1; Dkt. 24 at 21. Defendants also represent that they are 

still willing to accept comments from Plaintiff as to the Report of Misconduct. Id. at 20 n.8. 

Fleet Forces Command intends to issue the Report of Misconduct later today, May 1, 2021. Dkt. 

14 at 1; Dkt. 24 at 21.
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Once the Report of Misconduct is transmitted, Navy policies require several additional 

steps before Plaintiff could be separated for cause from the armed forces. When U.S. Fleet 

Forces Command initiates an investigation that results in a Report of Misconduct, that report

then goes to the show-cause authority, which is the Deputy Chief of Navy Personnel. Navy 

Military Personnel Manual 1611-010, Officer Performance and Separations for Cause, § 2(a)(2)

(Oct. 30, 2019) (“Personnel Manual 1611-010”). Although the Report of Misconduct in 

Plaintiff’s case “direct[s]” him to show cause, Dkt. 25-3 at 3 (Ex. 4) (Sealed), Defendants assert 

that the Navy Personnel Command has discretion to decide whether requiring the officer to show 

cause is warranted and, if not, to “close[] the case,” Dkt. 24 at 14. Even assuming that Plaintiff 

will be required to show cause, however, he will have “rights and options, which will include the 

option to present his case before a Board of Inquiry.” Id. at 13. A Board of Inquiry is a hearing 

before a panel of three senior military officers in which the Navy bears the burden of proving by 

preponderance of the evidence that the respondent should be recommended for separation. See

generally Sec’y of the Navy Instruction 1920.6D, Enclosure 11, Board of Inquiry Procedures

(July 24, 2019), https://www.secnav.navy.mil/doni/Directives/01000%20Military%

20Personnel%20Support/01-900%20Military%20Separation%20Services/1920.6D.pdf. At the 

hearing, the respondent has a right to counsel and may review evidence and cross-examine 

witnesses. Id.

Only if the Board of Inquiry recommends separation would the case then go to the 

Assistant Secretary of the Navy, to whom the Secretary of the Navy has delegated authority to 

order separation of officers, for final decision. Personnel Manual 1611-010 § 2(b)(2). 

“Separation is the final decision made in an officer misconduct or substandard performance case 

determining whether an officer must be involuntarily discharged or retained.” Id. § 2(b)(1). In 
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sum, as Defendants point out, before a final separation order is entered, “the officer is provided 

multiple opportunities to comment and be heard,” including an opportunity to show cause why 

he should not be removed. Dkt. 24 at 12; see also Personnel Manual 1611-010 § 4(d). The 

remainder of the process, however, is on hold pending transmission of the Report of Misconduct.

Meanwhile, the Executive Director, who was designated to act on behalf of the Secretary 

of Defense, issued a “final” decision on Plaintiff’s administrative appeal, in which he had 

challenged the Assistant Secretary of the Navy’s authorization of a second investigation while 

also seeking to enforce the other remedial actions that the Assistant Secretary had ordered. Dkt. 

24-2 at 2–3 (Ex. 5). After setting forth the procedural history of Plaintiff’s case, the Executive 

Director provided the following two paragraphs of analysis in denying Plaintiff’s appeal:

I have carefully considered the materials you submitted. Based on my review, I 

find the actions directed by the Assistant Secretary have been effectuated with 

the exception of one corrective item, concerning your client’s promotion delay, 

which remains outstanding. The Chief of Naval Personnel determined the 

promotion was delayed due to the original CDI. However, the delay remains in 

place since a second investigation was ordered and has not been finalized. Since 

the outcome of the second CDI could influence the resolution of this matter, the

Assistant Secretary reasonably allowed correction of the promotion delay to 

remain pending.

I also find the Assistant Secretary has the authority to allow the second 

investigation to be conducted, and his actions do not constitute unlawful 

command influence. At this time, there is no justification to set aside the second 

investigation. As to your client’s new allegation of retaliation related to the 

second investigation, [the Department of Defense Office of Inspector General]

is responsible for investigating or overseeing investigations of allegations of 

restriction or reprisal; as such, [the Inspector General] is the proper authority to 

review this allegation and decide whether further investigation is warranted. 

Accordingly, I have forwarded this new allegation of retaliation to [the Inspector 

General] for review and appropriate action.

Id. at 3.

In light of these intervening administrative actions, Plaintiff filed his currently operative 

“Combined Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus and [] First Amended and Supplemental 
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Complaint.” Dkt. 28. The amended complaint includes six claims, challenging several distinct 

administrative actions or inactions. First, Plaintiff seeks a writ of habeas corpus directing the 

Navy to end his “detention” in the armed forces by vacating his “legal hold” status and 

permitting him to “escape” further administrative “reprisal” and “punish[ment]” by retiring. Dkt. 

28 at 31–38 (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 76–91). Second, he challenges the Secretary of the Navy’s delay in 

implementing the corrective action that the Assistant Secretary ordered. Id. at 39–41 (Am. 

Compl. ¶¶ 92–100). Third, he challenges the Executive Director’s decision not to halt the 

second investigation, on the grounds that the decision was arbitrary, capricious, and an abuse of 

discretion. Id. at 41–45 (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 101–11). In the fourth through sixth counts, Plaintiff 

alleges that the second investigation, as allowed to continue by the Executive Director, violated 

his rights under the First and Fifth Amendments to the Constitution. Id. at 45–49 (Am. Compl.

¶¶ 112–28).

On April 12, 2021, Plaintiff filed his motion for preliminary injunction. Dkt. 20. He asks 

the Court to enjoin the issuance of the Report of Misconduct later today, May 1, 2021. Dkt. 20-1 

at 1–2. Although Plaintiff knew no later than March 1, 2021, that Defendants planned to issue 

the Report of Misconduct on May 1, 2021, he waited more than a month to file his motion for 

preliminary injunction. Defendants oppose the motion. Dkt. 24. The Court held a hearing on 

the motion on April 29, 2021. Minute Entry (April 29, 2021). The motion is now ripe for 

decision.

II. LEGAL STANDARD

“A preliminary injunction is an extraordinary remedy never awarded as of right,” Winter 

v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 24 (2008), but “only when the party seeking the relief, 

by a clear showing, carries the burden of persuasion,” Cobell v. Norton, 391 F.3d 251, 258 (D.C. 
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Cir. 2004). To secure a preliminary injunction, a plaintiff “must establish [1] that he is likely to 

succeed on the merits, [2] that he is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence of 

preliminary relief, [3] that the balance of equities tips in his favor, and [4] that an injunction is in 

the public interest.” Winter, 555 U.S. at 20. The first factor is the “most important.” Aamer v. 

Obama, 742 F.3d 1023, 1038 (D.C. Cir. 2014).

Before the Supreme Court’s decision in Winter, the D.C. Circuit applied a “sliding-scale” 

approach to the preliminary injunction analysis under which “a strong showing on one factor 

could make up for a weaker showing on another.” Sherley v. Sebelius, 644 F.3d 388, 392 (D.C. 

Cir. 2011). Since Winter, however, the court of appeals has hinted on several occasions “‘that a 

likelihood of success is an independent, free-standing requirement for a preliminary injunction.’”

Id. at 393 (quoting Davis v. Pension Benefit Guar. Corp., 571 F.3d 1288, 1296 (D.C. Cir. 2009) 

(Kavanaugh, J., concurring)); see also Archdiocese of Wash. v. Wash. Metro. Area Transit Auth., 

897 F.3d 314, 334 (D.C. Cir. 2018) (observing that Winter may be “properly read to suggest a 

‘sliding scale’ approach to weighing the four factors be abandoned”). But it has repeatedly 

declined to decide the issue. See, e.g., League of Women Voters of U.S. v. Newby, 838 F.3d 1, 7 

(D.C. Cir. 2016); Am. Meat Inst. v. U.S. Dep’t of Agric., 746 F.3d 1065, 1074 (D.C. Cir. 2014), 

reinstated in relevant part by 760 F.3d 18 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (en banc); Sherley, 644 F.3d at 393.

III. ANALYSIS

In their briefing on the motion for preliminary injunction, the parties at times conflate 

Plaintiff’s separate challenges to distinct administrative actions. Because of this imprecision, the 

parties’ arguments go past each other without joining issue. To avoid confusion, the Court 

pauses to clarify the scope of its present inquiry.
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As an initial matter, Plaintiff seeks a preliminary injunction to “stop the Navy from 

continuing to pursue the Report of Misconduct” during the pendency of this litigation. Dkt. 29 at 

9. Plaintiff does not seek preliminary relief ordering Defendants to release him from the Navy or 

ordering Defendants to implement the corrective action that Plaintiff alleges they unlawfully 

withheld. As such, resolving the pending motion does not require consideration of the first two 

counts in Plaintiff’s complaint.

Next, although Defendants devote much of their opposition brief to arguing that the 

ongoing process related to the second investigation is constitutionally unripe for judicial review 

and does not constitute reviewable final agency action within the meaning of the APA, Plaintiff 

in his reply brief clarifies that he is not challenging the second investigation—at least not 

directly. Rather, Plaintiff contends that “[t]he agency action in question here is the [Executive 

Director’s] decision” on his administrative appeal. Id. Plaintiff argues that her decision was 

arbitrary and capricious and in violation of his constitutional rights, in part because the decision 

permitted the second investigation to proceed. Id.

The Court agrees with Plaintiff that his challenge to the Executive Director’s decision not 

to terminate the second investigation is distinct from any direct challenge to the second 

investigation. And the Court further concludes—as Defendants do not contest—that the 

Executive Director’s order constitutes final agency action and that Plaintiff has exhausted his 

administrative remedies with respect to that order. Following the first investigation, Plaintiff 

filed an Inspector General complaint, the results of which formed the basis for the Assistant 

Secretary of the Navy’s order requiring corrective action but declining to prohibit a second 

investigation. Plaintiff appealed that latter aspect of the Assistant Secretary’s order to the Office 

of the Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness. When the Executive Director of 
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that Office denied Plaintiff’s appeal, her order by its own terms was the Department of Defense’s 

“final” word on whether the relief granted to Plaintiff based on his successful challenge to the

first investigation should include prohibiting a second investigation. Dkt. 24-2 at 3 (Ex. 5).

That said, Plaintiff’s decision to challenge only the Executive Director’s order but not the 

second investigation directly has consequences for the scope of review. Namely, in order to 

show a likelihood of success on the merits, Plaintiff must establish that the Executive Director’s

order permitting the second investigation to proceed violated the APA, either because it was 

arbitrary and capricious or because it infringed on his constitutional rights. Id. He cannot rely 

on flaws in the second investigation itself, however, unless those flaws relate to the propriety of 

the Executive Director’s decision not to stop the investigation.

With this understanding of the question presented in mind, the Court turns to the 

preliminary injunction factors.

A. Likelihood of Success on the Merits

Plaintiff first argues that the Executive Director’s decision to allow the second 

investigation to continue was arbitrary and capricious in violation of the APA. The APA 

requires “reasoned decisionmaking.” Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. 

Co., 463 U.S. 29, 52 (1983). The Court must, accordingly, assess whether the Executive 

Director considered “the relevant factors and whether there has been a clear error of judgment.” 

Id. at 43 (quotation marks omitted); see also Judulang v. Holder, 565 U.S. 42, 53 (2011). “The 

scope of review under the ‘arbitrary and capricious’ standard,” however, “is narrow,” and the 

Court must not “substitute its judgment for that of the agency.” State Farm, 463 U.S. at 43.

Rather, the Court must “presume[ ] the validity of agency action.” AT&T Corp. v. FCC, 349 

F.3d 692, 698 (D.C. Cir. 2003). All that the APA requires is that “the process by which [an 
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agency] reaches [its] result [is] logical and rational.” Allentown Mack Sales & Serv., Inc. v. 

NLRB, 522 U.S. 359, 374 (1998). The Court must uphold the Executive Director’s decision so 

long as she “considered the relevant factors and articulated a rational connection between the 

facts found and the choice made.” Nat’l Ass’n of Clean Air Agencies v. EPA, 489 F.3d 1221, 

1228 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (quotation marks omitted). In making this assessment, moreover, the 

Court must bear in mind that an agency’s decision need not “be a model of analytic precision to 

survive a challenge;” rather, “[a] reviewing court will ‘uphold a decision of less than ideal clarity 

if the agency’s path may reasonably be discerned.’” Dickson v. Sec'y of Def., 68 F.3d 1396, 

1404 (D.C. Cir. 1995) (quoting Bowman Transp., Inc. v. Arkansas-Best Freight Sys., Inc., 419 

U.S. 281, 285–86 (1974)).

It is at least possible that Plaintiff will ultimately prevail on his claim that the Executive 

Director’s decision was arbitrary and capricious. The Executive Director concluded that “the 

Assistant Secretary has the authority to allow the second investigation to be conducted, and his 

actions do not constitute unlawful command influence.” Dkt. 24-2 at 3. Plaintiff could 

conceivably argue that the Executive Director’s reasoning is so conclusory that her decisionmaking path is not readily discernable. Id. The Court need not consider the strength of that

argument now, however, because Plaintiff has not made any such argument, and thus Defendants 

have not had an opportunity to respond.

Rather, based on the arguments Plaintiff has actually presented to the Court, he has failed 

to carry his burden of showing a likelihood of success. His briefs do not make clear on what 

grounds Plaintiff alleges the Executive Director’s reasoning was flawed, and, at oral argument,

his counsel was unable to clarify Plaintiff’s theory on the merits. In a disjointed passage of his 

brief that is difficult to parse, Plaintiff asserts:
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The Secretary of Defense [acting through the Executive Director] in an abuse of 

his discretion, inter alia, by failing to understand or consider the nature of the 

whistleblower reprisal appeal; unreasonably delayed the review so that the 

appealed investigation could be concluded and relied upon; considering an 

investigation the conduct of which should not have occurred yet given the 

purpose of the appeal; abdicating his statutory mandate to resolve the continuing 

reprisal concerns; disregarding the evidence submitted which demonstrated the 

basis for the allegation of reprisal; reliance on an incomplete investigation; 

reliance on incorrect information; and reliance on false information.

Dkt. 20-1 at 19. 

Plaintiff provides no further explanation for most of these allegations. He does not say 

what “incorrect” or “false” information the Executive Director purportedly relied on in making 

her decision. At oral argument, Plaintiff’s counsel argued that the second investigation relied on 

false evidence, but he did not suggest that the Executive Director considered that same evidence, 

much less relied on it. Similarly, Plaintiff does not say what evidence the Executive Director

improperly disregarded. Nor does he explain in what way she failed to understand the nature of 

the appeal, and the portion of her decision setting forth the procedural history of the case 

undermines any notion that she did not understand that she was deciding an appeal of the 

Assistant Secretary of the Navy’s order under the Military Whistleblower Protection Act. Dkt. 

24-2 at 2 (Ex. 5).

Plaintiff’s argument that the Executive Director improperly relied on the second 

investigation is also perplexing. She did not rely on the existence of the second investigation in 

deciding that the Assistant Secretary had authority to allow the second investigation to proceed. 

Nor did she blindly accept the propriety of the second investigation. To the contrary, she merely 

concluded that a new allegation that the second investigation was retaliatory is separate from 

Plaintiff’s earlier allegations about the first investigation and should therefore be reviewed by the 

Department of Defense Office of Inspector General in the first instance. On that basis, the 

Executive Director “forwarded this new allegation of retaliation to [the Inspector General] for 
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review and appropriate action.” Id. at 3. The Executive Director thus did not assume the validity 

of the second investigation, but rather simply concluded that the Assistant Secretary of the Navy 

was not required to prohibit such an investigation.

To be sure, the Executive Director did rely on the second investigation in at least one 

respect: she concluded that the corrective action of considering Plaintiff for a promotion could be 

delayed until after resolution of the second investigation, the outcome of which might have 

implications for whether Plaintiff earns a promotion. Id. at 3. But, as noted above, Plaintiff does 

not seek a preliminary injunction requiring the Navy to consider him for a promotion without 

delay. And, in any event, in the absence of any independent reason to question the Executive 

Director’s decision that the second investigation could go forward, she acted reasonably in 

concluding that it would be more efficient to hold off on considering a promotion for Plaintiff 

until after resolution of whether Plaintiff would be separated from the armed forces.

Plaintiff does elaborate slightly on his claim that the Executive Director “abdicat[ed] [the 

Secretary’s] statutory mandate to resolve the continuing reprisal concerns.” Dkt. 20-1 at 19. 

Plaintiff points out that the Military Whistleblower Protection Act prohibits retaliation based on 

protected whistleblower activity and requires the secretaries of the military departments, in cases 

in which an inspector general substantiates allegations of such retaliation, to “order such action 

as is necessary to correct the record of the personnel action prohibited” under the Act. 10 U.S.C. 

§ 1034(f)(2)(A). The Act also provides for appeals to the Secretary of Defense, who “shall make 

a decision to reverse or uphold the decision of the Secretary of the military department 

concerned in the matter within 90 days after receipt of such a submittal.” Id. § 1034(h). But 

Plaintiff’s argument stops at reciting the statutory text. He does not explain how the Executive 

Director, acting on behalf of the Secretary of Defense, violated that provision. She did “make a 
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decision.” Id. To be sure, that decision came after the 90-day statutory deadline had passed, but 

any challenge to her delay is now moot, given that the decision has been issued. As for a

potential substantive challenge to the merits of the decision, Plaintiff has not explained on what 

grounds the decision violated the statute, and it is not the Court’s job to imagine what arguments 

he could possibly make. A preliminary injunction is an extraordinary remedy, which requires far 

more than unsupported assertions. Plaintiff has, in short, failed to meet his burden of showing a 

likelihood of success on the merits of his claim that the Executive Director’s decision was 

arbitrary and capricious.

Plaintiff’s motion suffers from similar defects with respect to his constitutional claims. 

His memorandum in support of his motion mentions the First Amendment only in setting forth 

the legal standard, Dkt. 20-1 at 16–17, and the section of his brief addressing the likelihood of 

success on the merits makes no reference to the First Amendment, id. at 19–22. In his reply 

brief, Plaintiff mentions the First Amendment briefly in arguing that he will suffer irreparable 

harm in the absence of an injunction, Dkt. 29 at 24, but he again makes no reference to his 

speech rights in analyzing the merits, id. at 12–21. Plaintiff cannot carry his burden of 

demonstrating a likelihood of success on the merits of his First Amendment claim without 

mentioning that claim.

In any event, Plaintiff’s First Amendment claim is principally directed at the 

investigations, not the Executive Director’s decision on his appeal. In his complaint, Plaintiff

alleges that the first and second investigations constitute “a continuing effort to target [Plaintiff] 

for him speaking with the media about the racism he saw in the Naval aviation community and 

for speaking about his belief . . . that bottle bets are improper.” Dkt. 28 at 45 (Am. Compl. 

¶ 116). But the complaint says nothing that even suggests that the Executive Director (or the 
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Secretary of Defense) was a party to that targeting. Plaintiff does go on to allege that the 

Secretary of Defense “condoned” the targeting of Plaintiff based on his speech. Id. at 46 (Am. 

Compl. ¶ 118). But nothing in the Executive Director’s order suggests that she (or the Secretary) 

condoned any such thing. The Executive Director simply concluded that the Assistant Secretary 

of the Navy had the legal authority to allow the second investigation to proceed and that the 

Inspector General should consider Plaintiff’s challenge to the second investigation in the first 

instance. Plaintiff had already succeeded before the Inspector General once, and nothing about 

the Executive Director’s order suggests that she—or the Under Secretary or Secretary of 

Defense—intended to “condone” any wrongdoing by forwarding Plaintiff’s claim to the 

Inspector General once again. Plaintiff is unlikely to succeed on his First Amendment claim as 

to the Executive Director’s order on appeal.

Plaintiff’s procedural due process claim is somewhat stronger—at least he mentions it in 

his motion. He argues that Defendants have infringed a protected liberty interest by “savaging

[his] reputation and shredding his 12 years of honorable service, rendering him currently unable 

to perform in his trained capacity . . . and now finally pursuing an adverse discharge premised on 

what they know are reasons that are not true.” Dkt. 20-1 at 21. A line of decisions from the D.C. 

Circuit has delineated two situations in which the stigma or reputational harm associated with an 

adverse government employment decision might infringe a protected liberty interest. See 

O’Donnell v. Barry, 148 F.3d 1126, 1139–42 (D.C. Cir. 1998); Doe v. DOJ, 753 F.2d 1092, 

1104–12 (D.C. Cir. 1985); see also Jefferson v. Harris, 170 F. Supp. 3d 194, 205 (D.D.C. 2016) 

(explaining that a government-employee plaintiff “may avail himself of two different legal 

theories to establish a reputation-based due-process violation”). The first theory, known as a 

“reputation-plus” claim, requires showing “the conjunction of official defamation and adverse 
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employment action.” O’Donnell, 148 F.3d at 1140. Although government defamation alone is 

not actionable, defamation in the course of termination is at least at times actionable. Id. (citing 

Paul v. Davis, 424 U.S. 693, 710 (1976)). The second theory, known as a “stigma-plus” claim, 

requires “the combination of an adverse employment action and ‘a stigma or other disability that 

foreclosed [the plaintiff’s] freedom to take advantage of other employment opportunities.’” Id.

(quoting Bd. of Regents of State Colls. v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 573 (1972)). A stigma-plus claim 

differs from a reputation-plus claim in that “it does not depend on official speech, but on a 

continuing stigma or disability arising from official action.” Id. (emphasis added).

Here, Plaintiff contends that the allegations that he taught unsafe flight techniques will 

stigmatize him and will thus interfere with his ability to obtain future employment as a pilot, 

given the paramount importance of safety in the aviation industry. Dkt. 20-1 at 21. The problem 

for Plaintiff is that he has not alleged an adverse employment action sufficient to demonstrate a 

protected liberty interest. To state either a “reputation-plus” or “stigma-plus” claim, a plaintiff 

must show that the reputational harm was associated with “discharge from government 

employment or at least a demotion in rank and pay.” O’Donnell, 148 F.3d at 1140 (citation 

omitted); see also Wilson v. James, 139 F. Supp. 3d 410, 430 (D.D.C. 2015), aff’d No. 15-5338, 

2016 WL 3043746 (D.C. Cir. May 17, 2016) (holding that a servicemember plaintiff did not 

have a cognizable liberty interest in military employment absent discharge). Plaintiff has neither 

been terminated nor demoted, and no such adverse employment actions is likely to occur until 

the ongoing administrative process has run its course.

Moreover, even if Plaintiff could show both reputational harm and an adverse 

employment action resulting from the second investigation, those harms would not flow from the 

Executive Director’s order, which is the only final agency action currently subject to review. In 
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considering Plaintiff’s appeal, the Executive Director did not address the merits of the charges 

against Plaintiff or of his claims of retaliation. Her order did not take any adverse employment 

action against Plaintiff, and Plaintiff has not alleged that the Executive Director’s analysis of 

whether the Assistant Secretary of the Navy had authority to allow the second investigation 

harmed Plaintiff’s reputation. Plaintiff has not alleged, moreover, that he was due any additional 

process in his appeal, but rather simply takes issue with the Executive Director’s consideration of 

the evidence presented and final decision.

If the process related to the second investigation results in Plaintiff’s discharge or even if 

further adverse administrative action renders Plaintiff’s discharge imminent, he might have a 

stronger due process claim directed at that separate final agency action. But for now, Plaintiff 

has not shown that he is likely to succeed on the merits of a due process challenge to the 

Executive Director’s order.

B. Irreparable Harm

The Court must also consider whether Plaintiff “is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the 

absence of preliminary relief.” Winter, 555 U.S. at 20. “[A] showing that irreparable injury is 

‘likely’ is the sine qua non for obtaining a preliminary injunction—it is what justifies the 

extraordinary remedy of granting relief before the parties have had the opportunity fully to 

develop the evidence and fully to present their respective cases.” Jubilant DraxImage Inc. v. 

U.S. Int’l Trade Comm’n, 490 F. Supp. 3d 169, 188 (D.D.C. 2020) (internal quotation marks and 

citation omitted); see also Chaplaincy of Full Gospel Churches v. England, 454 F.3d 290, 297 

(D.C. Cir. 2006) (“A movant’s failure to show any irreparable harm is therefore grounds for 

refusing to issue a preliminary injunction, even if the other three factors entering the calculus 

merit such relief.”); Tex. Children’s Hosp. v. Burwell, 76 F. Supp. 3d 224, 241–42 (D.D.C. 
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2014); Trudeau v. FTC, 384 F. Supp. 2d 281, 296 (D.D.C. 2005), aff’d, 456 F.3d 178 (D.C. Cir. 

2006).

To show irreparable harm, a plaintiff must demonstrate an injury that is “both certain and 

great; it must be actual and not theoretical.” Wisc. Gas Co. v. FERC, 758 F.2d 669, 674 

(D.C.Cir.1985) (per curiam). “The moving party must show ‘[t]he injury complained of is of 

such imminence that there is a ‘clear and present’ need for equitable relief to prevent irreparable 

harm.’” Chaplaincy of Full Gospel Churches, 454 F.3d at 297 (quoting Wisc. Gas. Co., 758 F.2d 

at 674). The harm in question “must also be truly irreparable in the sense that it is ‘beyond 

remediation.’” Elec. Priv. Info. Ctr. v. Dep’t of Just., 15 F. Supp. 3d 32, 44 (D.D.C. 2014)

(quoting Chaplaincy of Full Gospel Churches, 454 F.3d at 297). In cases involving claims 

related to military personnel decisions, moreover, courts have held that the showing of 

irreparable harm must be especially strong before an injunction is warranted, given the national 

security interests weighing against judicial intervention in military affairs. See, e.g., Spadone v. 

McHugh, 842 F. Supp. 2d 295, 301 (D.D.C. 2012) (“When plaintiffs have requested an 

injunction preventing a military discharge, some courts have determined that plaintiffs must 

make a much stronger showing of irreparable harm . . . due to the magnitude of the interests 

weighing against judicial interference with the internal affairs of the armed forces.” (internal 

quotation marks and citation omitted)); see also Guerra v. Scruggs, 942 F.2d 270, 274 (4th Cir. 

1991); Hartikka v. United States, 754 F.2d 1516, 1518 (9th Cir.1985); Veitch v. Danzig, 135 F. 

Supp. 2d 32, 36–37 (D.D.C. 2001).

Plaintiff has failed to demonstrate that he is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the 

absence of an injunction preventing the transmittal of the Report of Misconduct or stopping the 

administrative process from proceeding further. He argues that an adverse discharge will result 
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in the loss of various benefits. Dkt. 20-1 at 4, 21–22. And he argues that his separation through 

a Board of Inquiry is a foregone conclusion, such that his discharge is “certain, real, and 

imminent.” Dkt. 29 at 22. Plaintiff also asserts that even if Admiral Grady’s direction that 

Plaintiff show cause is technically only a recommendation, “the reality of the situation is that 

Admiral Grady is a Four-Star Admiral—the highest rank in the Navy, and he is the Fleet Forces 

Commander, one step below the top officer in the Navy, Chief of Naval Operations.” Id. 

Plaintiff thus argues that it would be “absurd” to suggest that Admiral Grady’s recommendation 

will not be followed. Id. at 23.

But Plaintiff’s discharge is neither as imminent nor as certain as he suggests. Defendants 

represent that “[o]fficer misconduct and performance can take from 350 to 400 days to process 

from the date the Report of Misconduct is transmitted to Navy Personnel Command.” Dkt. 24 at 

18. In a supplemental filing, Defendants submit a chart indicating that the issuance of the order 

to show cause takes an average of 78 days, while the Board of Inquiry process averages 121 

days. Dkt. 31-1 at 2 (Ex. 8). If Plaintiff’s Report of Misconduct is transmitted on May 1, 2021, 

Defendants estimate that his likely date of discharge would fall in the spring or summer of 2022. 

Dkt. 24 at 18. Much could change between now and then. Despite Plaintiff’s skepticism about 

the show-cause process, the Court cannot so easily dismiss the possibility that he will have a fair 

opportunity to make his case to a Board of Inquiry. The Executive Director deferred to the 

Inspector General regarding Plaintiff’s challenge to the second investigation, and the Inspector 

General may issue a decision in the intervening months. Plaintiff has already prevailed before 

the Inspector General once, and he has offered no reason to believe that the Inspector General is 

biased or unprepared to consider his contentions with an open mind. And even if Plaintiff were 

to be discharged under other than honorable conditions, he has not shown that the resulting 
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harms would be irreversible. The discharge could be reversed, and Plaintiff could receive back 

pay. As a result, Plaintiff has not shown that he will suffer immediate irreparable harm upon the 

issuance of the Report of Misconduct.

In the alternative, Plaintiff argues that “a separation based on Military Whistleblower 

Reprisal will only result in injury to his constitutional rights,” and constitutional harms are often 

per se irreparable. Dkt. 29 at 24. But to the extent Plaintiff argues that those constitutional 

violations will occur upon his separation, the corresponding constitutional harms are no more 

imminent than his discharge. In any event, the Court has already concluded that Plaintiff is 

unlikely to succeed on his constitutional claims as they pertain to the Executive Director’s order, 

and any constitutional challenge to the second investigation is premature.

C. Balance of Equities and Public Interest

Because the Court concludes that Plaintiff has failed to show either a likelihood of 

success on the merits or irreparable harm, the Court need not consider the balance of equities or 

the public interest. But, in any event, the public interest supports both robust legal protections 

for military whistleblowers and limited intrusion in military affairs from civilian courts. Those 

twin goals are best achieved by permitting the administrative process to run its course.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, it is hereby ORDERED that Plaintiff’s motion for preliminary 

injunction, Dkt. 20, is DENIED.

SO ORDERED. 

/s/ Randolph D. Moss 

 RANDOLPH D. MOSS 

Date: May 1, 2021